領: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 長講堂領
- Chokodo-ryo (Chokodo's territory)
- 日本総領事。
- Also served as Japan's consul general in France.
- 武士在地領主論
- The theory of the bushi lord of a manor
- 第七条 - 所領之事
- Article 7: Territories
- 以後、鳥取藩領となる。
- Later, this was owned by the Tottori Domain.
- 天領だった著名な観光地
- Major Tourist Spots that had once been Tenryo
- 3. 三綱領の「親民」
- 3. 'Qinmin', one of the 'Sankoryo'
- 領事裁判権に関する条項。
- The provision on consular jurisdiction
- 「開発領主」と「武士団」
- The 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' and 'bushidan'
- 在地領主論への疑問・異論
- Doubts and objection against the theory of the lord of the manor
- 鎌倉時代以降は近衛家領。
- During the Kamakura period, it was the estate of the Konoe family.
- 朱印領・黒印領ともいう。
- These are also called Shuinryo/Kokuinryo.
- 寺社領(約40万石) など
- Territories of Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines (about 400,000 goku)
- これを受領名の授与という。
- This was called the grant of zuryomei (honorary titles).
- 領域は現在の奈良県にあたる。
- Its territory covered today's Nara Prefecture.
- また唐の領土が拡大しすぎた。
- Also, the Tang Dynasty expanded its territory too much.
- 2月2日に威海衛を占領する。
- On February 2, the Japanese Army conquered Weihaiwei
- このような国司を受領という。
- Such Kokushi is Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors).
- インターフェロン感受性決定領域
- interferon sensitivity determining region
- ISDR
- 11月6日に金州城を占領する。
- On November 6, the Japanese force seized the castle of Jinzhou.
- 領主は賀茂御祖神社(下鴨社)。
- Kamomioya-jinja Shrine (Shimogamo-jinja Shrine) was the landlord for the manor.
- 十月、大宝律令を諸国に領下する。
- In October, Taiho Ritsuryo was distributed among the provinces.
- かくして御船は官軍に占領された。
- In this way, Mifune was seized by the government forces.
- 領域は現在の奈良県南部にあたる。
- The territory was located in the southern part of Nara Prefecture.
- 平安時代は雑役免荘で、摂関家領。
- During the Heian period, the manor was a zoyakumen (land that was excepted from all levies except the regular land tax), and the estate of a Sekkan-ke (family which produced regents and advisers).
- 関東御領 - 将軍が本所である荘園
- Kanto domains - manors whose honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) was shogun.
- 同時に穆佐・宮鶴・倉岡を占領した。
- At the same time, the government army seized Mukasa, Miyazuru, and Kuraoka as well.
- 上方勢は泊城占領後に二手に分かれた。
- The Kamigata army separated into two groups after the occupation of Tomari-jo Castle.
- 禁裏御料、皇族・公家領(約10万石)
- Imperial properties, Imperial family's territories, and court nobles' territories (about 100,000 goku)
- 領内統治の不行届(御家騒動、百姓一揆)
- Failure to properly control territories (family troubles or peasant revolts)
- 同時に伊達領に出兵して各地を攻略した。
- At the same time, by sending troops to Date's territory, Yoshiaki captured a portion of his territory.
- 魏博の田弘正が領地を返還して入朝する。
- Hongzheng TIAN of Weibo surrendered his territory and entered the imperial court.
- また所領を削減されることを減封という。
- Also, having the size of lands in possession reduced is called genpo in Japanese.
- 現在では幕府領、幕領ということが多い。
- The terms 'bakufu-ryo' or 'baku-ryo' (lit. Shogunate's territories) are often used in the present day.
- 在所山城国葛野郡近衛殿御領内梅津庄也。
- The land is located in Umezu-sho in Lord Konoe's territory, in Kadono no kori in Yamashiro Province.
- 荘園・公領における租税賦課の基準となる。
- They were regarded as the benchmark for taxation imposed within shoen and koryo.
- 次いで第2旅団により佐土原町も占領した。
- Following this, the 2nd brigade seized Sadowara-cho Town.
- 5月31日には全羅道首都全州を占領した。
- On May 31, Jeonju, the capital ofJeolla Province was occupied.
- 春日大社が領家で、興福寺 一乗院が知行。
- Kasuga-taisha Shrine was the ryoke (lord of the manor), and Kofuku-ji Temple Ichijo-in was in charge of the chigyo (fief).
- 特に北郷氏は旧領回復の機会であり奮戦した。
- Particularly, since it was a chance for the Hokugo clan to regain its former territory, all involved from his clan worked hard.
- そして事実上中央の命に拠らず藩を領有した。
- They effectively controlled the domain, independent of the command from the central government.
- 織田氏の継嗣問題及び領地再分配会議である。
- The purpose was to discuss the matter of a successor and the redistribution of territories of the Oda clan.
- 二個師団を上回る兵力が台湾占領にあたった。
- The troops comprising of more than two divisions were assigned the duty of conquering Taiwan.
- 甲斐国、飛騨国は一国まるごと天領となった。
- The whole provinces of Kai and Hida became tenryo.
- こうして武士の在地領主化が進行していった。
- In this way, more and more samurai became local lords.
- 木曾義昌:本領(木曾谷)安堵、筑摩郡・安曇郡
- Yoshimasa KISO: Permitted to rule his inherited territories, Chikuma-gun and Azumi-gun
- 唐は太宗 (唐)の時代に大幅に領土を広げた。
- The Tang Dynasty greatly expanded its territory during the period of Taizong (Tang).
- 信長は国掟を定め、武田遺領を家臣に分与する。
- Nobunaga established rules for his territory and divided the former territory of the Takeda clan among his vassals.
- (2-a)御家人所領の売買及び質入れの禁止。
- Article 2-a specified the prohibition of trading and pawnage of shoryo (territory) of Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu).
- 最近は供の数が多く、領地や領民の負担となる。
- Nowadays there are many servants and it is a burden for the territory and people of the domain.
- これらが「地方銀」と呼ばれる領国貨幣である。
- These were called 'Chihogin', the territorial currency of Daimyo.
- こうして人吉は官軍の占領するところとなった。
- In this way, Hitoyoshi was seized by the government army.
- 翌日、官軍はこれを追撃して小河内を占領した。
- On the next day, the government army chased the Satsuma army and seized Ogochi.
- 一領具足制度の有効性を物語るエピソードである。
- This is a telling episode about the efficiency of the Ichiryo gusoku system.
- 五島領主の五島純玄は、一番隊小西行長に属した。
- Sumiharu GOTO, the lord of Goto, belonged to the first division led by Yukinaga KONISHI.
- 以後、明治維新まで加藤氏が領することとなった。
- From then on till the Meiji Restoration, the Kato clan had dominated the Minakuchi Domain.
- 一、諸国主ナラビニ領主等私ノ諍論致スベカラズ。
- • District lords and feudal lords must not have private disputes.
- 「武士在地領主論」と呼ばれるものがそれである。
- It was called 'the theory of bushi, lord of the manor.'
- 19日には最上郡郡司擬大領の伴貞道が戦死する。
- TOMO no Sadamichi, Gidairyo (Deputy Administrator) of the gunji (district government official) in Mogami-gun, died in the battle on 19th.
- 海上の土豪たちに領主の支配に服することを命じた。
- And he ordered the local clans on the sea to be put under the control of the local lords.
- 日本は十万坪強の居留地を設定し、領事館を置いた。
- Japan established a settlement covering 330,000m², and constructed a consular office there.
- 田堵負名層の多くは武士化するとともに在地領主化。
- Many Tato fumyo became local lords as they were militarized.
- このような請負が行われた荘園・公領を請所という。
- Shoen and koryo that had such a contract were called ukedokoro.
- 戦功を挙げたために所領を安堵され、存続を許された。
- As he successfully fought in the battle, his territory was approved and he was permitted to continue his family line.
- 能勢氏(のせし)は、摂津国(北摂地方)の大身領主。
- The Nose clan was a taishin ryoshu (noble land owner) in Settsu Province (Hokusetsu region).
- 都城には旧領主であった北郷氏が復帰し乱は終結した。
- Miyakonoshiro was returned to the original lord the Hokugo clan, which was the end of the rebellion.
- 彦根藩(ひこねはん)は、近江国の北部を領有した藩。
- Hikone Domain refers to a domain which possessed the northern part of Omi Province.
- 長尾氏にとって、村上氏の旧領復活こそ叶わなかった。
- The Nagao clan failed to regain the former territory of the Murakami clan.
- また通称で御領、御料所、公儀御料などとも呼ばれた。
- Also, it was commonly known and referred to as 'goryo,' 'goryosho,' or 'kogi goryo.'
- 11月8日、榎本は英仏領事と英仏艦艦長と会見した。
- On November 8, Enomoto met the British and French consuls and the captains of the British and French warships.
- この西国の警固使は東国の押領使・追捕使に該当する。
- The Keigoshi placed in the western region corresponded to Oryoshi and Tsuibushi in the eastern region.
- 3月(地方大名の領国統治、勧農、館の造り、果樹)、
- March: Territory management by feudal lords, encouragement of agriculture, construction of houses, and fruit trees
- また、同国の八条院領高橋荘とも関連があったとされる。
- Also it is considered that it had a relationship to Takahashi-so of Hachijoin-ryo (estates of Hachijo-in), in the same province.
- 首都漢城占領に先立ち朝鮮国王は首都を捨てて逃亡した。
- Before the capital Hansong was occupied, the King of Korea had given up the capital and run away.
- 諸大名から天皇への領地(版図)と領民(戸籍)の返還。
- The return of demesne (land attached to a manor and retained by the owner for their own use) (territory) and people of the domain (family register) from territorial loads to the Emperor.
- 源義仲(木曽義仲)が信濃国木曽谷を領した頃から始まる。
- The family line dates back to the time when MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO) wielded control over Kisodani, Shinano Province.
- 平盧の李師道・成徳の王承宗は自ら領地の一部を返還した。
- Shidao LI of Pinglu and Chengzong WANG of Chengde gave back parts of their own territories.
- 南腹の斜面に曲輪を展開、家臣や国人領主の屋敷を配した。
- The Kuruwa was laid out on the mountain slope facing south, and they built the residences for the retainers and the Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords).
- これは、領土を実際に奪った罪を特に重くした区分である。
- This classification was designed to treat an act of actually seizing a territory as an especially capital crime.
- 五月、太計帳・青苗簿・輸租帳などの式を諸国に領下する。
- In May, formalities of 太計帳, seibyobo (the register of standing crops) and yusocho (the field-tax report, same meaning of socho) were distributed among provinces.
- この作戦成功により、日本軍は初めて清国領土を占領する。
- With this victory of the operation, the Japanese force occupied the territory of Qing for the first time.
- 従って、半島領有の放棄を勧告し誠実な友好の意を表する」
- Hence, we recommend Japan to abandon control over the Peninsula to foster friendly relations.'
- この時、播磨国内の旗本領、藩の飛び地の一部が編入された。
- At that time, the Hatamoto domain in Harima Province and a part of the outlands of the domain were incorporated into Ikuno Prefecture.
- ここにおいて日本軍は抵抗を受けることなく公州を占領する。
- Therefore, the Japanese army met no resistance in occupying Gongju.
- 城と領地は没収となり、多くの家臣は禄を失って浪人となる。
- Castles and lands were confiscated, and so many vassals could no longer receive a stipend and became ronin (masterless samurai).
- 惟豊は大友氏、相良氏と盟を結ぶことで領国の安定を図った。
- Koretoyo tried to stabilize his territories by establishing an ally with the Otomo and Sagara clans.
- そのため、後に源頼朝から疎まれ、多田の所領を没収される。
- Because of his service with Yoshitsune, Yukitsuna was later shunned by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and his territory in Tada was eventually confiscated.
- (2-b)既に売却・質流れした所領は元の領主が領有せよ。
- Article 2-b specified that shoryo (territory) which had been already sold or foreclosed should be possessed by the original feudal lord.
- ロシアは樺太の北緯50度以南の領土を永久に日本へ譲渡する
- Russia shall permanently transfer the sounthern part of Sakhalin, from the northern latitude of 50 degrees, to Japan.
- 参勤交代における江戸と領地との往来が典型的な形態である。
- The typical form was traffic between Edo and territory in Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo).
- 天領(てんりょう)とは江戸幕府の直轄領のことを指す通称。
- Tenryo is commonly known as a name for territories that were under the direct control of the Edo Shogunate.
- 江戸時代以降は、所領の加増という点は一環して踏襲された。
- After the Edo period, the practice of increasing vassals' holdings steadily continued.
- 主に院司が受領に任じられて任国に下って知行国を支配した。
- Officials of the retired emperor's office were usually appointed to zuryo then travelled down to the province and took control of it.
- 後白河院は莫大な荘園を長講堂に寄進し長講堂領が確立する。
- Chokodo-ryo was established after the retired Emperor Goshirakawa donated vast numbers of shoen to the Chokodo.
- 主に戦国時代_(日本)の戦国大名の領国において普及する。
- It was widely used in Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in Japan.
- また、寺社領内では政府の徴税権も及ばなかった(諸役不入)。
- In addition, in the areas of temples and shrines, the right to collect taxes by government was also not admitted (shoeki funyu [refusal of many obligations]).
- 関東御成敗地 - 将軍家が地頭任免権を持つ国・荘園・国衙領
- Kanto goseibaichi - provinces, manors and kokugaryo for which the shogun family possessed the power to appoint/dismiss Jito.
- 荘園・公領全体の田地のうち除田を除いたものが定田となった。
- Of the rice fields within shoen and koryo, there were two categories of fields; joden (定田, taxable rice fields) and the rest, which were categorized as joden (除田, tax-free rice field).
- 水口藩(みなくちはん) 滋賀県甲賀市水口町周辺を領した藩。
- The Minakuchi Domain was a han (a basic unit of provincial government during the Edo period) that governed around Minakuchi-cho, Koga City, Shiga Prefecture.
- なお、将軍の直轄地(天領)では大名の代わりに代官を置いた。
- In lands directly controlled by the shogun (tenryo), local governors were appointed instead of daimyo.
- 長崎は幕府の天領として幕府の直接管理で貿易がおこなわれた。
- Nagasaki was regarded as a shogunal demesne, where trade was carried on under the direct control of the Bakufu.
- 受領から命令を受けた追捕使が動員したのは、国内武士である。
- The persons who Tsuibushi mobilized based on an order from zuryo were samurai in the province.
- なお、当時の全ての荘園・公領が守護請所となった訳ではない。
- But not every shoen and koryo in those days were subject to Shugo ukedokoro.
- この時代に「住人」というのはその地の開発領主の意味である。
- The term, 'junin,' at that time was defined as the kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) who developed that area.
- これら地域の荘園・公領は頼朝あるいは義仲に押領されていた。
- The shoen and the koryo in these areas were seized by Yoritomo or Yoshinaka.
- 年貢や公事の賦課が免除され、収穫物をすべて領主が収取した。
- Imposition of land tax and kuji (public duties) was exempted, and all crops were collected by the feudal lord.
- 一つは、領主が荘園・国衙領内の百姓を夫役と称して徴発する。
- The first type was that where a feudal lord requisitioned peasants in a manor or a Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) as a compulsory service.
- 元々寺社は寺領・神領などと呼ばれる広大な所領を有していた。
- Shrines/temples used to own vast lands called jiryo (temple estate)/jinryo (shrine estate).
- 時の宇都宮当主、宇都宮持綱を自領の幸岡原に狩りに招いて殺害。
- They invited Mochitsuna UTSUNOMIYA, who was then the family head of the UTSUNOMIYA clan, to go hunting in the Koka-hara plain, in their own domain, and there they killed him.
- 関東御口入地 - 将軍が地頭職を推薦、斡旋できる荘園、国衙領
- Kanto gokunyuchi - manors and provincial lands for which the shogun had the right to recommend Jito.
- そのため、武田遺領は一時的に政治的・軍事的空白状態となった。
- As a result, the territories of the Takada clan were temporarily left in a state without political or military control.
- 横海軍の程権は二州全ての領地を返還して藩の歴史を自ら絶った。
- Chengquan, the military leader of Henghai army, surrendered all his territories in two prefectures, thereby voluntarily putting an end to the history of his domain.
- 1585年、島津軍が領内に侵入するや阿蘇勢は総崩れとなった。
- In 1585, the Aso forces were utterly destroyed as soon as the Shimazu troops entered Aso territories.
- 7月24日、要所である庄内方面・財部方面が官軍に占領された。
- On July 24, the government army seized the Shonai and Takarabe areas, which had been strategically important places for the Satsuma army.
- その後、9月20日に江華島事件が発生して永宗島の要塞を占領。
- Later, the Ganghwa Island incident occurred on September 20, and the Japanese occupied the fortress of Yeongjong Island.
- 当該地域の領有権及び領土問題に関する詳細は樺太の項目を参照。
- For details on territorial rights or territorial disputes of this area see Sakhalin.
- その後も信濃国への出兵を繰り返し、徐々に領地を広げて行った。
- Sending forces into Shinano Province even after that, the clan continued expanding its territory gradually.
- 4月1日、別働第1旅団が薩軍夜襲隊を追撃して宇土を占領した。
- On April 1, the detached 1st brigade chased a night attack troop of the Satsuma army, and seized Uto.
- これに耐えきれず、薩軍が川尻に後退したので、松橋を占領した。
- As the Satsuma army could not withstand the attack and retreated to Kawajiri, the brigades seized Matsubase.
- これは、後の追捕使・押領使・警固使の祖形であるとされている。
- It is said that these persons were the predecessors of Tsuibushi (envoys to purse and capture), Oryoshi (Suppression and Control Agent), and Keigoshi (envoys to protect).
- 一つは、東海・東山両道の荘園・公領の領有権を回復させること。
- One was to restore the territorial rights for the shoen and the koryo in both the Tokaido and Tosando areas.
- 園城寺との繋がりが深かった源義光の私領を継承した山本氏の一族。
- 'MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu line of Seiwa-Genji,' a line of the Yamamoto clan, took over private lands of MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu, who had close links with the Onjo-ji Temple.
- しかし太田亮は摂津源氏は仮冒で古代能勢郡領家の後裔としている。
- However, Akira OTA stated they only assumed the name of Settsu Genji and had actually been the descendant of the lord of the manor in Nose District in ancient times.
- その領土を都護府・羈縻政策・府兵制の制度をもって維持していた。
- It maintained its territory through protectorate, tributary and divisional militia systems.
- 権門の中でも最大の家領を有していたのは、御堂流摂関家であった。
- Among the kenmon, the Mido line Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor) owned the biggest karyo.
- なおこの時滝川一益は関東管領に任ぜられていたともいわれている。
- It is also said that Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was appointed to Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) at that time.
- ただし、幕末になると大名領を「藩」と俗称することが多くなった。
- However, damiyo domains were commonly called 'han' toward the end of the Edo period.
- 他方両国には琉球王国の日清両属という領土問題での懸案もあった。
- Meanwhile, there remained bilateral territorial issues on the possession of the Ryukyu islands.
- それにともない室町時代には守護による守護領国制支配が進行した。
- Along with it, in the Muromachi period, the territory (fief) system of shugo made progress.
- 受領が国内武士を把握する手続きは次のようであったとされている。
- It is said that zuryo obtained information about samurai in his province by the following procedure:
- または荘官職に補任することによって新たな所領を宛がったりした。
- They were also granted new territory by appointed to shokan-shiki (estate manager).
- しかし、守護請が荘園・公領の減少をもたらしたことは間違いない。
- However, without a doubt the number of shoen and koryo decreased due to Shugouke.
- 舞姫は、公卿の娘2人、受領・殿上人の娘2人という風に選ばれた。
- Dancers were selected in a manner of two daughters from noble families and two from the zuryo (the head of provincial government) or tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Court).
- これに対して領主側も用途に応じた標準貫高を定めて把握に努めた。
- In order to accommodate such a system, the feudal lords themselves endeavored to keep good control by setting standard kandaka in accordance with their purpose.
- その後は保科氏らと婚姻関係を結びつつ北方へ領土を拡大していった。
- Subsequently, the clan expanded its territory northward, having marriage connections with the Hoshina clan and so on.
- このため計二万一千石となり、江戸時代もこれが寺領として確定する。
- As a result, its territory became 21,000 koku in total, which was established as jiryo in the Edo period.
- 宮郷の精神的支柱だった日前宮は社殿を破却され、社領を没収された。
- The Hinokuma-gu Shrine, which was the spirit of miyago, had the main building destroyed and the territory seized.
- 京都付近の淀藩は山城など近畿のほか遠く上総まで所領を持っていた。
- The Yodo Domain near Kyoto had not only neighboring territories in the Kinki region such as Yamashiro, but also in Kazusa Province a long way off.
- それから、平原村で河野主一郎部隊の守備を突破し、庄内を占領した。
- Then in Hirahara Village, the government army broke through the defense by Shuichiro KONO's troop and seized Shonai.
- また、この法令を楯に所領を取り戻したのは御家人に止まらなかった。
- And, it was not only Gokenin who repossessed shoryo using this act as an excuse.
- 上記のような経済問題は、領事裁判権問題とも密接な関わりがあった。
- These economic problems mentioned above was related closely to the matter of consular jurisdiction.
- 翌日には政府と王宮を襲い領議政(首相)と旻氏系高官らを殺害した。
- On the following day, the rioters attacked the government and the palace and killed the supreme leader (prime minister) and high ranking officials of the Min family.
- また別働第3旅団は甲佐に退却した薩軍を追撃して堅志田を占領した。
- The detached 3rd brigade chased the Satsuma army that had retreated to Kosa, and seized Katashida.
- 兵の家は、受領を歴任し、また押領使・追捕使に補任されるなどした。
- The warrior houses held zuryo (custodial governor) governorships and were also appointed Oryoshi (Suppression and Control Agents) or Tsuibushi (Pursuit and Apprehension Agents).
- そこで言う「社会的・階級的特質」が「在地領主的性格」なのである。
- This 'social and social class aspect' was ' characteristic of a lord of a manor.'
- 後白河院は長講堂とその所領を寵姫高階栄子所生の宣陽門院に譲った。
- Retired Emperor Goshirakawa handed over the Chokodo and its territory to imperial princess Senyomonin, the daughter between himself and his favorite concubine TAKASHINA no Eishi.
- わずか数十石であっても、自分の領地を持つことを望む傾向があった。
- They tended to desire having their own land even if it was only a few koku.
- その後解放されて長門国厚狭郡古帳に10000石を領する身となった。
- Later, he was released from confinement and allowed a domain of ten thousand koku in 古帳, Asa-gun (Asa county,) Nagato Province.
- 蒲生・神崎両郡の大領として近江(現在の滋賀県)に勢力を持っていた。
- It had power as the lord of Gamo County and Kanzaki County in Omi (the present-day Shiga Prefecture).
- 交趾 当時実質的に中部ベトナムを領有していたフエの阮氏政権である。
- Giao Chi was governed by the Guen clan in Hue, which actually ruled Central Vietnam at the time.
- 占領各地では義兵の決起が生じ、このため武器・兵糧不足に悩まされた。
- In various occupied areas, volunteer soldiers arose and they suffered from insufficient weapons and provisions.
- また金子氏を慕う領民達も決起し毛利軍にゲリラを仕掛けたと思われる。
- It seems that the village people in the territory, who adored their lord, even engaged in guerrilla warfare against the troops of the Mori clan.
- 入信した大名の領地では、特に顕著にキリスト教が広がることになった。
- Christianity began spreading remarkably fast, especially in those domains whose daimyo had professed their faith.
- 受領(国司)から地方に土着し、武士団化した氏族も各地に残っている。
- Some clans still remain in the various locations they settled down after they were appointed to Zuryo (provincial governor) and changed to these groups of warriors.
- 景虎は征夷大将軍・足利義輝に拝謁し、関東管領就任を正式に許された。
- Kagetora had an audience with Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, Seii taishogun, and got official approval of assuming the Kanto Kanrei post.
- この占領が後の講和条約で南樺太の日本への割譲をもたらすこととなる。
- Through this occupation and the subsequent peace treaty, Japan was ceded the southern half of the Sakhalin peninsula.
- 4月8日、辺田野方面は激戦となり、官軍は萩迫の柿木台場を占領した。
- On April 8, the government army occupied the Kakinoki Battery in Hagisako through the fierce battle in the Hetano area.
- それ以外にも領内を大洋に接する諸藩でも密貿易を度々おこなっていた。
- In addition to these domains, a number of other domains with territories facing the ocean frequently traded illegally as well.
- そのため諸藩や団体・個人に呼びかけて北海道の分領支配し開拓させた。
- Therefore, the central government called for feudal domains, organizations and individuals to reclaim a portion of lands in Hokkaido and gave them the control over such areas in return.
- そして、新しく開拓した地、そしてその村落は開拓した者の私領となる。
- Furthermore, the newly cultivated land and its village became the private estate of the person who cultivated it.
- 2点目は院宮王臣家以下の荘園を本所の領有に復帰させることであった。
- The second article was about restoration of the shoen belonging to the ranks lower than Engu oshinke (a general term for imperial families and nobles who gathered strength by approaching the Emperor's power) to the possession of honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor).
- その結果として領土を勝ち得、家臣団に与えて下克上の芽を摘み取った。
- This led to acquisition of territories, which were then given to the daimyo's vassals to ease their ambition to come through the ranks.
- 各領主は段銭帳を作成し、領内で賦課する段銭の基礎資料や記録とした。
- Landlords kept tansen registers and used them as references for collecting tansen and records of tax collection in their estate.
- 以後は旧領奪還を目指す石川氏と結城氏の間で激しい争いが繰り返された。
- Thereafter, fierce battles were repeated between the Ishikawa clan, which aimed to recover the former fief, and the Yuki clan.
- また関東管領、もしくはそれに準ずる権限の役に就いたとも言われている。
- Kazumasu is also believed to have been appointed as governor of the Kanto region or as an official with similar authority.
- 頼綱政権は、この機関を通じて西国の荘園・公領への支配を強めていった。
- The Yoritsuna administration came to strengthen the governance of shoen and public territories in Saigoku through this institution.
- 翌5月には首都・漢城(漢陽・現在のソウル特別市)を日本軍が占領する。
- In the next month, June, the Japanese army occupied the capital, Hancheng (Hanyang; present Seoul Special City).
- 尊氏は再び京都を占領し、後醍醐天皇は吉野に逃れ南北朝時代に突入した。
- Takauji again took over Kyoto causing the Emperor Godaigo to flee to Yoshino, and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts started.
- - アメリカ極東軍司令部、朝鮮における占領行政を宣言(即時独立否認)
- The Headquarters of the U.S. Army Forces Far East proclaimed the occupation administration in Korea (Denial of immediate independence).
- そのため、抵抗できず、宮崎から撤退したため、官軍は宮崎市を占領した。
- Therefore, unable to make any resistance, the Satsuma army retreated from Miyazaki, allowing the government army to seize Miyazaki City.
- 訳:大名は自分の領地と江戸とを(1年ごとに)毎年4月に参勤すること。
- Translation: Daimyo must visit their own territory and Edo in April every year.
- この山を占領した官軍は何度も奪取を試みる薩軍右翼隊を瞰射して退けた。
- Once occupied the hill, the government army fired down upon the right flank of the Satsuma army and drove it off, although the Satsuma army had tried to capture the hill again and again.
- これを追って官軍は久木野前線の数火点および大関山・国見山を占領した。
- Chasing the troop, the government army seized Mt. Ozeki, Mt. Kunimi, and ignition points in the battle front of Kukino.
- 分領支配の実績は各地各様であったが、経験不足から低調な所が多かった。
- The efficiency of land allocation varied with places, but most did not work well due to the lack of experience.
- その戦後初期の武士在地領主論では、武士を武士団と同義ととらえている。
- The theory of bushi lord of manor in early post-war period considered bushi the same as bushidan.
- 戦国大名が戦う第一の目的は自領を維持し、あわよくば拡大することにある。
- The first goal for Sengoku daimyo was to maintain his territory or expand it if possible.
- 鎌倉殿が御家人の所領支配を保障し、又は新たな土地給与を行うことを言う。
- The Kamakura-dono guaranteed the governance of territories by gokenin and supplied them with new land.
- 家領(けりょう)とは中世の権門が代々伝領してきた所領・荘園などのこと。
- Keryo were such holdings as shoryo (individual estates) and shoen (manor in medieval Japan) inherited by kenmon (an influential family) for generations in Medieval Japan.
- 元治元年(1864年)禁門の変での功により旧領のうち3万石を回復する。
- In 1864, Naonori regained properties bearing 30,000 koku among former territories because of his distinguished service in the Kinmon Incident.
- 斎宮寮 - 斎宮の用を勤め、伊勢太神宮、伊勢の神領に関する事務を掌る。
- Saiguryo (Bureau of the High Priestess of Ise Shrine): worked for Saigu (imperial princess appointed to serve Ise Shrine) and was in charge of clerical work concerning the affairs of the shrine and the shrine estate.
- 官軍は6月20日、高熊山の熊本隊と雷撃隊が占領する大口に攻撃を加えた。
- On June 20, the government army attacked the Kumamoto-tai troop in Mt. Takakuma and the Raigeki-tai troop occupying Oguchi.
- 領事裁判の不当さを日本人に痛感させた事件として歴史に残るものになった。
- It went down in history as the incident which made the Japanese keenly realize the unjustness of consular jurisdiction.
- 官軍は3月15日、薩軍の守備を破り、ついに横平山(那智山)を占領した。
- On March 15, the government army finally broken the defense of the Satsuma army and occupied Mt. Yokohira (Mt. Nachi.)
- 幕府直轄の各領地には代官処がつくられ、郡代や代官・遠国奉行が支配した。
- Daikan-sho (Office of Local Governor) were established in each of the territories that were under the direct control of the Shogunate, and gundai (intendant of a region), daikan (local governor), or ongoku-bugyo (the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period) governed those territories.
- かかる凶党に対し、実際に追捕にあたったのは受領率いる国衙機構であった。
- For these gangsters, the kokuga system led by zuryo played the role of actually capturing them.
- 院宮家は、自らの側近や血縁者を国守・受領に任命することが通例であった。
- It was customary that Innomiya families appointed their close retainers or relatives to kokushu and zuryo.
- こうして領主は所領の一部に全収穫を収取しうる田地佃を形成したのである。
- In this way, the feudal lord made rice fields from which they could collect all the crops, i.e., the tsukuda, within their territory.
- 室町期守護は、守護請を通じて国内の荘園・国衙領への支配を強めていった。
- In the Muromachi period, Shugo strengthened the control over shoen and Kokugaryo in the country through Shugouke.
- 吉良氏の所領である遠江国引馬荘(静岡県浜松市)の代官となった一流がある。
- A branch of the family came to take the post of daikan (regional administrator) of the Hikumaso, in Totoumi Province (now Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture) which was the territory of the Kira clan.
- 採訪処置使は領内の一つの州に治所を置き治所の州刺史を兼任する役職である。
- Saihoshochishi was a government officer who placed an administrative office in a province within the territory, and additionally, he served as governor of the province.
- 中国王朝でおこなわれた封建制は君主が貴族に領域支配を名目的に認める制度。
- In the Hoken system operated under Chinese dynasties, a monarchy nominally authorizes the nobility to rule the domain.
- 安南 当時北ベトナムを領有していた黎氏を擁立するハノイの鄭氏政権である。
- Annan was governed by the Trinh clan in Hanoi, which supported the Lee clan that ruled Northern Vietnam at the time.
- その際、宇久純玄(五島藩第20代)は、1万5530石の本領を安著された。
- At that time, he acknowledged a 15,530 koku fief as belonging to Sumiharu UKU (the twentieth head of the Goto Domain).
- 若桜藩(わかさはん)は因幡国八東郡(鳥取県八頭郡若桜町)周辺を領した藩。
- The Wakasa Domain was a feudal domain owning areas around Hatto-gun, Inaba Province (Wakasa-cho, Yazu-gun, Tottori Prefecture).
- 治天の君に仕えた乳母の血縁者や、中流貴族の国司(受領)出身者が多かった。
- Many of them were blood relatives of menoto (wet nurses) who served Chiten no kimi, or middle-class nobles who formerly served as Kokushi (also called Zuryo; provincial governors.)
- 攻略そのものは問題なかったが、その後の占領において大きな問題が発生した。
- The assault itself had no issues to be criticized but a problem occurred during the occupation.
- 日露戦争の終結直前の段階で日本軍は樺太攻略作戦を実施し、全島を占領した。
- In the closing phase of the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese army carried out the Capture of Sakhalin peninsula and occuppied the entire island.
- 日本軍は3月10日に奉天を占領したが、またもロシア軍の撃破には失敗した。
- The Japanese army occupied Fengtian on March 10th; however, it failed to inflict a decisive blow on the Russian Army.
- そのため、国衙軍制をもって荘園・公領間紛争を制圧することはできなかった。
- Therefore, the kokuga forces system could not be used for suppressing conflicts between manors and koryo.
- 田堵負名層は、軍役に応え戦功に応じてさらに新たな所領を与えられたりした。
- The Tato fumyo class were given new holdings according to their meritorious performance in battle.
- また絵図には、田畑、放牧地などを領家と地頭で等分する朱線が引かれている。
- On the map, a red line which divides fields and pastures equally for the lord of the land and jito was also drawn.
- 受領の中には任国へ赴任せず、在庁官人へ行政を任せる者も多くなっていった。
- More and more appointed officials did not move to ningoku (place of appointment) and delegated to zaichokanjin.
- それとともに、領主への貢納(年貢・公事・夫役)の責務を担った階層である。
- They were also obligated to collect tribute and taxes (taxes in kind, public duties and labor services) for territorial rulers.
- 百姓層の団結を背景として、国司・荘園領主に必ずしも従わない名主も現れた。
- Against the background of the increasing solidarity among farmers, some myoshu farmers even refused to obey their rulers.
- しかし戦国時代になると領国間の紛争に伴う恒常的な臨戦態勢が必要となった。
- However, during the Sengoku Period, conflicts between territorial provinces made it necessary to be always prepared for a war.
- 廃藩置県では旧幕府領、旧藩がそのまま府県となっていたため飛び地が多かった。
- Under the policy of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), former domains became prefectures, therefore there were a lot of overlooked lands.
- 家領の権利書である公験は家記などとともに代々嫡男などの後継者に継承された。
- Kugen (a standard deed acknowledging a holder's ownership), which was a deed of the keryo, was inherited for generations by an heir such as a legitimate son, along with the kaki (records inherited within the family).
- 山家藩(やまがはん)は、丹波国何鹿郡(いかるがぐん)山家周辺を領有した藩。
- Yamaga Domain included the areas in and around Yamaga in Ikaruga no kori (Ikaruga County), Tanba Province as its territory.
- その間にさらに北上した日本の一番隊と三番隊は平壌を占領して進撃を停止した。
- In the mean time, the First and Third Divisions marched further to the north and occupied Pyongyang and suspended their marching.
- また、木曽義昌や諏訪頼忠に所領安堵状を与え、信濃も半ば手中するかに見えた。
- Ujinao also gave a certificate for the land to Yoshimasa KISO and Yoritada SUWA, and he seemed close to having Shinano within his grasp.
- 理由は、源為義はもっぱら京都におり河内国の領地にいた形跡がないことにある。
- The reason is that MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi was entirely in Kyoto and left no evidence of his presence in the manor of Kawachi Province.
- 破竹隊は小林を守備していたが、7月11日、官軍第2旅団によって占領された。
- Kobayashi, defended by Hachikutai, was seized by the 2nd brigade of the government army on July 11.
- 12日に先発の4個中隊が延岡を出発して重岡、13日に竹田に入って占領した。
- The four earlier dispatched companies started from Nobeoka and seized Shigeoka on May 12, and seized Takeda on May 13.
- - 尼港事件により北サハリン(北樺太)も占領したが、1925年に撤兵する。
- After the Nikolayevsk Incident North Sakhalin (North Karafuto) was occupied until 1925, when the troops withdrew.
- 石見国安濃郡吉永(島根県大田市)周辺で1万石を領有し、吉永に陣屋を構えた。
- It had been located around Yoshinaga, Ano-gun, Iwami Province (current Ota City, Shimane Prefecture) with 10,000 koku of rice, and jinya (regional government) had been settled in Yoshinaga.
- 一、諸国散在寺社領、古ヨリ今ニ至リ附ケ来ル所ハ、向後取リ放ツベカラザル事。
- • The system of temple and shrine territories across Japan, which has existed since ancient times, must not be distrupted from now on.
- この頃、米国総領事タウンゼント・ハリスが通商条約・調印を幕府に迫っていた。
- At this time, Townsend HARRIS, the USA council general, urged the Japanese government to enter into the Treaty of Amity and Commerce.
- 第二軍は大連市占領後、第1師団 (日本軍)を残し、遼陽を目指して北上した。
- After entering the city of Dalian, the Second Army advanced northwards to Liaoyang leaving the First Division (the Japanese Army) behind to secure the city.
- 表高に対し、実際に領民に課される年貢額の算定に用いられる石高を内高と言う。
- Against Omotedaka, kokudaka that was actually used to estimate nengu imposed to ryomin (people of the domain) was called uchidaka (real value of the yield).
- さらに、入京した源義仲軍が、京中および京周辺で略奪・押領をおこなっていた。
- In addition, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's army, which had entered into the capital, committed plunders and embezzlements in and around the capital.
- そのような不安定な権利関係にあって、所領をめぐる紛争は頻繁に発生していた。
- Given there were so many weak claims, naturally many territorial disputes arose.
- また、守護や荘園領主なども私段銭と呼ばれる私的な段銭を徴収するようになる。
- At the same time, provincial governors and owners of manors began collecting shitansen, which was private tansen.
- しかし秀吉に恨まれ、奥州仕置によって領地は蒲生氏郷に与えられることとなった。
- Hideyoshi bore resentment against Akimitsu and transferred the fief of the Ishikawa clan to Ujisato GAMO on the pretext of punishment of the powerful warriors in the area of Oshu to prevent them from strengthening their power.
- 多田庄は頼綱の時代(頼国の時代とも)に摂関家に寄進され、摂関家領荘園となる。
- The ownership of Tada Manors was donated to the regent family in the reign of Yoritsuna (as well as of Yorikuni), so that Tada Manors became the estates owned by the regent family.
- 翌29日、官軍は兵を返して高岡に向かう途中で赤坂の険を破り、高岡を占領した。
- On the next day, July 29, the government army moved the soldiers towards Takaoka by breaking through the dangerous pass at Akasaka on the way to Takaoka, and seized Takaoka.
- 訳:領地での政務は清廉に行い、違法なことをせず、国郡を衰えさせてはならない。
- Translation: Do government affairs honestly in the domains and do not breach the law or diminish the Domain's power.
- また清は以後日本の清国領土簒奪への警戒感を持ち北洋艦隊建設の契機ともなった。
- In addition, Qing started to sense danger with regard to Japan's desire to seize Qing's territory, which led Qing to construct its Northern fleet.
- その注文をもとに国内武士を列挙した名簿「武士交名」が受領のもとで作成された。
- Based on the chumon, a list of samurai in the province, called 'bushi-komyo' (literally, samurai name list), was generated under the zuryo.
- こうした事情は田堵、負名、受領、百姓、武士といった関連諸項目をも参照のこと。
- For more details, see sections of Tato and Fumyo, Zuryo, farmers and warriors.
- 後に私段銭は守護大名・戦国大名による領主的な賦課へと転換していくことになる。
- Shitansen developed into a form of feudal landlord-tax imposed by provincial governors and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- しかし、本能寺の変で信長が討たれると、森長可は海津城を捨て本領地に逃げ帰った。
- However, when Nobunaga was killed in the Honnoji Incident, Nagayoshi MORI abandoned Kaizu-jo Castle, and fled back to his territory.
- 貞時は、政治の実権を内管領から取り戻し、実質的な得宗専制を一層強化していった。
- Sadatoki regained real political power from Uchi-Kanrei and further strengthened the Tokuso autocracy.
- 更に、荘園領主の居住地から遠い地方では金銭や軽貨など運搬が簡易な物が望まれた。
- The owner of a shoen who lived far away from it wanted the shoen residents to bring money or other light freight that was easy to transport.
- そして全ての綴じ目に奉行の割印を押印した上で、領主側と村方に1冊ずつ保管した。
- Then, a magistrate affixed a seal on the seam in every page of the two kenchi-cho, and the feudal lord and the village each kept one.
- 管領細川持之を始め諸大名たちは、邸へ逃げ帰ると門を閉じて引きこもってしまった。
- Territorial lords including Mochiyuki HOSOKAWA, kanrei (shogunal deputy), got away and back to their residences and closed its gate and shut themselves away.
- その結果、都城の各方面で薩軍は総崩れとなり、この日官軍は都城を完全に占領した。
- As a result, the government army completely seized Miyakonojo on this day as the Satsuma army was routed in the respective areas in Miyakonojo.
- 彼らの領内にいた多数のキリシタンは、仏教に改宗するか、隠れキリシタンとなった。
- Most of the Christians in their territories converted to Buddhism or became crypto-Christians.
- 戦国時代には一説によると寺領が50万石 (単位)とも70万石とも言われている。
- Some say that the land belonged to temples reached 500,000 or 700,000 koku (unit of measurement) in the Warring States Period.
- ドイツは、1897年に宣教師殺害を理由に膠州湾租借地を占領、翌年には租借した。
- Germany occupied the Jiaozhou Bay in 1897 for the killing of its missionary and obtained the sovereignty of the land in the following year.
- しかしながら、国司はその運搬進納を担う綱領に郡司・富豪層を任じるようになった。
- However, Kokushi came to assign gunji or persons in the rich and powerful class as the head persons responsible for the carriage and delivery.
- 安田元久らの学説では「武士」と「兵」の違いは「領地」の支配形態にもとめられた。
- The academic theories by Motohisa YASUDA sought the difference between 'bushi' and 'tsuwamono' as the ruling formation of the 'estate'
- 受領の恣意的支配が抑制されたため、国司苛政上訴も沈静化した、とする評価である。
- Therefore the post-war evaluation is that the disappearance of Kokushi kasei joso was because Zuryo's arbitrary administration had been controlled.
- 日高郡 (和歌山県)でも3月23、24日頃には上方勢が来襲し、湯河領に侵攻した。
- In Hidaka County (Wakayama Prefecture) the Kamigata army arrived and invaded the territory of the Yukawa clan around April 22 or 23.
- 源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開くと、横山党の横山時広は軍功により横山庄の所領を安堵された。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), as a reward for military service Tokihiro YOKOYAMA from the Yokoyama Party received a fief and was approved as the landowner of the Yokoyama-sho estate.
- 留守中の大名領地に太閤検地が行われ、豊臣政権の統治力と官僚的な集団が強化された。
- Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's nationwide land survey) was conducted for territories of daimyo who were absent and the governing power and bureaucratic group of the Toyotomi government were strengthened.
- 草刈鍬五郎など重傷者は減知のうえ、藩領だった下野の佐野に流され揚屋に幽閉される。
- Those who had been seriously injured, such as Shugoro KUSAKARI, were exiled to clan territory in Sano, Shimonotsuke Province and confined to Ageya, and had their rice rations reduced.
- 1貫文 2石(武将の領地を、石高制になるまでは銭による貫高制で表すことがあった)
- 1 kanmon = 2 koku (before the introduction of kokudaka system [tax and salary system based on the annual yield of rice by koku], the warload's territory was sometimes rated with kandaka system [a system to measure the amount of rice production based on the land size by sen]).
- 中央集権を進めるには各地に未だ残る大名領(藩)の存在をどうするかが問題であった。
- In order to establish a centralized administrative system, however, there still remained the problem surrounding the existence of daimyo (domains) territory throughout the nation.
- 中世に入ると荘園領主や公家・武士・僧侶達によって多くの目録が作られるようになる。
- In medieval times, many mokuroku were drawn up by the lords of shoen (manors), court nobles, samurai and Buddhist monks.
- 唐は百済の旧領を郡県制支配の下に置いたが、すぐに百済遺民による反抗運動が起きる。
- The Tang Dynasty put the old territories of Kudara under the county and prefecture system, but an uprising by the surviving members of Kudara soon took place.
- 明治8年(1875年)12月2日に樺太と交換して日本領になった得撫島以北を所管。
- The jurisdiction north of the Uruppu Island, which became the Japan's property in exchange for Sakhalin, was transferred to the Sapporo head office on December 2, 1875.
- しかしながら、荘園・公領間の紛争において、荘園側は凶党には当たらないこととされた
- However, in disputes between manors and koryo, it was decided that the manor side did not constitute gangsters.
- 特に前者の受領襲撃は、反国家行為として「凶党」と呼ばれ、軍事制圧の対象となった。
- In particular, the former, the persons who assaulted zuryo, were called 'gangsters' as carrying out an anti-national act, and were targeted for military suppression.
- 任期切れ間近の受領は、成績をあげるためにしばしば法令どおりの苛烈な収奪を行った。
- The zuryo whose terms of office were approaching the end was often engaged in relentless exploitative activities according to the law and regulations, to accomplish respectable achievements.
- 国人領主も幕府の奉公衆の地位を得て守護の干渉を防いだり逆に牽制することもあった。
- A number of Kokujin ryoshu protected themselves from intervention by a Shugo or checked the movements of Shugo by obtaining the status of bakufu hokoshu (a military post of the bakufu).
- 南北朝時代 (日本)期以降、特に戦国 (日本)期に国衙領の衰退とともに消滅した。
- The practice disappeared with the decline of the Kokugaryo after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), especially during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- こうして国内支配に大きな権限を有する国司、すなわち受領層が出現することとなった。
- As a result, kokushi who had great authority in the governance of provinces, namely zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), appeared.
- 因みに石高一万石の領主を大名とする一つの基準は、備を一つでも編成できる事にある。
- Incidentally, one of the criteria for a feudal lord with a kokudaka of 10,000 koku to become a daimyo was his ability to organize at least one sonae.
- 元親は兵力増強の為、十五歳以上から六十歳までの領民の中で戦に参戦できる者を集めた。
- Motochika collected people aged from 15 to 60, who could participate in the war to raise his troop strength.
- 結局上方勢は湯河氏らを攻め滅ぼすことはできず、和議を結び湯河氏らの本領を安堵した。
- As a result, the Kamigata army could not subvert the Yukawa clan and others, made peace negotiations and approved the main land of the Yukawa clan and others.
- 承久の乱では惣領・木田重国とその子木田重知をはじめ一族の者が京方に属して討死した。
- In the Jokyu War, some members of the clan including Shigekuni KIDA, the heir of the clan, and his son Shigetomo KIDA were killed as they belonged to kyogata (the Kyoto side or supporters of the Imperial court in Kyoto).
- 荘園制において荘園領主が土地・人民を支配するための基本台帳としての役目を果たした。
- They functioned as residents' ledgers in order for the shoen owners to manage their lands and people.
- 加藤清正の一隊は威力偵察のため国境を越えて明領・オランカイ(兀良哈)へ攻め入った。
- Kiyomasa KATO and his troops invaded Orangkai in Ming's territory surpassing the border for the purpose of reconnaissance in force.
- しかし、三田井を占領された薩軍は6月1日、日影川の線を占領し、官軍進撃を阻止した。
- However, as Mitai had been seized, the Satsuma army occupied the line of the Hikage-gawa River on June 1 and prevented advancement of the government army.
- 10月下旬に劉永福が大陸に逃亡、日本軍が台南を占領したことで台湾民主国は崩壊した。
- At the end of October, Yung-fu LIU fled to the continent and the Japanese army occupied Tainan, which events marked the collapse of the Republic of Formosa.
- 逆に横川から転進してきた第2旅団が7月14日、小林から高原を攻撃し高原を占領した。
- On the contrary, on July 14, the 2nd brigade that had changed its course from Yokogawa attacked Takahara from Kobayashi and seized there.
- 武田信玄と上杉謙信の両者が病死した後も甲越両軍は川中島の領有を巡って争いが続いた。
- Even after both Shingen TAKEDA and Kenshin UESUGI died from illness, Kai forces and Echigo forces continued to fight with each other over the possession of Kawanakajima.
- 3月14日、官軍は田原坂攻撃を開始したが、結局横平山を占領することはできなかった。
- On March 14, the government army started to attack Tabaru Slope but, after all, could not occupy Mt. Yokohira.
- 別働第3旅団は娑婆神嶺を占領、別働第1旅団と別働第2旅団は大野川の線まで前進した。
- The detached 3rd brigade seized Shabashinrei, and the detached 1st brigade and the detached 2nd brigade advanced to the line of Onogawa.
- 以後、中世を通じての社会経済体制である荘園公領制は急速に崩壊していくこととなった。
- Later, shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estate), the socioeconomic system throughout the medieval period, rapidly disintegrated.
- 多くの場合、領主側が地頭に譲歩し、和与中分が行われることが多かったと見られている。
- It is contemplated that wayo-chubun in which the lord of shoen made concessions to jito was widely done.
- 長講堂領(ちょうこうどう-りょう)は、中世荘園公領制下における王家領荘園群の一つ。
- Chokodo-ryo was an Imperial family shoen (manor) under the shoen koryo sei (a system of Public lands and Private estates) during the medieval period.
- 高野山と織田信長の関係悪化は、天正初年の大和宇智郡の領有問題に絡むトラブルに始まる。
- The relationship between Koyasan and Nobunaga ODA began to become worse since the trouble on the issue of territorial rights over Yamato Uchi County in 1573.
- その後岡豊城で一領具足を交えて軍議を開き、その結果阿波の完全制圧を目指す事となった。
- After that, having a council of war including ichiryo gusoku, the self-made rural samurai, they aimed to take complete control of Awa Province.
- 信蕃は本能寺の変後、空白地帯となった信濃・甲斐に家康を手引きし、その占領に貢献した。
- Nobushige provided assistance to help Ieyasu conquer Shinano and Kai Provinces, which had been left without a territorial governor after the Honnoji Incident.
- そうした分国支配の一環として、領国内の武士・領民を規制するために分国法が定められた。
- As part of control over one county, Bunkokuho was established to control warriors and farmers within its county.
- が、その後も成徳・廬龍もまた朝廷に領地を返還し、ここに河朔三鎮平定も成ったのである。
- However, after his death, Chengde and Lulong also surrendered their territories, and thus pacification of Kasaku Sanchin was accomplished.
- 保司(ほうし)とは日本の中世において国衙領の一種である保を管理する地方行政官である。
- Hoshi refers to officers of provincial government who administered ho, which was a type of Kokugaryo (the territories governed by a provincial government office) in medieval Japan.
- そのため、急ぎ雲楊へ帰艦し江華島砲台を破壊、永宗城島の要塞を占領した、とされてきた。
- So he hurriedly came back to the Unyo and attacked and destroyed the gun batteries of the Island; then, he occupied the fort of the EisoJoto island.
- しかしながら、薩軍は疲労のため勢いをなくし、別働第2旅団が翌22日に野尻を占領した。
- However, since the Satsuma army lost its momentum due to fatigue, the detached 2nd brigade took advantage of that and seized Nojiri on the next day, July 22.
- 本来鎌倉殿と御家人の主従関係で成り立っていた幕府内部において、総領制が行き詰まった。
- Originally, the Kamakura bakufu was established based on master-servant relationship between the Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) and the Gokenin, however the Soryo system (the eldest son system for the succession of the head of the family) was getting bogged down.
- ただし、「天領」「藩」の用語は江戸時代においては公式文書で使用されることはなかった。
- However, the terms 'tenryo' and 'domain' were not used in official documents of the Edo period.
- 唐がこの掃討を行っている隙に、新羅自身も670年に旧百済領に侵攻し、唐軍を駆逐した。
- While the Tang forces were trying to quell the uprising, the Silla forces invaded the former Kudara territories in 670 and drove the Tang forces out.
- 3月30日、官軍主力は三ノ岳の熊本隊を攻撃し、4月1日には半高山、吉次峠を占領した。
- On March 30, the main force of the government army attacked the Kumamoto-tai troop on Mt. Sannotake, and on April 1, occupied Mt. Hanko and Kichij Pass.
- 4月2日、官軍は木留をも占領し、薩軍は辺田野に後退し、辺田野・木留の集落は炎上した。
- On April 2, the government army also occupied Kitome, then, the Satsuma army retreated to Hetano and villages in Hetano and Kitome were burnt down.
- その目的・内実からいえば「蝦夷徳川将軍家遺臣武士団領」と呼ぶべきであるとの説もある。
- There is also another theory that states that it should be called 'the territory of a group of surviving retainers of the Ezo Tokugawa Shogun Family', considering their purpose and the circumstances.
- 一国に1人置かれる国追捕使または国押領使は、次第に特定の家系が世襲するようになった。
- The position of the koku (province)-tsuibushi or koku-oryoshi assigned to each province gradually became hereditary, being monopolized by a specific family line.
- しかし、乱の反省から朝廷は彼らを五位・六位といった受領級の中・下流貴族に昇進させた。
- However, reviewing why such a war occurred, the Imperial Court advanced their positions to middle or lower-class nobles, or the class of zuryo who were at the rank of Goi (Fifth Rank) or Rokui (Sixth Rank).
- これに対し、朝廷は追捕官符を国衙へ発給し、さらに各国へ押領使を配置する対策をとった。
- For this, the imperial court issued tsuibu kanpu to the kokuga and took the measure of placing Oryoshi in each province as well.
- その結果、領主としての武士は官僚・役人としての武士としての性格を強めることとなった。
- This resulted in the nature of samurai changing from ryoshu to bureaucrats and officials.
- 城中の甲冑300領、米700石、衾(寝具)100条、馬1500匹が夷俘の有に帰した。
- The Ifu seized 300 coats of armor, 700 goku (unit of crop yield) of rice, 100 fusuma (Japanese-style bedding) and 1,500 horses, all of which had been left in the castle.
- 荘園・公領に村落が発生したのは、13世紀後期から14世紀にかけての時期とされている。
- It is generally accepted that self-governing village communities were formed within manors and government territories in Japan from the late 13th to the early 14th century.
- 田辺に入ってきた上方勢三千余は同地の神社仏閣をことごとく焼き払い、その所領を没収した。
- About 3,000 Kamigata soldiers entered Tanabe, burnt down all shrines and temples there and seized their shoryo (territory).
- 地理的に近い越後国にも所領があったことから越後の勢力の影響を高梨氏も受けるようになる。
- Geographically, the Takanashi clan came to be influenced by the force of nearby Echigo Province, where it had property.
- 学習指導要領には大和朝廷の表記が見られるが、歴史教科書の表記は前述のように様々である。
- While government course guidelines employ the term Yamato Imperial Court, Japanese history textbook publishers use various different terms such as those mentioned above.
- 仲綱の子・源成綱はのちに但馬国城崎郡(今の豊岡市近辺)の及川荘を領し、源成綱と称した。
- Later, Nakatsuna's son MINAMOTO no Naritsuna governed OIKAWA manor in Tajima Province, Kinosaki County (near what is now Toyooka City) and identified himself as MINAMOTO no Naritsuna.
- 義光が政宗との戦に忙殺されているのを好機と見た上杉景勝は、庄内占領のため兵を動かした。
- Kagekatsu UESUGI sent troops to conquer the Shonai district, by taking advantage of the situation in which Yoshiaki was busily occupied with the battle against Masamune.
- そのため、島津家の代表的家臣と認められ、戦後処分でも秀吉から直接肝属郡一郡を拝領した。
- Therefore, he was recognized as the major vassal of the Shimazu family, and received one county directly from Hideyoshi as part of the post-war treatment.
- 一定の領地と観念的に結びついた爵位が授与されるが、それが土地支配権を伴うとは限らない。
- Peerage which conceptually linked to a certain domain was given, but that did not necessarily involve the right of control over the land.
- 陸上の荘園では開発領主が武芸をもって世業とするようになり、武士階層の成立が進んでいく。
- In shoen (manor in medieval Japan), as kaihatsu-ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) armed themselves and made it their profession, the establishment of the samurai class proceeded.
- 平頼綱は時宗の乳母父で北条氏得宗家の執事内管領であり、得宗権力を具現する立場にあった。
- TAIRA no Yoritsuna was a male nurse of Tokimune and the under secretary of the head of Tokuso family and he was in a position to embody the authority of Tokuso.
- 樺太庁(からふとちょう、、)は、日本の領有下において樺太を管轄した地方行政官庁である。
- Karafuto Agency (Karafuto-Cho) was a regional administrative agency, which controlled Karafuto under Japanese possession.
- 訳:諸国に散在する寺社の領地は、昔から現在まで存在する所は、今後取り離してはならない。
- Translation: The system of temple and shrine territories across Japan, which has existed since ancient times, must not be distrupted from now on.
- 永禄2年(1559年)、景虎は関東管領職就任の許しを得るため、二度目の上洛を果たした。
- In 1559, Kagetora made the second visit to Kyoto to get approval of assuming the Kanto Kanrei post.
- 川尻に向かった別働第4旅団と第2旅団は両面から薩軍を攻撃して退け、遂に川尻を占領した。
- The detached 4th brigade and the 2nd brigade advanced to Kawajiri, and at last, seized there by attacking the Satsuma army from both sides and made them run.
- 中には、経済力を背景として国司・荘園領主から名主職に任じられて名主階層となる者もいた。
- Some of these peasants were even appointed as myoshu by territorial governors or manorial lords and became members of the myoshu class.
- 室町期には守護による一円支配(守護領国制)が強まっていき、名主の権限は弱まっていった。
- During the Muromachi period, shugo (military governors of provinces) gradually established control over different regions (known as shugo ryogoku system), thereby weakening the authority of myoshu.
- また、開発領主が直接権門層に荘園を寄進した場合、領家が存在せず本家のみの荘園となった。
- Note that, if kaihatsu ryoshu donated their shoen directly to influential families, these shoen would only have honke and no ryoke.
- 国人衆は畠山氏の守護としての動員権を認めながらも、所領経営においては自立した存在だった。
- Kokujin-shu admitted the military mobilization right of the Hatakeyama clan as Shugo, but they were independent in the management of their territories.
- 先の応仁の乱では、幕府の管領を務めた細川勝元に従って、他の国人衆とともに合戦に参加した。
- During the Onin War, members of the clan had served Kanrei (Shogunal deputy) Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and fought battles as was the case for other governors.
- また、能勢の領地は累代の居城であった丸山城を廃して地黄陣屋を置き幕末に至るまで統治した。
- Also, Maruyama-jo Castle, that had been a residential castle for the Nose clan for generations, was replaced with Jio jinya (residence for small clans) in the territory in Nose, which continued to be ruled by the Nose clan until the end of Edo period.
- 分国法が規定する主な事項には、領民支配、家臣統制、寺社支配、所領相論、軍役、などがある。
- Main items that Bunkokuho regulated were control over farmers, discipline for retainers, control over temples and shrines, lawsuits about land, military service, and so on.
- 家数人馬改帳とともに封建領主が土地・人民を支配するための基本台帳としての役目を果たした。
- Along with 'iekazu jinba aratame-cho' (the survey register made per village in the Edo period on the number of houses, people, horses, and others), kenchi-cho functioned as the basic register for the feudal lord to rule the land and the people.
- 特に在地領主が名主化して百姓名の成立が進まなかった東国や九州で在家役が多く課されている。
- Particularly, in Togoku (eastern Japan) and Kyushu where zaichi ryoshu (local proprietors) became similar to Nanushi (village headmen) and Hyakusho-myo (smaller holdings of shoen held by ordinary peasants) were not established, many Zaikeyaku were levied.
- この司祭的豪族は、後にヤマト王権(朝廷)に従属し、領地を献上して県主となったと思われる。
- This priest-gozoku clan then seemed to have served the Yamato dynasty, offered its territories, and became agatanushi, or a territorial ruler.
- しかし残された真田領を北条氏の軍が略取したために、小田原の役へと発展していくことになる。
- However, the remaining territories of Sanada were taken by the army of the Hojo clan, causing a series of incidents that finally led to the Battle of Odawara.
- 4月から6月にかけて北信濃の武田方の諸城を落とし、武田領深く侵攻し善光寺平奪回を図った。
- In the period from April to June, he took castles on the Takeda side in the northern Shinano area, and invaded deeply into Takeda's territory to take back the control of Zenkoji-daira.
- 在地領主蛎崎氏改め松前氏は安東氏の配下であったが、豊臣秀吉に直接仕え安東氏から独立した。
- The lord in the area, the Matsumae clan, the former Kakizaki clan was originally under the Ando clan, but directly served for Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI., and became independent from the Ando clan.
- これに対し石井良助は、荘園公領を本主・国司へ返還させることが宣旨の主目的だったと唱えた。
- In contrast, Ryosuke ISHII advances that the main purpose of the decree was to return the shoen and the koryo to honshu (proprietor or guarantor of manor) and kokushi (provincial governors).
- これは、守護の権限強化へとつながり、守護大名の登場および守護領国制成立への契機となった。
- This resulted in the expanded power of the Shugo and creating an opportunity for Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) to emerge and construct Shugo-ryogoku system (a system in which a Shugo dominates a manor).
- 佃(つくだ)は、中世日本の荘園公領制において、荘園領主や荘官・地頭らによる直営田をいう。
- Tsukuda was a rice field directly managed by lord of the manors, shokan (an officer governing manor) or jito (manager and lord of manor) in shoen koryo sei (System of Public Lands and Private Estates) in medieval Japan.
- 出羽国司次官である介が受領官に格上げされると共に、秋田城常駐となり軍事機能も強化された。
- The position of Suke, Deputy Governor of the kokushi in Dewa Province, was promoted to that of Zuryo (Provincial Governor), and the position was permanently stationed at Akita-jo Castle, enhancing its military capabilities.
- 翌天正11年から昌幸は上田城の築城に着手しており、沼田領や吾妻領を巡り北条氏と争っていた。
- In the next year 1583, Masayuki started building Ueda-jo Castle and he was fighting against the Hojo clan for the Numata and Azuma territories.
- するとここを守る明将陳愚衷は恐れをなして逃走したため戦うことなく8月24日全州を占領した。
- Chin, the defending Ming warrior, was afraid and fled without engaging, and the Japanese conquered Jeonju on October 5.
- 一方で開発領主たちは国衙や郡衙から令制国住人として軍役を課せられ、在庁官人として出仕した。
- In the meantime, the local nobles who developed the land, as a resident of the province, was made to offer military service by the district government office and presented himself for duty as the local officials.
- 易次は叔父の易正との所領争いに敗れて居城を奪われたため、三河国に移り松平氏の家臣となった。
- Yasutsugu, having been defeated in a territorial dispute against his uncle Yasumasa and stripped of his residential castle, moved to Mikawa Province and became a vassal of the Matsudaira clan.
- 封建領主側は検地帳に記された村の石高の集計(村高)を元にして年貢・諸役を賦課した(村請)。
- Based on 'muradaka' (the total yield of a village) written on kenchi-cho, the feudal lord imposed 'nengu' (land tax) and 'shoyaku' (miscellaneous taxes other than nengu) on villagers as a whole, which was called 'murauke' (the village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment).
- 島津氏は九州統一の総仕上げとして、大友氏所領である豊前国・豊後と筑前国への侵攻を開始した。
- To finish the unification of Kyushu, the Shimazu clan started to invade Buzen, Bungo, and Chikuzen Provinces, which were territories of the Otomo clan.
- これには管領・細川持之も怒り、数日たってようやく持豊が陳謝するという事件がを起こっている。
- There was such an incident that Mochiyuki HOSOKAWA, kanrei, got angry at these conducts and several days later, Mochitoyo finally expressed an apology.
- 別働第三旅団は7月24日、粟谷から財部に進撃し、指揮長不在の薩軍を攻撃して財部を占領した。
- On July 24, the detached 3rd brigade advanced from Awaya to Takarabe and seized there by attacking the Satsuma army the commander of which was absent.
- 箱館裁判所は、諸藩領を廃止するものではなかったが、実質的に諸藩の上位に立つ権威を行使した。
- Although the Hakodate Court was not meant for disabling these feudal domains, it exercised a power over them in practical terms.
- 永井は外交経験も豊富であり、彼の態度は、英仏領事のみならず、英仏艦艦長にも好印象を与えた。
- NAGAI had a lot of experience of diplomacy, and his attitude gave a good impression to not only the British and French consuls but also the captains of the British and French warships.
- これを見たアメリカ合衆国、ロシア、プロシアの領事は、英仏艦に行かずに開陽丸を表敬訪問した。
- The American, Russian and Prussian consuls looked at this and made a courtesy call on Kaiyomaru without going to the British and French warships.
- 任命された受領の俸禄の一部とする説と受領が徴収した租税などの収入の一部とする説が存在する。
- One theory argues that a portion of the salary of an appointed zuryo was granted, while another theory states that a part of the income from such sources as taxes collected by zuryo was granted.
- 名主は、分割化・遷代化の度合いを強める一方で、国司・荘園領主からの独立志向も強めていった。
- Myoshu farmers, whose rights were divided up and became non-hereditary, nevertheless became more and more independent of territorial governors and manorial lords during this period.
- 国内の荘園・公領の領主・田地面積・作物等を記録した租税台帳である大田文の作成にも携わった。
- Zaichokanjin were also involved in preparing Ota bumi (cadastre), in which details regarding the shoens, landlords of public domains, dimensions of rice fields, crops, and so on were recorded.
- だが、室町期以前のような家来達が所領に在住する地方領主制では、召集するのに時間が掛かった。
- However, in the system in the Muromachi period or before where the retainers lived in their territory, it took a long time for daimyo to call out their retainers.
- 名田や別名などを単位として、国衙領を郡・郷・保・条などの租税収取単位へと再編成していった。
- They reorganized Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) by dividing it into units of taxation, such as Gun (country), Go (village), Ho (district) and Jo (street), each of which had originally been the myoden or the bechimyo.
- 室町時代から江戸時代の初頭には、領地を持った武士で、蔵米取りでないという意味で使用された。
- The term kyujin was used to mean a samurai who owned territory but was not a kuramaidori (a rank of retainers) from the Muromach period to the early Edo period.
- 津田信成は織田信長の一族で、信長没後は豊臣秀吉に仕えて山城御牧に1万3000石を領していた。
- Nobunari Tsuda was related to Nobunaga ODA's family, and after the death of Nobunaga, he served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and possessed a territory worth 13,000 koku (crop yields).
- ただし後者は、専らこの時代に特定の藩の藩領だった地域の郷土史における歴史区分として使われる。
- However, the latter was only used as historical classification in the local history of territories of specific domains in this period.
- 上野方面では北条氏邦が前橋城の北条高広に圧力をかけ、さらに真田昌幸の領地をも脅かしていった。
- In the Kozuke district, Ujikuni HOJO put pressure on Takahiro HOJO in Maebashi-jo Castle, and further threatened the territory of Masayuki SANADA.
- 山領というのは延暦寺の事で、比叡山焼き討ち後、1571年中に築城が開始されたと思われている。
- The estate means the estate of Enryaku-ji Temple, and it is estimated that the construction of Sakamoto-jo Castle was stared in 1571 after the fire attack against Mt. Hiei.
- 江戸時代の藩・知行所における陣屋、もしくは天領における代官所などを中心に形成された町である。
- Jinyamachi was formed around jinya (feudal lord's residence) in the feudal domain and chigyosho (sub-fief) or daikansho (district office) in Tenryo (shogunal lands) during the Edo period.
- 皇民化教育は特に外地や占領地域においてそれぞれの民族の伝統や文化を無視し、ときには破壊した。
- Japanization education neglected and sometimes destroyed the tradition and culture in foreign parts and occupied areas in particular.
- また、兵士も占領した高麗人や漢民族を徴用した多民族軍であったため、士気が低かったと思われる。
- The army also seems to have had a low morale because it consisted of various ethnic groups, including people of Goryeo and Han who had been conquered.
- 戦いは、上杉氏側が北信濃の与力豪族領の奪回を、武田氏側が北信濃の攻略と越後進出を目的とした。
- The Uesugi side fought the battles to retake the territories of local land owners in the northern Shinano area, and the Takeda side to conquer the northern Shinano area and to advance into Echigo.
- これにより松前藩が和人地を直接支配領域とし、あわせて蝦夷地との交易をも管理することになった。
- Due to this reason, the Matsumae clan placed Wajinchi under its direct control area, and besides, came to manage the trade with the Ezo area.
- 受領は赴任した直後に在庁官人に命じて国内の状況をまとめた報告書(「注文」)を提出させていた。
- Immediately after moving to the office, zuryo ordered officials at his office to submit a document in which situations of the province were described (called 'chumon').
- また、既存の所領で紛争を抱えていた場合には安堵状による所領保障が恩賞となりうることもあった。
- If there had been any conflict in an existing holding, a holding confirmation could have replaced a reward.
- この場合、国の上進官物は院宮家に納入され、受領の俸料・得分は知行国主へ納入されることとなる。
- In this case, the kanmotsu dedicated to the nation was delivered to the Innomiya family concerned and the salary and tax gained by the zuryo was paid to the chigyo-kokushu.
- 福田豊彦は「私営田領主」を「一口でいえば、広い土地を自分で直接経営する大土地所有者」とする。
- Toyohiko FUKUDA stated that a 'lord of shieiden' is 'the huge estate owner that directly managed a large parcel land, summarized in just a few words.'
- この段階での彼らは在京の官人、あるいは受領であるとともに、ひとつの「武士団」の長でもあった。
- At this step, they were low to middle ranking officers living in Kyoto or zuryo as well as being the chief of one 'bushidan.'
- 室町時代、東国では荘園領主の権限がかなり小さくなっていたため、名主職の形骸化が激しく進んだ。
- During the Muromachi period, manorial lords lost much of their control in eastern regions, causing myoshu rights to deteriorate considerably.
- 更に建武の新政では諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化は急速に進んだ。
- Moreover, at the Kenmu Restoration honke shiki and ryoke shiki in various provinces were abolished and Kansha (shrines) kaiho (liberation) edict was issued, therefore the monistical ruling was rapidly advanced.
- 4月(領地の繁栄と為政の心得、市町の経営と諸職業人の招致、商取引の施設と業種、諸国特産品)、
- April: Prosperity of territories, understanding of politics, administration of villages and towns, invitation of various professionals, facilities for commercial trades and types of business, and indigenous local products
- これに対し、高野山側は領内の僧兵や地侍に諸国の浪人を加え、合計三万六千余の軍勢を集めたとする。
- On the other hand, the Koyasan side gathered more than 36,000 troops in total with armed priests and jizamurai in the territory and ronin (masterless samurai).
- 9月7日未明、黒田長政は部将黒田図書助・栗山利安等をしてその先鋒の兵若干を領し先ず前進させた。
- Nagamasa KURODA sent some advance troops led by those including Zushonosuke KURODA and Toshiyasu KURIYAMA, early in the morning of October 17.
- 領土の支配体制は各大名の規模によってかなり異なるが、ほぼ幕府の支配機構体制に準ずる形をとった。
- Ruling system in a fief differed significantly according to the scale of each daimyo, but followed the central ruling organization system of the shogunate government.
- 盛信の首のない遺体は彼を崇める地元の領民によって埋葬され、そこは今も「五郎山」と呼ばれている。
- Morinobu's headless body was buried by local residents who revered him, and his burial mound is called Mt. Goro even today.
- こうした御家人や彼らから所領を買収・取得した武士・百姓らは悪党化し、社会変動を一層進展させた。
- These gokenin or samurai as well as the samurai and commoners who bought or acquired their land became akuto (a villain during the middle ages), further advancing social change.
- 保とは、荘園の小さなものと言う説もあるが、もともと天領のことで、私領を庄と言って区別していた。
- Although a theory has it that ho was a small-scale shoen (manor), ho was originally a shogunal demesne which was distinguished from sho, which were private lands.
- 藩祖・谷衛友は織田信長・豊臣秀吉に仕えた武将(大名)で、丹波国山家にて1万6000石を領した。
- Moritomo TANI, the first lord of the Yamaga Domain, was a military commander (daimyo) who served Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and controlled land worth 16,000 koku in Yamaga, Tanba Province.
- 更に天領の城付米預かりとして2万石(知行高換算5万石)を付与され35万石の格式を得るに至った。
- Moreover, he was granted properties bearing 20,000 koku (equivalent to 50,000 koku when converted into Chigyo daka [a stipend in terms of rice production of the fief] as custodian of rice working in the castle of tenryo [a shogunal demesne,] and finally received a social status of 350,000 koku.
- 薩軍に包囲されて市街の一画を占領している状態の別働第1旅団は24日、武村を攻撃したが敗退した。
- The detached 1st brigade, which had been surrounded by the Satsuma army and had occupied part of the city area, attacked Takemura on May 24 but was defeated.
- 1929年当時イギリス領だった香港では現在も1斤16両600グラム、1両37.5グラムである。
- But in Hong Kong, which was under the British rule as of 1929, the weight of 1 kin and 16 ryo are equally 600 grams even today, in other words, the weight of 1 ryo is set at 37.5 grams.
- この結果、領有権問題の解決は1894年(明治27年)の日清戦争後まで持ち越されることになった。
- As a result, the issue of territorial rights was left unresolved until the end of Japanese-Sino War in 1894.
- 国内武士は受領の動員命令ではなく、追捕使の地位を持つ「一国棟梁」の指揮に従うようになっていた。
- Samurai in a province came to follow the leadership of 'Ikkoku toryo' provided with the position of Tsuibushi, instead of the mobilization order by zuryo.
- 織田氏重臣であった滝川一益は武田氏の討伐と関東進出への功績から、70万石もの所領を与えられた。
- Kazumasa TAKIGAWA, who was a great vassal of the Oda clan, was rewarded with a holding of 700,000 koku (approximately 126,000 cubic meters).
- その中で次第に家臣団が支配下の領主群から、大名家の奉公集団への性格を強めることになっていった。
- Under these circumstances, the nature of Kashindan changed from a group of ryoshu (feudal lords) to a group of employees serving a daimyo family.
- しかし、頼朝の回答は荘園領有権の回復に言及しているのみであり、国衙支配の回復には触れていない。
- However, Yoritomo's reply referred to nothing but territorial rights for shoen and did not touch on the recovery of the ruling on kokuga.
- 地頭請所ではほぼ例外なく年貢の未進が発生しており、武士の荘園・公領侵出は一層進むこととなった。
- As jito ukedokoro with few exception were subjected to non-payment of land tax, samurai got more involved in shoen and koryo.
- 上級領主も当然こうした動きに対抗し、鎌倉時代後期から室町時代にかけて、両者間の紛争が頻発した。
- Naturally the upper-class feudal lord confronted such a movement, and the dispute between them occurred frequently from the late Kamakura period to the Muromachi period.
- これらの租税を中央へ納入する過程で、国司(受領)は租税の一部を私財化し巨富を得ていたとされる。
- It is believed that kokushi (zuryo) embezzled taxes through the process of paying it to the central government and obtained big profits.
- この結果高野山は滅亡を免れ、太閤検地終了後の天正19年(1591年)に一万石の所領を安堵された。
- As a result, Koyasan escaped from destruction and was provided authorization for 10,000 koku (approximately 1.8 million liters of crop yield) land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure in 1591 after finishing Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).
- また朝鮮民衆の協力もあり、王都ソウル特別市や平壌を次々と占領するなど朝鮮領土の大部分を占領した。
- With the cooperation of the Korean people, the Japanese forces conquered most parts of Korea by conquering the capital, Seoul Special City, and Pyongyang.
- 家康の関東入国に従って代官頭(関東郡代の前身)となり、徳川氏の関東領国支配の中心的役割を担った。
- When Ieyasu entered the Kanto region, Tadatsugu followed him to become daikangashira (head of Edo-period prefectural governorship (magistrate, bailiff)), the predecessor of Kanto gundai (a magistrate of the Kanto region), playing a leading role in Tokugawa's rule of their Kanto territory.
- これは勝家が北陸に領地を持ち、冬には雪で行動が制限されることを理由としたみせかけの和平であった。
- In fact, this was a false truce offer plotted by Katsuie, who feared being locked up in his territory in Hokuriku by heavy snows once winter came.
- 在家とは荘園・公領における住屋と付属する宅地・田畠・住人を1つの収取単位として扱ったものである。
- And 'zaike' refers to an unit of taxation and labor-enforcement, which was made up of a house and its premises, the nearby paddy and field, and the inhabitants, all of which existed in both 'shoen' (a manor, or a private estate) and 'koryo' (public land).
- 『永禄以来年代記』によると、'明智坂本に城をかまへ、山領を知行す、山上の木にまできり取'とある。
- According to 'Choronicle of Eiroku Era,' there is a description that 'AKECHI built a castle in Sakamoto, governed the estate and cut down the trees on the mountain.'
- 撤退命令を受領した小西行長は11月、明・朝鮮の陸水諸将と交渉や買収で無血撤退の約束を取り付ける。
- Having received the withdrawal order, Yukinaga KONISHI succeeded in December to obtain a promise of bloodless withdrawal through negotiations with and by bribing the Ming and Korean commanders of the army and navy.
- 当時の公家の日記には、些細なことで罰せられ所領を没収された多くの者たちの名が書き連ねられている。
- Court nobles' diary in those days, recorded lots of names of people who were punished and confiscated their territories for trivial reasons.
- だが、織田・徳川軍の戦死者が名も無き足軽雑兵(特に織田軍はほとんどが領民ではなく傭兵)であった。
- The war victims of the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces comprised nameless foot soldiers (especially those of the Oda force who were not territorial people but mercenaries).
- 憲実は戦後に子達と共に出家し政務から引退し、憲実の実弟の上杉清方(上条清方)が管領代行となった。
- Norizane became a priest along with his children after the war to retire from government affairs, while his younger brother Kiyokata UESUGI (Kiyokata JOJO) became an acting Kanto Kanrei.
- その為、本来幕府領内でのみ効力を有する法であるが、ある種、日本国内統一法のようなものでもあった。
- The book itself was applied only in Bakufu, but it was a kind of Japanese uniform law applied across the nation in a certain way.
- しかし清は元来二島の領有を望まず、冊封関係維持のため二島を琉球に返還し琉球王国再興を求めていた。
- However, Qing whisked to maintain the sakufu relationship instead of possessing both islands changed its mind and requested Japan to return the islands to the Ryukyu Kingdom.
- 国司は、完全に名目だけの官職となり、戦国大名が領国支配の正当性を主張するために欲するようになる。
- The post of provincial governor became perfectly the nominal, and warlords came to want that post in order to insist the legitimacy of controlling their territories.
- その年貢収入は幕府の財政基盤となり、大坂、長崎など重要な都市や佐渡金山などの鉱山も天領とされた。
- The land tax income became the financial basis for the shogunate, and tenryo also included major cities such as Osaka and Nagasaki, and mines such as the Sado Gold Mine.
- なお、旗本知行地(約300万石)も含めた言い方として幕府領、幕領という語が用いられることもある。
- Bakufu-ryo or baku-ryo was sometimes used as a term that includes hatamoto chigyo-chi (territories of hatamoto[direct retainers of the shogunate]) (about 3 million goku).
- そのため、従来郡の下にあった郷などの領域を郡と同等の国衙統治下の単位に引き上げる措置がとられた。
- Therefore, kokuga took the measure of raising the status of the areas formerly placed under a gun, for example, go (villages), to a status equal to that of the gun.
- これらの権限を根拠として、守護は守護使を荘園・公領へ派遣し、段銭・兵糧・人夫などを徴発し始めた。
- Based on these authorities, Shugo sent Shugotsukai (messenger from Shugo) to shoen and koryo, starting to requisition tansen, army provisions and laborers.
- 一方、国兼は旧領において神となり、現在も鹿児島県姶良郡姶良町北山に国兼を祀る梅北神社が残っている。
- On the other hand, Kunikane UMEKITA was worshiped as a deity in his former territory, and today there remains Umekita-jinja Shrine which deifies Kunikane in Kitayama, Aira-cho, Aira-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture.
- 関ヶ原の戦後処理で諸大名の領地替えを行った際に、自動的にこれら蔵入地が消滅してしまったのである)。
- When Ieyasu changed various feudal lords' domains in the post-war reorganization, those 'kurairechi' automatically disappeared.
- 家忠は「花山院」と号し、その子孫は花山院流と呼ばれて、その宗家である花山院家が代々花山院を領した。
- As Ietada called himself 'Kazanin', his descendants were called the 'Kazanin-ryu line', and the head family of the Kazanin-ryu line had owned the Kazanin residence for generations.
- 後藤基次は一高地を占領し其部兵を馳駆せしめ、以て敵をして我衆寡を測らさしめ、且つ先鋒兵に声援する。
- Mototsugu GOTO, who held a high ground, sent troops to fight the enemy, prevent the enemy from becoming aware that our troops are outnumbered, and also support our vanguards.
- 徳川家康は征夷大将軍に就くと自領である江戸の地に幕府を開き、ここに徳川幕府(江戸幕府)が誕生する。
- The Tokugawa shogunate (Edo shogunate) came into being when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA settle the government in Edo, his own territory, after taking office as shogun (a barbarian-quelling generalissimo).
- 鎌倉時代中期になると北条氏の権力が増大し、多くの鎌倉御家人が所領のある地方へと下向した時期である。
- In the middle of the Kamakura period, as the Hojo clan's power grew even larger, many immediate vassal of the shogun went down to the provinces where they owned territories.
- 江戸時代には、幕府や海辺に領地をもった大名は船手組、船手方、船手衆などと呼ばれる水軍をもっていた。
- During the Edo period, the bakufu and daimyos that possessed their territory along coastal areas had suigun navies called funategumi, funatekata, or funateshu.
- 後から来日した宣教師たちも同様に各地の大名に謁見し、領内布教の許可や大名自身への布教を行っている。
- Missionaries who came to Japan after Xavier's time also went to see daimyo in various places throughout Japan, and just as Xavier had, they obtained permission to spread Christianity in the domains of those daimyo, and also proselytized to the daimyo themselves.
- だが、、に廃藩置県が行われると、日本からは領主が一掃される形となり、反対論の大きな理由が失われた。
- However, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was done in 1871 and landlords in Japan were cleared away and a big reason of objection disappeared.
- 当時の日本では、外国人に対する治外法権があり、日本側で裁判を行うことができなかった(領事裁判権)。
- Japan itself could not bring them to court for trial at that time because certain foreigners were enjoying extraterritorial rights in Japan (what is formally known as consular jurisdiction).
- 彼ら武士は、受領から委任された徴税権・検断権・勧農権などを根拠として、在地領主へと成長していった。
- Based on the tax collection right, the right to judge criminal cases, and the right to promote farming, all of which were entrusted by zuryo, these samurai grew into local lords.
- 軍事貴族層でもある一国棟梁は、田堵負名層(在地領主層)らの所領を安堵(所領権を保証すること)した。
- Ikkoku-toryo who were also military nobles confirmed the territories of the Tato fumyo class and so on to guaranteed their hereditary prerogatives.
- なお、使節遵行が始まった鎌倉後期以降、使節遵行に係る費用は相論当事者である荘園領主の負担とされた。
- Since the late Kamakura period when the system of shisetsu jungyo began, the expenses associated with the shisetsu jungyo was at the lord of the manor's.
- 名田において、名主は百姓らから年貢・公事・夫役を徴収し、国司や荘園領主へ納入する義務を負っていた。
- In the myoden system, myoshu were obligated to collect taxes (taxes in kind, public duties and labor services) from peasants for territorial governors or manorial lords.
- 自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた(職権留保付寄進)。
- Then, these kaihatsu ryoshu paid a certain amount of tax to the zuryo while holding the right to control those donated lands as shokan, or officers governing shoen (donation while retaining authority).
- 穴山信君:本領(甲斐河内)安堵、嫡子・勝千代に武田氏の名跡を継がせ、武田氏当主とすることが認められた
- Nobukimi ANAYAMA: Permitted to rule his inherited territories and to make his legitimate son, Katsuchiyo, succeed him as the head of the Takeda clan
- 土地を媒介とした国王・領主・家臣の間の緩い主従関係により形成され、近世以降の絶対王政の中で消失した。
- It consisted of loose, land mediated relations of master to servant among king, feudal lord, and retainer, and disappeared under absolute monarchy in the early-modern times.
- 駿河は同盟関係の徳川家康が領する一方、武田征伐に協調した隣国の相模の後北条氏は遺領を得られなかった。
- Although Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was Nobunaga's ally, was given Suruga as his territory, the Gohojo clan in the neighboring province of Sagami, which cooperated in the subjugation of the Takeda clan, was not given any of the former territory of the Takeda clan.
- 変後の混乱で、新領主への再就職の禁止や検地など新しい統治体制に不満を抱いていた甲斐国人の一揆が頻発。
- In the postwar chaos, there were frequent uprisings of people in Kai Province, who were frustrated at new systems of governance such as the land survey and the ban on re-employment by a new lord.
- 足利義満時代の明徳の乱で敗れて勢力を低下させた山名氏は大きく回復し、管領細川氏と力を競うようになる。
- The Yamana clan that had lost much of their power by being defeated in the Meitoku War in the age of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA recovered their position and competed their power with the kanrei, the Hosokawa clan.
- 5月22日に西郷の命令を受けて本格的な制圧を開始、6月には事件発生地域を制圧して現地の占領を続けた。
- On May 22, they launched a full-scale attack by order of Saigo and in June they gained control of the area where the incident took place, continuing to advance on their territory.
- ただし、式目の適用は武家社会に限られ、朝廷の支配下では公家法、荘園領主の下では本所法が効力を持った。
- However, shikimoku was applied only to samurai society; kugeho was applied under the control of Imperial Court while honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law came into effect under the influence of the lords of private estates.
- 当時ロシアは満州(中国東北部)への進出を狙っていたため、遼東半島が日本領になることに激しく反発した。
- In those days Russia aiming at expansion into Manchuria (north east of China) strongly opposed Japan's acquisition of the Liaodong Peninsula.
- また、国衙の機能を実質的に吸収し、国衙の支配する公領(郡・郷・保など)を自らの支配下へと組み込んだ。
- They practically absorbed the functions of kokuga and subjected koryo (gun, go, ho) governed by kokuga to their control.
- 地頭たちは荘園・公領において、勧農の実施などを通じて自らの支配を拡大し、領主との紛争が多く発生した。
- Jito enhanced their ruling power at shoen/koryo through their activities of encouraging agriculture and as a result, disputes with the lords of shoen frequently occurred.
- それ以上の期間にわたる戦闘の際には兵粮奉行が小荷駄隊を率いて領内から兵糧を輸送を行う事になっていた。
- During longer battles, a Hyoro Bugyo was in charge of leading a Konidatai (caravan of men and animals carrying supplies) to transport provisions from the domain.
- 保則は文室有房、上野国押領使南淵秋郷に命じて上野国兵600人と俘囚300人をもって夷俘に備えさせた。
- Yasunori ordered FUNYA no Arifusa and MINABUCHI no Akisato, Oryoshi of Kozuke Province, to prepare for the Ifu with 600 soldiers of Kozuke Province and 300 Fushu.
- 5月、朝廷は藤原梶長を押領使に任じて陸奥国より騎兵1000、歩兵2000を派遣して鎮圧に向かわせた。
- In May the Imperial Court appointed FUJIWARA no Kajinaga to Oryoshi (military officer to subdue a rebellion) and deployed 1,000 soldiers on horseback and 2,000 foot soldiers from Mutsu Province in order to suppress the rebellion.
- 甲斐から信濃、上野に及んだ武田遺領は織田家家臣に分与され、武田旧臣の信濃国人衆らは織田政権に臣従した。
- The property of the Takeda clan that spread from Kai to Shinano to Ueno was distributed to Oda vassals, and Shinano Kokujin-shu (local samurais) who had been Takeda vassals who came to serve the Oda government.
- 一部の国主の藩を除いて、藩の領地は中心城と城下町周辺と、その他は少し離れた飛び地を持っていた(相給)。
- Except some domains of feudal lords owning more than one fief, the territory of a domain lay around the castle at the center and the castle town with enclaves a little apart (villages under control of several feudal lords).
- 分国法(ぶんこくほう)は、戦国時代 (日本)に戦国大名が領国内を統治するために制定した法律規範である。
- Bunkokuho is a law established by warlords during the Sengoku period to govern their domains.
- 定田(じょうでん)とは、荘園・公領に対する検注によって官物・所当・年貢・公事の賦課対象と認定された田。
- Joden (定田) refers to rice fields which were designated, as a result of a kenchu (land survey) on territories belonging to shoen (manors) and koryo (public lands), as taxable lands in regard to the payment of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), shoto (tax on rice fields), nengu (annual tribute, land tax), and kuji (public duties).
- 丹後国主であった京極高知は己れの遺領である丹後を三子に三分割し、高通には峰山地方の1万石を相続させた。
- Takatomo KYOGOKU, the lord of Tango province, divided Tango into three and each of his three children inherited one of them and Takamichi, 10,000 goku (approximately 1.8 million liters in crop yield) in the Mineyama region.
- また、劇的な例では旧有馬晴信領で起こった島原の乱という大規模な一揆の際に殺害され、表から消えていった。
- Yet many Christians were to suffer a far more dramatic end, vanishing from the scene after being slaughtered during the Shimabara Rebellion, a large-scale uprising which occurred in the former territory of Harunobu ARIMA.
- 清国は、列国の海岸から北京までの自由交通を阻害しないために、列国が同間の各地点を占領する権利を認める。
- The Qing Dynasty shall recognize rights of the Powers to occupy various places along the route in order to maintain free transportation.
- (2-c)非御家人・凡下(武士以外の庶民・農民や商工業者)の買得地は年限に関係なく元の領主が領有せよ。
- Article 2-c specified that a land purchased by higokenin (non-Gokenin) and bonge (common people, peasants, merchants, and traders other than samurai) should be possessed by the original feudal lord irrespective of length of term.
- 地租改正は全ての土地に課税されるものとし、以前に認められていた恩賞や寺社領などに対する免税を否認した。
- Land-tax reform levied all the lands and denied Onsho (reward grants) or tax exemption for territories of temples and shrines, which had been approved before.
- 1882年に領事館が置かれたものの、開港はさらに遅れ、最終的には1883年1月になって漸く開港された。
- Although the consular office was established in 1882, opening of the port was postponed until much later, and it was finally opened in January 1883.
- 砲艦外交や米価騰貴、領事裁判権などいくつもの要因が重複して、朝鮮側の日本への悪感情を蓄積させていった。
- By the gunboat diplomacy, the soaring price of rice, consular jurisdiction, and other factors overlapping, the bad feelings against Japan had been accumulated in Korea.
- 頼朝以来の先例(「右大将家の例」)や武家社会の道理を基準とし、御家人の権利義務や所領相続の規定が多い。
- It was based on the precedents ('Udaishoke no rei' [precedents of the family of Udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards)]) since the era of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society, and included many regulations of right, obligation and territory succession of gokenin.
- その後、平安時代末期以降に勃興した武士階級が、所領とした土地(名田)を名字(苗字)とするようになった。
- Later, the samurai class that suddenly rose to power after the late Heian Period began using their territory land (myoden) as their surname (myoji).
- このため、 越後の守護でもあった関東管領上杉氏との戦いでは、先々代高梨政盛から多大な支援を受けていた。
- Therefore, in the battle with the Uesugi clan, who was Shugo (provincial constable) of Echigo as well as Kanto Kanrei (the shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), the Nagao family was significantly supported by Masamori TAKANASHI, the head of the Takanishi family two generations back.
- 凶党を捕縛した後は、国衙の検非違使が尋問にあたり、捜査経緯をまとめた報告書を受領から太政官へ進達した。
- After gangsters were captured, the kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) at the kokuga interrogated the criminals, and zuryo sent to Daijokan a report describing how the criminal investigation was conducted.
- 律令国家が王朝国家へと変質し、朝廷から地方行政(国衙・受領)へ行政権を委任する過程で成立したとされる。
- It is said that this system was established in the process in which the ritsuryo-code-based nation was changed to a dynastic nation and the Imperial Court entrusted its administrative rights to the local administrative organs (kokuga [provincial government offices] and zuryo [the head of the provincial governors]).
- 名主(みょうしゅ)は、日本の古代末期から中世日本にかけて、国衙領・荘園領主から名田の経営を請け負った。
- Myoshu (village headmen) were a class of people who were commissioned to manage the cultivation of farmland called myoden by lords of Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and manors during the late Ancient period and the Middle Ages in Japan.
- 鎌倉時代から武士による荘園・公領への侵出がはじまり、時代を経つとともに侵出の度合いが激しくなっていた。
- In the Kamakura period, samurai started to make inroads into shoen and koryo, expanding their involvement over time.
- 同月上旬、秀吉は木食応其を使者として根来寺に派遣し、応其は拡大した寺領の一部返還を条件に和睦を斡旋した。
- Early in the same month, Hideyoshi dispatched Mokujiki Ogo to the Negoro-ji Temple as a messenger, and Ogo mediated a peace agreement on the condition of returning a part of the expanded jiryo.
- 荒木村重は波多野氏の支族と言われており、37万石 (単位)の所領で織田信長より摂津国守護を拝命している。
- It is said that Murashige ARAKI was from the branch family of the Hatano clan and his territory was 370,000 koku and he was appointed by Nobunaga ODA to Settsu no Kuni Shugo (Provincial Constable of Settsu Province).
- 武士の軍役としてもっとも古い形はこれらの領家への近侍や国衙への出仕における軍事的奉仕であったと思われる。
- The oldest style of military service imposed on samurai was supposed to have been military service when samurai served the lord of the manor as a retainer or presented himself for duty at the provincial government office.
- 戦術が単騎による個人戦から集団戦闘へと変遷するに従い、軍役は所領や収穫量を基準としたものになっていった。
- As the military strategy changed from the one-to-one duels by horsemen to the party and army battle, the military service had been based on the area and the crop yields of the territory.
- 1590年(天正18年) - 現在の藤沢市および茅ヶ崎市の海岸が天領となり、藤沢宿藤沢宿代官が管理する。
- In 1590, the seashore in what is now Fujisawa City and Chigasaki City became a shogunal demesne, and Fujisawa-shuku Station was administered by a local governor.
- また、相互に一揆の盟約を結んで団結して、領主の支配に対して大きな抵抗力を持つ存在ともなっていたのである。
- They also possessed a large quantity of arms, and multiple soson were united to form an ikki league which would resist the lord of the land.
- 文治二年(1186年)閏七月二十二日(東鏡)源頼朝は平康頼を阿波国の天領麻植(おえ)保の保司に任命した。
- On September 14, 1186, according to Azumakagami (The chronology of the Kamakura bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo appointed TAIRA no Yasuyori as hoshi of Oe no ho, a shogunal demesne in the Province of Awa.
- 例えば加賀藩では銀細工師集団である金沢市銀座があり江戸時代の初期にかけて領国貨幣である極印銀を鋳造した。
- In Kaga domain, for example, the Kanazawa city ginza had a group of silversmiths, who minted silver coins hallmarked as domain currency in the early Edo Period.
- 表高(おもてだか)は、江戸時代に大名や旗本が征夷大将軍によって与えられた所領の額面上の石高のことである。
- Omotedaka refers to kokudaka (yield) on face value of shoryo (territory) that was given by seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') to daimyo (feudal lords) or hatamoto (direct retainers) in the Edo period.
- 三綱領とは『大学』における三つの総括的テーマで、『大学』はこのテーマを説明するためにあるといってもよい。
- The Sankoryo are the three comprehensive themes in the 'Great Learning'; in other words, it can be said that the object of the 'Great Learning' is to explain the themes.
- 安土桃山時代と江戸時代には、地方統治は大小多様の大名と、大名に準ずる領主、江戸幕府の直轄領に分割された。
- In Azuchi-Momoyama period and Edo period, the control of local areas was divided by daimyos of various sizes, feudal lords equivalent to daimyos and direct control of Edo shogunate.
- これに基づいて所領の給与や地頭職・荘官職・有司職への補任などの形式を取って新たな土地財産権が給付された。
- Based on their examination result, they were given land and property rights in the form of the grant of holdings or the appointment to the posts of jito (military estate steward), manor manger, and governmental officer.
- すなわち、守護請は守護領の拡大・蓄積を大きく促すものであり、守護領国制を形成した要因でもあったのである。
- In other words, Shugouke encouraged the expansion and accumulation of Shugoryo and it was a factor that formed the Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor).
- また、受領への権限集中が行われ、国衙機構内部は受領直属部署(「所」という)を中心とするよう再編成された。
- In addition, various rights were concentrated in the zuryo, and the kokuga system was reorganized with the office directly controlled by the zuryo (called 'sho') at the center.
- 中世日本の荘園公領制では、一つの土地に対して、複数の主体がそれぞれ各自の権利を有することが一般的だった。
- Under the shoen koryo sei (social structure of the manorial public territory system) in medieval Japan, it was common for two or more parties to have joint ownership to a piece of land.
- 守護の支配さえ名目に過ぎなかったのがいきなり豊臣秀長領、次いで秀吉直轄領となり、天正検地や刀狩が行われた。
- Although it had been ruled by Shugo in name only, it suddenly became the land of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI and the directly controlled land of Hideyoshi next, and the land survey in the Tensho era and Sword hunt (to confiscate the weapons of the enemies of the new regime in order to secure the position of a new ruler) were implemented.
- 突然独裁者である義教を失った幕府は、管領の細川持之の指導力が欠如していたことから機能停止に陥ってしまった。
- The bakufu that lost Yoshinori, an absolute ruler, came to a standstill as the kanrei, Mochiyuki HOSOKAWA, lacked leadership.
- 強力な指導力を持つ将軍がいたため、緊急時に管領以下の幕臣が指導力を発揮する機会が無かったということである。
- That is, due to the existence of the shogun who had strong leadership, vassals of the shogun under kanrei had no opportunity to show their leadership in an emergency.
- しかし清朝の対応は遅れ、そうしているうちに日露両国が開戦し、自国の領土で他国同士が戦うという事態となった。
- However the Qing Dynasty Russo-Japanese War erupted before the Qing could mount a coherent response, leading to a situation in which two foreign countries fought on Qing territory.
- 戦後、唐が百済・高句麗の故地を占領し、新羅に対しても政治的な圧力をかけていたが、それも長くは続かなかった。
- After the war, the Tang Dynasty occupied the former territories of Kudara and Koguryo and put political pressure on Silla as well, but this did not continue for long.
- つまり「武士」と呼べるのは、地方経済が「私営田経営」から「開発領主」の段階に移行してからだというのである。
- As a result, one could be referred to as 'bushi' once the local economics shifted from the 'management of Shieiden' to 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' step.
- 以上の考え方に対して、当時の受領層は必ずしも私欲的に郡司・百姓層を抑圧していたのではないとする考えもある。
- Some have opinions different from above; Juryoso (career provincial official class) in those days did not necessarily suppress Gunji and farmers to pursue their own self-interest.
- 荘園・公領内部で、百姓階層の経済力向上と均質化が進んだことで、百姓階層は名主を中心に団結するようになった。
- As the farming class improved its economic status and became more homogenized, peasants learned to act together led by myoshu farmers.
- 国司苛政上訴についても、受領層が私利私欲に溺れ、地方政治が混乱していたことの現れとする評価が一般的だった。
- Kokushi kasei joso was also commonly regarded as evidence of disrupting local governments with Juryoso (career provincial official class) seeking only for their own interests.
- しかし、戦国時代には諸大名により所領が次第に侵蝕されていき、豊臣秀吉の太閤検地によりそれが決定的となった。
- However, they were gradually deprived of their lands by the daimyo during the Sengoku period (period of warring states) and finally they lost all lands through taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi) conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 信長も9月21日に宇智郡の領有権を認める朱印状を高野山に与えるなど、直ちに武力行使に踏み切る意思はなかった。
- Nobunaga also did not intend to use military force immediately as he gave shuinjo which admitted the territorial right over Uchi County to Koyasan on November 8.
- 大坂の役で豊臣氏が滅ぼされて以後、武力抵抗をした大名は皆無であり、全て無抵抗で城と領地を幕府へ明渡している。
- After the Toyotomi clan was destroyed in the Siege of Osaka, no more Daimyo attempted armed resistance and all handed over their castles and lands to the bakufu without resistance.
- 合わせて2部作成し、1部は荘官が在地での荘務のために用い、もう1部は荘園領主が年貢・公事の徴収の際に用いた。
- Two copies of kenchucho were made: One copy for the use of the shokan for conducting managerial duties in the local manor, and the other for the manor owner for determining the amount of nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties).
- 特に旧幕府・旗本領や旧中小藩を引き継いだ県では府県庁所在地周辺よりも多くの飛地を遠隔地に持つ所が少なくない。
- Prefectures that inherited the territory of former bakufu, hatamoto or small domains had many enclaves located far from prefectural capitals.
- しかし、この時日本は戦後の領有を前提に遼東半島の完全占領を目指していたため、この講和条件を受け入れなかった。
- At this time, however, Japan did not accept the conditions, because it aimed at the complete occupation of the Liaodong Peninsula as a precondition of a post-war domain.
- 勲功の報告は、受領や追捕使・追討使などを通じて行われたため、必ずしも微に入った報告がなされたとは限らかった。
- Those who reported distinguished services were zuryo, tsuibushi, and tsuitoshi (envoy to search and kill), and so on, who did not necessarily give detailed accounts.
- そして、室町期守護は 守護大名という立場へと成長していき、国内に守護領国制と呼ばれる支配体制を布いていった。
- Thus, in the Muromachi period, the Shugo grew into the status of Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), and a ruling system called Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor) was instituted.
- 荘官・地頭らによる直営田の拡大は、特に地頭の動きが著しかったが、上級領主の荘園管理権を侵害するものであった。
- The expansion of the directly managed rice fields by shokan, jito, et al., especially jito, might violate the upper-class feudal lord's supervisory authority on the manor.
- また、在庁官人は、郡司・郷司・保司に任命されると、郡・郷・保の公領・公田を自らの所領として扱う傾向があった。
- And when zaichokanjin were appointed as gunshi, goshi, and hoshi, they were likely to deal with public domains and public rice fields in gun, go, and ho as their own lands.
- しかし西国ではまだ荘園領主の権限が機能しており、名田単位による賦課が行われたため、名主の地位は残存し続けた。
- However, manorial lords maintained their control in western regions and continued to impose taxes based on the myoden system, thereby allowing myoshu to maintain their status.
- 平安中期になり、受領国司が登場した際も、親王任国については介が受領の地位に就き、他国の国守と同列に扱われた。
- When zuryo-kokushi (the head of provincial governors) appeared in the mid-Heian period, suke were appointed to the zuryo of Shinno-ningoku and were treated equally with kokushu of other provinces.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると守護京極氏の所領を奪った尼子氏とは対立関係となり、尼子経久追放の中心として活躍した。
- During the period of warring states, the provincial constable Kyogoku clan was taken over its manor by the Amago clan which clashed with the Misawa clan by playing an active and central role in deporting Tsunehisa AMAGO.
- 豊臣氏の所領(蔵入地)も、全国合わせて222万石と、家康が関東で支配していた250万石に及ばない石高であった。
- The Toyotomi clan's territory (directly-controlled land) was 2,220,000 koku in total and was less than Ieyasu's territory in the Kanto region, which was 2,500,000 koku.
- 文禄3年(1594年)、島津家領内で検地が行われると、伊集院氏は豊臣秀吉から朱印をもって都城8万石を給された。
- In 1594, a survey was conducted within the Shimazu family territory, and the Ijuin clan received Miyakonojo, the land worthwhile 80,000 koku of rice, with a certificate from Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 守護大名は周辺の海賊衆を、領内の田畑を警固料の名目で所領として給する代償に警固衆に編成、海上軍事力に利用した。
- Shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) organized kaizoku shu on their periphery into keigo shu and used them as their naval military force in exchange for providing them the land in their territory under the pretext to guard the land.
- 当時日本の支配領域の外か外縁にあった五所川原窯からは、地元の津軽半島だけでなく、北海道まで製品が送り出された。
- Since Goshogawara kiln was at the outer edge or the outside of the territory dominated by Japan, Sueki products were sent not only to local Tsugaru Peninsula but also to Hokkaido.
- 和睦の条件として、晴信は須田氏、井上氏、島津氏など北信濃国人衆の旧領復帰を認め、旭山城を破却することになった。
- As conditions to make the peace, Harunobu admitted that local samurai land owners, such as the Suda clan, the Inoue clan and the Shimazu clan, should be allowed to restore their former territories, and it was also decided that Asahiyama-jo Castle should be destroyed completely.
- 1900年にロシアは清で発生した義和団事変(義和団事件)の混乱収拾を名目に満州へ侵攻し、全土を占領下に置いた。
- In 1900, Russia invaded Manchuria under the pretext of settling the chaos of the Boxer Uprising (the Boxer Incident), which occurred in the Qing Dynasty, and placed all of Manchuria under its authority.
- しかし、それ以降領有した日本統治時代 (台湾)・日本統治時代の朝鮮などの外地に新たな令制国は設定されなかった。
- However, after that, in Taiwan and in Korea in the age under the rule of Japan, new ryosei province was not established.
- この傾向は大名領国制への以降とともに日本全国規模で確立され、幕藩体制を経て明治の版籍奉還・秩禄処分まで続いた。
- This trend spread throughout Japan as the daimyo ryogokusei system (daimyo control over provinces) was introduced, and observed through bakuhan taisei (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains) until hanseki hokan (surrender of the domain registers to the emperor) and chitsuroku shobun (abolish hereditary stipend) were carried out.
- そのため、田堵負名の中には受領を襲撃したり太政官へ訴訟する(→国司苛政上訴)といった対抗手段に出る者も現れた。
- Therefore, some Tato fumyo assaulted zuryo or took the measure of lodging a complaint with Daijokan (Grand Council of State) (refer to an article of Kokushi kasei joso [appeals against kokushi's harsh administration]).
- 但し、室町時代以前の守護大名や守護代、国人領主と戦国大名の大きな違いは強固な家臣団を形成し得たかどうかにある。
- The big difference between the Sengoku daimyo and the Shugo daimyo (military governors), Shugodai and Kokujin ryoshu from the Muromachi period, however, was in whether or not they could organize strong Kashindan.
- 鎌倉時代初期ごろになると、所領に対する自らの知行権を主張するため、その所領の作物を強制的に刈り取る者も現れた。
- The early Kamakura period saw the appearance of the illegal reaping of crops to establish a claim to the ownership of the land.
- この雑色人が在地支配層と連携し、国司・受領層と対抗したことが国司苛政上訴として現れたとする見解も出されている。
- In other opinions, Kokushi kasei joso appeared as the evidence that these Zoshikinin worked with local influential persons to counter the Kokushi and Zuryo class.
- 以後、守護は国内の所領紛争へ介入する権限を獲得することとなり、次第に国内の荘園・国衙領への支配を強めていった。
- Since then, the Shugo acquired the right to intervene in disputes over territory within their province and gradually increased their domination over shoen (manor) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- なお、筆頭家老・木俣家は1万石を領しているが、陣屋を持たなかったため、月20日は西の丸三重櫓で執務を行っていた。
- In addition, the head of the Kimata family that served as the head of chief retainers spent 20 days a month carrying out his work in nishi no maru sanju yagura (three-storied tower located at the northwest corner of nishi no maru) because he did not have his jinya (regional government office) although he had been granted ten thousand goku crop yields.
- 実際検非違使庁は実用面で非常に優れていたため、のちには従来の律令的官制を侵食していく形でその職務領域を拡大した。
- In fact, Kebiishi cho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief) was excellent practically, so later, it expanded its territory of duty by eating away traditional organizations of government according to the ritsuryo codes.
- この小判および分金の通貨単位は武田信玄による領国貨幣である甲州金の四進法(両、分、朱)を取り入れたものであった。
- The currency units of koban and bukin were based on the adopted quaternary (ryo, bu, shu) of Koshu gold which was territorial currency employed by Shingen TAKEDA.
- 武田氏にとっても、善光寺平進出は阻まれたものの、小県はもちろん村上氏の本領埴科郡を完全に掌握できることになった。
- Although having been prevented from expanding its territory into Zenkoji-daira, the Takeda clan became enabled to completely control Hanishina County, which had been the main base of the Murakami clan, in addition to Oagata.
- 官軍は大口へ迫り、人吉を占領した別働第二旅団は飯野・加久藤・吉田越地区進出のため、大畑の薩軍本隊に攻撃を加えた。
- The government army closed in on Oguchi, and the detached 2nd brigade, which had seized Hitoyoshi, attacked the main force of the Satsuma army in Ohata to advance to the Iino, Kakuto and Yoshidagoe areas.
- 国司や領主などの支配層は、田堵負名による名田経営を強化するために、現地での支配権・管理権を次第に付与していった。
- The ruling class, including territorial governors and manorial lords, granted tato farmers various rights to rule and manage land in villages in order to strengthen the myoden system supported by these farmers.
- 開発領主(かいほつりょうしゅ)から寄進を受けた領家から更に寄進を受けた院宮家、摂関家、大寺社が本家となっていた。
- Honke were usually the Innomiya family, Sekkan-ke (families that produced regents and advisers), and major temples and shrines that received donations from ryoke (a lord of the manor) that had received donations from kaihatsu ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land).
- 署名者には公卿と諸侯のほか、同年5月に天皇に直属する朝臣となった旧幕府旗本のうち千石以上の領地を持つ者も加わった。
- Other than Kugyo and lords, former hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) holding more than 1,000 koku territory, who became direct retainers of the Emperor in May of the same year joined.
- 荘官が保管して年貢・公事などの負担割当に決定するのに用いられたが、荘園によっては荘園領主に提出される場合もあった。
- It was kept by the shokan in order to determine the amount of nengu and the role allotment of kuji; in some cases, it was submitted to the manor owner.
- 小藩とはいえ、戦国大名の京極高知が関ヶ原の戦いの戦功により賜った丹後一国の領土の一部を受け継ぐ由緒正しい藩である。
- It was a small but historic domain inherited as part of the territory under Tango province, originally given to Takatomo KYOGOKU, a daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku period, because of distinguished war service during the Battle of Sekigahara.
- - ソビエト連邦占領行政下で行政執行にあたっていたが、解散を命じられ大津敏男長官を代表とする上級官吏が収監される。
- Under Soviet occupation Karafuto-Cho was made to carry out the administration, but was then ordered to dissolve and governor Toshio OTSU as a representative and other high ranked government officials were imprisoned.
- 1945年8月のソ連対日宣戦布告によって、樺太庁管内にはソビエト連邦軍が侵攻し、同月末までに樺太全土が占領された。
- After the Soviet Declaration of War on Japan in August 1945, Soviet troops invaded the district of Karafuto-Cho and by the end of the month all of Karafuto was occupied.
- 一方、旧天領や旗本支配地等は政府直轄地として府と県が置かれ中央政府から都道府県知事(知府事・知県事)が派遣された。
- On the other hand, bakufu-owned land and hatamoto (bakufu's direct retainer) territory became land directly controlled by the central government and prefectural governors (chifuji/chikenji) were dispatched from the central government.
- 日本軍の王宮占領後、朝鮮では軍用電線の切断、兵站部への襲撃と日本兵の捕縛、殺害など民衆の「義兵」反日抵抗が続いた。
- Since the Japanese troops conquered the royal palace, there had been anti-Japanese resistance in Korea -- cuts of electric cables for military use, attack of logistics on bases, and capture and the murder of Japanese solders, and so forth.
- 国司の代わりに代々国押領使・国追捕使の地位を世襲してきた「一国棟梁」を中心とした軍事力編成がなされるようになった。
- The Ikkoku-toryo' (the provincial leader) who held the offices of provincial Oryoshi and Tsuibushi in place of the provincial officials organized military forces.
- 更に元寇以降、海岸防備の必要性から九州を中心とする領主側の一円地と、西国の地頭側一円地を交換する動きが活発化した。
- After Genko (Mongol invasion attempt against Japan), a movement to exchange ichienchi (land under ichien shihai) in Kyushu owned by the lords of shoen and those in the western part of Japan owned by jito became active because of the need to defend the coast.
- 本家・領家など上級領主による直営田を佃とし、荘官・地頭など下級領主によるものを正作・用作として区分することもある。
- Rice fields directly managed by upper class feudal lords, such as head family and ryoke, may be called tsukuda while rice fields directly managed by lower class feudal lords, such as shokan and jito, may be called shosaku and yujaku to differentiate.
- この際、豊臣家の蔵入地(直轄地)を処分、豊臣家の所領は摂津国・河内国・和泉国の約65万石 (単位)程度まで削がれた。
- On that occasion he punished the Toyotomi family by reducing their directly-controlled land; Toyotomi family's territory was limited to Settsu Province/ Kawachi Province/Izumi Province only with about 650,000-Koku (unit) level.
- 公式には慶応4年4月17日 (旧暦)(1868年5月9日)に官軍によって江戸の金座・銀座が占領された時に廃止された。
- Officially, they were abolished when kin-za and gin-za in Edo were occupied by the government army in May 9, 1868.
- 1609年薩摩藩の島津氏による侵攻を受け奄美諸島を薩摩藩の領土として割譲されたうえ琉球は事実上薩摩藩の属国となった。
- After an invasion by the Shimazu clan of Satsuma Domain in 1609, the islands came under the rule of the Satsuma Domain with a secession of some territories.
- 王朝国家体制への移行により、富豪層による調庸・封物の京進は廃され、国司(受領)による租税進納が行われるようになった。
- With the dynastic nation system starting, the system of rich and powerful persons' paying choyo and fubutsu to Kyoto was abolished, and kokushi (zuryo) came to convey tax to the central government.
- これらの地域では1つの令制国において、伝統的な武士団から上昇してきた大名家が複数存在し、その領地関係も錯綜していた。
- Within these regions, more than one daimyo family developed from traditional samurai groups existed in a ryoseikoku (province) with complicated territorial relations.
- 受領は、自らの判断で国内支配することが許されたため、郡司・田堵・負名・百姓層から苛烈な収奪をすることが可能となった。
- The Zuryo was entitled to control over his own province at their own discretion, allowing them to collect taxes strictly from Gunji (local magistrates), Tato, Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and farmers.
- 最終的には太閤検地により、土地には直接の耕作者の権利しか認められなくなり、本家、領家という地位も消滅したことになる。
- In the end, as a result of taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi), the right to a particular area of land was granted only to the cultivator of that land, and positions such as honke and ryoke disappeared.
- 根来寺は室町時代においては幕府の保護を背景に紀伊・和泉に八か所の荘園を領有し、経済力・武力の両面において強力であった。
- The Negoro-ji Temple held eight shoen (manor in medieval Japan) at Kii and Izumi Provinces on the background of the support of the bakufu in the Muromachi period and had strong economic and military powers.
- 出雲国の国人領主であった三沢氏の出自は、清和源氏木曾義仲を祖とする木曽系、同じく清和源氏満快流の飯島系と言われている。
- Misawa clan, a kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords) of Izumo Province, was reportedly oriignated from the Kiso line descended from Yoshinaka KISO of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto Clan), or the Iijima line descded from MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi who was also from Seiwa-Genji.
- しかし、これらの軍役は後世のように所領の大きさや収穫量に基づいたものではなく、動員兵力は各々の御家人に委ねられていた。
- The military services were based neither on the area nor crop yields of of territories, and the military force to mobilize was left to the discretion of each of the immediate vassals of the shogunate.
- なお、荘園の四至牓示や公領・荘園を問わず一国平均役などを徴収する場合などは国司による検注も行われ、検注状が作成された。
- In addition, when ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on manors and provincial land in a province) were imposed regardless of shiishiboji (notices on every corner of the territory in order to clarify the boundaries) of manors or whether the land is public (koryo) or private manors, kenchu by kokushi (an officer of local government) was carried out, and kenchujo (the report of the kenchu) was issued.
- 検注目録(けんちゅうもくろく)は、検注帳の明細にあたる文書で荘園領主の元で保管されて土地支配や徴税の際の参考にされた。
- Kenchu mokuroku was an accounting document in the kenchucho which was kept by the manor owners for the purpose of governing their lands and imposing taxes.
- 三成は領地で善政を敷いており、領民からも大変慕われていたので、直政はその威光を払拭するため新たに彦根城築城を計画した。
- Mitsunari had exercised benevolent government throughout his territory, making the people on his lands dearly miss him, so Naomasa planned to build a new castle at Hikone in order to sweep away all memory of Mitsunari.
- 光秀は山崎の戦いで討たれ、織田家後継者及び遺領の配分を決定することを目的に、尾張国清洲城(愛知県清須市)で開催された。
- As Mitsuhide was killed during the Battle of Yamasaki, the conference was held at Kiyosu-jo Castle in Owari Province (Kiyosu City, Aichi Prefecture) for the purpose of deciding who should succeed the Oda family and how to distribute properties inherited from Nobunaga.
- 最終的に事態は、天正17年(1589年)に豊臣秀吉によって決着が図られ、沼田周辺の真田領の多くが北条氏に引き渡された。
- The situation was finally saved by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in 1589, and a majority of Sanada's territories around Numata passed to the Hojo clan.
- 叛は具体的には蕃国(外国)に投じること、城や領土を敵に渡すことをいい、現代的に言えば亡命、敵前投降、外敵通謀にあたる。
- In concrete terms disobedience means throwing oneself into a barbarian (foreign) country, or handing over the castle or territory to enemy, and in modern terms falls under seeking asylum, surrendering under enemy fire or conspiring with enemy.
- 議題には、決算報告の受領(第6条)、予算、地方税徴収(第1条)の他に、地方税によって行なう事柄が定められた(第5条)。
- The agenda specified receipt of financial results (Article 6), budget, local taxes collection (Article 1) as well as issues to be handled with the local taxes (Article 5).
- 鎌倉公方の足利持氏と関東管領の上杉憲実の対立に端を発する、室町幕府6代将軍足利義教が持氏討伐を命じた事件、戦いである。
- It is an incident or a war which originated from confrontation between Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) and Norizane UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), and for which Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the sixth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), ordered to suppress Mochiuji.
- ロシア軍の司令官アレクセイ・クロパトキン大将は全軍を撤退させ、日本軍は遼陽を占領したもののロシア軍の撃破には失敗した。
- The attack prompted General Aleksei Kuropatkin, the commander of the Russian Army to order a full-scale retreat enabling Japanese forces to occupy Liaoyang, but the Japanese failed to annhilate Russian forces.
- 1368年、紅巾の乱の首領朱元璋が南京市で即位して明を建国し、この年を「洪武元年」としたのち、一世一元の制を採用した。
- In 1368, Gensho SHU (Chu Yuan-chang), a leader of the Red Turban Rebellion, established a new era named 'Kobu' starting with the year when he ascended to the throne in Nanjing City to found the Ming Dynasty, and later introduced a system of one era per Emperor.
- 明治4年(1871年)8月20日に分領支配は廃止され、開拓使が館県(旧松前藩領)を除く全域を直轄統治することになった。
- The land allocation system was terminated on August 20, 1871 and the Hokkaido Development Commission was established to directly govern the island except Date Prefecture (the former Matsumae domain).
- 八条目とは三綱領の細目で「格物」・「致知」・「誠意」・「正心」・「修身」・「斉家」・「治国」・「平天下」の八つである。
- The Eight Steps are the eight detailed items of Sankoryo, consisting of investigation of things ('kakubutsu'), extension of knowledge ('chichi'), sincerity of the will ('seii'), rectification of the mind ('seishin'), cultivation of personal life ('shushin'), regulation of family ('seika'), national order ('chikoku') and world peace ('heitenka').
- このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現し、在地領主としての性格を強めていく者が現れた。
- Accordingly, some of the jito achieved ichien shihai (complete ruling) of their territory by obtaining the right to both shitaji and jobun and started to take on the character of zaich-ryoshu (local lord).
- 在庁官人には、在庁官人としての側面を持ちつつも、荘園の開発領主・荘官としての側面も併せ持つ者が少なくなかったのである。
- Many zaichokanjin took on the role of developer-landlords or shoen managers as well as that of proper zaichokanjin.
- 朱印地・黒印地は寺社の私有地ではなく公領という扱いであるが、領内の租税は免除されており、収益は全て寺社のものとなった。
- Although Shuinchi/Kokuinchi were deemed not as private lands but as public lands, temples/shrines were exempted from tax and all revenues obtained from lands belonging to them.
- 秀吉は自身が任命する領主が領地の隅々まで直接支配を行う体制を目指し、その障害となる住民による地域自治を破壊したのである。
- Hideyoshi aimed to establish the framework that the lord he assigned directory controlled all parts of the territory and destroyed local government by people which could prevent it.
- (高城町史)また、直接的な兵力ではないが、物資の援助などを島津氏と領地を隣接する加藤清正、伊東祐兵らが密かに行っている。
- According to the 'Takajirocho history,' those including Kiyomasa KATO and Suketaka ITO, who shared the borders with the Shimazu clain, provided support including materials in secret, although they are not counted as a direct military power.
- 荘園・公領における租税(年貢・公事・夫役)収取単位(在家役)としても用いられ、その負担者である住民のみを指す場合もある。
- It was also used as a unit (Zaikeyaku) for collecting taxes (land tax, public duties, labor services) within shoen (landed estates) or koryo (public lands).
- 江戸時代においては大名、旗本などの武士に課せられた刑罰を意味し、武士の身分を剥奪して所領と城・屋敷を没収することをいう。
- In the Edo period, the term kaieki referred to a punishment to samurai, including territorial lords (called 'daimyo') and direct vassals of the shogun (called 'hatamoto'), by which they were deprived of their status as samurai, along with their territories, castles and residences.
- 同日夜薩摩藩兵などの警護の中行われた小御所会議において、徳川慶喜は官職(内大臣)辞職および領地返上を要請されたのである。
- In the Kogosho kaigi (a meeting), held under the guard of the Satsuma troops, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was required to resign from the official position (Minister of the Interior) and return to the domains.
- 参勤は一定期間主君(この場合は征夷大将軍)のもとに出仕すること、交代は暇を与えられて領地に帰り政務を執ることを意味する。
- Sankin means that daimyo served for the lord (Seii-Taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians] in this case) for a certain period, while kotai means that they returned to their domains on leave to attend to government affairs there.
- 内高(うちだか)は、江戸時代の大名や旗本の所領内において、領民に年貢を課す際の算定基準として用いられた石高のことである。
- Uchi-daka (real value of the yield) means kokudaka (crop yield) that was used as the appraisal standard to impose nengu (land tax) to the people of shoryo (territory) of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and hatamoto (bannermen) in the Edo period.
- 免税特権を獲得した荘園は領域が統合される一円化の措置などを通じて拡大する傾向を示し、国衙が支配する国衙領を蚕食し始めた。
- The manors, acquired tax exemption privilege, started enlarging their territories through the unification of their territorial control and encroaching on the kokugaryo territories controlled by kokuga.
- そのような中で大名たちは一族・更に家臣や周辺の国人領主や地侍たちを従えながら、彼らに対して惣領としての優位性を主張した。
- Under such circumstances, a daimyo subjected their families, vassals, Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords) and jizamurai (local samurai) of neighboring provinces to their rule and asserted their superiority as a soryo (heir).
- 荘園公領制の進展の中で、国司・荘園領主から認められた名田に対する諸権利は、名主職(みょうしゅしき)として確立していった。
- As the manorial public territory system developed, various rights over myoden land were officially acknowledged by territorial governors and manorial lords as myoshushiki (myoshu rights).
- こうして、平安中期以降(11世紀~12世紀)、在庁官人の多くは、在地領主として、そして武士として成長していくこととなる。
- Thus many zaichokanjin developed into local landlords and as bushi after the middle of the Heian period (from the eleventh century to the twelfth).
- 室町時代には、高梨惣領家と山田高梨・中村高梨・江部高梨を併せて高梨四家と呼ばれていたと記されている(「上高井歴史」より)。
- During the Muromachi period, the head family of the Takanashi, Yamada Takanashi, Nakamura Takanashi and Ebe Takanashi were called the four families of Takanashi (from 'the history of Kamitakai').
- 618年、隋に変わって中国を統一した唐は、大帝国をきずき、東アジアに広大な領域を支配して周辺諸地域に大きな影響をあたえた。
- The Tang Dynasty, who took over from the Sui Dynasty and unified China in 618, built a large empire and controlled a vast territory in East Asia, exerting a strong influence on the neighboring areas.
- だが、徳川家康はその挙動に不信感を抱き本領の近江朽木は安堵したものの、その総石高は9550石に留まり、大名の資格を失った。
- However, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA remained suspicious of him, so that while Ieyasu acknowledged Kutsuki's main domain of Omi Kutsuki, he left the clan's total crop yield 9550 goku, being taken away their status as daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).
- そして検注の実施年月日と「注進如件」の書止を記し、荘園領主から派遣された検注使と在地の荘官、場合によっては地頭が連署した。
- It was carried out on the same date the kenchu was carried out and the established words 'chushin kudan no gotoshi' (the case is thus reported as above) as well as the signatures of the kenchushi (land surveyor) were dispatched by the manor owner, the local shokan (an officer entrusted with local management by the manor owner), and in some cases, jito (estate steward).
- さらに、日本兵の首に賞金を掛けたため都市部で朝鮮軍・明軍による朝鮮領民の首無し死体が続出するなど荒廃した状況が伝えられる。
- Furthermore, as a prize was offered for the heads of Japanese soldiers, it is reported there were situations in which a large number of bodies without heads of Korean people taken by the Korean and Ming troops in urban districts.
- また、南信濃では義昌に続いて家康の支援を受けた小笠原貞慶が旧領である深志(現在の松本市)に入り他の領主らも徳川氏についた。
- In southern Shinano, Sadayoshi OGASAWARA, who was supported by Ieyasu, followed Yoshimasa and entered his former territory, Fukashi (present-day Matsumoto City); other lords also took the side of Ieyasu.
- 草高35万石で、近江半国領主という国主に準ずる格式に沿うならば、一階級上の侯爵となるはずとの意向も、井伊家の周辺にあった。
- The expectation of 350,000 koku, achieving the status of a so-called Omi Hangoku lord or a similar title, and also the potential of becoming a higher class marquis, surrounded the Ii Family.
- 景虎は、相模国・鎌倉市の鶴岡八幡宮で、上杉家家督相続と関東管領職就任の儀式を行い、名を上杉政虎と改めて越後国へ引き揚げた。
- Kagetora held the ceremony of inheriting the head post of the Uesugi family and that of assuming the Kanto Kanrei post at Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine in Kamakura City, Sagami Province, and changing his name to Masatora UESUGI, returned to Echigo province.
- 勿論、財産関係の目録も作成され、所領や財産の生前または死後に譲渡するために作成された譲状・処分状も目録の形式となっている。
- Mokuroku relating to assets were also made, and deeds of assignment (yuzurijo or shobunjo), which were made in order to transfer territory and assets before or after a death, were made in the form of mokuroku.
- 在地の地頭・国人・荘官らには、守護の被官となる者もおり、荘園領主の支配権(荘務権)は守護に侵害される傾向にあったのである。
- Some local jito, kokujin (local samurai) and shokan (an officer governing shoen) were hired as low-level bureaucrats by Shugo, and the lords' authority (hegemony over estates) was vulnerable to violation.
- 転封という概念が加わり、旧領や大名・旗本の先祖代々の土地に縛られず、幕府の意向により領国そのものを異動させる制度が出来た。
- Added to this was the conceptual system of forced relocation in which the Shogunate moved the territories of feudal lords at its discretion regardless of the former territories or ancestral lands of daimyo or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu).
- 下鴨社領の歴史は、天文 (日本)16年(1547年)に神保長職が近隣国人へ神用年貢の納入を督励したことが最後の記録となる。
- The last record on the history of the estate of Shimogamo-jinja Shrine was made in 1547 describing Nagamoto JINBO encouraging people in neighboring provinces to pay local taxes for god.
- 大名の中で唯一、老中などの幕閣を占める前途を保証された譜代大名に対しては、所領の加増はもとより、役職の昇進も恩賞となった。
- Among daimyo, only fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), who were promised to become members of the cabinet of advisors such as roju (senior councillor), were given both additional territories and promotions as rewards.
- 頼朝に対して、東国における荘園・公領からの官物・年貢納入を保証させると同時に、頼朝による東国支配権を公認したものとされる。
- It is believed that the decree officially recognized the dominion of Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo as well as made him guarantee the payment of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and nengu (land tax) from shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and koryo (an Imperial demesne) in the Togoku.
- この時期には守護が自国の領内における荘園の年貢(地子と公事の一本化したもの)を本家、領家に対して請け負う守護請が広まった。
- During this period, the shugouke system was widely used in which honke or ryoke entrusted shugo to manage shoen in the shugo's own territories and paid nengu (jishi and kuji combined) to honke or ryoke.
- 神保・白樫氏ら早期に降った者は所領を安堵されたが、和佐玉置氏は一万石と伝えられる所領のうち、安堵されたのは三千五百石だった。
- Those who surrendered early on such as the Jinbo and Shirakashi clans were approved their territories, but the Wasa Tamaki clan was approved 3,500 koku among all lands which were said to be 10,000 koku.
- また、各地の領主の招聘に応じその地に逗留・移住する銃工も多く、それら銃工の作品には「国友」銘のほか本名で鐫られたものも多い。
- Invitations from feudal lords throughout Japan meant many gunsmiths relocated to these areas, and many pieces produced by such individuals were inscribed both 'Kunimoto' and the gunsmith's real name.
- 信長存命中は、この方面軍による機能がうまく作用して、各地で連戦連勝を重ねて、織田政権は短期間で領土を拡大することに成功した。
- While Nobunaga was alive, these regional armies worked well and won battle after battle in various places and contributed to the Oda government successfully extending their territory over a short period of time.
- 元寇では過重な軍役に比して所領の加増が少なかったことが鎌倉得宗への不満として蓄積し、鎌倉幕府滅亡の遠因になったと考えられる。
- Since the territory was not increased as much as excessive military services imposed during the Mongolian Expeditions against Japan, dissatisfaction built up among the samurai retainers with the the head of the Hojo clan regent of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which supposedly formed a remote cause of the fall of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 中世の土地支配権は近世のような「一つの土地に一人の領主」は確立されておらず、その支配体系も近世のものよりずっと複雑であった。
- Sway over lands in the middle ages had not been evolved to 'one lord in one land' as in the Early-Modern period yet, and the swaying system was much more complicated than that of the Early-Modern ages.
- 秀吉はさらに淡路や四国を領有するとその沿海部の領主として子飼いの仙石秀久、小西行長、加藤嘉明、脇坂安治らの武将を送り込んだ。
- Also, as Hideyoshi possessed the land of Awaji and Shikoku, he dispatched Hidehisa SENGOKU, Yukinaga KONISHI, Yoshiaki KATO and Yasuharu WAKISAKA, who were all his vassals reared from an early age, to govern the coastal areas.
- 一方、それは名目であり、実際は朝鮮を自国の影響下におくことや中国の領土割譲など自国権益の拡大を目的とした戦争とする説もある。
- Some suggest, however, that Japan used this cause as a pretext for the war trying to achieve the purpose of putting Korea under control and expanding its own interests by making China give up its territory.
- つまり、彼らは一方では国衙側の郡司・郷司として国衙領の維持にあたり、一方では荘園側の荘官として荘園拡大を図っていたのである。
- In other words, while acting to maintain kokugaryo territories as gunji or goji on the Kokuga side, they also attempted to enlarge manors as shokan on the manor side.
- 凶党追捕が完了したときは、凶党の所領・財産は没収され、追捕にあたった武士たちへ恩賞として給与されたのだろうと考えられている。
- It is considered that, after gangsters were captured, their territories and assets were confiscated and were supplied as a reward to the samurai who participated in the capturing actions.
- 承久の乱後は幕府の管理下に後深草天皇→伏見天皇→後伏見天皇→花園天皇→光厳天皇→崇光天皇→後小松天皇と持明院統に伝領された。
- After the Jokyu War, under the control of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), these shoen were successively inherited by Emperors who belonged to the Jimyoin-to line, including Emperor Gofukakusa, Emperor fushimi, Emperor Gofushimi, Emperor Hanazono, Emperor Kogen, Emperor Suko and Emperor Gokomatsu.
- 室町期守護は刈田狼藉を検断する立場だったが、戦国大名は自軍勢の兵粮とする目的で敵領田畠を刈田・刈畠することが少なくなかった。
- While shugo in the Muromachi period were in a position to hold kendan for karita-rozeki, daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku period, in order to secure provisions for their armies, carried out many karita and karihata on enemy rice fields and other territories.
- 戦後、尊氏は対立関係にあった新田義貞の所領を勝手に没収し、建武政権では恩賞方が行う恩賞として分配するなど自立の意思を示した。
- After the battle, Takauji showed his will of independence by confiscating the territory of Yoshisada NITTA who was against him without permission and distributing it as onsho (reward grants) which was granted by Onshokata (office to do desk works of Onsho award) in the Kenmu government.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の備中国は守護の細川氏が衰退した後、国人領主が割拠する状態にあったが、中でも台頭していたのは三村氏であった。
- Bitchu Province in the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) was split among numerous kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords) after the Hosokawa clan, shugo (provincial constable) had gone into decline, but the Mimura clan stood out among them.
- 尼子晴久に従って、大内氏の所領を受け継いだ毛利氏と度々戦ったが、尼子義久の時代になると、久扶は三沢為清とともに毛利氏に降った。
- Together with Haruhisa AMAGO, the Mitoya clan had several battles against the Mori clan, which inherited Ouchi's territory, but during the time of Yoshihisa AMAGO, Hisasuke surrendered to the Mori clan together with Tamekiyo MISAWA.
- 「御恩」には所領支配を保障する本領安堵(ほんりょうあんど)と新たな土地給与である新恩給与(しんおんきゅうよ)の2種類があった。
- Favors consisted of both honryo-ando (acknowledgment of inherited estates) and shinon-kyuyo (the granting new domains).
- 国王が諸侯に領地の保護(防衛)をする代償に忠誠を誓わせ、諸侯も同様の事を臣下たる騎士に約束し、忠誠を誓わせるという制度である。
- Under the system, a king makes feudal lords pledge loyalty in return for the protection of their domains, and the feudal lords make the same promise with retainers and make them pledge loyalty.
- こうした中で、御内人のトップである内管領が次第に権力を持ち始め、弘安期には内管領の平頼綱と有力御家人の安達泰盛が拮抗していた。
- Meanwhile, the Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family), who was the top of the Miuchibito, gradually began to gain power, and during the Koan period Uchi-Kanrei TAIRA no Yoritsuna and a senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI became opposed to one another.
- 九州の大名の中には大村純忠のように領民を強制的にキリスト教に改宗させようとしたり、寺社仏閣を破壊した事があったのは事実である。
- It is a absolute fact that Sumitada OMURA, a domain lord in Kyushu, forced the domain people convert to the Christianity and destroyed temples and shrines.
- 攘夷論のいまだおさまらぬ慶応4年2月15日 (旧暦)(1868年3月8日)、フランス領事一行は大阪から陸路、堺に入ろうとした。
- On March 8, 1868, when people who supported the principle of excluding foreigners were still active, the party of the French consulate was entering Sakai from Osaka by land.
- さらに持氏は関東管領の上杉憲実とも対立し、上杉氏庶流の上杉定頼・上杉憲直や直臣の一色直兼を重用するなど、独裁色を強めていった。
- Besides, Mochiuji was also confronted with Norizane UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei, and strengthened his dictatorial color including giving important positions to Sadayori UESUGI and Norinao UESUGI, branch families of the Uesugi clan, and Naokane ISSHIKI, his great vassal.
- 何度かの戦闘の結果、新羅は再び唐の冊封を受け、唐は現在の清川江以南の領土を新羅へ与えるという形式をとって両者の和睦が成立した。
- As a result of several battles, Silla became a vassal under the Tang Dynasty again, and the two parties reached a reconciliation by Tang giving the territory south of Seisenko River.
- この旅団は3月19日、艦砲射撃に援護されて日奈久南方の州口及び八代の背後に上陸し、薩軍を二面から攻撃して八代の占領に成功した。
- On March 19, that brigade disembarked at the rear of Sugu, which was south to Hinagu, and at the rear of Yatsushiro, covered by naval bombardment, and succeeded in occupying Yatsushiro by attacking the Satsuma army on both sides.
- その結果、刈田狼藉取締権・使節遵行権・半済給付権・闕所地処分権・段銭徴収権などを得た守護は、国内に領域的な支配を及ぼしていく。
- As a result, the Shugo who acquired the following rights came to control the province territorially: the right to control Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the right to send a delegate for executing the bakufu's order, the right to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund, the right to confiscate land property from criminals or if it is left derelict, and the right to collect temporary special tax levied on arable land.
- 「私営田経営者」「私営田領主」という概念は、戦後第一世代の石母田正の『中世的世界の形成』により、学問的に定着された概念である。
- The concept of 'Shieiden Managers' and 'Lord of Shieiden' settled academically from 'The Formation of Medieval Period like World' by the Tadashi ISHIMODA, who was among the first generation born post-World War II.
- 8月・9月という収穫期を目前としながら、諸国の荘園・公領から朝廷・諸権門への年貢運上はほとんど見込めない状況にあったのである。
- Although the harvest time of August and September was close at hand, the Imperial Court was in a condition of little possibility of nengu unjo from the shoen and the koryo in the various districts to the Imperial Court and the influential families.
- 義貞は三河国矢作川、遠江国鷺坂、駿河国手越川原で迎撃に出た直義軍を打ち破り、伊豆国府(三島)を占領し、鎌倉へ着々と軍を進めた。
- Yoshisada defeated Tadayoshi's army which was ambushed in the Yahagi-gawa River, Mikawa Province, Sagisaka, Totomi Province and Tegoshigawara, Suruga Province, then occupied the kokufu (provincial office) of Izu (Mishima) and steadily moved his army forward to Kamakura.
- ただし、平安時代末期に各地で武士団が勃興すると、知行国国主や受領もこれに対抗する形で武力に優れた人物を派遣する場合も出てきた。
- However, when armed groups rose in various places in the end of the Heian period, chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor) and zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) began to send those who were excellent in military affairs to confront them.
- この時期、荘園や公領を支配・収取の単位とする体制、すなわち荘園公領制が確立したが、名主は荘園公領制の基盤を支える階層といえた。
- A system composed of manors and government territories as basic units of administration and taxation, known as the manorial public territory system (called shoen koryo sei in Japanese), was established during this period, with myoshu farmers forming the basis of the system.
- 高野山は真言宗の本山として延暦寺と並ぶ信仰の中心であると共に、全国に散在する寺領の合計は17万石に達する紀伊の一大勢力であった。
- The Koyasan Temple was the center of belief as the head temple of the Shingon sect as well as the Enryaku-ji Temple and a big power in the Kii Province which had 170,000 koku (approximately 30.6 million liters of crop yield) of scattered jiryo (temple estate) all over the country.
- 及川光房の曾孫・及川光政は結城合戦で討死、結城氏は一時滅亡となり、光政の子・及川光村はすべての所領を失い、逃げて葛西氏を頼った。
- Mitsufusa OIKAWA's great-grandson Mitsumura OIKAWA was killed in the Yuki War, so that the line temporarily went to ruin; Mitsumasa's son Mitsumura OIKAWA lost his territories, ran away and sought refuge in the KASAI clan.
- 徳川家康自身は、五カ国領有時代から今川氏、武田氏の水軍を継承して向井正綱、小浜氏、千賀氏、間宮氏からなる徳川水軍を編成していた。
- As for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, he took over the Imagawa clan's and the Takeda clan's suigun from the period occupied by five countries and organized his own suigun consisting of Masatsuna MUKAI, the Obama clan, the Senga clan, and the Mamiya clan.
- これにより元々徳川秀忠から拝領していた3,000石と合わせて1万3,000石の諸侯となって、丹後京丹後市に陣屋を構えて立藩した。
- This made Takamichi lord of 13,000 goku together with 3,000 goku already given by Hidetada TOKUGAWA (the second shogun of the Edo bakufu, the Japanese feudal government), then he established a jin-ya (regional government office) in Kyotango City of Tango province and founded a new domain.
- 日本の右軍は黄石山城を、左軍は南原市城を攻撃、たちまち二城を陥落させ全州市城に進むと、ここを守る明軍が逃走したため無血占領した。
- The Right group of Japan attacked Hwangsoksan Castle while the Left attacked Namwon Castle and they immediately took both castles in the assaults and advanced to and occupied without blood Jeonju Castle, because the Ming army that had been defending the castle fled when they came close to it.
- 大名間の領土紛争などは全て豊臣政権がその最高処理機関として処理にあたり、これに違反する大名には厳しい処分を下す事を宣言している。
- Conflicts concerning territories between daimyo were dealt with by the Toyotomi administration as a supreme arbitrator, and it was decreed that any daimyo who acts against the edict was to be severely punished.
- しかし40万石を領する大藩からわずか1万石の小藩にまで成り下がったため、家臣団の縮小などを余儀なくされ、藩財政は一気に悪化した。
- Because the Kato clan had its large domain with 400,000 koku of rice which it had retained reduced to a small one with only 10,000 koku of rice, it was forced to curtail the vassals, so that the clan's finance underwent rapid deterioration.
- この地域には栗田氏や市川氏、屋代、小田切、島津などの小国人領主や地侍が分立していたが、徐々に村上氏の支配下に組み込まれていった。
- The Kurita clan, the Ichikawa clan, samurai owning small-sized land, such as Yashiro, Odagiri and Shimazu, and local samurai existed independently in this area, but they became to be integrated gradually into the control of the Murakami clan.
- 公家領や寺社領に対する訴訟の権限は有していたものの、警察・軍事に関しては幕府の行動に大義名分を与える役割に限定されるようになる。
- The court still held the power regarding the suits about territory of kuge (court noble) as well as temples and shrines, but as for the police and military, the court was only in a position to justify the bakufu actions.
- ところで、王朝国家体制が成立して以来、11世紀中期にかけて、中心的な税目である官物の収納については受領が大きな権限を有していた。
- By the way, in the period from the time when the dynastic nation system was established to the middle 11th century, zuryo had a significant right to collect kanmotsu, a main tax.
- その結果、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなり、次第に荘園公領制の解体が推し進められることとなった。
- As a result, the nature of ryoke shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and jito shiki at shoen/koryo changed substantially and the collapse of shoen koryo sei was prompted.
- 戦国時代に入ると、越中守護代神保長誠の押領が発生したほか、代官が荘民と結託して荘内の戸破村や白石村の年貢を遅滞するなど混乱した。
- As it became the Sengoku Period, there were a number of disputes involving the manor: One instance involving Nagamoto JINBO, who seized Kuragaki no Sho as the deputy military governor of Ecchu Province; on another occasion, local governors and manor residents conspired together to delay payment of land taxes made by the villages of Hibari and Shiraishi that were part of the manor.
- この刈田狼藉検断権と使節遵行権の獲得は、室町期守護が守護大名へと成長し、国内に守護領国制を布くに至る重要な契機となったのである。
- The acquisition of the karita-rozeki kendan power and shisetsu jungyo power provided an important opportunity for shugo in the Muromachi period to become shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and implement shugo-ryogoku system (the system in which a shugo dominates a manor) in the state.
- 江戸時代に入り、各寺社がかつて領有していた土地の一部が寺社に返還され、幕府・大名より朱印状・黒印状によってその所領が安堵された。
- In the Edo period, some lands that were formerly owned by temples/shrines were returned to them and secured by the bakufu/daimyo with shuinjo/kokuinjo.
- 紀伊一国は豊臣秀長領となり、秀長は紀伊湊に吉川平介、日高入山に青木一矩、粉河に藤堂高虎、田辺に杉若無心、新宮に堀内氏善を配置した。
- The Kii Province became the territory of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI and he arranged Heisuke KIKKAWA at Kiiminato, Kazunori AOKI at Hidakanyuyama (日高入山), Takatora TODO at Kokawa, Mushin SUGIWAKA at Tanabe and Ujiyoshi HORINOUCHI at Shingu.
- 丹後国、丹波国、但馬国、播磨国、美作国5ヶ国の久美浜代官所、生野奉行支配地および但馬、丹波の旗本領の926ヶ村23万石を管轄した。
- It had control over the Kumihama and Ikuno magistrate's office-dominated land in the five provinces of Tango, Tanba, Tajima, Harima and Mimasaka, and Hatamoto domain in Tajima and Tanba, which amounted to 926 villages and 230,000 koku.
- そうした所領や荘園をそれぞれの本主の官職・位階に基づいて区別され、本主の政所によって統括され、家司を預所に補任して荘務を行わせた。
- Those shoryo and shoen were classified according to the kanshoku (official position) and ikai (court rank) of the respective main family, controlled over by the mandokoro (administrative office) of the main family, and the Ie no tsukasa was appointed to carry out the role.
- しかしながら、関ヶ原の戦い後に加藤清正の計らいで惟光の弟の阿蘇惟善に所領が与えられ、清正の手で復興された阿蘇神社の大宮司となった。
- However, after the Battle of Sekigahara, Kiyomasa KATO arranged provision of a territory to Koreyoshi ASO who was Koremitsu's younger brother and was appointed to daiguji of Aso-jinja Shrine that was revived by Kiyomasa.
- 甲斐では、岡崎へ逃れた徳川家康が、光秀討伐の軍を起こすと同時に秀隆を支援するという名目で家臣を甲斐に派遣し、梅雪遺領の掌握を図る。
- In Kai, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had escaped to Okazaki, dispatched his vassals to Kai in an effort to seize the property inheritance of Baisetsu in the name of mobilizing a punitive force against Mitsuhide and supporting Hidetaka at the same time.
- 江戸時代の大名家では、藩主やその一族、家老などの一団の領袖となりうる立場の人間が派閥を作りあげて内紛を繰り広げた例が数多くあった。
- Many of the households of powerful feudal lords of the Edo Period had instances of internal conflicts among factions formed by the lord, his family members, senior household advisors and others who likely to become a group head.
- もう一つは石見、生野、佐渡金山などの天領にある銀山から上納される、公儀灰吹銀(こうぎはいふきぎん)(御銀)を預り丁銀に吹き立てた。
- The other was the official minting with shogunate-property cupellated silver from shogunate-owned silver mines in Iwami, Ikuno and Sado Kinzan for minting Chogin silver.
- 大宝律令による統治・支配は、当時の政権が支配していた領域(東北地方を除く本州、四国、九州の大部分)にほぼ一律的に及ぶこととなった。
- The governing and control under the Taiho Ritsuryo almost equally extended to the territories (most parts of Honshu [the main island of Japan] except for the Tohoku region, and most parts of Shikoku region and Kyushu region) that had been ruled by the government at that time.
- 天文21年(1552年)、北条氏康に敗れた関東管領・上杉憲政は越後国へ逃れ、景虎に上杉氏の家督と関東管領職の譲渡を申し入れていた。
- In 1552, defeated by Ujiyasu HOJO, Norimasa UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei, fled to Echigo Province, and proposed that he would hand over the head post of the Uesugi family and the Kanto Kanrei post to Kagetora.
- この時日本は台湾の略取を目的にその条件となる日本軍による占領を行うため、3月23日歩兵一個旅団を台湾島西方の澎湖諸島に上陸させた。
- Aiming to seize Taiwan this time, Japan sent an infantry brigade to the Penghu islands west of Taiwan island on March 23rd to create a precondition for the Japanese troops to occupy it.
- 「事実上の政権 Authorities De Facto」とは、占領を完了し、相当に安定し、ほとんど国家の体裁を具えたものを指す。
- Authorities De Facto' means the one which has completed occupation, settled down sufficiently and nearly formed a country.
- こうして公領は郡・郷・保などの単位に再編成され、武士たちは郡司・郷司・保司として郡・郷・保の経営と治安維持を受け持つこととなった。
- In this way, koryo was reorganized into gun, go and ho (community), and samurai came to be in charge of the management and security maintenance of gun, go, or ho as gunji (an official in charge of a gun), goji (an official in charge of a village), or hoji (an official in charge of a community).
- それまでは、受領の権限のもとで地方行政が展開しており、郡司・富豪層らが開発してきた荘園も国衙の承認によって存立していた(国免荘)。
- Until then, local administration functioned under zuryo's authority, and the manors that had been developed by gunji or rich and powerful persons could exist by obtaining approval from the kokuga (kokumensho [the manor whose obligations were exempted by kokushi]).
- もともと渡来銭などを持っていない一部の地方大名などは、むしろ領内から悪銭を排除するために撰銭を「公認」する度合いが強いからである。
- This is because some local daimyo who held no Torai-sen were more likely to permit erizeni acts officially to eliminate low-quality coins form their territories.
- 分割された土地については、両者互いに完全支配を認め合ったので、地頭は自分側の土地については、法的にも完全な領主となることとなった。
- As both parties involved in Shitaji chubun agreed to mutually respect the other party's open-end right to rule the divided land, jito became the legal and perfect owner of their land.
- 戦後の中世研究史を振り返ると、石母田正の『中世的世界の形成』に始まる第一世代での武士・武士団論は在地領主に主眼を置いたものだった。
- Looking back at the medieval history studies conducted after World War II, we can see that the theories of bushi and bushidan shared by the first post-war generation, which started off with 'Chuseiteki Sekai no Keise' (The Formation of the Medieval World) by Tadashi (also pronounced Sho) ISHIMODA, focused greatly on the lord of the manor.
- 守護請(しゅごうけ)は、日本の室町時代において、守護が荘園領主や知行国主から荘園・国衙領(公領)の年貢納入を請け負ったことを指す。
- Shugouke is a system during the Muromachi period in Japan under which Shugo (provincial constable) undertook to pay the land tax on shoen (Manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) (koryo (an Imperial demesne)) for the lord of the manor and chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor).
- これまでに拡大した領地の大半を返上すること、武装の禁止、謀反人を山内に匿うことの禁止などの条件を呑まねば全山焼き討ちすると威嚇した。
- He threatened to set fire to all of the mountain if it would not accept conditions such as the return of most of the territories it had expanded, forbidding military force, and hiding rebels on the mountain.
- 雑賀荘は上方勢により占領されたが、太田左近宗正を大将になおも地侍ら五千人が日前国懸神宮にほど近い宮郷の太田城 (紀伊国)に籠城した。
- After Saigaso was occupied by the Kamigata army, 5,000 people including jizamurai led by Sakon Munemasa OTA held Ota-jo Castle (Kii Province) at miyago which was near the Hinokuma Kunikakasu-jingu Shrine.
- 蒲生騒動(がもうそうどう)は、文禄4年(1595年)から慶長3年(1598年)まで起こった会津若松92万石の領主・蒲生氏の御家騒動。
- Gamo Sodo was a family dispute occurred to the Gamo clan, which headed the estate of Aizu-wakamatsu with 920,000 koku of rice (165,959 cubic meters of rice-crop yield), which occurred between 1595 and 1598.
- 有名な所では久保田藩と盛岡藩が干戈を交えるところまで発展した鹿角領争いであるが、これ以外にも仙台藩と相馬藩、萩藩と徳山藩などがある。
- A famous conflict was a dispute concerning the Kazuno territory which developed into a fight between the Kubota Domain and the Morioka Domain, and in addition to this, there were other disputes between the Sendai Domain and the Soma Domain, and between the Hagi Domain and the Tokuyama Domain.
- 所領安堵や武家官位のみならず、公家の官職任免などの人事や家門安堵、寺社に対する政策、勅撰和歌集の撰進など朝廷のあらゆる分野に及んだ。
- Bukeshisso came to cover not only shoryo ando (the act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) and bukekani (official court titles for samurai) but also almost all areas such as Court nobles' appointment and dismissal in the Imperial Court, kamon ando (providing authorization for family lineage), policies to temples and shrines and senshin (the dedicating of entitled documents and poetries) of Chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command).
- 信長の死が諸国へ伝わると、事実上空白地帯となったこの旧武田領を巡って、徳川氏・北条・上杉、および独立を狙った真田が対立を深めていく。
- As the news of Nobunaga's death spread from province to province, serious conflicts arose between different clans, including the Tokugawa, Hojo and Uesugi clans and the Sanada clan, which was striving to gain independence, over the former territory of the Takeda clan, which was left without a ruler.
- その後、日本と清国の間で領土問題(台湾出兵参照)が発生し、日本の強硬な態度に驚いた清国は朝鮮に国書の受け入れ交渉をするよう指示した。
- Afterward, the territorial problem occurred between Japan and Qing (see also The Taiwan Expedition), then Qing feared Japan's strong attitude and they directed the Joseon Dynasty to receive the letter.
- このため、弘安の役で戦争に勝利した暁には屯田を目的として長期的な日本の占領・支配することを意図していたのではないかと考えられている。
- It is considered, therefore, that he would have been thinking about a long-term occupation and ruling of Japan for the purpose of land cultivation after winning the war of Koan no Eki.
- このうち(1)と(2-a)は翌年に廃止されたが、(2-b)は再確認されており、それに基づく所領の取り戻しはそれ以降にも多く見られる。
- Among the provisions, Articles 1 and 2-a were abolished in the next year, but Article 2-b was reconfirmed and repossession of shoryo under this Article was often seen after that.
- それにより、非御家人である荘園領主側である公家や寺社にも御成敗式目による訴訟が受け入れられてその一部が公家法などにも取り入れられた。
- Therefore suits using the Goseibai-shikimoku were also accepted by higokenin (non-vassals) such as court nobles, temples and shrines who were the lords of private estates and a part of those were adopted also in the kugeho.
- 第一条で「朝鮮は自主の邦にして、日本国と平等の権利を保有せり」とうたいながらも第十条で片務的領事裁判権を規定する不平等条約であった。
- Although the treaty stated that 'Korea is independent and has rights equal to Japan' in Article 1, but in effect was unequal according to Article 10 providing a one-sided consular jurisdiction in Article 10.
- 在地領主化した武士は、在庁官人となって国衙行政に参画する一方で、婚姻関係を通じて党を組み、武士団と呼ばれる結合関係を構築していった。
- The samurai who became local lords participated in kokuga administration as officers in the kokuga office, and at the same time, also established a relationship called a samurai group, through marital relations.
- 特に7月信濃国で諏訪氏の支援のもと蜂起した北条時行は、各地の反建武政権勢力を吸収し、足利直義を追い出し、鎌倉を占領する勢いを見せた。
- In particular, Tokiyuki HOJO who rose in revolt with the support of the Suwa clan in Shinano Province in July gathered the anti-Kenmu government forces around the country and got enough momentum to remove Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and occupy Kamakura.
- しかし受領による国内支配の強化への妥協と見る説と、郡司層が旧来の権利を失った代替として越訴権が与えられたとする見解が提出されている。
- However, some have suggested it was accepted as a compromise measure against Zuryo's growing control over entire Japan, while others have suggested that the Gunji class (local magistrates) was given the right to direct appeals in exchange for their lost conventional rights.
- 高野山側は伊都郡・那賀郡 (和歌山県)・有田郡の領内の武士を総動員し、軍師橋口隼人を中心に「高野七砦」をはじめとする多数の砦を築いた。
- The side of Koyasan mobilized all samurai in the territories of Ito County, Naga County (Wakayama Prefecture) and Arida County and built many forts such as 'Koya seven forts' led by a strategist Hayato HASHIGUCHI.
- 武田氏の滅亡後、北信濃を任された森長可が本能寺の変により撤退、代わって上杉景勝が進出するのに伴って高梨氏は旧領に復帰することができた。
- After the downfall of the Takeda clan, Nagayoshi MORI, who had been placed in charge of northern Shinano, retreated due to the incident at Honno-ji, and the Takanashi clan retrieved the old manor once Kagekatsu UESUGI gained ground.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、丹波国桑田郡下田の国人領主(美作守)であった下田広氏の嫡男、川勝広継(光照)のとき川勝を称したのが始まりだという。
- The clan originated during the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan) when Hirotsugu KAWAKATSU (Mitsuteru KAWAKATSU), the son and heir of Mimasaka no kami Hirouji SHIMODA, called himself Kawakatsu first (Hirouji had been a governor of Shimoda in Kuwata County in Tanba Province).
- 通説では、中世の国家の性格として鎌倉幕府を中心とする在地領主層を基盤とする封建国家、すなわち鎌倉幕府を中心とした国家観が定着している。
- The prevailing theory is that the medieval Japan was a feudalistic nation based on manor lords centered around the Kamakura Bakufu, so the view that the state centered around the Kamakura Bakufu has become firmly established.
- 当初は朝鮮は戦後には支配下に繰り入れられるべき領土であり、日本の国内戦同様に非戦闘員である民衆は保護の対象であり殺戮は禁止されていた。
- At the beginning, it was understood that Korea was a territory that should be included in the territories under control of Japan and, same as a war in Japan, common people who were noncombatants should be the object of protection and it was prohibited to kill them.
- 義教は赤松氏の庶流の赤松貞村を寵愛し、永享12年(1440年)3月に摂津国の赤松義雅(満祐の弟)の所領を没収して貞村に与えてしまった。
- Yoshinori favored Sadamura AKAMATSU, a branch family of the Akamatsu clan, and confiscated the territory of Yoshimasa AKAMATSU (younger brother of Mitsusuke) in the Settsu Province and gave it to Sadamura in April, 1440.
- 奇兵隊は6月1日に臼杵を占領したが、6月7日の野津道貫大佐の指揮する4個大隊の攻撃と軍艦3隻による艦砲射撃により6月10日に敗退した。
- Kiheitai seized Usuki on June 1, but was attacked on June 7 by four battalions led by Colonel Michitsura NOZU and bombarded from three warships, and was defeated on June 10.
- 東寺に伝わる古文書自体が、東寺領山城国下久世荘(京都市南区 (京都市))の百姓がこれに基づき売却地を取り戻したことに関する文書である。
- The ancient documents handed down in To-ji Temple themselves were the monjo (written material) concerning an event that a sold land was repossessed by a peasant in Shimokuze-no-sho Estate of To-ji Temple (Minami ward, Kyoto City) in Yamashiro Province under this provision.
- 当時の大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトは、ポーツマス条約締結に至る日露の和平交渉への貢献が評価され、1906年のノーベル平和賞を受賞した。
- The then U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 in recognition of his contribution to the peace talks between Japan and Russia that led to the conclusion of the Treaty of Portsmouth.
- ここに至り、田堵負名層らによる対受領闘争(「凶党」行為)はほとんど見られなくなり、代わって荘園と公領間の相論・武力紛争が頻発し始めた。
- Then the conflicts in which persons of the Tato fumyo class fought against zuryo ('gangster'-like acts) almost ceased, and instead, disputes and armed conflicts between manors and Koryo (an Imperial demesne) began occurring frequently.
- 代銭納(だいせんのう)とは、中世日本の荘園・国衙領・武家領などにおいて、公事や年貢、地子などの納入を現物に代わって貨幣で納入する制度。
- The term Daisenno means the system of paying kuji (public service), nengu (tribute), and/or jishi (land tax) in cash, instead of in kind, that was introduced in medieval Japan at the shoen (manor), kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office), and/or bukeryo (territories of samurai family).
- 追捕官符によって兵力動員権を得た受領のもと、警固使に任じられた者は国内の郡司・富豪層を軍事的に編成し、有事に際しては指揮権を行使した。
- The person appointed Keigoshi by the zuryo, who obtained the right to mobilize soldiers based on tsuibu kanpu, organized gunji and persons in the rich and powerful class in the province into a military system and exercised the right to command in the event of an emergency.
- しかし、室町時代後半になると管領などが発給する御教書が減少するかわりに御内書が増大し、将軍の意思を直接通達する書状として公文書化する。
- During the late Muromachi period, however, Gonaisho were increasingly issued in place of Migyosho issued by kanrei (shogunal deputy), and its nature became more of a quasi-official document used by the shogun to directly inform people of his intentions.
- 朱印地は幕府より朱色の印が押された朱印状により、黒印地は大名より黒の印が押された黒印状により所領の安堵がなされたので、その名称がある。
- These names derived from the fact that Shuinchi were secured by the bakufu with shuinjo (letter stamped with shuin (red stamp)) and Kokuinchi were secured by the daimyo with kokuinjo (letter stamped with kokuin (black stamp)) respectively.
- この遅陣は島津氏に対する豊臣政権の不信を招き、島津領内では豊臣政権の遣わした浅野長政や細川幽斎らによる徹底した検地が行われることになる。
- This delay in dispatching of troops increased the mistrust of the Toyotomi administration, and the thorough land survey in the territory of the Shimazu clan was carried out by Nagamasa ASANO and Yusai HOSOKAWA, who were sent by the administration.
- なお、一部の例外を除いて、各藩は藩士への知行体制を18世紀初旬までに地方知行制(現地領主制)から俸禄制(サラリー制)へと変遷させている。
- In addition, with some exceptions, by early in the 18th century, each domain had changed the fief system for retainers to provide a land into the salary system.
- 十六世紀中頃(戦国時代末期)、頼高の孫・及川頼家の時、同族間の内紛により主君葛西氏に領地を召し上げられてこの家系も没落し多くは帰農した。
- During the mid-sixteenth century (the late Sengoku period), in the time of Yoriie OIKAWA, a grandson of Yoritaka, they were deprived of the territory by his master, the KASAI clan; subsequently, the family line went to ruin and took up farming again.
- 波多野稙通より知らせをうけた細川晴元は三好勝長、三好政長に出陣を命じ、阿波国より堺に上陸、同年12月13日に中嶋の堀城を占領し越年した。
- Informed by Tanemichi HATANO of the situation, Harumoto HOSOKAWA ordered Katsunaga MIYOSHI and Masanaga MIYOSHI to proceed with their army, entered Sakai from Awa Province, occupied Horijo Castle in Nakajima on January 5, 1527, and saw the new year (according to the old lunar calendar) with it still under their control.
- 天正10年3月に武田征伐を開始した織田信長は甲斐の武田氏を滅亡させ、甲斐から信濃、駿河、上野に及んだその領地は織田政権下に組み込まれた。
- Nobunaga ODA, who started the subjugation of Takeda in April 1582, subverted the Takeda clan in Kai, and its territory--including Kai, Shinano, Suruga and Kozuke--was placed under the Oda government.
- これは、御家人の所領の分散を阻止するために、惣領による悔返権の強化や他人和与の禁止を進めてきた鎌倉幕府の土地政策の延長上にあると言える。
- It is possible to say that this provision was an extension of a land policy taken by the Kamakura bakufu which enhanced the right of kuikaeshi (the right of claim for return) of soryo (heir) and prohibited the donation of land to others, so as to prevent dispersion of Gokenin's shoryo.
- また、年貢増徴政策なども行なっているが、このために加藤氏が水口藩に移封された後も、天領の中では特に税率の高い地域になったといわれている。
- Additionally, the Kato clan evolved nengu (land tax)-increase policy, so that the domain was said to still be a particularly high-tax area after it was transferred to the Minakuchi Domain.
- 嘉永6年(1853年)、アメリカ合衆国が派遣したペリー提督率いる4隻の黒船が浦賀沖に来航し、江戸幕府に開国を迫る大統領国書をもたらした。
- In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry's four-ship squadron, which was sent by the United States, arrived off the shore of Uraga, with an official letter from the President of the United States to urge Japan to open the country.
- 荘園や所領に関する荘園目録、所領目録、検注の結果を示す検注目録、耕作面積と人員を示す作田目録、年貢の進納状況を示す結解目録などがあった。
- Various mokuroku were drawn up, including shoen mokuroku and shoryo mokuroku which were related to manors and landholding, kenchu mokuroku which recorded the results of kenchu (land surveys), sakuden mokuroku which showed the area under cultivation and the number of workers, and ketsuge mokuroku which showed the status of the payment of nengu (land tax).
- この頃桐野は宮崎から鹿児島方面および豊後等の軍を統監していたが、ここを根拠地とするために宮崎支庁を占領し、5月28日に軍務所と改称した。
- KIRINO, who was in command of the troops in the area from Miyazaki to Kagoshima and that in Bungo around this time, seized the branch office of Miyazaki Prefecture to place a base of the Satsuma army there, and on May 28, changed the name to the Office of Military Affairs.
- 3日、早朝の霧に乗じた薩軍の急襲を別働第3旅団は激闘5時間の末、これを退け、追撃して緑川を越えて薩軍の側背を衝き、進んで甲佐を占領した。
- On April 3, the Satsuma army raided the detached 3rd brigade under the cover of fog in the early morning, but the brigade drove back the Satsuma army after a five-hour fierce battle, chased it across the Midori-kawa River, attacked the back side and the flank of the Satsuma army, and seized Kosa after further advancement.
- 受領は郡司・富豪層を出自とする田堵負名らに租税納入の責任を課していたが、税率や減免率などをめぐって受領と負名層の間には対立が生じていた。
- Zuryo entrusted tax collection work to Tato fumyo who came from gunji or the rich and powerful class, but often confronted them with tax rates or tax reduction rates.
- これにより守護は、幕府の裁定を執行するため、使節を現地へ派遣し所領知行権の譲渡やそれに対する妨害排除を実施することができるようになった。
- This allowed the Shugo to send an envoy to the site, and carry out a transfer of the right to manage the territory and an eviction, in order to put the Bakufu's judgment into effect.
- 建武2年(1335年)発覚した西園寺公宗と北条泰家の陰謀は失敗に終わったが、これをきっかけに全国の旧北条氏所領で北条残党の蜂起が相次ぐ。
- The plot contrived by Kinmune SAIONJI and Yasuie HOJO was found out in 1335 and ended in failure, but it triggered a string of uprisings of the remnants of the Hojo clan in the Hojo clan's former territories.
- 国司・荘園領主などの支配層から見れば、名主は支配される側、すなわち被支配者だったが、一般百姓らから見れば名主は現地における支配者だった。
- From the viewpoint of the ruling class, including territorial governors and manorial lords, they were part of the ruled class, while from the viewpoint of ordinary peasants, they were themselves rulers in village communities.
- しかし、小領主の場合は、収穫が安定せずに、イナゴ・コクゾウムシなどの害虫・風害・水害・冷害などの天変地異で困窮することが珍しくなかった。
- While, a lord of small manor could not get stable harvesting and were often bothered by insect damage such as locusts and maize weevils, as well as by natural disasters such as wind or storm damage, flood disaster, and cold weather damage.
- 更に職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
- Moreover, shiki itself became mere tokubunken (the right to share of profits of each shiki) from the one indicating the class difference, and the cases that honke (head family) and ryoke held the shiki containing the feature of local lords and vice versa came to be seen.
- 宇喜多秀家が領していた備前国岡山市から先は毛利の勢力範囲であったため、織田軍と毛利軍は備前・備中国国境地帯で攻防を繰り広げることとなった。
- Since the areas beyond Okayama City, Bizen Province, which were governed by Hideie UKITA, were under the influence of Mori, the Oda forces and the Mori forces ended up having fierce battles around the borders between Bizen Province and Bitchu Province.
- それに対して、長府藩に仕えた三沢家に伝わる史料では、同じ源氏でも、源満快の流れを汲んだ信濃国伊那郡飯島を本領とした飯島為国を祖としている。
- In contrast, according to the historical data reserved by Misawa family, who was retained by Chofu Domain, the founder of Misawa clan was Tamekuni IIJIMA whose main domain was Iijima, Ina county, Shinano Province and who was descded from MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi of the same Seiwa-Genji.
- 昭光は慶長3年(1598年)、伊具郡角田1万石の領主となり、石川家の碑所である長泉寺を石川から移し、守護神である八幡神を石川から勧請した。
- In 1598, Akimitsu became the lord of Kakuda in Igu-gun County, the land worthwhile a million koku of rice, moved Chosen-ji Temple, which was the site of a Buddhist mortuary tablet of Ishikawa family, from Ishikawa to the new fief, and did the ceremonial transfer of a divided tutelary deity to a new location of God of War, which was a guardian deity of the Ishikawa family, from Ishikawa to the new fief.
- しかし、西軍に属したのは本意でなかったため、内々に歌道の師匠でもあった藤孝に通じており、そのため、戦後は徳川家康から所領を安堵されている。
- However, as Moritomo was constrained to join the Western Camp, and also because he had a secret connection with Fujitaka HOSOKAWA who was his master in waka poetry, he was permitted to retain his territory by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA after the battle.
- 本格的に侵攻し領土とする、または服属させるには、3万人程の人数で、当時の主力武器である弓の矢がすぐに尽きる程度の準備で来るとは考えにくい。
- It is difficult to believe that it seriously tried to invade and conquer, or subject, with only about thirty thousand men and such a small number of arrows that soon run short, which was the main weapon of that time.
- キリスト教に入信した大名とその配下達の中には、宣教師たちの意見を聞き入れ領地内の寺院や神社を破壊したり焼き払うなどの行動を取った者もいた。
- Among those who became Christians, some daimyo and their retainers took heed of the missionaries' views and chose to burn or knock down temples and shrines in their territory.
- 4代将軍足利義持時代の1416年(応永23年)には前関東管領の上杉禅秀(禅秀)が4代鎌倉公方足利持氏に反して挙兵する上杉禅秀の乱が起きた。
- In 1416 during the days of the fourth Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, the War of Zenshu UESUGI occurred, where the former Kanto Kanrei Zenshu Uesugi (Zenshu) raised an army against Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, the fourth Kamakura Kubo.
- 安政3年(1856年)9月9日に下田御用所においてアメリカ合衆国総領事のタウンゼント・ハリスとの協議が行われ、ハリスは次のように主張した。
- On October 7, 1856, a conference was held with Townsend HARRIS, American consul general, at Shimoda Goyo-sho (a government office), and he argued as follows.
- 永禄3年(1560年)に桶狭間の戦いで今川義元が信長に討たれて以降、弱体化していた今川氏の領国はたちまち瓦解し、当主の今川氏真は逃亡した。
- The territory of the Imagawa family, whose power declined after Yoshimoto IMAGAWA was killed by the Nobunaga side in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, collapsed immediately, and Ujizane IMAGAWA, the head of the family, fled.
- 朝鮮政府は日清両軍の撤兵要求を回答、7月23日未明に陸軍第五師団の二個大隊が漢城の電信線を切断して朝鮮王宮を3時間にわたり攻撃・占領する。
- The Korean government responded that it wanted both Japanese and Qing troops to withdraw, and early on July 23, two battalions of the fifth Army Division cut the telegraph wire in Hanseong and occupied the Korean Palace after a three hour attack.
- しかし、西郷が5月2日征討軍を長崎から出航させると大久保もこれを追認し、7月1日には日本軍が台湾南部の事件発生地域を占領することとなった。
- Meanwhile, on May 2, Saigo allowed the expeditionary force to set sail from Nagasaki with additional authorization of Okubo, and, on July 1, the Japanese army occupied the southern region of Taiwan where the murder incident had occurred.
- 兵力は二個大隊であり、うち鎮台兵は一個大隊で残りは「植民兵」として薩摩など九州各地の士族で占領地永住を前提に募集・編成されたものであった。
- The military force consisted of two battalions: one was made up of soldiers of chindai (garrison in the Meiji era) and the other was formed by the former shizoku in Kyushu regions who had been recruited on the condition that they be granted permanent residence of occupied lands.
- 荘園に対する収税についても守護使不入を勝ち得た荘園には介入の余地がなく、非合法で横領する他はこれらを支配下に組み入れることは困難であった。
- In terms of tax collection as well, taxes could not be collected from Shoen after they obtained the right of Shugoshi funyu (a right to reject the entrance of a Shugo) and they had no way to collect money without embezzling illegally.
- まず、明治2年の版籍奉還で旧藩主が自発的に版(土地)・籍(人民)を天皇に返上し、改めて知藩事に任命されることで、藩地と領主の分離が図られた。
- First, in 1869 former governors of feudal domains voluntarily returned their lands and people to the emperor (Hanseki-hokan), and then they were reappointed as governors of domains by the emperor, while feudal lords were separated from their domains.
- そして将軍が執事(管領)や引付頭人(内談頭人)に命じて勅裁内容を伝えるべき対象である武士に対して施行状に相当する奉書を発給した(武家執行)。
- Also, the Shogun ordered the steward (kanrei) and hikiuke tonin (chairman of the court justice) to issue a hosho (a document for informing lower-ranking people of the decision of higher-ranking people such as an emperor or shogun), which was equivalent to a shigyojo, to the samurai to whom the content of chokusai was supposed to be conveyed (buke shigyo).
- 8代執権北条時宗の死後、有力御家人の安達泰盛と、内管領の平頼綱が対立し、頼綱方の先制攻撃を受けた泰盛とその一族・与党が滅ぼされた事件である。
- After the death of the eighth regent Tokimune HOJO, the senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI and TAIRA no Yoritsune, Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family [the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan]) opposed each other and Yasumori, his family, and his party were destroyed in this incident in which Yoritsuna's party made the preemptive attack.
- この議定書は、列国協議のもとで清朝に拒否を一切認めない形で認められ、首都北京を占領された清朝(西太后・李鴻章)はこれを呑まざるを得なかった。
- This protocol was approved under the conferences between the Powers with no rejection of the Qing Dynasty accepted; the Dynasty (the Dowager Empress/Li Hongzhang) could not help but accept the protocol.
- 朝鮮国内においては、国籍によって裁判の管轄を分けるが、日本国内においては一切朝鮮側の領事裁判権を認めないという点で片務的なものとなっている。
- It was a one-sided treaty, because while the jurisdiction of trial was divided depending on nationality in Korea, the consular jurisdiction of Korea was never admitted in Japan.
- 官符によって正当な軍事動員権を獲得した受領は、国衙における軍事指揮者である追捕使・押領使・警固使に凶党捜索や犯罪捜査などの追捕活動を命じた。
- Receiving the kanpu and provided with the right to mobilize soldiers for military purposes, zuryo ordered Tsuibushi, Oryoshi, or Keigoshi, who was the leader of military affairs in the kokuga, to take the actions of searching for and capturing gangsters.
- 彼らは、田堵負名として田地経営に経済基盤を置きながら、受領のもとで治安維持活動にも従事するという、それまでにない新たに登場した階層であった。
- They constituted a new class: Persons which engaged in security duty under zuryo, while placing their economic basis on farm management.
- 安田元久ら、戦後初期の「武士論」は「まず在地領主ありき」であり、そして古代貴族に対立する階級としてとらえていたことがこの一文から良くわかる。
- It could be interpreted easily from this statement that the 'bushi theory' of the early post-war (post-World War II) period of Motohisa YASUDA and others considered that bushi 'was the manor lord' and a social class that stood opposed to the aristocrats.
- これについて佐藤進一は、前段の荘園公領回復令が本宣旨の主文であり、後段の頼朝への東国行政権委任令が付則の形態をとったであろうと推定している。
- Shinichi SATO assumes that the first part that is the order for the restoration of shoen and koryo is the main part of this decree, and the latter part that is the delegation of the authority on the Togoku region to Yoritomo is the additional clause.
- 荘園領主・知行国主らは収入を確保するため、地頭に一定額の年貢納入を義務づける代わりに現地の荘園・公領の支配を任せる地頭請を行うようになった。
- Lord of the manor and chigyo-kokushu introduced Jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito (manager and lord of manor) to manage his manor and pay the customs) in order to secure income by obliging a jito to pay a fixed amount of land tax in exchange for entrusting him with the management of the local shoen and koryo.
- 使節遵行(しせつじゅんぎょう)とは、中世日本において、不動産をめぐる訴訟(所領相論)に対し幕府が発した裁定を執行するための現地手続きをいう。
- Shisetsu jungyo was a on-site procedure to carry out a judgment which was handed down by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on shoryo soron (litigation over real estate) in the medieval Japan.
- 本家(ほんけ)は、日本の荘園における重層的土地支配構造(荘園公領制、職の体系を参照)上、最上位に位置づけられる土地の名義上の所有権者である。
- Honke is a nominal owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Japanese Shoen (refer to the Shiki system in the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) section).
- また房能の兄で関東管領上杉顕定が為景を一旦は放逐するが、永正7年(1510年)の長森原の戦いに為景方の援軍として出陣して顕定を敗死させている。
- Akisada UESUGI of Kanto kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), a brother of Fusayoshi, ejected Tamekage, but went to fight in the Battle of Nagamorihara in 1510 for the Tamekage side, whereupon he died.
- 以後、義久は弟の義弘に家督を譲って二頭政治を行ない、島津家は豊臣政権、江戸幕府の下でこの2国1郡の領土を明治時代まで守り抜いていくことになる。
- Thereafter, Yoshihisa transferred the head of the family to his younger brother Yoshihiro to launch a diarchy, and the Shimazu family retained the two Provinces and a County under the Toyotomi regime and Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) until the Meiji period.
- そして、翌年の関ヶ原の戦いでは東軍として戦い、戦後西軍に属した島津氏より召し上げた能勢の所領5千4百石を与えられ旧領を回復することの成功した。
- Then during the Battle of Sekigahara, which took place the following year (1600), he fought on the side of the East Squad and after the battle he successfully regained his former territory when he was given the land totaling 5400 koku in Nose which was seized from the Shimazu clan, who had been on the side of the West Squad.
- 将軍が殺された時に、管領でありながら戦いもせず、真っ先に逃げ出そうとした持之の臆病ぶりは嘲笑され、持之が満祐と結託しているという噂まで流れた。
- People made a mock of Mochiyuki's cowardliness because he tried to run away first without fighting back when the shogun was killed even though he was in the position of kanrei, and it was rumored that Mochiyuki was in conspiracy with Mitsusuke.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)では足利尊氏に与して室町幕府創業の功臣となり、播磨国の他に備前国、美作国を領し、幕府の四職のひとつとなっていた家柄である。
- His family boasted a pedigree that taking sides with Takauji ASHIKAGA in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the clan became a meritorious retainer for foundation of the Muromachi bakufu, then was given the Bizen Province and the Mimasaka Province in addition to the Harima Province, and they became one of Shishiki (Four major feudal lords who worked for Muromachi bakufu).
- 第1条:日本国政府は今後外務省により韓国の外交を監理指揮するため、日本の外交代表者と領事は外国にいる韓国人とその利益を保護しなくてはならない。
- ARTICLE I: The Government of Japan, through the Department of Foreign Affairs, will hereafter have control and direction of the external relations and affairs of Korea, and the diplomatic and consular representatives of Japan will have the charge of the subjects and interests of Korea in foreign countries.
- 同日夕刻、領事一行を迎えるべくフランス海軍のコルベット艦デュプレクス (コルベット)は堺港に入り、士官以下数十名の水兵が上陸、市内を徘徊した。
- In the evening, Dupleix, a corvette of the French Navy, arrived at the Sakai port to pick up the party, and several dozens of French sailors of under-officer ranks landed on the area to roam around the city.
- 9月1日、鹿児島入りすると、辺見は私学校を守っていた200名の官軍を排除して私学校を占領し、突囲軍の主力は城山 (鹿児島市)を中心に布陣した。
- On September 1, upon entering Kagoshima, HENMI seized Shigakko by removing the government army of 200 soldiers who had guarded, and the main part of the Totsui-gun forces set up a battle formation with Shiroyama (in Kagoshima City) at the center.
- 天文16年(1547年)には佐久に影響力を残していた関東管領上杉憲政を小田井原で大敗させ、笠原氏の志賀城(佐久市)を落として村上氏と対峙する。
- In 1547, routing Norimasa UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (the shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), who maintained his influence in the region to some extent, in Otaihara and taking Shiga-jo Castle of the Kasahara clan (located in Saku City), the Takeda clan became to confront the Murakami clan.
- 守護が積極的に幕府へ働きかけ、守護請の権利を獲得することもあれば、守護側との紛争・訴訟で疲弊した荘園領主側から、守護請を承認することもあった。
- In some cases Shugo obtained the right of Shugouke by actively pressing the bakufu, and in other cases lords of manors, exhausted by the disputes and suits with Shugo, approved Shugouke.
- 前者とすると院らの収入が少なすぎる上に任命された受領にとってのメリットも無くなるために後者であろうと考える説が有力であるが、詳細は不明である。
- According the to first theory, income to the recipients would have been too small and zuryo would not benefit from the system, so the second theory is more plausible, however the details are unknown.
- 14世紀中期頃には、荘園・公領内の村落が自治性を高めるようになり、畿内や西国では惣村、東国や九州では郷村とよばれる自治村落へと成長していった。
- Around the middle of the 14th century, villages within manors and government territories increased their autonomy and grew into self-governing communities, which were called soson in Kinai and western regions and goson in eastern regions and Kyushu.
- 朱印地・黒印地(しゅいんち・こくいんち)とは、江戸時代に幕府・大名より神社・寺院の領地として安堵(領有権の承認・確認)された土地のことである。
- The term Shuinchi/Kokuinchi means the lands which were secured (approval/confirmation of ownership) by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)/daimyo (feudal lords) in the Edo period as the property of shrines/temples.
- 頼綱以降では馬場氏族や山県氏族といった庶流を輩出しており、多田氏の系統は清和源氏一族の最も古い所領である多田の地を200年余りに渡って相続した。
- After Yoritsuna, the lineage of the Tada clan produced collateral branches, such as the Baba and Yamagata clans, and over of more than 200 years the lineage inherited the real estate in Tada, which was the oldest territory of all owned by Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 1435年(永享7年)に持氏は軍事行動をはじめ、1419年(応永26)に関東管領に就任した上杉憲実は持氏を制止するが、持氏と険悪な関係となった。
- When Mochiuji began his military action in 1435, Norizane UESUGI who had assumed Kanto Kanrei in 1419 stopped Mochiuji, and his relationship with Mochiuji became tense.
- 日露両軍ともに戦死5,000、戦傷者10,000以上を出す激戦のすえ、第三軍は12月4日に203高地を占領し、ロシア軍は戦力を決定的に消耗した。
- After a fierce battle which claimed approximately 5,000 Japanese and Russian lives and over 10,000 wounded, the IJA Third Army captured the 203 Highlands on December 4th, and exacted a decisive blow to Russian forces.
- 逆に守護大名の段階において領国の一円支配を一応は完成させていた武田氏や今川氏、新興の外来勢力である後北条氏・里見氏には見られない現象でもあった。
- By contrast, this phenomenon was not seen in the Takeda and Imagawa clans, which had achieved ichien shihai (integrated rule over whole territory) when they were still in the stage of Shugo daimyo; nor was it seen in the Gohojo and Satomi clans which were a newly emerged foreign power.
- そこで鎌倉幕府は、争論とは中立な御家人2人1組を使節に任じ現地へ派遣することによって、所領相論に係る裁定を現地で強制執行(遵行)することとした。
- Then, the Kamakura bakufu decided to compulsorily execute their judgment over the shoryo soron on site by sending a pair of gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate)whose position had been neutral in the dispute.
- 一方で守護の権力が強大化し、守護領国制の成立を目指して、在庁官人を含む鎌倉期の地頭、国人を被官化し、国衙や彼らの所持していた領地を掌握し始めた。
- In the meantime, with the strengthened authority of Shugo (provincial constable), aiming for the establishment of the Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor), Shugo lowered the social position of jito and kokujin (local samurai) of Kamakura period to hikan (low-level bureaucrat) and began to take over kokuga (provincial government offices) and their territory.
- 更に公武の利害関係を包括的に調整できる室町幕府の体制により、下地中分などによる荘園の再編成がすすみ、寺社本所による一円領や武家一円領が定着した。
- In addition, by Muromachi bakufu's structure to harmonize the interests of court noble and samurai, the reorganization of shoen was advanced by Shitaji chubun (physical division of the land) etc., and ichienryo (ichien territory) and bukeichienryo (ichien territory of samurai families) took hold.
- Furthermore, owing to the Muromachi bakufu system in which interests of court nobles and samurai could be comprehensively adjusted, shoen restructuring was implemented through, for example shitaji chubun, and as a result, management of ichienryo (ichien territories) or bukeichienryo (ichien territories of samurai families) by jisha honjo was established.
- もう一手は堺市を占領して堺政所松井友閑を追い払い、さらに26日には住吉郡や天王寺に進出して大坂城留守居の蜂須賀家政・生駒親正・黒田長政らと戦った。
- Another occupied Sakai City and exiled Yukan MATSUI, the government officer of Sakai, moved to Sumiyoshi County and Tennoji on the 6th and fought with rusui (caretaker or keeper) of Osaka-jo Castle such as Iemasa HACHISUKA, Chikamasa IKOMA and Nagamasa KURODA.
- 城主・森可成は近江に居た野府城主・織田信治、青地茂綱らと共に交通の要所である坂本 (大津市)を先に占領して街道を封鎖して連合軍の進軍妨害を試みる。
- Yoshinari MORI, the lord of Usayama-jo Castle, attempted to intercept the advance of the allied forces by preemptively conquering Sakamoto (Otsu City), a strategic point of transportation, to help blockade roads along with Nobuharu ODA, the lord of Nobu-jo Castle, and Shigetsuna AOCHI.
- 武田家菩提寺、恵林寺領の例を見ると家臣団の末端に位置して武芸を専らとする「同心衆」のほかに、年貢の一部負担を免除された「軍役衆」の存在が見られる。
- According to the example of the estate of Erin-ji Temple, the Takeda family's ancestral temple, in addition to the smallest unit of the lowest position of vassals devoted themselves to military arts, there were a band of farmers exempt from a part of their land taxes.
- 将軍や管領が京都を落ち延びることは今まで何回もあったが、評定衆や奉行人といったものまで逃げ出してしまったため、京都幕府は崩壊してしまったのである。
- There had been a number of occasions in which Shogun or Shogunal Deputies escaped from Kyoto; but this time, because even the personnel like members of Council of State or magistrates also escaped, the Kyoto bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) collapsed.
- 後期に入ると、荘園認定の際に国衙や荘園領主が行った「検注」の語が校田・検田に代わって広く行われるようになり、検田帳も検注帳と呼ばれるようになった。
- In later years, the word 'kenchu' carried out by the provincial office and estate proprietor in certifying manors, widely replaced koden and kenden, whereby kendencho began to be called kenchucho (land survey ledger).
- 日本の諸将は全州で軍議を行い、右軍、中軍、左軍、水軍に別れ諸将の進撃路と制圧する地方の分担を行い、守備担当を決め全羅道・忠清道を瞬く間に占領した。
- Japanese commanders held a council of war in Jeonju and divided themselves into the Right, Middle, and Left groups and the Navy and allocated marching routes and districts to conquer, and determined which troops were in charge of defense and immediately occupied Jeolla Province after marching from Chungcheong.
- 秀吉上陸を察知した島津軍は北部九州を半ば放棄、島津氏の支配が表面的な占領軍政に過ぎなかったこともあり、瞬く間に島津氏の支配している城を陥落させる。
- Upon sensing the landing of Hideyoshi, Shimazu's army almost abandoned northern Kyushu, and Hideyoshi captured castles ruled by the Shimazu clan instantly, partly because the rule by the Shimazu clan was nothing more than a formal rule by occupation forces.
- 領地再分配では、次男・織田信雄は尾張国を、3男・信孝は美濃国を相続し、信長の4男で秀吉の養子である羽柴秀勝は明智光秀の旧領である丹波国を相続した。
- As the conclusion to the issue of territory redistribution, Nobukatsu ODA inherited Owari Province as the second son, and Nobutaka inherited Mino Province as the third son, while HideKatsu HASHIBA, the fourth son of Nobunaga as well as the adopted son of Hideyoshi, inherited Tanba Province, which had been the territory of Mitsuhide AKECHI.
- 姉川の合戦により領国が南北に分断されてしまっていたため犬上郡の佐和山城を守備する磯野員昌らは孤立してしまい物資の補給すらままならない状態であった。
- Because the feudal lords' territories had been divided from north to south due to the battle, warriors including Kazumasa ISONO, who guarded Sawayama-jo Castle in Inukami-gun, became isolated and had a hard time even receiving goods.
- 熊本鎮台部隊が5月22日に馬見原から竹田方面に転進すると、この方面を担任することになった第1旅団は5月25日、折原を攻撃し、遂に三田井を占領した。
- Troops of Kumamoto Brigade changed their course to the Takeda area from Mamihara on May 22, and then the 1st brigade, having been assigned to this area, attacked Orihara on May 25 and seized Mitai at last.
- 承久の乱以後、幕府の勢力が西国にまで伸びていくと、地頭として派遣された御家人・公家などの荘園領主・現地住民との法的な揉め事が増加するようになった。
- The bakufu expanded its power to the western provinces after the Jokyu War, and gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) and court nobles who were sent as jito (manager and lord of manor) had more legal troubles with lords of private estates and the local public.
- これにより5港の開港と領事裁判権、片務的最恵国待遇、関税自主権喪失などを認めさせ(後に英、露、蘭、仏とも)幕府の二百数十年続いた鎖国を終わらせた。
- With these treaties, Japan was made to open five ports, grant consular jurisdiction, recognize one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, and abandon tariff autonomy (later with Britain, Russia, Holland, and France), and forced out of its 200 and several decades old national isolation of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 代わって江戸の地には、関東管領上杉氏の一族扇谷上杉家の有力な武将であり家老であった太田資長(のちの太田道灌)が入り、江戸氏の居館跡に江戸城を築く。
- Sukenaga OTA (later, Dokan OTA), a powerful military commander and chief retainer of the Ogigayatsu-Uesugi clan (a branch family of the Uesugi clan, Kanto Kanrei [shogunal deputy for the Kanto region]) entered Edo and built the Edo Castle over the site of the former residence of the Edo clan.
- しかし、各大名は知藩事(藩知事)として引き続き藩(旧大名領)の統治に当たり、これは幕藩体制の廃止の一歩となったものの現状は江戸時代と同様であった。
- However, daimyo continued to rule domains (former territory of daimyo) as chihanji (hanchiji), and this system was the same as that of the Edo period though it was a step forward towards abolishing the eudal system.
- ほとんど全ての守護請において、旱魃や洪水などを名目的な理由として年貢未進が毎年のように行われ、請所である荘園・公領は実質的な守護領となっていった。
- Under almost every Shugouke, there were non-payments of nengu every year on the pretext of droughts or floods, and shoen and koryo managed under ukedokoro virtually turned into Shugoryo (guardian's territory).
- 後に公田そのものが官務を世襲した小槻氏の事実上の所領と化して、そこから地子稲及び地子交易で得られた物資が太政官の経費として捻出されるようになった。
- Later on, Koden became territories of the Ozuki clan who took over the official position, and rice taxes from these territories, as well as commodities obtained through Jishi Koeki were spent as expenses for the Daijokan.
- 朝廷は租税収入を確保するために、諸国の国衙領を名田という単位へ分割し、在地の富豪層(田堵)へ名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる支配体制へと移行した。
- To ensure yields of tax, the Imperial Court introduced a new ruling system where Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in provinces were divided into units of myoden (rice field lots in charge of nominal holders) so that land lords of the wealthy class (Tato (cultivators)) undertook the management of myoden and land tax payment.
- 減封(げんぽう)とは、江戸時代においては大名、旗本などの武士に課せられた刑罰を意味し、武士の身分を剥奪して所領と城・屋敷の一部を削減することをいう。
- Diminishing the territory was a type of punishment imposed on samurai including daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and hatamoto (direct vassal of the shogun) during the Edo period, that deprived samurai of their ranks, and partially diminished their territories, castles, and residences.
- さらに、源義朝に至っては東国に下り鎌倉・上総・下総などを本拠として活動していた時期が長く、その後も京都にとどまり河内国の領地との関係が希薄であった。
- Further, since MINOMOTO no Yoshitomo moved to Togoku (the eastern region of Japan) and was active in such provinces as Kamakura, Kazusa, and Shimousa as his stronghold for a long time, and later, he kept staying in Kyoto and had little connection with the manor of Kawachi Province.
- 同年、蝦夷とその子の入鹿は自分たちの陵墓の築造のために、天下の民を動員、聖徳太子の一族の領民も動員されたため太子の娘の大娘姫王はこれを嘆き抗議した。
- In the same year, Emishi and his son Iruka mobilized citizens including members of Prince Shotoku's family to construct their mausoleum, which made a daughter of Prince Shotoku, Princess Iratsume, very angry.
- 理事官は統監の指揮の下で、従来韓国にある日本領事が持っていた職権の全てを執行し、また本協約を完全に実行するための一切の事務を担当しなくてはならない。
- Such Residents shall, under the direction of the Resident General, exercise the powers and functions hitherto appertaining to Japanese Consuls in Korea and shall perform such duties as may be necessary in order to carry into full effect the provisions of this Agreement.
- これには、現地の岡本が日露和親条約の効力を否定し、樺太を日本固有の領土とみなして、ロシア側の開発を原則拒否する態度を取っていたことにも原因があった。
- This was partly caused by the stance of Okamoto, who defied the effect of the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan, regarded the island as indigenous to Japan, and in principle refused the development of the island by the Russians.
- 当初、日本が朝鮮の独立を尊重するならば日本が中国を占領してもよいと考えたが、セルゲイ・ヴィッテの登場により極東に艦隊を派遣するなど干渉に乗り出した。
- Originally, Russia took the view that if Japan respected the independence of Korea, Russia would not contend the occupation of China by Japan, but Sergei Yul'jevich Witte changed the policy and Russia began interfering with Japan's affairs by deploying fleets in the Far East.
- また、他領の領民に対する危害行為は、たとえ正当防衛である切捨御免の結果であったとしても、その領民が属する封建領主への敵対的行為とされる恐れがあった。
- Any harmful deed toward a person of another domain could be regarded as hostile behavior to the suzerain to whom the killed person belonged, even if it was the result of Kirisute gomen, justifiable defense.
- 家臣に領地を与え、または本領安堵をし土地支配権を認める知行制に替えて、武士の給与を俸禄制とし、大名の土地支配権を大名が一括して担う傾向が強くなった。
- Daimyo adopted a horoku (salary) system in place of the chigyo system (a system under which vassals were entitled and given the right to rule the land) and monopolized the right to rule the land.
- 日本国における古代・中世の荘園や荘園公領制下の村落の領主である権門勢家や在地の地頭たちは、その領域 (国家)を明確にして支配の正統性を主張していた。
- In the ancient and medieval periods of Japan, shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or feudal loads of the villages under the system of public lands and private estates, such as the great and powerful or the local jito (manager and lord of manor) set bounds on their territories (states) and insisted the justice of their domination over such territories.
- また非血縁関係の家臣・国人領主たちに「一家」・「一門」などの称号を与えて自己の一族扱いをしてゆく事によって組織における指導的地位を確保しようとした。
- They treated the vassals and Kokujin ryoshu, who had no blood relations, as equals to family members by conferring them the title of 'ikka' or 'ichimon' in an attempt to maintain their leading position in the organization.
- この頃になると、職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
- Meanwhile, shiki itself shifted from being an expression of an official position to being the right to tax profit, and there were cases where honke or ryoke directly held the shiki of a local lord, or the other way around meaning local lords holding the shiki of honke or ryoke.
- 一方奥熊野では、新宮の堀内氏善が4月13日以前には降伏したのを筆頭に、高河原貞盛・小山・色川盛直氏らはいずれも上方勢に帰順し、それぞれ本領安堵された。
- On the other hand, in Okukumano, after Ujiyoshi HORINOUCHI at Shingu surrendered before May 12, Sadamori TAKAGAWARA, Koyama, Morinao IROKAWA and others returned to allegiance with the Kamigata army and each of them received honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate).
- 1561年、大内領であった周防国・長門国を完全に制圧した毛利元就が出雲への本格的な侵攻を開始すると、赤穴氏、三刀屋氏とともに三沢氏も毛利氏に降伏した。
- When Motonari MORI launched a full-scale invasion into Izumo after completely conquering the Provinces of Suo and Nagato, which had been domains of the Ouchi clan, in1561, the Misawa, Akana and Mitoya clans surrendered to Mori clan.
- その過程でそれぞれの氏や家に附属する所領や荘園、持仏堂などの施設が一族内部を統制する機能を持ち、氏長者や家長などの本主によって管理されるようになった。
- In that process, shoryo and shoen which belonged to each clan and each house, as well as facilities such as jibutsudo (Buddhist sanctuaries) had assumed functions to control the clan; at that time, the main family such as Uji no Choja (chieftain) or kacho (family head) began to manage them.
- 具体的には後述するが、注目すべきなのは、朝鮮側の修正要求は冊封国としての体面的なものが多く、後々問題となる領事裁判権は一切問題とならなかった点である。
- The details will be described later, but an important point was that while Korea required amendments to maintain their honor as a tributary country, they did not mind at all about consular jurisdiction, which would later become a problem.
- 大宝律令以前には吉備大宰(天武8年)、周防総令(天武14年)、伊予総領(持統3年)などあったが、大宝令の施行とともに廃止され、大宰の帥のみが残された。
- Before Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) was enforced, there were Kibi no Oho mikotomochi (in 679), Suo Sorei (in 685), and Iyo Soryo (in 689), and so on, but they were abolished as Taiho ryo was enforced, and only Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu office) was kept.
- 日米和親条約では、薪水の給与のための下田・函館開港と並んで、両国の必要に応じて総領事が置かれることとなり、米国はタウンゼント・ハリスを下田に派遣する。
- Under the treaty between Japan and the US, consulates could be placed if needed, as well as opening Shimoda and Hakodate ports to supply fuel and water for ships; the United States then sent Townsend HARRIS to Shimoda.
- これらは最恵国待遇により他の列強にも適用され、以後日本のみならずイギリスをはじめとする西欧列強の清への経済進出と領土分割がより加速されることになった。
- The most-favored-nation treatment forced China to approve other powers of similar conditions, which allowed not only Japan, but also Britain and other western powers to expand economically and divide the territory of Qing later among them.
- (この場合、対馬・壱岐国が「嶋」としてはずれる)例えば11か国を守護領国とした山名氏は、全国の六分の一の国を領したという意味で「六分一殿」と呼ばれた。
- (in this case, Tsushima and Iki provinces were excluded as islands) For example, the Yamana clan that had 11 provinces as shugo's territory was called ' One Sixth Esquire ', because it possessed one sixth of the provinces of whole country.
- そこで受領は荘園への対抗手段として、主に軍事的に対応能力を有する武士身分の田堵負名に公領の経営と治安維持を委任することで、公領の維持を図ったのである。
- Consequently, as a measure against manors, zuryo entrusted the management of koryo and security duty mostly to the Tato fumyo with the samurai status who had military abilities, to maintain koryo.
- 追捕官符は発兵などの裁量権を受領に与えるものであり、受領は国内の田堵負名層を兵として動員するとともに、国押領使へ指揮権を与えて実際の追捕にあたらせた。
- Provided with the right, for example, of mobilizing soldiers based on tsuibu kanpu, zuryo mobilized persons in the Tato fumyo class as soldiers and gave Oryoshi in the province the right of controlling the soldiers, to do the actual work of capturing the rebels.
- この闘争は正にそうして発生した富をめぐって朝廷から地方統治と租税徴収を任された受領と、富を集積していた富豪百姓層が、激しく衝突したものだったのである。
- These conflicts were brought about by severe competition for wealth between Zuryo who took responsibility in the local governance and tax collection and the wealthy farmer class who were gathering wealth.
- また、国内で紛争が発生した場合、臨時の国単位の軍事司令官たる追捕使・押領使などに任命され、国内武士を統率して国内の治安維持に当たる武力として機能した。
- And in the case of domestic conflicts, zaichokanjin were temporarily appointed as military officers of kokuga units called 'tsuibushi' or 'oryoshi' and functioned as the military forces that provided leadership over domestic bushis in order to maintain security.
- この時期には守護が自国の領内における荘園、公領の年貢を本家、領家や知行国主に対して請け負う守護請が広まったが、このような守護の権利も守護職と呼ばれた。
- In this period, Shugouke, the contract system that Shugo undertook nengu collection from shoen and koryo within Shugo's territory for honke, ryoke, and chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor) was spreading, and such a right was called shugo shiki.
- 葛西持信は光村に領地を与えて家臣とした(この時、下総に残った一族もかなりいたらしく、千葉県北部に及川氏が集中しており、現在の全及川氏の6%が千葉県人)。
- Mochinobu KASAI gave territories to Mitsumura and made him his retainer (at that time, many families seemed to remain in Shimousa; the OIKAWA clan concentrates in the northern part of Chiba Prefecture, and currently six percent of all OIKAWA clan are residents of Chiba Prefecture).
- が、それ以前については旗本時代以来の本拠が朽木にあったことから、その大名取立てから鹿沼領有までの11年間は江戸幕府における朽木藩が存在したとされている。
- However, as the family's base had been in Kutsuki from the time of hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it is thought that the Kutsuki Domain of the Edo bakufu existed during the eleven-year period after Tanetsuna became daimyo and before he gained Kanuma.
- この場合、おおよそ古代の奴隷制が生産力の進歩によって覆され、領主が生産者である農民を農奴として支配するようになったと解釈される社会経済制度のことを示す。
- In this case, it means the socio-political system considered to have been established after the overturn of ancient slavery with the improvement of productivity, under which feudal lords ruled productive peasants as serfs.
- 井伊家の飛び地であった世田谷領の代官をつとめた大場家の記録によると、表向きは闘病中とされていた直弼のために、大場家では家人が病気平癒祈願を行なっている。
- Records of the Oba family, the governors of the Setagaya region, an outland of the Ii family, also indicate that Naosuke had been at home struggling with a disease and that the Oba family's Kenin (slaves of nobles) were praying for his recovery.
- 第一條 日本國政府ハ在東京外務省ニ由リ今後韓國ノ外國ニ對スル關係及事務ヲ監理指揮スヘク日本國ノ外交代表者及領事ハ外國ニ於ケル韓國ノ臣民及利益ヲ保護スヘシ
- ARTICLE I. The Government of Japan, through the Department of Foreign Affairs at Tokyo, will hereafter have control and direction of the external relations and affairs of Corea, and the diplomatic and consular representatives of Japan will have the charge of the subjects and interests of Corea in foreign countries.
- 「追捕官符」に基づき、一国棟梁たる軍事貴族らは家人である武士団(田堵負名層(在地領主層))を率いて謀叛や蜂起を鎮圧すると、軍事貴族自らも恩賞を獲得した。
- Suppressing revolts and rebellions by leading their private warrior bands (whose constituents were the Tato fumyo class who were also local lords) under 'tsuibu kanpu,' the military nobles earned rewards.
- 「国の兵共」が、「譜第図」や「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載されるということ自体が、彼らが国衙支配下の開発領主達の中で特種な存在であったことを物語っている。
- The fact that 'soldiers of the province' was recorded in registers such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (a list of warriors) said that they had a special existence among the kaihatsu-ryoshu under the Kokuga rule.
- 別名とは、田堵負名を含む在地領主層に対して、名田よりも遥かに広域で、未墾地や山野を含む領域の支配を認める代わりに、一定の官物納入を義務づけるものである。
- The bechimyo was the system in which the central government put local lords including tato fumyo under a obligation to pay a certain amount of kanmotsu instead of admitting their domination over the area that was far more vast than myoden and included uncultivated lands, fields and mountains.
- 10月には徳川・北条の間で和睦が成立するが、その和睦条件として徳川傘下となっていた真田氏の上野国沼田市領と北条氏が制圧した信濃佐久郡を交換することとした。
- In October, Tokugawa and Hojo made peace, and as a condition for the peace, they decided to exchange Numata City, Kozuke Province of the Sanada clan and Saku County, Shinano Province conquered by the Hojo clan.
- 当時の土佐には半農半兵から一歩進んだ一領具足はあっても常備軍の制度はなかったから、短期間で多勢を揃え進軍してきた様に寡兵の一条方は仰天したと言われている。
- Although there was the system of Ichiryo gusoku in Tosa at that time, which allowed local cultivators to arm themselves, there was a standing army, and as such, when the Chosokabe clan advanced with a large army within a short time, the Ichijo clan with a small army was truly astounded.
- (『信長公記』では「関東八州の御警固」「東国の儀御取次」、『伊達治家記録』では「東国奉行」、『甫庵信長記』と『武家事記』では「関東管領」と呼称されている。
- (In 'Shinchoko-ki' (Biography of Nobunaga ODA), the post was called 'Kanto-hasshu no gokeigo' (post guarding eight provinces in the Kanto region), or 'Togoku-no-gi otoritsugi' (agency post concerning matters related to the eastern part of Japan, particular Kanto region), in 'Date jika kiroku' (historical record of the Sendai clan), the post was called 'Togoku bugyo' (magistrate in the eastern part of Japan), and in 'Hoan Nobunaga-ki'(Biography of Nobunaga ODA written by Hoan OZE) and 'Buke-jiki' (record about samurai family), the post was called 'Kanto Kanrei.'
- 一方で、諸大名中最大の石高を持ちながら、関東移封直後で新領地の整備のために九州への出陣止まりで朝鮮への派兵を免れた徳川家康が隠然たる力を持つようになった。
- On the other hand, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had the largest Kokudaka (assessed yield; tax system based on rice, measured by reference to the rated annual yield of the domain) among daimyo, but as he had been moved to Kanto just before, he only headed troops to Kyushu, but was exempt from going to Korea to fight in order to consolidate new territory, came to have latent powers.
- このころ幕府の最長老格となっていた赤松満祐は、義教に疎まれる様になっており、永享9年(1437年)には播磨国、美作国の所領を没収されるとの噂が流れている。
- Mitsusuke AKAMATSU who was treated as the greatest patriarch of bakufu at that time had gotten on the wrong side of Yoshinori, and in 1437, there was a rumor circulating that his territoies in the provinces of Harima and Mimasaka were going to be confiscated.
- しかし、清は元来二島の領有は望まず、冊封関係維持のため二島を琉球に返還し琉球王国再興を求めており、分島にたいする琉球人の反対もあり清は調印に至らなかった。
- But Qing basically didn't hope to get possession of those two islands but to revive the Ryukyu Kingdom, returning two islands to Ryukyu so that it could maintain a relationship based on sakuho, while Ryukyu objected to separating territorial rights over the islands, because of which Qing didn't sign the treaty.
- 台湾総督府(たいわんそうとくふ、旧字体:臺灣總督府)は、清から大日本帝国へ割譲され、日本領となった台湾を統治するために設置された当時の日本の官庁名である。
- Taiwan Sotoku-fu (old form of a character: 臺灣總督府) is the name of the Japanese authorities then, which was established for ruling Taiwan, ceded from Qing to Empire of Japan and became Japanese territory.
- 更に、家康の帰依していた天台宗の僧天海が江戸城の鬼門にあたる上野忍岡を拝領、京都の鬼門封じである比叡山に倣って堂塔を建設し、1625年に寛永寺を開山した。
- Moreover, Ieyasu entrusted land in Ueno-Shinobugaoka which faced the kimon to the Tenda sect monk Tenkai, who erected a stupa in the likeness of Mt. Hiei which contains the demon's gate (kimon) and founded the Kanei-ji Temple in 1625.
- 更に幕府によって出された守護使不入の規定に従ってきた守護大名の中からも領国の維持を名目に幕府による守護使不入の権利を公然と否定する措置を取るようになった。
- Also, some of the shugo daimyos who had observed the shugoshi funyu rules released by the bakufu came to take measures to deny in public such shugoshi-funyu privilege granted by the bakufu, on the pretext of maintaining their territories.
- なお、以下の文中では必要に応じて、各時代においてスペインの領土ないし勢力圏であった諸地域(ラテンアメリカ諸国やフィリピン等)での出来事にも触れる場合がある。
- In the following sentences, when necessary, we may refer to some events that occurred in the areas which used to be Spanish territories or in the sphere of their influence (Latin American countries, the Philippines etc.) in each time period.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)になると、各国の中小武士団は新たな源氏の棟梁、足利氏のほか、半済令以後勢力を蓄えた守護大名、南朝、北朝方の有力武家らに所領安堵を求めた。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), small and medium samurai warrior band in provinces asked not only the new head of the government, the Genji-descent Ashikaga clan, but also the territorial lord as provincial constable, which had increased its influence after the order allowing military governors or Shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund was issued, and influential samurai families on the side of the Southern Court or the Northern Court for recognition and gurantee of the ownership of their lands.
- なお、交代寄合としての宗家(朽木宣綱の子孫)の領域を指して特に「朽木藩」と呼ぶ例や、稙綱の子孫が治めた土浦藩や福知山藩などを指して「朽木藩」と呼ぶ例もある。
- The word 'Kutsuki Domain' is sometimes used in the following cases: when people refer to the territory which was controlled by the soke (the head family or house), or to the Tosa Domain and Fukuchiyama Domain, which were governed by Tanetsuna's descendents.
- 武田征伐(たけだせいばつ)は、織田信長が、長篠の戦い以降勢力が衰えた武田勝頼の領地である駿河・信濃・甲斐へ侵攻し、武田氏一族を攻め滅ぼした一連の合戦である。
- The 'subjugation of Takeda' in Japanese history refers to a series of battles fought by Nobunaga ODA, who invaded the territories of Katsuyori TAKEDA (Suruga, Shinano and Kai Provinces) in order to destroy the Takeda clan, whose power was in decline after the Battle of Nagashino.
- 荘園においては年貢・公事が賦課される名田を対象とするのが一般的であるが、荘園領主直営の佃・正作や一色田・給名田をはじめとする雑役免の対象地、散田などを含む。
- In the manors, myoden (rice-field lots held by a nominal holder), which were subject to nengu and kuji, were generally categorized as joden, but also any lands which were subject to zoyakumen (exception from all levies except the regular land tax) including the cultivation of fields and rice fields directly managed by the manor owners, as well as isshikiden (partially exempt fields), kyumyoden (rice fields given to an officer or a steward of a manor by his lord), and sanden (deteriorated rice fields) were included in the category.
- 1601年以降、安南、スペイン領マニラ、カンボジア、タイ王国、パタニなどの東南アジア諸国に使者を派遣して外交関係を樹立し、1604年に朱印船制度を実施した。
- He sent messengers to Annam, Manila in the Spanish Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand and Pattani to establish diplomatic relations and implemented the Shuinsen system in 1604.
- 反面、河内国の源氏本領を相続し同地に本拠を置きつづけた、源義家の六男(あるいは五男とも)の源義時の子孫である石川源氏をしてその後の河内源氏と見る見方もある。
- On the other hand, the alternative view is that Ishikawa-Genji, the descendants of MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki, sixth (or fifth) son of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, that inherited the main domain of Genji in Kawachi Province is the Kawachi-Genji thereafter.
- また、その出自(しゅつじ)や政治的地位・官職の高下・職務内容の違いに応じて、カバネを賜与され、部民(べみん)などの隷属民を領有することを認められたのである。
- Further, the uji were given kabane (hereditary titles) according to differences in their status by birth and political status/rank of government post/content of duty, and it was permitted for them to own subordinates such as the bemin.
- 1590年、後北条氏が小田原の役で豊臣秀吉に滅ぼされると、後北条氏の旧領に封ぜられ、開拓の命を受けた徳川家康は、関東地方の中心となるべき居城を江戸に定めた。
- With the destruction of the Gohojo clan by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Siege of Odawara (1590), TOKUGAWA Ieyasu, who was assigned to govern and develop former Gohojo territories designated Edo as the central place in the Kanto region from where he would govern.
- 備後国の高野山領大田荘は、1402年に備後国守護の山名氏が将軍から下地知行権の公認を受けることに成功し、年1000石を高野山へ納入する条件で守護請となった。
- In the case of Otanosho (Ota manor) in Koyasan territory, Bingo Province, the Yamana clan officially acquired the right to manage Shitaji (land) in 1402 and became Shugo on condition that they would deliver to Koyasan 1,000 koku (of rice) (a unit of volume: rice 1 koku is 180.39 liter, lumber 1 koku is 0.278 cubic meter) every year.
- 鎌倉幕府による地頭の任命は、承久の乱後、当初の関東御分国や平氏没官領、謀反人領のみから、後鳥羽天皇方につき没収された貴族・武士の所領に拡大した(新補地頭)。
- After the Jokyu War, the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed jito in the confiscated territory of court nobles/samurai who had sided with the Emperor Gotoba (shinpo-jito (newly appointed jito)), in addition to the provincial territories that belonged to the Kamakura Bakufu and the confiscated territories of the Taira clan and/or rebels where it had appointed jito earlier.
- 915年(延喜15)2月、上野国で上毛野(かみつけぬの)基宗、貞並らに大掾藤原連江(つらえ)らが加わる反受領闘争があり、受領藤原厚載(あつのり)が殺される。
- There was an anti-zuryo (provincial governor) conflict in Kozuke Province in February 915 caused by KAMITSUKENU no Motomune, Sadanami (貞並), FUJIWARA no Tsurae, with the title of Daijo, and they assassinated FUJIWARA no Atsunori, who was the Zuryo.
- しかし、義仲が受領(従五位下左馬頭・越後守)任官を果たした(『玉葉』八月十日条)のに対し、頼朝には本来の官位復帰すら与えられず、謀叛人の身分のままとされた。
- However, while Yoshinaka was appointed as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) of Echigo no kami (Provincial Governor of Echigo) whose rank was Samanokami (the head of the section taking care of imperial horses) of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)(according to the section of the 10th day of the 8th month in the 'Gyokuyo'), Yoritomo was not even allowed to regain an official court rank, and his social position as a rebel was retained.
- 国内支配に大幅な権限を有した受領と、名経営や私領経営などを通じて経済力をつけてきた郡司・田堵負名層との間には、次第に経済的・政治的矛盾が生じるようになった。
- Gradually, economical and political contradiction became serious between zuryo, who had big authority for ruling provinces, and gunji/tato fumyo class, who had economic power gained through the management of myoden or private estates.
- 室町時代になると、守護の権力が強大化し、守護領国制の成立を目指して、在庁官人を含む鎌倉期の地頭、国人を被官化し、国衙や彼らの所持していた領地を掌握し始めた。
- In the Muromachi period, shugo (provincial constables) became powerful and lowered official positions of jito and kokujin (local samurai) from the Kamakura period including zaichokanjin (local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods) and started to control the lands owned by kokuga, jito, or kokujin with the goal to establish the shugo-ryogoku system (the system where a shugo dominates a manor).
- 真田氏はその後豊臣政権に臣従しており、上田合戦に至るまでの諸勢力との外交や数カ郡を支配する勢力拡大は、真田氏が小領主から大名化していく過程であると指摘される。
- The Sanada clan later served the Toyotomi government, and it is indicated that diplomatic relations with various influences and expansion of power to control several districts was the process of the Sanada clan growing from a small feudal lord to daimyo (major territorial lord).
- この流れを伊豆多田氏と呼び、室町期には摂津と伊豆に領土を安堵されるが、永正年間(1504年 - 1520年)の将軍家家督争いで足利義稙側に付き没落したという。
- This lineage, referred to as the Izu-Tada clan, was authorized to own its lands in the Settsu and Izu provinces during the Muromachi period but is said to have been in decline in the Eisho era (A.D. 1504 - 1520) because it took the side of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA in the midst of the dispute over succession to the shogunate.
- しかし、本領である三刀屋の回復には至らず、毛利氏を退去して細川氏に仕え、慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いでは丹後国田辺城 (丹後国)籠城に加わり活躍した。
- Takasuke was short of recovering his fief Mitoya, and left the Mori clan to be a vassal of the Hosokawa clan; during the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he joined the army locking itself up in Tanabejo Castle in Tango Province and where he provided exemplary service.
- 一族や家臣と合議した結果、叔父の伊集院新右衛門は旧領の安堵を請うべきとしたが、元・紀州根来寺の僧で、広済寺住職となっていた客将の白石永仙は徹底抗戦を主張した。
- After discussions with his family and vassals, his uncle Shinemon IJUIN argued that they should secure their lands, but the visiting warrior, Eisen SHIRAISHI, who had been a monk at Kishu (the present-day Wakayama Prefecture) Negoro-ji Temple and was the head monk at Kosai-ji Temple, asserted that they should resist to the last.
- 在家を下人・所従と同様の従属民とする見方もあるが、在家の位置づけは地域によって異なっている上に、実際に領主の人格的支配が在家にまで及んでいたとする記録はない。
- Zaike could be categorized as slaves similar to genin (the base) and shoju (followers); but, zaike was considered differently in each region, and besides, there was no record indicating that ryoshu in fact controlled zaike.
- 元は藤氏長者としての所領を中核としていたが、後には氏院である勧学院や同流ゆかりの寺院である法成寺や平等院などの寺院領が摂関家の家領として扱われるようになった。
- Originally, the shoryo the family owned as the chieftain of the Fujiwara clan mainly accounted for the family's holdings; but later, the kangakuin (a school founded in Heian-kyo [the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto]) which was Uji no In (celebrated villa), jiinryo (the holdings of a temple) such as of Hosei-ji Temple or Byodo-in Temple which were temples closely related with the line of the house, became treated as keryo of the Sekkan-ke (the Fujiwara regent's line).
- のちに阿蘇惟光は、九州を制圧した豊臣秀吉に保護を求めてわずかながらの領地を与えられ、阿蘇神社宮司としての地位も認められたが、大名としての特権は全て剥奪された。
- Koremitsu ASO later requested Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who gained control over Kyushu to provide protection, was provided with a small territory, and was appointed to gunji of Aso-jinja Shrine, but he was deprived of all his daimyo privileges.
- 1573年(天正元年)に豊臣秀吉(豊臣秀吉)が浅井長政攻めの功で織田信長から浅井氏の旧領を拝領した際に当時今浜(いまはま)と呼ばれていたこの地を長浜に改名した。
- When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (Hideyoshi HASHIBA) was given the territory owned by the ASAI clan as a reward for Hideyoshi's contributions to the battle against Nagamasa ASAI, Hideyoshi renamed the region from Imahama to Nagahama.
- それまで都城を領していた北郷氏は北郷忠能が幼少であったことと、朝鮮出兵で軍役の不足があったこともあり、祁答院へ移され石高も6万9千石から3万7千石へ減らされた。
- The Hokugo clan originally held Miyakonojo, but since Tadayoshi HOKUGO was underage and there weren't enough soldiers for the invasion of Korea, the clan was transferred to Kedoin and the size of its territory was reduced to 37,000 from 69,000 koku.
- 明の征服を企図していた豊臣秀吉は、天正15年(1587年)九州征伐に際し、臣従した対馬の領主・宗氏を通じて「李氏朝鮮の服属と明遠征の先導(征明嚮導)」を命じた。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who had intended to conquer Ming required through So clan who was the feudal lord of Tsushima and rendered homage and service to Hideyoshi on the occasion of the Kyushu Conquest in 1587, 'Yi Dynasty Korea's yielding allegiance to Hideyoshi and guidance for expedition to Ming.'
- 保元の乱では、惣領の座を巡って激しく争った多田頼盛・多田頼憲兄弟が後白河天皇方と崇徳上皇方とに別れて戦い、上皇方に与した頼憲とその嫡子多田盛綱が処刑されている。
- Yorimori TADA and his brother Yorinori TADA who had disputed over the head of the Tada clan fought each other at the Hogen Disturbance as Yorimori supported the reigning Emperor Goshirakawa and Yorinori supported the Retired Emperor Sutoku, and then Yorinori and his heir Moritsuna TADA were executed.
- 19世紀から20世紀初頭にかけて、帝国主義列強はアジア諸国に対して、条約港の割譲や在留外国人の治外法権承認、領土の割譲や租借など不平等な内容の条約を押し付けた。
- From the 19th century to the early 20th century, powerful imperialist countries imposed on Asian countries treaties containing unequal provisions including the cession of treaty ports, approval of extraterritoriality of foreign residents, and cession or lease of territory.
- 既に江戸時代中期頃から各藩ともに深刻な財政難を抱えており、大坂などの有力商人からいわゆる「大名貸」を受けたり領民から御用金を徴収するなどして辛うじて凌いでいた。
- Every domain had faced serious financial difficulties since the middle of Edo period, and barely survived by borrowing money from leading merchants in Osaka etc, so-called 'daimyo-gashi' (lending money to daimyo), or collecting goyokin (money temporarily charged on farmers and merchants) from the people of the domain.
- 朝用分(ちょうようぶん・朝要分)とは、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)が兵粮と財政収入確保のために自己の支配下の寺社領地などに臨時にかけた課税のこと。
- Choyobun refers to the taxation that the Southern Court temporarily imposed on the territories of temples and shrines under their control in order to secure provisions and revenue during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- ある土地からの収穫物またはその土地自体に対して、百姓・名主・荘官・地頭・領家・本家などといった多様な権利が重層的に存在していたのである(これを職の体系という)。
- Farmers, myoshu (owner of rice fields), shokan (an officer governing shoen or manor), jito (manager and lord of manor), ryoke (a lord of a manor) and head family had their ownership to harvests generated from a certain piece of land or to a certain piece of land itself and these various ownerships were multilayered (this is called 'shiki no taikei (定訳不明, framework of tasks or authorities in specific functions of administration.)'
- そして、田堵負名は、公領にあっては在庁官人や郡司・郷司・保司などとして国司の下に、荘園にあっては下司・公文などの荘官として領主の下に、それぞれ編成されていった。
- Tato fumyo farmers were gradually placed under the rule of territorial governors in the role of local government officers called gunji, goji or hoji within government territories, and under the rule of manorial lords in manors as their retainers called geshi or kumon.
- その後、上杉謙信の支援を受けて一時的に所領を取り返したが、その後武田と長尾(上杉)の対立(川中島の戦い)の中で他の北信濃国人衆と共に上杉家の家臣化が進んでいった。
- After that, Kenshin UESUGI helped the Takanashi clan to get the manor back, but the Takanashi clan as well as other local lords in northern Shinano became retainers of the Uesugi family during the conflict between Takeda and Nagao (Uesugi) (Kawanakajima War).
- しかし、鎌倉幕府との結びつきが強かったことを理由に新政府に冷遇され、第14代石川貞光の時、陸奥守北畠顕家は古来から石川氏が治めていた領地を結城家や和地氏に与える。
- Nevertheless, the Ishikawa clan was treated coldly by the new government for the reason that it was tied closely with the Kamakura bakufu, and in the time of Sadamitsu ISHIKAWA, the fourteenth head of the family, the Governor of Mutsu Province, Akiie KITABATAKE, distributed the fief traditionally succeeded and controlled by Ishikawa clan to the Yuki family and the Wachi clan.
- だが、当時の将軍は13歳の足利義満であり、後見である管領細川頼之は「可為聖断」「武家更難申是非」と慎重な態度を示し、あくまで天皇の聖断によるべしとの態度を示した。
- However, as the shogun at the time was Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who was 13 years old, kanrei (shogunal deputy) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the guardian of the Imperial Prince, repeatedly insisted that the Emperor make a decision over the matter, saying 'the Emperor should make a decision' and 'don't allow samurai intervention.'
- ところが、夜になっても幕府軍が押し寄せる様子はなかったため、領国に帰って抵抗することに決め、邸に火を放つと、将軍の首を槍先に掲げ、隊列を組んで堂々と京を退去した。
- However, there were no sign of the army of bakufu even in the evening, so they deciced to go back to their territory and wait to fight, so they hold up shogun's head on a spear point and left Kyoto proudly, drawing up in line after setting fire to the residence.
- この雲揚が同年9月20日首都漢城に近い要塞地帯であった江華島に接近し、発砲されたとの理由で3日間にわたり戦闘し22日には永宗島の砲台を攻撃、占領する事件が起きた。
- On September 20 of the same year, an incident occurred: this Unyo approached Ganghwa Island, which was the stronghold base near the capital Hanseong, and fought for three days insisting that she had been fiired, then on 22nd, she attacked the gun batteries and seized Yeongjong Island.
- 江戸末期に老中首座となった水野忠邦は、天保の改革の一環として上知令(江戸城大阪城の十里四方を天領とする)を発令したため、周辺に領地を持つ大名から大きく非難された。
- As a part of the Tempo Reforms, Tadakuni MIZUNO, who became the head of Roju (senior councilors of the Tokugawa Shogunate) at the end of the Edo period, issued Agechi-rei (confiscation command of territory) to turn the area within a radius of 10 ri (one 'ri' is about 3.927km) from the Edo and Osaka Castle into tenryo, and daimyo lords having territories around these castles criticized him severely.
- 近世以前に行われた合戦において、主君が武士が戦功を挙げた家人や武士に対して表彰し、所領もしくは官途状、感状、物品の授与、格式の免許、官職への任官の推薦を行うこと。
- In the battles fought before the early modern times, the master honored his kenin (retainers) or samurai warriors who rendered outstanding military service and granted them territories, written appointments, testimonials, goods, rank and office confirmations, or commendation to governmental posts.
- 江戸幕府は改易、減封によって生じた空白地を天領(直轄地)にし、親藩・譜代大名を新たに配置して、外様大名を遠隔地に転封するなどして幕府権力の絶対優位を確立していった。
- The Edo shogunate gradually established its domination by turning territories that were left unoccupied as a result of kaieki or genpo into shogunate territories and by allocating these territories to the relatives and hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa family and transferring feudal lords unrelated to the family to remote territories.
- 幕府が政治的に影響力を及ぼすことができたのは、当初は将軍任国である関東と将軍所領のみであったが、次第にその範囲は拡大し、承久の乱で全国的な支配権を確立するに至った。
- The regions over which the Kamakura Bakufu could exert a political influence were at first only the ningoku (place of appointment) of shogun, which was the Kanto region and the territories of the shogun, but gradually the regions expanded and after the Jokyu War, nationwide sovereignty was established.
- その政治的基盤及び軍事的・経済的基盤は頼朝が平氏追討などで獲得した関東知行国、関東御領であるが、その本質は鎌倉殿と御家人の封建的主従関係を基礎とする御家人制にある。
- The political, military and economical base was Kanto chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) and Kanto domains which Yoritomo acquired by searching out and destroying the Taira clan and its allies, but the essence was the lower-ranking vassal system whose base was a feudal master-servant relationship between Kamakura-dono and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- しかし阿蘇惟将の代となった1578年、大友氏が耳川の戦いで島津氏に大敗を喫すると肥後の国人衆は島津氏や新興勢力の龍造寺氏と誼を通じ、阿蘇氏の領域を脅かすようになる。
- In 1578, during the generation of Koremasa ASO, however, when the Otomo clan was badly defeated by the Shimazu clan in the Battle of Mimi-kawa, local samurai lords in Higo allied with the Shimazu clan or Ryuzoji clan, which was an emerging clan at that time, to invade the territories of the Aso clan.
- 松平忠直は、大坂城一番乗りの褒賞が大坂城や新しい領地でもなく「初花肩衝」と従三位参議左近衛権中将への昇進のみであったことを不満としており、後に乱行の末改易となった。
- Tadanao MATSUDAIRA, who made the first invasion into Osaka Castle, was dissatisfied with the incensive award for his achievement, which was neither Osaka Castle nor a new territory, but only 'Hatsuhana-katatsuki' and a promotion to Jusanmi Sangi (councillor in the Junior Third Rank) Sakone gon no chujo: In later years his dissatisfaction led him to kaieki after committing misconduct.
- だが、土地の賦課の是非は大名などの領主の権限と考えられていたこと、従来の検地に代わる大規模な測量の必要性があることから、政府内でも賛否両論があってまとまらなかった。
- However, this proposal was not put into practice because there were arguments for and against within the government; the main reasons for the opposition lied in that at that time it was believed that the authority to impose land tax or not lied in the feudal lords such as daimyo and that it was necessary to conduct a large scale land survey replacing the existing nationwide land survey before getting into the land-tax reform.
- 領有が細分化した地方に特別な機関を置く場合を除いて、国を単位とする行政体はなかった(ただし国司を任じていたことから、名目のみ行政区分としての令制国は存在していた)。
- Except for the cases in which particular organization was placed on the district where territories were segmentalized, there were no administrative organs based on the province (However, as dynasty appointed provincial governors, there were Ryosei provinces as nominal administrative division).
- 同時に、任国の旧地頭層の系譜をひく国人領主を被官として従属させ、院宮王臣家や寺社の荘園にも守護請など一定の収税権を獲得するなど、強い勢力基盤を形成するようになった。
- At the same time, they made the descendents of a Jito (military land steward) called Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai) their subordinates, acquired the authority to collect taxes from shoen owned by Ingu oshinke, temples and shrines, and strengthened their power base.
- よって、頼朝の要請した対象地域には現在義仲が軍事的に占領している全地域すなわち京都を含めた畿内一帯も含まれていたが、北陸道の除外によって畿内も当然除外されたとする。
- Therefore, the area that was requested by Yoritomo to be covered by the decree had included the whole area under Yoshinaka's military occupation at that time, namely the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) including Kyoto, but there is no doubt that the Kinai region was excluded from the decree at the time of the exclusion of the Hokurikudo, according to KOUCHI.
- 第一次は徳川氏と北条氏の和睦に伴う沼田領の帰属問題に端を発し、北条氏への沼田領引き渡しを求める徳川氏とそれを拒絶する真田氏の領地争い(意地の張り合い)の色合いが濃い。
- The first one stemmed from territorial issue of Numata territory due to reconciliation of the Tokugawa clan and Hojo clan, and it can be considered as a territorial battle (ego battle) between the Tokugawa clan who requested the hand over of the Numata territory and the Sanada clan who rejected it.
- 翌天正16年(1588年)1月、最上家の本家にあたり正室の実家でもある大崎氏の内紛に伊達政宗が武力介入すると(大崎合戦)、義光は政宗を討つべく大崎領に援軍を派遣した。
- When Masamune DATE intervened in an internal disturbance of the Osaki clan by using force, which is called the Battle of Osaki in January and February 1588, since the Osaki family was the head house of the Mogami family as well as the family home of Yoshiaki's lawful wife, Yoshiaki sent reinforcements to Osaki's territory.
- 当時穴山梅雪を伴い領国加増の御礼で安土城を訪問した後堺市にいた徳川家康は伊賀国越えにより難を逃れているが、遅れて出発した梅雪は木津川 (京都府)畔京田辺市で落命した。
- While Ieyasu TOKUGAWA--who was in Sakai City after a visit to Azuchi-jo Castle accompanied by Baisetsu ANAYAMA in order to show his appreciation for the increase of his own territory--escaped the hardship by traveling beyond Iga Province, Baisetsu, who departed later, was killed in Kyotanabe City on the Kizu-gawa riverfront (Kyoto Prefecture).
- 阿蘇惟将は宿老・甲斐宗運の卓抜した軍略によってどうにか領国を維持するが、1581年にはついに相良氏が島津氏に降伏し、南から島津氏の圧力を直接受けることになってしまう。
- Although Koremasa ASO barely retained the territories owing to excellent military strategies by the chief vassal, Soun KAI, the Sagara clan surrendered to the Shimazu clan in 1581, causing the Aso clan to be directly pressured by the Shimazu clan from the south.
- 一つは諸国の私領銀山より産出される灰吹銀および世上流通の灰吹銀を買い上げ、丁銀に吹き立て利益の一部を運上する、買灰吹銀(かいはいふきぎん)(寄銀)による自家営業形式。
- One was Kaihaifukigin, private operation based on purchase of cupellated silver from silver mines located in private properties and of silver available in the marketplace to forge Chogin silver for income from part of the revenues.
- 世界巡遊中の前合衆国大統領ユリシーズ・グラントが明治天皇との会見で西欧列強の介入を防ぐための日清両国の譲歩を助言したこともあり、1880年北京で日清の交渉が行われた。
- In 1880, negotiations were held in Beijing through the arbitration of ex-US President Ulysses Grant, who had a meeting with Emperor Meiji during his world tour and advised that both Japan and Qing compromise to prevent the intervention of western powers.
- しかしながら、有力な支配下豪族や他国の領主との外交においては、有力家臣を「取り次ぎ役」することは当時としては一般的であり、単なる伝令とするのは事実誤認との指摘もある。
- However, at that time, it was ordinary to have a powerful retainer play the role of the 'messenger,' in negotiations with powerful local clans under control or with lords of other provinces, and therefore, it is pointed out as well that it would not be correct to consider him simply as an orderly officer.
- また現代的視点では長崎の出島・堺を始めとした有力港湾を幕府直轄若しくは親藩・譜代大名領に組み入れることにより、幕府による管理貿易を行い収益を独占したという研究がある。
- Research from a modern standpoint suggests that the Bakufu implemented controlled trade to monopolize profits, which was realized by incorporating the flourishing harbors, such as Dejima in Nagasaki and Sakai, into dominions under direct control of the Bakufu or Daimyo domains of Fudai and Shinpan (hereditary Daimyo and relatives of the Tokugawa family).
- この時点で辞官納地(慶喜の内大臣辞任と幕府領の放棄)は決まってはいなかったが、岩倉らは徳川政権の失政を並べ、「辞官納地をして誠意を見せることが先決である」と主張する。
- At this point, Yoshinobu's resignation from Minister of the Interior and the abandonment of the Shogunate's territories ('Jikan-nochi') were not yet determined, but Iwakura and his comrades listed the mistakes made by the Tokugawa Shogunate and demanded that their first step be to show their sincerity by agreeing with 'Jikan-nochi.'
- その政治権力を背景として、有力貴族らが縁者や係累を特定の国の受領に任命することが徐々に慣例化していき、現地へ赴任した受領の俸料・得分を自らの経済的収益としたのである。
- With their political power as a background, it gradually became a custom that powerful nobles appointed their relatives or dependents to zuryo of specific provinces, and they acquired, as their revenues, the salary and tax gained by the zuryo they sent to the provinces.
- 国人となった在庁官人は、その多くが守護の被官に組み込まれ、在庁官人の管理していた国衙領は守護の支配する守護領へ再編成されていき、守護領国制の確立へとつながっていった。
- Many zaichokanjin who became kokujin were incorporated into the bureaucracy of shugo, kokuga regions managed by zaichokanjin were reorganized into the shugo regions governed by shugo and led to the establishment of shugo ryokoku sei (governmental system by shugo).
- が、治承・寿永の乱に嫡流であった多田行綱が源頼朝に疎まれ多田荘の所領を没収されると衰退し、以後一族の動向を伝える史料は断片的なものとなっている(多田源氏の項目も参照)。
- However, the lineage went into decline when Yukitsuna TADA, who belonged to the clan's lineage of the eldest son, was shunned and deprived of the real estate in Tada during the Jisho-Juei War by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and thereafter the historical materials making mention of what happened to the clan became fragmentary (see the article of 'Tada-Genji').
- 幕府は守護大名庶家や足利氏譜代から奉公衆を編成し、在京奉公を課したが、一方で守護大名は国内の在地領主(国人)に対する支配を強め、その所領に応じた軍役を課すようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu formed the military guard of the shogunate from branch families of the territorial lords as provincial constable and hereditary vassals of Ashikaga clan and imposed service in Kyoto on them; on the other hand, the territorial lords as provincial constable tightened control over the local lords in their provinces and imposed military services on them according to their territories.
- これらの農村の膨大な武器がほぼ完全に消滅するのは、大日本帝国が太平洋戦争においてポツダム宣言を受諾し降伏文書に調印した後の、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の占領政策による。
- These cache of weapons in the rural villages were almost completely eradicated under the Occupation policy by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which was carried out after the Empire of Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration for the Pacific War and the Instrument of Surrender was signed.
- 家臣団へは、勝家が越前国を安堵の上で、勝家の希望から秀吉の領地である長浜市を割譲され、長秀が若狭国安堵の上、近江国の2郡を、恒興は摂津国から3郡を、それぞれ加増された。
- For the vassals, Nagahama City, which had been the territory of Hideyoshi, was ceded to Katsuie upon his request, in addition to the ratification of his ownership of Echizen Province, and Nagahide acquired two districts of Omi Province, in addition to the ratification of his ownership of Wakasa Province, and Tsuneoki acquired three districts of Settsu Province.
- これは御成敗式目によって一層明確化され、不入地に犯罪者などが逃げ込んだ場合でもその追捕は国司・領家によって行われ、不入地の境界線で守護側に引き渡すと言う原則が成立した。
- This agreement was further clarified by the Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), and then a principle was established that even when a criminal and others ran into such funyuchi (special areas for excluding shugo), the criminal should be searched by kokushi or ryoke, and handed over to the shugo side on a border line of the funyuchi.
- これらの農地はもともと領主が百姓を使役して荒地を開墾したものであり、古代末期・中世当時、荒地を開墾した者には該当地の収穫をすべて収取する権利が認められる場合が多かった。
- Such farmland was originally cultivated by the feudal lord using peasants as a labor force, and those who cultivated wasteland were usually permitted the right to collect all the crops of the applicable ground in the end of ancient times and medieval times.
- 領家は、開発領主を現地管理者として荘官に任命し、荘官を通じて、荘園からの収穫を地子として徴収したり、荘園内の百姓(荘民)に労役を課したり(公事)して、自らの収入とした。
- Ryoke appointed kaihatsu ryoshu to shokan to manage the lands, and through them, ryoke obtained income for themselves by collecting harvests from shoen as jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) and required peasants (shomin) who worked within shoen to provide labor for kuji (public duties).
- そこに竹中重治が進み出て「その役目手前がつかまつる」として長浜城 (近江国)に向い、黒田長政を自分の領地である菩提山城に移動させ、そこで織田信長の命に逆らってかくまった。
- On that occasion, Shigeharu TAKENAKA stepped forward telling that he would do that job and went to Nagahama-jo Castle (Omi Province) and moved Nagamasa KURODA to Bodaisan-jo Castle in his territory and gave shelter to him there against Nobunaga ODA's order.
- 戸次川の戦い後に義久の弟・島津家久が占領していた豊後府内城から家久は後方の松尾城 (日向国)に撤退し、代わって島津家久の兄・島津義弘が府内城に入って守備を固めたのである。
- After the Battle of Hetsugigawa, Iehisa SHIMAZU, who was his younger brother, left Funai-jo Castle in Bungo which he had occupied and retreated to Matsuo-jo Castle (Hyuga Province) which was located further backward, and Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, who was his older brother, moved to Funai-jo Castle in Iehisa's place to reinforce the defenses.
- 応永34年(1427年)に満祐が家督を相続した時、将軍足利義持は播磨国を取り上げて寵臣である赤松持貞に与えようとし、満祐が京の屋敷を焼いて領国に引き上げる事件が起こった。
- In 1427, an incident occurred, in which Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA attempted to confiscate the Harima Province which Mitsusuke took over as head of the family, and to give it to his favorite retainer, Mochisada Akamatsu, then Mitsusuke burned his residense in Kyoto and went back to his own territory.
- 当時の日本は、何とか欧米の植民地にならずに済んだだけで、まだロシアに軍事的に対抗する力を持っていなかったため、賠償金や領土の割譲まで要求してくるのではないかと危惧された。
- At that time, Japan barely avoided being colonized by Western countries, but still did not have enough military power to fight against them and feared that Russia would demand reparations or cession of territory.
- 領事裁判権を認め、関税自主権を喪失し、かつ片務的最恵国待遇を課した拙速な不平等条約であり、同様な条約がイギリス・フランス・オランダ・ロシアとも結ばれた(安政五ヶ国条約)。
- The treaty was unequal, granting consular jurisdiction and tariff autonomy to the US, and imposing on Japan a necessity to provide most favored nation status to the US; moreover, similar treaties were concluded with Britain, France, the Netherland, and Russia; eventually those treaties were called the Ansei treaties with five nations.
- 7月16日条約改正交渉の結果、領事裁判権を廃止する日英通商航海条約調印を経て、20日大鳥公使は朝鮮政府に清軍の撤退と朝清間の条約廃棄を3日間の期限で回答するよう通告した。
- After the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed on July 16 as the result of negotiation over treaty revisions to do away with consular jurisdiction right, Minister Oshima gave notice to the Korean government requesting the withdrawal of Qing troops and the denunciation of Sino-Korean treaties with a response demanded within three days.
- 表高は、多くの場合、江戸幕府公認の検地によって打ち出された石高の額面で、代替わりごとに新当主に対し主君である将軍が発給する所領安堵の朱印状に、所領の地名とともに記される。
- Omotedaka refers to, in many cases, the face value of kokudaka figured out from land survey certified by the Edo bakufu, and it was written, along with the name of the territory, in shuinjo (a vermillion seal letter) of shoryo ando (act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) issued by the shogun, who was also lord, to a new owner every replacement.
- この軍制は、追捕官符を兵力動員の法的根拠とし、兵力動員権を得た受領から国押領使へ指揮権が委任され、国押領使が国内兵力を軍事編成して追捕活動にあたる、というシステムである。
- With tsuibu kanpu used as the legal basis for mobilizing soldiers, this military system worked as follows: The zuryo provided with the right to mobilize soldiers entrusted the right of controlling them to Oryoshi in the province, and the Oryoshi organized soldiers in the province into a military system to conduct activities to capture rebels.
- こうして「武士団」を「中世封建社会の担い手となる在地領主層を中核とする戦闘的権力組織で、内部構造としては、主従的な、階層関係(ヒエラルヒー)が認められるもの」と規程する。
- This type of 'bushidan' was 'a militarily ruled society that was centralized around estate owners supporting medieval feudal society, centrally formed on a master and servant hierarchical relationship.'
- このため、関東における大大名・徳川家康を牽制するために重要な領土である会津に、秀吉や三成と懇意にあった上杉景勝を入封させるために計画した陰謀ではないかとされているのである。
- It is considered to have been a conspiracy to assign Kagekatsu UESUGI, who had a close relationship with Hideyoshi and Mitsunari, to Aizu, the estate that was crucial for the suppression of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the great feudal lord in the Kanto region.
- なお、北海道の記録は古く斉明天皇の時代阿倍比羅夫の遠征まで遡り、鎌倉時代には大和民族が住み道南十二館の時代を経、江戸時代には松前藩領や天領となっていた地域に最後に置かれた。
- A record of Hokkaido could date back to the expedition by ABE no Hirafu in the time of Emperor Saimei, and the Yamato race lived there during the Kamakura period, and after the time of Donanjunitate, Hokkaido was finally located in where the Matsumae Domain and the Imperial manor had been in the Edo period.
- 分国とは中世における一国単位の知行を指す語であり、知行国に始まる概念であるが、室町時代中期以降に守護大名や国人一揆による一国単位の領国化が進み、分国支配が形成されていった。
- Bunkoku is a term for lordship (chigyo) over one county in the middle ages and was originated from chigyo-koku, which developed into the control of one county by shugo daimyo or kokujin.
- フランシスコ・ザビエルは戦国時代 (日本)の日本をよく理解し、まず各地の戦国大名たちに領内での布教の許可を求め、さらに布教を円滑に進めるために大名自身に対する布教も行った。
- Francis Xavier understood society in the Warring States period extremely well; first he sought permission to proselytize from daimyo all over Japan, and then, in order to ensure his missionary work would go smoothly, even began proselytizing to the daimyo themselves.
- 慶長17年(1612年)に駿府銀座より移転し、通町京橋 (東京都中央区)より南へ四町までを拝領して、既に江戸金座が本両替町と呼ばれていたことから、この地を新両替町と称した。
- Sunpu-ginza was moved Edo in 1612, to occupy the 4 town blocks south of Torimachi Kyobashi (Chuo-ku Tokyo), which was then called Shin-ryogae-cho, because there already was Hon-ryogae-cho where Edo-kinza was located.
- また、江戸城は徳川氏の征夷大将軍の居城であり、江戸は幕府の政庁が置かれる行政府の所在地であると同時に、自身も天領を支配する領主である徳川氏(徳川将軍家)の城下町でもあった。
- The Edo Castle was the residence of successive Tokugawa shoguns, or Seii taishogun (literally, 'the great general who pacifies barbarians'), and the city of Edo was both the site of bakufu administrative organs and the personal castle town of the Tokugawa Clan that ruled over the shogunal domain.
- 山鹿方面では第三旅団の先鋒1個中隊の増援を得て24日に転進して来た野村忍介の5個小隊と対戦することになったが、高瀬道を進んだ部隊は薩軍と戦闘をすることもなく高瀬を占領した。
- In the Yamaga area, the group of the 14th regiment was reinforced with a company that spearheaded the 3rd brigade, and fought the five platoons led by Oshisuke NOMURA, which was transferred to there on February 24, whereas the other group of the 14th regiment had pushed through the Takase Road and occupied Takase without fighting the Satsuma army.
- 平安時代中葉の10世紀後期から11世紀以降、地方の開発領主らは法的根拠に欠けた自らの私有地(荘園)を、国衙の収公から逃れるため受領層(中央の有力貴族や有力寺社)に寄進した。
- Starting from the late 10th century or the 11th century, which was the middle of the Heian period, local kaihatsu ryoshu started to donate their private lands (shoen) that they illegally owned to the zuryo (provincial officers such as dominant nobilities, temples, and shrines in the capital) in order to escape from confiscation by the kokuga (provincial government offices).
- 戦国時代_(日本)に入ると、下剋上による守護大名の没落に伴う新興勢力、あるいは逆に領内支配の確立して守護領国制を脱却した旧守護大名による戦国大名が新たな支配者として浮上する。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the emerging power resulted from the fall of Shugo daimyo (feudal lords) along with gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite), or on the other hand, Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) from old Shugo daimyo, who sloughed off the Shugo-ryogoku system (system that a Shugo dominates a manor) and established the government of the domain appeared as new rulers.
- ドイツ帝国に宣戦布告したことにより、日清戦争後の三国干渉によってドイツが中国から得た膠州湾租借地、19世紀にスペインから得た南洋諸島を、日本は参戦後瞬く間に攻略して占領した。
- By declaring war against the German Empire, Japan, in no time after its entrance into war, captured and occupied the leased territory of Jiaozhou which Germany had gained from China in the Triple Intervention after the Sino-Japanese War, and the South Sea Islands which had been gained from Spain in the 19th century.
- 3月26日、黒田参軍は別働第1旅団を左翼、別働第2旅団を中央、警視隊を右翼に配し、艦砲射撃の援護のもと三方から小川方面の薩軍を攻撃し、激戦の末、薩軍を撃退して小川を占領した。
- On March 26, Sangun Kuroda deployed the detached 1st brigade in the left flank, the detached 2nd brigade in the center, and the Keishi-tai troop in the right flank, and attacked the Satsuma army in the Kogawa area from the three directions under cover of naval bombardment and seized Kogawa by driving back the Satsuma army after a fierce battle.
- しかし、現地での実際においては、地頭は風水害など様々な理由をつけ、年貢を押領することも多く、領主との紛争は訴訟だけでは解決できず、訴訟の結果も実効性を持たないことも多かった。
- At local shoen, however, jito often embezzled nengu on the pretext of natural disasters etc. and many of these disputes couldn't be resolved through litigations alone or the results of litigations were virtually ineffective.
- 国司苛政上訴(こくしかせいじょうそ)は、日本の平安時代に郡司・田堵・負名・百姓階層が地方官である国司(受領)の苛政・非法を中央政府(太政官)へ訴えた行為、現象または闘争形態。
- Kokushi kasei joso refers to acts and phenomena of appeals and armed struggles by Gunji (local magistrates), Tato (cultivators), Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and the farmer class in order to complain to the central government Daijokan (Grand Council of State) about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi (or Zuryo) (provincial governors), Chihokan (local officials) during the Heian period in Japan.
- 朝鮮が清朝の冊封から独立した国家主権を持つ独立国であることを明記したが、片務的領事裁判権の設定や関税自主権の喪失といった不平等条約的条項を内容とすることなどが、その特徴である。
- It was described in the treaty that Korea was a nation independent from the tributary system of the Qing dynasty, holding state sovereign power, however it was characteristic of an unequal treaty with the provisions describing the establishment of one-sided consular jurisdiction and the loss of tariff autonomy.
- この鎌倉府は足利家出身の鎌倉公方とこれを補佐する上杉家出身の関東管領に指導されていたが、関東管領の任命権は幕府が握っていたこともあり、鎌倉公方と関東管領はしばしば対立していた。
- Although the Kamakura Government was led by Kamakura Kubo who came from the Ashikaga family and its assistant Kanto Kanrei who came from the Uesugi family, Kamakura Kubo and Kanto Kanrei were often confronted each other partly because an appointive power of Kanto Kanrei was handled by the bakufu.
- しかし、近年では古写本の検討により元禄年間に成文化された甲斐国甲府藩領の藩法が刊本により諸国へ流布し、寛政年間に慶安年間の幕法であるとする伝承が付加されたことが指摘されている。
- However, in recent years, the examination of old documents has revealed that the hanpo (domainal law) in the land of the Kofu domain of Kai Province, codified during the Genroku era, spread to cover various provinces through the publishing of books, while the belief that the hanpo had been regarded as 'Bakuho (Shogunate law) during the Keian era' was a Kansei era addition.
- 近江朝廷の大友皇子側は東国と吉備国、筑紫国(九州)に兵力動員を命じる使者を派遣したが、東国の使者は大海人皇子側の部隊に阻まれ吉備と筑紫では現地の総領を動かすことができなかった。
- The Prince Otomo side in the Omi Court dispatched a messenger to Togoku (eastern country), Kibi Province, Tsukushi Province (Kyushu) to gather troops, the messenger of the east country was hampered by the troops of the Prince Oama side and they could not persuade syndics of Kibi and Tsukushi to cooperate with Prince Otomo.
- その間、薩摩・長州・土佐・肥前藩の建白により版籍奉還が企図され、同年9月諸藩の藩主(大名)は領地(版図)および人民(戸籍)を政府へ返還、大名は知藩事となり、家臣とも分離された。
- During this period, a plan to return land and people to the emperor was set by a petition from major clans Satsuma, Chofu, Tosa and Hizen, and was actually carried out in September, by returning land (called hanto) and people (family register) to the government, transforming the lord of domain (daimyo [Japanese feudal lord]) to chihanjis (modern-day governors), and separating vassals from each clan.
- 下向井らの議論は、武士の成立を王朝国家論・荘園公領制論などと整合的・有機的に結びつけるものであり、21世紀初頭において、武士成立に関する最も有力な説の一つに位置づけられている。
- The theory by Shimomukai and others connects the establishment of samurai to the dynastic nation theory and the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) theory consistently and systematically, and in the early 21st century, has been positioned as one of the most promising theories concerning the establishment of samurai.
- 同時に対外的な武力侵攻に対しては貴い血筋と武名、朝廷や権門との親密さを背景に地方に強固な勢力を持つ武門の棟梁に臣従して本領安堵を請い、その保護下に入ることで難を逃れたのである。
- At the same time, they rendered homage and service to a Bumon no toryo, who held great provincial power due to their noble bloodline and close relationship with the Imperial Court and powerful nobilities; they did so in return for honryo-ando (acknowledgement of inherited territories) so that they could get out of trouble under the protection of the Bumon no toryo in the event of military attack.
- それでは、京の周辺ではどうだったかといえば、白河天皇の時代の北面武士のを代表する源季範、源季実、源近康ら文徳源氏は、摂関家領河内国古志郡坂門牧を本拠とし、坂戸源氏とも呼ばれた。
- As a result, MINAMOTO no Suenori, MINAMOTO no Suezane, MINAMOTO no Chikayasu of Montoku-Genji (Minamoto clan) that represented northern bushi of the period of Emperor Shirakawa surrounded Kyoto, and made their main headquarters in Sakamonnomaki, Koshi County, Kawachi Province of the regent family estate, and called as Sakado-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- ただし前述のごとく土地への影響力は重層構造であったため、在地領主は自らの土地を守るべく、将軍家のほか、有力公家、国守や守護、あるいは在地の有力武家にその安堵を求めることもあった。
- Since there was a multilayered structure of influence put on a land as mentioned above, the resident landholder sometimes asked not only the shogunate but also influential court nobles, the governor of a province or the military governor, or resident influential samurai family for recognition and gurantee of the ownership of the land, for the purpose of protecting the ownership of his land.
- これを憂慮した後白河上皇は、頼朝へ上洛を求めたが、頼朝は逆に東海道・東山道・北陸道の荘園・国衙領を元のように国司・本所に返還させる内容の宣旨(寿永二年十月宣旨)の発給を要求した。
- Concerned by this, Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa requested that Yoritomo come to Kyoto, but instead Yoritomo requested that the issue of the declaration of October in 1183 (Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji) ordering shoen (manors in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in Tokai-do, Tosan-do and Hokuriku-do to be returned to kokushi (provincial governors) and honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor).
- 大陸に超大国唐が出現し東アジアの勢力図が大きく塗り変わる中で起きた戦役であり、倭国(日本)も領土こそ取られなかった物の、国防体制・政治体制の変革が起きるなど大きな影響を及ぼした。
- This military campaign took place in the midst of the major transformation of power relationships in East Asia caused by the rise of the super power of the Tang Dynasty in mainland China, and although there were no territorial concessions made from Wakoku (Japan), the event had enough impact to cause substantial changes in Wakoku's defense system as well as its political system.
- 「開発領主」が生まれる過程は、その地の有力者が一族子弟のみならず、近隣の農民や諸国から流入した浮浪人などを組織して荒地の開拓を行い、その従事者を新しい村落に編成することに始まる。
- The creation of the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' started with the cultivation of the wild land not only by children and brothers of the powerful clan, but neighboring peasants and people who escaped and travelled from their registered domiciles of various provinces to organize into a new village as followers.
- 貪欲な受領とされることの多い藤原元命だが、当時、花山天皇が即位直後に地方税制の改革など積極的な政策展開を行っており、元命はこの花山新制の方針を遵守したに過ぎないとする見方もある。
- Although FUJIWARA no Motonaga had been often regarded as a greedy Zuryo, some suggest that Motonaga only observed strictly the policy of Kazan shinsei (new laws issued by Emperor Kazan) under the new local tax system Emperor Kazan actively introduced immediately after his enthronement.
- さらに下人・所従と呼ばれる隷属民を使役して、国司・領主から承認された給田・免田や自らの屋敷周辺に設定した私的な田地を耕作させる者もおり、その場合、収穫物は全て名主の収入となった。
- Some of them even used unfree peasants called genin or shoju to cultivate tax-exempt land granted by the territorial governors and manorial lords or private farmland around their houses, in which case all taxes collected became their own earnings.
- 滝川一益の敗走により、織田領である信濃、甲斐、上野が一気に空白状態となると、越後の上杉景勝や相模の北条氏直、三河の徳川家康など近隣勢力が侵攻し、旧織田領を巡る天正壬午の乱が起こる。
- As Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was routed, Oda's territory Shinano, Kai, and Ueno became void at once, and neighboring forces such as Kagekatsu UESUGI in Echigo, Ujinao HOJO in Sagami, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Mikawa invaded, and Tenshojingo no ran (Tenshojingo Rebellion) occurred in the former Oda territory.
- 1580年代、急速に領土を拡大していた山形城主最上義光の攻勢がついに庄内にも及ぶようになると、尾浦城主大宝寺義氏は父・大宝寺義増の代からの盟友本庄繁長の支援を受けてこれに対抗した。
- During the 1580s, when the lord of Yamagatajo Castle, Yoshiaki MOGAMI, who was rapidly expanding his territory, launched an attack on the Shonai district, the lord of Ourajo Castle, Yoshiuji DAIHOJI, confronted Mogami's troops with the help of Shigenaga HONJO, who had been an alliance from the days of his father Yoshimasu DAIHOJI.
- 慶応4年(1868年)4月、江戸幕府の解体により成立した明治新政府は、政体書において地方制度では大名領を藩とし、大名を知事に任命して諸大名統治のかたちを残す府藩県三部制を確立する。
- The new Meiji government was set up after the demise of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in April 1868, established a Fu-han-ken sanbusei (fu-han-ken tripartite governance system) under the Constitution of 1868 in which daimyo domains were made into han (domains) in the local system and daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) were assigned as governors, leaving the form of territorial lords being in control.
- 一方、幕府創設以来の御家人達にとって、一段身分が低く、あくまでも北条家の家臣に過ぎない内管領・御内人が権勢を振るう事への反発は強く、それら外様御家人層の多くが泰盛方に加わっていた。
- On the other hand, Gokenins since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu were offended by Uchi-Kanrei and Miuchibito since Uchi-kanreia holding the reins of power despite they were of lower ranks than Gokenin and, as a result, most of tozama gokenin (nonhereditary lower-ranking vassal in the Kamakura period) joined Yasumori's party.
- 諸藩における年貢米の売り上げ、物品購入代金の管理を任命された両替商、および天領である石見銀山、生野銀山などで産出される上納灰吹銀の量目を掛け改めた役職は掛屋(かけや)とも呼ばれた。
- The name given to money exchangers who were appointed to calculate the revenue from each domain's annual rice tax and to manage money for the purchasing of goods was 'Kakeya'; this name was also used for persons in charge of reapplying the ryome for cupellated silver that had been produced in the Iwami Ginzan and Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mines (which were located in lands owned by the bakufu) and paid to the authorities.
- 榎本軍が箱館を占領した後、1868年11月4日、英軍艦サトライト、仏軍艦ヴェニウスは、英公使ハリー・パークスより訓令を与えられ、英国公使館書記官アダムズを同行させて箱館に入港した。
- On November 4, 1868 after the Enomoto's army occupied Hakodate, the British warship Satellite and the French warship Venius entered the Hakodate port together with Adams, Secretary of British Legation, on board, following the directive of Harry Parkes, British Minister.
- 尼子晴久は自分の娘を為清に嫁がせ、三沢氏の懐柔を図った上で、更には横田荘の三沢氏領地や砂鉄産地・たたら製鉄場を取り上げ直轄化するなど、経久に比べて強硬的な姿勢で三沢氏と統治している。
- Haruhisa AMAGO controlled the Misawa clan with an attitude which was much tougher than Tsunehisa, by bringing the Yokota manor, the areas where iron sand could be obtained, and tatara iron making sites, under his direct control after marrying off his daughter to Tamekiyo MISAWA with the intention of winning the Misawa clan over to his side.
- 戦国時代(日本)に種子島へ鉄砲(火縄銃)が伝来された史実を領主である種子島久時が、父種子島時堯の鉄砲入手とその製法確立の過程を薩摩国大竜寺の和尚である南浦文之に編纂させたものである。
- The book is based on the account given by Hisatoki TANEGASHIMA, a local lord, concerning the historical fact of the transmission of guns (specifically, arquebuses) to Japan on Tanegashima island during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), describing how Hisatoki's father Tokitaka TANEGASHIMA had acquired guns and established his gun manufacturing process; this account was edited by the abbot of Satsuma Province's Dairyu-ji Temple, Bunshi Nanpo.
- 本拠地の播磨国坂本城 (播磨国)に帰った満祐は、足利直冬(足利尊氏の庶子、足利直義の養子)の孫の足利義尊を探し出して擁立し、大義名分を立てて領国の守りを固め、幕府に対抗しようとした。
- Mitsusuke who went back to his home base of Sakamoto-jo Castle in Harima Province found out Yoshitaka ASHIKAGA, a grandchild of Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA (illegitimate child of Takauji ASHIKAGA, adopted child of Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA) and backed him up, and strengthened his own territory's defense under the legitimate reason and tried to fight back to bakufu.
- 第二次世界大戦終了後日本を占領した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、国家のための自己犠牲を奨励していた皇民化教育が軍国主義国家形成に果たした役割が大きかったと考え、教育改革に乗り出した。
- The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which occupied Japan after the Second World War worked on education reform, thinking that Japanization education, which promoted sacrificing oneself for the nation, played a big role in forming the militarism nation.
- この事件を知った清国アモイ駐在のアメリカ合衆国総領事リゼンドル(リ・ゼンドル。Charles E.LeGendre)は、駐日公使を通じて「野蛮人を懲罰するべきだ」と外務省に提唱した。
- U.S. Consul General to Xiamen in Qing Dynasty, Charles E. LeGendre, who learned about the case, suggested to the Foreign Ministry through a resident envoy to Japan that Japan punish the barbarians.
- 『続日本紀』文武天皇4年10月の条に「直大壱石上朝臣麻呂を筑紫総領に、直広参小野朝臣毛野を大弐(次官)と為し、直広参波多朝臣牟後閇を周防総領と為し」とあるように「総領」とも呼ばれた。
- As described in the section of November, 700 in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), 'jikidaiichi (the ninth grade of jikidai rank for vassals of the forty-eight grades of cap rank, which corresponds to Shoshiinojo, Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade of Taiho Ritsuryo, Taiho Code) Isonokami Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) Maro was appointed to Tsukushi no soryo, jikikosan (the fourteenth grade of jikiko rank for vassals of the forty-eight grades of cap rank, which corresponds to Shogoinoge, Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade of Taiho Ritsuryo, Taiho Code) Ono Ason Kenu was appointed to daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General), and jikikosan Hata no Ason Mugobe was appointed to Suo soryo,' it was also called soryo.
- 荘園公領制では、本家-領家-荘官・地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- Under the stratified land ruling structure of shoen koryo sei, the right to rule lands/peasants and the right to the proceeds of lands were very complicated because these were entangled in a multi-layered way, as seen in the structure of honke (official/nominal owner of shoen (manor)) - ryoke (lord of shoen) - shokan/jito (officer of governing shoen/manager of shoen).
- 11世紀中期から12世紀・13世紀初頭にかけて、荘園公領制の成立や院政・武家政治の登場などに対応した中世国家体制が漸進的に構築されていったため、この時期に王朝国家体制は終期を迎えた。
- As the medieval national polity, which corresponded to the establishment of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and the advent of cloister government/samurai government, was progressively built up during the period from the mid-11th century to the 12th century/early 13th century, the period of dynastic polity ended around that time.
- しかし、御家人の凋落は、元寇時の負担だけではなく、惣領制=分割相続制による中小御家人の零細化、そして貨幣経済の進展に翻弄された結果であり、そうした大きな流れを止めることは出来なかった。
- However, since the decline of Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) resulted from not only the burden at the time of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan but also the downsizing of mid- and small-scale Gokenin to ultrasmall-scale Gokenin due to the Soryo system (the eldest son system for the succession of the head of the family) referring to division of succession, and from being buffeted by the progress of monetary economy, it was impossible to stop such a big movement.
- 生き残り、島に取り残された兵士たちは、ジパングの兵士たちが留守にした隙にジパングの都を占領して抵抗したが、この国で暮らすことを認める条件で和睦して、ジパングに住み着いたという話である。
- Mongolian soldiers left behind alive on the island occupied the capital of Zipangu during the unguarded moment when Zipangu's soldiers were absent from it and resisted against them, but they made peace under a condition that they were granted to live in this country.
- ところが大航海時代以降世界に進出、支配領域を拡大したヨーロッパ、続く帝国主義の波に乗ったアメリカ合衆国によるアフリカ・アジア進出・侵略・植民地化は、東アジア各国にとっても脅威となった。
- However, European countries which started to explore the world after the Age of Geographical Discovery to expand their areas of dominance and the USA which rode on the wave of continuous Imperialism and made a foray into Africa and Asia for incursions and colonization became a threat for East Asian countries.
- 院宮分国制(いんぐうぶんこくせい)とは、太上天皇や女院、中宮、斎宮などに除目の際に特定の令制国の受領を推挙する権利を与え、そこから経済的利益の配分を受けることで俸禄の代わりとする制度。
- Ingubunkokusei was a system of granting the right to recommend a provincial governor to a specific province to retired emperors, nyoin (women bestowed with the title 'in' (usually the empress, imperial princesses, etc.)), second consorts to the emperor, and imperial princesses serving at the Ise Shrine at the time of their appointment, and in return they would receive the financial profits of the provinces in place of a salary.
- 守護使不入(しゅごしふにゅう)とは、鎌倉時代・室町時代において幕府が守護やその役人に対して犯罪者追跡や徴税のために、幕府によって設定された特定の公領や荘園などに立ち入る事を禁じたこと。
- Shugoshi funyu means that in the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period, the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) forbade shugo (provincial constables) and their officials from entering some specific koryo (public lands), shoen (manors), and so on, which were specified by the bakufu, when pursuing criminals and collecting taxes.
- 平氏家人打倒を共通の目的として頼朝麾下に集結した関東武士団連合も、本来的には所領をめぐり潜在的な対立関係にあったのであり、敵対勢力の排除や淘汰にともなって徐々に結合が弱まり始めていた。
- Even the association of the Kanto Samurai Group, the gathered troops under Yoritomo's command with the common purpose of defeating Heishi Iebito (server of Taira clan), originally had an adversarial relationship with Yoritomo over shoryo (territory), and their solidarity began to erode as the opposing forces were eliminated or dismissed.
- 洞(うつろ)とは、室町時代後期から安土桃山時代にかけて、現在の東北地方及び関東地方の戦国大名に見られた形態で惣領である当主を中心に一族・家臣をまとめた擬似的要素のある族縁共同体のこと。
- Utsuro was a quasi family-related community from the late Muromachi period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period that organized family members and vassals around the head of the family, called soryo (heir); organizations such as these were seen among Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in the Tohoku and Kanto regions.
- こうした闘争をどう評価するにせよ、地域統治と収税の効率化のためにこうした富豪百姓層の成長を助け、彼らが莫大な利権を獲得する契機を与えたのはまぎれもなく受領を筆頭とする国衙機構であった。
- No matter what evaluations are given to these conflicts, it is clear that the mechanism of Kokuga (provincial government offices) headed by Zuryo helped such a wealthy farmer class grow to control the region and collect taxes more efficiently and gave them opportunities of acquiring huge vested interests.
- 天正13年(1585年)には甲斐へ着陣して昌幸に沼田領の北条氏への引き渡しを求めるが、昌幸は徳川氏から与えられた領地ではないことを理由にして拒否し、さらに敵対関係にあった上杉氏と通じた。
- In 1585, Ieyasu arrived at an encampment in Kai and requested that Masayuki hand over Numata territory to the Hojo clan, but Masasuke rejected the request on the grounds that the territory was not given by the Tokugawa clan, and communicated with the Uesugi clan who was in a hostile relationship with him.
- 各藩とも藩政改革を推進してその打開を図ったが黒船来航以来の政治的緊張によって多額の財政出費を余儀なくされて、廃藩置県を前に自ら領土の返上を申し出る藩主(藩知事)さえ出てくる状況であった。
- Domains tried to improve the situation by implementing restructuring domain politics, but this required vast expenditures due to the political strain in the wake of the arrival of the Black Ships and some domain lords (hanchiji) wanted to return their territory before haihan-chiken was implemented.
- 江戸時代には、外様の大藩を除き大名の領地替えがしばしば行われたが、表高は同じとされる一方で、内高で2倍の栄転もあれば、半減の左遷もあった(例、磐城平藩から日向延岡藩に左遷された内藤氏)。
- In the Edo period, daimyo (excluding taihan of tozama) often experienced transfers of the territories, and although omote-daka was supposed to be the same, transfer could be a promotion to the double amount of uchi-daka or a demotion to the half amount (for example, the Naito clan was demoted from the Iwakitaira Domain to the Nobeoka Domain of Hyuga Province).
- 梅北一揆によって島津氏の政治的な立場は極度に悪化したが、検地やそれに伴う国人領主層の没落は結果として島津氏の大名権力を強化する事につながり、慶長の役で軍功をあげ名誉を挽回する契機となった。
- Although the political status of the Shimazu clan had fallen to the extremely precarious state as a result of Umekita ikki, the land survey by the administration and the fall of the local lords which was triggered by it actually strengthened the authority of the Shimizu clan as a feudal lord as a result, and in the Keicho Campaign, the Shimizu clan reclaimed its reputation for their distinguished military service.
- これには諸説あり、小山田信茂は武田家と主従関係でなく盟友関係にあり、郡内領を有する一大名という考え方から、戦禍を恐れる領民の反対などを受け、領地を守るためにとった行動であるという説がある。
- There are different explanations for this attack, one of which is that Nobushige OYAMADA was not a vassal of the Takeda family but its ally and that as the lord of an independent territory, he was obliged to protect his territory and its residents from war damage.
- 奈良時代末期から平安時代初期に皇親・貴族が所有して家牒・家符・家印などを用いた命令文書で家司などに命じて経営させた初期荘園を「○○家領」「××家田」などと呼称したのが最初と考えられている。
- It was considered that the first example of keryo was of the early shoen which were owned by koshin (the Imperial family) or court nobles who ordered Ie no tsukasa (house stewards) and the like via order documents using a kacho (tag), kafu (code), and iejirushi (house mark showing ownership by the family) to operate the holding from the end of the Nara period to the early Heian period; they were called 'XX keryo' (XX family's holding) or 'XX kaden' (XX family's paddy field).
- 参勤交代は軍役であるから、大名は保有兵力である配下の武士を随員として大量に引き連れて江戸に出仕し、領地に引き上げねばならないため、移動の際に大名行列という大掛かりな行進を行う必要があった。
- Because sankin-kotai was a military service, daimyo had to move with a great number of their subordinate warriors, which traveling took the form of a large-scale march called daimyo-gyoretsu.
- 武士論研究には「在地領主論」と「職能論」という2つの流れがあることは述べたが、職能、特にその技能(弓馬)に着目すれば、律令制下の軍制から中世武士までの連続性がかなり明らかになってきている。
- While the study of samurai had two schools of theory, the 'local lord' and 'function,' it was apparent from the continuous characteristics seen from the military system under the Ritsuryo system to medieval bushi by examining the function and especially techniques (cavalry and archery).
- これは本来伊達氏特有の現象ではなく、この地域の戦国大名家の洞は周辺部にある国人領主たちによる小規模な洞をいくつも包括していく中で自己の洞という形で大名領国を形成していったと考えられている。
- This was not particular to the Date clan, since Utsuro of the Sengoku daimyo families in this region are considered to have developed into daimyo ryokoku (territories ruled by daimyo) by integrating many small-sized Utsuro of Kokujin ryoshu in neighboring regions.
- 慶長5年(1600年)上野国高崎城主で12万石を領していた徳川四天王の一人・井伊直政が関ヶ原の戦いの戦功により18万石に加増され、石田三成の居城であった佐和山城に入封して佐和山藩を立藩した。
- In 1600, Naomasa II who was the lord of Takasaki-jo Castle in Kozuke Province with properties bearing 120,000 koku (1 koku was about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume) and was one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Tokugawa Ieyasu), received an additional properties bearing 60,000 koku due to his distinguished war service in the Battle of Sekigahara, entered into the Sawayama-jo Castle which used to be the residential castle of Mitsunari ISHIDA, and established the Sawayama Domain.
- 廃藩置県は平安時代後期以来続いてきた特定の領主がその領地・所領を支配するという土地支配のあり方を根本的に否定・変革するものであり、「明治維新における最大の改革」であったと言えるものであった。
- Haihan-chiken fundamentally denied/changed the traditional way of ruling land, under which a specific lord ruled his territory, that had existed since the late Heian period, and was said to be 'the biggest reform implemented in the Meiji Restoration'.
- 織田家と友好関係だった北条家が、北条氏直率いる5万6,000の兵で織田領上野に侵攻し、織田四天王の1人で関東管領・滝川一益率いる2万を神流川の戦いで撃破し、滝川一益は本拠地の伊勢まで敗走する。
- The Hojo clan, who had an amicable relationship with the Oda clan, invaded Oda's territory Ueno with army 56,000 strong led by Ujinao HOJO, defeated the army 20,000 strong lead by Kanto Kanrei (A shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, one of the big four of Oda, at the Battle of Kannagawa River, and Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was routed to his home ground Ise.
- その一方、一般の御家人層では、異国警固番役や長門警固番役などの新たな負担を抱えるとともに、貨幣経済の普及に十分対応しきれず、分割相続による所領の細分化などもあり、急速に階層分化が進んでいった。
- On the other hand, common gokenin had to shoulder new burdens such as Ikokukeigobanyaku (military service imposed on gokenin in the Kyushu area by the bakufu in order to protect themselves against the invasion force of the Yuan dynasty) and Nagato keigoban (guards to protect Nagato Province against an invasion by a foreign country), which made it difficult for them to cope with the emerging monetary economy; moreover, their territories were broken up due to divided inheritance, so the social hierarchy rapidly diversified.
- 寛永12年(1635年)の参勤交代制度のもとでは、諸大名は1年毎に江戸と自領を行き来し、妻子は人質として江戸に常住しなければならないと同時に、その旅費や江戸の滞在費を全て大名に負担させていた。
- Under the sankin-kotai system established in 1635, daimyo, in addition to residing in Edo and their own feudal domains each for one year, leaving their own families in Edo permanently as hostages, had to pay their own travel costs and living costs in Edo.
- 列強は清朝の衰退に乗じて「中国の分割」を進めてきたが、中国国内の抵抗を危惧してその動きは未だ緩慢なものであり、戦争による賠償で得たイギリス領香港を例外として、露骨な領有権要求は差し控えてきた。
- The world powers promoted the 'division of China' as the Qing Dynasty weakened, but their efforts were slow for fear of resistance in China and they refrained from making conspicuous demands for territorial rights in China except Hong Kong which was colonized by the United Kingdom as reparations in the Opium War.
- その「私営田経営者」の時代に平将門の祖父・平高望らが関東に下向したのは板東群盗を押さえる為といわれるが、彼ら中央から下った軍事貴族は、国司と私営田領主の紛争解決の担い手としても位置づけられた。
- It is said that TAIRA no Takamochi, who was the grandfather of TAIRA no Masakado, and others went to Kanto region to capture gangs of robbers in Bando during the period of 'Shieiden Managers,' but military aristocrats like them that came from capital had the main duty to settle the conflict between the governor and the lord of Shieiden.
- 明治4年10月28日 (旧暦)(1871年12月10日)から11月22日 (旧暦)(1872年1月2日)に行われた府県合併によって、各府県の管轄区域は国・郡を単位とする一円的な領域に再編された。
- Thanks to the prefecture mergers implemented during the period from December 10, 1871 to January 2, 1872, the territory of each prefecture was reorganized into the unified region that was comprised of provinces and counties.
- それほど多いものではないという理由は、当時必要とされた武力は、京の治安維持、要人の護衛、受領として赴任する際に引き連れ、在庁官人を押さえる程度のものであり、大規模な争乱などほとんど無かったこと。
- The reason why it might not be as big was because military power required at that time was for sustaining the peace of Kyoto, guard a person upon request, followed as a retainer when one left a post due to zuryo, and arrest the Zaichokanjin (the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods), but there was hardly any turmoil.
- また秀吉の222万石というのは多くの直臣に所領を分け与えた残りであり、一方の家康の250万石は直臣に分け与えた所領もあわせての数字であり、家康自身の蔵入地は約100万石であるので秀吉の方が大きい。
- While Hideyoshi, after having given some of his territory to his greatest vassal, directly owned 2,220,000 koku-land, Ieyasu's 2,500,000 koku-territory included the lands given to his vassal, and Ieyasu's directly-controlled land was one million koku-territory; therefore, Hideyoshi's territory was in fact much bigger than Ieyasu's.
- 伊那街道沿いの武田勢力は恐れをなし、織田の先鋒隊が信濃に入った同日、岩村への関門・滝沢(長野県下伊那郡阿智村・平谷村周辺)の領主であった下条信氏の家老・下条九兵衛が信氏を追放して織田軍に寝返った。
- The invasion caused panic among Takeda's troops stationed along the Ina-kaido Road, and on the day when the Oda army's vanguard invaded Shinano Province, Kyube SHIMOJO, Chief Retainer of Nobuuji SHIMOJO, who was the lord of Takizawa (areas around the present-day Achi-mura and Hiraya-mura in Shimoina-gun, Nagano Prefecture), a territory that formed a barrier preventing entry into Iwamura, expelled Nobuuji and defected to the Oda army.
- 嘉吉の乱(かきつのらん)は、室町時代の嘉吉元年(1441年)に播磨国、備前国、美作国守護の赤松満祐が、六代征夷大将軍足利義教を暗殺し、領国播磨で幕府方討伐軍に敗れて討たれるまでの一連の騒乱である。
- Kakitsu War is referred to as a series of disturbances occurred in 1441, from when Mitsusuke AKAMATSU, a shugo (provincial constable) of the Harima Province, the Bizen Province, and the Mimasaka Province, assassinated Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the 6th seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') to when he was defeated and killed by the punitive force of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in his own territory, Harima.
- 院宮分国制とは、年限を限って、院宮家(太上天皇・女院・皇后・中宮・東宮など)に特定国の国守(または受領)を推薦する権利を与えるとともに、当該国から上進される官物を院宮家が収納するという制度である。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system is the system in which Innomiya families (the families of Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor), nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), Empress, chugu (the second consort of an emperor) and Togu (the Crown Prince)) were given the right to make a recommendation of kokushu (or zuryo (the head of the provincial governors)) of a specific province and were also allowed to get the kanmotsu dedicated by the province.
- この死亡帳は、「去年7月」から「今年6月」までの一年間について、秋田城の支配領域(秋田郡周辺)の民について記載したもので、当時の出羽国国府(9世紀初頭に移転)に清書したものを提出したと考えられる。
- This Shibocho described citizens in the area (around Akita County) controlled by Akita-jo Castle for one year from 'July of the previous year' to 'June of this year,' and was considered to be a transcript submitted to the provincial office of Dewa Province at that time (transferred in early ninth century).
- 上記史料を総合すると、本宣旨は、東国における荘園・公領の領有権を旧来の荘園領主・国衙へ回復させることを命じる。その回復を実現するため源頼朝の東国行政権を承認するという2つの内容から構成されている。
- Putting the above historical records together, the contents of this decree can be summarized as; the order that required lords of the manor and kokuga (provincial government officers) to restore the territorial rights for shoen and koryo, and the approval of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's administrative authority on the Togoku region in order to make the above restoration come true.
- 明治維新は欧米列強に抑圧されたアジア諸国にとって近代化革命の模範ともなったが、やがて日本自身が列強側の国家として、帝国主義的な領土・権益獲得の立場となったことから、かえって反発を呼ぶことにもなった。
- The Meiji Restoration in Japan was a model for the modern revolution of the various Asian countries which were suppressed by powerful western countries, but Japan also received resistance from them because Japan itself became a powerful imperialistic country trying to obtain lands and interests.
- 実際に弘安4年から翌年にかけて九州の諸社及び伊勢神宮に対して「神領興行」と呼ばれる一種の徳政令が発布されて、幕府の安堵状が出されている御家人領も含めた全ての旧神領を神社へ返還するよう命じられている。
- In fact, from 1281 to the following year, a kind of Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts) called 'Shinryo Kyogo' was issued for various shrines in Kyushu and Ise-jingu Shrine, ordering all land formerly owned by shrines, including the land granted to bakufu's vassals by its official letter, to be returned to the shrines.
- 649年(大化5年)には「筑紫大宰帥」の記述があるほか、天智天皇から天武天皇にかけての時期にはほかに「筑紫率」「筑紫総領」などが確認でき、中央から王族や貴族が派遣されていた事を示すと考えられている。
- Besides there are descriptions of 'Tsukushi no Omikotomochi no sochi' in 649, 'Tsukushi no kami,' and 'Tsukushi no soryo,' which have been confirmed during the period from Emperor Tenchi to Emperor Tenmu, and are thought to indicate that the royal families and nobles were dispatched from the central government.
- そのうちでも公使館周辺区域の警察権を列国に引き渡したり、海岸から北京までの諸拠点に列国の駐兵権を認めるといったものは、清朝領域内でその国権が否定され、列国が統治する地域が生ずるものに他ならなかった。
- Among all, giving away police powers in areas nearby legations to the Powers and allowing the Powers to station their troops in various places from the coast to Beijing and so on meant no other than the denial of Qin rights in its territory and appearances of districts under the rule of the Powers.
- 朝鮮総督府警察は普通警察に移行した後も、日本内地の警察には無い機関銃、野砲等の重装備を保有しており、日本の支配が及ばない中国領から越境してくる独立派武装勢力との戦闘を行うなど警察軍的性格を有していた。
- The Chosen Sotoku-fu Police possessed heavy arms including machine guns and field guns, which the police in the mainland in Japan didn't, even after they were shifted to the regular police, and they had a character as a police army, which fought against pro-independent armed groups crossing the border of the Chinese territory which was out of Japan's control.
- 高槻城の城主であった高山右近に、キリシタン大名であることを利用し宣教師のグネッキ・ソルディ・オルガンティノを使者として「即時帰順しなけば、宣教師も領内の信者も残らず磔に処す。教会も焼き払う」として脅した。
- Taking advantage of the fact that Ukon TAKAYAMA, who was the castellan of the Takatsuki-jo Castle and was a Christian daimyo (Christian feudal lord), Nobunaga ODA sent Gnecchi-Soldo Organtino, who was a missionary, as an emissary and threatened Ukon TAKAYAMA that unless he would surrender immediately, all missionaries and believers in the territory would be crucified and churches would be burnt.
- 日本の領主の封建制は「税の徴収権」に過ぎず(参照→職の体系)、つまり西欧に見られるような領地の私有と領民への農奴としての隷属的支配権は存在しなかったので、本当の意味の封建制は存在しなかったとする説もある。
- There is a view that the Hoken system in its true sense did not exist in Japan, because the Hoken system of feudal lords was just 'the right to collect taxes' (see Shiki system), and there was no private ownership of land and rights of control over the people as serfs in the domain, which were commonly seen in the West.
- その他、島津氏と結んでいた筑前の秋月種実が日向に移封され、大村氏との対立から長崎港の襲撃や南蛮船からの通行料徴収を強要などを繰り返していた深堀純賢を海賊禁止令違反として所領没収にするなどの処分が行われた。
- Furthermore, Tanezane AKIZUKI in Chikuzen who colluded with the Shimazu clan was transferred to Hyuga, and Sumimasa FUKABORI, who repeatedly attacked Nagasaki Port and charged transport dues on the early European ships because of his confrontation with the Omura clan, was punished by depriving him of his territory for violation of Ban on Piracy.
- しかし、藩内の検地による打ち出しで内高が増加することは、これまで生産力に対して余裕をもって徴収されていた年貢が、生産力相応の高い額に引き上げられることを意味したので、領民にとっては一種の負担増でもあった。
- However, if uchi-daka was increased as a result of land survey by the domain, it meant that nengu will be increased in accordance with the productivity - although it was previously collected at comparatively low rate for the actual productivity - and the load of the people of the domain will also be increased.
- 私領といってもその地の課税が免除される訳ではないが、国衙は旧来の郡とは別の、新しい徴税単位として、特別な命令書により税を軽減し、開発領主の私領領有を認め、同時に開発領主がその地の納税義務を負うことになる。
- Even though it is called a private estate, it did not mean that one was exempt from tax, but Kokuga were treated differently from former districts as a separate tax unit, lowered tax under a special order, permitted cultivating land owners to have their own private estates, and the kaihatsu-ryoshu gained the responsibility to collect other taxes simultaneously.
- これらの支配力は単に一都市に限らず、京都所司代は山城国・丹波国・近江国など、大阪町奉行は西日本諸国の天領の采配がそれぞれ許されるなど、管轄地の諸大名を監察する役目もあった(京都所司代は朝廷も監視していた)。
- This shogunate agency grasped control of not merely to the appointed city, but also of the surrounding areas, so the governor of Kyoto (Kyoto Shoshidai) controlled Yamashiro Province, Tanba Province, Omi Province and so on (as well as put the imperial court under its surveillance, and the town magistrate of Osaka (Osaka machi-bugyo) was allowed to manage the shogunate demesne in the western Japan.
- 受領の任期は通常4年であったが、院らは持ち回りによって毎年のように別個の令制国の受領を任じた(4ヶ国の知行国があれば、毎年別の国の受領を推挙・任命することになる)ために「年分受領」とも呼ばれるようになった。
- Although the term of a zuryo was usually four years, recipients took turns appointing zuryo to different provinces every year (if a zuryo controlled four provinces, the recipients could recommend and appoint a zuryo in a different province every year) causing zuryo to be called 'nenbun zuryo.'
- この時点での蝦夷地は、日露雑居の北蝦夷地(後の樺太)が幕府の直轄で、後の北海道にあたる東蝦夷地と西蝦夷地には、幕府直轄領と諸藩領(松前藩、盛岡藩、仙台藩、会津藩、弘前藩、庄内藩)がおよそ半々に入り組んでいた。
- At that time, Kita-Ezochi (later Sakhalin) where both Ainu and Russian people inhabited was under a direct control of bakufu, and Higashi-Ezochi and Nichi-Ezochi which later became Hokkaido were ruled by both bakufu and several feudal domains (Matsumae Domain, Morioka Domain, Sendai Domain, Aizu Domain, Hirosaki Domain and Shonai Domain), with each occupying almost fifty percent.
- 斯波義良他、代々の斯波氏当主、一色義道他代々の一色氏家督、仁木義長らの足利一門、西国一の名門といわれた大内義隆などの有力守護、もとは守護代で守護、最盛期は西国に11ヶ国の所領を得た尼子義久などが代表的である。
- Among the famous vassals granted these characters were: The heads of the Shiba clan such as Yoshisuke SHIBA (also referred as Yoshinaga SHIBA); the heads of the Isshiki clan such as Yoshimichi ISSHIKI, Yoshinaga NIKI, and other members of the Ashikaga family; powerful shugo such as Yoshitaka OUCHI, whose family was praised as the noblest in the west; and Yoshihisa AMAGO, who started as shugodai and ended as shugo with 11 provinces of holdings in the west in his prime.
- しかし、室町時代に入ると、室町幕府は守護に対して刈田狼藉取締権をはじめ、使節遵行権・半済給付権・闕所地処分権・段銭徴収権など、国内の荘園・公領へ統治的・経済的支配を及ぼしうる様々な権限を付与するようになった。
- But early in the Muromachi period, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) granted various authorities to Shugo, which would enable them to exert a range of administrative and economic influences on shoen and koryo in the country, such as the right to control Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the right to enforce the bakufu judicial decisions in land disputes (Shisetsu jungyo), the right to permit hanzei (half payment of tax), the right to confiscate property from criminals or if it is left derelict, the right to collect tansen (a tax on arable land).
- 彼らは確かに、佃、手作(てづくり)、門田(かどた)などという直接耕作農地も持ってはいたが、大きな特徴は基本的には農業経営から離れ、農民から「加地子(かぢし)」を取る本格的な「領主」へと転化し始めることである。
- While they definitely directly held cultivation land such as tsukuda (directly-managed rice fields by a lord or an officer of shoen), tezukuri (handmade), or kadota, their biggest characteristic was leaving the farm management to a genuine 'manor lord' that collected 'kajishi' (land rent) from peasants.
- 日本軍は、漆川梁海戦で朝鮮水軍を壊滅させると進撃を開始し、たちまち全羅道の道都全州を占領、忠清道の稷山で明軍と交戦(稷山の戦い:双方とも自軍の勝利と記録)した後、京畿道 (朝鮮八道)の安城市・竹山まで進撃した。
- Having wiped out the Korean navy at The naval Battle of Chilcheollyang, the Japanese forces attacked and conquered the cities of Chonju of Jeolla Province, fought against the Ming force at Shokusan (the Battle of Shokusan: both forces recorded they had won.), and also attacked Chikusan, Anjo-city of Gyeonggi Province (Eight Provinces of Korea).
- 既に河内国の領内を本拠としていないにも関わらず「河内源氏」と呼称し続けることに対しての疑問もあり、源頼朝のように史料上明らかに河内に本拠を構えたことのない人物まで河内源氏と括ることへの違和感があるのは確かである。
- Questions are raised on calling them 'Kawachi-Genji' despite the fact that they were no longer based on the manor of Kawachi Province, and it is, indeed, unreasonable that those who were apparently never based in Kawachi according to historical materials, such as MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, are included in Kawachi-Genji.
- こうして与えられた支配権・管理権は一様ではなく、名田の規模・態様によってさまざまな形態をとっていたが、いずれにせよ田堵負名は、国司・領主に認められた権限を背景に、現地において百姓らへの支配を強めていったのである。
- Although these rights to rule and manage land varied greatly depending on the size and arrangement of myoden land, tato fumyo farmers succeeded in strengthening their control over peasants in many villages by using the authority recognized by their own rulers.
- 宗家である宮津藩の京極氏はほどなく改易され、丹後田辺藩(舞鶴藩)の京極家も但馬国豊岡藩へ転封となったため丹後一国を領した京極高知の所領も、結果的にはこの峰山藩の1万3,000石だけが丹後に残るだけとなってしまった。
- Soon kaieki (change of rank) was made to the Kyogoku clan, the head family in the Miyazu domain, and the Kyogoku family in the Tanabe (Maizuru) domain of the Tango province was also transferred to the Toyooka domain of Tajima province, and thereby only this 13,000 goku in the Mineyama domain remained in Tango among the territories of Takatomo KYOGOKU who possessed the entire Tango province.
- だが、戦国時代_(日本)に入り、幕府の権威は低下して下剋上によって幕府の力に依存せずに自力で領国を形成した戦国大名達はこの特権を否定し始めるとともに、自らの権限としてこれを付与あるいは剥奪を行うようになっていった。
- After the Sengoku Period, however, the authority of the bakufu declined and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who formed their own territories by winning gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) without dependence on the bakufu's power not only began to deny the privilege but also came to grant or despoil it as their own rights.
- そして、元弘元年(1331年)の後醍醐天皇による討幕の計画・元弘の乱では幕府が事前に知るところとなり天皇は笠置山 (京都府)に逃れるが、この時真先に馳せ参じて天皇に味方したのが7代目惣領・次郎足助重範であったという。
- In the Genko War of 1331, when the attack plan of Emperor Godaigo became known by the shogunate before the fact and the Emperor then evacuated to Mt. Kasagi in Kyoto Prefecture, the seventh head, Jiro Shigenori ASUKE, rushed to him first to engage him in battle.
- 慶長13年(1608年)、伏見銀座より移転し、京都の室町通と烏丸通の中間、二条通から三条通までの四町(二条下ル、押小路通下ル、御池通下ル、姉小路通下ル)に亘って拝領して設立され、この地を両替町通と称するようになった。
- Kyoto-ginza was created with the move from Fushimi-ginza in 1608 to the location between Muromachi-dori Street and Karasuma-dori Street and across 4 town blocks south of Nijo-dori Street, Oshikoji-dori Street, Oike-dori Street and Aneyakoji-dori Street, which came to be known as Ryogaecho-dori.
- 平安時代中期に都の軍事貴族であった源満仲は、二度国司を務めた摂津国川辺郡多田庄を所領として庄内多田盆地(現在の兵庫県川西市多田周辺)に入部し、現在の多田神社(旧多田院)付近に居館を構えて周辺に郎党を住まわせたとされる。
- MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka who was a military aristocrat of the capital in the middle Heian period owned Tada Manors in Kawabe district, Settsu Province, an acting governor of which he had became twice, moved to the Tada basin in the manors (the present Tada in Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture), and lived in the mansion surrounded by his retainers' houses, in the vicinity of Tada-jinja Shrine (the previous Tada-In).
- 大名の多くが「所領没収」で姿を消し、全国の要所は直轄領(天領)として大名を置かず、多数の親藩大名に大領を持たせ、その合間に外様大名を配置し、譜代大名には小領と中央政治に関与する権利を与えるという絶妙の分割統治策を実施した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate carried out a clever policies of dividing and ruling that many former feudal loads were forced to ruin by the enactment of 'confiscation of territories,' and that the places of strategic importance across Japan were set under the direct control of shogunate (shogunal demesne) avoiding influence of feudal loads (daimyo), who were classified into three groups, namely 'family daimyo' (a feudal load of a Tokugawa family branch or affiliation) with large territories, 'hereditary vassal daimyo' with small territories and the rights to participate in the state administration, and 'outside' daimyo (a feudal load who was not a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa family) with the territories inserted between domains of 'family daimyo.'
- 永正4年(1507年)に前将軍足利義稙を奉じた大内義興の上洛軍に、尼子氏ともども三刀屋氏も従ったが、泥沼の戦いを続ける京の戦乱よりいち早く帰国した尼子経久は義興不在の大内領への侵略を開始、大内氏との全面的な対立が始まった。
- In 1507, together with the Amago clan, the Mitoya clan joined the army for Kyoto headed by Yoshinori OUCHI who served the previous shogun, Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, but Tsunehisa AMAGO returned home earlier than others from the battle in Kyoto which had been drawn into a war, began invading Ouchi's territory where Yoshinori was absent for the war, starting their confrontation with the Ouchi clan.
- そして権官大納言兼右近衛大将に叙任され、公卿に列し荘園領主の家政機関たる政所開設の権を得たことで、いわば統治機構としての合法性を帯びるようになり、さらに1183年の寿永二年十月宣旨、文治の勅許、征夷大将軍の宣下がなされた。
- Yoritomo was subsequently was appointed to kenkan (powerful post, official) Chief of the Councilor of State, Ukone no daisho (the chief of Ukonoefu, the guarding section) and obtained the right to open a Mandokoro (Administrative Board), domestic governing institution of lords of the manor, with Kugyo (the top court officials), and thus came to have the legitimacy of governing system and furthermore Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (the imperial decree issued to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in October, 1183), the Bunji imperial sanction in 1185, and seii taishogun were declared.
- これは、先に徳川・北条間で結ばれた和議の条件に、信濃は徳川が、上野は北条がそれぞれ支配するという内容が盛り込まれていたことによるが、信濃の他に上野の沼田市にも領地を持つ昌幸が、自領が失われることを恐れたためといわれている。
- This was because the conditions of the pacification between Tokugawa and Hojo included an article that Tokugawa should rule Shinano and Hojo should rule Kozuke, and it is also said to be because Masayuki--who had territories in Numata City, in Kozuke, in addition to Shinano--was afraid of losing his own territory there.
- 特に財産関係の目録は所領などの相論が発生した場合には、文書の存在の有無が判断の最大の決め手になったことから、こうした目録や公験、絵図その他の文書をまとめて保管し、かつ文書目録(具書目録・重書目録)を作成して万が一に備えた。
- As the existence of documents was crucial when disputes occurred concerning territory and belongings, lists of assets, official certificates (kugen) and drawings were kept together with a catalogue of documents (ex. a catalogue of documentary evidences for a judical decision or real estate deeds of transfer).
- こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
- While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.
- また、大日本帝国時代には台湾と朝鮮半島を領有し、さらにアジアや南洋の各地に進出して分布域を広げ、その地域に一定の社会基盤を築いていったが、太平洋戦争(大東亜戦争)が終結した時、日本の主権が失われたため日本本土へ帰っていった。
- In the Imperial Japanese period, they occupied Taiwan and the Korean Peninsula, moving into the countries of Asia and the South Seas, expanding their range of distribution and establishing a standardized social foundation; however, they returned to Japan's mainland as Japan's sovereign power was lost when the Pacific War (The Greater East Asian War) ended.
- しかし、租税納入を怠った、あるいは規定額を達成できなかった受領は、受領功過定(ずりょうこうかさだめ)と呼ばれる人事評定によって厳しい審査・処分を受けていたのであり、受領を巨富が得られる官職と理解することに疑義も出されている。
- However, some people assert that the position of zuryo should not be understood as such a profitable one because they were also subject to severe penalty, according to the result of personnel evaluation called zuryo koka sadame, if they failed to pay taxes or failed to achieve a pre-determined amount.
- 刈田狼藉紛争とは、国内の武士・荘官などの間に起こった所領紛争に他ならず、刈田狼藉検断権を獲得したことによって、守護は国内の武士・荘官へ大きな影響を及ぼすことが可能となり、以後、室町期守護は国内武士・荘官の被官化を進めていった。
- Karita-rozeki disputes were just territory-related disputes occurring among warriors or shokan in a state; after shugo acquired the karita-rozeki related kendan power, they were able to have significant influence on warriors and shokan of the state, and afterward, shugo in the Muromachi period worked hard to vassalize warriors and shokan of the state.
- また、マルクス主義の立場をとる研究者からも、在地の地主に裁判権などの権力が備わっておらず、それらが国家権力の手に集中されており、封建制の重要な内容である領主権力が存在しないため、中国史における封建制概念を否定する見解が出された。
- Even some Marxist scholars denied the concept of the Hoken system in Chinese history based on the fact that local land lords had no powers such as jurisdiction, and those powers were controlled by the state and there was no seniority that was an important aspect of the Hoken system.
- 民主と自由の思想による民族自決が世界の潮流となり、1918年1月にアメリカ合衆国大統領ウッドロウ・ウィルソンが提唱する民族自決の原則と、ウラジーミル・レーニンの提唱した植民地革命論は世界の植民地に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- Self-determination based upon democracy and freedom became a mainstream of the world, and the principle of self-determination advocated by Woodrow Wilson and the colonial revolutionism by Vladimir Lenin had a great influence on colonies in the world.
- しかし、日本海軍の積極的な姿勢と占領した膠州湾租借地と南洋諸島の利権確保のため、1917年2月7日から順次日本海軍第一特務艦隊をインド洋、喜望峰方面、第二特務艦隊を地中海、第三特務艦隊を南太平洋、オーストラリア東岸方面へ派遣した。
- However, encouraged by the aggressive attitude of Imperial Japanese Navy and in order to secure rights and interests in the territories under Japanese occupation: the leased territory of Jiaozhou and the South Sea Islands, it dispatched successively, since February 7, 1917, the first special duty fleet of Imperial Japanese Navy to the area around Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, the second special duty fleet to the Mediterranean, and the third special duty fleet to the area around the South Pacific Ocean and the east coast of Australia.
- この条約において、日本は、満州南部の鉄道及び領地の租借権、大韓帝国に対する排他的指導権などを獲得したものの、戦争中に軍事費として投じてきた国家予算の約4倍にあたる20億円を埋め合わせるはずの戦争賠償金は取得することができなかった。
- Although it acquired the railway and lease for the territory in South Manchuria and exclusive authority over the Korean Empire, Japan failed to obtain the war reparation it had counted on to cover its war-time military expenditures of 2 billion yen, equivalent of four times its national budget.
- 下地中分(したじちゅうぶん)とは、日本の中世日本に使用された用語で、荘園公領制下の重層的に入り組んだ支配・権利関係の中で、それぞれの主体が一元的に土地を支配すること(一円知行)を目的にして行われた、土地の分割を指し示す用語である。
- Shitaji chubun is a term which was used in medieval Japan and it means the division of the land implemented, under the situation where the ruling system of or rights to the land were entangled in a multi-layered way under shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), with the aim of achieving the unified land ruling system (Ichien chigyo).
- 一定の成功を収めた例としては、パラグアイのカルロス・アントニオ・ロペス大統領による改革、タイ王国のチャクリー改革、トルコのケマル・アタテュルクによるアタテュルク主義、エジプトのエジプト革命、メキシコのベニート・フアレスが挙げられる。
- The examples of successful reforms are as follows: the Reform of Carlos Antonio López in Paraguay; the Reform of Chakri Dynasty in Kingdom of Thailand; the Reform of Kemal Ataturk in Turkey; the Egypt Revolution of 1919; and the Reform of Benito Juárez in Mexico.
- 能勢氏は摂津源氏の流れを汲む一族で、源頼光の玄孫・源国基を祖とするが、多田源氏の惣領であった源頼盛の三男・能瀬高頼の後裔であるともいう(『尊卑分脈』の記述によると国基の後裔は田尻、高頼の後裔は倉垣を本拠としていたものと推察される)。
- The Nose clan follows Settsu Genji having MINAMOTO no Kunimoto, a great-great-grandson of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu as their ancestor, while they are said to have been the descendant of Takayori NOSE, the third son of MINAMOTO no Yorimori, the successor of Tada-Genji (according to the description from 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' Kunimoto's descendants were based in Tajiri and Takayori's were in Kuragaki).
- 日中戦争の端緒となった盧溝橋事件において「なぜ日本が中国の領域深くまで当然のように兵を置いていたのか」という疑問を聞くことがあるが、これは日本からすれば北京議定書に基づく権利の行使により、日本を含む8ヶ国の列強が各地に駐兵していた。
- In the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, which triggered the Sino-Japanese war, a question 'why Japan stationed a troop for granted in such a deep place of China' is sometimes heard: That was only because Japan used its rights based on the Peking Protocol in the same way other seven Powers posted troops in various places.
- バブル崩壊後、平成時代に入ってからは、小売酒販店として酒屋本来の領分である「酒の専門店」として生き残りを図り、販売する品目を限定するかわりに、商品に関する情報を蓄えることで付加価値をつけ、健全な成長を続けている酒屋が各地に存在する。
- Entering the Heisei period (1989 and later) after the bubble economy busted, many retail sake shops still exist in various areas that have continued healthy growth through the following efforts: Trying to survive as 'a shop specialized in liquor' that is the essential function of sakaya as a retail sake shop, and limiting the products to be sold but adding values to the products through accumulating information about the products.
- また、『鉄炮記』に「五峰」と記されている人物は、日本の平戸市や五島列島を拠点に活動していた倭寇の頭領である王直の号と同じであり、またポルトガル史料にはジャンク (船)であったと記されていることなどから同一人物であるとも考えられている。
- The man called 'Goho' in 'Teppoki' is considered to be the same person as Ochoku who was the leader of wako based on today's Hirado City and the Goto Islands, because Goho coincides with the byname of Ochoku and the record in Portugal shows the ship was a junk one.
- 清朝における孫文の辛亥革命、オスマン帝国における青年トルコ革命、カージャール朝におけるイラン立憲革命や、仏領インドシナにおけるファン・ボイ・チャウの東遊運動、インド帝国におけるインド国民会議国民会議カルカッタ大会等に影響を与えている。
- It influenced the Sun Yatsen's Xinhai Revolution, the Young Turks Revolution in the Ottoman Empire, the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, Phan Boii Chau's Dong Du Movement (Look-Japan Movement) in French Indochina, and the Indian National Congress's Calcutta Conference.
- 日本軍に大きく後れを取った李氏朝鮮であったが、釜山を基点として支配領域を広げていた日本軍後方部隊のうち、海岸移動を行っていた船団に対して李舜臣率いる朝鮮水軍が4月と5月の二回の出撃で積極的に攻撃を加え、備えのない日本船団は被害を受けた。
- Although Yi Dynasty Korea had been beaten by the Japanese army, the Korean navy headed by Yi Sun-sin attacked, twice in May and June, actively fleet of ships that had been moving along the coast among troops at the rear of the Japanese army that had been expanding the area under its control based at Busan, and the Japanese fleet of ships that had not prepared for the damages suffered.
- そうした中で、武士は所領の知行権などをめぐる訴訟(所務沙汰)において幕府による裁定が下された後も、当時の社会で容認されていた自力救済慣行を背景として、必ずしも幕府裁定に従わず、自らの実力を行使して所領知行権を確保しようとする傾向があった。
- On the other hand, there was a tendency that samurai, even after the bakufu judged in the lawsuit over the right of fief, which was called shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues), not necessarily followed the bakufu's judgment but tried to keep their right to manage the territory using their force with the aid of the customary practice of self-help which had been approved in the society at that time.
- その後、その子・今川義元は、天文_(日本)22年(1552年)の分国法「今川仮名目録追加」において現在の今川領国の秩序維持を行っているのは足利将軍家ではなく今川氏そのものであることを理由に、幕府権力による守護使不入地を全面否定したのである。
- Thereafter, his son Yoshimoto IMAGAWA completely denied the shugoshi funyuchi specified by the bakufu authority in his bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) 'Imagawa Kana Mokuroku Tsuika' (expanding on house rules left by Ujichika), published in 1552, on the ground that those who maintain order in the present Imagawa territory are not the Ashikaga shogun family, but the Imagawa clan itself.
- 土地には耕作権を意味する「作職」、年貢徴収請負権の「名主」、荘園領主への年貢納入を請け負う「地頭職」などが重層に存在し、さらに国衙や守護職が令制国単位で影響力を及ぼしていたため、武士の主従関係も一対一の単純なものであるとは限られていなかった。
- There was a multilayered structure of rights claimed for a land including 'saku-shiki' which meant the right of cultivation, 'myoshu' which referred to the right to collect land taxes, and 'jito-shiki' which was responsible for paying out land taxes to the lord of the manor; besides, as the provincial government office and the military governor possessed influence on each province, master-servant relationships among samurai were not necessarily a simple one-to-one relationship.
- しかし髙橋昌明が「ここでは中心的な問題ではない」というその「ここ」、つまり「武士職能の発生論」ではなくて、「武士」という存在全体、髙橋昌明がいうところの「存在の真の根拠」を理解しようとするときには、在地領主としての存在も無視する訳にはいかない。
- However, the existence of estate owners cannot be ignored in order to understand 'bushi' existence and 'the real origin of existence' mentioned by Masaaki TAKAHASHI, but excluding 'the theory of origin of bushi performance' that he pointed out in 'this' is not a central problem.'
- その後、織田氏の家督は信長の嫡孫・織田秀信が継いだが、秀信は豊臣秀吉の傀儡にすぎず、また清洲会議により、信長の旧領はことごとく織田家臣団によって分割相続されたため、織田政権、というより織田氏自体が、政権から単なる一大名に転落してしまったのである。
- After which, Hidenobu ODA, the legitimate grandson of Nobunaga, took over as head of the family, but he was just a puppet of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and due to the results of the Kiyosu conference, Nobunaga's former territories were all divided and succeeded by his vassals, so the Oda clan itself fell from power and was reduced to the status of an ordinary daimyo.
- これは、17世紀末には江戸十組問屋という10の同業者組合ができ、中でも酒、味噌、醤油を扱う「酒店組」には、徳川家康が三河を領していた小大名だったころから松平家に出入りしていた(あるいは、そのように自称する)三河出身者が多くまた繁盛したことによる。
- This is due to the following reason: Towards the end of the 17th century, ten guilds called Edo tokumidonya, each for a different kind of business, were established, and in particular, many merchants from the Mikawa Province, who had supplied goods to the Matsudaira family since the era when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was the daimyo (feudal lord) of the small Mikawa Province (or who said they were such persons), belonged to the 'sake store guild,' which handled sake, miso (fermented soybean paste) and soy sauce, and were prosperous.
- その後、摂関家の分立に伴ってこうした家領は渡領(殿下渡領)として摂関・藤氏長者の地位とともに移動し、院政期以後に摂関家の財産となった所領・荘園は近衛家・九条家などに分割され、後に5つに分立したそれぞれの摂関家固有の家領として確立されることになった。
- Thereafter, as the Sekkan-ke were divided, the aforementioned keryo were transferred as watariryo (land transferred from lord to lord) (also known as denka watariryo), with the rank of sekkan and the chieftain of the Fujiwara clan; the shoryo and shoen which were added to the estate of the Sekkan-ke after the insei (period of rule by a cloistered emperor) was divided among the Konoe family, the Kujo family, and the like; and later, they were established as the keryo inherent to respective five branched Sekkan-ke.
- しかし国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は、自領のように扱いはじめた国衙領を増やすため、天皇の代替わりに際して「新政」として発布された荘園整理令を根拠とし依然として収公を進めることが多く、領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースが多く見られた。
- Meanwhile, being granted a more powerful authority due to the contract system of kokushi (provincial governors), kokushi often executed confiscation on grounds of the Manor Regulation Act issued as a 'new policy' when the Emperor changed in order to increase kokugaryo (territories governed by the provincial government office) as their own territories; therefore, there were many cases that the authority of ryoke was insufficient to maintain Shoen ownership.
- 1609年(慶長14年)には前スペイン領フィリピンの総督ドン・ロドリゴがヌエバ・エスパーニャ(現在のメキシコ日本との関係)への帰任に際し海難で上総国岩和田村(現御宿町)に漂着し、1611年(慶長16年)にはセバスティアン・ビスカイノが答礼使として来日した。
- In 1609, Don Rodorigo, the Viceroy of the Philippines, a previous Spanish territory, had an accident at sea on his way back to his post in Nueva Espana and drifted down to Iwada Village, Kazusa Province (presently, Onjuku-machi), and in 1611, Sebastian VIZCAINO paid a visit to Japan as toreishi (errand to return a call or visit).
- 小野篁の後裔といわれているが、安田元久は諸系図の精査や世代間の年数の計算、当時の国司の任命状況から見て後世の作為で、実際は在地の開発領主の末裔であろうと推測し、太田亮の『姓氏家系辞典』での所見である武蔵国造の末裔ではないかという見解を消極的に支持している。
- It is generally believed that the party were descendants of ONO no Takamura; however, Motohisa YASUDA carefully examined family trees, and calculated the number of years among generations, and studied appointments of kokushi (provincial governors) at that time, and consequently thought that this was contrived by later generations, and the party were actually descendants of kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land), and passively supported a view that the party may have been descendants of Musashinokuni-no-MIYATSUKO, which is a view found in the 'Seishi Kakei Jiten' (Dictionary of Family Names and Lineages in Japan) by Akira OTA.
- 院政期に至ると庶流の源国房(明国の叔父)の系統や源仲政(明国の弟)の系統が北面武士などとして院に伺候したが、摂関家領である多田荘を継承した明国の系統は多田行綱(明国の曾孫)の代に至るまで院北面とはなっておらず、代々摂関家の私的武力としての性格を持ち続けた。
- In the cloistered government period, collateral lines such as MINAMOTO no Kunifusa (Akikuni's uncle) and MINAMOTO no Nakamasa (Akikuni's younger brother) served as the cloistered emperor's army while the line of Akikuni who inherited Tada Manors, the estates owned by the regent family, did not join the cloistered emperor's army and continued to be a private army for the regent family through the generation of Tada Yukitsuna (a grand-grand son of Akikuni).
- その後イギリス総領事のオールコックは著書『大君の都』の中で日本の本位貨幣である天保小判が金貨4ドル分の金を含有し、一分銀には素材価値以上の価値が設定されていたことにより金貨流出につながったことを認めているが、それは小判の大量流出が起こった後のことであった。
- Later, an English consul general ALCOCK, in his book 'Okimi no Miyako' (the capital of the tycoon), admitted that gold coins were poured out of Japan because a value higher than that of raw materials was attached to ichibu-gin silver coins while Tenpo koban, Japanese standard coins, contained the same amount of gold as gold coins worth four dollars, but it was after the massive outpouring of koban.
- 特に断りが無い場合には1497年以後メキシコ(当初はスペイン領)を中心とする、スペイン系の中南米諸国で鋳造されて国際決済で長く用いられてきたSpanish dollar (メキシコドル/メキシコ銀)といわれる、量目420グレーンの8レアル銀貨を指す場合が多い。
- In most cases unless otherwise specified, Yogin refers to the so-called Spanish dollar, 8 real silver coin of 420 grains of weight, which was coined in Mexico (then-Spanish colony) and other Central and South American countries of Spanish origins and had long been used in international settlement since 1497.
- 講和内容は豊臣家側の条件として、本丸を残して二の丸、三の丸を破壊し、外堀を埋める事、淀殿を人質としない替わりに大野治長、織田有楽斎より人質を出す事が提出され、これに対し徳川家が、秀頼の身の安全と本領の安堵、城中諸士についての不問を約すことで、和議は成立している。
- The establlished compromise included the following contents; the Toyotomi side should destroy Ninomau (the second bailey) and Sannomaru (the third bailey), leave Honmaru as it was, fill up the outer moat of the castle and, instead of Yodo-dono, Harunaga ONO and Urakusai ODA should offer hostages: the Tokugawa side should guarantee the safety of Hideyori and approval of his main domain and overlook soldiers in the castle.
- 1868年(慶応4年)、丹後国、丹波国、但馬国、播磨国、美作国5ヶ国の久美浜代官所、生野奉行支配地および但馬、丹波の旗本領は久美浜県となっていたが、生野代官所支配地を中心に分離運動が高まり、但馬(一部除く)、播磨、美作3カ国の地域が生野県として分離され、成立した。
- In 1868, places dominated by Kumihama or Ikuno magistrate's office in the five provinces of Tango, Tanba, Tajima, Harima and Mimasaka, and the Hatamoto domain in Tajima and Tanba were already consolidated into Kumihama Prefecture, but as separatist movements grew in places dominated by Ikuno magistrate's office, Tajima (except a part of it), Harima, and Mimasaka areas were separated and consolidated into Ikuno Prefecture.
- 薩長や岩倉らが実権を掌握するためには、武力蜂起により親徳川派中心の摂政・関白その他従来の役職を廃止して天皇親政の新体制を樹立し、慶喜には辞官・納地(旧幕府領の返上)を求めて新政権の中心となることを阻止することが必要となり、王政復古 (日本)へ向かっていくことになった。
- In order for Saccho and Iwakura group to obtain real power, it was necessary for them, through military uprising, to abolish regent, chancellor and other conventional posts mainly taken up by pro-Tokugawa people, to establish a new system to realize direct rule by the emperor, and to inhibit Yoshinobu from being the core of the new government by asking him to surrender the post and domains (former terriroty of the bakufu) to the Imperial Court, and this situation led to the movement of the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- 本来、守護には大犯三箇条の義務遂行のため、本人あるいはその代理である役人・使者の国内の公領・荘園への立ち入る権利が認められていたが、鎌倉幕府は国司や領家・本所(権門)との対立を回避するために、国司や領家・本所が守護による干渉を受けない特例地域を設ける事を承認していた。
- Originally not only a shugo but also his officials and emissaries acting as his agents had been empowered to enter domestic koryo and shoen to perform their duties of Taibon Sankajo (three major tasks of peacekeeping), but the Kamakura bakufu agreed to provide special areas in which a kokushi (regional lord), ryoke (lord of the manor), honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor), or kenmon (an influential family) were not interfered with by shugo, in order to avoid a confrontation with them.
- 中世において成立した収取体制においては、雑役系の公事・夫役は名田を収取単位として租税の賦課が行われていたが、名田が十分に確立されていない地域や供御人・神人など荘園・公領の支配体系に属しない人々(主に非農業民)から公事・夫役を収取するために在家を単位として賦課したのである。
- Under the tax collection system established in the Medieval period taxes relating to public duties and labor services, which were kinds of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks), were assessed for myoden (rice field lots) as a collection unit; on the other hand, taxes relating to public duties and labor services were collected in regions where myoden had not sufficiently established or from people who did not belong to the ruling system of shoen (manor) and koryo (mainly non-cultivators) (mostly non-farmer), such as kugonin (groups of producer-merchants) or jinin (shrine dependents) by assessing for zaike as a collection unit.
- これに対し、満仲の嫡流である頼光・頼国が所領を有さなかったとは考え難く、またこの時代は摂関政治の確立により武力を要する政変などが無くなっていたことなども踏まえ、多田庄の経営は一族や郎党の者に任せ自身は在京したものであるとの考察もなされているが、現時点では判然としていない。
- On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine that Yorimitsu and Yorikuni, the main line of Mitsunaka, did not inherit Mitsunaka's property while there were no conflicts needing military forces as the regency was established, so it is considered that Yorikuni and Yorimitsu left the management of Tada Manors to their families or retainers and stayed at the capital, but it is still controversial.
- 一般に、江戸時代を通じて転封が少なく、所領も分散していない外様の大藩は、表高が太閤検地や江戸時代初期の検地で打ち出した表高そのままで大きな新田開発を行っている場合が多く、もともと後進地域だった奥羽などでは仙台藩62万石の内高約100万石のように表高と内高に大きな差がある。
- Generally, for many taihan (large scale domain) of tozama (outside feudal lord) that experienced few relocation throughout the Edo period and which shoryo was not distributed, omote-daka was still the same amount as calculated by Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey) or land survey in the early Edo period, despite that large scale of development of new field had been conducted, and as a result, some areas like Ou, where originally was underdeveloped area, there was a big difference between omote-daka and uchi-daka, for example, the Sendai Domain's omote-daka was 620 thousands koku crop yield while its uchi-daka was one million koku.
- 日本民族への教化政策であると同時に、版図内の諸民族(朝鮮人、台湾人、南洋群島島民など外地の住民や大東亜戦争時の占領地である東南アジアの先住諸民族、また稀にアイヌや琉球人など内地に住むものもこの範疇にいれる場合がある)に対して行われた強制的な同化政策・教化政策とも言われている。
- It is said to be an edification policy for the Japanese race as well as a mandatory assimilationism and edification policy for peoples within the territories as shown in the figure (residents in foreign parts such as Koreans, Taiwanese, and the South Sea Islands residents as well as aboriginal people in South East Asia who lived in territories during the Greater East Asian War, and in rare cases, the Ainu tribe and Ryukyu [currently known as Okinawa], who lived within Japan).
- 『日本書紀』の667年には、唐の百済鎮将劉仁願が、熊津都督府(唐が百済を占領後に置いた5都督府のひとつ)の役人に命じて、日本側の捕虜を筑紫都督府に送ってきたという記載がある(「十一月丁巳朔乙丑 百濟鎭將劉仁願遣熊津都督府熊山縣令上柱國司馬法聰等 送大山下境部連石積等於筑紫都督府」)。
- It is written in 'The Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) that in 667, Ryujingan, who was the Tang general stationed in Kudara, ordered the Ungjin governor-general capital (one of the 5 governor-general offices created by the Tang Dynasty in Kudara after the occupation) to send the Japanese hostages to the Chikushi governor-general capital.
- この御家人制は平安時代以降の土地制度である荘園公領制に立脚した守護地頭制に由来し、御家人に対して先祖伝来の所領の地頭に任命する本領安堵、また武功に対して新たに地頭に人目し所領を与える新恩給与による御恩を受ける代わりに鎌倉殿の課す軍役や京都大番役、鎌倉番役を課す奉公によって成立している。
- The lower-ranking vassal system originated from the Shugo and Jito system based on shoen koryo sei (system of public lands and private estates) which was the land system after the Heian period, and it consisted of honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate) where gokenin were appointed to Jito of the territory inherited from the ancestor and military service imposed by Kamakura-dono or the service of Kyoto obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) and Kamakura Banyaku (guards of Kamakura), instead of giving a favor by shinon-kyuyo (granting new domains) where Jito was newly given a territory for their deed of valor.
- やがて広大な領土支配のため北部と西部方面の辺境地域を藩部とし南のネパール、ビルマ、シャム、越南(ベトナム)、東の朝鮮及び琉球(なお琉球は日本側とも冊封関係にあった)を冊封して清を中心とする国際秩序をアジアに構築、北辺ではシベリアに進出したロシア帝国との間に条約を締結して国境を漸次確定した。
- The dynasty soon established an international order in Asia with Qing as the center by joining northern and western remote regions as its provinces and had its vassal system with Nepal, Burma, Siam, and Vietnam in the south and Korea and Ryukyu Islands (although ryukyu had also a peerage relationship with Japan) in the east, and temporarily defined its northern border by concluding a treaty with the Russian Empire that had advanced into Siberia.
- 主人の軍事行動に当たり家来が手勢を引き連れ参陣し、又は戦場において軍功を挙げた場合(奉公)、主人はこれに対し、その「参陣」「軍功」が単なる私闘・私戦ではなく正当性のある「公戦」におけるものだと認定し、御恩と奉公御恩したり、新領地を恩賞として与えたり(御恩と奉公御恩)すべきものとされていた。
- When vassals participated in military action initiated by their lord with their own soldiers or showed their military exploits on the battlefield (contributing service), the lords were in return required to recognize 'participation' and 'military exploits' of the vassals not for their own private battle or war but for a legitimate 'official battle' in order that they be granted favor and compensated for their service, or receive new territory as a reward (the granting of favor and compensation for service).
- 1905年(明治38年)9月5日15時47分に、アメリカ合衆国大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトの斡旋によって、アメリカ合衆国ニューハンプシャー州ポーツマス (ニューハンプシャー州)近郊のメイン州にあるポーツマス海軍造船所において、日本全権小村寿太郎とロシア全権セルゲイ・ヴィッテの間で調印された。
- At 15:47 on September 5, 1905, at the Portsmouth navy dock yard in the state of Maine near Portsmouth, New Hampshire, U.S., the treaty was signed between Jutaro KOMURA, the Japanese plenipotentiary, and Sergei Witte, his Russian counterpart, mediated by the President of the United States of America, Theodore Roosevelt.
- ただ、この機に乗じて宣教師に危害を加えたものは処罰すると言い渡しており、強制的にキリスト教への改宗をさせる事は禁止しているが、個人が自分の意思でキリスト教を信仰する事は規制しておらず、一定の領地を持つ大名がキリスト教信者になるのも認可制(秀吉の許可が必要)とされたが、これも禁止されてはいない。
- However, he threatened to punish those seizing the opportunity to harm missionaries and did not prohibit any one from believing Christianity in accordance with one's own will, but prohibited forcing conversion to Christianity, and also a domain lord with a certain amount of domain should submit to the approval system when converting to Christianity (Hideyoshi's permission is required) so, even this is not prohibited.
- なお、敗軍の将である京極高次に対して、家康はあの立花宗茂をよく押さえてくれたということから、関ヶ原後に高次の弟・京極高知を使者として高野山に派遣し、大名としての復帰を許しただけではなく、若狭国一国小浜城9万2000石 (単位)の所領を与えるなど、宗茂を大津城に引き付けたことを大いに賞賛したという。
- On the other hand, Takatsugu KYOGOKU received great praise from Ieyasu for attracting Muneshige TACHIBANA to Otsu-jo Castle and containing him there, so much so that after the Battle of Sekigahara he sent Takatomo KYOGOKU, Takatsugu's younger brother, to Koyasan and not only allowed him to return as a daimyo but also gave him the territories of Obama-jo Castle, comprised of 92,000 koku (unit), in Wakasa Province.
- すなわち「八宗九宗」の中にキリシタンを加えているのも含め、イエズス会を本願寺や金剛峯寺と同様に、信仰の保護と所領の給付と引換に秀吉による政治的支配に服属させる意図があったと考えられており、歴史学者の安野眞幸は「キリスト教のイデオロギーと秀吉政権の統一思想との衝突」が原因ではなかったかと述べている。
- That is, including Christians in the addition of 'eight schools and nine schools,' it was probably intended to place the Society of Jesus under Hideyoshi's political dominance in exchange for protection of faith and grant of a domain as in the case of Hongan-ji Temple and Kongobuji Temple, and Historian Masaki ANNO said that the cause could be 'a conflict between the Christian ideology and the unification concept of the Hideyoshi regime.'
- 光綱の子孫・及川光重は、下総国の結城氏の家臣となって下総に土着、その子孫・及川光房は白河結城氏の家臣となり奥州(福島県)にも所領を得た(喜多方市に「笈川村」という地名あり、あるいはこの頃の及川氏に関係あるやにも思われるが、この地名ができたのは承応年間以後のことでそれ以前は新国(にっくに)といった)。
- Mitsutsuna's offspring Mitsushige OIKAWA became a retainer of the Yuki clan in Shimousa Province and was localized in Shimousa, and Mitsushige's offspring Mitsufusa OIKAWA became a retainer of the Shirakawa Yuki clan and obtained territory in Oshu (Fukushima Prefecture) (there is the place name 'Oikawa village' in Kitakata City, which may suggest that there was a relationship with the Oikawa clan in those days, but the birth of the place name was after the Shoo era and previously it was called Nikkuni).
- 具体的には神国である日本でキリスト教を布教することはふさわしくないということ、領民などを集団で信徒にすることや神社仏閣などの打ちこわしの禁止、宣教師の20日以内の国外退去などと同時に、この法令が南蛮貿易を妨げるものでなく、布教に関係しない外国人商人の渡来に関してはなんら規制を設けないことが示されている。
- Concretely the following is described, that is, it is not appropriate to Christianize Japan, the land of the Shinto gods, it is forbidden to form a group of Christians and believersm, to destroy shrines and temples, and the missionaries should leave Japan within twenty days, and at the same time this edict does not prevent trade with Spain and Portugal and there are no restrictions on foreign merchants who have not come to spread Christianity in Japan.
- 江南軍のほとんどが嘗ての南宋の兵であり、放っておけば社会不安の要因となる彼らを厄介払いする目的もあったと言われる杉山正明の一連の著作、『中国史3』P449など(山川出版社)(それを裏付けるように、モンゴルの司令官たちが乗った船は一隻も沈んでおらず、江南軍に従軍した兵士達の墓も旧南宋の領内では確認されていない)。
- According to a series of books written by Masaaki SUGIYAMA and page 449 of 'Chugokushi 3' (The History of China, Volume 3) (published by Yamakawa Shuppansha) says that a purpose for organizing most of the Southern Yangtze Army with soldiers from the former Southern Sung Dynasty was to get rid of them, and they would cause social anxiety if left alone (in fact, to support this idea, no ship in which Mongol commanders were on board sank, and tombs of the soldiers joined in the Southern Yangtze Army have not been found in the former territory of the Southern Sung Dynasty).
- そもそも、これらの歴史的事件を評価するときに念頭に置いておかなければならないのは、受領層に対して闘争を行った百姓層とは決して受領の収奪にあえぐ零細な農民などではなく、隷属民や私兵を多数擁して地域支配や産業において莫大な利権を持ち、国衙と負名契約を結んでいた、農業など諸産業の大規模経営者であったということである。
- In evaluating these historical events, we should keep in mind that the farmer class refers not to poor farmers suffering from heavy taxes Zuryo collected but to large-scale managers of agriculture and other industries who had vested rights in the local community and industries with many subordinate people and private solders and had a contract with kokuga over fumyo.
- 足助氏はその後も御家人として存続したが、4代目惣領・足助重方とその子・足助親重は官位を有し昇殿をも許されるなど朝廷との繋がりは依然として深く、加えて一族の中には有力御家人安達氏との縁戚がおり、弘安8年(1285年)の霜月騒動で一族の足助重房が連座して滅ぼされたことなどから、次第に鎌倉幕府への不満を強めていくこととなる。
- After that, the Asuke clan survived as a vassal of the shogunate, but its relationship with the Imperial Court was still so close that the fourth head, Shigekata ASUKE, and his son Chikashige ASUKE had been given official rank and allowed to enter the denjo room in the palace; moreover, its dissatisfaction with the Kamakura bakufu increased because of problems such as the Shimotsuki Affair in 1285, in which Shigefusa ASUKE was involved and destroyed because, in the Asuke clan, there were relatives of the powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), Adachi clan.
- しかし、河内源氏の「棟梁の系譜」を考えるならば、石川源氏は河内源氏の本領の石川荘を相続しているとはいえ源義時の末裔でしかなく地方武士団の規模を出ず、細々と先祖伝来の本拠地の領地を守っていただけの石川源氏やその後継の石川氏は河内源氏の流れを汲む地方源氏の一つとは言えても、河内源氏そのものの名に値するのかという反論がある。
- However, taking consideration of the 'lineage of the family leader', Ishikawa-Genji is just a descendant of MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki even though Ishikawawa-Genji inherited Ishikawa manor, the main domain of Kawachi-Genji, and they remained to be a local samurai group, it can be said that the Ishikawa-Genji and its descendant, Ishikawa clan, who protected the inherited main domain on a reduced scale, is one of local Genji descended from Kawachi-Genji, but it is arguable whether it deserves the name of Kawachi-Genji.
- なお「日本の首領」で三船敏郎、佐分利信、片岡千恵蔵が同じ場面で競演した際には、挨拶の順は1)三船(1920生、戦後デビュー)が二人に挨拶し、2)次に佐分利(1909生、1931デビュー)が片岡に「佐分利でございます」と挨拶して3)最後に千恵蔵(1903生、1927デビュー)が「おう」と返事を済ませて大物同士の挨拶が済んだとされる。
- When Toshiro MIFUNE, Shin SABURI, and Chiezo KATAOKA performed together in the same scene of the yakuza film 'Nihon no Don,' they greeted each other in the following fashion: first, Mifune (born in 1920 and who made his debut after the Second World War) said hello deferentially to the two seniors, then Saburi (born in 1909 and debuting in 1931) introduced himself to Kataoka with the words 'I'm Saburi, sir,' and lastly Kataoka (born in 1903 and debuting in 1927) said to the two juniors, 'Hello, guys.'
- すなわち、甲相駿三国同盟が戦略の大前提であった信玄にとって、後北条氏の敵対者であった謙信との対決は必然であり(後に三国同盟を破棄して駿河国へ乱入した信玄は孤立して厳しい戦略状況に陥っている)、謙信にとっても信玄の北信濃領有を易々と許せば、高梨家のみならず本国の越後国自体が危機に陥りかねないことから、両者の衝突は必然であったとするものである。
- In other words, the clash between them was inevitable for the following reasons, according to this view: For Shingen with the tripartite alliance among Kai Province, Sagami Province and Suruga Province as a major premise, it was inevitable to confront Kenshin who was an enemy of the Gohojo clan (later, Shingen stormed Suruga Province, breaking the tripartite alliance, but was isolated and was placed in a serious military situation), and even for Kenshin, not only the Takanashi family but also the Echigo Province constituting his base might have been placed in a dangerous state if he allowed Shingen to take the northern Shinano area easily.
- 第一に、上記に掲げた太閤蔵入地約200万石、第二に、直轄領とした金山・銀山(佐渡国佐渡金山、石見国石見銀山、但馬国生野銀山)から上がる金銀の収益(金銀の収益を背景に、平安時代に発行された皇朝十二銭以来となる国内発行の貨幣(天正大判・天正通宝)を発行)、第三に、商業が発達した都市(大坂、堺、京都、伏見、長崎)を直轄地とすることから上がる収益であった。
- First, by gaining approximately two million koku from the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi; second, by gaining profits of gold and silver from gold and silver mines, which were part of Hideyoshi's directly controlled territories (Sado Gold Mine of Sado Province and Iwami Silver Mine of Iwami Province and Ikuno Silver Mine of Tajima Province) (Hideyoshi issued the new coins, 'Tensho-Oban' and 'Tensho Tsuho' after a long interval since 'Kocho-Junisen' (twelve coins casted in Japan) had been issued in the Heian period; third, gaining profits by directly controlling cities where commerce had developed (Osaka, Sakai, Kyoto, Fushimi and Nagasaki).
- 元寇での戦役や異国警護の負担から没落した無足御家人の借入地や沽却地を無償で取り戻すことが目的と理解されてきたが、現在ではむしろ御家人所領の質入れ、売買の禁止、つまり3ヶ条の(2-a)所領処分権の抑圧が主であり、(2-b)はその前提として失った所領を回復させておくといった二次的な措置であり、それによる幕府の基盤御家人体制の維持に力点があったと理解されている。
- It used to be understood that the purpose of the policy was to repossess, without compensation, the lands sold due to drying up and the lands lent to musoku gokenin (vassal without territory) who got impoverished due to the military campaign at the time of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan and the burden of guarding against the invasion by foreign countries, but it is now understood that the main purpose was rather to prohibit pawnage and trading of shoryo by Gokenin, which means the depression of right to dispose of shoryo as specified in 2-a among the three Articles, and 2-b was a secondary measure to have the lost shoryo returned to Gokenin as the premise of implementing 2-a, all of which seem to put weight on maintaining the Gokenin system which was the foundation of bakufu.
- 清はそれまで広州一港に貿易を限っていたがイギリス(大英帝国)は1840年と1857年のアヘン戦争および第二次アヘン戦争により南京条約(1842年)、天津条約(1858年)および北京条約(1860年)を結び多額の賠償金と香港、九竜半島の割譲、上海など11港の開港と領事裁判権の承認、関税自主権の喪失、片務的最恵国待遇、公使の北京駐在、キリスト教の公認と保護などを清に認めさせた。
- Although the Qing dynasty had allowed foreign trade only at Canton port, Britain (the British Empire) concluded the treaties of Nanjing (in 1482), Tianjin (in 1858), and Beijing (in 1860) after First Opium War and the Second Opium War in 1840 and 1857 to make Qing dynasty pay a large amount of reparations, cede Hong Kong and Kawloon island, open 11 ports including Shanghai, recognize consular jurisdiction, abandon tariff autonomy, grant one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, permit an envoy to stay in Beijing, and officially recognize and protect Christianity.
- これによって一見すると守護大名の領域に治外法権地域が生まれる事になり、室町幕府の支配系統に障害が生じたかのように見られるが、実態はそれとは反対で守護領国制の強化によって守護大名による領国一円支配を阻止してその勢力拡大を抑制するとともに、特権を受けた御家人層は幕府権力への依存を強めてこの権利を維持しようと図り、幕府にとっては守護大名に対抗するための政治的・経済的・軍事的な基盤を支える支持の形成に効果があった。
- Although this could have apparently produced a chigaihoken (extraterritoriality) area in the domains of shugo daimyo and seems to have caused an obstacle in ruling systems of the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, contrary to that, by tightening of the shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo dominates a manor), it prevented shugo daimyo from executing ryogoku ichien shihai (ruling the whole region of the territory) and suppressed expansion of his power, and at the same time, the privileged gokenin class tried to maintain this privilege by increasing dependence on the bakufu powers, which helped the bakufu form support for political, economic, and military bases to confront the shugo daimyo.
- これは、当時の武士(特に御家人)が巻き込まれ易かったのは、地頭として治める荘園における荘園領主である公家との揉め事であり、こうした揉め事から武士を救うには公家法を中心に動いていた当時の法秩序の概要を平易に説いて理解させ、武家社会との調和を図るために御成敗式目は制定されたもので、武家法の体系化や武家法に基づく新秩序形成を目的としたわけではなく、少なくても公家法の存在を前提とし、かつ形式的な模範・素材であったとしている。
- Samurai (especially shogunal retainers) at that time were easily involved in problems with court nobles who were lords of private estates where they (samurai) worked as jito; Goseibai-shikimoku was established in order to save samurai from such problems by making them understand the summary of legal order of the time centered in the kugeho and by working in harmony with the samurai society, therefore the reason was not to systemize the bukeho or to make a new order of law based on the bukeho; the kugeho was said to be still the base and was regarded as a formal model and material.
- 第三條 日本國政府ハ其代表者トシテ韓國皇帝陛下ノ闕下ニ一名ノ韓国統監府(レヂデントゼネラル)ヲ置ク統監ハ專ラ外交ニ關スル事項ヲ管理スル爲京城ニ駐在シ親シク韓國皇帝陛下ニ内謁スルノ權利ヲ有ス日本國政府ハ又韓國ノ各開港場及其他日本國政府ノ必要ト認ムル地ニ理事官(レヂデント)ヲ置クノ權利ヲ有ス理事官ハ統監ノ指揮ノ下ニ從來在韓國日本領事ニ屬シタル一切ノ職權ヲ執行シ並ニ本協約ノ條款ヲ完全ニ實行スル爲必要トスヘキ一切ノ事務ヲ掌理スヘシ
- ARTICLE III. The government of Japan shall be represented at the Court of His Majesty the Emperor of Corea by a Resident General, who shall reside at Seoul, primarily for the purpose of taking charge of and directing matters relating to diplomatic affairs; He shall have the right of private and personal audience of His Majesty the Emperor of Corea; The Japanese Government shall also have the right to station Residents at the several open ports and such other places in Corea as they may deem necessary; Such Residents shall, under the direction of the Resident General, exercise the powers and functions hitherto appertaining to Japanese Consuls in Corea and shall perform such duties as may be necessary in order to carry into full effect the provisions of this Agreement.
- この追放令が出た背景には諸説あり、秀吉が有馬の女性を連れてくるように命令した際にキリシタンであることを理由に住民が拒否し秀吉が激怒したとも、九州征伐に向かった秀吉の目の前で、当時の日本イエズス会準管区長でもあったコエリョがスペイン艦隊が自分の指揮下にあるごとく誇示した事が原因とも、九州の有馬氏や大村氏などのキリシタン大名が寺社仏閣を破壊すると同時に、僧侶にも迫害を加えたり教会へ莫大な寄進を行っていた事が理由とも、また織田信長から継承した旧来の寺社領を解体して統一政権の支配下におく政策をイエズス会領である長崎にも適用しようとしてイエズス会側が従わなかったとも、宣教師の一部が人身売買(日本人を奴隷商品として国外へ売り払う)を行っていた事が原因とも言われている。
- There are various theories about the issuing of this Expelling edict and the cause could be that Hideyoshi was furious at the residents rejecting his order to bring a woman of Arima because she was Christian, that Coelho, Vice-Provincial of the Society of Jesus in Japan at that time boasted as if the Spanish Armada was under his command in front of Hideyoshi during the expedition to Kyusyu, that the Christian feudal lords such as ARIMA and OMURA in Kyushu destroyed shrines and temples as well as persecuted monks and made huge donations to the churches, and that the Society of Jesus did not obey when he tried to apply the policy to Nagasaki, the domain of the Society, they dissolved the old domains of temples and shrines inherited from Nobunaga ODA and place them under a unified regime, and that some of the missionaries conducted human trafficking (selling the Japanese to outside Japan as slaves).