Honyaku Star - Search: 頂点

頂点: 235 Terms and Phrases

頂点
top
summit
vertex
vertex (of curve)
capstone
cima
crest
ne plus ultra
peak
pinnacle
zenith
Vertex (geometry)

頂点色
vertex colour

有頂点
ecstasy

天頂点
zenith

頂点相
acrophase

頂点の
meridian
zenithal

頭頂点
vertex

頂点電流
summit current

頂点法線
vertex normal

頂点電位
summit potential

頂点被覆
Vertex cover

頂点捕食者
apex predator

頂点データ
vertex data

頂点間振幅
peak to peak amplitude

人生の頂点
high point in life

開花の頂点で
at the height of bloom

頂点シェーダ
vertex shader

頂点に到達する
get to the top

彼の野心の頂点
the summit of his ambition

彼の経歴の頂点
the high point of his career

円柱の頂点にある
at top of a column

頂点を乗り越える
surmount with a pinnacle

頂点に位置している
situated at an apex

とがった頂点のあるアーチ
an arch with a pointed apex

ギャップが頂点にあるアーチ
an arch with a gap at the apex

自動車生産は頂点を超えた。
Automobile production has peaked out.

鼻骨の縫合線の端の前面の頂点
the anterior tip at the end of the suture of the nasal bones

共通の頂点からの下方への傾斜
sloping downward away from a common crest

頂点と底面の1点とを結ぶ直線
a straight line joining the apex and a point on the base

頂点または最も高いところにある
situated at the top or highest position

平らな頂点と傾斜した側面を持つ
has a flat top and sloping sides

経済は今景気循環の頂点にある。
The economy is at peak of a business cycle at present.

醪の中の糖分は頂点に達している。
Sugar content in moromi is at its peak.

頂点で成長し続ける能力を持つさま
having a capacity for continuing to grow at the apex

丸い基部と円錐形の頂点を持つブイ
a buoy with a round bottom and conical top

ぼくの家はこの卵の頂点にあった。
my house was at the very tip of the egg

剣先（けんさき）衽の一番上の頂点。
Kensaki: The highest point of the front inside panel.

太陽の頂点から反対の方角のポイント
the point opposite in direction from the solar apex

深夜、馬鹿騒ぎは頂点を極めていた。
By midnight the hilarity had increased.

領域は頂点の幅が分子２、３個分である
the region is a few molecules wide at the summit

剃られた頭の頂点に残された髪の長い束
a long tuft of hair left on top of the shaven head

頂点の両側の内輪にカスプをもつアーチ
a pointed arch having cusps in the intrados on either side of the apex

一つのリーフレットが頂点にある羽状の
pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex

室町文化の流れには、2つの頂点がある。
Muromachi culture had two climaxes in its history.

何かの頂点または極点（通常山または丘）
the top or extreme point of something (usually a mountain or hill)

たまった花粉がメシベに入る花柱の最頂点
the apical end of the style where deposited pollen enters the pistil

ある活動または技能がその頂点にある期間
a time period when some activity or skill was at its peak

他の辺や頂点が拡張された辺でない多角形
a polygon such that no side extended cuts any other side or vertex

（葉の形について）頂点が丸くなっている
(of a leaf shape) rounded at the apex

頂点であるかのようにまたは頂点に上がる
raise on or as if on a pinnacle

そのときの、裾の左右の頂点を褄先という。
Tsumasaki are the tips of the right-hand Maemigoro and the left-hand Maemigoro that can be seen in the above situation.

彼は会社の頂点への出世コースに早く乗った
he took a fast track to the top of the corporate ladder

彼らの業績は開発の世紀の頂点に立つものだ
their achievements stand as a culmination of centuries of development

完全にまっすぐな胚珠で、頂点に珠孔を持つ
a completely straight ovule with the micropyle at the apex

頂点に面している、頂点の向かっている側の
facing or on the side toward the apex

万葉集を一種の頂点とするのでこう呼ばれる。
They were used most in Manyoshu, and therefore called like this.

とがった頂点に向かって狭く先細りになること
narrow and tapering to a pointed apex

このような動きは聖武天皇の時に頂点に達した。
Such movements reached a peak during the reign of Emperor Shomu.

木の頂点または上部を形成する葉の多い枝の調整
an arrangement of leafy branches forming the top or head of a tree

隣り合っていない多角形に2つの頂点を結ぶ直線
a straight line connecting any two vertices of a polygon that are not adjacent

頂点から底面まで連続して発達する、開いている
developing or opening in succession from apex to base

横桁と三弦トラスの頂点を接続している三角の柱
post connecting the crossbeam to the apex of a triangular truss

流行の頂点は文化 (日本)、文政ころであった。
The peak of its popularity was around the Bunka and Bunsei era.

成長、発達、または展開すると考えられる事の頂点
the highest point of anything conceived of as growing or developing or unfolding

下あごの頂点においていづれかの側の頭骨計測の点
the craniometric point on either side at the apex of the lower jaw

頂点を提供するまたは頂点（構造の）を完成させる
provide with a top or finish the top (of a structure)

さらに、六角形の頂点から金紙などの飾りをつける。
In addition, decorations, such as a golden paper, are attached to the base of the hexagonal pyramid.

明清時代が製墨の頂点といわれ、以後悪化をたどる。
It is said that the ink sticks produced during Ming and Qing period have the highest quality, and the quality deteriorated gradually afterwards.

波形の振幅を制限する（波形の頂点を削り取る）回路
used to limit the instantaneous amplitude of a waveform (to clip off the peaks of a waveform)

黄金時代と頂点に到達したレバノンと北東シリアの杉
cedar of Lebanon and northwestern Syria that attains great age and height

通常、頂点に継ぎ目を有する（かなめ石の代わりに）
usually has a joint (instead of a keystone) at the apex

頂点にある、あるいは、頂点または最高点を構成する
be at the top of or constitute the top or highest point

小笠原氏との対立は子の満範の代になって頂点に達する。
Conflicts with Ogasawara clan reached its peak at the generation of his son, Mitsunori.

頂点がすべて平行な二つの平面の一方か他方にある多面体
a polyhedron whose vertices all lie in one or the other of two parallel planes

品質も非常に優れた墨が作られ、造墨の最頂点といわれる。
The quality of the ink sticks in those days was excellent, and this period is called the peak of making ink sticks.

（葉の形について）幅のある丸い頂点と先細りの根元を持つ
(of a leaf shape) having a broad rounded apex and a tapering base

多角形の底面と同一の頂点で交わる三角形の面をもつ多面体
a polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular sides with a common vertex

・・・名声の頂点へ勢いよく登り詰めた−アインシュタイン
...catapulted Einstein to the pinnacle of fame

（葉の形について）一対のリーフレットが頂点にあって羽状の
(of a leaf shape) pinnate with a pair of leaflets at the apex

ある頂点で交差する3つまたはそれ以上の平面で囲まれた空間
the space enclosed by three or more planes that intersect in a vertex

奇兵隊は総督を頂点に、銃隊や砲隊などが体系的に組織された。
Kiheitai Army placed the governor-general on the top of the organization and systematically organized musket unit and cannon unit.

ただし頂点付近は傷みが激しいので定期的な補修が必要である。
However, periodic repair is required around the top area because there is more damage to the thatch.

ピラミッド形の頂点に向って方形の断面が先細になっている石柱
a stone pillar having a rectangular cross section tapering towards a pyramidal top

アメリカの小説家がその頂点に達する典型的な歳は30歳である
the modal age at which American novelists reach their peak is 30

行政面では「職」と呼ばれる役職を頂点にした機関が存在した。
Among administrative organizations, an organization governed by the post called `Shiki' (agency) existed.

墓石の頂点を烏帽子に見立て、尖らせる等の外観上の違いもある。
There are differences in appearances among graves, for instance, the peak of some gravestones are sharpened by likening the peak to an Eboshi (formal headwear for court nobles).

渦巻き状の枝の頂点に単独で生まれる分生子を持つ不完全な菌の属
genus of imperfect fungi having conidia borne singly at the apex of whorled branchlets

共有点（頂点）で交差する3つ、あるいはそれ以上の平面のなす角
an angle formed by three or more planes intersecting at a common point (the vertex)

『風信帖』はその完成された書風の一頂点を示すものとして名高い。
'Fushinjo' is famous since it shows one aspect of his flawless writing style.

ちなみに「有頂天」とは二十五有の頂点にある天上界のことである。
Incidentally, 'Uchoten' means the heaven on the top of Twenty-five forms of existence.

頂点に向かって指している歯をもつのこぎりのように刻み目を付ける
notched like a saw with teeth pointing toward the apex

頂点から内側へ曲がり、底点で交わっている丸みある両辺の平面図形
a plane figure with rounded sides curving inward at the top and intersecting at the bottom

この対立は平治元年（1159年）に頂点に達し平治の乱が勃発する。
This antagonism reached it's peak and the Heiji War occurred in 1159.

（植物の胚珠について）頂点における珠孔をもって完全に真直ぐである
(of a plant ovule) completely straight with the micropyle at the apex

その人の経歴の頂点であるか、歴史的意義または重要性の頂点に達する
be at the high point in one's career or reach a high point in historical significance or importance

それに秋田城司による年来の苛政が重なり、夷俘の不満は頂点に達した。
In addition to this disaster, years of misrule by the lord of Akita-jo Castle had brought the Ifu's frustration to the boiling point.

701年には両人の死によって右大臣として2年間太政官の頂点に立った。
After both TAJIHI no Shima and OTOMO no Miyuki died in 701, ABE no Miushi had dominated Daijokan as Udaijin for two years.

吉備津神社 -- 備中国の吉備津神社を頂点とする吉備津彦信仰の総本社
Kibitsu-jinja Shrine: grand head shrine for followers of Kibitsuhiko, headed by Kibitsu-jinja Shrine in Bicchu Province

2つの頂点の間を緩やかに傾斜する、道や尾根（鞍のような形をしている）
a pass or ridge that slopes gently between two peaks (is shaped like a saddle)

水平の梁（または板）で、船の垂直な竜骨の頂点、または内竜骨につながる
a horizontal beam (or plate) connected to the top of a ship's vertical keel or to the keelson

その一つの頂点が壬午事変（1882年）・甲申事変（1884年）である。
A peak of this was the Imo Incident (1882) and the Gapsin Coup (1884).

これらの「家」の頂点に君臨したのが、天皇を家業とする「天皇家」である。
Of these, 'the Emperor clan' topped the rest of these 'clans,' and referred to the position of emperor as a family business.

観察者に面している時、頂点が上向きの左巻きの腹足類貝は左側に口を有する
a sinistral gastropod shell with the apex upward has its opening on the left when facing the observer

（葉の形について）厳密に三角形で、頂点でより広く、基礎の方へ先細になる
(of a leaf shape) narrowly triangular, wider at the apex and tapering toward the base

節度使や観察使などを頂点とし、地方を強力に統治し、半独立の様相を呈した。
With setsudoshi (jiedushi, military governor) and kansatsushi (guanchashi, governor) at the top, the organization had a powerful reign over the provinces with semi-autonomous characteristics.

1つの五角形と囲っているもう1つの五角形との頂点の間の5つの直線が形作る
formed by 5 straight lines between the vertices of a pentagon and enclosing another pentagon

これにより、天皇を頂点とした、貴族・官僚による中央集権支配体制が完成した。
As a result of the completion of the Taiho Code the centralization of the government system by aristocrats and bureaucrats with the Japanese emperor as the top was accomplished.

円錐や角錐を底面に対し平行な面で切り、頂点の部分を取り外したときに残る部分
the part that is left when a cone or pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to the base and the apical part is removed

先端が頂点になっている、三角形の、または大文字のデルタ記号を連想させるさま
triangular or suggesting a capital delta, with a point at the apex

短く狭い黄色の射出形をした頭花が頂点にある毛の多い茎をもつ短い束になった植物
low tufted plant having hairy stems each topped by a flower head with short narrow yellow rays

幾何学的図形の底辺から逆の頂点（または、平行であるならば側面）までの垂直距離
the perpendicular distance from the base of a geometric figure to the opposite vertex (or side if parallel)

幕府が「将軍を頂点とする中央政府」を意味するようになったのは江戸時代中頃から。
Bakufu started to mean 'the feudal government headed by a shogun' from around the mid-Edo period.

観察者に面している時、頂点が上向きの右側の腹足類動物シェルは右側の開口部がある
a dextral gastropod shell with the apex upward has its opening on the right when facing the observer

一方で宗教的、儀礼的な秩序においては頂点に位置され、伝統的権威は保ち続けていた。
On the other hand, it ranked at the top of the religious and ceremonial hierarchy and maintained traditional authority.

多彩な色の花の頂点が平らな密生した房のために広く栽培されているユーラシアのピンク
Eurasian pink widely cultivated for its flat-topped dense clusters of varicolored flowers

それはベルリンの壁にも喩えられる人種差別の壁の建設計画によって頂点に達しました。
This reached its apex with the project of building the wall of racial discrimination, called also the Berlin Wall,

開化派の狙いは、日本と同じように国王を頂点とする近代立憲君主制国家の樹立であった。
The aim of the Progressive Party was to establish a modern constitutional monarchy with the king at the top as Japan was.

的串の長さは3尺5寸ほどで、的をはさみ、頂点を上下に（いわゆるダイヤ型に）たてる。
A matogushi (a pole on which a target is hung) is three shaku five sun long, and two matogushi are placed to hold a target with its two corners, one facing up and one down (in a diamond shape.)

この作風は、小市民の生活をユーモラスに描いた『マダムと女房』において頂点に達する。
This style peaked in 'Madamu to Nyobo' (Madame and the Courtesan) which humorously depicted lifestyle of the lower middle class.

私たちの惑星の上では理性を頂点とするこの神秘的な力の成長の原理は何なのでしょうか。
What is the principle of growth of that mysterious power which on our planet culminates in Reason?

@detailmenu が最初のノード以前に現れました。`頂点' ノードを作ります
@detailmenu seen before first node, creating `Top' node

このように、かつての海賊衆たちは豊臣氏を頂点とした大名権力の水軍に再編を強制された。
As these facts indicate, the former kaizoku shu were forced to organize themselves into suigun under daimyo's power, whose top was the Toyotomi clan.

体に巻かれ、何かの頂点に取り付けられる二重のロープを用いてほとんど垂直面に降下する人
a person who descends down a nearly vertical face by using a doubled rope that is wrapped around the body and attached to some high point

飛鳥文化（あすかぶんか）は、推古天皇を頂点として大和国を中心に華開いた仏教文化である。
Asuka Culture was a Buddhist culture that flourished mainly in Yamato Province under Empress Suiko.

摂家（せっけ）とは、鎌倉時代に成立した藤原氏嫡流で公家の家格の頂点に立った5家のこと。
The Sekke consisted of five families that the main branch of the Fujiwara Family clan had established during the Kamakura era, whereby it achieved the top rank of court nobility kakaku (family status).

家康が礎を築いた徳川将軍家を頂点とする江戸幕府の支配体系は極めて完成度の高いものである。
The control system of the Edo bakufu that Ieyasu established, with the Tokugawa shogun family at its pinnacle, was an extremely complete one.

12世紀末に、「鎌倉殿」源頼朝が武士の頂点に立ち、全国に守護を置いて、鎌倉幕府を開いた。
Towards the end of the twelfth century, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo--often called 'Lord Kamakura'--having reached the pinnacle of the warrior's world, began to select and send out the shugo (governors) to all the provinces and created the Kamakura bakufu.

陰陽五行説では男は陽、女は陰とされ、それぞれの頂点に皇帝、皇后がいるということになった。
In 'Onmyo-gogyo-setsu' (The Theory of Five Elements), men were classified as 'Yin' and women as 'Yang'; the culmination of each was the Emperor and Empress respectively.

すでに当時、先輩音楽家たちにより地歌三味線音楽の作曲や演奏技巧の開発が頂点に達していた。
In those days, the composition of jiuta shamisen music and the finesse of performance had already been culminated by his senior associates.

そして疲れを感じるようになってはじめて、歓喜の発作の頂点で、私の胸に恐怖の戦慄が走った。
and it was not till weariness had begun to succeed, that I was suddenly, in the top fit of my delirium, struck through the heart by a cold thrill of terror.

帰国後、10月15日に開拓使長官東久世通禧が辞任した後は、次官のまま開拓使の頂点に立った。
After returning to Japan, Chief Hokkaido Development Commissioner Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE resigned on November 27, and Kuroda played the role of Chief while serving as Undersecretary.

その活動は16世紀から17世紀にかけての南蛮貿易によるヨーロッパ諸国との貿易で頂点に達する。
Its activities reached the peak in the trade with European countries in 16th and 17th centuries

彼は『喝の臨済』『臨済将軍』の異名で知られ、豪放な家風を特徴として中国禅興隆の頂点を極めた。
He was known as 'RINZAI of Katu (meaning to help wake up the sleeping mind) ' and 'General RINZAI', and rose to the top of Chinese Zen with his distinctive style.

形は一般に烏帽子を象って頂点を尖らせるが、そうでない場合もあり、正面に「○○家奥津城」と刻む。
In general, the top part of a headstone is pointed so that it resembles 'eboshi' (formal headwear for court nobles)--there are exceptions--, and the phrase 'XXX-ke Okutsuki' (a grave for the XXXs) is inscribed in the front side of the headstone.

伊勢神宮のみ、国家神道の頂点に位置する神社として位置づけられているため、格付けはなされていない。
Ise Jingu Shrine is the only shrine that has no ranking, as it is considered as the top shrine in the State Shinto.

新選組は局長を頂点に副長が補佐し、以下に副長助勤・監察方（諜報）・勘定方（会計）などを配置した。
Shinsen-gumi was headed by a Commander who was supported by a Vice Commander, and under them were such functions as: Fukucho Jokin (Assistant Vice Commander), Kansatsu Gata (intelligence), Kanjo Gata (accounting), etc.

麻の葉に似ることに由来し、正六角形の中に正三角形を六つ並べ、正三角形の中心と三つの頂点を結んだ文様
A pattern that is named after it resembles a hemp leaf, placing six regular triangles within a regular hexagon, and connecting the center of each triangle to each of its three apexes in line.

鎌倉時代のリアリズム彫刻の頂点をなす作品、日本の肖像彫刻の最高傑作の1つとして高い評価を得ている。
This is a work that is regarded as being one of the best realist sculptures of the Kamakura Period and is highly valued as one of the masterpieces of Japanese sculpture.

これは、草創期の日本の鉄道行政を頂点に立って牽引した井上勝が、熱心な鉄道国有論者であったことが大きい。
The policy was largely due to the fact that Masaru INOUE, who was the leader and the driving force of railway administration in Japan, was an ardent advocate of railway nationalization.

また、火・水・風・土の四大元素にエーテル (神学)を加えた五大元素にもそれぞれの頂点が対応させられた。
Further, each point was assigned to each of the five elements, which are the four elements of Fire, Water, Wind, and Earth and Ether (theology) added.

直門の門弟の弟子の弟子は更に自分の弟子に・・・、というもので、家元を頂点としたピラミッド型組織である。
It is a pyramid-style organizational structure with the iemoto sitting at the top, consisting of endless levels.

江戸時代の国学者本居宣長が自著『源氏物語玉の小櫛』において提唱し、その頂点が『源氏物語』であるとした。
Mono no aware was proposed by Norinaga MOTOORI, a scholar specialized in the Japanese classical literature who lived during the Edo period, in his treatise titled 'Genji Monogatari Tama no Ogushi' (Jeweled Comb of The tale of Genji), in which he argued that mono no aware culminated in 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji).

幕藩体制においては、朝廷は幕府の制約を受けていたが、権威的秩序、宗教的な頂点の存在として位置づけられた。
In the shogunate system, the Imperial Court had restrictions put on it by the shogunate, but it was nominally situated at the top of the order of authority and the religious system.

江戸時代264年にわたって、日本の実質上の君主・支配者として武家社会を含む日本社会全体の頂点に君臨した。
Over a period of 264 years during the Edo period, it topped the whole of the Japanese society, which included the samurai world, practically as the monarch and ruler of Japan.

文久3年9月、近藤・土方ら試衛館派は、芹沢ら水戸派を粛清して隊を掌握し、近藤を頂点とする組織を整備する。
In September 1863, KONDO, HIJIKATA and other members of Shiei-kan Party purged SERIZAWA and other Mito Party members, gained control of Shinsen-gumi, and established an organizational structure headed by KONDO.

松本の辞職で初期の開拓使の高官はほぼいなくなり、かわって黒田を頂点にした薩摩国藩閥政治が開拓使を支配した。
With the resignation of MATSUMOTO, there remained almost no senior officials from the early era of the Hokkaido Development Commission, and a government dominated by the Satsuma Domain, with KURODA positioned as its head, took control of the Commission.

天武天皇の時代から政治に携わり、持統、文武の代に高い地位にあり、晩年には右大臣として議政官の頂点にあった。
He went into politics during the reign of Emperor Tenmu, held high positions during the reigns of Empress Jito and Emperor Monmu, and achieved to the top of Giseikan (Legislature) as Udaijin (Minister of the Right) in his later years.

勿論、陶晴賢が実権を掌握し、この大内義長（晴英より改名）を傀儡として頂点に抱くという形で大内氏は存続した。
Needless to say, Harukata SUE completely grasped the actual power, and the Ouchi clan survived, putting Yoshinaga OUCHI (whose name was changed from Haruhide) at its top as a puppet.

読者はすでにご存じだろうが、インドという土地は逆三角形の形をしている。北側に底辺があり、南側に頂点がある。
Everybody knows that the great reversed triangle of land, with its base in the north and its apex in the south, which is called India,

元々は朝廷が与える官職だが、実際の任命は、建武の新政の時期を除いて実力で武家の頂点に立った者の要請によった。
Although it was originally a post bestowed by the Imperial Court, actual appointments, except for a time during the New Kemmu Government, were at the request of the person whose influence placed him at the pinnacle of samurai society.

一つは信長・秀吉の天下統一事業に代表される、強大な権力者を頂点とする中央集権体制、いわば「タテの支配」である。
One was the centralized administrative framework in which an enormously powerful person was at the top such as Nobunaga and Hideyoshi's project to unify the country, what was called 'a vertical control.'

また、天皇が位階を授与することで、全ての権威と権力を天皇に集中し、天皇を頂点とした国家体制の確立を目的とした。
The system that the Emperor used to impose a court rank also concentrated the authority and power in the hands of the Emperor, which led to the establishment of the political system that placed the Emperor at the top.

直弼ら溜間詰諸侯と、阿部正弘・徳川斉昭の対立は、日米和親条約の締結をめぐる江戸城西湖の間での討議で頂点に達した。
Conflict between the lords of the Tamarinoma (including Naosuke), Masahiro ABE, and Nariaki TOKUGAWA came to a head with a discussion in the Saiko no Ma (West Lake Room) of Edo-jo Castle regarding the conclusion of the treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan.

日本漢詩の頂点は、江戸期から明治初期にかけての時期であり、朱子学を背景に「文人」と呼ばれる詩人たちを多く輩出した。
The peak of Japanese kanshi was in the periods of Edo and early Meiji and many poets called 'bunjin' (literati) were produced in the background of Neo-Confucianism.

また、将軍の補佐役の管領に侍所、政所、問注所、評定衆、引付衆がそれぞれ設置され、将軍を頂点に政治機構が構成される。
Also, a government structure was assigned with the shogun at the top, along with Samurai-dokoro, government office, monchu-jo, hyojo-shu, hikitsuke-shu as the control with the role of supporting the shogun.

その結晶として、応永6年（1399年）には足利義満の後援で三日間の勧進猿楽を演じ、名実ともに芸能界の頂点に立った。
As a result, in 1399 he had the honor of performing kanjin sarugaku for three days under the auspices of Shogun Yoshimistu ASHIKAGA, at which point he reached the pinnacle of the performing arts world.

宣長の『古事記伝』は、近世における古事記研究の頂点をなし、最初の実証主義的かつ文献学的な研究として評価されている。
Norinaga's 'Kojikiden' is regarded as a top-level study of Kojiki in the pre-modern period and appreciated as the first positivist, philological work.

紀伊は寺社勢力や国一揆といった、天下人を頂点とする中央集権思想に真っ向から対立する勢力の蟠踞する地だったからである。
It was because Kii was the place where the powers such as temples and kuni ikki (uprising in a province) which opposed the idea of central government topped by tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country) had ruled.

14世紀初頭、北条得宗家の寄合衆を実態とする鎌倉幕府は、専制の頂点を極めつつもその進むべき道が見出せなくなっていた。
The actual originator of the Kamakura bakufu in the early 14th century was Yoriai-shu which consisted of the Hojo Tokuso family, and although it reached the height of a dictatorship, it finally came to an impasse.

本如は若干22歳で宗主継職したこともあり、7代能化職の智洞（寛政9年就任）を頂点とする学林派に対して無力に近かった。
As Honnyo succeeded the suzerain at the age of 22, he was nearly helpless to Gakurin-ha whose top was the seventh Nokeshoku Chido (inaugurated in 1797).

北朝（ほくちょう）とは、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)に、足利氏を頂点に、全国の多くの武士が支持した持明院統の朝廷である。
Hokucho (Northern Court) was the Imperial Court of the Jimyo-in line supported by many samurai led by the Ashikaga clan during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

朱子学との連続性を考慮するならば、宋以後における聖人の世俗化の動きが、明代中葉・末期に至ってひとつの頂点を迎えたといえる。
When taken as a continuation of Shushigaku, popularization of the sage after the Song period culminated in Yomeigaku towards the middle and end of the Ming period.

同志社諸学校は、大学を頂点とした付属校の形態を取らず、学校法人同志社のもとに設置された独立の学校群として位置づけられてきた。
The various schools of Doshisha are not systematized under the University; instead, the schools have been established as independent schools based on the Doshisha educational foundation.
Doshisha related schools are not attached to the university, and they have been considered independent schools which were established by the educational foundation, Doshisha.

だが、神道においては天照大御神の血を引くとされる天皇の存在は現在も大きな位置を占め、信仰活動の頂点として位置付けられている。
However, within the institutional confines of the Shinto religion, the existence of the Emperor as bloodline descendent of the sun goddess, Amaterasu Omikami, still occupies an important position, and the Emperor is positioned at the summit of the religious beliefs and practices.

ただ幸運によってだけ私的な市民から君主となった者は、労せずに成り上がったのですが、頂点に留まり続けるには多難を極めるでしょう。
THOSE who solely by good fortune become princes from being private citizens have little trouble in rising, but much in keeping atop;

元禄期を頂点とする江戸中期は経済の実権を町人が握り、千家は例えば三井家の当主八郎右衛門など富裕町人を大量に門弟として受け入れた。
In the mid Edo Period which reached a peak with the Genroku era, the merchant class had real power in financial matters and Senke accepted a large number of wealthy merchants such as the head of the Mitsui family Hachiroemon as disciples.

観応の擾乱（かんのうのじょうらん）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1350年-1352年の観応年間に頂点に達した室町幕府内の権力闘争。
The Kanno Disturbance was a power struggle within the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) that reached its height during the Kanno era from 1350 to 1352 of the Northern and Southern Court period.

大川周明は、共産主義革命に対抗して天皇を頂点とする「錦旗革命（きんきかくめい）」を起こして、日本を正しい方向に導くべきだと唱えた。
Against the communist revolution, Shumei OKAWA argued for 'Kinki Revolution' that aimed to steer Japan in the right direction with an emperor at the top.

これに対して日本の切捨御免には支配階層である武士の名誉と威厳を守る事によって武士を頂点とした当時の社会秩序が防衛されると考えられた。
On the other hand, it was considered that helping to protect warriors' honor and dignity by Japanese Kirisutegomen kept the social order, of which warriors were at the top.

いったん両者とも引き分けたが、腹の虫が収まらなかった香西元盛の人夫が城中に瓦等投げ込んだりしたので、細川尹賢の憎悪感は頂点になった。
The two were briefly separated but Motomori KOZAI's laborers could not contain their anger and threw roof tiles and other objects within the castle, filling Tadakata HOSOKAWA with hatred.

光ファイバ接続デバイス及び光受動部品−基本試験及び測定手順−第３−１５部：球面研磨光ファイバコネクタのフェルール端面の頂点偏心量測定
Fiber optic interconnecting devices and passive components-Basic test and measurement procedures-Part 3-15: Examinations and measurements-Dome eccentricity of a convex polished ferrule endface

武士（ぶし、もののふ）は、10世紀から19世紀にかけての日本に存在し、戦士を本分とするとされた宗家の主人を頂点とした家族共同体の成員。
Bushi (武士, mononofu, samurai) existed from the 10th century to the 19th century and was a member of a family community whose top was the master of Soke (the head family) and whose profession was a warrior.

桂離宮は数寄屋風書院造りの頂点に立つ建築でもあり、数寄屋造りと書院造りとの接点であり、書院の茶から数寄屋としての茶室への先駆であつた。
The Katsura Imperial Villa was the best example of Shoin-zukuri architecture in the style of sukiya (building in the style of a tea-ceremony house), was the fusion of sukiya style and Shoin-zukuri building and a pioneer in the transition from the tea ceremony in Shoin to the tea ceremony in the room of suikiya style.

ダンスは、すべてのアーティストの目標である、輝く完全性の頂点に向かい、より高く、そして、より上へと努力するために絶えず彼を奮い立たせる
dance inspires him ceaselessly to strive higher and higher toward the shining pinnacle of perfection that is the goal of every artiste

文亀元年の際には公卿・女官がこぞって見物に訪れ、また永正2年の勧進能は当時52歳の禅鳳の活動の頂点を示すものとして、よく知られている。
The Kanjin noh play in 1501 had a large audience of Kugyo (top court officials) and court ladies, and the one in 1505 is well known as representing the peak of Zenpo's activities at the age of 52.

新選組は助勤、監察など職務ごとに系統的な組織作りがなされ、頂点は局長であるが、実際の指揮命令は副長の歳三から発せられるようになっていた。
Systematic structure by each duty such as Jyokin, Kansatsu, etc., of Shinsen-gumi was formed, and while the Head of the organization was the commander, the actual directing orders were given by Toshizo, the vice commander.

将軍問題は得宗が幕府の頂点にありながらも、その出自の低さ故に自ら将軍になる事の出来ない北条氏が最後まで乗り越える事の出来ない壁となっていた。
The Hojo clan couldn't get over Shogun issue in the end as Tokuso couldn't become Shogun due to his low status by birth eventhough he was the most powerful lord of the Kamakura bakufu.

天正11年（1583年）に古河公方・足利義氏 (古河公方)が死去すると、官途補任により権力を掌握し、これにより関東の身分秩序の頂点に立った。
Upon the death of Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA, Koga kubo (the Kanto district administrator), in 1583, the Hojo clan assumed a power by holding government posts, which let the clan to preside over the Kanto region as a top commander.

明治期まで「川柳」、「川柳風狂句」ないし「川柳狂句」とよばれたのは、川柳という宗匠を頂点とする会員による狂句で、それ以外の雑俳と区別された。
It continued to be called 'senryu,' 'senryufu kyoku,' or 'senryu kyoku' until the Meiji period, as it was kyoku composed by the members whose master was Senryu; this differentiated kyoku from other zappai (playful literature originating from haiku).

これまでリードを続けてきた地歌は、すでにこれ以上進みようがないほど音楽的に頂点に達し、音楽家たちは新たな展開を箏や胡弓に求めることとなった。
Jiuta had represented the cutting edge, but were now seen to have reached a level which could not be surpassed, and this led musicians look for new ways to develop koto and kokyu music.

翌昭和16年（1941年）には、曹洞宗の頂点である大本山永平寺第70世貫首となったが、入山式の直後に引退を表明、以後は自分の研究に打ち込んだ。
In the following year, 1941, he assumed the position of the 70th chief abbot of the Grand Head Temple Eihei-ji Temple which was the top of the Soto Sect, but he announced his resignation soon after the ceremony of entering the temple and devoted himself to research after this.

これは従来、冠位十二階に含まれなかった、大臣・大連などを輩出する有力氏族を冠位制度へ組み込み、天皇を頂点とした序列をつける為の改革だと思われる。
This is thought to be a reform to incorporate the powerful clans, which produced Oomi and Omuraji which were not included in the twelve grades of cap rank system, into the rank system and to establish a rank system with Emperor at the top.

流派（りゅうは）とは日本の芸道や酒造りなどの分野においてひとつの体系化された技（技術、技能）を継承する家元、宗家などを頂点とした集団のことをいう。
Ryuha are groups of people that are headed by an Iemoto (head of school) or Soke (grand master), who passes down a certain systematic waza (craftsmanship or technique) in the fields of Japanese art, sake brewing, etc.

きわめて残念なことだけど、イギリスの陪審員が知性の頂点をきわめて、レストレイドの事実より僕の推理の方を好んでくれるようになるのはまだ先のことだろうね」
and I much fear that British juries have not yet attained that pitch of intelligence when they will give the preference to my theories over Lestrade's facts.''

1383年（弘和3年/永徳3年）には武家として初めて源氏長者となり淳和・奨学両院別当を兼任、准三后の宣下をうけ、名実ともに公武両勢力の頂点に上り詰めた。
In 1383 he was the first samurai to become Genjichoja (Head of the Genjis), and served concurrently as Betto (supreme officer) of the Junan-in and the Shogaku-in, and later he was granted a title 'Jusango,' and reached the height of power of the samurai as well as the aristocrats.

しかし、石川の作品群は地歌手事物の頂点を極めたと言ってもよく、地歌のみならずあらゆる三味線音楽を通じ第一級の作品として、現代でも高い評価を失っていない。
However, it is right to say that the works of ISHIKAWA were the pinnacle of jiuta tegotomono and as the first-class works not only in jiuta but in shamisen music, even now they have never lost a high evaluation.

版籍奉還という日本国内の難問を無事に乗り越えた1870年、朝鮮との国交交渉を有利にするため、冊封体制の頂点にたつ清朝と対等の条約、日清修好条規を締結した。
In 1870 when Japan finished the 'Hansekihokan' (returning of lands and people to the emperor), a challenge in the domestic policy, successfully, Japan concluded the equal treaty (Japanese-Qing Treaty of Amity) with the Qing dynasty, which was at the top of the tributary system, because it would be advantageous to diplomatic negotiations with Korea.

ヤマト王権はこれらの渡来人や全国各地の豪族たちを徐々に組織化していくとともに（部民制の形成）中央の豪族層を大臣 (日本)・連を頂点として系列化していった。
The Yamato Kingdom gradually organized these settlers and the regional ruling elite (the formation of the bemin system) and placed the central ruling families in the top oomi and muraji positions.

将軍が諸大名に対して強大な権力を誇示したように、藩内においては藩主自らを頂点とした体制を固めさせられることになったのである（「藩体制の成立」と呼ばれる）。
Just as the Shogun had enourmous authority over the territorial lords, the lords of the domains were required to establish the system with themselves ruling at the top (called 'the establishment of the Domain System').

安子自身は若くして亡くなったが、安子所生の冷泉天皇・円融天皇の即位は九条流摂関家発展の元となり、やがて安子の甥藤原道長を頂点とする全盛期へ至ることになる。
Anshi herself died early, but the accession of Emperors Reizei and Enyu, who were born from Anshi became the foundation for the development of the line of regents and advisors of the Kujo School and led to the prosperous period with the niece of Anshi, FUJIWARA no Michinaga, as head.

大奥は時代が下るにつれて規模が肥大化し、それに伴って数多くの役職が置かれていったが、その頂点に立つのが上臈御年寄や御年寄といった取締役（統括管理職）だった。
The scale of O-oku increased in later times, many posts were established and at the top of such posts were managers (umbrella administrator) like Joro Otoshiyori and Otoshiyori.

しかし、いずれにしても全軍の頂点に立つ総大将の地位は武将にとり非常に魅力的であり、大名自身が総大将を務めない場合、一門や家臣の間でその地位を競うこともあった。
In either case, however, the position of Sodaisho standing at the top of the entire army was extremely appealing, so when the post was not performed by the Daimyo (Japanese territorial lord), the lord's family members and retainers competed for the position.

院政期は律令制に代わり、院を頂点とした主従制的関係が形成され、官職や土地を恩給として臣下に与えて奉仕させるようになり、知行国・荘園制度が確立していった時期だった。
The cloistered government took the place of the Ritsuryo system, developing lord-vassal relationships with the cloistered Emperor at the apex, and making subordinates work in exchange for positions and land as rewards, and was a period when the system of custodial provinces and shoen were established.

彼の社会的上昇の弧は友人の衰退の弧と交差したが、カーナン氏の衰退は、その成功の頂点を知る幾人かの友人たちがなお彼を人物と考えているという事実によりやわらげられた。
The arc of his social rise intersected the arc of his friend's decline, but Mr. Kernan's decline was mitigated by the fact that certain of those friends who had known him at his highest point of success still esteemed him as a character.

義満の出家は、征夷大将軍として武家の太政大臣・准三后として公家のそれぞれの頂点に達した義満が、残る寺社勢力を支配する地位をも得ようとしたためであると考えられている。
It is thought that he became a priest in order to gain the ability to control temples and shrines, the remaining sphere he wanted to conquer after reaching the peak of the aristocratic spheres as Seii Taishogun, Taisei daijin and Junsangu.

宇根俊範は、桓武天皇は従来と異なる方針で諸氏族の改賜姓を行い、このため貴族社会における各氏族の序列が大きく変化し、源平藤橘を頂点とする新たな貴族社会秩序が生じたとする。
Toshinori UNE proposes the theory that Emperor Kanmu changed family names of the clans based on a policy different from that in the past, and therefore the order of clans in the Kizoku society changed drastically, generating a new Kizoku society order with the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan, and the Tachibana clan at its pinnacle.

広大な人脈を背景に京都社会に類稀な利権構造を築き上げ、その頂点に君臨した人物であることから、京都の田中角栄と呼ぶ向きもある(1984年以降は野中広務が京都のドンとなる)。
With his broad network, he built a rare vested-interest structure in Kyoto society and reigned over its top, and this makes some people to call him Kakuei TANAKA in Kyoto (since 1984, Hiromu NONAKA became the boss in Kyoto.)

実権を握った平頼綱は泰盛の弘安改革を否定し、幕府の人事は得宗を頂点に北条氏 (大仏流)、北条氏 (名越流)を中心に北条一族の支配となり、足利氏ら旧来の御家人の姿は無かった。
TAIRA no Yoritsuna held a real power and rejected Yasumori's Koan reform, and the most of the positions in the bakufu were occupied by the Hojo family, with Tokuso at the top and the Osaragi line of the Hojo clan and the Nagoe line of the Hojo clan at the center, and no important positions were given to old gokenin like the Ashikaga clan.

だが、院政が始まると朝廷の実質的頂点である太上天皇に荘園が集中するようになり、白河天皇や鳥羽天皇も規制に乗り出すものの、この矛盾によって荘園整理政策は破綻してしまうのである。
However, when insei (rule by a retired emperor) began, manors concentrated around the retired emperor, who was virtually at the top of the Imperial court; for example, despite efforts at regulation by Emperor Shirakawa and Emperor Toba, such a contradiction caused the manor consolidation agenda to fail.

ここで人類は、その操作力のおかげだけでなく、経験の範囲の莫大な拡大を通して、補足的感覚や補足的四肢として役立つ精密な用具を発明することによって、殿堂の頂点に立っているのです。
Man crowns the edifice here, not only in virtue of his own manipulatory power, but through the enormous extension of his range of experience, by the invention of instruments of precision, which serve as supplemental senses and supplemental limbs.

江戸時代には中国文化の影響を受けた文人趣味の中で煎茶をたしなむことが流行し、「青製煎茶製法」はそうした文化的・経済的需要の中で到達した日本茶の製法のひとつの頂点であるといえる。
In the Edo period, sencha was widely enjoyed by literary men influenced by Chinese culture and we can say that 'aoseisencha seiho' was a peak of manufacturing method for Japanese tea reached in such cultural and economical demands.

九代目は、明治歌舞伎の頂点にあって「劇聖」とまで謳われ、その存在はそれ自体が歌舞伎を体現するほど神格化されたものだったが、自らの後継者となると最後まで恵まれず、そして悩まされた。
The Ninth, being at the top of the Meiji Kabuki, was praised as a 'Holy Actor' because of his existence deified as an impersonation of Kabuki; however, he failed to have his successor all his life, which annoyed him.

藤原京の頃を頂点として、次第に政事庶務の中心が朝堂院から周辺官衙に移っていき、平安京の頃にはその規模は縮小され、朝賀や即位、饗宴など、主に朝廷の盛典、儀礼に用いられるようになった。
After the peak period of Fujiwara-kyo (the Fujiwara Palace; the ancient capital of Fujiwara), the center of political and general affairs had gradually shifted from the chodoin to the kanga (government office) around them, and by the time of Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto), the scale of the chodoin had been reduced; as such, the chodoin came to be used mainly for rituals and ceremonies of the Imperial Court such as Choga (New Year's greetings or well-wishes offered by retainers to the Emperor), enthronement and a banquet.

またわたしは、天に大いなる驚くべきほかのしるしを見た。七人の御使が、最後の七つの災害を携えていた。これらの災害で神の激しい怒りがその頂点に達するのである。 (ヨハネの黙示録 15:1)
I saw another great and marvelous sign in the sky: seven angels having the seven last plagues, for in them God's wrath is finished. (Revelation 15:1)

光を受ける真珠のように灯火が輝いて高い柱の頂点から照らすその下では、形と色調を絶え間なく変化させる生きた織り物が暖かい灰色の夕暮れの空気の中に変化のない絶え間ないざわめきを放っていた。
Like illumined pearls the lamps shone from the summits of their tall poles upon the living texture below which, changing shape and hue unceasingly, sent up into the warm grey evening air an unchanging unceasing murmur.

いっぽう「茶道」の立場からは、茶道の精神論が到達した一つの頂点として捉えられる（但し『南方録』に見られるような秘伝によって複雑化した茶道体系と、利休の茶はかならずしも同一の物ではない）。
On the other hand, viewing from the perspective of 'Sado,' it is considered to be one of the heights where Sado's idealism reached (although the tea-ceremony system complicated by secret teachings, like the ones in 'Nanboroku,' is not necessarily the same with Rikyu's style).

西本願寺では、江戸中期の法如宗主時代から宗門の安心（あんじん）をめぐる教義対立が燻っていたが、本如の時代には地方の不満が頂点に達し、本山まで直談判に赴く門徒衆のために京都市中も不穏な状況にあった。
In Nishi Hongan-ji Temple, from the period of the suzerain Honyo during the middle Edo period, the dispute on religious principle concerning the doctrine Anjin was smoldering, but the local dissatisfaction culminated during the period of Honnyo and Kyoto City was in an unquiet situation by the followers who went to the head temple for direct negotiation.

以降、10世紀から11世紀にかけて、藤原氏嫡流（摂関家）は、天皇の外戚、すなわちミウチとして代々摂関となって貴族社会の頂点に位置し、10世紀から11世紀にかけて摂関政治と呼ばれる政治形態を布いた。
Later, from the tenth century to the eleventh century, persons in the main linage of the Fujiwara clan (the Sekkan, indicating both Sessho and Kanpaku, family) were placed at the top of the Kizoku society by occupying the Sekkan posts for generations as a maternal relative of the emperor, or as a member of the Imperial family, establishing the political form called Sekkan politics from the tenth century to the eleventh century.

貞時は、頼綱に支えられて自らを頂点とする得宗専制体制を敷いたが、頼綱の権勢に不安を抱くようになり、ついに1293年（永仁元年）、鎌倉大地震の混乱に乗じて鎌倉・経師ヶ谷の頼綱邸を攻撃し、頼綱を自刃させた。
With Yoritsuna's support, Sadatoki established the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan in which Sadatoki himself was the leader, but he came to be disturbed by Yoritsuna's reins of power and, finally in 1293, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Kamakura Earthquake, Sadatoki invaded Yoritsuna's house in Gyojigayatsu in Kamakura and made him commit suicide with his sword.

無条件で輪廻転生できる聖職者のバラモンを頂点とし、厳しい条件（儀式）付きで輪廻転生できる多数の庶民が奴隷階級であり、両者の間に王族・平民（商人）の2階級があり、計4階級からカースト制度は成り立っている。
The Brahman, a clergyman who can unconditionally perform Rinne Tensho, is on top, and many common people who can perform Rinne Tensho with strict conditions (rituals) are slaves; there are two classes between them, which are the Royal Family and the common people (merchants), and in total these four classes comprise the caste system.

彼が原子とよぶ、その「加工品」の中で、マクスウェル教授はカントが到達できないと考えた哲学上の頂点をよじ登り、原子からその創造者へと論理的段階を踏むことを可能にしてくれる帰納法の基礎を見出しているのです。
In his 'manufactured articles,' as he calls the atoms, Professor Maxwell finds the basis of an induction which enables him to scale philosophic heights considered inaccessible by Kant, and to take the logical step from the atoms to their Maker.

これら新興の宗教以外の古い天台宗・真言宗・法相宗にも独占した門跡を通じ朝廷との深い繋がりを懸念し、新たに浄土宗知恩院を門跡に加え、更に天台宗・真言宗の頂点として輪王寺に門跡を設けて天台座主の座を独占した。
In addition to these newly-emerging religious sects, Ieyasu also cared about the older Tendai sect, Shingon sect, and Hosso sect concerning their connections with the Imperial court through the Monzeki posts (the head priest posts of these temples), and he newly added the Monzeki post to Chion-in Temple of the Jodo sect and furthermore, to Rinno-ji Temple as the pinnacle temple of the Tendai sect and of the Shingon sect, monopolizing the head priest posts of the Tendai sect.

江戸時代の本末制度に代わる教団独自の宗制・寺法などを定め、本願寺を頂点とする真宗教団の引き締めを行う一方、いち早く側近や有望な若手僧侶らを海外留学させて、西洋文明に対抗しうる宗教教団のありかたを切り開いた。
While he determined the own systems of sect and rules for temples which replaced the Honmatsu seido (the system of head and branch temples) in the Edo period, and sought to strengthen control of the religious community of the Shin Sect headed by the Hongan-ji Temple, he made his aides and young priests study abroad and developed a new religious community policy which could oppose the Western civilization.

このように圧倒的な権力基盤を背景にして徳川将軍家を頂点に君臨させ、全国の諸大名・朝廷・天皇家を「生かさず殺さず、逆らえば（もしくはその危険があるならば）潰す」の姿勢で支配したのが家康の築いた江戸幕府であった。
It was the Ieyasu-established Edo bakufu that, placing the Tokugawa shogun family at its pinnacle of the reign based on its overwhelming power base, controlled daimyo throughout the nation, the Imperial court, and the emperor's family in the posture of 'Do not make them live nor kill them, and abolish a family if it resisted the bakufu (or was dangerous for the bakufu).'

これは裏を返せば後見人である蓮淳自身の権力拡大が目的であったが、形式上は「法主を頂点とした権力機構の確立」という実如以来の方針に忠実に従ったものであったから、この大義名分を前に異論を挿める者は存在しなかった。
This actually aimed to expand the guardian Renjun's authority, but formally he was following the policy that had been kept since Jitsunyo, 'the establishment of the power structure with hoshu at the top,' and for this legitimate reason, no one could raise an objection against him.

その権威が頂点に達したのは太平洋戦争時であり、昭和13年（1938年）の国家総動員法が発令された頃より、軍部により現人神（あらひとがみ）と神格化され、天皇を中心とした戦時国家体制が作られた（皇国史観を参照）。
It was at the time of the Pacific War that authority reached its peak, and after the period when the National General Mobilization Act was issued in 1938, the Emperor was deified as Arahitogami, and the system of the nation under war with the Emperor in the center was established by the military (refer to Kokoku Shikan, or Emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).

『竹取物語』『はこやのとじ』『からもり』などを嚆矢として、『源氏物語』によって頂点を迎え、これにつづく一群源氏亜流物語、さらに中世期物語にいたるまで、王朝物語の主流を成し、もっとも多くの作品数を誇る分野である。
The Ocho monogatari genre started with 'Taketori Monogatari' (The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter), 'Hakoya no toji' and 'Karamori,' but it reached its peak with 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji); these works, which formed the mainstream of this genre, were followed by works ranging from a succession of inferior imitations of The Tale of Genji to the Medieval tales, and this genre boasts the highest number of works of any genre.

省三の妻で同社の代表取締役に就任した牧野知世子を頂点とした「マキノ本家」と撮影所のダブルスタンダードがあだになり、賃金未払い、ストライキなど争議の日々を経て、省三没後2年の1931年（昭和6年）に同社は解散した。
However, as Shozo's widow, Chiyoko MAKINO, who was a head of the 'Main House of Makino', assumed the representative director of the company, there was 'double management,' between Chiyoko and the studio, leading to daily problems such as non-payment of wages and strikes, the company was dissolved two years after Shozo's death in 1931.

江戸幕府を全ての武士の頂点とし、最高の統治機関としながらも、各大名がそれぞれの領地においてある程度独立した統治機構（藩）を形成していることと、米などを現物で納めさせて年貢とする石高制をその基礎においていることが特徴である。
It was characterized with the Edo bakufu as the supreme governing institution at the top of warriors, and yet with each feudal lord which maintained somewhat independent governing structure in its own territory (domain), as well as with the tax system based on annual yield of rice, Kokudaka-sei, whereby tax is paid by rice and other actual goods.

初代である松殿基房が高倉天皇の関白だった1179年、後白河天皇と平清盛の対立が頂点に達し、ついに清盛が法皇の幽閉と高官達の追放を断行、それに巻き込まれた基房も大宰権帥へと左遷となり、失意の内に36歳の若さで出家してしまう。
When Motofusa MATSUDONO, the founder of the house, was the Senior Regent of the Emperor Takakura in 1179, the conflict between the retired Emperor Shirakawa and Taira no Kiyomori reached its peak with Taira no Kiyomori imprisoning the retired Emperor and exiling his senior officials, whereafter Motofusa, who had become involved, was demoted to Dazai-no-Gonnosotsu, Deputy Governor of Dazaifu, and left, mired in disappointment, to become a priest at the age of 36.

しかし7世紀後半の天武期において、天皇を中心とする国造りが整備されるに伴い、その氏神であった天照大神を頂点として、それら国造りに重用された神々が民族神へと高められ、仏教側からもその神々に敬意を表して格付けを上げるようになった。
In the Tenmu period of the late seventh century, when the Emperor-centered political regime was put in place, the Shinto gods that had played important roles in building the country--including Amaterasu Omikami, the highest ranking Ujigami (local god) of all--were elevated in status to ethnic gods, and this encouraged Buddhists to give them higher ranking as a token of respect.

家康の政治目標は徳川氏を頂点とした長期的かつ安定した政権をつくることであったとされ、徳川家の主君筋に当たり幕府のヒエラルキー社会では別格的存在となる豊臣家に対し、服属させるか、それが拒絶された場合には処分する事を考え始めたという。
Ieyasu's political goal was assumed to establish a long-term and firm government led by the Tokugawa clan, therefore, he was said to have begun to think how he could make the Toyotomi Family, which kept a lord-like position to the Tokugawa Family and an exceptional existence in the hierarchy of the bakufu, obey the Tokugawa clan or punish them if they would not obey him.

前近代における冊封体制下において、「皇上」や「奉勅」ということばは中国の王朝にのみ許されたことばであって、日本がそれを使用するということは、冊封体制の頂点に立ち朝鮮よりも日本の国際地位を上とすることを画策したと朝鮮は捉えたのである。
Because Japan used the words 'imperial' and 'imperial order,' which were only allowed to be used by the Chinese dynasty under the tributary system of the premodern era, Korea understood that Japan was attempting to stand at the top of the tributary system and get a higher position in the world than Korea.

日隆の開山以来、尼崎市の本興寺 (尼崎市)とともに山号はなく両山一貫主制をしいていたが、その後、歴代貫主が地方に布教し、日承の時代には末寺が畿内、北陸地方、瀬戸内海沿岸諸国さらに種子島まで広布し、本能寺を頂点とする本門流教団が成立した。
The temple had not had an honorific mountain prefix since the time of its founding by Nichiryu and was presided over by a single chief abbot along with Honko-ji Temple (Amagasaki City), but as successive chief abbots later went on to disseminate their teachings, branch temples were founded around the Kinki region, in the Hokuriku district, on the coast of the Inland Sea and even as far as Tanegashima, and Hommon-ryu became established with Honno-ji Temple at its top.

幕府と朝廷の両立体制は近代国家としての日本を創成していくには不都合であったが故の倒幕運動であり、天皇を中心とする強力な君主国家を築いていきたい明治新政府の意向とも一致したため、万世一系の天皇を祭政の両面でこれの頂点とする思想が形成されていった。
The movement to overthrow the Shogunate arose because the system of coexistence between the bakufu and the Imperial Court was not appropriate for creating Japan as a modern nation, and it agreed with the new Meiji government's intentions to build a powerful monarchy centered around the Emperor, therefore giving rise to the idea of the Emperor, coming from an unbroken imperial line, being the head of both Shinto and the state.

「官社以下定額及神官職員規則等」（明治4年5月14日太政官布告）により、伊勢神宮を頂点として官国幣社、府藩県社、郷社の位階を定め、官国幣社長官は華族・士族から選任、国幣社長官は府藩県の参事の兼任とし、世襲神職のすべてを「改補新任」することとした。
In accordance with 'Rules on shrine ranks and priests of official shrines or lower' (edict of Daijokan [The Grand Council of State], May 14, 1871), the ranks of 'kankoku heisha,' 'fuhanken-sha' (prefectural shrines other than those in Kyoto and Osaka), and 'gosha' (municipal shrines) were specified, with Ise-jingu Shrine at the top, the head of the 'kankoku heisha' was selected from among the peerage and warrior class, the position of head of the 'kokuheisha' (shrines under the control of provincial governors) was filled by the secretary fu-han-ken (prefectures and domains), and all hereditary Shinto priests were 'newly appointed.'

そもそも「国王」称号や「干支」の使用は中華秩序における冊封体制の残滓であり、中華帝国を頂点として周辺諸国を従属国視する、伝統的東アジア外交秩序そのものであり、いまこそ、その体制から離脱を図り、かつ朝鮮側にもそれを認知させようとしたのだ、という論である。
One opinion is as follows: Use of the title of 'King' and the 'Oriental zodiac' was a residue of the China-centered sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system, indicating the traditional eastern Asian diplomatic order with China placed at the top and nations around it considered dependent on China, and it was time to try separating from such a system and to make such a situation acknowledged by the Korean side as well.

彼はいつもより完成した複雑なものから、あまり完成されていない単純なものへと撤退し、それから完成していく諸段階を進みながら、微少な変化をしだいに増大し、こうしてあなたの感じる抵抗感をしだいに取り除いて、全体の絶妙な頂点は自然淘汰の成果かもしれないと認めるようにするのです。
He habitually retires from the more perfect and complex to the less perfect and simple, and carries you with him through stages of perfecting, adds increment to increment of infinitesimal change, and in this way gradually breaks down your reluctance to admit that the exquisite climax of the whole could be a result of natural selection.

この体制の下では、部外の公衆は、実践上の経験を欠いているため、官僚制の業務運営の様式を批判したりチェックしたりする資格がないというだけでなく、専制制度の気まぐれか民主制度の自然な働きで、改革志向の支配者が頂点に立ったとしても、官僚制の利害に反する改革は達成できないのです。
Under this regime, not only is the outside public ill-qualified, for want of practical experience, to criticize or check the mode of operation of the bureaucracy, but even if the accidents of despotic or the natural working of popular institutions occasionally raise to the summit a ruler or rulers of reforming inclinations, no reform can be effected which is contrary to the interest of the bureaucracy.

特に加賀においては3男蓮綱の松岡寺・4男蓮誓の光教寺・7男蓮悟の本泉寺（初代住持は次男蓮乗）の「賀州三ヶ寺（加賀三山）」を法主の現地における代行として頂点に置き国内の寺院・門徒を統率することが求められていた（この体制を特に事実上の最高執行機関となった松岡寺と本泉寺の両寺院より「両御山」体制も呼ぶ）。
Especially in Kaga Province, Shoko-ji Temple of the 3rd son Renko, Kokyo-ji Temple of the 4th son Rensei, and Honsen-ji Temple of the 7th son Rengo (the first chief priest was the second son Renjo)--'Gashu Sanka-ji Temples (Kaga Sanzan) [Three Temples in Kaga Province]'--were placed at the top as local representatives of hoshu and required to direct the temples and followers in the province (this system was especially called the 'ryogozan' (two temples) system because of the two virtually highest executive temples, Shoko-ji Temple and Honsen-ji Temple).

これは平安後期の覚鑁興教大師以降、『金剛界／胎蔵界』という並立的表現方法が顕著となる以前の出来事であり、日本固有の信仰観について、後の応永の大成を頂点とする二而不二／不二而二に係わる各法匠の立場／背景、さらには日本の密教思想史、殊に事教二相を実践／検討する上で銘記するべき事象として理解することを求められよう。
This happened before the parallel mode of expression, 'Kongokai (Diamond Realm) or Taizokai (Womb Realm),' became remarkable after Kakuban Kokyo Daishi in the latter Heian period, and should be understood as an epoch, regarding the religious beliefs particular to the Japanese, in conducting and discussing each master's standpoint or background related with Nini-Funi (also known as Funi-Nini (two sides of the same coin)) in which Oei no Taisei (Perfection in Oei era) reached the summit, more over in the Japanese intellectual history of Esoteric Buddhism, especially practicing or considering Jikyo niso (Jiso (method to practice the doctrine) and Kyoso (logical study of doctrines)).

これによって本願寺法主を頂点とする支配体制が完成し、同時に主だった一族を悉く粛清した外祖父蓮淳が法主・証如を擁して絶対的な地位を築き上げることになる（さすがの蓮淳も兄弟や甥を殺害したり追放したことを後には後悔したらしく、乱から19年後の死の間際になって証如に要望して顕誓・実悟ら生き残りの復帰が認められている）。
This perfected the ruling system with Hongan-ji Temple's hoshu at the top, and at the same time the maternal grandfather Renjun, who had purged the major family members, started to build an absolute position under the name of hoshu Shonyo (Renjun seems to have later repented killing or banishing his brothers and his nephew because, nineteen years after the battle, just before he died, he asked Shonyo to permit reassociation of the survivors, Kensei, Jitsugo, and others).

光柱は、誘導路の両外側に設置する灯器にあつては、最小限、光源の中心を頂点とし頂角が十六度の円錐内で見えるものであり、誘導路内に設置する灯器にあつては、最小限、方位角において、光源の中心を含み、かつ、誘導路中心線又は誘導路中心線の接線を含む鉛直面から左右それぞれ十度までの範囲及び光源の中心を含む水平面の上方一度から八度までの範囲で見えるものであること。
The anode light shall, in the case of lamp units installed both outside of a taxiway, be visible at least within a cone having the light source center as its apex and an apical angle of 16 degrees, and in the case of those installed within a taxiway, be visible at least in azimuth angles, within 10 degrees leftward and rightward from a vertical plane comprising the light source center and the taxiway centerline or the tangential line of the taxiway centerline and a range from 1 to 8 degrees upward from a horizontal plane comprising the light source center.

各灯器の光柱光度は、光柱の上層と下層との境界面と光源の中心を含み滑走路中心線に平行な鉛直面の交線を軸とし光源の中心を頂点とする頂角が四度である円錐内では、下層が五千カンデラ以上で上層が下層の光度の二倍以上六・五倍以下であり、かつ、当該交線を軸とし光源の中心を頂点とする頂角が七度である円錐を、光柱の上層と下層との境界面に沿つて当該頂点を支点として左右にそれぞれ四・五度回転させた場合における軌跡に相当する空間内では、下層が千五百カンデラ以上で上層が下層の光度の二倍以上六・五倍以下であること。
The anode light intensity of each lamp unit shall be such that within a cone comprising a boundary plane between the upper and lower layers of the anode light and the light source center and an axis formed by a cross-line of a vertical plane parallel to the runway centerline and the light source center as the apex with apical angle against the light source of 4 degrees

各灯器の光柱光度は、光柱の上層と下層との境界面と光源の中心を含み滑走路中心線に平行な鉛直面の交線を軸とし光源の中心を頂点とする頂角が四度である円錐内では、下層が一万五千カンデラ以上で上層が下層の光度の二倍以上六・五倍以下であり、かつ、当該交線を軸とし光源の中心を頂点とする頂角が七度である円錐を、光柱の上層と下層との境界面に沿つて当該頂点を支点として左右にそれぞれ四・五度回転させた場合における軌跡に相当する空間内では、下層が四千カンデラ以上で上層が下層の光度の二倍以上六・五倍以下であること。
The anode light intensity of each lamp unit shall be such that within a cone comprising a boundary plane between the upper and lower layers of the anode light and the light source center and an axis formed by a cross-line of a vertical plane parallel to the runway centerline and the light source center as the apex with apical angle against the light source of 4 degrees