題: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 主題統覚法
- thematic apperception test
- 書名の問題
- Problems associated with the book title
- 心理学的解題
- Psychological synopsis
- 公使常駐問題
- The problem of the permanent residence of ministers
- 将軍継嗣問題
- Problem of heir of Shogun
- The Issue of Shogun's Heir
- 2000年問題
- Y2K bug
- year 2000 problem
- 心の象徴の問題
- A problem of a spiritual symbol
- 旧藩債務の問題
- Debts of former domains
- 外交儀礼の問題
- Issues regarding diplomatic ceremony
- 交通問題の解決
- Resolution of traffic problems.
- 統帥権干犯問題
- The affair of the supreme command interference and violation of the rights
- 説話の主題と思想
- The subject and philosophy of anecdotes
- 説の歴史と問題点
- The history and problems of the theory
- 条約締結後の問題
- Problems after concluding the treaty
- 宗主権―主権問題
- Suzerainty and sovereignty issues
- 国境線の画定問題
- Issues on border demarcation
- 明治初年の諸課題
- Problems in 1868
- 明治の悪贋貨問題
- Meiji's bad counterfeit money problem
- 影武者説の問題点
- Problems with the Imposter Theory
- フルヘッヘンド問題
- Issue of 'verheffen'
- 鎮西奉行→鎮西探題
- Chinzei bugyo (a magistrate of Kyushu region) => Chinzei Tandai
- 人事問題と留守政府
- Personnel affairs and Rusu-seifu
- 徳川家定の後継問題
- Successor issue of Iesada TOKUGAWA
- 義輝を題材とした作品
- Works About Yoshiteru
- 黒船を題材にした映画
- Films featuring the Black Ships
- 政友会分裂問題と解党
- Splitting problem of the Seiyu Party and dissolution
- 徳川家定の後継問題。
- Successor issue of Iesada TOKUGAWA
- 贋貨・悪貨の交換問題
- The problem of exchanging counterfeit and bad money.
- 千利休を題材にした作品
- Works About SEN no Rikyu
- 日朝間の懸案:書契問題
- The pending problem between Japan and Korea: a problem of diplomatic correspondence
- 主要テーマ(主題)の諸説
- Some suppositions about the main theme
- 後継者問題から応仁の乱へ
- From the Issue of the Heir to the Onin war
- 明智光秀を題材とした作品
- Works Featuring Mitsuhide as a Subject
- 斎藤道三を題材とした創作
- Works based on Dosan
- 京都守護 → 六波羅探題
- Kyoto Shugo => Rokuhara Tandai.
- 一つには文言の問題がある。
- One concern is about the wording.
- 公使派遣問題(日本―朝鮮)
- Issues on dispatch of ministries (Japan - Korea)
- 公使謁見問題(日本―清朝)
- Issues on meeting with an emperor (Japan - Qing dynasty)
- その他 歴代の将軍継嗣問題
- Other problems of heirs of Shoguns
- ―現在の時局に題材を得た歌。
- Poems composed on the current state of affairs.
- 転生が主題となる説話も多い。
- Transmigration is often the subject of anecdotes.
- 本歌とは主題を合致させない。
- The main theme should be different from that of the original.
- 以畀梓氏。題曰雨月物語。云。
- That's why this is titled 'Ugetsu Monogatari (The Tales of Moon and Rain).'
- 教育問題なども評論している。
- She also made comments on education.
- 足利義昭を題材とした文芸作品
- Literature on Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA
- 地球温暖化問題に対する懐疑論
- Skepticism on the global warming issue
- 1927年1月 『黒潮』と改題
- January 1927, renamed to Kuroshio
- 葛の葉を題材とする作品を参照。
- Refer to works that use the Arrowroot Leaves as their themes.
- 部落差別問題にも影響している。
- This influenced the problem of Buraku (hamlet) discrimination.
- いわゆる統帥権干犯問題である。
- It was so-called the incident of the violation of the supreme command.
- 清・朝国境線問題(朝鮮―清朝)
- Issues on border demarcation between the Qing dynasty and Korea (Korea - Qing dynasty).
- 明治政府初の外交問題となった。
- That incident became the first diplomatic problem for the Meiji government.
- 題名に関しては諸説あり、大別して
- There are various views on the title; They may be broadly classified as follows.
- 1926年11月 改題前の最終号
- November 1926, the final issue before renamed
- 当初は『零』という表題であった。
- The work was originally entitled 'Rei' (Brought to Ruin).
- このため将軍継嗣問題が起こった。
- This have rise the Shogun successor crisis.
- 詳細は鎮西奉行、鎮西探題を参照。
- For details, see Chinzei Bugyo and Chinzei Tandai.
- この「季節」とは季語・季題のこと。
- The word 'season' here refers to kigo and kidai.
- しかし問題はこれで終わらなかった。
- However, this was not the end of the problem.
- 巻の主題とおぼしき語句を用いたもの
- The one that uses the word of a probable chapter theme
- 琉球・台湾の帰属問題(日本―清朝)
- Ryukyu and Taiwan attribution issues (Japan - Qing dynasty)
- 鎌倉幕府3代将軍・源実朝の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 3rd shogun of the Kamakura bakufu, MINAMOTO no Sanetomo
- そして作品を『運命』と題したという。
- And he called the work 'Unmei.'
- 江戸幕府4代将軍・徳川家綱の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 4th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Ietsuna TOKUGAWA
- 江戸幕府7代将軍・徳川家継の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 7th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Ietsugu TOKUGAWA
- 室町幕府4代将軍・足利義持の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 4th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA
- 江戸幕府8代将軍・徳川吉宗の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 8th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA
- 江戸幕府5代将軍・徳川綱吉の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 5th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA
- 江戸幕府初代将軍・徳川家康の後継問題
- Successor issue of the first shogun of the Edo bakufu, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA
- 江戸幕府2代将軍・徳川秀忠の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 2nd shogun of the Edo bakufu, Hidetada TOKUGAWA
- 室町幕府8代将軍・足利義政の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 8th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA
- 平家物語という題名は後年の呼称である。
- The title of Heike Monogatari was put by posterity.
- さらに徳川氏は内部に問題を抱えていた。
- Furthermore, the Tokugawa clan had problems internally.
- 第一巻 釈公法之義、明其本源、題其大旨
- Volume 1: 釈公法之義、明其本源、題其大旨
- 室町幕府13代将軍・足利義輝の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 13th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA
- 江戸幕府10代将軍・徳川家治の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 10th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Ieharu TOKUGAWA
- 江戸幕府13代将軍・徳川家定の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 13th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Iesada TOKUGAWA
- ―社会詠の一種であり、時事問題を詠んだ歌
- A type of shakai-ei and deals with current issues.
- 国家による弾圧以前にも問題を抱えていた。
- Therefore, they had enough problems of their own even before pressure from the government to re-organize.
- 画題は増え続け、幕末には最盛期を迎えた。
- The subjects of the paintings continued to increase, and reached its peak at the end of the Edo Period.
- うたい(謡曲の文句に題材をとった笑い話)
- Utai (chanting of a Noh drama text) (a funny story based on a phrase from a Noh song)
- ここから、題名の「菊花の約」がきている。
- The title of 'The Chrysanthemum Vow' comes from this.
- 表題は『光源氏』となっているものも多い。
- Most of them have the title 'Hikaru Genji.'
- この議定では、頼盛の処遇も議題に上がった。
- During the deliberations, the treatment of Yorimori was also discussed.
- 建久3年(1192年)に企画・出題される。
- The uta-awase was planned and the topics for the poems were issued in 1192.
- 織田氏の継嗣問題及び領地再分配会議である。
- The purpose was to discuss the matter of a successor and the redistribution of territories of the Oda clan.
- さらに盛氏の晩年には後継者問題も発生した。
- Additionally, during Moriuji's reign, they faced issues concerning succession.
- 古墳発生の問題は、戦前から議論されていた。
- There have been disputes regarding the origins of kofun since before World War II.
- 京の公家や六波羅探題の情報はこれ以上無い。
- No more information from Kuge (court nobles) or from Rokuhara Tandai in Kyoto was available.
- 歌題の提示から当日まで1ヶ月の期間をおいた。
- There was a period of one month between the announcement of the poetic themes to the date of the contest.
- 1315年(正和4年)、六波羅探題南方に就任
- 1315: Became a Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata
- 1324年(元亨4年)、六波羅探題南方辞任。
- 1324: Resigned as a Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata
- 会合では、主に3つの主要な議題が論じられた。
- In the meeting, three issues were mainly negotiated.
- 特に高貴な人物のそれが話題になることが多い。
- In particular, rakuin of high class people often comes to an issue.
- しかも、子はなくその後継者問題が急浮上した。
- In addition, he had no children and the problem of a successor arose.
- この表題が何に由来するものなのかは不明である。
- How and why it was so titled is unknown.
- 1330年(元徳2年)、六波羅探題北方となる。
- In 1330, he became Rokuhara Commissioner (Northern side).
- 昭和には映画やテレビドラマなどの題材とされた。
- His tales were adapted for movies and television dramas during the Showa era.
- 六波羅探題南方・連署などを歴任した人物である。
- He served in the posts such as a Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata and Rensho (assistant to regents).
- 擬古楽府とは古楽府の題のみを借りて作った楽府。
- A 'giko gafu' is a Chinese folk song (gafu) borrowing only a title from an older Chinese folk song (kogafu).
- この有力諸大名の処遇が秀吉の政権の課題となる。
- How to treat these warlords remained an issue for Hideyoshi's administration.
- 兵庫開港問題では朝廷を執拗に説いて勅許を得た。
- On the matter of opening of port of Hyogo, he tenaciously persuaded the Imperial Court and obtained the Emperor's permission.
- 有名女優との交際が常に話題になるトップモデル。
- A top model whose friendship with famous actresses gets continued public attention.
- 仏教説話(破戒僧や高僧の話題、発心・往生談など)
- Buddhist setsuwa (whose topics include depraved priests, venerable priests, spiritual awakening, and passing into the next life)
- 謡曲『葵上』(世阿弥作か)の題材にもなっている。
- It also became the theme of a Noh play 'Aoi no Ue' (Lady Aoi, possibly by Zeami).
- ところが、この条文を巡ってはいくつか問題がある。
- However, there are some problems on this provision.
- 『雨月物語』という題は、どこからきたのだろうか。
- Where did the title 'Ugetsu Monogatari' come from?
- 12月には健康問題を理由に太政大臣辞職している。
- In December he retired from the Daijo-daijin position due to health problems.
- このことは、古代人にとっても大きな問題であった。
- It was a big problem to the ancient people, too.
- 異論の中で有名な説に馬格を問題にするものがある。
- Famous among different opinions is the one concerned with equine conformation.
- 一番の争点であったのが織田家の後継者問題である。
- The matter of successor in the Oda family was the major point at the conference.
- 条約締結と将軍継嗣問題(1853年~1858年)
- Conclusion of treaties and a succession struggle for the next shogun (1853 – 1858)
- それでは季題趣味に陥るとするのが「季語」派である。
- And those who are self-indulged with kidai belong to the 'kigo' school.
- この問題に対して編纂されたのが『系図纂要』である。
- 'Keizu Sanyo' (Edo Period Pedigree Charts) was compiled to solve this problem.
- これにより『日本人』は『日本及日本人』と改題する。
- As a result, the magazine changed its title from 'Nihonjin' to 'Nihon oyobi Nihonjin (Japan and the Japanese)'.
- これを題材に辻邦生が『西行花伝』をあらわしている。
- This is the subject matter of 'Saigyo Kaden,' written by Kunio TSUJI.
- 大山説は近年マスコミにも取り上げられ話題となった。
- Oyama's opinion was reported in the media and became a topic of conversation.
- 『南洲翁遺訓』と題して、約1000部が発行された。
- It was entitled Nanshuo Ikun and approximately 1000 copies were published.
- この問題については、いくつかの可能性が考えられる。
- There are several possibilities regarding this issue:
- しかしそれに伴い、多くの問題が発生するようになる。
- However, in accordance with that, many problems occurred.
- そもそもの発端は西郷隆盛の朝鮮使節派遣問題である。
- It all started with Takamori SAIGO's issue that was an envoy dispatching to Korea.
- 正式な表題は、法令全書によると、「御誓文」である。
- The formal title is 'Charter Oath' according to Horei Zensho (Compendium of laws and regulations).
- また現実問題として排水が悪いなどの難点ともなった。
- In addition, there were practical problems such as poor drainage.
- 新田次郎が騒動を題材に小説にしたことでも知られる。
- The Takefu Riot is also known as the subject matter of the novel by Jiro NITTA.
- もともと季語・季題という言葉は江戸時代にはなかった。
- Originally, words such as kigo or kidai did not exist during the Edo period.
- 連句をどのようにメジャーにするかが課題となっている。
- For renku enthusiasts, the challenge ahead is how to make renku more of a major art form.
- また、浪人問題を解消すべく、多くの対策を打ち出した。
- He launched numerous measures to resolve the problems of masterless samurai.
- 1935年に『明治劇談 ランプの下にて』の題で出版。
- In 1935 it was published under the title of 'Meiji Gekidan Ranpu no Moto nite' (On the Theater of the Meiji Period - Under the Lamp).
- 歌題は春15・夏10・秋15・冬10・恋50の百題。
- The themes for the poems were as follows: 15 rounds each for spring and autumn, 10 rounds each for summer and winter, and 50 rounds for love.
- 朝鮮政府の許可あれば、来日することも問題なしとする。
- Japanese people can come to Japan if they have permission from the Korean government.
- 問題の解決を後世に託して終了したとも言えなくはない。
- It can be also said that it ended with asking future generation to solve problems.
- 第二次世界大戦後には、皇位問題への禁忌意識は消えた。
- The taboo on issues of the Imperial Throne was eliminated after the World War II.
- 作品の配列順・題名等については、伝本により異同がある。
- The order and titles of the stories may differ depending on the manuscript.
- 表紙が脱落し内題・外題が無く、編者・原書名ともに未詳。
- The book was discovered without its cover or its title page, so neither the name of the compiler nor the original title is known.
- ※の付いているものは「大津絵十種」と呼ばれる主要画題。
- * This is attached to the main subjects called '10 kinds of Otsu-e.'
- 丸谷才一による『源氏物語』の成立事情を題材にした作品。
- It is a work by Saiichi MARUYA on the theme of the circumstances behind 'The Tale of Genji' being written.
- 謡曲『野宮_(謡曲)』(世阿弥)の題材にもなっている。
- It also became the theme of a Noh play 'Nonomiya' (Yokyoku, Noh-songs) (by Zeami).
- 直義が政界に復帰し、直冬は3月に九州探題に任命される。
- Tadayoshi returned to the political world, and Tadafuyu was named Kyushu tandai in April.
- 芸能を主に、様々な作品の題材として広く採りあげられた。
- It was widely adapted for various works as a subject matter, especially for public entertainment.
- この写本は冒頭の表題と撰号(著者の署名)を欠いている。
- There is neither a title nor a signature by the author at the beginning of this transcript.
- このため、この後には鉱毒問題はないという主張もされる。
- Based on the compositions, the company had explained that they had not had any problem of the mining pollution after that.
- 我々は、この国内問題に関しては、厳正中立の立場をとる。
- We maintain neutrarity about this domestic issue.
- このうち一番問題になったのは、上から3番目の項である。
- The most controversial question was the third question.
- 明治政府の課題として持ち越されることになったのである。
- The assignment of the Soudaikinou function of Shoya and Nanushi would be carried over to the Meiji government.
- 894年(寛平6年)4月25日、家集『句題和歌』を献上。
- On June 2, 894, he presented the personal collection 'Kudai Waka' (Waka on Themes of Lines) to the emperor.
- 大胆に要約すれば季の題を詠むとする立場が「季題」である。
- In short, those who take the position of composing poems with a seasonal theme belong to the 'kidai' school.
- が、新年立によっても全ての問題点が解決したわけではない。
- However, even the new one could not answer every question.
- 水戸黄門は講談や歌舞伎の題材として大衆的人気を獲得した。
- Komon of Mito gained popularity as the subject matter of popular Kodan storytelling and Kabuki plays.
- しかし、替地による余波は、領民に耐え難い諸問題を残した。
- Nevertheless, the kaechi left a host of problems in its wake that the denizens of the territory found very difficult to endure.
- こうした贋造は無関係な人物による執筆の場合に問題となる。
- These forged writings becomes a problem when they were written by persons who were not related to the original writer.
- 策問(問題)と匡衡の回答は『本朝文粋』に収録されている。)
- The Policy questions and Masahira's answers were included in 'Honchomonzui' (anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese).)
- 四季の季題と人事題が同時に出された歌合の最古の記録である。
- This is the oldest record of utaawase at which seasonal and human affairs subjects were presented at the same time.
- 巻七から巻八までは特に「和州吉野郡物産志」と題されている。
- The Volume seven and eight have a special title of 'Washu Yoshinogun Bussan-shi'.
- もっとも問題なのは『平治物語』『平家物語』との関係である。
- The influences exerted on 'Heiji Monogatari' and 'Heike Monogatari' are most controversial.
- 但し巻名が伝わる中でも「雲隠」は題のみで本文が現存しない。
- However, of all the existent chapter titles, 'Kumogakure' is the only one whose entire text is missing and the title alone has been passed down.
- そのとき、最初は中国語を習得することが最初の課題であった。
- At that time, the first task was to learn Chinese.
- 後に宮尾登美子によって書かれた松園の伝記の題名にもなった。
- The title was later used by novelist Tomiko MIYAO for the title of her biography of Shoen.
- 問題の性質が性質なだけに、腫れ物を触る行為になりかねない。
- It risks the danger of reopening old wounds by the very nature of the issue.
- 安政4年(1857年)徳川家定の後継問題で有力候補となる。
- In 1857, he became a strong candidate for the heir to Iesada TOKUGAWA.
- しかし、承久の乱後に六波羅探題が設置されたことで消滅した。
- However, this was abolished when Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) was established after the Jokyu War.
- 大沽砲台問題―最も決定的だったのは大沽砲台問題といわれる。
- The Taku Forts problem: The most certain of these was the Taku Fort problem.
- しかし、画題の簡略化に伴って減少し、現在では百余種とされる。
- However, with the simplification of the subjects, there has been a decline, and now it is said that there are over 100 kinds of subjects.
- これらの問題は「物語」の定義の持つ幅広さを示すと考えられる。
- These matters suggest the wide definition of 'monogatari.'
- また、幾何の問題も機械的に代数の問題に帰着してとして扱った。
- Under this system, geometry problems were treated as algebra problems by nature.
- 最大の問題は、盟友である朝倉義景と信長の歴史的な不仲だった。
- The biggest problem was the historic hatred between Yoshikage ASAKURA, his sworn ally, and Nobunaga.
- 無題(一巻):天正四年四・五月、天正八年八月、天正十年六月。
- Untitled (1 volume): May to June 1576, September to October 1580, June to July 1582.
- 当初は『蘭東事始』(らんとうことはじめ)という題名であった。
- The title of the book was 'Ranto Kotohajime' at first.
- 当該地域の領有権及び領土問題に関する詳細は樺太の項目を参照。
- For details on territorial rights or territorial disputes of this area see Sakhalin.
- 『倭漢朗詠集』、あるいは巻末の内題から『倭漢抄』とも呼ばれる。
- It is also called 'Wakansho' (Japanese and Chinese Poems to Sing) based on the title inside the book at the end.
- 映画化され、2005年に公開された(邦題は「SAYURI」)。
- The novel was made into a film that was released in 2005 (Japanese Title: 'SAYURI.')
- 全8巻構成で、最後の2巻は特に和州吉野郡物産志と題されている。
- They are an eight volume series and the last two volumes have a special title of 'Washu Yoshinogun Bussanshi' (Book of Products of Yoshino County, in Yamato Province).
- このことが好まれ、明治以来数多くの創作作品の題材となっている。
- Thus, writers and other dramatist valued these historical incidents, choosing this subject material for the production of many creative works going forward from the Meiji period.
- および徳川家の存廃と常にセットとして語られるべき問題であった。
- Then, there was the additional issue up for consideration, how to proceed with the elimination of the Tokugawa family.
- しかし、このような説には以下のような点が問題として挙げられる。
- However, the following can be suggested as problems for such theories.
- 勧進を続ける文治年間の重源のまえには、新たな問題が起きていた。
- Chogen, who had been soliciting contributions during the Bunji era, faced new problems.
- 東大寺の依頼を受けた六波羅探題が鎮圧にあたるも果たせなかった。
- Although the authorities in Rokuhara (Kyoto) tried to suppress the villains (at the request of Todai-ji Temple) the insurgency could not be suppressed..
- 12月、マシュー・ペリーが浦賀に来航し、攘夷問題が起き始めた。
- In December, Matthew Perry came to Japan, and the issue of Joi (the principle of excluding foreigners) arose.
- 要するに「国家か法か」という回答困難な問題が発生したのである。
- In other words, a difficult problem, 'which Japan should choose, the state or the law?' arose.
- 兵士の戦意、士気の問題は政府軍にとって解決すべき課題であった。
- For the government Army, how to raise fighting spirit and morale of the soldiers was a problem to be solved.
- これにより盛政が賤ヶ岳砦を占拠するのも時間の問題かと思われた。
- As a result, it seemed to be only a matter of time until Morimasa occupied Shizugatake Fort.
- 他方両国には琉球王国の日清両属という領土問題での懸案もあった。
- Meanwhile, there remained bilateral territorial issues on the possession of the Ryukyu islands.
- さらに参議と各省の卿の分離問題で、両者は決定的な対立を迎える。
- In the end, they fell into open conflict over the issue of separating the Councillors from the Ministers.
- 季語といい季題というが、それぞれの用語にはそれぞれの拘りがある。
- The terms, kigo and kidai, though similar, imply different things.
- こうした要請に応ずる形で朗詠題ごとに分類配列し撰じたものである。
- Responding such demands, poems were classified and arranged by themes of roei.
- その画風は博学な知識に裏打ちされ、主に中国古典を題材にしている。
- Tessai's art style is based on his deep knowledge, with most of his works created under the theme of Chinese classics.
- この時、本宗家小早川氏の小早川貞平は六波羅探題と行動を共にした。
- At this time, Sadahira KOBAYAKAWA from the head family of the Kobayakawa clan was with Rokuhara Tandai.
- 上記のような経済問題は、領事裁判権問題とも密接な関わりがあった。
- These economic problems mentioned above was related closely to the matter of consular jurisdiction.
- これは場合によっては紛争の引き金になりかねない国際問題であった。
- That was an international problem that could trigger disputes in certain circumstances.
- このため、奥右筆の周辺には金品に絡む問題も生じたと言われている。
- It is said that there were problems related to money around Oku-yuhitsu because of this.
- 故に、内外題・奥書も伝わっていないため、本来の書名は不明である。
- Therefore, the titles and okugaki (postscript) are not missing and the original title is unknown.
- なお県の役人については検死に問題なかったとして処罰なしとなった。
- Regarding the officers, they were unpunished because there was no fault in their postmortem inspection.
- そもそも増師問題は、当初は陸軍・政友会間での妥協が図られていた。
- In the first place, the Japanese Army and the Seiyukai were seeking a compromise on the increase of two army divisions.
- 本来の題は「匂兵部卿(におうひょうぶきょう)」で、「匂宮」は略称。
- Niou Miya' was an abbreviation for the original title, 'Niou Hyobukyo.'
- 地震の後発行された鯰絵にも、『暫』を題材としたものが見受けられる。
- There were some namazu-e with 'Shibaraku' as its subject that were published after the Earthquake.
- 『万葉集』の詠歌とそれに附随する題詞・左注などが唯一の資料である。
- The only existing source is poems in the 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and the daishi (the foreword which was written in Chinese characters) and the annotations on the left that are attached to them.
- なお、井伊氏の跡継ぎ問題に徳川氏が口出しをすることもあったと言う。
- The Tokugawa clan sometimes interfered in the matter of succession in the Ii clan.
- 鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけて書かれた歴史上の合戦を題材とした文芸。
- Gunki-mono also refers to literature derived from historical battles and composed from the Kamakura to the Muromachi period.
- 第一巻の巻頭には別紙を継いで、ここに「法華義疏第一」の内題がある。
- The title 'Hokke Gisho - the First' is written on a piece of paper attached to the start of the first volume.
- を全く考慮に入れていないところが最大の問題で、その点で根拠が弱い。
- The major problem is that (something) is not taken into consideration at all, and in this respect the grounds are weak.
- まず大学寮の寮試にて中国正史より問題を出題して擬文章生を選抜した。
- First, gimonjosho were chosen in the examination at the daigakuryo, which asked questions about Chinese historiography.
- 家光の時代には、取り潰される藩も多く、浪人が増え、社会問題化した。
- Under the rule of Iemitsu, many domains were abolished and an increase in the number of ronin (masterless samurai) became a social problem.
- ただ、統帥権干犯の問題を回避するには有効な方法だったかもしれない。
- However, it might have been an effective way in order to avoid the matter of supreme command interference and violation of rights.
- シテは六条御息所の生霊であり、題にもなっている葵の上は一切登場せず、
- Shite (main actor; protagonist) is a wraith of Rokujo no Miyasudokoro, while Aoi no Ue, whose name is also used as a title of this play, does not appear at all.
- 題名の「落窪」は、主人公の薄倖な姫君が置かれた部屋の名前に由来する。
- The title, 'Ochikubo,' came from the name of the room in which the heroine, an unhappy himegimi (daughter of a person of high rank), was placed.
- 冒頭と末尾が欠けているため本来どのような題号を持っていたのかは不明。
- It is not clear what the title originally was because it lacks the opening and ending pages.
- 1929年(昭和4年)に「女子教育の拡充」と題する演説を行っている。
- In 1929, he made a speech titled 'The enhancement of women's education.'
- この時の経験が後に代表作となる小説「たけくらべ」の題材となっている。
- Her experience on this occasion later became the subject of 'Takekurabe,' her representative work.
- 同年4月の「文芸の主義」(原題:文芸断片)では、次のように記述した。
- In April of the same year, he put the following statement in 'Bungei no Shugi' (Principle of Literature) (original title : Literary Fragments).
- それがこの問題の理解を深めるにあたり障壁になる部分であるともいえる。
- This can also be said to pose an obstacle for a deeper understanding of the issue.
- また、日本画家の小林古径がこの伝説を題材にとった絵画を制作している。
- Kokei KOBAYASHI, a Japanese-style painter, also painted a picture on the theme of this legend.
- この問題は、日朝双方の国交に対する思惑がすれ違ったことが原因である。
- The root of this problem lied in Japan and Korea's differing expectations regarding diplomatic relations.
- この報告に問題があった場合には京都メカニズムへの参加資格を喪失する。
- If there is a serious problem in the report, the country will lose the qualification to join the Kyoto Mechanisms.
- なお医療宣教師が阿片を使用したことも喫緊の課題として幕府を動かした。
- The Bakufu had to address the crucial problem of medical missionaries using opium.
- 『五箇條御誓文』と題して明治神宮外苑聖徳記念絵画館で展示されている。
- It is on display as the title 'Charter Oath of Five Articles' in Seitoku Kinen Kaigakan (Meiji Memorial Picture Gallery) in the outer garden of the Meiji-jingu Shrine.
- 支那問題を研究するとともに各般の調査に従事し、各種事業の助成を図る。
- It studied China problem with engaging in various researches to promote many operations.
- これを上杉聡や中村拡三らは賤民差別から部落問題の発生の移行期とみる。
- Satoshi UESUGI, Kozo NAKAMURA and others consider this period transition from discrimination of humble or lowly people to the outbreak of Buraku (hamlet) issue.
- しかし、これらは必ずしもオリジナルの画題・構図で描かれたわけではない。
- However, they were not necessarily drawn with an original theme or composition.
- 歌論としては、幽玄論、題詠論、本歌取りなどの技術論などを記述している。
- For treatise on waka poetry, it describes theories of Yugen (the subtle and profound), Daiei (poetry composed on a set theme), and technique such as Honkatori (writing poems quoted parts of old poems).
- 題の物産とは、天然に産するものの意で、人工の生産物を指すものではない。
- The Bussan in the title means something naturally produced, not artificial products.
- その一方で、その俳論・実作においては以下のような問題も指摘されている。
- On the other hand, the following issues were pointed out about his poetic theory and the works he composed.
- また、実際には清和源氏の出自でなくとも将軍職への就任には問題がなった。
- Furthermore, a person not originated in Seiwa-Genji could actually become the shogun.
- 逆に悪質な販売店では、初期不良品を「相性の問題だ」で済ます場合もある。
- On the other hand, vicious dealers might falsely blame the problem as 'the problem of compatibility' even if it was a defective product in the first place.
- テレビ番組『爆笑問題のススメ』(札幌テレビ放送・日本テレビ放送網系列)
- 'Bakusho-mondai no Susume', a broadcasting program by Sapporo TV and NTV groups.
- 訳:元の主人から問題のあるとされた者を家来として召し抱えてはならない。
- Translation: Do not accept a retainer who was a hindrance to his ex-master.
- 幕府の増収に貢献したが、いろいろ問題点も多く1730年に廃止となった。
- While the rule contributed to an increase in the Bakufu's revenue, it faced many problems and was abolished in 1730.
- 曽我物語(そがものがたり)は、「曾我兄弟の仇討ち」を題材にした軍記物語。
- The tale of Soga is a war chronicle based on 'Revenge of Soga Brothers.'
- 薫は匂宮に宇治の姫君たちの存在を語り、匂宮はその話題にいたく興味を示す。
- Kaoru told Nioumiya about the daughters in Uji, then Nioumiya got passionately interested in them.
- 『今昔物語集』の「羅城門登上層見死人盗人語第十八」を題材にした短編小説。
- It is a short story inspired by No. 18, 'Rashomon no uhakoshi ni noborite shinin wo miru nusubito no koto' (a story about a thief who climbed upstairs within the Rashomon gate and saw dead people there) in the 'Konjaku Monogatarishu' (The Tale of Times Now Past).
- このほか、『与話情浮名横櫛』『鞘当』などの演目も鯰絵の題材とされている。
- In addition, other programs such as 'Yowanasake Ukinano Yokogushi' and 'Saya-ate' (The Scabbard Crossing) were used as the subject matter for namazu-e.
- 参考書籍としては、坂本太郎 (歴史学者)著の「国史大系書目解題」がある。
- Kokushitaikei Shomoku Gedai (Annotated Bibliography of Source Materials for Zoku Kokushi Taikei) by the historian Taro SAKAMOTO is a reference book.
- 持衰は人と接さず、虱を取らず、服は汚れ放題、肉は食べずに船の帰りを待つ。
- The Jisai waited for the ship to return without seeing anybody in the meantime, catching lice, letting their clothes get dirty and without eating any meat.
- 1911年に明治座で2世市川左團次の口上で名題披露をして、三代目を襲名。
- Gained a reputation making prologues to Sadanji ICHIKAWA (II) at the Meiji-za Theater in 1911 and inherited the name as the third generation.
- 西園寺家の女中・奥村花子は、パリ講和会議に同伴させたことで話題となった。
- He brought along Hanako OKUMURA, a housemaid of the Saionji family, to the Paris Peace Conference, and this became a topic of gossip.
- 陸軍内部でもこの問題への賛否が分かれていたが、最終的に辞表は提出された。
- This problem became controversial within the army, but in the end his letter of resignation was submitted.
- 放送当時の社会問題であった過労と不眠を本能寺の変の遠因の一つとしていた。
- Overwork and insomnia, which were social issues at the time of broadcasting, were presented as the cause of Honno-ji no Hen.
- 煙害に困った足尾町赤倉地区の住民が1920年に煙害問題安定期成会を結成。
- The residents in Akakura area of Ashio-machi which damaged by air pollution by the mines' smoke formed the air pollution committee in 1920.
- このため、帰属問題が解決したのは日清戦争で日本が勝利した後のことである。
- Therefore, it was after Japan won the Sino-Japanese War that the attribution issue was solved.
- 明治6年6月森山帰国後の閣議であらためて対朝鮮外交問題が取り上げられた。
- In June 1873, the problem of diplomacy with Korea was highlighted at the cabinet meeting again after Shigeru MORIYAMA was back to Japan.
- この問題を解消するために1871年(明治4年)終盤に府県統合が行われた。
- In order to solve the problem, a consolidation of prefectures was carried out in late 1871.
- その後、鉄道国有化が政治課題となるのは、1899年(明治32年)である。
- After that, it was in 1899 that the railway nationalization became a political agenda.
- 攻略そのものは問題なかったが、その後の占領において大きな問題が発生した。
- The assault itself had no issues to be criticized but a problem occurred during the occupation.
- 事件の背景には、日本陸軍が冬季訓練を緊急の課題としていたことが挙げられる。
- Japan's consideration that wintertime training was to be the most urgent task was the background of the incident.
- また、題箋に「大委国」とあることから海外で作られたとする説も否定している。
- As the title includes the word '大委国' meaning Japan, Yasumoto also denies the theory which states that the book was made abroad.
- なお、家康が問題の天ぷらを食べたのは田中城(現静岡県藤枝市田中)であった。
- By the way, it was at Tanaka-jo Castle (in present Tanaka, Fujieda City, Shizuoka Prefecture) that he ate the problematic fried food.
- この『新鞍馬天狗』は、原作者自ら手掛ける映画作品として当初話題にはなった。
- Shin Kurama Tengu attracted much attention at first since the film was produced by the author himself.
- 恋歌にも秀作はあるものの、題詠で作歌背景の判然とせぬものがほとんどである。
- Some of his poetry of love are excellent, but they were composed on given themes without obvious background.
- いずれも宗教上の問題以外に硝石、新式鉄砲等の貿易の利ざやがあったとされる。
- Whether those theories are true or not, each has an issue of profit brought about by trading of niter, new guns and so on in addition to religious issues.
- 元寇以来、内外に諸問題が噴出する中で幕政運営を巡って両者の対立は激化する。
- Confrontation and rivalry became intense over government administration amid internal and external issues erupting one after another since the Mongol invasion attempts on Japan.
- なお、昭和期には海軍大臣人事が問題となって内閣の死命が制せられた例はない。
- Besides this, there was no example of a Cabinet being held up by issues of the Navy Minister's personnel affairs during the Showa period.
- また、部落問題民をも奇兵隊に取り入れていたという事実も特筆するべきである。
- The fact that Kiheitai Army involved people in Buraku problem was worthy of special mention.
- しかし府連が文化厚生会館の占拠を続けたため、部落問題研究所が再審査を請求。
- However, since the Kyoto Federation kept occupying the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall, the Institute of Buraku Problem requested a reexamination.
- 八虐においては第4位、家庭内の問題に纏わる問題では最も重い罪とされている。
- Among hachi-gyaku it ranked fourth and was regarded as the most serious crime among the problems involving a family.
- 地方民会や三新法など地方自治に関係のある、地方行政を巡る諸問題を審議した。
- They discussed about various matters of district administration related to the local assembly and three local new laws.
- また、問題となる変更点としては、頼義が平永衡を殺害するいきさつがあげられる。
- Problematic changes include the sequence of events leading to Yoriyoshi's killing of TAIRA no Nagahira.
- のちにひとつにされ「口伝集巻第十一」以下の題名を付けられたと考えられている。
- It was considered that these were made into one later and titled 'Kuden shu Book 11' and below.
- 源氏物語絵巻(げんじものがたりえまき)は、源氏物語を題材にした絵巻物である。
- The Tale of Genji Emaki is a picture scroll depicting the subject matter of The Tale of Genji.
- 1928年から「市況通報」を発行した(1937年、「日本農業新聞」に改題)。
- The paper called 'Market Trend Report' was released from 1928 (the name was changed into 'Japan Agriculture Times' in 1937).
- 酒呑童子、大江山の鬼退治を題材にした映画は、戦前・戦後と数本製作されている。
- There are several movies filmed before and after World War II on the themes of Shuten Doji and oni extermination.
- 東京に住んでいた時分は自宅に犬を数十頭飼育し、家の中は荒れ放題だったという。
- When he was living in Tokyo, he bred several dogs in his house, so his house went to ruin.
- その後何度も国書を送ったが、朝鮮側はその都度受け取りを拒否した(書契問題)。
- After that, Japan sent them the letter with the sovereign's message again and again, but the Joseon Dynasty refused to receive on every occasion (it is called Shokei Mondai, the problem of letters.)
- 中央集権化を推進していくうえで、この問題は是非とも克服してゆかねばならない。
- Upon the implementation of centralization, this problem had to be overcome at whatever cost.
- しかし、桜田門外の変後、将軍後継問題で幕府がゆれる間に事態は急速に変化する。
- After the Sakuradamongai Incident, however, things changed rapidly while the shogunate government was at a standstill to deal with the shogunate successor problem.
- むしろ、政策以上に紛糾と対立を引き起こしたのは財政と人事を巡る問題であった。
- It was financial and personnel affairs besides political issues that brought about more dispute and confrontation.
- 当時、慶勝は徳川慶喜の辞官納地問題に際し、領地返上に反対の立場をとっていた。
- In those days, Yoshikatsu took the stance to oppose to giving up the territories on Jikan nochi (an order for surrendering the Shogunate post and domains to the Imperial Court) of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
- 藤原公実ら16人によって進詠されたもので以後の組題による百首歌の手本となった。
- This collection of one hundred poems consisted of waka written by 16 poets, including FUJIWARA no Kinzane, and became the model for subsequent collections with set topics.
- 人の生活する場である社会と社会に対する認識等を主題として詠んだ歌のことをいう。
- It refers to poetry themed on the society in which people live and the recognition of society.
- また伊勢物語という題名から作者を延喜歌壇の紅一点の伊勢であるからとの説もある。
- Another ascribed its authorship to Ise, who was the only female poet in the poetry circle in the Engi era, based on the title of 'The Tales of Ise.'
- 西本願寺侍臣西村兼文によれば、山南を追い詰めたのは屯所移転問題だったとされる。
- According to Kanefumi NISHIMURA, a valet of West Hongan-ji Temple, the issue of relocating the quarter is what drove Sannan into the corner.
- 彼を題材とした漫画「花の慶次」の影響で前田慶次という名前で呼ばれることも多い。
- Due to the influence of the manga 'Hana no Keiji' featuring him, he is quite often called Keiji MAEDA.
- 翌年には、井上剣花坊が新聞「日本」に〈新題柳樽〉欄を与えられ、これが大ヒット。
- The next year, a column named 'Shindai yanagidaru' (Yanagidaru on Modern Topics) in the newspaper 'Nippon' was given to Kenkabo INOUE, and it became a big hit.
- その任務は長崎奉行と協力して九州諸藩の動静監視であり「九州探題」とも呼ばれた。
- Since their job was to watch developments in the Kyushu domains, cooperating with Nagasaki bugyo (Nagasaki magistrate), they were also known as 'Kyushu Tandai' (local feudal commissioner).
- これらの問題、つまり三権分立や司法のあり方などは活発に議論されるようになった。
- People started to conduct lively discussions about these issues, how the separation of powers and the judiciary should function.
- 1966年2月25日、部落問題研究所が京都地方裁判所に仮処分命令申請書を提出。
- On February 25, 1966, the Institute of Buraku Problem filed an application for a provisional disposition order to the Kyoto District Court.
- この問題は、学問の自由(特に歴史学)と国体とのかかわり方について一石を投じた。
- This incident raised a question on the relationship between the academic (especially, historical) freedom and the nation's political system.
- 江戸時代には庶民の間にも膾炙しており、これに題材をとった狂歌なども読まれている。
- During the Edo period, the story became well known even among the general public and a number of kyoka (comic tanka (satire)) were written using the affair as a subject.
- またこの頃は題詠が盛んに行われていたことにより、より華やかな技巧にあふれている。
- Moreover, around this time poems full of flowery poetic devices were composed because daiei (poetry composed on a set theme) events were held frequently.
- 2つ以上季語が存在することを季重ねといい、その場合は主題に沿った物を季語とする。
- When a haiku contains 2 or more season words, it is referred to as kigasane (having more than one season phrase in a haiku) and, in such cases, the season word is the one which is in keeping with the topic.
- 『紫式部日記』(写本の題名は全て『紫日記』)中に自作の根拠とされる次の3つの記述
- In 'Murasaki Shikibu Diary' (the titles on the manuscripts are all 'Murasaki Diary'), one can see three descriptions that suggest Murasaki Shikibu wrote 'The Tale of Genji.'
- 入会山紛争、砥部騒動をはじめ諸農民問題、海上漁業権に関する網代騒動などがあった。
- Chief among such problems were, for farmers, disputes over common farming areas on hills and the Tobe Disturbance, while problems for fishermen included the Ajiro (wickerwork) Disturbance over ocean fishing rights.
- 委員会は、筑摩書房の部落問題に悩む人々への配慮のなさを指摘し、声明文を発表した。
- The committee issued a written statement pointing out that the publisher, Chikuma Shobo, had not taken into account of the people who were suffering from the Buraku problem.
- 後に「小供欄」と表記が変わり、1889年の第160号からは「児籃」と改題された。
- Kodomo no Hanashi later on was renamed to Kodomo Ran (Children's Column) which was subsequently changed to Jiran in the 160th issue published in 1889.
- 結局、この問題は「朝鮮国主上之宝」という玉璽を新鋳して押下批准することになった。
- In the end, Korea made a new Imperial Seal called '朝鮮国主上之宝', and used this on the document at ratification.
- なお、上記のような理由により、「偽書か否か」と「正典か否か」は当然別問題である。
- In addition, from the above reasons, 'whether it is a gisho or not' or 'whether it is a sacred book or not' are different problems.
- その結果、生活基盤が崩壊する賎民が続出して部落差別問題の深刻化の一因ともなった。
- As a result, there occurred the collapse of livelihood for many Senmin, thus contributing to the deepening of the Buraku discrimination problem.
- 中央集権を進めるには各地に未だ残る大名領(藩)の存在をどうするかが問題であった。
- In order to establish a centralized administrative system, however, there still remained the problem surrounding the existence of daimyo (domains) territory throughout the nation.
- 阿部の意向を受けた三人は「大赦律」などを参照にしつつも旧来の問題点を洗い出した。
- On behalf of Abe the three men thoroughly examined customary controversial points while referring to the 'Taisharitsu.'
- ※この他、『句題和歌』の詞書から伊予権守や式部権大輔を歴任していたことが知られる。
- * In addition to the above, it is known from the foreword of 'Kudai Waka' that he also filled the posts of Iyo no gon no kami (Provisional Governor of Iyo Province) and Shikibu gon no taifu (Provisional Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial).
- 『蒙求』『白氏文集』などを主要な出典とし、多くは有名な故事を題材としたものである。
- The stories are mainly based on 'Meng-qui' (Beginner's Guide) and Bai Juyi's 'Bai-Shi Wen Ji,' most of which recount well-known ancient stories.
- またパークスは、徳川慶喜が外国に亡命することも万国公法上は問題ないと話したという。
- Additionally, Parkes informed the officers of International Law allowing for Yoshinobu's asylum in a foreign nation.
- 当時、日本とロシアの関係が問題となっており、河野は心中深く決心するところがあった。
- At that time, relationship between Japan and Russia was at issue, and KONO really did make up his mind.
- 母の身分に問題があったためか、幼年は家老の元で育てられ、やがて城中へ引き取られた。
- Maybe due to the issue of his mother's position in society, he was raised at the Karo's (chief retainer) house during his early years and was ultimately taken to the castle.
- 1395年(応永2年)には九州探題として独自の権力を持っていた今川貞世を罷免する。
- In 1395, Sadayo IMAGAWA, who held independent authority as Kyushu Tandai, was dismissed.
- 三職推任問題等を考慮すると、朝廷が信長の一連の行動に危機感を持っていたことになる。
- Taking into account the problem of the recommendation of Nobunaga for the three positions, it would seem that the Emperor saw a crisis in Nobunaga's series of actions.
- これらのうち不当に低く評価された金貨は問題外とされ、論争の焦点は銀貨へと絞られた。
- Of those arguments, gold coins were left out of the negotiation because they were too lowly valued, and the negotiation was focused on silver coins.
- だが、この場合の「施し」というものが具体的にどのような痕跡を指すのかが問題である。
- The question is, however, what the 'marks' specifically refer to.
- 刑務官刑務官の抱える諸問題や死刑執行人概説といった犯罪者と関わる職業も世襲が多い。
- Heredity often also applies to such occupations as prison officers and executioners, as seen in social problems found among prison officers or the summary of executioners.
- 朗詠百首(ろうえいひゃくしゅ)は、和漢朗詠集等の詩句を題とし、和歌に翻案した定数歌。
- The Roei Hyakushu (a hundred medieval Japanese court songs) is a set of waka written while keeping with a theme set by using verses in various anthologies like the Wakan Roei Shu (Collection of Japanese and Chinese Court Songs).
- なお、似た題名の『似世紫浪華源氏』(天保8年)は、種彦作の、世をはばかる艶本である。
- By the way, 'Nise Murasaki Naniwa no Genji' (1837), a work which has a similar title and was written by Tanehiko, is a concealed pornographic book.
- 一方、将軍・足利義高(後に義澄と改名)を擁立して覇権を掌握した政元にも問題があった。
- On the other hand, Masamoto who obtained hegemony by installing Yoshitaka ASHIKAGA (later changed his name to Yoshizumi) as shogun, also had a problem.
- 「子育て幽霊」の話は、親の恩を説くものとして多くの僧侶に説教の題材として用いられた。
- Kosodate Yurei' has been used by many monks for preaching the kindness of parents to their children.
- このころは、身辺に題材をとった作品や思想色の濃い作品や教養小説や戯曲などを執筆した。
- At this time, he wrote pieces inspired by things around him, deep pieces about things he was concerned about, educational novels and plays.
- 六波羅探題はこの結果に納得せず、同年7月再び両人に悪党の住居破壊および捕縛を命ずる。
- The Rokuhara Tandai was not convinced by this outcome and in July of the same year the order was once again issued to destroy the houses of the villains and arrest them.
- こうした気分屋的な傾向、そして実子が無かったことは京兆家の家督相続問題にも反映した。
- The fact that he tended to be moody and that he did not have any children of his own affected the issue of succession in the Keicho family.
- 明智光秀はそこを狙って「本能寺の変」を起こした訳だが、ひとつだけ大きな問題があった。
- Mitsuhide evoked 'the incident of Honno-ji Temple' aiming at that chance, but he had a big problem.
- また、実際問題として欧米での日本に対する評価が明らかに欧化政策を境に変わっていった。
- However, in practice, the public estimation of Japan in Western countries obviously changed after the policy of Europeanization.
- 現在の馬格を問題にする論者にはポニーという名称のイメージが一人歩きしている感がある。
- Those who are concerned with the equine conformation seem to be deceived by the name of pony with its imagery.
- この間、部落問題研究所の東上高志たちが朝田らを建造物侵入と威力業務妨害の容疑で告訴。
- During this, Takashi TOJO and others from the Institute of Buraku Problem brought an accusation against Asada and others of burglary and forcible obstruction of business.
- 高野山と織田信長の関係悪化は、天正初年の大和宇智郡の領有問題に絡むトラブルに始まる。
- The relationship between Koyasan and Nobunaga ODA began to become worse since the trouble on the issue of territorial rights over Yamato Uchi County in 1573.
- 明治5年(1872年)4月1日、岩倉使節団がワシントン滞在中、御誓文の話題になった。
- On April 1, 1872, when Iwakura Mission was staying in Washington, Charter Oath came to an issue.
- 各地の知識人層を、自由民権問題を通じて結びつかせ、同じ問題意識を共有させたといえる。
- It can be said that it made intellectuals in various places tied through the issue of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and conscious of the same problem in common.
- この事は江戸時代になって、「伊賀忍軍対甲賀忍軍」という形で講談や読本の題材となった。
- This thing became a subject matter for kodan storytelling or Yomihon (a reader) in form of 'Iga Ninja versus Koka Ninja' in Edo period.
- 江戸時代から1945年まで、即位説は論者の道徳的姿勢にも関わる問題と意識されていた。
- The enthronement theory was considered to be associated with the morals of advocates in the Edo period to 1945.
- 有季絶対派は「季語・季題があればいい」として、かえって緊張感を欠いているともいえよう。
- However, it is the complacency of those who believe in the absolute inclusion of the kigo or the kidai that detracts from the potency of the poems.
- やや遅れて成立した歌物語、『大和物語』(950年頃成立)にも、共通した話題がみられる。
- Common themes are found in 'Yamato Monogatari' (the Tales of Yamamoto) that was completed slightly later (in ca. 950).
- 第一回交渉では和宮の処遇問題と、以前山岡に提示された慶喜の降伏条件の確認のみとなった。
- During the first negotiation meeting, the content for discussion focused on two main points; the issue regarding the treatment of Princess Kazunomiya, and the conditions for the surrender of Yoshinobu; these concerns of Saigo were presented to Yamaoka prior to the meeting.
- シドニー号事件(シドニーごうじけん)は、日清戦争のとき、日仏2国間で問題となった事件。
- This incident occurred between Japan and France during The Sino-Japanese War
- しかし、以後、連立高次方程式に帰着されてしまう問題は、和算の中心的課題ではなくなった。
- From that point on, the focus of Japanese mathematics shifted away from the problem of how to simplify simultaneous high-powered equations.
- 問題とされたのは「国家安康」・「君臣豊楽・子孫殷昌」・「右僕射源朝臣」の部分であった。
- He made the following the problematic terms: '国家安康,' '君臣豊楽・子孫殷昌,' and '右僕射源朝臣.'
- ところが、11月に入ると義嗣の取調べにあたった富樫満成から出された報告が問題を呼んだ。
- However in November (old calendar) the report from Mitsunari TOGASHI, Yoshitsugu's interrogator, caused a problem.
- 倫理とは共同体の一員としての義務であり、思想とは命題に対して思惟を展開する行為である。
- Ethics is an obligation as a member of community and way of thought is an act to develop manas for proposition.
- 実のところ募集当局に平民を拒む意思はなかったので、ここから問題が起きることはなかった。
- In fact, these adoptions caused no problems because the recruitment authorities had no intention to reject commoners.
- 一方で、膨大な人口が農村から江戸に流入して、様々な都市問題を引き起こすことにもなった。
- On the other hand, a massive influx of migrants from rural farming villages to Edo caused various urban problems.
- これは印刷・編集といった諸問題から発行日が記載されたものとずれたのだと考えられている。
- It is thought that this was because the actual publishing date delayed from the date printed on the bulletin because of some problems such as printing and editing.
- このことは江戸時代になって、「伊賀忍軍対甲賀忍軍」という形で講談や読本の題材となった。
- This fact was featured in storytellings or Yomihon (books for reading) in the Edo period, in the form of 'Iga ninja force versus Koga ninja force' stories.
- 『書紀』の編年方針全体の問題であるから、ここから直ちに大友皇子の即位には結びつかない。
- Since this is a matter of the policy of chronology of 'Chronicles of Japan,' it was not directly associated with the issue of the enthronement of Prince Otomo.
- 和歌は20題20番であるが、歌題は四季の景物18と「祝」「恋」の人事題各1題ずつである。
- Participants were required to make twenty poems for twenty Kadai (subject of waka Japanese poem), including eighteen subjects related to natural features of four seasons and two subjects about human affairs, 'celebration' and 'love affairs' respectively.
- とはいえ,読み本系の方が語り本系に比べて事実を正確に伝えているかどうかは別の問題である。
- However, it is another question whether the yomihon group describes the facts precisely when compared with the kataribon group.
- 鳥羽天皇の崇徳天皇への譲位問題より始まり、鳥羽法皇が崩御したのをきっかけに崇徳院が挙兵。
- Emperor Sutoku was forced to abdicate the throne by Emperor Toba, so Sutoku-in raised an army upon the demise of the Cloistered Emperor Toba.
- 明治維新後は、将門は朝廷に戈を向けた朝敵であることが再び問題視され、逆賊として扱われた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Masakado's antagonization of the Imperial Court and his status were raised as problematic; as a result, he came to be treated as a rebel.
- 長門探題として中国地方で影響力を及ぼした直冬に対抗させる意図があったとも考えられている。
- It appears that Takauji intended to use Yoriyuki as a counterbalance to the influence that Tadafuyu wielded over the Chugoku region as Nagato Tandai (post created by the bakufu as advanced protection against Mongol invasion).
- 次いで同年、他の雑誌に書いた怪談を同様のスタイルに書き換えて『近代異妖編』と題して出版。
- Following that, in the same year, he rewrote horror stories he had written for other magazines in the same style and published them under the title of 'Kindai Iyo Hen' (Modern Mysterious Tales).
- 雪舟の流れを汲んだ真体水墨画的な山水図などの他、彩色した花鳥を題材とした作品も見られる。
- Apart from standard landscapes painted in Indian ink in the tradition of Sesshu, there are also some works with painted flowers and birds as their subject matter.
- 楽府は詩に楽曲が伴ったものであったが、やがてその楽曲は失われ、楽辞と題のみが伝えられた。
- Gafu were originally poems accompanied by music, but the music was lost as time went by and only the words and their titles were passed down.
- 1960年代に私鉄電車の検車庫問題と国道建設問題に対する二度の国民的保存運動がおこった。
- In 1960s, two national preservation movements arose against the private railway company's train inspection garage problem and also the national route construction problem.
- さらに政府がこの問題で判決を譲ったのは、元老内部の抗争の影響があったためとする説もある。
- There is another theory that struggle among Genro (elder statesman) was the reason why the government had to give up the death penalty of Tsuda.
- 1980年10月、部落解放同盟京都府連合会と部落問題研究所がこの提案を容れることを決定。
- In October 1980, the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation and The Institute of Buraku Problem decided to accept the offer.
- 貴族から庶民までの幅広い登場人物、日常的な話題から珍奇な滑稽談など幅広い内容の説話を含む。
- The collected stories feature a wide range of characters, from noblemen to commoners, and their subject matter ranges all over, from the quotidian to the bizarre to the hilarious.
- 題名の「五代」とは、後堀河天皇・四条天皇・後嵯峨天皇・後深草天皇・亀山天皇の各天皇を指す。
- The word 'Godai' included in the title refers to the Emperor Gohorikawa, the Emperor Shijo, the Emperor Gosaga, the Emperor Gofukakusa, and the Emperor Kameyama.
- 山内容堂は12日、辞官納地問題を松平春嶽の周旋に委任することを求める建白書を新政権に提出。
- Yodo YAMAUCHI submitted a petition to the new administration on 12, to suggest to delegate the Jikan Nochi issue to the mediation of Shungaku MATSUDAIRA.
- しかし、「治承物語」が現存の平家物語にあたるかという問題も残り、確実ということはできない。
- However, there remains a question that 'Jisho Monogatari' is really equivalent to the present Heike Monogatari, so it cannot be said to be reliable.
- 古歌の剽窃との濡れ衣を掛けられた小町はその証拠とされる草子を洗って疑いを晴らしたという題材
- The basic story is that Komachi was accused of plagiarizing an old poem included in a bound poem book and cleared the suspicion by washing the book to erase the old poem.
- 正和4年(1315年)に六波羅探題南方に任じられて西国・畿内の悪党の取り締まりに尽力した。
- He was assigned as a Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata in 1315 to make efforts in cracking down on rebels in Saigoku (western part of Japan (especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) and Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
- 弘長3年(1263年)、宗尊親王と深い繋がりがあり、後藤基政と共に六波羅探題評定衆に転出。
- In 1263, Yorikage was transferred to Hyoteishu (Council of State) of Rokuhara Tandai (administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) because of his deep relationship with Prince Munetaka.
- 台湾における国民意識の向上が課題となった総督府により皇民化政策が推し進められることになる。
- Because the Sotoku-fu needed to improve Taiwanese awareness as the Japanese, it started to promote the kominka (subjects of the emperor) policy.
- 国境線画定という問題の深化とともに、近代国際法が受容されていったといえる(秋月2002)。
- As the problem regarding the borders became more serious, the acceptance of modern international law was promoted (Akizuki 2002).
- 義和団の源流は何かという問題と並んでよく論じられるのが、清朝の列強への「宣戦布告」である。
- The Qing dynasty's 'proclamation of war' toward the allied western powers was often debated alongside the search for the origin of the Boxers.
- 主人公の官位が伝本によって「少将」「中将」「大将」と異なり、題名もそれに従って異なっている。
- Depending on the manuscript, the official rank of the main character may be shosho (major general), chusho (lieutenant general), or taisho (general), and the title differs accordingly.
- また、賞金をかけておもしろい歌を作れといった題詞もあり、文雅を愛するひとであったと思われる。
- There is an indication that the imperial prince offered Hitomaro a reward for an interesting poem, so he loved poetry.
- しかし、「人」とあることが敬意を意味するという明証はなく、梅原論とおなじ問題点を抱えている。
- However, there is no positive proof that being 'Hito' (man) means being paid respect, and his opinion also has the same problems as Umehara's.
- 人麻呂は高官であったが政争に巻き込まれ処刑したとの「人麻呂流人刑死説」を唱え、話題となった。
- He advocated 'the theory of Hitomaro being exiled and dying by execution' suggesting that, although Hitomaro was a highly ranked official, he was involved in a political dispute and was executed, and that this was well known.
- また彼女は絶世の美女として七小町など数々の逸話があり、能や浄瑠璃などの題材としても使われる。
- She was also well known for her beauty, and there are many anecdotes such as Nanakomachi, which are often used as the subject matter of Noh and Joruri (dramatic ballad).
- 『秋夜長物語(あきのよながものがたり)』は、僧侶と稚児との男色を主題とする稚児物語の代表作。
- 'Aki no Yonaga Monogatari' is a representative chigo monogatari (tales of chigo, or page), about male homosexuality between priests and chigo.
- 古写本には題名の記されていないものも多く、記されている場合でもさまざまなものが記されている。
- Many old manuscripts don't have titles, and even if they do, they are different.
- 『解伏題之法』も『大成算経』も公刊されていないので、これらの研究は独自になされたと思われる。
- Since neither 'Kaifukudai no ho' nor 'Taisei sankei' was published, both are thought to have been conducted individually.
- これは信長の三職推任問題に関連して前久が信長に同職を譲る意向であったからだとも言われている。
- It is said that this was because Sakihisa intended to transfer the position to Nobunaga to help solve the problem of the position of Nobunaga, who at that time did not have any position and had been recommended to assume one of the following three positions; Daijo-daijin, Kanpaku or Shogun.
- 1927年(昭和2年)1月から、『黒潮』(くろしお)と改題し、同年3月まで3号のみ発行した。
- In January 1927, Shinshosetsu was renamed to Kuroshio and three issues were published until March of that year.
- 題簽は『古今百物語評判』だが、単に『百物語評判』(ひゃくものがたりひょうばん)とも呼ばれる。
- Although it is entitled 'Kokon Hyakumonogatari Hyoban,' it may be simply called 'Hyakumonogatari Hyoban.'
- 1896年(明治29年)に佐賀の片淵琢が東京で『西郷南洲先生遺訓』と題して発行した本である。
- The Katabuchi book was published in Tokyo under the title of Saigo Nanshu-sensei Ikun by Taku KATABUCHI from Saga in 1896.
- 主として歴史学において(つまりはその文献の史的側面が問題とされる場合に)用いられる語である。
- Gisho are words used mainly for historical learning (that is, in cases where historical aspects are called into question).
- 現在では標準語の普及もあって、異なる方言話者の間でも意思疎通に大きな問題を生じることはない。
- Those who speak in different dialects have no trouble communicating today, thanks to the popularization of the standard dialect.
- 一方で、実俊が西園寺家を継承するまで関東申次を継承する役目を誰が引き受けるかが問題となった。
- On the other hand, the problem over who would succeed to the duties of Kanto moshitsugi until Sanetoshi succeeded the Saionji family became apparent.
- この琉球問題の決裂と日本の台湾への野心の疑いから清側ではこの後対日強硬論が唱えられるに至る。
- This breakdown in negotiations over the Ryukyu issue and the suspected ambition of Japan to rule Taiwan caused opinions supporting a hard-line policy against Japan.to increase in Qing.
- 赤舌日といふこと、陰陽道(おんやうだう)には沙汰なき事なり(陰陽道では問題にしないことだ)。
- The Onmyodo teachings have nothing to say on the subject of Shakuzetsu-nichi Day.
- 将軍継嗣問題(しょうぐんけいしもんだい)とは、幕府の次期征夷大将軍(将軍)の選定を巡る政争。
- The problem of heir of Shogun means a political strife of selection of the next Seii Taishogun (Barbarian Subduing Generalissimo) (Shogun) of the bakufu.
- 新奇な題材や「万葉集」の古語を用いて斬新な和歌を読み、平安時代後期の革新歌人から再評価された。
- He composed new and original waka poems using novel themes and archaic words from the 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), which were re-evaluated by the innovative poets of the late Heian period.
- 日本の逓信省は7月1日の接収完了を記念して『日韓通信業務合同紀念』と題する記念切手を発行した。
- Ministry of Communication of Japan issued a commemorative postage stamp called '日韓通信業務合同紀念' (Commemoration of Japan-Korea Joint Communication Service) on July 1, to mark the completion of takeover.
- 筋立て、結末などに細かな異同が見られるが伝承地は全国に分布しており、落語の題材にもなっている。
- Although the plot and ending are slightly different in some areas, it has been handed down in all regions of Japan, and is used as a material for rakugo (traditional Japanese comic storytelling).
- この理論は源氏物語全体を一言で言い表すような「主題」として最も広く受け入れられることになった。
- This theory came to be widely accepted as a 'theme' representing the overall work of 'The Tale of Genji.'
- さらに比叡山など伝統的仏教勢力と、五山の南禅寺など新興禅宗勢力の抗争からも政治問題が発生する。
- Additionally, a feud between the traditional Buddhist faction at Mt. Hiei and elsewhere and the emerging Zen Sect faction at the Nanzen-ji Temple of the Gozan (Gozan: the five most important Rinzai temples of Kyoto) and elsewhere developed into a political issue.
- 正平4年/貞和5年(1349年)に直義の提案で直冬は長門探題に任命され、4月に京都を出発する。
- In 1349, during the Shohei and Jowa eras, at the suggestion of Tadayoshi, Tadafuyu was named Nagato tandai (Shogunal deputies in Nagato) and left Kyoto in April.
- 榎本問題は明治5年(1872年)1月6日にようやく、榎本らを謹慎、その他は釈放として決着した。
- The punishment of Enomoto was finally determined on February 14, 1872; some people including Enomoto were suspended and others were released.
- また、無断任官問題は『吾妻鏡』の創作であり、「政治センスの欠如」という評価は当らないのである。
- The story that he accepted the title from the court without permission is a creation of 'Azuma Kagami,' and the criticism that he lacked the 'political sense' is not adequate.
- 『蘆屋道満大内鑑』を始めとして、葛の葉伝承を題材とする作品には、多くの場合安倍晴明が登場する。
- Starting with 'Ashiya-doman Ouchikagami,' ABE no Seimei often appears in works that use the Legend of Arrowroot Leaves as their themes.
- だが、3000丁という量と三段撃ち戦法については史料上の問題が多く、否定する学説が大勢である。
- The employment of 3,000 teppo and the sandan-uchi tactics based on problematic historical sources has been rejected by most scholars.
- その後も律令編纂の作業が続けられ、特に日本の国情へいかに適合させるかが大きな課題とされていた。
- The work of compiling the Ritsuryo codes was also continued after that, and a particularly big issue was how to conform to the conditions of a country of Japan.
- 中国がアヘン戦争に敗北すると日本国内でも対外的危機意識が高まり、幕閣では海防問題が議論される。
- After China lost the Opium War, the awareness of foreign risk rose in Japan and cabinet officials of the Shogunate discussed the issue of coastal defense.
- 前述の通り西園寺実俊の成長までの中継ぎと考えられていたため問題とはされなかったとみられている。
- But, as is mentioned above, this promotion was not thought to be a problem because he was recognized in the interim until Sanetoshi SAIONJI grew up.
- また島津斉彬はこれらの問題の解決を図るため、率兵上京を試みるが、決行の直前に病を得て急死した。
- Nariakira SHIMAZU tried going to Edo with his soldiers to settle the disputes, but he passed away just before he could put his plan into effect.
- この結果、領有権問題の解決は1894年(明治27年)の日清戦争後まで持ち越されることになった。
- As a result, the issue of territorial rights was left unresolved until the end of Japanese-Sino War in 1894.
- しかし、清国政府は革命党の問題に悩まされている最中であり、容易に日本の条件を受け入れなかった。
- The Qing government, however, did not readily accept the condition offered by Japan because they were suffered by the problem of Revolutionary Party.
- 米価と諸色のバランスの調整は、いわゆる「幕政改革」の一環として必ず取り上げられた問題であった。
- Adjustment of a balance between rice price and shoshiki was an issue that always came up as part of so-called 'reformation of the shogunate government.'
- 明治政府の中央集権化など改革を行うに際しての財源確保のため、禄制改革が課題の1つとなっていた。
- The Meiji government had to proceed a reform of the stipend system so as to secure enough finances for other reforms such as centralization of power.
- 和歌改良を志す人々はその題詠による作歌・風雅な趣向を批判し、自由と個性を求める近代短歌を開いた。
- Criticized their overly pompous styles, a new breed of poets seeking to improve on the waka poetry opened up a new age for tanka that embodied freedom and individuality.
- また、『万葉集』の題詞には死の直前に姉である大来皇女が斎王を務めている伊勢神宮へ向かったとある。
- An epigraph in 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) states that right before his death, he left for Ise-jingu Shrine, where his older sister, Oku no Himemiko, served as Saio (Imperial Princess appointed to serve the deities of the shrine).
- さまざまな画題を扱っており、東海道五十三次を旅する旅人たちの間の土産物・護符として知られていた。
- The subject of these paintings varied, and among those who traveled Tokaido Gojusan-tsugi (53 stages in Tokai-do Road) the paintings were known as a souvenier or a charm.
- この瓦版は「文政二己卯年大角力」と題され、擬人化されたナマズと神々が相撲をとる姿が描かれている。
- This kawaraban was titled as 'year 2 of the Bunsei era (1819), year of Tsuchinoto (16th year of the sexagenary cycle), ozumo (sumo wrestling) and it depicted a scene in which a personified catfish and a god sumo wrestling each other.
- 和辻の倫理学を主題とした著作群は、大ざっぱに言って二種の系統へと次のように分類することができる。
- Watsuji's books on ethics can be roughly divided into two categories.
- この一連の研究により、数学の問題は多元の代数方程式に表現できれば、原理的には解けることになった。
- Due to this line of research, it was found that such math problems could in principle be solved as long as they were changed into a plural algebraic equation.
- 問題は、文明開化以後も、時代の風潮に変わらなかった明治柳風狂句の指導者たちの指導力のなさである。
- The problem was insufficient leadership of the leaders of ryufu-kyoku during the Meiji period, who would not try to change with the trends of the times even after the civilization and enlightenment movement.
- これは「松島図屏風」を「松島の画」と勘違いし、画題に面白みがない、と感じたため、という説がある。
- One theory states that Hoitsu misunderstood 'Waves at Matsushima' to be a picture of pine trees and an island, and thus wasn't interested in the motif.
- 実際には、30数年ぶりに帰国した遣唐使の粟田真人が朝政にくわわってこれらの問題が明るみになった。
- In reality, however, it seems that when AWATA no Mahito, who was an envoy to Tang China, returned to Japan after over 30 years and joined the Imperial Court government, such problems became clear.
- 但し、このような現象は構想上の問題として説明できるとして後記説や別作者説を否定する見解も存在する。
- However, some people deny these theories about the additional chapter and the different author, stating that these problems can be explained as a matter of structure.
- 「芋粥」の話などは芥川龍之介の短編小説の題材にも取られている(『今昔物語集』にも同じ説話がある)。
- The story called 'Imogayu' (Potato gruel) was used as the inspiration for a short story by Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA (note however that the same story also appears in 'Konjaku monogatari shu').
- おそらく、草薙剣の問題でヤマトヲグナ説話の登場人物のヤマトヒメと斎王倭姫命を結びつけたのであろう。
- Possibly it is due to the issue of the Kusanagi sword that Yamato Hime, a character appearing in the anecdote about Yamato Oguna, was linked to the high priestess Yamato Hime no Mikoto.
- 1919年から「半七聞書帳」の題で、半七が先輩の話を聞き書きする体裁で9編を書き、一旦執筆を終了。
- From 1919 he wrote nine stories under the title of 'Hanshichi Kikigakicho' (The Hanshichi Notebooks) using a style in which Hanshichi took dictation of his senior's stories, at which point the series came to a temporary halt.
- ただし、「法華経義疏」の題箋の撰号については書体と筆法が本文と異なるとして後人の補記であるとする。
- About the title written in the title piece of 'Hokekyo Gisho,' however, he states that it was added by someone at a later time, because the style of handwriting and the techniques of calligraphy of the title differ from those of the text.
- 構成など作品としては問題点が多いが、文壇のご意見番的な立場にいた二葉亭四迷の本領発揮の作品である。
- There are many issues such as organization with this book but, nevertheless, it is a work which shows FUTABATEI Shimei, who was regarded as something of an advisor in literary circles, at his best.
- 施策の手本は父足利義満に求めたと思われ、手始めに1428年の称光天皇死後の皇位継承問題を手がける。
- It is believed that he asked his father, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, to provide him with example policies, and to start with, Yoshinori addressed the issue of succession to the throne that arose after the death of Emperor Shoko in 1428.
- ただし、当時の大陸産の蒙古馬などもほぼ同程度の大きさであり、決して体格に問題があったとはいえない。
- Yet it was not unusual as the Mongolian horse from the Asian continent of the time was about the same size.
- 交渉が暗礁に乗り上げると、日本では朝鮮出兵を求める征韓論争など出兵問題が政治問題化するようになる。
- When the negotiation came up against unexpected difficulties, the issue of the dispatch of troops, like Seikanron, which demands the dispatch of troops to Korea, became a political issue in Japan.
- だが、そもそも鏡を任命書として与えるような権力者、集団が当時日本列島に存在したかがまず問題である。
- However, it is doubtful in the first place whether such a powerful person or group as gave a mirror for an appointment letter existed in the Japanese islands at that time.
- 問題点は整理すると以下の通りであり、木満致と蘇我満智を同一人物であると実証することは不可能である。
- As the issues listed below reveal, it is impossible to prove that SOGA no Machi and Machi MOKU were the same person.
- また、生麦事件の賠償問題がこじれたことから7月2日薩摩藩と英国の間にも戦争が勃発(薩英戦争参照)。
- Also, war broke out between the Satsuma clan and Britain on July 2, after negotiations over compensation for damage caused by the Namamugi incident turned sour (Anglo-Satsuma War).
- これら抗争によって両派とも巨頭になり得る人材を失い、問題の解決と関係の修復を行う力を失っていった。
- Because of these disputes, both factions lost their talented persons who could lead each faction, and they lost the power to resolve the issues and reconcile with each other.
- 講演会を実施したり源氏物語を題材にした演劇の上演を後援したりしているほか以下の出版物を刊行している。
- The academy holds lecture meetings, supports a play based on 'The Tale of Genji' and publishes the following periodicals:
- 業を煮やした六波羅探題は伊賀国の地頭・御家人を同道させるべしと命令し、ようやく持法らは従ったという。
- It is said that the Rokuhara police commissioner became impatient and ordered Jiho and his retainers to visit the estate in the company of the estate steward) and Iga Province vassals: an order the constables eventually followed..
- また、鎌倉時代初期に編纂された説話集『古事談』には鷹飼いとしての斉頼を題材にした話が載せられている。
- 'Kojidan' (Talks of the Past), a collection of anecdotes compiled in the early part of the Kamakura period, has stories on him as a hawker.
- 比較神話:八十神の迫害および根の国訪問の説話は、課題婚型と呼ばれる神話の形式で、世界各地に見られる。
- Comparing myths: Tales of the persecution by Yasogami and the visit to Ne no kuni fall into a category of mythology called marriage by trials which can be found many places around the world.
- 昭和期に入り竹内巨麿が世に広めた竹内文書もまた,『古事記』以前の歴史書というふれ込みで話題となった。
- During the Showa period, the ' Takeuchi document' which was spread by Kiyomaro TAKEUCHI, also came up in conversation with the announcement that it was a historical book written in the age before 'Records of Ancient Matters.'
- また、最近では伊邪那美神陵伝説地の一つである安来市伯太町からも経塚鼻遺跡が発掘され話題を呼んでいる。
- The recent discovery of Kyozukabana remains in Hakuta-cho, Yasugi City, a land where legend holds that Izanami no kami was buried, was an event which drew wide public attention.
- ③大谷・増田の箇所は宮本氏の誤読であり、二人が上杉の上洛問題に関わることと三成の挙兵とは関係はない。
- (3) Mr. Miyamoto misread the part of Otani and Mashita, and the matter of the two being involved with Uesugi's ascension to Kyoto was unrelated to the raising of an army by Mitsunari.
- その一方、織田政権崩壊の原因は、政権の構造的な問題より、むしろ織田信忠の死が大きいとする意見もある。
- On the other hand, according to a different view, the collapse of the Oda government was mainly caused by the death of Nobutada ODA, not by a structural problem within the government.
- 完本は近世中期の写本(鴻山文庫蔵)があるが無題で、田中允が『謡曲 狂言』収録の際現在の書名を付けた。
- The complete set dating from the early modern period (owned by Kozan Bunko Library) was untitled and only given the current name when it was recorded in 'Yokyoku Kyogen' by Makoto TANAKA.
- 結果的には同席した丹羽長秀・池田恒興らが三法師擁立に賛成したためにこの後継者問題はひとまず決定した。
- At last, approval of Sanboshi's candidacy by Nagahide NIWA, Tsuneoki IKEDA, and others who attended the conference tentatively brought an end to this succession problem.
- だが、今度は逆に面積が大き過ぎるために地域間対立が噴出したり事務量が増加するなどの問題点が出て来た。
- However, as the size of prefectures increased, various problems, including confrontation between regions and an increase in clerical jobs, came to light.
- その中で、この問題を日本古代国家の形成途上における政治史の課題として位置づけたのは小林行雄であった。
- Yukio KOBAYASHI considered the issue as one of political history concerning the period of the development of the ancient state of Japan.
- 浅野内匠頭と吉良上野介のそれぞれの領地で産出する塩の製法と販路の問題で対立があったという説があった。
- One theory states that there was a conflict between Asano Takumi no Kami and Kira Kozuke no Suke over the process of making and marketing salt which was produced in their territories.
- 聖武太上天皇はこれを問題としなかったが、翌天平勝宝8歳(756年)2月、これを恥じた諸兄は辞職した。
- The Retired Emperor Shomu was not concerned with this information; however, Moroe, ashamed of his actions, resigned from his position in March, 756.
- 家老は、特別な大藩を除き2人から数人程度、置かれたが、政治改革や世継ぎ問題に絡んで派閥抗争が起きた。
- Even though with two or more Karo officers were installed, except in especially large domains, factional strife still occurred in relation to political reforms and succession issues.
- 江戸幕府から政権を引き継いだ明治政府が直面した課題は、貿易による外貨獲得と不平等条約の改正であった。
- The Meiji government took over issues from the Edo feudal government such as the acquisition of foreign currencies and revision of unequal treaties.
- しかし歴史学者が取り組んだ当面の課題は皇国史観の払拭であったため、皇位継承問題の重要度は低くなった。
- However, since the urgent task for historians was elimination of the Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto), the priority of succession to the Imperial Throne decreased.
- 和歌の歴史を述べるとともに、和歌を詠むことは題材の対象の本性を明らかにするということであるとしている。
- The textbook teaches that waka poems reveal the true characteristics of the target of the poem.
- 題名は日記のなかの文「なほものはかなきを思へば、あるかなきかの心ちするかげろふの日記といふべし」より。
- The title was taken from a sentence in the diary: 'When I think upon these fleeting things, I feel I do not even know if they really existed or not, and thus have named my diary the Kagero (gossamer) Diary.'
- 現在は現代社会のひずみから生じる諸問題を取り上げる社会性のある内向的な諷詠が社会詠の主流となっている。
- Current mainstream shakaiei consists of introvert poetic composition that raises problems arising from the strain of modern society.
- また、原文の題名は「おくのほそ道」であり、中学校国語の検定済み教科書ではすべてその表記法をとっている。
- The original title 'Oku no Hosomichi' was written mostly in hiragana except for 'michi' at the end which was written in kanji and the authorized textbook used for Language Arts in the middle school in Japan conforms to that notational convention.
- 翌年2月にペルー政府は海軍大臣を来日させ、マリア・ルス問題に対して謝罪と損害賠償を日本政府に要求した。
- In February of next year, the Peruvian Government sent the navy minister to Japan and demanded an apology and compensation in terms of Maria Luz-related issues from the Japanese government.
- 家綱自身は生まれつき体が弱く病弱で、30半ばに至っても男子がなかったため将軍継嗣問題が憂慮されていた。
- As Ietsuna had bean physically weak since birth and even in his mid-thirties had no son, there was great concern over the issue of a Shogunal heir.
- 宝治元年(1247年)から正嘉元年(1257年)には京都に在住し洛中の警備や六波羅探題の警護を務めた。
- From 1247 to 1257, Shigehira lived in Kyoto and served the role of security in the capital city and for Rokuhara Tandai.
- 1893年4月には「甲の巻」が『評論』と改題され、「乙の巻」が『女学雑誌』として隔週ごとに発行された。
- In April 1893, Ko no Maki was renamed to Hyoron, whereas, Otsu no Maki, under the new name of Jogaku Zasshi, was published on the biweekly basis.
- 目安とは訴状のことであり、政治・経済から日常の問題まで、町人や農民などの要望や不満を人々に直訴させた。
- Meyasu means petition, and he let townspeople and farmers to petition requests and complaints regarding politics, economy and other issues in their daily lives.
- 武士階級を主体とした場合は封建社会の、近代の思想家を主体とした場合は近代の矛盾を命題とした思惟である。
- In samurai society, the propositions of manas were contradictions in feudal society, while for modern thinkers, they are contradictions in modern times.
- また、韓国のように、比較的経済が発展しているにも関わらず、欠食児童が社会問題となっている国も存在する。
- And, there is a country like Korea where even if the economy has relatively grown, the poorly-fed children becomes a social problem.
- また、この時期は、江戸が都市として拡大していく中で上水道の整備が課題となった為、玉川上水が整備された。
- At the same time, as the improvement of water supply became a major issue a long with the expansion of Edo as a city, Tamagawa Josui Water Supply was constructed.
- 金澤貞顕の居る六波羅探題南方の、いつ襲われるかという戦々恐々からやっと解放された安堵の様子が覗われる。
- Here, having been freed from the terror that Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata, where Sadaaki KANESAWA stayed, might be attacked any time, the state of relief is felt from the description.
- 日本放送協会のBS放送でも、「季語」という金子兜太と「季題」という稲畑汀子とがしばしば激論を交している。
- Tota KANEKO, who support 'kigo,' and Teiko INAHATA, who support 'kidai,' often hold a heated debate on the BS channels of Japan Broadcasting Corporation.
- これらの御伽草子とは別物だが、太宰治が日本の昔話などを題材に執筆した『お伽草紙』という短編小説集がある。
- Independent of these Otogi Zoshi, there is a collection of short stories called 'Otogizoshi' that Osamu DAZAI wrote on the subject of Japanese folk stories.
- 「貴穀賤金」という語句は、佐藤信淵の「物価余論簽書」に大久保一翁が題したもので、佐藤による造語ではない。
- The word 'kikokusenkin' was created by Ichio OKUBO and written on the 'Supplementary theory on Prices' by Nobuhiro SATO, which means that it was not Sato's word coinage.
- 彼が翻訳者であったという幸運もあって、源氏物語は多くの読者を持つことなり、当時の文学界の話題ともなった。
- Thanks to his translation, 'The Tale of Genji' became popular among readers, and in the process it became a topic of discussion in literary circles.
- これは租税未収以上の、朝廷の諸行事に支障をきたす大問題であり、そのために朝廷の陣定で議題にあがっている。
- This issue was greater than the unpaid tax problem for it hindered imperial court rituals and came up in political debate in the imperial court.
- また、重房の別の孫は題目宗の僧となって日静と名乗り、京本圀寺や越後国三条本成寺(新潟県三条市)を有した。
- Furthermore, another grandson of Shigefusa became a monk named Nichijo, who followed the Daimoku doctrine and owned Hongoku-ji Temple in Kyoto, as well as Honjo-ji Temple in Sanjo, Echigo Province (Sanjo City, Niigata Prefecture).
- 中国の故事や名所を題材とした大画面の屏風、日本の風景を軽妙洒脱な筆致で描いた作品など、作風は変化に富む。
- His works vary widely, including huge folding screens depicting historical events and famous sites in China and Japanese landscapes drawn with smart and refined brushwork.
- 『ランプの下にて』は『新演芸』誌に「過ぎにし物語」の題で、1920年から22年、24年から25年に連載。
- 'Ranpu no Moto nite' was a series published in the magazine 'Shin Engei' (New Theater Arts) under the title of 'Suginishi Monogatari' (A Past Story) from 1920 to 1922 and from 1924 to 1925.
- 大久保らが参議に加わった9月14日の閣議では大使派遣問題は議決できず、15日の再議で西郷派遣に決定した。
- The problem of whether to dispatch an ambassador could not be decided at the Cabinet meeting that Okubo and others went to on September 14, and they decided to send Saigo at the second Cabinet meeting on the 15th.
- これは日露以外の各国は、それぞれが抱える諸問題のため多くの兵力を中国に送る余裕が無かったことに起因する。
- This was because nations other than Japan and Russia could not dispatch many military forces to China as they had their own various problems.
- 2004年には、これらのことを紹介した児童書が小学生高学年向けの読書感想文コンクール課題図書ともなった。
- In 2004, a children book that introduced the incident was designated as a book on which fifth and sixth grade elementary school pupils were assigned to write book reports for a writing competition.
- 鯰絵(なまずえ)は江戸時代の日本で出版された、ナマズを題材に描かれた錦絵(多色刷りの浮世絵)の総称である。
- Namazu-e is a general name for nishiki-e (multicolored ukiyo-e (Japanese woodblock prints)) with catfish (namazu, in Japanese) as its subject published in Japan during the Edo period.
- 軍記物語(ぐんきものがたり)とは、鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけて書かれた歴史上の合戦を題材とした文芸である。
- Gunki monogatari (martial tales) refers to literary works written during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods whose subjects are taken from historical battles.
- 源氏物語を題材にした絵巻物は数多く存在し、「源氏物語絵巻」という固有の名称を持つ絵巻物もいくつか存在する。
- There are many picture scrolls on the subject matter of The Tale of Genji, and there are also some picture scrolls that have the proper name 'The Tale of Genji Emaki.'
- これに対し、これに応対した徳山藩の代官・米田儀兵衛は問題の場所が徳山藩領に相違ないと主張して譲らなかった。
- For this, Gihei YONEDA, the daikan of the Tokuyama clan, adamantly insisted that the site where the incident occurred was within the Tokuyama domain territory.
- また、創意に乏しい題詠の数を抑え、精緻な自然観照や、純粋な心情の吐露など、鋭い感受性を伴った歌を目指した。
- Furthermore, restricting the number of uncreative poetic topics, it aimed for poems with a fine sensitivity, a detailed observation of nature, and an expression of pure feeling.
- 季語(きご)あるいは季題(きだい)は、俳句に必ず1つ含まれることが望ましいとされる、季節を象徴的に示す語。
- Kigo, season word or kidai, seasonal topic (in haiku poetry) is a word symbolizing a given season and it is considered desirable that one of either kigo or kidai be contained in a haiku poetry.
- 文部省の意向とは全く違う次元で論争は終始した(現代でも問題になっているアグネス論争も類似した論争である)。
- This dispute was far from the intention of the Ministry of Education from beginning to end (a similar dispute occurred even in our time that was known as the 'Agnes Dispute').
- 森鴎外らが訳詩集『於母影』(1889年)を出すにあたって、396番歌を題名の典拠としたことはよく知られる。
- It is widely known that when Ogai MORI and others published the 'Omokage' (Vestiges, 1889), an anthology of poems in translation, they used the 396th poem of the Manyoshu as the source for its title.
- 農民以外が農地を取得するのは、農地法上問題であるため、「オーナー」とは名ばかりであり、不動産取引でもない。
- It is against the Agricultural Land Act that persons other than farmers should acquire any agricultural lands, so being an 'owner' is merely nominal and does not involve real-estate transactions.
- 江戸は海辺を埋め立てて作られた町のため、井戸を掘っても真水を十分に得ることができず、水の確保が問題となる。
- Water security became an issue for Edo as it grew, since it was a town built over reclaimed shoreline, and digging wells alone could not secure ample fresh water.
- 富本銭と和同開珎との関係、貨幣としての価値、流通範囲、機能などはまだ不明な点が多く、今後の研究課題である。
- There are still many questions regarding the relationship between Fuhonsen coin and Wado-kaichin, the value as currency, region of distribution, the function, and so on, which merit further research.
- また贈収賄は江戸時代通じての問題で、それ自体も近代以後に比べればかえって少なかったという説も唱えられている。
- Bribery was a problem during the Edo period, and there is a theory that says it was less frequent than it is in modern times.
- その上、先に起こった斯波氏や畠山氏の家督相続問題も関与して、応仁元年(1467年)、遂に応仁の乱が発生する。
- In addition, the issues on the heirs in the Shiba clan and Hatakeyama clan that had arisen before was related to this issue, and the Onin war finally erupted in 1467.
- 貿易規則そのものには穀物の輸出入及び港税が不当に低く抑えられていることを除けば、さして問題となる箇所はない。
- Except for the unfairly low tariff on the export and import of grains and on the ports, there were no points that caused a problem in the trade regulation itself.
- 文学における著者や来歴をめぐる問題は、この様に多様な要素を含んでおり、全時代一律に論じることは適切ではない。
- The problems regarding writers and their origins include these various aspects, and they can not be discussed uniformly throughout all ages.
- そこで、実際には天一神がその方角へ遊行する最初の日に方違えをすれば、その方角にいる5日間は問題ないとされた。
- In fact, if people practiced Katatagae on the first day when Tenichi-jin God moved to that direction, it was considered safe for them to travel in any direction even while Tenchi-jin God stayed in the direction for five days.
- 天正元年(1573年)には天台座主補任問題にも関わり、正親町天皇より毛氈鞍覆弓袋などの使用許可を受けている。
- In 1573, he was involved in appointing the head priest of the Tendai sect and was granted the rights of using the things including the felt saddle-blanke) and the bag for keeping a bow by the Emperor Ogimachi.
- 元は朝廷との連絡調整が任務だったが、承久の乱以後の六波羅探題は、朝廷の監視・西国御家人の統率が任務となった。
- Was originally in charge of communication and adjustment with Imperial Court, but after the Jokyu War, Rokuhara Tandai came to monitor Imperial Court and control Saigoku gokenin.
- 戦後の部落解放運動の歴史のうえで、部落問題の視点による天皇制批判の好材料としてたびたび議題に上げられてきた。
- In the history of the postwar Buraku (discriminated communities) Liberation Movement, it has been raised as a good example to criticize the Emperor system from the point of view of Buraku problems.
- 『大須観音本』と『楊守敬旧蔵本』の二つの写本があるが、いずれも冒頭部分が失われており、本来の題名はわからない。
- Two manuscripts are extant, the 'Osukannon bon' and the 'Yang Shoujing kyuzobon' (so named because it was once owned by Yang Shoujing), but the beginning sections of both manuscripts have been lost, and consequently, the original titles cannot be verified.
- 中心となる話題は朱雀院(一の院・一説に桐壺帝の父親。光源氏の兄とは別人)五十歳の祝典、藤壺の出産と立后である。
- The central events are the fiftieth birthday ceremony of Suzakuin (Ichi no In; according to one theory, the father of Emperor Kiritsubo; a different man from Hikaru Genji's older brother), and Fujitsubo's childbirth and investiture of the Empress.
- 3月初めに示された題は霞、鶯、柳、桜、款冬(山吹)、藤、暮春、首夏、郭公(ほととぎす)、卯花、夏草、恋の12。
- Twelve themes for the contest were announced in late March: haze, nightingale, willow, cherry blossoms, kerria, wisteria, late spring, early summer, cuckoo (hototogisu), deutzia, summer grass, and love.
- 現実の事件を題材にとり、「偽の告白」をする、というふうに本人が述べているが、このことは特に本作品に当てはまる。
- The author himself said that he based the subject matter of his novel on actual events and made a 'false confession', and this statement especially fits this work.
- 当初は『純粋経験と実在』という題名のもとに構想されていたが、出版社の弘道館が反対したため、この名に改題された。
- The book was first planned with the title 'Junsui Keiken to jitsuzai (Pure Experience and Realism),' but the publisher Kodokan opposed to the idea and the title was changed to 'Zen no Kenkyu (An Inquiry Into the Good).'
- 勘文の範囲は刑事・民事を問わず行われ、後には明法道とは直接関係のない問題についても勘申が行われる場合もあった。
- The scope of kanmon covered both criminal and civil affairs, and later reports on matters which were not directly related to Myobodo were sometimes submitted.
- 写本の表紙の表題は『紫日記』とあり、内容にも紫式部の名の記載ははなく、いつから『紫式部日記』とされたかは不明。
- The title on the cover of the manuscript says 'Murasaki Diary,' but the diary does not contain the author's name, Murasaki Shikibu, so it is unknown since when it has been called 'The Murasaki Shikibu Diary.'
- 現在では通常『源氏物語』と呼ばれている、この物語が作られた当時の本来の題名がなんであったのかは明らかではない。
- It is not clear what the title of the tale was when the work was first written, although it is now generally called 'The Tale of Genji.'
- さらに進んで『解伏題之法』(天和 (日本)3年(1683年))では、終結式を用いた消去の一般的な理論を示した。
- He also elucidated a general theory on elimination using resultants in his 1683 'Kaifukudai no ho.'
- そして3篇を執筆、『文芸倶楽部』から連載物を頼まれてこれを「半七捕物帳」の題で渡し、翌年1月号から連載された。
- Thereafter he wrote three stories and gave them under the title of 'Hanshichi Torimonocho' to a magazine called 'Bungei Kurabu' (Literature Club) when it asked him to write a series, which started from the January issue of the following year.
- 書契問題を背景として生じた日本国内における「征韓論」の高まりに、大院君が非常な警戒心を抱いたことも一因である。
- Another reason was that Daewongun felt a great cautiousness against the debate over sending a military expedition to Korea in Japan which had occurred from the problem of diplomatic correspondence.
- この事件は、豊臣家攻撃の口実とするため、家康が崇伝らと画策して問題化させたものであるとの考え方が一般的である。
- This incident has been generally regarded as an incident that Ieyasu, Suden and others plotted and made an issue to find an excuse for attacking the Toyotomi family.
- つまり、ロシアとの国境問題が解決した場合には、改めて朝鮮への遣使が行われるという解釈も成立する可能性があった。
- In fact, there is a possibility to read it to dispatch an envoy to Korea once again after they solved border issue with Russia.
- また、『大倭国一宮記』、『日本国一宮記』と題する諸本は内容がほぼ同じで、『大日本国一宮記』の類本と考えられる。
- 'Yamatonokuni Ichinomiya-Ki' and 'Nihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' are highly similar to 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' in content, so those books are considered to have copied 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki'.
- 朝廷の威信は文字どおり地に落ち、幕府は朝廷監視のために六波羅探題を置き、朝廷に対する支配力を強めることとなる。
- The prestige of the Imperial Court was in tatters and the bakufu appointed Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) to monitor the Imperial Court and strengthened its governance over the Imperial Court.
- 『源氏物語』宇治十帖の薫に酷似する主人公・狭衣の恋愛遍歴を描き、主題・構成には『源氏物語』の顕著な影響が見える。
- 'Sagoromo Monogatari' depicts the love affairs of a hero who closely resembles Kaoru from the 'Uji Jujo' (The Ten Quires of Uji) section of 'Genji Monogatari,' and the significant influence of 'Genji Monogatari' can be seen in its themes and structure.
- また為朝の父の源為義をはじめ、敗者となった崇徳・頼長らに同情的であり、この敗者への視点が本作品の主題ともいえる。
- Moreover, it shows sympathy for the losers, Sutoku and Yorinaga, including Tametomo's father MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, and this perspective on the losers can be said to be a theme in this work.
- 自由民権運動の穏健派(改進党など)に近い立場をとり、『国民之友』では進歩的な言論や欧米での社会問題が紹介された。
- Minyu-sha took the position close to moderates faction of The Freedom of People's Rights Movement (such as Kaishin Party), and progressive comments and European and American social problems were introduced in 'Kokumin no Tomo'.
- 問題が長期化して半年にもおよび政務が渋滞してしまい宇多天皇は困りはて、真意を伝えて慰撫するが、基経は納得しない。
- Because this issue became protracted and had not been resolved after more than half a year, it became troublesome for Emperor Uda, who made an attempt to convey his true intentions on the matter to Mototsune in an effort to try to appease him, but Mototsune would not accept.
- 応仁元年(1467年)、足利将軍家の家督相続問題と畠山氏・斯波氏の家督相続問題などが関係して応仁の乱が発生する。
- In 1467 the Onin War erupted in connection with the problems concerning the succession to the headship of the Ashikaga Shogun family as well as the succession to the headships of the Hatakeyama and Shiba families.
- 天賦人権論に基づき、基本的人権を保護し民撰議院設立を政府に要求することが当面の政治課題の第一であると謳っている。
- They asserted that the first goal of their political challenges at that time were to protect basic human rights based on the theory of Tenpujinken-ron (the theory of the human rights given by the heaven) and to require the government to establish the congress of representatives elected by the commoners.
- このとき、土地台帳に記載されていた土地の表示に関する記載(所在、地番、地目、地積)が登記簿の表題部に移記された。
- At that time, the description on the indication of lands listed on cadaster (address, lot number, land classification and acreage) was transferred to the title part of registry.
- Kadensho、Flowering Spirit などの題名で何度か外国語訳もされ、日本国外でも評価されている。
- It has been translated into foreign languages several times under the titles of 'Kadensho,' 'Flowering Spirit' and so on, and is thus recognized also in other countries.
- 題詠によって現実的な心情変化の歌ではなく、定められたお題の中でより複雑に工夫された象徴的な歌が主流になって行った。
- Because of daiei, realistic poems depicting the changes of emotion were being outmoded, and complex symbolic poems elaborated in the given theme came to predominate.
- また、父の道家と外祖父の西園寺公経が関東申次として幕府・朝廷の双方に権力を振るい始めた事も深刻な問題と化してきた。
- Also, the fact that his father, Michiie, and his maternal grandfather, Kimitsune SAIONJI, as Kanto moshitsugi (the court official in charge of liaison with the Shogunate), began to exercise authority over the Shogunate and the Imperial Court became a serious problem.
- 現存する作品中では、中国の故事を題材にした『周茂叔愛蓮図』(しゅうもしゅく あいれんず)が代表作と見なされている。
- 'Shu Moshuku Airen-zu' (Zhou Maoshu Appreciating Lotuses), which was based on a Chinese historical event, is said to be his best known work amongst those that still exist.
- 諸国に多数の軍勢催促状を発し、近江国の佐々木道誉などの御家人を従えて入京し、同年5月7日に六波羅探題を滅亡させた。
- Takauji gathered forces from various provinces, and entered Kyoto followed by vassals such as Doyo SASAKI from Omi Province, and then succeeded in destroying Rokuhara Tandai on May 7th, 1333.
- しかしユーザーにして見れば「何だか判らない不都合(競合)」であり、問題の判別は勿論、異常個所の修正は困難を極める。
- However, this is an 'incomprehensible inconvenience (competing)' from users' point of view and the adjustment of the problematic parts is extremely difficult, not to mention understanding the cause of the problem.
- 海外では、アフリカを中心に多くの開発途上国で食糧不足の問題が深刻化しており、日本でいう欠食児童も多く存在している。
- In other countries, a deficiency of food became a serious problem in many developing countries mainly in Africa and children, a substantial number of so called 'Poorly-fed Children' in Japan, exist.
- また、軍事力強化を優先する余り、仮想敵国の状況が現実の日本を取り囲む状況を反映しないというという点も問題とされた。
- With the firm commitment to enlarge the military force, it became a problem that the situation of the imagined enemies did not reflect the circumstances surrounding Japan.
- 日本側は密輸行為を無視し、領海問題、日章旗問題を口実に中国と強硬な交渉を行い、謝罪と10万円の損害賠償を要求した。
- Japan, disregarding the act of smuggling, negotiated with China in hard-line manners under plea of the issues of territorial sea and of the Japanese (rising sun) flag, and demanded an apology and compensation for damage of a hundred thousand yen.
- 更に、新規に定められたものは朝幕関係規定以外は宮中座次など、むしろ朝廷内部で紛糾していた問題に関連する部分が多い。
- Besides, the new stipulations except for those about the relationships between the imperial court and the bakufu are mostly about the issues which had led confusion in the imperial court including precedence of the imperial court.
- しかしながら、徳山藩の旧記『徳山御還附一件』によると問題の場所はわずか10間足らずの出入りに過ぎなかったようである。
- However, according to an old document named 'Tokuyama Gokanpu Ikken' of the Tokuyama clan, the place in question was located in less than 18 meters inside or outside the boundary.
- が、見栄えの問題と、大仏の背面が隠れ、状態がわからないこと、光背の修築に邪魔なことから、重源から撤去が望まれていた。
- However, Chogen had been requesting removal of the ugly-looking hill covering the back of the Great Buddha, which hindered the repair of the halo including condition checks.
- 『保元物語』は保元の乱を題材とした軍記物語であるが、物語である以上、そこには虚構、ないしは史実との乖離も認められる。
- 'Hogen Monogatari' is a war tale based on the Hogen Disturbance, but since it is a tale there are aspects of fiction and divergence from the historical facts.
- 六波羅探題は嘉暦2年(1327年)伊賀守護代平常茂と服部持法に覚舜・道願ら悪党の捕縛を命ずる「厳密之沙汰」を下した。
- In 1327 the authorities in Rokuhara (Kyoto) issued a strict decree that commanded the police commanders in Iga Province (Tsuneshige TAIRA and Jiho HATTORI), to arrest a gang of villains which included Kakushun and Dogan.
- 10日夜に名古屋鶴舞公園において米価問題に関する市民大会が開かれるとの噂が広まり、約20,000人の群集が集結した。
- As it was rumored that a citizens' rally about a rice price issue was held in Tsuruma Park of Nagoya City on the night of the 10th, approximately 20,000 people gathered there.
- 政府は、内閣の下に憲法問題調査委員会(委員長・松本烝治国務大臣、松本委員会)を設置して、憲法問題の審議にあたらせた。
- The government set up the Constitutional Problems Investigation Committee under the cabinet (chaired by the Minister of State, Joji MATSUMOTO, the Matsumoto Committee) to investigate and study constitutions.
- 安政5年(1858年)4月大老に就任した井伊直弼(彦根藩主)は、条約問題と将軍継嗣問題を強権的に一気に解決をはかる。
- In April 1858, Naosuke II, the lord of the Hikone clan, assumed the position of Tairo (Chief Minister) and tried to decisively settle the disputes over the treaties and the struggle for succession.
- これは、私鉄を監督する法律である私設鉄道法の条件が厳しいという背景もあったが、地域開発の観点から見ると問題があった。
- This is partly because the conditions of the Private Railway Law that supervised the private railways were strict, however, there were some problems in terms of local development.
- 慶喜は条約勅許・兵庫開港問題を巡って在京の諸藩士を集めて世論をまとめ、朝廷に条約勅許を認めさせた(兵庫開港は延期)。
- Yoshinobu successfully led the court to give consent by holding a meeting consisting of members of clans based in Kyoto regarding the issue of opening Hyogo port and the permission for that, creating public opinion strong enough to persuade even the emperor (the opening of Hyogo port was delayed).
- 続いて、同様の手続を経た版籍奉還も外交問題よりは紆余曲折があったものの、6月17日に実施されることとなったのである。
- In the following, return of lands and people to the emperor which had passed through the same process, was also decided to be implemented on June 17, although it was more complicated than diplomatic issues.
- この軍令と国務大臣が補弼するところの軍政(軍に関する行政事務)の範囲についての争いが原因で統帥権干犯問題が発生する。
- The conflict of the sphere between the military order and the military government (the administrative affairs about the army) assisted by the Minister of State led to the occurrence of the affair of the supreme command interference and violation of the rights.
- 宇多天皇の頃の歌合に参加、寛平6年(894年)宇多天皇の勅命により家集『句題和歌』(大江千里集)を撰集・献上している。
- He took part in an uta-awase (poetry contest) in the reign of the Emperor Uda, and in 894, he composed and presented a personal collection 'Kudai Waka' (Waka on Themes of Lines) (Oe no Chisato Shu) due to an imperial order from the Emperor Uda.
- このような記述しかない定家の研究成果が青表紙本であり、そのようなものを基準にしてよいのかという根本的な問題が存在する。
- There is a fundamental question whether it is appropriate to set a standard based on the Aobyoshi-bon, the results of Teika's study about which he commented such things mentioned above.
- 説話自体が事実を伝えるものではないとしても、その主題から外れた背景、設定からは、当時の世相をうかがい知ることができる。
- Even though the anecdotes may not have been based on the truth, one can surmise the social conditions of the time from the background and setting associated with the subject.
- この話は武田信玄の逸話として有名なものであり、そのためか風林火山を題材とした作品や、名前を引用したものが多く存在する。
- This episode is a famous anecdote of Shingen TAKEDA, and for this reason or another, there are many works that makes Fu-Rin-Ka-Zan as its subject, or those that quote its names.
- 「法華経義疏」巻頭の題箋(貼り紙)について、大山説は僧侶行信が太子親饌であることを誇示するために貼り付けたものとする。
- About the title piece (label) on the first page of 'Hokekyo Gisho' (Commentary on the Lotus Sutra), Oyama insists that the monk Gyoshin applied it to show '太子親饌.'
- 「百物語」を題名に用いた怪談集はほかにも、『諸国百物語』など多数存在するが、本書はそれらとは形式が大きく異なっている。
- While there are many collections of ghost stories whose titles include the phrase, 'Hyakumonogatari' such as 'Shokoku Hyakumonogatari' (Hundred Tales from Various Provinces), the present text largely differs in form from the others.
- この北海道から東京までの道程が「身には疾あり胸には愁あり、悪因縁は逐(お)えども去らず」に始まる突貫紀行の題材である。
- His return route from Hokkaido to Tokyo became the subject of his Tokkan Kiko (Journal of a Desperate Journey) which begins with the following passage: 'Physically wounded, mentally depressed, I cannot ward off misfortune no matter how hard I may try.'
- 同時期に紀海音も門左衛門と同じ題材に基づいた心中浄瑠璃を書いており、当時これに触発されて心中が流行したのは事実である。
- At around the same time KI no Kaion also wrote a joruri play based on love suicides - the same topic used by Monzaemon - and indeed love suicides inspired by these plays became fashionable.
- 議題には、決算報告の受領(第6条)、予算、地方税徴収(第1条)の他に、地方税によって行なう事柄が定められた(第5条)。
- The agenda specified receipt of financial results (Article 6), budget, local taxes collection (Article 1) as well as issues to be handled with the local taxes (Article 5).
- ただし、山間地にあるため河川は上流であり、日照りが続くと水量が簡単に減ってしまって水田が干上がってしまう問題があった。
- But Tanada were in the mountains, and were often located upstream of a river; as a result, in the case of a long spell of dry weather, the amount of water quickly decreased and the rice paddies dried up.
- そして、1930年に発生した昭和恐慌により農村は大打撃を受け、東北地方を中心に各地で欠食児童が深刻な社会問題となった。
- The farmers were greatly affected by the Showa Depression in 1930, and the poorly-fed children became a serious social problem in various regions mainly in Tohoku.
- 大隈は伊藤博文や井上馨を通じて省内に抱える政策課題などの諸問題について下問を行い、渋沢ら改正掛が企画・立案を担当した。
- Okuma asked Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE questions on political challenges in the ministry, and Kaiseigakari such as Shibusawa took in charge of planning ・framing.
- とりあえず、大隈の通貨改革は明治政府の方針、そして国際公約として認められたが、その実現までにはまだ4つの課題があった。
- OKUMA's currency reform was recognized as the Meiji Government's policy along with as an international pledge for the moment, but to be realized, there were four problems.
- 本書の題名にある「宝山」とは、大阪府・奈良県境に南北に連なる、葛城連山(二上山、岩橋山、大和葛城山、金剛山等)である。
- 'Hozan' in the title of the book is the Katsuragi mountain ranges (Mt. Nijo, Mt. Iwahashi, Mt. Yamato Katsuragi, Mt. Kongo, etc.) running north and south around the border between Osaka and Nara prefectures.
- 現存するものは、歌人の百首を題ごとに分類しないで載せているものと、藤原俊成によって10巻に分類されたものの2種類がある。
- There are two different existing versions of Kyuan Hyakushu, including one that lists the hundred poems without sorting by the subject and the other which was broken down into ten volumes by FUJIWARA no Toshinari.
- 行列式がライプニッツによって導入されたのは関と同じ1683年ころであるが、『解伏題之法』に比較しても一般性において劣る。
- It was around 1683 when determinants were first introduced by Leibnitz, but his method is not considered as practical as that outlined in 'Kaifukudai no ho.'
- 当時、米相場の乱高下に頭を悩ます吉宗を身近で見て、田沼は日本に貨幣経済を普及させて問題を解決できないか、と考えたという。
- Yoshimune was concerned about the violently fluctuating price of rice, and it is said that Tanuma wondered whether the problem could be solved by promoting a monetary economy in Japan.
- この事件は、豊臣氏攻撃の口実とするため、家康が崇伝,林羅山らと画策して問題化させたものであるとの考え方が一般的であった。
- It has been considered generally that this incident was conceived and made a problem by Ieyasu, together with Suden and Razan HAYASHI, to give a pretext for attacking the Toyotomi clan.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)のように安閑・宣化朝と欽明朝が並立し内乱状態にあったという説や、単に暦法上の問題とする説などがある。
- There is an opinion that both the Ankan and Senka Dynasties existed at the same time and the country was in a domestic conflict just like the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and there is also an opinion that it is just a matter of the calendar.
- 元は「新撰組 永倉新八」という題で、大正2年(1913年)3月17日から同年6月11日まで小樽新聞で連載された回顧記録。
- It was originally published serially on the newspaper Otaru Shinbun from March 17 to June 11 as memoirs entitled 'Shinsengumi Nagakura Shinpachi.'
- なお、戦国時代を題材にした漫画では、センゴクとシグルイがこの説を取り入れており、これらの作品に登場する秀吉は六指である。
- In cartoon, 'Sengoku' and 'Shigurui' adopted this view and Hideyoshi in these works has six fingers.
- しかしそれは成立時期の問題よりも、上座部仏教と大乗仏教の間での教義の違いを反映していると言えよう(→大乗非仏説を参照)。
- But this difference is not due to a difference in the establishment of teachings, but is thought to be due to a difference of doctrine between upper seat Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism (cf. doctrine that Mahayana is not Buddhism).
- 一方、日本政府と国内世論は士族反乱や立憲制確立を巡る議論に注目が移り、かつての征韓派も朝鮮問題への関心を失いつつあった。
- Meanwhile, the attention of the Japanese government and domestic public opinion shifted to the issues that related to the Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and establishment of constitutional system, and gradually former Seikan-ha were losing their interest on Korean issues.
- 「照会」問題―この「照会」とは列強が西太后に引退を求めたとされる文書であり、これを見て激昂した彼女が宣戦を決めたという。
- The 'reference' problem: This 'reference' was the document from the allied western powers demanding the retirement of Empress Dowager, and she decided to declare war after being enraged by it.
- 特に江戸は政治の中心地、大坂は経済の中心地であるから、江戸、大坂近海に外国船が来襲した際の危機管理の重要性が課題となる。
- As Tokyo was the center of politics and Osaka was the center of economy, it was especially important to consider risk management in case foreign ships appeared in the sea near Edo and Osaka.
- 第8代将軍・足利義政の時代には後継ぎ問題などをめぐって応仁の乱が発生し、室町幕府は京都だけを支配する一地方政権に転落した。
- The rule of the 8th Shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, saw the outbreak of the Onin War, partly as a result of disputes over succession, and consequently the Muromachi Shogunate was left in control of only Kyoto.
- 旧来地域の様々な問題を自治的に解決してきた町村を否定して、代わりに中央の命令の伝達と施行しかしない機関を設けたからである。
- It is because the government undervalued the villages and towns which had resolved various regional issues autonomously for a long period of time, but instead established an administrative body which did nothing but relay and enforce the orders of the central government.
- 鎌倉時代中期以後、徳政の推進が院政の課題となってくると、法律や有職に通じて実務に長けた中級貴族の登用が目立つようになった。
- After the mid Kamakura period when the promotion of benevolent rule became a subject of the Insei, practical middle rank nobles with full knowledge of laws, court rules, ceremony and decorums were often appointed as In no Kinshin.
- また編纂に加わったのは六波羅探題を務めた泰時・時房や公家法に通じた中級貴族やその子孫である御家人であった点も指摘している。
- Also he pointed out that those who took part in the compilation were Yasutoki and Tokifusa of Rokuhara Tandai and middle-ranked nobles with knowledge of the kugeho and the descendants who were shogunal retainers.
- その内容は前半が作者付、後半が雑多な伝書の抄録となっており、「自家の伝書の抄」であることからこの題が付けられたと思われる。
- This book is thought to have gained its title, literally means 'Personal Excerpts,' due to the fact that it is a collection of excerpts of noh related texts of the author of which, as the first half of this is a sakushazuke and the second half is composed of miscellaneous excerpts of noh texts.
- 『符宣抄 別巻』と題されたこともあったせいか、『類聚符宣抄』との関連、例えば、『類聚符宣抄』の別本とも考えられなくもない。
- Since it was titled as 'Fusensho Separate volume', it can also be considered to be related to 'Ruiju fusensho', for example, a separate book of 'Ruiju fusensho'.
- 以前は『符宣抄 別巻』と題されていたこともあったが、新訂増補国史大系本刊行の際、編者黒板勝美によって、この題目が附された。
- It used to be titled 'Fusensho, separate volume', but this title was added by Katsumi Kuroita, the editor of Shintei Zouho Kokushi Taikeibon (a newly revised and enlarged edition of the Anthology of Japanese History).
- また梅原がいうように人麻呂が高官であったのなら、それが『続日本紀』などになに一つ残されていない点などに問題があるからである。
- Also, if Hitomaro was as highly ranked an official as Umehara claimed, it is odd that nothing was recorded in documents such as the 'Shoku Nihongi'.
- いままでこの問題だけで論争がおこっていたが、近年注目されているのが、上原真人の法華堂(三月堂、羂索堂)金光明寺金堂説である。
- This issue has been intensively argued, but in recent years the theory of Mahito UEHARA, where the Hokke-do Hall (the Sangatsu-do Hall and the Kensaku-do Hall) was regarded as the Kon-do Hall of Konmyo-ji Temple, has been attracting attention.
- これが世に広く知られ、武士道を精神的な支柱とした明治以降の国民教育の題材として、月に七難八苦を祈った話が教科書に採用された。
- This image became wide spread, and the story of Yukimori praying to the moon in order to take on all kinds of troubles in exchange for the restoration of the Amago clan was adopted in textbooks from the Meiji period, during which Bushido (the way of the samurai) was used as a source of spiritual support for the people.
- 御館の乱の混乱が続く天正9年(1581年)、乱の恩賞問題により対立状態にあった北越後の新発田重家が織田信長と通じて造反した。
- In 1581, amid the disorder caused by the Otate Disturbance, the issue of rewards for the feats in the Disturbance caused Shigeie SHIBATA, who resided in northern Echigo and was confronted with the Uesugi family, to come to be in touch with Nobunaga ODA and rebel against the Uesugi family.
- 明治7年(1874年)には、松浦武四郎との交流から北海道を旅し、アイヌの風俗を題材にした代表作「旧蝦夷風俗図」を描いている。
- In 1874, his relationship with Takeshiro MATSUURA took him to Hokkaido, where he created his masterpiece, Kyu-Ezo Fuzoku-zu, a painting depicting customs of the old Ezo region and expressing the life of the Ainu people.
- 事実、現在の差別問題に関する認識、見解、解放運動のベクトルは様々で、この問題のある一定以上の捉え方は非常に難しいものである。
- In fact, the perspectives regarding those recognition, opinion, liberation movements toward this particular discrimination issue varry so much that it is extremely difficult to go beyond the basic grasp of the matter.
- 小栗風葉は「中年の恋」という主題にのみ着目して、「蒲団」に続いて「恋ざめ」を書いたが、自然主義陣営の仲間入りはできなかった。
- Fuyo OGURI wrote 'Koizame' in his attempt to follow after Katai's 'Futon' by focusing on the 'love of a middle-aged person', yet this theme was partial compared to the dense themes of 'Futon' and OGURI could not participate in the community of naturalism movement.
- 14日、吉田屋での事件が問題となり、朝廷から芹沢の逮捕命令が出たことから、会津藩は近藤、土方、山南らに芹沢の処置を密命する。
- On the 14th, the incident at Yoshida-ya became a problem, and the Imperial Court ordered the arrest of SERIZAWA which resulted in a secret order by Aizu Clan to KONDO, HIJIKATA, YAMANAMI and others to take appropriate measures against SERIZAWA.
- しかし、部落問題研究所の有力理事たち(奈良本辰也・林屋辰三郎・原田伴彦など)はこの処置に反対し、理事を辞任、研究所を去った。
- However, the leading directors of the Institute of Buraku Problem (Tatsuya NARAMOTO, Tatsusaburo HAYASHIYA, Tomohiko HARADA and others) were opposed to this action, resigned as directors and left the Institute.
- 1966年3月から同年6月にかけて8回の口頭弁論が開かれ、文化厚生会館の管理権をめぐって朝田府連と部落問題研究所が対立する。
- From March, 1966 to June of the same year, eight oral pleadings were held and the Asada Furen and the Institute of Buraku Problem disputed over the custodial right of the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall.
- この表現が、日本国憲法前文の「日本国民は...この憲法を確定する」(民定憲法)の文言と矛盾することが一部学説で問題とされた。
- This emperor's statement became controversial, because some theories pointed out that it contradicted the phase 'the Japanese people... do firmly establish this Constitution' in the preamble of the Constitution of Japan (Constitution enacted by the people).
- 『明六雑誌』は特定の意見を発信するというよりも、様々な問題を提起し、知識を紹介して人々の関心を高めること自体が目的であった。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' aimed to raise awareness of people by proposing various problems and introducing knowledge rather than sending specific opinions.
- ここに小御所会議の結果は無意味化し、辞官納地問題は骨抜きとなり、かえって慶喜を含む諸侯会議派が勢いを得る結果となったのである。
- Here, the conclusion of Kogosho Conference was effectively nullified and Jikan nochi issue was watered down, which led, in contrast, the lords conference group, including Yoshinobu, to gain momentum.
- また、『大成算経』の存在にもかかわらず、後の関流の有力な和算家達が『解伏題之法』を訂正して正しい展開式を得る研究を続けている。
- In later years, despite the existence of 'Taisei sankei,' some talented Japanese mathematicians who belonged to the Seki school continued to base their efforts to develop an accurate expansion formula on their corrections of 'Kaifukudai no ho.'
- 応挙画は、こうした写生の技術を基礎としつつも、日本絵画の伝統的な画題を扱い、装飾性豊かな画面を創造しているところが特色である。
- Okyo's paintings are based on these sketch techniques and deal with traditional subjects of Japanese painting and creates a screen rich in decorative features.
- 上巻には四季の歌を、中巻は恋と雑、下巻には恋百十首・雪月花などの十題百首や、離別・羇旅・哀傷・釈教・神祇などの雑の歌を収める。
- Volume one includes poems about the four seasons, volume two about love and miscellany, and volume three contains 110 poems of love, 100 poems on ten subjects including Setsugekka (Snow, the Moon and Flowers), and miscellaneous poems about separation, traveling, mourning, Buddhism, and worshipping.
- 写本を入れると20種類以上も残されており、表題も『永禄十一年記』・『安土日記』・『信長記』・『信長公記』・『安土記』など様々。
- There are more than 20 different versions, including the manuscripts, with various titles as 'Eiroku Juichinen Ki' (A Diary of the Year 1586),' 'Azuchi Nikki' (A Diary of Azuchi), 'Nobunaga-ki' (A Biography of Nobunaga), 'Shinchoko-ki,' 'Azuchi-ki' and the like.
- 慶長19年(1614年)8月 (旧暦)、豊臣家は鐘銘問題の弁明のために片桐且元を駿府へ派遣するが、家康は且元と面会していない。
- In August (the old calendar), 1614 the Toyotomi family dispatched Katsumoto KATAGIRI to Sunpu for the explanation of a matter of the shomei (inscription on a bell) of Hoko-ji Temple Bell, but Ieyasu did not meet him.
- 一方で、それらは単なる商行為であり、儲けていた朝鮮人も当然におり、また、所得も向上しており問題はなかったとする研究も存在する。
- On the other hand, there exists a study concluding they were only business practices, which means some Koreans also made a profit, and the income increased and no problem existed.
- 後の統計は集計値の他に推計値を載せるようになり、大正9年(1920年)の国勢調査まで、この誤差問題は次第に大きくなっていった。
- Since estimation values came to be posted besides total values in the following statistics, the problem of errors became large gradually until the national census in 1920.
- しかし、この頃には、日清戦争後の三国干渉によって対ロシア戦を意識しだした軍部も、鉄道国有問題を第一義とするようになっていった。
- However, the military that began to be aware of the war against Russia with the Triple Intervention after the Sino-Japanese War came to consider the issue of railway nationalization as the primary purpose.
- すなわち、古墳の発生は、墓制の単なる変化や葬送観念の変化にととどまらず、社会・政治の全般に関わる問題としてあらわれたのである。
- More specifically, the origins of kofun show that they were not just a change in institution of tombing or funereal conception but also an issue related to society and politics in general.
- またロシアに勝利したことは、列強諸国の日本に対する評価を高め、明治維新以来の課題であった不平等条約改正の達成に大きく寄与した。
- Japan's victory over Russia raised the repute of Japan among the great powers and greatly contributed to Japan's objective to revise the unequal treaties which had been a priority issue for the Japanese government since the Meiji Restoration.
- 特に田畑関係に関しては、平安時代中期以降の荘園の発展とともに、それから必然的に生ずる地券関係の諸問題を扱う重要な役割を担った。
- Especially, in managing the fields, Minbu-sho played a key role in dealing with various affairs related to the title to an estate, which was a by-product of the development of Shoen (manor) since the mid Heian period.
- ただし、「あしひきの」は上代特殊仮名遣の問題から、もともとは「足を引く」の意味ではなく、これは人麻呂による新しい解釈と目される。
- However, the original meaning of 'ashihiki no' is not 'ashi wo hiku' (to drag legs), because there is some doubt in the ancient special Kana usage, and this is regarded as the Hitomaro's new interpretation.
- なお、「玉鬘」より「真木柱」までの十帖を玉鬘を主題としたひとまとまりの物語であるとする立場からまとめて玉鬘十帖と呼ぶこともある。
- Some people consider Tamakazura as a central figure in the ten chapters from 'Tamakazura' to 'Makibashira (The Cypress Pillar),' so these chapters are sometimes called the ten folded books of Tamakazura.
- このため、戦後も彼らを如何にして新政府につなぎとめるかが課題となり、参戦諸藩や個々の部隊・個人の功労者に対する恩賞が検討された。
- When it became an issue how to anchor them to the new government even after the battles, rewards for the domains, troop and individuals who respectively contributed to the battles were considered.
- 歌題として選ばれるのが神々や古代の聖王、伝説的な英雄たちということもあって、和歌の内容がどうしても類型的なものになりがちである。
- The contents of the waka tended to be stereotyped partly because gods, ancient sacred kings, and legendary heroes were often chosen as the themes of waka.
- 説話に登場する百鬼夜行を題材としながらも、描かれているのは古い器物が変じて怪となる、いわゆる付喪神で、現在の百鬼夜行とは異なる。
- Although it made the hyakki yako appearing in setsuwa the subject matter, because it depicts the so-called 'tsukumogami,' old utensils turned to monsters, it is different from the present meaning of hyakki yako.
- よしあきらと読む説も存在し、松山市の文献や説明、坊っちゃん列車でのガイドなどにおいても散見され、愛媛新聞でもたびたび話題となる。
- There is a theory that his name is also pronounced as Yoshiakira and he is mentioned in literature and descriptions of Matsuyama City, the guide for Bocchan Ressha train, and occasionally in the Ehime Shinbun newspaper.
- また『文殊菩薩図』(群馬県立近代美術館)のような仏画の遺品もあり、職業絵師として、多様な画題、画風をこなしていたものと思われる。
- There are also some Buddhist paintings such as 'Monju-Bosatsu-zu' (Manjusri Bodhisattva) (The Museum of Modern Art, Gunma), and he is thought to have painted different subjects and different styles as an occupational painter.
- 入門して初めの正月、新春恒例の発会が近づくと、令嬢たちの晴れ着の話題など、着物の話はとても下級官吏の娘が競える内容ではなかった。
- When the first annual New Year's opening ceremony since Ichiyo had entered the school drew near, the topic of conversation among the well-bred young ladies turned to clothing and festive dress, well beyond the range in which the daughter of a low-class government official could compete.
- このため、足利将軍家の家督継承問題が起るが、当の義政はどちらにも将軍職を譲らず、文化的な趣味に興じるなど優柔不断な態度を続けた。
- Consequently, the issue of ASHIKAGA shogun family's heir arose, but Yoshimasa was not willing to relinquish his position as the Shogun to either party, and he continued to show an irresolute behavior by immersing himself in his cultural interests.
- 留学や海外軍事視察の経験から国際関係に精通していた威仁親王は、即座にこの事件を自分のレベルでは解決できない重大な外交問題と判断。
- Imperial Prince Takehito, who was well-versed in foreign affairs because of his experiences of studying abroad and military inspections, judged that this incident was such a serious diplomatic issue that he could not handle by himself.
- また奥右筆のために独立した御用部屋が設置され、老中・若年寄などから上げられた政策上の問題を将軍の指示によって調査・報告を行った。
- There was an separated office placed for Oku-yuhitsu and they researched and released reports about policy issues sent by Roju (senior councilor) or Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor) under the supervision of Shogun.
- 「宗主権―主権問題」とは、華夷秩序から条約体制へと国際秩序が移行する際に生じたある二国家間関係をめぐって持ち上がった問題である。
- 'Suzerainty and issues on sovereignty' means a problem raised between two countries during transition of the order of international society, from Kaichitsujo to treaty system.
- しかし民撰議院設立論争にしても、女性問題・国語国字問題にしても、後世の社会に芽吹く種子を植え付けたことは歴史的に明らかであった。
- However, it is historically obvious that it planted some seeds which would sprout out in later years on the dispute of the establishment of democratic representatives, problems on feminism and the issue of a nation's script.
- 特に江戸幕府13代将軍徳川家定の後継を巡って生じた安政年間の件が著名で単に「将軍継嗣問題」と呼んだ場合、この件を指すことも多い。
- The political strife of succession to the 13th shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA of the Edo bakufu in the Ansei era was very famous, and the 'problem of heir of Shogun' usually refers to this strife.
- 政元は第9代将軍・足利義尚が陣没して将軍継嗣問題が起こると、第10代将軍に清晃(堀越公方足利政知の子で後の足利義澄)を推していた。
- When the 9th shogun, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, died and a problem regarding the shogun's heirship occurred, Masamoto recommended Seiko (son of Horigoe kubo Masatomo ASHIKAGA, and later Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA) become the next shogun.
- これを直ちに事実とすることには問題があるものの、陶部の工人(陶人)が新羅や百済の出身を多く抱えていたことの反映とみる考え方がある。
- This could not be soon regarded as a fact, but may be considered as a reflection of the fact that many of the Suebe craftsmen came from Silla and Baekje.
- また、在庁官人や元国衙領で権門が所有する荘園、幕府派遣の地頭の力が強く、いかにこれら在地勢力の助力を得られるかも大きな課題だった。
- In addition, it was also a big task to obtain aide from local powers in Suo Province, where local bureaucrats and influential families owned manors, which had been the estates possessed by the national government offices, while the estate managers dispatched by the bakufu had great power.
- 1910年の日韓併合では記念切手は発行されていないが、10月に朝鮮総督府が「朝鮮総督府始政紀念」と題する官製絵葉書を発行している。
- A commemorative postage stamp was not issued at the occasion of the Japanese Annexation of Korea in 1910, but Chosen Sotoku-fu (Governor-General of Korea) issued the government-regulated postcard '朝鮮総督府始政紀念' (Inauguration of Chosen Sotoku-fu) in October.
- 1927年(昭和2年)1月、『黒潮』(英副題 The Japan current)と改題したが、同誌は同年3月の第3号で終了した。
- In January 1927, Shinshosetsu was renamed to Kuroshio (with the English title being the Japanese Current) but that magazine ceased publication after the third issue in March of that year.
- ここでは院政成立の政治史的な問題については触れないが、院政期になると天皇家も独自に家政的な機構を持ち始めるということがあげられる。
- It can be said that during the period of cloister governments the Imperial Family also started to have household management of its own although issues of political history related to formation of cloister governments are not the subject we deal here.
- また、政府高官間の政争の産物である「大蔵省分割問題」も影を落としていた(内務省_(日本)設置による測量機構と税額算定機構の分離)。
- In addition, the problem of 'dividing the Ministry of Finance' cast a shadow into the land-tax reform; that is, the organization responsible for the land survey and the organization responsible for calculating amount of tax were separated owing to the establishing of the Ministry of Home Affairs; this split was the product of the political dispute.
- 以上の理由から、鎌倉幕府の統治機構としての性格、あるいは成立時期というのもあくまで後世の、特に近代歴史学上のとらえ方の問題である。
- For these reasons, the character of the Kamakura Bakufu as a system of government or the time of its founding are both issues relating to the perceptions of subsequent generations, particularly within the field of modern history.
- また以後6年に一度改編するという規定も大区小区制施行と併せて行われた1回程度で、多くの問題点があった戸籍であったとも言われている。
- In addition, even the regulation to modify it every 6 years after 1871 was observed only once in accordance with the implementation of the large and small divisions system, and it was regarded as the family register with many problems.
- もちろん律令にそう規定し、それを自負したり目指したことと、とりわけ唐や朝鮮諸国との関係に実態がともなったかどうかは別の問題である。
- Whilst these classifications were set forth in ritsuryo codes, boasted about and strived for, it's another question altogether whether they were actually realized in the relationship with Tang and the Korean kingdoms.
- この事件は後に『曽我物語』としてまとめられ、江戸時代になると能・浄瑠璃・歌舞伎・浮世絵などの題材に取り上げられ、民衆の人気を得た。
- This incident was later compiled as 'Soga monogatari' (the tale of Soga), and in the Edo period, 'Soga monotagari' was picked up as subject matter for Noh, Joruri (Ballad drama), Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors), Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and so on, and gained popularity among the people.
- 成立から2ヶ月後に加藤高明外務大臣 (日本)が鉄道国有化に反対して辞任した。(ただし、実際には健康問題が絡んでいたとされている。)
- Two months after the establishment of the cabinet, Takaaki KATO, Minister of Foreign Affairs, resigned because he was against the nationalization of railways (in fact, however, he is said to have resigned due to his health problem).
- ワシントン会議 (1922年)に出席するために加藤友三郎海軍大臣が訪米した際に、誰が海軍大臣の代理を務めるのかと言う問題が生じた。
- When Tomosaburo KATO, the Minister of Navy visited the United States to attend Washington Conference (in 1922), a matter on the substitution of the minister of Navy's duty occurred.
- 老中堀田正睦はこれを京都の朝廷に上奏したが勅許を得られず、13代将軍徳川家定の将軍継嗣問題とも関係して南紀派、一橋派の抗争となる。
- Although the treaty was brought to the court in Kyoto by roju Masayoshi HOTTA, it was not signed due to a struggle of succession concerning the heir of the 13th shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA between the Nanki group (Yoshitomi loyalists from the Kishu-Tokugawa family) and the Hitotsubashi group (Yoshinobu loyalists from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family).
- 観念論と唯物論の対立などの哲学上の根本問題の解決を純粋経験に求め、主客合一などを説いて、知識・道徳・宗教の一切を基礎づけようとした。
- Nishida regarded pure experience as the solution for the fundamental issues of philosophy such as the confrontation between idealism and materialism, he stated that the unification of objective and subjective phenomena was the foundation of knowledge, ethics and religion.
- 中世になると、『御伽草子』の「浦島太郎」をはじめ絵巻・能・狂言の題材になり、読者・観客を得て大衆化していき、江戸時代に受け継がれた。
- In the Medieval period, the 'Urashima Taro' from 'Otogi zoshi' became a theme for picture scrolls, Noh plays, and Kyogen (a farce played during a Noh play cycle), and the story reached a much wider audience, becoming further popularized during the Edo Period.
- 関東大震災後の改組問題で雪嶺が退社したのちの政教社は、五百木良三・三井甲之ら日本主義者によって牛耳られるようになり、4月に解散した。
- After Setsurei resigned from Seikyo-sha in a reorganization after the Great Kanto Earthquake, Seikyo-sha began to be dominated by nationalists such as Ryozo IOGI and Koshi MITSUI, and was finally dissolved in April.
- 法華経と密教の整合性に関する未解決の問題など「未決三十条」の解答を得、日本にまだ伝来していなかった五台山所蔵の仏典37巻を書写する。
- He discovered the answer to the problem of integrating the Lotus Sutra and Esoteric Buddhism, known as the 'Thirty Unsolved Issues,' and copied 37 volumes of Buddhist scriptures stored at Mt. Wutai that had not yet been introduced to Japan.
- 立憲問題では初めは制定に反対であったが、自由民権運動の高まりや井上毅の具申を受けて方針をかえ、大日本帝国憲法の制定に向けて尽力した。
- Although he originally opposed the idea of a constitution, he changed his policy in response to the growing movement for civic rights and freedom and also to the opinion of Kowashi INOUE. He also devoted himself to the establishment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 9月に朝日新聞が「危険なる洋書」という連載を開始して6回目に鴎外と妻の名が掲載され、さらに南北朝正閏論南北朝正閏問題が大きくなった。
- Ogai and his wife's names appeared in the sixth edition of a serial called 'Dangerous foreign books' started by the Asahi Shinbun in September, and the Nanbokucho-Seijunron (argument over legitimacy of Northern or Southern Courts) became further divided.
- 席上、物故存命を問わず誰が最強であったかという話題になった時、出席者の全員が一致して「それは福澤だ」と言ったというエピソードがある。
- When they talked about who is the strongest swordsman of those dead and those alive, all the participants agreed on Fukuzawa.
- この第2句にほとんど触れられないのは、立花京子が主張しているこの変への朝廷の関与(後述)の問題への取り扱いと同様であると考えられる。
- The reason why the second phrase is seldom mentioned is thought to be the same as the issue of the Emperor's involvement (described later) in the incident, as emphasized by Kyoko TACHIBANA.
- また、家康は林羅山に湯王武王 (周)放伐論の是非を問うなど、主家である豊臣家を討つことの倫理的な問題をどう解決すべきか苦悩している。
- Ieyasu also felt anguish about how he could solve an ethical problem of destroying the Toyotomi family, his master family, asking Razan HAYASHI about right and wrong of To-O (Tang Wang)/Bu-O (Wu Wang) (Zhou Dynasty China) Hobatsu-ron (a theory in ancient China about expelling a disqualified prince).
- その後、日本と清国の間で領土問題(台湾出兵参照)が発生し、日本の強硬な態度に驚いた清国は朝鮮に国書の受け入れ交渉をするよう指示した。
- Afterward, the territorial problem occurred between Japan and Qing (see also The Taiwan Expedition), then Qing feared Japan's strong attitude and they directed the Joseon Dynasty to receive the letter.
- 制定に関して、執権泰時は六波羅探題として京都にいた弟の北条重時に宛てた2通の書状(「泰時消息文」)で、式目の精神・目的を述べている。
- Regarding the establishment, regent Yasutoki wrote two letters ('Yasutoki shosokubun') to his younger brother Shigetoki HOJO who was stationed at Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) in Kyoto, stating the spirit and purpose of shikimoku (law code).
- これは琉球の帰属問題で日本に有利に働き、明治政府は翌1875年琉球にたいし清との冊封・朝貢関係の廃止と明治年号の使用などを命令した。
- This put Japan in an advantageous position on the issue of the possession of Ryukyu and in the following year, 1875, the Meiji government ordered Ryukyu to abolish its sakuho and tribute relationship with Qing and use the era name of Meiji.
- この年の3月7日に東京の姫路藩邸に各藩の公議人227名を集めて公議所が設置されると、外交政策が急遽課題として取り上げられたのである。
- On March 7 of that year, the lower house was established in the residence of Himeji domain in Tokyo gathering 227 lower house members from each domain and the foreign policy was picked up as an urgent matter.
- 明六社誕生以前、まずこの問題について意見表明したのは前島密で、彼は漢字を廃止し、平仮名を英語のように分かち書きにすることを提唱した。
- Before the establishment of Meirokusha, Hisoka MAEJIMA showed his opinion about this for the first time, and he proposed to abolish kanji (Chinese characters) and write hiragara (Japanese syllabary characters) with putting space between characters like English.
- 相馬事件がきっかけとなり、精神病者の監護(監禁および保護)の手続きについて問題意識が高まり、1900年に精神病者監護法が制定された。
- On the back of the incident, general concerns on how to treat people with mental illness, particularly on custody and protection, increased only to establish the Mental Patient Custody Act in 1900.
- 藤原定家の注釈書『奥入』(第二次)には「優婆塞 一名 橋姫」とあり、青表紙本の最善本とされる大島本は本帖の題名を「優婆塞」としている。
- 'Okuiri' (the second edition), a commentary by FUJIWARA no Teika, says that the title is, 'Ubasoku, also called Hashihime,' while the Oshima-bon manuscript, which is considered the best Aobyoshi-bon manuscript, states that the name of this chapter is 'Ubasoku.'
- 大津絵の画題を唄い込んだ元唄・音曲・俗曲(大津絵節)、大津絵節を元に踊る日本舞踊の一種(大津絵踊り)にも、「大津絵」の名がついている。
- The name of 'Otsu-e' is also used to refer to the original song, ongyoku (a popular old-style Japanese song accompanied by shamisen music), a folk song (Otsu-e bushi) which shares the subject of Otsu-e, and also a kind of classical Japanese dance based on Otsu-e bushi (Otsu-e dancing).
- 室町幕府の九州探題である今川貞世(了俊)は吉田兼好の弟子の命松丸とも親交があり、兼好の没後、編纂に関わっているとも言われるはずである。
- Sadayo (Ryoshun) IMAGAWA, Kyushu Tandai (local commissioner) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was on friendly terms with Meishomaru, a disciple of Kenko YOSHIDA, so it is natural for him to have been involved in the compilation of the work after the death of Kenko.
- 和歌山県出身の実業家松下幸之助の郷里に「松下幸之助君生誕の地」の石碑があり、題字は同郷ということで湯川の筆によって書かれたものである。
- There is a stone monument showcasing the birthplace of Konosuke MATSUSHITA, a businessman from Wakayama Prefecture, in MATSUSHITA's hometown, whose title was written by YUKAWA as a person from the same province.
- 資料的な信用度が高いとされる池田本の方では1000丁と書かれた後に「三」の字が脇に書き足されたようになっている点に信憑性の問題がある。
- The Ikeda book, which is considered to be more reliable, also raises a question as to its reliability since the character of '三' (three) seems to have been added alongside 'a thousand teppo' in the main text.
- 琉球王国は江戸時代には日本(薩摩藩)と中国大陸の清の間で両属関係にあり、日本で明治政府が成立すると、帰属を巡る政治問題が起こっていた。
- The Ryukyu Kingdom belonged to both Japan (the Satsuma domain) and Qing on the Chinese continent during the Edo period and the territorial dispute became a political issue after the establishment of the Meiji government in Japan.
- 結局、密使の派遣が問題となり、高宗は李完用らに責任を問われ皇帝の地位を純宗に譲ることとなり、第三次日韓協約の調印へと進むこととなった。
- After all, the dispatch of the secret agent became a problem and Gao Zong, blamed by Wan-yong LEE and others, had to give Sunjong his position as the emperor, which led to signing of the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty (Third Japan-Korea Treaty).
- こうした内紛は大名家のなかで解決するのがならわしだが、問題を幕府や家制度、親族の大名に訴え出ることで仲介や裁定をたのんだ当事者もいた。
- It was usual that such feuds were resolved within the lord's household, but there were feuding parties who sought mediation or arbitration by appealing to the shogunate or other feudal lords of the same family system or of relatives.
- 1966年1月24日、部落問題研究所が、朝田府連による会館占拠を解くことを求める仮処分命令申請書を京都地方裁判所に提出し、認められる。
- On Janurary 24, 1966, the Institute of Buraku Problem filed an application for a provisional disposition order to the Kyoto District Court to stop Asada Furen's occupation, and the Court approved it.
- 福島正則が「脇坂などと同列にされるのは迷惑だ」と言った、加藤清正も「七本槍」を話題にされるのをひどく嫌ったなどの逸話が伝えられている。
- However, Masanori FUKUSHIMA was quoted as saying 'I don't want to be lumped in with men like Wakisaka, it's quite annoying', and Kiyomasa KATO was also said to hate it when people talked about the 'seven spears.'
- 昭和30年代、南條範夫が村岡の著書を基にし、『願人坊主家康』(後に加筆改題して『三百年のベール―異伝 徳川家康』)という小説を著した。
- Between 1955 and 1964, Norio NANJO wrote a book called 'Begging Priest, Ieyasu', which was based on MURAOKA's book (NANJO later updated the book and changed the title to '300 Years Veil: A different view of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA').
- 題名は、佚書『宇治大納言物語』(宇治大納言源隆国が編纂したとされる説話集、現存しない)から漏れた話題を拾い集めたもの、という意味である。
- Its title refers to the fact that the setsuwa tales it contains were gleaned from those not included in the 'Ujidainagon monogatari' ('The Tale of Chief Counselor Uji,' a collection of setsuwa thought to have been compiled by the Ujidainagon MINAMOTO no Takakuni which is no longer extant).
- また源氏物語を題材にした絵巻物が数多くある中で国宝に指定されているものはこれだけであることから「国宝源氏物語絵巻」と呼ばれることもある。
- Although there are many picture scrolls of The Tale of Genji, only this one is designated as a national treasure, so it is sometimes called 'Kokuho Genji Monogatari Emaki' (The Tale of Genji Emaki National Treasure).
- 地租軽減問題や行政整理では伊藤内閣と自由党も対立関係にあったことから、政局は伊藤内閣・自由党・硬六派による三つ巴の対立構図が形成された。
- As the Ito cabinet and the Liberal Party disagreed over land tax cuts and government reform issues, three-cornered confrontation among the Ito cabinet, the Jiyuto, and the Ko Roppa formed within the politics.
- これらはいずれも源氏(光源氏)または紫の上という主人公の名前をそのまま物語の題名としたものであって、物語の固有の名称であるとは言い難い。
- In terms of titles, both groups took the name of a main character such as Genji (Hikaru Genji) or Murasaki no Ue, and it is hard to say they're the inherent titles of the work.
- このように、その後の研究によってこの3分類法はいろいろと問題点も指摘されるようになってはいるが、現時点でも一応は有効なものとされている。
- This is how these three groups came to be questioned by the following study, but for the meantime it is tentatively considered to be valid.
- 1936年(昭和11年)の二・二六事件直後には岡田啓介首相の後継として初めての大命降下があったが、この時は健康問題を理由に辞退している。
- Immediately after the February 26th Incident in 1936, he received an imperial command to succeed Prime Minister Keisuke OKADA, but he declined at the time, using his health as an excuse.
- 《皆人の当時の壱岐対馬の様にならせ給(たま)はん事思ひやり候へば涙も留まらず。》(「類纂高祖遺文録」、改題「類纂日蓮聖人遺文集平成版」)
- 'It brings me to tears to think that everyone may suffer the same fate as the people in Iki and Tsushima at that time.' ('Ruisan Koso Ibun Roku' [Collected Records of the Writings Left Behind by the Founder], whose revised title is 'Ruisan Nichiren Shonin Ibunshu Heiseiban' [Collected Records of the Writings Left Behind by Saint Nichiren, Heisei Edition])
- 同年7月には内閣転覆を狙った北一輝により取調中に朴の膝に金子が座り抱擁している写真が政界にばらまかれ獄内での待遇が数ヶ月政治問題化した。
- In July, the same year, Ikki KITA who was plotting to overturn the Cabinet distributed among political figures a photo of Bokuretsu holding Kaneko on his knees in the interrogation, and the treatment of the two in the prison became a political issue for several months.
- だが、戦後の財政難から師団増設は順調にはいかず、18師団を20師団にすることの是非を巡って有名な2個師団増設問題が発生することになった。
- However, the plan to increase the number of divisions did not go well due to post-war financial difficulties, leading to the famous debacle over whether to increase the number of divisions from 18 to 20.
- 清朝でも公使派遣については当初受け入れられなかったが、日本と日清修好条規を締結する頃には、すでに公使の派遣自体は問題視されていなかった。
- In the Qing dynasty, dispatch of ministries was not accepted at first, however by the time of the conclusion of Japan - Qing Treaty of Friendship, the dispatch of ministries was not seen as a problem.
- 淳仁、仲恭が天皇であったことは明白で、単に諡号がなかっただけであったから問題にはならなかったが、「大友帝」の存在は学説に拠るものだった。
- Since it was clear that Junnin and Chukyo were emperors without posthumous titles, there was no problem, but the existence of 'Otomo Tei' was only based on theories.
- 写本の吉野郡名山図志、和州吉野郡名山図志、吉野郡山記といった題によっても知られるが、伴存自身が書名として採ったのは和州吉野郡群山記である。
- The book is known with titles such as manuscripts 'Yoshinogun Meizan zushi', 'Washu Yoshinogun Meizan zushi' and 'Yoshino Gunzanki', but the title that Tomoari chose for himself was 'Washu Yoshinogun Gunzanki'.
- 唐十郎が作詞した同名の主題歌を、中島みゆきが作曲して歌っており、中島みゆきのアルバム時代-Time goes around-に収録された。
- Miyuki NAKAJIMA wrote the music for a theme song written by Juro KARA, which has the same name as the original title, and she sang it, featuring it on her album entitled 'Jidai - Time Goes Around.'
- この「起つと決する」が国内での決起を意味するのか、西郷がこの時期に一番気にかけていた対ロシア問題での決起を意味していたのかは判然としない。
- It is unclear whether the phrase 'make a decision' was meant to refer to raising an army in the country, or to the Russia problem with which Saigo was concerned most at that time.
- 逆に陽明学には個人道徳の問題に偏重する傾向があり、王陽明の意図に反して反体制的な理論が生まれたため、体制を反発する者が好む場合が多かった。
- In contrast, Yomeigaku tended to attach too much importance to individual morals and, against Wang Yangming's intentions, gave rise to an antiestablishment theory, which attracted those who opposed the regime.
- 硬派と軟派の相克はなお継続していたが、当時獄中にいた山口がこの問題に直接関与していなかったこともあり、両派合同の歓迎会が実現したのである。
- The hard-liners and the soft-liners were still opposed to each other, but they could have the welcome party in cooperation, partly because YAMAGUCHI, who was in prison, could not directly be involved in this matter.
- 元禄期、大坂を中心に流行し、民衆生活の幅広い主題を扱って多くの作品が書かれた(浮世には世間一般という意味と、色事、好色といった意味がある)。
- During the Genroku era, it became popular around Osaka and many works were written on wide variety of common people's lives (Ukiyo means not only world in general but matters of love and sensuality).
- 1802年9月、大阪長堀心斎町の板元 播磨屋五兵衛が出願した「弁惑書口訣」「天分捷径平天儀図解」の2冊に対して、暦に差支えないか問題となる。
- Similarly, in September of 1802, Gohei HARIMA, a publisher in Nagahori Shinsaibashi cho, Osaka, filed that some problems may arise in the calendar from the two books 'Benwaku book oral instruction' and 'Tenwakeshokeiheitengi graphic illustration.'
- 1315年(正和4年)再び鎌倉幕府の六波羅探題に捕らえられ、翌1316年(正和5年)土佐国に配流となり、帰京を許されないまま河内国で没した。
- In 1315, he was once again arrested by the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto), and in 1316 was exiled to Tosa Province; this time, he never received permission to return to the capital, and ended his life in Kawachi Province.
- 盛見は戦死したが跡を継いだ甥の大内持世が山名氏の手を借りて渋川氏や少弐氏・大友氏を撃破、腹心となった持世を九州探題とし九州を支配下に置いた。
- Morimi was killed in the battle but his nephew, Mochiyo OUCHI, took over the leadership and, with the help of the Yamana family, defeated the Shibukawa Clan and the Shoni and Otomo Clans, with Mochiyo, who was trusted by Yoshinori, being made Commissioner of Kyushu.
- 朝鮮との国交回復問題では李氏朝鮮開国を勧める遣韓使節として自らが朝鮮に赴くことを提案し、一旦大使に任命されたが、帰国した大久保らと対立する。
- He proposed to going to Korea himself as a Kenkan Shisetsu (Japanese official diplomatic delegate sent to Korea) himself to attempt to restore relations with the Yi Dynasty Korea due to problems there, and he was appointed as an ambassador at once, which resulted in the antagonism of Okubo who came back to Japan.
- さらに勝元は勘合貿易の問題から大内教弘、河野通春らと敵対していたが、宗全はこれを支援するなどしたことから、細川と山名の対立構造が生じ始めた。
- Furthermore, Katsumoto fought against Norihiro OUCHI and Michiharu KONO due to tally trade issues, but Sozen supported them, and this led to a conflict between the HOSOKAWA and YAMANA clans.
- 将軍問題は得宗が幕府の頂点にありながらも、その出自の低さ故に自ら将軍になる事の出来ない北条氏が最後まで乗り越える事の出来ない壁となっていた。
- The Hojo clan couldn't get over Shogun issue in the end as Tokuso couldn't become Shogun due to his low status by birth eventhough he was the most powerful lord of the Kamakura bakufu.
- また、内地人とは異なる慣習を持つ者が住む地域に対して内地に施行されていた法令をそのまま外地にも施行するのが相当かという実質的な問題も生じた。
- Also, a practical question arose about whether it was proper to apply the laws, which had been enforced in the inland, without any modifications to Gaichi, where residents had different customs from the inland inhabitants.
- もっともこの問題がクローズアップされたのが、最後の朝貢国朝鮮をどう捉えるかという清朝と西欧・明治日本の意見衝突の時であった(岡本2004)。
- The problem was mostly concerned at the time of conflict of ideas among the Qing dynasty, Western countries and Japan in the Meiji period about how to consider Korea, which was the last Choko country to Qing (Okamoto 2004).
- 当時、廃仏毀釈で大きな打撃を受けた寺院建築の保護が課題となっており、関野貞は奈良・京都の主な建築を調査し、それらの建築年代をまとめていった。
- A key issue in those days was the protection of temple architecture, as many temples had been badly affected by haibutsu-kishaku (the anti-Buddhist movement in the Meiji era that resulted in the destruction of many Buddhist temples), and so Tadashi SEKINO conducted field research to record the year of construction of the major buildings located in Nara and Kyoto.
- 関ヶ原の合戦に勝利した徳川家康は幕府設立に先立ち、貨幣制度の整備を重要課題の一つとし、後藤庄三郎光次に全国流通を前提とした小判の鋳造を命じた。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had won the Battle of Sekigahara, made the improvement of currency system one of the most important tasks before the foundation of Bakufu, ordering Shosaburo Mitsutsugu GOTO to cast Koban which were supposed to be circulated across the country.
- そうした閉塞感がただよう年に『ファスチェス』(発禁問題)、『沈黙の塔』(学問と芸術)、『食堂』(クロポトキンや無政府主義等を記述)などを発表。
- In such stifling year, he published 'ファスチェス' (about the issue of the ban), 'Chinmoku no to' (The Tower of Silence) (about learning and art), 'Shokudo' (diner) (covering Kropotkin, anarchism and so on).
- 生前に自らの葬儀で参会者に配布するための冊子を書き、これに『寂光門松後万歳』という外題までつけたが、自身を風刺化した笑い溢れた「作品」だった。
- He made a booklet for distributing the mourners at his funeral with a title 'Shidenokadomatu Gomanzai', which was a humors 'work' full of satire on himself.
- 問題点の一つは、南東が高く北西が低い地形は、汚物を含む東南部からの排水が宮の周辺を流れることであり、また、都を囲む城壁や正門が存在しなかった。
- One of the problems was that, since the terrain was high in the southeast and low in the northwest, the drain from the southeast part including filth flows into the area around the Imperial Palace; also there were neither walls that surrounded the capital nor front gate.
- そして政権の課題を解決する為に行ったことは第一に天皇家の権威を借りることとした(閑院宮家の創設、霊元天皇の息女、吉子内親王と徳川家継の婚約)。
- And in order to resolve the government's problems, he firstly decided to use the authority of the Imperial Family (by establishing the Kaninnomiya family and fixing the engagement between a daughter of the Emperor Reigen, Imperial Princess Yoshiko, and Ietsugu TOKUGAWA).
- それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと。
- Contradicting to the fact above in some points, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface.
- 但し、第二部から第三部までの経過期間の問題や六条御息所の年齢の問題など、新年立によっても解決されない問題がいくつか存在することが指摘されている。
- However, it has been pointed out that some problems, such as how much time passed between the second and third part, and the age of Rokujo no Miyasudokoro, are unresolvable, even using the new chronology.
- これらは和歌の名手として小野小町を讃えるもの、深草少将の百夜通いをモチーフにするもの、年老いて乞食となった小野小町に題材をとるものに大別される。
- These are classified into the following three groups: the one which praises ONO no Komachi for her excellent waka poem; the one which deals with FUKAKUSA no SHOSHO's come-and-go in a hundred nights; the one which deals with ONO no Komachi who has become a beggar in her later years.
- しかしアロー戦争の後、欧米人たちが中国国内に植民地や租界を設け、貿易や布教のために内地へ進出するようになると様々な問題が持ち上がるようになった。
- After the Arrow War, however, a lot of issues were raised as Europeans and North Americans started to create colonies and concessions and go inland for trading or missionary work of Christianity in China.
- 義民とされた人々が極刑に処された理由としては徒党を組んだことが問題視されたものであり、越訴・直訴そのものが直接の原因ではないことに注意を要する。
- It should be noted that the reason why people who sacrificed themselves for justice received a capital punishment was that forming a faction was regarded as a serious matter and osso/jikiso themselves were not a direct reason.
- 朝廷や官司・幕府が発給した綸旨・院宣・官宣旨・下文や外題安堵を加えた申状などが公験の替わりに用いられ、それらを指して「公験」と呼ぶようになった。
- Rinji (the Emperor's command), inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor), kansenji (a government edict) and kudashibumi (document issued by a superior or office) issued by the Imperial Court, government official and bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and moshijo (a document format for communicating something from a lower person to an upper person) to which gedaiando (an approval of landowner written in the margin of the document submitted) was written in, were used in place of kugen, and 'kugen' began to refer to all of those.
- 政景は京都にも在住し、鎌倉幕府・六波羅探題へ忠勤を励み、正応元年(1288年)、新たに備前国裳懸荘(岡山県瀬戸内市邑久町虫明)の地頭職を得ている。
- Masakage also lived in Kyoto, diligently served Rokuhara Tandai (the office of shogunal deputy in Kyoto placed by the Kamakura shogunate) and newly won the title of Jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) for Mokake-sho Manor in Bizen Province (today's Mushiake, Oku-cho, Setouchi City, Okayama Prefecture) in 1288.
- 鳥山石燕の妖怪画集『今昔百鬼拾遺』にも「道成寺鐘」と題し、かつて道成寺にあった件の鐘が、石燕の時代には妙満寺に納められていることが述べられている。
- 'Konjaku Hyakki Shui' (Ancient and Modern Gleanings of the Hundred Demons), a collection of specter illustrations by Sekien TORIYAMA, also has an illustration entitled 'Dojo-ji Bell,' which tells that the bell in question which was once owned by Dojo-ji Temple was kept in Myoman-ji Temple during the period of Sekien.
- この作品(特に丑松が生徒に素性を打ち明ける場面)は、住井すゑの『橋のない川』でも取り上げられ、誠太郎をはじめとする登場人物の間で話題に上っている。
- This novel (especially the scene of Ushimatsu revealing his background to his students) appeared in Sue SUMII's 'Hashi no nai kawa' (The River with No Bridge), and became the topic of conversation among Seitaro and other characters.
- 貧民救済への関心は、のちに貧民問題や労働問題を扱うジャーナリストとなる松原岩五郎や横山源之助との交友を生み、彼らに対して影響を与えることになった。
- His interest in poverty relief resulted in both a friendship with Iwagoro MATSUBARA and Gennosuke YOKOYAMA and his influence over them, and they later became journalists dealing with labor problems and problems of the poor.
- 各神の遊行する日の前日の夕方に、自宅以外の方角的に問題のない場所へ移動してそこで一晩過ごし、そこが「自宅」であると方位神に対して宣言するのである。
- On the previous evening of each Hoi-jin God's travel to the direction, one declared a place, which was not one's home nor located in a tabooed direction, was 'one's home' to the God and stayed there overnight.
- しかし、この中には現在でも地域間対立や地理的要件の不一致などの問題を孕んでおり名目上は一つの県でありながら、実質上は別の県という地域が少なくない。
- However, some of the newly created prefectures still have problems in regional confrontation and geographic inconsistencies to this day, and there are cases where a prefecture is actually divided into two regions.
- この中の、巻末の一章に「日本国において自国人の出国、外国人の入国を禁じ、又此国の世界諸国との交通を禁止するにきわめて当然なる理」という題名がある。
- A chapter at the end of the book has a title which means 'quite a convincing theory why the Japanese government prohibits its citizens from going abroad and foreigners from entering the country, as well as why Japan severs diplomatic relations with counties worldwide.'
- 「問題17条」と呼ばれる17条からなる質問形式においてまず攘夷の是非について問い、もし攘夷を行う場合についての対応策について公議人の意見を求めた。
- Following the questioning form consisted of 17 questions called 'article 17', they first questioned whether proceed the expulsion of foreigners or not and asked for the opinion of the lower house members about the measurement in case of the expulsion of foreigners implemented.
- また、用件によっては六波羅探題を無視して朝廷と直接交渉したり、あるいは六波羅探題に対して直接指揮命令を下すことが出来る権限を与えられる事もあった。
- Depending on the issue, the toshi was able to pass over the Rokuhara Tandai and negotiate directly with the Court, or sometimes it was granted the authority to issue orders directly to Rokuhara Tandai.
- 金花銀(きんかぎん)賦課を嚆矢とする租税の銀納化や一条鞭法(いちじようべんぼう)による金公課の一元化も官田問題の解決を重要な契機として推進された。
- Tax payment by silver begining with Kinkagin imposition and the standardization of tax payment by gold with Ichijobenbo were promoted as important opportunities for solving kanden problems.
- その後、やはり府域の広大すぎる事が問題視され、明治20年(1887年)11月4日には、かつて堺県の一部となっていた奈良県が再度分離される事になる。
- Subsequently, as expected, the increased size of the prefecture became an issue, and on November 4, 1887, what was once a portion of Sakai, Nara Prefecture, was once again portioned back.
- この問題をめぐっては他に、大友皇子ではなく天智天皇の皇后倭姫王が即位したとする倭姫王即位説、即位しなかったが政務をとったとする倭姫王称制説がある。
- There are other theories on this issue: the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory says that the empress of Emperor Tenchi, Yamatohime no Okimi, was enthroned instead of Prince Otomo, and the Yamatohime no Okimi Shosei theory says that Yamatohime no Okimi ruled the country without official accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne.
- 『後拾遺和歌集』序によれば、公任が「今も古も優れたる中にすぐれたる歌を書き出して黄金(こがね)の玉の集となる名づけたる」と題名の由来を解説している。
- According to the preface of 'Goshui Wakashu' (4th imperial anthology), Kinto described the origin of the title as 'I chose the best of best poets in the past and now, and named it as a collection of gold gems.'
- この畠山氏の抗争は、義就と弥三郎の弟の畠山政長が主体となりその後も継続し、足利将軍家や斯波氏の家督相続問題(武衛騒動)と関係して応仁の乱が発生する。
- The HATAKEYAMA Clan feud was continued by Yoshinari and Yasaburo's younger brother, Masanaga HATAKEYAMA and, together with the war of succession between the ASHIKAGA Shogun family and the Shiba (the Buei Disturbance), led to the start of the Onin War.
- 当時軍事衛生上の大きな問題であった脚気の原因について細菌による感染症との説を主張し、のちに海軍軍医総監になる高木兼寛(及びイギリス医学)と対立した。
- He asserted his theory that beriberi, a major concern in the military at the time, was an infectious disease spread through germs, in opposition to Kanehiro TAKAKI, who later became the General Office Director of Navy Surgeon, and British medical science.
- 「素晴らしい作品であるが、この『零』という表題では何人も容易に会得することが出来ないであろうから、甚だ失礼ながらこの方が良いのではないか」と言った。
- He said, 'This is a great work, but nobody can understand what it is about just by reading the title 'Rei,' and this would be a better title if I may be bold enough to suggest.'
- 大正元年(1912年)に起きた「陸軍二個師団増設問題」において、第2次西園寺内閣の陸軍大臣であった上原勇作に辞表を提出するように意見書を出している。
- In the 'issue regarding the addition of two army divisions' that occurred in 1912, Yamagata issued a written opinion requesting that Yusaku UEHARA, who was the Minister of War in the second Saionji Cabinet, submit a letter of resignation.
- しかし、清韓自身は家康の諱を「かくし題」とした意識的な撰文であると弁明しており、五山の僧の答申はいずれも諱を避けなかったことについて問題視している。
- However, Seikan himself expressed an apology that the inscription was selected intentionally because it included a phrase with Ieyasu's imina hidden in it, and each priest in the Gozan reported that it was a problem that Seikan did not avoid Ieyasu's imina.
- 同時期に日本にいた宣教師アレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノはコエリョの軽率な行動を厳しく非難しており、コエリョの行動に問題があった事は確かであるようだ。
- Alessandro Valignano, a missionary stayed in Japan during the same period strongly criticized the careless conduct of Coelho, and it seems to be certain that his conduct was really problematic.
- しかしながら、排出量の上限を最初にどのように公平に割り振るかが問題であり、一律に割り振ると、既に省エネを徹底していた企業が損をするという問題がある。
- However, there is an issue how to assign the upper limits of emissions fairly and impartially, and if assigned uniformly, it can be disadvantageous to enterprises which have already realized the emissions reduction with their efforts.
- しかし、小判と丁銀相互の変動相場制による両替を元に利益を上げていた両替商にとって南鐐二朱銀の発行は死活問題であり、両替商の抵抗は激しいものであった。
- For money exchangers however, who were making profit from the flexible rate between Koban and Chogin, the issue of Nanryo Nishu Gin was a matter of life and death and was feircely opposed.
- 特に問題となったのは朝貢貿易の形態を取ったため、渤海からの貢物に対して、日本側では数倍の回賜でもって応える義務が生じ、多大な利益を渤海にもたらした。
- The problem was that it took the style of tribute trade, so Japan was obligated to return severalfold kaishi (return gift) to correspond to a tribute from Bo Hai and produced great profit to Bo Hai.
- 従って、この乱を「天慶の乱」と呼ぶ事には問題はないものの、単に「承平の乱」と呼んだ場合には事実関係との齟齬を生む可能性がある事に留意する必要がある。
- It should be noted that the wars may be referred to as the 'the Tengyo Wars', but they cannot simply be referred to as 'the Johei Wars' as this may be a contradiction of historical fact.
- かつて「隆能源氏」と呼ばれてきた『源氏物語絵巻』は、源氏物語を題材にして制作された絵巻としては現存最古のもので、平安時代末期の制作であるとされている。
- 'The Tale of Genji Emaki' that used to be called 'Takayoshi Genji' is the oldest among existing picture scrolls created on The Tale of Genji, and it is said to be created during the end of the Heian period.
- 平井 良朋編、1984、『日本名所風俗図会 奈良の巻』、角川書店(日本名所風俗図会第9巻) pp.432-523. - 『吉野郡名山図志』の題で所収。
- It is included with the title of 'Yoshinogun Meizan Zushi' from pages 432 to 523 of 'Nihon Meisho Guzoku Zue, Nara Section' (Customs of Historical Places of Japan, Nara Prefecture Section) of Volume nine of 'Nihon Meisho Fuzoku zue' by Yoshitomo HIRAI, 1984, published by Kadokawa Group Publishing Co., Ltd.
- では、なぜこのような要請を行なったのかと言えば、当時の信長は三職補任問題や皇位継承問題などで朝廷と頻繁に交渉していたため、京都に上洛する必要があった。
- Then, the reason why Hideyoshi requested like this was regarded as following; Nobunaga at that time needed to come up to Kyoto because he had negotiated very often with Imperial Court over human affairs of high officials and a problem of Imperial succession.
- それでも第1回衆議院議員総選挙においては41議席を獲得し(院内会派名としては議員集会所)、民力休養問題では地租軽減を支持して共闘の姿勢は崩さなかった。
- Even so, the party gained 41 seats in the first election for the House of Representatives, and continuously worked together with the Liberal party in favor of reducing land taxes to encourage the private sector.
- 紀州藩主徳川家茂を推す南紀派と、一橋徳川家当主徳川慶喜を推す一橋派が激しく対立し、条約問題とともに江戸・京都での政治工作が熾烈化した(将軍継嗣問題)。
- Two groups, the Nanki group that backed Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the lord of Kishu domain, and the Hitotsubashi group that backed Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, head of the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family, opposed each other and intensified their activities in Edo and Kyoto to get an upper hand in politics, including the issue of whether Japan should ratify the treaties with foreign nations (the succession struggle over the heir of Shogun).
- この協定は、現代の大韓民国においては韓国の生存および主権問題に関して、アメリカがいかに信頼することができない国であるかの実例としてしばしば用いられる。
- In the Republic of Korea now, this Agreement is often used as an example of how the United States cannot be trusted with regards to Korean security and sovereignty issues.
- 一方で、征夷大将軍徳川家定の後継者問題を巡る対立で水戸藩が中心となっていた、いわゆる一橋派に加担していた人物への弾圧を強めていった(「安政の大獄」)。
- Meanwhile, the main group of the bakufu also put more oppression to the persons who took part in the Hitotsubashi group (group supporting Yoshinobu from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family) in which the Mito Domain was playing the central role regarding the problem of a successor of the Seii Taishogun Iesada TOKUGAWA (Ansei no Taigoku [suppression of extremists by the Shogunate]).
- 他国の国分寺の整備主体が各国の政庁だったように、大養徳国でもそうであったとすると、問題は、大養徳国の行政主体となるべき国庁の実態が不明であることである。
- If the provincial temple was constructed mainly by the provincial government also in Yamato Province like in other provinces, the issue is that how the provincial government actually functioned as the leading administrative body in Yamato Province is unknown.
- 清盛にとって一門の足並みを乱す頼盛の行動は問題だったが、九州に平氏の勢力を広げること自体は悪い話ではなかったので、多少の黙認はしていたものと考えられる。
- Yorimori's actions are considered to have caused disarray in the clan that became a problem for Kiyomori; however, as it is was not disadvantageous to increase the presence of the Taira clan in Kyushu, it is assumed that Kiyomori remained silent, implicitly consenting to Yorimori's undertakings to a certain extent.
- 1942年に大東出版社の大東名著選に『歌舞伎談義』とともに『明治の演劇』の題で発行され、「戦時下、青少年の情操陶冶に資する」として文部省推薦本となった。
- In 1942, it was published under the title of 'Meiji no Engeki' (The Theater of the Meiji Period) together with 'Kabuki Dangi' (Kabuki Lecture) for Daito Selected Classics of Literature by Daito Publishing, and it was recommended by the Ministry of Education as 'a contribution to the moral education of young people during the war.'
- また、「喜齋立祥」の画号を用いて制作したがその中で、花を主題にした一種の景色画、『三十六花撰』の出来栄えがよく、版元の求めに応じ、大錦判の竪繪に作った。
- Among his works created in the name of 'Kisai Rissho,' 'Sanju-rokkasen' (Selected 36 Flowers), a kind of landscape painting with the theme of flowers, was superb and made on a large vertical type of colored woodblock print upon the request of publishers.
- 関連については今のところ不明だが、近畿地方の和歌山市千塚古墳群にある大日山35墳(6世紀前半)から前後両面の人物埴輪(頭部のみ)が出土して話題となった。
- Although its relevance is still unknown, it was in the news that a man-shaped haniwa (clay figure) (only its head) with two faces, on front and back, was excavated from Dainichiyama No.35 Mound (early 6th century) from the Senzuka burial mounds in Wakayama City, Kinki region.
- そのため、編纂責任者が途中で交代するなどして、一人の人物に二つの伝を立ててしまったり、初唐に情報量が偏り、晩唐は記述が薄いなど編修に多くの問題があった。
- The editor in chief changed while it was still being compiled, resulting in many editorial problems: two chapters for a single figure; disproportionately richer information on the earlier Tang and fewer accounts on the later Tang.
- いずれも中央公論新社から文庫版が出ている)に詳しいが、いずれもかなりの創作が入っているとされ史料的な正確さには非常に問題があることに留意する必要がある。
- and for each there is a pocket-book version published by Chuokoron Shinsha), but it is said that each book includes significant fiction, and it is necessary to note that they significantly lack accuracy as historical materials.)
- 堆積場からの鉱石くずの流出は、既に1902年の第二次鉱毒調査委員会で指摘されている(しかし、第二次鉱毒調査委員会は特にそれを問題視することはなかった)。
- The outflow of the mineral waste from the deposit sites had been already pointed out by the second Research Commission of the Mining Pollution of 1902 (although the committee failed to recognize the significance of it)
- だが、1893年頃から国民協会_(日本)と結んで対外硬路線を唱えて、現実路線に転じた自由党と対決姿勢を示し、星亨衆議院議長不信任問題で全面衝突に至った。
- However, around 1893 onwards, the party started to take the hard-line policy to tackle with foreign affairs, along with Kokumin Kyokai (National Association), and this conflicted with the Liberal party, who had shifted its position to a realistic stance, to lead a full scale confrontation by both parties, over a non-confident vote to Toru HOSHI, the chairman of the House of Representative.
- 『群書類従』雑部に採録されていたが、『新校群書類従』編纂時に文亀3年(1503年)から享禄4年(1531年)分の120名分が欠落するなどの問題があった。
- The names were recorded in 'Gunsho Ruiju' Zatsubu ('Classified Collection of Books,' Miscellaneous Section), but there was a problem such that the records of 120 persons were lost during compiling 'Shinko Gunshoruiju (library)' from 1503 to 1531.
- このため、競売方式で排出権を購入する方式が広まりつつあるが、当初の購入資金が負担となることや、価格の変動による経営リスクが生じることが問題とされている。
- Accordingly, the method to purchase the right of emissions at auction is spreading, meanwhile there are issues such that getting an initial fund for purchase is a considerable burden and a management risk arises caused by the fluctuation of prices.
- 会合では、100名近くの僧侶が集まったが、問題の2寺が出席しなかったので、護法会員の中から台嶺を中心に僧侶が38人有志で西方寺と光輪寺を詰問に向かった。
- Although there were nearly 100 monks in the meeting, the controversial two temples did not attend, therefore 38 voluntary monks centering on Tairei among the members from the Mikawa Goho Association went to examine Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple.
- 『明六雑誌』の登場と広範な読者の獲得、その論説の地方新聞への転載とそれへの反響としての読者の投稿、これらは様々な問題関心を共有する言論空間を生み出した。
- The appearance of 'Meiroku Zasshi' and its wide readership, reprinting of those articles on local newspapers and readers' letters to them as responses led to create a space of speech which has a common interests against various problems.
- だが、これを政権復帰の好機と見た桂・「桂園時代」により政権から遠ざかっていた薩摩閥両者の思惑が上原を強硬な態度へ導いたことで大きな問題となったのである。
- However, Katsura, who regarded the situation as an opportunity for him to return to the government, and the Satsuma clique, which had been swept away from power during the Kei-En era, set out to take advantage of this situation and obliged Uehara (the minister of army) to take the hard line, provoking serious repercussions.
- 大友皇子が朝廷を主宰していたこと、壬申の乱が皇位継承をめぐって争われたことが重要なのであって、形式的な即位の有無は小さな問題にすぎないという態度である。
- Historians considered that it was important that Prince Otomo ruled the imperial court and the Jinshin War occurred regarding to the succession to the Imperial Throne, and whether formal enthronement was performed was a trivial problem.
- 倒壊家屋が多かったため、地震後の復興景気により大工や木材商が莫大な利益を上げたことを風刺し、これらの職人や商人がナマズに感謝する姿を題材にしたものもある。
- Because a large number of houses were destroyed and carpenters and lumber dealers earned a tremendous amount of profits thanks to a booming restoration economy after the earthquake, there ware also prints that satirized this and show carpenters and lumber dealers thanking a catfish.
- 政府と衆議院の民党の間において中立を標榜し、国利民福のために政府と民党などの政党側が協調して「責任内閣」を組織して内外の課題にあたるべきであると主張した。
- It advocated the neutrality between the government and minto (general term of the political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a han-dominated government when imperial Diet was inaugurated) of the House of Representatives and argued that the government and parties such as minto should collaborate and form 'a responsible cabinet' to work on the internal and external matters for the national interest and people's welfare.
- 義時は上皇側に与した武士や貴族の所領も没収し、六波羅探題を新たに京都に設置して朝廷の監視に当たらせるなど、朝幕関係を完全に逆転させる事に成功したのである。
- Yoshitoki succeeded in completely reversing the superior-subordinate relationship between the Imperial Court and the shogunate by taking additional measures (particularly, by depriving the retired emperor's loyal samurai and nobles of their fiefs and establishing Rokuhara Tandai in Kyoto so as to monitor the Imperial Court).
- この後、前年から紛糾していた五卿移転とその待遇問題を周旋して、2月23日に待遇を改善したうえで太宰府天満宮の延寿王院に落ち着かせることでやっと収束させた。
- After that he mediated the removal of the five nobles, which had been an arduous problem since the previous year, and worked on problems relating to their treatment, and on February 23 he improved their treatment and settled the matter at Enjuoin in Temmangu, Dazaifu and finally it was concluded.
- 元弘3年に後醍醐天皇が伯耆船上山で挙兵した際、鎌倉幕府の有力御家人として幕府軍を率いて上洛したが、丹波篠村八幡宮で反幕府の兵を挙げ、六波羅探題を滅ぼした。
- In 1333, when the Emperor Go-Daigo had raised an army at Mt. Senjosan in Hoki Province, Takauji, the powerful vassal of the Kamakura shogunate, was sent to Kyoto leading the main armies of the shogunate to put down the rebellion, but he switched sides and gathered an army against the shogunate at Shinomura Hachimangu in Tamba Province to capture Rokuhara Tandai.
- 地震の多いことが日本の課題の一つであったが、耐震構造技術が進み、かつては百尺(31m)に制限されていた規制も緩和され、超高層建築が建てられるようになった。
- Frequent earthquakes was a problem in Japan, but, as quake-resistant technologies improved, the height restriction of 100 shaku (31m) was eased and more high-rise buildings were constructed.
- そこで「本来の季語、季題の役割は、通時的/共時的な詩的機能を引き出すためのものであって、あたかも軛のごとく自由を束縛するものではない」と問題を提起している。
- There, he reached out to audience and asked them to think about the role of the kigo by stating, 'The original role of the kigo and the kidai (seasonal theme) is to draw out the diachronic or synchronic functionality of the poem, and not to act as a yoke to constrain freedom.'
- また論争は法律論にとどまらず資本主義経済の矛盾の問題、国家思想や国体の位置づけなどにも及び、商法典論争と相まって一種の政治対立の様相さえ呈するようになった。
- Moreover, the disputes, ranging from legal theories to contradictions of capitalist economy, national ideology and positioning of the national structure and so on and combined with the disputes over the Commercial Code, came to present a kind of political confrontation.
- 第二次西園寺公望内閣のとき、緊縮財政による国家財政再建や行政整理を理由に、西園寺公望首相が、陸軍による「二個師団増設」の要求を拒否した(二個師団増設問題)。
- During the second Kinmochi SAIONJI Cabinet, because of the national financial reconstruction and the administration by reduced budget, Prime Minister Kinomochi SAIONJI refused the Army's 'two division expansion' demand (two divisions' expansion issue).
- 鎌倉時代後期の1333年(元弘3)に後醍醐天皇の討幕運動から元弘の乱が起こると、阿蘇惟時は護良親王の令旨を受け、足利尊氏らと京都の六波羅探題攻めに参加する。
- When the anti-shogunate movement by the Emperor Godaigo developed into the Genko War in 1333, which was in the late Kamakura period, Koretoki ASO received ryoji (an order) from the Imperial Prince Morinaga and cooperated with Takauji ASHIKAGA to attack Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
- 勲等の廃止においては与党の一部から反対も出たが、今後どの様な栄典制度となるか、官民格差是正や栄典法制定問題などがある中で、現在のところは不透明な情勢にある。
- Some members of the ruling party are opposing the abolishment of the medals for merit, but with the issues including removal of the disparity between public and private and the establishment of honor law, it is still undecided as to what kind of institution of honor will replace the medals for merit.
- 仏教に関する説話も含むが、どちらかというと猥雑、ユーモラスな話題(比叡山の稚児が幼さゆえの場違いな発言で僧侶の失笑を買う、等)が多く、教訓や啓蒙の要素は薄い。
- Although the collection does include some tales with Buddhist subject matter, most such tales tend to be on bawdy or humorous topics (for example, one features a chigo (acolyte) of Mt. Hiei who becomes the laughingstock of the priests when his youthful inexperience leads him to speak in a manner inappropriate to the occasion), and didactic or morally instructive elements are relatively weak in such tales.
- 翌日、紀伊国守の屋敷に方違えのために訪れた源氏は、前日話題となった中流階級の女性である空蝉 (源氏物語)(伊予国介の後妻)に興味を持ち、強引に一夜を共にする。
- The next day, Genji, who visited the residence of Ki no kuni no kami (Governor of Ki Province) in order to avoid traveling in an unlucky direction, got interested in Utsusemi (The Tale of Genji) (later known as the second wife of Iyo no kuni no suke - Assistant Governor of Iyo Province), the middle-class woman whom they were talking about, and slept with her by force on that night.
- 従って、公事(特に金公事)の増加によって吟味筋の吟味が滞ることは重大な問題と捉えられ、町奉行所が金公事の受付そのものを拒否する相対済令などがしばしば出された。
- Accordingly, it was thought a critical problem that investigation by ginmisuji stagnated due to increase of kuji (specifically kanekuji), so aitai sumashi rei (mutual settlement decree) with which machibugyosho (a town magistrate's office) could refuse receipt of kanekuji itself was often put in force.
- 新体制が発足して、後白河と宗盛の間には早くも不協和音が生じていたが、この問題に関して頼盛は宗盛の諮問を受けており、政権にとって重要な立場にあったことが分かる。
- Soon after the new regime was launched, discord erupted between Goshirakawa and Munemori; however, because Munemori sought the counsel of Yorimori in regard to this matter, it can be presumed that Yorimori was playing an important role in the new government.
- そのような事象が脚色されて、狂言の御家物と呼ばれる様式の題材となって伝わったり、講談を通じて広まったことにより、お家騒動として江戸の庶民に知られるようになる。
- Such cases were dramatized in Kyogen play formats know as 'oie-mono (family feud tales)' and spread to the public also through 'kodan' storytelling, coming well known among the people of Edo.
- 更に高山義三京都市長や大達茂雄文部大臣が学校封鎖を「暴力革命」と非難して、当時の政治課題とされていた「教育2法案」の早期成立を訴えたために事態は益々混乱した。
- Furthermore, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor of Kyoto City, and Shigeo ODACHI, the Minister of Education condemned the blockage of the school as a 'Violent revolution' and required the early establishment of the 'Two Education Laws' that made the situation more confused.
- 観光化に伴うこうした例は地域振興と密着しているため根絶を求めるのは難しく、古墳や景観の保護のためできるだけ環境負荷を最小限に留めるのが今後の課題となっている。
- Such examples and issues are closely related to regional promotion, and since there is no end to this kind of problem, minimizing environmental stress for kofun and landscape protection are future issues.
- 『万国公法』の普及と、上記のような様々な事件・問題の際の近代国際法の強制的な適用と受容が、東アジア国際社会に大きな影響を与えたことは改めて強調するまでもない。
- It is obvious that diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho'and forcible application and acceptance of modern international law on the above mentioned incidents and issues had major impact on international society in East Asia.
- そして、留守政府の施策中において、使節団出発以前に構想されていなかった唯一の政策が使節団メンバーとの対立を引き起こした「西郷隆盛の遣韓問題」であったのである。
- And among policies made by Rusu-seifu, the only one that had not been worked over before the delegation's departure was 'Kenkan (sending an ambassador to Korea) issue of Takamori SAIGO,' which resulted in confrontation between the delegation members and Resu-seifu.
- 政府のメディア規制を前にして官僚兼啓蒙者は啓蒙者たり続けられるのかという問題は、明六社同人間の温度差を浮き彫りにし、雑誌の行く末をめぐって対立することになる。
- The problem whether a bureaucracy who was an illuminator at the same time could continue to be an illuminator despite the governmental regulations against media showed clearly the difference among Dojin of Meirokusha and led to a conflict over the future of bulletin.
- 新政府内部には、財源の問題から反対論も出されたものの、参戦諸藩の軍事支出に伴う財政悪化が新政府への反感につながることを恐れた結果、恩賞が支給されることとなった。
- Although due to the financial resources an opposing argument appeared inside the new government, it decided to give rewards for fear that the domains' financial aggravation caused by military expenses in the battles might create ill feeling against it.
- 基時は1302年(乾元元年)当時六波羅探題北方で、この時期の寄合衆としては確認出来ないが、その祖父で赤橋長時の弟の北条業時の子として父北条時兼の出産記事がある。
- Mototoki was the commissioner of the northern Rokuhara Tandai in 1302, although his name can't be identified in the members of Yoriai-shu around this time, and his father Tokikane HOJO's name appears in the birth article as a son of Naritoki HOJO, a younger brother of Nagatoki AKAHASHI, Mototoki's grandfather.
- 義仲の妹である宮菊姫は北条政子の猶子となって京都にいたが、元暦2年(1185年)5月1日、彼女の名を借りた領地横領の問題に関して頼朝から鎌倉に呼び出されている。
- Yoshinaka's younger sister, Miyagikuhime, was in Kyoto as an adopted daughter of Masako HOJO; on May 1st, 1185, she was summoned to Kamakura by Yoritomo concerning the issue of misappropriation of a territory that used her name.
- なお、この時の分裂問題を大正末期の横田千之助と床次竹二郎の争いによる分裂(政友本党結党)を第1次として、これと区別するために第2次分裂問題と規定する場合がある。
- The splitting problem of this occasion may be regarded as the second splitting problem to distinguish it from the one caused by a conflict between Sennosuke YOKOTA and Takejiro TOKONAMI (establishment of the Seiyu-hon Party) at the end of Taisho period which is regarded as the first splitting problem.
- つまり織田家はすでに信長の直接指揮から外れているため、信長自らが巨大な兵力をもつことは組織としての弊害が大きいといえる(信忠が大兵力をもつのであれば問題ない)。
- In other words, the Oda clan was already not under Nobunaga's direct control, therefore, if Nobunaga himself had a huge military force, it would have had a harmful influence on the organization (It was acceptable that Nobutada had a large military force).
- またヨーロッパの銃兵隊は伝統的に隊列を組んだまま指揮官の命令で同じ方向に向けて一斉射撃して弾幕を張る戦法が一般的であったため、命中率は特に問題とはされなかった。
- In Europe, musket troops traditionally formed a line and discharged in a volley in the same direction to lay down a barrage at orders of a commander, therefore accuracy rates were of no particular concern.
- その後は商家を題材とした古典落語や、花登筐の作品あるいはそのパロディーとしての吉本新喜劇のコメディー(「あっちこっち丁稚」など)を通じて伝えられる存在となった。
- After that, decchi is only known through classic Rakugo (classical comic story-telling) and works of Kobako HANATO or comedies of Yoshimoto Shin Kigeki (Yoshimoto New Comedy Troupe) (such as 'Acchi Kocchi Decchi' [Decchi here and there]) in a parody of them.
- 「大津絵十種」と呼ばれた代表的な画題の一つとして、室町時代の画僧如拙により描かれた国宝「瓢鮎図」(ひょうねんず:ここでの鮎は鯰の古字)を茶化した「瓢箪鯰」がある。
- The 'hyotan namazu' pokes fun at 'hyonenzu,' which is a national treasure painted by Josetsu, who was a painter/priest in the Muromachi period and this was one of the typical subject matters called 'Otsu-e jisshu' (ten types of Otsu-e).
- しかし御成敗式目第8条自体が単に武家社会における年紀法に関する考え方を示したに過ぎず、当時の公家社会において年紀法が採用されていたかどうかとは別次元の問題である。
- But the Goseibai-shikimoku Article 8 itself just shows the idea on the Nenkiho in the samurai society, and whether or not the Nenkiho was adopted in the Court noble society at the time is another issue.
- だが、豊臣政権・徳川政権によって不法行為の取締が強化される一方、分一などの発見者・救出者への法定による一定の権利保障が定められて問題の解決が図られるようになった。
- Toyotomi and Tokugawa governments tightened control of unlawful acts, but at the same time they tried to solve problems by instituting such laws as to assure Buichi and other particular rights of a finder or rescuer of drifting/drifted ships.
- これは事実上韓国の通信事業を強制的に吸収したにもかかわらず、記念切手の題目のように「合同」すなわち対等合併したことを、ことさら示そうとしたとの指摘がなされている。
- It is said to have intended to emphasize on '合同' (joint) and equal merger, as the title of the stamp says, despite Japan forcibly absorbed Korean Communication service.
- 『源氏物語』の古写本の場合、冊子の標題には「源氏物語」ないしはそれに相当する物語全体の標題が記されている場合よりも、それぞれの帖名が記されていることが少なくない。
- Each volume of the old manuscript of 'The Tale of Genji' usually has a chapter name on its cover rather than a title of the overall work such as 'The Tale of Genji' or something similar.
- 鎌倉時代中期頃に成立したと見られる『松島日記』と題する紀行文が清少納言の著書であると信じられた時代もあったが、江戸時代には本居宣長らによって偽書と判断されている。
- 'Matsushima Diary,' a travelogue that seems to have been completed in the middle of the Kamakura period, was once believed to have been written by Sei Shonagon, but it was concluded to be a forged book by Norinaga MOTOORI and others of the Edo period.
- 例えば能に『江口』があり、長唄に『時雨西行』があり、あるいはごく卑俗な画題として「富士見西行」があり、各地に「西行の野糞」なる口碑が残っているのはこのためである。
- For example, a Noh play 'Eguchi,' a Nagauta (a long epic song) 'Shigure Saigyo,' a vulgar painting entitled 'Fujimi Saigyo' and a legend about 'Saigyo no Noguso' (Saigyo has a shit in the woods) in various locations were created based on the life of the multi-dimensional person that was Saigyo.
- しかし、清韓自身が家康の諱を「かくし題」とした意識的な撰文であると弁明しており、上記のとおり、五山の僧の答申はいずれも諱を避けなかったことについて問題視している。
- However, Seikan himself explained that the imina (personal name) of 家康 was inserted into the inscription intentionally, and each priest at Kyoto-Gozan replied that it was a problem not to have avoided including the imina.
- 晶子は『中央公論』大正8年(1919年)5月号に「教育の国民化を望む」(単行本『激動の中を行く』にした時『教育の民主主義化を要求す』と改題)という文を書いている。
- Akiko contributed an article to the May issue of the Chuo koron in May 1919 entitled 'Expecting national education' (the title was altered to 'Demanding for the democratization of education' when it was included in a book 'Gekido no naka o yuku' (Going through Turbulent Times)).
- 『ガメラ』シリーズ、『Shall we ダンス?』など佳作にも果敢に投資しヒットさせたが、徳間書店は住友銀行の管理下におかれることとなり、大映の売却も話題に上る。
- Despite successes in smaller quality films such as 'Shall We Dance?' and the 'Gamera' series, Tokuma Shoten fell under the management of Sumitomo Bank, and rumors rose of Daiei's sale.
- そのため、配下の柴田や明智などの大名が、毛利や上杉などの信長に臣従していない大名より大きな兵力をもっていても組織としては問題がなく、むしろ合理的であったと言える。
- Therefore, there was no problem with the organization and it was actually rational that his vassals, such as Shibata and Akechi, had larger military forces than that of such daimyo as Mori and Uesugi who did not serve under Nobunaga.
- しかし現状は、「異常な開墾計画の負担から逃れるため夜逃げする」「全国的に班田農民の浮浪人化問題が浮上する」といった傾向がみられ、結果的に開墾はあまりなされなかった。
- However, the situations were that 'many farmers skipped out by night to avoid the burden from the development plan' or 'the problem that the farmers of allotted farmland became a vagrant emerged as a social issue' and as a result the development plan was not really carried out.
- 高重は武勇人柄ともに頼朝の覚えめでたかったが、重国のもう一人の子の重助は文治元年(1185年)4月 (旧暦)の御家人たちによる無断任官問題で頼朝の怒りを買っている。
- Although Takashige greatly impressed himself to Yoritomo for his valor and personality, the other son of his, Shigesuke, provoked the wrath of Yoritomo for his involvement in unauthorized rank appointment by Yoritomo's vassals in April 1185 (in old calendar).
- しかし唐代に入って拘束の厳しい近体詩の規則が整備されると、楽府についてはただ六朝期の古楽府の題だけをとって作ることが盛行し、形式上ほぼ古体詩と変わらぬまでになった。
- However after strict rules about modern style poetry were consolidated in the Tang dynasty, gafu were mainly produced with only the title borrowed from kogafu in the period of Rikucho, and those gafu were almost the same as the old style poetry in their format.
- 以上の史料にはそれぞれ問題点も挙げられているが、石川五右衛門という人物が安土桃山時代に徒党を組んで盗賊を働き、京で処刑されたという事実は間違いないと考えられている。
- Although the historical resources mentioned above all have flaws it can be said that it is indisputably evident that a character named Goemon ISHIKAWA existed during the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and that he ganged up to commit robbery and that he was executed in Kyoto.
- つまり彼らのいう日本人に見える「奴隷根情〔ママ〕」なるものは、'individual'('individuality')に照らされて浮かび上がった問題意識であった。
- In other words, Japanese 'slave sprit' which was pointed out by them was a problem which was recognized by confronting the term 'individual' ('individuality').
- 名電の運賃値上げを機にその不満が噴出し、市内路線の事業独占を糾弾すべくデモクラシー運動を展開する団体が鶴舞公園で主催した「電車賃値下問題市民大会」に多数が集まった。
- The frustration became more apparent when Nagoya Denki Tetsudo raised the fare, and one democracy organization held 'Public Meeting Concerning The Drop Of The Train Fare' at the Tsurumai park and many people gathered there to accuse their monopoly supply of the railroad service within the city.
- この事件により、一時、外国軍が神戸中心部を占拠するに至るなどの動きにまで発展したが、その際に問題を起こした隊の責任者であった滝善三郎が切腹する事で一応の解決を見た。
- This incident expanded to the temporal occupation of the center of Kobe by the foreign military, but the person in charge of the troop that caused the incident, Zenzaburo TAKI, committed suicide by disembowelment, which led to a tentative solution.
- 表向きは健康上の問題によるとされたが、山縣有朋が「事件は社会主義者に対する融和の結果発生した。これは西園寺内閣の失策である」と奏上したのが直接の原因といわれている。
- The official reason of the resignation was Saionji's failing health, but it is said that the direct cause of the resignation was Arimoto YAMAGATA's report to the Emperor that said 'The incident occurred as a result of a move to reconcile with socialists by the Saionji's cabinet, so it was a blunder by the cabinet.'
- このような状況を問題視する阿部秋生によって、帚木 (源氏物語)帖を例にとって「簡明を旨とする」の具体的な内容を中心に校訂本文の精度についてさまざまな検証が行なわれた。
- Akio ABE, who regarded such situation as a problem, took an example of the chapter of Hahakigi, and verified the accuracy of the collated text in many ways, and particularly the substantial meaning of 'aiming at brevity.'
- これは儒教的な封建社会において金利を伴う取引が卑しまれた事に加え、こうした取引は相互信頼に基づくものであり本来は内部で解決されるべき問題であると考えられたからである。
- This was because, in Confucian feudal society, it was thought that deal accompanied by interest was vulgar, that it should had been based on the mutual trust, and that it was an issue basically to be settled inside.
- 北条仲時(ほうじょう なかとき、徳治元年(1306年) - 元弘3年/正慶2年5月9日 (旧暦)(1333年6月20日))は、鎌倉幕府最後の六波羅探題(北方)である。
- Nakatoki HOJO (1306- June 29, 1333) was a Rokuhara Commissioner during the latter stages of the Kamakura shogunate (Northern side).
- 多くの歌で上代の東国方言が多用されており、歌の成立年代や作者の出自、記録の経緯が一切不明という問題点はあるにしても、古代の方言の具体的な記録として重要な位置を占める。
- As the dialects of the Togoku region of the period are frequently used in most of the poems the 'Azumauta' has an important position as a specific record of these ancient dialects, even though the year the poems were composed, the profile of the composers, and how they were recorded remain unknown.
- 第一次は徳川氏と北条氏の和睦に伴う沼田領の帰属問題に端を発し、北条氏への沼田領引き渡しを求める徳川氏とそれを拒絶する真田氏の領地争い(意地の張り合い)の色合いが濃い。
- The first one stemmed from territorial issue of Numata territory due to reconciliation of the Tokugawa clan and Hojo clan, and it can be considered as a territorial battle (ego battle) between the Tokugawa clan who requested the hand over of the Numata territory and the Sanada clan who rejected it.
- また、議定兼副総裁の三条実美も福岡案表題の「会盟」を「誓」に修正したため、木戸による五箇条が「誓文」「御誓文」「五箇条誓文」「五箇条の御誓文」と呼ばれるようになった。
- Also gijo (official post) and a vice-president Sanetomi SANJO changed 'kaimei' of the title of Fukuoka's draft to 'oath,' therefore Five Articles by Kido was called 'Seimon,' 'Goseimon,' 'Gokajo Seimon,' or 'Gokajo no Goseimon.'
- 武家の棟梁であり、実質的な第一執政者である征夷大将軍に、後継者が決まっていないことは国家の一大事であり、無難に嫡男に決まったケース以外は、頻繁に政治問題となっている。
- It was a national crisis that the successor of the Seii taishogun, who was the leader of samurai class and the practically main administrator, was not determined, and it often became a political problem unless the oldest son succeeded the Seii taishogun.
- 貞隆は兄の且元と共に衰退していく豊臣氏を懸命に盛り立てたが、慶長19年(1614年)に起こった方広寺鐘銘問題を契機に兄と共に家康と内通していると秀頼らから猜疑された。
- Sadataka and his brother Katsumoto struggled to support the declining Toyotomi clan, but after the issue of Hoko-ji Temple Shomei (inscription on the bell) incident which occurred in 1614, Hideyori started to suspect he and Katsumoto secretly contacted with Ieyasu.
- NHKは、2004年の年末、全話が終了し、総集編を放送したのち、山南が切腹する第33回「友の死」を「2004年アンコール」と題して再放送した(正確にいえば、再々放送)。
- NHK rebroadcasted (re-rebroadcasted to be exact) episode 33 'Friend's death' where Sannan committed Seppuku, entitled 'encore of 2004' after all episodes and omnibus were broadcast at the end of 2004.
- しかし義政は戦乱に対処することも無く酒宴や連歌の会を行なうのに終始し、さらに花の御所(京都市上京区)から小川邸へ移り、将軍後継者問題で不和になった富子とも別居を始めた。
- However, Yoshimasa did not even bother to deal with the war and he spent all of his time holding drinking and renga poetry parties, and furthermore, he moved to Ogawa mansion from Hana no Gosho (Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City) and he started to live separately from Tomiko, with whom he was no longer getting along because of the issue of Shogun's heir.
- ただし、古河鉱業側は、銅の被害のみを認め、カドミウムについては認めなかった(農民側も、調停申請にはあえてカドミウム問題は提示せずに早期解決を目指したという理由もある)。
- However, Furukawa Mining acknowledged their fault only on the damages by copper but not by cadmium (the peasants did not complicate the issue by mentioning cadmium in order to reach a faster resolution.)
- 『万国公法』の原著は、ヘンリー・ホイートン (Henry Wheaton) の『国際法原理』(原題:Elements of International Law)である。
- The original article of 'Bankoku Koho' is 'Elements of International Law' by Henry Wheaton.
- なお、問題の行為が殺人であったりした場合には仇討・復讐の一環として下手人の代わりに質取対象者の生命を差し押さえて没収する行為も「質取行為」として正当なものとされていた。
- Even in the case of murder, seizing and taking a debtor's life instead of a murderer's as a part of adauchi (revenge including killing)/fukushu (revenge) was justified as a way of Shichitorikoi.
- 日本政府は治外法権(領事裁判権)、関税自主権の問題解決の足がかりとして、アジア以外の国の1つとまず対等条約を結び、それを前例として欧米諸国と再交渉することを考えていた。
- The Japanese government was hoping to renegotiate the unequal treaties with the Western countries and solve the issues concerning extraterritoriality (consular jurisdiction) and tariff autonomy by concluding the first equal treaty with a non-Asian country as a precedent.
- 源順(みなもとのしたごう)に師事し、文章・漢詩・和歌に秀で、『本朝文粋』に受領申文を載せ、『本朝麗藻』『類聚句題抄』『拾遺和歌集』などに漢詩や和歌などの作品を残している。
- He studied under MINAMOTO no Shitago and excelled in writing, Chinese poetry, and waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), while his Zuryomoshibumi (document to ask for a transfer to regional officer) is on 'Honcho monzui' (Anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese) and his poems are on 'Honcho reiso,' 'Ruiju kudaisho' (anthology of Chinese poetry), 'Shui Wakashu' (Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poems), and so on.
- しかし、名山図志の題にふさわしいものにしようとしたためか、紀州藩の南画家の野呂九一郎の筆による「台山踄歴略記」なる文章が付されているが、南画調の山岳絵は違和感が否めない。
- They might have tried to make it more suitable to the title of 'Meizan Zushi' (Book of famous mountains), it has a sentence 'Daiyama reki ryakki' written by Kyuichiro NORO, a Chinese Nanga style artist of Kishu Domain; but the drawing of Chinese Nanga style mountains is somewhat ill-fitted.
- また、中国数学以来の伝統で、図形の問題はピタゴラスの定理などを用いて機械的に代数に落して処理することになっていたので、これで実に広範な問題が原理的には解けることになった。
- Traditionally since Chinese mathematics started, graphs can be solved automatically by converting it into algebra using the Pythagorean theorem, making it easy to practically solve problems across a practical, yet wide range.
- 1918年の「焔」の題材、謡曲「葵上」は、『源氏物語』に登場する六条御息所の生霊を桃山風俗にて描いた、松園言うところの「数多くある絵のうち、たった一枚の凄艶な絵」である。
- Hono-o,' created in 1918 and based on another yokyoku 'Aoi no ue,' is painted in the Momyama style and depicts Rokujo no Miyasudokoro from the 'Tale of Genji'; Shoen said it was 'the only work one of my many pictures to depict such a seductive woman.'
- この「天皇の軍隊の最高幹部がなんら倫理的葛藤なしに天皇の指名した首相を拒否・打倒する」事態については、山本七平・小室直樹・堺屋太一などが社会評論の題材として分析している。
- Shichihei YAMAMOTO, Naoki KOMURO, and Taichi SAKAIYA analyzed the matter that 'the top Army executives of the emperor refuses or dismisses a prime minister who the Emperor designates' as a subject of social criticism.
- 幕府では井伊直弼が大老に就任し、日米修好通商条約の締結、紀伊藩の徳川慶福(徳川家茂)を将軍後継に決定して将軍継嗣問題の解決を図るなど朝廷の意向を無視した強硬政治を行った。
- Naosuke II was appointed Tairo (Chief Minister) in the Shogunate and drove policies against the wishes of the Imperial Court, such as signing the Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce and arbitrarily naming Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA (Iemochi TOKUGAWA) of the Kii Domain as the next shogun.
- 第2条では、天皇の国政に関する顧問は所管大臣と次官に限定した(元田の存在は例外であったが、専門の教育問題や天皇の個人的な問題以外での発言は事実上封じられることになった)。
- The Article 2 limited Emperor's national political advisors to the ministers and the vice-ministers having jurisdiction over the issues in question (Motoda was an exception but he was effectively forbidden to talk about other than education, his specialty, or Emperor's private problems).
- 共和演説事件(きょうわえんぜつじけん)は、第1次大隈内閣(隈板内閣)の文部大臣であった尾崎行雄が1898年8月21日に行った演説が問題となり、内閣瓦解の発端となった事件。
- The Republican Speech Affair was an event that the speech, which Education Minister Yukio OZAKI of the first Okuma Cabinet (the Wai-han Cabinet) made on August 21, 1898, caused a trouble and triggered a collapse of the Cabinet.
- だが、この問題以後、立憲政友会内部に陸軍への反発から、帷幄上奏を廃止して陸軍省官制および海軍省官制を再改正を行って、文官の軍部大臣就任を認めさせるべきとの主張が出された。
- However, after this matter, an assertion to abolish Iaku-joso, revise the government regulations of Army and Navy, and admit the civil officers to become the Minister of military was given inside Rikken seiyukai due to the opposition to the Military.
- しかし、国内外の新聞では、戦時体制を敷いた近衛の責任問題の追及が激しくなり、白洲次郎たちは近衛がマッカーサーに憲法改定を託されたことを宣伝して回り、近衛を助けようと試みた。
- However, newspapers both inside and outside of Japan intensified investigations into Konoe's responsibility for the war, and people such as Jiro SHIRASU attempted to save Konoe by announcing that he had been put in charge of revising the constitution by MacArthur.
- 近代化=西欧化そのものは明治時代に於いて一貫した課題であったが、文明開化という言葉は、一般に明治初期に、世相風俗がこれまでの封建社会から大きく変わった時期を指して使われる。
- While modernization = Westernization was the fundamental issue throughout Meiji period, the term Civilization and Enlightenment is generally applied to the conditions seen in early Meiji period, when the social conditions and customs of people dramatically changed from the former feudalistic society.
- しかし、お雇い外国人であるエドモンド・モレルの発案により、予算の問題や今後の鉄道敷設のことを考えると、加工しやすい国産の木材を用いたほうがよいということになり、変更された。
- However, the plan was changed because the employed foreigner Edmund Morel suggested using Japanese lumber, which was easier to process hence a better choice for future railway construction and also preferable in terms of the budgetary issue.
- また、明治初期の国家意思形成の不統一性の問題もあり、規制対象を同じくする法令が何度も公布されたり、法令の名称についても、「法」、「条例」、「規則」、「律」など様々であった。
- The early Meiji government internally lacked appropriate means of establishing a uniform direction over state governance, and there were laws and ordinances repeatedly issued with overlapping subjects, using various names for the laws, such as 'act,' 'bylaw,' 'order' and 'code.'
- 康治年間(1142年~1144年)に崇徳院から題が下され、作者は崇徳院のほか藤原公能、藤原教長、藤原顕輔、藤原俊成など14名であるが、途中で死去により入れ替わった作者もいる。
- Between 1142 and 1144, Sutokuin set subjects for poems, and while there were 14 writers, including FUJIWARA no Kinyoshi, FUJIWARA no Norinaga, FUJIWARA no Akisuke and FUJIWARA no Toshinari in addition to Sutokuin himself, some of them died while it was being completed and were replaced by the other poets.
- また藤原道長の正妻が源倫子であるなど、氏族として藤原氏と源氏が対立しているとは言えず個人的な対立関係の範疇を超えないとして、問いかけの前提の認識に問題があるとする見方が多い。
- Also, it is hard to say that there was a clan conflict between the Fujiwara and the Genji because of the facts such as FUJIWARA no Michinaga's wife was MINAMOTO no Rinshi, and such conflicts were within the scope of individual hostility; consequently, most people consider that the premise of the questions is wrong.
- 尊氏が丹波国で鎌倉幕府に反旗を翻し、京都の六波羅探題を攻略すると、幼い義詮(千寿王)は、細川氏などの足利家家臣に連れ出され鎌倉を脱出し、新田義貞に奉じられ鎌倉攻めに参加した。
- When Takauji raised the standard of revolt against the Kamakura Shogunate in Tanba province and captured Kyoto's Rokuhara Tandai, young Yoshiakira (Senjuou) fled Kamakura, carried away by Hosokawa and other Ashikaga vassals, and with Yoshisada NITTA participated in the attack on Kamakura.
- 富子は後見の山名宗全や実家である日野家の権威を背景に、義尚を次期将軍に推し、将軍職継承をめぐっての義視との対立や斯波氏、畠山氏の家督相続問題が連携して応仁の乱の一因となった。
- Backed up by the clout of her guardian Sozen YAMANA and her parents' family of Hinos, Tomiko endorsed Yoshihisa as the next shogun, which inevitably caused a conflict with Yoshimi over the shogunate succession, and this, coupled with the problem between the Shibas and Hatakeyamas over the succession of the family headship, contributed to the Onin War.
- この戦いで薩長側が掲げた錦の御旗に動揺した幕府軍は大敗したばかりでなく「朝敵」としての汚名を受ける事になり、崩壊が時間の問題であった新政府を結果的には救ってしまう事になった。
- The Shogunate army, unnerved by the Imperial standards used by the Satsuma forces, not only suffered a crushing defeat but were also labeled as the Emperor's enemy, despite in the end being the ones who saved the new Imperial government whose days were already numbered.
- 一方、安政条約に明記されながらいまだに朝廷の許可が無いため開港されていなかった兵庫(神戸港)問題を巡って、英国公使ハリー・パークスが主導する英仏蘭米連合艦隊が兵庫沖に迫った。
- Meanwhile, a combined fleet led by Harry PARKES, a British diplomat, arrived offshore of Hyogo (current Kobe Port), which was designated as a port by the Ansei treaty, but was not opened because the imperial court refused to give permission.
- それはどちらかといえば東アジア諸国家対西欧(文明)に比重をおいて説明してきたが、以下では近代東アジア世界全体に及ぼした影響、あるいは東アジア諸国間に生じた問題について触れる。
- Therefore much weight was put in the explanations of conflict between East Asian nations and Western Europe (Civilization), but hereinafter influences in whole modern East Asia and issues in East Asian countries will be described.
- 籠城組は各国の寄り合い所帯であったため、まず意思疎通が大きな問題となったが、英語・フランス語・中国語と数ヶ国語に精通する柴中佐はよく間に立って相互理解に大きな役割を果たした。
- The group of besieged was the meeting place of every nation, so mutual agreement was an important issue, and Goro SHIBA, who had multi-language skills in English, French, and Chinese, took part in negotiations and contributed greatly to the understanding of all parties.
- また、解放令とともに戸籍法の手直しが行われたものの、現場担当者の事務処理の混乱や意識改革の遅れもあって翌年編製された壬申戸籍における「新平民」表記問題につながることになった。
- Although the Family Registration Law was modified along with Kaiho Rei too, that led up to the issue of notation of 'sinheimin (new commoner)' in Jinshinkoseki (the family register drew up in 1872, the year of Jinshin, Mizunoesaru, according to the twelve zodiac signs in Chinese astrology) made up the next year, together with confusion of office work and delayed reform of consciousness.
- 『OAHSPE』『モルモン経』『アカーシャ年代記』は古代から伝来した書物ではなく神の啓示とか、霊感や自動書記などになるものだが、それは古史古伝の定義上問題ないことは上述の通り。
- OAHSPE, 'The Book of Mormon' and 'Akasha Chronicle' are not books handed down since ancient times but documents the revelation of God, inspiration or automatism but there is no problem in defining them as koshi koden as described above.
- 江戸幕府が日米和親条約や日米修好通商条約で長崎、下田、箱館、横浜などの開港や在留外国人の治外法権を認めるなどの不平等条約を結ばされ、明治初期には条約改正が外交課題となっていた。
- The Edo Shogunate was forced to conclude unequal treaties, namely, the Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States and Japan and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, which prescribed the opening of ports including Nagasaki, Shimoda, Hakodate and Yokohama, and approval of extraterritoriality of foreign residents, and therefore the revisions of the treaties were a diplomatic issue in the early Meiji period.
- 第二次世界大戦前の法令で所得税法人税内外地関渉法(昭和15年法律55号)など表題に内外地という表現を含む法令があったが、外地の語は単独で用いられず、その範囲は定義されなかった。
- Among the laws enacted before the World War II, several laws included the term Nai-gaichi (the inland and overseas territories) in its title such as Nai-gaichi income and corporate taxes interference law (Act No.55 of 1940), but the term Gaichi was not used by itself and the scope of the term was not defined.
- 元寇防衛に働いた九州御家人の恩賞・訴訟を判定するため、安達泰盛は九州に合議制の奉行(鎮西談議所)を置いていたが、頼綱はそれに代えて、得宗派で固めた新機関(鎮西探題)を設置した。
- Yasumori ADACHI established the magistrate's office of council system (Chinzeidangisho (magistrate's office of Kyushu region)) in Kyushu to judge Onsho (reward grants) and lawsuits for Kyushu gokenin who had worked for the defense of Japan against Mongol invasion attempts, but Yoritsuna, instead of this, founded a new institution (Chinzei tandai (office of the military governor of Kyushu)) which was managed only by the Tokuso party.
- この政権の課題は、将軍が短命・幼弱ということもあり、「如何にして将軍個人の人格よりも将軍職の地位とその権威を高めるか」であり、綱吉の頃と同様、朱子学の影響を受けた政策と言える。
- The challenge of this government was 'how to enhance the status and authority of the shogunate, regardless of a shogun's own personality,' due to the fact that Shogun Ietsugu was not gifted with longevity and he was immature, and therefore, it can be said that the policies in this age were under the influence of Neo-Confucianism just as in the age of Tsunayoshi.
- 1890年、第3回内国勧業博覧会に「四季美人図」を出品、一等褒状受賞(この絵を、来日中であったヴィクトリア (イギリス女王)の三男アーサー (コノート公)が購入し話題となった)。
- 1890: She submitted her work 'Shiki Bijin-zu' (lit. 'Paintings of Beautiful Women in Four Seasons') to the Third National Exposition and won the First Meritorious Award (She drew attention when her work was purchased by Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, the third son of Victoria, Queen of England, who was visiting Japan).
- その鴎外の作品には、女性を主人公にしたものが少なくなく、ヒロインの名を題名にしたものも複数ある(『安井夫人』、戯曲『静』、『花子』、翻訳戯曲『ノラ』(イプセン作『人形の家』))。
- Ogai produced a fair number of works in which main character was female, and some of these had the heroine's name as a title, such as the plays 'Yasui fujin' (The Wife of Yasui), 'Shizuka' and 'Hanako,' plus the translated play 'Nora' (original title 'A Doll's House' by Ibsen).
- 書名については本来無題、あるいは『能作者』、『謡作者』であったと見られるが、1915年『禅竹集』に吉田東伍が翻刻した際、『能本作者註文』の題で収録して以来、この名が定着している。
- The book was originally untitled or may have been entitled 'No Sakusha' or 'Utai Sakusha' but the name 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon' took hold since it was recorded under this title when it was reprinted in 'Zenchiku Shu' by Togo YOSHIDA in 1915.
- 自国の言語をどう表記するかということ、つまり国語国字問題は、文明開化を推進するにあたって、遅れた文明とされた東洋文明から離脱し、西洋文明に仲間入りする方法の一つとして論じられた。
- How to write a nation's script, that is, the problems pertaining to a nation's script, was discussed as one of the ways to leave from the Eastern civilization, which was regarded undeveloped, and to enter into the Western civilization when civilization and enlightenment was promoted.
- 『大日本史』巻85(后妃列伝12)によると、『新葉和歌集』巻16(雑1)にある、嘉喜門院が女御となるときに「福恩寺前関白内大臣」と呼ばれる人物が「禁中月」という題で詠んだ歌がある。
- 'Dainihonshi' (Great History of Japan) vol. 85 (Biographies of Consorts vol. 12) said that a poem on the given theme of 'the moon seen from the Imperial court' was composed by a person called 'Fukuonji former Chancellor Inner Minister' when Kakimon-in became the nyogo, and it was collected in 'Shinyo Wakashu' (Collection of New Leaves) vol.16 (Miscellaneous 1).
- 1954年、大佛は著作権無視、原作を書き換えて題名だけ盗んでいる、映画の鞍馬天狗は人を斬りすぎて原作者の意向を無視している等との理由を挙げて非難し、嵐が演ずる鞍馬天狗の中止を要求。
- In 1954 Osaragi demanded that Arashi stop performing Kurama Tengu, claiming that his copyright was ignored, his titles were stolen and the original content was rewritten, and Kurama Tengu in the films slashed too many people with his sword, which was against Osaragi's intention.
- 上横手雅敬は鎌倉幕府編纂である『吾妻鏡』に疑問を呈し、義経の無断任官問題が老獪な後白河が義経を利用して頼朝との離反を計り、義経がそれに乗せられた結果であるとする通説を批判している。
- Masataka UWAYOKOTE poses a question on the credibility of 'Azuma Kagami' elaborated by the Kamakura bakufu, and he opposed to the common theory, that is, Yoshitsune's acceptance of the title without his brother's permission was a result of an evil design of Goshirakawa, and with this strategy he tried to divide Yoshitsune from Yoritomo and Yoshitsune was trapped by it.
- こうした後醍醐の姿勢は皇位継承問題をきっかけとして幕府の得宗専制と衝突することとなり、1324年(正中 (元号)1)、後醍醐の蜂起計画が露呈し、側近の公家が処罰された(正中の変)。
- Godaigo's attempt to achieve political reform was motivated by a desire to avoid problems regarding the imperial succession, but this created conflict with the Tokuso autocracy of the bakufu, and in 1324 Godaigo's plan to lead an uprising was revealed, and the kuge who served as his close advisers were punished (Shochu Disturbance).
- この決定に対し、翌日の外国公使との交渉の席でさらに激しい抗議が行われ、英国公使ハリー・パークスらと大隈重信ら政府代表者たちは六時間にもわたって浦上の信徒問題を議論することになった。
- Negotiations with foreign ministers on the following day saw more fierce protests against the decision of the conference, with the discussion on the Urakami Christian problem between the British minister, Harry PARKES, and others and government representatives, including Shigenobu OKUMA, lasting more than six hours.
- 更に条約勅許問題を巡る開国派と攘夷派の対立も加わって事態は複雑となった(一橋派では島津斉彬は開国派、徳川斉昭は攘夷派に属し、互いに自己の外交路線実現のために一橋慶喜擁立を目指した。
- The conflict between kaikoku-ha (the open country wing) and Joi-ha (the expulsionist wing) about the issue of imperial sanction of the treaty worsened the situation (In the Hitotsubashi group, Nariakira SHIMAZU belonged to the kaikoku-ha, Nariaki TOKUGAWA belonged to the Joi-ha and they backed up Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI to realize their own foreign policies.
- 結果として諸国列強に押し切られる形で滝善三郎という1人の命を代償として問題を解決する形にはなったが、これ以降、明治政府が対外政策に当たる正当な政府であるということを諸外国に示した。
- Consequently the matter was solved by sacrificing the life of a man, Zenzaburo TAKI, under the pressure by the powerful countries, but the Meiji government appealed to them its legitimacy as a government in charge of the diplomatic policy after that.
- 応安3年(1370年)8月には、北朝において後光厳天皇が実子緒仁親王(後円融天皇)への譲位を内々に諮問すると、崇光上皇が実子栄仁親王が正嫡であると主張したため皇位継承問題が発生した。
- In August 1370, when Emperor Gokogon confidentially consulted his advisors in the Northern Court about abdicating in favor of his biological son Imperial Prince Ohito (later Emperor Goenyu), the Retired Emperor Suko insisted that his biological son Imperial Prince Yoshihito was the rightful heir, thus causing a problem over the Imperial Succession.
- 1915年の「花がたみ」の題材、謡曲「花筐(はながたみ)」は、継体天皇の皇子時代に寵を受けた「照日の前」が形見の花筐を手に都に上り、紅葉狩りに行き逢った帝の前で舞うという内容である。
- Hana-gatami,' painted in 1915, was based on the yokyoku (song used in Noh) of the same name, which tells the story of 'Teruhi no mae,' a woman loved by Emperor Keitai when he was a prince, who went to Kyoto, met the Emperor by chance at an autumn leaf viewing party and performed a dance holding a flower basket she had received from him as a gift.
- 西園寺は陸軍の仕業であることに気づき、興津より上京して首相田中義一を呼びつけ、政府としてこの問題をしっかり調べ、もし犯人が日本人であるならば厳罰に処す必要があることを申し渡している。
- Saionji suspected that the Army had a hand in the incident, and went to the capital from Okitsu, summoned Prime Minister Giichi TANAKA, and advised him that the government must thoroughly investigate this affair, and if the guilty party was Japanese, a harsh punishment should be exacted.
- ただし皇太子の負傷に関しては、皇帝も皇太子も日本の迅速な処置や謝罪に対して寛容な態度を示しており、日本がこの問題を無事解決できた理由の一つにロシアの友好的な姿勢があることは疑いない。
- As for the injury of Nicholas, the Russian Emperor had a forgiving attitude following Japan's prompt actions and apology, and there is no doubt that this warm attitude of Russia helped Japan solve this difficult problem.
- 例えば、2005年の大河ドラマ『義経 (NHK大河ドラマ)』でも、そのように描かれている(もちろん、ドラマなので考証性は問題にならないが、この説が一般に流布しているという点である)。
- For example, in 'Yoshitsune' (NHK Taiga-dorama [Historical Drama]), produced in 2005, depicted as above (Of course authenticity as historical evidence is not very important since it was constructed as a dramatic production, but we can point out this theory was well circulate to the general audience.)
- 制度取調参与の福岡孝弟は、この由利五箇条に対して第一条冒頭に「列侯会議を興し」の字句を入れるなどして封建的な方向へ後退させ、表題も会盟に改めたため、列侯会盟の色彩が非常に強くなった。
- Because Seido torishirabe Sanyo (Councilor in charge of examining regulations) Takachika FUKUOKA added words 'setting up a council by feudal lords' at the beginning of the first article of the Yuri gokajo (Five Articles designed by Yuri) and the title was changed to 'kaimei' (pledge of feudal lords), it stepped back to feudalistic direction and the mood of pledge of feudal lords deepened.
- 『本願寺作法之次第』という本願寺に伝わる書籍には政元の山科本願寺参詣のためだけに蓮如の指示で精進料理ではなく戒律的に問題のある魚料理に献立を変更したいきさつが載せられている程である。
- A book handed down in Hongan-ji Temple, 'Hongan-ji saho no shidai' (The Orders of Manners in Hongan-ji Temple), writes about the situation where the menu was changed from a vegetarian dish to a fish dish which was problematic in terms of the doctrine, under Rennyo's instruction only for Masamoto's visit to Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple.
- ただし原典に忠実であるようにしているため、従来の系譜をそのまま利用しており、自分の家を勝手に有名な系図へ結びつけるという系図の仮冒を、校正せずにそのまま書いているという問題も存在する。
- Since it was designed to be faithful to originals, existing pedigree records were used as they were, and there is a problem that some families were intentionally linked to famous families and such errors were not corrected.
- そして、仲間事に至っては当事者間の強い信頼関係上に成立しかつ内容自体も収益性が強く反封建的・反道徳的なものであり、紛争が生じても仲間内の責任問題であるとして訴訟の受付は行われなかった。
- Nakamagoto couldn't be received because of thinking that it could be built on a strong relationship between two parties, that contents were for the sake of seeking their own interests against feudality and morality, and that the conflict was an issue of responsibility inside group.
- 大村を支持する木戸も論争に加わり彼を援護したが、23日、大久保の主張に沿った形で、京都駐留の三藩兵が「御召」 として東下することが決定され、この問題については大久保派の勝利に終わった。
- On this issue, Omura was supported by Kido but, on June 23, Okubo came out victorious when it was decided that the three domain's armies were to be hired by the government and moved to Tokyo.
- 源五郎沢堆積場崩壊事故後の毛里田地区鉱毒根絶期成同盟会との交渉については(それ以前から鉱毒問題に関しては)、「つねに前向きの姿勢で対処してきた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べている。
- And Furukawa (according to 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') 'had always, on the company's own motion, faced with' the negotiations with the Mining Pollution Eradication Association in Morita after the Gengorozawa accumulation site had collapsed (and they say that since before the negotiation, they had been facing with the mining pollution.)
- 本著は封建社会の武士道を題材としているが同時に武士道を直接的に解釈したのではなく「武士道」という日本の精神的土壌に発現した現象をその根本から探り当て普遍的真理を導こうとするものである。
- While the subject matter of this book is Bushido in feudal society, it is not a direct interpretation of Bushido, but a guideline for a universal truth for finding out the basis of Bushido as a phenomenon which appeared as a spiritual base in Japan.
- 以上のことから、事件の真の首謀者は他ならぬ称徳天皇自身であったとし、指名者が非皇族の道鏡であったという問題点を克服するために宇佐八幡宮の神託を利用したのが事件の本質であったとしている。
- From the above, HOSOI makes a point that the true ringleader of this incident was none other than Empress Shotoku herself, and the true nature of this incident was that the empress used the oracle from the Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine to overcome the problem that the person whom she wanted to appoint as her successor was Dokyo who was from a non Imperial family.
- 荻原は元禄小判による貨幣改鋳(金含有率を減らして貨幣流通量を増やす)によって財政問題を一時的に解決するが、結果として元禄期のインフレーション状況を生じることとなり、物価の高騰を招いた。
- Ogiwara tentatively resolved the financial crisis by reminting an old coin into 'Genroku koban' (the oval gold coin minted in the Genroku era) - he reduced the percentage of gold in the old coin, and increased the number of coins in circulation as a whole - but as a result, his policy caused inflation and a surge of commodity prices in the Genroku era.
- 主として朝廷・院庁より個々の事件・問題に対する律令格式などによる法的解釈を諮問された場合の解答として行われるが、天皇や公卿などからの個別の質問や自問答による解答なども含まれる場合がある。
- It is mainly responses to the Imperial Court and In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) asking for legal interpretation of Laws of codes and ethics (conduct) concerning specific accidents and problems, but sometimes it contains answers to specific questions from the Emperor and Kugyo (the top court officials) and self-answered questions.
- 江戸時代には猿楽(現能)や歌舞伎の題材として義経物語が「義経物」と呼ばれる分野にまで成長し、人々の人気を博したが、そこでの義経は容貌を美化され、美男子の御曹子義経の印象が定着していった。
- During the Edo period, the tale of Yoshitsune had been developed as a theme of Sarugaku (present Noh) and Kabuki and became popular enough to form an independent field called 'Yoshitsune-mono' (Yoshitsune story), however, in the course of this process his profile had been glamorized and the typical image of a handsome and noble young Yoshitsune was established.
- ただし、秀才 (科挙)・進士を選考する際に文選_(書物)・爾雅から問題が出されていたことが、『令集解』の内容から判明しており、文学なども教育課程には組み込まれていたものと考えられている。
- Meanwhile, it is also thought that other subjects such as literature were incorporated into the education program, as it was revealed from the content of 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) that there were some questions from Wen Xuan (a book), as well as Erya, in examinations to appoint shusai (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test) (the Imperial Examination) and shinshi (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test).
- 定住が開始された理由としては、それまで縄文人集団が定住を避けていた理由、すなわち食料の確保や廃棄物問題、死生観上の要請などが定住によっても解決出来るようになったためではないかと見られる。
- The reason for adopting sedentary life is assumed that the problems the Jomon people had in order to adopt the sedentary life up to that time were being solved; in fact, the Jomon people were able to solve problems of securing food, waste disposal issues, and the need to come to terms with the view of life and death in the sedentary life.
- この路線対立は、その後の辛亥革命や対米移民問題、第1次世界大戦などで対外硬が度々再燃して、結果的には対外的にはその方向に向かいながらも、「対外硬」という言葉が色褪せる原因となっていった。
- In the confrontation between two groups, the Taigaiko was reactivated due to the Xinhai Revolution, the immigration issue against the United States, or the First World War, and although they were led to the same direction externally, the word of 'Taigaiko' faded away.
- 政治制度の改革が進められる一方で、外交面では高向玄理を新羅へ派遣して人質を取る代わりに形骸化していた任那の調を廃止して朝鮮三国(高句麗、百済、新羅)との外交問題を整理して緊張を和らげた。
- While reforms of the political system were carried out, on the diplomatic front, TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro was sent to Silla and, in exchange for a hostage, the tax payment in kind by Minama, which had lost its substance, was abolished to straighten up diplomatic problems with three Korean countries (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla) and ease the tension.
- 那須正幹が「菊花の約」・「青頭巾」・「浅茅が宿」・「蛇性の婬」・「夢応の鯉魚」をそれぞれ「約束」・「鬼」・「やけあと」・「へびの目」・「げんごろうぶな」という題名で子供向けに翻案したもの。
- Masamoto NASU adapted the stories of 'The Chrysanthemum Vow,' 'The Blue Hood,' 'The Reed-Choked House,' 'A Serpent's Lust,' and 'The Carp of My Dreams,' for children's stories respectively, 'Promise,' 'Ogre,' 'Burned-out Site,' 'Snake's Eyes,' and 'Gengorobuna (Dytiscid carp).'
- また、宗全がかねてから反対していた赤松氏の再興問題に関しても、勝元は積極的にこれを支援し、ついには赤松政則(赤松満祐の弟赤松義雅の孫)を加賀国半国の守護と成し、赤松家を再興させたのである。
- Also, as for the issue regarding the rebuilding of the Akamatsu clan that Sozen had opposed, Katsumoto actively supported the rebuilding of the family, put Masanori AKAMATSU (the grandson of Yoshimasa AKAMATSU and a brother of Mitsusuke AKAMATSU) in charge of half of Kaga Province, and finally realized the rebuilding of the family.
- しかし西園寺は日露戦争を要因とした財政難や国際関係の問題などを理由に拒否した為、上原は軍部大臣現役武官制を利用して西園寺内閣を内閣総辞職へ追い込み、陸軍主導の内閣を成立させようと画策した。
- However, SAIONJI's refusal on grounds of fiscal problems stemming from the Russo-Japanese War and of issues of international relations led to UEHARA driving the Saionji administration to mass resignation by taking advantage of the law requiring that the military-related ministers to be named from among active-duty military officers in order to form an army-led administration.
- 結果から言えば「妻妾論論争」は、夫婦間の私的な空間における男女平等については積極的な問題提起をしたが、公的な空間における政治的・社会的な男女同権については消極的姿勢に甘んじたと言って良い。
- As a result, it can be said that 'a dispute on wives and concubines' raised questions about the equal between men and women at a private space between husband and wife, but that it was passive against the equal of political and social rights between men and women.
- 秋成自身の序文には、書き下すと、「雨は霽れ月がは朦朧の夜、窓下に編成して、以て梓氏に畀ふ。題して雨月物語と云ふ」とあり、雨がやんで月がおぼろに見える夜に編成したため、ということが書いてある。
- The preface written by Akinari says, 'I edited this at night with a hazy moon after the rain, to hand it to a publisher. That's why this is titled Ugetsu Monogatari.'
- 源氏物語のそれぞれの部分についての研究がより精緻になるに従って源氏物語全体に一貫した主題を見つけることは困難になり、「読者それぞれに主題と考えるものが存在することになる。」という状況になる。
- As the study becomes deeper and more specific regarding each part of 'The Tale of Genji,' it becomes harder to find a consistent theme in the work; therefore, circumstances arise in which 'each reader conceives his or her own theme.'
- ただし、近年では物部氏の居住跡から氏寺(渋川廃寺)の遺構などが発見され、物部氏を単純な廃仏派として分類することは難しく、個々の氏族の崇拝の問題でなく、国家祭祀の対立であったとする見方もある。
- However, due to the recent discovery of the remains of former Shibukawa-ji Temple, which was an Uji-dera Temple (temple built for praying for clan's glory) from the Mononobe clan's place of dwelling, it became difficult to categorize the clan as simply anti-Buddhist, and some say that it was a confrontation not over the matters of each clan's reverence, but over religious services over a national scale.
- なお、女性問題で秀吉が激怒したと言うのはルイス・フロイスの『日本史』に書かれているが、フロイスは秀吉に限らずキリスト教に反対した人物への評価が偏りがちになるため、その点を割り引く必要がある。
- Moreover, Luis Frois described in 'Historia de Japan' (History of Japan) that Hideyoshi was furious due to a female issue, but he was often biased toward not only Hideyoshi, but also those against Christianity, therefore, it is necessary take that into consideration.
- 大本営陸軍部の大本営組織をつとめる石黒忠悳(軍医総監・陸軍省医務局)や軍医部長の一人森鴎外医学功績と脚気問題から見た再評価(森鴎外)などが科学的根拠がないとして、麦飯の支給に強硬に反対した。
- Tadanori ISHIGURO responsible for the entire system of the Army of the Imperial headquarters (surgeon general of Medical department of Ministry of Army) and one of directors of army surgeons, Ogai MORI and other surgeons were strongly opposed to supplying barley rice; suggesting that reevaluation in view of medical achievements and beriberi Ogai MORI) lacks scientific evidence.
- 大久保利通死後の政局は、太政大臣三条実美・右大臣岩倉具視を擁して参議である伊藤博文・大隈重信らが支える明治政府と自由民権運動の対峙で推移していたが、明治政府の中では大きな問題が存在していた。
- In the political situation after Toshimichi OKUBO died, the confrontation was going on between Meiji government with Grand Minister Sanetomi SANJO and Minister of the Right Tomomi IWAKURA as leaders, and Councilors Hirobumi ITO and Shigenobu OKUMA as supporters, and the members of Freedom and People's Rights Movement, but there was a big problem within the Meiji government.
- 江戸幕府を倒した薩摩藩・長州藩などの攘夷派を中心とした明治政府も、明治2年(1869年)に政府として改めて開国を決定して、以後は不平等条約の撤廃(条約改正)が外交課題となっていくことになる。
- The Meiji government, lead by the Satsuma and Choshu clans, which had defeated the Edo bakufu, decided to open the country in 1869 and abolish the unequal treaties..
- 国家権力によって強制的に執行されたものであるとされてきた洞部落移転問題であったが、この認識に対する反証を行ったのが移転後の部落に生まれ育った辻本正教(後の部落解放同盟中央執行委員)であった。
- Although the relocation of Hora Buraku was considered to have been forcibly executed by the state power, Masanori TSUJIMOTO (later became a member of the central executive committee at Buraku Liberation League), who was born and brought up in this buraku after relocation, disproved this recognition.
- 芝神明榮太樓の銘菓「江の嶋」最中は、明治35年2月に紅葉が名づけ題字を認めたものであり、紅葉の本を装丁した武内桂舟の下絵とともに今でも用いられており、現在まで続くロングセラー商品となっている。
- A long-established confectionery in Shibashinmei Eitaro's famous sweet 'Enoshima' monaka (bean-jam-filled wafers) was named by Koyo in February 1902 and he allowed the shop to use his handwriting on the package with an illustration by Keishu TAKEUCHI, an illustrator of Koyo's books, and this package is still used today for the long-seller 'Enoshima.'
- 相撲部屋(小野川部屋)の年寄が詫びを入れてことは治まったが、大坂町奉行所与力内山彦次郎がこれを問題にして近藤を怒らせ、のちに新選組により暗殺されている(内山を暗殺した者については異説もある)。
- Toshiyori of the Onogawa stable of sumo wrestlers apologized and this incident was settled, but Hikojiro UCHIYAMA, the yoriki of the office of Osaka Town Magistrate, made an issue of this incident; this angered KONDO, and UCHIYAMA was later assassinated by Shinsen-gumi (there are different views regarding who assassinated him).
- 地方によっては、単身者や核家族が居住するワンルーム・マンションの増加など、近隣地域と住人の関係が疎遠になる例もあり、地元神社の氏子への加入や、祭礼の寄付などをめぐり問題を生じている地域もある。
- In some local areas, relations within neighboring districts and residents have become weak mainly due to increase of one-room condos in which singles and nuclear families live, while other areas have problems over whether to become parishioners of a local Shinto shrine and contributing to rites and festivals of the shrine.
- 1966年から1980年にかけて、京都市左京区の「部落問題の中央センター」である文化厚生会館(府連書記局が設置されていた)の帰属を巡り、部落解放同盟京都府連合会と部落問題研究所の間で争われた。
- From 1966 to 1980, the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation and the Institute of Buraku Problem disputed over whether the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall belonged, which was regarded as 'the central center of Buraku problems' (where the Kyoto Federation's secretariat was located) in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.
- 慶応4年3月15日に示された「五榜の掲示」の第三条で再びキリスト教の禁止が確認されると、沢と井上は問題となっていた浦上の信徒たちを呼び出して説得したが、彼らには改宗の意思がないことがわかった。
- After 'Gobo no Keiji' (five edict boards) was issued on April 7, 1868 with Article three stipulating once again the ban on Christianity, Sawa and Inoue summoned the Christians of Urakami in question and urged them to change their faith, but ended up finding that they would never obey.
- 彼は、朝鮮半島における問題の広範囲な解決が日露戦争の論理的な結果であり、もし韓国政府が単独で放置されるような事態になれば、再び同じように他国と条約を結んで日本を戦争に巻き込むだろうと主張した。
- Katsura stated that a comprehensive solution to the problem of the Korean Peninsula should be the logical outcome of this war, and that if left alone, the Korean Empire would continue to enter into treaties with other powers that would cause the same problem, which would result in bringing Japan into a fight again.
- 西南戦争以後の財政難と地租改正に対する農民の抵抗に悩まされた明治政府は、当時の日本の工業で最も生産額が多く、かつほとんどが国内消費に回されていて関税の問題も薄い日本酒に対する増税を度々行った。
- The Meiji Government, suffering from economic difficulties that had lingered since the Seinan War as well as peasants' resistance against the land-tax reform, raised tax on sake repeatedly because the sake brewing industry generated higher production value than any other industries in Japan at that time and sake is almost free from problems concerning customs duty as most of it was consumed within the country.
- この問題はすなわち討ち入り後、泉岳寺にある長矩の墓に行くまでに突然姿を消した足軽寺坂吉右衛門が、逃亡者であるのか、それとも何らかの理由で同志達の許可を得たうえで離れた者であるのかの問題である。
- Effectively, the issue is whether the foot soldier Kichiemon TERASAKA who suddenly disappeared after a raid on the way to visit Naganori's grave in Sengaku-ji Temple, was a deserter or left his fellow soldiers with their permission for some reason.
- 第10回衆議院議員総選挙において過半数に迫る187議席を獲得したものの、政友会の基盤が確固たるものになることを警戒した山縣有朋から財政政策の不備と社会主義取締の緩さを問題視する上奏が行われた。
- In the tenth general election of members of the House of Representatives, the Seiyu party won 187 seats, and almost became the majority; Aritomo YAMAGATA, who feared the stability of the party, reported to the throne that the cabinet was not effective in its financial policy or regulation of socialism.
- 数の桁の名称や単位、掛け算九九などの基礎的な知識のほか、面積の求め方などの算術を日常生活に身近な話題をもとに解説しており、一冊で当時の生活に必要な算術全般をほぼ網羅できるような内容となっている。
- This book covers almost all important mathematics useful for daily life in the Edo period, from basic knowledge of naming of numbers, units, and the multiplication table to explanation of mathematics with familiar examples such as calculation of area.
- 源氏物語に題材を取り、「源氏物語絵巻」と名付けられた絵巻物は複数存在するが、本項では通称「隆能源氏」(たかよしげんじ)と呼ばれている平安時代末期の作品で、国宝に指定されているものについて述べる。
- There is more than one picture scroll on the Tale of Genji, but this chapter describes one created during the end of the Heian period that is commonly called 'Takayoshi Genji' and is designated as a national treasure.
- 平家残党は20年の雌伏を経て、将軍後継問題で揺れる幕府の動揺に乗じて建仁3年(1203年)12月、伊勢平氏若菜五郎が軍勢を率いて伊勢国の守護である山内首藤経俊の舘を襲撃し、再び反乱の兵を挙げた。
- After biding their time for 20 years, the remnants of the Taira clan led by Goro WAKANA of Ise Heishi took advantage of the turmoil in the government, which was caused by the shogun's successor issue, and attacked the house of Tsunetoshi YAMANOUCHI SUDO serving as the shugo of Ise Province to raise a rebellion again in January 1204.
- 川端康成の蒐集品として著名な「十便十宜図」は、中国・清の李漁の「十便十宜詩」に基づき、山荘での隠遁生活の便宜(便利さ、よろしさ)を画題に大雅と蕪村が共作した画帖である(大雅は「十便図」を担当)。
- Yasunari KAWABATA's famous collection 'Juben Jugi-zu (Ten Advantages and Ten Pleasures of Country Life)' is a book jointly created by Taiga and Buson which depicts the convenience of secluded life in mountains, based on Rigyo's (Qing dynasty, China) 'Juben Jugi-zu' (Taiga drew the Ten Advantages).
- しかし本書では仏教や儒教にも通じた元隣が、百物語のひとつひとつの話題をとりあげ、その妖怪・怪異現象を、陰陽五行思想をはじめとする当時の合理的な思惟に基き、和漢の故事を引用しつつ解説(評判)する。
- In the present work, however, Genrin versed in Buddhism and Confucianism takes up the subject of each tale to explicate (critique) its specter or supernatural phenomenon on the basis of the day's rational thoughts such as the Yin-Yang Wu-Hsing Doctrine, quoting Chinese and Japanese proverbs.
- 交渉中特に問題となったのは、公使がソウルに官舎を構えるか否か(公使派出問題)、日本の役人が朝鮮内地を移動できるか否か、開港地における一般日本人の移動範囲、米や雑穀の輸出入といったテーマであった。
- They had long arguments about those topics in particular, such as whether the ministers would establish the official residence (a problem of dispatch of ministers), whether Japanese government officials could move inland in Korea, the range of traveling for general Japanese in the places where ports were opened, and import and export of rice and grain.
- 府連側は,会館建設にあたり京都府・市をはじめとする行政当局からの補助金を受けるため、社団法人であった研究所を便宜的に前面に出したにすぎず、部落問題の総合センターとして会館が建設されたと主張した。
- The Kyoto Federation insisted, for the Hall construction, the Institute was just conveniently put on the forefront as an aggregate corporation to receive a subsidy from the government such as Kyoto Prefecture or Kyoto City since the Hall was built as a comprehensive center for Buraku problems.
- また、張文成(「遊仙窟」の作者)が則天皇后の愛人であったという第九話と、結婚を拒否して山中に逃れた娘が犬と交わるという第二七話は中国の原典が発見されておらず、文学史上注目すべき問題を提起している。
- No source texts have been identified for either Tale 9, where Chang Wencheng (who authored 'Youxianku' (Cave Where the Fairies Frolic)) appears as the lover of Empress Zeitan, or Tale 27, where a girl refuses to get married, flees to a mountain and sleeps with a dog; these have raised noteworthy questions in the history of Japanese literature.
- 尊融法親王は日米修好通商条約の勅許に反対し、将軍徳川家定の後継者問題では徳川慶喜を支持したことなどから大老井伊直弼に目を付けられ、安政6年(1859年)には安政の大獄で「隠居永蟄居」を命じられる。
- In 1859, during the Ansei Purge that resulted from the question of who should succeed Shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA, Tairo (chief minister) Naosuke II condemned Cloistered Imperial Prince Sonyu (Asahiko), who opposed the Court's sanctioning of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan and supported Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, to perpetual confinement (Inkyo eichikkyo).
- 1950年(昭和25年)4月15日に禅宗系の新宗教団体「ひがしくに教」を開教したが、同年6月、元皇族が宗教団体を興すことには問題があるとして法務府から「ひがしくに教」の教名使用の禁止を通告された。
- Although he started a Zen religious organization known as 'Higashikuni-kyo' on April 15, 1950, he was notified in June of that same year by the Ministry of Justice that the use of the name 'Higashikuni-kyo' was prohibited because it might cause a problem if a former member of the imperial family founded a religious organization.
- 上洛を果たしていながら、後の織田信長のように畿内で確固たる地盤を築き上げなかった理由は、領国の周防が京都から遠隔地すぎたこと、大内氏自体が国人の盟主的存在という構造的問題などがあったためと思われる。
- Despite controlling Kyoto, he was unable to use it to form a strong base in Kinai region as Nobunaga ODA did because his Suo estate was too far away from Kyoto and because of structural problems relating to the Ouchi clan's position as leaders of kokujin (local samurai).
- (ただし、外孫(娘の子)に対する悔返は本来は娘に準拠して悔返が認められるとしつつも、実際に問題が生じた場合には証文や所領の実態を見て判断することされ、外孫の実家との対立を抑制する方針が採られている)。
- (For Kuikaeshi against Sotomago [grandchild from a daughter married into another family], although it says that Kuikaeshi was allowed according as daughters, in reality, if there was an issue raised, it had to be judged by checking the deed and the shoryo [territory] to avoid confrontation against the family of the Sotomago.)
- 朝田は三木府連だけでなく、同様に文化厚生会館に事務局を置いており三木と関係の深かった部落問題研究所や全国同和教育研究協議会(全同教)にも、一時府連が会館を管理すると告げ、事務局員を退去させる挙に出た。
- Asada told not only Miki Furen, but also the Institute of Buraku Problem, which was closely tied to Miki and had their office in the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall, and Zenkoku dowa kyoiku kenkyu kyogikai, the National Research Council for Dowa Education (Zendokyo) that the Kyoto Federation was temporarily in charge of the Hall, dismissing the staff from the Hall.
- 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
- Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.
- この事件は一般に「忠臣蔵」の名でも知られているが、この名称は本件を題材とした人形浄瑠璃と歌舞伎の『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の通称、およびそこから派生したさまざまな作品群の総称であり、本件自体を指す語ではない。
- This incident is also commonly known as 'Chushingura' (The treasury of Loyal Retainers); however, the name does not indicate the actual event, since it came from a ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) play as well as a kabuki (traditional performing art) play called 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers) and the general term for other related materials.
- 一方、幕府は、7月30日に将軍徳川家茂が大坂城中で病死したので、喪を秘し、8月1日の小倉口での敗北を機に、敗戦処理と将軍継嗣問題をかたづけるべく、朝廷に願い出て、21日に休戦の御沙汰書を出してもらった。
- However, because Shogun Iemochi Tokugawa had died due to illness in Osaka castle on July 30, and due to the defeat at Kokura-guchi on August 1, the Shogunate was delayed while mourning him, he issued an imperial order of cease-fire to the Imperial Court to buy time necessary to deal with the problems of being defeated and Shogun Iemitsu's demise.
- 民事上の問題が生じた場合には当事者間の話し合い(相対)による解決が付かない場合にのみ「お上からの恩恵」として仲裁に乗り出すという名目で民事裁判が行われたものであり、民衆を法的に救済する制度ではなかった。
- Only in cases of civil problems which could not be solved by discussion (vis-a-vis) between the people concerned, civil trials were made in the name of arbitration as 'favor from the authorities', therefore, these trials were not an institution that would give the people legal aids.
- この門葉の顔ぶれを見る限り、門葉たる地位を付与されるためには、血筋上の嫡流庶流や頼朝の血筋との近接性はあまり問題ではなく、あくまで忠勤の目覚ましい清和源氏であることがその要件であったということができる。
- Given the manner in which the members of these monyo were selected, in order to be given the status of monyo, what mattered wasn't the main line or branch of the family blood nor how close one was to Yoritomo's blood but was instead being the faithful Seiwa-Genji, which was the only requirement.
- 主人公である浜松中納言と継父左大将の娘、大姫との悲恋、そして夢告で亡父が唐土の皇子に転生したと知り、彼を求めて渡唐し、かの地で出会った后との恋と別れ、といった様々な女性たちとのめぐりあいを主題としている。
- The main theme focuses on the love affairs between Hamamatsu Chunagon, the main character and various ladies; such as a tragic love with Daihime, a daughter of his stepfather, Sadaisho, and then, a love and parting with the empress in Tang (China) where he went to see his dead father who visited his dream and telling him that he reincarnated as a prince of Tang.
- しかし、古代の海岸線を元に考察しても、有利となる場所の相互間のみで変化があるだけで連続説あるいは放射説の根本部分に大きな影響を与えるほどの学説ではないことから現在ではこの点に関しては問題とはされていない。
- However, even if you look at the possible locations on the basis of the ancient coastline, it is no longer a very influential part of the contiguous journey theory or the radial journey theory because it would imply only minor alterations to distances where likely locations are concerned (Kinai region and Kyushu), thus, it is not treated as an issue to be discussed anymore.
- 南北朝時代は古代史と並び天皇家のルーツに関わる時代で、皇国史観のもと逆臣・尊氏や忠臣・正成などのイメージが固定化された「太平記」は、小説や映画・TVドラマなどの題材として作品化される事は極めて稀であった。
- Because the period of the Northern and Southern Courts is regarded, along with ancient history, as a period connected with the origins of the Imperial Family, and the images of Takauji as a rebel and Masashige as a loyal vassal had been fixed as the basis of koukoku-shikan, the 'Taiheiki' has rarely been used as the subject of novels, movies and TV dramas.
- しかし元亨4年(1324年)に探題職の辞任を命じられ、鎌倉への帰還を命じられたが、このときに後任の北条貞将への引き継ぎ、さらに空白の合間をぬって後醍醐天皇一派によって9月には正中の変を引き起こされている。
- However, he was ordered to resign the Tandai post and return to Kamakura, and while he was turning over his job to Sadayuki HOJO, the Emperor Godaigo group caused Shochu Disturbance in September.
- 嘉永6年(1853年)、黒船来航の混乱の最中に将軍・家慶が病死し、その跡を継いだ第13代将軍・徳川家定が病弱で男子を儲ける見込みがなかったので「将軍継嗣を誰にするか」という問題が浮上する(将軍継嗣問題)。
- During the disorder caused by the Arrival of the Black Ships, Shogun Ieyoshi died in 1853; his heir, the 13th Shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA, had poor health with no prospect of having his own son, and therefore the issue of 'who would become the Shogun's heir' arose (Issue of Shogun's Heir).
- 結果的に、そのレーションの不備と輸送能力・インフラ整備の問題(輸送中に一万石の挽割麦の大半が変敗したという記録がある)等により、陸軍は約25万人の脚気患者を出し、うち約2万7,800人が病死したとされる。
- Approximately 27,800 of 250,000 army beriberi patients are said to have died due to improper rationing, and logistics and infrastructure problems (Records reveal that most of the 10,000 koku [approximately 1.8 million liters of crop yield] of barley groats spoiled in transit).
- 東使(とうし)は、関東御使ともいい、鎌倉時代に鎌倉幕府から京都にある朝廷や六波羅探題、関東申次などに派遣された使者の事で、政治的に特に重要な事項に関する幕府側の意向を伝えるために派遣された者を特に称した。
- Toshi, also known as Kanto-onshi, is a messenger dispatched from the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to Imperial Court in Kyoto, to Rokuhara Tandai (the bakufu deputy in Kyoto) or to Kanto-moshitsugi (liaison officer mediating between the bakufu and the Imperial Court), etc. and was employed for communication of the bakufu's opinions of issues of special political importance to Kyoto.
- (1)正信やその子・元信の縁者が下野国(しもつけ、現栃木県)方面に見られること、(2)栃木県足利市の長林寺に正信の初期作品である『観瀑図』が残ること、(3)前記『観瀑図』に「長尾景長公寄進」との外題がある。
- 1) The relatives of Masanobu and his son, Motonobu, were in the Shimotsuke Province (present day Tochigi Prefecture); 2) Masanobu's early work 'Kanbaku-zu'(Viewing a Waterfall) was left at Chorin-ji Temple, Ashikaga City, Tochigi Prefecture; 3) the above mentioned 'Kanbaku-zu' has the note 'Donated to his highness Kagenaga NAGAO.'
- 元弘3年(1333年)4月、足利尊氏(後の尊氏)が丹波国篠村八幡宮(京都府亀岡市)で鎌倉幕府へ反旗を翻し、諸国に軍勢催促状を発すると、祐景はこれにいち早く馳せ参じ、足利軍の一員として六波羅探題を攻め落とす。
- When Takauji ASHIKAGA led a rebellion against the Kamakura bakufu in Shinomura Hachiman-gu Shrine, Tanba Province (Kameoka City, Kyoto Prefecture) and sent the reminder of troops to some provinces in April 1333, Sukekage promptly hastened to join as a member of the Ashikaga army to capture Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
- 政府は長年、この予防令による工事と、後述する渡良瀬川の改修工事(1927年竣工)で鉱毒問題は解決したとしてきたが、1993年、『環境白書』で、当時の対策が不十分で、根本的な解決とはならなかったことを認めた。
- For many years the government had been explaining that the works by the preventive measure and the renovation on Watarase-gawa River which was completed 1927 (see below) had solved the mining pollution, however, in the Environmental White Paper of 1993, they admitted that the then measures had been not enough to solve the fundamental issues.
- 江戸時代には昌泰の変を題材にした芝居、『天神記』『菅原伝授手習鑑』『天満宮菜種御供』等が上演され、特に『菅原伝授手習鑑』は人形浄瑠璃・歌舞伎で上演されて大当たりとなり、義太夫狂言の三大名作のうちの一つとされる。
- In the Edo period, plays based on the Shotai Incident, such as 'Tenjin-ki,' 'Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami' (Sugawara's secrets of calligraphy), and 'Tenmangu Natane no Goku,' were performed, with 'Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami' in particular performed as Ningyo Joruri (puppet drama) and Kabuki, becoming a big hit and it is regarded as one of the most outstanding Gidayu Kyogen (comic drama).
- 盗賊の彼が人気を博した理由は、浄瑠璃や歌舞伎の演題としてとりあげられ、これらの創作の中で次第に義賊として扱われるようになったこと、また権力者豊臣秀吉の命を狙うという筋書きが庶民の心を捉えたことにもよるであろう。
- The reason for the popularity of a bandit like him lies in the fact that he was used as a subject in joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) and kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) and he was gradually portrayed as a thief who stole from the rich and gave to the poor, and furthermore, the script in which he tries to kill the powerful ruler, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, won the hearts of the commoners.
- 9月6日 (旧暦)、家康は豊臣方の徳川家に対しての不信が問題の要因であるとし、崇伝と本多正純を使者として、大蔵卿局と且元とを同席させた上で、双方の親和を示す方策を講じ江戸に赴いて申し開きするよう要求したという。
- On September 6 (the old calendar) Ieyasu concluded that the distrust of the Toyotomi Family to the Tokugawa Family was a factor of such a problem, then sent Suden and Masazumi HONDA as envoys to the Toyotomi family, and at the meeting in company with Okurakyo-no-tsubone and Katsumoto, demanded that Toyotomi should discuss a measure for conciliation for the both families and come to Edo to account for the measure.
- 輝虎の信玄への憎悪は凄まじく、居城であった春日山城(新潟県上越市)内の看経所と弥彦神社(新潟県西蒲原郡弥彦村)に、「武田晴信悪行之事」と題する願文を奉納し、そこで信玄を口を極めて罵り、必ず退治すると誓っている。
- Hating Shingen fiercely, Terutora dedicated a prayer titled 'Harunobu TAKEDA's wrongdoings' in Kankinjo (a place to read sutras silently) in Kasugayama-jo Castle (located in Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture) and in Yahiko-jinja Shrine (located in Yahiko Village, Nishikanbara County, Niigata Prefecture), and in the prayer, he abused Shingen in the worst possible terms, pledging to exterminate him without fail.
- 1889年(明治22年)1月3日、読売新聞の付録に『小説論』を発表し、また同日の読売新聞から、弟の三木竹二とともにカルデロン・デ・ラ・バルカの戯曲『調高矣津弦一曲』(原題:サラメヤの村長)を共訳して随時発表した。
- On January 3, 1889, he published the 'Shosetsu-ron' (theory of the novel) as an appendix of the newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun, and from the same day, he began to publish a translation of 'El Alcalde de Zalamea' (original title: The Mayor of Zalamea), a play of Calderón de la Barca, which he and his younger brother Takeji MIKI translated into Japanese.
- 学者のあり方から妾の是非(男女同権論等)、哲学や信教の自由などの宗教論、文字改良論などの教育論、死刑廃止論等の社会問題関連、貨幣・貿易等の経済諸問題、はては妖怪の類まで、非常に広きにわたる論説・翻訳を扱っている。
- It dealt with articles and translations in wide areas, ranging from the style of scholar, right and wrong of concubine (feminism etc.), Philosophy, religious arguments including freedom of faith, educational arguments such as an opinion to improve letters, social problems such as the abolition of death penalty, economic problems such as currency and trades, to specters.
- これによって部落問題が差別から解放されたわけではなく、むしろ江戸時代に有していた所有地の無税扱や死牛馬取得権などの独占権を喪失した事、大木の構想した生活改善事業も行われなかった事により、部落の生活水準は下降した。
- This did not emancipate Buraku problem (issue of discrimination against certain hamlets) from discrimination, in reverse the living standard of those Buraku (hamlets) declined because Buraku people lost the exclusive rights of non tax treatment of their demesne and acquisition of carcasses that they had enjoyed since Edo period and the service of life bettering was not carried out which was planned by OKI.
- 『天皇制と部落差別』と題して鈴木良により採り上げられたことをきっかけとして、天皇を主軸とした国家権力による横暴の好例であるとの論旨をもって、部落問題の原因を天皇制に求めるうえでの重要議題として認知されるに至った。
- Being focused on under 'Tennosei to Buraku sabetsu' (Emperor system and Buraku discrimination) by Ryo SUZUKI, this problem became recognized as an important issue to attribute the cause of Buraku problem to the Emperor system, with the theory that it was a good example of domineeringness by the state power having the emperor at its center.
- その古活字本には3種類あるが、最も有名なものが1605年(慶長10年)印行の伏見版であり、外題・版心には「東鑑」、内題には「新刊吾妻鏡」とあり、相国寺の中興の祖とされる西笑承兌(せいしょうじょうたい)の跋文がある。
- There are 3 kinds of old printed books, and the most famous one, called the Fushimi book, was printed and published in 1605, and the title on the front and center fold of paper says '東鑑' (Azuma Kagami) and the title inside the book says 'New Azuma Kagami,' containing postscript written by Seisho Jotai, who is regarded as the father of restoration of Sokoku-ji Temple.
- ところが当時の毛利氏は、相次ぐ対外戦争による財政的問題、豊後の大友宗麟や山陰の南条元続らの侵攻も受けていたため、高松城救援に用意できた兵力は羽柴軍の半分の1万5000ほどでしかなく、救援など不要であったと思われる。
- However, MORI clan at that time had a financial problem caused by several wars and was invaded by Sorin OTOMO of Bingo and Mototsugu NANJO of Sanin, so that MORI clan could provide only 15,000 troops for Takamatsu Castle; as a result, it seems that Hideyoshi did not need relief column.
- 久米邦武筆禍事件(くめくにたけひっかじけん)とは、久米邦武の論文「神道ハ祭天ノ古俗」を1892年(明治25年)に田口卯吉が主宰する『史海』に転載したのをきっかけに問題となり、帝国大学教授職を辞することとなった事件。
- The Incident of Kunitake KUME was the incident in which a thesis, 'Shinto wa saiten no kozoku' (Shinto Is a Remnant of the Ancient Custom of Worshiping Heaven) was reprinted in 1892, in 'Shikai' (Ocean of History) which Ukichi TAGUCHI edited, which caused a problem, and Kume lost his position as professor at the Imperial University.
- 大坂の陣の際、秀頼を城に出さずに自らが兵士の所に赴き督戦したことがよく批判の対象となるが、この時代に女性が戦場に登場するのは珍しいことではなかった(とはいえただの一度も総大将が前線に出なかった事は確かに問題である)。
- Her attitude at the Siege of Osaka that she did not let Hideyori go to the castle and she herself controlled and urged the soldiers to fight more vigorously frequently became a target of criticism, but it was not rare for women to go to the battle field during that era (however, it might have been a problem that the supreme commander never stood at the front of the battle).
- 寝相が悪く、父・徳川斉昭が徳川家後継の際に問題になるとして寝相を矯正するために寝るときには枕に剃刀を立てていた(単なる脅しであって、本当に怪我する事の無いように、と眠った時を見計らって剃刀は取り外していたらしいが)。
- He tossed about a lot in bed in his sleep, and his father, Nariaki TOKUGAWA, thought that this would be a problem when he became the heir to the Tokugawa Family; in order to correct this, razor blades were planted into his pillow (this was done just to scare him, and in reality the razor blades were removed after he had fallen asleep so as to prevent any injuries).
- 明治時代初期の歌壇は、御歌所派や桂園派などの江戸期からの伝統的な文化人たちが担ってきたが、和歌改革を志す人々(正岡子規や与謝野鉄幹ら)によって題詠による作歌・風雅な趣向が批判され、新時代に相応しい新しい和歌が生まれた。
- Highly educated people of the early Meiji period played important roles in the Tanka Composers' Society, as represented by the Outadokoro School and Keien School, but people who intended waka reform (Shiki MASAOKA, Tekkan YOSANO, and so on) criticized both the style and elegant poetic devices of daiei (poetry composed on a given theme), and thus there emerged a new style of waka suitable for the new era.
- しかもその一方で、江戸幕府の方から好かれていたのかと言えば全くの逆で、時の征夷大将軍徳川綱吉は、自分の後継問題で緊張関係にあった甲府藩徳川綱豊(後の6代将軍徳川家宣)の正室・近衛熈子(後の天英院)が基熙の長女であった。
- Some may have thought that Motohiro was favored by the Edo bakufu, but the reality was totally the opposite, since Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the Seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians) at that time was facing his successor problem with Tsunatoyo TOKUGAWA (who later became the Sixth Shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA) of the Kofu clan, whose legal wife was Hiroko KONOE (who later became Teneiin), the eldest daughter of Motohiro.
- 当時、国際法の規範的影響力において、武力による国際問題解決が問題視されるのは1919年のヴェルサイユ条約からであり、国家への脅迫が禁止されのは1945年の国際連合憲章が始まったのが国際法規範の機能面における実態である。
- It was since the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 that settling of international issues by force has been seen as a problem under a normative influence of international law, and it was after the beginning of the United Nations Charter of 1945 that threatening against a state was forbidden – those are realities of functional operation of the norm of the international law at that time.
- しかし一方では権限を越えて条約改正交渉を行おうとしたことによる留守政府との摩擦、外遊期間の大幅な延期、木戸と大久保の不仲などの政治的な問題を引き起こし「条約は結び損い金は捨て 世間へ大使何と岩倉」と狂歌の題材にされた。
- On the other hand, they caused political problems such as a conflict with Rusu-seifu due to their attempt to negotiate for treaty revision which was beyond their authority, long delay of their return from overseas and a quarrel between Kido and Okubo, which became the subject of the kyoka (comic [satirical] tanka) that went like this, 'Failed in signing a treaty, threw out money, how can you explain to the world.'
- 桂は、「満州問題に対しては、我に於て露國の優越権を認め、之を機として朝鮮問題を根本的に解決すること」、「此の目的を貫徹せんと欲せば、戦争をも辞せざる覚悟無かる可からず」という対露交渉方針について伊藤と山縣の同意を得た。
- Katsura received approval from Ito and Yamagata on the following policies to be negotiated with Russia 'We will recognize the rights of Russia concerning the issue of Manchuria, and we would like to use this opportunity to decisively settle the issue of Korea,' 'If we want to achieve this, we must be prepared to go to war.'
- 天皇もこの空気を敏感に察しており、淡路に流された廃帝(淳仁天皇)の謎の死、和気王の突然の処刑、天皇の異母妹である不破内親王の皇籍剥奪など皇族に対する粛清が次々と行われていき、皇位継承問題は事実上のタブーとなっていった。
- The Empress was also keenly aware of this atmosphere, and purges to the Imperial family were done one after another as follows: the dethroned Emperor Junnin's mysterious death, the sudden execution of the Prince Wake, sudden abridgment of register of the Imperial family from Imperial Princess Fuwa who was a younger paternal half-sister of the Empress; accordingly, the subject of the succession to the Imperial Throne became virtually a taboo.
- 弘安6年(1283年)の延暦寺衆徒らによる禁中乱入事件で六波羅探題が対処できなかった事で、二階堂行忠と共に東使として上洛し、関東申次に面会して鎌倉武士は元 (王朝)への対処で手一杯として赦免を求め、失策の処理にあたった。
- When Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) failed to properly handle the intrusion into the Imperial Palace by the monk-soldiers of Enryaku-ji Temple, Nagakage was sent to Kyoto together with Yukitada NIKAIDO as a Toshi (messenger from the Kamakura Shogunate to the Imperial Court in Kyoto) to deal with the failure, met with Kanto Moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with the Kamakura Shogunate) and requested remission of Kamakura samurai for the reason that they were fully occupied with handling of the Yuan Dynasty.
- この主張はたしかに医学的・公衆衛生学的にはある程度評価できるものであったが、人道上の大きな問題があり、その立場から「貧民散布論」を徹底批判したのが鴎外ということもあって、両者の間には感情的にも深い対立関係が存在していた。
- Whilst this insistence may have been acceptable to some extent from a medical or public hygiene point of view, there was a major humanitarian issue, and even Ogai fundamentally disagreed with the 'Dissemination of Poverty' so the two were deeply opposed each other emotionally and otherwise.
- 更に遣唐使廃止後の唐風文化の衰退と国風文化の高揚が、歌会・歌合などの行事を活発化させ、それにつれてより良い和歌を作成するために必要であると考えられた歌題・題意の組織化と規範化、和歌に関する古典・有職研究の専門化が進展した。
- Furthermore, after Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) was abolished, the decline of Tang culture and uplift of the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) activated events such as Uta-kai (poem competitions) and utaawase (poetry contests), and organization and establishment of rules of Kadai (subjects of waka Japanese poem) and Daii (meanings of subjects), and specialization in the study of classics and knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorumts regarding waka that were considered to be necessary to compose better waka developed.
- 戦争による格差の拡大、新聞社に対する言論の弾圧などの問題を孕んだこの騒動は9月21日、寺内内閣の総辞職をもって一応の収まりを見せ「平民宰相」と呼ばれた原敬による日本で初めての本格的な政党内閣が9月27日組織されるに至った。
- The riots that were also linked to the widening divide in wealth caused by wars and suppression of free speech against newspapers subsided to some extent with the mass resignation of the TERAUCHI cabinet on September 21, paving the way for the inauguration of the first full-fledged party cabinet under Takashi HARA, who was called 'the commoner Prime Minister,' on September 27 of the same year.
- また本書は、『太平記』ブームにあやかった通俗史書ではあるが、そこに描かれる世界は、講釈、浄瑠璃、歌舞伎、小説などに多くの題材を提供し、歌舞伎鑑賞や読本を行う上での下地となる歴史教養を、当時の江戸の人々にもたらしたものである。
- Although the book was a vulgar book on history, which caught onto the popularity of 'Taiheiki,' the world described in Zen-zen Taiheiki provided many subjects for arts and cultures such as Koshaku (story telling), Joruri (Ballad drama), Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) and novels and also gave people of the Edo Period basic knowledge about history on which people at that time could depend when they enjoyed Kabuki or read books.
- その内容は、竹の中から生まれた少女が、領主の息子たちから求婚を受けたが難題をつけて退け、かねてより想いを寄せていた男性と結ばれるという話だが、中でも求婚の部分は宝物の数、内容、男性側のやりとりや結末などが非常に酷似している。
- The story is that a girl being born from a bamboo shoot comes to be asked to marry by sons of a feudal lord, but she refuses them giving difficult tasks, and she is wedded to a man whom she has loved for a long time in the end; especially the number of treasures in the scene of courtship, the treasures themselves, conversation with the men, and the ending are quite similar to Taketori Monogatari.
- だが、欧米列強との交渉が始まると、日本に民法典が無いことが列強による治外法権を正当化させる理由の一つに挙げられて、幕末から明治初期の日本において、不平等条約条約改正という政治的課題の一つとして民法典の整備が急務とされていた。
- However, when negotiations were started beween Japan and the allied western powers, the fact that Japan lacked Minpoten became one reason to justify exterritoriality of the western powers, so that in Japan from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, the preparation of Minpoten was an urgent matter as one of political tasks to revise unequal treaties.
- 文化 (元号)・文政期(1804年- 1829年)には「大津絵十種」と呼ばれる代表的画題が確定し、一方でお守りとしての効能も唱えられるようになった(「藤娘」は良縁、「鬼の寒念仏」は子供の夜泣き、「雷神姿かたち」は雷除けなど)。
- During the eras of Bunka and Bunsei (1804-1829), the representative subjects of Otsu-e painting called 'Ten kinds of Otsu-e' were decided, meanwhile its effectiveness as a charm came to be advocated; ('Fujimusume' (wisteria maiden) is effective for helping find a good match, 'Ogre's reciting Buddhist invocations in midwinter' is to help babies crying at night, and 'raijin (the god of thunder) sugata katachi (form)' will prevent being struck by lightning, etc.)
- しかし城の一部に防御上の問題が有り、秀吉自身もそこを気にしていたと言われている(のちの大坂の役で真田信繁(幸村)は、防御の弱さを指摘されていた箇所に真田丸と呼ばれる砦を築き、大坂城の防御を大幅に強し、徳川勢を大いに苦しめた)。
- But it is said that there was a problem on protection at the part of castle, which Hideyoshi himself worried about, (Nobushige (Yukimura) SANADA built a fort, which was called Sanadamaru, on that weak point for later Siege of Osaka to reinforce protection of Osaka Castle and plagued TOKUGAWA troops.
- 使節団出発後、留守政府は学制・徴兵令・地租改正・太陽暦の採用・司法制度の整備・キリスト教弾圧の中止などの改革を積極的に行ったが、人事を巡る問題と征韓論を巡って留守政府と岩倉使節団の対立が激化して明治6年の政変に至る事になった。
- After the delegation departed, Rusu-seifu carried out reforms positively such as introduction of an educational system and Conscription Ordinance, land-tax reform, adoption of the solar calendar, improvement of the judicial system, a halt of Christian oppression, but confrontation between Rusu-seifu and Iwakura Mission was aggravated over personnel affairs and Seikanron, which led to the political change in 1873.
- もちろん、実際には内乱に乗じた他の諸藩や民間でも同様の贋貨作りが行われており、明治2年3月に外国官(後の外務省)より公議所に対して3,000万両の贋貨が外国商人の手に落ちたという「風説」があると報告されている(「問題四条」)。
- Of course in reality, many other domains and people took advantage of the civil war and had counterfeit money made similarly, and a rumor was reported by the Foreign Office (the later Ministry of Foreign Affairs) to the public chamber that 30 million counterfeit ryo fell into the hands of foreign merchants.
- 1960年に石母田正はこの問題に鋭く切り込み、「諸国平均に守護地頭を補任し」は鎌倉時代の後期には他の史料にも見えることから、これは幕府独自の記録によったものではなく、鎌倉時代の後期の一般的な通説に基づく作文ではないかと指摘した。
- Tadashi/Sho ISHIMODA got to the heart of a problem in 1960, pointing out that the words 'set the Shugo and Jito at each province' can be seen in the other historical materials in the late Kamakura period, therefore it was not based on the governments original record but on the common view widely accepted at the time.
- 源氏物語全体を一言で表すような主題を求める努力は続けられており、三谷邦明による反万世一系論や、鈴木日出男による源氏物語虚構論などのような一定の評価を受けた業績も現れてはいるものの、広く合意された結論が出たとは言えない状況である。
- Despite the continuous effort to seek a theme representing the whole world of 'The Tale of Genji' in one word, it is hard to say they came to a conclusion that could be widely accepted, although some achievements which were agreed upon to some extent emerged, such as the anti-theory of a long continued descent presented by Kuniaki MITANI and a theory of fiction in 'The Tale of Genji' as advocated by Hideo SUZUKI.
- ところが、日本側が一旦帰国した森山からの報告を受けた後に、大阪会議や佐賀の乱への対応で朝鮮問題が後回しにされて「九月協定」への了承を先延ばしにしているうちに、朝鮮では大院君側が巻き返しが図られて再び攘夷論が巻き起こったのである。
- However, after Japanese side received a report from Moriyama who was coming back to home country for the time being, and while responding to the Osaka conference and the Saga War the Korea problem was left behind and postponed the approval for the 'September Agreement', and Daewongun regained his strength, and the principle of excluding foreigners arose again in Korea.
- 例えば、『記紀』の記述によると、広開土王碑が伝える朝鮮半島奥深くに侵入しての高句麗との戦闘は一切伝えられていないし、倭の五王の遣使も伝わらない(倭王武の上表文によると5世紀の最も重大な外交問題は対高句麗問題であるにも関わらず)。
- For example, the Kiki does not say anything about the battle against Koguryo in the depths of the Korean Peninsula (mentioned in the Gwanggaeto Stele), or about envoys of the Five Kings of Wa (despite the most important diplomatic issue in the fifth century being a relationship with Koguryo as Waobu's johyobun).
- 本能寺の変後、織田氏の後継者問題では勝家は信長の三男・織田信孝を推したが、明智光秀を討伐したことで実績や発言力が大きかった羽柴秀吉(豊臣秀吉)が信長の嫡孫・三法師(織田秀信)を擁立したため、織田氏の家督は三法師が継ぐこととなった。
- After the Honnoji Incident, Katsuie pushed Nobutaka ODA, the third son of Nobunaga for the successor of the Oda clan, but Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), who had a major achievements and influence as a result of subduing Mitsuhide AKECHI, backed Sanboshi (Hidenobu ODA), the legitimate grandson of Nobunaga, so the reigns of the Oda clan were transferred to Sanboshi.
- しかし、この国替えは信長自身も数度行っており、信長はそれらを解決するために家族そのものの移住等を行いその度にその国を発展させてきたが、信長にとっては大した事ではないが家臣にとっては難しい問題であったが故の摩擦となった可能性もある。
- Nobunaga, who had himself changed his province several times, moved them to new provinces to develop the province, which may not have been a difficult matter for Nobunaga, but more so for his vassals, and was a possible cause of friction.
- もっともこの場合でも、当時の日本政府の財政事情(西郷隆盛も反対論の理由の一つに財政問題を挙げている)から、ヨーロッパやアメリカ合衆国の本線用の車両を購入して輸送するコストを考えれば、必ずしも日本政府の判断が誤りだったとはいえない。
- But even if it were the case, if the financial conditions of the Japanese government at that time (Takamori SAIGO also mentioned financial reasons to oppose the construction) and the expenses which would have cost to purchase and convey carriages for the main line from Europe or America are considered, it cannot be said that the decision of the Japanese government was a mistake.
- また、会計官では不換紙幣としての太政官札の企画を推進してきた副知事の由利公正が従来の財政問題を巡る路線対立に加えて、外交問題から太政官札の位置付け変更に踏み込んだ通貨改革の流れに発展してきたことに対する不満から辞意を表明していた。
- Furthermore, Kosei YURI, the vice prefectural governor who promoted the the plan of the Dajokan-satsu as the inconvertible paper currency at the finance office, expressed his will to resign because of his dissatisfaction with the confrontation on the existing financial issues along with his dissatisfaction with the circumstances that the diplomatic issue had grown into a monetary reform which even involved the change of position of Dajokan-satsu.
- 明治天皇の外祖父である議定中山忠能から開会が宣言された後、公家側から「徳川慶喜は政権を返上したというが、果たして忠誠の心から出たものかどうかは怪しい。忠誠を実績を持って示す(辞官納地を指す)よう譴責すべきである」との議題が出される。
- After the meeting was called to order by Tadayasu NAKAYAMA, Emperor Meiji's maternal grandfather, court nobles raised an agenda saying 'Although Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA returned the administration to the Imperial court, we doubt his genuine royalty. We should reprimand him to show his royalty by actual performance (which indicates Jikan nochi [an order for surrendering the Shogunate post and domains to the Imperial court]).'
- 「源氏物語の主題が何であるのか」については古くから様々に論じられてきたが、『源氏物語』全体を一言で言い表すような「主題」については「もののあはれ」論がその位置に最も近いとは言えるものの、未だに広く承認された決定的な見解は存在しない。
- The question of 'what the main theme in The Tale of Genji is' has been argued in various ways since the old times; the 'Mono no Aware' Japanese sentimental theory could be the most possible 'theme' to represent the overall work of 'The Tale of Genji' in one word, but to date there is no decisive view that is widely accepted.
- ただし、兵食の問題(実は航海食がビタミン欠乏状態)等により、海軍の脚気患者は、1928年1,153人、1937年から1941年まで1,000人を下回ることがなく、12月に太平洋戦争が勃発した1941年は3,079人の脚気患者が出た。
- However, rations for sailors had its problems (In reality, food at sea lacked vitamin content) as even in 1928, there were 1,153 beriberi patients in the Navy, and this did not fall below 1,000 between 1937 to 1941; In fact, when the Pacific War broke out in December, there were 3,079 beriberi patience.
- 更に東学党の乱などでゆれる朝鮮半島問題では、川上操六参謀次長とともに清国に対して強硬論を唱えて、日清戦争を開戦させるとともにイギリス・ロシア帝国からは好意的な中立を獲得して、下関条約締結まで終始日本側の有利に戦況を進める結果となった。
- And in the matter over the Korean Peninsula rocked by the Tonghak Uprising and others, he advocated hard line toward Qing with a vice chief of staff Soroku KAWAKAMI, and started the Sino-Japanese War, gaining favorable neutrality from the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire, which caused that Japan carried on the war advantageously from the beginning to the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
- ある問題については最終的に得られる方程式の次数が1458次にもなってしまい、方程式を具体的に書き下すことすらできなかった(この問題は最近になって、これより簡単な方程式が得られないこと、そしてただ一つの実数解をもつことが確かめられた)。
- In some problems, the final degree of the equation turned into a 1458X1458 matrix, so large it would not be practical even to write it down (regarding this issue, it was recently confirmed that in this method it is impossible to simplify the equation, and that there is only one real root.)
- 義満が庇護していた世阿弥を遠ざけ(ただし、これは義持個人の趣味の問題とする説もある)、朝廷からの父義満に対する太上天皇の追号を辞退し、1411年(応永18)には朝貢形式に対して反発の声もあった日明貿易(勘合貿易)を取り止めるなどした。
- He alienated Zeami, whom Yoshimitsu took under his wing (however, this is also said to be a matter of Yoshimochi's personal interest), declined the posthumous title as ex-Emperor offered to his father Yoshimitsu, from the Imperial court, and ended the trade with Ming dynasty China (Kango trade), of which tribute style had faced some opposition, in 1411.
- また、当時(1886年)の北海道全域の人口は26万5千人に過ぎず、うち半数以上にあたる15万1千人が松前藩時代以来の集住地域である函館県に集中し、逆に極寒の未開拓地が大半を占める根室県はわずか1万7千人という不均衡の問題が生じていた。
- Furthermore, while the population of the whole area of Hokkaido was only two hundred sixty-five thousand in 1886 and more than half of the population (one hundred fifty-one thousand) concentrated in Hakodate Prefecture where people had lived in groups since the age of the Matsumae Domain, and Nemeuro Prefecture which consisted mostly of extremely cold undeveloped land had a population of only seventeen thousand, and this posed a problem of an imbalance.
- 現在では且元が家康の間諜を務めていたなどという説もあるが、且元は慶長19年(1614年)の鐘銘問題においても盛んに駿府の家康のもとに交渉に赴き、戦争回避などを努力していることから、彼はむしろ豊臣氏存続に心を砕いた忠臣だったと思われる。
- Although there are speculations today that Katsumoto provided intelligence to Ieyasu, he is believed to have been a faithful Toyotomi vassal that devoted himself to preserve Toyotomi clan, demonstrated by his diligent effort to avert warfare through frequent visits and talks with Ieyasu in Sunpu, over the Shomei issue of 1614.
- 締約当時に開発途上国と見なされた中華人民共和国・インドなどが、その後順調な経済的発展を遂げ、非効率的なエネルギー政策で大量に温室効果ガスを発生させ、世界有数の排出国となっているにも関わらず、何ら義務を負っていないことも問題視されている。
- Countries such as People's Republic of China and India, which were regarded as developing countries at the time of ratification, have economically developed steadily afterward and they have come to produced a massive amount of greenhouse gases to be the world's top-class emitter due to their inefficient energy policies; accordingly, it is problematic that they have not undertaken any obligation in spite of such a situation.
- この問題の行方によっては薩英戦争同様の事態に進展する可能性もあり、さらに神戸が香港や上海市の様に理不尽な占領下に置かれる事態も起こり得たことから、滝善三郎の犠牲によって危機回避がなされたことは日本史の流れにおいても重大な出来事であった。
- Depending on the conclusion, this incident would possibly have developed into as serious a situation as Anglo-Satsuma War, and Kobe might have been put under the unreasonable occupation like Hong Kong or Shanghai City, so it is also important in the context of the Japanese history that the national crisis could be avoided at the sacrifice of Zenzaburo TAKI.
- 先の年号問題は持氏の妥協でケリが付いたものの、比叡山の呪詛問題、それに1438年(永享10年)には嫡子の元服の際に義教を無視し勝手に名前をつけた(当時は慣例として将軍から一字を拝領していた)ことなどから幕府との関係は一触即発となっていた。
- The era issue mentioned above was resolved owing to a compromise by Mochiuji but his relationship with the the government remained volatile because of the Hieizan Enryaku-ji Temple curse issue, and also because, in 1438, Mochiuji ignored Yoshinori and named his son himself when he reached adulthood (according to the custom of that time, one of the Chinese characters used in the shogun's name was given).
- 幕末のころ、神田孝平がたまたま露店で写本を見つけ、明治2年(1869年)、福澤諭吉が、『蘭学事始』(上下二巻)の題名で刊行(その後、明治23年4月1日に記した「蘭学事始再版の序」の中で、感動に涙したとしている)、一般に読まれるようになる。
- In the last days of Edo Period, Takahira KANDA happened to find a copied book at a street stall, and in 1869 Yukichi FUKUZAWA published the book 'Rangaku Kotohajime' (two volumes) (later in the preface to the second edition of Rangaku Kotohajime written on April 1, 1890, Fukuzawa wrote that he was moved to tears), and it became to be read by the general public.
- 翌1887年(明治20年)、国民がこの案を知るところとなると、折からノルマントン号事件(1886年)で不平等条約の弊害が問題になっていたため、世論は激昂してこれを「国辱的な内容」と攻撃、全国的な民権運動が盛り上がった(三大事件建白運動)。
- In the next year, 1887, when people knew the proposal, they got furious (especially so because adverse effects of an unequal treaty were being discussed after the Normanton Incident [1886]) and attacked the proposal claiming that it was 'national disgrace,' and then the nation-wide democratic-rights movement was spread (the movement following sandaijiken-kenpaku [the petition for three major matters]).
- 明治政府の外交政策にとって、この是正は重要な課題のひとつとなるが、逆に一部の国粋主義者からは居留地の存在が外国の思想や宗教から日本の伝統・文化を守る防壁になっているという見地からの存続論も登場して複雑な論争を招くことになった(内地雑居)。
- While this change was an important policy issue for the Meiji government, complicated disputes arose among some nationalists as to whether the settlements acted as a bulwark protecting Japanese tradition and culture from foreign ideas and religion.
- 早馬がもたらした京の朝廷、及び六波羅探題への第一報はでは「去二十三日午剋、左京権大夫時村朝臣、僕被誅了」(『実躬卿記』の4月27日条)、「関東飛脚到著、是左京大夫時村朝臣、去二十三日被誅事」(大外記中原師茂)と、「時村が誅された」である。
- The first report brought to the Imperial court in Kyoto and to Rokuhara Tandai (the office of Shogunal deputy in Kyoto placed by the Kamakura shogunate) through a post horse-carried message was 'Tokimura was killed due to his crime,' such as 'Ason Tokimura, Sakyo no gon no daifu, was killed due to his crime' (according to the article on April 27 of 'Sanemikyoki') and 'An express messenger arrived from Kanto, and Ason Tokimura, Sakyo no gon no daifu, was killed due to his crime on the last 23rd' (according to Moroshige NAKAHARA, Daigeki (a senior secretary).
- ただし現在、本説は、井上光貞、榎一雄、山尾幸久を始めとする複数の東洋史・日本史学者等から批判されており、主要な百科事典や邪馬台国論争史を著述した研究書においては記載されずに無視されている説であることに留意する必要がある(説の歴史と問題点)。
- However, please note that the theory is currently criticized by several scholars in the oriental history and Japanese history including Mitsusada INOUE, Kazuo ENOKI, Yukihisa YAMAO, and is also not contained in major encyclopedias or study books that contain the disputed history of Yamatai-Koku kingdom (the history and debatable points of the theory).
- その一方で、上皇が要求した地頭解任要求(備後国太田荘)を「故源頼朝が決めた地頭は問題がない限り解任する理由はない」と幕府の根幹を揺るがしかねないとして固辞しており、西園寺公経が右近衛大将を解任された折には上皇の非を指摘してこれを諌めている。
- Meanwhile, he firmly rejected the Retired Emperor's jito (land steward) dismissal request (Ota no sho manor in the Bingo Province) on the ground that it would crush the basis of bakufu if he allowed it, saying 'I have no reason to dismiss jito who the late MINAMOTO no Yoritomo assigned as far as they're not problematic,' and when Kintsune SAIONJI was dismissed from Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards), Sanetomo pointed out the Retired Emperor's mistake and remonstrated with him.
- 武田氏滅亡を見届け安土へ凱旋した信長のもとへ、朝廷から関白、太政大臣、征夷大将軍の内の何れかに就任するよう勅使が訪れるが(三職推任問題)、信長は自身については明確な回答をせず、代わりに嫡男の信忠を征夷大将軍に宣下してもらえればよいと伝える。
- An Imperial envoy came to see Nobunaga, who had returned in triumph to Azuchi upon vanquishing the Takeda clan, bearing an offer from Imperial Court to assume a title of either Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) or Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (the question of the three alternative positions), but Nobunaga avoided a clear answer, instead requesting that Nobutada, his legitimate son and heir, be appointed as Seii taishogun.
- なお「若紫」は第5帖の題名であり作中には出てこず、他には『紫式部日記』に「左衞門のかみあなかしこ此のわたりにわかむらさきやさふらふとうかゝいたまふ」(藤原公任が酔って式部のいるあたりを「私の若紫おいでですか?」といいたまう)とあるのみである。
- Though the name of Wakamurasaki is used in the title of the fifth chapter, the name doesn't appear in the chapter but only appears in 'Murasaki Shikibu Diary', 'When FUJIWARA no Kinto got drunk, turning up around the place where Shikibu was supposed to be, and asked, 'Is my Wakamurasaki there?''
- これを受けて幕府の法制度が整備された慶長20年(1615年)以後、寛保3年(1743年)までの129年間に出された御条目・高札・御触書のうち3550通を主題ごとに分類・整理を行った上で、延享元年(1744年)11月に完成、翌年一部が校訂された。
- In response to this, 3,550 articles of ojomoku (itemized codes), takafuda (notices on boards), and ofuregaki issued over the 129 years from 1615, when the law system of the bakufu was established, to 1743, were sorted and catalogued by subject to be complied in December 1744, and revised partially in the following year.
- 平安時代後期の『今昔物語集』にも竹取物語と同様の説話(巻31「竹取の翁、女児を見つけて養う語」)が採集されているが、求婚者への難題は3題のみであり、月へ帰る夜も十五夜でなく、富士山の地名由来譚も登場しない、『竹取物語』より簡略された内容である。
- 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (Tales of Times Now Past) completed in the late Heian period also includes a similar story to Taketori Monogatari (volume 31, 'A story of Taketori no Okina who found a baby girl and brought her up'), but in this version the plot is more simplified: only three difficult tasks are given to the suitors; Princess Kaguya doesn't return to the moon on the 15th night; a history of the name of Mt. Fuji is not introduced.
- 「鴎外漁史とは誰ぞ」(文壇時評)、「原田直次郎」(日本の近代西洋絵画)、「潦休録」(近代芸術)、「我をして九州の富人たらしめば」(社会問題)、「義和団の乱の一面の観察」(講演録)、「新社会合評」(矢野竜渓『新社会』の評論で社会主義などを記述)。
- Who is Ogai Gyoshi ?' (criticism on the literary world), 'Naojiro HARADA' (about western painting in the modern period of Japan), 'Ryokyuroku' (about modern art), 'If I were a wealthy man in Kyushu' (about social issues), 'Observations on one aspect of the Boxer Uprising' (lecture records), 'Joint review on new society' (a criticism of 'New Society' written by Ryukei YANO, in which mentioned socialism and so on).
- 大正に入り、アメリカ合衆国に学び牧師となっていた小谷部全一郎は、北海道に移住してアイヌ問題に取り組んでいたが、アイヌの人々が信仰するオキクルミが義経であるという話を聞き、義経北行伝説の真相を明かすために大陸に渡って満州・モンゴル高原を旅行した。
- During the Taisho period, Zenichiro OYABE, who after having studied in the United States became a priest and migrated to Hokkaido, and while he was working for the issues concerning the Ainu, he heard about Okikirmuy, that the Ainu people believed was Yoshitsune, and then, he went over to the continent to travel to Manchuria and the Mongolian plateau to find out the truth of the Yoshitsune north refuge legend.
- 政友会がこの問題を持ち出したのはその年に行われた第17回衆議院議員総選挙で大敗したことに加えて、田中義一前総裁(元陸軍大臣・総理大臣)の総裁時代以来、在郷軍人会が政友会の有力支持団体化したことに伴う「政友会の親軍化」現象の一環とも言われている。
- The reason why the Seiyukai (Rikken seiyukai) rose this matter was that they lost the 17th general election of members of the House of Representatives held that year, and in addition to that, since the period of the former Prime Minister Giichi TANAKA (former Minister of Army, Prime Minister), an association of reservists became the influential support group of Seiyukai which led to the phenomenon of 'pro-militarization of Seiyukai'.
- しかし、それら異本は、著者自身が一度も用いなかった「名山図志」なる語を書名としたり、正しくは「志」とすべきところを「誌」と書き誤るといった書誌学的な過誤だけでなく、学術的な博物誌であるにもかかわらず名所案内として解題するなど問題の多いものである。
- However, those alternative versions have problems not only bibliographical mistakes such as using the new title of 'Meizan zushi', a word the author never used, and misspelling '志' with '誌', but also the title was changed for a tourist information book when the original was an academic book on natural history.
- 正税帳は民部省主税寮において勘会(監査)を受けて、関連資料との数値の不一致や未納・欠損が生じていないことが確認されると、民部省から正税帳使に託する形で返抄(請取書・領収書)が送付され、問題がある場合には正税帳は正税返却帳を添えられて送り返された。
- Once kankai (audit) had been done at Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation) of Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) to make sure there was no digital inconsistency, unpaid or deficit compared to the related material, Minbusho issued and handed over the hensho (a document as receipts, but also as proof of delivery or transport when presented goods and paid money to government office) to Shozeichoshi, or if there was any problem, shozeicho was sent back along with shozei henkyakucho.
- また、この分裂の際に正統派・革新派のどちらにも与しなかった金光庸夫・犬養健・太田正孝らは「中立派」(金光派ともいう)となり、翌1940年に発生した民政党の斎藤隆夫除名問題で除名を支持して正統派内で孤立した議員が中立派に加わって「統一派」と名乗った。
- Also, Tsuneo KANEMITSU, Takeru INUKAI, and Masataka OTA did not belong to either the orthodoxy faction or the reformists when the party split and they became 'the neutral faction' (also referred to as Kanemitsu faction) and in the following year, that is in 1940, councilors of orthodoxy faction who supported expulsion of Saito concerning the issue of the expulsion of Takao SAITO of Minsei Party (civil administration party) from the House of Representatives became isolated in the faction and joined the neutral faction, and then the neutral faction renamed their faction 'the unificationists.'
- 門脇が提唱したのは応神天皇の代に渡来した、百済の高官、木満致(もくまち)と蘇我満智(まち)が同一人物とする説で、鈴木靖民や山尾幸久らの支持を得た一方、加藤謙吉や坂本義種らが指摘したように、史料上の問題点が多く、蘇我氏を渡来人とみなす根拠は薄弱である。
- Yasutami SUZUKI and Yukihisa YAMAO both supported Kadowaki's assertion that the Baekje high official Machi MOKU, who is said to have arrived during the reign of Emperor Ojin, is one and the same individual as SOGA no Machi; but, as Kenkichi KATO and Yoshitane SAKAMOTO have pointed out, there are many historical discrepancies and little evidence to prove the migrant origins of the Soga clan.
- 実際にはこの「国境」を越えた清朝領域に越境した朝鮮人が多数に上ったため、彼らをどう保護するかという問題とも絡んで、この後大韓帝国となっても清朝との国境線画定の話し合いは断続的に行われたが、豆満江・鴨緑江を国境線とすることが次第に既成事実化していった。
- Actually, there were a number of Korean people who crossed the border, then negotiations between Korea and the Qing dynasty were held regarding protection of the Koreans even after Korea became the Korean empire, and the borders of the Tumen river and the Yalu river gradually became an accomplished fact.
- 1333年(元弘3/正慶2)、反幕府勢力の討伐のために京都へ派遣された有力御家人の足利尊氏が、一転して後醍醐側へつき六波羅探題を落とすと、新田義貞が上野国で挙兵し、これに呼応した関東の御家人たちと鎌倉を攻略して、鎌倉幕府と北条氏は滅亡した(元弘の乱)。
- In 1333, when a senior vassal named Takauzi ASHIKAGA who had been dispatched to Kyoto to eliminate the anti-bakufu forces defected to the Godaigo faction and deposed the Rokuhara Tandai, Yoshisada NITTA raised an army in Kozuke Province and with Kanto gokenin, who agreed to this, captured Kamakura and thus overthrew the Kamakura bakufu and the Hojo clan (Genko War).
- このように現在の源氏物語の本文研究の学問的水準から考えると問題も多く、批判されることもしばしばある校本ではあるが、歴史上初めて完成した学術的な源氏物語の校本でありながら、21世紀に入っても通常の研究に利用しうる源氏物語の校本としては最も整ったものである。
- As mentioned above, there are many problems from the view of an academic level of the present text study of The Tale of Genji, and the variorum is often criticized, but it was the best organized variorum among those of The Tale of Genji which can be used for the regular study even in the 21st century, although it was the earliest academic variorum of The Tale of Genji in history.
- だが、松方・進歩党が希望するこの二大課題が解決すると、元々大隈との提携に不満があった薩摩閥系閣僚と進歩党側の対立が激化、更に松方が財政難の解決のために地租改正反対一揆以来一種のタブーとなっていた「地租増徴」を提案したことから進歩党内に倒閣の機運が生じた。
- However, once two major tasks the Progressive Party represented by MATSUKATA aimed for were solved, conflicts were intensified between the cabinet members from Satsuma Domain clique who had been dissatisfied with cooperation with OKUMA from the beginning and the Progressive Party side, and moreover to solve economic difficulties, MATSUKATA proposed 'the plan to increase land taxes' which had been a sort of taboo since the peasant revolt against the land-tax reform, which gathered momentum within the Progressive Party of overthrowing the Cabinet.
- 続いて山縣伊三郎逓信大臣と阪谷芳郎大蔵大臣が鉄道予算の問題で対立して共に辞表を明治天皇に提出しようとした際には、両名を天皇の前に連れてくるだけの西園寺までが辞表を提出してしまい、原と寺内正毅陸軍大臣が必死に説得して西園寺の辞表のみを撤回させる騒ぎも起きた。
- After that, when both Isaburo YAMAGATA, the Minister of Correspondence and Yoshio SAKATANI, Minister of Finance, were going to hand in their resignationletters to the Emperor Meiji after their conflict over the railway budget problem, Saionji, who was only expected to take them to the emperor, handed in his own letter of resignation; Hara and Masatake TERAUCHI, Minister of Army, worked very hard to persuade Saionji to take back his resignation.
- 薩長は、土佐藩、佐賀藩をも巻き込み、開国以来の違勅条約に対する反対論と外国人排撃を主張、実行に移そうとする「攘夷」を、国学の進展などにより江戸時代後期から広がっていた国家元首問題としての尊王論とを結びつけ、「尊皇攘夷」を旗頭に「倒幕」の世論を形成していった。
- Satsuma and Choshu domains, together with Tosa and Saga domains, advocated the 'anti-shogunate movement' based on the 'antiforeign imperialism' insisting that the treaties with the Western powers, which were concluded against the imperial order, should not be accepted in the first place and that foreigners should be expelled out of Japan, and placating those who were about to resort to force for the cause of exclusionism, these domains tried to unite exclusionism with the imperialism on the supremacy of the emperor.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- 明治維新後も新政府は、江戸時代の貨幣制度をほぼそのまま受け継いだが、中央集権的な国家を建設するためには、各藩が独自に発行していた藩札(さらにそれを受け継いだ府県札)の整理や、東日本の小判(計数貨幣)と西日本の丁銀(秤量貨幣)の統一なども課題として残されていた。
- Although the currency system in the Edo period had been kept in almost the same manner by the new government after Meiji Restoration, there were problems including organizing han bills (bills usable only in a particular feudal clan) (further, prefectural bills taken over from the han bills) issued by each domain independently and integrating koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) (Keisu kahei [currency by table]) in eastern Japan and chogin (collective term of silver) (Hyodo kahei [currency valued by weight]) in western Japan in order to establish a centralized state.
- 越訴方では越訴が正当と判断される場合には内談の場にて越訴頭人・越訴奉行人によって越訴状と落居事書(判決原案)との比較審理が行われ、先沙汰(原判決)が問題ありと判断された場合、御教書を発給して改めて奉行人を選定し、越訴頭人の指揮の下で正式な裁判が改めて開かれた。
- If the Ossokata determined that their osso were justifiable, the Ossotonin (head of the Ossokata) and the Ossobugyonin (officials in charge of retrials and accepting appeals) privately discussed and compared the petition for osso with the original judgment, and if they decided that the judgment was not fair, they issued a migyosho (document for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities), elected anew bugyonin, and started a formal trial under the command of the ossotonin.
- ただ、前述した明治初期における国家意思形成の不統一性の問題や、規制対象を同じくする法令が何度も公布されたこともあり、布告・達が後の法令で明示的に廃止されなかった場合は、後に内容が矛盾する法令が制定されたとの解釈により効力を失ったのか否か疑義が生じたものもある。
- Because of the confusion within the early Meiji government as stated above which had led to many laws being issued for overlapping subjects, it was sometiimes doubtful whether Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi was deemed to cease to be effective due to establishment of a new contradicting law, in cases where such Fukoku or Tasshi had not been expressly abolished.
- 九州には、征西将軍宮懐良親王を擁する南朝方の菊池氏や、足利方の九州探題で博多を本拠とした一色範氏(道猷)、大宰府の少弐頼尚らの勢力が鼎立していたところ、直冬は、将軍尊氏より直冬の討伐命令を受けた一色氏らと戦い、懐良親王の征西府と協調路線を取り大宰府攻略を目指す。
- In Kyushu, where the Kikuchi clan of the Southern Court faction, which was protecting Prince Kaneyoshi, who was a both a member of the imperial family and the seisai taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the western barbarians'), Noriuji ISSHIKI (Doken), who was the Kyushu tandai (regional commissioner in Kyushu) under the ASHIKAGA clan and was based in the Hakata district, and Yorinao SHONI, who was an official of Dazaifu (governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima under the ritsuryo system), had been in contention with each other, Tadafuyu fought against the Isshiki clan, who had received the order from Shogun Takauji to subjugate Tadafuyu, and cooperated with the Seisaifu government of Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, with the aim of capturing Dazaifu.
- 1月より持ち越しの由利公正(越前藩士)が起草した新政府の方針案では、諸侯会議派である土佐藩の福岡孝弟が第一条冒頭に「列侯会議ヲ興シ」の字句を挿入し、表題も「会盟」と改めており、3月の木戸による国是建議の後提出したが、もはやこの時期には列侯会議は必要性を失していた。
- For the draft policy of the new government prepared by Kosei YURI (feudal retainer of Echizen) and had been carried over from January, Takachika FUKUOKA of Tosa Domain who belonged to the lords conference group inserted the phrase 'Establish a council by feudal lords' to the beginning of the Article 1 and amended the title to 'Kaimei (pledge of feudal lords)', and submitted it after Kido's proposal for national policy in March, but the necessity of the council by feudal lords had already been lost by then.
- 二人は、原勝郎の問題提起、史料批判をさらに押し進め、それが当初思われていたような逐次記録ではなく、鎌倉幕府の政所や問注所の残る記録のみならず、京の鎌倉幕府の日記類まで参照しながら後世に編纂されたものであり、またそのなかには多くの誤りや曲筆があることを明らかにする。
- Referring to records of Mandokoro, the Office of Administration, and Monchujo, the Office of Inquiry, in the Kamakura bakufu and even diaries of the Kamakura bakufu in Kyo, they thought seriously about the question raised by Katsuro HARA and the criticism of the historical materials, revealing that Azuma Kagami wasn't a chronological record as had been originally thought, and was instead compiled in later ages, which means that it contains many errors and misrepresentations in writing.
- 第5条・第6条では決して壮健とは言い難い天皇の体調に配慮しつつも、健康問題を理由としてむやみに大臣との謁見を拒んだり、公務を滞らせる事態を最低限に留めて国務への影響を防ぐこととした(特に森有礼の御用掛任命の際の公務復帰拒否のような事態を防止する点が重要視された)。
- Article 5 and 6 stipulated, with due considerations to Emperor's health which was far from robust, that the Emperor would not immoderately reject audiences with ministers and other duties for health reason which would disrupt the flow of public service, to prevent national services from being affected (This placed importance in avoiding such situation as the Emperor would refuse to return to public service as was seen upon the appointment of Arinori MORI as Goyogakari).
- 廷臣としては余りに奔放な行動であり、更に菊亭晴季らが讒言(前述の手紙には「関白が豊臣氏の世襲になるならばせめて内覧任命を希望したい」という文言が入っていた事が問題になったと言われている)したため、文禄3年(1594年)4月についに後陽成天皇の勅勘を蒙る羽目に陥った。
- His conduct, which was too bold for a courtier, and a false accusation by Harusue KIKUTEI (it is said that the sentence, 'If the position of Kanpaku is transferred by succession, I hope to be assigned at least as Nairan (the person who checked documents before they were given to the Emperor)' included in the afore-mentioned letter caused the problem) led the Emperor to censure Nobutada in May 1594, leaving him in a difficult position.
- その後、光圀は父徳川頼房の死去により家督を相続し、公務が多忙となったため事業からは遠ざかっていたが、幕府では寛文2年(1662年)に林鵞峰に命じて編年体の史書『本朝通鑑』の編纂を開始しており、光圀は林鵞峰を藩邸に招いて面談し、編纂方針や正統問題について質問している。
- Then, Mitsukuni succeeded to the family after his father, TOKUGAWA Yorifusa, died and became busy with official duties, so that he stayed away from the enterprise, but the government ordered HAYASHI Gaho to compile a chronicle of Japan, 'Honchotsukan' and Mitsukuni asked HAYASHI Gaho about compiling policy and legitimacy, in person.
- その後も、一部の人々は攘夷運動を進めようとした(草莽)が、明治2年(1869年)に入ると、明治政府は公議所・上局から上げられた「公議輿論」が攘夷は不可能であるという意見であったことを理由に「開国和親」を国是として以後は攘夷を議題としないことを決定(5月28日)した。
- Even after that, some ordinary citizens tried to continue the Joi movement; however, because the kogi-yoron (public deliberation) issued by the Kogisho (the lower house) and the Jokyoku (a law-making body) expressed the judgment that joi (the expelling of the barbarians) was not possible, the Meiji government adopted a national policy of 'opening the country up and establishing friendly relations with other countries' (kaikoku washin) in 1869 and decided not to employ joi as part of their agenda anymore (May 28).
- しかしながら現存している源氏物語を題材にした絵巻物の中で、また「源氏物語絵巻」という名称で呼ばれている絵巻物の中で最も古く、最も著名であり、研究史上最も重要な絵巻物がこれであることから、特に何の説明も付けずに単に「源氏物語絵巻」と呼ぶ場合にはこれ(のみ)を指すことが多い。
- However, because this is the oldest, most famous and most important for research among the picture scrolls on The Tale of Genji and among picture scrolls that are called 'The Tale of Genji Emaki,' 'The Tale of Genji Emaki' often means (only) this one except as otherwise noted.
- 体裁で違うところといえば、題名のつけかたで、庭鐘が『英草子』第一篇「後醍醐帝三たび藤房の諫を折くこと話」とか『繁野話』第一篇「雲魂雲情を語つて久しきを誓ふ話」とか長くつけるのに対し、『雨月物語』の方は第一篇「白峯」や第二篇「菊花の約」のようにすっきりとした題がついている。
- Regarding the difference in style, the expression of titles is different; Teisho put a long title such as 'The story of Emperor Godaigo, who rejected the fujifusa's advice three times' as the first story in 'Hanabusa Soshi,' and 'The story of talking about souls and the scene of clouds that promise long-lasting relationships' as the first story in 'Shigeshige Yawa,' while 'Ugetsu Monogatari' has short titles like 'Shiramine,' which is the first story, and 'The Chrysanthemum Vow,' which is the second.
- 孝明天皇から勅許が得られないまま独断で安政五カ国条約に調印し、一橋派・南紀派の将軍継嗣問題を裁決したうえ、安政の大獄で反対勢力を弾圧していた井伊直弼に対し、藩主の父・徳川斉昭への謹慎処分などで特に反発の大きかった水戸藩では、高橋多一郎や金子孫二郎などの過激浪士が脱藩した。
- Naosuke II was a man who had arbitrarily signed the Five Nations Treaty of Ansei without imperial sanction from the Emperor Komei, and settled a problem of heir of Shogun caused between the Hitotsubashi group (group supporting Yoshinobu from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family) and the Nanki group (group supporting Yoshitomi from the Kisyu-Tokugawa family), and who had also suppressed the opposition to the Ansei no Taigoku (the suppression of extremists by the Shogunate); his opposition was a group of radical roshi (masterless samurai) from the Mito clan, including Taichiro TAKAHASHI and Magojiro KANEKO, who were strongly opposed to the confinement and punishment of Nariaki TOKUGAWA, the father of the lord of domain and thus left the clan.
- 翌慶応3年(1867年)薩摩藩の西郷・大久保利通らは政局の主導権を握るため雄藩連合を模索し、島津久光・松平春嶽・伊達宗徳・山内容堂(前土佐藩主)の上京を促して、兵庫開港および長州処分問題について徳川慶喜と協議させたが、慶喜の政治力が上回り、団結を欠いた四侯会議は無力化した。
- In 1867, Takamori SAIGO and Toshimichi OKUBO of Satsuma, who groped for the union of major domains to take the initiative in the political situation, urged Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Munee DATE and Yodo YAMANOUCH (the former lord of the Tosa domain) to come to Kyoto to discuss the port of Hyogo and the treatment of Choshu with Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, but the four great members, lacking solidarity, were overwhelmed by Yoshinobu's political smartness, and could not make a respectable showing.
- 当時、南海電気鉄道は難波駅 - 和歌山市駅間、東武鉄道は北千住駅 - 久喜駅間の営業を行っていたが、和歌山方面には買収対象である関西鉄道の路線、関東北部へは同じく日本鉄道の路線があったため、国有化の対象に一時は含まれたことがあったものの、最終的には予算問題もあって外された。
- Nankai Railway operated between Namba Station and Wakayama City Station, and Tobu Railway operated between Kitasenju Station and Kuki Station, and both were considered for the buyout at one time, but as there were Kansai Railway in Wakayama district and the lines operated by Nippon Railway in Northern Kanto district which were both the buyout candidates, they were excluded from the buyout due to budgetary constraints.
- だが、鎌倉幕府から見れば他人和与は御家人領の散逸のみならず、幕府と主従関係にある御家人にあたえた恩給知行が、主従関係にない第三者に和与された場合、第三者には「御恩」に対する「奉公」の義務が無く、義務違反による恩給地の取り戻し(収公)が不可能になるという問題も生じる可能性があった。
- From the standpoint of the Kamakura bakufu, however, wayo to others could lead territories of shogunal retainers to be scattered and lost as well as cause a problem that if the fief given to shogunal retainers who had a master-servant relationship with the bakufu as onkyu (rewards from a master to a vassal) was subject to wayo to a third party who was not in the master-servant relationship, the bakufu could not claim back the onkyuchi (land awarded by the lord) in compensation for the breach of obligations, as such third party was not obliged to 'serve' in exchange for the 'favor.'
- 李氏朝鮮との国交問題が暗礁に乗り上げている中、朝鮮の宗主国である清との国交締結を優先にすべきとの考えから1870年7月27日(明治3年6月29日 (旧暦))柳原前光・花房義質を派遣して予備交渉を行い、次いで正規の大使として伊達が送られ、副使となった柳原とともに詰めの交渉を行った。
- While the issue on the diplomatic relations with Joseon Dynasty was stranded on a reef, Japan considered that the diplomatic relations with Qing which was a suzerain power of Korea should be concluded in priority to that, therefore, Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA and Yoshimoto HANABUSA were sent for the preliminary negotiations on July 27, 1870, followed by Date, a legitimate commander-in-chief, who led the negotiations to the final conclusions along with above mentioned Yanagiwara who had been appointed as a vice commander prior to it.
- 儒教では、放伐を認めるかどうかが難題とされてきたが、徳川幕府は朱子学について孟子的理解に立ち、湯武放伐、易姓革命論を認めていたが、それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
- In Confucianism, whether to allow the expulsion of a disqualified monarch had been a difficult problem to deal with, but the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted a position taken from the standpoint of Mencius (a Chinese thinker in the fourth century BC) concerning the teachings of Zhu Xi, and approved of the Tang-Wu revolution (the expulsions of disqualified monarchs by King Tang and King Wu) and the revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven (when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue).
- しかし、恩赦そのものが濫発されたうえ、本来政治とは無関係である寛永寺や増上寺による口添えの存在、しかもその口添えは受刑者の家族しか出来ない事など(独身者には困難である)様々な問題を抱えており、更に個々の受刑者の恩赦の是非は評定所の個別の審議を経たためにその適用基準も曖昧であった。
- This system had various problems, however, including that of pardons granted too frequently; of temples Kanei-ji and Zojo-ji that were supposedly apolitical were allowed to recommend pardons; of recommendations that only the family of a convict were allowed to ask for (thus it was hardly possible for convicts who had no relatives); and of obscure criteria for granting a pardon because the conference chamber discussed the propriety of each case separately.
- 同盟倶楽部は1892年11月20日に藩閥政権に失望した吏党系議員が民党側に離反した際に結成された院内会派、同志倶楽部は1893年12月5日に自由党_(明治)所属の星亨衆議院議長の不正問題で自由党が星議長の擁護の姿勢を変えないことに抗議した同党議員が離党して結成した院内会派であった。
- The Domei Club was an in-house faction that was formed on November 20, 1892, when the Rito (pro-government) lawmakers who were disappointed by the hanbatsu (domain clique) government defected from the Minto (anti-hanbatsu government political parties), while the Doshi Club was an in-house faction that was formed on December 5, 1893 by some members of the Liberal Party (in the Meiji period) who had left the party after protesting against the fact that despite improper acts perpetrated by Toru HOSHI, the speaker of the Lower House who was a member of the party, the party leadership maintained their stance in defending the speaker.
- なぜなら、朝鮮との国交問題そのものは未解決であること、伊地知正治のように征韓派でも政府に残留した者も存在すること、そして天皇の勅裁には朝鮮遣使を「中止」するとは書かれず、単に「延期」するとなっており、その理由も当時もっとも紛糾していたロシアとの問題のみを理由として掲げていたからである。
- Because, the issue of diplomatic relations itself with Korea was unsolved, and there's a remains existence who was a Seikan-ha (supporters for subjugation of the Korea) like Masaharu IJICHI, and, in the imperial decision made by the emperor, it wasn't mentioned to 'cancel' dispatching an envoy to Korea, but simply said to 'postpone' it, and the reason they stated was only the problem with Russia that has been the most tangled at that time.
- これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである(ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している)。
- Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)
- 17歳の時には松坂屋上野店の支店である江戸伝馬町の木綿問屋(上野店の鶴店に対し、亀店(かめだな)と称された)に奉公に出され、そこで女性問題を起こして(番頭に衆道関係を迫られたとも言われている)日野に戻った、という伝説もあるが、前述の人別帳の存在から、現在ではその信憑性が疑問視されている。
- There is a legend that he was sent to work at a cotton wholesale store (called Kamedana, in comparison with the Ueno store which was called Tsurudana) in Edo Tenma-cho, a branch of Matsuzakaya Ueno store, but because he had problems with a woman there (there is also a rumor that he was forced into a sexual relationship by the head clerk) he returned to Hino; however, due to the existence of the Ninbetsu-cho described above, the reliability of such stories are now in doubt.
- 伊藤正徳 (軍事評論家)によると、制度としては予備役でもよいとなっていても、実際問題として誰が適任で誰が空いているか、清浦には全く見当がつかなかった上に相談相手も得られなかったので組閣断念に至ったという(また、清浦が軍部大臣現役武官制の擁護者であった山縣有朋の側近であったことも大きい)。
- According to Shotoku ITO (military critic), even if Yobieki was accepted by the system, Kiyoura probably would not have known who might be appropriate or available, and besides he did not have any consultants to discuss with; therefore, he gave up on forming a Cabinet (moreover, the fact that Kiyoura was a close adviser of Arimoto YAMAGATA, who was an advocate for Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei, played a part).
- 禅宗、時宗の寺院は、直ちに可否を記して提出したが、生活を檀家に頼っていた浄土真宗(以下、真宗)の寺院にとって、この様な合併は経済基盤を奪うものであり、死活問題であっため、浄土真宗の僧侶は、このような重大な案件は即答できないとして、藩に関わりのある西方寺と光輪寺に日延の申し入れを依頼した。
- The temples of the Zen sect and the Ji sect submitted the answers immediately, however, such a merger deprived the economic base and it was a vital questionfor the temples of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) (described 'Shinshu sect' as follows) which lived on Buddhist parishioners, therefore the monks of Shinshu sect were not able to answer the critical questions immediately and requested to postpone the answer to the Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple which had a connection with the domain.
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)、後醍醐の綸旨を受けて挙兵に応じた足利尊氏(高氏)に六波羅を攻められ、六波羅探題南方の北条時益とともに、光厳天皇や花園天皇を伴って東国へ落ち延びようとしたが、道中の近江国(滋賀県)で野伏に襲われて時益は討死し、仲時は同国番場峠(滋賀県米原市)で再び野伏に襲われた。
- In 1333, while Godaigo ordered Takauji ASHIKAGA to raise an army and attack Rokuhara, Tokimasu HOJO the Rokuhara Commissioner (Southern side) together with Emperor Kogon and Emperor Hanazono escaped to the Eastern Provinces, but were attacked on the way in Omi Province (present day Shiga Prefecture) by brigands, and Tokimasu died in resulting the fight, and at Banba-toge (Banba Range) in the same province (present day Maibara City, Shiga Prefecture) Nakatoki was attacked by brigands for a second time.
- 同調査会の結論は「作物に被害を与える銅分は、予防工事前の残留分で現業によるものは少ないとして古河鉱業の責任を解除した」(由井正臣『田中正造』)ものだったが、実際、1903年10月には「被害地の稲は豊作」になり、田中正造も「被害地豊作の実況」と題する演説をして歩いた(『田中正造全集・別巻』477頁)。
- The committee concluded 'as for the copper which damages crops, there are the residues flowed before the preventive construction, however in the current operation, the flowing poison is a little, so the government exonerates Furukawa Mining from blame' (Masaomi YUI 'Tanaka Shozo'), and in fact, in October of 1903, 'the damaged area had a good crop of rice' and Shozo TANAKA also gave lectures at many places setting the title of the lecture as 'the real circumstances of the rich harvest in the damaged area' ('the complete works of Shozo TANAKA' page 477 of the 'supplementary volume').
- そのため、訴人と論人の双方が訴訟機関(鎌倉幕府では鎌倉・六波羅探題・鎮西府)に対して2通の和与状を提出し、訴訟機関の審査の結果正当な和与と認められた場合には和与状に訴訟担当奉行の証判が押され、和与状の内容を承認したことを示す裁許状・下知状が訴訟当事者双方に交付されることで法的拘束力を有することとなった。
- Given this situation, the private wayo was made legally binding, provided that both the plaintiff and defendant submitted two copies of wayo deed to legal institutions (Kamakura, Rokuhara Tandai [the office of shogunal deputy in Kyoto], and Chinzei-fu [local government office in Kyushu region] in the case of the Kamakura bakufu), a magistrate in charge of the suit placed the certifying seal on the wayo deed after wayo in question was justified as a result of the examination by the legal institutions, and saikyojo (judicial decisions) and gechijo (commands) to show that contents of the wayo deed were approved were issued to the parties to the suit.
- 1985年のイラン・イラク戦争において、イラクのイラン上空の航空機に対する無差別攻撃宣言に対し、イラン国内に取り残された日本人が、自衛隊の海外派遣不可の原則のために自衛隊機による救援を受けられなかったうえ、日本航空の組合問題により日本航空インターナショナル機による救援もできないために危機的状況にあった。
- In 1985 during the Iran-Iraq War, when Iraq proclaimed indiscriminate attacks to any aircraft flew over Iran, the Japanese people in Iran were stuck in a crisis because the rescue by Self-Defense Force was not made according to the principle that the overseas dispatch of Self-Defense Force troops is prohibited, and Japan Airlines did not fly JAL international airplanes because of a union issue.
- これは当時の町・村が高い自治意識を持って外部からの干渉を極力排除しようとした表れであったが、その一方で共同体の自治機能に基づく「内済」による解決の論理は、封建権力から見れば民衆間の揉め事は共同体内部で解決すべき問題であると捉え、支配者(公儀)は民衆に対する「恩恵」として訴願の権利を与える存在に過ぎなかった。
- This shows that towns and villages of the times had a strong sense of autonomy enough to eliminate interference of outside as much as possible, on the other hand, in the logic of the settlement out of court based on the autonomous function of community, feudal authories considered the conflict between people was supposed to be settled in the community, and that governors (kogi) were only taking a position that could give a right of appeal to people as a 'benefit'.
- だが、その一方で西南戦争以後民権派に反政府運動・民党の主導権を握られてきた国粋主義者を中心とした外交問題を軸とした政界再編構想の一環とも言え、本来親政府の吏党である筈の国民協会から普通選挙を掲げる急進民権派である東洋自由党までを巻き込んで、ゆくゆくは国粋主義を軸とした統一政党化も視野に入れた動きでもあった。
- Meanwhile, however, the movement was also, in a sense, part of the plan to create a national political realignment focusing on foreign affairs among nationalists in particular, who allowed popular rights groups to take the initiative in the anti-government movement Minto (political parties including the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party) since the Seinan War (a local war by Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government); In other words, it also represented a political trend to unify all political parties with nationalism at the core in the future by involving the parties from the Kokumin Kyokai, a Rito which was fundamentally a pro-government political party, to the Toyo Jiyuto, a radical popular rights party which advocated universal suffrage.
- これは新井白石が朝鮮通信使の問題や儀礼問題について基熙の意見を求めたからだとされているが、一方、東山上皇の余りにも突然の急死により霊元上皇の院政再開が確実となったことで、基熙としても朝幕関係の再構築と東山上皇の生前の意向であった新宮家(後の閑院宮)創設問題の早期実現を願う立場から望んでいた江戸下向でもあった。
- The origin of this is considered to be Hakuseki ARAI's seeking Motohiro's advice on Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary) and Diplomatic Protocol, but Motohiro went to Edo when the restart of Insei of Retired Emperor Reigen became definite from the sudden death of the Retired Emperor Higashiyama, and tried to reconstruct the relation between the Imperial Court and the bakufu, as well as to solve the establishment problem of Shin miyake (a new imperial family) (later became Kaninnomiya), which had started to formalize while Emperor Higashiyama was alive.
- 伊藤らは天皇と宮中側の関係を改めさせようとしたが、急速に立憲制が確立することで公家出身の門地に依存してきた自分の地位が危うくなることを危惧した三条や岩倉は、元田や佐々木らの宮中側勢力を完全に抑えることには消極的で、大隈財政末期の外債発行問題などでは宮中側と連携して太政官側を動かそうとする動きも見せたのである。
- While Ito and others attempted to change the relationship between the Emperor and the Imperial court, Sanjo and Iwakura were disinclined to completely suppress the power of Imperial court side including Motoda and Sasaki, in fear that their own status defended by the lineage of court noble would be undermined by the rapid establishment of constitutionalism, and they even cooperated with the Imperial court side to put pressure on the Dajokan side over the problem of the issuance of foreign bonds in the closing days of Okuma finance.
- そもそも当時の合戦にルールは存在せず(厳密に言うならば、武士が私的な理由、所領問題や名誉に関わる問題で、自力・当事者間で解決しようとして合戦に及ぶ場合には一騎打ちや合戦を行う場所の指定などがあったことが『今昔物語集』などで確認できる)、義経の勝因を当時としては卑怯な戦法にある、と非難することに対する反論もある。
- To the criticism that says Yoshitsune won the battle by employing mean tactics, there are those who oppose to this criticism advocating that in the first place there were no established battle rules at that time (strictly speaking, 'Konjaku Monogatari' (The Tale of Times Now Past) and other documents confirm that some rules including the place of battle for one-on-one fight and collective battle was established in several cases, such as when warriors (samurai) had a private reason or a problem concerning their territories or honor and both parties whished to solve the problems by themselves by way of a duel.
- 明治6年(1873年)の対朝鮮問題をめぐる政府首脳の軋轢は、6月に外務少記森山茂が釜山から帰って、李朝政府が日本の国書を拒絶したうえ、使節を侮辱し、居留民の安全が脅かされているので、朝鮮から撤退するか、武力で修好条約を締結させるかの裁決が必要であると報告し、それを外務少輔上野景範が内閣に議案として提出したことに始まる。
- Discord in the government and amongst the executives regarding the problem in Korea in 1873 began after Shigeru MORIYAMA, who held the rank of Gaimu-shoki, returned from Busan, and the Yi Dynasty Korea insulted the ambassador after refusing the Japanese sovereign's message, so he reported that it would be necessary to either decide to evacuate from Korea, or to conclude the conclusion problem of treaty of amity by force, and Kagenori UENO with Gaimu-sho title submitted these reports to the ministry as a bill.
- 1974年の調停で、鉱毒問題については「終止符が打たれた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べているが、古河鉱業がカドミウム汚染に関する責任を認めていないことについての言及はない(1976年に結ばれた公害防止協定への言及もないが、協定成立年とこの文献の発行年が同年であることから、編集に間に合わなかったという可能性もある)。
- It says that in the 1974 arbitration, the mining pollution issues were 'ended' (from 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') and yet, it is not mentioned that Furukawa Mining had not admitted their responsibility for contamination by cadmium (it does not mention the Agreement of Pollution Control made in 1976 either, however this literature was published in the same year as the agreement was made, and they might not have been able to include it in the editing process.)
- そのために試験も次第に形式的なものとなり、天元 (日本)2年(979年)に方略試を受けた大江匡衡は、事前に出題博士であった菅原文時から問題の出題箇所の通告を受けた(『江談抄』)とされ、更には11世紀に入ると十上制(一定回数試験を受けても合格できなかった者に対して特別に合格を認める制度)さえ導入されるようになっていった。
- Following this, the examination gradually became superficial: it is said ('Godansho' (an ancient journal)) that OE no Masahira, who took the horyakushi exam in 979, had been informed what would be on the exam from his examiner, SUGAWARA no Fumitoki, while in the 11th century, even the jujo system (a system in which those who could not pass the exam after taking it a certain number of times would be granted special acceptance) was introduced.
- 明治14年に大阪府に編入されたことは廃藩置県後の県の整理の一環と見られるが、全国的に見ればその作業は完了しており、逆に大き過ぎる県の分割の方に問題が移りつつあった中での合併であった(現実に堺県の合併以後、北海道の再編と太平洋戦争後のアメリカ合衆国軍の軍政施行によって一時廃止された沖縄県以外に都道府県が廃止された例はない)。
- The fact that Sakai Prefecture was incorporated into Osaka Prefecture in 1881 was seen as part of the reorganization of prefectures after Haihan-chiken, yet, from the national level, the work had already been completed; therefore, it was more about the merge in the midst of the problem associated with partition of prefectures that were too big (in reality, after the merge of Sakai Prefecture, there have been no cases where the administrative divisions of Japan have been abolished, except for the reorganization of Hokkaido and the temporary abolition of the Okinawa Prefecture due to the military polices implemented by the US military after the Pacific War).
- だが、1883年頃から政府の圧力が強まり、加えて自由党の板垣退助の洋行問題を巡る疑惑追及を行うと、逆に自由党側からも前島や尾崎・犬養と関係が強く同党の機関紙となっていた郵便報知新聞などが政府の資金を受けているとの疑惑が出されて 岩崎弥太郎を海坊主になぞらえた「海坊主退治」キャンペーンが繰り広げられたことから、泥仕合となった。
- Around 1883, as the pressure from the government increased, the party looked into the alleged problems of the Liberal party concerning Taisuke ITAGAKI's going abroad, but instead encountered a backlash from the Liberal party to fling mud at each other, with a scandal that insisted Yubin Hochi Shinbun newspaper, the party's official publication, having a strong relationship with Maejima, Ozaki and Inukai, was financed by the government, through a campaign of to denounce 'monstrous' Yataro IWASAKI.
- もともと公武合体派とはいっても、天皇のもとに賢侯を集めての中央集権をめざす薩摩の思惑と将軍中心の中央集権をめざす幕府の思惑は違っていたが、薩英戦争で活躍した旧精忠組の発言力の増大と守旧派の失脚を背景に、薩摩流の公武周旋をやり直そうとした久光にとっては、京大坂での薩摩藩の世評の悪化と公武周旋に動く人材の不足が最大の問題であった。
- It was even called the supporter of the coalition of court nobles and Samurai originally, but it was different from the thought of Satsuma which centralized power by gathering sages to the Emperor, and Hidemitsu, who tried to reorganize the procurement of court nobles and Samurai in the style of Satsuma used as background the increasingly influential voice of the former Seichu-gumi organization, which worked well at the Satsuei War and during the downfall of the old-guard cronies, but the biggest problems were the bad reputation of Satsuma domain, and being short of people who could work to procure court nobles and Samurai.
- しかし大津地裁で扱われるべき事件を正常な手続きなしで大審院に移したり(大逆罪の適用を考慮していた為、皇室罪に関する裁判はすべて大審院における一審において判決が下されることから、適用可否判断を含め地裁ではなく大審院に持ち込まれることになった)、裁判に直接関わっていなかった児島が干渉を重ねたことは裁判官の独立等の問題として残った。
- Basically, Tsuda's trial should have been handled by the Otsu District Court, but it was taken over by Daishin-in without taking a formal procedure (Since Tsuda's case could be treated as a high treason, Daishin-in, which handled all crime cases against the Imperial family, was required to judge whether it should be treated as a high treason and if so, rendered a judgment).
- いっぽう幕権強化・雄藩連合などの様々な思惑を孕みつつ、文久3年12月に徳川慶喜・松平春嶽・松平容保・伊達宗城(宇和島藩主)・島津久光による参預会議が開催され、神奈川鎖港談判、長州藩の処置、大坂港の防備強化などの議題が話し合われたが、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜の非協力的態度に春嶽・久光らが反撥して帰国したため、早くも翌年3月には崩壊。
- Leaving various ideas, such as reinforcing the power of the bakufu, and the alliance of major clans, as they were, a council meeting was held on December 1863 by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Munenari DATE (the lord of Uwajima clan), and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU to discuss the condition of the port of Kanagawa, the treatment of the Choshu clan, and strengthening the defences of the port of Osaka, but it failed as early as in March 1864, when Shungaku and Hisamitsu became upset with Yoshino TOKUGAWA, a guardian of the shogun, who was not cooperative at all.
- 「Le dernier amour du prince Genghi」(日本語題「源氏の君の最後の恋」) フランス人小説家マルグリット・ユルスナールが1938年に書いた短編集『Nouvelles orientales』(日本語訳『東方綺譚』多田智満子訳、白水社〈白水Uブックス〉、1984年、ISBN 4560070695)に収録。
- Le dernier amour du prince Genghi (in Japanese translation, 'Genji no kimi no saigo no koi' [literally, 'The Last Love of Prince Genji']): this novel appears in 'Nouvelles orientales'(in Japanese, 'Toho kitan' [literally, 'Well-wrought tales of the East'], a collection of short stories by a French author Marguerite YOURCENAR in 1938, translated into Japanese by Chimako TADA and published by Hakusuisha (Hakusui U books) in 1984, ISBN 4560070695)
- 契沖が万葉集は巻1~16で一度完成し、その後巻17~20が増補されたという万葉集二度撰説を唱えて以来、この問題に関しては数多くの議論がなされてきたが、巻15までしか目録が存在しない古写本(「元暦校本」「尼崎本」等)の存在や先行資料の引用の仕方、部立による分類の有無など、万葉集が巻16を境に分かれるという考え方を支持する証拠は多い。
- After Keichu advocated that the Manyoshu was initially completed in 16 volumes, and that volume 17 to 20 were added later to create a second version, there have been various opinions about the matter; there is a great deal of evidence to support the opinion that the Manyoshu was divided at volume 16, including that the table of contents goes up to volume 15 in old manuscripts like 'Genryaku Kohon' (revised version in Genryaku era) and 'Amagasaki-bon' (manuscript of Manyoshu found in Amagasaki), the citation of earlier sources, and the categorization by Budate.
- 天皇は後に、「それが実は、あの詔書の一番の目的であって、神格とかそういうことは二の問題でした。(中略)民主主義を採用したのは明治大帝の思召しである。しかも神に誓われた。そうして五箇条御誓文を発して、それが基となって明治憲法ができたんで、民主主義というものは決して輸入物ではないということを示す必要が大いにあったと思います。」と語っている。
- The emperor said later 'actually it was the purpose of the edict, so the divinity or other things came next. (snip) it was the emperor Meiji who adopted democracy. He also swore to God and issued Charter Oath of Five Articles, by which Meiji Constitution was made, so I think it was necessary to show that democracy was not imported.'
- しかし、この書物には側室の桂岩院の出自を遊女とし、直江兼続が世継ぎを生ませる為、この遊女を男装させて景勝に引き合わせて定勝を生ませたが、この女は自分が女だと景勝に知られて怒りを買い、その寵愛を失ったことを悲観して自殺したとし、それを恨みとした定勝が兼続を自らの手で殺害するという明らかに史実と異なる記述や考証がされており、信憑性には問題がある。
- However, the credibility of this book is problematic because it contains statements and documentation obviously inconsistent with historical facts; some of these inconsistencies follow: Keigannin, Kagekatsu's concubine, was a descendent of a prostitute; Kanetsugu NAOE forced this prostitute to disguise herself as a man and introduced her to Kagekatsu so that she would bear an heir to Kagekatsu; she bore Sadakatsu, but she incurred Kagekatsu's anger because he found out that she was a woman; this woman was disappointed by the loss of Kagekatsu's favor and killed herself; her suicide caused Sadakatsu to harbor ill will against Kanetsugu, and he killed Kanetsugu in person.
- 江戸幕府が王政復古 (日本)により倒れると、薩摩藩・長州藩を中心に成立した明治政府は幕府から外交権を引き継いだが、戊辰戦争の終結によって明治政府が日本の正統な政府であることが諸外国に認められると、1869年2月4日(明治元年12月23日_(旧暦))に明治政府は江戸幕府が勅許を得ずに締結した条約には問題がある点を指摘し、将来的な条約改正の必要性を通知した。
- When the Edo bakufu was overthrown in the Restoration of Imperial Rule (Japan), the Meiji government, mainly established by the domains of Satsuma and Choshu, took over the control over the diplomacy from the bakufu, and when the Meiji government was accepted by foreign countries as a legitimate government of Japan after the end of the Boshin War, it announced on February 4, 1869 that the it was necessary to revise the treaties in the future, pointing out that treaties concluded by the Edo bakufu without the admission of the Emperor had some problems.
- 平成10年(1998年)から平成11年(1999年)にかけて風間書房から出版された『源氏物語研究集成』では全15巻のうち冒頭の2巻を「源氏物語の主題」にあて、計17編の論文を収録しているが、源氏物語全体の主題について直接論じたものはなく、すべて特定の巻または「○○物語」といった形でまとまって扱われることの多い関連を持った一群の巻々についての主題を論じたものばかりである。
- 'The Tale of Genji Studies Corpus,' published by Kazama Shobo, Co. Ltd. from 1998 to 1999, consists of 15 volumes in total, and the first two volumes deal with 'the theme of The Tale of Genji,' collecting 17 theses; however, they do not directly discuss the theme of the overall work but instead explore the theme of a specific chapter or a group of chapters that are often handled in the form of 'The Tale of ****.'
- 有栖川宮詐欺事件の裁判において、有栖川宮識仁を僭称する被疑者男性の妻・有栖川宮妃を演じた被疑者女性が、『八百屋を営んでいる夫の実家は源義季(得川義季)の末裔である』旨を供述して話題になったが、そもそも主張していた高松宮のご落胤(非嫡出の隠し子)で江戸時代に創設された有栖川宮家の末裔という主張と、源義季の末裔というのはなんら接点のない荒唐無稽な法螺話であるとして一笑に付された。
- In the trial of the Arisugawa no Miya fraud case, the female suspect who played the role of Princess Arisugawa, the wife of the male suspect who was self-proclaimed Hisahito ARISUGAWA, stated, 'The home of my husband's parents running a greengrocery is a descendant of MINAMOTO no Yoshisue (Yoshisue TOKUGAWA),' which was widely publicized, but their story was laughed off as a totally absurd fabrication because there was no connection between their initial claim of being a descendant of the Arisugawa no Miya family founded in the Edo period by an illegitimate child of Takamatsu no Miya and her statement about the descendant of MINAMOTO no Yoshisue.
- 貴重書収集・副本作成の作業には天皇自身も深く関与し、その宸筆によって本文・外題が記されたものが多く、蔵書印も後西天皇(「明暦」)・東山天皇(「元禄」)・桜町天皇(「延享」)・後桜町天皇(「明和」)など在位中の元号を用いたものや「皇統文庫」という統一印を用いる例(後西・桜町・孝明天皇)などが使用され、孝明天皇のように「統仁」・「此華」・「天淵」などの独自の蔵書印を作成する天皇もいた。
- Emperors themselves were deeply involved with the collection of the precious books and production of copies, and many of the contents and titles were written by the Shinpitsu (emperor's own handwriting), as for book collection seals, the era names on the throne such as the Emperor Gosai ('Meireki era'), the Emperor Higashiyama ('Genroku era'), the Emperor Gosakuramachi ('Meiwa Era') and so on were used, or unified seal called 'imperial line bunko' was used (for example, the Gosai Emperor, the Sakuramachi Emperor and the Emperor Komei), and some emperors made unique book collection seals such as 'Osahito,' 'Konohana,' 'Tenen' and so on, like the Emperor Komei.
- この作品には、かぐや姫が竹の中から生まれたという竹中生誕説話(異常出生説話)、かぐやが3ヶ月で大きくなったという急成長説話、かぐや姫の神異によって竹取の翁が富み栄えたという致富長者説話、複数の求婚者へ難題を課していずれも失敗する求婚難題説話、帝の求婚を拒否する帝求婚説話、かぐや姫が月へ戻るという昇天説話(羽衣説話)、最後に富士山の地名由来を説き明かす地名起源説話など、非常に多様な要素が含まれている。
- This work contains very different elements of story: a story of Princess Kaguya's being born from a bamboo (a story of extraordinary birth); a story of sudden growth as Kaguya's becoming grown-up in three months; a story of becoming a rich man as Taketori no Okina's flourishing due to miracles created by Princess Kaguya; a story of suitors and difficult tasks as her giving difficult tasks to the suitors to fail in solving them; a story of Emperor's marriage proposal as her refusing Emperor's courtship; a story of rising to heaven (a story of a robe of feathers) as Princess Kaguya's returning to the moon; a story of an origin of the name of the place as the name of Mt. Fuji being revealed at the end of the tale.
- その後、通貨改革によって正貨・贋貨を問わず全ての現行貨幣を引き揚げて早急に(既に大隈より明治5年11月までという案が出されていた)に引き換えを行うこと、応急措置として外国人の所持する二分金(実は一番問題となっていた政府及び諸藩発行の悪貨・贋貨でもあった)の検査を行って、封包を行って検印を施し、それを行ったものについてはたとえ贋貨であっても正貨と等価による納税または交換を認めることを了承させられたのである。
- After this, the Japanese government was forced to consent to pulling out all current currency, regardless of it being specie or counterfeit (it was already proposed by OKUMA that this would be done by May 11), and exchanging it immediately, and as a temporary measure, the nibukin owned by foreigners (this bad money/counterfeit issued by the government and domains was the biggest problem) were to be examined, encapsulated, put a stamp of approval, and handed out, and those that went though this were to be accepted as tax payment or exchange equivalent to the specie even if it was counterfeit.
- 自由民権運動は政府の弾圧によって衰微し、自由党_(明治)は解党、立憲改進党も休止状態にあったが、1887年にいわゆる三大事件建白運動が発生すると、かつての自由党の領袖である後藤象二郎は自由民権運動各派が再結集して来るべき第1回衆議院議員総選挙に臨み、帝国議会に議会政治の打ち立てて条約改正や地租・財政問題という難題にあたるべきだと唱え、3月に旧自由党・立憲改進党の主だった人々に呼びかけたのがきっかけである。
- The Freedom and People's Rights Movement once declined because of the government's oppression, which led Liberal Party (Meiji Period) to dissolve and the Constitutional Progressive Party to halt its activities, but in 1887, when so called the petition movement of three major events happened, Shojiro GOTO, a leader of former Liberal Party, advocated the reunion of factions of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement to prepare for upcoming of the first House of Representatives election and he called for the establishment of parliamentary government within the Imperial Diet to deal with difficult problems such as treaty revision, a land tax, and financial affairs; in March of the same year, he got principal members of former Liberal Party and the Constitutional Progressive Party to participate, which triggered the movement to unite for a common purpose.
- 日本は日露戦争中である1904年の第一次日韓協約締結により韓国の財政・外交に対し関与する立場となっていたが、日露戦争の講和条約であるポーツマス条約(1905年9月5日)により韓国に対する優越権をロシアから承認され、また高宗 (朝鮮王)が他の国に第一次日韓協約への不満を表す密使を送っていたことが問題となったこともあり、日本からの信頼を無くしていた大韓帝国に対し、より信頼できる行動をとることを求めるため、この協約を結ぶこととなった。
- Although Japan was in the position to take part in Korean finance and diplomacy due to the conclusion of the First Japan-Korea Treaty in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War, she decided to conclude this treaty in order to required the Korean Empire, who had lost trust from Japan, to take more reliable actions, because Japan had been approved of the priority rights over Korea by Russia due to the Treaty of Portsmouth (September 5, 1905), the peace treaty of the Russo-Japanese War, and also because it became a problem that Gao Zong (King of Korea) had sent a secret agent to other countries to show his discontent with the First Japan-Korea Treaty.
- なお、統帥権独立の考えが生まれた源流としては、当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと、それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと、南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたことなどがあげられる。
- The idea of the independence of the supreme command came originally from the facts that the leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command, despite the contradiction to that, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface, the anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), and it led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan).
- 大久保は、説得に大院君が耳を貸すとは思えず西郷が朝鮮に行った場合必ず殺される(殺されずとも大院君が使節を拒否した場合は開戦の大義名分になってしまう)、そうなった場合結果的に朝鮮と開戦してしまうのではないかという危機感、当時の日本には朝鮮や清、ひいてはロシアとの関係が険悪になる(その帰結として戦争を遂行する)だけの国力が備わっていないという戦略的判断、外遊組との約束を無視し、危険な外交的博打に手を染めようとしている残留組に対する感情的反発、朝鮮半島問題よりも先に片付けるべき外交案件が存在するという日本の国際的立場(清との琉球帰属問題(台湾出兵参照)、ロシアとの樺太、千島列島の領有権問題、イギリスとの小笠原諸島領有権問題、不平等条約改正)などから猛烈に反対、費用の問題なども絡めて征韓の不利を説き延期を訴えた。
- OKUBO didn't think Daewongun lend an ear to persuasion, and thought SAIGO will be killed (even if he won't be killed, if Daewongun rejected the envoy, it can be a legitimate reason for outbreak of war) inevitably when he went to Korea, and he felt a sense of danger that they will start the war with Korea as a result, and his strategic decision that Japan doesn't have national strength at that time to strain the relationship (as a result, wage a war) with Korea, Qing, and eventually Russia, an emotional backlash to the remaining group that ignored agreement and about to dabble in diplomatic gambling, he strongly opposed because of the presence of a diplomatic matters (Ryukyu attribution issue with Qing [see the Taiwan expedition], territorial right problem on Sakhalin and Kurile Islands with Russia, territorial right problem on Ogasawara Islands [Bonin Islands] with England, revision of the unequal treaty) that must be dealt with before Korean Peninsula problem on Japanese international standing, and he correlated it with expenses etc and appealed postponement by telling disadvantage of subjugation of Korea.
- (大田南畝 「寛政十年戊午江戸人別」 『一話一言』 巻26 (1820年) 山下重民 「江戸市街統計一班」 『江戸会雑誌』 1冊(2号) pp. 18–26(1889年) 勝海舟 「江戸人口小記」「正徳ヨリ弘化迄江戸町数人口戸数」 『吹塵録』(1890年) 小宮山綏介 「府内の人口」 『江戸旧事考』 2巻 pp. 19–23(1891年) 『日本財政経済史料』 9巻 pp. 1210–1243(1922年) 柚木重三、堀江保蔵 「本邦人口表」 『経済史研究』 7号 pp. 188–210(1930年) 幸田成友 「江戸の町人の人口」 『社会経済学会誌』 8巻(1号) pp. 1–23(1938年) 鷹見安二郎 江戸の人口の研究」 『全国都市問題会議』 第7回1(本邦都市発達の動向と其の諸問題上) pp. 59–83(1940年) 高橋梵仙 『日本人口史之研究』 三友社(1941年) 関山直太郎 『近世日本の人口構造』 吉川弘文館(1958年) 南和男『幕末江戸社会の研究』 吉川弘文館(1978年)より作成。
- Sources: Nanbo OTA, 'Kansei 10 nen, Bogo, Edonin betsu' from vol. 26 of 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (1820); Shigetami YAMASHITA, 'Edo shigai Tokei Ippan' from vol.1 (pp. 18-26) of 'Edokai zasshi' (1889); Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Jinko Shoki' from 'Suijinroku' (1890); Yasusuke KOMIYAMA, 'Funai no Jinko' from vol. 2 (pp. 19–23) of 'Edo kyujiko' (1891) and vol. 9 (pp. 1210–1243) of 'Nihon Zaise Keizai Shiryo' (1922); Juzo YUZUKI and Yasuzo HORIE, 'Honpo jinko hyo' from vol. 7 (pp. 188–210) of 'Keizaishi Kenkyu' (1930); Shigetomo KODA, 'Edo no Chonin no Jinko' from vol. 8 (pp. 1–23) of 'Shakai Keizai gakkaishi' (1938); Yasujiro TAKAMI, 'Edo no Jinko no Kenkyu' from the 7th conference (pp. 59–83) of 'Zenkoku Toshi Mondai kaigi' (1940); Bonsen TAKAHASHI, 'Nihon Jinkoshi no Kenkyu' from Sanyusha publishing (1941), Naotaro SEKIYAMA, 'Kinsei Nihon no Jinko Kozo' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1958); Kazuo MINAMI, 'Bakumatsu Edo Shakai no Kenkyu' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1978).