飢饉: 182 Terms and Phrases

• 飢饉
• famine
• drought
• shortage
• crop failure
• dearth
• hunger
• Famines

• 大飢饉
• severe famine
• Great Famine

• 水飢饉
• drought
• water shortage

• 豊作飢饉
• impoverishment of farmers because of a bumper harvest
• decline in farmers' income caused by the sharply lower farm prices as a result of bumper harvests

• 飢饉の一覧
• List of famines

• 養和の飢饉
• Famine of Yowa
• The famine of Yowa

• 大火と飢饉
• The great fire and famine

• 享保の大飢饉
• The Great Famine of Kyoho

• 天保の大飢饉
• Great Tempo Famine
• Tenpo famine

• ジャガイモ飢饉
• Great Famine (Ireland)

• 長禄・寛正の飢饉
• The Choroku–Kansei Famine

• エチオピア大飢饉
• Famines in Ethiopia

• 我々に飢饉が迫った。
• Famine stared us in the face.

• 1945年ベトナム飢饉
• Vietnamese Famine of 1945

• 天災・飢饉に関する記述
• Descriptions of disasters and famines

• 元禄の大飢饉と憐れみの令
• Great Famine in Genroku Era and the Law Prohibiting Cruelty to Animals

• - 旱魃・飢饉が起こる。
• Drought and famine took place.

• 飢饉に病気はつきものだ。
• Disease and famine go together.

• いわゆる天明の大飢饉である。
• This is what is referred to as the Tenmei Famine.

• オリッサ飢饉 (1866年)
• Orissa famine of 1866

• また、飢饉や災害が相次いだ。
• Furthermore, famine and disasters occurred one after another.

• 飢饉のために、家畜が餓死した。
• Because of the famine the cattle starved to death.

• 火山の噴火に続いて飢饉が訪れた。
• Famine followed upon the eruption of the volcano.

• 酒株文化の勝手造り令→天保の大飢饉
• Bunka katte-zukuri decree => The Great Famine of Tenpo

• 酒株宝暦の勝手造り令→天明の大飢饉
• Horeki katte-zukuri decree => The Great Famine of Tenmei

• 食糧を断つ行為、または飢饉に屈する
• the act of depriving of food or subjecting to famine

• これらの国はしばしば飢饉に襲われた。
• These countries were often visited with famine.

• その長い干ばつの後に飢饉が起こった。
• The long drought was followed by famine.

• 飢饉が人々にひどい窮乏をもたらした。
• Famine caused great distress among the people.

• ラージプーターナー飢饉 (1869年)
• Rajputana famine of 1869

• たいてい、飢饉になると疫病も発生する。
• More often than not, famine is accompanied by plague.

• 翌々年には大飢饉で、加茂川が餓死者で埋まる。
• Two years later there occurred a severe famine, and many people starved to death in the region of the Kamogawa River.

• ジャガイモの疫病から生じるアイルランドの飢饉
• a famine in Ireland resulting from a potato blight

• 飢饉の見通しが世界の多くの地域に迫っている。
• The prospect of famine hangs over many areas of the world.

• 義民（ぎみん）とは、飢饉などの際の一揆の首謀者。
• Gimin is a ringleader of uprising during a famine and the like.

• しかし藩主就任の年、桑名の大火と飢饉が発生する。
• However, the Great Fire and Famine of Kuwana happened the year he became the lord of domain.

• 収穫がもっと悪くなれば、飢饉が起こるかも知れない。
• Poor crops may cause famine.

• この飢饉に際して時宗の願阿弥は京都で粟粥などを施した。
• During the famine, Ganami of the Ji Sect served millet porridge in Kyoto.

• そのほかにも、天平時代は例年旱魃・飢饉が続きであった。
• In addition, there were continuous droughts and famine every year during the Tenpyo period.

• 15世紀の飢饉はヨーロッパの大きな地域の人口を減らした
• the 15th century plagues left vast areas of Europe depopulated

• それは長禄・寛正の飢饉にも対策を施さない程になっていった。
• He became so heavily obsessed with this dream that he didn't even do anything about the Choroku-Kansei Famine.

• 正嘉年間以来、地震・暴風雨・飢饉・疫病などの災害が相次いだ。
• Before Nichiren wrote the treatise, there had been a succession of disasters, such as earthquakes, rainstorms, famines and epidemics since the Shoka era (1257 - 1258).

• 飢饉のための対策、殖産産業に寄与し日本の本草学を発展させた。
• Through the progress of his study in the field of herbalism, Joan contributed for the development of measures against famine and the growth of various industries in Japan.

• ただし、大飢饉の前に出された肉筆画帖発売の広告も知られている。
• However, an advertisement for the sale of Nikuhitsu gajo, which was released before the great famine, is also known.

• 養和の飢饉（ようわのききん）とは、1181年に発生した大飢饉。
• The famine of Yowa was a devastating famine that occurred in 1181.

• 時はくだり、里見領の飢饉に乗じて隣領館山の安西景連が攻めてきた。
• Years later, Kagetsura ANZAI of the neighboring province Tateyama invaded the territory of the Satomi family, taking advantage of famine which had struck the territory.

• 実際、飢饉の時に餓死者を出した責任で罷免・処罰された代官もいる。
• There were actually some daikan who were dismissed and punished due to their responsibility for people who died from starving at the time of famines.

• しかし天明の飢饉により同六年に半減、同七年には三分の一まで減少した。
• However as a result of the Tenmei Famine, the amount was down by half in 1786, and it was reduced to its one third by 1787.

• 飢饉に直面してもあなたは食べ物を他の人と分かち合うことができますか。
• Can you share food with others in the face of famine?

• 三成は領内の古橋村が飢饉に襲われたとき、年貢を免祖したといわれている。
• Mitsunari was said to exempt villagers from customs when famine struck Furuhashi-mura Village in his domain.

• 当初は天保の大飢饉などの相次ぐ飢饉対策を講ずるために結成されたといわれる。
• It was supposedly originally set up to take measures against a series of famine like the Tenpo Famine.

• 用捨が許される理由としては、居城の火災、飢饉、藩主の病気、代替りなどがある。
• Yosha applied when the castle of a daimyo was destroyed by fire, famine occurred, the lord of domain was sick, or a new lord took over the domain and so on.

• その後は天明の大飢饉による寒冷で凶作・飢饉が相次いで藩財政は窮乏していった。
• With the Tenmei Famine when cold weather led to poor harvest over years, the financial situation of the domain was worsened.

• それは、頼朝が上洛を取りやめ東国経営に専念した事と、養和の大飢饉の影響である。
• The factors that led to Yukiie's defeat were the outbreak of the Great Famine of Yowa and Yoritomo's decision to suspend his plan to go to Kyoto and instead concentrate on his operations in Togoku (eastern part of Japan).

• 後に天保の大飢饉等の天災で疲弊した住人のために大名家等に売却されたと言われる。
• Later, the telescopes were said to be sold to Daimyo families and the like for the victims of the Tempo Famine.

• 天災による飢饉や疫病などが各地に広がり、盗賊や海賊が出没し、社会不安が広がった。
• The prevalent robbery and piracy that emerged as famine and disease caused by natural disasters spread throughout the country caused increased social unrest.

• いっぽう、うち続く飢饉から農民の負担の軽減を図るべく、税制や貧窮対策を施している。
• On the other hand, the tax system and the rescue plan were implemented in order to lessen the burden of peasants in the time of the continuing famine.

• 治世後半には家光期に起こった寛永の大飢饉の反省から飢饉対策として農政に重点が置かれた。
• In the last half of his reign, the bakufu focused on agriculture as a countermeasure against famine, learning from the great famine of Kanei which had occurred in Iemitsu's time.

• この事態を憂慮した光格天皇が京都所司代を通じて江戸幕府に飢饉に苦しむ民衆救済を要求する。
• The Emperor Kokaku, deeply concerned with the situation, requested a relief of the people suffering from famine to the Edo bakufu (feudal government controlled by a shogun) through the Kyoto shoshidai (Kyoto deputy).

• その治世に豊作と飢饉が繰り返されて米価が大きく上下したので、その統制に追われたことから。
• The name came from the fact that during Yoshimune's rule, the price of rice went up and down because of an alternating succession of bumper harvests and famine, so he was always under pressure to control the price of rice.

• 18世紀は北半球が寒冷化した小氷期の時代でもあったため、これが飢饉に拍車をかけたのである。
• The 18th century was also the onset of a little ice age causing temperatures in the northern hemisphere to drop, which worsened the famine.

• 元慶年間の初頭、干ばつにより全国的に飢饉に襲われ、各地で不動倉が開かれ、賑給が実施された。
• Early in the first year of the Gangyo era, drought caused famine nationwide, and consequently the fudoso (emergency grain storage) in many parts of the country was opened in order for the Imperial Court to provide food to the poor.

• しかし寄せ集めである義仲の軍勢は統制が取れておらず、飢饉に苦しむ都の食糧事情を悪化させた。
• However army of Yoshinaka was not well disciplined, as it was a medley army, that worsened the food situation of capital that was suffering from famine.

• 承応3年（1654年）備前平野を襲った洪水と大飢饉の際、光政を補佐し飢民の救済に尽力する。
• In 1654, when a flood and severe famine struck people living in Bizen Plain, Banzan assisted Mitsumasa in making every effort to help those who were starving.

• 特に江戸には飢饉などにより地方から流入してきた農民も多く、幕府はしばしば帰農令を出している。
• Especially, many peasants flew into Edo from rural areas due to famines, and the shogunate government often promulgated the orders to support peasants to return their own communities financially.

• 長禄・寛正の飢饉に際しては、将軍足利義政に対して、漢詩を以って諌めたとするエピソードもある。
• There was an episode where the Emperor sent a Chinese poem to Shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA to admonish him when the Choroku, Kansho Famine occurred.

• 寛永19年（1642年）からは寛永の大飢饉は起こるが、幕府の支配体制が揺らぐことはなかった。
• In 1642, the great famine of the Kanei era occurred, but the ruling system of the bakufu was not shaken.

• この飢饉は、全国的にも影響を及ぼし、但馬国出石藩では農民による打ちこわしが起き米価は騰貴した。
• This famine affected the entire country and the increase in rice prices lead to destructive urban riots by farmers in Izushi Domain, Tajima Province.

• 飢饉がより深刻化した1461年（寛正2年）には、大量の流民が市中に流れ込み更に事態は悪化した。
• In 1461, struggling with severe famine, many refugees fled to the city, which only worsened the situation.

• だが、不作や飢饉がなければ、こうした備蓄米はそのまま古くなって無駄になるリスクがつきまとった。
• But there was a risk that these stockpiled rice became old and useless if there was no poor crop or famine.

• この時代の蕎麦はあくまで農民が飢饉などに備えて僅かに栽培する程度の雑穀だったと考えられている。
• It is considered that, back in those days, buckwheat was a minor grain that peasants grew on a very small scale to provide against emergency situations such as famine.

• また、紀州藩儒官遠藤勝助が設立した尚歯会に参加し、高野長英などと飢饉の対策について話し合った。
• Kazan participated in Shoshikai (a kind of think tank) established by a Confucian official of Kishu Domain, Katsusuke ENDO, and exchanged notes with many people (including Choei TAKANO) regarding measures to be taken against famine.

• 天保3年（1832年）天保の大飢饉が発生すると事態打開を図り奔走するがその最中、病の床に就く。
• While he was devoting himself to the solution of the Tempo Famine in 1832, he contracted a disease.

• それ以後も飢饉や政情不安などによりしばしば発生し、とくに物価が急に上がった幕末にかけて増加した。
• Since then it often broke out due to famines and political uncertainties, and it especially increased to the end of the Edo period when prices rose sharply.

• 強訴においては特に享保の大飢饉を発端とするものと、1860年に起きたものは大規模なものであった。
• The riots which started from the Kyoho Famine, and broke out in 1860 were especially massive.

• から始まった天保の大飢饉は全国に広がり、都市でも農村でも困窮した人々があふれ、餓死者も多く現れた。
• Since the Tenpo Famine that ravaged in 1832 spread all over the country, many people became absolutely destitute in both cities and agricultural communities, and many died of hunger.

• 飢饉などで田畑を捨て江戸に流れ込んできた無宿者や入墨、敲等の処分を受けた軽罪人を約3年間収容した。
• It accomodated the homeless, who landed in Edo after abandoning fields because of famine, for instance, and minor offenders who received such punishments as tatoos and beating, for about three years.

• それまで、大地主たちは不作や飢饉の時にそなえて、毎年の収穫から一定量の米を備蓄するのが通例であった
• Until then it was common for large landowners to stock up with a certain amount of rice from the harvest every year in order to prepare for poor crops or famine.

• 殊に寛正の飢饉間にそれを意に介さずに花の御所を改築、後花園天皇の勧告さえも無視したことは悪名高い。
• In particular, even during the Kansho Famine he paid no attention to political matters, focusing instead on the reconstruction of Hana no Gosho; he is infamous for ignoring even Emperor Go-Hanazono's admonishment regarding this matter.

• 養和年間（1181～1182）の頃、二年間にわたって飢饉があり、諸国の農民で逃散する者が多かった。
• A famine took place during the years 1181 and 1182, and many farmers in various provinces abandoned their lands.

• 長禄3年は全国的な旱魃に加えて、関東地方の享徳の乱、畿内の台風などによって西日本を中心に飢饉が発生、
• In 1459, a nation-wide drought, the Kyotoku war in the Kanto region, and a typhoon that struck the Kinai area triggered a famine in Japan that mainly affected the western part of the country.

• 第5代藩主・朽木玄綱の時代には享保の大飢饉が原因で享保の強訴と呼ばれる騒動が起こり、藩内は混乱した。
• Under the fifth lord, Totsuna KUTSUKI, an upheaval known as Kyoho's direct petition occurred as a result of the Great Famine of Kyoho, and the domain fell into confusion.

• 天明7年（1787年）11月、天明の大飢饉が原因で大規模な百姓一揆が起こり、その鎮圧と解決に努めた。
• In December, 1787, the Tenmei Famine led to a large scale peasant's revolt, and he strived to suppress and settle it.

• 翌年の寿永元年（1182年）は天候不順による養和の飢饉により平氏は追討活動を行なうことできなかった。
• The year after, in 1182, the Taira clan could not carry out activities of searching and killing because of the Famine of Yowa caused by unsettled weather.

• 江戸時代後期には地方の飢饉や都市部での打ち壊し、蝦夷地や長崎への異国船の来航などで将軍権威が揺らいだ。
• In the second half of the Edo period, the authority of the Shogunate became shaky, affected by famine in the countryside, riots in the cities and the visits of foreign ships to Ezo district and Nagasaki.

• 元禄8年（1695年）10月29日：元禄の大飢饉（1695年～1696年）の最中、中野の犬小屋が完成。
• On October 29th, 1695, during the great famine of Genroku (1695 to 1696), doghouses in Nakano were completed.

• 今から１２５０年ほど昔、天平の飢饉が起こり、この丹後木津でも少なからずその影響を受け、疫病が発生した。
• About 1250 years ago, the Tenpyo Famine broke out, with the resulting plague leaving a significant impact on people living in Tango Kitsu.

• これは天保年間のことと書いてあるが、天保の大飢饉の影響か、それとも天保の改革のためなのかは不明である。
• The 'Morisadamanko' says that it happened in the Tenpo era, but it is not certain whether the Tenpo Famine or Tenpo Reforms triggered the crackdown.

• 猶(なお)し天雨の一切諸種を潤益し増長し、果実を成就して悉(ことごと)く飢饉を除き、多く豊楽を受けるが如し。
• The Nirvana Sutra will bring them eternal salvation, just as rain from heaven helps plants to grow and bear fruit, thereby preventing famines and bringing great benefits to the world.

• 清盛の死後、跡を継いだ宗盛は後白河との融和路線を採り、各地の叛乱も平氏の反撃と養和の大飢饉で小康状態となった。
• After Kiyomori's death, Munemori became the clan head and took a reconciliatory stance with Goshirakawa, and there were less rebellions because of the counterattack by the Taira clan and the great famine of Youwa.

• しかし天保の大飢饉で多数の餓死者を出し、さらに天保の改革で商業的な悪影響を受けるなどして、藩政は多難であった。
• However, many died of starvation during the Great Tenpo Era Famine and suffered with the commercially due to Tenpo era reforms etc. leading to problems in effectively ruling the domain.

• 寛永年間に大規模な飢饉が起こったときは、領民の救済にあたり、島原の乱が起こったときは、京都の守備を命じられた。
• When the huge famine occurred during the Kanei era (1624-1644), he sent aid for the people of his estate; when Shimabara War occurred, he was ordered to protect Kyoto.

• 飢饉と悪政によって疲弊が甚だしかった備中国に赴任した保則は貧者を救い、勧農を大いにする善政を施して立て直した。
• Yasunori, who was reassigned to Bitchu Province, which was severely damaged from famine and misgovernment, saved the poor and rebuilt the government with through adroit administration that greatly encouraged farming.

• この背景には、天明の大飢饉や、同年4月に徳川家斉が征夷大将軍に就任した事から徳政を求める意味もあったと思われる。
• It is considered that the bakufu considered the Tenmei Famine as well as they were expected of tokusei (benevolent rule) as Ienari TOKUGA became the Seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues barbicans, commonly referred to as Shogun) in May of the same year.

• 天明の大飢饉など、折からの政情不安により発生した無宿が大量に江戸周辺に流入し、様々な凶悪犯罪を犯すようになった。
• There was a huge influx of homeless people into Edo and its environs due to the Great Tenmei Famine and the resulting political instability, and many of the homeless committed a wide variety of serious crimes.

• 多くは天明の大飢饉や江戸幕府の重商主義政策による農業の破綻により、農村で生活を営むことが不可能になった百姓だった。
• Yet, many of them were farmers who became impossible to live in the farm village because of the Tenmei Famine or agricultural failure caused by the Mercantilism policy of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• この年はまた関西では飢饉が起こっているが、ここでも銭1,100余貫、黄金1,000両を施して救済に手をさしのべた。
• During the same year, the people of the Kansai region suffered from famine, and Ryoo extended his arms for the relief of these people using more than 1,100 Kan of Zeni (coin made of non-precious materials) coins, (1kan is 1,000 Zeni coins; so, 1,100 Kan is 1,100,000 of Zeni coins) and 1,000 Ryo of gold.

• 当時の時代背景として、朝廷や鎌倉政権、奥州政権の相克、それに伴う戦乱、飢饉や地震、他の寺院の復興との競合があった。
• The surrounding conditions of those times were confrontation among the Imperial Court, the Kamakura regime and the Oshu regime, and following warfare, as well as famines and earthquakes, and competition with other temples in renovation.

• 1460年から1461年にかけて、異常気象による凶作と疫病の上に畠山氏の内紛による兵乱により、寛正の大飢饉が起こる。
• The nation was hit by the Kansho Famine from 1460 to 1461, which was caused by disturbances due to the internal troubles of the Hatakeyama clan in addition to a poor harvest because of abnormal weather, as well as an epidemic.

• この間、飢饉時の救恤（きゅうじゅつ）の外に、貧窮者の援助、病院の建設、学資の援助など、島内の多くの人々の役にたった。
• It helped many people in the island during those days, for example by giving poor people money to save them when they suffer a famine, and also by supporting poor people, establishing a the hospital, and supporting education.

• ところが、遠征軍は飢饉のために兵糧の調達に苦しみ、瀬戸内海を平家に抑えられ、船がなく九州にも渡れず戦いは長期化した。
• However, his expedition troops struggled with obtaining army provisions due to famine, the Seto Inland Sea was surrounded by the Taira family, and without a ship, they could not move to Kyushu, so their battle was prolonged.

• 正嘉2年（1258年）8月、惨烈を極めた正嘉の飢饉の最中、10歳で立太子、翌正元元年兄の後深草天皇の譲りを受けて践祚。
• During the most horrible Shoka Famine, he became Crown Prince when he was just ten years old in August 1258, then he succeeded to the throne in the following year after his brother, Emperor Gofukakusa passed the throne to him.

• 天保3年（1832年）、天保の大飢饉が発生するとその対策に尽力したが、その最中の天保6年（1835年）3月26日死去。
• When the Tempo Famine occurred in 1832, he worked hard to it, however, he died on April 23, 1835, in the middle of the famine.

• 寛喜の大飢饉の際、被害の激しかった地域の百姓に関しては税を免除したり、米を支給して多くの民衆を救ったという逸話がある。
• There remains a story that, during the large-scale famine in the Kanki era, Yasutoki saved a large number of people by exempting farmers from taxes and supplying rice to farmers in severely affected areas.

• この年は天保の（大）飢饉と呼ばれる大飢饉に見舞われ、苦しんでいたが、この鯨のおかげで、村民はどうにか餓死せずに済んだ。
• They had been suffering due to a great famine called (Great) Tenpo famine, but thanks to this whale, the villagers managed to escape starvation.

• 林は飢饉のことを言うが、実際は兵備の点から論じたものであり、佐藤の貴穀賤金論が物価の平準化を目的としているのとは異なる。
• HAYASHI wrote on famine but in fact he discussed it from a viewpoint of security and his theory was different from SATO's theory of kikokusenkin which aimed for leveling-off of prices.

• 飢饉などの天災により寄る辺をなくした民衆などは宣教師の慈善活動に救いを見出し、家族ぐるみ・村ぐるみで帰依することもあった。
• Peasants who suffered from natural disasters such as famine, and had nobody to turn to, found themselves being rescued by the charity work of missionaries and embraced Christianity, bringing with them a whole family or even a village.

• また、大宝3年（703年）から慶雲4年（707年）にかけて連続的に発生した飢饉と税体系の不備により貧窮する農民が続出した。
• Further, as a result of a series of famine occurred from 703 to 704 and the flaws in the tax system, there were many peasants who suffered of serious poverty.

• この結果、享保の大飢饉以降、関東地方や離島において薩摩芋の栽培が普及し、天明の大飢饉では多くの人々の命を救ったと評される。
• As a result, it is commented that, since the Great Famine of Kyoho, the cultivation of sweet potato spread in Kanto region and solitary islands, and thus a lot of people's lives were saved in the Tenmei Famine.

• 前年の1180年が極端に降水量が少ない年であり、干魃により農産物の収穫量が激減、翌年には京都を含め西日本一帯が飢饉に陥った。
• The rainfall in 1180 was well below normal, and crop yields decreased significantly due to drought, and the entire western Japan including Kyoto was plagued by famine the following year.

• 源氏・平氏による争乱期（治承・寿永の乱）の最中に発生した飢饉であり、源平盛衰記や方丈記など当時の状況を詳細に記す史料も多い。
• The famine occurred during a period of conflict (Jisho-Juei War), and there remain many historical documents which describe the situation in detail such as the Genpei Seisuiki (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans) and the Hojoki (An Account of My Hut).

• 天明の大飢饉の際には幕府に領民救済を申し入れて、北方での日露紛争の際には、交渉の経過を報告させるなど、朝廷権威の復権に務める。
• At the Tenmei Famine, the Emperor demanded that the government rescue people, and in regard to the conflict between Japan and Russia in the north, he made the government report the situation to him, whereupon he tried to restore the authority of the Imperial Palace.

• 藩政においては、天明の大飢饉で大被害を受けて米価が異常高騰し、餓死者が多数出て、古記録には「言語に尽し難き困窮の年柄」とある。
• For domain duties, rice price rose exceptionally due to the heavy damage by the Tenmei Famine, many people died from starvation, and it was described as 'it was the indescribable year of strained circumstances' in the old record.

• 印旛沼運河工事の失敗や江戸の火事・浅間山の大噴火などの災害の勃発、疲弊した農村部に天明の大飢饉と呼ばれる食糧難や疫病が生じた。
• The canal work in the Inba marsh failed, disasters such as fires in Edo and a large-scale eruption of Mt. Asama occurred, and the Tenmei Famine took place in weakened rural areas, causing food shortages and epidemics.

• これは楽家の収入が石高制であり、幕府や諸藩と同様に飢饉や物価上昇のあおりを受けて困窮したことに対する打開策と考えることができる。
• It can be considered that this was a measure against the poverty of gakuke caused by the influences of famines and price increases similarly to bakufu and the clans because of the income of gakuke being based on the koku system.

• 木地師は山中を移動しながら村を構えていたが、別の山へ移住するものもあれば、時には飢饉で一村全滅という悲惨な事態を迎えた村もあった。
• Kijishi (wood masters) formed villages while moving within mountains, but some of them moved to other mountains and it also happened sometimes that an entire village perished due to famine.

• 特に今宮神社の店は、平安時代頃からある日本最古の和菓子屋とされ、今宮神社参道で応仁の乱や飢饉のとき庶民に振舞ったといういわれがある。
• Especially, the shop located in the Imamiya-jinja Shrine is said to be the oldest Japanese sweet shop operating since the Heian period, which is said to have served aburimochi to starved people on the entrance path to the shrine during the Onin War and during other times of famine.

• 藩政では享保17年（1732年）、享保の大飢饉が原因で、享保19年（1734年）に享保の強訴と呼ばれる騒動が起こり、藩内は混乱した。
• As for administration of the domain, due to the Great Famine of Kyoho of 1732, a riot called the Direct Petition of Kyoho occurred in 1734, which lcaused confusion in the Domain.

• 流行り病い、飢饉、天災、その他の災厄そのものが神の顕現であり、それを畏れ鎮めて封印し、祀り上げたものが神社祭祀の始まりとの説がある。
• Infectious diseases, famine, natural disaster, and other calamities are the manifestation of god, and a theory states that religious services in shrines started in awe of god to quell and seal these disasters and enshrine gods.

• また18世紀に入ると日本は飢饉が頻発するようになり、天保の大飢饉になると藩によっては収穫ゼロ（津軽藩など）の所も出てくるようになる。
• In the 18th century, famines were frequent in Japan, and after the Tenpo Famine, some domains were unable to yield any crops at all (Tsugaru Domain and so on).

• 陸奥国仙台藩では幕府の許可を得て、藩内流通限定とした天明の大飢饉への救済を名目とした仙台通宝が天明4年（1784年）11月より作られた。
• With the shogunate's permission, in December 1784 or January 1785, Sendai Domain of Mutsu Province started to issue Sendai Tsuho for use within the domain in order to improve the financial situation affected by the Tenmei Famine.

• 不作で飢饉が続くときには酒造りへ回す米はないし、逆に豊作が続いて米が余り米価が下がり始めると酒に加工させておくほど好都合な使い道はない。
• At the times of famine due to poor harvests, no rice was available for sake brewing, while on the contrary, during times of excess of rice due to good harvests and the subsequent reduced price of rice, there were no such advantages as processing rice into sake.

• 連年の飢饉で食糧事情が極端に悪化していた京都に、遠征で疲れ切った武士達の大軍が居座ったために遠征軍による都や周辺での略奪行為が横行する。
• Since a vast army of warriors worn out by the military expedition stayed in Kyoto where food was extremely in short supply due to years of famine, depredations by the expeditionary force were widespread in and around the capital.

• 長禄・寛正の飢饉（ちょうろく・かんせいのききん）は、長禄3年（1459年）から寛正2年（1461年）にかけて日本全国を襲った飢饉のこと。
• The Choroku–Kansei Famine was a country-wide famine that struck Japan in 1459 (the third year of the Choroku era) and lasted until 1461 (the second year of the Kansei era).

• 義倉（ぎそう）とは、災害や飢饉に備えて米などの穀物を一般より徴収し、または富者から寄付を得て、これを貯蓄するために国内の要地に設けた倉庫。
• Giso was a warehouse which was constructed in important domestic places to store rice and other grain in case of natural disasters and famine, and the grain in stock was collected from ordinary people or acquired using the cash contributions by the rich.

• 特に寛正2年（1461年）の寛正の大飢饉は京都にも大被害をもたらし、一説では賀茂川の流れが餓死者の死骸のために止まるほどであったとされる。
• In particular, the Kansho Famine in 1461 left a tremendous disaster in Kyoto, and according to one account the flow of Kamo-gawa River stopped because of the corpses of the people who died from starvation.

• また天明4年（1784年）に起こった天明の大飢饉を契機に領内救済を理由に、同年11月に仙台藩が幕府に鋳造を申し出、許可を取り付けた仙台通宝。
• When the Tenmei Famine occurred in 1784, the Sendai Domain used this Famine as an opportunity and petitioned the bakufu to grant a permission to mint the Sendai Domain's own currency in order to save people in the domain's territory, and the domain received the permission to mint their own currency called Sendai Tsuho.

• 飢饉の様子を記録した『耳目心痛記』（じもくしんつうき）によると、「道を往けば、餓死者が野ざらしになり、村では死に絶えた家が続き日増しに増えた。
• The following is recorded in 'Jimokushintsuuki' which describes the state fo the famine: 'Walking along the road, I saw people who died of starvation left to rot, and in villages the number of empty house was increasing day by day.

• 宝暦の飢饉で疲弊した陸奥国弘前藩の財政を立て直すため、勘定奉行の乳井貢が宝暦6年（1756年）に導入したのが標符という藩札類似のものであった。
• Mitsugi NYUI, the kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), introduced a hyofu, which was similar to a han bill, in 1756 to rebuild the economy of Hirosaki Domain in Mutsu Province, which had been battered by the Horeki Famine.

• 特に1643年（寛永20）ごろに発生した大飢饉を契機として、大名や旗本らの領主層は、生産収入を確保するため、積極的に新田開発などの勧農を行った。
• Especially around 1643, the mighty famine encouraged the landlord class such as daimyo (leading bushi who governed the local regions) or hatamoto (direct retainer of the shogun) to implement the kanno to develop new rice fields and so on to ensure production revenue.

• 天文に精通しており、637年（舒明天皇9年）の流星を天狗の吠声と説き、639年（舒明天皇11年）の彗星出現に際しては飢饉の前触れであると説いた。
• So MIN was well versed in astronomy, preaching that the meteors of 637 were the roar of tengu (goblin with long nose) and that the meteors appearing in 639 were the omen of a famine.

• この成果として長英はジャガイモ（馬鈴薯）とソバ（早ソバ）を飢饉対策に提案した『救荒二物考』を上梓するが、絵心のある崋山がその挿絵を担当している。
• As a result of such discussion, Choei authored 'Kyuko Nibutsu-ko' (Two Crops for Disaster Restoration), in which potatoes and soba (buckwheat noodle) should be prepared as a solution to famine, and Kazan, an expert painter, provided illustrations for the book.

• また、諸藩も安定した平和による軍役の負担の軽減により藩政も安定し、また、寛永の大飢饉を背景に、新田開発が進展し、結果として領内の経済も発展してきた。
• Furthermore, the administration of each domain was stabilized due to the reduced burden of military service in the long-lasting peace, and each domain set out the development of new fields in response to the great famine of the Kanei era, which consequently produced economic growth within the domain.

• やがて赦免召還の噂が流れてくると、「与人役大躰」「間切横目大躰」を書いて島役人のための心得とさせ、社倉設立の文書を作って土持に与え、飢饉に備えさせた。
• Then, the rumor about the discharge and recall were started to spreading out, he wrote 'Yohitoyaku-taisha acquaintanceship of officer' and 'Magiri-yokome Daitai (Essential points of officer for province)' to aid the understanding of island officers, and made the document of building storage and gives it to Tuchimochi for preparing a famine.

• 天保3年（1832年）、紀州藩儒官遠藤勝助らによって天保の大飢饉の対策会として作られた学問サークルである尚歯会に入り、崋山らとともに中心的役割を担った。
• In 1832, Choei joined Shoshi-kai, which was founded as an academic circle addressing the Tempo Famine by Shosuke ENDO, a Confucianism teacher of the Kishu Domain, and played a central role in it along with Kazan.

• 軍事面において平氏は墨俣川の戦いに勝利した後は、養和の大飢饉の影響もあって戦線を維持するのが精一杯であり、内外に敵を抱えた平氏政権はしだいに疲弊していく。
• In the military aspect, after victory in the Battle of Sunomatagawa, it was all the Taira clan could do to maintain the front lines, partially because of influence of the Great Famine of Yowa, and the Taira regime, which had enemies both inside and outside, gradually declined.

• 637年（舒明天皇9年）に流星が現れた時には天狗の吠え声と主張し、639年（舒明天皇11年）に彗星が現れた時には飢饉を予告するなど、祥瑞思想に詳しかった。
• He had a detailed knowledge of zuisho shiso (literally, auspicious thought, referring to fortunate omens): for example, in 637, when a meteor appeared, he claimed it was the howl of a tengu (goblin) and in 639, when a comet appeared, he claimed it was a portent of famine.

• ところがこの様な飢饉の中でも、幕府は8万匹の野犬を中野犬小屋に収容し、犬一匹につき一日に白米3合、味噌50匁（約187グラム）、干しイワシ一合を与えていた。
• However even during the famine the Shogunate accommodated 80,000 wild dogs in the kennels in Nakano and gave them 3 go (0.18L) of polished rice, 50 moon (187g) of bean paste and 1 go of sardines daily.

• なお、この飢饉は自然発生的なものではなく、源頼朝・木曽義仲の挙兵や平氏の福原遷都によって都への貢米が押しとどめられ、食糧難に襲われたものであると想像される。
• However, it is assumed that this famine was not brought about naturally but was caused by a shortage of food that had occurred because, in addition to the transfer of the national capital to Fukuhara by the Taira clan, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and Yoshinaka KISO took up arms, and rice as render was not carried to the capital.

• 天明3年（1783年）に浅間山が大噴火し天明の大飢饉が起こると、幕府は、天明6年（1786年）に諸国の酒造石高を五割にするよう減醸令（げんじょうれい）を発した。
• When Mt. Asama erupted and the Tenmei Famine occurred in 1783, the bakufu promulgated genjo-rei in 1786 which ordered cutting the amount of sake brewing of various districts in half.

• これらは、当時としてはきわめて先進的な内容を含む現実的、合理的な政策であったが、賄賂政治を批判され、天明の大飢饉とも重なって百姓一揆や打ちこわしが激発して失脚した。
• Although these were realistic and rational policies including very advanced contents in those days, the criticism for prevalence of bribery and the frequent peasant revolts and destructive urban riots as well as the Tenmei Famine brought his downfall.

• しかし第7代藩主・小出英タケの頃から飢饉や旱魃、洪水などの天災によって藩財政の窮乏化が表面化し、天明7年（1787年）には凶作と米価高騰などから百姓一揆が発生する。
• However, from around the time that Hidetake KOIDE became the seventh lord, the domain was assailed by a series of disasters including famine, drought, and flooding, weakening the finances of the administration, and, in 1787, a bad harvest and jump in rice price caused a peasant's revolt.

• しかも折からの飢饉（養和の大飢饉）という悪条件なども重なって、寿永2年（1183年）、倶利伽羅峠の戦いで平氏軍が壊滅した後、源義仲の攻勢の前に成す術無く都落ちする。
• Furthermore, there were multiple adverse conditions concurrently in effect, including the Yowa Famine, and when the Taira clan army was completely defeated in the Battle of Kurikaratoge in 1183, the clan was exiled from the capital without being able to do anything about the attack by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.

• 翌年にも大雨による水害と旱魃が交互に訪れ、更に虫害と疫病も加わって飢饉が全国で拡大、畠山氏の家督争い、斯波氏の長禄合戦などによって、両氏の領国では更に事態が深刻化した。
• The following year, a seemingly endless cycle of rain-induced floods and droughts that was followed by insect damage and plague led to a nation-wide famine; a succession battle within the HATAKEYAMA clan and the battle of Choroku that the SHIBA clan fought made the situation in their respective territories even worse.

• 天保の大飢饉（1833- 39年）の最中、版元たちとともに休業状態に追い込まれた北斎は一計を案じ、肉筆画帖をいくつも描いて店先で売らせることで餓死を免れたと伝えられる。
• It is said that Hokusai, who was forced to fall in the suspension of operations with publishers during the Tenpo Famine (1833 - 39), made a plan to drew many Nikuhitsu gajo and sell them in shops in order to avoid starvation.

• 救小屋（すくいごや）とは、江戸時代、地震や火災、洪水、飢饉などの天災の際に、被害にあった人々を救助するために、江戸幕府や藩などが立てた公的な救済施設（小屋）のことである。
• Sukuigoya is a public shelter of the Edo Period, built by the Edo shogunate or local feudal domain for victims of earthquakes, fire, floods, famine and other natural disasters.

• 天保年間、三宅島は飢饉に見舞われており危機に瀕していたところ、1832年（天保3年）に「流れ鯨」が到来し役所の検分の後払い下げられ、五ヶ村に鯨が分けられ飢餓から救われた。
• In the Tenpo era, when Miyake-jima Island was struck by famine and was in a crisis, 'nagare-kujira' arrived in 1832 and was sold to the people after inspection by the authorities, and the whale was divided among the five villages, saving the villages from famine.

• 享和2年（1802年）ふたたび水害などに起因する米価の高騰により、幕府は酒造米の十分の一を供出させ、不作や飢饉のときのための備蓄米として取っておこうという政策を打ち出した。
• Following the sharp increase in rice prices due to floods and other reasons, the bakufu set up a policy that required people to contribute one-tenth of rice for sake brewing to be stockpiled in case of a poor harvest and famine in 1802.

• 子の田沼意知暗殺や印旛沼干拓事業の失敗、浅間山の噴火・天明の大飢饉発生および後ろ盾であった将軍家治の死などの不運が重なったことにより、田沼が失脚したことで田沼政治は終局する。
• And Okitsugu repeatedly met with misfortunes, such as the assassination of his son Okitomo TANUMA, failure of the reclamation work of Inba-numa Lake, eruption of Mt. Asama, the Tenmei Famine, and the death of the Shogun Ieharu who supported Okitsugu, so he lost his position and his politics came to an end.

• 長年の飢饉と平家の狼藉によって荒廃した都の治安回復を期待されたが、治安回復の失敗と大軍が都に居座ったことによる食糧事情の悪化、皇位継承への介入などにより後白河法皇と不和となる。
• Although he was expected to restore order in the capital that had been devastated by the long years of famine and Heike clan's violence he came to be on bad terms with Monk-Emperor Go-Shirakawa because of his failure to restore order, worsening food situation caused by the vast army staying in the capital and his intervention in the succession of the Imperial Throne.

• 社倉はもともと朱熹の建議で始められたもので、飢饉などに備えて村民が穀物や金などを備蓄し、相互共済するもので、江戸時代には山崎闇斎がこの制度の普及に努めて農村で広く行われていた。
• The prospectus of Shaso storage was started through recommendations of Chu His, it recommended storing grain or gold for famine and so on for mutually relief, and in the Edo period, Ansai YAMAZAKI tried to propagate this system, and it was introduced widely in farming villages.

• その後、享保の大飢饉や天明の大飢饉の救済のためにも御用米が活用されたが、松平定信の寛政の改革では、囲米を導入して御用米の役目を代行させ、御用米を当初の軍事専用に復帰させようとした。
• Later on, goyomai was used to relieve the Great Famine of Kyoho or the Tenmei Famine, but in Kansei reform by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, kakoimai (it refers to the system where rice was stored by the bakufu, clans and towns and villages in case of emergency) was introduced as a substitute for goyomai and the bakufu tried to revive original goyomai used for military purpose only.

• 室町時代の1461年（寛正2年）山城国大飢饉のとき、8代将軍足利義政は、この堂の前に救済小屋を建て、時宗の僧願阿に京都市街に流入した貧窮者に対し、粥施行（かゆせぎょう）などを命じた。
• During the great famine of Yamashiro Province in 1461, 8th Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA constructed an aid hut in front of the hall and ordered Ji Sect monk Gana to distribute rice porridge to the needy who flooded into the city of Kyoto.

• 弘長元年10月3日 (旧暦)（1261年）、江戸氏の一族の一人であった地頭江戸長重が正嘉の飢饉による荒廃で経営ができなくなった江戸郷前島村（現在の東京駅周辺）を北条氏得宗家に寄進した。
• According to historical records, Nagashige EDO, who was a member of the Edo clan and held the post of jito (manager and lord of manor) donated Maeshima Village of Edo-go (Area around present-day Tokyo Station) to the Tokuso family in 1261, because the area became ruined and unmanageable due to famine.

• 元禄の大飢饉は1695年～1696年（元禄8年～9年）に東北を中心とする東北地方を襲った冷害で、収穫が平年の3割しかなく、津軽藩では領民の3分の1に相当する5万以上の死者を出したという。
• It is said that the Great Famine (1695-1696) of the Genroku era was caused by cold-weather damage in the Tohokoku region which lead harvests to drop to 30% of the average, and in Tsugaru Domain over 50,000 people (one third of the domain's population) died.

• 江戸時代に絹でありながら比較的安価なちりめんを着用する庶民もいたが、1783年から1788年頃にかけて天明の大飢饉が発生したため、幕府は1785年に庶民が絹製品を着用することを禁止した。
• During the Edo period, some of the common people wore kimono made of relatively low-priced silk, but when the great famine of 1783 to 1788 occurred, the Edo bakufu forbade the common people from wearing any silk products in 1785.

• 崇徳天皇の死後すぐに武士である平氏が権力を振るうがその間に大火事が起こり、末期には叛乱が相次ぎ（下記の諡号制定はこの時期であり、既に怨霊と深く認識されていた）、更には養和の飢饉が起こる。
• After Emperor Sutoku died, the samurai Taira clan took control of politics; however, a disastrous fire occurred and there were many wars at the end of their reign (just as there were in the following period, which was rumored as being due to Emperor Sutoku's curse), as well as the Yowa dearth.

• 文中の『洗心洞剳記』とは、天保の大飢饉の際に万民の窮状を顧みない大阪奉行所の悪政に敢然と立ち上がった大塩平八郎（中斎）が記した講義録で、西郷に限らず幕末維新の志士の間で愛読されたという。
• The 'Senshin Dosatsu-ki' mentioned above is a collection of lecture notes written by Heihachiro OSHIO (Chusai) who stood up against the maladministration of Osaka Magistrate Office not considering the people's distressed conditions during the Tenpo Famine; and the book was widely read not only by Saigo but also by other supporters of the Restoration at the end of the Edo period.

• すなわち、畿内における租庸調の人別徴収方式から戸別徴収への変更、庸の半減措置、義倉米（飢饉の際に貧民に支給するためにあらかじめ米穀を徴収・備蓄しておく制度）徴収法の緩和などの諸政策である。
• This meant that the various policies were made such as switching the system to collect So yo cho (taxes in kind or service) on the basis of individuals to the system to collect it on the basis of units of households, cutting down of yo (tax in kind) by half, and alleviation of the way to collect gisomai (the system to collect and store rice and grains to supply the poor in case of famine).

• 「日本徴兵保険会社では最近のビル飢饉時代に建物に比較して広大な敷地を遊ばしておくのは土一升、金一升の場所から惜しいところでもあり、不経済であるとの理由で建物の取毀しを決定したともいはれる。」
• It is said that Japan Conscription Insurance Company decided to destroy the building because it was a waste and bad economy to let a lot, which was large relative to the building, sit idle in the period, in which there is a dearth of buildings and a sho (a unit of volume that is equivalent to approximately 1.8 liters) of soil is worth a sho of gold.'

• しかしのちに寺の伽藍・山門を建て、経典を購入して倉におさめ、山道の改修・天明飢饉の施米・宮川架橋・文化年間の伊勢大火罹災者の救済などに尽くす姿を見せ、人はみなその功徳に服すようになったという。
• However, afterwards, he constructed a Buddhist temple and Sanmon gate (temple gate), bought Buddhist scriptures to put in storage, reconstructed mountain trails, donated rice in the Tenmei Famine, constructed a bridge over the Miya-kawa River and helped victims in the Great Fire of Ise between 1804 and 1817, and all people who saw his sincere attitude working for others respected and appreciated his merits.

• 主に租税収入は稲穀として不動穀（必要に応じて災害・飢饉に対する臨時出費及び穎稲の補充・増強に回す場合もある）に、出挙の利息は穎稲（正税稲/出挙稲）として出挙本稲及び諸経費にあてることが行われた。
• The yield of tax was mainly allotted to fudokoku staple as tokoku (when needed, it was allotted to the emergency expense for disaster and famine, and the fund to refill or enhance the eito), and the interest on suiko was to suiko honto and sundry expenses as eito (shozeito [rice paid as shozei] or suikoto [loaned rice plant]).

• 田沼意次時代の天明の大飢饉を乗り越え、低下した幕府の指導力を取り戻すために、儒学のうち農業と上下の秩序を重視した朱子学を正学とし、当時流行していた古文辞学や古学を「風俗を乱すもの」として禁じた。
• In order to regain leadership after going through the Tenmei Famine in times of Okitsugu TANUMA, the shogunate chose Neo-Confucianism out of Confucianism for the official learning, which put importance on the hierarchic order and agriculture; on the other hand, they banned Kobunjigaku, (study of ancient rhetoric) and the Kogaku (learning about ancient teachings), which were popular learning at that time for corrupting public morals.

• 幕府財政は一部で健全化し、には江戸時代を通じて最高の税収となったが、年貢税率の固定化やゆきすぎた倹約により百姓・町民からの不満を招き、折からの享保の大飢饉もあって、百姓一揆や打ちこわしが頻発した。
• The government finance got balanced partially, and in 1744 the tax revenues were the highest of the Edo period, but the fixation of rice tax rate and the forced frugality of everyday life negatively affected peasants and citizens, resulting in frequent peasant revolts and destructive urban riots, which were also results of the Great Famine of Kyoho.

• 商人や職人に自由に利潤追求を許せば、その経済力によって支配階級が脅かされ、農民が重労働である農業を嫌って商工に転身する事により穀物の生産が減少して飢饉が発生し、ひいては社会秩序が崩壊すると考えたのである。
• The thought was that if merchants and artisans were allowed to freely pursuit profits, their wealth would threaten the ruling class and farmers would give up the hard labor of agriculture start new careers as sho or ko, decreasing agricultural output, leading to famine, and resulting in the collapse of the social order.

• また、貨幣吹替および飢饉の影響などによる変動はあったものの、米1石(当時の人一人の一年分の米消費量にほぼ相当する）の価格は1両前後であり、元禄年間から幕末の世情不安に至る前まで、ほぼこの前後の水準で推移した。
• Although some fluctuations were seen under the influence of reminting, famine, and others, the price of 1 koku rice (nearly equal to the amount consumed by a person per year) was around 1 ryo from the Genroku era (1688 to 1704) until just before the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate when the Japanese society became unstable.

• 鴨長明の『方丈記』の養和の飢饉に関する件には、京（洛中）を「一条よりは南、九条よりは北、京極よりは西、朱雀よりは東」と記し、続いて辺土として白河_(京都市)や西の京（西京/西ノ京、かつての右京地域）を挙げている。
• The entry regarding the Famine of Yowa in KAMO no Chomei's 'Hojoki' (An Account of My Hut) describes Kyo (Rakuchu) as the area 'south of Ichijo, north of Kujo, west of Kyogoku and east of Suzaku,' while Hendo is described as consisting of Shirakawa and Nishinokyo (or Nishikyo, formerly the Ukyo area).

• 当初、後白河上皇以下、貴族から庶民まで義仲の入京を歓迎したが、前年の養和の大飢饉の影響により義仲軍を養う食糧が不足して義仲軍は市中で略奪や狼藉を始めたために義仲の評判は落ちて、源頼朝の上洛を願う声が高まっていく。
• Initially, everyone from the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, aristocrats, to the local people welcomed the entry of Yoshinaka into Kyoto but the great famine of Yowa the previous year led to insufficient food for Yoshinaka's troops, who then started stealing and became violent, leading to a drop in Yoshinaka's popularity and eventually MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's entry became a common hope.

• 戦国時代 (日本)においては、相模国の戦国大名である北条氏康が大飢饉の発生に際して北条氏政への家督相続を行い、「代初めの徳政」を行った事例があるなど、「代初めの徳政」が定着していたことをうかがい知ることができる。
• During the Sengoku period (period of warring states), there was a case where the lord of Sagami Province (western Kanagawa), Ujiyasu HOJO, passed the position of family head to Ujimasa HOJO and started 'Tokusei upon family head change' when there was a great famine, suggesting that 'Tokusei upon family head change' was an established practice.

• 飢饉の際の賑給などの非常時に限って、令制国が不動倉開検申請解と呼ばれる解_(公文書)を太政官に提出して許可を求め、不動開用符または不動充符と呼ばれる太政官符の交付とともに鑰の返送を得ることで例外的に開封が認められた。
• In principle, opening of the fudoso was not permitted except the time of emergency like famine in which foods must be given to the needy; in such a time the local governor must submit an official document called fudoso kaiken shinseige to Daijokan and if he got a permission along with the official document called fudokaiyofu or fudojufu, he was able to get the key to open the fudoso.

• しかし、正嘉年間（1257年-1258年）に入り、飢饉の深刻化による悪党活動の激化を受けて、幕府は悪党を夜討・強盗・山賊・海賊と同等視することに決め（正嘉2年、鎌倉幕府追加法320条）、その鎮圧にようやく乗り出した。
• However, in the Shoka years (1257 - 1258), when akuto activity increased due to worsening famine, the bakufu decided to equate akuto with night burglars, robbers, bandits, and pirates (1258, Article 320 of the Kamakura bakufu tsuikaho - additional law), and finally embarked on suppressing them.

• 東北地方は度重なる冷害、飢饉にあえいだ一方で鉱山が多く金属資源は潤沢であったことから、幕末期に盛岡藩および久保田藩を中心に銀判および當百文銅銭および鉛銭など、数多くの貨幣が密鋳されたが、幕府には既にそれを取り締まる力はなかった。
• The Tohoku region suffered from cold-weather damage by the cold-weather and famine repeatedly, but on the other hand, there were many mines in the region and metal resources were abundant, so at the end of the Edo period, the Morioka Domain and the Kubota Domain secretly minted many coins of silver, copper, and lead without a permission from the bakufu because the bakufu no longer had enough power to control these activities.

• 当初、軍事目的のための備蓄米であった城米も長い間の平和のために次第に飢饉などの災害の救済や臨時の出費の際の財源に流用されるようになり、ついに元禄2年（1689年）には、幕府財政の赤字穴埋めのために備蓄量を寛文以前に戻し、その余剰を売却させている。
• At that time, because of the long-lasting peace, jomai which was originally stockpiled for the purpose of the military was gradually being used as a redress for the disaster such as famine, or diverted to the resources of extraordinary expenses, and finally, in 1689, the bakufu put the criteria of stock back before Kanbun era to cover the deficit of its financial affairs and sold the surplus rice.

• 安元三年（1177）の都の火災、治承四年（1180）に同じく都で発生した竜巻およびその直後の遷都、養和年間（1181～1182）の飢饉、さらに元暦二年（1185）に都を襲った大地震など、その前半部分はもっぱら天変地異に関する記述を書き連ねている。
• The first part of the book focuses on natural calamities such as the Fire of Angen in 1177, the relocation of the capital that took place shortly after the whirlwind in 1180, the famine that occurred between 1181 and 1182, and the big earthquake that hit the capital in 1185.

• この過程で顕彰が対立した家臣を追放したこと、天保の大飢饉（収入の減少及び物価高騰）や勧修寺家が務めていた寺社伝奏の職務不振によって財政が逼迫してきたこと、前述の後継者問題などで宮廷内に強い影響力を持つ叔母・徳子と不仲となったことで心身に支障をきたすようになった。
• During the settlement process, Akiteru suffered from mental unsoundness as he had to deal with several problems such as expelling opponent vassals, financial tightness caused by the Tempo Famine (triggered decrease in income and price run-up) and decline of the opportunity to perform the work of Jisha Tenso (liaison officers between the imperial court and temples and shrines), the government post that the family had been in charge of, and the friction with his aunt, Nariko, who had a great influence in the Imperial Court caused by the successor problem.

• 江戸幕府8代将軍徳川吉宗は、すでに西日本では飢饉の際の救荒作物として知られていた甘藷（サツマイモ）の栽培を昆陽に命じ、小石川薬園（小石川植物園）と下総国千葉郡馬加村（現在の千葉市花見川区幕張）と上総国山辺郡不動堂村（現在の千葉県山武郡九十九里町）とで試作させている。
• The 8th general of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Yoshimune TOKUGAWA had already ordered Konyo to cultivate the known sweet potato as an emergency crop at the famine in West Japan, and make trial pieces in the Koishikawa Medicine Garden (Koishikawa Botanical Gardens), Makuwari-mura village in Chiba District of Shimousa Province (present Makuhari, Hanamigawa-ku Ward, Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture), and Fudodo Village in Yamabe County of Kazusa Province (present Kujukuri-cho, Sanbu-gun, Chiba Prefecture).

• 弘長元年10月3日_(旧暦)（1261年）、江戸氏の一族の一人であった地頭江戸長重が正嘉の飢饉による荒廃で経営が出来なくなった江戸郷前島村（現在の東京駅周辺）を北条氏得宗家に寄進してその被官となり、1315年までに得宗家から円覚寺に再寄進されている事が記録として残されている。
• According to records, in November 4, 1261, one of the Edo clan and Jito (manager and lord of an estate) Nagashige EDO donated Maejima-mura village of Edo-go (present-day Tokyo Station and its neighborhood) to the Tokuso family (the direct line of the regency Hojo family) when he could no longer manage the village because of the Shoka Famine, which incident led him to serve the family, and by 1315, the village was donated again from the Tokuso family to the Enkaku-ji Temple.

• その後も再三にわたって大洪水や大旱魃、大飢饉などが発生して藩は大被害を受け、第3代藩主・九鬼隆直の時代には藩財政が破綻し、藩札発行や倹約令制定、家臣団の給米減封などを中心とした財政改革が試みられたが、その後も大洪水などによる天災や百姓一揆までもが発生し、藩政はすっかり衰退してしまった。
• Thereafter, the domain was repeatedly assailed by flooding, droughts, and famine, and its finances collapsed in the era of Takanao KUKI, the third lord of the domain, who pursued reforms as the issue of a domain currency, reduction in spending on weapons, and a reduction in the amount of rice distributed to vassals, but this was followed by more flooding and even a peasant's revolt, and the administration was severely weakened.

• 天保7年（1836年）から翌年にかけての天保の大飢饉の際には、あらかじめ食料備蓄庫（報民倉と命名）を築いておいたことや『凶荒心得書』という対応手引きを著して家中に綱紀粛正と倹約の徹底、領民救済の優先を徹底させることなどで、貧しい藩内で誰も餓死者を出さず、そのために全国で唯一幕府から表彰を受けている。
• When the Tempo Famine struck the domain from 1836 to 1837, Kazan helped the domain survive without any deaths due to starvation by taking various precautions, including the construction of food storages (named 'Homin-kura'), education on strict compliance with the law and order, the importance of saving by means of a handbook called 'Kyoko Kokoroe-sho' (Handbook for Disaster Preparedness), and imparting the principle of priority on the survival of the domain's people to the samurai retainers of the domain; consequently, the Tahara Domain was the only domain that was awarded by the Tokugawa shogunate for its great feat.

• 東北地方でも、天長7年（830年）の秋田地方の大地震（『類聚国史』）、承和 (日本)4年（837年）の陸奥国の火山噴火、承和8年（841年）の出羽の飢饉、承和10年（843年）の陸奥の飢饉、承和13年（846年の）出羽の飢饉、嘉祥3年（850年）の出羽の地震（以上『続日本後紀』）など災害や飢饉が相次いでいる。
• Even in the Tohoku region, disasters and famines occurred one after the another, such as Great Earthquake in the Akita region in 830 (from 'Ruiju Kokushi' [Classified National History]), Volcanic Eruption in Mutsu Province in 837, Famine in Dewa in 841, Famine in Mutsu in 843, Famine in Dewa in 846, Earthquake in Dewa in 850 (from 'Shoku Nihon Koki' [Later Chronicle of Japan Continued] for five events from 837 to 850), and so on.

• 極端の場合として領内の凶作にも関わらず、貸付の停止を恐れた藩が農民から強制的に徴収して蔵屋敷に送って、同一年の年貢米を担保に複数の商人から融資を受ける例や、返済実績の確保を行ったために蔵屋敷に大量に米が送られているにも関わらず領内は飢饉で餓死者が出るという「飢饉移出」が発生して餓死者の発生に伴って耕作者のいない田畑が発生して更なる財政収入の悪化をもたらして更なる大名貸を依頼するという悪循環が発生した例もあった。
• There were some extreme cases such as an example that domains who were in fear of termination of loaning collected rice from farmers forcibly and sent the rice to their kurayasiki to arrange finance loans from several merchants by putting the rice as security, or another example that domains who were giving priority on repaying sent a large amount of rice to their kurayashiki even though people were dying from starvation in their territories, which created a bad circulation of more need of arranging daimyogashi because of worsened financial inflow caused by less farmers on farmland after starvation.

• 1420年の回礼使である宋希景は乞食が食物ではなく銭を欲しがるような貨幣経済の発達に対して驚きの声を上げた（その時の李氏朝鮮では、都市部で楮貨という紙幣が流通していた程度で、貨幣経済と呼ぶに足るものが成立しておらず、布・米を媒体とした物々交換が主であったため）といった記録が残っており、また、朝鮮で後に飢饉を救ったサツマイモ（宝暦度 1764年（宝暦14年））や揚水式水車など、日本から相応の文物を持ち帰っていたようである。
• A document records that Kiei SO (宋希景), a kaireishi (an officer sent to Japan responding to an envoy sent by Japan) sent to Japan in 1420, gave an exclamation of surprise about the highly progressed monetary economy that even a beggar wanted money instead of food (this was because, in Korea at that time, paper money called Choka was circulated only in urban areas, with no system that could be called a monetary economy established yet, and the economy was centered on barter trade based on the media of rice and cloth), and in addition, it is likely that the envoy from Korea brought back products of culture necessary for them, such as sweet potato that rescued Korean people from a famine in Korea in later years (1764) and water-pumping wheels.