身分: 1356 Terms and Phrases

• 身分
• social position
• social status
• personal status
• condition
• rank
• standing
• station
• Ranks
• Social status levels of Shinto priests

• 身分証
• identification papers

• 身分制
• class system

• 身分柄
• status
• social standing

• 身分意識
• status consciousness
• perception of one's social status

• 身分詐称
• false personation
• misrepresentation of one's social position

• 身分事項
• matters for identification
• documentation

• 身分証明
• identification

• 身分制度
• class system

• 身分相応
• appropriate to one's lot in life
• within one's means
• fitting to one's position
• suitable to one's social status

• 身分保障
• guarantee of status

• 身分証書
• personal status certificate

• 身分訴訟
• status action

• 王の身分
• royalty

• 身分証票
• Certificate Card of Identification

• 身分移動
• Status mobility

• 身分証明書
• identification papers
• identification (ID) card
• ID (card)
• identity card
• Identity document
• National identity card (France)
• identification card

• 身分不相応
• beyond one's means or position
• inappropriate to one's lot in life

• 身分引継ぎ
• succession of status

• 奴隷の身分
• bondage
• slavery

• ～より身分
• derogate from

• 身分の低い
• ignoble
• obscure

• 身分の序列
• pecking order

• 身分の保障
• Guarantee of Status

• 華族の身分
• Social status of kazoku

• 武士の身分
• The samurai status

• 平民身分。
• They were of the heimin class.

• 身分と家柄
• Social status and family lineage

• 身分統制令
• Edict on Change of Status (an edict with three articles issued in 1591)

• 使徒の身分
• the position of apostle

• 弟子の身分
• the position of disciple

• 学生の身分
• the position of student

• 牧師の身分
• the position of pastor

• 身分の高い人
• man of high position

• 民法上の身分
• civil status
• status (of a person) under the Civil Code

• 身分の低い男
• churl

• 身分を落とす
• reduce

• スターの身分
• stardom

• 身分犯の共犯
• Complicity and Status

• 小袖の身分差
• Class Difference in Kosode

• 身分について
• Social status

• 見習いの身分
• the position of apprentice

• 副牧師の身分
• the position of a curate

• 研修医の身分
• the position of a medical intern

• 管理人の身分
• the position of custodian

• 仲裁者の身分
• the position of moderator

• 救世主の身分
• the position of messiah

• 書記官の身分
• the position of secretary

• 准男爵の身分
• the state of a baronet

• 会計士の身分
• the position of accountant

• 弁護士の身分
• the position of attorney

• 身分別の女性
• Women by social class

• 身分秘匿捜査
• Undercover

• 身分を示す証票
• identification

• 身分より契約へ
• from status to contract

• 身分がより低い
• beneath

• 身分の高いこと
• importance

• 身分違いの結婚
• left-handed marriage

• 被後見人の身分
• wardship

• 委員の身分保障
• Guarantee of Status of Commissioners

• 役員の身分保障
• Guarantee of the Officers' Status

• 実際の身分体系
• Actual class system

• 近代の身分制度
• Modern class system

• 新しい身分秩序
• New order of the social status

• 身分を証明する
• evidence of identity

• 職員の身分引継ぎ
• succession of status as an official
• Succession of a status of an official
• Succession of the Status of Employee
• Succession of Status of an Official
• Succession of Status of Officials

• 身分を示す証明書
• identification card
• authorization certificate

• 証明書（身分の）
• authentication certificate

• 儀式・身分別石帯
• Sekitai in ceremony and as a mark of social status

• 皇族の身分の取得
• The Acquisition of Imperial Status

• 皇族の身分の離脱
• The Renouncement of Imperial Status

• またはその身分。
• This term was also used for indicating their social status.

• 民権擁護者の身分
• the position of tribune

• 第三身分とは何か
• What Is the Third Estate?

• 身分証明書等の携帯
• Carrying an Identification Card, etc.

• 嫡出子の身分の取得
• Acquisition of Status of Child in wedlock

• 身分証明書の提示等
• Production of certification of identification, etc

• 身分相応に暮らせ。
• Cut your coat according to your cloth.

• 高貴な身分ゆえの義務
• noblesse oblige

• 僧侶身分としての院家
• Monastic rank

• 歴史と身分による分類
• Classification by history and social status

• 大奥女性の身分と立場
• Status and position of ladies in O-oku

• 礼拝堂付き牧師の身分
• the position of chaplain

• 土地保有自由民の身分
• the position of thane

• 低い出生または身分の
• of low birth or station

• 会長及び委員の身分保障
• Guarantee of Status of the Chairperson and Commissioners

• 職員の身分証明書の様式
• Form of Identification Cards of Officials

• 身分は平民と武士の間。
• Their class was between heimin and samurai.

• 中国前近代の身分呼称。
• A social status in premodern China.

• 刑罰の一覧身分刑参照。
• Refer to the social status list of punishment.

• 彼は身分の高い人です。
• He is a man of high social status.

• 彼は身分のある人です。
• He is a man of position.

• 地位、身分、格が上の人
• one of greater rank or station or quality

• 会長の職務及びその身分等
• Duties and status of a president, etc.

• 身分が高いほど裾が長い。
• The higher ranking person wears the longer train.

• 身分証明をお持ちですか。
• Do you have any ID?

• 身分をわきまえなっさい。
• Remember your station in life.

• 身分または権力を奪われて
• deprive of status or authority

• 地位や身分や教養が劣る人
• one of lesser rank or station or quality

• ホールに飾られるような身分
• hall of fame

• 委員の身分保障に関する事項
• matters pertaining to a guarantee of the status of a committee member;

• 他の徒弟と同じ身分となる。
• The chief priest will be in the same status as other apprentices.

• 貴遁-身分の高い人を利用。
• Kiton-Making use of a high-ranking person.

• 賎遁-身分の低い人を利用。
• Senton-Making use of a low-ranking person.

• 身分証明書はお持ちですか。
• Do you have any ID?

• これが仮の身分証明書です。
• This is your temporary ID card.

• 不適当である性質および身分
• the quality or state of being ineligible

• 自分より年上で身分が高い人
• a man who is older and higher in rank than yourself

• 身分を明らかにしてください
• Make yourself clear

• 身分不相応な相手と結婚した
• married above her station

• 高貴な身分に伴う徳義上の義務
• noblesse oblige

• 役員の身分保障に係る経過措置
• Transitional Measures Pertaining to Guarantee of the Officers' Status

• 皇族及び貴族身分出身の僧侶。
• Monks of aristocratic or imperial lineage.

• 僧侶：すべて僧侶身分である。
• Buddhist monks: All were of the Buddhist monk rank.

• 身分制についても同じである。
• The same was true with the class system.

• 身分低い桐壺更衣を寵愛した。
• He bestowed favor upon Kiritsubo no Koi despite her rank being low.

• 彼女が私と同じ身分だったら！
• I wish she had been of my own station!

• ここに身分証明もあります。」
• Here are my papers.'

• 余の身分に相応しくあれば！　
• I wish she had been of my own station!

• 低い身分のな出生または起源の
• of humble birth or origins

• 持参者の身分を証明するカード
• a card certifying the identity of the bearer

• 自分より身分の高い者と結婚する
• marry above oneself

• 自分より身分の低い者と結婚する
• marry beneath [below] oneself
• marry beneath oneself

• 協会に係る検査職員の身分証明書
• Identification of inspection officials pertaining to the Association

• 執行吏の身分についての経過措置
• Transitional Measures for the Status of Bailiff

• 出身身分に由来する僧侶の身分。
• A hereditary monastic rank.

• 大奥での身分は上臈御年寄ふぢ。
• At O-oku, she served as Joro Otoshiyori (high rank female servant) and she was called Fuji.

• 平賀氏は高松藩の足軽身分の家。
• The Hiraga clan was a family of 'foot soldier' called 'ashigaru' of the Takamatsu Domain.

• 彼は身分相応な生活をしている。
• He lives within his means.

• 市長は私に身分証明書をくれた。
• The mayor provided me with an identity card.

• 身分証明書を見せてほしいと頼む
• ask for identification

• 社会的に劣る身分の相手との結婚
• a marriage with a person of inferior social status

• 奴隷身分から解放する正式な行為
• the formal act of freeing from slavery

• 決して身分の低い素浪人ではない。
• Therefore, he was not a lowly ronin.

• 身分証明書を二枚拝見できますか。
• May I see two pieces of identification?

• 市長は私に身分証明書を交付した。
• The mayor provided me with an identity card.

• これは身分不相応な贅沢なものだ。
• This is luxury beyond my income.

• ランク、身分または地位の引き上げ
• raise in rank, character, or status

• 身分を放棄するか、または引退する
• give up or retire from a position

• （設立済みの教会から）身分を奪う
• deprive (an established church) of its status

• このことは身分差の出現を意味する。
• This implies the emergence of class difference.

• 中間、雑色などと呼ばれ身分は低い。
• He was called Chugen (rank below the common soldier), Zoshiki (low-level) and was of low social position.

• 英国の身分、侯爵より下で子爵より上
• a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

• （様々な国における）高い身分の貴族
• a nobleman (in various countries) of high rank

• 商品取引所に係る検査職員の身分証明書
• Identification of inspection officials pertaining to a Commodity Exchange

• 商品取引員に係る検査職員の身分証明書
• Identification of inspection officials pertaining to Futures Commission Merchants

• これは明治以前の身分制と関係がある。
• This is related to the class system that existed prior to the Meiji period.

• 主に日本の皇族の身分及び地位を指す。
• Specifically, it indicates a social status and a position of the Japanese Imperial family.

• 身分は地下人で、北面武士に所属した。
• He was a Jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility) and belonged to the Hokumen no bushi (The Imperial Palace Guards for the North Side).

• 身分は囚われず全ての民衆がなりうる。
• Anyone could be a roin regardles of his social status.

• 大夫は中国における身分呼称のひとつ。
• Taifu is one of the names of social status in China.

• 支配人はドアを開いて身分を名乗った。
• The manager opened the door and identified himself.

• もとは相当の身分の人だったそうです。
• He is said to have been a man of respectable position.

• 自分の身分を超えた、思い上がった態度
• assumption of airs beyond one's station

• 彼の身分は、昔から運命付けられていた
• his place in history was foreordained

• …身分のない者であっても、共犯とする
• …the person is an accomplice even without such status

• 手続実施者の候補者の職業又は身分の概要
• An outline of the occupation or status of the candidates for dispute resolution providers

• 身分や職業によって結い方に特徴がある。
• The style of Ichomage varies according to social status and occupation.

• 身分証明に使われる数字または一連の数字
• a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification

• 彼女は自分の姪を使用人の身分に落とした
• She reduced her niece to a servant

• 委託者保護基金に係る検査職員の身分証明書
• Identification of inspection officials pertaining to the Consumer Protection Fund

• 日本銀行の同一性及びその職員の身分の継続
• Identity of the Bank of Japan and Continuation of the Status of Its Employees

• 後に同身分が居住する塔頭のことも指した。
• The term later came to be used to refer to sub-temples in which monks of this rank resided.

• 改めて源氏との身分の差を思い知らされる。
• She is made acutely aware of the difference in social standing between her and Genji.

• 乾氏は220石取りの馬廻役（上士身分）。
• The Inui clan served as Umamawariyaku (body guard) with a stipend of 220 koku, and their social status was Joshi (superior warrior).

• 身分証明書になるものを２つお持ちですか。
• We require two IDs.

• 身分証明あるいは弔意を示すために腕に巻く
• worn around arm as identification or to indicate mourning

• 商品取引清算機関に係る検査職員の身分証明書
• Identification of inspection officials pertaining to a Commodity Clearing Organization

• 色目・紋様には身分によって決まりがあった。
• Rules about color combinations and patterns indicated ranks.

• 当の娘は身分違いすぎると気が進まなかった。
• The daughter herself was reluctant because of the difference in their social standing.

• 家督を捨て、同時に武士の身分を失っている。
• In addition to giving up taking over as head of the family, he lost the social status as samurai.

• 首にかけた鎖につけられた軍隊身分証明のタグ
• military identification tag worn on a chain around the neck

• （元首のような）身分の高い人々の公式の住居
• official residence of an exalted person (as a sovereign)

• 平安期には身分の低い者に詠ませることがある。
• During the Heian period, occasionally those from the lower class were allowed to create poems.

• 忍者は上忍、中忍、下忍と身分が分かれている。
• Ninja was divided into ranks such as Jonin (high-ranking ninja), Chunin (middle-ranking ninja) and Genin (low-ranking ninja).

• 身位(しんい)とは、身分や地位のことをいう。
• Shini means a social status and a position.

• 妃（ひ）とは、後宮における后妃の身分の1つ。
• Hi was one of the empress's title in Kokyu palace (which is an imperial harem including the empress's residence).

• 士族身分の解体により大量の失業者が発生した。
• The disorganization of the warrior class generated a large number of unemployed people.

• 貴人の行跡（身分の高い人の笑いのエピソード）
• Behavior of a noble (a funny episode of a noble)

• 長州藩の大組士という武士の身分と秩禄を得る。
• He was thus entitled to the samurai rank of 'Okumishi' (middle-ranking retainer) of the Choshu clan as well as a hereditary stipend.

• そもそも手下どもとは身分が違いすぎたのです。
• They were socially inferior to him.

• 王位（あるいは他の身分の高い官職）を示す装具
• paraphernalia indicative of royalty (or other high office)

• 見張りの兵士が合い言葉や身分証明を求めること
• a demand by a sentry for a password or identification

• 第一種特定施設開設者に係る検査職員の身分証明書
• Identification of inspection officials pertaining to an Establisher of a Type 1 Specified Facility

• 店頭商品先物取引業者に係る検査職員の身分証明書
• Identification of inspection officials pertaining to Over-the-Counter Futures Commodity Transaction Dealers

• 指定衛生要員の氏名、階級等及び身分証明書番号等
• Name, rank, etc., identification card number, etc. of the designated medical personnel;

• 江戸時代の武士の身分を以下に大雑把に分類する。
• The samurai status during the Edo period is roughly classified as follows.

• 江戸時代には '漁民' 身分は成立しなかった。
• There was not an established 'fishing people' rank in the Edo period.

• 身分移動の手段としては、以下の方法が採られた。
• In order to move into another social class, the following measures were taken.

• ただし、奴婢の身分から解放される場合もあった。
• However, Nobi was emancipated in some cases.

• 身分を明かさない条件で日給48銭の職工となる。
• He became a mechanic with a daily wage of 48 sen under the condition that his noble birth would remain hidden.

• 社家（しゃけ）とは、日本の身分のひとつである。
• Shake is a Japanese social class.

• 卒族（そつぞく）は、明治初期の身分呼称の一つ。
• Sotsuzoku was a name of social status in the early Meiji period.

• 他の身分の者に敬語以外の言葉を使うことの禁止。
• Prohibited to use languages except honorific language to people with other social status.

• 星になるには、それ相応の身分でなくちゃいかん。
• You need a certain level of birth to become a star.

• 学識人物に傑出し身分を問わず広い層に尊崇された。
• Being outstanding in scholarship and personality, he was respected by many people of various social levels.

• しかし、『正法念経』19には「一切身分光燄騰赫。
• However, 'Shohonengyo,' Volume 19, mentions, 'Flames were burning brightly from all over the body.

• 武家奉公人の内、若党は士分で「徒士」身分である。
• Among buke hokonin (servant for a samurai family), wakato (young samurai) was shibun and in the class of 'kachi.'

• 四月、開放された奴婢の身分を庚寅年籍で確定する。
• In April, the status of freed slaves was ascertained in Koin no Nenjaku.

• 身分は信長の馬廻であるが、小姓であったともいう。
• His status was Nobunaga's umamawari (general's mounted guard), but in another view, he was a kosho (page).

• 「戸浪は誰の女房か、夫源蔵はどんな身分の者か。」
• Whose wife it Tonami and what her husband Genzo's position?'

• さらに身分が低いと四幅の狩袴を使うこともあった。
• Some nobles of further lower ranking used four-piece karibakama.

• 大身（たいしん）とは、身分が高く、禄高の多い人。
• Taishin (person of high rank and income) refers to a person who has a high rank and a high stipend.

• 人は、その身分によって、判断されるべきではない。
• A man should not be judged by his station in life.

• 情報提供者の身分を明かすことを拒否する政府の権利
• the right of the government to refuse to reveal the identity of an informer

• 江戸時代には住宅にも身分による統制が行われていた。
• In the Edo period, social status-based control was followed in building a house.

• その身分は（見習い、）前座、二つ目、真打からなる。
• Its ranks consist of (minarai or apprentice), zenza (opening act), futatsume (status between amateur and professional), shinuchi (full-fledged master of story-telling).

• また一部には身分制度を否定したりする思想が現れた。
• There were also a few thoughts which opposed the class system.

• ただし上洛の際は定めの通り、役目は身分によること。
• However, when going to the capital (Kyoto) roles depend on predefined social status.

• 明治元年(1868年)以降は全身分を含む本籍人口。
• Since 1868, the figures represent total population of all classes registered in the family registry.

• 身分は武士ではなく武家奉公人だったといわれている。
• The social status of the servant is believed to be servant to samurai warriors and not from the samurai class.

• 「それが慎み深い身分違いの恋なら、何も言いません。
• 'If it were some decent morganatic affair I wouldn't say;

• 民族性は、共同体の身分関係に強い影響力を持っている
• ethnicity has a strong influence on community status relations

• 養子は、縁組の日から、養親の嫡出子の身分を取得する。
• An adopted child acquires the status of a child in wedlock of his/her adoptive parent(s) from the time of adoption.

• 被拘束者の氏名、階級等、生年月日及び身分証明書番号等
• Name, rank, etc., date of birth and identification card number, etc. of a captive person;
• Name, rank, etc., date of birth and identification card number, etc. of the captive person;
• Name, rank, etc., date of birth, identification card number, etc. of the captive person;

• 旅券、外国人登録証明書その他の身分を証する書類の写し
• Copies of his/her passport, alien registration certificate or any other document verifying his/her status

• しかし、時頼の父はこの身分違いの恋愛を許さなかった。
• Tokiyori's father, however, never accepted this love between the two of different classes.

• 剣や刀は武器であると共に身分や権力の象徴でもあった。
• Swords were used as weapons but they were symbols of ranks and power at the same time.

• 明治になり、武士をはじめとする身分制度はなくなった。
• In the Meiji period, the class system such as bushi and so on disappeared.

• 残った者達もその身分は大抵、郷士・奉公人格であった。
• The remaining personnel's social status was usually that of goshi (country samurai) or servants.

• ただし、武士の中上層には身分移動はほとんどなかった。
• On the other hand, little status mobility existed in middle and high ranking samurai.

• 日本の律令制における身分は、良民と賎民に大別される。
• Class under the Japanese Ritsuryo system was roughly divided into 'ryomin' (good citizens) and 'senmin' (low citizens).

• 浮舟の母（中将の君）も身分違いの縁談に消極的だった。
• The mother of Ukifune (Chujo no kimi) was also passive about this morganatic marriage.

• また、生母の身分から次男、三男を置き換えた説もある。
• Others say that they were deemed so because the lineage of Nobukatsu's mother was ranked higher than the lineage of Nobutaka's mother.

• 父は「手明鑓」という身分の下級武士であったとされる。
• His father is thought to have been a low-ranking samurai known as a 'Teakiyari.'

• 時には用人身分のままで加判の列に加わることもあった。
• At times, there were occasions when the Yonin made their own decisions.

• 武士や足軽といった身分の集団とはまた別の立場にあった。
• Their position was different from that of samurai or ashigaru (common foot soldier).

• 落語家身分が初めに習い覚える話を「前座ばなし」と呼ぶ。
• The first stories learned by comic storytellers when they are new to rakugo are called 'zenza-banashi.'

• なお、皇族の身分を離れたことで貴族院議員の職も失った。
• Because he lost his membership in the Imperial family, he also lost his membership in the House of Peers.

• また異なる身分・職業間の結婚も認められるようになった。
• In addition, marriage between men and women of different classes and occupations started to be allowed.

• 例えば、村落に住むエタ身分のなかには、高持の者がいた。
• For example, there were some people in the eta outcast group living in villages who were takamochi.

• 江戸時代には身分や居住地域・従事職能等が固定化された。
• In the Edo period, the social status, the residential areas and the occupational functions were fixed.

• 欧米諸国はその大半が身分制度を廃し、平等を唱えていた。
• Most of Western countries had abolished the social class system and advocated equality of status.

• なお、身分については士分ではなく、町民の身分であった。
• They were townsmen and they were not in the samurai class.

• 明治維新後、四民平等がなされ浪人という身分も消滅した。
• After Meiji Restoration, the equality of all people was proclaimed and the status of 浪人 vanished as well.

• 中世の騎士の身分制度を復旧させるのと同じほど非現実的な
• as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood

• 所従（しょじゅう）とは中世の日本に存在した隷属身分の一。
• Shoju (followers) was a category of slave that existed in Medieval Japan.

• 公家・僧侶・その他身分の高い者は、その定めの例外とする。
• The rule omits kuge (court nobles), monzeki (successors of a temple) and those of high rank.

• 妻の千代子とは、公爵という身分には珍しい恋愛結婚だった。
• He married his wife, Chiyoko, for love, which was rare for someone with the status of a prince.

• それでも結婚時点での身分は、ねねの方がずっと上であった。
• Yet, Nene's status was higher than Hideyoshi's when they married.

• 決して身分不相応な生活をしないようにとあなたに勧めます。
• I advise you never to live beyond your income.

• 元は身分のあるものでも教育のない婆さんだから仕方がない。
• She was said to have come from a well-to-do family, but the poor soul was uneducated, and it could not be helped.

• 「身分だけにかざるのです。すこしはがまんしなければね。」
• 'You must endure the pain for the sake of the finery!'

• 彼は入るために自分の身分証明書を見せなければならなかった
• he had to show his card to get in

• この裾は身分差などを表現するようになって極端に長くなった。
• This hem had been made extremely long since it came to be used to show class differences, and the like.

• 苗字帯刀（みょうじたいとう）は、江戸時代の武士の身分表象。
• Myojitaito is a term indicating the social status of samurai during the Edo period.

• これらの身分は足軽より下の中間（ちゅうげん）待遇とされた。
• Those who belonged to these classes were treated as chugen class, lower than ashigaru.

• これらはそれぞれ、宛所の身分や社会的地位で使い分けていた。
• Each type of form was separately used depending on the court rank and social status of the addressee.

• 691年（持統5）三月、良・賤身分を区別する規定を定める。
• In March 691, rules were set for distinguishing the status of individuals.

• 大名身分に喧嘩両成敗の適用は伊達村和の事例ぐらいしかない。
• The only case Kenka Ryoseibai was used for someone of feudal lord rank was Murayori DATE.

• やがて個人間でも下位身分のものが上位身分で出す文書も指す。
• Later, it also referred to documents issued even between individuals, when from a person of humble status to a more well-placed person.

• 御家人の身分でどうして普通の男女の事のように思われるのか。
• You are just a gokenin, and what you said about my relationship with Yoshitsune sounds like an ordinary love affair among men and women, but you are too vulgar to imply such a thing about us.

• また、上下定分の理を説いて士農工商の身分制度を正当化した。
• He also expounded the theory of fixed division between uppers and lowers, and legitimized in Edo society a hierarchy with samurai at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants.

• 身分に拘らず、庶民とも分け隔てなく付き合い、仲が良かった。
• He formed friendships with anybody in any social class including common people.

• 身分の選考は経歴・神社界に対する功績をもとにおこなわれる。
• The selection of the status levels is made based on one's career and achievement to the Shrine society.

• 百姓、町人身分であった者が武士身分へ取りたてられたケース。
• There were some examples of peasants and townspeople who were promoted to samurai.

• 朝鮮半島で白丁が受けた身分差別は、以下のようなものである。
• The class discrimination which hakucho faced in Korean Peninsula was as follows.

• 事件の本質や依頼人の身分の高さに、独特のものを感じるのだ。
• still, the nature of the case and the exalted station of his client gave it a character of its own.

• 律令法の身分制度により、人民は良・賤（せん）に二大別された。
• The Ritsuryo codes divided people into two major classes, ryomin (law-abiding people) and himin (humble or lowly people).

• 「武士交名」へ登載されていることが武士身分を表す指標だった。
• The index to check whether or not a person was a samurai was whether the person's name was listed in 'bushi-komyo.'

• (2)犯罪による非人への身分移動を伴う刑罰を非人手下という。
• Punishment which was to be relegated to Hinin due to committing a crime or violating the laws was called Hinin-teka.

• 坂本龍馬等の郷士（下士身分）よりも恵まれた扱いを受けていた。
• They were treated much better than goshi (country samurai), or noncommissioned officers, including Ryoma SAKAMOTO.

• 地下人（じげにん/しもびと）は、日本における貴族身分の一つ。
• Jigenin' or 'Shimobito' is one of the statuses of aristocrats in Japan.

• 乗客の中には、様々な身分の役人や軍人もたくさん混じっていた。
• Among the passengers was a number of officials and military officers of various grades,

• 身分を保証、または弁護するために法廷に（被保証人を）召集する
• summon (a vouchee) into court to warrant or defend a title

• 資格認定審査請求人の氏名、階級等、生年月日及び身分証明書番号等
• Name, rank, etc., date of birth, identification card number, etc., of the applicant of the appeal for review on the recognition of internment status;

• 送還される被収容者の氏名、階級等、生年月日及び身分証明書番号等
• Name, rank, etc., date of birth, identification card number, etc., of the detainee to be repatriated;

• 法印は自分の身分を述べ、紫式部のことを語ってくれないかと頼む。
• Hoin identifies himself and asks the resident to talk about Murasaki Shikibu.

• また、主に戦前戦中には戦時捕虜の身分にあるものも俘囚と呼んだ。
• The word Fushu was also used for people who were treated as prisoners of war, mainly before and during the war.

• どの程度の身分、階級から将と呼ばれるのかの下限は明確ではない。
• From which status or rank may be called sho has not been defined.

• 官戸（かんこ）は中国前近代および日本の律令制における身分呼称。
• Kanko ('guanhu' in Chinese) was the name of a social status that existed in premodern China and in Japan under the ritsuryo system.

• 華族の中にも特権身分制度に疑問を持ち爵位を返上する者も現れた。
• Some people from the peerage wondered about the privileged class system and gave up their peerage.

• 内外官（ある官司の官人が他の官司の職務を兼ねる場合の身分規定）
• This Article 'Naige-kan' (government officials staying inside and outside of Kyoto) prescribed status of a government official who is engaged in two different jobs of different officers.

• しかし狭衣は身分低い飛鳥井女君を侮って名前すら明かさなかった。
• However, Sagoromo thinks little of Asukai no Onnagimi whose social status is low, and does not even reveal his name.

• 身分の低い下級武官であったが、歌人としては一流と賞されていた。
• Although he stayed as a low-ranking military officer, he was highly reputed as a topnotch poet.

• 大久保家の家格は御小姓与と呼ばれる身分である下級藩士であった。
• The social standing of the OKUBO family was that of a lower-ranked feudal retainer referred to as the Okoshogumi (escort of the lord) family rank.

• 戦功により永世士族の身分、恩賞金250両、終身8人扶持を賜る。
• For his distinguished war services, he received the permanent position of warrior class, 250 ryo (unit of currency) as reward grants, and Hatchinin fuchi (the equivalent of an annual eight-man rice stipend) on a permanent basis.

• また、身分にこだわらず、民と同じように町の若者とも戯れていた。
• In addition, he played with young people in town like common people without regard to social status.

• 後に同様の身分である武士や庶民も含んで呼称されるようになった。
• Later, samurai warriors and commoners of the corresponding status were also called Jigenin.

• 公文書に於いて身分を表示する場合は以下のような規則に基づいた。
• The social status was indicated in formal documents according to the following rules.

• 青年時代の忍耐と努力によって、彼は現在の身分になれたのである。
• His perseverance and diligence in his youth have made him what he is today.

• そして、田舎娘に変装して身分を隠したらどうだろうかと提案した。
• she therefore proposed that they should disguise their rank by dressing themselves like country maids.

• 教会のヒエラルキーでのキリスト教の聖職者の身分、階級または職務
• the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy

• 生きているが、奪われた国民か社会人の権利と特権の人の法的な身分
• the legal status of a person who is alive but who has been deprived of the rights and privileges of a citizen or a member of society

• 父が認知した子は、その父母の婚姻によって嫡出子の身分を取得する。
• By the marriage of his/her mother and father, a child affiliated by his/her father shall acquire the status of a child in wedlock.

• 清寧天皇2年（481年）に、弟王が宴の席で王族の身分を明かした。
• In 481, at a banquet, the younger prince revealed that they were members of the imperial family.

• 座主から見て、より身分の低いものは、遠くへ、下へ、となっていた。
• From the master seat, a person of lower birth was seated further away and at a lower level.

• 武士以外の百姓・町人らは武士身分一般をも武家と呼んでいたらしい。
• It is believed that people except for samurai, namely peasants and townsmen, referred to all samurai as buke.

• こうして形成された田堵負名層がこの時代以降の百姓身分を形成した。
• The tato and fumyo class thus formed constituted hyakusho rank of this period and thereafter.

• 上記のように士農工商の概念と実際の身分制度は大きく異なっている。
• As described above, the theory of shi-no-ko-sho differed significantly from the actual class system.

• 身分は低くても将軍自身の意思を受けて行動する特殊な立場にあった。
• They were in a unique situation in which they worked under the direct command of the shogun despite of their low position.

• （自分の親族身分のみならず身分が高い者に対しても敬語がないため）
• (It is based on the fact that she didn't use polite expressions when she wrote, not only about her family but also about those who belonged to the upper classes.)

• 高貴な身分も相まって他の流人よりも厚遇されていたという説がある。
• It is said that he was treated better than other exiles because he was a person of high rank.

• 近衛篤麿の人となりは剛腹で、自らの地位と身分を深く自覚していた。
• He was a big-hearted person and deeply aware of responsibility for his social status and rank.

• 部屋住みの身分ながら、家禄とは別に庇蔭料1000俵が支給された。
• Although he was a dependent, he got 1000 bags of rice as a hiinryo (an allowance for the person who doesn't succeed to a property) in addition to a karoku (hereditary stipend).

• 象嵌が施された筋兜で、かなり身分が高い武将が着用したと思われた。
• It was a kabuto with incrustations, and was considered to be one that was used by relatively high-ranking busho (Japanese military commander).

• 身分証明書を持っている学生なら、誰でも図書館に入ることができる。
• Any student with an I.D. card has access to the library.

• この低い身分から彼は身を起こして一流のアーティストにまでなった。
• From this humble state he had raised himself until he had become a first-rate artiste.

• 「確かに我々は（君の言われるとおり）以前は身分のあるものだった。
• 'True it is that we are men (as you say) who have seen better days,

• また『唯識論』3には「叉将死時。由善悪業下上身分冷触漸起」とある。
• And in 3 of 'Yushikiron' (a Buddhism scripture written by an Indian priest from four to five centuries), it says, 'When one is just about to die, a line separating the hot part and cold part gradually appears on the body to show whether one is good-natured or evil-natured.'

• また、畳の縁の色や文様を変えて、身分による厳密な用い方を行なった。
• In addition, the edge of tatami (a floor covering made of tightly woven grass and straw) and designs were changed strictly depending upon class.

• 投壺も投扇興も身分に限らず、皆が熱中したので、幕府は度々禁止した。
• Since all people were fascinated by Toko and Tosenkyo without regard to social status, the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) often forbade it.

• 旗本青山播磨と腰元は相思相愛の仲であったが身分の違いから叶わない。
• A hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Harima AOYAMA and a chamber maid are in love with each other, but they cannot be together due to a difference of their status.

• 和泉式部と交際していたが、身分の違いを理由に結婚はかなわなかった。
• The prince fell in love and was going out with Izumi Shikibu, but was not able to marry her because of class difference.

• この新しい体制下で、国衙軍制を担う戦士として、武士身分が成立した。
• Under this new system, samurai were established as warriors who would manage the kokuga forces system.

• 身分移動の存在は、身分制の弛緩や形骸化を意味しているわけではない。
• Therefore, the existence of class mobility did not mean that the class system was relaxed or dead in form.

• また、良賤身分を定める原簿の機能を付随するようになったようである。
• The function as an original record to determine each person's status seems to have been added to this registration system.

• しかし、彼自身の身分が高くなるにつれて、壮年期には出番が激減した。
• However, as his own rank grew higher and he entered manhood, he appeared significantly less often.

• 宮司・権宮司の在任中の身分は特級、一級・二級上以外の者は二級とする
• Social status of Guji and Gonguji while they are in office is nikyu (second grade) except for those in tokkyu (special grade), ikkyu (first grade) ・ nikyu-jo (senior second grade).

• 相伴衆（しょうばんしゅう）は、室町幕府における役職的な身分の一つ。
• Shobanshu was a status indicating a position in the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• また身分特権として、位階に応じて子孫が位階を得る蔭位制度があった。
• In addition, there was also a privilege called the Oni system in which a person's descendents could be awarded certain ranks based on his rank.

• 身分または役割を表す肩書の、または、身分または役割を表す肩書を持つ
• of or bearing a title signifying status or function

• オランダで、彼は東インド会社の造船所の大工として身分を隠して生きた
• in Holland he lived incognito as a carpenter in the shipyards of the East India company

• 婚姻中父母が認知した子は、その認知の時から、嫡出子の身分を取得する。
• A child affiliated by his/her parents while they are married shall acquire the status of a child in wedlock from the time of that affiliation.

• 衣裳人形は、様々な衣裳で製作され、その姿から身分や職業がわけられる。
• Isho-ningyo dolls are made with a variety of costumes, which can be used to distinguish the position in society and occupation of the doll.

• しかしこれらの身分は足軽より下の中間（ちゅうげん）小者待遇とされた。
• However, these soldiers were treated as even lower as the chugen and komono which ranked below ashigaru.

• 江戸時代の教育制度は、士農工商の身分制度を反映して、二極化していた。
• The educational system in the Edo period was polarized, reflecting the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans and merchants in Edo society.

• 士族階級に属する者には、『壬申戸籍』に‘士族’と身分表示が記された。
• The status of those belonging to this class was described as 'the warrior class' in 'Jinshin-koseki' (family registries in Jinshin).

• 小は個々の荘園や国衙領を分割編成した名田を百姓身分の名主が知行した。
• The smallest power of chigo was that of nanushi (village headman) who used it for myoden of shoen or Kokugaryo.

• 正室と同じく、日本の歴史において身分の高い者が継室となる場合が多い。
• In the history of Japan, there were many cases in which a woman of high standing became a keishitsu, as in the case of a lawful wife.

• しかし、古代末期以降、多様な生業に従事する特定の身分の呼称となった。
• However, since the late ancient times, the term became a name addressing a particular social status engaged in various regular vocations.

• 江戸時代には商人身分は存在せず、士農工商の '商' は町人を指した。
• There was no merchant rank in the Edo period, and 'sho' (merchants) in Shinokosho (hereditary four-status order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants) indicated townspeople.

• 官戸は犯罪行為の罰として賤民に落とされた身分で口分田等は良民と同等。
• Kanko were those who were demoted to the lowly status as punishment for their criminal acts and were granted the same farming rights as Ryomin.

• 源氏は身分を隠したまま五条辺りに住う夕顔 (源氏物語)と関係を持つ。
• Disclosing his identity, Genji has a sexual relationship with Yugao, who lives around Gojo.

• 身分違いという設定の吉永小百合と浜田光夫が結ばれない恋をする純愛物。
• It was a pure romance that Sayuri YOSHINAGA and Mitsuo HAMADA, who were set up as being in a different social class, fell in love but they could not marry.

• 神社本庁では正装・礼装・常装の服制を定め、上記の身分別に規定がある。
• The Jinja-Honcho has determined the system of dress that governs formal, ceremonial, and everyday attire; regulations differ according to the aforementioned status levels.

• 蔵人所の職掌も次第に分化し、身分の高低が密接に関係するようになった。
• As official duties of the Kurododokoro were gradually specialized, social status became closely related to who was posted where.

• しかし、鎌倉殿に等しく従属する家人として身分上は同格として扱われた。
• However, all were treated equally as subordinates of the Lord of Kamakura.

• 小十人の番士は、旗本の身分を持つが、馬上資格がないという特徴がある。
• Banshi (a samurai serving as a guard in the Edo period) holding the post of Kojunin was characterized by having a status equivalent to that of hatamoto, but no entitlement to ride on horseback.

• 飲酒年齢に達しているかどうかを判断するための身分証明書の提示を求める
• ask someone for identification to determine whether he or she is old enough to consume liquor

• 法第四十七条第三項の身分を示す証明書の様式は、別記様式のとおりとする。
• The form of the identification card stipulated in Article 47 (3) of the Act shall be as shown in the appended form.

• 江戸時代には百姓身分の自治結集の単位であり、中世の惣村を継承していた。
• A 'village' in the Edo period (1615-1868) was a unit of autonomous community of farming ranks that developed from medieval 惣村 (soson, a self-governing rural community).

• 当時において、絹は天皇などの高貴な身分の人々が用いる最高級品であった。
• In those days, silk was a top quality product used by the people of high rank, like emperor.

• これにより江戸時代から続く水呑に関する身分慣習及び制度は終焉を迎えた。
• Because of the law, the custom and system concerning Mizunomi came to an end.

• こうした兵農分離政策は江戸時代に一層強化され身分の移動は少なくなった。
• These policies which separated warriors and peasants were further enforced in the Edo period, and social mobility was reduced as a result.

• 場合によっては元の身分に復帰することもできたという（足洗い・足抜き）。
• Those who became Hinin for some reason could return to their original status in regular society if certain conditions were met (Ashi-arai ・Ashi-nuki).

• これは身分格差が著しい当時の国内賃金水準からしても極めて高額であった。
• Even compared to national wage levels in an era when the status difference between social classes was very large, such a salary was extremely high.

• 戸主は、家の統率者としての身分を持つ者であり戸籍上は筆頭に記載された。
• Head of a family is considered as a leader of a Ie and his/her name was put at head of a koseki.

• 華族を身分の高い順から、公爵・侯爵・伯爵・子爵・男爵の5爵に区分した。
• The peerage was divided into five classes: duke, marquis, count, viscount and baron, in descending order of rank.

• もっぱら主人の身辺に直接かかわる雑務を果たす身分の高い使用人であった。
• They were high-ranking servants who took care of solely domestic chores of their master.

• どうやら3代目太郎左衛門までは公認の名字をもたぬ百姓身分と考えられる。
• It is considered that the SAKAMOTO family had been in a peasant status that was not entitled to have an accredited family name until the third generation Tarozaemon.

• 斎服といい、身分に関わらず、白袍（無紋）、白差袴（無紋）、冠（遠紋）。
• Ceremonial attire, called saifuku (priestly vestments), is not dependent on status levels and consists of hakuho (a white vest, without a crest), shirosashiko (white ankle-length hakama, without a crest) and a court cap (with a to-mon crest).

• 身分によって特に刑の軽重があるときは、身分のない者には通常の刑を科する。
• When the gravity of a punishment varies depending upon whether or not a criminal has a certain status, a normal punishment shall be imposed on a person without such status.

• 家によっては複数の囲炉裏が存在し、身分により使う囲炉裏が分けられていた。
• In some houses, multiple Irori fireplaces existed, and they were divided according to their class differences.

• 明治維新後は幕府の崩壊、身分制度が廃止され武術は武芸としての目的を失う。
• After the Meiji Restoration, martial arts lost its aim as military art because of the demise of the bakufu and abolishment of the class system.

• 衣装の格式や着装者の身分によっていくつかの種類があり、厳格に使い分けた。
• There were several kinds of eboshi according to the formality of garments and the social status of the wearer, and the proper one was strictly chosen to apply.

• 江戸時代の音楽文化は、概して、身分制や家元制に縛られた窮屈なものだった。
• The music culture in the Edo period was, as a whole, rigid as it was bound to the class system and to the monopolized system of licensing of teaching art.

• また、この者が離婚したときは、皇族の身分を離れる（皇室典範14条4項）。
• In addition, they lose their Imperial status when they get divorced (Clause 4, Article 14 of the Imperial House Act).

• 皇統譜（こうとうふ）とは、天皇及び皇族の身分に関する事項を登録する帳簿。
• Kotofu refers to a register to keep records concerning the statuses of emperors and members of Imperial family.

• 学友の橋本明とは身分を忘れ本気で喧嘩をするほどの間柄であったと言われる。
• He and his schoolmate Akira HASHIMOTO was such a close friend that they often quarreled with the Crown Prince's statue neglected.

• 郷士は郷に住む武士で、多くは「徒士」身分であるが、「侍」身分の者もいる。
• Goshi (country samurai), who lived in the country, were bushi and many of them were in the class of 'kachi' but some of them were in the class of 'samurai.'

• 下って江戸時代等に全国の諸身分集団を組織化した公家も本所と呼ばれている。
• Closer to our own times, during the Edo period for instance, a Court noble, included in organizations of groups of every walks of life throughout the country, were also called honjo.

• 家人（けにん）とは、日本の歴史上、身分のある者の家臣・従者等を指す用語。
• Kenin refers to a vassal, a servant, etc. of high-ranked people in Japanese history.

• 士分（しぶん）とは、江戸時代の武士のうち正規の武士身分を持った者を指す。
• Shibun was the term for persons with the full social rank as bushi (warrior) class among the bushi during the Edo Period.

• 赤穂四十七士のうち寺坂吉右衛門ただ一人は士分を有さない足軽身分であった。
• Among the 47 Akaho warriors, only Kichiemon TERASAKA was not Shibun but Ashigaru class.

• 江戸幕府は身分制社会であり、法や捜査は決して近代的でないし平等でもない。
• The Edo bakufu was a society structured based on one's status, and the law and investigations were neither modern nor equal.

• このように判官以上と主典との間には身分上の大きな断絶がもうけられていた。
• As seen previously, there was a big gap in the status between Hangan or higher and Sakan.

• 西郷家の家格は御小姓与であり、下から二番目の身分である下級藩士であった。
• The Saigo family's Kakaku (family rank) was Okoshogumi, (lower ranked feudal retainer) which was the second lowest rank.

• 生母の身分が低いことから部屋住みの身分にあった直政には軍資金が無かった。
• Because his real mother's social status was low, he was in the position of heyazumi (an adult-age eldest son who has yet to come into his inheritance) and did not have any war funds.

• 但し、その後も城下士との間に養子縁組による身分の移動や通婚関係はあった。
• However, even after that, there were still changes in status because of adoptions between goshi and jokashi and commuting relationships.

• 小藩では用人が家老の全般を補佐するので、番頭よりも用人の身分が高くなる。
• In the small domain, the yojin supported the chief retainer in all matters and ranked higher than the bangashira.

• 近世に入り、武士身分の処刑として切腹が確立すると、切腹にも作法が登場する。
• In the early modern period, seppuku became established as a method of capital punishment for those of the samurai class, and certain rituals came to surround the practice.

• 猩々人形は赤い顔の面と上半身分の竹枠組みで出来ておりその上から衣装で覆う。
• The form of the Shojo is made of bamboo, and it is put a red mask and a large costume.

• 今まで自由に作れた陵墓を身分に合わせて作ることの出来る陵墓を規定し直した。
• The imperial mausoleum which could be prepared was redefined according to the position, even though the mausoleums could be built freely until then.

• 源氏は明石の御方の上洛をうながすが、身分を思う彼女はなかなか肯んじえない。
• Genji encourages lady Akashi to come up to the capital, but she is concerned about her social standing.

• 秋山家は足軽よりも一階級上の位で家禄10石程の下級武士(徒士身分)だった。
• The AKIYAMA family belonged to a lower-ranking samurai (a social status of foot guards) one rank above the foot soldier and their hereditary stipend was about ten-goku.

• 弾左衛門（だんざえもん）は江戸時代の被差別民であった穢多・非人身分の頭領。
• Danzaemon was the chieftain of the eta (an outcaste class in feudal Japan, people whose occupation considered unclean in Buddhism, such as skinning of animals and the tanning of hides) and the hinin (literally, nonperson; actors, beggars and other categories of the population of feudal Japan regarded along with the eta caste as socially inferior), both of which were collectively called 'hisabetsumin' (literally, discriminated people) in the Edo period.

• 1882年（明治15年）には、海軍少将の身分のまま共同運輸会社社長に就任。
• In 1882, he took up the position of the president of Kyodo Unyu Kaisha (literary, a joint transportation company) while he was a rear admiral.

• しかし、都での身分は高くなく（従四位上）、受領であり藤原斉信の家司である。
• His position in the capital city was however low (Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade)) and he served as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) at the same time as Keishi (household superintendent) for FUJIWARA no Tadanobu.

• また一時情けをかけたらしい相手として、近江の君を産んだ身分低い女性がいる。
• Also, he seems for a time to have taken pity on a lower class woman who went on to give birth to Omi no Kimi.

• 鎌倉幕府の勢力が強まるにともなって、御家人は武士の身分を表す言葉となった。
• As the Kamakura bakufu became ever more powerful, the word 'gokenin' came to mean 'samurai.'

• 郷士（ごうし）とは、江戸時代にあった武士身分の階級の一つをさす歴史学用語。
• Goshi is historical terminology referring to samurai hierarchy that existed during the Edo period.

• かれ個人にもかれの身分にも健全な質感があって、デイジーは浮ついてしまった。
• There was a wholesome bulkiness about his person and his position, and Daisy was flattered.

• 名刺や身分をしめすものはなく、封をして切手をはった封筒を一通所持していた。
• but no cards or papers, except a sealed and stamped envelope,

• 前各項の職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• The staff or police officer referred to in each of the preceding paragraphs shall carry proper identification and show it to the persons concerned.

• そのため住職を辞しても身分を保障する配慮として、名誉住職という地位を設けた。
• Therefore, the title of a honorary chief priest was established in consideration of the guarantee of status after the retirement from the chief priest.

• 王妃は以下のいずれかを満たした場合、皇族の身分を離れ王妃としての地位を失う。
• An empress leaves the status of the Imperial Family member and loses the position as an empress upon the fulfills of any of these followings:

• 従って貴族制的な身分秩序を法によって確立することが律令法の骨格となっている。
• Therefore, the framework of ritsuryo law was the legal establishment of a class system somewhat like the kizoku system.

• この道筋が子孫の増加、分家以外で武士身分に属する家系が拡大する機会となった。
• This line increased the descendants and then the family line which belonged to samurai status expanded, except for branch families.

• 地侍（じざむらい）は、室町時代から安土桃山時代にかけて見られた侍身分の一種。
• Ji-zamurai is a rank of samurai seen from Muromachi period to Azuchi Momoyama period.

• 原則、身分の移動は行えなくなったが、江戸中期以降、この体制は再び崩れ始める。
• In principal, the citizens were not allowed to change their social status, but in the mid Edo period and later this system began to collapse again.

• 高橋はその武士論の前提として、身分を「出生身分」と「職業身分」にまず分ける。
• Takahashi first divided social rank into 'birth' and 'job' ranks as a premise of the samurai theory.

• 賎民（せんみん）とは、通常の民衆よりも下位に置かれた身分またはその者を指す。
• Senmin indicates a rank or a person of such rank who is placed lower than the common person.

• 江戸時代前期に、身分制度（士農工商）が成立し、末端の工商の部分にあてられた。
• With the class system (warrior, farmer, craftsman and merchant classes) established in the early Edo period, Chonin was ranked the two lowest classes in the category.

• 大村はこの謙虚で身分の低いほとんど無学の職人・嘉蔵の才能に驚かされたという。
• Omura was very impressed by the talent of Kazo who was modest, uneducated and of low class.

• その後、隊士全員が江戸幕府直参に取り立てられ、14歳にして幕臣の身分となる。
• Afterwards, all the members were promoted to immediate retainers of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and he became a Shogun's retainer at the age of 14.

• 父が低い身分のうちに早世したために、左大臣の孫でありながら、外官に叙された。
• As his father died young before obtaining a high position, he started his career with a local government official despite the fact that he was a grandson of the Sadaijin.

• 河原者という被差別身分の出身ながら、室町幕府の八代将軍足利義政に重用された。
• Although he was a Kawaramono (discriminated position), the 8th Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) treated him preferentially.

• 神葬祭には、身分に関わらず無紋の鈍色衣冠、あるいは無紋の鈍色狩衣を着用する。
• In the Shinto funeral, the ikan or kariginu of nibiiro (dark gray) with no crest is used without regard to status levels.

• 身分は概ね城下に住む武士（藩士）より下、百姓より上という身分的中間層である。
• The status of Goshi (rural samurai) was generally middle class: somewhat lower than samurai (hanshi) residing in castle towns but, higher than peasants.

• 教育もない身分もない婆（ばあ）さんだが、人間としてはすこぶる尊（たっ）とい。
• She is an old woman, with neither education nor social position, but as a human, she does more to command our respect.

• （公家女性と武家女性の着物の差異については「小袖小袖の身分差」の項目を参照。）
• (As for the difference between Kimono for a court noble lady and Kimono for a lady from Samurai society, refer to the section of `Social position shown in sleeve length.'

• 唐衣の生地は、身分により異なり、また奢侈禁制の影響を受けてその時々でも変わる。
• The cloth of karaginu depends on social status, and also varies from to time to time under the influence of sumptuary law.

• 政府は何度も華族財政を救済する施策をとったが、華族の身分を返上する家も現れた。
• The government took measures many times to rescue the finances of kazoku, however, some kazoku even gave up retaining the kazoku statuses.

• 一方、主君より世襲の俸禄（家禄）を受け、名字帯刀などの身分的特権を持っていた。
• On the other hand, samurai received horoku (salary), i.e. karoku (hereditary stipend), from his lord, and had privileges such as Myojitaito (the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword).

• 平安中期頃、中央政界からあぶれた武士身分の下級貴族が多数、地方へ下向してきた。
• In around the mid-Heian period, a number of lower-ranking noblemen with samurai status, who were left out of the central political world, went down to the provinces.

• 官戸は官奴婢よりは上位の身分であり戸をなし一戸全員が駆使されることはなかった。
• Kanko were more highly ranked than kunuhi and not all members of a kanko household were employed as slaves.

• 一般市民の身分制度は士農工商と呼ばれる階級制であり、武士が民衆を支配していた。
• The class system of common people was the hierarchy of soldiers (samurai), farmers, artisans, and merchants, called shinokosho, and the samurai controlled the others.

• 後に士族原則が取り払われると、新兵の身分比はほぼ人口中の身分比に等しくなった。
• In later years with the repeal of the shizoku-only principle, the social status ratio of new soldiers became almost equal to that of the population.

• 旧暦閏7月20日、強制的に出家させられたうえで隠居の身分となった（牧氏事件）。
• Consequently, he was forced to enter the priesthood and retire (the Maki Incident) on the twentieth of the leap month of July.

• 北海は言葉少なく、優しい人柄で知られ、身分によって人を差別することがなかった。
• Hokkai was known for being taciturn and having a gentle personality, and did not discriminate according to one's social standing.

• この時の身分は渡米時から続いていた特命全権公使で、同年9月にこれを免ぜられた。
• His position at that time was the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary which he had been since going to America, but he was excused from it in September of the same year.

• 大覚寺統に仕え、後宇多天皇の元で医師の身分のまま、北面武士を務めて重用された。
• He served the Daikakuji-to (the imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama), and acted as Hokumen no bushi (Imperial Palace Guards for the North Side) under Emperor Gouda, who treated Tadamori preferentially, since Tadamori's rank was still a doctor at that time.

• また、その大僧正の身分をわざわざ書いた宣戦布告ともいえる文を信長に送っている。
• In addition, Shingen sent Nobunaga a letter describing his position as daisojo (a Buddhist priest of the highest order), which can be taken to have been a proclamation of war against Nobunaga.

• 低い身分の兄弟は、自分が高くされたことを喜びなさい。 (ヤコブの手紙 1:9)
• But let the brother in humble circumstances glory in his high position; (James 1:9)

• 法第百五十七条第三項の規定により職員が携帯すべき身分証明書は、様式第二号による。
• The identification that inspection officials shall carry pursuant to the provisions of Article 157, paragraph (3) of the Act shall be prepared according to Form No. 2.

• 理事官は前項第二号の処分をするには、その身分を示す証票を携帯しなければならない。
• In carrying out any disposition set forth in item (ii) of the preceding paragraph, an Investigator shall carry a certificate of identification.

• そのかわり、身分の高い人の家を示す入り口に立てかけられた日覆いの傘（蓋）がある。
• Instead, there are sun shades placed against the doors, which shows that the houses belong to someone of high rank.

• なお、後世では門跡寺院において、下記僧侶身分の院家が止住する塔頭のことも指した。
• In the case of monzeki temples (temples served by a chief priest of aristocratic or imperial lineage) in later years, the word 'inge' later came to refer to a sub-temple in which monks of the following rank resided.

• こうした院家からは凡僧は排除されて皇族・貴族身分の学侶だけが止住を許されていた。
• Ordinary monks were excluded from such inge sub-temples, with only scholar monks of aristocratic or imperial lineage permitted to reside within.

• 正規の身分制度にはもともと存在しないが、前座の数が多いのでそれまでの待機をする。
• Although this did not originally exist as an official ranking system, there are too many zenza, so they are put on stand by to receive it.

• 宮家（みやけ）とは、日本の皇室で代々皇族の身分の保持を許された一家のことである。
• Miyake is the name of the successive Imperial family in Japan allowed to have Imperial rank.

• しかし、材質（五位以上は四菱紋）や額や纓の処理によって着用者の身分や年齢を示す。
• However, materials and finishes of a hitai and an ei represent a person's rank or age; for example, material called yotsubishimon is used for those who are at the Fifth Rank or higher.

• 武士の身分を「士分」といい、士分は、大きく「侍」と「徒士（かち）」に分けられる。
• The samurai status is called 'shibun' (samurai class) and the shibun is roughly divided into 'samurai' and 'kachi' (foot guards).

• 一方、武家の御典医は、将軍や藩主と身近に接する立場で、武士に準ずる身分であった。
• On the other hand, in the case of goteni of samurai, the doctors who got close with the shogun or hanshu (the lord of domain) to treat them were given a position of quasi-samurai.

• 下人所従は武士身分でないため、戦場において首を取っても手柄になることはなかった。
• Even if the latter should slay an enemy on the battlefield, no credit was given because they did not have samurai status.

• 五色の賤（ごしきのせん）とは、律令制の元で設置された古代日本の被差別身分である。
• Goshiki no sen a status of discrimination in ancient Japan which was constituted under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

• 結果、長州藩内の被差別身分が差別から解放される事となり部落の生活水準は上昇した。
• As a result, people in buraku (hamlet) in Choshu Domain were liberated from discrimination raising the standard of living.

• 秩禄処分により俸禄（家禄）制度は撤廃され、廃刀令の施行など身分的特権も廃された。
• According to Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), the government abolished not only Horoku (stipend) or Karoku (hereditary stipend) system, but hierarchical perquisite such as implementation of decree banning the wearing of swords.

• こうした「身分保証」があったため、勉強はそこそこに学生生活を謳歌した学生もいた。
• Because there was this type of 'guarantee of status' there were students who did not study hard but enjoyed their student lives.

• 抱席（抱入（かかえいれ）とも）はそれ以降に新たに御家人身分に登用された者を指す。
• `Kakaeseki` (also called kakaeire) families were those families had been newly promoted to the status of Gokenin.

• 幕府・各藩により身分や支配の実態が異なる為、共通する定義を打ち立てるのは難しい。
• Although it is difficult to establish a common definition because actual rank and method of rule differed depending between the bakufu (shogunate) and each clan.

• 列に並んで長い間待たされた後、身分証明として正式な出生証明書が必要だといわれた。
• After a long wait in line, she was told she should get a certified copy of her birth certificate as identification.

• 「身分確認のためにあなたの運転免許証を見せていただけますか」とその係員はいった。
• 'May I please see your driver's license for identification?', said the clerk.

• 昔にはこの道は、高貴な身分のものしか足を踏み入れることはできなかったものですが。
• whose pavement in old times was to be trodden only by the feet of high nobility.

• なお、足軽以下の身分（足軽は「士」では無いとされた）や庶民は切腹を許されなかった。
• Foot soldiers (who were not considered to be warriors) and commoners were not permitted to commit seppuku.

• 後に律令制を導入すると官製を中心に本格的に身分・階級の違いを表すようになっていく。
• When the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) was introduced later, clothing accessories came to officially show a difference of social status and class mainly in the government-regulated organization, facility, etc.

• しかし、同席していた四つ車大八の贔屓の武士が「力士と鳶風情では身分が違う」という。
• However, a samurai, who was a fan of Yotsuguruma Daihachi, happened to be there and spoke out, 'There is a big difference in degree between a sumo wrestler and a mere fireman.'

• また、皇族の父親を持たない皇后が、皇族身分を認められたのもこの時以来のものである。
• It was since this time when empresses whose fathers were not of the Imperial Family were admitted as a member of the Imperial Family.

• 通常の戸籍には登録されず、身分に関する事項は皇統譜に登録される（皇室典範26条）。
• They are not registered on ordinary family registries, and matters concerning their status are registered on the Book of Imperial Lineage (Article 26 of the Imperial House Act).

• しかしながら、男系6親等以内が原則であり、華族の身分を持つことが条件とされていた。
• However, they had to adopt from within the sixth degree of kinship of paternity line and the adopted children also had to have the kazoku statuses.

• 文化面では、連歌・猿楽・喫茶など身分を超えた交流に特徴付けられる室町文化が栄えた。
• In culture, the Muromachi culture, which is characterized by interaction among people in different social strata, as seen in renga, sarugaku (the predecessor of Noh), and drinking tea, flourished.

• しかし、商品経済の発達による社会各層での貧富の拡大とそれに伴う身分制の流動化した。
• However, as commodity economy advanced, disparity in wealth had enlarged in each of the social classes, making the social status system fluid.

• 母の身分に問題があったためか、幼年は家老の元で育てられ、やがて城中へ引き取られた。
• Maybe due to the issue of his mother's position in society, he was raised at the Karo's (chief retainer) house during his early years and was ultimately taken to the castle.

• 低い身分から異例の出世を遂げた松方に対し称賛する者もいる反面､妬む者もいたという。
• His unusual rise from humble beginnings gave rise to envy as well as admiration.

• また、この時代は身分が未分化で武士から商人、農民になることも、その逆も容易だった。
• In addition, in this period, the social status was not yet strictly specialized, and it was easy for a samrai to become a merchant or a farmer, and vice versa.

• 兵農分離以前に武士身分であった者が武士身分を維持しながら農村に居住し続けたケース。
• There were examples of goshi who held the rank of samurai prior to the `heinobunri` system (separation of samurai from farmer roles) coming into effect, but continued to reside in rural areas while maintaining the rank of samurai.

• 家臣団の身分階層性のなかに「郷士」（名称は各様）として正式に位置付けられていること
• Within a the hierarchy of a grouping of vassals, an individual was given a formal ranking of `goshi`.

• 共同体の全ての非戦闘員や卑しい身分の成員は習慣的にそうしたことに従事したのである。
• All the noncombatant or ignoble members of the community are habitually so employed.

• 植民地時代のアメリカでは、フランス人とインディアンの間の身分違いの結婚が頻繁だった
• in Colonial America left-handed marriages between Frenchmen and Indians were frequent

• 制服、身分証明書、階級章その他の地位又は身分を示す記章及び勲章その他の功績を示す記章
• Uniforms, identification cards, rank badges and other badges of status or position, decorations and other badges indicative of achievements;

• 有名な赤穂浪士も、比較的身分が高かった大石内蔵助ら数人以外は、扇子や木刀を使用した。
• With the exception of several individuals with a relatively high status such as Kuranosuke OISHI, the famous Forty-seven Ronin used a fan or wooden sword.

• 青女房（あおにょうぼう）とは貴人に仕える年若い、身分のさほど高くない貴族女性のこと。
• The term 'aonyobo' refers to a middle or low-ranked young noblewoman who serves a high ranked person.

• 皇太子妃は以下のいずれかを満たした場合、皇族の身分を離れ皇太子妃としての地位を失う。
• The crown princess loses the social status as the member of the imperial family and the position of crown princess if any of the conditions shown below is met.

• 公式に身分と冠が結び付けられたのは、推古11年制定の冠位十二階と呼ばれる制度である。
• The Kan I Junikai (a system of twelve court ranks instituted in Japan), which was established in 603, was the first system in which ranks were officially linked with caps.

• そこは、院の邸内という、本来ならば身分秩序が守られるべき場であるはずのところである。
• It was the place within the palace of the emperor, where social order was supposed to be protected.

• 所従の中には一家を構えて自営耕作を行うものもおり、その身分的実態は一律ではなかった。
• As some Shoju even had their own independent households and families and cultivated their land independently, Shoju was not a uniformly established class, in reality.

• 良民の半額に当たる口分田（40畝支給）の規定があり婚姻は同一身分間でのみ認められた。
• Regulations dictated that they were provided with state-distributed fields (koufentian) of 40-mu (approximately 26,666 m²), which was half the value of those allocated to members of the liangmin (lit. good citizen) upper class, and marriage was only recognized between individuals of the same social status.

• 「身分」よりも「財」が優越する社会が到来し、結果的に日本の近代化を進めることなった。
• In the society, importance became to be placed on 'money' more than on 'social status', resultantly advancing the modernization of Japan.

• また、実務面でもその身分の種別数が少ない方が事務処理に便利であるという側面もあった。
• And their less variety of social status was functional with regard to office work matter of fact.

• 名称は唐の律令制にある同名の制度に由来されるが、唐のように賎民身分とはされていない。
• Zakko took its name from the groups of the same name under the ritsuryo system of Tang Dynasty, although they were not included in senmin (one of the two main castes of the ritsuryo system, meaning humble or lowly people) class, unlike in the Tang Dynasty.

• 明治維新後には下級役人となり士族の身分を得るが、1876年（明治9年）に免職となる。
• After the Meiji Restoration, he became a low-level official and acquired the status of shizoku (a family or person of samurai ancestry), but was dismissed in 1876.

• 一方で、町人や百姓など非武士身分の出身者が勝手に苗字帯刀して浪人を名乗る者も現れた。
• On the other hand, there appeared the persons who, though not being from samurai status families, such as merchants, craftsmen and farmers, got family names and wore swords by themselves, claiming to be 浪人.

• 郡代の身分・格式は、代官よりも上であるが、職務内容については代官とほぼ同じであった。
• The status and rank of a Gundai was higher than that of a Daikan, but the scope of the work between the two was nearly the same.

• また、諸藩に仕えたの高禄の重臣は、その家臣として陪臣身分となる用人を召し抱えていた。
• Also, in many provinces where the Yojin worked as highly paid senior vassals, those vassals engaged retainers themselves to act as their own Yojin.

• したがって身分としては、藩主の家来というよりも将軍直属のお目付け役という性格が強い。
• Therefore, the feature of the status were more those of an inspector under the direct supervision of Shogun than those of a retainer of a lord.

• （教皇や司祭といった）身分の高い聖職者の家庭を切り盛りし、奉仕の代償に保護を受ける人
• a person attached to the household of a high official (as a pope or bishop) who renders service in return for support

• 身分の高い人の住居という意味から出発し、やがて天皇や皇族の宮殿を意味するようになった。
• It started as a word meaning a residence of a person in a high position and over time came to mean a palace of the Emperor or the Imperial Family.

• そして、畳敷から框の分だけ一段高い上段の間が造られ、身分や地位に応じて使い分けられた。
• In addition, the Jodan no ma (a raised floor level) that was a one step higher floor from the tatami floor, the same height of Kamachi was made and used depending on the class and status.

• 身分の低さのために女御にはなれなかったが、後白河の寵愛は他の妃とは比較にならなかった。
• Although she was not able to become Nyogo (lady in waiting) because of her low social standing, Emperor Goshirakawa had a much greater affection for her than he did for the other Empresses.

• 皇族女子は、天皇・皇族以外の者と結婚したときは、皇族の身分を離れる（皇室典範12条）。
• If they marry anyone other than the Emperor or a member of the Imperial family, female members of the Imperial family lose their Imperial status (Article 12 of the Imperial House Act).

• 少なくとも平安時代中期以降、日本の冠の形状は基本的に身分や年齢による大きな差異はない。
• Shapes of Japanese Court caps have had no remarkable differences between ages or ranks since the middle of the Heian period.

• しかし、大多数の地侍は、侍身分でありながら村落に在住し、村落の指導者としてあり続けた。
• However, the majority of Ji-zamurai stayed in their villages being leaders there despite their position as samurai.

• 現実の江戸時代の身分制度は未解明な部分が多く、今後の実証的な研究が待たれる面が大きい。
• The actual class system of the Edo period remains unclear in many respects and has yet to be studied more closely based on empirical data.

• 身分や年齢の制限を満たすための便法として養子縁組を行なうものがあり、屯田養子といった。
• In order to fill the requirements of social status and age, adoptions were arranged: Those children were called Tonden Adopted Children.

• また印綬の色、鈕（ちゅう、印の持ち手）の形や材質によって身分が区別されるようになった。
• Also, social position was discriminated by the color of inju (a thick string of seal) and the material and shape of the grip.

• 「一旦見込んだ人には身分や出身地の如何に関せず常に満身の誠意を傾注して世話をやいた。」
• Once he placed his confidence in someone, he took care of him sincerely regardless of his social status or where he came from.'

• また、相撲大会は身分問わず、信長の側近と庶民が入り混じって相撲をとっていたといわれる。
• In addition, it is said that Nobunaga's vassals and common people participated in Sumo matches without regard to the social class.

• それによって与えられる身分は、「一領一匹」と「地士」以外は概ね「足軽格」程度であった。
• Basically, the status conferred this way almost identical with that of the foot soldiers (with the exception of 'Ichiryo-ippiki' (goshi senior Hosokawa clansmen) and upper-rank rural based samurai).

• 前項の場合において、労働基準監督官は、その身分を証明する証票を携帯しなければならない。
• In cases under the preceding paragraph, labor standards inspectors shall carry identification proving their status.

• 貴人という発想自体わび茶と似つかわしくないが、江戸時代は特に身分の分別が要求されていた。
• Although being a nobility itself is not suitable for the concept of wabicha, in the Edo period especially, distinguishing people's ranks and treating them separately was necessary.

• この区分けがあるのは、現在では東京だけであり、上方と名古屋ではこれらの身分は存在しない。
• This classification currently exists only in Tokyo, and the ranks don't exist in Kamigata (the Kyoto and Osaka area) nor in Nagoya.

• 棒術はその特性上、身分、階層を問わず広く修練されており、日本各地に多くの流派が存在した。
• Bojutsu has been practiced widely without regard for status and class because of its character, and a lot of schools have appeared in various places of Japan.

• 王や豪族、上級貴族といった者たちは、愛刀（愛剣）の外装に、身分に相応しい豪華さを求めた。
• Kings, Gozoku (local ruling family), and high-ranked nobility demanded luxurious exterior decoration for their favorite swords that suit their ranks.

• 彼らは武士身分ではなく、武家に雇われて、槍持ち、草履取りなどの雑用をこなす者たちである。
• They were not samurais but servants of the samurais, performing odd jobs such as carrying their masters' lances, and taking care of their masters' shoes.

• 律令法によって規定された身分秩序において、独特の地位を占めているのは、天皇の地位である。
• A unique position in the class system defined by ritsuryo law is the position of the Emperor.

• まれに低身分から戦国大名となった者もおり、当時の風潮だった下克上の例とされることが多い。
• In rare cases, certain sengoku daimyo were from a low status and such cases are deemed examples of gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) which was the trend at that time.

• その後、旧武士は士分であったものは「士族」足軽身分であったのものは「卒族」に分類された。
• Members of the former samurai class were later classified as 'shizoku' (samurai class) and former ashigaru as 'sotsuzoku' (low-ranking samurai).

• その際、国内の武士身分の田堵負名のうち、同一の郡に基盤を持つ者同士が互いに競合しあった。
• In taking such measures, among the Tato fumyo with the samurai status in a province, those in the same gun (county) competed with each other.

• 大工・鍛冶は、職人身分に属する者が営む場合、水呑・借家あるいは百姓が営む場合、があった。
• Carpenters and smiths were practiced by people who belonged to the craftsmen rank, or by mizunomi (landless farmers), tenants, or hyakusho.

• 更に流動的な住民である非人・乞食などはそれよりも下位に位置しており、被差別身分にあった。
• There were also people without roots, such as hinin (outcasts) and kojiki (beggars), who belonged to the lowest of the class hierarchy and were discriminated against.

• 魅力的な源氏の求愛に惹かれ悩みながらも、身分が釣り合わない立場であることを理解していた。
• She is attracted to Genji's charm and his courtship, but at the same time she is afflicted because she understands that they belong to different classes.

• このような郷士身分ではないものの苗字帯刀を許された特権的な百姓・町人は全国的に存在した。
• Although they were not of goshi status, peasants and city dwellers with special rights allowing them to use a surname and wear swords existed in every province.

• 農民でありながら乗馬・苗字帯刀などが許されるなど農村部において最も身分の高い存在だった。
• Although each of the officers was a farmer, he was permitted to ride on a horse, to own his family name and to wear a sword, being the highest-positioned person of farmers.

• 犯人の身分によって構成すべき犯罪行為に加功したときは、身分のない者であっても、共犯とする。
• When a person collaborates in a criminal act in which the status of the criminal establishes the criminal's punishability, the person is an accomplice even without such status.

• 寺格（じかく）は、経済的もしくは身分的に区分された寺院の等級を設けて、格式を区別すること。
• Jikaku was the hierarchy of a Buddhist temple used to classify its status based on its economic and social standing.

• 「一国一群を支配する身分でもすべきことではないのに、お前は俗人の塩売りの町人ではないか。」
• Even a ruler of a province or a region should not do such a shameful thing; you are merely a secular salt seller.'

• その後、時代によって衣装はめまぐるしく変わりながらも、身分によってある程度分類されていた。
• Thereafter, costumes varied across the ages very quickly, but were classified to some extent according to the social status.

• 江戸市中のみならず武蔵、相模などから身分を問わず酒豪が集められ、東西両軍に分かれて競った。
• Many heavy drinkers in all social classes were gathered not only from Edo but also from Musashi and Sagami Provinces and competed, divided into the east side and west side.

• 「御殿女中の夏服には、辻、茶屋辻、晒布の三種があり、身分の高低によって使い分けられていた」
• There are three kinds of summer wear for goten jochu (palace maids) which are Tsuji, Chayatsuji and Sarashinuno (bleached cloth), and they were properly used according to the social position.'

• 美しい姉妹の容貌も恋情も身分違いの前には如何ともし難く、結局一途な恋は実ることがなかった。
• Their single-minded love never came to a head because the sisters' beauty and unrestrained love could not defeat their difference in status.

• ただし、上皇（出家をしていない太上天皇）と法皇の間に法的な身分の違いが生じるわけではない。
• However, there is no difference between the legal status of a Retired Emperor (Dajo Tenno who does not become a priest) and Hoo.

• ただし、両者に法的な身分差は無く、律令法においては太上法皇も太上天皇に含まれることになる。
• However, there is no legal class difference between the two and, in the Ritsuryo law system, Daijo Hoo is included in Daijo Tenno.

• 公家社会は幕末まで温存されたが、明治維新期に解体され、公家のほとんどは華族身分へ移行した。
• Although the kuge society was retained until the end of the Edo period, it was abolished in the course of the Meiji Restoration and most of the kuge shifted to the social status of peerage.

• 広庇、落間は、いやしいものが高貴な身分のものにちかづくとき、その身分差を表すためにあった。
• The ochima and hirobisashi had the purpose of demonstrating birth class difference to lower class people who were not welcomed.

• 文化面では、ばさらに代表されるように、身分秩序を軽視し華美な振る舞いに走る傾向が見られた。
• In culture, there was the tendency to behave extravagantly, thinking little of social classes or social order, as typically seen in 'Basara.'

• 初期の武士身分は諸大夫身分の軍事貴族と、侍身分の一般武士のふたつの階層から構成されていた。
• The position of bushi originally had two classes, the militaristic aristocracy with the position of shodaibu, and the ordinary bushi with the position of samurai.

• こうして彼らは国衙から「国内武士」としての認知を受け、それによって武士身分を獲得していた。
• Thus, they were acknowledged as local samurai by kokuga and thereby obtained their status as a samurai.

• 百姓・町人の間での身分移動は比較的容易であり、武士の下層（足軽）との身分移動も多くあった。
• Status was relatively flexible between peasants and townsmen, with status mobility also existing between those classes and low-ranking samurai (ashigaru (foot soldier)).

• 当時、低い身分の職と見なされていた人力車夫に勲位と勲章を与えることはきわめて異例であった。
• At that time, Rickshaw drivers were basically people from lower class families, and it was a rare case that they were given the Order of Merit and the medal.

• 御庭番が幕臣としての身分を隠し、遠国に実情を調査に出かける旅行のことを「遠国御用」という。
• Onkokugoyo is the inspection trip to rural areas that the oniwaban made with their identity concealed.

• 身分の高い堂上家は、その出自や歴代当主の生没年、および叙位の履歴などを詳細に記録してきた。
• The high-ranking Tosho-ke families had detailed records of their origins, the dates of birth and death of their successive heads, and the history of their investiture.

• その後江戸時代に至っても、騎馬が許されるか、徒歩で戦場に出る身分かで士分が大きく分かれた。
• Even in the Edo period, the rank of Samurai differed greatly based on whether they were allowed to ride a horse on a battlefield or not.

• しかしながら身分が低いため身分格差の激しい中津藩では名をなすこともできずにこの世を去った。
• In the Nakatsu domain, in which great disparities in family status existed among the retainers, Yukichi's father could not get promoted due to their low family status until the end of his life.

• 法的な根拠を持たない身分での出張だったため、京都府知事の北垣国道が独立に行動するなどした。
• Since Kuki took a business trip without a legal position, the governor of Kyoto Prefecture, Kunimichi KITAGAKI, went a different way from Kuki.

• 大田垣蓮月の歌友の一人であり、蓮月、桜木太夫とともに自らの身分を詠み合った歌が残っている。
• She had a friendship with Rengetsu OTAGAKI through poetry, and there remains her poem in which she expressed her circumstances along with Rengetsu and Sakuragi Tayu..

• 名や出自が記されておらず身分は高くないと思われるものの、この女性が清盛の母の可能性がある。
• Neither her name nor origin was recorded, and she was therefore considered to have low status, but she may be the mother of Kiyomori.

• 近世においては、江戸幕府の成立以降、戦国時代にほぼ無秩序化した身分階級の再構築が図られた。
• In early modern times, after the Edo bakufu was established, the attempt was made to restructure the social status system that had become scarcely functional during the Sengoku period.

• 律令法に基づく制度でありながら実際には律令官制の体系には属さないという特殊な身分であった。
• Gunji was a special position which was based on the Ritsuryo law but was not included in the government organization of the ritsuryo system.

• 身分の低い人でも自分で働く者は、みずから高ぶって食に乏しい者にまさる。 (箴言 12:9)
• Better is he who is lightly esteemed, and has a servant, than he who honors himself, and lacks bread. (Proverbs 12:9)

• 来会者には身分を問わず公平に籤引きによって各席3－5人ずつ招き入れて名物を用いて茶を供した。
• Irrespective of the rank of people attending the event, a lottery method was used to impartially select between 3 to 5 individuals to invite to participate in tea ceremonies where priceless tea ceremony utensils were used.

• なお、近代の皇族制度とは違い、婚姻によって皇親身分を獲得したり喪失したりすることは無かった。
• Furthermore, unlike the modern imperial family system, with this system one could not obtain or lose the status of Koshin through marriage.

• 武士身分出身である平氏への嫌悪も手伝って、貴族層を中心に平清盛政権への反発が密かに広まった。
• With the help of hatred towards the Taira clan, who originated from the warrior class, rebellion against TAIRA no Kiyomori's government started to secretly spread, mainly among the aristocracy.

• 士族（しぞく）とは、明治維新以降、江戸時代の旗本と上級武士に与えられた身分階級の族称である。
• The warrior class was a status given to hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) and high-ranking warriors of the Edo period after the Meiji Restoration.

• 士族や富裕商人、富裕農民だけではなく、身分を問わず苗字を付けることが認められた（国民皆姓）。
• All people, not only those in the warrior class and affluent merchants and farmers, were allowed to have their surnames regardless of their titles (Kokumin kaisei).

• 特権的身分制度が設けられ、韓国の旧皇族は王公族に、韓国併合に功績あるものは朝鮮貴族となった。
• A privileged class system was established, which made former imperial families of Korea become royals and those who made an achievement on the annexation of Korea become Korean nobles.

• 身分統制令(みぶんとうせいれい)とは天正19年（1591年）に豊臣秀吉が発した3ヶ条の法令。
• The Edict on Change of Status was an edict with three articles issued in 1591 by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.

• 市井の女にふさわしくない教養に興味を持った源氏は、身分を隠して彼女のもとに通うようになった。
• Genji, who got interested in the woman who is intelligent unlike an ordinary person, concealed his social status and went to visit her often.

• 匂宮は三日間中の君の元に通い続けたが、その後は身分柄思うように宇治を訪問することができない。
• Nioumiya kept visiting Naka no kimi for three days, but after that he could not visit Uji as he liked due to his social status.

• 一方で、優柔不断で特に女性関係には消極的だが、身分低い女房などが相手の時は積極的に事を運ぶ。
• On the other hand, he had indecisiveness and especially passive in relationships with women, but carried things out quickly if his partner was a lower level court lady.

• 父の時信が五位止まりで、母の身分も低いことから、時忠も本来ならそれ以上の昇進は望めなかった。
• As his father, Tokinobu, had stopped at goi (Fifth Rank) and his mother's status was also low, Tokitada could not expect promotion to higher rank.

• 白河院政下、愛憎の別が激しく身分秩序を無視して気ままの叙位除目を行った上皇をたびたび諌めた。
• Under the government of Shirakawa-in (the Retired Emperor Shirakawa), Toshiaki often warned the retired Emperor against being rash, because Shirakawa-in, who was driven by his extreme faddiness, arbitrary practiced Joi Jomoku (investiture of official charges) without respecting order status.

• 以前には、身分や近隣や職業が異なれば、違う世界と言っていいほどの環境に生活していたのですが、
• Formerly, different ranks, different neighbourhoods, different trades and professions, lived in what might be called different worlds;

• プロスペロウはまず善良な老ゴンザーロウに自分の身分を明かし、ゴンザーロウを命の恩人と呼んだ。
• He first discovered himself to the good old Gonzalo, calling him the preserver of his life;

• 毛利氏の外交僧（武家の対外交渉の任を務めた禅僧）から、最終的には僧侶の身分のまま大名となった。
• He was a diplomat priest of the Mori clan (a Zen priest who was in charge of negotiations for the warrior caste) and finally became a Japanese feudal lord while retaining his status as a priest.

• この調味料も身分によって差があり、尊者や公卿は醤など4種あったが、主人には塩と酢のみであった。
• Seasonings differed according to the social position, and venerable people and court nobles were served four different seasonings, while the host was served only salt and vinegar.

• 厄よけの身代りでもあることから、なるべく身分が高く姿の美しい人形が、婚礼道具として勧められる。
• As they were also meant to protect the bride from ill fortune, it was commended to furnish the wedding trousseau with the most grand and beautiful doll.

• 臣籍降下（しんせきこうか）とは、皇族がその身分を離れ、姓を与えられ臣下の籍に降りることをいう。
• Shinseki koka is when a member of the Imperial Family leaves their position and becomes a common subject giving up their nobility status, after given a new surname.

• 母親の身分が高くなかったことも関係して、数多くいた天武天皇の皇子の中では影の薄い存在であった。
• He was not distinguished among many of princes of the Emperor Tenmu, partially due to his mother's relatively low rank.

• 平和で安定したこの時代、知行高は、厳格な体系を持つ武士内部の身分指標の役割を持つようになった。
• During the Edo period when the society was peaceful and stabilized, chigyo-daka played the role of an index indicating the social status of a samurai within the samurai class where a strict system existed.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)以降、土地を与えられ自立する下人が現れるなど身分環境に変動が起こってくる。
• Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), their circumstances of social statuses had begun to change and, for example, some of the genin became independent based on the lands they were given.

• 外地官署所属職員の身分に関する勅令（昭和21年勅令第287号）など法令に外地の語があらわれた。
• The term Gaichi appeared in the laws, such as the imperial edict regarding the positions of the staff members of Gaichi offices (Imperial edict No.287 of 1946).

• 江戸時代には、城外に「下馬札」を立てて、城中では将軍以外はその身分に応じて下馬の制限を受けた。
• In the Edo period, a 'Geba-fuda' (a sign notifying horse riders that they are prohibited from entering the area indicated while mounted on a horse) was put up outside of a castle, and inside the castle, everybody except the shogun was, depending on their rank, obliged to dismount from their horse.

• また、『明智家法』には「自分は石ころ同然の身分から信長様にお引き立て頂き、過分の御恩を頂いた。
• In Akechi Kaho it says, 'I was promoted by Mr. Nobunaga from a status like a stone and given too much benefit.

• 清秀は当時の織部より身分の高い人物であり、信長が織部にある程度目をかけていたことがうかがえる。
• Kiyohide was higher in rank than Oribe at the time, which suggests that Oribe was in the favor of Nobunaga.

• 代官の配下には10名程度の手付（武士身分）と数名の手代（武家奉公人）が置かれ、代官を補佐した。
• Under the daikan, there were about 10 tetsuke (assistants of daikan but an immediate vassal of the shogunate; busi class) and a few tedai (assistants of daikan; servant for a samurai family), who assisted him.

• バラクはまた前の者よりも身分の高いつかさたちを前よりも多くつかわした。 (民数記 22:15)
• Balak sent yet again princes, more, and more honorable than they. (Numbers 22:15)

• 前項の規定により他人の土地に立ち入ろうとする者は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯しなければならない。
• Any person who intends to enter into other person's land pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry his/her identification card indicating his/her status.

• 書院造が、身分序列を確認する装置として完成されたのは安土桃山時代の城郭建築であったと考えられる。
• Shoin-zukuri was established as a device to show hierarchical ranks and orders, and its pinnacle was in the architecture of castles in the Azuchi-Momoyama Period.

• 武士の処刑も全て斬首刑で、身分ある武士と言えども敵に捕縛されれば斬首刑か、監禁後の謀殺であった。
• All samurai who faced execution were beheaded and even those of high status would be beheaded or killed following incarceration if captured by an enemy.

• 羽塚は最初、身分の違う吉沢を見下して教えることを渋っていたが、その熱心さに感じて教授したという。
• At first, Hazuka who looked down on lower-ranked Yoshizawa did not want to teach him, but he felt for Yoshizawa's enthusiasm and eventually determined to teach.

• 昔は布が高価であったことから、戦国時代 (日本)では戦死者の身分は褌の有無で見分けを行っていた。
• During the Sengoku period (the period of Warring States) in Japan, it was possible to discern the ranks of warriors killed in war by checking whether they were wearing fundoshi loincloths or not, since cloths at that time were generally expensive.

• まだしっかり身分の差がないためか天皇、貴族、武士、農民などあらゆる階層の人の歌が収められている。
• The poets' status of 'Manyoshu' (compiled in about year 759) are full of variety, they are the emperors, the nobles, the swordsmen, and peasants; it is considered to be because there was no distinct hierarchy yet.

• 公家悪（くげあく）は歌舞伎の役柄の一つで、皇位を奪おうとする身分の高い貴族（公家）を表している。
• Kugeaku is a role in Kabuki, representing a noble (Kuge) of high rank who plots to usurp the imperial throne.

• 親王妃は以下のいずれかを満たした場合、皇族の身分を離れ親王妃としての地位を失う。（同法第14条）
• A Shinnohi, when meeting any of the following conditions, shall cease to be the member of the Imperial Family and lose her status as Shinnohi (Article 14 of the Imperial House Law):

• 後宮職員令には定員2名とされ、四品以上の者すなわち内親王のみに許された身分であったとされている。
• Gokushikiinryo provided that the number of Hi was two at once and they must be higher than Shihon (the fourth-ranked Imperial Prince), it means Hi was only granted to Imperial princess.

• 武士は社会的な身分であるのと同時に、武芸という芸能を家業とする職業的な身分であるとも規定できる。
• The bushi can also be defined as a professional status whose family business was the public entertainment of military art as well as social status.

• また、東国では多くの在庁官人が征夷大将軍と主従関係を結び御家人身分を獲得し、地頭にも任じられた。
• Also in the eastern regions, many zaichokanjin formed a master-subordinate relationship with seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), attained the status of gokenin (retainers) and were also appointed as jito.

• なお、帝国議会開設に先立ち、1884年（明治17年）に華族令を定めて、華族に身分的特権を与えた。
• Prior to the opening of the Imperial Diet, the government established the Peerage Law to give Kazoku hierarchical privileges.

• けれども今広くこの人間世界を見渡すと、賢い人愚かな人貧乏な人金持ちの人身分の高い人低い人とある。
• However, looking around the world of human beings, we can see the wise and the fool, the rich and the poor, and the noble and the common.

• 顧客を身分が下の者とみなして「意見を聞いてやる」という姿勢が、傲慢で不愉快だと指摘する声もある。
• Therefore, the attitude to consider customers as people in lower social status and to allow customers to tell their opinions is regarded arrogant and uncomfortable for some people.

• その許可の証として旅行中所持していることを義務付けられ、現代のパスポートや身分証明書に相当する。
• Travelers were obliged to carry it as a proof of the permission during their travels, and it is equivalent to the present passport and identity card.

• 江戸時代末期に至るまで官職と位階は身分や家格を示す標準となり、宮廷生活における権威を持っていた。
• The posts and Ikai were the standard to show social and family status and had strong authority in court life until the end of Edo Period.

• しかし、出自については、かなり身分の低い出身ではないか、と推測される以外は未だに不明な点が多い。
• It is still not altogether clear about his birth except that he is thought to be from quite a low class.

• 藤原道隆の長男として生まれたが、母親の身分が低かった事から異母弟藤原伊周よりも低く置かれていた。
• He was born the eldest son of FUJIWARA no Michitaka, but he was placed lower in rank than his younger paternal brother, FUJIWARA no Korechika, due to his mother's low status.

• 一旗本にまで身分を落としていた福島家の大名家再興を考えるようになり、しきりに活動するようになる。
• Naohide became anxious to restore the Fukushima family, which had been reduced to a direct vassal of the shogun, and started to work on it.

• 譜代と二半場に対して、抱席は一代限りの奉公で隠居や死去によって御家人身分を失うのが原則であった。
• Contrasting with gokenin retainers holding Fudai and Nibanha status were the Kakaeseki retainers who were restricted to serving for one single generation and, usually relinquished the gokenin status upon retirement or death.

• このような場合の報酬は名字帯刀などの身分特権や免租や効用便の利用許可などの租税特権などであった。
• The rewards in this case were status privileges such as myojitaito (the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword) and tax privileges such as tax exemption and permission to use utility mail system.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係人に呈示しなければならない。
• The officials who enters and conducts inspections as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate for identification and present it to the people concerned.

• 身分の変わらない同格者同士による家紋の譲渡も存在したが、家督の相続や、婚姻によるものが大半である。
• Some Kamon were given from one person to another who were both at the same status level, mostly at the time of succession of Katoku (family estate) or time of marriage.

• 町人も武士も、男も女も、身分の上下や性別を超えて、いっしょになって合奏や合唱を楽しむことができた。
• Merchants and warriors, and men and women could enjoy an ensemble and a chorus together without regard of class and gender.

• 第12条で「皇族女子は、天皇及び皇族以外の者と婚姻したときは、皇族の身分を離れる。」とされている。
• In Clause 12, it says; 'Female members of the Imperial family are to leave the Imperial family if they marry someone who is not an Emperor or a member of the Imperial family.'

• 但し皇子の身分を剥奪された曾孫の広成皇子・広世皇子両皇子など、歴史の闇の彼方へ姿を消すものもある。
• The Empress Jito had great grandchildren, including Hironari no Miko (Prince Hironari) and Hiroyo no Miko (Prince Hiroyo), who had to demote to subject, so their descendents are unknown.

• また、中世は身分の流動性が非常に高く、五色の賤や近世部落のような固定化された世襲階級ではなかった。
• Furthermore, during the medieval period, social status was highly mobile, and these people were not confined within fixed hereditary classes, such as the five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system and buraku (communities of discriminated people) in the early-modern times.

• 後には民間の土倉が延暦寺を本所として山門公人（くにん）の身分を獲得してその庇護を受ける者を指した。
• In later years, it came to mean doso operated by common people under the protection of Enryaku-ji Temple by means of acquiring a position called Sanmonkunin, which was given to the servants whose honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a manor) was a temple.

• 明治時代以降の歴史学者は士農工商の言葉を江戸時代の実際の身分制度を表すものと解釈するようになった。
• Historians after the Meiji period started to take the term shi-no-ko-sho as the real class system in the Edo period.

• 官印（かんいん）とは、中国や日本において身分証明・公的証明のために官吏・役所に配られた官製の印章。
• A Kanin is an official seal given to government officials and offices to prove their social and public status in China and Japan.

• 特別身分高い出自ではなかったが、桐壺帝の寵愛を一身に受けていたため、他の女御、更衣たちから疎まれた
• She was not particularly a woman of noble origin, but she won Emperor Kiritsubo's favor, therefore she was shunned by other court ladies and Koi.

• 半物は女房と雑仕女の中間の身分と推測されるので、公卿になった基隆の娘が半物であったとは考えにくい。
• As the status of hashita mono is inferred to be between nyobo and Zoshime (lower class maid), it seems not proper to consider that a daughter of Mototaka, who became a noble, was a hashita mono.

• この頃の浪人は浮浪の意味に近く、牢人の者もいたが牢人という身分語が定着するのは室町時代後期である。
• In this period, the meaning of 浪人 was close to a person who wandered around, although 牢人 existed, and it was in the late Muromachi period that the social status-indicating the term of 牢人 came to be firmly used.

• そのため、持高制限一杯まで石高を買い集めるなどして、身分は低くとも城下士以上に豊かな者が多かった。
• This led to many goshi (rural samurai) using their trading right to the limits allowed and, although of lower status, many goshi lived more prosperous lives than their higher-ranked jokashi (samurai outside castles) counterparts.

• 高宗時代の甲午改革の後、白丁の身分から解消され国家官吏になる者も現れたが、差別は相変わらず残った。
• After Gabo Reform carried out during the reign of Gao Zong, some people were freed from the social status as hakucho and became government official, but the discrimination against them consistently remained.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct an on-site inspection as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall carry identification cards with them and present them to the persons concerned.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• An official who carries out inspections pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate for identification and present it to the persons concerned.
• The employees making on-site inspections, pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, shall carry identification cards certifying their status and show it to the relevant persons.
• The official who conducts on-site inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate for identification and present it to the persons concerned.
• The members of the officials who conduct on-site inspections pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry an identification card and produce it to the people concerned.
• Employees who engage in the on-site inspection pursuant to the provision set forth in the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate that shows their status and produce it to concerned persons.
• Each of the employees who carries out an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry an identification card with him/her and show it to the relevant persons.
• The official who enters and inspects pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry an identification card to present to the relevant persons.
• The officials who conduct on-site inspections pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry identification cards and show them to the relevant parties.
• An official making an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate certifying his/her status and show it to the persons concerned.
• An official who conducts an on-site inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry his/her identification card and present it to the relevant persons.
• The officials who conduct the on-site inspections set forth in the preceding paragraph shall carry identification cards and present them to persons concerned.
• An official who enters and inspects pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the people concerned.
• The official who enters and makes an inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the persons concerned.
• An official who conducts an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry his/her identification and produce it to the relevant persons.

• 前項の規定により職員が立ち入るときは、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• When the officials enter premises pursuant to the preceding paragraph, they shall have their status with them and show it to the relevant person.
• Any official shall, upon entering a site pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, carry an identification card and present it to the relevant persons.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人に提示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct on-site inspections under the preceding paragraph shall carry identification on their persons and shall present said identification to the relevant parties.
• An official who enters and inspects pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the persons concerned.
• The official who conducts on-site inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate for identification and present it to the persons concerned.
• The officials who conduct on-site inspections pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry certificates for identification and produce them to the people concerned.
• The officials who conduct an on-site inspection pursuant to the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate of identification and show it to any person concerned.
• The official who enters and inspects pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the concerned people .

• 前項の規定による立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• An official that makes an on-site inspection under the provision of the preceding Paragraph must carry with him/her an identification card and show it to the persons concerned.
• Staff members conducting on-site inspections under the provisions of the preceding paragraph must carry means of certificate of their status and present the same to relevant persons.
• An official who enters and inspects pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the people concerned.

• 前三項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係人に呈示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct such an on-site inspection pursuant to the preceding three paragraphs shall carry a certificate of identification and show it to any person concerned.

• 下に着る小袖は、江戸期には正式には熨斗目もしくは帷子（夏季）と定められ、色目にも身分差が設けられた。
• The kosode (small sleeves; the standard size kimono of today) put on below was decided to be noshime (a plaid kimono), or katabira (light summer garment) which status was distinguished by colors.

• 三輪髷・長船：ほぼ同型の髷だが結う身分が違うため、前者では縮緬・後者では錦の手絡を用いることが多い。
• Mitsuwa (three rings) Mage/Osafune: the former mostly uses crepe and the latter brocade and those are almost the same style of Mage, but for different women in different positions.

• 従って、身分制度が厳しかった江戸時代でも、百姓町人から大名まで身分の上下を問わず楽しむことができた。
• Therefore, even in the Edo period when the class system was firmly established, Shingaku could be enjoyed by persons in any class, from farmers and merchants to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords).

• しかし中国伝来の現代音楽(当時として)であった清楽は、例外的に、江戸時代の身分制度から自由であった。
• But Shingaku, contemporary music introduced from China, was exclusively free from the class system in the Edo period.

• そのため、明治維新後は、反政府陰謀の疑いで逮捕され、親王の身分を剥奪されて安芸国広島藩に預けられた。
• Therefore, he was arrested after the Meiji Restoration, suspected of forming a plot against the government, and his position of Imperial Prince was taken away, he was left with the Hiroshima Domain in Aki Province.

• 皇統譜は、皇室の身分関係（家族関係）を公証し、皇位継承の順序を定める基礎となる、皇室の戸籍にあたる。
• Kotofu is a family register of Imperial family which is a base to decide the order of succession to the Imperial Throne and to notarize the lineage relation (family relation) of Imperial family.

• 逆に言えば、いくら武芸に優れていて身分が高くても、出生が武士身分でない限り武士とは認められなかった。
• On the other hand, even if someone excelled in military arts and were high in rank, he could not be admitted as bushi unless they originated from a samurai status.

• なお、薩摩藩では家格が整備されるまで、後年に御小姓与と新番の身分に分別された武士を大番と呼んでいた。
• In Satsuma Domain, until the social ranks were organized, the samurai whose family ranks were later divided into okoshogumi and shinban (new guards) were called oban.

• 正一位から従五位下までの14階が天皇から直接授けられる勅授とされ、貴族身分として位置づけられていた。
• The 14 ranks from Shoichii (Senior First Rank) to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) were considered as chokuju (ranks given directly by the emperor) and regarded as noble status.

• 上級身分の武士や事件そのものが重大である場合には寺社奉行・勘定奉行も加わった五手掛によって行われた。
• When a samurai with a high status was involved or the case itself was a serious one, jisha-bugyo (a government officer in charge of shrines and temple) and kanjo-bugyo (in charge of financial affairs) also attended the trial, making it Gote-gakari.

• 盛嗣は城崎郡気比庄を本拠とする日下部道弘（気比道弘）に身分を偽り、馬飼いとして仕えたと言われている。
• Moritsugu disguised himself as Michihiro KUSAKABE (Michihiro Kehi), whose domicile was in Kehisho, Kinosaki Gun, and served as a horse breeder.

• 室町時代から江戸時代にかけての主従関係における武士や侍のみに当てられる、いわば狭義の身分語であった。
• In the strict sense, it was a term only related to the social status of a samurai who had a master-servant relationship from the Muromachi to the Edo period.

• 更に番衆の概念が武士の身分・家格づけにも応用され、相伴衆や御供衆、申次衆、内談衆などの呼称が生じた。
• In addition, the concept of Banshu came to be applied to the status of samurais and their family ranking, and based on this concept job titles such as Shobanshu (officials who accompany the shogun), Otomoshu (a group that accompanied the shogun to Kyoto), Moshitsugishu (a person in charge of conveying messages to the shogun), and Naidanshu (judges) were created.

• 前二項の場合において、労働基準監督官は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• In a case that falls under the preceding two paragraphs, the Labor Standards Inspector shall carry an identification card certifying his or her status and show it to the persons concerned.

• 五十人の長と身分の高い人、議官と巧みな魔術師、老練なまじない師を取り去られる。 (イザヤ書 3:3)
• the captain of fifty, the honorable man, the counselor, the skilled craftsman, and the clever enchanter. (Isaiah 3:3)

• 家、故郷から追いたてて、老いぼれたその体を乞食の身分におとしめ、債務者監獄で野垂れ死にさせるんです」
• drive him from house and home, and drag him forth a beggar in his old age, to die in a common jail.'

• 冬に汽船で旅行するときには、風や霧によって日程がよく狂ってしまうことを、彼自身分からなかったのか？　
• Would he not find himself, when traveling by steamer in winter, at the mercy of the winds and fogs?

• 前項の規定により当該職員が立ち入るときは、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係人に呈示しなければならない。
• When the official enters such a facility pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, he/she shall carry identification and present it to the relevant persons.

• 前各項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人に提示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct on-site inspection pursuant to the preceding paragraphs shall carry a certification for identification and present it to any person concerned.
• The official who conducts on-site inspection pursuant to the preceding paragraphs shall carry a certification for identification and present it to the person concerned.

• 前三項の規定により職員が立ち入るときは、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人に提示しなければならない。
• The officials who enter pursuant to the provisions of the preceding three paragraphs shall carry their identification cards and produce them to relevant persons.

• 前二項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人に提示しなければならない。
• The officials of the Ministry who conducts on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall carry an identification card and produce it to the people concerned.
• Any ministerial staff who conducts the on-site inspection in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall carry an identification card and show it to persons concerned.

• 前三項の規定により職員が立ち入るときは、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• Where an official enters a site pursuant to the provisions of the preceding three paragraphs, he/she shall carry an identification card and present it to the relevant persons.

• 前三項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• The official who enters and inspects pursuant to the provisions of the preceding three paragraphs shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the people concerned.

• また、江戸時代は、社家も士族に準じる身分・格式とされ、屋敷の様式も、概ね武士の屋敷に準じるものである。
• In the Edo period, because Shake (Shinto priest families) had the rank and status similar to that of the samurai class, their residences were also similar.

• 信長の安土城や、豊臣秀吉の大坂城などにおいて身分の序列を著し権力者の威厳を示すため、書院造が完成した。
• The Shoin-zukuri style was established for clarifying the social status orders of persons and for showing dignity of the person in authority in Azuchi-jo Castle built by Nobunaga or Osaka-jo Castle built by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.

• 文楽人形には、男女のほか、年齢・身分・性格によって「かしら」が異なり、それぞれ以下のような種類がある。
• Bunraku puppets have different 'kashira' according to their age, status and personality as well as their gender, as follows:

• 皇族以外の女子で親王妃又は王妃となった者が、離婚したときは、皇族の身分を離れる（皇室典範14条3項）。
• When a woman not of Imperial background marries an Imperial Prince or Prince and later is divorced, she loses her Imperial status (Clause 3, Article 14 of the Imperial House Act).

• その催されたところは清涼殿や二棟廊などで、公的な場ということもあって、身分により、座る場所が決まった。
• A place where such renga was held was Seiryoden (the Residence of the Emperor) and Futamunero where seating location was predetermined by birth class since it was a public space.

• これには、会所空間が平等の場であり、身分の上下関係なく人々が入り混じっていたことも関係してくるだろう。
• This was related to the fact that the space of kaisho was a place of common ground, and people mixed together regardless of their social status.

• しかしながら、一方で善阿弥が将軍に仕えた事に見られるように、近世ほど他身分から隔離されてはいなかった。
• However, as Zenami served the shogun at that time, they were not segregated from people with other social statuses to the extent during the early-modern times.

• 江戸時代の諸制度に実際に現れる身分は、武士を上位にし、その下に「百姓」と「町人」を並べるものであった。
• As the classes that were actually involved in systems in the Edo period, samurai were ranked at the top with 'peasants' and 'townsmen' just below.

• この時吉元は徳山家中の身分に応じて引越料を支給し、立ち退きの終了した旧徳山藩領を一つの行政区画とした。
• At this occasion, Yoshimoto paid each retainer of the Tokuyama family the moving expenses depending on their status, and handled the area of the former Tokuyama domain as an administrative area.

• その後、律令制の進展によって賎民身分の削減を目的として雑戸から解放されて公民に編入される例が増加した。
• Later on, with the development of the ritsuryo system, increasing number people were liberated from zakko status and became citizens for the purpose of decreasing senmin classes.

• 五位以上の身分の者の事跡については、正史に記載しなければならなかったが、人麻呂の名は正史に見られない。
• The achievements of someone ranked as fifth grade or higher had to be recorded in an official history, but Hitomaro's name does not appear in any of them.

• 学部生の身分のままで研究科前期課程の科目の履修を開始し、大学院入学後、1年で前期課程が終了できる制度。
• A system which enables the undergraduate students to start taking master's course classes, so the students can complete the master's program a year after they enter graduate school.

• 大夫（たいふ）とは、中国の周代から春秋戦国時代にかけての身分を表す言葉で領地を持った貴族のことである。
• Taifu refers to a social status of nobility with territory from the Zhou period to the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period in China.

• 何人も、いかなる場合においても、人種、宗教、性別、門地又は身分によつて組合員たる資格を奪われないこと。
• no one shall be disqualified from union membership in any case on the basis of race, religion, gender, family origin or status;

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係人にこれを提示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct on-site inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry an identification card certifying the status and present it to the persons concerned.
• The staff of the Minister of Finance engaged in the spot inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph must carry identification and present it to relevant persons.

• また、大奥においては事細かに婦人の着物を規定したため、次第に身分によって着用される柄が固定化していった。
• Further, in the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo-jo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her female servants reside), codes on women's costume, namely kimono became regulative in minute detail, and the patterns of kimono permitted to the class she belonged became fixed little by little.

• それに対し、琳派では時間や場所、身分が遠く離れた人々によって受け継がれたのは、他に類を見ない特色である。
• The Rinpa style, on the other hand, was inherited by people of various social standings living in different times and locations, which is a unique characteristic of this school.

• 明治維新後、武士の身分が廃止され、いわゆる文明開化の中で武術は時代遅れと断ぜられ一時期衰退しようとした。
• After the Meiji Restoration, when the social status of samurai was abolished and the society entered so-called civilization and enlightenment, bujutsu was judged to be out of date and was likely to decline at one time

• 清寧天皇2年11月（481年12月）、弘計王自ら新室の宴の席で、歌と唱え言に託して王族の身分を明かした。
• In December, 481, the younger Oke no miko revealed that the two brothers were members of the imperial family at a banquet of a new house by means of a song and chant.

• これらの動きにより、領主職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領主など、従来の身分格差に応じた職の体系が崩れだした。
• With the development of the above movement, jito who held ryoshu shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and the lord of shoen who held jitoshiki (rights and responsibilities of jito) appeared and the traditional role-sharing system based on status began to collapse.

• 一般的には百姓身分の者の武器所有を禁止し、それらを没収して農村の武装解除を図った政策として知られている。
• Katanagari is generally known as a policy of seeking to disarm a farming village by prohibiting peasants from owning arms and confiscating them.

• 彼女のモデルに関しては、境遇や身分が似ているため、作者である紫式部自身がモデルではないかと言われている。
• It is said that her model would be the author, Murasaki Shikibu, because of the resemblance to her circumstances and status.

• 御家人（ごけにん）は、征夷大将軍の家人である武士の身分を指す語であるが、中世と近世では意味合いが異なる。
• Gokenin is a word used to describe the samurai retainers of the shogun but its meaning differed between the middle ages and early modern period.

• さて、この男のやしき近くに、身分のいい奥（おく）さんがあって、ふたり、美しいむすめさんをもっていました。
• One of his neighbors, a lady of quality, had two daughters who were perfect beauties.

• シシリア人のアガトクレス[15]は、一私人というだけでなく下層の卑しい身分からシラクサの王となりました。
• Agathocles, the Sicilian15, became King of Syracuse not only from a private but from a low and abject position.
• Agathocles, the Sicilian,(*) became King of Syracuse not only from a private but from a low and abject position.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人にこれを提示しなければならない。
• The official who enters for inspection shall carry a certificate for identification and show it to the people concerned.
• The officer who enters and inspects the office pursuant to the preceding paragraph shall carry an identification card and produce it to the relevant person.
• The official who enters and inspects pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry an identification card and produce it to persons concerned.

• 公安調査官は、職務を行うに当つて、関係人から求められたときは、その身分を示す証票を呈示しなければならない。
• In performing his/her official duties, the Public Security Intelligence Officer shall, if demanded by any person concerned, present his/her certificate of identification indicating his/her official status.

• 第五項の規定により立入検査をする機構の職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係人に提示しなければならない。
• The employees of the NITE who conduct an on-site inspection pursuant to paragraph 5 shall carry a certificate of identification and show it to any person concerned.

• 候補者の氏名以外の事を記載したもの。ただし、職業、身分、住所又は敬称の類を記入したものは、この限りでない。
• A voting slip on which something other than the name of a candidate is written; provided that the same shall not apply if an occupation, status, address or honorific title is written

• 前項の場合において種苗業者の要求があったときは、その職員は、その身分を示す証明書を提示しなければならない。
• In the case referred to in paragraph (1) of this Article, such officers shall, where the seed dealer so requests, show a certificate to identify his/her official status.

• 講は「番役」というリーダーを中心に、身分の区別なく組織され、「取次役」を通じて本山の本願寺と繋がっていた。
• Ko was systemized as the leader called 'Banyaku' (the role of a guard) without respect for the social class, and was connected to the head temple of Hongan-ji Temple through 'Toritsugiyaku' (the role of a negotiator).

• この場合、やむを得ない特別の事由があるときは、本人の意思に関わらず、皇室会議の判断で、皇族の身分を離れる。
• In cases of compelling reasons, they will renounce their Imperial status through the discretion of the Imperial Household Council regardless of their own will.

• 地域社会においては国衙に君臨する受領が諸大夫身分であり、それに仕えて支配者層を形成したのが侍身分であった。
• In local societies, the zuryo who reigned in kokuga (provincial government office) was in the shodaibu status and those who served them and formed the dynasty were in the samurai status.

• もともとは、名主などの有力百姓だった者が、守護大名や在地の国人領主などと主従関係を結び、侍身分を獲得した。
• Originally, powerful farmers such as Myoshu (officer of the field) made master-servant relationship with Shugo Daimyo (provincial governors) and Kokujin Ryoshu (local samurai governors) and achieved the position of samurai.

• 近世では優秀な民間医が典医に登用されると同時に官位を与えられ、地下人の身分となるケースがほとんどを占めた。
• In the early modern times, in most cases, when a private doctor was employed by the Court, he was given an official court rank at the same time and became jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility).

• 賤民の身分は更に、陵戸、官戸、家人（けにん）、公奴婢（ぬひ）、私奴婢の5階層（五色の賤）に区別されていた。
• Moreover, himin was divided into five classes (five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system) i.e. ryoko (imperial tomb guard), kanko (slaves to public ministries), kenin, kunuhi (government-owned slave), and shinuhi (privately-owned slave).

• ただ、実際は明らかに下人と同一階層の身分を「所従」と呼ぶこともあり、用法に厳格な違いはなく混用されていた。
• However, in practice, as those definitely in the class of Genin were sometimes called 'Shoju', the two designations were used interchangeably with no significant differences in usage.

• その間朝鮮王朝の圧政に苦しんでいた民衆は景福宮や奴婢の身分台帳を保管していた掌隷院などに放火し消失させた。
• During the battle, Korean people who had been suffering under their tyrannical dynasty burned the Gyeongbokgung Palace and changnye won, which kept the register of slaves, and turned them into ashes.

• 非人は、心中の生き残り、近親相姦者、税金不納者、権力に収容された浮浪者（病人を含む）がこの身分に置かれた。
• Those who survived from joint suicide, persons of inbreeding, tax delinquents and street people accommodated by the authorities (including the sick) were placed in this rank of Hinin.

• 身分制度では最下層だが、彼らには非人化から10年以内であれば脱出（足洗い）の機会が与えられることもあった。
• Though they were at the bottom in the system of rank, occasionally an opportunity to escape (bail out) was given if it was within 10 years after becoming Hinin.

• 関所の番人は陪臣身分ではあったが幕府の役人であっても祝儀名目の通行料を支払わされるなど大変な権勢を誇った。
• The status of the guards at the barrier checkpoints was baishin (indirect vassal), but in fact such guards came to wield enormous influence due to the fact that passersby, under the guise of giving 'tips,' were made to pay passage fees despite the fact that the guards were shogunal officials.

• 14日には仁和寺宮（議定）が岩倉や大久保ら身分が低い者を抑えるべく身分を正すことを求める意見書を提出した。
• On 14, Ninnajinomiya (legislature) handed in a written opinion which suggested to raise the status-consciousness in order to control the people of low rank, including Iwakura and Okubo.

• 帝（桐壺帝）はそれほど身分の高い家の出ではない桐壺更衣を寵愛し皇子を儲けるが、更衣はやがて病死してしまう。
• Emperor (Emperor Kiritsubo) falls in love with Kiritsubo no Koi, a lower class court lady, and she bears him an Imperial prince, but she soon dies of a disease.

• 六条天皇は下級貴族の伊岐致遠（義盛）の娘から生まれ、母方の身分があまりに低かったため、後見は薄弱であった。
• Emperor Rokujo was born from the daughter of the lower-ranking noble IKI no Muneto (Yoshimori), and the emperor's maternal relatives were so low in their social position that they could never look after the emperor.

• そして永享3年（1431年）6月5日 (旧暦)、義教は突如として尹子に御台所の身分を与えることを宣言する。
• Yoshinori suddenly declared on July 23, 1431 that he would give Inshi the position of Midaidokoro.

• 神社本庁では、「神職身分に関する規程」により、特級、一級、二級上、二級、三級、四級という身分の区分がある。
• According to the 'Regulations concerning the status levels of Shinto priests' issued by the Jinja-Honcho, social status of priests is classified into six grades: tokkyu (special grade), ikkyu (first grade), nikyo-jo (upper second grade), nikyu (second grade), sankyu (third grade), and yonkyu (fourth grade).

• 1923年に白丁差別解消のための朝鮮衡平社が作られ、日本の水平社と協力して身分差別解消の運動を行っていた。
• In 1923, Chosenkoheisya (Korean social organization) was established to eliminate the discrimination against hakucho and waged the movement to eliminate the class difference along with the Zenkoku Suiheisha (the National Levelers' Association) in Japan.

• 前二項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人にこれを提示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct an inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall carry their identification cards and present them to the persons concerned.

• 証人の身分、経歴、交友関係等で、実質的な尋問に入るに先だつて明らかにする必要のある準備的な事項に関するとき。
• when the question relates to a preparatory matter that needs to be clarified prior to commencing the substantial examination, such as the witness's social status, personal history, and relationships;

• 前項の規定により立入検査又は質問をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct an inspection or ask questions pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry their identification cards and produce them to the relevant persons.

• 第五項の規定により機構の職員が立ち入るときは、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• Where an official of NITE enters a site pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (5), he/she shall carry an identification card and present it to the relevant persons.

• 第三項の規定により立入検査をする機構の職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人に提示しなければならない。
• Employees of NITE who conduct on-site inspections pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 3 shall carry certificates for identification and produce them to the people concerned.

• 前三項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人にこれを提示しなければならない。
• Officials who conduct on-site inspections pursuant to the provisions of the preceding three paragraphs shall possess cards identifying them as inspectors and present the same to the people concerned.

• これらのことから古墳時代前期には、地域まで憤形と規模による身分秩序が行き渡ってはいなかったと考えられている。
• These suggest that a status system based on the scale and shape of the tumuli did not extend all over the area in the early Kofun period.

• 中世には身分制度や封建社会などが確立され、武具や武士に関わる所作を学ぶ事は、農工商にある者は許されなかった。
• However, in medieval times when the class system of feudal society was established, farmers, artisans, and merchants were not allowed to learn about arms and samurai postures.

• だが、身分分化の進行に加えて、内陸都市であった京都は水運ネットワークに乗る事が出来ずに経済的に低迷期に入る。
• In addition to the implementation of strict caste system, economy in Kyoto became stagnant since it was an inland city and couldn't utilize water transportation network.

• だが、6月2日_(旧暦)（1582年6月21日）、信長は前右大臣の身分のまま本能寺の変で明智光秀に討たれた。
• Attacked by Mitsuhide AKECHI in the Honno-ji Incident, however, Nobunaga died as former Udaijin without an official title on June 21, 1582.

• お抱えは、一代限りの雇用の者だが、実際は世襲することも多く、軽輩の者が多いなかで、専門職で侍身分の者もいた。
• Okakae (retainer) was hired only in one generation, but in fact was often inherited, and among many of keihai some of them were professional and in the class of samurai.

• ただし、この当時、領主が行使し得た支配権は決して一様ではなく、領主の地位・身分などによって大きな差があった。
• However, the control right that a ryoshu could execute was not necessarily the same, being largely different depending upon rank and social status.

• 屯食（とんじき）は、平安時代、宮中、貴族の邸宅ど饗宴で庭上に並べて下級職員、時に身分ある人に賜った物である。
• Tonjiki refers to food given to lower officials or sometimes respectable persons at a banquet in the garden of the Imperial Court and nobles' residence during the Heian period.

• 武士下層と百姓上層との間にある程度の流動性があることに着目し、この階層を「身分的中間層」と呼ぶ考え方もある。
• Focusing on the mobility to some extent between low-ranking samurai and high-ranking peasants, such classes may be called 'middle-ranking class.'

• 江戸時代になると、身分や地域に問わず大衆的な金融手段として確立し、大規模化していく講も存在するようになった。
• During the Edo period, it was established as a popular means of financiing regardless of status or region, and some Ko establishments became large-scale.

• 奇兵隊は身分制度にとらわれない武士階級と農民や町民が混合された構成であるが、袖印による階級区別はされていた。
• Although Kiheitai Army had a mixed personnel organization which consisted of samurais who were free from the class system, peasants and citizens from any social rank, they were hierarchically distinguished by the emblem on sleeves.

• また町政や公事にも参加し、町年寄を選ぶ選挙権や被選挙権を持つなど、社会的身分や公的権利・義務を持つ者である。
• They participated in local politics and public events, also held social status, as well as public rights and obligations, which entitled them voting right and eligibility for machi-doshiyori (ward head) selection.

• 殿上人・雲客と呼び、昇殿を許されない地下人との間に明確な区別があり、公家社会における身分基準の基本とされた。
• There was a clear-cut distinction between people called tenjobito (high-ranking courtiers who were allowed to enter the Imperial Palace) or Unkaku (same meaning as tenjobito) and Jigenin (court officials who were not Tenjobito) whose shoden was not permitted, which was a basic standard of social status in a court noble society.

• どの帝の御代であったか、それほど高い身分ではないのに帝（桐壺帝）から大変な寵愛を受けた方（桐壺更衣）がいた。
• In a certain reign, there was a lady (Kiritsubo no Koi) not of the first rank whom the Emperor (Emperor Kiritsubo) loved more than any of the others.

• その下克上の代表として北条早雲、斎藤道三、豊臣秀吉が語られ、早雲は身分の低い素浪人とすることが通説となった。
• With stories told about lowly samurai, such as Soun HOJO, Dosan SAITO and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, climbing up the social ladder, it became common opinion that Soun was a low-born ronin.

• 宇和島藩御雇の身分のまま、同時に徳川幕府の蕃書調所教授方手伝となり、月米20人扶持・年給20両を支給される。
• While still working for Uwajima Domain, he was also employed by the Tokugawa Shogunate as an assistant teacher at the Bansho Shirabesho institute for Western studies, receiving monthly rice for 20 persons and an annual income of 20 ryos.

• しかし、大将になれるのは限られた家柄のみであり、成親の身分で大将を望むのは現実的でなく事実かどうか疑わしい。
• However, only very few families were of the class qualified to furnish Generals, and for Narichika to desire such a position at his rank was unrealistic, so this theory may be questioned.

• なお、特に清浄を必要とする祭の際には、身分に関わらず無紋の白狩衣・無紋の白差袴・烏帽子の「浄衣」を着用する。
• For festivals that require purification, in particular, the 'jo-e' (a special outfit worn for religious ceremonies), which consists of a white kariginu, shirosashiko and eboshi (all without crests) are worn, regardless of status levels.

• 江戸時代の牢人は士籍（武士としての身分）は失っていたが、苗字帯刀は許されており、武士としては認知されていた。
• 牢人 in the Edo period lost Shiseki (samurai status), but was acknowledged as samurai, with use of his family name and wearing swords being permitted.

• 更に、郷士内部でも身分の上下があり、上中級郷士は麓と呼ばれる武家屋敷街に住み、事実上地方行政を取り仕切った。
• Moreover, there was a hierarchical difference amongst goshi: middle and upper ranks resided in samurai residential districts called `fumoto` and in effect ran the local government administration.

• 第一項又は前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• Officials who conduct an on-site inspection pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) or the preceding paragraph shall carry their respective identification certificates and present it to persons concerned.

• 前二項の規定により立入検査又は質問をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct the on-site inspection or inquiry pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the persons concerned.
• The officials who conduct on-site inspections or ask questions pursuant to the preceding two paragraphs shall carry a certificate of identification and shall show it to the relevant persons.

• 第一項の規定により立入検査をする研究所の職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• AIST officials who execute an on-site inspection pursuant to the provision of paragraph 1 shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the people concerned.

• 明治時代になり、基本的に身分による建築統制は撤廃され、庶民住宅にも床の間が作られるのが当たり前になっていった。
• As these building restrictions based on social standing were abolished in the Meiji Period, installing tokonoma in ordinary houses became common.

• 度牒（どちょう）は、国家公認の得度に際して、国家機関によって新たに得度した僧尼に交付される身分証のことである。
• Docho is an identification card issued by a state organization to a priest or a nun who has newly entered the priesthood, in the system of entrance into the priesthood that is officially recognized by the state.

• 首を刀で斬り落とすのには首の骨の関節を切ること、身分地域により皮を残し切り落とすなどいくつかの作法が存在した。
• Several techniques were developed for beheading a person with a sword, such as striking the sword into the neck joint, and leaving a skin remaining between the body and the head, depending on the rank and province of the person committing Seppuku.

• 戦時、歩兵は身を屈めながら、身分ある武士は騎乗で弓を引くため、下が長いと地面、或は馬に弓が当るため邪魔になる。
• The foot soldiers had to crouch and bushi (samurai warriors) of high standing had to pull the arrow on top of a horse during the battle that it came in the way with the ground or horse when the bottom part was long.

• 天皇の母がすでに死去している場合、または生母の身分が低すぎる場合などに、母に擬して准母を定めることが行われた。
• In case either the mother of the emperor was already dead or the rank of the real mother was too low, 'Junbo' (a woman who was given the status equivalent to the emperor's birth mother) was assigned to be the mother.

• 侍（さむらい）は、古代から中世にかけての日本における官人の身分呼称、あるいはそこから発展的に生じた武士の別名。
• 'Samurai' is the positional title for officials in Japan from the ancient to middle ages, and an alternative name for 'bushi' (warrior) that was derived from the first meaning.

• 更には太閤検地、刀狩、身分統制令、貨幣統一を達成して、これまで各地ばらばらであった日本の全てを一つにまとめた。
• In addition, he achieved taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi), katanagari (disarmament of farmers), social status regulation edict, unification of currency, unifying everything in Japan which were different region by region.

• 「出生身分」とは「イヘ」の社会的格付けであり、公家に仕える下級貴族とその予備軍・侍階級とか言う場合に該当する。
• The 'birth rank' was a social rank of the 'house' and referred to lower class aristocrats and its supplying army and samurai class that served kuge (aristocrats).

• 彼らがどの身分集団に属するのかは、身分集団を編成する本所の動向、身分集団自体の成熟度に左右されることがわかる。
• It can be seen that the social rank they belonged to depended on movements of honjo organizing the social rank and maturity of the social rank.

• また外国における公使は、容易に逮捕されないなど外交特権をもつことを相互承認し、公使の身分保障を約束されていた。
• It was acknowledged with each other that ministers in foreign countries have diplomatic privileges such as one for not easily arrested and guarantee of status for ministers were promised.

• 自身が京へ上ってからも、田舎育ちで受領の娘という身分の低さであまたの源氏の愛人達にひけをとるのではと懸念した。
• Even after she herself went up to Kyoto, she was apprehensive that she might be outdone by Genji's numerous lovers due to her humble origin in being a local governor's daughter who had been reared in the country.

• 作家などは身分が低く人生の辛酸を舐め、十分に老成した人間でなければ早雲のような活躍はできまいと長年論じてきた。
• Some writers have long argued that only a fully mature man who had been born low and had lived a hard life would be able to win the success that Soun did.

• その説く所は身分の上下をこえた平等思想に特徴があり、武士だけでなく商工人まで広く浸透し「近江聖人」と呼ばれた。
• What he preached was characterized by the egalitarianism ideas beyond the social status and penetrated not only to samurai but also to merchants and workmen so that they called him 'Omi Seijin.'

• 山内氏はこれを鎮圧し、やがて一領具足を含む長宗我部遺臣団を、藩士（上士）以下の身分である郷士として取り込んだ。
• The Yamanouchi clan suppressed them and put what remained of the Chosokabe corps, including Ichiryo gusoku, under its control, giving them the rank of goshi (country samurai), which was a rank below that of a Joshi (upper-level feudal retainer of a daimyo).

• 第二次世界大戦前の日本は階級社会であったことはよく知られているが、身分をあらわす為に位階勲等を並べて表示した。
• It is well-known that Japan was a class society before the World War II, and the ranks and orders were indicated next to each other.

• 人生最悪の事態は、身分が高く美しい王女が捕虜となって、父や夫を殺した男の町に奴隷として連れ去られることだった。
• The worst thing in the way of life was that the greatest and most beautiful princesses might be taken prisoners, and carried off as slaves to the towns of the men who had killed their fathers and husbands.

• 第一項又は第二項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• An official who carries out an inspection pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) shall carry a certificate for identification and present it to the persons concerned.

• 近世初頭、豊臣秀吉、徳川政権によって固定的な被差別身分が編成された際に、河原者はその中に組み込まれたと言われる。
• It is said that the Kawaramono were included in a fixed discriminated position when the position was organized by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and the Tokugawa government in the early modern period.

• 名主層の中には武士に対して軍役を果たすことで地侍となり、武士身分の一角に食い込む者も多く出るようになっていった。
• Some people in the myoshu class became jizamurai (local samurai) by doing military service as samurai, and this resulted in many myoshu people who made inroads into the samurai class.

• 反対に下位の者は地下百姓に転落していくなど、所従・下人身分までを巻き込んだ荘民身分の再編成が始まるようになった。
• On the other hand, the people who belonged to the lower-class fell to the even lower status of jigebyakusho, and there began, involving even the class of shoju and genin, the process of the reorganization of the class structure in the shomin populace.

• また日本人捕虜（降倭）の多くは、鉄輪をはめられ逃げ出すことも出来ない状態にされたうえで、その身分を賎民とされた。
• Many Japanese captives (kowa - literally, surrendered Japanese) were put in iron rings to prevent them from escaping and this made their status as a humble person.

• 李氏朝鮮時代、日常生活に浸透した朱子学を思想的基盤とした両班は知識人・道徳的指導者を輩出する身分階層に発展した。
• During the Yi Dynasty Korea period, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty), which had Neo-Confucianism permeate their daily lives as their ideological foundation, grew into a status hierarchy that produced intellectual people and ethical leaders.

• それによって陰陽師の身分もなくなる事になり、陰陽師たちは庇護を失い転職するか、独自の宗教活動をするようになった。
• This deprived Onmyoji of their social status, and Onmyoji, who lost patronage, changed jobs, or went into their own religious activities.

• また、身分が低く、常假・別假などが保障されていない下級官人も数ヶ月に1度は請假解を出して休暇を請う場合があった。
• There were also some cases where government officials of low ranks, who were not guaranteed 'Joka' and 'Bekka,' submitted Shokage once in several months to request their leave.

• 明治後期、被差別部落に生まれた主人公・瀬川丑松は、その生い立ちと身分を隠して生きよ、と父より戒めを受けて育った。
• In the late Meiji period, the main character Ushimatsu SEGAWA, born into a buraku community, grew up under his father's commandment to keep his birth and social status concealed all his life.

• そのため、福島家は残りの2万石も没収され、後を継いだ正則の子・正利は3000石の旗本に身分を落とすこととなった。
• As a result, another 20,000 koku was confiscated from the Fukushima family, and Masatoshi, the son of Masanori who inherited the family, was lowered his status as hatamoto (direct retainer of bakufu) with a territory worth of 3,000 koku.

• 公家の身分でありながら、子の基征とともに大坂の役に参加し大坂城に入城し、最終決戦の天王寺・岡山の戦いで戦死した。
• In spite of his status as the noble, he and his son Motoyuki joined in the Siege of Osaka, and protected the Osaka-jo Castle until he was killed in the last battle at Tennoji Okayama.

• これらの郷士は、藩に許可されていた大工や内職で生計を立て、中には武士身分のままで上級郷士の小作人になる者もいた。
• These unsubsidized `Mudaka` goshi made their livings by pursuing those professions permitted by the clan (carpentry, cottage industries) and, amongst the goshi there were individuals who maintained their senior goshi status whilst working as tenant farmers.

• 拙者の今の殿様と云うのは、大した高い身分の方で、今、たくさん立派な供をつれてこの赤間ヶ関に御滞在なされているが、
• My present lord, a person of exceedingly high rank, is now staying in Akamagaseki, with many noble attendants.

• 前項の規定により職員が立入検査をする場合には、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人にこれを提示しなければならない。
• An official shall, when conducting an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, carry an identification card and present it to the person(s) concerned.
• When the officials conduct an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, they shall carry a certificate of identification and shall present it to the relevant parties.

• 前項の規定により立入検査、質問又は集取をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• Each employee who inspects a site, asks questions, or collects material for inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall have an identification card and shall show it to the relevant persons.

• 前項の規定により職員が立入検査をする場合においては、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• When entering and making inspections under the preceding paragraph, the staff shall carry proper identification and show it to the persons concerned.

• 父の敵とはやる兄弟に朝比奈がなだめ、工藤は、巻狩りの身分証明書である狩場の切手を兄弟に与え双方再会を期して別れる。
• Asahina calms down the brothers who are agitated to see the enemy who killed their father, and Kudo gives them a pass for the hunting ground, which is an identity card for the hunting session, and promises to see them again.

• なお、準則を厳密に適用した場合、皇族の身分を保つことができた者は以下の略系図に掲載された者に限定されることになる。
• By the way, when the regulation was strictly applied, there were only a limited number of people who were able to keep their position as members of the Imperial Family, mentioned in the following short genealogical table.

• この人たちは、ひとたび、連歌を張行する、となると、主室で車座になり、身分の低いものでも気兼ねなく歌をよむのだった。
• Once these people performed renga (early Japanese poetry form) they would sit in circle in a shukushitsu (main guest room) and recite poetry without concern even for those with low social status.

• 侍町とは、家臣の屋敷いわゆる武家屋敷が建ち並ぶ町であり、基本的には身分の高い家臣ほど、城に近い位置に屋敷を持った。
• Samurai towns were where the large estates of retainers, the so called Buke yashiki (samurai residence), were located and in general, retainers with higher position had a closer location to the castle.

• 実際、村役人層などは百姓身分ながらも苗字帯刀を許される場合があり、なかには郷士（在郷武士）として遇される者もいた。
• Actually, though belonging to the farmer class, some village officers were provided with the myojitaito right, and some were even treated as goshi (local samurai).

• 平安時代の諸大夫身分や侍身分の技能官人層は、摂関家などの上層貴族に名簿（みょうぶ）を捧げる等して主従関係を結んだ。
• In the Heian period, technical officers of shodaibu (aristocracy lower than kugyo) and samurai rank engaged master-subordinate relationships with upper nobles, such as sekkan-ke (the families that produced regents), by devoting myobu (identification), etc.

• そのため、身分は水呑百姓であっても、例えば交易業や養蚕業を経営し、富豪と呼ぶべき実態の者も少なくなかったのである。
• Therefore, among the people whose positions were Mizunomi Byakusho, there were many rich men who engaged in, for example, trade and sericulture.

• 形のうえでは私信であるが、身分の高い人物は直接自分では書かず、近臣に書かせるのが通例であるため、通常家司が書いた。
• Although they were written in the style of a private letter, they were customarily written by a Keishi since it was common for those with high rank to have their close aides write on their behalf.

• 明治政府は宮中と政府の分離を図るとともに既に流動化しつつあった身分規制の撤廃を進めて国民に職業選択の自由を認めた。
• The Meiji government tried to separate the court and government and proceeded in taking away the class restrictions that were already starting to become fluid and allowed the public to have the right to select an occupation.

• しかし幕府の側からすると、身分としてはあくまでも「御雇い」であり、臨時雇用の色合いの濃い立場の低い扱いではあった。
• However, from the point of view of the bakufu, these employees were and would always remain of 'oyatoi' (hired) status, and as such, their social position was fully as low as that of temporary employees.

• 国家・天皇に対する犯罪のみならず、神社や尊属に対する犯罪も八虐に数えられており、身分による社会秩序を重視している。
• Not only crimes against nation or emperor, but also those against shrines or ancestors were included in the Hachigyaku, which indicates the fact that the social order based on status was valued.

• 絵柄は数種の構図が知られており、高貴な身分を示す繧繝縁の畳に伏し美麗な几帳の陰に姿を隠したものが最も一般的である。
• Among the various styles of portrait composition known, it was most common to show people of noble birth seated on tatami mats with dyed rims, their figures hidden behind beautiful screens.

• 義経が「ちょうど下手を引く者がいないから（自分の身分に釣り合う者がいない）」と言って断ると、次のように激しく叱責。
• When Yoshitsune refused to do it, saying, 'At this moment there is no packhorse driver,' Yoritomo fiercely accused him saying as follows.

• やがて後三条天皇の寵愛を受け、実仁・輔仁の二皇子を産んで、亡き父基平が参議という低い身分でありながら女御とされた。
• She eventually received the affection of Emperor Gosanjo and gave birth to two crown princes, Sanehito and Sukehito, and became a nyogo despite her late father Motohira having a low social class of Sangi (councilor).

• 「カミ」と読む言葉には、「上」「長官」「守」「皇」「卿」「頭」「伯」などがあり、元来は身分の高い人間を指していた。
• The word pronounced 'kami' in Japanese has numerous meanings, including 'top', 'chief', 'director', 'Emperor', 'lord', 'head', 'count' and the like, and originally meant a person of high stature in society.

• その後典侍は現代の事務女官としての役割しか持たないようになるが、採用基準は江戸末期までの身分制度に大きく依存した。
• Thereafter, Naishi no suke played a role only as the court lady for clerical work in the modern age, however, its recruitment standard depended on the caste system until the end of Edo period.

• 第一項から第三項までの規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• An official who carries out an inspection pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs (1) to (3) inclusive shall carry a certificate for identification and present it to the persons concerned.

• 法第百八十四条第二項において準用する法第百五十七条第三項の規定により職員が携帯すべき身分証明書は、様式第三号による。
• The identification that inspection officials shall carry out pursuant to the provisions of Article 157, paragraph (3) of the Act, as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 184, paragraph (2) of the Act shall be prepared according to Form No. 3.

• 第二十五条第一項の規定により他人の占有する土地に立ち入ろうとする者は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯しなければならない。
• Individuals who are about to enter land possessed by other individuals pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), Article 25 must carry identification cards.

• 第四項の規定により立入検査又は質問をする機構の職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• The staff of NITE who conduct the on-site inspection or inquiry pursuant to the provision of paragraph (4) shall carry a certification for identification and produce it to the persons concerned.
• Any employee of NITE who conducts an on-site inspection or asks questions pursuant to paragraph (4) shall carry a certificate of identification and show it to the relevant persons.

• 前二項の規定により職員が立入検査をする場合においては、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• An official who conducts an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall carry an identification card and present it to the persons concerned.

• このように、身分制限があり、運用面において庶民にも全く開放されていなかったわけではなかったが、極めて狭き門であった。
• As shown in the above, social status was regulated and the gate was extremely narrow, although it wasn't always true that the gate was not open to the common people, considering the operational aspect.

• また、裾の長さによって身分が表されるようになると、下襲自体が長大になった為、下襲と裾が分離するようになった（別裾）。
• When the length of kyo started to indicate the rank of persons, shitagasane and kyo were separated from each other because shitagasane itself became so large (bekkyo, separated kyo).

• 夕霧は｢砧などというものは身分の低いものが打つものですが、お心がなぐさむのでしたら、私が用意しましょう。」と言った。
• Yugiri says, 'The kinuta is pounded by people of low position, but if it calms you down, I will prepare one for you.'

• 前述のように表向きは一揆の盟約が禁止されていながらも、百姓身分の権利行使の慣例として現実的には認めざるを得なかった。
• In reality, even if ikki was ostensibly prohibited, they virtually had to admit ikki as a social custom by which to execute rights by people of peasant status, as mentioned above.

• 実は次男織田信雄より数日先に生まれたが、母の身分が低く、また信長に報告するのが遅かったため、三男とされたと言われる。
• In actuality, he was born a few days earlier than Oda's second son, Nobukatsu ODA; however, possibly because his mother's status was low and because his birth was reported late, he was acknowledged as the third son.

• しかし、この皇子は母・永継の身分が低かったためか親王として認められることはなく、臣籍降下させられ良岑安世と改名した。
• However, her son was never recognized as an imperial prince because Nagatsugu was from a lower class; eventually, he was demoted from nobility to subject, and he changed his name to YOSHIMINE no Yasuyo.

• 『江源武鑑』の巻十七にも天正三年いまだ身分の低かった秀吉が観音寺城に出仕し、義秀から片諱を賜ったという記述が見える。
• In the volume seventeenth of 'Gogenbukan' (book of heraldry of the Rokkaku clan), there is a description that Hideyoshi, who was still of low status, served Yoshihide at the Kannonji-jo Castle and was given his Kataimina.

• 摂関家の子弟として生まれながら、母の身分が低く、また早くに父を喪ったこともあって、公卿昇任は果たせずに終わっている。
• Although he was born in a Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor), since his mother was from a low status family and he lost his father in his infancy, he was not able to attain the position of a court noble.

• この時代の上級武士も、武芸担当の実務官人としてこの階層に属しており、侍身分の一般武士を家人とすることで統括していた。
• High-ranking warriors in this period also belonged to this class as officials for practical works in charge of military art, and supervised general samurai in samurai class by making them Kenin (retainers).

• 下級武士がその低い身分故に城下で家禄のみによって生計を維持できず、城下郊外又は農村で農業を営むことを許されたケース。
• There were some examples of lower-ranking samurai who could not survive just living on their Karoku (hereditary stipend) in a castle town because of their low status and because they were not allowed to farm in agricultural villages or the outskirts of the castle town.

• 第一項、第二項又は前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人に提示しなければならない。
• The government official who enters and inspects pursuant to the provisions of Paragraph 1, 2, or 4 shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the people concerned.

• ただしこの頃においても琉球王国では金属製の簪「ジーファー」を男女ともに着用しており、身分によって材質にも規定があった。
• Metallic kanzashi called 'jifa' were used both by men and women in the Ryukyu Kingdom and its material was designated based on a person's status.

• 刀や剣を貴族や騎士、武士などが身分の証として平時に身に帯びたり、戦に赴く場合に身に着けることを佩用（はいよう）と言う。
• Haiyo (carrying a sword) refers to the practice for nobility, knights or samurai to wear a single- or double-blade sword as a token of rank in time of peace, or as a weapon in time of war.

• さらに天武13年（684年）、八色の姓を制定して朝廷の身分秩序を確立し新冠位制を施行して冠位賦与を親王にまで拡大した。
• In 684, he enacted the Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) so as to establish the order of social status within the imperial court, and put the new system indicating court ranks by headgear colors in effect and made Imperial Princes able to gain court rank.

• なお内親王は非皇族と結婚しても、本人の皇族としての身分はそのままであり、皇族を離れて嫁ぎ先の姓を名乗ることはなかった。
• Imperial Princesses kept their Imperial family status after they married to men from non-imperial families, so they weren't identified themselves by their husbands' family names.

• しかし『愚管抄』にはその話は見えず、大将に任じられるのは院近臣の身分では常識的に無理なことから事実かどうかは疑わしい。
• But no trace of this version of events can be found in the 'Gukansho' and indeed, given the fact that close retainers of the retired emperor did not normally have the authority to appoint Commanders, it is doubtful whether this episode really occurred.

• つまり、朝廷においては官人の身分でありながら、同時に上層貴族の家臣となることで、官人としての地位向上を図ったのである。
• That is, government officials of Imperial Court tried to improve their position by being vassals of upper nobles at the same time.

• 郎党は、武士と同身分であるとは言い切れないものの、在地武士と同様に騎乗する権利を持ち、戦闘に参加する義務を負っていた。
• Roto could not be declared as having equal status to samurai but had the right to ride a horse like local samurai and the obligation to participate in battles.

• 歴史を取り扱ったテレビ番組で本来の意味での百姓身分を指す場合ですら '農民' という言葉に置き換えることが通例である。
• In TV programs taking up a historical issue, it is common to replace the term with 'peasant' even when the term indicates its original meaning which is the hyakusho rank.

• 6月には廻船問屋の白石正一郎邸において身分に因らない志願兵による奇兵隊を結成し、阿弥陀寺（赤間神宮の隣）を本拠とする。
• In July, at the residence of Shoichiro SHIRAISHI who was a wholesaler in the port, Takasugi formed the Kiheitai militia, consisting of voluntary soldiers of any social rank, with its headquarters at Amida-ji Temple (next to Akama-jingu Shrine).

• また、藩主の元服前の男子のお相手役・側衆として、上級家臣の子弟が、部屋住み身分で小姓として、召し出されることがあった。
• The son of a senior vassal was sometimes appointed to be a companion or close associate (Sobashu) to the son of a lord as a live-in Kosho.

• 前項の場合には、当該職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、かつ、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• In the case of the preceding paragraph, the pertinent officials must carry their identification cards and produce them upon requested by any person concerned.

• 身分をいう人間の社会では、いい所のこどもというのですが、学校では精紳がものをいうので、ごく下の級に入れられていました。
• --that is to say as individuals, for with regard to learning they were in the lowest class in the school;

• 彼が誕生したとき、父は7世存如の庶長子の身分でしかなく、本願寺自体も零落して延暦寺傘下の青蓮院末寺の存在でしかなかった。
• When Junnyo was born, his father was simply the eldest child born out of wedlock of the seventh head of the Temple, Zonnyo, so the Hongan-ji Temple fell upon bad times and it was just a branch temple of Shoren-in Temple, which was under the umbrella of Enryaku-ji Temple.

• 戦場で馬に騎乗することは身分の高い武士のみに許された特権であり、江戸時代に入っても騎射が弓術の最高位のものとされていた。
• Riding a horse on the battlefield was a privilege for high class Samurai and Kisha were considered the highest rank of Kyujutsu in the Edo Period.

• 小人に罪無し、玉を抱いて罪有り…小人というだけで罪はないのだが、小人が身分不相応の財宝を持つと、とかく過ちを犯しやすい。
• A small person is innocent, but he becomes a sinner if he holds a treasure, which means being a small person in itself is not a sin, but if a small person comes into possession of an inappropriate amount of treasure he often tends to make mistakes.

• よって講談師と落語家では（身分・キャリアが同じなら）どういう場合であっても講談師のほうが芸格が上ということになっている。
• Therefore, kodanshi is supposed to be higher in performing rank than rakugoka, providing that their class and careers are identical.

• 前項の場合において、当該職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the relevant officials shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to those concerned when requested.
• In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, the relevant officials shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to those concerned when requested.
• In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, that officials shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to those concerned when requested.
• In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, said officials shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to those concerned when requested.
• In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, those officials shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to those concerned when requested.

• コントの鬘なので巻き立てはかなり誇張されているものの、実際に身分をわきまえない派手好きの若殿などに結うものがいたらしい。
• Though the above is exaggerated since it is a mage of a comedy character, there seems to have been some disgraceful young feudal lords who actually wore such a hairstyle.

• 天皇を除けば、すべての身分・階層が法のもとに拘束される原則が支配している点で、律令法は一種の法治主義の特色をもっている。
• Ritsuryo law can be characterized as a kind of nomocracy, in that the dominant principle was that all classes and ranks other than the Emperor are bound by law.

• それは、承平天慶期の勲功者の子孫で侍身分の技能官人の家と認知され、武芸を家業としている郡司・富豪百姓・田堵負名らである。
• These certain individuals were gunji (district managers), wealthy farmers, and tato fumyo (cultivators/tax managers) who were descendants of Johei Tengyo kunkosha, samurais, family members of technical officers, and specialized in military arts as a family business.

• 明治維新の功労者らは勲功華族（新華族）として士族から昇格していった（華族は互選で貴族院議員になるなど、特権身分である）。
• Those who rendered distinguished service in the Meiji Restoration were raised to the Nobility of Merit (new nobility) from the warrior class (the peerage was privileged to become a member of the House of Peers through mutual vote).

• 名乗り（なのり）とは、合戦において武士が敵に向かって自分の姓名・身分・家系や戦における自分の主張などを大声で告げること。
• Nanori was a loud statement made by a samurai to an opponent in which he announced his full name, status, family lineage and assertion for the conflict.

• 郎党の出自を見ると、下人・所従から郎党になった者もいれば、百姓身分の者が在地武士と主従関係を持って郎党となった者もいた。
• Some roto originated from lower ranked people or shoju (retainers), and some were peasants who had formed a relation with a local warrior to become a roto.

• 更に12世紀の公領においては実際は公領に居住しながら、表面上は荘民身分を得て国衙からの税負担を逃れようとする農民がいた。
• In addition, in the 12th century, there existed some farmers who tried to evade the tax from 'kokuga' (provincial government offices) by disguising themselves as 'shokan' (people living in a manor, who were exempt from the tax), although in reality they lived in koryo.

• 江戸時代においては大名、旗本などの武士に課せられた刑罰を意味し、武士の身分を剥奪して所領と城・屋敷を没収することをいう。
• In the Edo period, the term kaieki referred to a punishment to samurai, including territorial lords (called 'daimyo') and direct vassals of the shogun (called 'hatamoto'), by which they were deprived of their status as samurai, along with their territories, castles and residences.

• 彼らは城下に住み藩主から俸禄を貰っていた武士である藩士とは明確に区別され、また一段下の身分として差別されることもあった。
• Country samurai were clearly distinguished from the feudal retainers living in a castle town and recieving salary from the lord, and sometimes discriminated as a lower-rank samurai.

• さて、寄進の際に出される目録は相手が上位の身分者（寺社に鎮座する神仏を含む）であったため、相応の儀礼を伴うものとなった。
• Mokuroku given with a donation were required to have a certain degree of formality since the recipients were senior persons (including Buddha and other deities enshrined at temples and shrines).

• 五色の賎の1つである陵戸と似た法的身分であるが、雑戸には公民と同様に義倉負担の義務を有するところが陵戸とは異なっている。
• Zakko and ryoko (imperial tomb guard) which was one of Goshiki no sen (the base people of five colors) were similar in terms of legal status, but are different in that zakko, as with citizens, were obliged to be involved in giso (to stockpile grain in case of famine).

• それすらも自前で名乗る地盤を持たなかったとすれば、秀吉の出自は百姓身分ですらない、さらに下層の出身者である可能性がある。
• If Hideyoshi did not have a basis to use a surname, it is possible to think that he was not from farmer class but from lower class than farmer.

• もっとも当時の秀吉の身分はまだ非常に低く、ねねも浅野家の養女に過ぎなかったためある程度の自由恋愛も可能だったと思われる。
• Given that Hideyoshi's status was still low and Nene was only an adopted daughter of the Asano family, it was possible for them to have freedom to enjoy love to some extent.

• 明治維新後は内国事務総裁に就任したが、かつて家臣や領民であったような身分の者とは馴染まず、明治2年（1869年）に辞職。
• After the Meiji Restoration, Yodo assumed the position of naikoku jimu sosai (the director general of Domestic Affairs Office), but he did not get along with the others who used to be in ranks lower than himself, such as vassals and people of the domain, and resigned from the position in 1869.

• 真田信繁の方が実は長男で信之が実は次男なのだが、信繁の母の方が身分が低いので長男と次男を入れ換えられたという異説がある。
• There is another theory that Nobushige SANADA was actually the oldest son and Nobuyuki was the second son, but they were switched because Nobushige's mother was of lower birth.

• 売買される御家人身分は御家人株と呼ばれ、家格によって定められた継承することができる役ごとに、相場が生まれるほどであった。
• A market for Gokenin titles was known as 'gokeninkabu' (lit. Gokenin shares) with a market price determined by whether or not the family status could passed on to other generations.

• 富商、豪農など百姓・町人身分であった者が、大名家に対しての献金や新田開発の褒美として士分としての郷士に取り立てられた者。
• Individuals who were peasants and townspeople (eg. prosperous merchants or wealthy farmers) were awarded samurai status (by becoming goshi) as a reward for monetary tributes paid to the daimyo or in recognition of developments in new pursuits.

• 明治に入ると、旧来の慣習である譜代下人（家抱）は、身分の解禁および呼称の禁止が1872年の法令で発せられ、終焉を迎えた。
• An old custom, Fudai genin (in other words, Keho) ended in the Meiji period since the release of social status and the prohibition of naming were issued in an ordinance in 1872.

• 前項の場合において、当該職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があったときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• In the case of the preceding paragraph, said officials shall carry an identification card and produce it to the persons concerned upon request from said persons.

• それは、律法の下にある者をあがない出すため、わたしたちに子たる身分を授けるためであった。 (ガラテヤ人への手紙 4:5)
• that he might redeem those who were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of children. (Galatians 4:5)

• この仕事の空きを西部で見つけて、それで――ええっと、執行官ってのは大使ほどに身分のある職業ではないですが、それでも――」
• I saw this opening in the West, and--well, a marshalship isn't quite as high a position as that of ambassador, but--'

• 前二項の場合において、当該職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• In the cases referred to in the preceding two paragraphs, the relevant official shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to those concerned when requested.
• In the cases referred to in the preceding two paragraphs, the relevant officials shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to those concerned when requested.
• In the cases referred to in the preceding two paragraphs, those officials shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to those concerned when requested.

• 船上検査官は、船上検査を行うときは、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、船長等の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The on-board inspector shall, when carrying out on-board inspection, carry his/her certificate of identification with him/her and produce the certification upon request to the master of ship, etc.

• 第四項の規定により機構の職員が立入検査をする場合においては、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• An official of NITE who conducts an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (4) shall carry an identification card and present it to the persons concerned.

• 前項の規定により職員に立入検査をさせる場合においては、これに身分を示す証明書を携帯させ、関係者に提示させなければならない。
• In the case where the staff members are caused to conduct an on-site investigation pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the Fair Trade Commission shall cause them to carry their identification cards and to produce them to the persons concerned.

• この掛帯も鎌倉時代のそれが小腰の形式のままであったのに対し、近世のものは幅が広く、着用者の身分により異なる刺繍をくわえた。
• While this kakeobi of the Kamakura period was the same form as that of kogoshi, modern kakeobi was wider and had different embroideries depending on the rank of the wearer.

• 満15歳以上の内親王・王・女王は、本人の意志に基づき、皇室会議の承認を経て、皇族の身分を離脱できる（皇室典範11条1項）。
• Based on their own will, Imperial Princesses, Princes, and Princesses who are over the age of 15 can renounce their Imperial status through the approval of the Imperial Household Council (Clause 1, Article 11 of the Imperial House Act).

• 当時多く築造された弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓は大型地域集団の首長墓と見られ、身分差が生じ始めていたことの現れだと考えられている。
• It is considered that many mound-type graves built during the period, a style was one of the grave styles characteristic of the Mayor period, and were for chiefs of these large-sized communities, and it is considered that society started becoming hierarchical.

• このことは、院政下で活躍した北面武士などもその名簿を参照すると、侍身分以外の僧侶・神官などが多数含まれている事でも分かる。
• This is clear in the name list of Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side), who were active under the cloister government, in which many Buddhist priests, Shinto priests, and others not of the samurai status were included.

• 表向きは一揆が禁止されていた中で実際には百姓身分の権利行使運動として恒例化していた江戸時代のいわゆる百姓一揆の時期を経た。
• Although ikki was ostensibly prohibited during the Edo period, there was actually a period of time during which the so-called hyakusho ikki (peasant uprisings) regularly broke out as the peasantry sought to exercise their rights.

• 武士身分の場合は主君の免状を受け、他国へわたる場合には奉行所への届出が必要で、町奉行所の敵討帳に記載され、謄本を受け取る。
• If the avenging party was of samurai status, he received a permit from his lord; if he was to travel to another province, he needed to report it to a magistrate's office in order to have the information recorded on the Katakiuchi List at the town magistrate's office, whereupon he received a copy of the original.

• しかし問題はそれよりも、もっと下層の武士の中に、それまでは武士身分を持たなかった多数の「悪党」が加わっていったことだろう。
• However, the problem was that many 'akuto' that did not have bushi social status joined the bottom most bushi class.

• 特に身分差別に苦しんだ朝鮮民衆は緒戦の混乱に乗じて官庁や被差別身分を示す書類を焼き払った例が朝鮮側資料により知られている。
• It is known from materials in Korea that Korean common people who suffered from class discrimination set fire to governmental offices and documents on discriminated classes.

• 主に帯刀を許されない身分の者（農民・商人・職人）の護身用の武器として、また、日本の武術各流派では隠し武器として用いられた。
• Kusarigama was mainly used as a weapon of self-defense for the rank of people who were not permitted to wear a sword (peasants, merchants, craftsmen) and in addition it was used as a hidden weapon in various schools of Japanese martial arts.

• その後も一君万民論は朝野における思想的底流として根強く、断続的に天皇の権威強化と皇室以外の身分特権の縮小がなされていった。
• Meantime, as the Ikkunbanmin-ron theory was still robust as an undercurrent ideology at the court and among ordinary people, the authority of the emperor was consequently reinforced, and the privileges to the nobles other than the Imperial Family became gradually reduced.

• また、地下家には、在野の者が何らかの功績が認められて官位を与えられ、新家として新たに地下の身分を与えられるものも多かった。
• In addition, there were many Jige-ke families who had originally been outside the circles of power, but were promoted out of recognition for their contributions and newly given the status of Jige as new families.

• 広く知られた利休の名は、1585年の禁中茶会にあたって町人の身分では参内できないために正親町天皇から与えられた居士である。
• Rikyu's most widely known name was Koji (Buddhist name) given by Emperor Ogimachi to join the Kinchu tea ceremony in 1585 because he was a mere townsman at that time and not allowed to enter the imperial palace.

• 父親の身分の極端な低さや仕事は精勤するもののそれ以上の才が無かった事から公卿には昇ってもついに要職を任される事無く没した。
• Although he became a Court noble, he was never appointed any key positions while he was alive, because his father was in a lower rank, and additionally, he was serious about his work but not so talented.

• これ以前の日本にも、邪馬台国の奴婢制や奈良時代の五色の賤など、身分差別は存在したが、それは賤視（下へ見下す見方）であった。
• Before that time, there also was a caste system in Japan such as Nuhi system in Yamatai-Koku kingdom and Goshiki no sen (Ryoko, Kanko, Kenin, Kunuhi, Shinuhi) in the Nara period, and was a way of exhibiting disdain (a way of looking down.)

• また、重臣の嫡子を教育上の観点から家督相続をする前の部屋住み身分の時代に小姓や側用人として出仕させる例は全国諸藩にあった。
• Furthermore, in many domains throughout the nation, heirs of senior retainers served as Kosho (pages) or Sobayonin officers when they were in the heyazumi status (living in their parents' houses) before inherited their family head positions

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係人の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The official who enters the site and conducts inspections pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry an identification card with him/her, and produce the same to the persons concerned at the request of such persons.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする者は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• A person who enters and inspects pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate for identification, and show it to the persons concerned when requested.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があった時は、これを提示しなければならない。
• An official who conducts an on-site inspection under the preceding paragraph, shall carry an identification card and present it when requested to do so by any relevant party.

• 戦に敗れたから即自決と言うわけではなく、地下に潜り（逃亡し、本当の身分を伏せて生きること）再起を図ろうとする武士も大勢いた。
• It was not the case that one would immediately commit seppuku upon being defeated in battle, as there were many samurai who would go underground (escape and live under a false identity) and plan a comeback.

• かつては「半人前」の身分であるとして「花代」（玉代、線香代とも）が芸妓の半分であることもあった（京都の舞妓はそうではない）。
• Formerly they earned half 'the hanadai' (fee for geisha) of geigi (also referred as gyokudai or senkodai), since their status was considered to be 'half' of that of geigi (excluding the geigi in Kyoto).

• これは形式的には、強制ではなく、皇族たち自身が皇族の身分を離れることを請願し、皇室会議の議決により皇籍を離れるものとされた。
• Ritually this was not pompously accomplished, the Imperial family members themselves wished to leave their positions, and they were allowed to do so after the action taken at an Imperial meeting.

• 皇太子どころか親王ですらなく、王に過ぎない彼の奉書形式の命令書は、本来は御教書と呼ばねばならないが、身分を冒してこう称した。
• But Mochihito, far from being the crown prince, wasn't even an acknowledged imperial prince, and as a mere princeling, his order, issued as a hosho (a document for informing lower-rank people of the decision of upper people such as an emperor or shogun) must in fact be called a migyosho (a document for informing people of the decision of Third Rank or upper people); and for this reason, he exaggerated his social status with the name he gave himself.

• しかし、幕末に至っても両家による全国編成は完了せず、百姓身分のまま神職を勤める '百姓神主' がかなりの割合で存在していた。
• However, nationwide organization by the families did not end even at the end of the Edo period, and there was a significant proportion of 'hyakusho priests,' who served as Shinto priests while staying at the farming rank.

• 必要に応じて屋敷地には居住者の身分（村役人・僧侶・神官・後家など一般農民と年貢・諸役の負担に違いが生じる人々）が記載された。
• If necessary, the inhabitants' social position was entered into the blank space left in the item of residential area of kenchi-cho, because the degree of the burden of nengu and shoyaku differed between the common farmer and the other people, such as village officer, Buddhist priest, Shinto priest, and widow.

• 士農工商（しのうこうしょう）とは、儒教において社会を構成する主要な身分（官吏・百姓・職人・商人）の上下関係を指す概念である。
• Shi-no-ko-sho was a Confucian concept of societal ranking (government official, farmers, artisans, merchants) that accounted for the main part of the society.

• また、四民平等においては武士階級の身分的特権は廃止の必要があり、軍事的にも伝統的特権意識は軍制改革において弊害となっていた。
• According to the idea of equality of all Japanese people, samurai warriors' privileges should be abolished, and their sense of perquisite was a bottleneck in military reforms.

• 平安時代以降には、皇族・公卿など高い身分にある者、または、上級の官職や博士など官職に対しても、俸給が支給されるようになった。
• During the Heian Period and later, men in higher positions such as the Imperial Family and Kugyo, as well as upper ranked government officials and Hakase (Professors), were also receiving remuneration.

• 当時、人売りによって売買される奴隷の価格は二十銭から三十銭とされており、身分もわからない子供の値段として五貫文は高額すぎる。
• In those days, the price of a slave was 20 to 30 sen, so the price of 5 kan (1,000 kan=10,000 yen) seems too expensive for a child with unknown status and background.

• 当時、女性の地位は父か夫の位に順ずるので、彼女は貴族としては中級の身分であり、上流中の上流の源氏とは身分がつりあわなかった。
• The status of woman in those days was dependent upon the status of her father or husband, and she was a middle-class court noble, so there was a difference in degree between Genji, who belongs to the highest class, and her.

• これによって黒田家との結び付きが深まり、元和7年（1621年）には黒田長政から知行を与えられたが、身分を理由に辞退している。
• Accordingly, Soku and the Kuroda family became closely united, and in 1621 Nagamasa KURODA granted a fief ('chigyo' in Japanese) to Soku, but Soku declined it due to his status.

• たとえば、後世の後鳥羽天皇の配流に際しても、随行したのはそれほど身分が高くない女房で、院の寵愛篤い修明門院はお供していない。
• For example, when Emperor Gotoba was exiled later years, the person who accompanied him was the nyobo who was not of the high birth, and Shumeimonin, who was favored by the emperor, did not accompany him.

• 当時は五位と六位の間に身分上明確な一線が引かれ、官人の行動や儀制面で大きな差があったため、蔵人を一括することが困難であった。
• During that time, it was difficult to classify every official as a Kurodo because there was a clear distinction between the Fifth and Sixth ranks in terms of social status, as well as considerable differences between their social activities and custom rituals.

• こうした者は在地における実力者であり、新たな領主がその懐柔策として百姓身分ではなく、士分としての郷士に取り立てたことが多い。
• These people were influential local leaders, and there were many examples where a new feudal lord made such people goshi in the samurai class, as an appeasement policy, instead of giving them a farming rank.

• 保護施設は、要保護者の入所又は処遇に当たり、人種、信条、社会的身分又は門地により、差別的又は優先的な取扱いをしてはならない。
• A public assistance facility may not give discriminatory or preferential treatment depending on race, beliefs, social status or family status when admitting or treating a person requiring public assistance.

• 前項の規定による立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があったときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• Employees who implement the on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate showing their status and produce it when requested by person concerned.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• An official who conducts an on-site inspection under the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate of identification and present it when requested to do so by any person concerned.
• An official who conducts an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate of identification and present it when requested by any person concerned.

• 子は、準正の要件である事実が完成した当時における父若しくは母又は子の本国法により準正が成立するときは、嫡出子の身分を取得する。
• A child shall acquire the status of a child born in wedlock if the child is legitimated under the national law of the father or the mother or of the child at the time when the facts constituting the requirements for legitimation are completed.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする調査官は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The investigator who carries out on-site inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry his/her certificate of identification with him/her and produce it upon request to the person concerned.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があったときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct an on-site inspection pursuant to the preceding paragraph shall carry their respective identification certificates and present the same at the request of the person(s) concerned.
• Officials who conduct on-site inspection in accordance with the preceding paragraph shall carry identification on their person and present it when requested by relevant person.
• The officer who conducts the on-the-spot inspection in accordance with the provision in the preceding paragraph shall carry his/her identification and present the same when requested by the relevant personnel.

• また、金象眼が出土したことから、銀装の金具が出土した高松塚古墳の埋葬者よりも身分や地位の低い人物が埋葬されていると推測される。
• Furthermore, since kinzogan (gold inlay) was excavated, it is presumed that the tomb owner was lower in the lineage and social position than that of Takamatsuzuka-kofun Tumulus was, where silver-plated metal fixtures were excavated.

• 岐阜市ならびに関市の長良川における鵜飼は、日本で唯一宮内庁式部職鵜匠によって行われている（したがって身分は国家公務員である）。
• Ukai of Nagara-gawa River in Gifu City and Seki City are the only ukai in Japan that are conducted by shikibushoku usho of Kunaicho (accordingly, they are national public servants).

• 下剋上 / 下克上 （げこくじょう）とは、日本史において下位の者が上位の者を政治的、軍事的に打倒して身分秩序を侵す行為をさす。
• Gekokujo ('the low overturning the high,' a term used to describe retainers overthrowing their lords) describes situations in Japanese history that occur when a person of lower rank overthrows a superior either politically or militarily, and then supplants the superior's position in society.

• 中世では、その「人々」を構成するものもまた多様であったが、会所内ではその多様さから生まれた身分差を気にせず過ごすことができた。
• There were various things that structured 'people' during the medieval era, but one could spend time within Kaisho without concern for their birth.

• それは、身分の低い、例えば同朋衆が、連歌や闘茶などの遊びの際に同席して、同じ空間を共有できる場として、会所があったからである。
• It was because Kaisho was a place where people of lower status, such as Doboshu, could attend the games of renga and Tocha (Tea Gambling where the player had to guess the tea brand) and share the same space.

• 時代が下って武士階層の裾野が広がり、侍身分より下の地侍なども武士の扱いを受けるようになると、侍は上層の武士を指すようになった。
• As time passed, the range of bushi class was expanded and jizamurai (local samurai) with positions lower than samurai were also considered bushi while the term samurai began to indicate upper class bushi.

• 天暦の治と呼ばれる改革を進められていた中で、下級官人の華美な服飾華美（過差）を規制・禁止して身分秩序の遵守を図るものであった。
• It was issued in the midst of the reformation called Tenryaku no chi (glorious Tenryaku rule) for the purpose of the regulation and the prohibition on extravagant magnificence or variance of clothing among lower-ranking government officials in order to strictly maintain the order of the social status.

• さらにいえば、厳密な百姓身分、町人身分とされたのは家の筆頭者だけであり、それ以外に村内、町内には細かな身分構造が存在していた。
• Besides, only the head of the family was categorized under the peasant or the townsmen class in a strict sense, with subdivided classes in villages and towns.

• そもそも、士農工商に含まれない身分、（公家・僧侶・神主・検校・役者、穢多など）も相当数おり、これらも公認の身分を保持していた。
• A considerable portion of the population was excluded from the shi-no-ko-sho (such as court nobles, Buddhist monks, Shinto priests, kengyo (the highest title of official ranks within the Todo-za, the guild for the blind)), and these people also had respective official ranks.

• また藩兵の軟弱さを嘆いた長州藩士高杉晋作は、新たに武士以外の身分を含む奇兵隊などの諸隊を結成し、後の長州藩の武力となっていく。
• In the meantime, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, a member of the Choshu clan, lamented their weak troops and started to form new groups to include ordinary, non-samurai class people, such as Kihei-tai (a cavalry squad), which could help the Choshu clan.

• 位階のうち五位以上の者には位田・位封・位禄・位分資人が給与されるなど多くの特権が与えられており、特別の身分階層を形成していた。
• Those at the Fifth Rank or above received a number of privileges such as being granted fields, fiefs, stipends, and servants, and developed into a special social class.

• 正式名称は不明だが当時の法令を収集した政府刊行の法令全書の目録には、「穢多非人ノ称ヲ廃シ身分職業共平民同様トス」と書かれいる。
• In the catalogue of a complete works book of laws published by the Government whose formal title is not known, it is stated that 'names of Eta and Hinin are to be abolished and their status and trades are to be the same as Heimin (commoner)'.

• そこで兼家はこの年に従一位・准三宮の待遇を受けるとともに右大臣を辞して、初めて前職大臣身分（大臣と兼官しない）の摂政となった。
• Kaneie, then, in the same year, had himself treated as Jun-san-gu (officially a vassal but treated as a member of the Imperial family) of the Juichii rank and resigned as U-daijin, thus becoming the first Sessho who was formerly a minister (meaning that he was not concurrently serving as a minister).

• 使用者は、労働者の国籍、信条又は社会的身分を理由として、賃金、労働時間その他の労働条件について、差別的取扱いをしてはならない。
• An employer shall not engage in discriminatory treatment with respect to wages, working hours or other working conditions by reason of the nationality, creed or social status of any worker.

• B: これが仮の身分証明書です。 登録の時に正式の身分証明書をお渡しします。 これはキャファテリアでご使用になれます。
• B: This is your temporary ID card. You'll get a permanent ID at registration. You can use this at the cafeteria.

• 経済的身分と個人間の差別という概念は、所有の点であれ快適さの点であれ、全くというわけではないが、ほとんど中断したままであった。
• Notions of economic rank and discrimination between persons, whether in point of possessions or in point of comfort, are almost, if not altogether, in abeyance.

• 前二項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• An official who conducts an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall carry a certificate of identification and present it when requested by any person concerned.
• The officials who conduct the on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to those concerned when requested.

• 前二項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• An official who conducts an on-site inspection under the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall carry his/her identification card and present it when requested to do so by any relevant person.

• 婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の死刑確定者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため発受する信書
• Letters which the inmate sentenced to death sends and receives in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the inmate sentenced to death, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business;

• 前項に規定する職員は、旅券等の提示を求める場合には、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The official prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall, in cases where he/she requests presentation of the Passport, carry with him/her an identification card showing his/her official status and present it upon request.

• 前三項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct on-site inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding three paragraphs shall carry a personal status identification and present it when requested by any person concerned.

• 前各項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct such an on-site inspection pursuant to the preceding paragraphs shall carry a certificate of identification and show it when requested by any person concerned.

• 安土桃山時代に入ると身分制が崩壊した混乱期に乗じて有力な町人が活躍し始め、織豊期の前後には市井の女性たちが自由に化粧を楽しんだ。
• In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, some influential merchants took advantage of the confusion in the collapse of the class system and they began to increase their power, and ordinary women enjoyed makeup in their favorite styles around the Shokuho period (also known as the Azuchi-Momoyama period).

• 以上のとおり、天皇及び皇族の身分関係に関する事項は皇統譜令に基づく皇統譜に登録されるため、天皇及び皇族は戸籍法の適用を受けない。
• As mentioned above, entries concerning statuses of the Emperor and of members of the Imperial family are registered in the Kotofu according to the Kotofu Rei, and thus the Family Registration Law is not applied to Emperors and members of the Imperial family.

• 1947年（昭和22年）5月の日本国憲法の施行、および同憲法に基づく皇室典範の施行後は、皇族の身分を離れることを皇籍離脱という。
• After the enactment of the Japanese Constitution and the Imperial House Act drawn up in accordance with the Constitution in May of 1947, the term Koseki Ridatsu is used to refer to secession from the Imperial Family.

• 将軍家々宰の身分でありながら管領家々督に口をはさむ貞親の横暴に激怒した有力者細川勝元と山名宗全は協力して貞親を幕府から追放した。
• Outraged by the arrogance with which Yoshimasa interfered in the Kanrei families' affairs despite his position as a mere steward, the leaders Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and Sozen YAMANA came together to banish Sadachika from the bakufu.

• 神職身分を獲得したい百姓神主と百姓身分に留めたい村落側との意向が異なる場合があり、百姓神主と村落とが裁判を繰り返すこともあった。
• There were cases in which a hyakusho priest, who desired to obtain the Shinto priest rank, and a village, which desired to keep the hyakusho priest at the hyakusho rank, had different wishes and repeated trials.

• 元々中・下級の官人身分であった伊勢平氏や河内源氏をはじめとする地方の武士は自己の根拠地において荘園領主としての資格を有していた。
• Local samurai warriors including the Ise Heishi clan and the Kawachi Genji, both originating from middle and lower ranked officials, were qualified as shoen ryoshu (proprietary lord of manor) in their local power base.

• 「御雇（おやとい）」とは（とくに外国人に限らず）武家でない身分の者を、その専門技芸において幕府の「御用」に徴用することを指した。
• Oyatoi' refers to the hiring of someone (unnecessary to be a foreigner) who does not belong to a samurai family for his or her special skills or knowledge in order to accomplish the bakufu's 'goyo' (official business).

• その結果として豊臣氏を摂津国・河内国・和泉国の三カ国65万石の一大名の身分に落とし、家康が実質上の天下人として君臨したのである。
• Resultantly, the Toyotomi family was forced to become merely a 650,000-koku daimyo owning the three provinces of Settsu, of Kawachi, and of Izumi, and Ieyasu came to dominate the nation as virtual Tenkabito (the ruler of the nation).

• この頃の学習院は三条実美を中心とする攘夷派公卿の政策決定の場となっており、格式も高く足軽身分の国臣としては相当な大抜擢であった。
• At this time, the Gakushuin was the a prestigious place for the decision-making of court nobles loyal to the Emperor, headed by Sanetomi SANJO, therefore this was an exceptional promotion for Kuniomi, who had come from humble beginnings as an ashigaru.

• 戦国時代 (日本)になると主従関係と身分関係が前時代より明確になり、たとえ主家が滅びて牢人となっても再仕官する機会は多くあった。
• In the Sengoku period (in Japan), the master-servant relationship and social status relationships became clearer compared with the previous periods, and even if a samurai became 牢人 because the family of his master lost its position, there were many other opportunities for him to find a new master.

• 身分や職制などは各藩により異なるが、江戸幕府の奥医師・表医師と同様に藩主やその家族などを担当する医師とその他の医師に別れていた。
• Although social status and job ranks varied by domains, there were doctors who served only the feudal lord and his family, and those who cared for others, as in the case of Edo shogunate having okui ishi (inner doctors for the Tokugawa family) and omote ishi (for others).

• 前二項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があったときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The officer who conducts the on-the-sport inspection in accordance with the provisions in the preceding two paragraphs shall carry his/her identification and present the same when requested by the relevant personnel.

• それで言われた、「ある身分の高い人が、王位を受けて帰ってくるために遠い所へ旅立つことになった。 (ルカによる福音書 19:12)
• He said therefore, 'A certain nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom, and to return. (Luke 19:12)

• それからまだおばあさまは、八つまで、大きなかきを、ひいさまのしっぽにすいつかせて、それを高貴（こうき）な身分のしるしにしました。
• then the old queen had eight oysters fixed on to the princess's tail to show her high rank.

• 前二項の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、かつ、関係人の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The officials who conduct the on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall possess identification cards and when requested by the people concerned, he/she shall present the identification card as the inspector to them.

• 前項の規定により立入検査を行う職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、かつ、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The said official who conducts the on-site inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry an identification card and produce it to the people concerned when requested.

• 前項の規定により職員が立ち入るときは、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、かつ、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When an official enters the office or place of business pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, he/she shall carry an identification card and produce it when requested by people concerned.

• 漁業監督官又は漁業監督吏員がその職務を行う場合には、その身分を証明する証票を携帯し、要求があるときはこれを呈示しなければならない。
• Each Authorized Fisheries Supervisor or Authorized Fisheries Supervising Officer shall carry an identification card for certifying his/her status with him/her when he/she performs his/her duty, and shall show it when requested.

• 前二項の規定により当該職員がその職務を行う場合には、その身分を証明する証票を携帯し、要求があるときはこれを呈示しなければならない。
• In the case where said employees perform their duties pursuant to the provision of the preceding two paragraphs, they shall carry their identification cards for certifying their status with them and show the cards when requested to do so.

• 前項の規定により他人の土地を通行する者は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• A person who passes through another person's land pursuant to the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate of identification and show it when requested by any person concerned.

• 皇族以外の女子で親王妃又は王妃となった者が、その夫を失って未亡人（寡婦）となったときは、本人の意思により、皇族の身分を離脱できる。
• When a woman not of Imperial background marries an Imperial Prince or Prince and is later widowed, she may, at her own will, renounce her Imperial status.

• 大政奉還後、華族最高位の公爵を叙爵された毛利氏は、身分的に徳川氏の風下に立つことはなくなり、誰からも偏諱を受けることはなくなった。
• After the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the emperor), as the Mori clan was conferred the title of duke, which was the highest position of the peerage, they no longer took orders from the Tokugawa clan or received portions of the names from anyone.

• 諸藩には「上士・徒士（かち）・卒または足軽」と藩士を3階級に分ける制が見られるが、このうち上層2身分（騎士と徒士）が士分とされる。
• In some domains, retainers were classified into 3 classes, 'Joshi, Kachi, Sotsu or Ashigaru,' but the top two classes (Kishi and Kachi) were considered Shibun.

• 身分的には下層社会であったが、優れた技術力と豊富な資金量は武士を圧倒する面もみせ、独自の都市文化（町人文化）の形成発展に寄与した。
• In the social status, they ranked at lower position but showed superiority over the samurai class at times with their outstanding craftsmanship and abundant financial resources, which contributed to the development of distinctive urban cultures (Chonin culture [townsmen culture].)

• また、安政以降改定がなされなかったため、最後の改訂から明治維新で地下という身分が消滅した時点までの当主が判らないという欠点もある。
• It also has the defect that because it was not revised after the Ansei era, it cannot identify the heads during the period from the last revision to the Meiji Restoration, when the status of Jige was discontinued.

• 一方で、新興の院近臣勢力に対しては警戒感を示し、藤原顕季の邸を身分不相応だとして破壊したという話が伝わっている（『吉部秘訓抄』）。
• Meanwhile, he considered the new and rising power of the In-no-kinshin (vassal attending on a retired emperor) to be dangerous; there is a story told that he destroyed the palace of FUJIWARA no Akisue, saying that it was not up to his social position (according to 'Kichibu Hikunsho').

• 志願して壬生浪士組に参加し、筆頭局長の芹沢鴨に取り入りひたすらゴマをする一方、下の身分の人間には威張りちらし、周囲をあきれさせる。
• He volunteered to participate in Mibu-Roshigumi and while he was trying to gain the favor of the leader Kamo SERIAWA, he threw his weight about among people of lower positions, which amazed people around him.

• すべて国民は、法の下に平等であつて、人種、信条、性別、社会的身分又は門地により、政治的、経済的又は社会的関係において、差別されない。
• All of the people are equal under the law and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic or social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin.

• 公安審査委員会の委員又は職員は、第二項の処分を行うに当つて、関係人から求められたときは、その身分を示す証票を呈示しなければならない。
• In issuing any of the dispositions under paragraph (2), any member or official of the Public Security Examination Commission, if demanded by any person concerned, shall present his/her certificate of identification indicating his/her official status.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をしようとする職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• An official who intends to conduct an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry an identification card and present it when being requested to do so by the person concerned.

• 前各項の規定により職員が立ち入るときは、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、かつ、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When the official enters pursuant to the provision of each of the preceding paragraphs, he/she shall carry an identification card and produce it when requested by people concerned.

• 「打掛」は庶民には無縁の物と考えられているが、公家や武家に準じた身分を持つ町人などの中には、家の儀礼などに打掛を着用するものもいた。
• Although it is thought that 'uchikake' was not for common people, some townsmen who has quasi-court noble or quasi-samurai class clad uchikake for rituals of the family.

• 壊れた車に因縁を持ち、身分が低いとはいえ貴族をお供につれているとなれば、六条御息所しかありえないと観客にはわかるようにしている演出。
• This scene is created in order that an audience can easily find out the evil spirit is Rokujo no Miyasudokoro, because she is the only person who has some story related to a broken carriage and she can have a noble attendant even though the rank of that attendant is not so high.

• 武士身分を対象とした学校は、江戸幕府直轄の学校と、藩が運営した藩校に大別され、その規模、内容共にこの時代を代表する教育機関であった。
• Schools for samurai status were broadly divided into the schools under the direct control of the Edo bakufu and those run by each han (domain); both were educational institutions representing the period in their scale and content.

• 日本では、身分制度の維持を図る観点から身分相応以上の服装を着用する行為が道徳風俗違反であるとして「過差（かさ）」であると非難された。
• In Japan, to maintain its class system, 'extravagant behavior' such as wearing clothes beyond one's means was criticized as an offense against public morals and decency.

• 当時の百姓身分の自治組織である惣村は、自検断権に基づき自ら司法権とその保証となる軍事警察力たる武力を持ち、膨大な武器を所有していた。
• Soson villages, which were autonomous organizations formed by peasants at the time, had jurisdiction as well as military forces and police authority required to protect their jurisdiction based on the right to rule themselves, and owned enormous amounts of weapons.

• また官戸は同一身分との婚姻が定められ謀反・大逆罪を犯した者の父子で没官され戸をなすことが許された者、私鋳銭の従者などが官戸とされた。
• Those who regained their status through marriage to a partner of equal status after being stripped of their status for being the father or son of an individual who committed an act of treason as well as minters of private coinage were considered to be kanko.

• 身分的には穢多より非人は下位に置かれていたとされているが、これは江戸の事例であり、京都や大坂などでは穢多身分との支配関係はなかった。
• Hinin was regarded as being of lower status than Eta in Edo region while there was no dominance relationship between Hinin and Eta in Kyoto, Osaka and other regions.

• だが実のところ、これほど身分が高く歴史的にも重要な人物でありながら、崇源院の容貌・性格などを含めた人物像を伝える確たる史料は少ない。
• In fact, however, even though Sugen-in was a historically important person in a high position, there are few creditable historical materials which report her personality including her looks and character.

• 父と同様、家禄20石の身分であったが、時の藩主・徳川治寶 に学識を認められ、藩医や、紀の川河畔にあった藩の薬草園管理の任をつとめた。
• Like his father, his social status was the karoku (hereditary stipend) of 20 koku, but his scholarship was recognized by Harutomi TOKUGAWA, the lord of the domain at that time, and he assumed the position of a han-i and the manager of the Domain's herb farm situated beside the Kino-kawa River.

• 『徳川実紀』に拠れば父は関白・二条光平の家司である北小路太郎兵衛宗正だが、実際の出身はもっと低い身分であるという噂が生前からあった。
• 'Tokugawa jikki' says that her father was Tarobe Munemasa KITAKOJI, who was Keishi (household superintendent) of Mitsuhira NIJO, chief adviser to the Emperor, but there was a rumor before her birth that her father was in fact of a lower class.

• 代官の身分は150俵と旗本としては最下層に属するが、身分の割には支配地域、権限が大きかったため、時代劇で悪代官が登場することが多い。
• The status of daikan among hatamoto was the lowest with bestowed appanage of 150 bales (a bale is a traditional unit for rice, which is 60 kilograms) of rice, but his administering land was large and his power was big considering his status, which often resulted in making daikan's appearance as bad one in period dramas.

• ローマの例を一つだけ挙げると、キケロは「金のために労働する人は、自分自身を売払い、自分自身を奴隷の身分に落とすことになる」と言った。
• To take only one Roman example, Cicero said that 'whoever gives his labor for money sells himself and puts himself in the rank of slaves.'

• すべて國民は、法の下に平等であつて、人種、信條、性別、社會的身分又は門地により、政治的、經濟的又は社會的關係において、差別されない。
• All of the people are equal under the law and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic or social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin.

• 婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の受刑者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため面会することが必要な者
• Person with the necessity to have a visit in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the sentenced person, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business;

• 前項の規定により立入検査をしようとする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があったときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The said official who conducts the on-site inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry an identification card and produce it to the relevant person when requested.

• 第九項の規定により立入検査をする機構の職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The employees of the JNES who conduct an on-site inspection pursuant to paragraph 9 shall carry a certificate of identification and show it when requested by any person concerned.

• おそらく、母の鵜野讃良皇后の身分の高さと、既に彼女の姉の大田皇女が死去している事から、大津皇子を押さえ、皇太子になったものと思われる。
• Since his mother, Empress Uno no Sarara, was a person of position and her older sister had already died, it is considered that he became the crown prince before Prince Otsu.

• ただし、奢侈禁止令と言ってもその内容や対象は様々であり、全国・全身分に適用する場合もあれば、特定の地域や身分を対象にしたものもあった。
• Meanwhile, details and objects varied according to the law: Some were applied to every person across the country regardless of their status, whereas others were aimed only at certain areas or social classes.

• 農業生産力の発達と流通の拡大によって、百姓身分の層の中からも、加地子収取権を買い取り集め、日常的営農から解放される層が広範に生まれる。
• Kajishi (land rent) shutokuken (right to collect land rent) was bought and gathered from even a peasant class with the development of the circulation and expansion of farm production power, and there was a wide range of classes born with the release from everyday farming.

• そして百姓の生業も農業に限られるものではなく、百姓身分で「商」や「工」に属するはずの海運業や手工業などによって財を成した者も多くいた。
• Besides, peasants were not limited to living on farming and many of them actually built a fortune through marine transportation or handicrafts, which should have belonged to trades of 'sho' or 'ko'.

• 御庭番は、庭の番の名目で御殿に近づくことができため、報告にあたっては御目見得以下の御家人身分であっても将軍に直接面会することもあった。
• The oniwaban could get close to the shogun's palace due to their duty as the garden security guard and sometimes met the shogun in person to report the intelligence they collected even though they were just a Gokenin (retainers) which was the lower position than Omemie (the vassals with the privilege to have an audience with the shogun.)

• しかし、これには身分・家格を廃して四民平等を導入せねばならず、すなわち江戸時代の特権階級のうち最大の人口を占める武士の解体を意味する。
• However, the universal conscription required to abolish the social and family status and introduce the equality of all people, which meant nothing but the dissolution of the samurai class that accounted for the largest part of the privileged class in the Edo period.

• 天皇、貴族から下級官人、防人など様々な身分の人間が詠んだ歌を4500首以上も集めたもので、成立は759年（天平宝字3）以後と見られる。
• It is thought that the Manyoshu was completed after 759, with more than 4,500 poems composed by people of different birth from emperors and nobles to lower ranked officials and Sakimori (soldiers garrisoned at strategic posts in Kyushu in ancient times), and so on.

• 「婚宴に招かれたときには、上座につくな。あるいは、あなたよりも身分の高い人が招かれているかも知れない。 (ルカによる福音書 14:8)
• 'When you are invited by anyone to a marriage feast, don't sit in the best seat, since perhaps someone more honorable than you might be invited by him, (Luke 14:8)

• 第一項の規定により立入検査をする機構の職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、かつ、関係人の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The officials of the NITE who conduct an on-site inspection / surveillance pursuant to the provision of Article 1 shall possess identification cards as the inspector and when requested by the people concerned, he/she shall present the identification card to them.

• 前項第一号の規定により職員が立ち入るときは、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、かつ、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When the official enters pursuant to the provision of item (i) of the preceding paragraph, he/she shall carry an identification card and produce it when requested by people concerned.

• 戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代にかけて主従関係を基本とした武家間の身分秩序が重要視されると、武家屋敷の中心施設の1つとして重要視された。
• As social order among samurai based on the master-servant relationship came to be considered important from the Sengoku period (the period of warring states) (Japan) to the Edo period, an importance was placed on the taimenjo as a core facility of samurai residences.

• 後に僧侶の身分分化が進み、公卿などの出身である学侶が寺院内の要職を独占して寺院の経営にも関与しようとすると、行人とともに激しく抵抗した。
• Later, once the status of the priest was subdivided and Gakuryo of aristocratic origins occupied the important posts in the temple and tried to become involved in the management of the temple, Gyonin offered strong resistance.

• 例えばその寺院の全構成員を集める満寺集会（まんじしゅうえ）に対して寺院を構成する個別の院家や身分階層ごとに構成される集会などが存在した。
• For example, there existed the shue by each Inge (a branch temple to support services of the main temple) which consisted of the temples or the shue by each status hierarchy, which were contrary to manji shue (all number temples' gathering) which gathered all the members of the temples.

• 裳は平安時代十二単の中で一番ポイントとなる物であり、自分より身分の高い人、或いは目上の者の前に出る場合は裳は必ず着用せねばならなかった。
• As mo is the most important garment in juni-hitoe (traditional multi-layer court costume, literally, twelve-layered ceremonial kimono) layered garment of the Heian period, and people had to wear mo when they served those who were elder or at a higher rank than themselves.

• また、贅を尽くした飾剣は高価であったため、部分的に省略した細太刀（ほそだち）様式も作られ、飾剣の代として身分や経済力に応じて佩用された。
• Because these sumptuous swords were expensive, hosodachi (narrow blade)-style swords with partially omitted mountings were also invented and worn in place of ornamental swords according to the rank or economic status.

• 『日本現報善悪霊異記』では身分の低い僧を牙笏で打ち据えるような傲慢な人物として描かれており、そのために仏罰が下って滅ぼされたとしている。
• He was depicted as an arrogant person who hit low-ranking monks with a tusk scepter in 'Nihon genho zenaku ryoiki' (set of three books of Buddhist stories, written in the late 8th and early 9th century, usually referred to as the Nihon Ryouiki), and it is said that he was perished by Butsubachi (Buddha's punishment).

• 更に職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
• Moreover, shiki itself became mere tokubunken (the right to share of profits of each shiki) from the one indicating the class difference, and the cases that honke (head family) and ryoke held the shiki containing the feature of local lords and vice versa came to be seen.

• しかしながら、大衆小説として「身分の低い素浪人」のイメージを守り、早雲を伊勢氏の末流とし、鞍作りを業にする職人的人物として描かれている。
• At the same time, to maintain the image held by the general public of Soun being a lowly samurai, Shiba presented him as the descendent of the Ise clan and a saddle maker.

• ただし、身分説は信雄家系により後年書かれた史料に見られるもので、信孝生母坂氏は伊勢国随一の豪族関氏平姓関氏の庶流鹿伏兎氏の庶流にあたる。
• However, the latter view mentioned above originated with a historical document written by a person who was a direct descendent of Nobukatsu, and Nobutaka's mother was from the Saka family, a branch of the Kabuto family, which was a branch of the Seki family (the Seki family originating from the Taira family), the most powerful ruling family in Ise Province.

• 重盛の母は身分が低かったため、支えてくれる有力な親族を持たず、同母弟の基盛が早くに死去していたことも、重盛の孤立感を深めたと推測される。
• Shigemori's mother was of low birth and he therefore did not have any powerful relatives that could support him, and also, his younger brother by the same mother, Motomori, died young, and these facts are believed to have deepened Shigemori's loneliness.

• 祇園社には、身分の低い「犬神人」と呼ばれる神人が隷属し、社内の清掃や山鉾巡幸の警護のほか、京市内全域の清掃・葬送を行う特権を有していた。
• At the Gion-sha Shrine, lower ranking jinin called 'inu jinin' served to clean the shrine, provided security at Yama-hoko junko (float procession), and had the privilege to participate in cleaning and attending funerals across Kyoto.

• さてあるとき、その国の王様の王子が、さかんなぶとう会をもよおして、おおぜい身分のいい人たちを、ダンスにおまねきになったことがありました。
• It happened that the King's son gave a ball, and invited to it all persons of fashion.

• 婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の死刑確定者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため面会することが必要な者
• A person with the necessity to have a visit in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the inmate sentenced to death, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business;

• 入国警備官は、取調、臨検、捜索又は押収をする場合には、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係人の請求があるときは、これを呈示しなければならない。
• An immigration control officer shall carry his/her identification card with him/her and show it upon request by the person concerned when he/she conducts questioning, inspection, search or seizure.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をしようとする審判官は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、事件関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• A hearing examiner who intends to conduct an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry an identification card and present it when being requested to do so by a person concerned with the case.

• 当初は「門跡」と混同して用いられていたが、後には門跡に次いでこれを補佐する身分とされて門跡に就任するための要件とも考えられるようになった。
• It was originally used interchangeably with the term 'monzeki' but later came to indicate a rank that was subordinate to and aided the monzeki, which was a stage that was required before one could be promoted to the states of monzeki.

• 皇族の身分を離れた親王・王の子孫で他の皇族と結婚した女子が、その夫を失って未亡人となったときは、本人の意思により、皇族の身分を離脱できる。
• When a female descendant of an Imperial Prince or Prince who has renounced his Imperial status marries a member of the Imperial family and is later widowed, she may, at her own will, renounce her Imperial status.

• 亀山は、朝廷の訴訟処理機構の整備を進め、また公家社会の身分秩序を律する「弘安礼節（弘安書札礼）」を制定するなど、意欲的に政務に取り組んだ。
• Kameyama worked extensively to arrange a court management system within the Imperial court, and established 'Koanreisetsu' (Koan Shosatsurei) to maintain class order within the Imperial Court society.

• 座は公家や寺社を本所として座役を納め、あるいは奉仕を行い、本所は座の構成員である座衆に供御人・寄人・神人などの身分を与えてこれを保護した。
• A za did za-yaku (duties imposed on a za) or offered services to a court noble, a temple or a shrine which was their honjo (a controller and protector of a za), and in exchange for it the honjo granted some status such as Kugonin (purveyors to the Imperial Household), Yoriudo (dependents of powerful nobles, temples or shrines), or Jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) to za-shu (members of a za) of that za.

• 常陸国の場合、鎌倉時代ではあるが掾官、中座、書生、一分の他国舎人・国雑色・国掌・国承仕・御子と呼ばれる身分差があったことが文書から伺える。
• In the case of Hitachi Province during the Kamakura period, we can see in documents that there were status distinctions such as takokushajin, kunizoshiki, kokusho, kokushoji and miko in jokan, chuza, shosei and ichibun.

• そのため、安土桃山時代に武士と百姓間の職業的・身分的な分離が進み、関ヶ原の戦いと江戸時代初期の大大名の盛んな加増・移封によって完成された。
• Therefore, the separation of the occupations and social ranks between samurai and peasants progressed in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and it was completed by the Battle of Sekigahara and by actively adding or changing Daidaimyo's (a feudal lord having a greater stipend) territories in the early Edo period.

• しかしながら、単なる商工身分の者全般を町人と呼ぶわけではなく、特にブルジョワ階級である旦那衆のことを指し、家屋敷を所有する者のことを言う。
• It must be noted that the term was not used for all the people classified in artisans and merchants classes but referred to the owners and the masters who made up the bourgeoisie and possessed their own estates.

• まだ道貞の妻だった頃、冷泉天皇の第三皇子為尊親王（977年－1002年）との熱愛が世に喧伝され、身分違いの恋だったとて親から勘当を受けた。
• While she was still Michisada's wife, her love affair with the third son of Emperor Reizei, Prince Tametaka (977 - 1002), became the gossip of the court, and she was disowned by her father for loving someone above her station.

• しかし、奥州藤原氏は京都からすれば俘囚の係累であり、身分を明かして依頼しても応じられるはずがないため、実際の依頼は仁和寺を通して行われた。
• Motohira made the request for the calligraphy through the Ninna-ji Temple, as he was concerned that people like him, from the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, would be taken for crude frontiersmen by people in Kyoto, and that Tadamichi might not be inclined to grant his request.

• 施薬院は奈良時代光明皇后による創建以来、800年の時を経て完全に形骸化していたため、復興に尽くし、身分の上下を問わず病の人々へ薬を授けた。
• Yakuin was established by Empress Komyo in the Nara period and lost substance after 800 years, thus he worked to reestablish this and gave medicine to every patient regardless of rank.

• また、本来は細川氏の家臣であった三好長慶が足利義輝より相伴衆に任じられてその身分的権威をもって管領の役職を代行して幕政の実権を握っている。
• Moreover, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, who was originally a vassal of the Hosokawa clan, was appointed as Shobanshu by Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA and, using the authority of this status, assumed control over the shogunate administration acting in the position of kanrei.

• が、当時は母親の身分も重視する時代であったため、采女出生の子供は中央豪族や皇族出生の子供に比べて低い立場に置かれることがほとんどであった。
• As the status of mother was also considered important in those days, the children born from Uneme were mostly placed lower than the children of the powerful clans in the capital or the Imperial family.

• その結果、この男の気質や性格へ興味をかきたてられたことに加えて、私はその男の生まれや生活、財産や社会的な身分にまで興味をいだいたのだった。
• so that to my interest in the man's nature and character, there was added a curiosity as to his origin, his life, his fortune and status in the world.

• 乳母たちは自分たちより身分が低いんだから、とナナを無視するふりをしましたし、ナナはナナで乳母達の内容のないおしゃべりをばかにしていました。
• They affected to ignore her as of an inferior social status to themselves, and she despised their light talk.

• 婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の被留置受刑者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため面会することが必要な者
• Person with the necessity to have a visit in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the sentenced person under detention, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business;

• 一方の妻側に手すりをつけた梯子が、他方の妻側には露台が見られ、身分の高い人の家であることを示す蓋（きぬがさ、日覆い傘）がさしかけられている。
• There is a railed ladder on one side and a balcony with a sunshade (a sign of high position) on the other side of the house.

• 江戸時代には無官の武士の最礼装とされ、身分のある町人もこれに倣うことが多かったため、現在でも伝統芸能や祭礼などにおいて用いられることがある。
• In the Edo period, it was regarded as the utmost formal dress of the samurai without rank, because many town people with status also followed this practice, it is still used in the traditional Japanese theater and the festival and so on.

• 日本において馬とは、刀剣や鉄砲と同じように兵器として扱われていたので、武士以外の身分（商人や農民）などは通常、乗馬することを禁止されていた。
• In the past, horses had been considered to be one of weapons, such as swords and guns, therefore, the people except for the bushi class, such as tradesmen and peasants, had been forbidden to ride horses.

• 皇族の身分に関する事柄は天皇の大権事項であるから、この準則が存在したとしても、天皇の意思があれば例外をつくることは可能であったと考えられる。
• Since the matters in relation to Imperial rank was under Emperor Taikenjiko's control (Emperor has right to control), even if this regulation existed, it was possible for the Emperor to make an exception if he wished to do so.

• また、この場合、やむを得ない特別の事由があるときは、本人の意思に関わらず、皇室会議の判断で、皇族の身分を離れる（皇室典範14条1, 2項）。
• Furthermore, in cases of compelling reasons, they will renounce their Imperial status regardless of their own will through the discretion of the Imperial Household Council (Clause 2, Article 14 of the Imperial House Act).

• 同5年（484年）に清寧が崩御した後、皇太子の億計は身分を明かした大功を理由として弟の弘計に皇位（王位）を譲ろうとするが、弘計はこれを拒否。
• After Seinei passed away in 484, Crown Prince Oke tried to pass the Imperial Throne to his younger brother Oke for his great achievement of revealing their social status, but younger Oke refused it.

• 百姓、あるいはその身分すら持たない一般の農業などの零細な産業従事者らはそれぞれの領主、名主（みょうしゅ）に家人、下人などとして従属していた。
• Peasants, or other workers engaged in a small industry such as general agriculture who didn't even have peasant status were subordinate to a lord or a myoshu, respectively, as retainers or people of low rank.

• さらに言えば、武士身分の田堵負名は、自らの私営田を権門勢家（皇室・有力貴族・有力寺社）へ寄進して荘園とするとともに、荘官に任じられてもいた。
• In addition, some Tato fumyo with the samurai status donated their privately operated fields to kenmon seika (powerful houses and influential families) (Imperial families, powerful nobles, or powerful temples or shrines), making them manors and being appointed to shokan (the officers governing these manors).

• 律令制社会の実態を観察すると、本質的な奴隷身分は奴婢などの賎民に限られており、社会全体に奴隷制が存在していなかったことが明らかになっている。
• By studying the reality of the society based on the Ritsuryo system, it has become apparent that slavery did not generally exist in society because the essential slave class was limited to the nui and other senmin.

• 通行手形持参人の身元、旅行の目的（諸国寺社参拝等）、関所通過の要請、関係諸官への便宜・保護要請、発行者の身分所在地等、などが記載されている。
• Identity of the person who carried the tsuko-tegata, purpose of travel (such as visiting temples and shrines in various provinces), request for passing sekisho, request for convenience and protection to related officers, identity and address of the issuer and the like were written on it.

• 天正11年（1583年）に古河公方・足利義氏 (古河公方)が死去すると、官途補任により権力を掌握し、これにより関東の身分秩序の頂点に立った。
• Upon the death of Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA, Koga kubo (the Kanto district administrator), in 1583, the Hojo clan assumed a power by holding government posts, which let the clan to preside over the Kanto region as a top commander.

• 譜代と二半場は、無役（幕府の公職に任ぜられていない状態）であっても、俸禄の支給を受け、惣領に家督を相続させて身分と俸禄を伝えることができた。
• Even when the Fudai and Nihanba ranked families did not hold an official position within the shogunate, they would receive a stipend and were granted inheritance rights to their estates.

• 後代には近臣としての伺候を許されたものを指すようになるが、いずれも天皇や院、東宮の一代限りであり、代替わりにあたっては殿上人の身分を失った。
• Later, Tenjobito began to mean those who were permitted to wait on the emperor as trusted vessel; whichever the meaning, the privilege was untransferable and only effective until the emperor, the retired emperor or the crown prince changed.

• 華族には身分上・財産上の特権が与えられ、明治22年（1889年）に大日本帝国憲法が制定されると、貴族院 (日本)議員となる特権も与えられた。
• Privileges in social statutes as well as in property were given to Kazoku members, and when the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was established in 1889, they were given the privilege of becoming members of the House of Peers (in Japan).

• それと同時に、武士階級そのものも存在理由がなくなり、士農工商（四民）の封建的身分制度が撤廃され、武士の消滅とともに、天下人の歴史も終焉した。
• At the same time, the existence of the samurai class lost its significance and led to the abolishment of the feudal system called Shinokosho (hereditary four-status order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants) and the history of the tenka-bito also came to an end as the samurai disappeared.

• 前項の規定による検査を行う場合においては、当該職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When the inspection is conducted pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, said official shall carry his/her certification for identification and produce it upon request by any relevant person.

• FSF はまた、ハッカー文化を外から見ている者にとっては、ながいことオープンソースを支援している組織的な身分をもった唯一のスポンサーだった。
• The FSF was also long the only sponsor of open source with an institutional identity visible to outside observers of the hacker culture.

• 前項の規定により第二項第四号に掲げる処分をする者は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、かつ、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• Any person who disposes of the matters listed in item (iv) of paragraph (2) pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry his/her identification and present the same to any relevant person upon request.

• 伏見宮系の皇族はもちろんこの範囲には収まらないが、邦家親王を皇玄孫に擬制し、邦家親王の4世（玄孫）までを皇族の身分にとどめるものとされていた。
• The Fushiminomiya line of the Imperial Family were not included under this regulation, it was decided to add fictitious Imperial Princes to great-great grandchild of the Imperial Family, and to keep four generations (great-great grand child) of Imperial Princes in the ranks of the Imperial Family.

• 病弱で在ったと伝えられているが、それにしても皇族の身分であり、曲がりなりにも成年まで生き延びた人物が無位無官であったことは大きな疑問点である。
• Although it has been passed down that he was constitutionally weak, it is still largely doubted, even if that is the case, why he was conferred neither court ranks nor official positions given the fact that he was a member of the Imperial Family and a person who lived up to his full age.

• 応仁の乱は将軍や守護大名の没落を促進し、守護代であった朝倉孝景が守護大名の地位を得たことに象徴されるように、真の実力者の身分上昇をもたらした。
• The Onin War served to accelerate the downfall of Shoguns and shugo daimyos and to raise the status of true strongmen, as symbolized by the acquisition by Takakage ASAKURA, who had been a deputy shugo, of the rank of shugo daimyo.

• 平城は朝原と大宅の2人との間に子はなく、ほかの皇子たちはいずれも母の身分が低く、神野と大伴の隠然たる権威と存在感を無視することはできなかった。
• Heizei was not able to ignore the authority and existence that Kamino and Otomo had, because Asahara and Oyake did not have any children and all the other princes had lowly-born mothers.

• 律令法は貴族層が、その特権と支配を維持するための法であるから、賤民制度をふくめた全体の身分の体系は、法によって明確に規定しておく必要があった。
• The purpose of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku class to maintain its privilege and dominance, and therefore, a general class system, including the senmin, had to be clearly defined by law.

• 兵卒の身分は依然として武士と農民の間に位置して低かったが、功を認められれば侍や特異な例ではあるが豊臣秀吉のように大名にまで出世する者もあった。
• The low status held by ashigaru was intermediate between that of samurai and peasants but there were those such as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI whose abilities were recognized and who rose to the rank of daimyo (feudal lord), although it was a peculiar case.

• 更に、上の身分の者が奉公などの褒賞として下の者に下賜された衣装を実際に着用した場合には、儒教の忠の観念との兼ね合いから黙認せざるを得なかった。
• Also, when lower-ranked people put on clothes granted by higher-ranked people for their good service, this had to be tolerated from the viewpoint of Confucius's teaching of loyalty.

• しかしこれも身分表象としての二本差し帯刀の規制による象徴的なものに留まり（脇差参照）、農村に蓄えられた膨大な武器を消滅させるには至らなかった。
• This was no more than a symbolic policy of control over wearing two swords which represents the status (see wakizashi), and fell short of eradicating the great deal of weapons stored in the rural villages.

• そのため身分制度は混乱し、ある地方では37%居た奴婢が2%まで減少し、代わりに人口の9%に過ぎなかった両班が70%を占めるという状況も起きた。
• This is why the class system fell into disorder, and Nobi decreased from 37% to 2% in one region, but such event caused a situation that Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) who made up only 9% of the population increased to 70%.

• これを不服として忍者側は村役人に訴え出たが、村役人側は、士分としての身分を放棄して帰農するか、棒役を務めるならば仲介に立つと申し渡したという。
• Ninja's side appealed to a village officer for their discontent, but the village officer's side is said to have told them that they would be served as mediator only if Ninja's side returns to field renouncing their social status of samurai class or accepts to be served as boyaku.

• 武士と庶民のような身分違いと町奉行所管轄の江戸の町民と寺社奉行所管轄の宗教者の裁判、天領の領民と藩領民など原告と被告の領主が異なる場合である。
• Examples are trials between different social status such as samurai and common people, or the plaintiff and defendant having different lords, such as trials between the Edo townspeople and people of religion controlled by the Jisha-bugyo and between people of the shogun's demesne and people of the land of domains.

• 中世の惣領と庶子の所領争いや、同じ時代でもお家騒動のような実利面がなく、瑣末とも思える身分的上下・対等という形式をめぐって争われたものである。
• Unlike disputes that would result in actual benefits, such as those over shoryo (territory) between soryo (heir) and other children during the medieval period, or internal squabble over headship rights in a daimyo family in the Edo period, this head-and-branch family dispute was about trivial formality such as superiority or equality in social standing in the same clan.

• ところが家康は誕生したばかりの辰千代を生母の身分が低かったため、素直に喜ばず、それどころか「捨てよ」と冷酷に命じたと言われている（後述あり）。
• Apparently Ieyasu, however, wasn't really pleased with his birth because his real mother's social status was low, and he gave the order: 'abandon him' (this is discussed further below).

• 特に日本の場合、貴族とは明治以降は華族とほぼ同義で、上は皇族と区別され、下は士族と区別されるある身分階層（公侯伯子男）を指すのが一般的である。
• In Japan in particular, the term Kizoku and that of Kazoku were used for almost the same meaning during the Meiji period and later, to generally indicate a social status class (Koshaku (公爵), Koshaku (侯爵), Hakushaku (伯爵), Shishaku (子爵), and Danshaku (男爵)) that was differentiated from Kozoku (the Imperial family) on the upper side and from Shizoku (the warrior class) on the lower side.

• 人々があれこれ語る人、それも主に身分の高い君主というものは、その性質のうち、彼らが非難されたり称賛されたりするものだけが、注目されるものです。
• I say that all men when they are spoken of, and chiefly princes for being more highly placed, are remarkable for some of those qualities which bring them either blame or praise;

• 執行官等は、職務を執行する場合には、その身分又は資格を証する文書を携帯し、利害関係を有する者の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• In cases of executing his/her duties, a court execution officer, etc. shall carry a document proving his/her status or qualifications and present it when so requested by any person having an interest.

• 停職者は、職員としての身分を保有するが、その職務に従事しない。停職者は、第九十二条の規定による場合の外、停職の期間中給与を受けることができない。
• While still retaining his/her status as an official, a person suspended from duty does not attend to his/her duties. A person who is suspended from duty may not receive remuneration during such period of suspension except under the provisions of Article 92.

• 両議院の議員及びその選挙人の資格は、法律でこれを定める。但し、人種、信条、性別、社会的身分、門地、教育、財産又は収入によつて差別してはならない。
• The qualifications of members of both Houses and their electors shall be fixed by law. However, there shall be no discrimination because of race, creed, sex, social status, family origin, education, property or income.

• 前項の規定により立入検査をする統計調査員その他の職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があったときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• Enumerators or other officials who enter a place for inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the persons concerned when requested.

• 指定部隊長は、前項の規定による確認を行うために必要な範囲内において、被拘束者に対し、質問し、又は身分証明書その他の所持品を検査することができる。
• The designated unit commander may ask questions to or inspect the identification card and other personal belongings of a captive person within the limit necessary for find pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph.

• 前項の規定により職員が原子力事業所に立ち入るときは、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、かつ、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When an official enters a nuclear site pursuant to the provisions of preceding paragraph, he/she shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the persons concerned if requested by them.

• もちろん、嫡流であるかどうかというより、同氏族内での身分の高さが長者としての地位を定める資格であり、けして嫡流と同義ではないことも付言しておく。
• It should be added, obviously, that the family status within the clan was the qualification that determined who became the clan chief, instead of who the direct descendant was, and therefore, being the clan chief was not synonymous with being a direct descendant.

• 現代日本では転じて天皇以外の男性皇族の配偶者に対して用いられている（例皇太子妃・親王妃）が、本項目では本来の意味である后妃身分について解説する。
• In modern age, Hi is used for all spouses for male imperial family except Emperor (like Kotaishi hi [crown princess] and shinno hi [imperial princess]), but this section explains an original usage of empress's title.

• 新政府は天皇大権のもと欧米の諸制度を積極的に導入し、廃藩置県、身分解放、法制整備、国家インフラの整備など明治維新と呼ばれる一連の改革を遂行した。
• Under the Emperor's power, the new government introduced various systems from European countries and the United States, and made a set of reformations called Maiji Restoration, such as Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), abolition of the class system, establishment of the system of law and construction of national infrastructures.

• 武芸の実務、技能官人たる武士もこの両身分にまたがっており、在京の清和源氏や桓武平氏などの軍事貴族が諸大夫身分、大多数の在地武士が侍身分であった。
• Technical officers who did the practical work of military art were divided into these two statuses and the military aristocracies such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and so on, who were staying in Kyoto, were in the shodaibu status and the majority of local bushi were in the samurai status.

• 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
• Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.

• 後に彼らの中で治安維持の武功によって勲功を得、特に承平天慶の乱で勲功を認められた者たちが中核になって武士身分が形成されていくことになるのである。
• Later, those who were distinguished because of military contributions to maintain security, especially during the Johei and Tengyo War, would become the bushi class as the core group.

• つまり、百姓身分の者が一揆を結成して政権に異議申し立てをする物理的実力たる惣村を武装解除し、一揆の結成そのものを抑止しようとしたというのである。
• In other words, with katanagari policy, the government sought to directly deter the peasants from forming ikki by disarming the soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) which would otherwise have the physical power to have peasants form an ikki league and revolt against the government.

• 本来は正規外に中下級身分からの人材登用の役目を担っていた紀伝・文章生が貴族子弟によって独占されて、文章博士以下の世襲が進行するきっかけとなった。
• It triggered the monopoly of kiden no sho and monjosho, which played a role in recruiting talents from the middle- and low-classes through different processes from regular appointments, by sons of the nobles, resulting in their hereditary positions, monjo hakase and below.

• 幕府の同心は、幕臣であっても旗本ではなく御家人身分であるが、同心筆頭クラスは80石（俵）五人扶持程度の俸禄を受けたので、実質的には100石近い。
• Doshin of the bakufu were not hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) but bakushin (shogun's retainers), which were in the gokenin (shogunal retainers) class, and upper ranked doshin received an eighty-koku (crop) salary and a ration for five persons, which means they substantially had a hundred-koku income approximately.

• 当時の明治政府にとって解放令とは、「四民平等」理念による身分解放ではなく、「地租徴収」実施のためだけに出された形だけの身分解放に他ならなかった。
• Kaiho Rei for Meiji Government at that time was not abolition of the class system based on the philosophy of 'shimin byodo' but only a formal abolition of the class system enacted just to proceed 'chiso choshu (collection of land tax)'.

• 一君万民論は藩閥体制打倒とデモクラシー導入の大義として掲げられ、身分的特権のみならず財閥などの経済的権力に対抗するイデオロギーとしても機能した。
• The Ikkunbanmin-ron theory was used as a great cause of toppling the domain clique system and introducing democracy, and it functioned as an ideology to oppose not only to the inherited privileges but also to the powerful wealthy class, most notably Zaibatsu (industrial and financial conglomerates).

• 貴族院の成立後、議員の身分ごとに院内会派結成の動きが見られたが、男爵出身者にはこうした動きが見られず、木曜会→研究会などの各会派に分散していた。
• After the House of Peers was established, there was a movement in formation of a faction within the Diet in accordance with the rank of a councilor, but it was not for baronial members, so the members in the Mokuyo-kai dispersed into every faction such as the Kenkyu-kai.

• 全国の人民をして世界万国の学術に通じるようにさせ、そのため東西南京に大学校、町や村に小学校を設置して身分・居住地を問わず教育を与えるべきである。
• It is required to let common people learn so that they could obtain a same academic level as other countries of the world, and for that, it is necessary to establish colleges in the major cities and elementary schools in towns and villages to provide with an education regardless of ranks and place of residence.

• 判官あるいは主典が欠くのを補うために女嬬・采女、更に仕女・炊女（かしぎめ）のような後宮職員令にも掲載されない更に身分が低い女性達が置かれていた。
• In order to fill in the lacking posts of a hangan and a sakan, women in a lower social status who did not appear even in the Goku Shikiin (staff) Code such as nyoju/uneme and shijo/kashigime were employed.

• ただし、中で身分の高い斎宮女御徽子のみは繧繝縁（うんげんべり）の上畳（あげだたみ）に座し、背後に屏風、手前に几帳を置いて、格の高さを表している。
• The only exception is the portrait of the High priestess (Saigu) Kishi; she is sitting on a tatami mat with ugen-beri (a hem made of silk fabrics colored in one color with sequential layers from light to dark) with a folding screen at the back and a kicho (a curtained frame put up to screen royal personages or noble ladies from direct view of those around them) at the front to indicate her noble status.

• 古くからの新羅の勢力だけでは唐への対抗が難しいことに気付いた文武王は、百済・高句麗両国の遺民を取り込んで新羅の身分制度を再編することにも努めた。
• Realizing that it was difficult to oppose Tang only with old forces in Silla, King Munmu also put effort into reorganization of Silla's class system by taking in people who were originally from Baekje and Goguryeo.

• 乳母に過ぎない身分の者が将軍世継ぎ問題で家康に直訴したとしても、通常家康が会うとは考えにくいので、お福がかつて愛妾の一人であったとする説もある。
• A different theory argues that she must have been one of Ieyasu's favorite concubines, or it would be inconceivable that she, a mere wet nurse, could have petitioned him directly about the Shogunal succession.

• 御家人は将軍直参の武士の身分を示す用語としてしばしば用いられ、戦国時代 (日本)には転じて戦国大名の家臣を指す言葉として使用されることもあった。
• It is frequently used to refer to those samurai who were direct vassals of the shogun, but also came to be used to refer to retainers of daimyo (feudal lords) during the Warring States period (Japan).

• 秀吉はまた、1588年に刀狩を実施して、百姓身分から帯刀権を奪い、武器使用を規制して兵農分離を完成させたいっぽうで、近世的な武士身分を創出した。
• Hideyoshi also conducted the Sword Hunt in 1588 to deprive the farming rank the right to wear a sword and to restrict the use of weapons which completed the heinobunri (separation of the warrior class from the soil) while creating the early-modern samurai rank.

• 労働委員会は、前項の臨検又は検査をさせる場合においては、委員又は職員にその身分を証明する証票を携帯させ、関係人にこれを呈示させなければならない。
• In cases in which a Labor Relations Commission has its members or staff inspect or investigate pursuant to the preceding paragraph, the Labor Relations Commission shall require them to carry an identification card and to produce it for the people concerned.

• 第一項の規定により家庭用品衛生監視員が立入検査、質問又は収去をする場合においては、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• Where a household products sanitation inspector conducts an inspection, questioning or removal pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), he/she shall carry his/her identification card and present it to the persons concerned.

• あなたが雇人にいくら寛大であり、いくら酬（むく）いられるからといって、彼等が自分の女に二十ギンの散歩服を買ってやれる身分だとは考えられますまい。
• Liberal as you are with your servants, one can hardly expect that they can buy twenty-guinea walking dresses for their ladies.

• 兩議院の議員及びその選擧人の資格は、法律でこれを定める。但し、人種、信條、性別、社會的身分、門地、敎育、財產又は收入によつて差別してはならない。
• The qualifications of members of both Houses and their electors shall be fixed by law. However, there shall be no discrimination because of race, creed, sex, social status, family origin, education, property or income.

• 兩議院の議員及びその選擧人の資格は、法律でこれを定める。但し、人種、信條、性別、社會的身分、門地、教育、財産又は收入によつて差別してはならない。
• The qualifications of members of both Houses and their electors shall be fixed by law. However, there shall be no discrimination because of race, creed, sex, social status, family origin, education, property or income.

• 第一項の規定による立入りをする場合には、筆界調査委員等は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があったときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When making an entry under the provision of paragraph (1), the parcel boundary examiner, etc. shall carry his/her identification card and present it when requested to do so by any person concerned.

• 第七項の規定により機構の職員が立入検査等を行うときは、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、かつ、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When an official of JNES conducts an on-site inspection, etc. pursuant to the provision of paragraph (7), he/she shall carry an identification card and produce it when requested by people concerned.

• 当時は主な文様は刺繍、補助的に友禅等の染めで文様を表していたため、身分制度で刺繍技法の着物が着用できなかった庶民にはとても手の届く物ではなかった。
• At that time, the main patterns were embroidered, and additional patterns were dyed by means of Yuzen (a dying technique), therefore, it wasn't available for common women who were not allowed to wear elaborate embroidered Kimono.

• 当時、武士身分の領地所有は不安定であって頼朝軍への急速な武士の集結の背景には、武士による権利確立への強い希求があったのではないかと考えられている。
• In those times, the ownership of land by members of the warrior class was uncertain and it is suggested that the reason for the rapid gathering of bushi under Yoritomo's troops was because there was a strong wish for a government controlled by bushi.

• 身分秩序を無視して公家や天皇といった時の権威を嘲笑し、粋で華美な服装や振る舞いを好む美意識であり、後の戦国時代における下剋上的行動の一種とされる。
• Basara represents a particular aesthetics in which people disregarded social class or rank, laughed scornfully at authorities such as court nobles or the Emperor, and esteemed fashionable and glamorous garments or behaviors; it was considered to be a type of behavior that was manifested in gekokujo (an inversion of the social order in which the lowly people reigned over the elite), which flourished in the subsequent Sengoku period (the period of warring states).

• 1872年になると、新しい農業・私法政策に取り組む政府は、旧来から存在していた水呑の呼称の禁止及び身分から解放等を規定した法令を大蔵省から発した。
• In 1872, the government was working for new policies of agriculture and private law and the Finance Ministry announced the law including the prohibition of the name, Mizunomi that had existed conventionally and the emancipation of Mizunomi from the position.

• 開拓使貫属は、開拓使に所属するが士族の身分を失わずに開拓に従事する者であり、身分が保障されるうえ移住に関しても資金調達の心配が無くなる身分である。
• Kanzoku of the Hokkaido Development Commission referred to a person who belonged to the Commission to be engaged in reclamation work but did not have to give up his or her social status as a warrior class and even given necessary funds for relocation.

• 8～9世紀において改賜姓がさかんに行われているのは、八色の姓において、上級の氏姓にもれた下級の身分の者や、これらの農民を主な対象としたものである。
• During the period between the eighth century and the ninth century there were many changes made in the hereditary titles; this change was geared to the people with the lower social position who were excluded from the rank of higher hereditary position in the Yakusa no Kabane Reform as well as these peasants.

• 小楠は、「公共」性・「公共」圏を実現するために、「講習討論」「朋友講学」といった身分階層を超えた討議を政治運営のもっとも重要な営為として重視した。
• Shonan emphasized the debate such as 'Koshu Toron' and 'Meiho Kogaku', which were beyond status hierarchy, as the most important agency for the management of politics to represent 'public' nature and 'public' area.

• 一世源氏の尊貴な身分であり、学問に優れ朝儀に通じており、また実力者藤原師輔、その娘の中宮藤原安子の後援も得て朝廷で重んじられ、左大臣にまで進んだ。
• MINAMOTO no Takaakira was also known as Issei Genji (Emperor's son who went out of Imperial family and had Genji name), a noble personage who excelled as a scholar at the chogi (Imperial court ceremony) and was highly respected at court through the patronage of the capable FUJIWARA no Morosuke and his daughter, FUJIWARA no Anshi, the wife of an Imperial Prince, and advanced to the post of Minister of the Left.

• 将軍の外出などに守護大名が随従する慣習は足利義満の頃には成立していたが、役職・身分としての相伴衆の成立は足利義教の永享年間であると推定されている。
• The custom of the shugo daimyo following Seii taishogun's lead was established around the era of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, but it is estimated that Shobanshu as a status and position was established during the era of Eikyo of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.

• 前項の規定による質問を行う場合においては、当該職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、かつ、関係人の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• In the case of asking questions pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, such staff persons shall carry the identifications showing their status, and if there is a request from persons concern, they shall present the identifications.

• 休職者は、職員としての身分を保有するが、職務に従事しない。休職者は、その休職の期間中、給与準則で別段の定をしない限り、何等の給与を受けてはならない。
• While still retaining his/her status as an official, a person who is on administrative leave does not attend to his/her duties. He/she shall not receive remuneration of any kind during the period of his/her administrative leave unless specifically provided for in a remuneration plan.

• 律令制度の下では、内親王・女王は非皇族と婚姻しても、皇族の身分を保持したままであることが通例であったが、皇室典範では皇籍を離脱することが定められる。
• Under a government based upon the ritsuryo legal code, the right was granted for Imperial Princes and Princesses to keep their rank as Imperial Family after marrying partners who were not from the Imperial Family, however according to Imperial House Law they must renounce their membership in the Imperial Family.

• 公家137家・諸侯270家・明治維新後に公家とされた家5家・維新後に諸侯とされた家16家の合計427家は新しい身分層である「華族」に組み入れられた。
• Total 427 families, including 137 kuge families, 270 shoko families, 5 families which were newly admitted as kuge after the Meiji Restoration and 16 families which were newly admitted as shoko after the Meiji Restoration, became belonged to the newly established 'kazoku' class.

• 南北朝末期、花の下連歌が廃れたとき、その代わりを担った、主に北野天満宮で張行された笠着連歌もまた、参加者の身分を明かさずにおこなわれるものであった。
• When Hananomoto-renga disappeared at the end of Nanbokucho (the Southern and Northern Court Period), the Kasagi-renga (a form of renga) that came in place of it was performed mainly in Kitanotenmangu Shrine without revealing the background of participants.

• この頃になると、職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
• Meanwhile, shiki itself shifted from being an expression of an official position to being the right to tax profit, and there were cases where honke or ryoke directly held the shiki of a local lord, or the other way around meaning local lords holding the shiki of honke or ryoke.

• また「町人」と「商人」は異なる身分とみなされていたとする実証的研究もあり、実際の江戸時代の身分制度はかなり錯綜した複雑な構造を持っていたようである。
• As shown in an empirical study which inferred that 'townsmen' and 'merchants' were categorized into different classes, the actual class system in the Edo period was quite a complex and complicated structure.

• 減封（げんぽう）とは、江戸時代においては大名、旗本などの武士に課せられた刑罰を意味し、武士の身分を剥奪して所領と城・屋敷の一部を削減することをいう。
• Diminishing the territory was a type of punishment imposed on samurai including daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and hatamoto (direct vassal of the shogun) during the Edo period, that deprived samurai of their ranks, and partially diminished their territories, castles, and residences.

• 戸籍法や地租改正、身分解放令も直ちには実施されなかったものの、ここでの提言が発案となっているなど、日本におけるシンクタンクの先駆け的な存在であった。
• Though the Family Registration Law, land-tax reform, and abolition of the class system were not carried out immediately, they were all created based on proposals made in the structure, and it was kind of a pioneer among Japanese think tanks.

• 芳賀によると、公家社会、門閥社会の中で生まれ育った実隆は、身分制度を絶対視する思想に染まっており、下克上の現象をとうてい理解しうるものではなかった。
• According to Haga, Sanetaka, who was brought up in a society of court nobles and distinguished families, got affected by the idea of seeing a class system as more important than anything else, and couldn't understand revolts of vassals against their lords at all.

• 萩城下近郊の阿武郡川島村（現・山口県萩市川島）に、長州藩の蔵元付武家奉公人（足軽より低い身分で武士身分ではない）山縣有稔・松子の長男として生まれる。
• He was born in the village of Kawashima in the Abu district, an area neighboring the Hagi Castle (present-day Kawashima, Hagi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture) as the first son of Aritoshi YAMAGATA, a chugen in charge of Kuramoto, the merchant of the daimyo's warehouse, and also a servant of a bushi family (a rank lower than foot soldier but not a bushi rank) and Matsuko YAMAGATA, from the domain of Choshu.

• 花方については、語り本系には見られるが読み本系の古態とされる延慶本には記されてないこと、院宣の使者としては身分が低すぎることから創作の可能性もある。
• Although Hanakata is mentioned in narration books, this episode is not mentioned in Enkyohon (books copied in Enkyo era), which is believed to be an old form of the yomihon (literally, reading books, an Edo period woodblock printed novel prevalent from the mid to late Edo period that focused on serious and penetrating studies of human affairs), and his status was too low for In's messenger; therefore this episode could be mere fiction.

• 管領の一族や有力守護大名に限定されていたため、一種の社会的身分としての価値が生じて幕府内の職制にも反映されて管領に次ぐ席次を与えられるようになった。
• As they were limited to the family of kanrei (deputy to the shogun) and the influential shugo daimyo, became a valuable social status, also reflected in the office organization inside the bakufu, were given the order of precedence after the kanrei.

• 前二項の規定による質問を行う場合においては、当該職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、かつ、関係人の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• In a case of asking questions pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, said personnel shall carry identification and shall present the same if required by the relevant person to be questioned.

• 第一項の職員は、同項の規定により他人の土地に立ち入る場合には、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係人の請求があったときは、これを呈示しなければならない。
• The staff set forth in paragraph (1) shall, when entering into land owned by others pursuant to the provisions of the same paragraph, have in his/her possession an identification card and produce it upon request of the parties concerned.

• 国土交通大臣は、法第十条の二第一項の認定をしたときは、耐空検査員に、その身分を示す証票（第八号の三様式。以下「耐空検査員の証」という。）を交付する。
• The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism shall deliver an identification card that may identify his/her status (Form No. 8-3, hereinafter referred to as 'Identification Card of Airworthiness Inspector') to airworthiness inspector when he/she approved matters set forth in paragraph (1) of Article 10-2.

• さまざまな社会的身分の高さによって、多数者から身を守られた人たちは多数者の意見を無視することもできたのですが、そうした身分の違いは次第に平準化され、
• As the various social eminences which enabled persons entrenched on them to disregard the opinion of the multitude, gradually become levelled;

• 前項の規定により職員が事務所又は研究施設に立ち入るときは、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、かつ、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When an official enters the office or research facility pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, he or she shall carry a certificate for identification and produce it upon request of the persons concerned.

• 衆徒（しゅと）は、堂衆（どうしゅ/どうしゅう）とも呼ばれ、本来は平安時代以後に大寺院に居住して学問・修行の他に寺内の運営実務にあたった僧侶身分のこと。
• The term 'shuto,' for which 'doshu' is also used, is a term from after the Heian period that referred to the status of a priest who originally resided in a big temple and was in charge of the management and practical business of the temple as well as studying and practicing ascetic training.

• 江戸幕府は、庶民の暮らしが豪華になるとそれを「身分不相応」として取り締まることが多くあり、1つ六十文もするような高級なすしを作る職人を捕らえたとある。
• As commoners led a luxurious life, seeing it as life beyond their means, the Edo shogunate often cracked down on it and arrested sushi chefs for making expensive sushi costing as much as sixty mon a piece.

• これは、当時の円融天皇が母親が違うとはいえ、兄である昭平が兄弟の中で一人だけ臣下の礼を取らなければならない状況を憂慮して皇族身分に戻したものであった。
• After Emperor Enyu, Akihira's half younger brother, who was in power at that time, considered Akihira's situation who was the only one among the brothers that had to be demoted from nobility to subject, he made Akihira come back to the Imperial family.

• 親王、内親王、王 (皇族)又は女王 (皇族)が、皇族の身分を離れたときの登録に関しても、新旧令に大きな違いはない（旧31条、32条、34条、現5条）。
• As for register in the case where Shinno (Imperial Prince), Naishinno (Imperial Princess), O (male member of the Imperial Family) or Nyo-o (female member of the Imperial Family) left the status of the Imperial family, there is no major difference between the new and old Kotofu Rei (the old Articles 31-32 and 34, the existing Article 5).

• この頃から高市皇子は天武天皇の皇子の中で3番目とされるようになった（皇女を母にもつ草壁皇子、大津皇子に次ぐ。母親の身分による序列では10人中8番目）。
• Around that time on, Prince Takechi was regarded as the third among the princes of Emperor Tenmu (He followed Prince Kusakabe and Prince Otsu whose mother were Imperial princesses In the ranking by the status of mother, he was the eighth out of ten).

• なお、天武天皇の子女で最後の生存者として叙された多紀内親王以外はいずれも内命婦以上の高位の女性の所生であり、母親の身分も深く関与したと考えられている。
• Since all the children of the Emperor Tenmu, except the Princess Taki who was conferred Ippon as the last existing child of the Emperor Tenmu, were born to mothers who were higher than the rank of the senior court lady; it is supposed that the status of the mothers was deeply related.

• 幕府が諸藩を指導して給人という呼称を用いさせたり定着させようとした事実はないにも関わらず、多くの諸藩には、給人または給人席という身分・家格が存在した。
• The fact was that the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) did not intend to use or settle this designation of kyujin, however, there existed a status or Kakaku called kyujin or kyujin-seki in many domains.

• だが、後世に入ると武士や商人・農民など身分それぞれの必要に合わせた知識や慣習を盛り込んだものや習字用の｢字尽し｣など書簡形式をとらないものが著された。
• In later years, some oraimono were composed of knowledge and customs necessary for each social status, such as samurai, merchants and farmers, while 'Jizukushi,' which were not in the form of correspondence, were compiled for calligraphy practice.

• そこで受領は荘園への対抗手段として、主に軍事的に対応能力を有する武士身分の田堵負名に公領の経営と治安維持を委任することで、公領の維持を図ったのである。
• Consequently, as a measure against manors, zuryo entrusted the management of koryo and security duty mostly to the Tato fumyo with the samurai status who had military abilities, to maintain koryo.

• 親王は後嵯峨天皇の事実上の長子であり、父から寵愛されていたが母方の身分が低いために皇位継承の望みは絶望的であり、後嵯峨天皇は親王の将来を危惧していた。
• Although the oldest son of Emperor Gosaga and favored by his father, his mother's low status meant he had little chance of ascending the throne, leading the Emperor to worry about his future.

• 海女はその宝物を竜宮からとりもどせば、身分の低い自分のようなものが生んだ子でも正式な息子として認めててくれるかと問い、淡海公の確約を得て海にとびこむ。
• The ama asked him whether her child will be officially acknowledged as his son if she finds the treasure from the Palace of the Dragon King even though she is a woman of low birth; and when Tankaiko gave her a positive answer, she jumped into the sea.

• 原則として三位の位階を得れば（公卿身分の獲得）昇殿が許され、四位・五位の貴族や六位でも蔵人の地位にあるものは勅許があれば昇殿が許されていた（殿上人）。
• In principle, if an official obtained the third rank, i.e., status of high court noble, he was permitted to enter the Imperial Palace; however, a noble of the fourth or fifth rank, or even a chamberlain of the sixth rank were permitted to enter the Imperial Palace ('Tenjobito') if they were given imperial sanction.

• こうした風潮に対して身分制度を維持しようとする町奉行側、支配側の代理人と化した町代への反感と嫉妬を抱く市民側の双方から、町代が圧迫を受けるようになる。
• To counter the trend, the Kyoto city magistrates managed to keep the class system and the Kyoto citizens had antipathy toward Machidai, who had become the ruler's proxy--Machidai caught between these two sides.

• 平家物語では熊谷直実が源平合戦における平家方の武将である平敦盛を指して大将軍と呼んでいるなど、身分の高い武将を指す語として用いられた例も見受けられる。
• There are also instances of the title being used to refer to a military leader of high rank, such as the reference in 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike) by Naozane KUMAGAI of TAIRA no Atsumori of the Heike clan as Daishogun in the Genpei War.

• しかし昭和22年（1947年）、貴族制度の禁止と法の下の平等を定める日本国憲法の施行とともに、華族制度は廃止され、日本における貴族身分は終焉を迎えた。
• However, when the Constitution of Japan, stipulating the prohibition of the Kizoku system and equality under the law, was enforced, the Kazoku system was abolished, ending the Kizoku status in Japan.

• 公人朝夕人（土田孫左衛門）に、ついては資料が少なく、身分は武士ではなく武家奉公人だったといわれているが、下級武士身分だった説や町人扱いだった説もある。
• There is little documentation regarding the Kunin-chojakunin (Magozaemon TSUCHIDA), although the attendant is believed not to be from samurai class but was servant to the samurai but at times is believed to have been a lower-ranking samurai or common folk.

• こうした共同体では、羨望と身分の格付けが相対的に無いばかりか、着手中の仕事への精力的な専心もないままに、文化と快適さは低い水準に留まり続けたのである。
• In such communities a low standard of culture and comfort goes along with an absence of strenuous application to the work in hand, as well as a relative absence of jealousy and gradations of rank.

• 明日香皇女は、母が豪族の娘という身分にしては、持統天皇の訪問を受けたり、彼女の病気平癒のために108人の沙門を出家させたりなど、異例の扱いを受けている。
• The Imperial Princess Asuka, despite of the fact that her mother was a daughter of a merely local ruling family, was given an unusual treatment, as she was visited by the Empress Jito, who also persuaded 108 people to become priests, praying for the recovery of the princess from her illness.

• 日本においても大日本帝国憲法下では天皇家の皇位始め（万世一系）、身分（華族・士族・平民）の世襲が定められており、これを打破するには閨閥を繋ぐ他なかった。
• In Japan, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan stipulated the heredity of the Imperial throne of the Imperial family (unbroken line), and the heredity of a person's social status such as member of the peerage, warrior class or commoner; the only way to overcome this system of differentiation was through marriage and claiming a connection by blood line.

• ただし、間諜といっても、実際には時々命令を受け、江戸市中の情報を将軍に報告したり、身分を隠して地方に赴き情勢を視察したりしていた程度であるとされている。
• Even though they were secret agents, their actual jobs were not so serious, for example, informing the shogun of the news in Edo city and visiting rural areas for inspection with their identity concealed.

• また、士農工商などといわれる身分制度によって武士を支配階級に位置づけた（もっとも士農工商という言葉は当時の階級を正確に表してはいないと指摘されている）。
• Samurai (warriors) were positioned at the governing class in the hierarchy called 'Shinokosho' ('warriors, peasants, artisans and merchants') (Although it is pointed out that the term of 'Shinokosho' was not correctly representing the order of hereditary social status at that time.)

• 旅行者・従者の身分、姓名、年齢、携行品、行き先、旅行目的、交付申請、申請に対する審査、交付年月、交付官司の官職名、氏名等が、過所に記載される内容となる。
• Descriptions such as social status, name, age and belongings, destination, purpose of traveling of traveler and attendant, application for issuance, examination for application, date of issuance, and post and name of government official in charge of issuance were contained in Kasho.

• その反面、信長のように身分や序列を無視した徹底的な能力主義をとることはなく、秀吉のように自らのカリスマ性や金、領地を餌に釣って家臣を増やす事もなかった。
• On the other hand, he did not employ complete meritocracy as Nobunaga did, where social statuses and social orders were ignored, nor did he increase his retainers as Hideyoshi did, based on his own charisma, or by using money or a territory as a lure.

• 父が正室を娶る直前の19歳の時に身分の低い26歳の女中に生ませた子であったため、世間をはばかって家臣の新見正信に預けられ、養子として新見左近を名乗った。
• Because he was born to a 26-year-old low-rank maid when his father, who was about to marry his lawful wife, was 19 years old, he was adopted by Masanobu SHINMI, one of the vassals of the family, and went by the name of Sakon SHINMI.

• 身分的には被差別階層であったが、皮革加工や燈芯(行灯などの火を点す芯)・竹細工等の製造販売に対して独占的な支配を許され、多大な資金を擁して権勢を誇った。
• Although the family belonged to one of the discriminated classes as ever, it was allowed to monopolize the production and distribution of leather goods, toshin (wicks used for paper shade lanterns) and bamboo works, gripping a great reign of power with great funds.

• 明治後、足利将軍家の正当な末裔として爵位を求めたが、領地であった阿波から離脱していたなどの理由をもって却下されたうえ士族にさえ成れず、平民身分とされた。
• In the Meiji Period, they required a peerage as legitimate descendant of the Ashikaga Shogun Family, but not only was it rejected but also they couldn't become even a Shizoku (warrior class), namely, their social status was just a Heimin (commoner) because they left Awa which had been their territory.

• 百姓身分ではあるが、彼らは地域の有力者として支配の末端に位置する庄屋などの村役人に任ぜられたり、あるいはその子弟が足軽（薩摩藩）として用いられたりした。
• Although of peasant status, such individuals held regional power, were appointed as village officials (eg. headman) at the lowest end of the ruling structure, or their children were used as common foot soldier by the Satsuma clan.

• 前項の規定による質問又は立入検査を行う場合においては、当該職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When any question or entry and inspection is made pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, said official shall carry his/her certification for identification and produce it upon request by any relevant person.

• 第一項から第四項までの規定による立入り、質問又は検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• An official carrying out the entry, questioning, or inspection under the provisions of paragraphs (1) to (4) shall carry an identification card and present it to the persons concerned when requested to do so.

• もっとも、江戸時代は身分の上下を問わず家を存続させるための養子が頻繁に行われており、嗣子の絶えた摂家を継ぐため皇族が養子に入った例が3例ある（皇別摂家）。
• However, there were many examples of having adopted children to succeed the family during the Edo period and it did not matter whether someone was higher rank or lower rank, there were three examples of Imperial Family members being adopted to a Regent family who did not have any successors (Kobetsu regent family).

• 但し、(2)と(3)の皇族の身分を離れる親王・王の子孫とその妃については、皇室会議の判断で、皇族の身分を離れないものとすることができる（皇室典範13条）。
• However, regarding the descendants and consorts of descendants of Imperial Princes and Princes who are renouncing their Imperial status mentioned in above clauses 2 and 3, the Imperial Household Council can use their discretion to allow these members to retain their Imperial status (Article 13 of the Imperial House Act).

• 同じ源氏でも公卿として繁栄する系統や、武士や神官となる系統に別れるのは、政治情勢や臣籍降下する者、母方の勢力や身分がその後の官途に大きく左右する為である。
• The reason why some Minamoto clan flourished as nobles while others became samurai and Shinto priests is because their positions were largely dependent on the political situation, who demoted them and their maternal classes and influences.

• 彼らの多くは六位どまりの侍身分の技能官人であったが、上層階級の者は諸大夫身分の一角を占めて四位・五位クラスまで昇り、受領級の官職に任命されるようになった。
• Many of them were technical samurai officers of the sixth rank which was the highest rank for them, but those who were in higher classes dominated a part of shodaibu (aristocracy lower than kugyo) positions, were promoted to the fourth or fifth rank, and were appointed to zuryo-level government positions.

• ②宮本氏が直江より身分的に上位とした承兌は、直江とは連歌をともにしており、また豊臣姓を賜っている直江は陪臣ではないため、二人の身分の上下を測るのは難しい。
• (2) Jotai, who was placed in a status higher than Naoe by Mr. Miyamoto, created linked verses with Naoe, and Naoe to whom the Toyotomi surname was given was not a vavasor, therefore, it is difficult to measure whose status would be higher or lower between the two.

• 道中諸法度（どうちゅうしょはっと）は、道中条目（どうちゅうじょうもく）とも呼ばれ、江戸幕府が大名・公家や幕府役人などの特定身分の者に対して出した交通法規。
• Dochu Shohatto, also referred to as Dochu Jomoku, is traffic regulation issued by the Edo bakufu to people of specific status, such as daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), Court nobles and officials of the bakufu.

• 持明院基久、持明院基征父子は、公家の身分でありながら、大坂の役に参加し大坂城に入城し、最終決戦の天王寺・岡山の戦いで戦死した（落ち延びたという説もある）。
• In spite of the status of the court nobles, Motohisa JIMYOIN and his son Motomasa JIMYOIN participated in the Siege of Osaka; the father and son entered the Osaka-jo Castle and died in the final battle at Tennoji Okayama (some historian says that they escaped alive).

• 前項の規定による質問又は検査を行う場合においては、当該職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、かつ、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When any question or inspection is made pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, said official shall carry his/her certification for identification and produce it upon request by any relevant person.

• 彼女はアハブの名で手紙を書き、彼の印をおして、ナボテと同じように、その町に住んでいる長老たちと身分の尊い人々に、その手紙を送った。 (列王紀1 21:8)
• So she wrote letters in Ahab's name, and sealed them with his seal, and sent the letters to the elders and to the nobles who were in his city, who lived with Naboth. (1 Kings 21:8)

• そこには、前に私が記録した二つの犯罪を連想させる残酷、不思議な特色はなかったが、それでも、事件の本質や依頼人の高い身分が独自の特徴を与えていたからである。
• for, though it was surrounded by none of the grim and strange features which were associated with the two crimes which I have already recorded, still, the nature of the case and the exalted station of his client gave it a character of its own.

• 入国審査官及び入国警備官がその職務を執行する場合においては、法令に特別の規定がある場合のほか、制服を着用し、又はその身分を示す証票を携帯しなければならない。
• Immigration inspectors and immigration control officers shall, when executing their duties, except as otherwise provided by law or regulations, wear their respective uniforms or carry with them a proper identification card indicating their official status.

• 桓武平氏（かんむへいし）は、天長2年（825年）以降に桓武天皇の孫たちのうち身分の低い者が、「平朝臣」を賜姓されて臣籍に下ることによって成立した氏族である。
• The Kanmu-Heishi were established by some lower ranked grandsons of Emperor Kanmu who had been given the honorary surname of 'TAIRA no Ason' upon being demoted from the Imperial family in and after 825.

• 武家政権の誕生以前の日本は、天皇親政、摂関政治、院政など、主に皇族や公家から構成される朝廷機構の中枢から、官人身分の国司を全国に派遣して統治が行われていた。
• In the pre-military government era in Japan, the Imperial Court mechanism, which included the Emperor's direct rule, the government of regents and advisers, and the cloister government and were formed mainly with Imperial families and Court nobles, supported the nucleus of the administration, and thus provincial governors who had authorities of government official were sent all over Japan to rule the nation.

• しかし、義仲が受領（従五位下左馬頭・越後守）任官を果たした（『玉葉』八月十日条）のに対し、頼朝には本来の官位復帰すら与えられず、謀叛人の身分のままとされた。
• However, while Yoshinaka was appointed as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) of Echigo no kami (Provincial Governor of Echigo) whose rank was Samanokami (the head of the section taking care of imperial horses) of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)(according to the section of the 10th day of the 8th month in the 'Gyokuyo'), Yoritomo was not even allowed to regain an official court rank, and his social position as a rebel was retained.

• 赤穂藩浅野家家臣は士分だけでも300名以上いたが、このうち討ち入りに参加したのは46名で（寺坂は士分ではなく足軽身分）、8割以上が討ち入りに参加していない。
• There were more than 300 retainers of the Asano family in Ako Domain; however, those who took part in the raid were 46 (Terasaka was a foot soldier and not in the samurai class), and more than 80% of them did not participate.

• 解放令（かいほうれい）とは、明治4年8月28日 (旧暦)（1871年10月12日）に明治政府が行った穢多非人等の身分の廃止などの旨を記した太政官布告である。
• Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) is the edict of Dajokan (The Grand Council of State) that mainly announced the abolition of the social status system like Eta (a status of group who were the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system and usually involved in handling human bodies or animal carcasses) and Hinin (a status of group who were the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system and often ex-convicts or vagrants) made by the Meiji Government on October 12, 1871.

• 蟄居身分でありながら、これは秀吉の許しもなく駆けつけたものであり一つ間違えれば切腹となるところだったが、秀吉は清正の忠義を賞賛して朝鮮での罪を許したという。
• Regardless of his status of being confined to his house, Kiyomasa hurried to Hideyoshi without the latter's permission, which could have had him ordered to commit seppuku if there was the slightest mistake; however, Hideyoshi is said to have forgiven Kiyomasa for his fault in Korea, praising his loyalty.

• 当時、中央の官職にあぶれた武士身分の下級貴族が多数、地方へ下向してきており、荘官たちは荘園を巡る紛争解決のために、それらの武士貴族と主従関係を築いていった。
• At that time, many lower ranking aristocrats with samurai rank who could not get posts in the central government went down to the provinces, and shokan established heirachichal relationships with them in order to solve conflicts over the manors.

• 第一項及び第二項（それぞれ前項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により立入検査をする職員は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• The ministry official who performs the on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 (including cases where each is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the preceding paragraph) shall carry the certificate indicating his/her status, and present it to the relevant person.

• 何故かというに、この家来の人の「大した高い身分の人」と云った事を思い出し、自分の吟誦を聞きたいと所望された殿様は、第一流の大名に外ならぬと考えたからである。
• for, remembering the retainer's assurance about a 'person of exceedingly high rank,' he thought that the lord who wished to hear the recitation could not be less than a daimyo of the first class.

• この法律は、本邦に在留する外国人の登録を実施することによつて外国人の居住関係及び身分関係を明確ならしめ、もつて在留外国人の公正な管理に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to establish fair control over aliens residing in Japan by clarifying matters pertaining to their residence and status and through the enforcement of the registration of such aliens.

• 明治維新前後に次々に設置された1代限り宮家は、明治初年の廃仏毀釈の風潮に乗って続々と還俗した元門跡たちに、その身分にふさわしい礼遇を与えるためのものであった。
• This was done to ensure that former priests of a monzeki temple were granted the honor befitting their rank even after they returned to secular life as a result of the movement to abolish Buddhism in the early Meiji period, and because of this, one-generation Miyake (house of an imperial prince) sprung up one after another around the time of the Meiji Restoration.

• 天皇・皇后・皇太后に関する事項を登録する大統譜と、その他の皇族に関する事項を登録する皇族譜があり、皇室の身分関係（家族関係）と天皇の血筋である皇統を公証する。
• There are Taitofu (genealogy which states various matters about Emperors and Empresses) to register Emperors, Empresses and Empress Dowagers, and Kozokufu to register things on the other Imperial family members, which notarized the lineage relation of the Imperial family members (family relationships) and the Imperial lineage of the Emperor's genealogy.

• 江戸時代の百姓身分とは、主たる生業が農業・手工業・商業のいずれかであるかを問わず、村に石高を持ち、領主に年貢を納める形で権利義務を承認された身分階層を指した。
• During the Edo period, a farming rank was one of social status in which a farmer had 'kokudaka' (crop yield) in his village and his duties and rights were approved by paying his nengu' (land tax) to the landlord, whichever his regular vocation was agriculture, labor industry, or commerce.

• このように室町時代以降、武士内部に複雑な身分階層が成立していったが、これらは拡大した武士身分の範囲が一応確定された江戸時代の武士内部の身分制度に結実している。
• Likewise, after the Muromachi period, complicated stratification by class formed in bushi, but the expanded range of the samurai status led to the temporarily fixed class system in bushi during the Edo period.

• こうした地侍たちは、安土桃山期の兵農分離（刀狩など）によって郷士や再度、百姓身分に戻り、庄屋・名主・肝煎・番頭など村の指導者としての地位に就くことが多かった。
• In most cases, these Ji-zamurai returned to the position of farmers due to the separation policy of samurai and farmers such as the sword hunt during the Azuchi Momoyama period and took the leaders' position of the villages such as Shoya, Nanushi, Kimoiri, and Banto.

• いわゆる士農工商には属さないが、公家や医師や神人等と同様にあくまでも身分制度上の身分とされる点で、身分制度外に位置付けられる山窩（サンカ）等とは明確に異なる。
• Hinin did not belong to the four-tiered class system of samurai or warrior administrators, farmers, artisans and merchants; however, in terms of social status on the class system like kuge (court noble), doctor, jinin (shrine associates), they clearly differed from Sanka (nomads) who were outcastes.

• 武士階級も一部処罰されているが、武士の処罰は下級身分の者に限られ、最高位でも微禄の旗本しか処罰されていない（もっとも下記にあるように、武士の死罪は出ている）。
• The warrior class was also partially subject to punishment, although this was limited to the lower classes and in the highest ranks only the vassals were punished (however there was a case of a warrior being sentenced to death, see below.)

• 平安時代以降、江戸時代に至るまで官位即ち位階と官職は公家や武家の身分制の中で活用されてきたが、勲等については時代が後になるにつれ用いられることが少なくなった。
• From the Heian period to the Edo period, the official court rank, i.e., the court rank, and the government post were used in the class system of the court nobles and warriors, but the medals for merit gradually fell out of use later in the history.

• しかし、のちに（秀勝存命中）秀吉と対立した佐々成政が娘を秀勝の弟である織田信高に嫁がせていることから、信高の母と同じか下回る身分の女性であったものと思われる。
• However, considering that Narimasa SASSA, who was confronting Hideyoshi, let his daughter married to Nobutaka ODA, a younger brother of Hidekatsu, in later years (when Hidekatsu was alive), it seems that Hidekatsu's mother had a social status equivalent or lower than the mother of Nobutaka.

• 前項の調査を行う者は、その事務所以外の場所において当該調査を行う場合には、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係人の請求があったときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When a person carrying out the research set forth in the preceding paragraph carries out the research at a place other than his/her office, he/she shall carry his/her identification card and produce it when requested by concerned persons.

• 前項に規定する職員は、その事務所以外の場所において登録証明書の提示を求める場合には、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• In cases where the official provided in the preceding paragraph requests the presentation of the registration certificate in a place other than his/her office, he/she shall carry with him/her an identification card showing his/her official status and present it upon request.

• 題材は（米朝見解による）狭義の人情噺同様、町人の世界を舞台にするが、親子愛、夫婦の情愛、江戸っ子ないしは浪花っ子の人情、身分違いの悲恋など情に訴えるものを扱う。
• (According to Beicho's opinion,) similarly as narrowly defined Ninjo-banashi, their stage is in the world of townspeople, and features love between parents and children, love among a couple, humanity of a typical person from Edo or Naniwa, tragic love between different classes, and other sentimental things.

• 国衙軍制と武士身分が確立する過程で、初期の武士が自分たちの地位確立を目指して行った条件闘争が武装蜂起にまで拡大し、平将門と藤原純友らによる承平天慶の乱に至った。
• Through the process of the establishment of the kokuga forces system and the samurai status, the conditional strike, which was originally started by the first samurai to establish their position, turned into an armed uprising, resulting in the Johei-Tengyo Revolt fought by FUJIWARA no Sumitomo and TAIRA no Masakado.

• 幕府の役所の下役で一代限り雇用名目の者達のうち、与力は本来は寄騎、つまり戦のたびに臨時の主従関係を結ぶ武士に由来する騎馬戦士身分で「侍」、同心は「徒士」である。
• Among those who worked under the bakufu's office and were nominally hired only in one generation, the '与力' (yoriki, a police sergeant) was originally '寄騎' (yoriki, lower-ranked samurai), that is, they were in the class of cavalry warriors who came from the bushi who established a temporal master-subordinate relationship every time war happened and were 'samurai,' and doshin (a police constable) were 'kachi.'

• また、上意討ち・無礼打ちに理不尽を感じた者は、両者にどのような身分差があれど（たとえ上司であっても）、脇差でならたとえ殺すことになっても刃向かうことも許された。
• Any person who felt Joiuchi (kill of offender) or Bureiuchi (kill of dishonor) outrageousness was allowed to fight against or even kill his enemy using a short sword however overcoming their status distinctions were (even the enemy was his superior).

• 歌合などでは、小貴族であっても和歌の腕がよければ選ばれて光栄に浴することも出来たので、身分の低い参加者のうちには文字通り命がけの覚悟で歌を練るものもいたと言う。
• Since even minor nobles would be able to have the honor of being selected if they were skilled at waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), especially utaawase, it is said that some of the people of low birth were desperate to come up with good poems, literally for their lives.

• 1990年代ごろになると、こうした士農工商像を批判的に検証し、同時代の一次史料に基づく実証的な研究によって、新たな江戸時代の身分制度像が提示されるようになった。
• Around 1990s, an empirical study, which critically verified the above-mentioned concept of shi-no-ko-sho and used the primary sources of the same period as a basis, started to present a new concept of the class system in the Edo period.

• 老中が各奉行から伺いが立てられた刑事事件に関する事案を評定所に諮問し、その答申である評議書を犯罪の事例、犯罪者の身分・年齢・性別などのよって分類・整理したもの。
• It was the documents by classifying and sorting Hyogisho, the reports of the criminal cases which each bugyo (magistrate) had asked the roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) to consult Hyojosho (conference chamber), by the case of crime, and the status, age, and gender of criminal, and so on.

• 明和7年（1770年）6代目直益は郷士の株を買い長男・直海を郷士坂本家の初代とし、名字帯刀、すなわち公認の名字を名乗り身分表象として二本差す身分にたどりついた。
• In 1770, the sixth generation Naomasu bought a stock for the title of Goshi and appointed his first son Naomi to become the first generation of goshi SAKAMOTO family, at which point the family reached the social status of Myoji-taito, i.e., to have an accredited family name and as a representation of this status carry two swords.

• 朝業と実朝は身分を越えて親しい間柄となり、建保7年1月27日 (旧暦)（1219年2月20日）に実朝が公暁に暗殺されると、塩谷に戻り出家して信生と号し隠遁した。
• Tomonari and Sanetomo were on very intimate terms exceeding their ranks, and on February 20, 1219 when a Sanetomo was assassinated by Kugyo, Tomonari returned to Shionoya to become a priest titled Shinsho and renounced the world.

• 更に、それ以前の姓に関する記載がないために、それ以前は姓を持たなかったと見られており、実際には白丁（庶民あるいはそれに近い身分）の出身であったと考えられている。
• Additionally because no description of his former kabane is found, it is considered that he had possessed no kabane before and it is supposed that he in fact came from hakucho (ordinary people or people in social statuses near to ordinary people).

• 当該職員は、前項の規定による立入り、質問、検査又は収去（以下「立入検査等」という。）をする場合には、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者に提示しなければならない。
• Said staff members must, when entering, questioning, inspecting or removing under the provisions of the preceding paragraph (hereinafter referred to as 'On-Site Inspections') carry a certificate for identification and produce it to the people concerned.

• 当時は戦功の証として、敵の高級将校は死体の首（漢語では頭のこと）をとって検分したが、一揆（兵農分離前の農民軍）や足軽など身分の低いものは鼻（耳）でその数を証した。
• In those days, soldiers brought back the heads of high-ranked enemy officers that they had killed to have them examined as evidence of the achievement, and farmer soldiers or low ranked soldiers brought back noses (ears) to prove how many of the enemy soldiers they had killed.

• よく言われるように貴族に仕える存在として認識された武士を侍と呼んだと言うよりもむしろ、上層武士を除く大多数の武士が侍身分の一角を形成したと言った方が正確であろう。
• It is more accurate to say that the majority of bushi, except for upper-class bushi, formed a part of the samurai status, rather than that the bushi who were recognized as those who served the aristocrats were called samurai, as they say.

• それに加え、家族の身分関係の変動（婚姻、養子縁組など）について戸主の同意を必要とするものがあったため、家族が家を去るか否かにつき戸主の意向に左右されることになる。
• In addition, regarding changes of status (due to marriage, adoption or other backgrounds) family members need agreement of their head of a family, so the decision of leaving the household is made by the head of the family.

• 本来、官職はその国家的仕事に直結し、自己の身分を示すのは位階であったが、官職が身分や家柄を示すようになったため、官位相当という令制以来の原則にも変化が現れ始めた。
• Originally, government posts were directly connected with national jobs and it was Ikai that showed their social status; but because the posts started to symbolize their social and family status, the fundamental rules of Kanisoto (Kani matching), which had existed since the beginning of the Ritsuryo system (the system of centralized administration established under the Ritsuryo codes), started to change.

• 修理大仏司の長官は兼任として行隆ともう一人、異例ながら身分の低い官務家の小槻隆職が長官として任ぜられ、また後に、次官小槻有頼、判官大江国通、主典仲原資広がついた。
• The posts of director for repair of the Great Buddha were assumed concurrently by Yukitaka and extraordinarily by OTSUKI no Takamoto, who was in the lower official position while OTSUKI no Ariyori took the post of deputy director, Kunimichi OE the third-highest ranking post, and Sukehiro NAKAHARA the forth-highest ranking post.

• 女楽：若菜・下巻にある女楽を模して行うことになったが、紫の上に東の御方、女三宮に祖父隆親の娘があてられ、二条は一番身分の低い明石の御方として琵琶を弾くこととなる。
• Onnagaku: An onnagaku is held imitating the one held in the second volume of Wakana ('New Herbs,' a book from 'The Tale of Genji'), in which the lady of the east wing represents Murasaki-no-ue (Lady Murasaki), the daughter of Nijo's grandfather, Takachika, represents Onnasan-no-miya (the Third Princess), and Lady Nijo herself, playing the Biwa lute, represents Akashi-no-okata (Lady Akashi), the most humble of the three.

• しかし、中期以降（特に島津重豪の藩政改革以降）、「鹿児島衆中」は「城下士」と呼ばれるようになり、「城下士」と「郷士」の間には厳格な身分差意識が誕生したといわれる。
• However, from the middle of the Edo period onwards (especially after Shigehide SHIMAZU instituted reformation of domain responsibilities), the 'Kagoshima shuchu' (literally meaning samurai resident in the Kagoshima area) were given the title 'jokashi' (literally meaning samurai outside the castle) which brought about an awareness of rigid status distinctions between 'Jokashi' and 'Goshi'.

• 因みに日本刀は他の武器とは異なり、平安時代より一貫して自身が持つ武器であるが、これは身分を示すものとして佩用されるのが主な理由で、実用としては副武装の位置にある。
• In addition, unlike other arms, a Japanese sword was consistently worn in person from the Heian period mainly to show social status, and was regarded as a supplementary outfit for practical purposes.

• 日本にて発行された身分証明書（運転免許証・各種健康保険被保険者証・各種年金手帳ならびに証書・パスポート・在留カードまたは外国人登録証明書）をお持ちでご提示頂ける方
• Holder of identification (e.g. driver's license, health insurance certificates, pension books or certificates, Resident Card / alien resident registration card) issued in Japan, and able to show proof of such identification,

• 高野山真言宗では住職には任期がなく、終身制を採っていたが、高齢などの理由で住職を辞した場合、辞した住職は、厳密にいうと身分上、その住職が務めていた寺院の徒弟となる。
• Koyasan Shingon sect did not have the term of the chief priest, and it had a lifetime system, but when the chief priest leave his service due to old age or other reasons, he would be an apprentice in the temple where he used to serve.

• 皇太子・皇太孫を除く親王・内親王・王・女王は、やむを得ない特別の事由があるときは、本人の意思に関わらず、皇室会議の判断で、皇族の身分を離れる（皇室典範11条2項）。
• If there are compelling reasons, Imperial Princes, Imperial Princesses, Princes and Princesses – excluding the Crown Prince and the Son of the Crown Prince – can lose their Imperial status regardless of the their own will, based on the decision made by the Imperial Household Council (Clause 2, Article 11 of the Imperial Household Act).

• 律令法の身分制度は人民を良・賤（せん）に二大別することを特徴とし、両者の中間に大化前代の部民（べのたみ）の後身である品部（しなべ）、雑戸（ざつこ）の身分がおかれた。
• The class system under ritsuryo law is characterized by the division of the people roughly into two groups, ryo (law-abiding people)/sen (humble or lowly people), and shinabe (technicians in offices) with zakko (special technicians) who were descendants of benotami (officers and people serving the Yamato dynasty) from pre-Taika era placed in between them.

• これ以外で武士の身分を得るには、正統な武士身分の者の郎党となってその家伝来の武芸の伝授を受け、さらに新たに独立の家を起こすに当たって家芸の継承権を得るしかなかった。
• To obtain the samurai status except for this, he had to become a roto of a man with authentic samurai status, receive the instruction of traditional military art in the family and get the right to succeed the iegei, so as to establish a newly independent family.

• 特に下克上が一般化する以前においてこの認識が強く、戦国時代 (日本)の豊臣秀吉のように、百姓その他武士身分以外出身の人物は当然、武士として認められるはずがなかった。
• Especially before gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became common, such a point of view dominated and thus, like Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), a person originating from farmers or from a status not of samurai status could not admitted as bushi by definition.

• また、この1591年に豊臣秀吉によって出された身分統制令の中にも人掃令と共通する項目があり、その方針の更なる徹底を図ったのが翌年の人掃令発令の意図とする見方もある。
• As the Occupation Control Edict (Mibuntoseirei) TOYOTOMI Hideyoshi ordered in 1591 and the Expulsion Edict have some common policies, some suppose that the Expulsion Edict was issued to increase enforcement of the policy.

• しかし実際には当主は生活苦から各地の大名を頼って転々とし、邸宅の施設は荒廃して、京都の人々は身分の上下を問わずに勝手に邸内に侵入して庭や池を見て楽しむ有様であった。
• In reality, the lord of the Nijo family, who lived in poverty, had to rely on the protections of daimyo (feudal lords), moving across the country from one to another, and the residence was dilapidated to the point where the people of Kyoto, regardless of their classes, entered the compound freely and enjoyed looking at the garden and the pond.

• 近世の大和民族は、世界的に見ても識字率が高い民族であり、江戸時代に海外から来日した外国人は、大和民族が身分や男女の別なく文字が読める事を驚きと共に本国に伝えている。
• In modern times, the Yamato race has such a high literacy rate on a global basis that a foreigner who came to Japan in the Edo period reported that he was surprised that the Yamato people were able to read regardless of their status or sex.

• 検疫所長及び検疫官は、この法律の規定による職務を行うときは、制服を着用し、且つ、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係者の要求があるときは、これを呈示しなければならない。
• Quarantine station chiefs and quarantine officers shall wear uniforms and carry identification cards with him/her when he/she conducts his/her duties, and shall present them upon the request of the person concerned.

• 畳は起源的には寝具であったが、平安時代の貴族社会では、そこに座る人の身分地位を表す厳密な用い方が定められ、身分の高い人ほど座る畳も広く厚さも厚く、畳を重ねて使用した。
• Tatami mats were originally a bed and in the aristocratic society during the Heian period strict usage showing the status of the person who was seated there was established as a person with higher status used larger, thicker and more tatami mats.

• 国民には、江戸時代の自由の制限をなくし、身分の撤廃を行い四民平等とし、日本全国の行き来の自由を認め、職業の選択の自由や、散髪帯刀の自由など様々なことを改革していった。
• With regard to the citizens, the government lifted various restrictions on freedoms that existed during the Edo period whereby the social standing system was abolished and replaced by one that made all people equal, as well as various other reforms such as freedom to travel across the country, freedom to choose occupations, freedom to have closely cut hair and freedom to carry a sword in belt.

• 罪状が書かれた木の捨札や紙で出来た幟、刺股や槍を持った非人身分の雑色が周りを固め、南北町奉行所の与力と同心が検視役として罪人を挟む形で後ろを固め、江戸市中を辿った。
• The criminal was paraded through the streets of Edo, surrounded by zoshiki (town officials), whose social status was hinin (the people who belonged to none of the four 'classes' of the Edo period and were therefore considered outcasts), who carried such articles as a wooden 'sutefuda' on which the details about the crime were written, paper banners, two-pronged weapons and spears, with a group of coroners consisting of yoriki (police sergeants) and doshin (police constables) of South or North town magistrate's office of Edo who guarded the rear part of the procession sandwiching the criminal.

• また、武家や民間に対してはそれぞれの家業への専念と維持、継承に努めさせることをそれぞれの家職とし、それを社会全体に徹底させることで身分統制・社会秩序維持の手段とした。
• In addition, for the buke and public, the government considered devotion and maintaining each family's Kagyo (family business) as their Kashoku and made this widespread throughout society to make this a method of controlling class and maintaining societal order.

• いつごろまで経済的優遇が実体を伴っていたかは不明であるが以後、時代が下るにつれ、次第に経済的優遇としての准后から身分上の優遇を目的とした称号へと転化することとなった。
• It is unknown as to what extent economically favorable treatment was of any substance, but since then and in more recent years its meaning gradually transformed from Jugo as an economically favorable treatment into a title intended for preferential treatment in status.

• 室町幕府は御家人制度を採らなかったが、御家人は将軍直参の武士の身分を示す用語としてしばしば用いられ、戦国時代 (日本)には転じて一部の戦国大名の家臣を指す言葉となる。
• The Muromachi bakufu did not adopt the gokenin (samurai retainer) system but the word 'gokenin' was frequently used for those samurai who were immediate followers of the shogun, and was a term used to refer to retainers of some daimyo (feudal lords) during the Warring States period.

• 弘仁12年2月17日 (旧暦)（811年3月15日）に官位相当が従五位下に引き上げられ、諸博士の筆頭であった明経博士を追い越して大学寮の教官で唯一の貴族身分とされた。
• The status of monjo hakase was raised to be equivalent to the official court rank of Jugoinoge (junior fifth rank, lower grade) on March 15, 811, passing myogyo hakase, the then highest ranking post among various kinds of hakase, and becoming the only teacher within Daigaku-ryo with a Court noble status.

• 前項の規定により当該職員に臨検検査又は収去をさせる場合においては、これにその身分を示す証票を携帯させ、かつ、関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示させなければならない。
• The Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare or a prefectural governor, etc. shall, when having their officials conduct on-site inspections, or remove articles pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, have them carry their identification and produce it at the request of relevant persons.

• 有力な者を無力な者にするために、この世で身分の低い者や軽んじられている者、すなわち、無きに等しい者を、あえて選ばれたのである。 (コリント人への第一の手紙 1:28)
• and God chose the lowly things of the world, and the things that are despised, and the things that are not, that he might bring to nothing the things that are: (1 Corinthians 1:28)

• こんな身分を何もせずに失いたくありませんでした、で、あなたがね、貧乏人でも困っていたら親切に助言してくれるって聞いていたもんで、まっすぐにこちらへ来たってわけです。」
• I did not wish to lose such a place without a struggle, so, as I had heard that you were good enough to give advice to poor folk who were in need of it, I came right away to you.'

• 前条第一項の規定により障害物を伐除しようとする者又は土地に試掘等を行なおうとする者は、その身分を示す証明書及び市町村長又は都道府県知事の許可証を携帯しなければならない。
• Individuals who intend to fell or remove obstacles or to conduct test drilling etc. pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), Article 26 must carry identification cards and written permission from the Mayors of the municipalities or the Prefectural governors.

• 第一項の場合において種苗業者の要求があったときは、同項の規定により集取をする種苗管理センター又は家畜改良センターの職員は、その身分を示す証明書を提示しなければならない。
• In the case referred to in paragraph (1) of this Article, officials of the NCSS or the NLBC performing the collection pursuant to the provisions of the said paragraph shall, if the seed dealer so requests, show a certificate to identify his/her status.

• 平和な時代が続き、庶民が次第に力を蓄え武士以上の豪奢な着物を着用するようになると、江戸幕府は士農工商身分確定のために躍起となって次々と禁令を発したのは先述の通りである。
• As aforementioned, common folks were gradually empowered as peace continued, some of them wore more gorgeous kimono than the bushi class, Edo bakufu shogunate tried vehemently to ban luxurious kimono one after another in order to fix class distinctions.

• 日本に紅が伝来する前の古墳時代において身を飾る赤といえば丹や朱と呼ばれる鉱物性の顔料であり、多くは身分の高い男性が顔や体に塗りつけ己の生命力を増強する目的で用いられた。
• In the Kofun (tumulus) period, beni had not been introduced into Japan yet and people used mineral pigments such as minium and cinnabar to decorate their bodies with red, and noble men mainly applied such pigments to their faces and bodies in order to enhance their vitality.

• 『承久記』など旧来の説では、これは「官打ち」（身分不相応な位にのぼると不幸になるという考え）などの呪詛調伏の効果であり、後鳥羽上皇は実朝の死を聞いて喜悦したとしている。
• According to the explanation given in the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era) and other ancient sources, this resulted from the curse of 'getting too big for one's breeches' (the idea that if someone rose to an official post beyond what was appropriate for them, disaster would occur); when the retired Emperor Gotoba heard of Sanetomo's death, he was inordinately pleased.

• また、中世になり武門の家が確立した後でも、それとは別に朝廷の武官に相当する職種が一応存在したが、たとえこの官職を得ても、武士身分出身でなければ武士とは認められなかった。
• And even after the military families were established in medieval times, apart from this, the post corresponding to the military officer in the Imperial Court existed, but he could not be admitted as bushi unless coming from samurai status even though he got the government post.

• これは地方の領主達にとって負担も確かに大きいものの、一方で「ハレ」の場であり、中央の勢力とのコネクションを得る為にもと意気込み、それがまた「武士身分の獲得」ともなった。
• While it proved to be a heavy burden for district lords, it was the place of 'hare' (the non-ordinary space and time of ceremonies), and they were eager to obtain power and connections of the central government, and also attain the 'establishment of samurai social status.'

• 非人（ひにん）は、主に、(1)日本中世の特定職能民・芸能民の呼称であり、次第に被差別民の呼称となり、(2)江戸時代には、穢多（えた、長吏）とともに賎民身分の呼称である。
• The term Hinin is used to describe mainly (1) persons who worked in special occupations or as entertainers in feudal Japan; however they gradually became victims of discrimination, and (2) in the Edo Period, Hinin as well as Eta (Chori) were described as people of the lower classes.

• 一君万民論（いっくんばんみんろん）はただ一人の君主にのみ生来の権威・権限を認め、その他の臣下・人民の間には原則として一切の差別・身分差を認めないとする思想・主張である。
• Ikkunbanmin-ron is a theory in which constitutional authority is given to only one ruler, and under this sovereignty any discrimination and distinction from social status shold not be allowed among all other people.

• 彼は司祭を志して有馬のセミナリヨに学んでいたが、当時のセミナリヨは信仰堅固である程度の家柄の子弟しか入学させなかったので、それなりの身分の家の出身であったと考えられる。
• He intended to become a priest and studied at a Seminario (Seminary) in Arima, but Seminario at the time only allowed sons that had strong religious belief who were from a certain level of family lineage, and Juliao may have been from a family befitting to that certain social status.

• 旧来の新羅の身分制度は首都金城（慶州市）を中心とする新羅官位制度と、地方豪族を序列化する新羅官位制度との二本立てであったが、674年には外位を廃止して京位に一本化した。
• The traditional class system in Silla was composed of the capital rank system mainly used in the capital Geumseong (Gyeongju City) and the local rank system used for a hierarchy of powerful local clans, but in 674 the hierarchy system for local clans was abolished for unification with the capital system.

• 前項の規定によつて立入調査を行う当該職員は、厚生労働省令の定めるところにより、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、且つ、関係人の請求があるときは、これを呈示しなければならない。
• A relevant official who conducts on-site investigations pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall carry his/her identification and present it when requested to do so by a person concerned, pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

• 委員会職員は、この章の規定により質問、検査、領置、臨検、捜索又は差押えをするときは、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係者の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• FTC staff members shall, when conducting questioning, inspection, retention, visit, search, or seizure pursuant to the provisions of this Chapter, carry identification cards that indicate their identity and produce them upon request by a person concerned.

• 当時は床の間、棚、付書院を備え、座敷を荘厳する書院造が確立され、身分の序列や格式を維持する役割も持つような時代であったが、茶人たちは格式ばった意匠や豪華な装飾をきらった。
• At that time, shoin-zukuri, containing an impressive room furnished with an alcove, shelf, and tsukeshoin (a built-in table) were already established, with its role in maintaining hierarchy and status, but masters of ceremonial tea disliked formal designs and gorgeous decoration.

• これは、住職を辞して後も引き続き寺院に居住して、後継の住職に対して指導・教育に当たるとき、身分上と言えども、寺院の徒弟（前住職）が住職に指導するということになってしまう。
• When the chief priest continues to live in the temple to educate a successive one after the retirement from the chief priest, even in the terms of the status, the apprentice (previous chief priest) in the temple would teach a chief priest.

• 特に身分の高い武家や公家の姫君の側近くに仕える、五、六歳から十二歳ぐらいの「お小姓」（大名などに仕える武家の少年使用人である小姓とは別）と呼ばれる少女によく結われた髪型。
• This hairstyle was worn by the girls called 'Okosho' (it is different from child servants of samurai family called 'Kosho,' who paged to daimyo [Japanese feudal lord] and so on), who was aged between five or six and 12 years old and attended on a daughter of a high-ranking samurai or a court noble.

• 士農工商を春夏秋冬に当てはめるのは五行思想と関連していると思われるが、四季という循環性のあるものになぞらえ、身分を階級序列というよりは順次並列させているところが興味深い。
• The comparison of shi-no-ko-sho to spring, summer, autumn, and winter may be associated with the concept of Wuxing (The Five Practices), and it is quite interesting that shi-no-ko-sho are compared to a cycle of four seasons so as to arrange the social statuses in a row instead of putting them in a hierarchical order.

• 元の身分は下僕に近い極めて低いものであったが、高杉晋作の奇兵隊に参加したことで出世の糸口を掴んだ（中間出身の彼がもし他藩に生まれていれば出世は有り得なかったと考えられる。
• Although his original class was as low as that of a footman, participation in Kihei-tai, an unconventional battalion led by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, gave him an opportunity to succeed (It is believed that he wouldn't have been able to succeed if he, as one from a chugen family, had been born in a different domain.

• 留学生は薩長土肥の高官や明治維新の功績者の子弟が中心であり、特権的な留学による身分の固定化への危惧や優秀な学生の機会獲得のため、九鬼は文部省の方針に積極的に賛同していた。
• Since people studying abroad were mostly the children of high officers from Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen, or the children of people who made a great contribution to the Meiji Restoration, Kuki strongly agreed to the government policy in order to prevent the social classes from cementing due to privileged overseas education as well as to provide opportunities to all gifted students.

• 当時は采女といって身分の低い女性が高貴な者に奉仕することがふつうだったので、采女である新笠がたまたま白壁王の目に止まり、枕席に侍り情を受けたというのが真相ではあるまいか。
• At that time, it was common for low-ranking ladies-in-waiting to serve persons of noble status, and it is probably true that Niigasa who served as a lady-in-waiting would occasionally catch the eye of Shirakabe no Okimi, attended at his bedside, and received his affection.

• 「多くの裁判事件で同じような訴えでも強い者が勝ち、弱い者が負ける不公平を無くし、身分の高下にかかわらず、えこひいき無く公正な裁判をする基準として作ったのがこの式目である。
• Yasutoki wrote, 'This Shikimoku was produced as the criteria by which to abolish the unfairness that persons with power win and persons without power lose for nearly the same charges in many lawsuits, and to hold fair trials without any favoritism regardless of the positions of such persons.'

• 国税庁、国税局又は税務署の当該職員は、前項の規定による質問又は検査をする場合には、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The relevant official of the National Tax Agency, the Regional Taxation Bureau, or the Tax Office shall, when asking questions or conducting an inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, carry an identification card and present it to the person concerned when requested

• 彼らはイスラエル人であって、子たる身分を授けられることも、栄光も、もろもろの契約も、律法を授けられることも、礼拝も、数々の約束も彼らのもの、 (ローマ人への手紙 9:4)
• who are Israelites; whose is the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the service, and the promises; (Romans 9:4)

• 孔丘（孔子、紀元前551年‐紀元前479年）は実力主義が横行し身分制秩序が解体されつつあった周末、魯国に生まれ、周初への復古を理想として身分制秩序の再編と仁道政治を掲げた。
• Kokyu (Koshi, 551 B.C. - 479 B.C.) was born in Lu at the end of the Zhou period when the merit system was widespread and public order based upon social status was beginning to collapse, and he advocated the reorganization of public order based upon social status and politics of humanity, ideally returning to the beginning of the Zhou period.

• このような身分移動を根拠に、江戸時代にある種の「自由」を見る考え方もあるが、身分制は、枠組みとしては強固であり、ある程度の流動性を前提にした柔軟性の高いシステムなのである。
• Some people seem to think that there was a kind of 'freedom' in the Edo period based on this class mobility, however, the class system was a rigid framework that was also a highly flexible system which allowed for mobility.

• そのため、研究者の間では様々な呼び方があり、「身分解放令」「賎民解放令」と呼ぶ例、中には「解放」の名称を使用せず「賤称廃止令」「廃称令」「廃止令」などと呼称する人々もいる。
• Therefore the edict is called in various names among researchers, some calling it 'edict of emancipation of the class system' or 'edict of emancipation of lower class people' and other calling it without the word 'emancipation' 'edict of abolition of names of lower class people ', 'edict of abolition of status names', or 'edict of abolition'.

• 労働者派遣の役務の提供を受ける者は、派遣労働者の国籍、信条、性別、社会的身分、派遣労働者が労働組合の正当な行為をしたこと等を理由として、労働者派遣契約を解除してはならない。
• No person receiving Worker Dispatching services shall cancel a worker dispatch contract on the grounds of a Dispatched Worker's nationality, creed, sex or social status or his/her having engaged in proper labor union activities, etc.

• 国税庁、国税局又は税務署の当該職員は、第九項の規定による質問又は検査をする場合には、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The relevant official of the National Tax Agency, the Regional Taxation Bureau, or the Tax Office shall, when asking questions or conducting an inspection pursuant to the provision of paragraph (9), carry an identification card and present it to the person concerned when requested.

• 国税庁、国税局又は税務署の当該職員は、第八項の規定による質問又は検査をする場合には、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• The relevant official of the National Tax Agency, the Regional Taxation Bureau, or the Tax Office shall, when asking questions or conducting an inspection pursuant to the provision of paragraph (8), carry an identification card and present it to the person concerned when requested.

• 第三十八条、第三十九条又は前条第四項から第六項までの規定により当該業務に従事する職員は、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係人の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• Any staff member who is engaged in said services pursuant to the provisions of Article 38, Article 39, or the preceding Article, paragraph (4) to paragraph (6) inclusive shall carry an identification card and show it upon request by any person concerned.

• しかし、皇統譜には、大統譜（たいとうふ）と皇族譜（こうぞくふ）があり、大統譜には天皇・皇后・皇太后の身分に関する事項が、皇族譜にはその他の皇族の身分に関する事項が登録される。
• However, the Kotofu consists of the Taitofu and the Kozokufu, and the Taitofu registers entries concerning statuses of Emperor, Empress and Empress Dowager, whereas the Kozokufu registers entries concerning statuses of the other Imperial Family members.

• 吉良家と今川家から管領や侍所が1人も出ていないのはこのためである（これらの役職は「家臣の仕事」であり、足利宗家の継承権を持つ両家の者は管領などに任じられる身分ではなかった）。
• For this reason, members of the Kira and Imagawa clans did not become kanrei (shogunal deputy) or Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) (these positions were 'jobs of vassals' and the members of both the clans with the right of succession to the head family of Ashikaga had too high social status to be assigned to kanrei and so on).

• 1869年（明治2年）の版籍奉還の後、藩に属する者の身分階級は華族（元大名・徳川将軍家などの知藩事）、士族（旗本、藩士、上級郷士）、卒族（足軽・同心などの軽輩）に編成された。
• After the return of lands and people to the emperor in 1869, the status of those belonging to the clan was classified into the peerage (Chihanji such as a former daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Tokugawa Shogun family), the warrior class (hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun), a feudal retainer of domain, and upper-ranking goshi (country samurai)), low-ranking samurai called sotsuzoku (keihai (a person of low rank) such as ashigaru (common foot soldier) and doshin (a police constable)).

• これらの動きにより、領家職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領家が現れるなど、従来の身分格差に応じた体系が崩れだし、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなった。
• As a result of such movements, jito that held the right of ryoke shiki (as an economical right as a lord of manor) and ryoke that held Jitoshiki appeared, with the conventional structure beginning to collapse and the role of ryoke shiki or jito shiki would greatly change.

• 江戸時代には商人資本の成長や農村への商品経済の浸透、それらによる身分制の変質など、村落共同体の動揺は一揆や打ちこわしを招き、幕府や諸藩は幕政改革や藩政改革を行い再編を試みる。
• During the Edo period, the growth of merchant capital and the penetration of the commodity economy to agricultural villages contributed to the transformation of the hierarchy of village communities, which, however, caused such turmoils in the community as uprising peasants and destructive riots, and compelled both Bakufu (shogunate) government and Han (local domain) governments to try to reform their political systems.

• 大化の改新ののち、律令国家の形成におよぶと、古代の戸籍制度によって、氏姓はかつての部民（べみん）、つまり一般民衆にまで拡大され、すべての階層の国家身分を表示するものとなった。
• When Japan formed a nation under the ritsuryo codes after the Taika Reforms, the clan names and the hereditary titles became given to Bemin (people who belonged to the Yamato Dynasty); in other words, the system of clans and hereditary system was expanded to the general public and Uji and Kabane came to a way to reveal one's social position in the hierarchy of the state.

• それでも、義家の声望は依然として高く、承徳2年（1098年）法皇は義家に院の昇殿を許し、義家は感激したが、武士の身分を低く見る当時の公卿社会はこれすらも納得しない風潮だった。
• Nevertheless, Yoshiie maintained high reputation and the Cloistered Emperor allowed him access to the imperial court in 1098, with which he was moved, but the climate at that time was such that the Kugyo (high court noble) community which considered the social status of samurai to be low did not take it well.

• わたしたちに、イエス・キリストによって神の子たる身分を授けるようにと、御旨のよしとするところに従い、愛のうちにあらかじめ定めて下さったのである。 (エペソ人への手紙 1:5)
• having predestined us for adoption as children through Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his desire, (Ephesians 1:5)

• 父の白壁王の即位後も母の高野新笠が身分の低い帰化氏族和氏出身であったため、立太子は望まれておらず、当初は官僚としての出世を目指しており、侍従・大学頭・中務卿などを歴任していた。
• Due to the mother's humble background of the naturalized clansmen Yamatouji, there was no hope for the Emperor to become a crown prince even after his father, Shirakabe no Okimi's enthronement; but he aimed to succeed as a government bureaucrat and held the position like a palace staff person (jiju), the manager of Daigaku (Daigaku no Kami) and Nakatsukasakyo.

• 麹屋は北野社（現在の北野天満宮）の神人（じにん）身分を得て「麹座」と呼ばれる同業者組合（座）を結成して北野社（本所）の権威を背景に京都西部の麹の製造・販売の独占権を有していた。
• Obtaining the position of jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) at Kitano-sha Shrine (present Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine), the kojiya formed a guild called 'koji-za' and had exclusive rights to produce and sell koji malt in the western part of Kyoto backed by the authority of Kitano-sha Shrine (honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor)).

• 土着国司やその子孫は中央では身分が比較的低い軍事貴族として摂関家などに仕え、また旧郡司層は健児として地方軍事力を支えてきた存在であり、ともに国司へ軍事力を提供する主体であった。
• Local kokushis and their offspring served sekkan-ke (five top court noble families of FUJIWARA family's offspring) as comparatively low-ranking military aristocrats, old gunshi class supported the local military forces as kondei (local military army), and both provided kokushis with the military forces.

• 朝廷が班田制と戸籍制度を基礎にした人民の人別支配を放棄し、名田経営を請け負う田堵負名を通じた間接支配への移行により律令制が解体していく過程で、この身分制も次第に有名無実化した。
• As the imperial court was no longer able to maintain control over the population based on the land allotment system and the family registration system and depended more and more on indirect means of control through rich families (called 'tato fumyo' in Japanese) who were subcontracted for the management of farmland, the Ritsuryo system gradually collapsed and the status system itself was reduced to a nominal existence.

• 嘉永元年（1848年）、土佐沖に現れた外国船に対する海岸防備のために父義平が藩の足軽として徴募され、そのまま城下の七軒町に住むようになり、以蔵自身はこの足軽の身分を継いでいる。
• In 1848, his father Yoshihira was enlisted as the domain's ashigaru (common foot soldier) to guard the seaside against ships from overseas that appeared off the coast of Tosa; he continued to live in Shichiken machi inside the castle town, and Izo himself succeeded the status as ashigaru.

• しかし武家である齋藤家の娘の身分のままでは御所に昇殿するための資格を欠くため、血族であり（春日局は三条西公条の玄孫になる）、また育ての親でもある三条西公国の養女になろうとした。
• But with her pedigree as a daughter of the Saito clan, a warrior house, Kasuga no Tsubone was not qualified to enter the imperial court, so she tried to arrange to be adopted by Kinkuni SANJONISHI, who was both her blood relative (Tsubone was the great-great-grandchild of Kineda SANJONISHI) and had raised her when she was younger.

• 屋形号は室町幕府でも守護以上の身分で遇される足利一門や、代々有力守護であって幕府の重職につく家や特に功績ある家柄、また、国人領主ながら、室町幕府の建設に功労ある家柄に許された。
• Also under the reign of Muromachi bakufu, the yakata-go titles were conferred to such families as of the Ashikaga clan who were treated with higher status than shugo (provincial constables,) and also to the prominent shugo families who had successively been engaged in important posts of the bakufu government or who were credited with some great achievements, as well to kokujin-ryoshu (local samurai lords) credited with their contribution to the establishment of Muromachi bakufu.

• 支配者は統治する一者、あるいは一部族や一身分から構成されていて、その権威を相続や征服によって得たのであって、いずれにせよ被統治者の意向によって保持したわけではありませんでした。
• They consisted of a governing One, or a governing tribe or caste, who derived their authority from inheritance or conquest, who, at all events, did not hold it at the pleasure of the governed,

• 明治になると欧米文化が流入したが上流階級を除き洋装が急速に普及したわけではなく、むしろ身分規制がなくなったことにより庶民が紋服を着用したり、墓石などに家紋を入れるケースが増えた。
• During the Meiji Period, although Western culture was introduced, western clothing did not rapidly become widespread except for among the higher class, and common people instead began to increasingly use Kamon for example, on Mompuku (clothing decorated with one's family crest) and tombstones, thanks for the abolishment of the caste system.

• その範囲は、中央官制・法制・宮廷・身分制・地方行政・金融・流通・産業・経済・教育・外交・宗教政策など多岐に及び、日本をアジアで最初の西洋的国家体制を有する近代国家へと変貌させた。
• The restoration affected all areas of life, such as the organization of the central government, legislation, the Imperial court, the class system, the local administration, the distribution system, industry, education, diplomacy, and religious policy, and effectively converted Japan into the first Western-style modern state in Asia.

• これは世襲によって終身の議員身分が保証された公爵議員・侯爵議員や天皇の直接任命による勅撰議員の存在によって選挙による議席の大幅拡大が望めない貴族院においては驚異的な数字であった。
• This was a surprising number in the House of Peers because large increasing in the number of seats through election was unlikely due to the presence of duke and marquis members whose positions were secured for life by heredity and members directly nominated by the Emperor.

• 江戸時代に様々に差別されてきた穢多・非人などの身分及び呼称（とそれに伴う死牛馬取得権など）が1871年（明治4年）8月28日の太政官布告（解放令）で一挙に廃止されることになった。
• Such social status and naming as Eta and Hinin and the like (as well as acquisition rights of carcasses of beasts accompanying them) were to be abolished at once by Dajokan fukoku (proclamation of Kaiho Rei by Grand Council of State) on August 28, 1871.

• 秀吉が猿と呼ばれたのは、関白就任後の落書などの中で「どこの馬の骨とも分からない身分の低い生まれ」という意味の皮肉として使われた「さる関白」という表現に由来するものという説もある。
• There is an another view that his nickname Saru originated from a graffiti after installation of Kanpaku, which said 'Saru (that) Kanpaku' used as an irony to mean 'he was born from lowly class which nobody knows'.

• 寛子の母祇子は素性がはっきりせず、母方の血統を重んじた当時身分低い女性から生まれたことは貴族社会において不利であったが、子女に恵まれなかった頼通にとっては待ちに待った娘であった。
• The origin of the mother of Kanshi was uncertain, and it was to her disadvantage in the aristocratic society that she was born from a lady of low birth when the social standing of a mother was greatly stressed at that time, but she was a daughter whom Yorimichi had longed for for a long time.

• 7人扶持18石に合力米300石が支給され、熊本城東部に隣接する千葉城に屋敷が与えられ、家老以上の身分でなければ許可されない鷹狩りが許されるなど客分としては破格の待遇で迎えられる。
• In Kumamoto, he was treated incredibly well as a guest (without becoming a vassal); he was given a rice stipend of sichi-nin fuchi eighteen koku (3.25 cubic meters, equivalent of an annual rice stipend for seven vassals), goryokumai (rice given to help the poor) 300 koku (54.12 cubic meters), and a residence in Chiba-jo Castle (east of Kumamoto-jo Castle), what's more, he was allowed to practice falconry which usually only vassals in the status over Karo (chief retainer) were allowed to do.

• このため、院家は平民出身の凡僧とは格別した身分的特権が与えられるようになるとともに、その実家の財政力を背景に既存の院家を獲得あるいは新規に創設することが盛んに行われるようになった。
• For this reason, as inge were granted rights separate to ordinary monks of common lineage, it became popular for monks from wealthy families to obtain existing inge sub-temples or establish new inge sub-temples.

• そのため、狂言作者は劇場に所属する身分であるものの、大名題は、その中の一人を、恒常的に祝儀をはずんだり日頃の生活の面倒を見るなどして、自己の事実上の専属とすることが一般的であった。
• Kyogen writers themselves belong to a theater, but it was common for them to choose Onadai (a top actor) from among the actors there and make him exclusively work for them by tipping much and giving him financial support.

• 賤民の身分は、陵戸、官戸、家人古代の家人（けにん）、公奴婢（ぬひ）、私奴婢の5階層に区別され、各階層は同一身分内部で婚姻しなければならないという当色婚の制度によって隔離されていた。
• The senmin (humble or lowly people) class was divided into five ranks, namely, ryoko (imperial tomb guards), kanko (slaves to public ministries), kenin (slaves of nobles), kunuhi (government-owned slaves), and shinuhi (privately-owned slaves), and the ranks were segregated by a tojikikon system where marriage must be between those of the same class.

• また、少数であるがカバネを有しない白丁身分（庶民）の子弟であっても入学が許された例も存在している（天平年間に設置された文章生・明法生の採用規定に「白丁雑任の子」と規定されていた）。
• Also, although few in number, there were cases in which common children of hakucho (inferior servant) status, who did not have kabane, were allowed to enter Daigaku-ryo (Guidelines on recruitment of monjosho [students of literary studies] and myobosho [students of law studies], which were drawn up in the Tenpyo era [from 729 to 749], stated that 'children of hakucho and zonin' [lower-ranking government officials] were qualified).

• また、百姓身分の活動の場であった在地の村社会から人材を引き抜く形で近代的第二次産業、第三次産業が成立し、近代的生業との対比としての古来の生業の従事者が百姓であるとする観念も生じた。
• The modern secondary and tertiary industries were established by recruiting people from the local village societies, which were places of the hyakusho rank's activities, and a concept emerged that people who were engaged in conventional vocations in comparison with modern vocations were hyakusho.

• 令外の官が広汎に成立した中世においては、このような現実的な需要を受けて実際的な政務処理を律令法の条項と照らし合わせてその法的側面の補強をおこなう明法家という職務身分家系も登場した。
• In the medieval period when ryoge no kan formed widely, families called Myobo-ke (scholars of the law) with a duty of lawyers emerged responding such realistic demands to reinforce legal aspects of practical governmental affairs by checking them against stipulations of ritsuryo codes.

• 一方、幕府創設以来の御家人達にとって、一段身分が低く、あくまでも北条家の家臣に過ぎない内管領・御内人が権勢を振るう事への反発は強く、それら外様御家人層の多くが泰盛方に加わっていた。
• On the other hand, Gokenins since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu were offended by Uchi-Kanrei and Miuchibito since Uchi-kanreia holding the reins of power despite they were of lower ranks than Gokenin and, as a result, most of tozama gokenin (nonhereditary lower-ranking vassal in the Kamakura period) joined Yasumori's party.

• 太閤検地と刀狩は税制を確立させ、兵農分離と身分の格差を徹底させて江戸時代の幕藩体制の基礎を築いたと評価される（但し、近年では刀狩については不徹底に終わったという見方も有力である）。
• It is evaluated that 'Taiko Kenchi' and 'Katanagari' promoted to establish tax system and build a basis of Shogunate system of Edo Period by clearing the difference between warrior and farmer.

• さらに845年3月、先王の盟約に従って張保皐の娘を王妃に迎えようとしたが、張保皐の身分が卑しいという群臣の反対によって取りやめとなり、これを恨んで張保皐は846年に反乱を起こした。
• King Munseong was going to marry Bogo JANG's daughter following the late King's promise, but cancelled it because of his retainers' objection toward Bogo JANG's low birth; resenting this, Bogo JANG launched a rebellion.

• 「コ」は国造（ミヤツコ）小野妹子など、元は男性を表したが、藤原氏が女性名として独占し、近世までは皇后など一部の身分の高い女性しか名乗れなかった事から、現代では女性名として定着した。
• The suffix 'ko' was originally used to indicate a male, as in the case of kuninomiyatsuko (provincial governor) ONO no Imoko; however, as the Fujiwara clan had monopolized all the names for females, because it only a portion of females of high position, such as the Empress, were able to have the names with 'ko' up until the modern era, 'ko' has become a popular suffix for female names at present.

• ひとつの武士団のみで軍勢を編成する場合、総大将は武門の棟梁が自ら務めるか、或いはその一門ないし家老など、身分の高い者の中から選抜されることも多く、陣中にあってその権限は大きかった。
• In a situation where troops were organized by a single samurai group, the leader of the samurai clan served as Sodaisho, or in many other cases, a Sodaisho would be selected from high-ranking warriors of a clan such as the Karo (chief retainer) and they held great authority in battles.

• また排泄物を目視して健康状態を確認することが難しいことから、皇族や高い地位にある身分の高い武士の用いる便所は引き出し式になっており、下で健康を管理する者が確認できるようになっていた。
• As it was easy to visually confirm the health condition by viewing excrement, the lavatories for the imperial family or high-ranking samurais were pullout and those who monitored their health could check the excrement downstairs.

• こうした内乱で大きな働きをした平清盛は、武士の身分でありながら異例の栄達を遂げ（平清盛の実父が白河天皇だったためとする説もある）、仁安 (日本)2年（1167年）には太政大臣となる。
• TAIRA no Kiyomori was highly successful in quelling these rebellions and attained exceptional advancement even though he belonged to the warrior class (there are theories proposing that Emperor Shirakawa was TAIRA no Kiyomori's biological father), reaching the post of Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) in 1167.

• 資格や実際に通過できる門は時期によって異なるが、摂関・親王・大臣・大僧正のうち既に輦車宣旨を受けている者が主たる対象者であり、対象者の身分や宮門そのものの構造によって決定されていた。
• The criteria and the actual gate that could be passed depended upon the period, but Sekkan, imperial princes, ministers, Daisojo (head priest) who already had Teguruma no senji (special permission from the Emperor to enter the imperial palace in a hand cart) were eligible and was decided upon by the person's position and the actual structure of the court gate.

• 明治政府は華族制度の創設や武士身分の士族への編入など、当初は旧来の身分制度をある程度継承したものの、廃藩置県・徴兵令・秩禄処分といった政策の強行は特権身分に対して大きな打撃を与えた。
• At first the Meiji Government kept the class system, introducing the peerage system by transferring the samurai class, the previous ruling class, into one of the classes of the new system as Shizoku (literally, the warrior class), but the major political changes the government took, including Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domain and establishment of prefectures), Conscription Ordinance and Chitsuroku-shobun (measures to abolish hereditary stipends) were significant blows to the privileged class.

• 異なった構成要素からなる異質的な群集であっても、［同じ］党派や身分や階級などからなる群集と同じように共通の性質を持っているものだし、これら２つを区別する特殊な性質を示すこともできる。
• and when we come to occupy ourselves with this matter, we shall see that a heterogeneous crowd--that is, a crowd composed of dissimilar elements--presents certain characteristics in common with homogeneous crowds--that is, with crowds composed of elements more or less akin (sects, castes, and classes)--and side by side with these common characteristics particularities which permit of the two kinds of crowds being differentiated.

• 悪意のあるプログラムを使い、個人の身分証明を盗んだり、密輸品を売ったり、被害者に忍び寄ったり、あるいは操作を中断させたりするために、コンピュータやインターネットを使用して行われる犯罪
• crime committed using a computer and the internet to steal a person's identity or sell contraband or stalk victims or disrupt operations with malevolent programs

• 家畜防疫官又は家畜防疫員は、この法律により職務を執行するときは、農林水産省令の定めるところにより、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、関係者の請求があつたときは、これを呈示しなければならない。
• Animal quarantine officers and prefectural animal health inspectors must, when performing duties pursuant to this Act, carry identity cards that show their status, in the manner prescribed by Ordinance of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and must show said card when so requested by relevant persons.

• 切腹の場所は、大名クラスの身分をはじめとする上級武士の場合は預かり人（切腹人の身柄を預かる人）の邸内、やや身分が劣る場合は預かり人の邸宅の庭先、さらに身分が劣る場合は牢屋の中とされた。
• Seppuku by high-ranking samurai including daimyo was committed on the property of the azukarinin (guarantor), whereas the act would be performed in the garden of the azukarinin for lower ranking samurai, and in jail for those of even lower status.

• 武家方の目を眩ます陽動作戦のため、吉野朝の後村上天皇（義良）が身代わりの天皇として表に立ったため、興国天皇（守永）は、 内伝の天皇として身分を隠し、守永親王として東日本各地を転戦した。
• Because Emperor Gomurakami (Noriyoshi) of the Yoshino Court stood up in front to distract samurai families, Emperor Kokoku (Morinaga) hid his position as the Emperor and fought in various places in the eastern side of Japan as Imperial Prince Morinaga.

• 市町村の職員は、市町村の事務所以外の場所において前項の行為をする場合には、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、当該申請をした外国人その他の関係者の請求があるときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• In cases where the officer of the city, town or village performs the acts provided in the preceding paragraph out of the office of the city, town or village, he/she shall carry with him/her an identification card showing his/her official status and present the same upon the request of the alien who has made the application concerned or other persons concerned.

• 「商工等は、武士・農民の事欠け申さざる程に渡世致し候はば然るべく候」として商工を非生産的な身分であり、都市が繁栄する事そのものが無駄以外の何者でもないと断じて厳しい奢侈禁止令を実施した。
• The sumptuary law stated that 'merchants as well as artisans should always remember that they are to work so as not to inconvenience samurai and farmers,' thus labeling the development of the city itself useless and forcing severe restrictions on these classes of people.

• 以上のことから、秀吉の刀狩令は百姓身分の武装解除を目指したものではなく、百姓身分から帯刀権を奪い、武器使用を規制するという兵農分離を目的としたものであったとする学説が現在では有力である。
• Based on the above-mentioned circumstances, the strongest theory as of late was that Hideyoshi's katanagari edict was aimed at the heinobunri, controlling the use of weapons by revoking the right for peasants to wear a sword and not aimed at disarming those in the peasant class.

• 景福宮・昌徳宮・昌慶宮の三王宮は、日本軍の入城前にはすでに灰燼となっており、奴婢（ぬひ、奴隷の一種）は、日本軍を解放軍として迎え、奴婢の身分台帳を保管していた掌隷院に火を放った、とある。
• It has been described that three palaces, Gyeongbokgung Palace, Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung, had been reduced to ashes before the Japanese army entered the castle and nuhi (a type of slave) welcomed the Japanese army as liberation forces and set fire to changnye won in which status ledgers for nuhi had been kept.

• その町の人々、すなわち、その町に住んでいる長老たちおよび身分の尊い人々は、イゼベルが言いつかわしたようにした。彼女が彼らに送った手紙に書きしるされていたように、 (列王紀1 21:11)
• The men of his city, even the elders and the nobles who lived in his city, did as Jezebel had sent to them, according as it was written in the letters which she had sent to them. (1 Kings 21:11)

• また、嫡流男系が郷士西山氏や織田（おりた）氏として土着したという記録もあり、これが事実であるとすると嫡流男系は正式な武士としての身分は失ったものの、士分の階層には留まり存続したことになる。
• There is a record that descendants in the direct line of the Oda family were indigenized as goshi (country samurai), the Nishiyama clan and Orita clan, and if it is true, the descendants lost formal samurai status, but stayed in the samurai class and survived.

• 今川貞世(了俊)の著した『難太平記』によれば、民百姓の暮らしをしていたとされるが、山名氏は鎌倉幕府成立時からの御家人であり、かつ上杉氏と姻戚関係を結んでいることから低い身分とは考えがたい。
• According to 'Nan-Taiheiki' (a critique of the historical epic 'Taiheiki') written by Sadayo IMAGAWA (also known as Ryoshun), his family is described to have lived a life of a common farmer, but it is unthinkable that the Yamana clan was in a low rank because it had been a gokenin from the time of establishment of Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and it had matrimonial relations with the Uesugi clan.

• だが、本来は京都市民の代表であった町人身分の町代が次第に町奉行所において地位を固めるようになると、京都の司法・行政に大きな影響力を与えた公家や寺社などとも関係を結んでいくようになってきた。
• Machidai, a townsman who originally represented the Kyoto citizens, gradually built up a position in the Kyoto city magistrates' office, and also formed relationship with the court nobles, temples, and shrines, which were quite influential in legislature and administration of Kyoto.

• あなたがたは再び恐れをいだかせる奴隷の霊を受けたのではなく、子たる身分を授ける霊を受けたのである。その霊によって、わたしたちは「アバ、父よ」と呼ぶのである。 (ローマ人への手紙 8:15)
• For you didn't receive the spirit of bondage again to fear, but you received the Spirit of adoption, by whom we cry, 'Abba {Abba is an Aramaic word for father or daddy, often used affectionately and respectfully in prayer to our Father in heaven.}! Father!' (Romans 8:15)

• 特に東国では武士身分の下級貴族が多数、開発領主として土着化し、所領の争いを武力により解決することも少なくなかったが、次第に武士団を形成して結束を固めていき、鎌倉幕府樹立の土台を築いていった。
• Especially in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan), many lower-ranking nobles from the samurai class were indigenized as kaihatsu-ryoshus and they often solved land disputes by force, but they gradually became closely united by forming groups of samurai and laid down the foundation for the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• この六朝時代に「文人」という呼び名が職業・身分という意味合いを離れ、士人の生き方のひとつの選択肢として、あるいはひとつの精神的な価値観として認識され、これ以降もその意味で使われるようになる。
• In the Six Dynasties Period, the title 'Bunjin' lost its meaning as an indication of their profession or status and began to be recognized as a choice in the way of living or a sense of spiritual value for Shijin, and was continuously used in that sense after that.

• 今日の宴席でも、しばしば床の間の位置によって「上座」「下座」などと座席位置が決められることがあるが、これは床の間との位置関係が身分序列の確認を促す役割を果たしていたことを示していると言えよう。
• Even at banquets today, seats are often designated as 'kamiza' or 'shimoza' according to their position relative to the tokonoma, which implies that distances from tokonoma once helped members to verify each other's rank and status.

• 一度臣籍に下った者が皇位につくのは、日本の皇位継承史の中でも極めて異例であるが天皇の子の身分の決定は天皇の専権事項である（臣籍に降ろした実子を皇族に戻す事も許される）として押し切ったのである。
• It was an unusual example of Japanese Imperial succession for an Imperial member who had been demoted from nobility to subject, to come back and succeed the throne, it was forced to decision because the Emperor had the absolute right to chose the rank of the Emperor's children.

• 兄弟たちよ。あなたがたが召された時のことを考えてみるがよい。人間的には、知恵のある者が多くはなく、権力のある者も多くはなく、身分の高い者も多くはいない。 (コリント人への第一の手紙 1:26)
• For you see your calling, brothers, that not many are wise according to the flesh, not many mighty, and not many noble; (1 Corinthians 1:26)

• そのシャーマニズムから祖先崇拝の要素を取り出して礼教化し、仁愛の理念をもって、当時、身分制秩序崩壊の社会混乱によって解体していた古代社会の道徳的・宗教的再編を試みたのが孔子であると主張している。
• She claimed that Koshi attempted to morally and religiously reorganize the ancient society, which was falling apart due to social disorder caused by collapse of public order based on the system of social status, by extracting the ancestor worship factor from shamanism and organizing it as Rei-kyo, and by embracing a philosophy of sympathy.

• もっとも、この時代には飾り物としての古の形式と、一生の災厄をこの人形に身代りさせるという祭礼的意味合いが強くなり、武家子女など身分の高い女性の嫁入り道具の家財のひとつに数えられるようにもなった。
• During this period, however, Hina-matsuri increasingly had a ritualistic aspect of having the dolls suffer all the present and future misfortunes in place of people in addition to the traditional aspect of a display, and the Hina-matsuri doll set was considered to be one of the bride's household articles for high-ranking females such as the daughters of samurai families.

• 隆房卿艶詞絵巻に描かれているように、鎌倉時代以前より高貴な身分の女性が外出する際には、頭の上から身体をすっぽりと覆う被衣（かづき）と呼ばれる袿（うちぎ）あるいは薄い衣を、袖を通さずに被っていた。
• As depicted in the Takafusa Kyo Tsuyakotoba Emaki (an illustrated scroll featuring the love affair of Takafusa REIZEI), prior to the Kamakura period, women of noble ranking would wear uchigi (ordinary kimono) or thin garment called Kazuki, which fully covered their body from the head down, without putting their arms into the sleeves when going out.

• 地侍たちは、侍身分となることで、中央の守護や、在地の国人のような領国支配者の下で小領主となることを指向していたが、支配者から見れば、地侍は在地百姓の有力者に過ぎず、被支配者と見なされがちであった。
• Ji-zamurai intended to become small lords under the rule of central and provincial governors, but they were regarded as subjects since they were just powerful farmers from the perspective of governors.

• 同類身分として「下人」があり、「下人・所従」と総称されることが多いが、下人は「百姓下人」などと上層農民に付属する隷属民を指すのに対し、所従は「地頭所従」などと主に武家の隷属民を指すことが多かった。
• There existed 'Genin' (underlings) as a close parallel to Shoju and two of them were often used in pair as 'Genin - Shoju'; generally, Genin meant the slaves of upper class farmers and were called 'Hyakusho Genin' (Genin of farmers), while Shoju meant the slaves of a military family and was called 'Jito Genin' (Genin of jito - manager and lord of manor.)

• このとき被差別部落民は賎民解放令に基づき、平民として編入されたが、一部地域の戸籍には新平民や、穢多、非人等と記載されたり等、差別は色濃く残った（一部は明治19年式戸籍や身分登記簿にも登載された）。
• Although Burakumin (modern-day descendants of Japan's feudal outcast group) was then registered as commoners based on the Lowly People Liberation Law, they were registered as new commoners, Eta (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (people whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses)), Hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (often ex-convicts or vagrants)), etc., in the family register of certain areas, leaving a strong sense of discrimination (a part of which was also registered in the family register or the social status registration of 1886).

• 源氏にのめりこんでいく御息所は、彼を独占したいと渇望しながらも、年上だという引け目や身分高い貴婦人であるという誇りから素直な態度を男に見せることができず、自分を傷つけまいと本心を押し殺してしまう。
• Miyasudokoro became obsessed with Genji and longed to monopolize him, but due to her sense of inferiority as an older woman and her pride that she was a high-standing noblewoman, she could not show a frank attitude to him and she subdued her real feelings with the intention not to hurt herself.

• それだけではなく、御霊の最初の実を持っているわたしたち自身も、心の内でうめきながら、子たる身分を授けられること、すなわち、からだのあがなわれることを待ち望んでいる。 (ローマ人への手紙 8:23)
• Not only so, but ourselves also, who have the first fruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for adoption, the redemption of our body. (Romans 8:23)

• すべて国民は、この法律の適用について、平等に取り扱われ、人種、信条、性別、社会的身分、門地又は第三十八条第五号に規定する場合を除くの外政治的意見若しくは政治的所属関係によつて、差別されてはならない。
• In the application of this Act, all citizens shall be accorded equal treatment and shall not be discriminated against by reason of race, religious faith, sex, social status, family origin, or political opinions or affiliation except as provided for in item 5 of Article 38.

• 植物防疫官及び植物防疫員は、この法律により職務を執行するときは、その身分を示す証票を携帯し、且つ、前条第一項の規定による権限を行うとき、又は関係者の要求があつたときは、これを呈示しなければならない。
• When a plant protection officer or a plant protection staff executes his/her duties under this Act, he/she shall carry his/her identification card that shows his/her status, and shall produce it when he/she exercises authority pursuant to the provision of paragraph 1 of the preceding Article, or when he/she is so requested by the person concerned.

• しかし、帯刀はもともと実質的な武備というよりも特権身分の表象としての意味合いが大きく、それを否定する事は、実質的な特権の否定である同年の徴兵および秩禄処分とともに身分アイデンティティーの否定であった。
• However, to belt on a sword was originally more like a symbol of privileged class rather than a practical weapon and denying it meant denying their status and identity along with conscription and Chitsuroku-shobun (abolition measure of hereditary stipend) introduced in the same year which actually denied their privileges.

• ただし、この時代の発生期の武士の所領は、後世、身分地位の確立した武士の安定した権利を有する所領と異なり、毎年国衙との間で公田の一部を、経営請負の契約を結ぶ形で保持するという不安定な性格のものであった。
• However, at that time, the territories of the Samurai were acquired through annual contracts of undertaking management of a part of Kuden (field administered directly by a ruler) with the Kokuga (provincial government) and were therefore unstable, unlike in later years when the Samurai's status and rights were better established.

• 石は身分によって種類が決まっていて、奈良時代には五位以上は金銀（もちろんめっきであろう）、六位以下は烏油帯（銅に黒漆をかける）を使用したが、高官は唐の影響を受けて次第に様々な材質を使用するようになった。
• The types of stones were determined by social status; gold or silver plating was used for those of goi (Fifth Rank) and higher, a black lacquered sash (black lacquered copper) was used for rokui (Sixth Rank), and officers used a range of materials according to their exposure to Chinese influences.

• 1889年（明治22年）2月11日制定の旧皇室典範で打ち出された永世皇族制は、すでに1907年（明治40年）の皇室典範増補で事実上放棄され、確実に皇族の身分にとどまるのは親王のみ（皇玄孫まで）とされた。
• The regulation concerning eternal Imperial membership of the former Imperial House Law issued on February 11, 1889 was in fact abolished when the same Law was greatly revised in 1907, it was decided that only an Imperial Prince (up to great-great-grandchild) can keep his position as an Imperial member.

• (1)皇族の身分を離れる親王・王の妃(2)皇族の身分を離れる親王・王の子孫(3)皇族の身分を離れる親王・王の子孫の妃は、その親王・王と同時に皇族の身分を離れる（他の皇族と婚姻した女子とその子孫を除く）。
• The following members of the Imperial family lose their Imperial status upon an Imperial Prince or Prince renouncing his Imperial status: 1. Consort of Imperial Prince or Prince renouncing his Imperial status; 2. descendants of Imperial Prince or Prince renouncing his Imperial status; and 3. consorts of the descendants of Imperial Prince or Prince renouncing his Imperial status (excluding women who marry other members of the Imperial family and her children).

• 摂関政治や院政などの新しい政治形態の出現、班田制の衰退と荘園の発展、律令法的身分秩序の解体などにみられる各種の歴史上の変化によって、律令法に基づく新しい慣習法が律令法の各分野で形成されてきた結果である。
• This is a result of new common laws being formed in various areas of ritsuryo law, due to a variety of historical changes such as the emergence of new political formats like sekkan seiji (politics of regents and advisers) and insei (rule by a retired Emperor), decline of ancient farmland allotment and accepting system and development of manors, and dismantling of the class system under ritsuryo law.

• これは貴族階級である官人層とそれ以外の被支配階級である平民の身分上の格差を定めるものではあったが、同時に能力主義によってその役割を定めるものであり、本来的には世襲制的な法構造を持つものではないといえる。
• While this system was to define disparity of positions between government officials who are in the noble class and the other commoners who are in the subordinate class, it was, at the same time, to determine one's role based on meritocracy, and did not have hereditary law structure inherently.

• 使用者は、あらかじめ第三者と謀り、労働者の就業を妨げることを目的として、労働者の国籍、信条、社会的身分若しくは労働組合運動に関する通信をし、又は第一項及び第二項の証明書に秘密の記号を記入してはならない。
• An employer shall not, in a premeditated plan with a third party and with the intent to impede the employment of a worker, send any communication concerning the nationality, creed, and social status or union activities of the worker or include any secret sign in the certificates under paragraphs (1) and (2)

• 国衙軍制成立の過程で武芸、すなわち軍事を専門とする諸大夫身分の貴族（軍事貴族）や侍身分の官人層が出現し、これらの層の上層身分たる軍事貴族層では、特に東国を中心として、自ら国司として現地赴任する者も現れた。
• In the process of establishing the kokuga forces system, shodaibu (aristocrat lower than Kugyo) (military aristocrat) or samurai officials who specialized in military arts appeared and some of the military aristocrats went to various provinces, especially those of eastern Japan, in order to serve as kokushi.

• 明治時代になると近代国家に脱皮するためには中世封建制社会の身分制度を破棄することは避けて通れないと考えられ、政府により江戸時代の身分制度が廃止され四民平等（しみんびょうどう）の政策が採られることになった。
• In the Meiji period, it was considered that Japan would not be able to develop into a modern nation unless it broke away from its class system based in the medieval feudal society: therefore the government abolished the class system from the Edo period and enacted the policy of shimin byodo (the equality of four classes).

• もちろん令外の官の成立ははやく九世紀にさかのぼるものであり、また摂関政治を通じて貴族身分内部の再編がおこなわれつづけたのであり、律令体制の質的な変化は院政以前にゆっくりとではあるが進行していたものである。
• Of course, formation of ryoge no kan dates as early as the ninth century and reorganization within nobles continued through regency, and a qualitative shift of ritsuryo system was going along slowly but steadily before cloister governments.

• 評判を損うことなく、やりたことするという贅沢をある程度気ままに楽しむには、しかるべき肩書を持つか、身分の高い階級にあるか、あるいは身分のある人々の敬意を受けているというなんらかの記章を持つ必要があります。
• Persons require to possess a title, or some other badge of rank, or of the consideration of people of rank, to be able to indulge somewhat in the luxury of doing as they like without detriment to their estimation.

• 職員の世帯を構成する家族とともに、イーター機構との関係並びにイーター機構の特権及び免除協定及び本協定に規定された特権及び免除を与えられることを保障する特別の身分証明書を、フランスの権限のある当局から得る。
• shall, together with members of their families forming part of their households, be provided by the French authorities with a special identity card certifying their connection with the ITER Organization and their entitlement to the privileges and immunities specified in the Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the ITER Organization and in this Agreement; and

• その後、江戸幕府による士農工商の身分制により武士などの上層階級では小袖の柄行きが固定化されてしまうが、京・大坂などの上方や江戸の富裕な町人は平和になった余力を衣類に向けるようになり手の込んだ小袖が誕生する。
• After that, while due to class distinctions (warriors, farmers, artisans, and tradesmen in descending order of rank) set by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the design of kosode was fixed among the upper class of samurai, richer townsmen in Kyoto, Osaka and Edo spent their surplus of the fruits of regained peaceful time on clothing, and elaborately crafted kosode were born.

• だが、一定の年齢に達すれば上の階層に上がる事ができる制度などもあり、穢れなどを理由に武士、百姓、町人などと隔絶した一種の身分外身分と言える扱いを受けた江戸時代の被差別民の身分ほど固定されたものではなかった。
• However there was a system in place which allowed them to rise to a higher status once they reached a certain age; therefore, their status was not as tightly fixed as those who were discriminated in the Edo period who were treated as a kind of outcast segregated from samurai, farmers, and townsmen for their filth.

• 武士がなぜ存在するのかを突き詰めて考えた山鹿の結論は武士は身分という制度ではなく自分が（封建）社会全体への責任を負う立場であると定義をすることで武士となり、（封建）社会全体への倫理を担うとするものであった。
• Yamaga deeply as to why samurai existed and came to the conclusion that it was not just a social status, but a responsible position to the whole (feudal) of society and to the ethics of the entire (feudal) society.

• 彼らが自問するのは、何が自分の地位に相応しいか、自分と同じ身分や財政状態の人たちが通例は何をしているのか、あるいは(もっと悪くて)自分より上の身分や境遇にある人たちは通例は何をしているのかということなのです。
• They ask themselves, what is suitable to my position? what is usually done by persons of my station and pecuniary circumstances? or (worse still) what is usually done by persons of a station and circumstances superior to mine?

• 七日未満の旅行、離職、身分関係の異動その他の指導監督を行うため事前に把握しておくことが特に重要と認められる生活上又は身分上の特定の事項について、緊急の場合を除き、あらかじめ、保護観察官又は保護司に申告すること。
• Notifying probation officers or volunteer probation officers in advance, except in cases of emergency, of specific matters relating to the lifestyle or status that are considered specially important to be understood by them in advance in order to conduct the instruction and supervision, such as travel for less than seven days, quitting a job, changes in status or others;

• 一代限りの身分ではあるが、実際には引退に際し子弟や縁者を後継者とすることで世襲は可能であり、また薄給ながら生活を維持できるため、後にその権利が「株」として売買され、富裕な農民・商人の次・三男の就職口ともなった。
• The status of ashigaru was restricted to a single generation but in actuality could be inherited by a child or relative upon retirement and, this right later went on to be bought and sold as 'kabu' and also became a position of employment for the second and third sons of wealthy farmers and merchants, because they could make their living by being an ashigaru although their salaries were low.

• 近代になり西洋近代歴史学が導入されるとマルクス主義史観に代表される発展段階史観の概念に基づいた過去の日本の歴史の分析が行われるようになり、歴史的百姓身分を封建制段階における農奴身分と規定することが通説となった。
• In the modern times when western modern history was introduced, analysis of Japanese history based on the idea of the evolution phase concept of history, exemplified by Marxist history, was carried out, and it became a common theory that the historical hyakusho rank was defined as a serfdom in the feudalism phase.

• 当時は佐々成政の没落前（ことによると、信孝の切腹前）でもあることから、信高生母の一族と本領が近い佐々氏が秀吉との対抗上地縁があり、生母の身分も高い信高と縁組して織田家の外戚となろうとしたと考えると自然であろう。
• It is quite natural to think that before the downfall of Narimasa SASSA (and thus, before the seppuku of Nobutaka), the Sassa clan, whose original fief was close to that of Nobutaka's mother's family, tried to become maternal relatives of the Oda clan, in opposition to Hideyoshi, by form a marriage bond with Nobutaka, with whom the Sassa clan had a territorial relationship and whose mother's social status was also high.

• 身分や個人的資質によって強力であった人々の情熱が法やきまり事にたいして常習的な反乱状態にあり、彼らの力の及ぶ範囲内の人たちに多少の安全を享受させるには、厳しく束縛する必要があった頃とは、事態は大きく変りました。
• Things are vastly changed, since the passions of those who were strong by station or by personal endowment were in a state of habitual rebellion against laws and ordinances, and required to be rigorously chained up to enable the persons within their reach to enjoy any particle of security.

• 明治2年6月17日 (旧暦)（1869年7月25日）、版籍奉還と同日に出された行政官布達（公卿諸侯ノ称ヲ廃シ華族ト改ム）54号により、従来の身分制度の公卿・諸侯の称を廃し、これらの家は華族となることが定められた。
• On July 25, 1869, together with Hanseki Hokan (the return of the lands and people to the emperor), the administration issued the promulgation No. 54 'About abolishing the titles of Ko (top ministers), Kei (top councilors and court officials over the fourth rank), and Shoko (lords), and changing the titles to Kazoku' which stipulated that the titles of Ko, Kei and Shoko in the former class system should be abolished, and they should be called 'kazoku.'

• しかし、身分が鎌倉幕府の直臣たる御家人であることに変わりはなく、足利氏の庶流が足利家の家人になっていったのに対し、従来通りに足利の名字を称して一線を画した（庶流は細川氏、一色氏などと新たな家名を立てた）のである。
• However, his social status was certainly Gokenin (Shogunal retainer) of the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and he traditionally maintained the family name of Ashikaga, distinguishing clearly between his family and the branch families of the Ashikaga clan which gradually became retainers of the Ashikaga family (the branch families adopted new family names such as the Hosokawa clan and the Isshiki clan, which made them famous).

• 本能寺の変前年に光秀が記した『明智家法』によれば、『自分は石ころのような身分から信長様にお引き立て頂き、過分の御恩を頂いた。一族家臣は子孫に至るまで信長様への御奉公を忘れてはならない』という趣旨の文を書いている。
• In Mitsuhide's writings 'Akechi-kaho' (family rules of the Akechi clan) written one year before the incident, Mitsuhide wrote a sentence that reads 'I was set up in the world by Nobunaga from the status like a pebble and I owe him a lot. My family and vassals including their descendents should not forget to serve to Nobunaga.'

• 旧来の臣・連・伴造（とものみやつこ）・国造（くにのみやつこ）という身分秩序にたいして、臣・連の中から天皇一族と関係の深いものだけを抽出し、真人・朝臣・宿禰の姓を与え、新しい身分秩序を作り出し、皇族の地位を高めた。
• While the old order of the social status was Omi, Muraji, Tomonomiyatsuko, and Kuninomiyatsuko, the Emperor Tenmu selected only the ones who had a close connection with imperial family from among Omi and Muraji, gave a new titles of Mahito, Asomi/Ason, and Sukune to them, created a new order of the social status, and raised the status of imperial family.

• この際、作者の紫式部が受領階級の娘であり妻であったという、当時の身分・階級制度の中では高いとは言えない地位にあったことも、本文を忠実に写し取り伝えていこうとする動機を欠く要因になったとする意見も学者の中には多い。
• Some scholars state that the author Murasaki Shikibu was a daughter and wife of Zuryo rank, which was not a high rank in the hierarchy of those days, and this meant people would copy her work less faithfully.

• こんなしあわせな身分でしたけれど、ただひとつ、運のわるいことは、おそろしい青ひげをはやしていることで、それはどこのおくさんでも、むすめさんでも、この男の顔を見て、あっといって、逃げ出さないものはありませんでした。
• But unhappily this man had a blue beard, which made him so ugly and so terrible that all the women and girls ran away from him.

• このおかあさまは、りこうな方でしたけれど、いちだんたかい身分をほこりたさに、しっぽにつける飾りのかきをごじぶんだけは十二もつけて、そのほかはどんな家柄のものでも、六つから上つけることをおゆるしになりませんでした。
• she was a clever woman, but so proud of her noble birth that she wore twelve oysters on her tail, while the other grandees were only allowed six.

• 一般的には小者と大差がないイメージだが、江戸期、旗本に使えている家臣(大名であれば藩士)を指す場合や城代家老の家臣などに、若党の呼称を用いることがあり、その場合は、武士身分の人物を指すわけだから、注意すべきである。
• Generally, it is little different from komono, but in the Edo period the word was sometimes used to refer to vassals who served hatamoto (direct vassals of the shogun) or vassals of the castle keeper of the Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), and in these cases the name refers to people of samurai status.

• 公共職業安定所は、すべての利用者に対し、その申込の受理、面接、指導、紹介等の業務について人種、国籍、信条、性別、社会的身分、門地、従前の職業、労働組合の組合員であること等を理由として、差別的な取扱をしてはならない。
• The Public Employment Security Offices shall not discriminate any user of their businesses by reason of race, nationality, creed, sex, social status, family origin, previous profession, membership in a labor union, etc. in the course of operating their businesses such as the offer acceptance, interview, guidance, and placement, etc.

• この準則に従えば、一部の旧皇族はいまだに皇族の身分にとどまっていたことになり、これらの旧皇族に男系男子があった場合「宮家からの天皇即位」という解決策をもって皇統断絶の危機を回避する手段とできた可能性があるからである。
• Because once this regulation is put into practice, if some former Imperial Families, still ranking as Imperial members, have a male successor who could have become a successor to the throne from the Miyake, this would possibly prevent a crisis of discontinuity in Imperial succession.

• この時代には、勅撰集で二十一代集のひとつの『新古今和歌集』が編まれたが、その編集作業もかねて行われた歌合では、会の効率をあげるため、屋内という閉ざされたところで、身分の高きも低きも一緒のところで歌をよむようになった。
• The 'Shin-Kokinwakashu' (New Collection of Old and New waka (Japanese poems)), one of the Nijuichidaishu (twenty one representative collection) and Chokusenshu (Imperial-commissioned poem anthology) was edited during this period, but utaawase which was performed in order to do editorial work confined those of different social status to read out poems in the same location to increase the productivity of the meeting.

• 密教においては、大日如来等の諸仏を指すことがあるが、一般には衆僧の模範となるべき高位の僧侶の称号で、日本では天台宗および真言宗において高貴な身分の僧や、天皇の関わる儀式において修法を行う僧に特に与えられる職位である。
• In esoteric Buddhism, it sometimes refers to Vairocana and the other Buddhas, but in general it is a title for priests in a high position who should be an example for the other monks; in Japan in the Tendai and Shingon sects, it is a position given to noble monks, especially to those who conduct rites in ceremonies involving the emperor.

• しかし、この原則は、次第に崩れていき、町奉行所の与力組頭（筆頭与力）のように、一代抱席でありながら、馬上が許され、230石以上の俸禄を受け、惣領に家督を相続させて身分と俸禄を伝えることが常態化していたポストもあった。
• However, this rule of thumb waned over time and there were some posts (eg. a town magistrate's police chief) who were granted single generation kakaeseki status, but were also permitted to ride on horseback, received stipends of over 230-koku and were allowed to pass on their status to successors.

• これはバビロンの王ネブカデネザルが、ユダの王エホヤキムの子エコニヤ、およびユダとエルサレムのすべての身分の尊い人々を捕えてエルサレムからバビロンに移したときに、持ち去らなかった器である。 (エレミヤ書 27:20)
• which Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon didn't take, when he carried away captive Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, from Jerusalem to Babylon, and all the nobles of Judah and Jerusalem; (Jeremiah 27:20)

• そもそもこの法度の対象に含まれるのは、大政委任を受けた征夷大将軍の指揮下に置かれて自身も武家官位の任命対象である「武家」や僧官の任命対象である「僧侶」など、朝廷と将軍によって任官された全ての身分が拘束されるものである。
• This law was applied to all the classes which were appointed by the imperial court and the bakufu including 'samurai families' which were to be appointed the official court rank for samurai under the command of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') that is delegated the administration of the country, and 'Buddhist monks' who were to be appointed the official rank for Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by Imperial Court).

• 明治元年制定の皇族の範囲を定めた皇族賜姓の成規によれば本来、華頂宮は皇族としては博経親王一代限りで臣籍降下するはずであったが、明治天皇の特旨をもって皇族の身分に留まる事となり、更に明治天皇の猶子として親王宣下を受けた。
• According to the seiki (written rules) of Kozoku (Imperial family) shinsei (bestowing a surname) determining the range of Imperial families which was established in 1867, he was supposed to be demoted from nobility to subject so that the Imperial title would be limited only to one generation of Imperial Prince Hirotsune, but with Emperor Meiji's special consideration, he remained Imperial family, and furthermore was given the title of Imperial Prince as an adopted child of Emperor Meiji.

• わたしはあなたがたの神、主であって、あなたがたをエジプトの国から導き出して、奴隷の身分から解き放った者である。わたしはあなたがたのくびきの横木を砕いて、まっすぐに立って歩けるようにしたのである。 (レビ記 26:13)
• I am Yahweh your God, who brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, that you should not be their slaves; and I have broken the bars of your yoke, and made you go upright. (Leviticus 26:13)

• 近衛尚通の元には合戦当事者を含めた武将やその家臣、僧侶など様々な身分の相手から情報が寄せられて合戦の事情を把握していることが分るのに対して、鷲尾隆康は公家社会の風説を聞いて「恐怖」するのみであったことが知ることが出来る。
• While we can find that Hisamichi KONOE received information from persons of various statuses such as busho including parties of the war and their vassals, and priests, Takayasu WASHIO had just heard rumors in the court noble's society and was 'horrified.'

• 近年、歴史学者の網野善彦が中世社会、近世社会における百姓身分に属する者たちが農民、山民、漁民、職人、商人などの広範な生業の従事者であったことを明らかにし、 '百姓＝農民' と一概にまとめた従来の歴史観に対し批判を行った。
• In recent years, historian Yoshihiko AMINO revealed that people who belonged to the hyakusho rank in the medieval and modern societies engaged in a wide range of vocations including peasants, mountain people, fishing people, craftsmen, and merchants, and criticized the conventional historical view of 'hyakusho = peasants' to collectively refer to them.

• 香山は上司と相談する為に4日の猶予をくれるように頼んだが、ペリーは3日なら待とうと答え、さらに親書を受け取れるような高い身分の役人を派遣しなければ、江戸湾を北上して、兵を率いて上陸し、将軍に直接手渡しすると脅しをかけた。
• When KAYAMA asked Perry to give him 4 days to talk with his superiors, Perry answered that he would wait three days, and further threatened that if the Shogunate did not dispatch a high ranking officer to whom he could hand the letter, he and his men would sail to the north of Edo Bay and hand the letter directly to the Shogun.

• 名誉宮司の称号が授与された者は、名誉神職として神社本庁規程で定めるところにより、その神社の祭祀に引退時の身分の服装で参列することができ、その神社の宮司の諮問に応じることができるなど、その神社について終身待遇が受けられる。
• Shinto priests awarded with this honorary chief priest title may attend shrine rituals in the attire prescribed for the position held at the time of retirement, and are treated equivalent to the Guji for the rest of their lifetimes and allowed to provide advice to the Guji, as stipulated by the Association of Shinto Shrines.

• 江戸時代の地下官人制度は局務・官務・出納からなり地下官人を統率する催官人と一般の地下官人である並官人、その下で雑用を担当し株の売買によって町人や農民でも身分を獲得することが可能であった下官人の3層構造体制で構成されていた。
• The lower ranking officials during the Edo period were divided into three offices 'Kyokumu,' 'Kanmu,' and 'Suino' with a hierarchy of the class controlling over the lower ranking officials; the class consisting of the general lower ranking officials; and the class in charge of chore which could be attained by townsmen and farmers through purchasing stock.

• 「薄雲」帖で亡くなったことから、出家後は後世の読者から「薄雲女院（うすぐも の にょいん）」と呼ばれている（なお、作中では藤壺が「女御」「女院」と呼ばれたことはなく、藤壺の身分については研究者の間でも意見が分かれている）。
• Since she died in the volume of 'Usugumo' (Wisps of Cloud), she was called 'Usugumo no Nyoin' after taking vows by the readers of later eras (Fujitsubo is never called 'nyogo' and 'nyoin' in the book and the opinions of researchers on Fujitsubo's position are divided).

• 安徳天皇が平家に連れられて西国に落ちた後、皇位継承の有力者であったが母親の身分が低く、かつ外祖父が死亡していた事、弟の尊成親王（後の後鳥羽天皇）の方が祖父の後白河法皇に可愛がられていた事から、皇位は尊成親王が継ぐ事になった。
• After Emperor Antoku was taken away to the western area of Japan by the Taira family, Imperial Prince Koreaki became one of the strong candidates for the next emperor, but his younger brother Imperial Prince Takahira (later Emperor Gotoba) eventually succeeded to the throne because Koreaki's mother was not nobly born and his maternal grandfather was already dead, and moreover, their grandfather Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa liked Imperial Prince Takahira better.

• 器財埴輪では、蓋が高貴な身分を表象するものであることから、蓋形埴輪も同様な役割と考えられているほか、盾や甲冑などの武具や武器形のものは、その防御や攻撃といった役割から、悪霊や災いの侵入を防ぐ役割を持っていると考えられている。
• About Kizai Haniwa, lid-shaped Haniwa are thought to have represented high class lineage, because the lid was the symbol of that, and Haniwa shaped like weapons or arms such as shields and armors, are thought to have placed to prevent invasion of an evil spirit or calamity, because of their acrual purpose of defending or attacking.

• 士農工商という身分が明確に分けられていた階級社会があった江戸時代では、家紋の用途は相手の身分や家格に応じて自分や家族の身なりを正すためであったり、家の格式を他人に示したりする、相手の身分を確認したり示すといった目的に変化した。
• Japan was a hierarchical society of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants during the Edo period, and Kamon were used as a means of indicating the social status of your family to others and ascertaining the social standing and lineage of others, enabling you and your family to dress accordingly.

• 三宝院満済を政治顧問に儀礼の形式や訴訟手続きなどを義満時代のものを復活させ、参加者の身分・家柄が固定化された評定衆・引付に代わって、自らが主宰して参加者を指名する御前沙汰を協議機関とすることで管領の権限抑制策を打ち出した。
• He established a policy to restrict the Kanrei's power by appointing Mansai SANPOIN as a political adviser so that ceremonial styles and judicial proceedings that were used during the time of Yoshimitsu would be restored, and also by replacing the 'hyojyoshu' consultative board and 'hikitsuke' judicial board, which accepted individuals of only certain positions or families as participants, with the 'gozensata' advisory council, that he chaired and whose members were chosen by him.

• これにより、男系の後継者がいない有栖川宮家は皇室典範の定めによって断絶が確定したが、威仁親王の教育を受け、身分を越えて親王を慕っていた大正天皇は有栖川宮家の維新以降の功績を特に慮り、第三皇子の宣仁親王にその祭祀を継承させた。
• After his death, following the Imperial Family Law, it was decided for the Arisugawa no Miya family to be discontinued as there was no male successor in the family, Emperor Taisho who was taught by Imperial Prince Takehito and was fond of him although there was a difference in social standing, the Emperor considered the achievements of the Arisugawa no Miya family especially after the restoration, he let the third Prince, Imperial Prince Nobuhito succeed to the ritual of the family.

• また、弘仁3年（812年）に紀伝博士在任のまま大学助に任命された勇山文継は、その半年前に初めて連の姓を受けていることから、白丁（庶民あるいはそれに近い身分）のまま大学寮に入ってその教官の地位に就いていたものと考えられている。
• Meanwhile, ISAYAMA no Fumitsugu was appointed as daigaku no suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Education) in 812 during his service as kiden hakase, but he was granted for the first time the kabane (hereditary title) of muraji (one of the ancient Japanese hereditary titles denoting rank and political standing) six months before that, and from this we can assume that he had entered the daigakuryo as hakucho (ordinary people or something similar) and had the position of a professor there.

• なお、一部のジェンダーフリー論者からは、鯉のぼりが封建的な家制度の象徴だとして批判されるケースもあり、男女共同参画社会づくりの一環として鯉のぼりを家庭内の身分を想起させないよう縦ではなく横につるすように指導した自治体もあった。
• Also, there has been a case in which certain gender-free debaters criticized koi-nobori as a symbol of the feudalistic family system, so some autonomous bodies have instructed that koi-nobori should be hung up horizontally instead of vertically so as not to recall rank within the family, thus encouraging a society of gender equality.

• 会津藩には武士身分で構成される正規治安部隊、京都見廻組（組長＝佐々木只三郎）があり、農民・商人身分で構成される新撰組（組長＝近藤勇）は、会津藩の京都における非正規治安部隊（後年は近藤らは幕臣になり正式な治安部隊になる）である。
• In the Aizu Clan, the formal security force was the Kyoto Mimawarigumi (Commander = Tadazaburo SASAKI), and Shinsen-gumi (Commander = Isami KONDO), composed of men with the social position of farmers/merchants, was the non-formal security force of the Aizu Clan for the Kyoto area (in later years, KONDO and others became vassals of the shogunate, and thus Shinsen-gumi became a formal security force).

• 身分制度については、江戸幕府下の「士農工商」の別を廃止し、旧武士階級を士族、それ以外を平民とし、「四民平等」を謳う一方、旧公家・大名や一部僧侶などを新たに華族として特権的階級とすると同時に、宮内省の支配の下に置くことになった。
• Regarding the class system, the government advocated equality of all people, abolishing the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants under the Edo Shogunate, and changing former samurai class to the warrior class and the rest of classes to commoner class, whereas they gave the privileges of nobility to former court nobles, feudal lords, and some of the Buddhist monks so as to put them under the control of the Ministry of the Imperial Household.

• 国人は、守護や荘園領主など領域外からの支配者に対しては、その被官となって半従属的支配を受けることもあれば、領内の百姓身分の上層部である地侍を被官化することによって得た強力な軍事力や他の国人との連携を背景に反抗することもあった。
• Kokujin sometimes were subordinates of external rulers such as shugo and manor lords, and were subject to subordinate-like ruling, but at times were rebels backed by a strong military force gained by subordinating the jizamurai (local samurai), who were at the upper level in the peasant class within their territory, and by coordinating with other kokujin.

• 捕虜等警備自衛官が、前条第一項の規定により立ち入り、質問をし、若しくは文書の提示の求めをし、又は同条第三項の規定により立ち入る場合においては、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係人の請求があったときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• A Self-Defense Forces personnel guarding prisoners of war, etc. may carry his/her certificate of identification with him/her and produce it upon request to the person concerned when he/she enters a premises, etc., asks some questions, or requests to present the documents pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, or enters a premises, etc. pursuant to the provision of paragraph (3) of the same Article.

• 享和三年（1803年）正月の中瀬村 (三重県)（現伊賀市）の記録によると、村の農民側から無足身分である忍者に対して、農民と同様の棒役を務めるよう要請があったが、忍者側が士族の身分であることを盾にそれを拒否したところ村八分にされた。
• According to the record on Nakaze-mura Village (present Iga City) (Mie Prefecture) in the New Year's Holidays in 1803, the peasants' side demanded Ninja in social status of musoku to be charged boyaku as well as peasants, but Ninja's side refused it on the pretext of their being in warrior class, which led to their social ostracism.

• 兄は無論連れて行ける身分でなし、清も兄の尻にくっ付いて九州下（くんだ）りまで出掛ける気は毛頭なし、と云ってこの時のおれは四畳半（よじょうはん）の安下宿に籠（こも）って、それすらもいざとなれば直ちに引き払（はら）わねばならぬ始末だ。
• My brother was, of course, unable to take her along, nor was there any danger of her following him so far away as Kyushu, while I was in a small room of a boarding house, and might have to clear out anytime at that.

• 戦国時代に入ると、そもそもは三管領細川氏の家臣で守護代の家柄であった三好氏が幕府相伴衆に列し従四位下に叙せられたのに伴い、その家臣である松永久秀も主家同様に従四位下に昇るなど家柄や身分によらず実力に応じた除目も行われるようになった。
• In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the Miyoshi clan, who were a vassal of sankanrei Hosokawa clan and a family of Shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable), were listed as Shobanshu (officials who accompany the Shogun) of the bakufu and were granted Jushiinoge, and this led to their vassal, Hisahide MATSUNAGA, also being promoted to Jushiinoge like his master family, and appointments were made according to real abilities rather than parentage or social status.

• 壬生孝亮はこの中で近年出納が諸社に対する官幣を行い、陣儀に参仕していることは「旧儀」に反すること、出納は本来凡卑の家柄であるにも関わらず身分不相応の知行を得て、衣冠束帯を身に付けており、両局と並肩しているのは「違乱」であると主張した。
• In the dispute, Takasuke MIBU stated that 'suino' carried out imperial offerings to shrines and 'suino' was present at the conference of the court nobles in those days, which violated 'the old rules,' and besides, 'suino' obtained too much income, wore formal attire and daily attire in the imperial court, and behaved equivalent to 'the two major offices' in spite of its humble origin, all of which disturbed the order.

• 加えて本能寺の変直後、光秀が紀州雑賀衆・土橋重治へ送った書状に「上意馳走申しつけられて示し給い、快然に候」と、光秀より身分の高い者からの命令を指す「上意」という言葉を使っていることを挙げ、光秀の背後に足利義昭が存在したと主張している。
• In addition, Mitsuhide sent a letter to Shigeharu TSUCHIBASHI, who was a member of the Saigashu (a powerful local clan in Saiga, Kishu), saying, 'A joi (order from a superior to a subordinate) has been issued requesting that you provide service, which is a great honor', and Fujita pointed out that as the word 'joi' was used, the order must be from someone with a higher status than Mitsuhide.

• 敵討の許可が行われたのは基本的に武士階級についてのみであったが、それ以外の身分の者でも敵討を行う者はまま見られ、上記のような手続きを踏まなかった武士階級の敵討同様、孝子の所業として大目に見られ、場合によっては賞賛されることが多かった。
• Basically, Katakiuchi was permitted only to those of the samurai hierarchy, although it was occasionally performed by those of other social standings; such cases were overlooked as deeds by dutiful children, as with the Katakiuchi by those of the samurai hierarchy who did not go through the above-described procedures; and in some cases these deeds were praised.

• 戦国時代 (日本)には天皇や摂関などが身分が低い者に対して命令を下すための奉書を発給する際にこれを承った弁官などが自己の青侍に命じて奉書を発給させた青侍奉書が存在したことが知られている（『親長卿記』・『宣胤卿記』・『実隆公記』など）。
• It was known that, in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), when the Emperor or Sekkan (regents and advisers) was to issue hosho paper (edict paper) to make a command regarding low ranked people, the benkan (Council of State) who received the order commanded his own Aozamurai to issue the hosho paper, which was called Aozamurai hosho (according to the diaries 'Chikanaga Kyo ki' [The Diary of Chikanaga KANROJI], 'Nobutane Kyo ki [The Diary of Nobutane NAKANOMIKADO] and 'Sanetaka ko ki' [The Diary of Sanetaka SANJONISHI]).

• 洞意が実際に贋作を描いたかどうか真相は明らかではないが、習作として模写したものが古物商の手に渡り、町人の身分から若くして御用絵師に取り立てられた洞意に対する周囲の嫉妬により濡れ衣を着せられたのではないかと洞意を擁護する意見も存在する。
• Whether he actually produced counterfeit or not is unknown, but there are some opinions vindicating Toi that he was framed up by those who were jealous of Toi as he was promoted from a mere townspeople to a goyo eshi at such young age, by abusing Toi's reproduction for study purpose acquired by some antique dealer.

• 紫上系の巻で光源氏と関係を持つのは紫の上・藤壺・六条御息所といった身分の高い「上の品」の女性達であり、玉鬘系の巻で光源氏と関係を持つのは空蝉・夕顔・玉鬘といった上の品より身分の低い「中の品」の女性達であるというように明確に分かれている。
• There is a clear distinction that the characters who have relations with Hikaru Genji are 'upper-class' ladies such as Murasaki no Ue, Fujitsubo and Lady Rokujo in the Murasaki no Ue series, while those who have relations with him are 'middle-class' ladies such as Utsusemi, Yugao and Tamakazura in the Tamakazura series.

• 切腹は、近世からは自死のほかに、死刑の方法としても採用されているが、この場合、自分の不始末を自力で処理するため、主君より「賜死」という考えから、誉ある死とされた（これに対して、斬首刑や磔は武士身分がされるべきでない不名誉な刑罰とされた。）
• Since the early modern period, seppuku has been used as a method for not only suicide but also capital punishment, and in such cases permission to die was granted by one's master so that one could atone for misconduct, leading seppuku to become viewed as an honorable way to die (in contrast to beheading and crucifixion which were considered dishonorable punishments not befitting members of the samurai class).

• だが、戦国時代_(日本)に入ると、朝倉孝景 (10代当主)や北条氏康など守護大名ではなくかつ在京して将軍に随従する事もない地方の戦国大名が任じられる例も増えて、役職としての意味合いは希薄化して大名の格式を示す身分としてのみ存在するようになる。
• However, during the period of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) the appointment of more local warlords who were not from the shugo daimyo, who did not follow the Seii taishogun's lead by staying in Kyoto such as Takakage ASAKURA (the 10th family head) and Ujiyasu HOJO increased, and the meaning as a position was diluted and continued to exist only as a formal title representing the status of a feudal lord.

• そして職業身分とは、平安時代後期の上層階級での社会的分業が、「イヘ」への職能として固定し、その文士、例えば陰陽の家とかいう形で「芸能」としての家業が固定され、官職までが世襲されるようになる段階で、同様に武士という職業身分の類型が生まれるとする。
• The 'job rank' referred to the specialized social job of the upper class during the late Heian period such as the writer or the house of yin-yang where the job function of 'art' became fixed to a 'house' as a family business, the court position became hereditary, at the same time as a similar form of bushi social rank was born.

• 「恪勤」には職務に精励するとともに、高官に仕える身分の低い従者（侍）の意味を持っており、実資は右衛門督（藤原斉信）以下の上達部（公卿、ここには俊賢・公任・行成を含む）が左府（左大臣藤原道長）の従者に成り下がったと嘲笑したと解されている。
• Kakugon' means a lower-ranked retainer (samurai) who serves for a high-ranking official, dedicating himself to his duties, and this comment can be interpreted to mean that Sanesuke was ridiculing, saying that Saemon no kami (captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) FUJIWARA no Tadanobu, and other Kandachimes (court nobles, including Toshikata, Kinto, Yukinari in this context) had been reduced to mere retainers of the Safu (left ministry, meaning minister of the left FUJIWARA no Michinaga).

• 藤田はこの説を裏付ける証拠として、本能寺の変の直前に光秀が上杉景勝に協力を求めて送った使者が、「御当方（上杉のこと）無二御馳走（協力）申し上げるべき」（「覚上公御書集」より）と、明らかに上杉より身分の高い人物への協力を促していることを示している。
• Fujita advocated that Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA existed in the background of Mitsuhide pointing out that, as evidences to substantiate his view, Mitsuhide's envoy who was sent to Kagekatsu UESUGI immediately before Honnoji Incident asking for cooperation stated 'The Uesugi should cooperate' ('Kakujokogoshoshu') requesting cooperation to a person who was in higher position than Uesugi's.

• 薩摩藩の島津久光が不満を述べた以外は目立った反撥はなかった（すでに中央軍制が整い、個別の藩が対抗しにくくなっていたこと、藩財政が危機的状況に陥り、知藩事の手に負えなくなったこと、旧藩主が華族として身分・財産が保証されること、などが理由とされる）。
• There was no remarkable objection except that Hisamitsu SHIMAZU in Satsuma Domain complained about the system (the reasons why there were so few objections are that it was difficult for each domain to oppose the already organized central military system; governors were not able to deal with the serious financial problems in their domains; and former governors of feudal domains were assured their position and properties as nobles).

• あらかじめ目付クラス以上のある程度の身分有る者で、腕の立つ者、腕力強健な者を側に控えさせておき、家老一同が藩主の前に並び「お身持ち良ろしからず、暫くお慎みあるべし」と藩主に告げ、家臣が藩主の刀を取り上げ、座敷牢のような所へ強制的に監禁してしまう。
• With those who skilled in the martial arts or are strong-muscled in the position of Metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers) or higher in waiting in the side, chief retainers say to their lord, 'You behaved very badly, so you should be confined' and vassals take swords away from the lord and imprison him to a place such as a confinement room.

• だが、公民や品部のように一般の戸籍には編入されず、「雑戸籍」という特殊な戸籍が作成されてその身分は技術とともに世襲化されて官司に直接付属されるなど、賎民に準じた扱いを受けていたと考えられている（ただし、一部には功労によって位階を授かる者もいた）。
• Zakko, however, are believed to have been treated in a similar way to senmin (with the exception of some who were given ikai [Court rank] in recognition of their contribution), as seen from the facts that they were registered not in the general family register in which citizens and shinabe (technicians in offices) were listed but in the special family register called 'zakkoseki,' and that they passed on their social status as well as skills in a hereditary manner under the direct control of government offices.

• 江戸時代前期までは後北条氏は名門伊勢氏の出と考えられていた様子だが、江戸時代中期以降、『太閤記』の影響で戦国時代を身分の低い者が実力で身を興す「下克上の時代」ととらえる史観が民衆の願望もあいまって形成され,明治時代になって定着し、戦後まで続いた。
• Apparently, until the beginning of the Edo Period, the Gohojo clan was thought to have originated from the Ise clan but from the mid-Edo Period, influenced by the 'Taikoki,' a biography of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the view of Soun as a lowly samurai in the Warring States Period, who came to power through his achievements in the so called 'Gekokujo Period' caught the public's imagination, becoming well-established in the Meiji Period and prevailing until the end of WWII.

• ところが、時代が下ると、名田を経営する百姓身分に属する一般の田堵負名の中からも、自らが経営請負をする名田の属する荘園公領を所領とする武士に、軍役を申し出て武士身分の一角に食い込み、名田の支配権を確固としたものにして所領としていこうとする動きが生じた。
• However, in later periods, some ordinary farmers called tato and fumyo who managed myoden began to attempt to make inroads into the samurai class by offering military service for samurai who governed manors or Imperial demesnes containing the myoden managed by the tato or fumyo, so that they could consolidate their hold over their myoden to own it as their territories.

• 良源は、最澄（伝教大師）の直系の弟子ではなく、身分も高くはなかったが、南都（奈良）の旧仏教寺院の高僧と法論を行って論破したり、村上天皇の皇后の安産祈願を行うなどして徐々に頭角を現わし、康保3年（966年）には天台宗最高の地位である天台座主に上り詰めた。
• Although Ryogen was not a direct disciple of Saicho (Dengyo Daishi) and his rank was not high, he gradually distinguished himself as an able priest through refuting high priests of traditional Buddhist temples in Nanto (southern capital (Nara)) or praying safe delivery of a child for the Empress of Emperor Murakami, and finally he achieved Tendai-zasu, the supreme position in the Tendai Sect, in 966.

• しかし上杉家家臣が編纂した「大河内文書」によると、小林平八郎は逃げようとしたところを赤穂浪士につかまり、「上野介はどこか?」「身分が低い家臣なので知りません」「身分の低い家臣がなぜ絹の寝巻きなど着ている?」という問答の末に首をはねられたといわれている。
• However, according to 'Okochi Bunsho' (Okochi's Record) which was edited by the retainers of Uesugi family, when Heihachiro KOBAYASHI was caught by Ako Roshi trying to escape, he was beheaded after being asked and answered 'where is Kozuke no Suke?' 'I am just a low ranking retainer and do not know anything.' 'why are you wearing a silk nightwear if you are a low ranking retainer.'

• こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
• To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.

• 賦課を負担する対象となる主体によって百姓役・田堵役・名役・荘役・御家人役・守護役・受領役・下司役・預所役・家司役・本所役などがある（重複しているものもあるが、間違いではなく中間的身分にある者は賦課する主体にも負担する対象にも成り得たことを意味している）。
• Corresponding to the tax payer, there were hyakushoyaku (peasant tax), tatoyaku (cultivator tax), 名役, shoyaku, gokeninyaku (shogunal retainer tax), shugoyaku (provincial constable tax), zuryoyaku (provincial governor tax), gesuyaku, azukaridokoroyaku, keishiyaku (household superintendent tax), honjoyaku and so on (some of those overlapped, but it's not a mistake, it shows some people in the middle rank could have been a tax imposer as well as a tax payer.

• 長年天皇に仕え、身分の低い学者から抜擢を受けた老齢の真道は天皇の意向を汲んで必死に反論をしたものの、ついに天皇は緒嗣の主張を受け入れてライフワークとも呼ぶべき事業である、蝦夷平定と平安京の建設の中止を宣言した。（「徳政論争」）、桓武天皇は翌年に崩御した。
• Masamichi who was old, had served the emperor for years, and had been exceptionally promoted from a rank of low-ranked scholar made the best effort to object to Otsugu considering the emperor's intention, however, the emperor finally accepted Otsugu's assertion, announced the discontinuation of the subjugation of Ezo and the construction of Heiankyo which should be the lifework of the emperor ('Tokusei Dispute') and died in the next year.

• この時の具体的な内容は『類聚雑用集』に記録されているが、それによると、献立の内容は参列者の身分によって異なっており、皇族の正客（「尊者」と記述される）は28種類、三位以上の陪席公卿は20種、少納言クラスでは12種、接待する主人が最も少なく8種となっていた。
• Details of this banquet were written in 'Collection of Miscellaneous Matters,' which states that menus differed in accordance with attendants' social position; twenty-eight kinds of dishes to the Imperial family's guests of honor (described as 'venerable people'), twenty kinds of dished to the attending high nobles of Third Rank or higher, twelve kinds to the Shonagon (lesser councilor of state) class, and eight to the host, who was served the least.

• 「職能」起源論では、武士とみなされる社会階層は源氏、平氏などの発生期には武芸を家業とする諸大夫、侍身分のエリート騎馬戦士に限定されていたとし、その後、中世を通じて「狭義の武士」との主従関係を通じて「広義の武士」とみなされる階層が室町時代以降拡大していった。
• According to the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function,' the social class considered as bushi was limited to shodaibu or elite cavalry warriors coming from samurai status, whose family business was military art, during the period when the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan emerged; and later, through the medieval times, the class of 'bushi in a broad sense' came to have the master-subordinate relationship with 'bushi in a narrow sense' and expanded after the Muromachi period.

• 公務員（国家公務員法（昭和二十二年法律第百二十号）第二条第一項に規定する国家公務員及び地方公務員法（昭和二十五年法律第二百六十一号）第三条第一項に規定する地方公務員をいう。以下同じ。）又は公務員であった者に対してその職務又は身分に関してされる処分及び行政指導
• Dispositions or Administrative Guidance concerning the duties or status rendered to public officials (here meaning, the national public officers described in Article 2, paragraph 1 of the National Public Officer Act (Act No. 120 of 1947) and the local public officers described in Article 3, paragraph 1 of the Local Public Officer Act (Act No. 261 of 1950). The same shall apply hereinafter) or rendered to former public officials;

• 全体として、保守的な公家の立場を主張し、天皇と公家（＝摂関家と村上源氏）が日本国を統治して武士を統率するのが理想の国家像であるとする（特に公家や僧侶を「人（ひと）」、武士を「者（もの）」と明確に区別しているところに彼の身分観の反映がなされていると言われる）。
• Overall, Chikafusa places emphasis on the standpoint and position of the conservative aristocracy, and argues the combination of Emperor with court nobility (which really refers to the family of Sekkan (regents) and the Murakami branch of the Minamoto clan), joining together to rule all Japan and taking a leadership role over the warrior class, was the ideal polity (in particular, he draws a very clear distinction between nobles and Buddhist priests, whom he terms 'the (good) people,' and warriors, called just 'persons,' thereby reflecting, it has been argued, his own views of social status).

• 慶長3年（1598年）、あまりに華美な生活を好んだため、石田三成ら文治派の讒言によって、秀吉から身分をわきまえずに贅を尽くしすぎるとして邸宅没収の処分を受けることになるが、事前に察知してその壮麗な邸宅や財産を菩提寺の大安寺に寄進して日本人町のあるルソンへ脱出した。
• In 1598, his all-too-lavish lifestyle brought the slanders of a civilian party including Mitsunari ISHIDA by which Hideyoshi confiscated his mansion that was said to be too luxury for his position and rank; but Sukezaemon, knowing it in advance, donated the grand mansion and belongings to his ancestral Daian-ji Temple before escaping to Luson with a Japanese quarter.

• 昭和31年（1956年）、プロデューサーの水の江滝子に才能を見出され、助監督身分のまま、殺人事件の舞台となる銀座裏通りを丸ごとオープンセットで作り、随所にパンフォーカスを駆使した『狙われた男』を監督（公開は『狂った果実』の後）、新人監督らしからぬ中編スリラーとなる。
• His talent was recognized by Takiko MIZUNOE, who was a producer, in 1956 and he made the whole set of the back streets in the Ginza, a stage of a murder, as an assistant director and directed 'Nerawareta Otoko' (Targeted man) by using Deep focus (released after 'Kurutta Kajitsu'), a horror film of medium length that was unique for a new film director.

• これに限らず、抱席身分も実際には、隠居や死去したときは子などの相続人に相当する近親者が、新規取り立ての名目で身分と俸禄を継承していたため、江戸時代後期になると、富裕な町人や農民が困窮した御家人の名目上の養子の身分を金銭で買い取って、御家人身分を獲得することが広く行われるようになった。
• Not only this, but in reality the status and stipends of Kakaeseki gokenin retainers were inherited by successors upon retirement or death, so in the latter part of the Edo period it became common for wealthy merchants and farmers to buy their way into gokenin ranks by paying to become the adopted son of an impoverished gokenin.

• この動きにより、地頭請、下地中分等を通じた武家の側からのみならず、領家側からの一円知行化が活発となり、領家職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領家が現れるなど、従来の身分格差に応じた職の体系が崩れだし、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなった。
• This development stimulated the proliferation of Shinryo ichien chigyo not only from the samurai side through jito-uke (system under which the jito controls a manor and pays a fixed fee to its owner) and shitaji-chubun (halving of revenue source land) but also from ryoke (lords of manors), resulting in the beginning of breakdown of the traditional system of occupational positions based on status differences, which involved the emergence of jito having a ryoke position and vice versa, and eventually in a major change of ryoke positions and jito positions in manors and public estates.

• しかしながら、蘇我赤兄の外孫である山辺皇女が、持統天皇に排除された夫の大津皇子に殉死したり、また文武天皇の妻の石川刀子娘が、天皇崩御後に某男との関係を持った事からその身分を剥奪され、子の広成皇子・広世皇子も連座して皇族の身分を剥奪される事件なども起こしている。
• However, several unfortunate incidents befell the throne: Princess Yamanobe no Himemiko, a sotomago (grandchild from a daughter married into another family) of SOGA no Akae followed her husband Imperial Prince Otsu to the grave when he was eliminated by Empress Jito, and ISHIKAWA no Tone no Iratsume, the wife of the late Emperor Monmu, was stripped of her rank due to infidelity and her children Hironari no Oji and Hiroyo no Oji were stripped of their standing as members of the Imperial family by association.

• 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽身分のものだけでは不十分なケースが多々見られ、こうした場合、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設することがあった。
• At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and its domains were forced to eliminate their 'matchlock infantry' armed with matchlocks and to form a 'musket infantry' or 'musket unit' armed with Western style firearms, however, the number of ashigaru (common foot soldiers) was sometimes not enough to form these infantries or units and, in these cases, new members were recruited to create a musket infantry similar to the ashigaru troops in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

• 中世・近世には拘禁施設が不十分であること、身分が異なる者を同一施設に拘禁することは身分制度の建前上不適切とされたことを理由として身分が高い者（公家・武家・僧侶）を有力な御家人のもとに預けることが鎌倉幕府において行われており武家法の慣例として武家社会で行われてきた。
• For the reasons of insufficient detention facilities and inappropriateness of interning people of different social status in the same facilities, people of high social status (court noble, samurai family and Buddhist monks) were taken to major gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) during the time of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and so this became a custom under the Bukeho in the samurai society in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.

• 賀茂祭（葵祭、4月 (旧暦)の中の酉の日）の御禊（斎院が加茂川の川原で体を禊する）の日、身分を隠して見物していた源氏の愛人・六条御息所の一行は、同じくその当時懐妊して体調が悪く気晴らしに見物に来ていた源氏の正妻・葵の上の一行と、見物の場所をめぐっての車争いを起こす。
• On the day of the purification ceremony (when the Saiin (an Imperial Princess appointed to serve the deities of the Kamo-jinja Shrines) performs her ablutions on the beach of the Kamo river) of the Kamo festival (also called the Aoi (Hollyhock) Festival, which is held on the day of the Rooster in the Fourth Month (old lunar calendar)), there occurs a dispute over where to park the spectators' carriages between the retainers of Rokujo no Miyasudokoro, one of Genji's lovers who had been watching without disclosing her identity, and the retainers of Lady Aoi, Genji's lawful wife who was pregnant at that time and had been in poor physical condition and so was there to watch the event for some diversion.

• その後女性の衣装としてのみ発展し、関所を通る際は未婚女性は振袖を着用しないと通過が出来ない（年齢や身分をごまかしているのではと因縁をつけられたため）など、未婚女性といえば振袖を着用するものという認識が広まった（余談だが関所の近くにはたいてい貸し振袖屋があったという）。
• Thereafter, the furisode began to be developed exclusively as a kind of clothing for women, leading to such steps as the creation of a rule that unmarried women passing barrier checkpoints were not allowed to pass unless they were wearing furisode (because a woman was suspected at the barrier checkpoint that she tried to disguise her age or social status, unless she were wearing furisode), thus expanding recognition that 'as for unmarried women, they wear furisode' (incidentally, it is said that there were furisode rental shops near almost all the checkpoints).

• 深川の無頼者たちを仲間にする三五郎が、父の旧主の困窮のために人を騙すのに対して、結局のところ痴情によって多数の人を斬り殺す源五兵衛が、最終的には数右衛門に戻って晴れて義士の列に加わる点において、不条理な身分の違いを、暗に、しかし強烈に、南北は皮肉っているとされている。
• It is said that Nanboku satirized the unreasonable hierarchical society indirectly and severely by depicting the outcomes of main two characters' lives; although Sangoro is just a ruffian of the common people's town Fukagawa, he cheats a person to save his father's ex-master who has been in difficulties; however, although Gengobe murders many people by passions, at last he sheds his disguise and as real himself Kazuemon, joins the group of the loyal samurai with no shame.

• 韓国併合ニ関スル条約（1910年） 韓国皇帝及び韓国皇族に相当な尊称、威厳及び名誉を享有させること等が約され、s前韓國皇帝ヲ册シテ王ト爲シ皇太子及將來ノ世嗣、太皇帝及各其儷匹ノ稱呼ヲ定メ竝ニ禮遇ノ件により、前韓国皇帝に対して「王」の身分が与えられる等した（王公族制度）。
• The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty (1910): The Emperor of Korea and the imperial family were entitled to suitable honorific titles, authority and honor, and in accordance with the Act, which acknowledges the former Emperor of Korea as King, establishes titles for each prince, future successor, and the empress, and treats them with courteous reception, the status of 'king' was granted to the former emperor of Korea, a system known in Japanese as Okozoku.

• 中世初期（平安時代後期～鎌倉時代中期）までの荘園公領制においては、郡司、郷司、保司などの資格を持つ公領領主、公領領主ともしばしば重複する荘官、一部の有力な名主百姓（むしろ初期においては彼らこそが正式な百姓身分保持者）が管理する「名田」（みょう）がモザイク状に混在していた。
• Under shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) in the early medieval period (from the late Heian period to the mid-Kamakura period), the 'myo' (rice-field lot under the charge of a nominal holder), which was managed by a lord of public land qualified as Gunji (a local government official), Goji (a local government official under the Ritsuryo system) or Hoji (an officer governing public land), shokan (an officer governing a shoen (manor)) often overlapped that of a lord of public land or some powerful myoshu (owner of rice fields) who was concurrently a peasant (they instead officially held peasant status in the early age) was mixed in a mosaic-like manner.

• 刀狩（かたながり、刀狩り）とは、百姓身分の者の帯刀権を剥奪する兵農分離政策で、特に安土桃山時代の1588年8月29日（天正16年7月8日 (旧暦)）に豊臣秀吉が刀狩令（同時に海上賊船禁止令）を出して大規模に推進した政策を指す（ただし、刀狩を最初に行なったのは柴田勝家である。
• Katanagari (written as 刀狩 or 刀狩り) was a policy of heinobunri (separating warriors and peasants) which deprived those in the peasant class of their privilege of wearing swords, which highlighted the policy enacted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI through the katanagari edict (at the same time, pirate ship interdiction) issued on August 29, 1588 in the Azuchi-Momoyama period (The first person who executed katanagari was Katsuie SHIBATA.

• 空海は、こうした現状を打破しようと、天長5年付で「綜芸種智院式并序」（『性霊集』巻十）を著して、全学生・教員への給食制を完備した身分貧富に関わりなく学ぶことのできる教育施設、俗人も僧侶も儒教・仏教・道教などあらゆる思想・学芸を総合的に学ぶことのできる教育施設の設立を提唱した。
• Kukai, who tried to move beyond this status quo, wrote 'Shugei Shuchiin School Shiki narabinijo' ('Shoryoshu' (Collected Works of Prose and Poetry of Kukai) with ten volumes) in 828, proposing the establishment of an educational facility that would fully provide school lunches to all students and teachers; where all people could learn whatever their social status, rich and poor alike; and where both secular people and priests could comprehensively learn all manner of thought and liberal arts, such as Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and so on.

• 円融もこのような権力の空白状況のなかで、新皇統を確立する可能性のある候補者として注目され、藤原兼通（師輔の次男）の娘藤原こう子、藤原頼忠（実頼の長男）の娘藤原遵子、藤原兼家（師輔の三男）の娘東三条院ら、皇后となり皇太子を産むにふさわしい身分の妻と有力な外戚の後ろ盾を得ることができた。
• In this situation where there was a power vacuum, Enyu attracted attention as a candidate to establish a new Imperial lineage and was able to obtain wives with high lineage who could become empress and give birth to a crown prince, such as FUJIWARA no Kanemichi (Morosuke's second son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Koshi,FUJIWARA no Yoritada (Saneyori's first son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Junshi, FUJIWARA no Kaneie (Morosute's third son)'s daughter, Higashisanjyoin and also the support of influential maternal relatives.

• 中下級の貴族や武家・荘官などの出身者が多かったため、武術などの心得を持つものもあり、武装化して僧兵を構成したのもこの身分が中心であった（ただし、延暦寺では衆徒をより上級貴族出身が占め、このクラスや衆徒から放逐された者達が別に「堂衆」を組織するなど、寺院ごとに組織のあり方に違いがあった）。
• Many shuto were from aristocracy of the middle and low classes, as well as samurai families and shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor)), some of whom were skilled in martial arts, and as a result they made up a large share of Sohei (priest soldiers); however, the component of the shuto was different among temples, so that in Enryaku-ji Temple the shuto was made up of the priests of higher aristocratic origin, and others who were excluded from shuto organized 'doshu' separately.

• 准母は堀河天皇が践祚に際して、既に生母である中宮藤原賢子が崩御していたため、寛治元年(1087年)に皇姉てい子内親王が母に擬せられたのが初例となり、爾来、天皇の生母が死去した後に幼年で即位した場合や、生母が存命だが身分が低すぎるか既に女院となっている場合などに、准母を定めるようになった。
• It became the first example of junbo that in 1087, in the succession of Emperor Horikawa to the throne, his elder sister, Imperial Princess Teishi was equated with his mother because his real mother, Chugu (Empress) FUJIWARA no Kenshi was already deceased, after that, junbo was named in the case that an infant emperor succeeded to the throne after his real mother passed away, or the case that although his real mother was alive, her social status was too low or she was already a nyoin (a woman bestowed with the title 'in' [title given to retired emperor]).

• 明治から昭和の戦前にかけては、富国強兵政策や身分が低いながらも関白太政大臣になったということで民衆の手本にしようという試みもあり、好意的に捉えられることが多かった（秀吉を肯定することで家康を貶め、しいては江戸幕府の評価を下げることで明治政府の正当性を高めるという側面もあったとも指摘される）。
• From Meiji Period to prewar of Showa Period, there was an effort to show Hideyoshi as a model of people for the policy of increasing wealth and military power because he had promoted to Kanpaku Daijodaijin in spite of lowly origin; and he was often seen favorably (an aspect is pointed out that seeing Hideyoshi positively led to looking down Ieyasu and coming down Edo Shogunate, and that, as a result, it led to boosting up legitimacy of Meiji Government).

• 外国との貿易を黒字化させて国内の金保有量を高め、さらには北方においてロシア帝国との貿易も行おうとしていたほか、平賀源内などと親交を持ち、蘭学を手厚く保護し、士農工商の別にとらわれない実力主義に基づく人材登用も試みたが、これらの急激な改革が身分制度や朱子学を重視する保守的な幕府閣僚の反発を買い、
• He tried to expand Japan's trade surplus, increase gold holdings, and open trade with the Russian Empire; he also made friends with Gennai HIRAGA and others, protected Western learning, and took on men of talent based on a merit system regardless of the hereditary four-class order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants (shinokosho), but these sudden reformations provoked a backlash among conservatives in the shogunate cabinet.

• 第二次世界大戦後には連合国軍最高司令官総司令部（GHQ）の指令に基づいて、皇室財産の国有化、皇族の財産に関する特権の停止などが決定され、敗戦後の窮乏した国家財政では従前の規模の皇室を維持できなくなったことから、秩父宮、高松宮、三笠宮の三直宮家を除く11宮家51人が皇族の身分を離れることとなった。
• After the World War Ⅱ, under the instruction of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers, it was decided to stop having privileges of nationalization for Imperial estates or Imperial family's belongings, because under the poor financial situation after having lost the War, it was not possible to manage the former scale of Imperial family, the eleven Miyake, fifty one members were to leave their position as members of the Imperial family excluding three direct Miyake, Chichibunomiya, Takamatsunomiya, and Mikasanomiya.

• しかも、源氏物語の登場人物の中で本名（と思われるもの）が明らかなのは身分の低い光源氏の家来である藤原惟光と源良清くらい（玉鬘 (源氏物語)を含める説もある）であり、光源氏をはじめとして大部分の登場人物は本文中にはその官職や居住地などのゆかりのある場所の名前に由来する「呼び名」しか記されていない。
• In addition, of the characters in The Tale of Genji, the people whose (possible) real names are known are only FUJIWARA no Koremitsu and MINAMOTO no Yoshikiyo, lower-class servants of Hikaru Genji (some people include Tamakazura, too, in them), but in the tale, most of the characters including Hikaru Genji are known by their 'nicknames' which were derived from their official positions or the names of their related places such as their residences.

• しかも旧雑戸の人々は身分的に公民から雑戸に戻された訳ではない事は天平勝宝年間以後に雑戸籍が作成された事実が無いことからも明らかであり、旧雑戸の人々が徴用されたとしても、実際には律令で定められた雑徭の範疇で官司に奉仕したと考えられる（これは同様の解放経過を辿った馬飼のその後の待遇からも推定できる）。
• In addition, the rank of former zakko people was not changed from the citizen to zakko again, as is obvious from the fact that zakkoseki was not prepared after the Tenpyo-shoho era, thus they are thought in fact to have served government offices within the scope of zoyo defined under the ritsuryo codes even when requisitioned (this can also be assumed from the subsequent treatment of umakai which followed the similar emancipation process.)

• なお、足利義晴の頃より内談衆が再び幕政に登場するようになるが、義晴の擁立に参画してその後奉行衆に代わって義晴政権を構成した「殿中申次」などと呼ばれていた将軍側近集団を組織化するとともに、彼らの出自身分や・奉行衆・奉公衆などの職制の枠に捉われない新たな格式・待遇を与えるためであったと考えられている。
• Incidentally, naidanshu (councils) appeared again in the shogunate government headed by Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, which placed close advisers of the shogun; who supported Yoshiharu and later constituted the Yoshiharu government, in place of bugyoshu, while conferring new classes and benefits on the naidanshu (council members), irrespective of origin and rank, or positions such as bugyoshu (magistrate) or hokoshu.

• 当時の百姓身分は農業や手工業の比較的規模の大きい経営者階層であり、この層に出自する者が地侍などの形で武士身分に食い込みを図るときには、勢力地盤となっている村の名前などを苗字とするのが普通であるし、そもそもこの階層は惣村共同体の足軽中で通用する程度に権威のある私称の苗字を保持しているのが通例であった。
• A farmer class of this age was a comparatively huge hierarchy, composed by businesspersons of agriculture and manufacture; when a person who was from this class tried to become warriors' class such as local samurai, he usually used a place name like home village's name as a surname, and people of this class usually had authorized surnames which they could use among 'Ashigaru' in the community of village.

• 11宮家51名の皇籍離脱は、法形式上は現行の皇室典範11条「その意思に基き、皇室会議の議により」若しくは同14条「その意思により」又は同13条「皇族の身分を離れる親王又は王の妃並びに直系卑属及びその妃は、他の皇族と婚姻した女子及びその直系卑属を除き、同時に皇族の身分を離れる」によってそれぞれ行なわれた。
• 51 members of 11 Miyake left in accordance with the current Imperial Family Law, Clause 11, 'Due to Imperial member's will or due to the decision of the Imperial Household Council', or Clause 14 of the same law, 'Due to Imperial member's will' or Clause 13, 'the Imperial Princes or their Princesses or other lineal descendants and their Empresses should leave their position as Imperial members, excluding female members who married into other Imperial Families or their lineal descendants.'

• 武士の起源については、従来は新興地方領主層が自衛の必要から武装した面を重視する説が主流であったが、近年は清和源氏や桓武平氏のような軍事貴族や下級官人層から構成される戦士身分が起源であり、彼らが平安後期の荘園公領制成立期から荘園領主や国衙と結びついて所領経営者として発展していったとみる説が提唱されている。
• As for the origin of bushi, the theory that the class of emerging local lords were armed because of a need for self-defense was traditionally mainstream, but recently a theory proposed that its origin is the warrior status which consisted of the military aristocrats such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) or lower-ranking government officials and they were linked with the owners of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or kokuga from the formation period of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and developed into the managers of the shoryo (territory).

• 何人も、人種、国籍、信条、性別、社会的身分、門地、従前の職業、労働組合の組合員であること等を理由として、職業紹介、職業指導等について、差別的取扱を受けることがない。但し、労働組合法〔昭和二四年六月法律第一七四号〕の規定によつて、雇用主と労働組合との間に締結された労働協約に別段の定のある場合は、この限りでない。
• No one shall be discriminated against in employment placement, vocational guidance, or the like, by reason of race, nationality, creed, sex, social status, family origin, previous profession, membership of a labor union, etc.; provided, however, that this shall not apply in the case where the terms of a collective agreement entered into between an employer and a labor union in accordance with the Labor Union Act provide otherwise.

• 東久邇宮稔彦王は、若いころからしばしば皇族の身分を離れたいと発言してきたことで知られているが、1945年（昭和20年）に内閣総理大臣を辞任した直後にも、自らの臣籍降下を昭和天皇に願い出ており、さらにそのことをマスコミに語り、他の皇族も自分にならうことを求めたために、宮内省があわてて否定の声明を出す一幕もあった。
• Higashikuni Imperial Prince Naruhiko was known for often saying since he was young that he wished to leave his position in the Imperial Family, he also asked Emperor Showa to approve him ceasing to be a member of the Imperial Family, he made his intention clear just after he resigned as Prime Minister in 1945, he also mentioned to it to the media and asked other Imperial members to follow him, and once the Department of the Imperial Household had to make sudden announcement to deny it.

• 指定部隊長は、第六条第一項の規定により被拘束者の引渡しを受けたときは、速やかに、当該被拘束者について、その氏名、階級又は地位（以下「階級等」という。）、生年月日及び身分証明書番号等（身分証明書番号、個人番号その他これに類する個人を識別するために付された数字、記号又は符号をいう。以下同じ。）を確認しなければならない。
• In cases of taking delivery of a captive person pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 6, the designated unit commander shall promptly find the name, rank or position (hereinafter referred to as "rank, etc."), date of birth, and identification card number, etc. (i.e. identification card number, individual number and other similar number, symbol or code given to identify the individual. The same shall apply hereinafter) of the captive person.

• 前条の規定により研究所の職 員となった者に対する国家公務員法（昭和二十二年法律第百二十号）第八十二条第二項の規定の適用については、研究所の職員を同項に規定する特別職国家公務 員等と、前条の規定により国家公務員としての身分を失ったことを任命権者の要請に応じ同項に規定する特別職国家公務員等となるため退職したこととみなす。
• With regard to the application of the provisions of Article 82, paragraph (2) of the National Public Service Act (Act No. 120 of 1947) any person who has become an employee of the Institute pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article shall be deemed as having retired, due to the fact that such a person becomes a national public servant in special service, etc. pursuant to the provisions of said paragraph, and the loss of one's status as a national public servant pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article results in said person becoming a national public servant in special service, etc. as prescribed in said paragraph at the request of the appointer.

• 兼家が摂政として全権を振るうには雅信の存在は明らかに障害ではあったが、昌泰の変の菅原道真や安和の変の源高明、源兼明の皇族復帰の時と違って、これを排除するだけの名目を見つけることが出来なかった（道真や高明は有力皇族との婚姻があり、兼明は元々親王身分であったために排除の理由は簡単に見つけられたが、雅信の場合にはそのいずれでもなかった）。
• For Kaneie, existence of Masanobu was apparently an obstacle to gaining absolute power, but different from Michizane SUGAWARA in the Shotai Incident, MINAMOTO no Takaaki in the Anna Incident and return of MINAMOTO no Kaneaki to a member of the Imperial Family, no pretext to eliminate Masanobu could be found (As Michizane and Takaaki had matrimonial relation with influential members of the Imperial Family and Kaneaki was originally an imperial prince, a pretext for eliminating them could be found easily, but in Masanobu's case, neither of them existed).

• 都道府県知事は、前条の規定による措置をとるため、必要があると認めるときは、児童委員又は児童の福祉に関する事務に従事する職員をして、児童の住所若しくは居所又は児童の従業する場所に立ち入り、必要な調査又は質問をさせることができる。この場合においては、その身分を証明する証票を携帯させ、関係者の請求があつたときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• When a prefectural governor finds necessary in order to take a measure pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article, the prefectural governor may make a commissioned child welfare volunteer or said prefecture's official engaged in the affairs concerning welfare of children enter the domicile or residence of the referenced child or his/her workplace and make necessary inspections or questioning. In this case, the prefectural governor shall make the commissioned child welfare volunteer or the official carry his/her certification for identification and produce it upon request by any relevant person.

• 発生期の武士の家組織の内部奉公人の中においても武士と同様に戦場では騎馬戦士として活動した郎党や、徒歩で戦った従卒がいたが、室町・戦国期になると武士身分の拡散が大きくなり、狭義の武士同士の主従関係のほかに、本来は百姓身分でありながら狭義の武士の支配する所領の名主層から軍役を通じて主従関係を持つようになった広義の武士としての地侍などが登場する。
• Also among the servants who belonged to the family organization of bushi during the early period, there were the roto who fought as cavalry warriors in the battlefield like bushi or jusotsu (officer's servants) who fought on foot, but in the Muromachi and Sengoku period the samurai status spread increasingly and jizamurai (local samurai), originally coming from the class of farmers, as bushi in a broad sense appeared by having a relationship between lord and vassal through the military service for the class of myoshu (owner of rice fields) of shoryo governed by the bushi in a narrow sense, as well as the master-subordinate relationship of the bushi in a narrow sense.

• こうした自検断権の裏づけとなる軍事警察力の保証としての武器の保有も、建前上は刀狩以降放棄した形式をとり、百姓身分の者は身分表象としての帯刀を放棄することでそれを示していたが、実際は個々の村には膨大な数の刀槍、鉄砲が神仏への献納物、あるいは害獣駆除の名目で備蓄されており、明治維新以降も国家権力はあからさまにこれに手をつけられない状態であった。
• After the Sword Hunt, keeping arms that supported the right to judge criminal cases as a safeguard military police power had the form of waiving the right and people in a farming rank showed their waiver by not wearing a sword, their rank symbol, but actually an individual community had big stockpiles of swords, spears, and guns under the pretext of dedicating things to Shinto and Buddhist deities or the extermination of harmful animals and the governmental powers could not openly touch them even after the Meiji Restoration.

• 下官人は一種の「株」の形で身分を売買することが行われ（表面上は買主が売主の養子縁組に入る場合が多い）、また必要な人員確保を理由とした官司による取立も行われたため、京都や周辺の商人や農民が社会的身分の上昇や生活の糧（仕事）の獲得などを目的に地下官人の身分を得る例もあった（催官人は官司からの地下人補任の申請があれば、ほとんどの場合そのまま受理していた）。
• The rank of Shimokanjin was traded in the form of 'stock' ostensibly through adoption of 'the buyer' by 'the seller' in most cases, and sometimes 'collected' by the government office on the pretext of staff acquisition, which led some cases of merchants and farmers in Kyoto and its surroundings acquiring the rank of Jige official for the purpose of raising their social status or earning their living, i.e., securing their jobs (In most cases, Saikanjin accepted the application for appointment of Jigenin by the government office without question).

• これは当時日本で一国ほどの価値があるとされた茶器や陶器を作り出す陶工を大名が藩の庇護の下、士分を与えるなど手厚い待遇をしていたのに比べ、李氏朝鮮では儒教思想による身分制において陶工は最下層の賤民に位置づけられ、奴隷的な労働を強いられるとともに、失策を犯した場合には体罰を課せられるという過酷な状況にあり、職人に対する根源的な差別があったことが原因である。
• The reason is considered as follows: In Japan at that time, potters who produced chaki (tea utensils) and earthenware, considered having a value equal to that of a province, were treated favorably, for example, given the samurai status, but in Yi Dynasty Korea, potters were designated as humble or lowly people with the lowest social status in the social status system based on the Confucian thought: They were forced to work like slaves and were placed in such harsh conditions that they were punished physically when committing an error, or in other words, there existed fundamental discrimination against craftsmen.

• 『花山院家記』には良房の猶子藤原基経が守護神として祀ったものと記すが、上掲『土右記』には師成の話の続きとして、「昭宣公（基経）の身分がまだ低かった時分、数人の童に捕まり杖で打たれている狐を見かけたので、それを乞い受けて解放すると、夢中にその狐が現れて、住む場所を賜れば火難などの災害を除く力になると誓ったので、現鎮座地をあてがって宗像神の眷属とした」と載せている。
• In 'the family record of the Kazanin family,' it is written that the shrine was enshrined by FUJIWARA no Mototsune, an adopted child of Yoshifusa, as an guardian god, but in 'Doyuki' above, the following story was recorded as a continued story by Moronari; when Shosenko (posthumous name as Daijo Daijin), Mototsune, was in a low position, he saw a fox being beaten by several people so he asked them to give the fox to him and he released it, and the fox appeared in his dream and pledged to remove disasters such as fire if he gave it a place to live, so he gave the fox the present place of enshrinement and made it as a kenzoku (messenger of the gods) of the Munakata deity.

• しかしながら鎌倉時代以降の『源氏物語』が古典として重要な教養の源泉であるとされた以後の時代に作成された写本は、証本となしうる信頼できる写本を元に注意深く写しとって、きちんと校合などもした上で完成させることが一般的であったが、それ以前、平安時代には『源氏物語』等の物語は広く普及し多くの写本が作られており、その中には源麗子本等の身分の高い人物が自ら作ったと見られる写本もあった。
• 'The Tale of Genji' after the Kamakura period was treated as an important intellectual source of classic knowledge, and in those days it was a general practice that manuscripts would be copied carefully from a reliable manuscript that could be the shohon (premised book) and completed after collation; however, in the Heian period stories like 'The Tale of Genji' were diffused widely and many manuscripts were made, and among them was a manuscript made by upper-class people such as MINAMOTO no Reishi.

• 1階の細部や内部については不明だが、上記フロイスの書簡では、キリシタンの身分ある女性が畳100畳を寄進したこと、「指物細工や木の細工」について京の職人の水準の高さ、および「イタリア人のオルガンティーノ師の建築上の工夫」に言及していることから、日本人職人の手による和風を基本としながら、ヨーロッパ特にイタリアの建築様式やキリスト教に関連するモチーフが加味されたものと推測される。
• The details of the 1st floor and the appearance of the interior are unclear but references in Luís Fróis's letter to the donation of 100 tatami mats by a Christian woman, the high standards of 'joinery and carpentry' among Kyoto craftsmen and 'the architectural expertise of the Italian missionary Organtino' have led to the assumption that the church, although created in a Japanese style by local craftsmen, was adorned with particularly European, and in particular Italian Christian motifs.

• 登記官は、前項の調査をする場合において、必要があると認めるときは、日出から日没までの間に限り、当該不動産を検査し、又は当該不動産の所有者その他の関係者に対し、文書若しくは電磁的記録に記録された事項を法務省令で定める方法により表示したものの提示を求め、若しくは質問をすることができる。この場合において、登記官は、その身分を示す証明書を携帯し、関係者の請求があったときは、これを提示しなければならない。
• Where a registrar conducts the examination set forth in the preceding paragraph and when he/she finds it necessary, he/she may, only during the period from sunrise to sunset, inspect the real property, request the owner of the real property or other persons concerned to present a document or matters that are recorded in an electromagnetic record and indicated by a method specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice, or ask questions of these persons. In this case, the registrar shall carry his/her identification card and present it when requested to do so by any person concerned.

• 具体例を挙げると、文化・宗教によって大きく異なるが、排泄物・腐敗物、血・体液・月経・出産、特定または一般の動物・食物、女性・男女間のあらゆる接触ならびに行為（ごくまれに男性、同性間の性関係ならびに行為）・自らの共同体以外の人（他県人・外国人・異民族）やその文化・特定の血筋または身分の人（不可触賎民など）・特定の職業（芸能、金融業、精肉業等）・体の一部（左手を食事に使ってはならない等）などがある。
• Though they may differ depending on the culture and religion, some concrete examples are egested things, rotten things, blood, body fluid, period, child birth, particular or general animals and foods, all contacts and acts between women and between men and women (very rarely, sexual relations and acts between men and people of the same sex,) people outside own community (people of other prefectures, foreigners and different races,) culture, people of particular blood line or rank (scheduled castes,) particular occupations (entertainment, financial and meat industries) and particular parts of a human body (a left had can not be used for eating, etc.)

• 刑事施設の長は、犯罪性のある者その他受刑者が信書を発受することにより、刑事施設の規律及び秩序を害し、又は受刑者の矯正処遇の適切な実施に支障を生ずるおそれがある者（受刑者の親族を除く。）については、受刑者がその者との間で信書を発受することを禁止することができる。ただし、婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の受刑者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため信書を発受する場合は、この限りでない。
• With regard to the persons (except for relatives of the sentenced person) who have criminal tendencies or are likely to either disrupt discipline and order in the penal institution or hinder the adequate pursuance of correctional treatment for a sentenced person by receiving from or sending to the sentenced person, the warden of the penal institution may prohibit the sentenced person from sending to or receiving from them; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the sentenced person sends to or receives from the persons in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the sentenced person, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business.

• 留置業務管理者は、犯罪性のある者その他被留置受刑者が信書を発受することにより、留置施設の規律及び秩序を害し、又は被留置受刑者の改善更生に支障を生ずるおそれがある者（被留置受刑者の親族を除く。）については、被留置受刑者がその者との間で信書を発受することを禁止することができる。ただし、婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の被留置受刑者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため信書を発受する場合は、この限りでない。
• With regard to the persons (except for relatives of the sentenced person under detention) who have criminal tendencies or are likely to either disrupt discipline and order in the detention facility or hinder the reformation and rehabilitation for a sentenced person under detention by receiving from or sending to the sentenced person under detention, the detention services manager may prohibit the sentenced person under detention from sending to or receiving from them; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the sentenced person sends to or receives from the persons in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the sentenced person under detention, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business.

• 祖先は陵戸(みささぎのへ)で沙沙貴(ささき)の名前も陵戸が変化した物と言う説があるが、日本書紀には「狭々城山君韓袋宿裲」（ささきやまぎみからふくろのすくね）が雄略天皇による押磐皇子謀殺に荷担したために罰せられ、死刑とする代わりに身分を落とし賤民である陵戸とされ全ての官籍を剥奪の上で山部連の下に置かれたが、同族の「置目老嫗」（おきめのおみな）が押磐皇子の遺骨の所在を知らせた功により置目老嫗の兄である「倭袋宿裲」が韓袋宿裲に代わり狭々城山君の姓を賜ったとある。
• There is a theory that the name Sasaki was changed from the ancestor's name, Misasagi no He, but in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) it was written that 'Sasakiyama gimi Karafukuro no Sukune' helped the Emperor Yuryaku to murder Prince Oshiha and was therefore demoted to the humble rank of Ryoko instead of receiving the death penalty and was transferred under Yamabe no muraji after being deprived of any title; however, because 'Okime no Omina' from his family confessed to where the remains of the Prince Oshiha were placed, 'Yamato Fukuro no Sukune', who was the brother of Okime no Omina, was given the name Sasakiyama gimi in place of Karafukuro no Sukune.

• 在留資格は、別表第一の上欄（技能実習の在留資格にあつては、二の表の技能実習の項の下欄に掲げる第一号イ若しくはロ又は第二号イ若しくはロの区分を含む。以下同じ。）又は別表第二の上欄に掲げるとおりとし、別表第一の上欄の在留資格をもつて在留する者は当該在留資格に応じそれぞれ本邦において同表の下欄に掲げる活動を行うことができ、別表第二の上欄の在留資格をもつて在留する者は当該在留資格に応じそれぞれ本邦において同表の下欄に掲げる身分若しくは地位を有する者としての活動を行うことができる。
• The categories of statuses of residence shall be as listed in the left-hand column of Appended Table I (in the case that the status of residence of "Technical Intern Training", including the category of item (i), sub-item (a) or (b) or item (ii), sub-item (a) or (b) listed in the left-hand column under "Technical Intern Training" of Appended Table I (2); the same shall apply hereinafter) and II. A foreign national residing in Japan under a status of residence listed in the left-hand column of Table I may engage in the activities listed in the right-hand column corresponding to that status, while a foreign national residing under a status of residence listed in the left-hand column of Table II may engage in the activities of a person with the status or position listed in the right-hand column corresponding to that status.

• ところで、あなた方は、こんな寂しいところで、ゆううつな木陰のしたで、時間を無駄に過ごしておられますが、もしかして昔はいい身分のお方であったのなら、教会の鳴らす鐘が聞こえるところにお住まいだった［＃注６］方々であったのなら、立派なお人の宴会に出席したことがあったのでしたら、まぶたから涙を拭ったことがあったのでしたら、人をあわれんだりあわれまれたりすることがどういうことか知っておられるのでしたら、穏やかな言葉があなた方を動かして、私に人間らしい態度を示していただけますようにお願いいたします！」
• but whatever men you are that in this desert, under the shade of melancholy boughs, lose and neglect the creeping hours of time, if ever you have looked on better days, if ever you have been where bells have knolled to church, if you have ever sat at any good man's feast, if ever from your eyelids you have wiped a tear and know what it is to pity or be pitied, may gentle speeches now move you to do me human courtesy!'

• 以蔵が晩年、武市らから冷遇されていた理由について諸書の記述によれば、他の同志より身分が低く教養が無いことによる差別的感情、彼が手がけた数々の暗殺が露見することにより他の同志に累が及ぶ危機感、彼が自刃してしまえばその露見が防げるにも拘らず彼自身がそれを行わなかったことに対する焦燥感や怒り、さらに“尊王攘夷・倒幕”を旨とする土佐勤王党に属しながら“開国派・幕臣”の勝海舟らの護衛を行うなどした（後述）ことにより“剣術こそ強いが確固たる思想・信念を持たぬ者”として軽蔑されたこと、などが原因ではないかと考えられている。
• According to some books, the reason why TAKECHI treated Izo coldly in his later years was, for example, from the discriminative feeling for Izo who had low social standing and no education compared with the other comrades, a sense of danger that exposure of many of the assassinations that Izo took part in may have unfavorable effects to his fellow comrades, and resentment and anxiety toward Izo for not taking his own life although those exposures could be prevented if he had committed suicide; furthermore, even if he had been a member of the Tosa kinnoto that aimed for 'Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and overthrowing the Shogunate', he became a bodyguard to Kaishu KATSU (to be explained later) who was 'a member of the open country wing and a vassal of the shogun'; Izo was disdained, for 'although skillful in swordplay, he was a man with no resolute ideas and beliefs.'

• 偽りその他不正の手段により、上陸許可の証印等（前章第一節若しくは第二節の規定による上陸許可の証印若しくは許可（在留資格の決定を伴うものに限る。）又はこの節（第十九条第二項を除く。）の規定による許可をいい、これらが二以上ある場合には直近のものをいうものとする。以下この号、次号及び第四号において同じ。）の申請に係る本邦において行おうとする活動が虚偽のものでなく、別表第一の下欄に掲げる活動又は別表第二の下欄に掲げる身分若しくは地位を有する者としての活動のいずれかに該当するものとして、当該上陸許可の証印等を受けたこと。
• The foreign national has received, by deceit or other wrongful means, a seal of verification for landing (a seal of verification for landing or special permission pursuant to the provisions of Chapter III, Section 1 or 2 (limited to those with a decision of status of residence) or permission pursuant to the provisions of this Section (except for Article 19, paragraph (2)), and where two or more seals or permissions have been granted, the most recent; hereinafter the same shall apply in this item, the next item, and item (iv)), on the consideration that the activities stated as those in which he/she intends to be engaged in the application for such permission are not false, and such activities fall under any of those listed in the right-hand column of Appended Table I or the activities of a person with the status or position listed in the right-hand column of Appended Table II.

• 以下のb)に規定された特別の身分証明書を所持すれば、フランスにおける就労許可、居住許可を免除され、またフランスにおいて通常適用される入国及び外国人登録に関する規則に従わない。職員の家族及び使用人にも、同一のことが適用される。職員の世帯を構成する家族は、外国人登録及び居住許可に関するフランスの法令に規定されるいかなる義務も免除される。以下のb)に規定された特別の身分証明書を所持すれば、未成年者としてフランスの領域に入る子供及び配偶者は、就労許可を免除される。この免除はいくつかの「規制職業」で満足すべき条件を害することはない。
• are exempted from work permits or residence permits in France, and are not subject to laws and regulations normally applicable in France relative to immigration and on the registration of alien, provided they hold the special identity card referred to in paragraph b) below. Members of their families forming part of their households are exempted from any duty provided for by French laws and regulations relating to the registration of alien and to residence permits. Children who have entered the French territory as minors and spouse are exempted from work permits, provided they hold the special identity card referred to in paragraph b) below. This exemption is without prejudice of the conditions that have to be fulfilled for some “regulated occupations”;

• 都道府県知事は、児童の福祉のため必要があると認めるときは、第三十六条から第四十四条までの各条に規定する業務を目的とする施設であつて第三十五条第三項の届出をしていないもの又は同条第四項の認可を受けていないもの（前条の規定により児童福祉施設の認可を取り消されたものを含む。）については、その施設の設置者若しくは管理者に対し、必要と認める事項の報告を求め、又は当該職員をして、その事務所若しくは施設に立ち入り、その施設の設備若しくは運営について必要な調査若しくは質問をさせることができる。この場合においては、その身分を証明する証票を携帯させなければならない。
• When the prefectural governor finds necessary for the welfare of children with regard to an institution intended for any of the services provided in Articles 36 to 44 inclusive for which the notification set forth in Article 35 paragraph (iii) has not been made or the approval set forth in paragraph (iv) of the same Article has not been obtained (including institutions for which the approval as a child welfare institution has been rescinded pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article), the prefectural governor may request its establisher or manager to report the matters found necessary by the prefectural governor or cause said prefecture's official to enter any of its offices or facilities or to conduct necessary investigations or ask questions in relation to the facilities or operation of the institution. In this case, the prefectural governor shall make the official carry his/her certification for identification.

• 医師相当衛生要員等又は歯科医師相当衛生要員等は、自衛隊麻薬診療施設において医業又は歯科医業をするに当たっては、麻薬及び向精神薬取締法第二十四条第一項第二号及び第三号、第二十六条第一項第一号及び第二項、第二十七条第一項から第三項まで、第四項（ただし書を除く。）及び第六項、第二十八条第一項及び第二項、第三十三条第三項並びに第四十一条の規定の適用についてはこれらに規定する麻薬施用者と、同法第二十八条第一項及び第五十条の三十八第一項の規定の適用についてはこれらに規定する麻薬取扱者とみなす。この場合において、同法第二十七条第六項中「免許証の番号」とあるのは、「身分証明書番号」とする。
• In conducting medical or dental services at a Self-Defense Forces narcotics treatment facility, the medical personnel, etc. correspondent to physicians or medical personnel, etc. correspondent to dentist shall be deemed to be narcotics dispensers prescribed in items (ii) and (iii) of paragraph (1) of Article 24, item (i) of paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of Article 26, paragraphs (1) to (3) of Article 27, paragraphs (4) (exclusive of the proviso) and (6) of Article 27, paragraphs (1) to (2) of Article 28, paragraph (3) of Article 33 and Article 41 of the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Control Act and they shall be deemed to be narcotics handlers prescribed in paragraph (1) of Article 28 and paragraph (1) of Article 50-38 of the Act when these provisions are applied in conducting medical or dental services at a Self-Defense Forces narcotics treatment facility. In this case, the term "license number" in paragraph (6) of Article 27 of the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Control Act shall be replaced with the term "identification card number".

• 従前の届出（この法律の施行の日（以下「施行日」という。）前にこの法律による改正前の国籍法第三条第一項の規定によるものとしてされた同項に規定する父母の婚姻及びその認知により嫡出子たる身分を取得した子に該当しない父又は母が認知した子による日本の国籍の取得に係る届出の行為をいう。以下同じ。）をした者で、当該従前の届出の時においてこの法律による改正後の国籍法（附則第四条第一項において「新法」という。）第三条第一項の規定の適用があるとするならば同項に規定する要件（法務大臣に届け出ることを除く。附則第四条第一項において同じ。）に該当するものであったもの（日本国民であった者を除く。）は、施行日から三年以内に限り、法務大臣に届け出ることによって、日本の国籍を取得することができる。
• A person making a former notification (referring to the act of notification pertaining to acquisition of Japanese nationality by a child acknowledged by a father or mother not falling under children having acquired the status of a child born in wedlock through the marriage of the father and mother and their acknowledgment provided in Article 3, paragraph (1) of the Nationality Act prior to revision by this Act pursuant to the provisions of said paragraph before the day of enforcement of this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'enforcement date'); the same shall apply hereinafter) falling under the requirements (except for notification to the Minister of Justice; the same shall apply in the supplementary provisions, Article 4, paragraph (1)) provided in Article 3, paragraph (1) of the Nationality Act after revision by this Act (referred to as the 'New Act' in the supplemental provisions, Article 4, paragraph (1)), if said paragraph applies (except for a person who was once a Japanese citizen) at the time of said former notification, may acquire Japanese nationality through notification to the Minister of Justice within three years of the enforcement date.

• 申請に係る本邦において行おうとする活動が虚偽のものでなく、別表第一の下欄に掲げる活動（二の表の技能実習の項の下欄第二号に掲げる活動を除き、五の表の下欄（ニに係る部分に限る。）に掲げる活動については、法務大臣があらかじめ告示をもつて定める活動に限る。）又は別表第二の下欄に掲げる身分若しくは地位（永住者の項の下欄に掲げる地位を除き、定住者の項の下欄に掲げる地位については法務大臣があらかじめ告示をもつて定めるものに限る。）を有する者としての活動のいずれかに該当し、かつ、別表第一の二の表及び四の表の下欄並びに五の表の下欄（ロに係る部分に限る。）に掲げる活動を行おうとする者については我が国の産業及び国民生活に与える影響その他の事情を勘案して法務省令で定める基準に適合すること。
• The activities stated in the application to be engaged in while in Japan must not be false, and must fall under any of the activities listed in the right-hand column of Appended Table I (activities listed in the right -hand column of item (ii) "Technical Intern Training" of Appended Table I (2) shall be excluded; with respect to the activities listed in the right-hand column of Appended Table I (5) (limited to the part pertaining to d.), the proposed activities must be activities designated by the Minister of Justice in a public notice), or the activities of a person with a status or position listed in the right-hand column of Appended Table II (the position listed in the right-hand column under "Permanent Resident" shall be excluded; with respect to the position listed under "Long-Term Resident," a proposed position must be a position designated by the Minister of Justice in a public notice), and with respect to those who intend to engage in the activities listed in the right-hand column of Appended Table I (2) and (4) and in the right-hand column of Appended Table I (5) (limited to the part pertaining to b.), the activities shall conform to the conditions provided for by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice which shall be provided for in consideration of factors including but not limited to the effects on Japanese industry and public welfare.