頭: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 有頭郷
- Ugashira-go Village (有頭郷)
- 鬼饅頭
- Oni manju (steamed cake with sweet potato on it)
- Oni-manju (steamed bean-jam bun)
- 番頭新造
- Banto shinzo (a caretaker for oiran)
- 労研饅頭
- Roken mantou (Steamed yeast bun with filling)
- 守護・地頭
- The system of Shugo and Jito
- おしくら饅頭
- children's game in which three or more stand back-to-back in a circle and jostle
- 冒頭を参照。
- Refer to the beginning part.
- 三管領の筆頭
- The head of the Sankanrei (three families in the post of Kanrei, or shogunal deputy).
- 北近江に台頭
- The clan appeared in Kita Omi (Northern Omi Province)
- 北条氏の台頭
- The Rise of the Hojo Clan
- 平氏一門の台頭
- The rise of the Taira clan
- 頭(従五位下)
- The Kashira (head), of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)
- - 泉涌寺塔頭
- Tatchu of Sennyu-ji Temple
- - 大徳寺塔頭
- Tatchu of Daitoku-ji Temple
- - 妙心寺塔頭
- Tatchu of Myoshin-ji Temple
- - 東福寺塔頭
- Tatchu of Tofuku-ji Temple
- 頭(従五位上)
- Kami (Jugoinojo [Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade])
- Kami (Director) (Jugoinojo [Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade])
- 軍艦頭 甲賀源吾
- Head of warship, Gengo KAGA
- (3)用人・番頭
- (3) Yojin (lord chamberlain), Bangashira (head clerk)
- 田刀、田頭とも。
- Tato (田堵) is also written in Chinese characters as '田刀' or '田頭.'
- 宗十郎頭巾と映画
- Sojuro-zukin and movies
- 頭蓋前頭鼻骨症候群
- craniofrontonasal syndrome
- 平業忠(左馬権頭)
- TAIRA no Naritada, who possessed the title of Sama no gon no kami (Provisional Captain of Samaryo, Left Division of Bureau of Horses).
- 藤原定輔(右馬頭)
- FUJIWARA no Sadasuke, who possessed the title of Uma no kami (the officer in the department that took care of horses of the emperor).
- 宗家・井伊掃部頭家
- The head family, Ii Kamonnokami family
- 銅造仏頭(興福寺)
- Bronze Head of Buddha: enshrined in Kofuku-ji Temple
- (4)物頭・大目付
- (4) Monogashira (Miliary Commanders), Ometsuke (chief inspector of the Edo shogunate)
- 鳥取県八頭郡若桜町
- Wakasa-cho, Yazu County, Tottori Prefecture
- 和菓子としての饅頭
- Manju as Japanese traditional confectionery
- 頭(従五位上相当)1名
- 1 Kami (Head) (equivalent to Jugoinojo [Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade])
- 頭(従五位下相当)1人
- 1 kami (director, equivalent to Jugoinoge [Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade])
- 得宗専制と御内人の擡頭
- Tokuso Autocracy and Rise of Miuchibito
- 大王と葛城氏の両頭政権
- Diarchy of the Okimi and the Katsuraki clan
- 歩兵頭 古屋佐久左衛門
- Head of infantry, Sakuzaemon FURUYA
- 10世紀初頭の社会情勢
- The social situation of the early tenth century
- 『伊勢音頭』の福岡貢。
- Mitsugu FUKUOKA, of 'Ise-ondo'
- 演劇における宗十郎頭巾
- Sojuro-zukin seen in the drama
- 虎屋饅頭とも呼ばれる。
- It is also called Toraya manju.
- 陸海軍裁判頭取 竹中重固
- Trial Chief of Army and Navy, Shigekata TAKENAKA
- 陸海軍裁判頭取 今井信郎
- Trial Chief of Army and Navy, Nobuo IMAI
- 大島饅頭・温泉饅頭とも。
- It is also called oshima manju or onsen manju.
- 鎌倉幕府連署・引付頭人一覧
- A list of rensho (co-signatories, assistants to the Shogunal regents) and hikitsuke tonin (tribunal judges) of the Kamakura bakufu
- 頭(従五位下→従五位上相当)
- Kami (Chief) (Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) to Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade))
- 守護地頭の設置(1185年)
- 1185: The system of shugo (governors) and jito (estate stewards) is created.
- 主計頭に任官した記録が残る。
- There is a record that he was appointed as Kazue no kami (the head of budget bureau).
- 旧勢力の没落と新興勢力の台頭
- Downfall of the old and rise of the new powers
- 家紋は左頭二つ巴又は剣梅鉢。
- The family crest is 左頭二つ巴, or Kenumebachi.
- 中にクリ餡入りの饅頭である。
- It is a manju with bean paste and chestnuts in it.
- 高師直の台頭と足利直義との対立
- Rise of KO no Moronao and conflict with Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA
- こうした荘園を地頭請所という。
- These shoens are called jitoukesho (the shoen manor under the contract with a jito that the manor's owner entrusts him to manage the manor and pay the customs).
- 彼は頼光四天王の筆頭とされる。
- He is regarded as the leading member of the four loyal retainers of Yorimitsu.
- 坂上定成:坂上主計頭範親の子。
- SAKANOUE no Sadashige - the son of SAKANOUE no Norichika, who was Kazue no kami.
- 杉原氏盛:紀伊国加太庄地頭職。
- 杉原氏盛 - Jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) of Kada Sho in Kii Province
- 利休饅頭、薄皮饅頭もこの一種。
- Rikyu manju and usukawa manju are one of the cha-manju.
- 前列の瓦には丸い頭が付いている。
- Furthermore, cylindrical tiles were arranged in the front row.
- その解決策が地頭請や下地中分である。
- To resolve this issue, the Jito uke (proprietor's annual tax) and Shitaji chubun (physical division of land) were adopted.
- 断絶(江戸時代初頭より明治時代まで)
- Extinction (from the early Edo period to the Meiji period)
- 10世紀初頭から10世紀後期の歌人。
- He was a Kajin (waka poet) from the early to the late 10th century.
- 船には役人と船頭69名が乗っていた。
- There were 69 government officials and crew members on board.
- 英語が堪能で頭の回転も速い現代っ子。
- He is proficient in English and a modern-day child with a quick wit.
- 別当 大学寮の総裁で頭の上席であった。
- Betto (Chief officer): The president of Daigaku-ryo and superior to Kami (head).
- 慶長4年(1599年)に大番頭となる。
- He became the Oban gashira in 1599.
- 代わりに秀吉が重臣筆頭の地位を占めた。
- Instead, Hideyoshi took the rank as the head of the vassals.
- そして、再び大友氏の台頭が本格化する。
- Then, the rise of the Ouchi clan became serious again.
- 日本の饅頭の起源には2つの系統がある。
- The Japanese manju originated in two routes.
- 尊氏の弟である直義は左馬頭に任官される。
- Takauji's younger brother Tadayoshi was appointed Leader of the Horsemen of the Left.
- これ以降平清盛が台頭し、やがて政権掌握。
- After this, TAIRA no Kiyomori began to gain power, and before long seized power in the government.
- この場合の地頭の権利は地頭職と呼ばれた。
- In this case, the rights of jito were called Jito shiki (manager and lord of manor).
- 彼らは頭人の指揮下で審理実務を担当した。
- They took charge of practical business for a trial, under the supervision of the ossotonin.
- 頭人及び数人の奉行人から構成されていた。
- It was composed of tonin (the director) and several bugyonin (magistrates).
- 将軍直属軍である奉公衆の一番番頭も務めた。
- The family also served as the first head of hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) that was an army immediately under the Shogunate.
- 19世紀初頭の文化年間に現在の形になった。
- Rokuyo became its present form during the early nineteenth century.
- 院宮分国制は10世紀初頭から行われていた。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system existed from the early 10th century.
- 室町時代初頭には 守護の権能に加えられた。
- At the beginning of the Muromachi period, the shisetsu jungyo was included in the capacity and power of Shugo (provincial constable).
- 戦国時代に入ると、北近江に浅井氏が台頭する。
- The Asai clan gained power in Kitaomi (the nothern part of Omi) in the Sengoku period.
- 坂上明兼:11世紀後期から12世紀初頭の人。
- SAKANOUE no Akikane - lived from the late 11th century to the early 12th century.
- これらは朝廷に毎年50頭の良馬を納めていた。
- Each year the farms would present 50 good horses to the Imperial Court.
- 坂上兼成:12世紀初頭から12世紀後半の人。
- SAKANOUE no Kaneshige - lived from early to late 12th century.
- 政治を司る太政官の筆頭官も親王らが占めていた。
- Imperial Princes were the heads of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) who carried out policy.
- のちに、従四位上右馬頭、右近少将にまでなった。
- He was promoted to Jushiijo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade), and served as Uma no kami (Captain of the Right Division of Bureau of Horses) and Ukon no shosho (Minor Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards).
- 斎藤氏は没落して、その家宰の長井氏が台頭した。
- The power of Saito clan declined, and the Nagai clan, which was Kasai (the main retainer) of the Saito clan, gained power.
- 1990年(平成2年) 舞鶴港に前島埠頭完成。
- 1990: Maejima Wharf is constructed in Maizuru Port.
- 松平氏(徳川氏)に仕え、代々筆頭家老を務めた。
- The clan served the Matsudaira family (the Tokugawa family) as Hitto karo (the head of chief retainers) for generations.
- 子麻呂らも飛び出して入鹿の頭と肩を斬りつけた。
- Komaro and others jumped out as well and slashed Iruka's shoulder and head.
- 本作の冒頭で自らを狂言回しであると語っている。
- He calls himself a kyogen-mawashi at the start of the story.
- 関東御成敗地に関しては幕府が地頭の補任権を持つ。
- The feudal government had the authority to assign Jito in Kanto goseibaichi (provinces, manors and provincial lands where the shogun families of Kamakura bakufu possess the power to appoint/dismiss Jito).
- このようにして地頭は領地の支配権を強めていった。
- In this way, the Jito gradually strengthened their control of the territories.
- しかし、織田信長の台頭により、力を失うに至った。
- However, because of Nobunaga ODA's rise, it lost its power.
- 宝暦11年(1761)には南町組頭を務めていた。
- The family served as a head of South District in 1761.
- 福知山ドッコイセまつり(福知山音頭)(8月中旬)
- Fukuchiyama Dokkoise Matsuri Festival (Fukuchiyama Ondo marching songs) (mid August)
- 環状の柄頭(つかがしら)が新しくつけられていた。
- A ring-shaped tsuka gashira (pommel) had been newly attached.
- 今度は孝謙上皇の寵愛を得た僧道鏡が頭角を現した。
- Soon, the monk Dokyo came onto the scene having successfully won the favor of the Retired Empress Koken.
- 釜を頭部に頂いた、人間に近い姿をした妖怪である。
- It is a specter with disguise close to a human being that has a pot on its head.
- 翌年大番頭になり、その後奏者番、若年寄を歴任する。
- He became the Oban gashira in the following year and then served as sojaban and wakadoshiyori.
- 小姓組番頭、西丸書院番頭を歴任し、幕政にも関わる。
- He served as Koshogumiban gashira and Nishinomaru shoinban gashira (leader of the shogun's bodyguards in the Nishinomaru); he also participated in the shogunate government.
- その間、国人と呼ばれる在地支配層が台頭していった。
- Meanwhile, the regional ruling classes called Kokujin (国人) gained power.
- さらに、陰陽頭幸徳井友傳に相論を仕掛けたのである。
- He challenged Tomosuke KOTOKUI for those demands.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると鎌倉幕府によって地頭が導入された。
- In the Kamakura period, jito (manager and lord of manor) was adopted by the Kamakura bakufu.
- いずれも御家人を地頭へ任命するという形で行われた。
- Both were performed by appointing gokenin as Jito.
- - 金戒光明寺塔頭、別名「澱看席(よどみのせき)」
- Tatchu of Konkai Komyo-ji Temple; it is also called 'Yodomi no seki.'
- 口頭の日本語を漢字の音・訓を用いて表記されている。
- It described spoken Japanese language using on (the Chinese-derived reading of a Chinese character) and kun (the Japanese reading of a Chinese character).
- また巻末や頭書だけでなく巻頭にも付くようになった。
- Later, it became inserted not only to end of a book or top of a page but also to opening page of a book.
- 「大工留吉」「め組小頭」「いらっしゃいませ」など。
- Examples of letterings are 'Carpenter Tomekichi', 'Captain of Megumi', and 'Do come in'.
- 藤原信頼・成親は仁和寺の覚性法親王のもとへ出頭した。
- FUJIWARA no Nobuyori and Narichika fled to Ninna-ji Temple to wait upon Cloistered Imperial Prince Kakusho.
- 現代の租税制度になぞらえれば、人頭税の一種といえる。
- It can be called a kind of Jintozei if it is similar to the modern tax system.
- 妙心寺 塔頭寺院に、桂春院、春光院、退蔵院などがある
- Myoshin-ji Temple (its sub-temples include Keishun-in Temple, Shunko-in Temple, Taizo-in Temple, and so forth.)
- これらの英頭文字を取って ARD活動 とも呼ばれる。
- They are called ARD activities, ARD being the acronym of the activities mentioned above.
- 関東進止所領 - 将軍が地頭を任免できる荘園・国衙領
- Kanto shinshishoryo - manors and kokugaryo for which the shogun possessed the power to appoint and dismiss Jito.
- 朝鮮では、この干渉の結果、閔妃など親露派が台頭した。
- In Korea, the intervention encouraged the rise of pro-Russian politicians, such as Queen Min.
- 大清帝国欽差頭等全権大臣 李鴻章(北洋大臣直隷総督)
- Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of China, Li Hung Chang (Minister Superintendent of Trade for the Northern Ports of China)
- (シテになる小鼓方を頭取、残りの2名を脇鼓という。)
- (Kotsuzumi-kata who is Shite, or the protagonist, is called Todori, which means the chief, and the remaining two are named Waki-tsuzumi, which stands for side hand-drum players.)
- 小麦粉、黒砂糖、膨張剤を用いた生地で餡を包んだ饅頭。
- It is a cake with bean paste filling wrapped in the dough made from flour, brown sugar, and baking powder.
- 長官は陰陽頭で、陰陽道に基づく呪術を行う陰陽師がいる。
- The Onmyo no Kami was the director of the bureau which was staffed by Onmyoji (yin and yang practitioners) who performed spells based on Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements).
- このことも国家主義的な歴史観の台頭を許す一因となった。
- This fact was one of the factors that allowed nationalistic views of history to gain ground.
- 大臣家の正親町三条家と三条西家を筆頭に分流も多くある。
- There were numerous branch families including the Ogimachisanjo family that was the house of minister and the Sanjonishi family.
- 鎌倉時代・室町時代には守護・地頭の職の変更を意味した。
- In the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the term kaieki referred to making changes to the duties of Shugo and Jito (military governors and estate stewards).
- 続いて筆頭の史が文書を挟んだ竿を持って弁官に提出する。
- Next, the chief Shi holds a pole that has the document clipped to it and submits this to the Benkan.
- 第二軍をもって遼東半島へ橋頭堡を立て旅順を孤立させる。
- The Second Troops establish a bridgehead in the Liaodong Peninsula to isolate Lushun.
- 公武合体策と尊王攘夷派の擡頭(1860年~1863年)
- Uniting the imperial court and the shogunate and the rise of Sonno Joi ha (supporters of the doctorine of restoring the emperor and expelling the barbarians) (1860 – 1863)
- 後白河は、蔵人頭・平信範や蔵人・吉田経房を内裏に派遣。
- Goshirakawa sent Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) TAIRA no Nobunori and Kurodo (Chamberlain) Tsunefusa YOSHIDA to the dairi.
- 稲葉正喬は駿河守大番頭を務めた7000石の旗本だった。
- Masataka INABA was a hatamoto who served as Suruga no kami (Governor of Suruga Province) and oban gashira (captains of the great guards) in 7,000 koku.
- 昭和11年、嵐寛寿郎主演の映画に『宗十郎頭巾』がある。
- In 1936, a movie titled 'Sojuro-zukin' was released, which was starred by Kanjuro ARASHI.
- こうして武家の台頭の中で天皇の権威は新たな形で復興した。
- In this way, the authority of the Emperor was restored in a new style while the samurai families gained power.
- 鎌倉時代には、地頭や御家人に任じられる開発領主も現れた。
- In the Kamakura period, some kaihatsu-ryoshu were even appointed as jito (manager and lord of manor) or gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- 東舞鶴駅より2.3km先にある前島埠頭に設置されている。
- The terminal is at Maejima Wharf, 2.3 km ahead of Higashi-Maizuru Station.
- 五奉行の石田三成を筆頭に大谷吉継、小西行長らが含まれる。
- The faction included Mitsunari ISHIDA, a member of the Five Commissioners (administrative organization of feudal Japan), Yoshitsugu OTANI and Yukinaga KONISHI.
- これを「すみかくし」といい、黒い布で頭を覆う形であった。
- This custom was called 'Sumikakushi' (hiding the corner of a woman's face), which was originally performed in the form of covering their heads with black cloths.
- お盆の行事として8月1日は釜の蓋と称し饅頭の日でもある。
- As an event of the Bon (the Festival of the Dead), August 1st is called a lid of cauldron and is also Manju Day.
- 酒饅頭が多いが、もみじ饅頭、茶饅頭なども揚げる事がある。
- The sake-manju is often deep-fried, and the Momiji manju and cha-manju sometimes are deep-fried.
- 以後は政治活動は起こさず、和歌、連歌に没頭することになる。
- Thereafter, he abandoned political life and immersed himself in the composing of waka (classical Japanese poems) and renga (linked verse).
- 後鳥羽上皇は諸国の御家人、地頭らに義時追討の院宣を発する。
- The retired Emperor Gotoba then issued an imperial decree to all the gokenin (lower vassals) and jito (estate stewards) in the various provinces to hunt down and kill Yoshitoki.
- 鎌倉時代以降の武家台頭に対し、危機感を募らせていた公家層。
- As samurai gained power in the Kamakura period and later, the court nobles' sense of danger against them had increased.
- 大政奉還後には譜代筆頭にもかかわらず新政府側に藩論を転向。
- Although the Ii clan was fudai hitto (top of fudai), they changed the opinions within the clan and supported the new government after Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor).
- 後嵯峨天皇の外戚として栄えたが、室町時代初頭には断絶した。
- Being the maternal relative of Emperor Gosaga, the family enjoyed their prosperity, but became extinct during the early Muromachi period.
- 再度頭中将となって公卿に昇って中納言を極位極官としている。
- After becoming a tono chujo (first secretary's captain) again, he was made a kugyo (court noble) and ended up becoming a Chunagon (vice-councilor of state).
- 本家である桂宮家と同じく相国寺塔頭慈照院が菩提寺であった。
- The family's ancestral temple was Jishoin, a subtemple of Shokoku-ji Temple, which was the same as that of its head family, the Katsuranomiya family.
- コタ - 美容室向け頭髪用化粧品、医薬部外品の製造・販売。
- Kota - Manufacturing and sales of hair cosmetics for beauty salons, and medicated cosmetics
- 妙心寺 - 塔頭寺院に、桂春院、春光院、退蔵院などがある。
- Myoshin-ji Temple - sub-temple, especially one founded to commemorate the death of a high priest, which includes Keishun-in Temple, Shunko-in Temple, and Taizo-in Temple
- 底の大きさが、大人の手のひらの大きさほどもある大きな饅頭。
- Manju which has a bottom which is as large as an adult's palm.
- また、武士の台頭を反映して刀剣や甲冑もさかんにつくられた。
- Reflecting the emergence of samurai, swords and kacchu (armor and helmets) were actively made.
- こうした変化は武士階級の台頭と無関係ではないと考えられる。
- It is thought that such change was not unrelated to the emergence of samurai class.
- 関東御成敗地 - 将軍家が地頭任免権を持つ国・荘園・国衙領
- Kanto goseibaichi - provinces, manors and kokugaryo for which the shogun family possessed the power to appoint/dismiss Jito.
- 『自家伝抄』は、16世紀初頭に成立したと見られる能の伝書。
- 'Jika Densho' is a noh text that is thought to have been written at the beginning of the 16th century.
- 江戸時代には「総絞り」は贅沢品の筆頭として規制されていた。
- In the Edo period, 'so-shibori' was restricted, because it was too luxurious.
- 義経一行は武蔵坊弁慶を先頭に山伏の姿で通り抜けようとする。
- Yoshitsune's group, led by Musashibo Benkei, attempts to pass the barrier disguised as yamabushi (mountain priests).
- 長官は典薬頭で、典医、針師、按摩師、呪禁師で構成されていた。
- The bureau's head was called the Tenyaku no kami, and the rest of the bureau's personnel was organized into teni (doctors), harishi (acupuncturists), anmashi (masseurs), and jugonshi (sorcerer-physicians).
- その中の1首で、冒頭に置かれたものが「君が代」の原歌である。
- The original poem of 'Kimigayo' is included in them and placed at the top.
- 冒頭の神代に関する稿は、後代の挿入で、当初はなかったらしい。
- It appears as though the opening text pertaining to the age of the gods was not originally contained within the text but was incorporated after completion.
- 享保4年(1719年)大番頭になり、享保8年に若年寄に進む。
- He became the Oban gashira in 1719 and promoted to wakadoshiyori in 1723.
- この自領化が平安時代末期の平氏台頭の後押しをしたと言われる。
- It is considered that this expansion of their own territory supported the rise of the Taira clan in the late Heian period.
- 869年 疫病猖獗につき牛頭天王(現八坂神社)の御霊会催行。
- 869: An epidemic was rampant, and Goryoe (an event for praying) for Gozutenno (present Yaska-jinja Shrine) was held to pray for the cessession of the epidemic.
- また、和田埠頭へのアクセス道路として臨港道路が建設中である。
- As an access road to Wada Wharf, a seaside road is now under construction.
- 近衛家諸大夫・松井氏 ; 五摂家筆頭・近衛家 重臣の松井氏。
- The Matsui clan as taifu (vassals) of the KONOE family: They served as vassals of the head of Gosekke, the Konoe family.
- 関東御口入地 - 将軍が地頭職を推薦、斡旋できる荘園、国衙領
- Kanto gokunyuchi - manors and provincial lands for which the shogun had the right to recommend Jito.
- そして時代は織田信長の台頭を巡る新たな局面に移ることになる。
- Then the new era began in which Nobunaga ODA, who had become dominant newly, played the central role.
- 10世紀初頭の朱雀期になって初めて個別人身支配が放棄された。
- The principle of people-based governance was finally abandoned in the Suzaku era, early 10th century.
- 租庸調制の崩壊に伴って、人頭税的な庸・調は徴収されなくなる。
- With the deterioration of the Soyocho system, per capita taxes such as yo and cho were not enforced.
- 歌会始(うたかいはじめ)は年頭に行われるその年初めての歌会。
- Utakai Hajime is a poetry reading which is held at the beginning of the New Year.
- 口伝(くでん)とは、情報伝達方法の一つで、口頭で伝えること。
- 'Kuden' is a method of orally transmitting information.
- 保元の乱、平治の乱を経て平清盛が台頭し、平氏政権が形成された。
- After weathering two wars, the Hogen and the Heiji wars, TAIRA no Kiyomori rose to the pinnacle of power, and created a governmental adminstration controlled by the Taira clan.
- この功績により、次世代における藤原北家台頭の足がかりができた。
- This achievement became a foothold for the rise of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan in the following generation.
- 徳川御三家中の筆頭格にして、諸大名の中でも最高の家格を有した。
- It was ranked the highest among three families of Tokugawa Gosanke and held the highest family status among daimyos (Japanese feudal lords).
- 以後小槻氏は代々官人としての職を担い、地下家筆頭の地位を得る。
- Thereafter, generations of the Ozuki clan served as government officials (esp. ones of low to medium rank) and finally reached to the status of top Jige-ke (non-noble retainers who are not allowed into the Emperor's living quarters in the imperial palace).
- 福知山音頭の歌詞や、踊り子の姿などの焼印の入った玉子せんべい。
- Egg senbei (cracker) which bears a phrase of Fukuchiyama Ondo or the shape of a dancer.
- 長柄足軽と長柄足軽小頭(以上足軽)を長柄奉行(侍)が指揮する。
- Nagae bugyo (samurai) commanded the nagae ashigaru (foot soldiers with spears) and nagae ashigaru kogashira (junior captain of nagae ashigaru) (both referred to as ashigaru).
- 頭部に如意を頂き、体形は人間に近く、指には鋭い爪を備えている。
- Nyoijizai has a Nyoi on its head, the shape of its body is close to that of the human, and its fingers are equiped with sharp nails.
- 固くなった饅頭を再びおいしく食べるために家庭で揚げる事もある。
- Dried manju is sometimes deep-fried at home to make it tasty again to eat.
- 文治元年(1185年)守護地頭の補任が後白河法皇から許可される。
- In 1185, his appointment as Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) was authorized by the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa
- その約50年後の2世紀初頭には、倭国王帥升が後漢へ遣使している。
- About 50 years later in the early second century, Suisho, the King of Wakoku, sent an envoy to the Later Han Dynasty.
- のちに武士が台頭してくると、地方で武士の間の抗争が巻き起こった。
- When samurai gained power later, many conflicts happened among samurai in local regions.
- 「酒饅頭」は長野市、新潟県長岡市ではあんまんのようなものである。
- 'Sake-manju' looks like an-man (bean-paste bun) in Nagano City, and Nagaoka City in Niigata Prefecture.
- 冬嗣は嵯峨天皇の蔵人頭として活躍し、それを足掛かりとして台頭した。
- Fuyutsugu flourished as kurodo no to (head chamberlain) of Emperor Saga, and thus gained power.
- この年大番頭を辞任し、万治2年(1659年)には奏者番も辞任する。
- In the same year, he resigned as Oban gashira and sojaban in 1659.
- 松井家は細川血族として明治維新まで代々筆頭家老を勤めることになる。
- As a blood relation of the Hosokawa clan, the Matsui clan continued to serve as Hittokaro (the head of chief retainers) until the Meiji Restoration.
- 個別事業では和田埠頭整備促進を含む、舞鶴港貿易振興事業費に2億円。
- Among the individual projects, \0.2 billion was budgeted for the Maizuru Port trade promotion project including the promotion for the construction of Wada Warf.
- その一方で、符天暦と密教が結びついた宿曜道の台頭が暦道を脅かした。
- Meanwhile, rekido was overshadowed by sukuyodo, the emerging astrology that had been established by combining the futenreki and Esoteric Buddhism.
- あらゆる罪の中でも最も重く斬刑などに処せられる八虐の筆頭であった。
- It was considered the most serious of all crimes, and ranked first in the eight unpardonable crimes, which deserved decapitation.
- また経済の発展による庶民の台頭は、学問の担い手を生むこととなった。
- The rise of common people due to economic development produced the supporters of academic studies.
- ※これ以前に編成された備の小荷駄は口取40人、駄馬40頭を数える。
- Konida of sonae composed prior to this counted 40 kuchitori and 40 packhorses.
- 一方、在地領主・富豪・有力百姓らが新たな支配層として台頭していた。
- Meanwhile, resident landholders, rich people, influential farmers and others had gained power as the new ruling class.
- 5代宗龍のとき明治維新を迎え、東京に移って有栖川宮の茶頭を務めた。
- The Meiji Restoration saw Soryu, the fifth-generation head, move to Tokyo and serve as a sado for Arisugawanomiya.
- また『船弁慶』『鞍馬天狗』など、白頭の能小書がつくと位が重くなる。
- When Noh kogaki (small script for Noh) of shirogashira (white haired) such as in 'Funa Benkei' (Benkei in the Boat) or 'Kurama Tengu' is added, the movements in the performance also get slowly.
- 龍頭を模した舞楽面を着け、金色の桴(ばち/細い棒のこと)を携える。
- The dancer puts on a dragonhead shaped bugaku mask and carries golden stick.
- 代々「新九郎」を名乗り、江戸時代は観世座小鼓方筆頭として活躍した。
- Each generation named 'Shinkuro' of Miyamasu played actively as the head of kotsuzumi-kata working in Kanze-za in the Edo Period.
- その際、禅宗のお茶と一緒に食べる菓子として饅頭を用いる事を考えた。
- At that time, Rin came up with the idea of serving the manju as a tea cake eaten with tea for Zen Buddhism.
- この政策が結実したのが9世紀末~10世紀初頭の寛平・延喜期であった。
- This idea was brought to fruition in Kanpyo and Engi eras, from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
- 真一は小柄ではあったが声がよく通り、太郎冠者物や座頭物を得意とした。
- Though Masakazu was small in stature, he had a well-projected voice and was very good at performing 'Tarokajamono' (story of a servant) and 'Zatomono' (story of a blind man).
- こうして、義明は傀儡の立場から脱却し、正式な小弓公方として台頭する。
- In this way, Yoshiaki freed himself being a figurehead and gained power as the official Oyumi-kubo.
- 今西家住宅(重要文化財) - 今西家は代々今井の惣年寄筆頭を務めた。
- Imanishi Residence (Important Cultural Property): Imanishi family served as the head of sodoshiyori (officers who worked under the town magistrate) of Imai town for generations.
- 江戸時代には、肥後熊本藩主細川氏の筆頭家老で実質の八代城主になった。
- In the Edo period, they served the lord of the Kumamoto Domain in Higo Province, the Hosokawa clan as Hittokaro (head of chief retainers), and became the lord of Yatsushiro-jo Castle.
- 松山は多和に築城し、2月初頭には盛んに九度山町方面へ攻撃を仕掛けた。
- Matsuyama had a castle built at Tawa and actively attacked Kudoyama Town at the beginning of March.
- 冒頭の数正は徳川家康に仕え活躍したが、やがて豊臣秀吉の下に出奔した。
- The aforementioned Kazumasa had been actively involved in serving Ieyasu TOKUGAWA until he ran away to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 中川秀政は自ら陣頭に立って攻城に当たり、二の丸を破って本丸に迫った。
- Hidemasa NAKAGAWA fought in the front by himself, broke through Ninomaru and came close to the Honmaru.
- そのほかにも街頭で色香を売る辻君(つじぎみ)や夜鷹(よたか)もいた。
- Other than these, there were tsujigimi and yotaka, women who walked the streets.
- 『四課三伝法第一』を巻頭に、占うにあたっての手続きから解説が始まる。
- With 'Shikasandenho Daiich' being at the beginning of the book, the explanation starts with the procedures of divination.
- 将軍家数寄屋組頭野村休成の子である野村休盛が野村派の祖とされている。
- Kyusei NOMURA (野村休盛), a son of Kyusei NOMURA (野村休成) who was the sukiya kumigashira (a chief of the tea-ceremony division) of the shogunate, is said to be the founder of the Nomura group.
- ここで晴季は先年の信長への三職推任問題を念頭に秀吉に関白就任を勧めた。
- With Nobunaga's sanshoku-suinin-mondai of a few years back in mind, Harusue at this point recommended that Hideyoshi assume the position of Kanpaku.
- 水口藩はこれに驚き、平身低頭謝罪し、詫び証文を書いて、その場を納めた。
- Minakuchi domain was surprised at this and humbly begged for forgiveness, signing an apology to bring things under control.
- 各時代の詳細は、各時代区分項目(各節の冒頭のリンク先)を参照されたい。
- For more information about each period, refer to the term indicating each period (the link destination listed at the head of each section).
- 日本史以外の東洋史においては近代以前の頭立った武人に対して使用される。
- In Oriental history other than Japanese, it is used for an outstanding warrior before modern ages.
- 明暦3年(1657年)小姓組番頭となり従五位下に任官し周防守を名乗る。
- He became the Koshogumiban gashira in 1657 and referred to himself as Suo no kami after he was appointed as Jugoinoge.
- 天明4年(1784年)に大番頭になり、その後奏者番、若年寄を歴任する。
- In 1784, he became the Oban gashira and served as sojaban and wakadoshiyori.
- 寛永3年(1626年)に大番頭に就任し、寛永9年には奏者番を兼任する。
- He assumed the position of Oban gashira in 1626 and served concurrently as sojaban.
- この貞久の孫の宇都宮久憲が筑後十五城筆頭の宇都宮氏系蒲池氏の祖となる。
- The grandson of Sadahisa, Hisanori UTSUNOMIYA was the founder of the Kamachi clan descended from the Utsunomiya clan of the head of Chikugo 15 castles.
- 細川勢の犠牲は大きかったが、蒲生勢も戦線に加わり松井康之を先頭に攻撃。
- The Hosokawa troops were heavily damaged, but after the Gamo troops joined, they attacked the castle led by Yasuyuki MATSUI.
- 「法曹至要抄」によれば、もし群盗共殺の時は、下手人および頭首人を移す。
- According to 'the Hossoshiyosho,' if a gang of robbers commit a murder, the murderer and his boss shall be removed to a province.
- 4代方合斎が高槻藩の出身であったため、以後高槻藩永井家の茶頭を務めた。
- The fourth grandmaster, Hogosai (方合斎), having originally been from Takatsuki domain, became the tea master of the Nagai family of Takatsuki domain.
- 地頭は公領や荘園ごとに設置され、年貢の徴収や土地管理などが役割であった。
- Jito were placed at both shoen (private estates) and koryo (public territories), and were responsible for both levying the annual tax and managing and otherwise overseeing the land.
- 嵯峨天皇は3月に蔵人頭を設置し、6月には観察使を廃止して参議を復活した。
- Emperor Saga established the office of Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) in March, and discontinued kansatsushi and restored Sangi (councillor) in June.
- これにより出生時に(元)を頭に据え、「元○」の形で名付けることとなった。
- Due to these decrees, the clan members named their children with '元' on top of their first names at the births, as '元O.'
- 室町時代をつらぬくキーワードは、「旧勢力の没落と新興勢力の台頭」である。
- A key feature that characterizes the whole Muromachi period is 'the downfall of the old and the rise of the new powers.'
- 1426年(応永33年) - 丹波猿楽の矢田座が伏見御香宮の楽頭職を得る
- 1426: Yata-za of Tanba Sarugaku (form of theater becoming the basis for Noh) assumed the post of Gakuto-shiki (right to play sarugaku) of Fushimi Gokogu-jinja Shrine.
- そのうち、8世紀初頭から同中期・後期頃までが律令制の最盛期とされている。
- During that period, the Ritsuryo system was at its zenith from the beginning to the middle and latter half of the 8th century.
- 若桜藩(わかさはん)は因幡国八東郡(鳥取県八頭郡若桜町)周辺を領した藩。
- The Wakasa Domain was a feudal domain owning areas around Hatto-gun, Inaba Province (Wakasa-cho, Yazu-gun, Tottori Prefecture).
- これら3国の国司筆頭官である国守には、必ず親王が補任されるようになった。
- In the case of these three provinces, Imperial Princes were always appointed to their kokushu, the head of provincial governors.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、東国を中心に地頭請が行われ始めた。
- Such centralized ruling of lands refers to ichien chigyo (monistic ruling), and establishment of the jitouke system (the contract system where the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) started in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).
- 室町時代の守護には、鎌倉期の地頭よりも非常に大きな権限が与えられていた。
- During the Muromachi period, shugo (provincial constables) had many more rights than jito of the Kamakura period.
- 翌年の徳政令廃止とともに二階堂行藤・摂津道厳を頭人に任命して復置された。
- In the next year, it was reestablished with Yukifuji NIKAIDO and SETTSU no Dogen as ossotonin upon the repeal of the Tokuseirei.
- また絵図には、田畑、放牧地などを領家と地頭で等分する朱線が引かれている。
- On the map, a red line which divides fields and pastures equally for the lord of the land and jito was also drawn.
- 古市家1世宗庵に師事して茶道役となり、茶道頭として200石を受けている。
- Masateki studied under the first head of the Furuichi family, Soan to become a sadoyaku and received a fief yielding 200 koku crop yield as a chadogashira.
- 幼少期は子供芝居で、やや長じては青年劇中村扇雀一座の座頭として活躍する。
- In the infant stage, he performed in a children's play and later actively performed as zagashira (the leader of a troupe) of the troupe of Senjaku NAKAMURA for youth plays.
- 郡山市では、餡をゆべし生地で包んだ、三角の饅頭型ものが広く知られている。
- In Koriyama City, triangle manju-gata (style of bun with bean-jam filling) yubeshi which is made by wrapping the paste with yubeshi dough is widely known.
- 症状としては、軽い頭痛から嘔吐など様々であり、症状は食後すぐから現れる。
- Symptoms appear immediately after ingesting which vary from a light headache to vomiting.
- 参戦した隊士達には原田左之助の20両を筆頭に、会津藩から恩賞が与えられた。
- The members in the battle were given reward grants from the Aizu Clan, including Sanosuke HARADA who was given 20 ryo (current unit).
- 鎌倉時代には、守護・地頭による荘園支配権の簒奪(さんだつ)が目立ち始めた。
- During the Kamakura period, the dominion of shoens began to be usurped frequently by shugo (provincial constable) or jito (manager and lord of manor).
- 名主が荘園領主や地頭に対して負担した租税は、年貢、公事、夫役などであった。
- The taxes which myoshus bore for the lords of shoen and jito were nengu, kuji, buyaku (labor service) and so on.
- 元文4年には大番頭に就任するが、大坂在番中の寛保2年(1742年)に死す。
- He assumed the positions of Oban gashira (captains of the great guards), however, he died in 1742 while he was serving as Osaka-zaiban (militant organization of the Edo bakufu to guard Osaka-jo Castle).
- 後継者の幸徳井友信は幼少であるために、土御門泰福が後任の陰陽頭に任じらた。
- Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO was appointed to succeed the Onmyo no kami since the successor, Tomonobu KOTOKUI was still an infant.
- 日本の律令制の最盛期は、8世紀初頭から8世紀中期・後期頃までとされている。
- The Japanese Ritsuryo system is considered to have been at its zenith from the beginning to the middle and the latter half of the 8th century.
- また、本文以外の巻首・巻末・頭書などに、様々な教材を載せたものが出現した。
- In addition, various teaching materials were seen at the beginning and the end of a book as well as in the space above the body texts.
- しかし、鎌倉幕府が各地に配置した地頭は、在庁官人の支配範囲へ侵出していく。
- However, jito (management post of shoen or public domain) located in various regions by the Kamakura bakufu began to penetrate the dominion of zaichokanjin.
- また当事者も、領主と地頭に限らず、預所と地頭、領主と預所など様々であった。
- Shitaji chubun was done not only between the lord of shoen and jito but also between azukedokoro and jito as well as the lord of shoen and azukedokoro.
- 紺青色の龍頭を模した舞楽面を着け、銀色の桴(ばち/細い棒のこと)を携える。
- Players wear Bugaku (court dance and music) masks representing deep blue-colored dragon heads and carry silver drumsticks.
- 1603年の江戸幕府開府とともに四座棟梁の筆頭として家康から重んじられた。
- With the establishment of Edo bakufu in 1603, he was given an important role as the head of four sarugaku groups.
- こうした歴史像に基づく記述が、21世紀初頭まで一部の辞書などに残存していた。
- Such a historical image remained in some dictionaries until the beginning of the 21st century.
- 義朝は宮中の軍馬を管理する左馬頭であり、両者の同盟関係はさらに強固となった。
- At that point Yoshitomo was Commander of the Imperial Stables of the Left, in charge of all the horses at the imperial palace, and the two of them only grew closer through their similar appointments.
- 15世紀後期~16世紀初頭ごろに一部は戦国大名となり、一部は没落していった。
- From the period of the late fifteenth to early sixteenth century, some daimyo became Sengoku daimyo (daimyo of the Sengoku, or 'Warring States' period) while other daimyo declined.
- 8世紀初頭から末にかけては奈良時代と呼ばれ、奈良に都城(平城京)が置かれた。
- The early eighth century is called the Nara period, because the capital (Heijo-kyo capital) was placed in Nara.
- その後書院番頭、大番頭を歴任し、元禄5年(1692年)には奥詰に任ぜられる。
- After that, he served as Shoinban gashira and Oban gashira and in 1692, he was appointed as an okuzume.
- 平野七名家の筆頭で、戦国時代の自治都市「平野区」の執政を勤めた由緒ある家柄。
- The Sueyoshi clan was the highest rank of the Hirano Shichimyo families with a long history, which was engaged in the administration of an autonomous city 'Hirano district' in the Warring States period.
- 頼朝軍入京間近の報に力を得た院周辺では、融和派が逼塞し主戦派が台頭していた。
- The news that Yoritomo's army was about to enter the capital brightened up the Cloistered Emperor's court, where accommodationists fell into obscurity and the war party gained power.
- また国内の地頭・国人・名主らを被官に組み込むなど自らの影響下へ置いていった。
- Additionally, the Shugo put jito (manager and lord of manor), the local lord, and myoshu (owner of rice fields) under their influence by adopting them into hikan (low-level bureaucrat).
- 荘園領主が荘官や地頭を更迭して新たに所務を担当する所務代官を募る例もあった。
- The lord of the manor might dismiss a shokan or a jito and recruit a shomu daikan who would take charge of land management.
- しかし宗十郎頭巾の名をもっとも高からしめたのは大佛次郎作『鞍馬天狗』である。
- And it was 'Kurama Tengu' (the title of a Japanese historical novel series and the name of the hero who appears in it) written by Jiro OSARAGI what made Sojuro-zukin famous the most.
- これに焦った義栄も巻き返しを図り、翌年初めには同じ従五位下左馬頭に任じられた。
- Alarmed by this appointment, Yoshihide attempted a rollback, and early in the following year was appointed to the same status, Samanokami with a rank of Jugoinoge.
- このような経緯を経て、次第に地頭が荘園・公領への支配を強めていくこととなった。
- Through these processes, jitos gradually strengthened their dominance over shoen and koryo.
- 現在は第一期工事(13ha)の最中であり、埠頭自体では岸壁部分が完成している。
- At present, the first phase of construction (thirteen hectares) is in progress, and as to the wharf itself, the quay part is completed.
- 川越藩重臣松井氏 ; 武蔵国川越藩主松平氏の城代家老・筆頭家老であった松井氏。
- The Matsui clan as senior vassals of the Kawagoe-Domain: They served the lord of the Kawagoe Domain in Musashi Province the Matsudaira clan as Jodaigaro (chief counselor of a castle) and Hittokaro (the head of chief retainers).
- 1698年(元禄11年) - 伏見奉行・建部内匠頭、伏見舟200艘の新造を許可
- 1698: TATEBE Takuminokami, Fushimi City magistrate permitted the building of 200 Fushimi-bune Ships.
- この柄頭は、三葉環頭と称されるもので、埋葬の直前に付け替えられたと考えられる。
- This tsuka gashira is called Sanyokanto, and it seems to have been replaced right before burial.
- 日清間で数年前に起きた台湾出兵の時の日本側の交渉姿勢が念頭にあったためである。
- That was because the Koreans were mindful of the attitude of Japan during the negotiation of the Taiwan expedition which had occurred between Japan and Ching several years before.
- 入鹿は倒れて天皇の御座へ叩頭して言った「私に何の罪があるのか。お裁き下さい」。
- Iruka fell over and said to the empress by prostrating himself 'What did I do to deserve this treatment? Please punish them.'
- 室町期当時、鎌倉期の地頭を出自とする武士層などの在地領主層を国人と呼んでいた。
- The resident landholder stratum, including the samurai stratum originated from jito (manager and lord of shoen) in the Kamakura period, was called 'kokujin' in the Muromachi period.
- しかし、実際に延喜期の政務をリードしたのは太政官筆頭の左大臣藤原時平であった。
- However, a person who actually played a leading role attending to government affairs in the Engi period was FUJIWARA no Tokihira, Sadaijin (Minister of the Left), Daijokan hitto (head council of state).
- 一方越訴奉行は実際の審理発生ごとに執権・連署・頭人以外の引付衆より選定された。
- Meanwhile, ossobugyo were chosen from Hikitsukeshu, except for regency, rensho and ossotonin, for each trial.
- 例えば「四課三伝法第一」の冒頭は、「常以月将加占時視日辰陰陽以立四課」である。
- For example, the beginning of 'Shikasandenho daiichi' is '常以月将加占時視日辰陰陽以立四課.'
- 皮に蕎麦粉を使用した饅頭で、つなぎにすりおろしたヤマノイモを用いたものもある。
- Soba manju is a bun with skin made of buckwheat flour sometimes mixed with grated yam as a binding agent.
- このとき、行政権が委任されたのは現地赴任した国司の筆頭者であり、受領と呼ばれた。
- At that time, administrative authority was delegated to the heads of kokushi who were dispatched to provinces, and they were called Zuryo.
- 勝利を収めた清和源氏の頭領・源頼朝は、鎌倉に鎌倉幕府を開き武家政権を確立させる。
- The victorious leader of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), Yoritomo clans, created the warrior-based Kamakura shogunate in the city of Kamakura.
- 金毘羅(こんぴら)は、水神で、天竺霊鷲山の鬼神で、薬師如来十二神将の筆頭である。
- Konpira (金毘羅) is a water god and demon god of Mt. Ryojusen in India, and is the head of the Juni Shinsho (the twelve protective deities) of Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha).
- その過程で守護・地頭補任権を獲得し、朝廷(公家政権)と並びうる政権へと成長した。
- In the process, the bakufu acquired the right of appointing Shugo and Jito (military governors and estate stewards), growing into a government that could rank with the Imperial Court (the Kuge government).
- その後、御家人筆頭である北条氏が幕府政治を実質的にリードする執権政治が確立した。
- After that, the regency in which the Hojo clan, the head of gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), practically controlled the bakufu politics was established.
- その子義弥の代に至り旧吉良荘内で3000石を領して、高家筆頭の家格を付与された。
- In the generation of Yoshishada's child Yoshimitsu, received the master of 'ko-ke' (shogunate official in charge of advising kyo-o-yaku in taking care of envoys) status provided with 3,000 koku in former Kiranosho.
- 宝暦8年(1758年)に小姓組番頭格、宝暦10年に側衆と将軍近侍の職を歴任する。
- He served as Koshogumiban gashira (the chief of the bodyguard of the Shogun) in 1758 and Sobashu (aide of the shogun) and shogun-kinji (attendant of the shogun) in 1760.
- 新規取立の城主として雁間に詰め、大番頭や奏者番といった役職に就く機会が多かった。
- As the new castellan, memebers of this family worked at Kari no ma (room for castle-owning fudai daimyo newly assigned after the establishment of the Edo bakufu) and often assumed the positions such as Oban gashira and sojaban.
- 野迫川村では集落ごとに2、3頭の馬を飼うようになり、高野山との間で往来があった。
- Two or three horses were bred in each district of Nosegawa Village and they traveled to Mt. Koya by horses.
- そして、10日、義仲を従五位下・左馬頭・越後守、行家を従五位下・備後守に任じた。
- And on September 5, he appointed Yoshinaka as Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) Sama no kami (Captain of Samaryo, Left Division of Bureau of Horses) and Echigo no kami (Provincial Governor of Echigo), and Yukiie as Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank. Lower Grade) Bingo no kami (Provincial Governor of Bingo).
- 装薬が充填され信管が取り付けられている尖頭砲弾を使用し、当時最強の火力を有した。
- It had the most powerful firing ability of its day, using steeple skull ammunition and a detonation cord loaded with powder charge.
- 各像は頭上に11の顔をもち、42手をもつ通形であり、寄木造で漆箔が施されている。
- Each statue with 11 faces and 42 hands is in yosegi-zukuri, and is coated by lacquered leaf.
- 初期のものには寺社・本所関係、守護・地頭関係など全国的な広がりを持つ法令が多い。
- In the early days, many statutes regulated nationwide matters, such as temples, shrines, honjo (the administrative headquarters of a shoen), shugo (provincial constable), and jito (manager and lord of manor).
- 立命館大学の学生を先頭に行進し、京都市東山区の円山公園 (京都府)へと向かった。
- They marched with the students of Ritsumeikan University in the lead and went to Maruyama Park in Higashiyama Ward of Kyoto City, in Kyoto Prefecture.
- 体はスッポンに似ており、頭部は「和尚」の名の通り頭髪がない坊主頭のように見える。
- Their body resembles 'suppon' (Chinese soft-shelled turtle) and their head looks bald as its name suggests 'monk'.
- 永禄9年(1566年)4月、朝廷は吉田兼右の推挙で義昭を従五位下左馬頭を任命した。
- In April and May 1566, the Court appointed Yoshiaki Samanokami (the head of the section taking care of imperial horses) with a court rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) at the recommendation of Kanemigi YOSHIDA.
- 彼らはその代償たる御恩として、地頭に補任され、所領の支配権が鎌倉幕府に保証された。
- As benefits of the position, they were designated as Jito and the authority of their lands was guaranteed.
- 源氏の源頼朝により藤姓足利俊綱が滅ぼされると、源姓足利氏が領して地頭職を歴任する。
- After Toshitsuna ASHIKAGA of the Fujiwara family was ruined by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo of the Minamoto clan, the Ashikaga clan of Minamoto family owned it and successively inherited the position of jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor).
- このため、農民層にも経済力がつき始め、領主・地頭への権利意識が高まることとなった。
- For this reason, the class of farmers began to get economic power and the awareness of their rights against local lords and jitos heightened.
- 元文1年(1736年)、定火消、書院番頭を歴任し、従五位下に任官し出羽守を名乗る。
- In 1736, he assumed the positions of jobikeshi (fire department under the direct control of the Edo bakufu) and Shoinban gashira (the chief of military patrol), and was appointed as Jugoinoge and referred to himself as Dewa no kami.
- 義明は武勇に優れ、自ら陣頭で指揮するなど奮戦し、一時は北条・足利軍を大いに押した。
- With his great military prowess, Yoshiaki took command and fought so bravely at the front of the battle that his army overwhelmed the allied forces of the Hojo and the Ashikaga for a while.
- 若年の当主が続く成之以降の阿波細川家においては、家宰の三好氏が台頭することになる。
- The chief vassal of the Miyoshi clan gained power in the Awa Hosokawa clan, which the youth family heads continued after the time of Shigeyuki.
- 本堂は近世初頭に再建されたもので、平成14年5月23日国の重要文化財に指定された。
- The main hall of the temple was rebuilt in the early modern period and designated as a national Important Cultural Property on May 23, 2002.
- 1936年(昭和11年) - 市制施行を念頭に庵我村・雀部村・下豊富村を編入する。
- 1936: Anga-mura, Sasabe-mura and Shimotoyotomi-mura were incorporated, with the intent of reorganizing them as a city.
- 三沢氏(みさわし、みさわうじ)は、信濃源氏の後裔で、信濃国飯島郷地頭の一族である。
- Misawa clan (which is read Misawa-shi or Misawa-uji) was a clan acting as estate steward in Iijima District, Shinano Province, which were the descendants of Shinano-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- その後、安忠は上野国館林藩主(現在の群馬県館林市)徳川綱吉に仕えて勘定頭を務めた。
- Yasutada later became a retainer of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, who was the lord of Tatebayashi, Kozuke no kuni Province (the present-day Tatebayashi City, Gunma Prefecture) and became kanjo gashira (chief treasurer).
- 伊集院忠棟は、島津義久の筆頭家老であり、島津氏の九州制覇のため活躍した功臣である。
- Tadamune IJUIN was Yoshihisa SHIMAZU's chief vassal and an important follower who worked for the Shimazu clan in the conquest of Kyushu.
- また、地頭と荘園領主との間で作合を巡る争いの解決方策として下地中分が行われ始めた。
- In addition, as a solution to dissolve disputes over sakuai (share that each shiki had for taxes) between jito and shoenryoshu, Shitaji chubun (physical division of the land) was started.
- Also, shitaji chubun (physical division of land) started to take place as a solution to a conflict between jito and shoen ryoshu over sakuai.
- 10世紀初頭に成立し、11世紀中期ないし12世紀後期までの期間に存続したとされる。
- It is considered this polity was established in early 10th century and continued to exist until the mid-11th century or late 12th century.
- もう一つの類型は、荘官・地頭などが下人・所従といった隷属民に耕作させるものである。
- The other type of tsukuda was that of shokan, jito, et al. which used subordinate people, such as low ranked people and shoju (retainers), to cultivate the land.
- 多くの場合、領主側が地頭に譲歩し、和与中分が行われることが多かったと見られている。
- It is contemplated that wayo-chubun in which the lord of shoen made concessions to jito was widely done.
- それは体長が35センチメートルほどのトカゲのようなもので、頭には1本の角があった。
- It was an about 35 centimeter-long lizard-like roundworm, having an antenna in the head.
- 近世期、観世流は幕府に抱えられる四座一流の筆頭とされ、幕末まで最大の流勢を誇った。
- In the early-modern times the school of Kanze was recognized as the head of Shiza Ichiryu that was given patronage by bakufu, and the school exerted the greatest influence until the end of the Edo period.
- 「玄鶴はそっと褌を引き寄せ、彼の頭に巻きつけると、両手にぐっと引っぱるようにした。
- 'Genkaku pulled lightly his fundoshi loincloth and wound it around his head pulling it forcefully by both hands,' he wrote.
- 一方、中華思想から見た場合、南の部族を南蛮と呼び南蛮人の頭である「蛮頭」説もある。
- It is also said that it was written as '蛮頭' meaning a head of the Southern barbarian because the Southern tribe was called Southern barbarians in terms of Sinocentrism.
- 武将(ぶしょう)とは軍人、武士など軍事に携わる人々のうち頭立った者を指す言葉である。
- Busho refers to those who stood out among people engaged in military affairs, such as a military officer and a samurai.
- 元和1年(1615年)に書院番組頭となり、翌年父の領地と別に1000石を与えられる。
- He became the Shoinban kumigashira (leader of the shogun's bodyguards) in 1615 and was given 1,000 koku besides his father's territory.
- 1567年(永禄10) 東大寺大仏殿の戦いにより東大寺盧舎那仏像の仏頭が焼け落ちる。
- 1567: The head of the statue of Birushana Buddha in Todai-ji Temple was burnt down during the Battle of Great Buddha Hall of Todai-ji Temple.
- 二重目以上の窓はすべて華頭窓を配し、最上階には実用でない外廻り縁と高欄を付けている。
- For all windows in the second and third layers, kato-mado (foliate-top window) are arranged, and in the top layer ornamental sotomawaribuchi (long and rod-like dressed lumber put in the part of ceiling surface and wall surface meeting) and koran (banister) are attached.
- 清洲会議では、それまで重臣筆頭として最大の発言権を持っていた勝家の影響力が低下した。
- In the Kiyosu conference, the influence of Katsuie, who had had the biggest say as a head of vassals, was diminished.
- これにより、地頭による大犯三箇条や地頭請の遂行によって本所法の裁量の幅が縮小された。
- As a result, the discretionary power of the hojo law was reduced by the execution of Taibon Sankajo (three major tasks of peacekeeping) and jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) by the jito.
- こうした書き方は、貴人に敬意を表す時に用いる擡頭法(たいとうほう)という書法である。
- Such a way of arranging letters is called Taito (rising) method, which was used when a person showed his or her respect to a noble person.
- この条項は日朝間にだけ関わるものではなく、その他の国も念頭に置いたものとなっている。
- This provision was related not only to events between Japan and Korea, but also between Korea and other countries.
- 明が清にかわると朝鮮国王に「三跪九叩頭の礼」を強いるなど冊封国としての関係を強めた。
- When the Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it forced the Korean dynasty to perform the courtesy of 'nine kowtows' to strengthen the relationship under the vassal system.
- この地位にはしだいに武士が任命されることが多くなって鎌倉時代の地頭につながっていく。
- Increasingly more samurai were appointed to these positions, leading to the appearance of the jito (manager and lord of manor) position during the Kamakura period.
- 天皇の勅旨を奉じた職事蔵人は太政官の陣定に赴いて上卿に対してその内容を口頭で伝えた。
- When the shikiji kurodo received the imperial edict, he took it to the jin no sadame (Council of State deliberation) and verbally conveyed it to the shokei.
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけての寛平・延喜期になると、抜本的な国政改革が展開した。
- In the Kanpyo to Engi eras, that is to say, from around the end of the 9th century to the early 10th century, the national administration was reformed drastically.
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて紛争の火種となる任用たちの現地赴任は行われなくなった。
- During the late 9th century to the early 10th century, the ninyo, who were more likely to cause conflicts, were no longer employed to be dispatched to the provinces.
- 朝鮮半島に居住し帰化しない日本人を朝鮮では恒居倭と呼び、首領を頭とする自治が行われた。
- Unnaturalized Japanese residents in the Korean Peninsula were called kokyowa, and they were self-governed headed by their leader.
- 新選組幹部の沖田総司の義兄、沖田林太郎が組頭を務めているなど、新選組との交流もあった。
- They had a relationship with the Shinsengumi (Tokugawa shogunate police force located in Kyoto), because Rintaro OKITA, who was the headman of this group, was an elder brother-in-law of Soji OKITA, who was one of the senior members of the Shinsengumi.
- また、内蔵寮年預や右近衛府庁頭を兼ね、人物によっては内豎所年預や院庁の主典代も兼ねた。
- The heads of the family line concurrently served as supervisor of the Palace Storehouse Bureau or supervisor of the Right Division of the Inner Palace Guards' Headquarters; besides, some also served as supervisor of the Royal Pages Office or clerk of the Senior Retired Emperor's Office.
- 山名は、中腹に牛頭天王を祀る山崎天王社(現 自玉手祭来酒解神社)があることに由来する。
- The name of the mountain comes from Yamazaki Tennosha Shrine (now Tamadeyori Matsurikitaru Sakatoke-jinja Shrine) enshrining Gozu Tenno (deity said to be the Indian god Gavagriva) on the mountainside.
- 本来は太政官の筆頭大臣である太政大臣が一座に座り、不在の場合は左大臣が座ることになる。
- Normally, the top Daijokan (Grand Council of State) minister, the Dajodaijin (Grand Minister), sat in the Ichiza, and if he was absent, the Sadaijin (minister of the left) sat there.
- 大永年間には長尾氏は越後苧座の頭人であった蔵田氏に青苧の公事徴収・流通統制権を認めた。
- During the Daiei era (A.D. 1521- 1528), the Nagao clan gave both the kuji collection right and the distribution control right of aoso to the Kurata clan, which was 'tonin' (the director) of Echigo so-za.
- 熊本県、士農工商に至るまで、此節は薩兵を慕ふが如き有様にて、万事不都合の義、毛頭無し。
- In Kumamoto Prefecture in these days, all people in the warrior, farmer, artisan, and merchant classes seemed to adore the Satsuma soldiers, saying that there is nothing improper about them.
- 台湾銀行の本部は台北に置かれたが、頭取は東京に駐在し、株式総会も東京で開催されていた。
- The headquarter of the Bank of Taiwan was in Taipei, but the head of the Bank was resident in Tokyo, and the shareholders' meeting was also held in Tokyo.
- 翌年初頭、藩中枢部の籠もる萩城を攻撃し、俗論派を壊滅させて再び藩論を反幕派へ奪回した。
- At the beginning of the next year, they attacked Hagi-jo Castle where the central figures of the clan stayed and restored the principle of the clan to 'anti-bakufu', rejecting the conservatism that acknowledged fealty to the bakufu.
- 朝鮮との国交交渉が進展しない明治政府内で武力による開国を迫るいわゆる征韓論が台頭した。
- The so-called Seikanron (debate on the subjugation of Korea) supporting military pressure to force Korea to open the country emerged in the Meiji government whose diplomatic talks with Korea did not show any progress.
- そうした地方行政の実情を国家体制の基本方針に採用したのが、10世紀初頭だったのである。
- It was early 10th century when the government adopted the actual situation of local administration as the basic policy of the nation.
- 日本では、8世紀初頭以来、律令に基づいた土地支配・租税収取が政府によって行われてきた。
- In Japan, land had been controlled by the government under the ritsuryo legal codes in order to collect land taxes since the early eighth century.
- 近年の研究では、慶長初頭の1590年代末には京焼の生産が始まっていたと考えられている。
- Recent research insists that Kyo-yaki had already began being produce during the early Keicho era at the end of the 1590s.
- 土佐光信による室町時代の妖怪画『百鬼夜行絵巻』にも同様に五徳を頭に乗せた猫の姿がある。
- A similar cat with the gotoku placed on the head is depicted in 'Hyakki Yagyo Emaki' (The 'Night Parade of One Hundred Demons' Picture Scroll), a collection of yokai illustrations drawn by Mitsunobu TOSA in the Muromachi period.
- 奈良時代林浄因が作ったという伝説から、その子孫のお店の名前をとり塩瀬饅頭とも呼ばれる。
- It is called Shiose manju from the legend that it was made by Join RIN in the Nara period, taking the name of the shop owned by his offspring.
- 乱のあと、将軍の権威に変わる形で管領細川政元が絶大的な権力者として台頭するようになった。
- After the war, the Shogun's former authority transferred to the Kanrei Masamoto HOSOKAWA, who rose to prominence as a figure of tremendous power.
- 平安時代後期以降、和気氏と丹波氏による世襲となり、典薬頭は専ら丹波氏の小森家が独占した。
- Starting in the late Heian period, appointment to the bureau became a hereditary privilege of the Wake and Tanba clans, and the Komori family of the Tanba clan achieved a complete monopoly over the position of Tenyaku no kami.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると家督争いが起こり、当主・大内弘幸と叔父の鷲頭長広が抗争した。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), a succession dispute arose, and the family head, Hiroyuki OUCHI conflicted with his uncle, Nagahiro WASHIZU.
- 埠頭の埠の字が常用漢字に含まれないため、看板などには「前島ふ頭」と記されている事もある。
- Since 埠 in 埠頭 is not included in the Chinese characters designated for everyday use, the characters 前島ふ頭 instead of 前島埠頭 are sometimes used, for example, on signboards.
- 和田埠頭(わだふとう)とは、京都府舞鶴市にある舞鶴湾に整備される約33haの埠頭である。
- Wada Wharf covering an area of about thirty-three hectares is scheduled to be constructed in the Maizuru Bay in Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- また、豊臣秀吉と徳川家康はそれぞれ譜代筆頭の石田三成と井伊直政を、この地に配置している。
- Also, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA placed their fudai hitto (chief vassal) Mitsunari ISHIDA and Naomasa Ii in this place respectively.
- しかし、鉄砲を主力とする守戦を念頭に置いていたため、武田の騎馬隊を誘い込む狙いであった。
- Keeping in mind his strategy in which the teppo units would play a central role, he also attempted to decoy Takeda's cavalry into it.
- 佃(つくだ)は、中世日本の荘園公領制において、荘園領主や荘官・地頭らによる直営田をいう。
- Tsukuda was a rice field directly managed by lord of the manors, shokan (an officer governing manor) or jito (manager and lord of manor) in shoen koryo sei (System of Public Lands and Private Estates) in medieval Japan.
- 請負代官に就いたのが荘官であれば代官請、地頭であれば地頭請、守護であれば守護請と称した。
- When shokan took the post of ukeoi daikan, he called himself daikanuke; when jito and shugo (provincial constable) took the post, they called themselves jitouke and shugouke respectively.
- 文治2年(1186年)に鎌倉幕府は地頭として惟宗忠久(島津忠久)を差し向けて支配させた。
- In 1186, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed Tadahisa KOREMUNE (Tadahisa SHIMAZU) to administer the manor as jito (manager and lord of manor).
- 江戸時代は幕府数奇屋頭を代々世襲し石州流嘉順派、石州流野村派とともに柳営茶道をささえた。
- During the Edo period, they had handed down a position at the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) called Sukiya-kumigashira (a person who is responsible for the tea room and equipment for the shogun) for generations, and they supported the Ryuei-chado (the tea ceremony for the Shogunate) in cooperation with the Kajun-ha group of the Sekishu-ryu school and the Nomura-ha group of the Sekishu-ryu school.
- 体形は人間のようだが、頭部は琵琶であり、盲目の琵琶法師のように目を閉じて杖をついている。
- The body looks like a human being, but its head is biwa, and it carries a walking stick with eyes closed like the blind biwa-playing minstrel.
- 蕎麦粉を麺の形態に加工する調理法は、16世紀末あるいは17世紀初頭に生まれたといわれる。
- It is said that the method of processing buckwheat flour to make noodles was conceived in the end of the sixteenth or early seventeenth century.
- 宇多のもとでは藤原時平と菅原道真の両者が太政官筆頭に立ち、協力しながら宇多を補佐していた。
- Under Emperor Uda, FUJIWARA no Tokihira and SUGAWARA no Michizane were the heads of Daijokan, who cooperated with the emperor.
- なお、平清盛が置いた国守護人・地頭は、鎌倉期におけるの守護・地頭の祖形だと考えられている。
- The local custodians for the governor and Jito that TAIRA no Kiyomori established are considered as the prototypes of Shugo and Jito in the Kamakura period.
- 大学寮という公的機関を巡る氏族対立の副産物のような存在で、貴族政治の台頭を背景としていた。
- It seems they emerged from conflicts among clans about Daigakuryo, a public institution in the background of the rise of aristocracy.
- これに対して朝鮮側は強硬に退去を要求し、日朝間の外交問題に発展、日本では征韓論が台頭した。
- In response, the Korean government adamantly demanded Japanese withdrawal, which subsequently escalated into a diplomatic problem between Japan and Korea, leading to the rise of Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) in Japan.
- 併せて、天皇支配を具現化するために律令制の導入を進め、8世紀初頭の大宝律令制定に結実した。
- In addition, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based upon the ritsuryo code) was introduced to realize control by the Emperor, producing Taiho Ritsuryo (the Taiho Code) in the early eighth century.
- ちなみに、「波波木神」が後に「顕れる」という接頭語が付いて、「顕波波木神」になったという。
- It became 'Arahabaki-kami', in which 'Hahaki-kami' is later added by the prefix for 'to appear' (ara).
- 子孫の一人である吉見頼行は能登吉見氏の庶家で、石見鹿足郡の地頭職を得て下向したものである。
- One of the descendants, Yoriyuki YOSHIMI was from a branch family of the Noto-Yoshimi clan and left the capital when he was appointed as a Jitoshiki (manager and lord of an estate) of Kanoashi District, Iwami Province.
- 御家人筆頭の足利尊氏がこれに呼応して京都の六波羅探題を滅ぼし、上野国の新田義貞も挙兵した。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA, the top gokenin, acted in concert with the Emperor and destroyed Rokuhara Tandai in Kyoto, and Yoshisada NITTA in the Kozuke Province also followed them in raising an army.
- 1990年代初頭までこの周囲は雑木林で照明設備が少なく、昼夜問わず寂しさを感じさせていた。
- Until the early 1990s, the pass was a wooded area with sparsely placed lights, making people feel lonely even in the daytime as well as at night.
- 参加者は左右の頭・親王・歌よみ・方人・判者・講師・員刺(かずさし)などによって構成された。
- The participants were two groups of chiefs, the imperial prince, 'utayomi' (tanka composer), 'kataudo' (submitter of tanka), 'hanja' (judge), 'koji' (presenter of tanka), 'kazusashi' (scorer), and others.
- 6世紀末期から7世紀初頭の推古天皇の時代に、律令制を指向する動きがあったとする見解がある。
- According to some theories, attempts were made to adopt the Ritsuryo system during Empress Suiko's reign, from the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th century.
- この日の晩、諸将の諌めを押し切り、明朝、西郷は自ら陣頭に立ち、官軍と雌雄を決しようとした。
- In the night of the same day, SAIGO overpowered admonishments by his military commanders and determined to stand at the front and take command of the Satsuma army by himself in the next morning to fight a decisive battle with the government army.
- 4月30日、常山隊三番中隊は中村、遊撃隊六番小隊春田吉次は頭治などそれぞれ要地を守備した。
- On April 30, the 3rd company of the Jozan-tai troop and Kichiji HARUTA of the 6th platoon of the Yugeki-tai troop took positions to guard the strategic places of Nakamura and Toji, respectively.
- しかし、2世紀後半から3世紀初頭には、弥生時代の集落を特徴付ける環濠が各地で消滅していく。
- Between the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century, however, this distinctive Yayoi period style of moat settlement started to disappear from many regions.
- そこで、赤坂に元からあった溜池が活用されると共に、井の頭池を水源とする神田上水が造られた。
- As a solution, the Kanda Waterworks that was fed by water from from Inokashira Pond, and a prexisting reservoir in Akasaka were used to supply water to the city.
- 室町時代から江戸時代の初頭には、領地を持った武士で、蔵米取りでないという意味で使用された。
- The term kyujin was used to mean a samurai who owned territory but was not a kuramaidori (a rank of retainers) from the Muromach period to the early Edo period.
- 7世紀末から8世紀初頭に始まった律令制では、人民一人ひとりを租税収取の基礎単位としていた。
- In the ritsuryo system (system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes), which started around the end of the seventh century or the beginning of the eighth century, the basic unit for tax collection was every single person.
- 元慶年間の初頭、干ばつにより全国的に飢饉に襲われ、各地で不動倉が開かれ、賑給が実施された。
- Early in the first year of the Gangyo era, drought caused famine nationwide, and consequently the fudoso (emergency grain storage) in many parts of the country was opened in order for the Imperial Court to provide food to the poor.
- 水戸黄門などでは農民を徳川光圀が呼称する場合 'お百姓' と接頭辞 'お' を付けている。
- In TV dramas such as 'Mitokomon,' Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA uses the term with the prefix 'o,' i.e., 'ohyakusho' when addressing a peasant.
- 折りしも義仲は西走した平氏追討のため、10月初頭から播磨へ出陣しており、京に不在であった。
- Yoshinaka was not in the capital at that moment because he had gone to Harima since the beginning of October to search for and kill Taira clan on the run towards Saigoku.
- 隆季の子四条隆房は鎌倉時代初頭に正二位、権大納言にまで至り、公卿家としての家格を確立した。
- Takafusa SHIJO, the son of Takasue, was promoted to Junior Chief of the Councilor of State, shonii (Senior Second Rank), at the beginning of the Kamakura period, and established the family status of Kugyo (which means 'court nobility').
- 戦後は尾上菊五郎 (6代目)・中村吉右衛門 (初代)の二大俳優の後継者として頭角を顕わす。
- After the World War II, he made a name for himself as the successor of the great performers Kikugoro ONOE VI and Kichiemon NAKAMURA I.
- 江戸時代は幕府数奇屋組頭を代々世襲し石州流伊佐派、石州流野村派とともに柳営茶道をささえた。
- During the Edo period, they had handed down a position at the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) called Sukiya-kumigashira (a person who is responsible for the tea room and equipment for the shogun) for generations, and they supported the Ryuei-chado (the tea ceremony for the Shogunate) in cooperation with the Isa-ha group of the Sekishu-ryu school and the Nomura-ha group of the Sekishu-ryu school.
- 頭部が瓢箪となった人のような姿で、鳥山石燕の「画図百器徒然袋」に乳鉢坊と共に描かれている。
- Sekien TORIYAMA's 'Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro' (The Illustrated Bag of One Hundred Random Demons; the term 'hyakki' in its title is a pun on the usual hyakki, replacing the character for demon which is written as '鬼' in Japanese with a character for vessel written as '器,' and sure enough, most of the yokais shown in this book are tsukumogami) portrays the Hyotankozo in a human-like figure whose head is a bottle gourd, along with a Nyubachibo (literally, a mortar [a bowl-shaped vessel] bonze).
- そして次第に朝廷へ介入し、地頭は国衙領や荘園へ浸食し、武家政権は徐々に全国への支配を強めた。
- The bakufu gradually intervened in the Imperial Court and Jito eroded Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and Shoen, resulting in acceleration of its nation-wide governance by the military government.
- 逃亡していた師仲は、神鏡を手土産に六波羅に出頭するが処罰は厳しく、下野国への配流が決定した。
- Moronaka, who had fled, returned and brought the Sacred Mirror back to Rokuhara as a gift, yet his punishment remained severe; he was exiled to Shimotsuke Province.
- 6世紀後半から8世紀初頭までは、ヤマト王権の本拠が飛鳥に置かれたことから飛鳥時代と呼ばれる。
- The era from the latter half of the sixth century to the early eighth century is called the Asuka period, because the core site of the Yamato sovereignty was placed in Asuka.
- 神道側の解釈として金毘羅大権現は大物主とも牛頭天王(スサノオ)とも、また崇徳天皇ともされた。
- The understanding in Shinto is that Konpira Daigongen is Omono nushi (a Japanese ancient god), Susanoo or Emperor Sutoku.
- 共通語では「滋賀」は頭高型アクセントで発音するが、地元の方言(近江弁)では尾高型で発音する。
- The stress is placed on the first syllable in standard Japanese while it is placed on the second syllable in the local dialect ('Omi ben').
- 宿泊客の送迎には「牛車タイプの送迎車」(前部に牛頭をあしらったマイクロバス)を使用している。
- Courtesy cars modeled after ox-drawn carriages,' a microbus with a painting of the head of an ox on the front part, is used to pick up guests.
- 十六世紀初頭(戦国時代中頃)、光村の孫・及川重胤は江刺氏と戦って敗れ、光村の家系は衰退した。
- During the early sixteenth century (the mid-Sengoku (Warring States) period), Mitsumura's grandson Shigetane OIKAWA fought with the Esashi clan but was defeated, and consequently the Mitsumura family line went to ruin.
- この間に光明皇后の信任を得た藤原南家の藤原仲麻呂(武智麻呂の子)が台頭、紫微中台を組織した。
- In the meantime, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro (son of Muchimaro) from the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, who successfully gained the confidence of the Empress Komyo, accumulated power and organized a Shibi chudai (office responsible for affairs of the Empress Komyo).
- 蔵人頭・五位蔵人が弁官を兼帯したり、五位・六位蔵人が検非違使を兼帯することはしばしばあった。
- Cases were often seen where a person of Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain)/Goi no kurodo concurrently assumed the position of Benkan or a person of Goi no kurodo/Rokui no kurodo (kurodo with the Sixth Rank) assumed the position of Kebiishi no suke.
- 頭は鬼または人間で、身体は竜(またはヘビ)、歯や爪は鋭く身長は5メートルを超えているという。
- Itsumade' s head is the head of either Oni (ogre) or human being, its body is that of dragon (or snake), with sharp teeth and nails, and it is over five meters tall.
- 酒母(酒種、麹に酵母を繁殖させたもの)を使用して小麦粉の生地を発酵させ、中に餡を入れた饅頭。
- It is a cake with bean paste filling wrapped in the flour dough which is fermented with yeast mash (yeast cultured in rice malt).
- 日本に定着した後、餡や皮の製法にさまざまな工夫が凝らされ、種々の饅頭が作られるようになった。
- After the manju took root in Japan, various types of manju was made by exercising various ingenuity in methods of making bean paste and cake dough.
- これが発展し鎌倉を本拠とした地方政権を樹立し、東国を中心に守護と地頭の設置を朝廷に認めさせる。
- Due to development of this system, he established a Kamakura-based local government and convinced the Imperial Court to allow him to deploy provincial constables and lords of manors mainly in eastern countries.
- ただし、そうしたケースは非常にまれで、物納された年貢を荘官や地頭が換金することの方が多かった。
- However, such cases were very rare, and in most cases, shokan (the administrative officer of shoen) or jito (the manager of shoen) exchanged the rice brought in as the nengu for money.
- 明治2年に陰陽頭土御門晴雄が死去し、嫡男の土御門晴栄の代の明治3年(1870年)に廃止された。
- The Onmyo no Kami Haruo TSUCHIMIKADO passed away in 1869, and the Onmyoryo was abolished in 1870 during the time of his heir, Harenaga TSUCHIMIKADO.
- これを契機として、軍事貴族の最高位者である平清盛とその一族は、朝廷内部で急速に台頭していった。
- These wars served as opportunities for TAIRA no Kiyomori and his family members, who were the highest rank military aristocrats, to rapidly gain power inside the Imperial Court.
- 貞親の子の伊勢貞宗、孫の伊勢貞陸は台頭する細川氏の細川政元と協調し引き続き幕政に重きをなした。
- Sadamune ISE, a child of Sadachika, and Sadamichi ISE, a grandson of Sadachika, cooperated with Masamoto HOSOKAWA who was from the rising Hosokawa clan and continued to have the influential position in the bakufu..
- 以前は西港の舞鶴港湾合同庁舎付近がフェリー埠頭であり、東港の前島埠頭付近に海保が常駐していた。
- The wharf of the ferry was once located near the Maizuru port joint government building of the West Port, and maritime safety officials were regularly stationed near the Maejima Wharf of the East Port.
- これは博士の中で筆頭とされた明経博士よりも上位であり、かつ博士中唯一の貴族相当の位階であった。
- It was a higher rank than myogyo hakase, who was considered to be the head among hakase, and was the only rank which was equivalent to the nobles among hakase.
- 先頭に立って陣頭指揮をとった氏直は、矢が馬に当たり転落し、徒歩で戦ったが、矢疵を受けて倒れた。
- Ujinao was at the front and commanded the army, but when an arrow shot his horse, he fell from the horse and fought on foot, then collapsed from an arrow wound.
- 同年…頼朝が朝廷から守護・地頭の設置を認められる(文治の勅許:軍事・警察・土地支配権の確立)。
- The same year - Yoritomo received approval from the Imperial Court to appoint Shugo and Jito (the Bunji imperial sanction: the establishment of the military, police and control of lands).
- 義持の死後に義教が将軍となると、満祐は侍所頭人に就任し、義教と満祐の関係は比較的良好であった。
- When Yoshinori became Shogun after Yoshimochi died, Mitsusuke assumed to the Samurai-dokoro tonin (Governor of the Board of Retainers) and Yoshinori and Mitsusuke preserved relatively good relationship.
- そこで荘官・地頭らは屋敷地の周辺の農地を屋敷地の一部と称して、自己の直営田に組み込んでいった。
- Therefore, shokan, jito, et al. started to have their own directly managed rice fields claiming the surrounding farmland as a part of their residential area.
- 地頭請所ではほぼ例外なく年貢の未進が発生しており、武士の荘園・公領侵出は一層進むこととなった。
- As jito ukedokoro with few exception were subjected to non-payment of land tax, samurai got more involved in shoen and koryo.
- 地頭は、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていった。
- Jito abolished the traditional stratified land ruling relationships and preferred centralized land ruling.
- 幕府と御恩と奉公の関係にある御家人・守護・地頭らがその義務の一環として負担を行ったものがある。
- There were taxes and labor borne by Gokenin, Shugo, and Jito as a part of their obligations to the bakufu because they had a relationship of favor and service with the bakufu.
- 『今昔物語集』は12世紀初頭の成立といわれるが、呼ばれ方は「兵(つわもの)」「豪の者」である。
- The 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have been written in the early twelfth century, but it was called 'Tsuwamono' (written as 兵) or 'rich person.'
- その大半は、地方自治体行政や商工会議所・旅館組合等の関係団体の音頭取りで作られたものといえる。
- The majority of such organizations were assembled under the leadership of groups related to local public governments, chambers of commerce and industry, as well as hotel associations.
- そこで鬼童丸は鞍馬に先回りし、市原野で放し飼いの1頭の牛を殺して体内に隠れ、頼光を待ち受けた。
- Kidomaru then went on ahead to Kurama and killed a free-range ox at Ichiharano and hid inside the body where he awaited Yorimitsu.
- 一般的な作り方は頭を落とし内臓を取って三枚下ろしにした魚を塩に一晩程度浸け、そのあと酢で洗う。
- The most common way to make the kizushi is, to cut the head off, clean and fillet the fish, which is pickled in salt for about one night and then rinsed in vinegar.
- 高野山の塔頭・持明院にある「お市の方肖像画」に書かれている物がこの時代の代表的な腰巻姿である。
- What has been drawn in the 'Portrait of Lady Oichi' which is kept in Jimyo-in Temple, a tatchu (sub-temple in the site of main temple) of Koya-san, is a typical koshimaki in this period.
- このときに茶屋の主人に書いて与えた「御饅頭所」という看板が、今では東京・赤坂の虎屋黒川にある。
- At that time, he gave the teahouse owner a hand-written signboard saying 'omanju dokoro (place to eat manju)', which is now possessed by Toraya Kurokawa in Akasaka, Tokyo.
- この結果、幕府内における直義の発言力の低下と師直の台頭が生じ、両派の対立に一層の拍車がかかった。
- As a result, Tadayoshi's power decreased within the bakufu and Moronao's power increased, leading to further conflict between the two groups.
- 1185年に、源頼朝は大江広元の献策を容れて弟の源義経の追討を目的に全国に守護・地頭を設置する。
- In 1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, in response to OE no Hiromoto's suggestion, instituted a countrywide system of shugo (governors) and jito (estate stewards) with the goal of hunting down his younger brother, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.
- 庸調などの人頭税は,財源の中心と位置づけられており,民衆にとっては極めて負担過重なものであった。
- Yo and Cho of So-Yo-Cho, kinds of Jintozei, were recognized as the core financial resources, becoming an overwhelming burden on people.
- 時代が下ると、荘官の武士化が始まり、鎌倉時代には荘官が鎌倉幕府から地頭に任じられる例も見られた。
- In later eras, shokan began to work like samurai, and in some cases in the Kamakura period, some shokan were even appointed as jito (manager and lord of manor) by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 平家台頭後は日宋貿易に熱心だった平清盛が肥後守に就任するなど、平家による肥後国統制が強化される。
- After the rise of the Taira family, TAIRA no Kiyomori, who was enthusiastic about the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China took the post of the Governor of Higo Province, thus the Taira family's controlling over Higo Province was strengthened.
- 庄は当国の旗頭たるにより、植木下野守秀長、庄に力を合わせ横谷より攻め掛け、上野の勢を追い崩した。
- Because the Sho clan is ruling this province, Ueki Shimotsuke no kami Hidenaga and the clan attacked the Ueno force from the valley side and beat it.
- そして、三河における足利氏の所領のうち、八条院領上野荘の地頭職を得て足利一門として重きをなした。
- Moreover, the family established a presence by gaining stewardship for the Hachijoin's manor (Ueno no sho) which was one of the family's territories in Mikawa Province.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると多数の守護や地頭が送り込まれたために、その荘園もやがて彼らの物に変わっていった。
- In the Kamakura period, the owner of such manors were changed to Shugo (military commander and administrator) or Jito (manager and lord of manor) because a great number of people assigned as Shugo and Jito were dispatched.
- 慶長3年(1598年)、秀吉が死去し、豊臣政権では五大老筆頭の地位にあった家康の影響力が強まる。
- In 1598, Hideyoshi died and the influence of Ieyasu, in the position of the head of Gotairo (Council of Five Elders), increased.
- 家康の関東入国に従って代官頭(関東郡代の前身)となり、徳川氏の関東領国支配の中心的役割を担った。
- When Ieyasu entered the Kanto region, Tadatsugu followed him to become daikangashira (head of Edo-period prefectural governorship (magistrate, bailiff)), the predecessor of Kanto gundai (a magistrate of the Kanto region), playing a leading role in Tokugawa's rule of their Kanto territory.
- こうした所領には御家人が守護・地頭として宛がわれてその軍事力を背景に強力な支配体制が構築された。
- To those shoryo, gokenin (personal retainers of the shogun) were appointed as shugo (protectors, or military governors) or jito (stewards), and a strong system of government was constructed based on their military forces.
- 彼らは摂津国住吉郡平野郷(大阪市平野区)の豪商で、同族の平野藤次郎、平野九右衛門も頭役となった。
- They were a powerful merchant clan of Hirano-go, Sumiyoshi-gun, Settsu Province (present-day Hirano-ku, Osaka City), along with the Tojiro HIRANO and Kuemon HIRANO of the same clan.
- 朱子は読書・修養によって聖人の高みに至るとしたが、その筆頭に置かれた「格物致知」に根拠を求めた。
- Zhu Xi said that a person reached the level of sage through reading and self-cultivation, and sought the basis of this in 'kakubutsu chichi,' the top items among the eight.
- 幕府安定期には20組が徒歩頭の下にあり、各組毎に2人の組頭が、その下に各組28人の徒歩衆がいた。
- During the period when the bakufu was stable, there were 20 Kachi teams under Kachigashira (superintendant of Kachi teams) and each team had two kumigashira (head of Kachi team) and 28 Kachi.
- 荘官・地頭はもともと直営田を持っておらず、屋敷地のみが自由に処分しうる土地として認められていた。
- From the beginning, shokan and jito did not have directly managed rice fields, and they were allowed only the residential area at their disposition.
- また、東国では多くの在庁官人が征夷大将軍と主従関係を結び御家人身分を獲得し、地頭にも任じられた。
- Also in the eastern regions, many zaichokanjin formed a master-subordinate relationship with seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), attained the status of gokenin (retainers) and were also appointed as jito.
- 8世紀末から9世紀初頭の桓武天皇による諸改革も上記のような律令制支配の維持強化を目的としていた。
- The reforms carried out by Emperor Kanmu from the late eighth century to the early ninth century also aimed at the above mentioned maintenance and enhancement of the Ritsuryo system domination.
- 現代文では、散文中に歌詞を記述する際に、歌詞部分の冒頭に配置して散文との区分とする用法が一般的。
- In contemporary writings, when song lyrics are inserted in prose, ioriten is generally put at the beginning of the lyrics in order to distinguish them from the prose.
- マーラーカオなど従来の饅頭(マントウ)を起源とした中華風の饅頭は、中華まんとして区別されている。
- Chinese-style buns originated in traditional mantou such as ma lai gao are classified into chuka-man (Chinese steamed bun).
- 奈良に伝わった饅頭は、ふくらしこ粉を使う「薬饅頭」で、博多のほうは甘酒を使う「酒饅頭」とされる。
- The manju introduced in Nara is 'kusuri-manju' using baking powder and the other in Hakata is 'sake-manju' using amazake (sweet mild sake).
- 戦国時代 (日本)、室町幕府や守護は国内統治権を失い、新たに台頭した戦国大名が多くの国を支配した。
- In the Sengoku Period, the Muromachi bakufu and shugo lost their authorities to rule the nation and daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku period, who newly came to the forefront, ruled many countries.
- 小森家は六位蔵人を兼ねたため、典薬頭であっても実際の天皇の拝診には携わらない事務職的存在となった。
- But because the Komori family at that time were only Rokui no Kurodo (Chamberlain of Sixth Rank), even as the Tenyaku no kami (the head of Tenyakuryo) they were too low-ranked to take part in the actual medical examinations given to the Emperor, meaning their job was limited to more clerical and administrative duties.
- その下に地頭として平安時代以来の松浦氏、秋月氏、蒲池氏、菊池氏などの元平家方の武家が盤踞していた。
- Below them, there were samurai who were formerly on the Heike side such as the Matsuura clan, the Akizuki clan, the Kamachi clan, and the Kikuchi clan.
- 足軽部隊は、槍組足軽、弓足軽、鉄砲足軽などに分類され、多くは集団で隊を編制して小頭の指揮に従った。
- Ashigaru units were divided into yarigumi-ashigaru (carrying spears), yumi-ashigaru (carrying bows and arrows), and teppo-ashigaru (carrying firearms), with multiple groups forming units led by a kogashira (a head of small ashigaru group).
- 昔はこの近くに八つの頭を持つ大蛇が棲んでいたといわれ、その大蛇の棲む谷には念仏池という池があった。
- It is said that there was a big snake with 8 heads living around the site, and the valley that the big snake lived had a pond called Nenbutsuike.
- 幕府西洋医学所頭取の医師である松本良順は近藤勇の招きで隊士の診察を行い、戊辰戦争でも軍医を務めた。
- Ryojun MATSUMOTO, President of the shogunate's School of Western Medicine, conducted medical examination of the members upon invitation of Isami KONDO, and also acted as an army surgeon during the Boshin War.
- 武奈ヶ岳は、奥比良の他の山岳同様、中古生層にあり、砂岩や泥岩等の堆積岩により形成された露頭である。
- Same as other mountains in Okuhira, Mt. Bunagatake is in middle-paleozoic strata and is an outcrop which is composed of sedimentary rocks such as sandstones, mudstones and so on.
- そのため、元和_(日本)4年(1618年)に幸徳井家9代目にあたる幸徳井友景が陰陽頭に任じられた。
- Subsequently, the ninth head of the KOTOKUI family, Tomokage KOTOKUI became the Onmyo no kami in 1618.
- 時代が下ると荘官の武士化が始まり、鎌倉時代以降は、荘官が鎌倉幕府から地頭に任じられる例も見られた。
- As time passed, shokan started to become samurai, and from the Kamakura period and on, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed shokan to jito (managers and lords of a manor).
- 1688年『庭訓往来図讃』では、頭書に挿絵を509葉用意、それぞれの挿絵に要語略解をも付けている。
- In 1688, the book 'Teikin Orai Zusan' (Home Education Textbook, the illustrated edition) contained 509 illustrations above the sentences, each supplied with simple comments on keywords.
- このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現していく者が現れたのである。
- As described above, some jito acquired both shitaji and jobun to realize ichien control of shoryo (territories).
- その後、御厩別当は院庁における軍事貴族筆頭のポストとみなされるようになり、平清盛にも引き継がれた。
- The mimaya-betto was later considered to be the top officer in military aristocracy of in no cho (the office of the abdicated monarch) and was passed down to TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- 蕎麦屋の特色は、蕎麦を中心に品数があまり多くなく、酒を飲ませることを念頭においているところにある。
- Characteristics of soba restaurants include a small menu with soba being the main item and serving sake being the important aspect of the business.
- 福井県坂井市では形状は平たくなり焼き印を入れてあり、岐阜県大垣市のものは茶饅頭のようなものである。
- It has a flat shape with a brand on it in Sakai City, Fukui Prefecture, while it looks like a cha-manju in Ogaki City, Gifu Prefecture.
- 現存記事の大部分は蔵人頭在職時期のもので、平安時代における蔵人の活動を具体的に記述しているのが特色。
- Most of the currently existing entries in the Shunki were written when Sukefusa served as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and they are unique in describing concrete activities of Kurodo (Chamberlain) in the Heian period.
- さらに親平氏の延暦寺でも反平氏勢力が台頭して内部紛争が起こるなど、情勢は予断を許さないものになった。
- The anti-Taira clan forces gained enough power in the Enryaku-ji Temple, which was close to the Taira clan, to cause civil war, causing events to become unpredictable.
- 大型地域集団は次第に政治的な結合を強めていき、倭国連合と呼びうる政治連合体を2世紀初頭頃に形成した。
- The large-sized communities were gradually united and a political confederation that could be called a union of Way nations was established during the early second century.
- 日本史においては主に平安時代後期から安土桃山時代、江戸時代初期までの頭立った武人に対して使用される。
- In Japanese history, it is mostly used for an outstanding warrior from the late Heian period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the early days of the Edo period.
- しかし、幕府は1185年の源義経謀叛を契機に、諸国の荘園・公領に地頭を任ずる権利を得ることとなった。
- The bakufu however, got the right to appoint the jito in shoen and koryo of various provinces, when the rebellion of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune happened in 1185.
- 当然、本所側は反発し、中央政府と幕府の調整の結果、地頭の設置は平氏没官領と謀反人領のみに限定された。
- Naturally the honjo side objected to this and as the result of negotiation between the central government and the bakufu, the set up of jito was limited only to Heishi mokkanryo (land rights confiscated by the Kamakura bakufu from the Taira family) and muhonninryo (land rights confiscated by the Kamakura bakufu from rebels).
- 氏満から数えて10代目に当たる幕末の範忠は書院番頭・講武所奉行・御側御用取次・外国奉行等を歴任した。
- Noritada, who was the 10th generation counting from Ujimitsu, lived at the end of the Edo period and consecutively held important positions such as the head of military patrol, magistrate of Kobusho (martial arts training institute), Osoba-goyotoritsugi (a military attache and attendant to Shogun to announce a visitor and convey the message), and magistrate of foreign affairs and so on.
- 10代松田憲秀に至って松田氏は全盛に達し、北条家の重代の筆頭家老として権勢並ぶものが無かったという。
- The Matsuda clan was at their zenith at the time of the tenth head Norihide MATSUDA, and they were unmatched in power as successive Hitto karo (the head of chief retainers) of the Hojo family.
- - 三代当主伊達義広の流れで、鎌倉時代に同国の地頭職に補任されたことにより庶流が土着したものである。
- It originally started when the third family head, Yoshihiro DATE, was appointed as jitoshiki of the Tajima Province during the Kamakura Period, and his descendants remained in the area as a branch family in the Province.
- 当主が右馬頭もしくは右馬助を官途としたことから、その唐名にちなんで典厩家と呼ばれるようになっていた。
- Kanto (government service) of the family head was Uma no kami (Captain of the Right Division of Bureau of Horses) or Umanosuke (deputy minister of the institution for the horse care), therefore, the family started to be called Tenkyu family from a Tang name of the Kanto.
- 室町幕府の地奉行は、地方頭人(じかたとうにん)と呼ばれて下に開闔・寄人などの地方役人が置かれていた。
- Jibugyo of the Muromachi bakufu was called Jikatatonin (a head of Jikata, a person in charge of trials related to housing and land), and local officials such as Kaigo (assistant administrator) and Yoriudo (staff that worked at bakufu organizations) were placed under them.
- 大手軍は7月11日に発向したが、事実上の総大将であった侍所頭人・山名持豊はなかなか京を動かなかった。
- The major army set out on August 6th, but the practical supreme commander, Samurai-dokoro tonin, Mochitoyo YAMANA, was long start off Kyoto.
- 8世紀初頭に律令国家に安定的に組み込まれていたのは、今の山形県庄内地方や宮城県中部以南までであった。
- However, only Shonai region in present-day Yamagata Prefecture and areas south of central Miyagi Prefecture were stably incorporated into ritsuryo kokka at the beginning of the eighth century.
- これにより、一円知行は地頭側からだけでなく荘官や領家が本所や地頭による干渉を排除する方向でも進んだ。
- By this, Ichien chigyo was carried out not only from the side of jito but also from the side of shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor)) and ryoke (a lord of manor) toward the direction that it would tend to remove interference from honjo (proprietor of guarantor of manor) and jito (manager and lord of manor).
- 守護による国衙支配は、特に東国で顕著であり、15世紀初頭までに守護による国衙掌握がほぼ完了していた。
- Shugo's control over kokuga was so remarkable in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) that shugo had almost finished gaining control over the kokuga by the beginning of the 15th century.
- その後、奈良末期~平安初頭にかけて桓武天皇が、律令国家の再構築を目指して大規模な行政改革を実行した。
- Afterwards, aiming at restructuring the nation under the Ritsuryo codes, the Emperor Kanmu carried out a large scale of administrative reform from the late Nara period to the early Heian period.
- 本来は人頭税であった庸・調 (律令制)・出挙が、租と同じように地税化(雑徭の一部を含む)していった。
- Yo, Cho (from Ritsuryo system), and Suiko (government loans), which were formerly a per-capita tax, became a property tax (including parts of Zoyo, or irregular corvee) like So.
- これは宮中に納められていたが、1554年に至り正親町天皇により典薬頭半井(なからい)家に下賜された。
- It had been housed in the court until 1554, when it was given by Emperor Ogimachi to the Nakarai family, who served as Tenyaku no kami (the head of Tenyaku ryo, the Bureau of Medicine).
- 地頭たちは荘園・公領において、勧農の実施などを通じて自らの支配を拡大し、領主との紛争が多く発生した。
- Jito enhanced their ruling power at shoen/koryo through their activities of encouraging agriculture and as a result, disputes with the lords of shoen frequently occurred.
- 関西における蕎麦処の筆頭は兵庫県豊岡市出石町(出石城下町)で、皿そば「出石そば」は広く知られている。
- The leading area for soba in the Kansai district is Izushi-cho, Toyooka City, Hyogo Prefecture (Izushi-jo Castle town) and its 'Izushi soba' served on a plate is well-known.
- 酒饅頭(餡入りと餡無しがある)を竹串に刺し、甘い味噌だれを塗りながら田楽(料理)のように焼いたもの。
- It is bamboo-skewered sake-manju (with or without bean paste) which is roasted by basting it with sweet miso paste like dengaku dish (simmered miso paste on food).
- 双方とも相手を攻撃するために周辺各所に火を付けた為、東大寺や興福寺の一部塔頭や般若寺が次々に炎上した。
- As both sides set various places around on fire during their attack on the opponents, some sub-buildings of Todai-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple, together with Hannya-ji Temple, were burnt one after another.
- それまで支配者の立場であった武士層・貴族層が没落しだし、代って文化面でも戦国大名、町民が台頭してきた。
- The class of bushi and aristocrats, who were the rulers fell and the sengoku daimyo (daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period) and town folks rose to take the place of leading cultural aspects instead.
- 基経の子藤原時平のとき、ライバルとして菅原道真が台頭したが、901年に道真を左遷へ陥れた(昌泰の変)。
- In the time of Mototsune's son FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane came to the forefront as his rival, but in 901, Tokihira caused Michizane to be demoted (the Shotai Incident).
- 受領(ずりょう)とは、国司四等官のうち、現地に赴任して行政責任を負う筆頭者を平安時代以後に呼んだ呼称。
- During the Heian period and onwards, 'zuryo' referred to the head of kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), who was dispatched to an appointed province with administrative responsibility.
- 源平合戦の功で幕府の西国御家人となり筑後国三潴郡の地頭職となった嵯峨源氏の源久直が橘氏の娘婿となった。
- MINAMOTO no Hisanao of Saga Genji (Minamoto clan), who became Saigoku gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate of the western part of Japan in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) of Mizuma County, Chikugo Province, in recognition of his services in the Genpei War, was adopted by his wife's family, which was the Tachibana clan.
- しかし、宗家・掃部頭家から井伊直興の4男・井伊直矩を兵部少輔家5代目に迎えての家名再興存続が許された。
- However, the Ii Hyobushoyu family was allowed to adopt Naonori II, the fourth son of Naooki II from the Ii Kamonnokami family as the fifth head to restore and keep the family name.
- ただし、在地レベルでは公家側の経済的支配権が、現地の武士(地頭)らに侵食されるケースが現れ始めていた。
- In local areas, however, some cases where the rights of the kuge side to financial control were encroached by local samurai (jito) (manager and lord of manor) began to appear.
- 戦国時代 (日本)末期には戦国大名となり将軍家足利氏の弱体化に伴って関東に台頭した後北条氏と対峙した。
- In the late Sengoku period (of Japan), the Utsunomiya clan became daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and confronted the Gohojo clan emerging in the Kanto region as the shogun family, the Ashikaga clan was weakened.
- この間に藤原北家の藤原良房が嵯峨上皇と皇太后橘嘉智子(檀林皇太后)の信任を得て急速に台頭し始めていた。
- Meanwhile, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa belonging to the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan began to gain power rapidly by winning the confidence of the Retired Emperor Saga and the Empress Dowager TACHIBANA no Kachiko (Empress Dowager Danrin).
- 頭部は弾丸の径よりも小さく造られており、口は革製のたんぽ、木栓、またはキャップ状の蓋等で塞がれている。
- The top of the cylinder is smaller than the diameter of the ball and is closed with cotton wrapped in leather, a wooden stopper or a lid.
- 五大老の筆頭となった家康は秀吉死後の和平交渉でも主導権を握り、実質的な政権運営者へとのし上がってゆく。
- Ieyasu, who became the top of Gotairo, gained the control of the peace talks after Hideyoshi's death and pushed his way up to the virtual operator of the government.
- 承久の乱で幕府側として活躍した諏訪部助長は承久3年(1221年)に三刀屋郷の地頭職を与えられ下向した。
- Sukenaga SUWABE, who worked hard in the Jokyu War on the side of the feudal government headed by a shogun, was hired as the manager and lord of manor in Mitoya-go district and travelled there in 1221.
- 新羅は、半島統一を阻害する要因であった唐を牽制するため、8世紀初頭までは日本に従うかたちをとっていた。
- In order to keep Tang, a factor hindering unification of the peninsula, in check, Silla pretended to obey to Japan until the beginning of the eighth century.
- 『下学集』(文安元年(1444年)成立)の序文に、『童子教』とともに童蒙学習書の筆頭に挙げられている。
- In the preface of 'Kagakushu' (compiled in 1444), it was listed, along with 'Dojikyo,' as one of the top textbooks for children's education.
- 全1巻(ただし、現存する古写本及び『続群書類従』に採録されたものには冒頭部分と中途部分に欠落がある)。
- One volume (however, some portions are missing from the top and middle parts of the remaining old manuscript and the one that was compiled in 'Zoku Gunsho Ruiju').
- また、両チームにはチーム代表で解説や進行を担当する「頭」や、応援担当の「念人」が選出されることもある。
- In addition, there were cases where 'to,' who was in charge of commentary and direction for their team, and 'nennin,' whose job was to support their team, were selected.
- 謡曲本(謡本)においては、能職掌であるシテ、ワキ、地謡などの役割がかわるところで、語句の頭に使われる。
- In a sheet music of a Noh song (Utai-bon), ioriten is used at the beginning of a word when a part of each Noh player including Shite (a main actor of a Noh play), Waki (a supporting actor) and Jiutai (Noh chorus) starts.
- 京方の公家、武士の所領約3000箇所が没収され、幕府方の御家人に分け与えられ新補地頭が大量に補任された。
- Roughly 3000 different territories were confiscated from capital faction nobles and samurai, divided up and given to gokenin that supported the shogunate, and a great many new supplementary jito (estate steward) positions were created.
- 新仏教の台頭に対抗して、旧仏教の側は念仏批判をし、戒律を重んじて、腐敗している旧仏教内部の革新を進めた。
- In their struggle to oppose the rise of these new sects, the old guard of Buddhism criticized the nenbutsu (prayer to Amida Buddha) and honored the traditional precepts, making progress in revitalizing the decaying edifice of old Buddhism from within.
- 徳山港には、1913年(大正2年)に建てられた「五卿登陸處」碑(周南市徳山・晴海埠頭の親水公園)がある。
- At Tokuyama-ko port, there is a monument dedicated to the place where the 'Five Nobles Landed' (at the water park at Harumi-futo wharf in Shunan City, Tokuyama) that was built in 1913.
- しかし忠政の死後、嫡男水野信元は、尾張において台頭した織田信秀と同盟を結んで今川氏支配下の松平氏と反目。
- However, after the death of Tadamasa, Nobumoto MIZUNO, an eldest legitimate son, formed an alliance with Nobuhide ODA, who was gaining power in the Owari Province and rebelled against the Matsudaira clan that was under the control of the Imagawa clan.
- 一族の水野忠近の養子となり、延宝2年(1674年)にその領地2030石を相続し、使番、新番頭を歴任する。
- Tadayuki was adopted by Tadachika MIZUNO and inherited his territory of 2,030 koku in 1674 and served as tsukaiban (a person responsible for orders and patrol in a battlefield) and shinbangashira (person in charge of guarding the shogun and inspecting arms).
- 評定の為に召喚された時、月代を剃らず着流しの伊達姿で出頭し、あまりにも不敬なので即日切腹となり断絶した。
- When he was summoned to the consultation, he appeared dressed too casually and without his forehead being shaved in the sakayaki style, which was mandatory for samurai during those days, he was sentenced to Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) for being too irreverent, which led to the end of the family line.
- しかし、天下統一を目前に本能寺の変で信長が討たれると内部分裂、有力家臣豊臣秀吉の台頭などで家勢は衰えた。
- When Nobunaga was killed in the Honnoji Incident immediately before unification of the whole country, the clan fractionalized internally and the family's vigor decreased as a powerful vassal Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI appeared.
- 一方、船頭は嵯峨野線の嵯峨嵐山駅から亀岡駅・園部駅方面行きの電車で、“保津川を溯って”亀岡へ戻っている。
- On the other hand, ferrymen 'ascended the Hozu-gawa River' to Kameoka from Saga-Arashiyama Station by Sagano Line train bounded for the stations of Kameoka or Sonobe.
- 平氏滅亡の年であり、源頼朝によって全国に守護地頭が設置された1185年を鎌倉時代の始期とすることが多い。
- The Kamakura period is commonly thought to have begun in A.D. 1185, when the Taira family fell and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo dispatched Shugo and Jito (military governors and estate stewards) all over Japan.
- 養老律令によれば、典薬寮に典薬頭以下の四等官が設置され、医師・針師・按摩師・呪禁師の技術官僚が置かれた。
- According to 'Yoro ritsuryo code' (code promulgated in the Yoro era), 'shitokan' (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks), including 'Tenyaku no kami' (the head of Tenyakuryo), were established within Tenyakuryo, and there existed four kinds of technocrats, that is, doctor, acupuncturist, masseur, and necromancer.
- 長江中流域では、今から約8000年前の環濠集落が、湖南省のリーヤン平原にある彭頭山遺跡で発見されている。
- In the midstream of the Yangtze River, remains of an 8,000 years old moat settlement were discovered at the Pengtoushan site, located on the Li Yang flatlands in Hunan Province.
- 冒頭の詞書は失われているが、内容は宇治拾遺物語 巻第十の「伴大納言、応天門を焼く事」で補うことができる。
- Although the introductory words are lost, the content can be supplemented by referring to Uji Shui Monogatari (a collection of the Tales from Uji) story volume 10, 'Burning of the Oten-mon Gate by Dainagon (chief councilor of state) BAN.'
- 当時、立命館大学法学部の学生であった被告人は、デモ隊先頭集団の列外に立って行進し、デモ隊を誘導していた。
- The defendant was a student of Ritsumeikan University's Faculty of Law at that time and marched off the leading group of the demonstration to lead the demonstration march.
- これらの動きにより、領主職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領主など、従来の身分格差に応じた職の体系が崩れだした。
- With the development of the above movement, jito who held ryoshu shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and the lord of shoen who held jitoshiki (rights and responsibilities of jito) appeared and the traditional role-sharing system based on status began to collapse.
- これに基づいて所領の給与や地頭職・荘官職・有司職への補任などの形式を取って新たな土地財産権が給付された。
- Based on their examination result, they were given land and property rights in the form of the grant of holdings or the appointment to the posts of jito (military estate steward), manor manger, and governmental officer.
- その場合は、舞楽面を着けずに桜の挿頭花を挿した前天冠を着け、歌舞伎舞踊と同様の舞台化粧をする場合がある。
- In that case, the dancer put a maetengan (a charm of the front of cap) with a cherry kazashi (snapped branch of cherry flower or tree put in the hair or the cap) instead of bugaku mask, and wears similar stage makeup as Kabuki Buyo (Dance of Kabuki [traditional drama performed by male actors]).
- 海東諸国全図、西海道九州図、壱岐島図、対馬図、琉球王国図、朝鮮三浦の乱図などの地図が冒頭に掲げられている。
- Maps including those of the whole of Japan, Kyushu, Iki Island, Tsushima Island and the Ryukyu Kingdom, and picture of the Korean Sanpo Rebellion are included at the beginning of the book.
- 西洋史に登場する頭立った武人について、武将という語が用いられる例は少なく、将軍の語が当てられることが多い。
- In Western history, shogun is often used to address an outstanding warrior while busho is rarely used.
- こうした荘園は中央の内官や校尉によって管理されたが、現地の有力者を荘頭に任じて実務を行わせる場合もあった。
- These shoens were managed by a government official of the central government or a koi (a military officer), but sometimes the powerful men on the spots were appointed to the head of shoens and charged with the office work.
- やがて新参の長井新左衛門尉(斎藤道三の父)が頭角を現すと、守護の頼武を追放して鷺山城の頼芸を守護に就ける。
- Subsequently, a newcomer Shinzaemon NAGAI (the father of Dosan SAITO), who gained power, dismissed Yoritake from the position of Shugo, and assigned Yorinari, who lived in Sagiyama-jo castle, to the position.
- 義輝の代に、細川氏の没落後台頭した三好長慶と共に幕政を壟断したものの長慶と対立し失脚したため勢力を弱めた。
- During the period of Yoshiteru, they exclusively controlled the shogunate government with Nagayoshi MIYOSHI who increased in power after the decline of the Hosokawa clan, but later the Ise clan conflicted with Nagayoshi and lost their position, weakening their power.
- 逆に「西軍」は山名氏始めとしてこうした細川氏とその同盟勢力の台頭に警戒感を強める地方の勢力が参加していた。
- Conversely, the Western camp comprised the Yamana family and local forces were increasingly alarmed by the growing presence of the Hosokawa family and its allies,
- この堂はかつては宝暦2年(1752年)の建築とされていたが、正しくは前述のように19世紀初頭の建築である。
- It was once told that this hall was built in 1752, but, as described above, it was built in the beginning of the nineteenth century.
- 江戸時代に入って当時の安倍氏宗家の当主であった陰陽頭土御門泰重が度々の不手際による失意から辞意を表明した。
- Onmyo no kami (Director of the Onmyoryo), Yasushige TSUCHIMIKADO, the head of the Soke (head family) of the ABE clan, announced his resignation due to his disappointment in repeated mistakes in policy
- 鍾馗や牛頭天王、毘沙門天などの神々が鬼を懲らしめるもので、そこには中国における悪魔払いの信仰の影響がある。
- The gods including Shoki (plague-queller; the mythical person reputed to have the power of driving away the God of Plague), Gozu Tenno (deity said to be the Indian god Gavagriva), and Bishamonten punished the oni in the emakimono, and it had a connection with the belief of clearing out the devil in China.
- 典薬寮医師という意味での御典医は、名誉職であった典薬頭を除き、実際に天皇の治療に携わる医師のことを指した。
- Goteni in the meaning of doctors of Tenyakuryo indicates, except Tenyaku no kami (the head of tenyakuryo) which was an honorary position, the doctors who were indeed engaged in treatment of emperors.
- 地頭請のもとでは、地頭は、豊作・凶作に関わりなく、一定額(一定量)の年貢を領主へ納入する義務を負っていた。
- Under the jitouke, the jito was responsible for paying the feudal lord a certain amount of nengu regardless of the yield.
- 刊本に文明 (日本)本(文明6年(1474年)頃成立)・黒本本・天正18年本・饅頭屋本・易林本などがある。
- The printed editions included Bunmeibon (edition in Bunmei era, compiled in 1474), Kuromotobon (literally, edition of black book), Tensho 18 nen bon (edition in 1590), Manjuyabon (literally, manju [bun stuffed with azuki-bean paste] shop edition) and Ekirinbon (edition compiled by Ekirin).
- 香道組香において、5つの香りを聞いた後、同香だと思ったものの頭を横線でつなぐことで源氏香の図が表現される。
- In Kodo Kumiko, Genjiko-no-Zu is expressed by smelling five scents and then linking the heads of the longitudinal lines that seem to be the same scents with horizontal lines
- 饅頭(まんじゅう)とは小麦粉などを練って作った皮(生地:きじ)でアズキ餡などの具を包み、蒸した菓子である。
- Manju is a cake steamed with fillings such as azuki-bean paste wrapped in the cake dough which flour is kneaded into.
- 1678年、現在の釜山広域市中区南浦洞の龍頭山公園一帯に新築された日本人居留区で、10万坪もの面積があった。
- Choryang-dong wakan was the Japanese residential area that was newly constructed all around Ryuto-zan park in Nampo-dong, Jung Ward, Busan Metropolitan City in 1678, having an ample area of 330,000 square meters.
- 筆頭にあげられた「皇別」の姓氏とは、神武天皇以降、天皇家から分かれた氏族のことで、335氏が挙げられている。
- The 335 clan names of 'Kobetsu', which were listed at the top of the register, comprised clans that had branched out from the Imperial Family after the time of Emperor Jimmu.
- そこで政府は11世紀初頭ごろから地方分権的な国家体制改革を精力的に推進し、王朝国家と呼ばれる体制が成立した。
- Therefore, starting in the early eleventh century, the national government actively promoted the reformation of the national system through decentralization, establishing a system called a dynastic nation-state.
- 明経博士となるものを輩出し、後には掃部頭(掃部寮の長官(かみ))、造酒正(造酒司の長官(かみ))を兼任した。
- The family produced Myogyo hakase (scholar), and later, concurrently served as Kamon no Kami (Head of the Bureau of Housekeeping) and Miki no Tsukasa (Head of the Brewery).
- 祭り行列は、一町内ごとになっていて、先頭から、木を持つ子ども、鐘を鳴らす子ども、太鼓を叩く子どもの順に並ぶ。
- The ceremonial processions are organized by each town, and is led by a child holding a wooden bar followed by a child ringing a bell and then a child beating a drum.
- 奈良県教育委員会による調査奈良県教育委員会 2002→2005bは、世界遺産登録を念頭に行われたものである。
- Nara Prefectural Board of Education 2002=>2005b,' an investigation conducted by Nara Prefectural Board of Education, was carried out to inscribe the Kumano Road as a World Heritage site.
- だが、寛文10年(1670年)に土御門泰福が陰陽頭の地位のみならず、全国の陰陽師・声聞師の支配権を主張した。
- In 1670, Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO insisted on not only acquiring the position of Onmyo no kami, but also the right to rule the Onmyoji and the Shomonji throughout Japan.
- 異色の指定品としては平等院鳳凰堂本尊阿弥陀如来の頭上の天蓋があり、単独で「彫刻」の部の国宝に指定されている。
- An example of a more unconventional sculpture that was made a national treasure is the sculpture of the reed hood adorning the head of Amitabha Tathagata (Amida Nyorai in Japanese), the principal image in Phoenix Hall of Byodoin Temple, which separate from the sculpture of Amitabha was made a national treasure by itself.
- 『万葉集』は759年(天平宝字3年)までの歌約4500首を収録した歌集で、雄略天皇の歌が巻頭をかざっている。
- 'Manyoshu' is a collection of about 4,500 poems up until 759 and a poem by the Emperor Yuryaku is placed at the front.
- だが、実際には江戸時代も後期に入ると、都市・地方ともに新興商人の台頭が始まり、活発な展開を見せるようになる。
- However, the fact was that, during the late Edo period, up and coming merchants started to actively spread throughout cities and provinces.
- また、仙台藩が大坂の升屋の番頭である山片蟠桃に藩財政を総覧させたように財政を商人に任せるような藩も出てきた。
- At the same time, some domains entrusted merchants to administer its economy, and for example, Sendai domain asked Banto YAMAGATA, the clerk of Masuya Shop in Osaka, to make a comprehensive survey of the financial affairs.
- 当初は地頭職というものはなく、あくまで荘官や郷司、保司のうち幕府と主従関係を結んだものが地頭と呼ばれていた。
- At first there was no such thing as Jito shiki (manager and lord of a private estate), but among shokan, Goji and hoji only the ones who established the relationship between lord and vassal with the bakufu were called jito.
- 荘官・地頭らによる直営田の拡大は、特に地頭の動きが著しかったが、上級領主の荘園管理権を侵害するものであった。
- The expansion of the directly managed rice fields by shokan, jito, et al., especially jito, might violate the upper-class feudal lord's supervisory authority on the manor.
- 更に算博士も必ず主税寮か主計寮の頭か助を兼務して更に2名中1名は五位史を兼ねることになった(『官職秘抄』)。
- Furthermore, San hakase always had additional duties as heads or assistants in the Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation) or Syukeiryo (Bureau of Popular Affairs), and one in two also worked as Goinosakan (the lowest class official in four class officials) ('Kanshoku hisho' (a text describing rules of ceremony and etiquette to be observed in the Imperial Court and by samurai that was written during the early Heian period in around 1200)).
- 源氏香より香数の1つ少ない系図香に利用され、源氏香の図と同様に、同香と思ったものの頭をつなぐことで完成する。
- It is used in Keizuko, that has one less scent than Genjiko, and expressed by linking the heads of the longitudinal lines that seem to be the same scents with horizontal lines, which rule is similar to the Genjiko.
- ちなみに「神を欺き、本物の頭だと信じ込ませる」ことから「瞞頭」と最初で呼ばれ、発音は同じ'マントウ'である。
- In fact, it was written as '瞞頭' at first which means to deceive deities to make them believe that is a real human head, pronouncing 'mantou' as well.
- 京都の朝廷と地方の荘園・公領はそのままで、地方支配に地頭等の形で武士が割り込む二元的な支配構造ができあがった。
- The bakufu didn't interfere with the Imperial Court in Kyoto or with the shoen and public territories in rural areas, instead creating a dual system of government (bakufu and Court) under which it had the power to appoint warriors (as opposed to Court noblemen) to the key positions, including the jito, that controlled the countryside.
- 国衙領は、鎌倉幕府が成立すると次第に守護・地頭の勢力の下に置かれるようになっていったが、室町時代にも残存した。
- After the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established, kokugaryo was gradually placed under the control of shugo (provincial constable) and jito (manager and lord of the manor), but still remained in the Muromachi period.
- まず、公田を支配していた国衙が、当時台頭しつつあった田堵と連携して、土地を収取単位とする支配体制を築き始めた。
- First, the kokuga (provincial government office) that governed public fields, together with the 'tato' who were rapidly gaining power, established a control system of imposing and collecting taxes based on land units.
- 嘉吉元年(1441年)7月資家の子である頭弁土御門長淳が出家して唐橋在豊の子を猶子に迎えて家督を譲ろうとした。
- In July 1441, to-no-ben (a chief of the officials at the dajokan) Naganobu TSUCHIMIKADO, the son of Sukeie, opting to become a priest, tried to transfer the headship of the family to the child of Aritoyo KARAHASHI by adoption.
- 義種は小侍所の頭人に任じられるなど幕府の中枢で活躍し、また若狭、加賀の各守護にも補任される有力な大名であった。
- Yoshitane actively worked in the center of Bakufu like being appointed as the head of Kozamurai dokoro (an office of officers to guard Shogun in attendance), and was such an influential Daimyo as to be appointed as Shugo (provincial constable) of Wakasa Province and also Kaga Province.
- 平安末期に権勢をふるった白河法皇は、自らの意に沿わないもの(天下三大不如意)の筆頭に「賀茂の水」を挙げている。
- The Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa, who held the reins of power in the late Heian period, raised the issue of 'water of the Kamogawa River' first as one of his tenka-sandai-funyoi (three biggest issues on earth that he could not control).
- 但し、彼らの用いる兵力は殆どなく、18世紀初頭の長崎奉行は10数人、幕末の五条代官所でも30人しかいなかった。
- But, their military strength was almost nil, and early in the 18th century there were only ten soldiers in the Nagasaki magistrate office and at the end of the Edo period only 30 soldiers in the Gojo magistrate's office.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、一円内の年貢を地頭が荘園領主や国司に対して請け負う地頭請が行われ始めた。
- Such a monistical land ruling was called Ichien chigyo (monistical ruling), and the Jitouke that jito undertook to collect nengu in place of shoenryoshu (lord of manor) or kokushi began.
- また10世紀初頭に始まる前期王朝国家と11世紀40年代を画期とする後期王朝国家の登場が唱えられるようになった。
- Further, the division of the early Dynastic polity period, which started in early 10th century, and the late Dynastic polity period, which started in the 1140's, was also proposed by him.
- そしてついに、鎌倉期の地頭請と同様に、守護が一定額の年貢納入と荘園支配を請け負う守護請が行われるようになった。
- Eventually, Shugouke was introduced, and under the system similar to Jitouke in the Kamakura period, Shugo shouldered the responsibility for paying a fixed amount of land tax and managing shoen.
- または、本陣備中の騎馬隊組頭が足軽組を(明確なものではないが)指揮下に置く事で備の戦闘指揮官を務める事になる。
- Or, the captain of the cavalrymen within the army headquarters sonae served as the battle commander of the sonae by placing the foot soldiers (although not clear) under his command.
- 特に東日本では村落の指導的立場を名主と称する習わしが残り、多くの地域で村役人の筆頭が名主(なぬし)と呼ばれた。
- In many eastern regions, the custom of calling village heads myoshu persisted and the chief village officer was called nanushi in many of these regions.
- 半済令によって本所領を占拠している地頭が武家ではなく、幕府より勲功によって地頭職を与えられた公家の場合もある。
- In some cases, the Jito occupying a territory of a honjo was not a samurai family, but a Kuge (court noble) who was given the position of Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a manor) as a reward by the bakufu for meritorious service
- 壬申の乱で挙兵した天武天皇が菟田評家において、伊勢国から大津京に向けて米を運ぶ馬50頭を連れた行列に出会った。
- Prince Oama, who raised an army for the Jinshin War, encountered a procession of fifty horses carrying rice from Ise Province to Otsukyo at Udahyoka.
- 近世初頭、豊臣秀吉、徳川政権によって固定的な被差別身分が編成された際に、河原者はその中に組み込まれたと言われる。
- It is said that the Kawaramono were included in a fixed discriminated position when the position was organized by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and the Tokugawa government in the early modern period.
- 平氏政権は、貴族社会の中で成立したが、各地に地頭や国守護人を設置するなど最初の武家政権としての性格を持っていた。
- Although the Taira clan government was established under an aristocratic society, it had some similarities to the first military government, such as the setting up of jito (manager and lord of manor) and provincial officers in many places.
- これが、俘囚長を称した安倍氏 (奥州)、俘囚主を称した出羽清原氏、俘囚上頭を称した奥州藤原氏の勢威につながった。
- This led to the power of the Abe clan (Oshu), who were promoted as chiefs of Fushu, the Dewa-Kiyohara clan, who were promoted to be masters of Fushu, and the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, who were promoted to be superior heads of Fushu.
- 官荘には永小作権を有する漢人世襲の荘頭が置かれ、官荘内より租税を集めて生産物(後世にはその代銀)を宮廷に納めた。
- The head of shoen who was descendant of the Han race and had the right of tenant farming was put in the manors and he collected the tax from the manor and paid products (in later times, money) to the imperial court.
- 1180年に発足した初期鎌倉幕府は、御家人の中から荘園・公領の徴税事務や管理・警察権を司る地頭を任命していった。
- The early Kamakura bakufu, established in 1180, appointed the jito who was responsible for the office work of tax collection and the control and police power in shoen and koryo from gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- しかしこれを脅威と感じた細川晴元は木沢長政、元長の台頭を妬んだ元長の一族の三好政長らの讒言(ざんげん)を容れた。
- But, being afraid of Motonaga's power as a threat, Harumoto HOSOKAWA accepted the slander from Masanaga MIYOSHI and others who belonged to the Motonaga's clan and were envious of Nagamasa KIZAWA and Motonaga's rise.
- 孫一が歴史から名を消した後、豊臣家の鉄砲頭として孫一の兄弟とも子ともいわれる鈴木重朝の活躍が見られるようになる。
- After Magoichi's name disappeared from history, Shigetomo SUZUKI, who is said to have been either Magoichi's brother or son and served as a head of the artillery for the Toyotomi family as well, began to show active performance.
- それに伴い、民衆に対する司法権・警察権の行使(検断沙汰)も支配者である荘園・国衙領領主や地頭武士に限られていた。
- Therefore, only the rulers, such as the lord of a manor and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and the lord-of-a-manor samurai, could exercise the jurisdiction and police powers (criminal cases) to the general public.
- なお、筆頭家老・木俣家は1万石を領しているが、陣屋を持たなかったため、月20日は西の丸三重櫓で執務を行っていた。
- In addition, the head of the Kimata family that served as the head of chief retainers spent 20 days a month carrying out his work in nishi no maru sanju yagura (three-storied tower located at the northwest corner of nishi no maru) because he did not have his jinya (regional government office) although he had been granted ten thousand goku crop yields.
- これにより丹波氏の優位は決定的となり、「医道の極官」(『職源鈔』)とされた典薬頭は丹波氏の家職となったのである。
- This gave the decisive advantage to the Tanba clan, and the clan thereafter occupied Tenyaku no kami, which was depicted as the supreme leader within the I-do community in 'Shokugensho' (book on the history of Japanese governmental posts written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE).
- 承久の乱の際に鎌倉幕府が設置した諸国の守護・地頭に対して北条義時追捕の弁官下文(承久3年5月15日)が出された。
- Benkan (Oversight Department: division of the daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) kudashibumi (document issued by a superior or office) was issued (on June 13, 1221) for shugo and jito (military governor and estate steward) appointed by the Kamakura bakufu, to search and capture Yoshitoki HOJO, when the Jokyu War took place.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)中期の貞和年間(1340年代後半)に幕府評定衆の中条挙房が頭人を務めていたと推定されている。
- It is presumed that Morofusa NAKAJO, a member of Bakufu hyojoshu (an organization of bakufu employing the council system), served as its chief in Jowa era in the period of Northern and Southern courts (Japan) (late 1340's).
- また姫路藩主の酒井雅楽頭の扶持も受け、一時は百人もの弟子を抱えまでになり、広く明楽を貴族階級、武士階級に広めた。
- Furthermore, he obtained a stipend from the lord of the Himeji domain Sakai Uta no kami (the Sakai clan, Director of Music), had as many as 100 followers at a time, and made Mingaku widely known by people of the nobility and the samurai class.
- この映画の影響によって、以降時代劇における白面の正義の味方と宗十郎頭巾とは切っても切り離せない関係になってゆく。
- Influenced by the movie, the fair-skinned champion of justice and Sojuro-zukin became an inseparable match in the historical drama after that.
- 7世紀に入ると官僚制度、地方制度、法令制度などの整備が徐々に進んでいき、7世紀末~8世紀初頭には律令制が成立した。
- In the seventh century, the bureaucracy system, the local system, the statute system and so on were gradually streamlined and from the late seventh century to the early eighth century, the Ritsuryo system was established.
- 慶安3年(1650年)には西丸の徒頭に転任し廩米500俵を与えられ、儀式の際に布衣(無紋の狩衣)の着用を許される。
- In 1650, he changed the position to Nishinomarukachigashira (leader of the group walking first place in line and guarding streets for the shogun) and was given 500 bales of rinmai (rice stored by a feudal government or domains), and was allowed to wear hoi (clothing for kuge) during ceremonies.
- これにより、伯耆国、備後国、若狭国などの守護を歴任したほか官途奉行、引付頭人、評定衆等と室町幕府の重役を歴任した。
- This success led him to serve as Shugo (a military governor) of Hoki, Bingo, and Wakasa Provinces as well as hold some main posts of the Muromachi Shogunate such as Kanto-bugyo (a commissioner of the appointment to an office), Hikitsuke tonin (chairman of the court of justice) and hyojosho (a member of the Council of State).
- だがこのような両頭政権には、一度両者間の協調関係に亀裂が生じると、次第に崩壊してしまうという脆弱性を内在していた。
- However, such a diachy possessed the risk of gradual decline in power if there would be a problem with the cooperative relationship between the two families.
- こうした動きとは別に、東京都による音頭とりによって、関東の8都県市では協調して花粉症対策を進めていくことになった。
- The example set by Tokyo has spurred on the implementation of pollinosis countermeasures by cooperation between Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Yokohama City, Kawasaki City, Chiba City and Saitama City.
- 織田信忠は寺を焼き討ちし、寺の和尚である快川紹喜は「心頭滅却すれば火も自ら涼し…」という辞世を残し炎の中に消えた。
- Nobutada ODA burnt down the temple, and the temple priest, Kaisen Joki, died in the fire, leaving the well-known farewell words, 'Suppress your self, and even fire is cool.'
- しかし覇者の性格については定説がなく、あらたに台頭した後進地域の指導者あるいは異民族支配者であるとする見方もある。
- However, there is no established view on the nature of Hasha, and according to one theory, Hasha means a local leader or an ethnic ruler.
- 従来、上記の箸墓古墳の築造年代は古墳分類からは3世紀末から4世紀初頭とされ、卑弥呼の時代とは合わないとされてきた。
- It has been said that the Hashihaka Tumulus was created between the end of the third century and the beginning of the fourth century, which does not match the period of Himiko's reign.
- 本家・領家など上級領主による直営田を佃とし、荘官・地頭など下級領主によるものを正作・用作として区分することもある。
- Rice fields directly managed by upper class feudal lords, such as head family and ryoke, may be called tsukuda while rice fields directly managed by lower class feudal lords, such as shokan and jito, may be called shosaku and yujaku to differentiate.
- 12世紀末に鎌倉幕府が登場すると、特に東国の名主の中には、幕府に帰参して御家人となり、地頭に補任される者も現れた。
- When the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to power toward the end of the 12th century, some myoshu farmers, especially those in eastern regions, gained positions in the shogunate government and became gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) or were appointed as jito (local landlord).
- 更に元寇以降、海岸防備の必要性から九州を中心とする領主側の一円地と、西国の地頭側一円地を交換する動きが活発化した。
- After Genko (Mongol invasion attempt against Japan), a movement to exchange ichienchi (land under ichien shihai) in Kyushu owned by the lords of shoen and those in the western part of Japan owned by jito became active because of the need to defend the coast.
- 2代杖信は閑院宮の茶頭を務め、以降公家との関わりが強かったが、3代有斐の亡きあと嗣子の礼座が早世したため断絶する。
- With Joshin, the second tea master, serving as a sado (a person in charge of the tea ceremony) for Kaninnomiya (one of the Imperial families), the relationship with court nobles had deepened since then, but after the death of the third head, Yuri, the premature death of the following heir Reiza caused the extinction of the Omori family line.
- 鳥山石燕 の「画図百器徒然袋」では、銅盤を頭にかぶった人のような姿で、瓢箪の妖怪である瓢箪小僧と共に描かれている。
- Sekien TORIYAMA's 'Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro' (The Illustrated Bag of One Hundred Random Demons; the term 'hyakki' in its title is a pun on the usual hyakki, replacing the character for demon which is written as '鬼' in Japanese with a character for vessel written as '器,' and sure enough, most of the yokais shown in this book are tsukumogami) portrays the Nyubachibo in a human-like figure wearing a copper disk (or cymbal) on the head, along with a Hyotan-kozo (a calabash or bottle-gourd boy) which is a specter of bottle gourds.
- 棗の登場以前にも、「頭切」、「薬籠」、「茶桶」といった木製の茶器は存在しており、棗に先行して茶会記に登場している。
- Zukiri,' 'Yaro,' and 'Satsu' wooden tea caddies were the forerunners of natsume tea caddies, which appeared in chakaiki (the records of tea ceremonies) prior to the natsume tea caddy.
- しかし、応仁の乱により将軍の権力が失墜すると、細川氏は三管領筆頭の斯波氏、畠山氏を圧倒し、幕政を牛耳るようになった。
- However, when the shogun's power was lost in the Onin War, the Hosokawa clan overwhelmed the Shiba clan and the Hatakeyama clan, that were the heads of the three kanrei, and started to control the politics of the bakufu.
- 大友氏は豊後を拠点に南筑後の蒲池氏を筆頭とする筑後十五城が盤踞する筑後、さらに阿蘇氏や相良氏の肥後に勢力を伸ばした。
- Having Bungo as the base, the Otomo clan increased its power in Chikugo where Chikugo jugojo (literally, fifteen castles in Chikugo) represented by the Kamachi clan in South Chikugo exists and Higo where the Aso clan and the Sagara clan existed.
- これらの没収領は畿内・西国を中心に3000箇所にのぼり、御家人たちは恩賞として没収領の地頭に任命された(新補地頭)。
- The number of these confiscated lands was up to 3000, centering on the Kinai and Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) regions, and the gokenins were appointed to the jitos of the confiscated lands as onsho (reward grants) (Shinpo-Jito, new estate steward for territories confiscated from the imperial court).
- 地頭たちは荘園・公領において、勧農の実施などを通じて自らの支配を拡大していったため、荘園領主との紛争が多く発生した。
- The jitos operated the kanno (encouragement of agriculture) in shoen and koryo and expanded their dominance and so many disputes with the lords of shoens happened.
- その後仇討ちは武士階級の台頭以来広く見られるようになるが、江戸幕府によって法制化されるに至ってその形式が完成された。
- Later, Katakiuchi became prevalent along with the rise of the samurai hierarchy, and when the practice was legislated by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it took a complete form.
- 奥州合戦では平泉陥落後、樋爪氏は居館に火を放ち地下に潜伏したが、当主・樋爪俊衡らは陣ケ岡の頼朝の陣に出頭し降伏した。
- During the battle of Oshu, the Hizume clan set fire to their own castle after Hiraizumi fell and went underground, but the family head Toshihira HIZUME and some others presented themselves in the military camp of Yoritomo at Jingaoke and surrendered.
- しかし、一方では中央政界から遠く辺境にあったが故に確保できた自立性の強さは伊達氏に台頭の機会を十分に与えたといえる。
- However, the geographical merit for the Date clan of being located far from the central authority helped the clan to retain a strong autonomy in the region and gave it a lot of opportunity to gain power.
- この成立年代を考えるならば、小辺路の名は早ければ戦国時代 (日本)末期から近世初頭には知られていたことが推測できる。
- For the year of the compilation, it is considered that the name Kohechi had been known as early as the end of the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States, Japan) to the beginning of the early-modern period.
- しかしここで警官隊200名余りが警告抜きに学生たちに襲いかかり、学生側は後頭部を割られるなど重軽傷者70名を出した。
- However, more than 200 officers suddenly attacked the students without warning; as a result, seventy students were injured either slightly or seriously including lacerations of the scalp.
- それは、6世紀の終わり頃から8世紀初頭にかけて飛鳥に宮・都が置かれていた時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つである。
- It overlaps with the last part of the Kofun Period (the Tumulus Period).
- 一方で西国では百姓が地縁的な結合を強め、村落を形成し、地頭とは別個に荘園経営を請け負う百姓請も見られるようになった。
- In the meantime, in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) as the peasants strengthened their territorial bond and formed villages, Hyakushouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrust a peasant to manage his manor and pay the customs) began to appear in addition to Jitouke.
- 一方で西国では百姓が地縁的な結合を強め、村落を形成し、地頭とは別個に荘園経営を請け負う百姓請が見られるようになった。
- Meanwhile, in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki), peasants strengthened their territorial bonds, formed villages, and established the hyakushouke system (the contract system where the manor's owner entrusts a peasant to manage his manor and pay the customs) to operate shoen independent of jito's management.
- 鎌倉時代、地頭は、荘園公領支配への進出を積極的に展開したが、特に下地の支配権(下地進止権という)の獲得に力を注いだ。
- During the Kamakura period, jito made an aggressive attempt to control soen and koryo, and in particular, they focused on acquisition of the right to control shitaji (shitaji-shinshi ken - the right to appropriate land).
- しかし、鎌倉時代後期頃から、主に地頭によって、重層的な関係を解消し、一元的な支配体系が指向されるようになっていった。
- Around the latter half of the Kamakura period, the multi-tiered relationship disappeared mainly due to the appearance of jito, and it was oriented so as to introduce a unified control system.
- つまり巻頭の「四課三伝法第一」で解説される占った時刻と月将から作成する天地盤とは異なった方法で作成する天地盤である。
- This is Tenchiban which is made with a different way from Tenchiban that is made based on the time divined and Gessho, which appears at the beginning of the chapter 'Shikasandenho daiichi.'
- 青少年に行われる髷なので前髪は残して、月代は剃らないか極狭く、後頭部の髪を取って平打紐などで巻き立てて毛先を散らす。
- As it was a mage for young men, it was done up, while leaving bangs as they were, through the process of either making a very narrow sakayaki (shaved part of the forehead) or not making it, tying the hair of the back of the head utilizing a flat braid and loosening the tip of hair.
- 源氏香より2つ、系図香より1つ香数の少ない三種香に利用され、源氏香、系図香と同様に、同香の頭をつなぐことで完成する。
- It is used in Sanshuko, that has two fewer scents than Genjiko and one less scent than Keizuko, and expressed by linking the heads of the longitudinal lines that seem to be the same scents with horizontal line, which rule is similar to the Genjiko and Keizuko.
- 彼らは守護領国制の成立を目指して、在庁官人を含む鎌倉期の地頭、国人を被官化し、国衙や彼らの所持していた領地を掌握した。
- With the aim of establishing the Shugo-ryogokusei, they relegated Jito and Kokujin, including Zaicho-kanjin of the Kamakura period, to their subordinates and took over the Kokuga and their lands.
- 8世紀初頭に本格運用され始めた律令制においては、国家の軍事組織として全国各地に軍団 (古代日本)を置くこととしていた。
- Cohorts were deployed throughout the country as the national military organization under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes), which began to take full effect at the beginning of the eighth century.
- 応永年間には政所執事代として史上に現れる者もおり、松田満秀・松田秀興・松田数秀らは奉行人の筆頭の公人奉行に任じられる。
- In the Oei era (1394-1427), there appeared a person in history as Mandokoro shitsujidai (deputy steward of the administration office), and Mitsuhide MATSUDA, Hideoki MATSUDA and Kazuhide MATSUDA were appointed as Kunin bugyo, the head of bugyonin (magistrates).
- 彼らの多くは鎌倉幕府の守護や地頭になって獲得した軍事的・警察的権限を自己の所領にも展開し、他の所職を排除しようとした。
- Many of the gokenin applied military and police powers, which they had obtained after becoming shugo or jito of the Kamakura bakufu, on their own shoryo to remove various kinds of shiki associated with their own shoryo.
- 守護・地頭には、兵糧米の徴収権、在庁官人の支配権などが与えられ、これは頼朝政権が全国的に在地支配を拡げる契機となった。
- Shugo and Jito were given the power of collection for provisions of rice for the army and the control of Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) and so on, which was the opportunity for Yoritomo administration to expand control over local lands across Japan.
- 冒頭の「上下」は、由利案では「士民」だったが、福岡の回顧によれば「一層意味を広くするために士民を上下に改めた」という。
- High and low' at the beginning was 'shimin' in the Yuri draft, however according to retrospect of Fukuoka 'shimin was changed to high and low to broaden the meaning.'
- 日本の中世期においては、幕府の地頭、御家人、その郎党といった正規の武士以外に地侍(土豪)、野伏、農民等も武装していた。
- In the medieval period of Japan, not only regular samurai who were jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the estates [shoen] into which the countryside was divided), gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) and other roto (retainers) but also jizamurai (local samurai [or dogo: local ruling family]), nobushi (unofficial warrior hidden in a forest) and farmers were armed.
- このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現し、在地領主としての性格を強めていく者が現れた。
- Accordingly, some of the jito achieved ichien shihai (complete ruling) of their territory by obtaining the right to both shitaji and jobun and started to take on the character of zaich-ryoshu (local lord).
- 『今昔物語集』は、12世紀初頭ぐらいの成立とされているが、その中で、「武士」を語るときは「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれる。
- 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have written in the early twelfth Century, but 'bushi' was referred as 'tsuwamono.'
- これに対して河内祥輔は3ヵ条の回答の冒頭に京攻めについて神仏の功徳のみを述べて義仲の功績を全否定していることを挙げる。
- On the other hand, Shosuke KOUCHI points out that Yoritomo attributed the success of the attack to the imperial capital solely to pious act of gods and buddhas and totally negated the contribution of Yoshinaka in the beginning of the reply consisting of three articles.
- その後代々江戸で新宮藩の茶頭や水戸徳川家の茶道師範などを務めていたが、幕末の4代蓮華庵(新柳斎)のときに新宮へ帰った。
- Subsequent generations served as tea masters for the Shingu clan in Edo or as tea instructors to the Tokugawa family in Mito; however, at the end of the Edo period, during the time of the fourth master of the Renge-an (Shinryu-sai), they returned to Shingu (Wakayama Prefecture).
- 戦国時代当初、少弐、大友、島津の三氏は権益を守るべく、また地頭出自の諸国の国人豪族は自立するべく、戦いが展開していった。
- At the beginning of the Sengoku Period, battles were repeated by three clans since the Heian Period, the Shoni clan, the Otomo clan, and the Shimazu clan to protect their interests and by kokujin gozoku in each country who were formerly jito to become independent.
- 宇都宮庶流としては藤原宗円の次子である中原宗房が豊前国仲津郡城井郷に地頭職として赴任したことが城井氏の始まりといわれる。
- Munefusa Nakahara, the second son of FUJIWARA no Soen left for Kiigo, Nakatsu District, Buzen Province as Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a private estate) and this is said to be the origin of the Kii clan as a branch family of the Utsunomiya clan.
- さらに以前から燻っていた陶隆房ら武断派と相良武任を筆頭とする文治派の対立が激しくなり、大内氏の勢力にも陰りが見え始める。
- Further, a long smoldering confrontation between the Budan-ha (a political faction that is willing to resort to military means to achieve its aims), including Takafusa SUE, etc. and the Bunchi-ha (a civilian government faction) with Taketo SAGARA at its head became intensified, and the power of the Ouchi clan started to show signs of decline.
- さらに享禄4年(1531年)に高国を滅ぼし(大物崩れ)、台頭する家宰の三好元長も討ち、将軍足利義晴を擁立して幕政を握る。
- Moreover Sumimoto exterminated Takakuni in 1527 (Daimotsu kuzure [the Battle of Daimotsu]), also killed Motonaga MIYOSHI of Kasai (main retainer), who was gaining power, and he seized the shogunate government by supporting Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA.
- 長治が悪政により阿波を混乱させると、真之は新たに台頭しつつあった土佐の長宗我部元親と手を結び復権を図り、長治を滅ぼした。
- When Nagaharu disturbed Awa by his misrule, Saneyoshi planned to regain his position by linking up with Motochika CHOSOKABE, who started gain power in Tosa, and eliminated Nagaharu.
- なお、旧西吉野村の大字には「(五條市)西吉野町」、旧大塔村の大字には「(五條市)大塔町」をそれぞれ頭に付ける形となった。
- Meanwhile, Oaza of former Nishi Yoshino Village and that of former Oto Village came to start with '(Gojo City) Nishi Yoshino Town' and '(Gojo City) Oto Town' respectively.
- 氏郷の死後、政務を独占したため、蒲生郷可、蒲生郷成、それに小姓組の筆頭格であった亘理八右衛門らと完全に対立するに至った。
- As he had dictated the political duties since Ujisato died, he found himself in the direct confrontation with Satoyoshi and Satonari GAMO and Hachiemon WATARI, who was the top of the koshogumi (page corps).
- これは譜代筆頭井伊家の御家断絶と、それによる水戸藩への敵討ちといった争乱の激化を防ぐための、幕府による破格の配慮である。
- The Shogunate took special measures as above to prevent extinction of the Ii Family, fudai hitto, and escalation of conflict including revenge against the Mito Domain.
- また他の一説には、(中国から見て)単に外来語であることを表す目印として先頭の文字を特別なものとしているというものがある。
- It is also said that special characters were used to express a name's foreign origin to a Chinese perspective.
- 現代でいう総合商社のような要素もあり、また京都以外の町では現代でいう商工会議所の会頭のような顔役としての役割も果たした。
- Sakaya were also provided with a factor of something like a general trading house in the present day, and in the towns other than Kyoto, the owner of sakaya played the role of a man of influence, like the president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
- 源義家の凋落後、「朝家の爪牙」の第一人者となった平正盛は、近国(かつ大国・熟国)の国守を務めると同時に右馬権頭であった。
- After MINAMOTO no Yoshie declined, TAIRA no Masamori, who became the first 'choka no soga' (retainers of the imperial family or household called as fangs and claws of imperial family), served as governor of Kingoku (provinces close to Kyoto) (taigoku (major provinces) and 熟国 back then) as well as being the Uma no gon no kami (Provisional Captain of the Right Division of the Bureau of Horses).
- 緋色の紗地に窠紋の刺繍をした袍を用い、その上に毛縁の裲襠 (りょうとう)と呼ばれる袖の無い貫頭衣を着装し、金帯を締める。
- The dancer wears scarlet silk ho (outer robe or vestment) with kamon (one of yusoku-monyo, traditional design motifs) embroidery and on top of that, wear sleeveless kantoi (simple type of clothing consisting of a large piece of cloth with a hole in the middle for the head) called keberi no ryoto (sleeveless poncho with fur edging, worn on top of outer robe) and tie golden obi (sash for kimono).
- 形状は宗匠頭巾のごとく一枚の布で頭部を覆うものであるが、額の上に大きな菱形の飾り布(錣)がついているところに特徴がある。
- Just as 'sosho-zukin' (hood worn by the teacher of tea ceremony, or other artistic skills), Sojuro-zukin covers the wearer's head, and its characteristic is 'shikoro' (big, decorative cloth shaped like a diamond) seen above the forehead.
- すりおろしたヤマノイモの粘りを利用して米粉(薯蕷粉、上新粉)を練り上げ、その生地で餡等を包み、しっとりと蒸し上げた饅頭。
- It is a moist cake steamed with fillings such as bean paste wrapped in the dough into which rice powder (grated yam powder or finer rice powder) is kneaded with the help of the stickiness of grated yam.
- すると、現地赴任する国司の筆頭者に、様々な責任やそれに伴う権限が集中するようになり、事実上の国衙行政の最高責任者となった。
- As a result, the kokushi, who was actually dispatched to the appointed province, started to assume various responsibilities as well as powers, which made him virtually the highest ranked officer in the kokuga administration.
- 7世紀末~8世紀初頭に始まった律令制における租税は、租庸調制と呼ばれ、人民一人ひとりを対象に課税・徴税する性格が強かった。
- The taxation system under the ritsuryo system, which was started during the late 7th century to the early 8th century, was called 'the soyocho (tax paid by rice, labor, or textile) system', and it was imposed on and collected from each member of the community.
- しかし、「飛鳥」といった場合にはこちら(大阪府の飛鳥)の意味ではなく、冒頭の意味(奈良県の飛鳥)であることが一般的である。
- However, it is common that 'Asuka' (飛鳥) refers to the Asuka of Nara Prefecture, not referring to Asuka of Osaka Prefecture, mentioned at the beginning.
- 共通語ではしばしば「あ」を高く読む頭高型で発音されるが、地元でのアクセントは「あづち」とすべての音を高く読む平板型である。
- Although Azuchi Town is often pronounced with a high falling intonation in the Japanese common language, it is pronounced without inflection in the local language.
- そのため、府や国土交通省などが、船舶の大型化や荷役のコンテナ化に対応する港湾にするべく「和田埠頭」(仮称)を整備中である。
- Thus the Prefecture and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is prepared to maintain the port as a critical point and has widened the function of the new port Wada Warf (tentative name) to harbor larger vessels and handle containers.
- また、官務を世襲した壬生家は、局務(大外記上首)を世襲した押小路家(中原氏)と並んで両局と称され、地下家の筆頭格とされた。
- The Mibu family which held the inherited administrative position of kanmu and the Oshikoji/Oshinokoji family (the Nakahara family) which held the inherited position of kyokumu (Chief Senior Secretary of the Council of State) were collectively known as ryokyoku, and had the status of Jige.
- そして検注の実施年月日と「注進如件」の書止を記し、荘園領主から派遣された検注使と在地の荘官、場合によっては地頭が連署した。
- It was carried out on the same date the kenchu was carried out and the established words 'chushin kudan no gotoshi' (the case is thus reported as above) as well as the signatures of the kenchushi (land surveyor) were dispatched by the manor owner, the local shokan (an officer entrusted with local management by the manor owner), and in some cases, jito (estate steward).
- 赤松氏は播磨国の地頭であったが、鎌倉時代末の赤松則村(円心)は後醍醐天皇の檄に応じて挙兵し、鎌倉幕府打倒に大きく尽力した。
- The Akamatsu clan was a jito (manager and lord of manor) in the Harima Province, but Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU raised his army to respond Emperor Godaigo's exhortation and contributed greatly to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- 馬一頭が運ぶ荷物の目方(質量)を表す駄法と関連があるとされる記事が、1300年頃に編纂されたとされる『拾芥抄』の中にある。
- 'Shugaisho' (an ancient encyclopedia), which is said to have been compiled around 1300, has an article that it is related to daho (a system of weight units, seen for the load carried by a horse).
- 鎌倉幕府の成立に従い、主に東国の武士は鎌倉幕府に奉公する、御家人となり地頭に補任され、所領の支配権が鎌倉幕府に保証された。
- By the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun), in most cases samurai in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) became gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) to serve Kamakura bakufu and were appointed jito with their rights to rule their shoryo (territory) guaranteed by Kamakura bakufu.
- 在地の地頭・国人・荘官らには、守護の被官となる者もおり、荘園領主の支配権(荘務権)は守護に侵害される傾向にあったのである。
- Some local jito, kokujin (local samurai) and shokan (an officer governing shoen) were hired as low-level bureaucrats by Shugo, and the lords' authority (hegemony over estates) was vulnerable to violation.
- 鎌倉幕府が成立すると、鎌倉殿が御家人を地頭へ任命するという形で本領安堵・新恩給与、すなわち御恩がほどこされるようになった。
- When the Kamakura bakufu was established, the benefit of honryoando or sinonkyuyo, or that of goon, was given by Kamakura-dono to gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) in the form that Kamakura-dono appointed them to jito (the managers and lords of manors).
- これまでは、戦前のように自家で縫製して使用するような環境でなくなり、また、一般の店頭にも並ぶこともなく入手性に難があった。
- Before World War II, the fundoshi loincloth was mostly homemade, but circumstances changed so it is no longer homemade but it is also difficult to obtain it at the shop.
- 嵯峨治世初期は、太政官筆頭だった藤原園人の主導のもと、百姓撫民(貧民救済)そして権門(有力貴族・寺社)抑制の政策がとられた。
- At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Saga, FUJIWARA no Sonohito, the head council of state, lead a policy to rescue farmers (relief of the poor) and control power (influential aristocracy, temples and shrines).
- こちらが後の永業田の資源と考えられ、人間だけでなく牛も30畝の田地支給を受けていた(ただし4頭まで4年までという説もある)。
- It is considered that this was the origin of hereditary fields, and in addition to human beings, each head of cattle was also supplied a field of approx. 1.2 hectares (however, it is also said that these fields might have been supplied up to four heads of cattle for four years).
- 忠盛は源義親の乱を平定するなどして院司となり、正四位に叙せられて軍事貴族の最高位者、すなわち武家の棟梁として台頭していった。
- After suppressing the rebellion by MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, Tadamori became inshi (official of the Retired Emperor's Office), was appointed to shoshii, the highest rank for military aristocrats, and gained power as the leader of samurai families.
- 地頭請は、収穫量の出来・不出来に関わらず毎年一定量の年貢を納入することとされていたため、地頭側の負担も決して少なくなかった。
- Jitokuke laid it down that a certain amount of nengu must be paid in spite of the success or failure of the crop yields and so the burden of the jito side was not small.
- この平泉文化は現代でも大阪商工会議所会頭による東北熊襲発言に際して、国会で東北地方の文化の象徴として引き合いにだされている。
- Even in the present age, this Hiraizumi culture was quoted as the symbol of the culture of the Tohoku region in the Diet when the gaffe committed by the president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Osaka Prefecture (an inappropriate remark on residents of the Tohoku region calling them 'Kumaso' [a discriminatory word which originally means the tribes who lived in the ancient Kyushu district]) was discussed.
- 初代・内匠頭(非参議・従三位)・岡崎宣持以降、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米30石であったが、明治に至り華族に列し子爵に叙せられた。
- After the first generation, Nobumochi OKAZAKI was the official architect for the Imperial Building Bureau (Hisangi, Jusanmi - Junior Third Rank), his hereditary stipend during the Edo period was thirty koku, but since the Meiji period, the family ranked as Kazoku (nobility) and was conferred the title of viscount.
- 醍醐天皇の時代に三善清行が大学頭・文章博士を務めて参議まで至り、延喜3年(903年)頃にはカバネを宿禰から朝臣に改められた。
- In the era of the Emperor Daigo, Kiyoyuki (or Kiyotsura) MIYOSHI was appointed Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature), rising to the position of Sangi (councilor), and the kabane (official status title) of the clan was changed from Sukune to Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) around 903.
- 尾張守護代となった織田氏は、戦国の混乱期において弱体化した守護斯波氏に代わり徐々に頭角を現し、戦国大名として名乗りを上げた。
- The Oda clan that became Owari no Shugodai (the acting Military Governor of Owari Province) came to the front gradually, replaced the Shugo (Military Governor), the Shiba clan, which weakened at the war time of disorder, and became a daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period.
- そのため、電話など口頭で『かしはら』と言う場合に、相手が大阪の柏原と勘違いしないように、『やまとかしはら』と言うことがある。
- One sometimes calls Kashihara City, 'Ymatokashihara' instead of just 'Kashihara' in conversations like phone conversations, for other parties not to mix up with Kashiwara City, located in Osaka Prefecture.
- 秀吉は、この信長の弔い合戦に勝利した結果、清洲会議などを経て信長の後継者筆頭としての名乗りを挙げ、天下人への道を歩み始める。
- As a result of winning this battle to avenge Nobunaga's death, Hideyoshi claimed his position as the leading candidate for the succession of Nobunaga's position through the meeting at Kiyosu-jo Castle and on other occasions, and began to proceed his way toward assuming political leadership of the whole nation.
- 1966年3月から同年6月にかけて8回の口頭弁論が開かれ、文化厚生会館の管理権をめぐって朝田府連と部落問題研究所が対立する。
- From March, 1966 to June of the same year, eight oral pleadings were held and the Asada Furen and the Institute of Buraku Problem disputed over the custodial right of the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall.
- 紀伝道の統合期に活躍した文章博士である菅原清公は大学頭を兼務してその発展に貢献し、大学寮の北側に文章院という学舎を設置した。
- Monjo hakase SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, who was active at the time of the merger of kidendo, also served as daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), contributing to the development of the subject and founding a school to the north of the daigakuryo called monjoin.
- 鎌倉時代以後、荘園領主は荘官あるいは地頭、土倉などに現地における管理一切を任せて、定額の年貢納入を請負わせる制度が行われた。
- After the Kamakura period, the lord of the manor entrusted shokan (an officer governing shoen), jito (manager and lord of manor), doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) and so on, with the total management of shoen to collect fixed land tax.
- 代わって田租と地子米からなる地税的な官物と人頭税的な名残を残した雑役(及びその一種である臨時雑役)に収斂していくことになる。
- Instead, a property tax-like Kanmotsu consisting of Denso and Jishimai (rice paid as rent), and per capita tax, Zatsueki (and a variation, temporary Zatsueki) were collected.
- これは頭部に商品を載せて運ぶため、髪が商品を汚さないため、あるいは髪を汚さないようにするためなどの目的があったと考えられる。
- It is regarded that the cloth was mainly designed to help them carry merchandise upon their heads to prevent the goods from being contaminated by hair, or to protect their hair.
- また、同様にカメの体に坊主頭の人間の頭部を持つ海坊主として入亀入道(いりかめにゅうどう)があり、若狭湾に出現するといわれる。
- Also, it is said that another 'Umibozu' called 'Irikame nyudo' which has a turtle-like body and a human-like bald head appears in Wakasa Bay.
- 前代には有力な競争相手であった田楽や近江国猿楽がこの時代にはほとんど駆逐され、観世座が猿楽の筆頭として室町幕府に重用された。
- Dengaku and Omi Sarugaku, which had been strong competitors in the previous generation, were driven out almost completely in this period, and Muromachi bakufu treated Kanze-za preferentially as the head of sarugaku.
- 当時を知る職人は、「あらかじめダミーの米を入れる袋を用意して店頭に置き、取り締まりを逃れて営業したこともある」と述べている。
- A sushi chef knowing that time said, 'we have operated a shop by preparing a bag to put dummy rice in and putting the bag at the shop to get away from the control.'
- 歌舞伎や商業演劇のように、一座の座頭や花形役者が明確に決まっている場合、下回りの役者に対して座長が振る舞いをする習慣もある。
- When the head performer or a star performer is fixed as in kabuki and commercial theatrical performances, it is also customary that the performer entertains the lower-ranked performers on the senshuraku day.
- そこで、地頭の年貢の滞納や領民の不法使用など、地頭職を越えた越権行為が行われるようになり、荘園領主や国司との間に紛争が生じた。
- Jito's acts beyond their authorities, including arrears in taxes and illegal use of the people in the province, gave rise to disputes with the Shoen-ryoshu and the Kokushi.
- 保甲法制定以後、管理者から佃戸の中から雇用されて佃戸に甲を編成させるとともに租税・小作料徴収業務の補佐を行う甲頭が設置された。
- After the bao-jia system (an administrative system organized on basis of households) was enacted, managers were hired from the denko and made the denko organize the ko and the head of ko, who helped the collection of taxes and farm rent, was set up.
- 戦後、名和長年と同じく辰砂の採掘権と技術を有した商人的武装集団の頭目説、散所の長者説などが出されたが、いまだ定説は存在しない。
- After the World War II, there were several theories as to the family origins such as the Kusunoki being the chief of an armed group of merchants who possessed the rights and skills of cinnabar exploitation, for example, like Nagatoshi NAWA, or billionares in sanjo (manor's area where people of the sanjo provided special skills to the imperial authority instead of rice tax); to date, none of these theories have been proven.
- 京都にあって奉公衆三番頭となる一方、御部屋衆、御供衆、申次衆を代々務めるなど、足利将軍家の近臣として幕府の中枢の業務を担った。
- In Kyoto, the family, as a trusted vassal of Ashikaga Shogun family, served not merely as the leader of the third squad of Hokoshu (shogunal military guard) but also as Oheyashu (the person in charge of keeping night watch of the shogun's bed chamber), Otomoshu (attendant group who attended the Shogun Takauji Ashikaga to go up to the ancient capital kyoto), and Moshitsugishu (a civil servant post in Muromachi Shorgunate) for generations.
- 三国岳、頭巾山、長老山など、8~900メ-トル級の連山に囲まれ、その山あいを縫うように、由良川の源流が町の中央部を流れている。
- The town is surrounded by a mountain range with the 800- to 900-meter class mountains of Mt. Mikunidake, Mt. Tokin and Mt. Choro; the headstream of the Yura-gawa River threads its way through the mountains and flows through the center of the town.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の備中国は守護の細川氏が衰退した後、国人領主が割拠する状態にあったが、中でも台頭していたのは三村氏であった。
- Bitchu Province in the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) was split among numerous kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords) after the Hosokawa clan, shugo (provincial constable) had gone into decline, but the Mimura clan stood out among them.
- さらにいえば、厳密な百姓身分、町人身分とされたのは家の筆頭者だけであり、それ以外に村内、町内には細かな身分構造が存在していた。
- Besides, only the head of the family was categorized under the peasant or the townsmen class in a strict sense, with subdivided classes in villages and towns.
- 集外三十六歌仙(しゅうがいさんじゅうろっかせん)は、室町時代から江戸時代初頭にかけての歌人を三十六歌仙に倣って取り上げたもの。
- Shugai Sanjurokkasen is a collection of poems by 36 poets from the Muromachi period to the early Edo period following the example of Sanjurokkasen (36 Master Poets).
- 復興会議の第4日目である11月11日、わだつみ像は立命大に到着し、当日市内では像を先頭に押し立てた「歓迎デモ」が行われていた。
- On November 11, the fourth day of the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi, the Wadatsumi-zo Statue was delivered to Ritsumeikan University, and students, holding the statue at the head of a parade, marched in Kyoto City, showing their welcome.
- その中で定められていた集団規則によれば、彼らは検校、別当、勾当、座頭の四つの位階に、細かくは73の段階に分けられていたという。
- According to group regulations of the association, they were divided into four official court ranks: Kengyo, Betto, Koto, and Zato, and further divided into 73 ranks.
- 9世紀末期~10世紀初頭(寛平の治・延喜の治期)には再び律令制の原則へ回帰する政策が採られたものの、結局それは失敗に終わった。
- Although the policies to return back to the principles of the Ritsuryo system were implemented again from the late ninth century to the early tenth century (during the peaceful era of Kanpyo and the peaceful era of Engi), such policies eventually ended in failure.
- 鎌倉時代を通じて、武家の統治機構である守護・地頭に属する武士が、地頭請や下地中分という形で国衙領や荘園を蚕食し始めるようになる。
- But as the Kamakura period progressed, the samurai-based administrative system, warriors serving as shugo (Protectors) and jito (estate stewards) began to take over kokuga (public) territories and shoen through such means as jitouke (in which an estate steward was contracted by the rightful owner of an estate to guard it) and shitaji chubun (whereby lands were divided between steward and owner).
- しかし、都の衰退と共に、仏教寺院や学識僧が徐々にその担い手として台頭し、その中でも鎌倉五山を中心とした五山文学はその代表である。
- However, with the decline of the capital, Buddhist temples and learned priests came to be responsible for those studies; the most representative of them was Gozan Bungaku (Literature of the Five Official Temples), the center of which was Kamakura Gozan Temple.
- 小牧・長久手の戦いから文禄・慶長の役にいたる秀吉の一連の戦役に参加した豊臣氏の鉄砲頭の中に、孫一を含め数人の鈴木姓の名が見える。
- Including Magoichi, several names capped by the surname 'Suzuki,' are found as heads of the artillery of the Toyotomi clan which served in the series of battles in which Hideyoshi took place, from the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute to the Bunroku-Keicho War.
- 以後、幸徳井友種・幸徳井友傳と幸徳井家出身の陰陽頭が続くが、後に泰重がこれを後悔して幸徳井家より陰陽頭の地位を取り戻そうとした。
- Since then, Tomotane KOTOKUI and Tomosuke KOTOKUI, of the KOTOKUI family were successively chosen as Onmyo no kami; however, Shigenori later regretted his decision, and tried to regain the position from the KOTOKUI's.
- 代表作とされてきたのは、京都市大徳寺山内の塔頭、一休宗純ゆかりの真珠庵に所蔵される「百鬼夜行図」(重要文化財、真珠庵本)である。
- The most famous one is 'Hyakki yagyozu' (important cultural property, Shinjuan-bon) owned by Shinjuan, one of sub-temple located in the site of Daikoku-ji Temple in Kyoto City and is associated with Ikkyu Sojun.
- 国衙軍制(こくがぐんせい)とは、日本の古代末期から中世初頭にかけて(10世紀 - 12世紀)成立した国家軍事制度を指す歴史概念。
- The kokuga forces system indicates a historical concept of a national military system established in the period from around the end of ancient times to the early medieval period of Japan (the 10th century to the 12th century).
- その結果、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなり、次第に荘園公領制の解体が推し進められることとなった。
- As a result, the nature of ryoke shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and jito shiki at shoen/koryo changed substantially and the collapse of shoen koryo sei was prompted.
- 地頭は、下地中分や地頭請などを通じて、下地進止権を手中に収めるのみならず、上分の支配権(上分知行という)も徐々に簒奪していった。
- Through Shitaji chubun and Jito-uke, jito obtained not only Shitaji shinshi ken but also the right to control jobun (also called jobun chigyo) gradually.
- 『付喪神記』の冒頭に「陰陽雑記に云ふ。器物百年を経て、化して精霊を得てより、人の心を誑かす、これを付喪神と号すと云へり」とある。
- At the beginning of 'Tsukumogami-ki,' there is a description that states, 'According to 'Inyo Zakki,' tools acquired souls and deceived people's hearts 100 years after they were produced. They were called Tsukumogami.'
- 黄色系統の色の紗地に窠紋の刺繍をした袍を用い、その上に毛縁の裲襠 (りょうとう)と呼ばれる袖の無い貫頭衣を着装し、銀帯を締める。
- They wear ho (outer robe or vestment) embroidered with kamon (one of yusoku-monyo, traditional design motifs) on yellow-colored silk gauze, and keberi no ryoto (sleeveless poncho with fur edging worn, on top of outer robe), a type of kantoi (simple type of clothing consisting of a large piece of cloth with a hole in the middle for the head) over the ho, and do up a silver band.
- 大学頭の名称は、江戸時代に儒学者の林家の当主が代々継承する称号として、また幕府の最高教育官の名称として幕府機構の中に取り込まれた。
- During the Edo period, the name Daigaku no kami became the title that had been inherited for generations by the heads of the Hayashi family, a Confucian scholar family, thus being incorporated into the organizations of the Edo bakufu (Japanese federal government headed by a shogun) as the name of its supreme educational officer.
- 永保3年(1083年)、清原氏の頭領の座を継承していた清原真衡(武貞の子)と清衡そしてその異父弟の清原家衡との間に内紛が発生する。
- In 1083, an internal conflict broke out between KIYOHARA no Sanehira (a son of Takesada) who had succeeded to the family head of the Kiyohara clan, Kiyohira, and KIYOHARA no Iehira, a younger brother by a different father.
- 鈴木孫一は石山本願寺に篭った雑賀衆の中でも最有力の頭目のひとりで、孫一自身も本願寺の門徒でもあったので本願寺にきわめて信頼された。
- Magoichi SUZUKI was one of the most powerful leaders in the Saigashu that barricaded themselves inside of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, and as Magoichi himself was a follower of Hongan-ji Temple, he was extremely trusted by Hongan-ji Temple.
- 以上の経過により、顕広王の王氏復帰をもって白川家の成立とみなすことが多い(十三世紀初頭の資宗王によって成立したという見解もある)。
- Due to the process above, the generally accepted theory says the Shirakawa family was formed when Akihiro-o returned his family name to 'O'; another theory says it was formed by Sukemune-o in the early thirteenth century.
- この当時(12世紀末~13世紀初頭)は、京都の中央政府(院政)の力も衰えておらず、中央(都、首都)と鎌倉の二元的支配体制であった。
- In those days (the end of 12th century to the beginning of the 13th century) the central government (Insei (rule by the retired Emperor)) had not yet lost its power, creating a dual system of governments: the central government (Kyoto, the capital) and Kamakura government.
- こうした風景が大きく変わるのは、江戸時代初頭の1606年(慶長11年)に角倉了以が保津川を改修して大堰川を開いて以後のことである。
- The region came to a turning point when Ryoi SUMINOKURA developed the Hozu-gawa River to open the Oi-gawa River in 1606 of the early Edo period.
- 後に賀茂家の嫡流が断絶すると、同氏の庶流であった幸徳井友景が陰陽頭となり、孫の幸徳井友傳以後は暦博士の官職は幸徳井家の世襲となる。
- In a later period, once all the direct descendants of the Kamo family had died out, Tomokage KOTOKUI, a member of a branch line of the Kamo clan, became Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo) and after Tomosuke KOTOKUI, who was the grandson of Tomokage, Reki Hakase became a hereditary post for descendants of the Kotokui family.
- 朱印船(しゅいんせん)は、16世紀末から17世紀初頭にかけて日本の支配者の朱印状(海外渡航許可証)を得て海外交易を行った船を言う。
- The Shuinsen was a ship that carried out foreign trade by receiving the Shuinjo (the permit to travel to foreign countries) of the Japanese ruler between the end of the sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.
- 貴族官僚として陰陽頭に任じられた人物はいるものの、専門官僚として陰陽道・天文道の官に就いたのは晴明が最初であったと考えられている。
- Although some members of the family had been appointed as onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) as aristocratic bureaucrats, Seimei was the first to be assigned a job relating to onmyodo and tenmondo as an expert bureaucrat.
- 例えば、天保12年(1841年)の紀州徳川家11代藩主徳川斉順の参勤交代では、武士1639人、人足2337人、馬103頭を擁した。
- For example, the sankin-kotai carried out by Nariyuki TOKUGAWA, the eleventh lord of the Kishu Tokugawa Family in 1841 consisted of 1639 warriors, 2337 laborers, 103 horses.
- しかし、当時の経済の実態は農村工業の発達と新興商人が都市でも地方でも台頭したことによって、株仲間の独占はむしろ形骸化しつつあった。
- But, in reality, the monopoly by kabunakama was losing substance due to the development of rural industry and the rise of emerging merchants both in urban and rural areas.
- 分割された土地については、両者互いに完全支配を認め合ったので、地頭は自分側の土地については、法的にも完全な領主となることとなった。
- As both parties involved in Shitaji chubun agreed to mutually respect the other party's open-end right to rule the divided land, jito became the legal and perfect owner of their land.
- しかし7世小堀政方は田沼意次のもとで大番頭や伏見奉行の要職を務めたが、伏見騒動によって天明8年(1788年)改易されることになる。
- However, Masamichi KOBORI, the seventh head of the clan, was engaged as an obanto (head of the Imperial Guards) and Fushimi Bugyo (municipal administrator of Fushimi) under Okitsugu TANUMA, and was dismissed during the Fushimi Riot that occurred in 1788.
- 13世紀中期頃から、貨幣経済の浸透と商品流通の活発化、村落の形成、地頭ら武士による荘園公領への侵出など、大きな社会変動が生じ始めた。
- Starting around the middle of the 13th century, the social system started changing drastically: For example, money had become used in the economy, goods were circulated actively, and samurai, such as jito (managers and lords of manors), had advanced into shoen koryo (public lands and private estates).
- 慶長17年(1612)、安倍晴明の末裔である陰陽頭(従三位・非参議)・土御門久脩の次男・泰吉が分家して「倉橋」を称したのにはじまる。
- The family started when a decendant of ABE no Seimei, Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Buereau of Divination) (Junior Third Rank, non-Councilor) Hisanaga TSUCHIMIKADO's second son Yasuyoshi created a branch family named 'Kurahashi' in 1612.
- 本能寺の変で信長が斃れると、代わって台頭した豊臣秀吉により光秀は倒され長秀と藤孝は臣従し、北近畿は豊臣政権の支配の下に再配分された。
- After the Honnoji Incident where Nobunaga was killed, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI brought down Mitsuhide, and Nagahide, and Fujitaka rendered homage and service to Hideyoshi; Kitakinki was divided again under the Toyotomi administration.
- 駕籠が近づくと、まず前衛を任された森五六郎が駕籠訴を装って行列の供頭に近づき、取り押さえにきた日下部三郎右衛門をやにわに斬り捨てた。
- When the palanquin came close, Gorokuro MORI who was assigned to a vanguard approached the head of the party as though making a direct appeal to the palanquin, but, when he got close enough, he suddenly drew his sword and struck Saburoemon KUSAKABE who approached Gorokuro to subdue him.
- 東京の観世流は分家の観世紅雪(分家五世、十九世宗家清興の曾孫)と観世流のツレ筆頭とされた梅若家の初世梅若実が孤塁を守ることとなった。
- Kosetsu KANZE of the branch family (the fifth of the branch family, a great-grandson of Kiyooki being the 19th of Kanze-ryu family) and Minoru UMEWAKA recognized as the head Tsure of Kanze-ryu came to keep Kanze-ryu in Tokyo.
- 相模組与頭の佐々木只三郎、渡辺吉太郎、高橋安二郎、桂早之助、土肥仲蔵、桜井大三郎、今井信郎らが坂本龍馬暗殺の実行犯として有力とされる。
- Tadasaburo SASAKI, who was Kumigashira (the leader) of the Sagami no kami brigade, and Kichitaro WATANABE, Yasujiro TAKAHASHI, Hayanosuke KATSURA, Nakazo DOHI, Daizaburo SAKURAI, and Nobuo IMAI are regarded as likely perpetrators of the assassination of Ryoma SAKAMOTO.
- 1793年に林述斎(じゅっさい)が林家をついで大学頭となると、それまで林家の家塾だった「湯島聖堂」が、正式に幕府直轄の学問所となった。
- In 1793, when Jussai HAYASHI inherited the Hayashi family and became Daigaku no kami, 'Yushima Seido,' which had been a government-backed school operated by the Hayashis, officially became Gakumonjo (a school) under the direct control of the bakufu.
- 刀鍛冶らの職人も、それまでの銘物としての一品生産を中心とする生産方法から、ある程度の使い捨てを念頭に置いた大量生産を行うようになった。
- Craftsmen such as swordsmith also switched from a manufacturing method centering on article-by-article production with swords inscribed with the name of the swordsmith to quantity production with an eye on disposal to a certain extent.
- 清洲会議(天正9年・1582)→賤ヶ岳の戦い(天正10年・1583):織田信長の後継争いで、筆頭家老であった柴田勝家と豊臣秀吉が反目。
- The Kiyosu Meeting (1582)=>the Battle of Shizugatake (1583): in the fight for the position as Nobunaga ODA's successor, Katsuie SHIBATA, who was the top senior retainer, was at enmity with Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- (一方、賀茂氏側も暦道における自己の立場を主張し、鎌倉時代に入ると本来は陰陽頭が中心となる御暦奏の儀式において安倍氏が陰陽頭の場合には
- (Meanwhile, the Kamo clan also claimed their position in rekido: in the Kamakura period, when a member of the Abe clan was onmyo no kami, the Kamo clan insisted that the ceremony of goryaku no so (the annual presentation of the calendar to the emperor), which had been conducted mainly by onmyo no kami, should be conducted by reki hakase.
- この時の頼朝政権の在地支配は、まだ従来の権門勢家による支配に優越した訳ではなく、地頭の設置も平氏の旧領(平家没官領)に限定されていた。
- The control of local lands by the Yoritomo administration during this time did not excel the traditional control by the great and powerful and the appointment of Jito was limited to territories once held by the Taira clan (Heike Mokkanryo (Land rights confiscated by Kamakura bakufu from the Taira family)).
- 南北朝を統一し、安定政権を築いた足利義満が、正式に明からの冊封を受けることで、15世紀初頭から日明貿易(勘合貿易)が開始するのである。
- The trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China (the tally trade - between Japan and the Ming Dynasty) started from the early 15th century when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who unified the Northern and Southern Courts and established his stable political administration officially received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) from Ming Dynasty.
- 室町期の守護は、半済などを通じて、鎌倉期の地頭以上に土地支配の一円化を実施していき、守護領国制の形成と守護の守護大名化が進んでいった。
- Through hanzei (the system in the Muromachi period where the Muromachi bakufu allowed shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military funds), shugo in the Muromachi period realized wider and stronger ichien control of lands than jito of the Kamakura period, and as a result, the Shugo-Ryogoku system (the system wherein a shugo dominates a manor) was established and shugo became shugo daimyo (military governors).
- そして地頭は、下地中分や地頭請などを通じて、下地進止権を手中に収めるのみならず、上分の支配権(上分知行という)も徐々に簒奪していった。
- Jito, then, through shitaji chubun (physical division of the land) and jitouke (the contract system wherein the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs), not only acquired the shitaji-shinshi ken but also gradually took the right to control jobun (jobun chigyo (right to control the profit)).
- 但し、現存の絵巻は、冒頭の真備が入唐して幽閉される詞書および、後半部分である「野馬台詩」の解読に成功して帰国を果たす場面は欠いている。
- However, the existing picture scroll is lacking the part of the kotobagaki (epigraphs, head notes) about Makibi arriving in Tang and being imprisoned in the opening scene, and the scene where Makibi succeeds in breaking a code of the 'Yamatai shi' (Poem on Japan) in the latter part.
- 頭文字で分類しかつ意味で部門分けする形式は早く平安時代末期(院政期)成立の『色葉字類抄』と、その増補と見られる『伊呂波字類抄』がある。
- The method of collating words according to their first syllable with semantic subdivisions had been established as early as at the end of the Heian period (during the period of government by the retired Emperor) as represented by 'Irohajiru sho' (one of Japanese dictionaries in the Heian period) and its supposedly enlarged edition, 'Irohajirui-sho' (a dictionary written by Tadakane TACHIBANA in Heian period).
- 715年には越前国氣比神宮の託宣により神宮寺が建立されるなど、奈良時代初頭から国家レベルの神社において神宮寺を建立する動きが出始めた。
- From the beginning of the Nara period, Jingu-ji Temples started to be erected in the national shrines; for example, in 715, a Jingu-ji Temple was erected from an oracle of Kehi-jingu Shrine, Echizen Province.
- 幕府は承久の乱で鎌倉の武家権力が朝廷権力に勝利して、旧平家領にも守護地頭を起き支配権を全国に広げ、ついに初の全国統一の武家政権となった。
- The samurai authority in Kamakura defeated the Imperial Court authority in the Jokyu Revolt, and thus the bakufu deployed Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) in the territory of the Taira family, spread their authority across the country, and eventually established the first nationally-standardized military government.
- 後白河法皇から守護地頭の設置を許可され、平家(平氏の中の伊勢平氏庶流の平清盛一族のこと)が壇ノ浦で滅亡した文治元年(1185年)とする。
- Another suggestion is that it started in 1185 when the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa allowed the establishment of Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) and Heike (the family of TAIRA no Kiyomori, a collateral line of Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) of the Taira clan) fell in Dan no ura.
- 個々の記述は割注を含めた「本文」と多くの文献の引用などによって出典を示した多数の頭書・傍書・裏書などからなる「勘物」から構成されている。
- Each description consists of the 'text' including notes inserted between the lines, and 'kanmotsu' comprised of many Tosho (superscription), bosho (傍書) (additions or supplements written by the side of the main texts), and book-end notes showing the sources of quotations from many books.
- こうした流れの中で国司行政も、所定の租税(官物・雑役など)の納入のみが求められ、その他は現地赴任の筆頭国司の裁量に任されるようになった。
- In response to this shift of the system, the administration of Kokushi (provincial governors) was required only to pay certain taxes (such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zatsueki (odd-job tasks)) with other tasks left to the discretion of the appointed head of the provincial governors.
- 文書の様式は、まず文書先頭に自分の名前を書き、以下に軍忠の具体的事実を書くことを宣言する(「誰々申軍忠事」という文言になることが多い)。
- Such documents were written according to the following format; the vassal's name came first and then details regarding the facts of the vassal's superior military valor were stated (often with the words: 'I report our superior military valor.')
- 『粉河寺縁起絵巻』は後白河天皇のプロデュースとも言われるが、はっきりはぜず、その成立時期は、12世紀後半から13世紀初頭までと諸説ある。
- 'Kokawadera Engiemaki' is said to have been created by Emperor Goshirakawa, but not certain, but as for its completion, there were various theories that stated between the late twelfth century to the early thirteenth century.
- 衣服は小町のような十二単で、頭部に角盥漱を頂いており、小町の執心を表すように、盥の2本の柄が鬼の角のように突き出た姿として描かれている。
- In his illustration, the Tsunohanzo looks like Komachi wearing juni-hitoe (twelve-layered ceremonial kimono) and has her tsunohanzo put in the place of the head with a pair of handles protruding like a demon's horns as if they symbolized Komachi's obsession.
- 現地派遣の筆頭国司(受領)が前代より大幅に権限委譲された上で、富豪百姓層を通じて地域支配、税の徴収を行う王朝国家体制が10世紀に確立した。
- As a result a system of the dynasty state was established in the 10th century, in which the heads of the provincial governors (Zuryo) who had been sent to each region received much stronger empowerment than their previous generation and ruled the region and collected tax through the rich peasants.
- 文治元年(1185年)に源頼朝が守護・地頭の設置求めて文治の勅許を受けると、同時に荘園・国衙領の田1段から兵粮米5升を徴収する権利を得た。
- In 1185 (the first year of the Bunji era), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, seeking to establish a system of Shugo (provincial constable) and jito (manager and lord of manor), was granted the Bunji Imperial Sanction to do so, simultaneously obtaining the authority to collect five sho (measures) of rice, for the purpose of supplying troops, from each tan (section) of each rice paddy on shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) alike.
- In1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo asked the Imperial Court for permission to place Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) and got the Bunji imperial sanction, and at the same time, he also gained a right to collect five sho (about 9 liter) of military provisions of rice from every one tan (an old unit showing the area of land of 300 tsubo; 991.7 square meters) of rice paddy of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- 竜頭山を取り込んだ広大な敷地には館主屋、開市大庁(交易場)、裁判庁、浜番所、弁天神社のような神社や東向寺、日本人(対馬人)の住居があった。
- In its large premises including Ryuto-zan mountain, there were the house of the manager, Kaiichi-daicho (trade hall) (also called Koekiba), a courthouse, Hama bandokoro (guard house for the coast), shrines such as Benten-jinja Shrine, Toko-ji Temple, and residences for Japanese (Tsushima people).
- また埠頭から高速道路へ直接アクセスできる国道27号バイパス「西舞鶴道路」も計画中であり、国際物流港としての重要性がますます高まりつつある。
- In addition, 'Nishi-maizuru Road,' which is a bypass of the National Route 27 is also being planned, and thereby the port is enhancing its importance as an international logistic port.
- しかし、鎌倉幕府が衰え、河内国南部に楠木正成に代表される伊予橘氏(越智氏)などの系統の在地豪族が台頭すると、それに圧倒されて勢力を失った。
- However, as the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) fell into a decline and the local powerful clans, such as the Iyotachibana clan (the Ochi clan) represented by Masashige KUSUNOKI, emerged in the Southern area of Kawachi Province, it began to lose its power, being overwhelmed by such new forces.
- 『日本書紀』大鷦鷯(仁徳)天皇(4世紀末から5世紀初頭)即位前紀に「大王、風姿...」と見えるが、当時から用いられていたかは定かではない。
- In the first part of the article on the enthronement of Osazaki no Sumeramikoto (Emperor Nintoku) in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) (from the end of the fourth century to the beginning of the fifth century), the words 'Okimi, image...' are seen, but it is unclear whether these words were used from this period.
- 地頭請によっても請け負った領主分の年貢等が未進となることが多かったため、領主側としても確実に一定の年貢を確保できる方式として広く行われた。
- As the case of non-payment of nengu by jito, who were obliged to pay to the lord of shoen, often occurred even under Jito-uke system, Shitaji chubun was widely used as a way by which the lord of shoen could secure a certain amount of nengu.
- この枡は、制定後間もなく全国的に流布し、その後は14世紀初頭に至るまで、数多い私枡のなかにあって、一定の権威をもった公定枡として機能した。
- Soon after it was designated, Senjimasu was put into circulation throughout the nation, and until the beginning of the fourteenth century it functioned as an official measure holding constant authority within many private measures.
- 女性や少年少女が舞う場合もあり、その場合は、舞楽面を着けずに山吹の挿頭花を挿した前天冠を着け、歌舞伎舞踊と同様の舞台化粧をする場合がある。
- Women, as well as boys and girls, may also perform the dance, in which case they may put on maetengan (a charm of the front of cap) with kazashi (snapped branch of flower or tree put in the hair or the cap) in it and wear stage makeup as in Kabuki dance, without wearing Bugaku masks.
- 冬嗣は810年、天皇の筆頭秘書官(又は官房長官)と言うべき蔵人頭(新設官庁である蔵人所の長官)に就任し、一大法令群である弘仁格式を撰上した。
- Fuyutsugu was installed as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain, the chief of the newly-founded Kurodo dokoro (Chamberlain's Office)) in 810, which was the head secretary to the Emperor (or the Chief Cabinet Secretary), and compiled and presented a considerable group of laws and regulations, the Konin kyaku-shiki.
- こうした就学政策に加えて、唐風文化への関心の増大などがあり、平安時代前期に相当する9世紀から10世紀初頭にかけてが大学寮の全盛期にあたった。
- In addition to these school attendance policies, because of a rise in interest in a Tang Dynasty-style culture, Daigaku-ryo saw its heyday between the 9th century and the early 10th century, which corresponds to the first half of the Heian period.
- 平安時代、朝廷の地方支配が筆頭国司である受領に権力を集中する体制に移行すると、受領の収奪に対する富豪百姓層の武装襲撃が頻発するようになった。
- During the Heian period, with the move to the system where the reins of power were concentrated on the zuryo who were hitto-kokushi (the head of the provincial governors) in the Imperial Court's governance of the local regions, the class of rich farmers' attacks against the deprivation by zuryo happened frequently.
- 江戸時代の彦根藩家は井伊直澄、井伊直興、井伊直幸、井伊直亮、井伊直弼と5代6度(直該が2度。)の大老職を出すなど、譜代大名筆頭の家柄となる。
- During the Edo period, the Hikone domain family became the top fudai daimyo family producing five Tairo (chief ministers) in six terms: Naozumi II, Naooki II, Naohide II, Naohide II, Naoaki II, and Naosuke II, among which Naomori assumed the position twice.
- しかし、羽林家が近衛府等の武官職系を経て大納言に進むのに対し、侍従・弁官(蔵人・蔵人頭を兼任)等の文官・事務系職を経て中納言・大納言に進む。
- However, in the case of the House of Urin, one was promoted to Dainagon after the posts of military officers such as Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards), while in the case of Meike, one was promoted to Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) and Dainagon after the posts of civil officers and administrative officers such as jiju (a chamberlain) and benkan (a controller of the Oversight Department) (also served as kurodo (chamberlain) and Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) at the same time).
- 秋に行われる『ガラシャ祭り』を筆頭に、かぐや姫をモチーフとした竹林のイベントや、蛍鑑賞会、天神祭、アジサイ祭り、牡丹祭りなどが開かれている。
- Nagaokakyo City holds a variety of events and festivals, from the Garasha (Gratia) Matsuri Festival in fall to the event at the bamboo grove featuring Kaguya-hime (Princess Kaguya), the firefly viewing gathering, the Tenjin Matsuri Festival, the Ajisai (hydrangea) Matsuri Festival, and the Botan (tree peony) Matsuri Festival.
- 市の花は明智氏の家紋であるキキョウ、福知山音頭にも光秀がうたわれ、福知山観光協会のイメージキャラクターも光秀がモデルとなっているほどである。
- The Japanese bellflower was used as the family emblem for the Akechi clan, and was designated the City flower; a phrase about Mitsuhide is contained in the Fukuchiyama Ondo, and the image character of the Fukuchiyama Tourist Association is also based on Mitsuhide.
- ボストン美術館蔵の「千手観音像」「馬頭観音像」「如意輪観音像」は、いずれもアーネスト・フェノロサ・ウェルドコレクションで12世紀の作である。
- The 'Image of Senju Kannon,' 'Image of Bato Kannon,' 'Image of Nyoirin Kannon' possessed by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston were the Fenollosa-Weld Collection, and they were created in the 12th century.
- さらに、浅野内匠頭が切腹になったのに吉良上野介が無罪になったことの不当性を、本来は幕府に訴えて、裁判により明らかにすべきであると論じている。
- And he went on to say that the judgment by the government was not adequate to make ASANO Takumi-no-kami to kill himself, leaving the other party KIRA Kozuke-no-suke non-guilty; the ideal closing should have been to bring the case to the government to resolve by court.
- 荘園領主・知行国主らは収入を確保するため、地頭に一定額の年貢納入を義務づける代わりに現地の荘園・公領の支配を任せる地頭請を行うようになった。
- Lord of the manor and chigyo-kokushu introduced Jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito (manager and lord of manor) to manage his manor and pay the customs) in order to secure income by obliging a jito to pay a fixed amount of land tax in exchange for entrusting him with the management of the local shoen and koryo.
- 古市家は初め200石、2世宗庵は加増されて300石、以後8世宗安まで茶道頭を勤めるが天保3年(1832年)に不行跡により知行召し上げとなる。
- The Furuichi family was primarily in possession of a fief yielding 200 koku (crop yield), and the second head, Soan had the fief increased to 300 koku, and the following heads till the eighth head, Soan, served as chadogashira (a director in charge of maintaining tea utensils and performing the tea ceremony for a shogunate and domains); however Soan's misconduct caused the family's enfeoffment to be confiscated in 1832.
- 2本の尻尾を持つ猫又が、五徳(囲炉裏でやかんなどを乗せる台)を冠のように頭に頂き、火吹き竹を持って囲炉裏で火を起こしている姿で描かれている。
- According to the picture, a Nekomata (a mythical two-tailed monster cat) placed a gotoku (a tripod, and more particularly, a three or four-legged kettle stand used at a sunken hearth) on the head like a crown and is making fire with a hifuki-dake (bamboo blowpipe used to stimulate a fire) in the sunken hearth.
- このとき、すでに次世代を担う尾上菊五郎 (6代目)の台頭はめざましく、五代目没後周囲の人々は手のひらを返すようにして菊五郎のもとへ集まった。
- On this occasion, Kikugoro ONOE V, who assumed the next generation, gained power rapidly, and people around Utaemon V gathered around Kikugoro without scruple after Utaemon V's death.
- なお、奈良時代の日本の人口は約500万人、農地は100万町(約120万ヘクタール、21世紀初頭が約480万ヘクタール)だったと推計されている。
- It is estimated that the population of Japan in the Nara period was approx. five million and the arable land area was approx. 1.2 million hectares (compared with approx. 4.8 million hectares in early 21st century).
- 名主は領主・地頭から名田の耕作を請け負いながら、屋敷を構え、下人や所従などの下層農民を支配し、屋敷近くに佃(つくだ)と呼ばれる良田を所有した。
- Myoshus built their houses, governed low-ranking farmers such as genin (servants who served to their masters as slaves) or shoju (retainers) and so on and owned good rice fields called tsukuda (directly-managed rice fields by a lord or an officer of shoen) near their houses, undertaking the cultivation of myoden from local lords and jitos.
- その後、小早川茂平は承久の乱で戦功をあげ、同国の都宇荘・竹原荘(つうのしょう・たけはらのしょう 現在の広島県竹原市周辺)の地頭職を加えられた。
- After that, Shigehira KOBAYAKAWA played a great role in the Jokyu War and was given another position of Jitoshiki at estates of Tsuunosho and Takeharanosho in the same province (around Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture).
- 現在、平成20年初頭の完成を目指して、国際多目的ターミナル・和田埠頭(仮称)が建設中で、埠頭完成時には5万トン級のフルコンテナ船が就航できる。
- Wada Wharf, a multi-purpose international terminal (tentative name) is under construction with aims to be completed early 2008; the wharf, when completed, will enable full-scale container ships in the 50,000 ton class to berth.
- 以後、義久は弟の義弘に家督を譲って二頭政治を行ない、島津家は豊臣政権、江戸幕府の下でこの2国1郡の領土を明治時代まで守り抜いていくことになる。
- Thereafter, Yoshihisa transferred the head of the family to his younger brother Yoshihiro to launch a diarchy, and the Shimazu family retained the two Provinces and a County under the Toyotomi regime and Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) until the Meiji period.
- 「天文道は天文密奏、暦道は御暦奏を掌る」という独自の論理を主張して安倍氏の陰陽頭を排除して賀茂氏の暦博士が中心となって行うようになっていった。
- Saying, 'Tenmondo should deal with tenmon misso and rekido should handle goryaku no so', they excluded the Abe clan's onmyo no kami from the ceremony, changing the tradition.
- 長州藩内でも四国艦隊下関砲撃事件での敗戦以降、松下村塾系の下級藩士を中心とした攘夷派勢力が後退し、椋梨藤太ら譜代家臣を中心とする俗論派が擡頭。
- Even in Choshu domain, the Joi movement, in which lower ranked samurai gathered at Shokason-juku played a central role, gradually lost its support after the defeat of the battles of Shimonoseki, and saw the emergence of Zokuron-ha (a kind of conservatism that allows acknowledgement of fealty to the bakufu), supported by the hereditary vassals including Tota MUKUNASHI.
- その人口は絶えず拡大を続け、18世紀初頭には人口が百万人を超え、八百八町といわれる世界有数(一説によると当時世界一)の大都市へと発展を遂げた。
- The population continued to increase, and exceeded one million at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and became known as a city of a 'eight-hundred-and-eight-towns' (metaphor for an infinite towns)- one of the world's great metropolises (By some estimates, it was the most populous metropolis in the world.).
- 尊攘派の擡頭により朝廷・幕府政治の混乱が起きていることを憂えた孝明天皇の意をくみ、久邇宮朝彦親王は極秘に会津藩・薩摩藩に長州藩の追放を命ずる。
- Understanding that the Emperor Komei was worried about the emergence of sonjo party and the resulting confused political circumstances of the imperial court and of the shogunate, Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko secretly ordered the Aizu and Satsuma clans to expel the Choshu clan.
- 往来物(おうらいもの)とは、平安時代後期より、明治時代初頭にかけて主に書簡などの手紙類の形式をとって作成された初等教育用の教科書の総称である。
- Oraimono is a collective term for primary education text books that were compiled from the late Heian period to the early Meiji period, mainly in the form of letters.
- しかし、鎌倉時代に入り、地頭が荘園・公領支配に進出してくると、現地の地頭(又はその代官)に年貢徴収を請け負わせる地頭請が行われるようになった。
- However, after entering into the Kamakura period, as jito (manager and lord of manor) extended their control over the shoen and koryo (an Imperial demesne), jitouke, which awarded the local jito (or the deputy) the contract to collect the nengu, came to be put into practice.
- 頭に鍍金した唐草模様の宝冠(雅楽では、山形の額飾りと側頭部に二本の剣形の飾りを備えた金属製のヘッドバンドを指す)をつけ、二本の桜の枝をはさむ。
- They wear gold-plated crowns with an arabesque design on their heads (in Gagaku, dancers put mountain shape tiaras on their forehead and metal headbands with two sword-shaped ornaments on their temporal region), and stick two sprays of cherry blossoms under each crown.
- なお大正琴及びその属品(楽譜・アンプ・ケーブル・チューナー・各種補修部品等)は一般店頭販売を行っていないが、同社ホームページからも入手できる。
- Although taishogoto and accessories (scores, amplifiers, cables, tuners, various spare parts, etc.) are not available in normal stores, they can be purchased through the company homepage.
- チャンバラ遊びでは、鞍馬天狗に扮するため、子供たちは競って風呂敷を利用して宗十郎頭巾の真似をしたが、錣の部分がうまくつくれないのが常であった。
- When playing swordplay, children mimicked Kurama Tengu using their 'furoshiki' (wrapping cloth) instead of Sojuro-zukin, but they always had trouble making shikoro.
- 院近臣の藤原定能・藤原光能が蔵人頭になったことに対抗して、平氏側からは重盛・宗盛がそれぞれ左大将・右大将になるなど、しばらくは膠着状態が続いた。
- When the cloistered government close aides, FUJIWARA no Sadayoshi and FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi became Kurodo no to (Head of the Imperial Officers), in competition, Shigemori and Munemori from the Taira clan side became Sadaisho (leader of the left Imperial Guards) and Udaisho (leader of the right Imperial Guards) respectively, and a stalemate continued for a while.
- この中で、壇ノ浦に平家を滅ぼしてさらに全国統治の基礎となる守護・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年を画期とする考え方が現在では比較的有力であろう。
- Among these views, in recent years it is the theory that 1185 was the critical year, citing as evidence the Minamoto's annihilation of the Taira clan at Dannoura coupled with Yoritomo's usurpation of the right to appoint shugo and jito--who were the true power base critical to ruling throughout the country--that carries the most relative weight.
- 組織としては現在の大学に類似し、大学頭(「だいがくのかみ」、現在の大学の学長に相当)がトップで、博士(現在の大学教授に相当)が教鞭をとっていた。
- The organizational structure of Daigaku-ryo resembles modern universities; it was headed by 'Daigaku no kami' (Director of the Bureau of Education, equivalent to today's university presidents), and classes were conducted by hakase (equivalent to today's university professors).
- 後白河院政期には、平治の乱と平清盛政権の登場およびその崩壊、治承・寿永の内乱の勃発、源頼朝の鎌倉幕府成立など、武士が一気に台頭する時代となった。
- The period of insei by Goshirakawa was the age in which the samurai quickly rose to power, as can be seen in the Heiji Rebellion, the entry and fall of the government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, the occurrence of Jisho Jyuei Rebellion and the establishment of Kamakura Bakufu by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, etc.
- 畿内において織田信長が台頭し政治の実権を握るとそれらの勢力は駆逐され、信長の配下の丹羽長秀、明智光秀、細川幽斎などが北近畿を支配するようになる。
- When Nobunaga ODA emerged and seized political power in Kinai, the clans were expelled and instead Nagahide NIWA, Mitsuhide AKECHI and Yusai HOSOKAWA under Nobunaga ODA became the ruler of Kitakinki.
- 惣村は、原則としては荘園・公領領主や地頭・守護などによって支配される建前であったが、これら支配者の規制を唯々諾々として受け入れていた訳ではない。
- Although soson was technically governed by the lord of a manor and Imperial estate or shugo and jito (military governor and estate steward), the people of soson had not necessarily accepted the control of these rulers obediently.
- かつては10世紀初頭以降の政治状況・社会状況を指して、中央政府が統治権をほとんど放棄し、地方の無秩序状態をきたした状態と評価されたこともあった。
- In the past, political/social situations in the early 10th century was thought of as a society where the central government abandoned almost of its ruling power and invited the state of chaos in the provinces.
- 一方で守護の権力が強大化し、守護領国制の成立を目指して、在庁官人を含む鎌倉期の地頭、国人を被官化し、国衙や彼らの所持していた領地を掌握し始めた。
- In the meantime, with the strengthened authority of Shugo (provincial constable), aiming for the establishment of the Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor), Shugo lowered the social position of jito and kokujin (local samurai) of Kamakura period to hikan (low-level bureaucrat) and began to take over kokuga (provincial government offices) and their territory.
- 長者が中に収められていた米俵だけでも返してくれと訴えたので、今度は、鉢に乗せた米俵を先頭にし、米俵を数珠繋ぎにして飛ばし、長者のもとまで飛ばす。
- The rich man appeals to Myoren to just give him back rice bags in the granary, and then Myoren makes a rice bag on the bowl, followed by a string of other rice bags, fly back to their original place.
- 治承・寿永の乱によって源頼朝が鎌倉殿となり鎌倉幕府を開くと、鎌倉殿に臣従した武士である御家人をこれまでの郡司、郷司、荘官に代えて地頭に任命した。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) as a result of the Jisho-Juei War and established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), shogunal retainers (of the Kamakura bakufu) who were samurai serving kamakura-dono were substituted for the old gunji, goji, shokan and appointed to jito (manager and lord of manor).
- 彼らは御家人としては鎌倉殿に奉仕し、地頭としては従来の郡司、郷司、荘官の任を引き継いで、徴税、警察、裁判の責任者として国衙と荘園領主に奉仕した。
- They served kamakura-dono as shogunal retainers, while serving kokuga and lords of shoen as jito who were in charge of tax collection, police, and trials to take over the duties of conventional gunji, goji, and shokan.
- 現在では野村万蔵家に、当主九世野村万蔵(早世した野村万之丞=追贈八世野村万蔵の弟)、先代当主野村萬を筆頭に小笠原匡など若手狂言師の活躍も目立つ。
- At present, in the Manzo NOMURA family, there are young Kyogen actors, such as Tadashi OGASAWARA, who are playing active roles, with the family head Manzo NOMURA, the ninth (a younger brother of Mannojo NOMURA who died young and was conferred the style of Manzo NOMURA, the eighth posthumously) and the former family head Man NOMURA leading them.
- 父は鬼のような赤子を持て余し、隣の茨木村の九頭神(くずがみ)の森近くにある髪結いの前に捨て、以後茨木童子は子のいなかった床屋夫妻の子として育った。
- His father, deciding he wouldn't raise a baby so demonic, abandoned him in front of a barber's near the woods of Kuzugami, in the neighboring village of Ibaraki, so thereafter Ibaraki Doji was raised by the barber and his wife, who had no children of their own.
- なお、中世の法慣習では、支配権を有する領主や地頭などが検断権を持つこととされていたが、支配される側の惣村が検断権を持っていた点に大きな特徴がある。
- A major feature was that the laws and customs of the medieval period specified that a lord or a Jito who had the right to rule should have the right of kendan, but the soson under control had such a right.
- 何れにしても、石橋氏の呼称は足利直義派宿老及び評定衆の筆頭にまで上り詰めたため、一家として名を表すことが必要だった事によるものであると考えられる。
- It is possible that the clan, which was promoted to Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA's shukuro (chief vassal) and hyojoshu (members of council of state), needed a name as a clan.
- 幕府財政は、享保の改革での年貢増徴策によって年貢収入は増加したが、宝暦年間(1751年 - 1763年)には頭打ちとなり、再び行き詰まりをみせた。
- Land income tax increased due to an additional tax collection policy in the Kyoho Reforms, but hit a ceiling in the Horeki era (1751 - 1763), after which, the financial affairs of bakufu started to hit an impasse yet again.
- 元々は平曲を演奏する琵琶法師の称号として呼ばれた「検校(けんぎょう)」、「別当(べっとう)」、「勾当(こうとう)」、「座頭(ざとう)」に由来する。
- The word was originally one of the titles for biwa-playing minstrels who played Heikyoku (a narrative which features the Tale of the Heike playing Biwa music): 'Kengyo' (the highest title of the official ranks within the Todo-za), 'Betto' (superintendent), 'Koto' (the third title of the official ranks within the Todo-za), and 'Zato.'
- しかし承久の乱以降は西日本を中心に荘官と地頭が並立する荘園も見られ、後述するように地頭請が行われるようになると、徐々に地頭職という観念が定着した。
- However, after the Jokyu War, shoen in which shokan and jito stood abreast were also seen mainly in western Japan and, as described below, with the beginning of Jitouke (the contract system that manor's owner entrust a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) the conception of Jito shiki gradually took root.
- 朝廷が幕府に対して命じられた公役を御家人・守護・地頭などに転嫁するものと、幕府そのものの運営維持のために幕府が独自に賦課したものという考えである。
- According to this point of view, there were public services ordered by the Imperial court to the bakufu which were shifted onto Gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through the Edo periods), Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward), and taxes and labor imposed independently by the bakufu in order to operate and maintain itself.
- その10世紀初頭の地方社会経済に目を転じると、旧来の郡司の勢力が弱体化しはじめると同時に、王臣子孫も含めた新興勢力・有力農業経営者が台頭を始める。
- When looking at the social situation in districts of the early tenth century, the former gunji (district managers) force weakened simultaneously with the rise of the new power consisting of the posterity of vassals and wealthy farmers.
- 仙洞御所での演能の中止(1429年)や醍醐寺清滝宮の楽頭職を音阿弥と交代させられるなどさまざまな圧迫が世阿弥・元雅親子に加えられた(国史大辞典)。
- Much pressure including the cancellation of the Noh performance at Sento Imperial Palace and replacement of gakuto-shiki (right to play sarugaku) in Daigoji-Temple, Kiyotaki-miya Shrine with Otoami was put on the father and son of Zeami and Motomasa (Great Dictionary of National History).
- 鞍馬天狗の宗十郎頭巾は、単に微行姿であるのみならず、正体を隠した正義の味方であるというその設定によるものであろうが、子供たちに絶大な人気を誇った。
- Sojuro-zukin of Kurama Tengu won children's overwhelming popularity, probably because Kurama Tengu was intriguing for them not only in its incognito appearance but also in its role as a champion of justice with its identity concealed.
- 為扶の孫幸扶は諏訪部幸扶と名乗り、その子孫が出雲国飯石郡の三刀屋郷の地頭職を得て出雲に入り、地名の三刀屋を名字としたことが三刀屋氏の始まりとされる。
- Sachisuke, grandson of Tamesuke, bore the name of SUWABE, whose descendant was hired as a manager and lord of manor in the Mitoya-go district in Iiishi-gun County of Izumo Province and moved to Izumo, and took the placename Mitoya as his family name, which was considered to be the beginning of the Mitoya clan.
- 温室効果ガス削減が容易ではない国は少ない費用で削減が可能となり、削減が容易な国は対価を求めて大量の削減が望めるという、2つの効果を念頭に置いている。
- Two effects are taken into consideration, that is, the countries which have difficulty in reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases can realize it at low cost, whereas the countries not having difficulty in reducing the emissions can achieve remuneration for the emissions reduction in large quantities.
- 堺の両替商、湯浅作兵衛に命じて取り仕切らせ、頭役には、末吉氏の末吉利方(平野(末吉)勘兵衛利方)と子の末吉吉康(吉安)(末吉孫左衛門吉康)がなった。
- There, he ordered the Sakai money changer Sakubei YUASA to supervise the operation, which was headed Yoshikata SUEYOSHI (Kanbei Yoshikata HIRANO (SUEYOSHI) and his son Yoshiyasu (Saemon Yoshiyasu SUEYOSHI).
- 日本国における古代・中世の荘園や荘園公領制下の村落の領主である権門勢家や在地の地頭たちは、その領域 (国家)を明確にして支配の正統性を主張していた。
- In the ancient and medieval periods of Japan, shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or feudal loads of the villages under the system of public lands and private estates, such as the great and powerful or the local jito (manager and lord of manor) set bounds on their territories (states) and insisted the justice of their domination over such territories.
- 1950年代から1960年代前半にかけて長谷川一夫を筆頭に三大女優の京マチ子・山本富士子・若尾文子、そして市川雷蔵 (8代目)、名作を多数送り出す。
- In the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s, Daiei produced a large number of films led by Kazuo HASEGAWA and the three leading actresses Machiko KYO, Fujiko YAMAMOTO and Ayako WAKAO, as well as Raizo ICHIKAWA VIII.
- シリーズ第三作「宗十郎頭巾」以降、主人公鞍馬天狗こと倉田典膳のトレード・マークとなり、ことに嵐寛寿郎の映画によってこのイメージは不動のものとなった。
- From Vol. Ⅲ (titled 'Sojuro-zukin') of the series, Sojuro-zukin became the trademark of the hero Kurama Tengu, or Denzen KURATA, and the image took root when Kanjuro ARASHI starred as Kurama Tengu in its cinematized pieces.
- 信頼は保元2年(1157年)3月に右近権中将になると、10月に蔵人頭、翌年2月に参議・皇后宮権亮、8月に中納言、11月に検非違使別当と急速に昇進する。
- Nobuyori, after being made Ukon no gon no chujo (Provisional Middle Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) in March, 1157, he embarked on a meteoric rise, being promoted to Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) in October, and then in 1158 was named Sangi (councillor) and Kogo no miya gon no suke (Provisional Assistant Master of the Empress's Household) in February, then Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) in August, and finally Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) in November.
- またこれと並行して、守護は強い経済力をもって、上記の在庁官人の他、国内の地頭・名主といった有力者(当時、国人と呼ばれた)をも被官(家臣)にしていった。
- In parallel with these processes, the shugo, with their strong economy, recruited as vassals even influential figures called kokujin, such as the jito (estate steward) and the myoshu (owner of the paddy field) in the province, in addition to the zaicho-kannin mentioned above.
- 当初は舞鶴西港に発着していたが、増大する輸送力に対応するため、1990年(平成2年)舞鶴東港に国内貿易の拠点埠頭として整備されたのが、前島埠頭である。
- Initially, the ferry arrived at and departed from Maizuru-Nishi Port (Maizuru West Port); Maejima Wharf was constructed in Maizuru-Higashi Port (Maizuru East Port) in 1990 as a core wharf for domestic trade and to cope with increased transportation occurring in Maizuru-Nishi Port.
- 一方奥熊野では、新宮の堀内氏善が4月13日以前には降伏したのを筆頭に、高河原貞盛・小山・色川盛直氏らはいずれも上方勢に帰順し、それぞれ本領安堵された。
- On the other hand, in Okukumano, after Ujiyoshi HORINOUCHI at Shingu surrendered before May 12, Sadamori TAKAGAWARA, Koyama, Morinao IROKAWA and others returned to allegiance with the Kamigata army and each of them received honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate).
- また座頭相撲など見せ物に就く者たちもいたり、元禄頃から官位昇格費用の取得を容易にするために高利の金貸しが公認されたので、悪辣な金融業者となる者もいた。
- Also, some blind people worked in the show business such as zato sumo or became unscrupulous moneylenders because high interest money lending business was officially approved around the Genroku era to help the blind to get money for the promotion of the official court rank.
- つまり、鎌倉期の地頭は、在地領主として勧農を実施することで、現地の実効支配権をも主張したのであり、このようにして地頭による荘園侵略が行われたのである。
- That is, jito during the Kamakura period insisted on their effective authority by practicing the kanno as local landlords and in this way the jito's invasion of the shoens was completed.
- その形態は、冒頭の次第もしくはワキの名乗から道行などまでのワキを中心とする段を演じた後、前場の残りの部分を略し、待謡以降を演奏するといったものである。
- The style of 'Han-Noh' shortens 'Maeba' scenes after initial 'shidai' (one of component parts of a Noh play) or 'dan' (a section) including 'nanori' (announcement of one's name) and 'michiyuki' (going on a road) of 'Waki' (supporting actor), and performs scenes after machi-utai (a song sung by a waki in the middle of a noh play).
- 平氏政権は、各地の武士を系列化したり、家人の武士を各地へ派遣し、知行国においては国守護人、荘園においては地頭と呼ばれる職に任命して現地支配に当たらせた。
- The Taira clan administration organized the local bushi and sent their retainers to provinces and assigned them as local custodians at provinces and Jito at shoens in order to facilitate local governance.
- 国司は、国内の国衙領(公田)を名田へ再編成し、当時台頭していた富豪層へ名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負わせることで、租税を確実に収取するようになっていった。
- The kokushi reorganized the kokugaryo (public fields administered directly by a ruler) in the province into the myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and by entrusting the myoden and tax management to the newly-influential wealthy class, they ensured the collection of taxes.
- 美濃の守護職を務める頼忠の子の土岐頼益は、優れた武将で合戦でたびたび戦功があり、「幕府七頭」の一家として評定衆に列し、侍所別当として幕閣の重鎮となった。
- Mino no Shugo (provincial constable of Mino Province) Yorimasu TOKI, the son of Yoritada, was an excellent busho (military commander) and often distingushed himself in battles, who was listed in Hyojoshu (a member of the Council of State) as one of the head of the Bakufu-Shichito (7 greatest families of bakufu), and became a grand person of the Shogunal cabinet as Samurai-dokoro betto (an administrator of the Board of Retainers).
- 義政は、守護大名を統率する覇気に乏しく、もっぱら茶・作庭・猿楽などに没頭し、幕政は実力者の管領家の勝元・四職家の宗全、正室の日野富子らに左右されていた。
- As Yoshimasa lacked dynamism to lead shugo daimyos and immersed himself solely in tea ceremony, gardening and sarugaku plays, the actual steering of the Bakufu was in the hands of strongmen including Katsumoto of the deputy family, Sozen of one of Shishoku ke (four families appointed to deputy directorship of the Board of Retainers) and Yoshimasa's legitimate wife Tomiko HINO.
- また、律令の規定に関わらず大臣・大納言は中納言・蔵人頭・近衛大将とともに内裏内に置かれた宿直所(とのいどころ)・直盧(じきろ)に宿直して緊急事態に備えた。
- In spite of the provisions of the Ritsuryo Code, ministers and Dainagon, along with Chunagon, Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) and Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), stayed at Tonoidokoro (Tonoi's station) and Jikiro (ministers and counselors' station for attendance) in the Imperial Palace during the night in order to prepare for an emergency.
- 第二次世界大戦後の1950年代初頭、新たな「国民歌」を作ろうと日本教職員組合と壽屋(現:サントリー)がそれぞれ募集し、別々に「新国民歌」を選定し公表した。
- After World War II, at the beginning of the 1950s, the Japan Teachers Union and Kotobukiya (now Suntory) respectively accepted entries, selected and announced 'Shinkokuminka' (new national anthems), in an attempt to create a new 'kokuminka' (national anthem).
- だが皮肉なことに、この朱子学の台頭によって天皇を中心とした国づくりをするべきという尊皇論と尊王運動が起こり、後の倒幕運動と明治維新へ繋がっていくのである。
- Ironically, however, the rise of Neo-Confucianism triggered the sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) and the movement to show reverence for the emperor for establishing an Emperor-centered nation, which led to the movement to overthrow the Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration.
- 地方においても、形骸化していた律令制の官の復権である国司と、鎌倉幕府以来の武家による統治機構である守護・地頭の並立は、当初から新政の矛盾を示すものであった。
- In rural areas, as well, having the position of the provincial governor, working to revitalize the officers of the Ritsuryo system who had become mere empty figureheads, coexisting with the Protectors and jito (estate stewards), who had been part of the system of government by the samurai clans since the founding of the Kamakura bakufu, revealed the contradictions of the new government right from the beginning.
- しかし、鎌倉後期ごろになると、地頭が荘園・公領支配へ進出していったことにより、名を中心とした生活経済は急速に姿を消していき、従来の荘園公領制が変質し始めた。
- However, in the late Kamakura period, since Jito (a manager and lord of the manor) moved into the governance of the manor and public land, the livelihood and economy that had been dependent on the myo rapidly disappeared, and the conventional shoen koryo sei began to change.
- 鎌倉時代には陸奥国・下野国・常陸国の他にも出雲国、但馬国、伊勢国、駿河国、備中国、上野国、出羽国、越後国などでも地頭職を得ており、各地に分流が派生している。
- During the Kamakura Period, the Date clan was appointed as jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) not only in Mutsu Province, Shimotsuke Province and Hitachi Province, but also in other provinces including Izumo Province, Tajima Province, Ise Province, Suruga Province, Bicchu Province, Kozuke Province, Dewa Province and Echigo Province, which helped its branch families spread in those areas.
- 単純に三都市の頭文字を取ったもので、「京阪神三大学(京都大学・大阪大学・神戸大学)」など三都市に限った事象や施設を一つのグループとして表現する際に使用する。
- As it is made up simply of the initial sounds of the three city names, it is used when describing events and facilities limited to those three cities as one group, such as 'The Three Keihanshin Universities (Kyoto University, Osaka University and Kobe University),' etc.
- ドッコちゃんのドッコとは、福知山音頭にたびたび繰り返される「ドッコイセ」という独特のフレーズから由来し、ドッコちゃんはその踊り子をモチーフにしたものである。
- Dokko of Dokko-chan originates from a unique phrase of 'Dokkoise' repeated in the Fukuchiyama Ondo dance song; Dokko-chan is based on the motif of a dancer.
- このようにして、中世末期から近世の初頭にかけて日本の海上勢力は自立した海賊衆から大名の統制に服して公権力の海上における軍事力である水軍に転化させられてゆく。
- As mentioned above, from the end of middle ages to the early modern ages, the armed forces on the sea in Japan changed from independent kaizoku shu to suigun that was put under control of daimyo and incorporated into military force of public power on the sea.
- 尊卑文脈によれば、有光~四代目の世代(鎌倉前期)の頃に、陸奥石川氏は一族・庶流の分立を進め、城・館を築き石川庄の村々に一族の地頭を配置していったと思われる。
- According to Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble, during the period of the generations from Arimitsu to the fourth head of the clan (the early Kamakura period), the Mutsu Ishikawa clan seemed to have promoted separation of the clan and the illegitimate lineage, have built castles and residents and have posted managers and lords of the manors of the clan in hamlets in the Ishikawa village.
- 摂津源氏の流れを汲む源頼行(源頼政の弟)を祖とする一族であり、頼行の孫である源頼連が鎌倉時代に越後国小国保(新潟県長岡市小国町)の地頭となり小国氏を称した。
- The first generation was MINAMOTO no Yoriyuki (a younger brother of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa), who was descended from Settsu Genji (Minamoto clan), and in the Kamakura period his grandchild MINAMOTO no Yoritsura became the jito (land steward) of Oguniho in Echigo Province (the present-day Oguni-cho, Nagaoka City, Nigata Prefecture) and took the name of Oguni.
- 隋唐を承け、北宋を経過した儒学は、南宋中頃以後に徐々に道学と呼ばれる思想集団が頭を擡げ、南宋中頃に朱熹が道学を集大成して、遂に江南思想界を席巻するに及んだ。
- In Confucianism, which had emerged before the Sui and Tang Dynasties and continued through the Northern Song Dynasty, an ideological group called Dogaku gradually rose to the fore after the middle of the Southern Sung period, when it was founded by Zhu Xi, and came to dominate ideological circles in the Jiang Nan area.
- 室町時代になると、守護の権力が強大化し、守護領国制の成立を目指して、在庁官人を含む鎌倉期の地頭、国人を被官化し、国衙や彼らの所持していた領地を掌握し始めた。
- In the Muromachi period, shugo (provincial constables) became powerful and lowered official positions of jito and kokujin (local samurai) from the Kamakura period including zaichokanjin (local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods) and started to control the lands owned by kokuga, jito, or kokujin with the goal to establish the shugo-ryogoku system (the system where a shugo dominates a manor).
- 鎌倉幕府による地頭の任命は、承久の乱後、当初の関東御分国や平氏没官領、謀反人領のみから、後鳥羽天皇方につき没収された貴族・武士の所領に拡大した(新補地頭)。
- After the Jokyu War, the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed jito in the confiscated territory of court nobles/samurai who had sided with the Emperor Gotoba (shinpo-jito (newly appointed jito)), in addition to the provincial territories that belonged to the Kamakura Bakufu and the confiscated territories of the Taira clan and/or rebels where it had appointed jito earlier.
- しかし、義仲が受領(従五位下左馬頭・越後守)任官を果たした(『玉葉』八月十日条)のに対し、頼朝には本来の官位復帰すら与えられず、謀叛人の身分のままとされた。
- However, while Yoshinaka was appointed as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) of Echigo no kami (Provincial Governor of Echigo) whose rank was Samanokami (the head of the section taking care of imperial horses) of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)(according to the section of the 10th day of the 8th month in the 'Gyokuyo'), Yoritomo was not even allowed to regain an official court rank, and his social position as a rebel was retained.
- その間、理髪の女房、童女、陪従、下仕などの介錯の女房以外は、同殿にはいることを許されず、蔵人頭もしくは行事蔵人のほかは戸外に伺うこともできない定めであった。
- During the preparation and performance, nobody other than the hairdressing women, the warawame, the beiju (attendant of the Emperor) and the attendant court ladies were allowed to enter the palace, and anyone other than the Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) or Gyoji no kurodo was not allowed to even approach the palace.
- しかし従来の饅頭は肉を使ってしまう(本来の仏教では肉食は禁じられていないが、日本では肉食を禁じた)ので、代わりに小豆を使った饅頭が考案されたと言われている。
- It is said that manju stuffed with azuki bean filling was created because original manju was stuffed with meat (eating meat was prohibited in Japan while it was not originally prohibited by Buddhism).
- この方針転換は、民間の有力者に権限を委譲してこれを現地赴任の筆頭国司(受領)が統括することにより新たな支配体制を構築するものであり、これを王朝国家体制という。
- This change was conducted to establish the new ruling system by delegating some power to local influential people under the control of the head of the provincial governors (the head of Kokushi, Zuryo), who were dispatched there: the system was called the dynasty state system.
- ところが、これらの荘園の多くに幕府の地頭が置かれるようになると、しばしば年貢の未納などが起こり、荘園領主である後鳥羽上皇やその近臣と紛争を起こすようになった。
- However, because many of these private estates were located in places where the shogunate held sway, tax payments and so forth were frequently late, and the retired Emperor Gotoba, the overlord, or one of his vassals often became embroiled in disputes with the local overseers.
- 将軍の足利義昭が音頭を取り、比叡山、本願寺、武田信玄、上杉謙信、朝倉義景、浅井長政、松永久秀、三好三人衆、毛利輝元ら反信長派が結集して信長包囲網を築き上げた。
- Under the leadership of shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, anti-Nobunaga forces such as Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, Hieizan (Enryaku-ji Temple), Hongan-ji Temple, Shingen TAKEDA, Kenshin UESUGI, Yoshikage ASAKURA, Nagamasa AZAI, Hisahide MATSUNAGA, Miyoshi sanninshu, and Terumoto MORI gathered together and established encircling formation.
- 1598年に秀吉が死ぬと、後事を託された有力大名の中から徳川家康が台頭し、1600年の関ヶ原の戦いで石田三成ら豊臣政権擁護派の諸大名を倒し、覇権を打ちたてる。
- After Hideyoshi died in 1598, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA began to emerge out of the powerful daimyo who were consigned by Hideyoshi to take care of the posthumous affaires, and in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Ieyasu defeated the daimyo who were in support of the Toyotomi administration, including Mitsunari ISHIDA, and achieved to dominate the country.
- 松島では原典通り東から「松島、天橋立、厳島」、厳島では西から「厳島、天橋立、松島」、天橋立では「天橋立、松島、厳島」と、それぞれ自らを三景の筆頭に置いている。
- Own spot is placed at the top like 'Matsushima, Amanohashidate and Itsukushima' in Matsushima which follows the order from east as described in original literature in Matsushima, 'Itsukushima, Amanohashidate and Matsushima' in Itsukushima, which follows the order from the west, and 'Amanohashidate, Matsushima and Itsukushima' in Amanohashidate.
- そこで京都府などでは新たな専用埠頭を建設し、5万トン級のフルコンテナ船が就航できる多目的国際埠頭として2010年(平成22年)の供給を目指し整備を行っている。
- In order to meet the supply in 2010, Kyoto Prefecture is constructing and developing a dedicated wharf to work as a multipurpose international wharf responding to 50,000 ton-class full-container vessels.
- 冒頭の「官武一途」は語は福岡孝弟の修正案で追加されたものであり、「官」とは太政官すなわち中央政府、「武」とは武家すなわち地方の諸侯、「一途」は一体を意味する。
- The word '官武一途 (no less than the civil and military officials)' at the beginning was added in the revised draft of Takachika FUKUOKA and '官 (the civil officials) ' means Daijokan (the Great Council of State) and central government, '武 (the military officials) ' means military families and regional lords, '一途 (no less than) ' means united.
- 狭い川中島を巡る局地戦で、信玄と謙信が兵力と10年以上の時間を浪費したため、いたずらに信長の台頭を許す結果になったと、古来、多くの論者がこの戦いを評している。
- From old times, many pundits have evaluated this battle in the following way: Shingen and Kenshin consumed lots of forces and the time of more than ten years in local battles over the control of the narrow Kawanakajima area, unnecessarily allowing Nobunaga to gain dominant power.
- こうした地侍たちは、安土桃山期の兵農分離(刀狩など)によって郷士や再度、百姓身分に戻り、庄屋・名主・肝煎・番頭など村の指導者としての地位に就くことが多かった。
- In most cases, these Ji-zamurai returned to the position of farmers due to the separation policy of samurai and farmers such as the sword hunt during the Azuchi Momoyama period and took the leaders' position of the villages such as Shoya, Nanushi, Kimoiri, and Banto.
- 東国から赴任した地頭が現地の開発領主や名主の上に位置した西日本を中心に、もう一つの解決手法として見られたのが、地頭と領主との間で下地を折半する下地中分である。
- Another measure, which was seen mainly in the western part of Japan where jito came from the eastern part of Japan were placed higher than local kaihatsu-ryoshu or myoshu (owner of rice field), was Shitaji chubun by which jito and the lord of shoen divided the land equally.
- 史料によれば、平氏政権は支配地域の勢力を武士として系列化し、知行国・荘園に国守護人・地頭などといった従来あまり見られなかった職を置いて、半軍事的な支配を進めた。
- According to historical documents, the Taira clan administration organized the forces in areas under its control as bushi, and established positions such as Province bakufu officers and Jito in their fiefdom and shoen, and developed a semi-militaristic control.
- 慶長3年(1598年)秀吉が死去すると、五大老の筆頭である徳川家康が頭角を現し朝鮮遠征軍撤退の和平交渉でも主導権を握り実質的な政権運営者へとのし上がっていった。
- When Hideyoshi died in 1598, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was the leader of the Council of Five Elders (五大老), started to distinguish himself and took the lead in negotiations for peace through the withdrawal of the army, which had advanced into Korea; subsequently, he became the person who virtually controlled the government.
- 更に鎌倉時代になると、雑役免の領主が地頭化して耕作民を在家と呼んで、夫役以外の公事に相当する雑公事や雑役に相当する在家役を賦課して自己のものにする例が見られた。
- During the Kamakura period, some landlords of Zoyakumen became jito (manager and lord of shoen), and they imposed zatsukuji, which corresponded to kuji other than buyaku (compulsory labor service), and zaikeeki, which corresponded to zatsueki, for their own interest while calling farmers zaike.
- 10世紀初頭頃から、公田は名田と呼ばれる租税収取の基礎単位へ編成され、現地の富豪層(田堵・負名層)が名田経営と租税納入を請け負うという名体制が形成されていった。
- In the early 10th century, Koden was reorganized into the base for taxing called Myoden (rice field lots managed by a nominal holder) and the system called Myo-system, under which local wealthy peasants (Tato (cultivators)/Fumyoso (tiller of the public rice field)) were responsible for the management of Myoden as well as land tax payment, was established.
- すなわち、天・地の二巻がその冒頭に置かれるのは動かないとして、以下の四方位の巻を先の東・南・西・北とするのか、あるいは東・西・南・北とすべきかということである。
- That is, supposing the order of the first two volumes of Heaven and Earth was absolute, the problem was whether the order of the other four volumes of direction should be East, South, West, and North, or alternatively East, West, South, and North.
- ある土地からの収穫物またはその土地自体に対して、百姓・名主・荘官・地頭・領家・本家などといった多様な権利が重層的に存在していたのである(これを職の体系という)。
- Farmers, myoshu (owner of rice fields), shokan (an officer governing shoen or manor), jito (manager and lord of manor), ryoke (a lord of a manor) and head family had their ownership to harvests generated from a certain piece of land or to a certain piece of land itself and these various ownerships were multilayered (this is called 'shiki no taikei (定訳不明, framework of tasks or authorities in specific functions of administration.)'
- この時、周辺にいた公卿・官人らが巻き込まれ、公卿では大納言民部卿の藤原清貫が衣服に引火した上に胸を焼かれて即死、右中弁内蔵頭の平希世も顔を焼かれて重傷を負った。
- The court nobles and government officials at the scene were injured: among the court nobles, Dainagon (Major Counselor), Minbukyo (Minister of Popular Affairs) FUJIWARA no Kiyotsura's robe caught fire, his chest was burnt and he died instantly, and Uchuben (Middle Controller of the Right) Kura no kami, (Chief of Kuraryo, Bureau of Palace Storehouses) TAIRA no Mareyo, suffered burns on his face, which was a serious injury.
- そのため、国衙は国司四等官全員が郡司層を介して戸籍に登録された公民単位に徴税を行うのではなく、筆頭国司たる受領が富豪層を把握して彼らから徴税を行うようになった。
- Thus, instead of having all kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor) collect tax via the gunji class from each citizen unit registered in a family registry, kokuga collected tax from zuryo, the head of the provincial governors, who grasped people of the rich and powerful class and collected tax from them.
- 中世以降壬生家は官務に加え修理東大寺大仏長官(または造東大寺次官)・主殿頭、のち室町時代末期に大宮家が断絶したため、壬生孝亮以降は算博士も世襲することとなった。
- From the Middle Ages onwards, the Mibu family held the positions of repair section chief of Todai-ji-Temple Great Buddha, the chief of Tonomonoryo (Palace Custodians and Supply Bureau), and also, from when the Omiya family was discontinued at the end of Muromachi period, sanhakase (a position teaching mathematics and growing mathematicians) after the era of Takasuke MIBU.
- しかしこの『玩貨名物記』は道具を御三家を筆頭とした家柄によって序列しており、道具の価値も姿形の優秀さではなく、所持する大名家の格によって決定されるようになった。
- However, this 'Ganka meibutsuki' graded tea utensils in order of the family lineage of the owners, such as the three privileged branches of the Tokugawa, while prices of tea utensils were not determined according to their superiority in their appearance but to the rank of the Daimyo family (feudal lords family) which owned the utensils.
- 1932年、松竹・新宿第一劇場(現:大塚家具新宿店)で青年歌舞伎を結成し座頭をつとめる(書き出坂東志うか(十四代目守田勘弥)、トメ四代目片岡我當(千代之助))。
- In 1932, he founded Seinen-kabuki (youth kabuki troupe) in Shinjuku Daiichi Gekijo (currently the Shinjuku branch of Otsuka Furniture Store) of Shochiku, and he led the troupe (as kakidashi, a young actor gaining popularity who appears first on the actors' name board) along with Shiuka BANDO (Kanya MORITA XIV) and tome (the core actor appearing last on the actors' name board) Gafu KATAOKA IV (Chiyonosuke).
- このことで、太上天皇の地位は後任の天皇から与えられることに根拠を持つものに変質し、在位の天皇の優位性が確立して、二頭政治・二重権力の弊害は解消されることになった。
- This led to a change in the position of retired emperor as a position to be given by the coming emperor, and established the superiority of the residing emperor, relieving the harmful effects of diarchy/dual power.
- 斯波氏は家柄としては三管領の筆頭を誇り勢力も大きいことから嫡流も奥州に拠点を持った斯波氏の一門(高水寺斯波氏、大崎氏、最上氏、天童氏など)らも当初は大いに栄えた。
- The Shiba clan with such a high social standing as the head of the Sankanrei (Three deputies) was so powerfulthat both the head family and the branch families of the Shiba clan based in Oshu (the Kosuiji Shiba clan, the Osaki clan, the Mogami clan, the Tendo clan, and so on) were fairly prosperous at first.
- そのため、軍団兵士制を支えてきた戸籍制度を維持する必要性も低下していき、9世紀初頭以降、律令制の基盤となっていた戸籍を通じた個別人身支配が急速に形骸化していった。
- Therefore, the necessity of maintaining the family registration system having supported the gundan-soldier system diminished, and the control of individual persons through the family register, which constituted the base of the ritsuryo-code-based nation, rapidly became a dead letter in early ninth century.
- これらの原因は、俘囚らによる処遇改善要求であったと考えられているが、こうした事態に頭を悩ませた朝廷は、897年(寛平9)、移配俘囚を奥羽へ送還する政策を打ち出した。
- It is thought that these rebellions occurred as outcries for improvement of how to treat the Fushu, but the Imperial Court, which did not know how to handle the situation, announced its policy of sending emigrated Fushu back to Ou (Mutsu Province and Dewa Province) in 897.
- 寛正4年(1463年)12月に、信濃守護職を得た越後守護上杉房定の一族上杉右馬頭が高井郡高橋(中野市西条)に攻め入った際には、高梨政高がこれを討取ってしまっている。
- Masataka TAKANASHI defeated Uesugi Umanokami (Captain of the Right Division of Bureau of Horses), who was the appointed Shinano governor, a member of Fusasada UESUGI, Echigo governor when Umanokami invaded Takahashi, Takai County (Saijo, Nakano City).
- 明治元年閏4月に明治新政府の政治体制を定めた政体書は、劈頭で「大いに斯国是を定め制度規律を建てるは御誓文を以て目的とす」と掲げ、続いて御誓文の五箇条全文を引用した。
- In April 1868, the Constitution of the New Meiji Government regime declared 'to define Charter Oath as the objectives, establish new national policy, systems and regulations' and consequently quoted whole texts of Five Articles.
- 20世紀初頭まで続いた李氏朝鮮では、各国王一代の編年記録(実録)が編纂されつづけ、『朝鮮王朝実録』と呼ばれているが、紀伝体による李氏朝鮮王朝の正史は作られていない。
- During the era of the Joseon dynasty, which lasted until the beginning of the twentieth century, the chronological accounts (veritable records) of each king's reign continued to be compiled into what is called the 'Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty', but no official history in the biographical annal format was ever created for the Joseon dynasty.
- 酒屋の店頭には、いろいろな酒蔵から買いつけてきた酒が菰(こも)をかぶった樽に入れられて置かれており、客の好みに合わせて、酒屋の主人がそれらをブレンドして売っていた。
- At that time, in a sakaya, sake barrels wrapped in a rush mat, which the shop bought from various sake factories, were placed, and for selling sake, the shop owner blended sake from these barrels so as to meet each customer's taste.
- 同時に、任国の旧地頭層の系譜をひく国人領主を被官として従属させ、院宮王臣家や寺社の荘園にも守護請など一定の収税権を獲得するなど、強い勢力基盤を形成するようになった。
- At the same time, they made the descendents of a Jito (military land steward) called Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai) their subordinates, acquired the authority to collect taxes from shoen owned by Ingu oshinke, temples and shrines, and strengthened their power base.
- 「二月本」には冒頭に「珠光一紙目録」という資料が掲載され、自らの茶の湯の起源を村田珠光(応永30年・1423年 - 文亀2年・1502年)に遡らせて権威付けている。
- Juko Isshi Mokuroku' (Juko's diary about the way to becoming a connoisseur) included at the beginning of the 'February edition' states that his Way of Tea was originated from Juko MURATA (1423 to 1502), thus authorizing his practice.
- 伝承によると、村上源氏・源季房(季方とも)が播磨国佐用荘に配流され、後裔の宇野則景の嗣子家範が赤松村地頭代官となったことから赤松氏を称した(真偽不明)と言われている。
- According to a legend, Murakami Genji (Minamoto clan) MINAMOTO no Suefusa (or Suekata) was deported to Sayo-so (estate) in Harima Province, and when Ienori, the heir of Norikage UNO who was the descendant of Suefusa (or Sukekata) became the Jito-daikan (deputy jito [estate steward]) in Akamatsu-mura Village, Ienori began to proclaim 'the Akamatsu clan' (Dubious authenticity.)
- 同年、源義経・源行家が頼朝政権の内規に違反したことを契機に、頼朝は両者追討の院宣を後白河法皇から獲得するとともに、両者の追捕を名目に、守護・地頭の任免権を承認させた。
- In the same year, when MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and MINAMOTO no Yukiie breached the bylaws of the Yoritomo administration, Yoritomo received an inzen (a decree from the retired emperor) from Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa to seek and destroy both of them and, in the name of this task, had the retired emperor approve his right to appoint and dismiss Shugo and Jito.
- 信繁を討った松平忠直隊鉄砲組頭西尾宗次は信繁を討ったときを誇張して報告した為に、家康は宗次の「信繁を討ち取った」という報告を真に受けようとしなかったとも言われている。
- Munetsugu NISHIO, the captain of the Tadanao MATSUDAIRA gun unit reported the scene when he killed Shigonobu so exaggeratedly that Ieyasu is said not to have taken Munetsugu's report that he killed Shigenobu to be true.
- 8世紀初頭に成立した律令制のもとでは、公田のうち口分田を班給した後に余った乗田を国衙が百姓らに貸し付けて、収穫物の2割を納入させる賃租の規定があった(「田令公田条)。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) established at the beginning of the 8th century, there was a provision of chinso (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) that, after hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the field given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system), kokuga (provincial government offices) lent peasants joden (rest of the field after kubunden was given) from the remaining koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) and charged 20 percent of their harvest as jishi (according to 'Denryo-koden-jo).
- 9世紀後期に至って律令制的な人民支配・租税収取に限界が生じたため、10世紀初頭より、地方政治への大幅な統治委任や個別人身支配から土地課税原則への方針転換が進められた。
- As the limitation of people-based governance/tax collection under the Ritsuryo system became clear in the late 9th century, policy changes, such as substantial delegation of authority to local administrative bodies and the switch from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, were implemented in early 10th century.
- かつ、「遊仙窟」の注に「以(レ)玉刻為(二)獅子(一)、安(二)牀頭(一)、避(二)鬼魅(一)、竝得(レ)鎮(二)押氈席(一)」((一)(二)(レ)は返り点)とある。
- In addition, in the annotation of 'Yusenkutsu' (a Chinese novel by Chosaku in the Tang-Dynasty period), there is a description, 'To place stone-carved shishi lion in a bedroom is effective to avert monsters, goblins, and ghosts as well as to press the carpet.'
- (当時はワキが地頭を兼ねたため、地謡はワキ方とシテ方両方が担当することが多かった。このため素謡教授にもシテ方・ワキ方が並立し、特に京都ではワキ方の勢力がつよかった。)
- (At that time, waki also acted as jigashira [the leader of the group reciters], so both waki-kata and shite-kata often played a part of jiutai [Noh chorus]; therefore, shite-kata and waki-kata also existed among su-utai teachers and especially, waki-kata were influential in Kyoto.)
- 男性がこの舞を舞うときは伝説に則して竜頭を模した仮面を用いるが、女性や子供が舞う場合は優しい顔立ちであった高長恭になぞらえてか化粧を施しただけの素顔で舞うこともある。
- When a male dances Ranryo-o, he wears a dragonhead shaped mask in accordance with the legend, but when a female or a child dances the number, he or she only wears makeup without a mask possibly because of imitating the graceful feature of Changgong GAO.
- 一般に江戸期にあっても、医師、茶頭、茶坊主、お抱町人などにおいては十徳に着流しが正装であるとされることが多く、これは室町期の町人風俗に基づくものであろうと考えられる。
- Generally even in the Edo period, kinagashi with jittoku on is often considered to be a formal attire for doctors, sado (a person in charge of the tea ceremony), chabozu (tea-server), hired commoners in towns, and so on, which is thought to be based on the lifestyle of the commoners in towns in the Muromachi period.
- 10世紀頃から、律令制で規定していた古代の戸籍制度・班田収授による租税制度がほぼ崩壊し、現地派遣の筆頭国司である受領へ租税納入を請け負わせる国司請負制へと移行し始めた。
- Since around the 10th century, the tax system consisting of the ancient family registration system and handen shuju sei (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land) stipulated by the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) had almost collapsed, gradually shifting into the kokushi ukeoi system, which made Zuryo (the head of Kokushi [provincial governors] who was sent to local provinces to administer) undertake tax collection in their provinces.
- 日本の税体系は,10世紀頃の籍帳支配崩壊に伴う公地公民制の崩壊をうけて,課税が個別的人身賦課方式から土地賦課方式へ転換されるまで,人頭税を財源の中心とするものであった。
- Jintozei (primitive taxes which were imposed individually) were the core financial resources in the tax system of Japan until around the 10th century, when the taxation system was converted from an individual tax imposition system to a land tax imposition system: this conversion was triggered by the collapse of the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens, after the managing system based on the family register and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) had collapsed.
- 鎌倉時代以降、大和国守護は興福寺が務めており、筒井氏もその衆徒として組み込まれるが、戦国時代 (日本)に入ると興福寺の勢力が衰退し、筒井氏や越智氏の勢力が台頭してくる。
- After the Kamakura period, Kofuku-ji Temple served as Shugo (provincial constable) of Yamato Province, and the Tsutsui clan served it as Shuto (group of monk-soldiers of temple); in the Sengoku period, Kofuku-ji Temple went into a decline, and local clans such as the Tsutsui clan and the Ochi clan began to rise in exchange.
- 弘文院設立の時期は『日本後紀』の散逸などにより不明であるが、広世に関する他の記事から延暦年間末期から大同 (日本)年間初頭(大同元年は806年)の設立と推定されている。
- It was impossible to know when the Kobunin was founded mainly because 'Nihon Koki' was scattered and ultimately lost; but from the other records of Hiroyo, it was estimated that the Kobunin was founded from the end of the Enryaku era (782 - 806) to the beginning of the Daido era (the first year of Daido was 806).
- 1960年代半ば頃(昭和40年代初頭)には、都市部の小中学校で水着に用いられて褌は廃止の方向に向かい、現在では日本泳法の流れを汲むごく一部の学校で使われるのみとなった。
- In the mid-1960s elementary and junior high schools in cities started to discontinue their use of fundoshi as swimwear, and presently fundoshi is used only at a very few schools descended from schools of traditional Japanese swimming.
- そして最後には信輔が摂関家筆頭としての近衛家の立場を強調すれば、昭実も正平の一統後の混乱下での二条家による後光厳天皇擁立の功績をあげるなど議論は泥沼化の様相を見せ始めた。
- In the end, Nobusuke emphasized the position of the Konoe family as the head of the sekkanke (family lines of regents and chief advisors) while Akizane pointed out the Nijo family's success in supporting Emperor Gokogon amid the turmoil after the Shohei no Itto (temporal unification of the Northern and Southern Courts by the Southern Court); their arguments were getting more and more chaotic.
- ばさらに対して批判的な古典『太平記』には、源家足利氏筆頭執事の高師直や近江国(滋賀県)の佐々木道誉(高氏)や美濃国(岐阜県)の土岐頼遠などのばさら的な行動が記されている。
- The writer of the classic epic 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) was clearly critical about basara, and in it, the basara-like behaviors the people such as KO no Moronao, a head steward of the Genke Ashikaga clan, Doyo SASAKI (Takauji) of Omi Province (Shiga Prefecture), and Yorito TOKI of Mino Province (Gifu Prefecture), are described
- この時代を象徴する言葉として有名なものに「散切り頭を叩いてみれば、文明開化の音がする」という言葉があり、散切物と呼ばれる歌舞伎芸能の新形態発生などといった現象がみられる。
- There was a well-known phrase describing the period, saying that 'Zangiri atama wo tataite mireba, Bunmei Kaika no otogasuru,' ('Knocking on the short-cut hair by removing a topknot, we can hear the sound of civilization') which became the origin of the movement to produce a new style in Kabuki theatrical play called 'Zangiri-mono.'
- 薩軍の球磨川北部の守りが薄かったので、別働第2旅団は12日から25日までの13日間に五木荘道の頭治・竹の原、球磨川道の神瀬、種山道、仰烏帽子岳など多くの要地を陥落させた。
- By taking advantage of the Satsuma army's insufficient defenses on the northern part of the Kuma-gawa River, the detached 2nd brigade seized many strategically important places including Toji and Takenohara along the Itsukiso-do Road, Konose along the Kumagawa-do Road, the Shuzan-do Road, and Mt. Nokeboshi during the 13 days from May 12 to 25.
- ロドリゴ・デ・ビベロによって1609年ごろに15万人と伝えられた江戸の人口は、18世紀初頭には100万人を超え、世界一ないしはそれに匹敵する規模であったと推定されている。
- The population of Edo, which was reported by Rodrigo de Viveroto be around one-hundred-fifty-thousand in 1609, exceeded the one million mark at the turn of the eighteenth century--prompting many to presume that Edo had become one of the biggest if not the biggest city in the world.
- 全六巻の内容は、天・地・東・南・西・北の順で見たとき、冒頭の天巻では中国語(古代漢語)に見られる声調変化、四声の原理を説き、地巻では詩の形式や描くべき題材について述べる。
- Concerning the contents of the total of six volumes, when the order was Heaven, Earth, East, South, West, and North, the first volume of Heaven described the shift of the tone seen in the Chinese (the ancient kango [words of Chinese origin]) as well as the principle of the four tones, while in the volume of Earth described the format of the poetry and materials to be depicted.
- なお、ここに示す順序・内訳は12万5千石の石高を有する大名、前橋藩酒井氏雅楽頭酒井家が持つ九つの備の内、本多民部左衛門備の行軍中におけるそれを示す(高木昭作 1990)。
- The order and the breakdown shown here are those of Minbusaemon HONDA's sonae during a military march, which was one of the nine sonae that belonged to the Maebashi Domain Sakai clan Uta no Kami (director of bureau of music) Sakai family, who was a daimyo with a kokudaka of 125,000 koku (Shosaku TAKAGI 1990).
- ただし、後世には太政官の一上(あるいは摂関)が事前に内容を確認して改めて密封を行って天文博士に返却してから改めて陰陽頭に提出する形式となる(『西宮記』・『新儀式』など)。
- In later ages, a procedure was established such that ichinokami (the ranking Council Member) of Daijokan (Grand Council of State or Sekkan - regents and advisers) confirmed the contents in advance, sealed the documents again, and returned them to tenmon hakase, and then the documents were submitted to Onmyo no kami (according to 'Saikyuki' - record of court practices and usage, written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki in Chinese style), 'Shingishiki' (New Procedures in Administration.)
- 差出相手の下と本文冒頭において「牒」という1文字をそれぞれに加え、更に書止には「故牒」の文字が加えられ、日付の次に太政官牒を作成した弁官と史 (律令制)が署名が記された。
- A letter 'cho' was placed under a sender and at the beginning of a text, the text was closed by letters 'kocho' and the date was followed by the signatures of the benkan and recorder (ritsuryo system) who made the dajokancho.
- 一方の武家においては、武士の棟梁として台頭した河内源氏の流れを汲む源頼朝が源氏嫡流を称して、鎌倉幕府を開き、門葉という一族や有力御家人を中心とする武家政治の基礎を形成した。
- Among the samurai class, however, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a descendant of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) who rose as the leader of samurai, called himself chakuryu of the Minamoto clan, established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and established the basis of samurai government mainly led by the monyo (clans basically connected by blood) of his clan members and prominent gokenin (shogun's vassals).
- また、その後の戊辰戦争時、劣勢となった近藤勇は越谷で大久保大和と称して新政府軍に出頭したが、新政府軍に加わっていた加納道之助に正体を看破されて捕縛され、ついに斬首となった。
- Later, during the Boshin Civil War, Isami KONDO, finding himself in an inferior position, turned himsel in the new government troops under the alias of Yamato OKUBO at Koshigaya; however, his identity was revealed by Michinosuke KANO who had joined the troops, and he was captured and beheaded.
- 以後、幸徳井家は代々陰陽助として土御門家の指示のもとに暦注のみを管轄した(ただし、宝暦4年(1754年)に土御門家内部の混乱から幸徳井保暠が陰陽頭に任命された例外がある)。
- Since then, as Onmyo no suke under the TSUCHIMIKADO family, the KOTOKUI family managed only the Rekichu (the annotation for the calendar) (although there was an exception when Yasukiyo KOTOKUI was appointed to Onmyo no kami in 1754 due to disturbance within the TSUCHIMIKADO family).
- このうち、冒頭の10項目と次の4項目は諸本揃っているものの、文体などが異なること、後者には漢詩以外の散文に関する記事が含まれていることから別個の著者がいたと考えられている。
- Although all books consists of the first ten items and the subsequent four items, the latter is considered to have been written by another person because its writing style is different from the former and it contains a description concerning prose.
- 為房卿記(ためふさきょうき)は、後三条・白河・堀河・鳥羽天皇に蔵人・蔵人頭として仕え、大蔵卿・参議として活躍した藤原為房の日記で、「大記」「大御記」「大府記」とも呼ばれる。
- Tamefusa-kyo Ki, also called 'Daiki,' 'Daigyoki' and 'Daifuki,' is a diary written by FUJIWARA no Tamefusa, who served as Kurodo (chamberlain) and Kurodo no to (head chamberlain) and was active as Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury) and Sangi (councilor) for Emperors Gosanjo, Shirakawa, Horikawa and Toba.
- なお、張扇を用いることはないが、舞台上で鼓が破れた場合には扇拍子でアシライを打つのが正規の代替法であり、江戸期までは素謡の席で地頭が扇拍子をとって地を統率することもあった。
- Although Hari-ogi is not used, conducting Ashirai with Ogi byoshi is the usual alternative to Tsuzumi when Tsuzumi is broken on stage, and until the Edo period, jigashira (the leader of group reciters) controlled ji (reciters) by conducting Ogi byoshi in the performance of Su-utai (Noh lyrics without music).
- こうした事情は武士の発生時期から数世紀下る17世紀初頭の日葡辞書に、「さむらい」は貴人を意味し、「ぶし」は軍人を意味すると区別して記載されていることにもその一端が現れている。
- We can see a part of these situations in the description, where distinctively, 'samurai' refers to nobility and 'bushi' a military officer, in the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603-1604) during the early 17th century, some centuries after the time of bushi's emergence.
- それに対して室町将軍も、守護大名の頭越しに各地の武士と主従関係を結び、上記の「奉公衆」を編成し、将軍直轄の軍事力を強化するのみならず、守護大名の領国支配に楔を入れたのである。
- Against such circumstances, Shogun Muromachi hired samurais of various regions over the Shugo daimyos' heads, and formed 'Hoko-shu' as mentioned above, which not only strengthened the direct military power of the shogun but also deterred the control of Shugo daimyos over their lands.
- これらの動きにより、領家職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領家が現れるなど、従来の身分格差に応じた体系が崩れだし、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなった。
- As a result of such movements, jito that held the right of ryoke shiki (as an economical right as a lord of manor) and ryoke that held Jitoshiki appeared, with the conventional structure beginning to collapse and the role of ryoke shiki or jito shiki would greatly change.
- 許可条件への違反状況の視察と採証職務に従事していた京都府警の巡査、この状況を実際に確認し、許可条件への違反があったものと判断して、歩道上から、デモ隊の先頭集団を写真撮影した。
- A Police Officer of Kyoto Prefectural Police, who was engaged in inspecting the demonstration march to see whether or not there was violation of the conditions for permission and collecting evidence of any such violation, found that the march was in violation of the conditions for permission, and photographed the front part of the marching crowd.
- しかし、現地での実際においては、地頭は風水害など様々な理由をつけ、年貢を押領することも多く、領主との紛争は訴訟だけでは解決できず、訴訟の結果も実効性を持たないことも多かった。
- At local shoen, however, jito often embezzled nengu on the pretext of natural disasters etc. and many of these disputes couldn't be resolved through litigations alone or the results of litigations were virtually ineffective.
- その時期は関東においては平忠常の乱が終わり、そこでの「亡国」といわれるほどの焦土戦による荒廃から、復興・再開発が始められた段階、つまり11世紀後半から12世紀初頭に相当する。
- That period ranged from late eleventh to the early twelfth century when the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune ended in the Kanto region, and when reconstruction and reestablishment started from the ruins of what was called almost a 'dead province.'
- その層が、地域の封建領主層に結びついて自らも小領主化して地侍となり、守護大名や国人(旧地頭層)と主従関係を持って年貢の一部免除を受けて合戦時には「寄子」クラスの軍役を務める。
- That class became connected with the feudal lord class, and they themselves became jizamurai (local samurai) as small lords to hold a master and servant relationship with the shugo daimyo (Japanese provincial military governor feudal lords) and kokujin (local samurai) (former jito), exempted from a part of nengu (land tax) and served 'Yoriko' (bushi that served under feudal lords during the Period of Warring States) class military roles during battles.
- 摂関政治が確立し始めた9世紀後期から10世紀初頭にかけては、国外へは鎖国主義を採り、国内でも蝦夷侵略がほぼ終結するなど、国内外に大きな脅威がなくなり、国政も安定期に入っていた。
- In the period from the late ninth century to the beginning of the tenth century, when the regency became established, there were no particular threats either at home or abroad because the country took an isolationist policy toward foreign countries, and domestically, the subjugation of the Emishi (Japanese northerners) was almost completed, and the administration had entered a period of stability.
- 荘園領主や地頭などへの年貢は、元々、領主・地頭側が徴収することとされていたが、惣村が成立した後は、惣村が一括して年貢納入を請け負う地下請(じげうけ)が広く行われるようになった。
- Although the nengu (land tax) paid to the lord of the manor or the Jito was conventionally collected by the lord or the Jito, the jigeuke (under which soson undertook the payment of nengu in a lump sum) prevailed after the soson was formed.
- 下向井らの議論は、武士の成立を王朝国家論・荘園公領制論などと整合的・有機的に結びつけるものであり、21世紀初頭において、武士成立に関する最も有力な説の一つに位置づけられている。
- The theory by Shimomukai and others connects the establishment of samurai to the dynastic nation theory and the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) theory consistently and systematically, and in the early 21st century, has been positioned as one of the most promising theories concerning the establishment of samurai.
- また、二毛作の普及などを通じた経済力の伸張を受け、これまでより百姓の一箇所定住の傾向が強まり、百姓たちが連携して地頭や預所への年貢を未進しだしたことが原因とする説も有力である。
- There also is a weighty view asserting that the cause was the fact that the cases where peasants, who strengthened their economic power thanks to the spread of a two-crop system etc. and began to settle at one place, jointly refused to pay nengu to jito or azukedokoro (a deputy of the lord of shoen) increased.
- 以下の写本において、本文冒頭の記述が京都大学附属図書館蔵本では『常以月将加占事』だが、尊経閣文庫蔵本と宮内庁書陵部蔵本では、尊経閣蔵本その他では『常以月将加占時』となっている。
- While the description of the opening paragraph of the transcript possessed by The Kyoto University Library is '常以月将加占事', that of the transcripts possessed by Sonkeikaku-bunko and Imperial Household Archives is ' 常以月将加占時'.
- 一方で鳥取藩の支藩鳥取東館の池田仲雅が志野流の茶道を好み、流祖像を作り大谷平奉弘を茶頭として志野流茶道を指導させたことから、志野流の元来の茶道が因幡地方に伝来することになった。
- On the other hand, the original tea ceremony style of the Shino school was passed on in the Inaba region because Nakamasa IKEDA, the lord of the Tottori Higashi Yakata, which was the branch domain of Tottori, preferred the style of the Shino school of the tea ceremony, built the statue of its founder, and let 大谷平奉弘 teach that style as sado (a person in charge of the tea ceremony).
- まず、アナゴを蒲焼きにするのだが、背開きにして、中骨、頭、尾、ひれを取り、金串に刺して白焼きにした後、砂糖、醤油、みりん、日本酒を煮詰めた甘辛いたれを塗り、照りが出るまで焼く。
- First, broil a conger: split open the fish along the back, take away its backbones, head, tail and fins, pierce the fish with metal skewer, grill it and grill it again with sauce made with sugar, soy sauce, mirin (sweet cooking rice wine) and sake which tastes salty-sweet till glazed.
- 角隠し(つのかくし)は、和式の婚礼の儀において、花嫁が文金高島田(ぶんきんたかしまだ)と呼ばれる、日本的な高い髷(まげ)を結った髪の上に、頭を覆う形で被る帯状・幅広の布を言う。
- Tsunokakushi is a wide strip of cloth worn by a bride at a Japanese-style wedding ceremony, covering her head including the coiffure called Bunkintakashimada.
- 聖一は辻堂(つじのどう現・博多駅前一丁目)に臨済宗・承天寺を創建し、博多の西、荒津山一帯をたく鉢に回っていた際、いつも親切にしてくれていた茶屋の主人に饅頭の作り方を伝授したと。
- It is said that Shoichi built the Joten-ji Temple of the Rinzai sect in Tsujinodo (present Hakataekimae 1-chome) and taught a manju recipe to a teahouse owner who was always kind to him when he went around Mt. Aratsu, to the west of Hakata, for takuhatsu (a traditional form of begging, common to Buddhist monks in Japan).
- 宗教的には、祭政一致の古代に復す改革であったから、1867年(慶応3年)旧暦1月17日 (旧暦)に制定された職制には神祇を七科の筆頭に置き、3月 (旧暦)には神仏分離が布かれた。
- Since the goal of the religious policy of the Meiji Restoration was to restore the era when Shinto and the state were united, the government put Jingi (the Department of Shinto Affairs) at the top of Seven Departments in the 'Office Organization' law, which was enacted on February 21, 1867, and proclaimed the 'Edict of Separation of Shinto and Buddhism' in April of that year.
- 伏見版(ふしみばん)とは、江戸時代初頭に、徳川家康の命により、山城国伏見区の伏見学校の一角に建立された円光寺(現在地は、京都市左京区一乗寺)において開版された木活字版のことである。
- Fushimiban are block printed books printed at the Enko-ji Temple (now Ichijoji, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City), which was established on a corner of the Fushimi School in Fushimi Ward of Yamashiro Province by order of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in the early Edo period.
- 鎌倉幕府の権威を背景に荘園を侵略し、豊作凶作にかかわり無く一定額の年貢で荘園管理を一切請け負わせる地頭請や、荘園を地頭分と領家分に強引にわける下地中分など、一部で横暴も多くあった。
- With the backing and authority of the Kamakura bakufu, jito could (and many did) treat shoen very harshly; given their total contractual power over shoen to collect the predetermined amount for the annual tax regardless of whether it had been a good or a poor harvest, and their power forcibly to divide the land in a shoen into the jito's private section and the (absentee) owner's section, many jito were oppressive and little more than tyrants, in a sense.
- 荘園領主はこうした事案(所務沙汰)について幕府へ訴訟を起こしたが、意外にも領主側が勝訴し、地頭側が敗訴する事案が多くあった(幕府の訴訟制度が公平性を確保していたことを表している)。
- The lords of shoens filed a suit to the bakufu on these incidents (shomusata, trial dealing with land-related issues), but surprisingly there were many cases where the side of the lords of shoens won a lawsuit and the side of the jitos lost (which means that the fairness of the bakufu's litigation system was secured).
- 一方で鎌倉中期から橘氏の支配を離れた出羽男鹿半島が北条氏の所領となり、安東氏がその地頭代となったのではないかとする説もあり、宗家とは別の安東一族の海を通じた広がりが推定されている。
- On the other hand, there is an assumption that as the Oga Peninsula of Dewa Province became the Hojo clan's territory after the Tachibana clan lost its control over the peninsula in the mid-Kamakura period, the Ando clan took the position of jitodai (provisional jito) of the territory, and supposes the existence of a branch Ando family, other than the head family, which had an extensive influence over the marine area.
- その一方で、鎌倉時代には地頭による侵食を受け、室町時代には守護(守護大名)によって蚕食されるなど、武士の進出に伴って次第に解体への道を進み、戦国時代 (日本)頃までにほぼ形骸化した。
- The system, however, was encroached on by Jito (lords of the manors) in the Kamakura period and by Shugo Daimyos (provincial constables) in the Muromachi period, and thus gradually dismantled in accordance with the rise of samurais and almost became a mere formality by the time of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).
- 有村らは勝鬨をあげ、刀の切先に直弼の首級を突きたてて引き上げにかかったが、昏倒していた小河原秀之丞が鬨の声を聞いて蘇生し、主君の首を奪い返そうと有村に追いすがって後頭部に切りつけた。
- As ARIMURA and the others celebrated their victory and headed back with the head of Naosuke at the tip of a sword; Hidenojo OGAWARA, who had been lying unconscious on the ground, regained consciousness by a shout of victory and, in an effort to take back his master's head, went after ARIMURA, striking him in the back of the head with a sword.
- 制度取調参与の福岡孝弟は、この由利五箇条に対して第一条冒頭に「列侯会議を興し」の字句を入れるなどして封建的な方向へ後退させ、表題も会盟に改めたため、列侯会盟の色彩が非常に強くなった。
- Because Seido torishirabe Sanyo (Councilor in charge of examining regulations) Takachika FUKUOKA added words 'setting up a council by feudal lords' at the beginning of the first article of the Yuri gokajo (Five Articles designed by Yuri) and the title was changed to 'kaimei' (pledge of feudal lords), it stepped back to feudalistic direction and the mood of pledge of feudal lords deepened.
- 11世紀中期から12世紀・13世紀初頭にかけて、荘園公領制の成立や院政・武家政治の登場などに対応した中世国家体制が漸進的に構築されていったため、この時期に王朝国家体制は終期を迎えた。
- As the medieval national polity, which corresponded to the establishment of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and the advent of cloister government/samurai government, was progressively built up during the period from the mid-11th century to the 12th century/early 13th century, the period of dynastic polity ended around that time.
- 給田(きゅうでん)・給畠(きゅうはく)・給田畠(きゅうでんぱく)は、日本の中世において、荘園領主や国衙が、荘官、地頭、年貢運輸者・手工業者などに対して給与した田地または田畠地をいう。
- Kyuden, Kyuhaku and Kyudenpaku were rice paddies and fields that were granted to shokan (an officer governing shoen manor), jito (estate steward), nengu (land tax) couriers and handicraftsmen by shoen holders and the Kokuga (provincial government offices) during the middle ages in Japan.
- 荘園公領制では、本家-領家-荘官・地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- Under the stratified land ruling structure of shoen koryo sei, the right to rule lands/peasants and the right to the proceeds of lands were very complicated because these were entangled in a multi-layered way, as seen in the structure of honke (official/nominal owner of shoen (manor)) - ryoke (lord of shoen) - shokan/jito (officer of governing shoen/manager of shoen).
- 文才もあり、主な著書には「菅原と忠臣蔵」「夏祭と伊勢音頭」「とうざいとうざい」「十一代目片岡仁左衛門」「嵯峨談語」「仁左衛門楽我記」「芝居譚」「忘れられている先祖の供養」などがある。
- He was also an excellent writer whose representative books include 'SUGAWARA to Chushingura (SUGAWARA and Chushingura),' 'Natsu-matsuri to Ise-ondo (summer festivals and Ise-ondo song),' 'Touzai-touzai (ladies and gentlemen, welcome),' 'Nizaemon KATAOKA XI,' 'Saga-dango (episodes of the Saga area),' 'Nizaemon-rakugaki (Nizaemon's graffiti),' 'Shibai-tan (episodes of stage acting)' and 'Wasurerareteiru-senzo-no-kuyo (forgotten memorial services for the ancestors).'
- 武家政権である鎌倉幕府の成立後、京都の公家政権(治天の君)との二頭政治が続いていたが、この乱の結果、幕府が優勢となり、朝廷の権力は制限され、幕府が皇位継承などに影響力を持つようになる。
- Even after the Kamakura bakufu, when a samurai government was established, it continued to rule in step with the old aristocratic system of government in Kyoto (called the 'lord governing in heaven' system) as part of a two-part government, but as a result of the Jokyu Rebellion, the shogunate gained the upper hand, placing restrictions on the power of the Imperial Court, and achieving influence over matters of Imperial succession etc.
- 1578年(天正6年)、美作国の国人領主・草刈氏が因幡国智頭郡に淀山城を構え、勢力を伸ばすと、山名氏はこれを討伐するため、同国佐貫の大義寺に陣を敷き、武田高信に軍議に応ぜよと招聘した。
- In 1578 when the Kusakari clan, a local lord of Mimasaka Province, constructed Yodoyama-jo Castle in Chizu County, Inaba Province, the Yamana clan pitched its camp at Daigi-ji Temple in Sanuki, Inaba Province in order to subjugate it and invited Takanobu TAKEDA to a war council.
- だが、後に厭魅蠱毒事件の続発によって呪禁そのものが危険視されたこと、同様に道教の呪術を取り入れた陰陽道の台頭によって8世紀末頃には事実上廃止され、9世紀には呪禁師の制度自体が消滅した。
- But with the later occurrence of the Enmi kotoku jiken (an incident in which a witch doctor committed murder), jugon itself began to be seen as dangerous, and furthermore the practice of jugon was abandoned by the end of the eighth century due to the rise of onmyodo (the yin-yang arts of magic and divination), which also derived from Daoist incantations; by the dawn of the ninth century, even the institution of jugonshi had disappeared.
- 弘長元年10月3日 (旧暦)(1261年)、江戸氏の一族の一人であった地頭江戸長重が正嘉の飢饉による荒廃で経営ができなくなった江戸郷前島村(現在の東京駅周辺)を北条氏得宗家に寄進した。
- According to historical records, Nagashige EDO, who was a member of the Edo clan and held the post of jito (manager and lord of manor) donated Maeshima Village of Edo-go (Area around present-day Tokyo Station) to the Tokuso family in 1261, because the area became ruined and unmanageable due to famine.
- 京都地裁による1927年5月の第1審判決では出版法違反および不敬罪については特赦となったが、治安維持法違反については是枝恭二(東大文学部)ら4名の禁固1年を筆頭に37名が有罪となった。
- At the first trial in May 1927, the Kyoto District Court sentenced amnesty for the violation of publishing law and lese majesty, while as for the violation of the Maintenance of Public Order Law, Kyoji KOREEDA who was in the Faculty of Letters at the University of Tokyo and three other people were sentenced to imprisonment for one year and 37 people were judged guilty.
- こうした闘争をどう評価するにせよ、地域統治と収税の効率化のためにこうした富豪百姓層の成長を助け、彼らが莫大な利権を獲得する契機を与えたのはまぎれもなく受領を筆頭とする国衙機構であった。
- No matter what evaluations are given to these conflicts, it is clear that the mechanism of Kokuga (provincial government offices) headed by Zuryo helped such a wealthy farmer class grow to control the region and collect taxes more efficiently and gave them opportunities of acquiring huge vested interests.
- また守護は、当初は国司の業務や地頭の権限への介入を禁じられていたが、応仁の乱以後の地方定住と権力の拡張の結果次第に領主化して室町後期には地方支配も進み、この頃の守護は守護大名と呼ばれる。
- At first, it was prohibited for shugo to intervene in the tasks of Kokushi and the authorities of Jito, however, as a result of settlement in local areas and expansion of authorities after the Onin War, they gradually became feudal lords and cemented their grip in local areas by the late Muromachi period; shugo in this period are especially called shugo-daimyo (Japanese territorial lords).
- 中世期の武士・在地領主は、ある者は国衙から郡司職・郷司職・保司職としての地位・権利を認められ、ある者は荘園領主(本家・本所)から荘官職に任じられ、またある者は幕府から地頭職を付与された。
- Samurai and landlord in the medieval Japan took charge of the territorial management and ruling by assuming various posts and powers such as Gunji shiki (local headships), Goshi shiki (sub district headships) and Hoshi shiki (executive officer of an Imperial demesne) granted by Kokuga (provincial government office), and Shokan shiki (officer entrusted with local management of the private estate) granted by the lord of a private estate (family head or guarantor of manor), as well as Jito shiki (manager and lord of a private estate) granted by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 織田方が川を渡ろうとすると人馬が足を取られて前進できず、また川を越えた者も湿地帯で動きが鈍っている所に、頭上から25人ずつが二列横隊を組んで間断なく鉄砲で狙い撃ち、さらに弓隊が射立てた。
- While some of the Oda army could not move in the river and others who crossed the river could not progress quickly in the marsh, two rows of 25 soldiers each shot them with guns without interruption and furthermore, other units shot them with bows.
- ものの陰陽寮の最高責任者である陰陽頭には就任することなく、寛弘2年(1005年)に85歳で没していることから、陰陽寮及び天文道において強い基盤を持っていた家柄ではなかったとみられている。
- However, he died in 1005 at the age of 85 without becoming onmyo no kami (director of the Onmyoryo); this fact is considered proof that the Abe clan was not a family which traditionally had a strong basis in Onmyoryo and tenmondo.
- だが、後に厭魅蠱毒事件の続発によって呪禁そのものが危険視されたこと、同様に道教の呪術を取り入れた陰陽道の台頭によって8世紀末頃には事実上廃止され、9世紀には呪禁博士の制度自体が消滅した。
- But with the later occurrence of the Enmi kotoku jiken (an incident in which a witch doctor committed murder), jugon itself began to be seen as dangerous, and furthermore the practice of jugon was abandoned by the end of the eighth century due to the rise of onmyodo (the yin-yang arts of magic and divination), which also derived from Daoist incantations; by the dawn of the ninth century, even the institution of the jugon hakase had disappeared.
- 荘官、郡司、郷司、保司らは在地社会での軍事的緊張、特に荘園と公領の対立が高まるにつれて武士が任命されることが多くなり、鎌倉時代に至って鎌倉殿に任命された地頭として安定した地位を獲得した。
- More samurai warriors were assigned to shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji officers as military tensions increased in local societies, especially between manors and the Imperial demesnes, and they eventually gained a stable position during the Kamakura period, when a position called jito (a lord of a manor) was given to the Kamakura-dono (the lord of the Kamakura shogunate).
- 『内裏式』や『貞観儀式』によれば、当日は天皇が紫宸殿に出御し、中務省の輔と丞が具注暦を載せた案(台)を担いだ陰陽頭・助及び頒暦を収めた櫃を担いだ陰陽允・属を率いて紫宸殿の庭中に進み出る。
- According to 'Dairishiki' (Ceremonial Book of the Court) and 'Jogan gishiki' (ceremony in the manner of Jogan period), on the day of the presentation of the calendar, the emperor arrives at the Shishinden, the Minister and Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs steps forward to the court of the Shishinden, followed by Onmyo no kami and suke shouldering a desk carrying the guchureki and by Onmyo no jo and zoku shouldering a chest containing the hanreki.
- 大和葛城山の葛城一言主神社には土蜘蛛塚という小さな塚があるが、これは神武天皇が土蜘蛛を捕え、彼らの怨念が復活しないように頭、胴、足と別々に埋めた跡といわれる(神武天皇怒濤の進撃も参照)。
- Within the precincts of Katsuragi Hitokotonushi-jinja Shrine on Mt. Yamato-Katsuragi, there exists a burial mound called 'Tsuchigumo-zuka,' and it is said that Emperor Jinmu captured tsuchigumo and buried separately the parts of their dead bodies (the head, the trunk and the limbs) for removing their curses (cf. the section of 'Surging waves of the march' in the article of 'Emperor Jinmu').
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
- From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.
- 鎌倉時代にも京都の朝廷は政治機能を発揮していたが、東国支配を強めていた鎌倉殿に1185年守護・地頭の設置を認め、鎌倉幕府が全国支配を強めたため、京都は相対的に経済都市としての性格を強めた。
- The imperial court of Kyoto fulfilled a political function during the Kamakura period but Kyoto came to function more as a financial city as the imperial court allowed the Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) who was gaining control over the eastern part of Japan to appoint shugo (provincial constables) and jito (managers and lords of a manor) in 1185.
- 8世紀初めには、慶雲4年(707年)、和銅元年(708年)、養老元年(717年)と、百日以内に出頭すれば亡命山沢の罪を赦すという詔が出たが、それは大赦の一部で唐の詔を引き写したものである。
- In the early 8th century, edicts were issued in 707, 708 and 717 stipulating that an offense of a mountain valley exile would be condoned if the offender handed oneself in within 100 days, but they were part of amnesty and a copy of edicts in Tang Dynasty China.
- 名体制を確立するため、現地支配に当たる国司の筆頭者の権限強化が求められるようになり、10世紀中頃には租税収取・軍事警察などの分野で中央政府から現地赴任筆頭国司への大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
- As strengthening the authority of the head of kokushi, who were responsible for local administration, was required in order to maintain the above system, a big transfer of authority from the central government to the head of kokushi was made in the mid-10th century concerning tax collection and military police.
- 中世期の特徴は、土地の支配権および収益権をめぐって、中央貴族や有力寺社、在地領主・地頭・名主など様々な主体が入り組みながら重層的な権利関係を形成している点にあった(これを職の体系という)。
- A feature of the medieval period was that, concerning land-controlling rights and tax-collecting rights, persons in various social statuses, such as nobles in Kyoto, powerful temples and shrines, local ryoshu, jito and nanushi, were related with each other and formed multi-tiered right oriented relationships (this structure called shiki-no-taikei (literally, a job system)).
- しかし、律令制と現実の乖離が大きくなっていき、9世紀末~10世紀初頭ごろ、政府は税収を確保するため、律令制の基本だった人別支配体制を改め、土地を対象に課税する支配体制へと大きく方針転換した。
- However, as the the Ritsuryo system lost touch with reality, the government changed its policy from an individual-based ruling system, which was the base of the the Ritsuryo system to a land-based ruling system in order to secure tax revenue from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
- 成人して政務に関与するようになった高倉天皇と、院政継続を望む後白河の間には対立の兆しがあったが、12月5日の除目において後白河近臣の藤原定能・藤原光能が、平知盛らを超えて蔵人頭に任じられた。
- There were signs of confrontation between Emperor Takakura, who had started to take part in political matters after reaching adulthood, and Goshirakawa, who wanted to continue his cloistered governance, but upon the position assignment on January 13, 1177, FUJIWARA no Nobuyoshi and FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, who were close aides of Goshirakawa, were promoted to Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), passing over TAIRA no Tomomori and others.
- 死者・行方不明者112人、負傷者386人、家畜・牛馬の死亡・行方不明約48万3千頭、4,600本の電柱が倒壊、被害を受けた耕地21万ヘクタール、森林被害18万ha、経済損失66億円に達した。
- In this case, the number of killed or missing persons reached 112, the number of injured persons 386, the number of killed or missing livestock, horses and cattle 483 thousand, the number of tumbled electric poles 4,600, the size of damaged farm land area 210 thousand hectares, the size of damaged forests 180 thousand hectares, and the total economic loss 6.6 billion yen.
- 律令初期は原則どおり議政官会議における決定を受けて太政官符が発給されたと考えられているが、平安中期頃になると、上卿(太政官筆頭)が主宰する陣定での決定をもとに太政官符が発給されるようになった。
- During the early period under the Ritsuryo system, it is considered that Daijokanpu was issued in accordance with the principles following the decision of the Giseikan Conference, but in the middle of the Heian period, Daijokanpu came to be issued based on Jin no Sadame (one of the Imperial conferences) hosted by Shokei (court novels who work at Imperial Court as high rank post) (the top official of Daijokan).
- また、江戸時代末期から明治時代初頭にかけて、1町が「東・西」「上・下」に分割されたり、町組に属していなかった周辺部の町が編入されるなどして町数に変動があり、明治時代初期には267町が存在した。
- From the end of Edo period to the early Meiji period, some towns were divided into 'east and west' or 'upper and lower' and some neighboring towns not belonging to any Machigumi were integrated into Fushimi, and there existed 267 towns in the early Meiji period.
- 前者は荒田・仏神田(寺田・神田、その他宗教行事経費)・人給(荘官や地頭など代官の給分)・井料(井戸や用水などの灌漑設備)などが挙げられ、それ以外の後者に対して実際の年貢・公事が賦課されていた。
- The former included run-down fields, fields belonging to shrines and temples (including expenses for other religious events), personnel costs (salaries for local governors such as shokan and jito), and the cost of water (irrigation facilities such as wells and irrigation channels), while the latter, categorized as the rest, was the basis on which nengu and kuji were imposed.
- 当時、武士の台頭や僧兵の横暴、公家勢力の後退などによる社会不安、天変地異・疫病・火災などの自然災害を経験した人びとは、はっきりと末法を意識するようになり、無常観や厭世観がかき立てられていった。
- The people who experienced public fear owing to the appearance of samurai, despotic acts by armed priest, a down fallen court noble force, and natural disasters such as extraordinary natural phenomenon, epidemics, fire became clearly aware of Mappo, and the concept of the impermanence or a pessimistic view of life among the population was intensified.
- 8世紀初頭に確立した律令制は、個人を徴税単位とする個別人身支配(人別支配)を基本原則としており、高度に体系化された律令法典・官僚制度・地方制度や古代の戸籍制度・計帳などを基盤として存立していた。
- The Ritsuryo system, which was established in early 8th century, adopted the principle of people-based governance (ruling individuals) and existed on the basis of the highly systematized Ritsuryo code of law/bureaucracy system/local administration system as well as the family registration system/keicho (yearly tax registers) etc.
- 室町時代初頭の貞和2年(1346年)、南北朝の争乱が続く中で、室町幕府は守護の権能を強化することで治安を確保することを企図し、守護に使節遵行権および刈田狼藉 の検断権を直接付与する法令を発した。
- In 1346 of the early Muromachi period, while the battle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties had been going on, the Muromachi bakufu contemplated securing public order by strengthening the Shugo's authorities and enacted laws which directly granted the Shugo the right to judge criminal cases for shisetsu jungyo and Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally).
- その何十年かの間に、畿内の領主の一般像が、武装せぬ存在から、武士と武具を常備し、屋敷の守りも固める鎌倉時代の御家人・地頭にも似た、あるいはその御家人の姿に変貌していったことを如実に物語っている。
- It truly depicted a common image of lords of the Kinai region transforming from the unarmed existence to the those armed with samurai and military tools within a span of several decades, and became a servant that was similar to gokenin and jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the manors into which the countryside was divided) that protected residences during Kamakura period.
- 隆房卿艶詞絵巻に描かれているように、鎌倉時代以前より高貴な身分の女性が外出する際には、頭の上から身体をすっぽりと覆う被衣(かづき)と呼ばれる袿(うちぎ)あるいは薄い衣を、袖を通さずに被っていた。
- As depicted in the Takafusa Kyo Tsuyakotoba Emaki (an illustrated scroll featuring the love affair of Takafusa REIZEI), prior to the Kamakura period, women of noble ranking would wear uchigi (ordinary kimono) or thin garment called Kazuki, which fully covered their body from the head down, without putting their arms into the sleeves when going out.
- 『日本書紀』の天智天皇10年(671年)紀に「学識頭」という役職が見られ、また『懐風藻』の序文に天智天皇が学校を創設したという記述が見られるため、この時代に大学寮の由来を求める考え方が有力である。
- Because a post named 'Fumi no Tsukasa no Kami' (head of Minister of Education) is mentioned in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) entry for the year 671, and the preface of 'Kaifuso' (Found Recollections of Poetry) includes the statement that the Emperor Tenchi founded a school, it is generally understood that the origin of Daigaku-ryo dates back to this era.
- 武家の棟梁の地位が源氏から平氏へ移動した背景には、中央政界の中心が摂関家から院政を布く治天の君へシフトしたという事情がある(源氏は摂関家の権威を背景に、平家は院の権威を背景に台頭したことによる)。
- The leader of samurai families changed from the Minamoto clan to Taira clan as the center of politics shifted from the regent family to Chiten no kimi who established the cloister government (the Minamoto clan gained power using the power of the regent family, and the Taira clan gained power using the power of the cloister government).
- 応仁・文明の乱以後、松田数秀・松田長秀・松田清秀・松田晴秀らが政所寄人の筆頭である政所執事代に任じられ、飯尾氏・清氏らとともに幕府奉行人として永禄年間(1558~1570)に至るまで活動していた。
- After the Onin-Bunmei Wars, Kazuhide MATSUDA, Nagahide MATSUDA, Kiyohide MATSUDA and Haruhide MATSUDA were appointed as Mandokoro shitsujidai, the head of Mandokoro yoriudo (officers of the administration office), and they were active as bugyonin of the shogunate along with the Inoo clan and the Sei clan until the Eiroku era (1558-1570).
- 吉昌は天禄元年(970年)に賀茂保憲の推挙で天文得業生に推挙され、寛和2年(986年)に晴明の後任の天文博士に任じられ、寛弘元年(1004年)に陰陽頭を兼任し、死去するまで天文博士を兼務していた。
- Yoshimasa was recommended by KAMO no Yasunori as tenmon tokugyou no sho in 970, was appointed tenmon hakase after Seimei in 986, and became onmyo no kami in 1004, also serving as tenmon hakase until his death.
- 同類身分として「下人」があり、「下人・所従」と総称されることが多いが、下人は「百姓下人」などと上層農民に付属する隷属民を指すのに対し、所従は「地頭所従」などと主に武家の隷属民を指すことが多かった。
- There existed 'Genin' (underlings) as a close parallel to Shoju and two of them were often used in pair as 'Genin - Shoju'; generally, Genin meant the slaves of upper class farmers and were called 'Hyakusho Genin' (Genin of farmers), while Shoju meant the slaves of a military family and was called 'Jito Genin' (Genin of jito - manager and lord of manor.)
- この死亡帳は、「去年7月」から「今年6月」までの一年間について、秋田城の支配領域(秋田郡周辺)の民について記載したもので、当時の出羽国国府(9世紀初頭に移転)に清書したものを提出したと考えられる。
- This Shibocho described citizens in the area (around Akita County) controlled by Akita-jo Castle for one year from 'July of the previous year' to 'June of this year,' and was considered to be a transcript submitted to the provincial office of Dewa Province at that time (transferred in early ninth century).
- これに対し、後鳥羽上皇は近臣藤原忠綱を鎌倉に送り、愛妾伊賀局(元は遊女の亀菊)の所領である摂津国長江荘、倉橋荘の地頭職の撤廃と院に近い御家人仁科盛遠(西面の武士)への処分の撤回を条件として提示した。
- In response to this request, the retired Emperor Gotoba sent his vassal Tadatsuna Fujiwara to Kamakura, who submitted as requirements that the punishment of the gokenin (low-ranking warrior vassal) Morita NISHINA (a member of the Western Guard Corps), who was close to the retired Emperor, be overturned, and the annulment of responsibility over the Nagae estate in Settsu Province, which belonged to the courtesan Igakyoku (formerly the prostitute Kamegiku), and the Kurahashi estate be repealed.
- 古参ともいうべき譜代の家臣と新参の家臣や出頭人との対立、藩政改革にともなう守旧派と改革派の対立、幕末期における信条の対立など、家臣間には主導権や藩政の方向性をめぐってあらゆる派閥抗争の動機があった。
- There were all conceivable motives for factional strife, such as rivalry between a veteran elder of established lineage and a newcomer retainer or group leader, clash between conservative and progressive groups over domain government reform, conflict over credo in the last years of the Edo Period, and disagreements over domain policy and race for power between vassals.
- 中世の荘園公領制では、本家-領家-開発領主-荘官-地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- As seen in relationships among honke (head family), ryoke (lord of the manor), kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notable who developed the land), shokan (officer governing shoen), and jito (manager and lord of manor), dominance relationships involving lands and farmers and also relationships involving rights such as land and profit were related to each other in multiple ways; therefore, the Shoen Koryo system of the Middle Ages was extremely complicated.
- やがて、文章博士経験者が従来の明経博士経験者に代わって大学頭・侍読・式部大輔などの要職を独占して公卿に昇進する者も登場するようになり、明経道が管轄する儒学に関する事柄にも文章道が関与することもあった。
- Later, as those who experienced monjo hakase, instead of those who experienced myogyo hakase, began dominating important positions such as daigaku no kami, jidoku (imperial tutor) and shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial) and some were even promoted to kugyo, monjodo sometimes became involved in Confucianism, which was under myogyodo's control.
- なお、当初は暦博士は暦本作成のみを担当し、御暦所や御暦奏には関与しなかったが、9世紀後期より陰陽頭・助と交じって御暦奏に加わる例が見られるようになった(『日本三代実録』仁和2年11月丙子朔(1日)条)。
- At the beginning, rekihakase participated only in making calendar books and were not involved in the onkoyomidokoro and goryakuso, but from the late ninth century, he began to participate in goryakuso together with Onmyo no kami and suke (according to 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' dated on December 4, 886).
- 白無垢(しろむく)・色打掛(いろうちかけ)のどちらに対しても用いることができるが、最近では白無垢には綿帽子(わたぼうし)と呼ばれる頭部の数倍の大きさの楕円状の帽子を、色打掛には角隠しを用いることが多い。
- Although Tsunokakushi can be used for both Shiromuku (pure white kimono) and Irouchikake (gorgeously patterned kimono), Wataboshi, an oval-shaped hat several times larger than the head, is generally used for Shiromuku, and Tsunokakushi is used for Irouchikake these days.
- またこの事件は、奈良の『菩提泉(ぼだいせん)』『山樽(やまだる)』『大和多武峯(たふのみね)酒』、越前の『豊原(ほうげん)酒』、近江の『百済寺酒』、河内の『観心寺酒』などの僧坊酒が台頭する一因ともなった。
- This incident also contributed to the rise of sobo shu (sake produced by monks) such as 'Bodaisen,' 'Yamadaru,' and 'Yamato Tafunomine zake' in Nara, 'Hogen zake' in Echizen, 'Hyakusaidera shu' in Omi, and 'Kanshinji shu' in Kawachi.
- 特に公卿にあって内裏の差配を独占した藤原氏は、藤原道長の家系が摂政・関白の座を独占し続けることで摂関家としての地位を獲得し、嫡流の近衛家を筆頭とする、九条家、二条家、一条家、鷹司家の五摂家を形成するに至った。
- The Fujiwara clan, Court nobles who monopolized the management of the dairi (Imperial Palace), assumed the position of the sekkan-ke (family line of regents and chief advisors to the Emperor) by letting the family lines of FUJIWARA no Michinaga monopolize the positions of Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), thus establishing the gosekke (the five sekkan-ke) of the Konoe family, the Kujo family, the Nijo family, the Ichijo family, and the Takatsukasa family led by the Konoe family, the chakuryu of the clan.
- こうした状況下で、朝廷は実情に適合した国政改革を進めていき(改革が最も進展したのは900年前後の寛平・延喜期)、地方行政の分野では、国司筆頭官(受領)に対して租税収取権・軍事権などの大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
- Under such a situation, the imperial court practically advanced national administration reform (the reform culminated during the Kanpyo and the Engi period around 900) and authority such as the right of tax collection, military affairs and so on were widely transferred to the leaders of kokushi (zuryo) in the local administration.
- 堺で会合衆の名が初見されるのは季弘大叔の『蔗軒日録』で、1484年(文明16年)8月1日に三村社(開口神社)の祭礼で頭を務めたのが「会合衆内、カスエ(材木商・三宅主計)、イスミ(和泉)屋両人」と記されている。
- The name of Egoshu first appears in Sakai City, in the 'Shaken nichiroku,' a diary written by a Zen priest, Daishuku KIKO. It records that on August 1 in 1484, both the Kasueya (timber merchant, Kazue MIYAKE) and the Isumiya (Izumiya) from among the Egoshu members led the festival at Mimura-sha Shrine (Aguchi-jinja Shrine).
- この過程で信西とその一族の台頭は目覚ましく、高階重仲の女を母とする俊憲・藤原貞憲は弁官として父と共に実務を担当する一方で、藤原朝子(後白河の乳母)を母とする藤原成憲・藤原脩憲はそれぞれ遠江・美濃の受領となった。
- During this process Shinzei and the his family (the Fujiwara) each rose to remarkable prominence; FUJIWARA no Toshinori and Sadanori (sons of Shinzei and their mother was the daughter of TAKASHINA no Shigenaka) worked as Controllers with their father at running the Records Office, while FUJIWARA no Shigenori and Naganori (sons of Shinzei and their mother was FUJIWARA no Asako, who was also known as Emperor Goshirakawa's wet nurse) were awarded control over Totomi and Mino Provinces, respectively.
- 以前、学界では平氏政権を貴族政権的な性格が強いとする見解が主流であったが、1970年代・1980年代頃からは、平氏政権が地頭や国守護人を設置した事実に着目し、最初期の武家政権とする見解が非常に有力となっている。
- In the past, many theories in the field considered the Taira clan administration as being a strongly aristocratic administration, but from around the 1970s and 1980s, the theory that the Taira clan administration was the first warrior class government which focussed on the fact that the Taira clan administration established Jito (local lord of a manor) and Province officers became dominant.
- 「サモラフ」は動詞「モラフ(候)」に語調を整える接頭語「サ」が接続したもので、「モラフ」は動詞「モル(窺・守)」に存在・継続の意の助動詞(動詞性接尾語ともいう)「フ」が接続して生まれた語であると推定されている。
- 'Samorafu' is a combination of the verb 'morafu' (meaning wait) and the prefix 'sa', which was added to fix the rhythm of the word, and the verb 'morafu' is thought to have come from the verb 'moru' (meaning lookout, guard) and the suffix 'fu', which was added to include the nuance of 'existence' or 'continuance'.
- 一方、師直は、武士たちが幕府に敵対したり南朝側についたりしないよう、十分な恩賞を与える必要を感じ、守護・地頭やその配下という形で公家や寺社の荘園を実際に管理している武家が土地支配者となるべきであると考えていた。
- On the other hand, Moronao felt it necessary to give sufficient reward to bushi to prevent them from confronting the bakufu or supporting the Southern Court, and thought that buke who had been the actual managers of the shoen of kuge, temples and shrines as shugo (constable) or jito (land steward) should become the landlord.
- 明治維新後、地下家の筆頭格であった押小路家・壬生家は堂上家に準じて、また、伊丹家(伊丹重賢:青蓮院諸大夫)・尾崎家(尾崎三良:三条家諸大夫)・富井家(富井政章:聖護院坊官)は勲功により華族(男爵)に列せられた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, the title of Danshaku (Baron - one of the titles of Kazoku - nobility), was given to the Oshikoji family (or the Oshinokoji family) and the Mibu family, the leading Jigeke, correspondingly to raise them to Toshoke; and the Itami family (Shigekata ITAMI: court official served at Shorenin Temple), the Ozaki family (Saburo OZAKI: court official served at the Sanjo family), and the Tomii family (Masaakira Tomii: a senior servant at Shogoin Temple) in recognition of merit.
- こうして軍勢の統括者に提出された軍忠状は、内容に問題が無ければ、文書末尾(先頭の場合もあり)にその統括者の証判(花押)と文書を一読し承諾した旨(「一見了」「承了」「無相違」などの文言)が書かれて効力が発生する。
- When the Gunchujo was submitted to the administrator of the troops and certified to be true, the document took effect with the addition of the approval mark of the administrator (Kao [written seal mark]) at the end of the document (or the head in some cases) and with words along the lines of 'I looked through the above and agree that it does not differ from the facts.'
- 鎮西神領興行令は以後、弘安8年(1285年)、永仁6年(1298年)、正和元年(1312年)に相次いで出され、宇佐八幡宮と伊勢神宮を先頭に、全国的に適用され、特に伊勢神宮の神領は東国を中心に次々に広がっていった。
- Chinzei Shinryo Kogyo Kaifukurei was thereafter successively issued in 1285, 1298 and 1312, and applied to Shinto shrines in the whole country, including Usahachiman-gu Shrine and Ise-jinja Shrine above all; the estates of Ise-jinja Shrine expanded especially in eastern provinces.
- 惣内部の事案といえども、本来ならば、領主又はその委任を受けた守護・地頭が検断権を行使するのが、前代までの慣習であったが、惣村などの自治性の高い村落は、領主の検断介入を拒否・排除し、自検断を行うようになっていった。
- It was a tradition from the preceding era that lords or a Shugo and a Jito (military governor and estate steward) who were delegated from the lords, exercised the right to judge criminal cases even against cases within communities, but with the increased autonomy, communities rejected and excluded the lord's intervention into trials and started to conduct Jikendan themselves.
- 口宣(くぜん)とは、平安時代中期から用いられるようになった非公式な公文書書式で、天皇の勅旨を口頭で受けた蔵人所職事(職事蔵人・蔵人頭もしくは五位蔵人)がその内容を文書化して太政官上卿に伝える目的のために使われた。
- Kuzen was an informal form of official document that came into use from the mid Heian period -- which was used by shikiji (administrative assistant) at kurodo dokoro (the Office of Imperial Household Logistics) (shikiji kurodo, kurodo no to - Head Chamberlain) or goi no kurodo (Chamberlain of the Fifth Rank) in transcribing the verbally received emperor's edict for conveying it to shokei (high-ranking court noble) at Daijokan (Grand Council of State).
- また、守護大名による合議制の連合政権であった室町幕府は、3代将軍足利義満と6代将軍足利義教のときを除いて、成立当初から将軍の権力基盤は脆弱であり、同じように守護大名も台頭する守護代や有力家臣の強い影響を受けていた。
- Furthermore the Muromachi bakufu, which was a coalition government of shugo daimyos based on a consultative principle, had provided no solid basis for the Shogun's power since its very beginning except under the rule of the Third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and the Sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and shugo daimyos were under the strong influences of emerging shugodais and their key vassals.
- しかし、地頭は紛争を武力で解決しようとする傾向が強く、訴訟結果が実効を伴わないことも多かったため、荘園領主はやむを得ず、一定額の年貢納入を請け負わせる代わりに荘園の管理を委ねる地頭請(じとううけ)を行うことがあった。
- However, as the jitos tended to solve the disputes by force and many results of the lawsuits were not effective, the lords of shoens were compelled to do jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs), where the jitos did not undertake the payment for a certain amount of nengu (land tax) and instead controlled the shoens.
- 当時の王権基盤は未熟な段階にあり、大王の地位が各地域の首長から構成される連合政権の盟主に過ぎなかったことを考慮すれば、直木孝次郎の説くように、5世紀のヤマト政権はまさに「大王と葛城氏の両頭政権」であったと表現出来る。
- The foundation of sovereignty was still underdeveloped during those days, and the position of the Okimi was nothing more than that of a leader of chiefs, assigned to each region of the coalition government; the Yamato regime during the 5th century can be described as the 'diarchy of Okimi and Katsuraki clan' as the historian Kojiro Naoki has decribed.
- 租税としての「所当」も本来は適切に賦課された官物・雑役・地子などの租税のことを指していたが、12世紀初頭頃より、単に「所当」をもって(公事や臨時雑役などの臨時の賦課に対する)正規の賦課を意味する言葉となったのである。
- Shoto,' which meant tax, originally indicated taxes properly levied such as kanmotsu (produce tax), zoyaku (miscellaneous labor services), and jishi (land tax); but from the beginning of the 12th century, 'shoto' solely meant a regular levy (in contrast to such extraordinary levies as kuji and extraordinary odd-jobs).
- 正税帳や平城宮跡から発掘された木簡などによって、天平年間にはシステムとして確立されていたこと、貢進は5斗(1俵)単位で行われたこと、ウマを用いて輸送する場合には1頭あたり3俵を運ぶと決められていたことが判明している。
- The Shozeicho and wooden tablets found from the Heijo site have shown that this was established as a system around the Tenpyo era and donations were made in units of 5 'to' (1 hyo/pyo), and it was determined that 3 hyo/pyo per head was to be transported if using a horse.
- 当時、農民層を直接支配していたのは、地頭・荘官などの階層から在地の領主として成長していった国人領主層であり、彼らが守護大名の被官となることでその軍事力を支え、室町幕府や守護大名の動向を規定していったとするものである。
- It asserted that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who had been raised from the classes of jito (manager and lord of manor) or shokan (an officer governing manor) to the local lord, that directly ruled the farmers class in those days, and that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who, by becoming low-level bureaucrat of the shugo daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), supported their military power and came to define the movement of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the shugo daimyo.
- 遠平は平氏討伐の恩賞として平氏家人沼田氏の旧領であった安芸国沼田荘(ぬたのしょう、現在の広島県三原市本郷町付近)の地頭職を拝領し、これを譲られた養子・小早川景平(実父は平賀義信であったとされる。)が、安芸国に移住した。
- Tohira was given the position of Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a private estate) when he received the Nutanosho estate in Aki Province (current Mihara City, Hiroshima Prefecture), the former territory of the Nuta clan who were the housemen of the Taira clan, as a reward; and the adopted child Kagehira KOBAYAKAWA (whose biological father was believed to be Yoshinobu HIRAGA) moved to the Aki Province.
- 歌詞の出典はしばしば『古今和歌集』(古今和歌集巻七賀歌巻頭歌、題しらず、読人しらず、国歌大観番号343番)とされるが、古今集のテクストにおいては初句を「わが君は」とし、現在採用されているかたちとの完全な一致は見られない。
- It is often said that the origin of the words in Kimigayo is the 'Kokin-Wakashu' (Volume seven of Kokin-Wakashu, gaka (celebration poetry), first waka, title not known, author not known, Kokka Taikan (Comprehensive National Poems - No. 343), but, the first line of the text in Kokinshu is 'Wagakimiha (literally, 'my lord')' which does not coincide completely with the presently adopted form.
- 南朝側は、北朝の意向により天台座主や寺社の要職に就いた者などを更迭して南朝方の人物を据えることや、建武の新政において公家や寺社に与えるため没収された地頭職を足利政権が旧主に返還した事の取り消しなどを求め、北朝方と対立する。
- The Southern Court confronted the Northern Court by proposing to fire the people selected by the Northern Court to become Tendaizasu (chief of Tendaishu) and important positions in temples and shrines and replace them with Southern Court related people, and wanted the cancellation of the return by the Ashikaga administration of jito (land steward) positions that were taken away during the Kenmu Restoration to give to kuge and temples and shrines.
- 大内軍は間者を用いて大友軍の動きを調べ、動向を手の内にしたり、虚報を流して大友軍を翻弄したうえ、宇佐郡地頭の佐田氏の主、佐田朝泰の進言を容れ、佐田越えののち4月6日早朝、勢場ヶ原に抜け、大村山に籠もる大友軍の奇襲を図った。
- The Ouchi camp spied out the Otomo camp and embarrassed them, confused the Otomo camp by sending false reports to them -- Then, by taking the advice of Tomoyasu SADA, jito (Steward) in Usa-gun County and the head of the Sada clan, the Ouchi clan went over Sada, and in the early morning on May 28, 1534, went through to the Seiba ga haru field and made a surprise attack on the Otomo camp hidden in Mt. Omure.
- これは1930年10月27日に台中州能高郡霧社(現在の南投県仁愛郷)でサイディック族の大頭目莫那魯道が6部落の300余人の族人を率いた反日武装事件であり、小学校で開催されていた運動会会場に乱入し日本人約140人を殺害した。
- On October 27, 1930, a group of more than 300 people from six villages, led by the Seediq Rudao MONA, assaulted the athletic festival held at an elementary school to kill about 140 Japanese in Wuche, 能高郡, Taichung Prefecture (present-day Ren-ai, Nantou County).
- 幕府による地頭に対する土地支配権の安堵によって、現地支配の場で見受けられた荘園の国司に対する不安定な法的地位が安定したことにより、地頭は、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていった。
- By the fact that the jito's rights to control local land ruling were guaranteed by the bakufu and the unstable legal status of jito to kokushi seen in the scenes of local land ruling were stabilized, the jito tried to dissolve the existing relationship with the stratified land ruling, and came to direct the monistical land ruling.
- しかし、忠平の後に実際に政務をリードしたのは太政官筆頭である左大臣藤原実頼であり、村上治世を天皇親政の理想の時代とするのは、11世紀以降に摂関政治で不遇をかこった中下流の文人貴族による意識的な喧伝だったのだと考えられている。
- However, the person who led the governance after Tadahira was the head of Daijokan (Department of State) and also Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) FUJIWARA no Saneyori, and it is thought to have been conscious propaganda to admire Murakami's reign as the ideal of imperial governance by the middle- and lower-ranked literary nobility in and after 11th century.
- このため、領主側は、地頭に管理させる一円内の年貢を毎年一定額と定め、地頭がその納入を荘園領主や国司に対して請け負う代わりに地頭を荘官に任命する地頭請が、主に地頭自身が開発領主であることが多かった東国を中心として行われ始めた。
- As a measure to counter such situations, the Jito-uke system, under which the lord of shoen decided a fixed amount of nengu for shoen under jito's management and appointed jito to shokan (manager of shoen) in return for their obligation to pay nengu to the lords of shoen or kokushi (provincial governor), came into use in the eastern part of Japan where jito themselves were often kaihatsu-ryoshu (the local lord who actually developed the land).
- 原古才村を蜂須賀氏が、松井から本小山までを堀尾吉晴、生駒親正、木下備中、桑山重晴、戸田正治らが、蛙ヶ鼻より先を但馬国衆が担当することとなり、浅野長政は船や船頭を集めて備中高松城が湖に浮かぶ島になった際の城攻めの準備にあたった。
- The Hachisuka clan was responsible for Harakosai Village, Yoshiharu HORIO, Chikamasa IKOMA, Bitchu KINOSHITA, Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, Masaharu TODA for the areas from Matsui to Honkoyama, and the people of Tajima Province for the areas beyond Kawazugahana, while Nagamasa ASANO assembled boats and sendo (boatmen) to make preparations for attacking the castle when it would be floating on a lake.
- 三好氏の当主三好長慶の死後、後継者の三好義継は幼く、長慶の弟達もまたこの世を去っていたため、義継の後見役としてこの三名が台頭し、三好氏の重臣として同じく権勢を振るっていた松永久秀と共に足利義輝の謀殺(永禄の変)に携わるなどした。
- After Nagayoshi's death, the three men emerged as custodians of the successor Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI who was still a child and all of Nagayoshi's brothers were deceased and collaborated with Hisahide MATSUNAGA, another Miyoshi commander wielding similar power, in the assassination of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA (Eiroku no hen).
- 著名な平氏出身者としては例えば東国に独立政権を樹立しようとして失敗した下総国・常陸国の平将門、時代が下って貴族政権で台頭した平清盛の先祖も東国出身の土着平氏であり、これを倒した源頼朝を支えた坂東平氏も同じ土着系平氏の末裔であった。
- Famous members of the Taira clan included the following: TAIRA no Masakado of Shimousa Province and Hitachi Province, who tried but failed to establish an independent government in Togoku; TAIRA no Kiyomori, who led the aristocratic government; and the Bando-Heishi, supporters of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who had toppled Kiyomori; ironically, both Kiyomori and the Bando-Heishi could trace their ancestry back to the lineage of the Taira clan that was native to the Togoku.
- 更に応永7年(1400年)に信濃守護職小笠原長秀との間で行われた大塔合戦では、高梨氏や井上一族など北信濃衆は500騎を動員しており、この数は信濃国人衆の筆頭(信濃惣大将)である村上氏と同数で、東信濃の名族海野氏の300騎を上回る。
- In the Oto War between Nagahide OGASAWARA, the Shinano governor, and local lords in 1400, northern Shinano lords such as the Takanashi clan and the Inoue family gathered 500 warriors, while the Murakami clan gathered 500 warriors and the prominent Unno clan of eastern Shinano gathered only 300.
- 7世紀初頭に聖徳太子が建立した法隆寺の金堂薬師如来像の光背銘に、「池邊大宮治天下天皇」(用明天皇)、「小治田大宮治天下大王天皇」(推古天皇)とあり、治天下大王(あめのしたしろしめすおおきみ)の称号が用いられていたことが推定される。
- On the inscription on the halo of the statue of Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha) in the Kon-do (golden hall) of Horyu-ji Temple, erected by Prince Shotoku in the beginning of the seventh century, it says 'Ike no be no omiya amenoshitashiroshimesu tenno' (Emperor Yomei) and 'Owarida no Omiya amenoshitashiroshimesu okimi tenno' (Emperor Suiko), and it can be assumed that the title 'amenoshitashiroshimesu' was used.
- 現存する最古のものは、文章博士や大学頭を務めた平安時代末期の学者・藤原明衡のものとされる『明衡往来』(『雲州往来』・『雲州消息』とも)と言われており、月ごとにその月にまつわる行事などの文例をまとめた12ヶ月分によって構成されている。
- The oldest existing oraimono, 'Meigo Orai' (Meigo's Correspondence), is believed to have been written by FUJIWARA no Akihira, a scholar in the late Heian period who served as Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) (This book is also called 'Unshu Orai' or 'Unshu Shosoku' and is comprised of 12 months' worth of example sentences which are related to events of the respective months).
- また、『鉄炮記』に「五峰」と記されている人物は、日本の平戸市や五島列島を拠点に活動していた倭寇の頭領である王直の号と同じであり、またポルトガル史料にはジャンク (船)であったと記されていることなどから同一人物であるとも考えられている。
- The man called 'Goho' in 'Teppoki' is considered to be the same person as Ochoku who was the leader of wako based on today's Hirado City and the Goto Islands, because Goho coincides with the byname of Ochoku and the record in Portugal shows the ship was a junk one.
- 棟と梁は建物の最も高い部分にあり、かつ重要な部分であるため、転じて国家などの組織の重要な人物を指し、また「頭領」・「統領」という表記も用いられた(『日本書紀』景行天皇51年(121年)条において武内宿禰を「棟梁之臣」と表現している)。
- Because to and ryo are situated at the top of building and were its essential parts, the term 'toryo' became the one that referred to an important person of organization like a nation and was also written in Chinese characters as '頭領' or '統領' (according to the description of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) for the fifty-first year of the Emperor Keiko (121), TAKENOUCHI no Sukune was described as '棟梁之臣' (Mune no machigimi) (a prime minister).
- 朝倉氏に奪われた越前国吉崎御坊を取り戻すため何十回となく大規模な戦を起こしたり(九頭竜川の戦い)、一揆の拡大によって武家政権の基盤を脅かされることを恐れた織田信長や細川晴元ら権力者との争いを展開するなど戦国大名化して覇権を争ってもいる。
- The Ikko ikki initiated dozens of large-scale assaults (including the Battle of Kuzuryu-gawa River) in an attempt to restore their control over Yoshizaki-gobo Temple in Echizen Province, which had been usurped by the Asakura clan, and later, they fought with such powerful men as Nobunaga ODA and Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who had begun to fear that the sheer size of the Ikko riots (ikki) threatened to shake the very foundations of warrior rule; in the end, the Ikko ikki itself became somewhat analogous to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), and fought for hegemony over Japan.
- 承久の乱後、佐々木信綱が現地の地頭に任じられたが、延暦寺・下鴨社ともに対抗するために延暦寺は堅田に湖上関を設置して他所の船を排斥し、下鴨社は堅田の漁民・船主に漁業権・航行権(水上通行権)を保障する事で堅田の経済的・交通的特権を保証した。
- After the Jokyu War, although Nobutsuna SASAKI was appointed as Jito (estate steward) there, both Enryaku-ji Temple and Shimogamo-sha Shrine decided to rebel against him: Enryaku-ji Temple established Kojo-seki (a checkpoint on the lake) at Katata to keep non-Enryaku-ji-temple ships away and Shimogamo-sha Shrine guaranteed economic and traffic privileges of Katata by protecting fishery and navigation rights for fishermen and shipowners of Katata.
- だが、江戸時代後期彦根藩などの保護を受けた他の琵琶湖湖畔の諸港の台頭、船主・漁民と農民・商人との利害対立による内紛(堀田氏の佐野移封と前後として農民と漁民の対立が大規模暴動に発展している)などがあり、徐々にその影響力を低下させていった。
- However, Katata gradually lost its power, owing to the rise of other domains surrounding Lake Biwa that were protected by some authorities such as the Hikone Domain in the late Edo period and internal conflicts between shipowners and fishermen and farmers and merchants (around the transfer of Hotta clan to Sano, the conflict between farmers and fishermen developed into a large-scale riot).
- 天正元年(1572年)以降、織田信忠を筆頭に池田恒興、森長可(森成利の兄)、河尻秀隆らを主力とする、いわゆる「信忠軍団」が編成されており(池田は後に軍団を離脱→摂津へ)、主に、東美濃に勢力を張っていた武田の影響を排除する戦いをしていた。
- From 1572 onward, an army corps led by Nobutada ODA, Tsuneoki IKEDA, Nagayoshi MORI (Naritoshi MORI's elder brother) and Hidetaka KAWAJIRI, which was known as Nobutada's corps (Tsuneoki IKEDA later withdrew from the corps and moved to Settsu Province), was fighting against the Takeda clan in order to prevent the expansion of Takeda's territory into the eastern Mino Province.
- さらに、治外法権ゆえに、一般社会ではお尋ね者となったような奇才をもった人材や、勢力争いにやぶれた権力者なども多く流れ込み(アジール)、またそうした人物たちが諸国に持つネットワークを活用し、今日でいう頭脳流入、人材流入の場ともなっていた。
- Furthermore, thanks to the extra territorial rights, major temples were the center of what is now called 'brain gain' or concentration of human resources, because many prodigies who were so unique that they were treated as outlaws by the general public, as well as influential people who had lost in power struggles, poured into such temples (asylum) and used their networks with other provinces.
- 後白河上皇と二条天皇の対立は双方の有力な廷臣が共倒れになったため小康状態となり、「院・内、申シ合ツツ同ジ御心ニテ」(『愚管抄』)とあるように二頭政治が行われたが、乱勝利の最大の貢献者である清盛はどちらの派にも組することなく慎重に行動した。
- The conflict between Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Nijo, which had resulted in the mutual destruction of many of their most capable courtiers, now entered a lull, and indeed, the government became something of a duumvirate between the two of them (as written in the 'Gukansho,' 'Now the Retired Emperor and the Emperor spoke in harmony, and were of one mind'), but as for Kiyomori, who had made the single greatest contribution to the current half-victory for each of them, he continued to act prudently, not joining either faction.
- 総督府技師の八田与一は10年の歳月を費やし、当時東南アジアで最大となる烏山頭ダムを完成させると、1920年には嘉南大圳建設に着工、1934年に主要部分が完成すると嘉南平原への水利実現に伴い、台湾耕地面積の14%にも及ぶ広大な装置を創出した。
- Yoichi HATTA, a civil engineer of the Sotoku-fu, spent ten years to complete the Ushantou dam, the largest in the south east Asia at that time, and started the construction of Chianan Canal in 1920, and, with the completion of the major part in 1934, it became a huge water supply facility to supply water to the Chianan Plain, which covered as much as 14% of the total farming area in Taiwan.
- 2005年あたりから台頭した「HM」や「ZARA」、「FOREVER21」などの世界的な規模(低価格・リアルクローズということで日本のユニクロと比較されるが、ユニクロよりも企業規模が大きい)の低価格衣料品チェーンを指して使われることが多い。
- It is often used to refer to global inexpensive clothes chains like 'HM,' 'ZARA,' 'FOREVER 21,' which emerged around 2005, (and they tend to be compared with UNIQLO of Japan, which deals with inexpensive real clothes, but their business scale is larger than UNIQLO).
- 治承・寿永の乱の過程で、鎌倉を本拠に源頼朝を棟梁として東国武士を中心に樹立された鎌倉幕府では、東国を中心に諸国に守護、地頭を設置し、警察権を掌握していたが、西国は支配しきっておらず依然として朝廷の力は強く、幕府と朝廷の二頭政治の状態にあった。
- Given the tumultuous history of the disturbances in the Jijo and Juei eras, the Kamakura bakufu--made up primarily of samurais from the eastern provinces, having its stronghold in Kamakura, and having Minamoto no Yoritomo as its leader--exerted control over assignments of provincial governors and estate stewards in several provinces, mainly in the east, and held the power to police those domains; in the west, however, they had no real control, whereas the Imperial Court's power in the West remained considerable, and thus the shogunate and the Court were stuck as joint rulers of Japan.
- 土地には耕作権を意味する「作職」、年貢徴収請負権の「名主」、荘園領主への年貢納入を請け負う「地頭職」などが重層に存在し、さらに国衙や守護職が令制国単位で影響力を及ぼしていたため、武士の主従関係も一対一の単純なものであるとは限られていなかった。
- There was a multilayered structure of rights claimed for a land including 'saku-shiki' which meant the right of cultivation, 'myoshu' which referred to the right to collect land taxes, and 'jito-shiki' which was responsible for paying out land taxes to the lord of the manor; besides, as the provincial government office and the military governor possessed influence on each province, master-servant relationships among samurai were not necessarily a simple one-to-one relationship.
- これは、鎌倉殿による地頭に対する土地支配権の承認(安堵)が荘園の持つ不安定な法的地位を改善したために、地頭側が、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、下地進止権の獲得を通じた一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていったためと考えられている。
- The background behind the above is considered to be the fact that jito began to pursue the unified ruling of land by annulling the multi-layered land ruling system and obtaining Shitaji shinshi ken (the right to shitaji) since the legal status of shoen became stable thanks to the Kamakura Bakufu's authorization of jito's right to rule the land (ando).
- 一方、奴婢は自らの公認された自立的な共同体を持たず、個人別に良民や朝廷の所有物とされるなど、穢多頭に統率されるなどの形で一定の権利保障の基盤になる共同体組織の保持を保証された江戸時代の被差別民と比べると、権利保障の基盤は脆弱であったとも言える。
- On the other hand, nuhi did not have any official independent community for themselves and were individually treated as property of the Ryomin or the Imperial court; therefore, their basis to secure their rights was probably more fragile when compared to others who were discriminated in the Edo period who found some security in their communities headed by Etagashira (head of eta (discriminated people) which secured their rights.
- なお、用紙は職事蔵人がいつ勅旨を受けても対応できるように、またあくまでも勅旨伝達は口頭であり口宣は覚書(メモ)として作成されるという性格により、製造が簡便である中古紙を再生した宿紙を用いるのが例とされ、後に書式の一環として定着するようになった。
- In order to make the shikiji, kurodo always prepared for the imperial order and because the imperial edict was entirely conveyed verbally and the kuzen was made just as a memorandum (memo), the custom was established using sheets of shukushi (also referred to as sukushi), which was simply made by recycling used paper -- That choice of paper formed a part of the document standards later on.
- 室町時代に矢並を本拠として加茂郡 (三河国)一帯に勢力を広げて三河西北部における有力国人として台頭し、戦国時代 (日本)には、寺部(豊田市寺部町)、酒呑(豊田市幸海町)、足助(豊田市足助町)、則定(豊田市足助町大字則定)などの諸家に分かれていた。
- During the Muromachi period, the clan emerged as a powerful kokujin (local samurai) in the northwestern Mikawa, by extending its influence over Kamo Country (Mikawa Province) with its home base in Yanami, then in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), the clan was divided into several branch families such as the Terabe (Terabe-cho, Toyota City), the Sachinomi (Kokai-cho, Toyota City), the Asuke (Asuke-cho, Toyota City) and the Norisada (Oaza Norisada, Asuke-cho, Toyoda City).
- 現在の福知山市章は、1938年(昭和13年)12月に公募により二千点近くの中から選ばれ制定されたもので、「ふくちやま」の頭文字である「ふ」をカタカナにし、それを九つ並べて図案化されたものであり、その図案はフ九」つまり「福」をこの市章は表している。
- The current city symbol of Fukuchiyama was chosen from about 2,000 entries from across Japan and was established in 1938; it was designed by laying side-by-side the nine katakana characters of 'Fu,' the initial letter of 'Fukuchiyama'; this design expresses 'Fuku' (good luck) with the 'nine Fu' pronounced as 'Fuku.'
- ただし、蔵人所成立後は、天文博士らは陰陽頭を通さずに蔵人に対して密奏を提出して、蔵人から天皇に報告するようになった(ただし事の性格上、深夜あるいは早朝に密奏が行われる場合もあり、その場合は天文博士が直接天皇に上奏する事も例外的に認められていた)。
- After kurodo dokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) was established, tenmon hakase and others began to submit misso to kurodo (chamberlain), bypassing Onmyo no kami, and the kurodo mediated the misso to the emperor (due to the nature of the matter, the misso often took place in the middle of the night or in the early morning, in which case the tenmon hakase was exceptionally allowed to report the misso directly to the emperor.)
- 九戸の乱後に氏郷が加増された頃から、蒲生家における家老職にあたる仕置奉行の筆頭として政務を執っていた郷安であったが、文禄の役で氏郷が名護屋に出陣している際に、会津で重臣の蒲生郷可、蒲生郷成らと一触即発の自体を招くなど、家中では対立する人々が多かった。
- Satoyasu worked as the head of a police magistrate in the Gamo family, which held the position of chief retainer to perform political duties from the time when Ujisasato received additional estates after the Kunohe War, but there were many who antagonistic to each other within the family as he came into the hair-trigger situation with the chief retainers Satoyoshi and Satonari GAMO in Aizu, while Ujisato raised the army and traveled to Nagoya during the Bunroku War.
- その他、久門給(公文給。山口県岩国市玖珂町)、地頭給(岡山県赤磐市、福岡県前原市)、鍛冶給(高知県南国市、福岡県古賀市)、番匠給(山口県防府市、神奈川県横浜市戸塚区)、飛田給(・上ヶ給)(東京都調布市)など、給田に由来する地名が今も各地に残存している。
- Others: Kumonkyu (Kuga-cho, Iwakuni City, Yamaguchi Prefecture), Jitokyu (Akaiwa City, Okayama Prefecture, Maebaru City, Fukuoka Prefecture), Kajikyu (Nankoku City, Kochi Prefecture, Koga City, Fukuoka Prefecture), Banshokyu (Hofu City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Totsuka Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture) and Tobitakyu (Kamigakyu, Chofu City, Tokyo) are examples of place names originating from Kyuden that are still in use today throughout the nation.
- この襲名には、師である武智鉄二の意向が強く働いていたと言われるが、襲名披露の口上の席で座頭である市村羽左衛門 (17代目)より「本来ならば、竹之丞の名跡を継ぐべき人ではない」との強烈な批判ともとれる発言をされるなど、橘屋宗家との確執が浮き彫りになった。
- It was said that wishes of Tetsuji TAKECHI, his master, had strong influence on this succession, but during kojo (a ceremony to announce that an actor takes a new stage name), he received a remark 'He is essentially, not the person who should succeed to the family name of Takenojo', from the leader of troupe Uzaemon ICHIZAWA XVII, which may be taken as a severe criticism, and the discord with Tachibana head family was clearly brought to light.
- 更に平安時代以来官司請負制のもとで暦博士を世襲してきた賀茂氏はその伝統と実績を背景として御暦奏を同氏の専権として主張するようになり、阿倍氏が陰陽頭であっても関与させないことを朝廷に認めさせるようになった(平経高『平戸記』仁治元年閏10月14日・22日条)。
- Besides that, Kamo clan, who had been taking over the post of rekihakase by succession in the government office contract system since the Heian period, thanks to its tradition and its experience, began to claim that goryakuso was its exclusive right and began to get the emperor to agree not to involve Abe clan in goryakuso even if they were Onmyonokami (according to 'Heikoki' by TAIRA no Tsunetaka on December 5 and 13, 1240).
- 薩長は、土佐藩、佐賀藩をも巻き込み、開国以来の違勅条約に対する反対論と外国人排撃を主張、実行に移そうとする「攘夷」を、国学の進展などにより江戸時代後期から広がっていた国家元首問題としての尊王論とを結びつけ、「尊皇攘夷」を旗頭に「倒幕」の世論を形成していった。
- Satsuma and Choshu domains, together with Tosa and Saga domains, advocated the 'anti-shogunate movement' based on the 'antiforeign imperialism' insisting that the treaties with the Western powers, which were concluded against the imperial order, should not be accepted in the first place and that foreigners should be expelled out of Japan, and placating those who were about to resort to force for the cause of exclusionism, these domains tried to unite exclusionism with the imperialism on the supremacy of the emperor.
- この動きにより、地頭請、下地中分等を通じた武家の側からのみならず、領家側からの一円知行化が活発となり、領家職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領家が現れるなど、従来の身分格差に応じた職の体系が崩れだし、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなった。
- This development stimulated the proliferation of Shinryo ichien chigyo not only from the samurai side through jito-uke (system under which the jito controls a manor and pays a fixed fee to its owner) and shitaji-chubun (halving of revenue source land) but also from ryoke (lords of manors), resulting in the beginning of breakdown of the traditional system of occupational positions based on status differences, which involved the emergence of jito having a ryoke position and vice versa, and eventually in a major change of ryoke positions and jito positions in manors and public estates.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- 元就は長男の毛利隆元(53代)に家督を譲った後も戦国大名として陣頭指揮を続け、尼子氏に対しては策略を以ってその軍事の柱石である新宮党を主家の尼子晴久に誅殺させた(しかし近年では新宮党粛清は元就の策謀ではなく、あくまで晴久の意志で実行されたとの見解が有力である)。
- Even after Motonari handed over his family estate to his first son, Takamoto MORI (the 53th), he continued to take command as a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period); also, in order to destroy the Amago clan, he made Haruhisa AMAGO execute the Shingu-to group who were the pillar of their military affairs, as criminals (However, a more prominent opinion in recent years is that the purge of the Shingu-to was not conducted by the conspiracy of Motonari, but by the will of Haruhisa.)
- 一説には、名神大社の一つで、『延喜式神名帳』筆頭に記されている、平安京の宮中、宮内省内に「宮内省坐神三座」として二座(2つ)が祀られていた韓神社(からじんじゃ、からかみのやしろ)の祭りの日(2月の春日祭の後の丑の日と11月の新嘗祭の前の丑の日)とも言われている。
- Some suggest that February 11 is a day of festival of Kara-ninja Shrine or Karakamino-yashiro Shrine, a Myojin-taisha Shrine built within the palace of Heian-Kyo and Kunaisho as two of the 'three shrines enshrined in the Department of the Imperial Household' (the day of the Ox (one of the twelve animals of the oriental zodiac) after Kasuga-matsuri Festival and the day of the Ox before Niiname-sai festival).
- やがて、宇多法皇が道真の娘婿でもある斉世親王を皇太弟に立てようとしているという風説が流れると、宇多上皇や道真の政治手法に密かに不満を抱いていた醍醐天皇と藤原時平、藤原菅根(折りしも病死した平季長の後任の蔵人頭に就任していた)らが政治の主導権を奪還せんとしたのである。
- Eventually, when rumors began to fly that Cloistered Emperor Uda was going to raise Michizane's son-in-law, the Imperial Prince Tokiyo, to the rank of Kotaitei (one rank below the heir apparent), those who were nursing secret resentment against Uda and Michizane for their political maneuvers, including Emperor Daigo, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, and FUJIWARA no Sugane (the new Majordomo of the palace following TAIRA no Hidenaga's recent death by illness), began to plan how to recover control over the government.
- たとえば、17世紀初頭に刊行された『日葡辞書』では、BuxiやMononofuはそれぞれ「武人」「軍人」という訳語が与えられているのに対して、Saburaiは「貴人、または尊敬すべき人」と訳されていることからも、侍が武士階層の中でも特別な存在であったことは窺えよう。
- For example, 'the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam' (Nipojisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary), published in early seventeen century, gave the meaning of the terms Buxi and Mononofu as 'bujin' (warrior) and 'gunjin' (military man), respectively, however, Saburai was translated as 'a nobleman or person to be respected', suggesting that samurai were special people within the bushi class.
- 室町幕府は寺社領及び公家領を「寺社本所領」と呼び、特に地頭やその他預所が置かれていない本所の一円支配領を本所一円支配地と呼んだ(なお、「寺社本所領」の初出は観応2年/正平 (日本)6年(1351年)の幕府法令とされている。また、国衙領を寺社本所領に加えた用法もある)。
- The Muromachi bakufu called the jisharyo and the kugeryo collectively as 'jisha honjoryo', and called especially the land, throughout of which was ruled by the bakufu and neither jito (steward) nor azukari dokoro (estate custodian) was placed, as honjo ichien shihaichi (honjo throughout ruled land) (It was considered that the term 'jisha honjoryo' first appeared in the laws and regulations of the bakufu in 1351. The kokugaryo was included in the jisha honjoryo in some cases.)
- 『日本後紀』にある広世の父・和気清麻呂の薨条(延暦18年2月乙未(21日)条)に、広世が式部少輔と大学別当(大学頭)を兼務し、父・清麻呂の遺志を継いで大学寮の南側にあった私邸を弘文院として内外の経書数千巻を集め、また墾田40町を寄付して学問料を支給したと記されている。
- The entry for the date when Hiroyo's father WAKE no Kiyomaro died (April 4, 799) in 'Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan) contains the description that -- Hiroyo concurrently assumed the offices of Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonies) and Daigaku Betto (Chancellor of the University) (Daigaku no kami; Director of the Bureau of Education), and, as his father Kiyomaro had wished, located his private residence south of the daigaku-ryo the Kobunin where he collected thousands of Chinese classics from inside and outside Japan, and donated 0.4 square kilometers of new rice fields for awarding scholarship funds.
- 薄峠から御殿川への下り坂にある円頭形角柱の碑で、正面には円相の中に半肉彫り弘法大師坐像があり、右側には、かうや山(高野山)・くまの本宮(熊野本宮)、左側には、大坂(大阪)・奈良・若山(和歌山)への距離がそれぞれ記され、くまの本宮までは17里(約67キロメートル)とある。
- It is a monument of a rectangular column with a round head erecting on a slope which extends from Susuki Pass to Odo-gawa River; in the front of it, a seated figure of Priest Kobo-daishi was carved by han-niku-bori (mezzo-rilievo); on the right side, the distances to Mt. Koya and to Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine were engraved; on the left side, the distances to Osaka, to Nara and to Wakayama were engraved; according to it, the distance to Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine was seventeen-ri (about 67 kilometers).
- この時期、諸国の神社領は、地頭、非御家人のみならず、本所による恣意的な神官任命や別相伝(神社領が細分化され本所である摂関家等の縁故者に占有されること)承認により、神官による神社領管理が不安定となっており、このため財源に事欠くことから神社における諸儀式が滞るようになっていた。
- In this period, the management of shrine estates by Shinto priests was destabilized by arbitrary appointment of priests and approval of betsusoden (fragmentation of shrines' estates to be separately possessed by Sekkanke (families qualified for appointment as Prince Regent or Chief Advisor to the Emperor) or other persons having particular relations, who were honsho (nominal landowners)) by not only jito (estate stewards) and higokenin (lower-ranking samurai not under official control of the Bakufu) but also by honsho, and the consequent lack of funds prevented shrines from duly performing various rituals.
- そのため、地方の実効支配者としての地位の向上を望む多数の地方武士の利益代表者の位置を十分構築できず、同時多発反乱の中から台頭した源義仲や源頼朝らによって滅ぼされた(ただし、清盛が設置した諸制度の中に後の頼朝政権に引き継がれた組織の萌芽が見られるというのが近年の有力説である)。
- For this reason, the position of beneficial representatives among many local samurai who were hoping to improve their ranks as regional effective controllers was not sufficiently established and the Taira clan was overthrown by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who gained power through many simultaneous revolts (However, a recent theory says that germination of the organizations which were taken over to Yoritomo administration can be seen in the various systems established by Kiyomori).
- 弘長元年10月3日_(旧暦)(1261年)、江戸氏の一族の一人であった地頭江戸長重が正嘉の飢饉による荒廃で経営が出来なくなった江戸郷前島村(現在の東京駅周辺)を北条氏得宗家に寄進してその被官となり、1315年までに得宗家から円覚寺に再寄進されている事が記録として残されている。
- According to records, in November 4, 1261, one of the Edo clan and Jito (manager and lord of an estate) Nagashige EDO donated Maejima-mura village of Edo-go (present-day Tokyo Station and its neighborhood) to the Tokuso family (the direct line of the regency Hojo family) when he could no longer manage the village because of the Shoka Famine, which incident led him to serve the family, and by 1315, the village was donated again from the Tokuso family to the Enkaku-ji Temple.
- 宇多上皇(程なく宇多法皇になる)は醍醐天皇に譲位した後も、『寛平御遺誡』という君主の心構えを新帝に説くばかりでなく、道真を始め源善・中納言源希・蔵人頭平季長・侍従藤原忠平といったいわゆる「寛平の治」の推進役だった一種の側近集団を新帝の周囲に配置して新帝の政策を主導しようと図った。
- Even after Retired Emperor Uda (who soon after became Cloistered Emperor Uta) abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, he went far beyond merely his written injunction, the Kanpyo goyuikai--which advised the new emperor on how to prepare himself to rule--and actively planned to continue his leadership role in the new emperor's government by surrounding Emperor Daigo with the group of his closest aides and ministers who had been the driving force behind the administration of the Kanpyo era, notably Michizane but also including MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Mare, the Kuroudo no kami (Majordomo of the palace) TAIRA no Suenaga, and the Jiju (Chamberlain) FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- 日本では、天文博士あるいは天文密奏宣旨を受けた天文学・占星術に通じた人物が、異常な天文現象を見つけた際には、占いの結果と過去に発生した同様の事例から勘案してその意味を解釈したものを観測記録とともに奏書に認めて密封して、速やかに陰陽頭を通じて天皇に対して上奏されることとなっていた。
- In Japan, it was decided that upon observing an unusual astronomical phenomenon, tenmon hakase (a master of astronomy) or a person who was well versed in astrology and astronomy and had received an imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso should draw up a document stating what it symbolized by taking into account the divination and similar cases in the past, and observations; seal it; and directly submit it to the emperor through Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) at once.
- この御家人制は平安時代以降の土地制度である荘園公領制に立脚した守護地頭制に由来し、御家人に対して先祖伝来の所領の地頭に任命する本領安堵、また武功に対して新たに地頭に人目し所領を与える新恩給与による御恩を受ける代わりに鎌倉殿の課す軍役や京都大番役、鎌倉番役を課す奉公によって成立している。
- The lower-ranking vassal system originated from the Shugo and Jito system based on shoen koryo sei (system of public lands and private estates) which was the land system after the Heian period, and it consisted of honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate) where gokenin were appointed to Jito of the territory inherited from the ancestor and military service imposed by Kamakura-dono or the service of Kyoto obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) and Kamakura Banyaku (guards of Kamakura), instead of giving a favor by shinon-kyuyo (granting new domains) where Jito was newly given a territory for their deed of valor.
- また、広義の場合には、豪族(大豪族)が中央から下ったか在地かはともかく、その地域で、数郡を支配する大勢力を有したのに対し、一般にその傘下にあるか、あるいは独立した在地の数村を支配する小規模の豪族である、地頭やその系譜をひく国人領主の家臣或いは被官たる者で地侍の主筋になる在地領主をも含む概念。
- In wider sense, while larger gozoku (local ruling families) had a large power to reign some counties in his assigned region whether he stayed in the center or the local, dogo was a retainer or hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of jito, who were usually smaller gozoku and reigned some villages which were under control of or independent from the larger gozoku, or kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) of the jito's linage, and even included zaichi-ryoshu (local lord) which was to be the main stream of jizamurai.
- だが、鎌倉幕府によって地頭が設置されて検断権を掌握し、更に在地勢力に発言権の高まりとともに本所及び荘務権そのものが衰退し、南北朝時代 (日本)に守護請・地頭請あるいは在地の有力者などに一定額の年貢納入義務を引き換えに荘務を請負わせる「請負荘園」の増加によって荘務権は有名無実化することになる。
- However, since the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) had established the jito (estate stewards), who held the right to judge criminal cases, the authority of the shomuken and honjo themselves eroded; and further, as the cases of 'Ukeoi shoen, ' which was the contract system in which the shoen owners entrusted the shomu to Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) or to the locally influential individuals in return for the exemption of the payment of the certain amount of nengu (land tax), increased during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the shomuken virtually lost its substance.
- 教科書としては、『庭訓往来』『商売往来』『百姓往来』など往来物のほか、文字を学ぶ『千字文』、人名が列挙された『名頭』『苗字尽』、地名・地理を学ぶ『国尽』『町村尽』、『四書五経』『六諭衍義』などの儒学書、『国史略』『十八史略』などの歴史書、『唐詩選』『百人一首』『徒然草』などの古典が用いられた。
- Text books included Oraimono such as 'Teikin Orai' (collection of letters used for family education), 'Shobai Orai' (a Guide to Commerce), 'Hakusho Orai' (a Guide to Farming), 'Senjimon' (a poem consisting of one thousand Chinese characters) for learning characters, 'Nagashira,' 'Myojizukushi' for learning names of people, 'Kunizukushi,' 'Chosonzukushi,' for learning place names and geography, 'Shishogokyo,' 'Rikuyuengi' for Confucianism, and history books such as 'Kokushiryaku,' 'Juhasshiryaku' and classics such as 'Toshisen,' 'Hyakuninisshu' and 'Tsurezuregusa.'
- 律令制の衰退によって朝廷自体が天皇家の家政機関としての色彩を強めてくると、内蔵頭には蔵人頭や弁官・近衛府を歴任した四位の殿上人が就任するのが慣例となり、更に院政期には財力を有する有力な受領に移り、室町時代初期には山科家の当主が御厨子所別当を兼務して就任するようになると、以後同家の事実上の世襲となった。
- As the Ritsuryo system declined and the court itself started to function as the institution to manage the Emperor's family's household, it became tradition for the position of Kuranokami (the chief of Kuraryo) to be filled by court officials of the fourth rank that had previously been Kurodonoto (the chief of Kurodo Dokoro) or worked in the Benkan (clerical section) or Konoefu (Imperial palace guards), and then in the period of governments by cloistered emperors became a position for prominent Zuryo (head of provincial government) with strong financial power, and in the early Muromachi period, the Yamashina family held the position together with the position, Mizushidokoro Betto (superintendent of the cooking section for the emperor), and it has been essentially their hereditary post ever since.
- 同戸籍は、その後の六年に一度作成するという「六年一造」の造籍の出発点になっただけでなく、五十戸一里を基準に行政的に戸を編成して、その戸内の家族(戸口)の名・年齢・戸主との続柄などを詳述したことによって、個々の家族構成を直接的に把握することを可能にし、それを基に班田収授を行い、人頭課税をする台帳の機能も果たした。
- This registration system not only served as a starting point of 'rokunen-ichizo' (literally, 'one creation in six years) in which family registers were created every six years thereafter, but also made it possible to see the direct composition of each household by organizing households in terms of fifty households in ichi-ri on an administrative basis and describing each family member's name, age and relation to the household head in detail, and served as a ledger to conduct Handen Shuju (a regulation of land ownership) and jinto kazei (poll taxation).
- そもそも、これらの歴史的事件を評価するときに念頭に置いておかなければならないのは、受領層に対して闘争を行った百姓層とは決して受領の収奪にあえぐ零細な農民などではなく、隷属民や私兵を多数擁して地域支配や産業において莫大な利権を持ち、国衙と負名契約を結んでいた、農業など諸産業の大規模経営者であったということである。
- In evaluating these historical events, we should keep in mind that the farmer class refers not to poor farmers suffering from heavy taxes Zuryo collected but to large-scale managers of agriculture and other industries who had vested rights in the local community and industries with many subordinate people and private solders and had a contract with kokuga over fumyo.
- 饅頭(まんとう)は伝承によれば、3世紀の三国志の蜀の宰相・諸葛亮が孟獲との南征の帰途、川の氾濫を沈めるために川の神へと人身御供を立てて、人の首を川に沈めるという風習を改めさせようと小麦粉で練った皮に羊・豚の肉を詰めそれを人間の頭に見立てて川に投げ込んだところ川の氾濫が静まった故事からこの料理が始まったという説がある。
- According to the lore, the dish of mantou originated in the historical fact that a flood subsided after a kneaded flour dough stuffed with mutton and pork, which imitated a human head was thrown into a river in order to change the custom of sinking a human head into a river for human sacrifice to stop floods when Zhuge LIANG, the prime minister of Shu in the Sanguo Zhi (History of the Three Kingdoms) was on his way back from southern expedition to attack Meng HUO in the third century.
- これに対して興膳宏は、東・西、と北・南で巻題の命名に対応関係が見られること(とくに東・西の巻ではそれぞれ巻頭に小序が付されていてそれが顕著である)、また体裁の面でも東・西の巻が諸家の論を空海自身の裁量で取捨しているのに対し、南・北の巻ではそのままの形で引用されていることが多いなど、対になっているのは明らかだとしている。
- In response to this, Hiroshi KOZEN explained that evidently pairs were made, as the titles of the volume corresponded to each other such as East against West, and North against South (particularly the volumes of East and West were noticeable because they had small prefaces in the beginning), and concerning the format, in the volumes of East and West Kukai selected each family's comments on his own discretion, while in the volumes of South and North they were cited as they were.
- 鎌倉末期から南北朝時代における安東氏の支配領域は、安藤宗季(上記の季久とする説が有力)による譲り状や安藤師季に対する北畠顕家安堵状によると、陸奥国鼻和郡絹家島、尻引郷、行野辺郷、蝦夷の沙汰、糠部郡宇曾利郷、中浜御牧、湊、津軽西浜以下の地頭御代官職となっており、現在の青森県地方のうち八戸近辺を除く沿岸部のほとんどと推定されている。
- It is supposed that, the Ando clan's territory during the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts consisted of the major part of the coastal regions except for the vicinity of current Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture, according to the documents such as a letter of concession by Munenori ANDO (the widely-accepted theory is that it was the same person as the above mentioned Suehisa) and Akiie KITABATAKE's certificate for the land directed to Morosue ANDO, in which it is mentioned that the clan was in charge of Jitoondaikan (deputy military governor) in Kinuka-jima, Shirihiki-go and Ikunobe-go, Ezo no sata of Hanawa County, Mutsu Province and in Usori-go, Nakahama-mimaki and Minato Tsugaru-nishihama of Nukabe County, Mutsu Province, and others.
- 一町目(3か所)、今出川町、蛭子町、扇町、大猪熊町、大宮町、頭町、亀屋町(4か所)、菊屋町、北町、荒神町、革堂町、近衛町、米屋町、栄町、三町目、神明町、大黒町、鷹司町、玉屋町、突抜町(3か所)、中之町、仲之町(4か所)、西大路町、西北小路町、西町(3か所)、二町目、東橋詰町、東町(3か所)、菱屋町、毘沙門町(3か所)、桝屋町(3か所)、四町目(3か所)
- 1-chome (three locations), Imadegawa-cho, Ebisu-cho, Ogi-cho, Oinokuma-cho, Omiya-cho, Kashira-cho, Kameya-cho (four locations), Kikuya-cho, Kita-machi, Kojin-cho, Kodo-cho, Konoe-cho, Komeya-cho, Sakae-cho, 3-chome, Shinmei-cho, Daikobu-cho, Takatsukasa-cho, Tamaya-cho, Tsukinuke-cho (three locations), Nakano-cho, Nakano-cho (four locations), Nishioji-cho, Nishikitakoji-cho, Nishi-cho (three locations), 2-chome, Higashihashizume-cho, Higashi-cho (three locations), Hishiya-cho, Bishamon-cho (three locations), Masuya-cho (three locations), 4-chome (three locations)
- 鎌倉幕府の成立時期をめぐっても諸説あり、源頼朝が征夷大将軍に任命された建久3年(1192年)説、日本国総守護地頭に任命された建久元年(1190年)説、公文所及び問注所を開設した元暦元年(1184年)説、守護・地頭の任命を許可する文治の勅許が下された文治元年(1185年)説、事実上、東国の支配権を承認する寿永二年の宣旨が下された寿永2年(1183年)説、頼朝が東国支配権を樹立した治承4年(1180年)説がある。
- There are also several theories on when the Kamakura Bakufu was established, such as the theory that it was founded in 1192, when MIYAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to seii taishogun, the theory of 1190, when he was appointed to Japan general Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward), the theory of 1184, when he opened a Kumonjo (administration office) and monchujo (a court of justice), the theory of 1185, when the Bunji imperial sanction was declared, which licensed the appointment of Shugo and Jito, the theory of 1183, when Juei-ninen no Senji was declared for approving, in fact, the dominion of Togoku and the theory of 1180, when he established the dominion of Togoku.
- 問題の天正13年の朝廷の人事については『公卿補任』をはじめ当時の朝廷人事に関する史料・記録・文書の日付がバラバラで余りにも錯綜しているため、同年前半の任官記録を矛盾無く並べる事が事実上不可能で歴史学者の間でも頭を悩ませている問題であるが、大まかな流れとして左大臣が一条内基から二条昭実、更に近衛信輔に移り、右大臣は二条昭実から近衛信輔、更に菊亭晴季(前内大臣)に移り、内大臣は菊亭晴季から近衛信輔を経て秀吉の就任に至ったと考えられている。
- As for the matter over the personnel of the Imperial Court in 1985, historical materials, records, documents including the 'kugyo bunin' (list of high court nobles) list different dates for the matter, and thus, it is too distorted to put in order the dates of accessions in the first half of the year coherently, causing historians to puzzle over the matter; roughly speaking, however, it is assumed that the position of Sadaijin was transferred from Uchimoto ICHIJO to Akizane NIJO and then to Nobusuke KONOE, that that of Udaijin from Akizane NIJO to Nobusuke KONOE and then to Harusue KIKUTEI (former Naidaijin), and that that of Naidaijin from Harusue KIKUTEI to Nobusuke KONOE and finally to Hideyoshi.
- 始期については、従来源頼朝が将軍(征夷大将軍)に任じられた1192年とするのが一般的であるが、頼朝が平家打倒のために挙兵し御家人を統率する侍所を設置した1180年説、寿永二年十月宣旨で東国(東海道および東山道)の支配権を朝廷に公認された1183年説、対立する弟・源義経追討の名目で惣追捕使(後の守護)・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年説、頼朝が上洛し権大納言・右近衛大将に任命された1190年説、また一部では1196年説など様々な考え方がある。
- There are many theories about in what year the Kamakura period truly began, of which the 1192 theory, the year MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was made Shogun (Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians')), is the orthodox view, but in addition, theories include: the 1180 theory, focusing on Yoritomo raising his army and leading his gokenin (lower-ranking warrior vassals) into battle to destroy the Taira clan, and also establishing the Samurai Dokoro (Board of Retainers, which oversaw rewards for service); the 1183 theory, in which the key moment is the official recognition of the shogunate's right to control Eastern Japan (everything along the Tokaido and Tosando highways) proclaimed by the imperial court in the tenth month; the 1185 theory, which focuses on Yoritomo's use of his struggle to destroy his younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as a pretext to usurp the right to appoint and control the offices of shugo (provincial governor) and jito (estate steward); the 1190 theory, in which it was Yoritomo's visit to the capital and subsequent court appointments to Gon Dainagon (Deputy Major Counselor) and Ukone Taisho (Commander of the Guardsmen of the Right) that is considered the decisive moment; and a handful even believe it wasn't until 1196 that the Kamakura period truly began.