革: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 革
- leather
- tanned animal hide
- kanji 'leather' radical (radical 177)
- Arata
- Kaku
- become serious
- skin
- pelt
- 鞣革
- leather
- tanned animal hide
- suede
- kanji 'tanned leather' radical (radical 178)
- 裏革
- suede
- leather using the underside of the skin
- piece of leather on the underside of a bag, purse, etc.
- 革綴
- leather covering or binding
- 革装
- leather-bound
- leather binding
- 革紐
- leather strap
- thong
- leash
- 革砥
- leather strop
- Razor strop
- 革偏
- kanji 'leather' radical (radical 177)
- 革製
- leather
- leather-bound
- leathern
- 革命
- revolution
- 58th year of the sexagenary cycle (in onmyou-dou)
- Revolutions
- 革籠
- baskets wrapped in paper, bark or skin
- 滑革
- cow hide tanned using tannin
- 革令
- first year of the sexagenary cycle (in onmyou-dou)
- 沿革
- history
- development
- History of Survey
- History and Development
- Origin
- Outline
- Brief history
- Chronology
- History of the corps
- Description
- University's History
- Its history
- 革亀
- leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
- 革運
- fifth year of the sexagenary cycle (in onmyou-dou)
- 革靴
- leather shoes
- Dress shoe
- 改革
- reform
- reformation
- innovation
- regeneration
- Reform movement
- revolutionize
- 背革
- back of a leatherbound book
- つり革
- strap (to hang onto)
- assist strap
- 行革審
- Administrative Reform Commission (1983)
- 性革命
- sex revolution
- sexual revolution
- 藍革縅
- stitching together an amor with indigo-dyed leather
- armor stiched together with indigo-dyed leather
- 革綴じ
- leather covering or binding
- 革製品
- leather goods (products)
- leather-goods
- 革新的
- innovative
- liberal
- reformist
- 革新派
- reformist group
- The Kakushin (progressive) school
- 革表紙
- leather cover
- leather binding
- 革命家
- revolutionary
- Revolutionist
- Revolutionaries
- 革命児
- man of revolutionary temperament
- 革命的
- revolutionary (e.g. technology)
- ヌメ革
- cow hide tanned using tannin
- ぬめ革
- cow hide tanned using tannin
- 革める
- to change
- to alter
- to revise
- to replace
- to reform
- to correct
- to mend
- to improve
- to do properly
- to do formally
- 革ひも
- leather strap
- thong
- leash
- 革まる
- to be renewed
- to stand on ceremony
- to be formal
- to take a turn for the worse
- 反革命
- counterrevolution
- Counter-revolutionary
- 保守革命
- The Conservative Revolution
- Conservative Revolutionary movement
- 幕政改革
- Reformation Of The Shogunate Government
- 体質革新
- fundamental restructuring
- 生産革新
- Manufacturing Renovation
- 意識革命
- fundamental reform of one's mindset
- 環境革命
- Environmental Revolution
- 改革運動
- crusade
- Mouvement Réformateur
- 革新する
- innovate
- regenerate
- renovate
- 革新的な
- innovative
- pro-active
- 経営革新
- management improvement
- 流通革命
- distribution revolution
- 革新政党
- progressive or reformist political party
- 機構改革
- reorganization
- reorganisation
- structural reform
- 技術革新
- technological innovation
- 技術革命
- technology revolution
- 革命運動
- revolutionary movement
- 革命政府
- revolutionary government
- 革細工師
- leatherworker
- leathercrafter
- 意識変革
- radical change in mentality
- radically changing one's way of thinking
- radical change in consciousness
- 意識改革
- renewing oneself
- changing one's way of thinking
- 易姓革命
- revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue (old Chinese political thought)
- 科学革命
- scientific revolution
- 農地改革
- agrarian reform
- land reform
- 農業革命
- agricultural revolution
- agrarian revolution
- British Agricultural Revolution
- 改革の評価
- Evaluation of the reform
- 改革の内容
- The contents of the reform
- Contents of Reform
- 職掌・沿革
- Official duties and History
- 明治の変革
- Transformation during the Meiji period
- 立憲革新党
- The Rikken Kakushinto (Constitutional Renovation Party)
- 改革の詳細
- The details of the reform
- 慶雲の改革
- Keiun no kaikaku (Political reform in the Keiun era)
- 沿革・職掌
- History and Duties
- History and official duties
- 習俗の改革
- Reform of manners and customs:
- 幕末の改革
- Reforms in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate
- 改革の影響
- Influence of Reform
- 思想の革命
- revolution of ideas
- 歴史・沿革
- History and Development
- History and Transition
- 革製バッグ
- leather bag
- leather handbag
- 寛政の改革
- Kansei Reforms (series of conservative government measures, 1787-1793 CE)
- The Kansei Reforms
- 革命評議会
- revolutionary council
- a revolutionary junta
- ロシア革命
- Russian Revolution
- Russian Revolution 1917
- 永久革命論
- permanent revolution
- ドイツ革命
- German Revolution (1918-1919)
- German Revolution of 1918–1919
- 改革を叫ぶ
- to cry loudly for a reform
- 改革派教会
- Reformed Churches
- Reformed denominations
- 享保の改革
- Kyouhou Reforms
- economic reforms introduced in 1736
- Kyoho Reforms
- The Kyoho Reforms
- Kyōhō Reforms
- 諸制度の改革
- Reform of the systems
- 沿革及び特徴
- History and characteristics
- 錦旗革命事件
- Kinki Revolution Coup
- I T 革命
- information technology revolution
- 民主革命同盟
- Democratic Revolutionary Alliance
- 政府改革協会
- Better Government Association
- 技術革新領域
- innovation boundary
- 行政改革会議
- Administrative Reform Conference
- Administrative Reform Council
- 革命人民同盟
- Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana
- 反革命主義者
- counterrevolutionary
- イギリス革命
- English Revolution
- メキシコ革命
- Mexican Revolution (1910)
- オレンジ革命
- Orange Revolution (Ukraine, 2004-2005)
- 仏教の革新運動
- Efforts to reform Buddhism
- 改革の影響など
- Effect of the reform and others
- 帝国財政革新会
- Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai (conference on reform of imperial financial affairs)
- 慶応の軍制改革
- The military reform in Keio Era
- Military reforms in Keio Era
- 文久の軍制改革
- Military reform in Bunkyu Period
- Military reforms in Bunkyu Era
- 国内改革の推進
- Promotion of domestic reforms
- 保守革命の分類
- Categories of the Conservative Revolution
- 実如の教団改革
- Jitsunyo's reform of the religious community
- 少女革命ウテナ
- Revolutionary Girl Utena
- 技術革新の普及
- innovation diffusion
- 技術革新の群起
- innovation cluster
- 製造工業の革命
- revolution in manufacturing
- 環境革命の胎動
- Signs of the Environmental Revolution
- 立法による改革
- legislative reform
- 英国の産業革命
- Industrial Revolution
- ブルジョア革命
- bourgeois revolution
- エネルギー革命
- energy revolution
- revolution in energy
- ジャスミン革命
- Jasmine Revolution (2010-2011)
- Tunisian revolution
- 保守革命の思想家
- Thinkers of the Conservative Revolution
- 総合規制改革会議
- Council for Regulatory Reform
- くらしの環境革命
- Environmental Revolution in daily life
- グリーン税制改革
- green taxation reform
- 行政改革推進本部
- Administrative Reform Promotion Office
- Administrative Reform Task Force
- 教育改革国民会議
- National Commission on Educational Reform
- National Commission on Education Reform
- National Congress for Educational Reform
- National Council on Educational Reform
- 環境革命の時代へ
- Toward an Era of Environmental Revolution
- 規制改革担当大臣
- State Minister in Charge of Regulatory Reform
- プロレタリア革命
- proletarian revolution
- ピューリタン革命
- Puritan Revolution
- 改革派から過激派へ
- From the reformers to extremists
- 通貨改革と贋貨処理
- Currency reform and counterfeit money disposal
- 大隈主導の幣制改革
- Currency system reform led by OKUMA
- 外務省機能改革会議
- Council for Reform of the Foreign Ministry
- 政治改革関連4法案
- package of four reform bills
- 11月、ドイツ革命。
- The German Revolution broke out in November.
- 大久保政権の禄制改革
- The reform of the stipend system under the OKUBO cabinet.
- 寛政の改革と酒株制度
- The Kansei Reforms and sakekabu system
- 地方分権改革推進会議
- Council for Decentralization Reform
- 留守政府の禄制改革議論
- Argument on reforms of the stipend system by Rusu-seifu (the government while head officers were away)
- 立憲政友会革新同盟総裁
- Presidents of Rikken seiyukai reform alliance
- 沓(くつ):革製の靴。
- Kutsu: leather shoes
- 「服制変革ノ令」の発布
- Issuance of 'Fukusei henkaku no rei' (Ordinance of dress code reform)
- 臨時行政改革推進審議会
- Administrative Reform Commission (1983)
- 国有林野事業改革関連法
- National Forest Management Reform Law
- なめし革のように強靱な
- tough as leather
- 1911年- 辛亥革命。
- 1911: Xinhai Revolution broke out.
- 情報処理における技術革新
- information technological innovation
- 革嶋家文書(重要文化財)
- Kawashimake Bunsho (Important Cultural Property)
- 1917年- ロシア革命。
- 1917: The Russian Revolution broke out.
- 民心の一新-国民精神改革-
- Refurbishing of people's mind: Kokumin Seishin Kaikaku
- 狛部 革の染め作りをする伴部
- Komabe: clerks who worked in the tannery
- 狛戸 革の染め作りをする品部
- Komahe: craftsmen who worked in the tannery
- 百済戸 革製品を製造する品部
- Kudarahe: craftsmen who worked in the leather craft workshop
- 社会が変革の時代を迎えます。
- Society is moving towards an era of reform.
- 使い古した革のように柔らかい
- as soft as old leather
- なめし革・同製品・毛皮製造業
- suede, suede product, and fur manufacturing industry
- 百済手部 革製品を製造する伴部
- Kudarabe: clerks who worked in the leather craft workshop
- 寛政の改革の際に詠まれたもの。
- This poem was written during the Kansei Reform.
- 革新的環境監視計測技術先導研究
- innovative environmental monitoring and measurement technology guidance project
- 改革派の中には下級武士が多かった。
- On the other hand, there were a lot of lower-ranking samurai among the reformers.
- 1642年に清教徒革命が起こった。
- In 1642, the Puritan Revolution broke out.
- 典履(正八位上) 革製品製造を監督
- Tenri (Shohachiinojo (Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade)) Supervised the production of leather products
- 規制改革推進3ヶ年計画(再改正)
- 3-year Regulatory Reform Promotion Plan (re-amended)
- ~について革命的な考えを持っている
- have revolutionary ideas about
- そのため「革緒の直垂」とも呼ばれる。
- Therefore, it is also called 'hitatare of kawao' (leather cord).
- 辛亥革命後の中華民国にも継続された。
- It was valid in the Republic of China after the Chinese Revolution of 1911 (the Xinhai Revolution).
- 阿部死後は堀田正睦が改革を主導する。
- After Abe died, Masayoshi HOTTA led the reforms of bakufu politics.
- 寛政12年の銀座改革に伴い廃止された。
- The ginza was abolished with the ginza reform of 1801.
- 劇的な改革が必要だと皆が仮定している。
- Everyone assumes that drastic reform is needed.
- エネルギー需給構造改革推進投資促進税制
- taxation system for stimulating investment to promote structural reform in the supply and demand of energy
- また、国内の政治改革も急進的に行われた。
- Moreover, political reform within country was radically promoted.
- この改革の性格は田沼時代の全否定である。
- In nature, Sadanobu's reforms were the complete denial of the Tanuma period.
- 地域社会から始まる持続可能な社会への変革
- Local Communities Leading the Transition to a Sustainable Society
- 緒は、革または帯の類で、十文字にからげる。
- It was tied up crosswise with a ceremonial cord of leather or sash.
- 明治政府に必要な制度改革の素案を作成した。
- It created draft of a system reform necessary for Meiji government.
- ただし、改革は決して順調とは言えなかった。
- However, the reforms were anything but smooth.
- 革新型単純化沸騰水型炉、140万キロワット
- ESBWR
- 皮革などに穴をあけるために使用したと思われる。
- It seems to have been used to drill a hole in hides or else.
- 11世紀中葉に、王朝国家体制の変革が行われた。
- In the middle era of the 11th century, the dynastic national system was reformed.
- 歌風としては、革新的な歌を詠むことで知られた。
- He was famous for his innovative poetical style.
- 経済財政運営と構造改革に関する基本方針2002
- Basic Policies for Economic and Fiscal Policy Management and Structural Reform 2002
- ただ、沿革についてはよく解っていない点が多い。
- However, there are many unknown factors regarding the history of the castle.
- 彼が全身革の服をきて手にはカメラを持っていた。
- He was dressed all in leather and had a camera in his hand.
- 1870年には公家に対する禄制改革が実施される。
- In 1870, the government carried out a reform of the stipend system for nobles.
- 調所広郷(薩摩藩家老。薩摩藩政の改革をおこなう)
- Hirosato ZUSHO (A Karo officer in the Satsuma domain. He reformed the administration of the Satsuma domain government.)
- この花山新制はかなり大規模な改革を志向していた。
- That new system conducted by Emperor Hanayama aimed to create large-scale reformations.
- (租庸調)公民に税や労役を負担させる制度の改革。
- (Soyocho (a tax system)): A reform of a system to burden the public with tax and labor service.
- 三岡失脚後は大隈が幣制改革を主導することになる。
- After the downfall of Mioka, OKUMA led the currency system reform.
- 日本は清国とともに朝鮮半島の政治改革を目論んだ。
- Japan planned a political reform in the Korean Peninsula, together with Qing.
- なお、中国では辛亥革命後も銀本位制が継続された。
- In China, the silver standard continued after the Xinhai Revolution.
- 鉄製三角板革綴式短甲:長瀞西遺跡(群馬県高崎市)
- Tanko made of iron triangular plates bound with leather: Nagatoronishi remains (Takasaki City, Gunma Prefecture)
- 八色の姓の改革以降、実際に賜姓される事は無かった。
- After introducing a new system of Yakusa no Kabane, Omi stopped being granted.
- 改革派を継いだ藤田東湖が両派の関係修復に尽力する。
- Toko FUJITA, who took over the reformers, made an effort to make up the relationship between the conflicting factions.
- 皮革、屠畜、清掃、造園のほか、芸能業にも従事した。
- They were engaged in entertainment business in addition to making leather, slaughtering livestock, cleaning and gardening.
- 日清戦争直後の朝鮮半島では改革派の勢いが強かった。
- The reformist group gained power in the Korean Peninsula immediately after the Sino-Japanese War.
- モーラーは保守革命を次の五つの傾向に分類している。
- Mohler categorized the conservative revolution into the following five trends;
- ここまでは勅書による改革の指示に沿ったものである。
- These reforms described above were in line with the reform instruction in the chokusho.
- また、財政以外の改革では生類憐れみの令が知られる。
- In addition to the financial reform, Shorui-Awaremi-no-rei (ordinances of animal protection) is known to have been implemented during this era.
- そして、乾燥した牛革草を黒焼きにして鉄鍋に入れる。
- The dried Gyukakuso is charred and put into an iron pan.
- 中央省庁等改革関係法施行法(平成十一法律百六十)抄
- Act for Enforcement of Acts Related to the Central Government Reform (Act No. 160 of 1999) (Extract)
- 皮革(原毛皮及び毛皮を含む。)及び皮革製品の半製品
- semi-finished products of leather (including raw fur skins and dressed fur skins) and leather products.
- また、江戸幕府も寛政の改革で「七分積金」を導入した。
- Also, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) implemented 'shichibu tsumikin (70 percent reserve fund)' for the Kansei Reform.
- ちなみに、当時は屠畜業者と皮革業者は未分化であった。
- At the time, there was no distinguishment made between the handling of animal carcasses or leather processing.
- 利休は茶室の普請においても画期的な変革を行っている。
- Rikyu also made an epoch-making reform of the teahouse.
- 陸軍はその海軍の兵食改革(麦飯支給)に否定的であった。
- The army was skeptical about reforming food for solders (keaping barley rice) like the Navy did.
- 徳川吉宗の享保の改革により、洋書輸入が一部解禁された。
- The ban on importing Western books was partially lifted as a result of the Kyoho Reform implemented by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.
- 当然一連の改革に対する末寺・門徒の一部の反発もあった。
- As a matter of course, there came resistance from part of branch temples and followers against the series of reforms.
- 連のカバネ(かばね)、八色の姓の改革の時に朝臣姓を賜る。
- Their Kabane (hereditary title) was formerly Muraji, but the clan was given the kabane of Ason (the second highest of the eight hereditary titles) after the reform of the Kabane system (Yakusa no Kabane).
- 「今より以後、旧制を革易し、一世一元、以て永式と為す。」
- From now on, the old system will be revolutionaries and will practice assigning one era name to the reign of each Emperor permanently.'
- 小島龍太郎や加藤時次郎、岩崎革也らが資金援助をおこなった。
- Ryutaro KOJIMA, Tokijiro KATO and Kakuya IWASAKI helped financially.
- 自己の正義感に囚われて革命運動に呈する者も陽明学徒に多い。
- Those who, driven by a personal sense of justice, affiliated themselves with the revolutionary movement were mostly students of Yomeigaku.
- 滋賀県下で唯一、城郭建築が保存された(歴史・沿革を参照)。
- It is only castle in Shiga Prefecture that the castle architecture has been preserved (refer to History).
- その結果、頼芸は揖斐北方城に入り、政頼は革手城に復帰した。
- As a result, Yorinari returned to the Ibi Kitakata-jo Castle, and Masayori returned to the Kawate-jo Castle.
- 俳諧に比べて伝統的・貴族的な和歌の革新は遅れがちであった。
- Compared to the haikai (seventeen-syllable verse), changes to the traditional and aristocratic waka were slow.
- そのため、麻田藩に倣った改革が岡部藩の領民から要求された。
- Consequently, people in Okabe Domain demanded reform following the example of Asada Domain.
- これに対して行財政改革を進める西園寺内閣はこれを拒絶した。
- Meanwhile, the Saionji Cabinet, which was promoting administrative and financial reform, refused to give in to this pressure.
- 江戸時代中期以降になると、藩政改革の一環として採用された。
- After the middle of the Edo period, it was adopted as part of the reformation of domain duties.
- 最後の13代九鬼隆義は藩政改革を行い、軍隊を洋式に改めた。
- Takayoshi KUKI, the 13th and the last head, changed the system of their army to western style by conducting reformation of domain duties.
- 間部・新井が主導した改革を年号をとって「正徳の治」という。
- The reform led by Manabe and Arai is called the Shotoku Reforms after the name of the era that the reform was implemented.
- これによって寛政の改革の政策は実質的に継続することとなる。
- Kansei Reforms were substantially continued by these people.
- 老中として改革を主導したのは忠成の同族の水野忠邦であった。
- And it was Tadakuni MIZUNO, who belonged to the same family as Tadaakira, that led the reforms as 'roju.'
- 寛政の改革時に一旦鋳造禁止されたが、程なく発行が再開された。
- The minting was stopped temporarily during the Kansei Reforms but started to issue again soon after that.
- 改革派は世直しをするものとして、自らを天狗と称したという説。
- The other theory says that reformers called themselves as Tengu because they were setting the world aright.
- 1884年に組織改革を巡って紛糾したために解党論が浮上する。
- In 1884, the party got complicated over an issue of restructuring, and an idea of resolving the party emerged.
- 後三条天皇は即位後、延久新政とも言われる政治改革を断行した。
- Emperor Gosanjo carried out a political reformation called Eikyu Shinsei (The New Rule of Eikyu) after the enthronement.
- こうした奢侈禁止令の極致が天保の改革の際の一連の禁令である。
- The most strict of the sumptuary laws was the series issued during the Tenpo Reforms.
- 天保の改革の際に株仲間が一時廃止された際に冥加も免除された。
- Myoga was abolished when kabunakama was once abolished in the process of Tenpo Reform.
- 以後、円如と蓮淳は実如の意向を受けて教団の改革に乗り出した。
- After that, Ennyo and Renjun started to reform the religious community under Jitsunyo's instruction.
- 中臣鎌子を内臣に任じ、後に大化の改新と呼ばれる改革を断行する。
- NAKATOMI no Kamako was appointed as Uchi no Omi (an important governmental post presiding over important state affairs while assisting the Emperor) and later carried out a reform called the Taika Reforms.
- 8代将軍徳川吉宗が行った享保の改革により相当部分は修正される。
- Most of the policies were revised during the Kyoho reform carried out by the eighth shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.
- 政府は諸藩に対する改革の指令を布告し、財政状態の報告をさせた。
- The government announced implementation of reforms to samurai warriors of every domain, and made them report their financial condition.
- 河合道臣(姫路藩酒井家家老。姫路藩政を改革し、負債完済に成功)
- Hiroomi KAWAI (A Karo officer of the Sakai family in the Himeji domain. He reformed the administration of the Himeji domain government, successfully completing payment of all domain debts.)
- その後、立原派=保守派、藤田派=改革派として政治的対立が続く。
- Subsequently, Tachihara's faction (conservatives) and Fujita's faction (reformers) kept having political conflict with each other.
- しかし、改革が進行中の慶雲4年6月、文武天皇は崩御してしまう。
- In the middle of the reform in June 707, however, Emperor Monmu passed away.
- 更に辛亥革命の影響もあって陸軍_(日本)の増強圧力が高まった。
- In addition to that, the impact of the Xinhai Revolution increased the pressure to build up the Japanese army.
- 天武天皇は改革を進めてより強力な中央集権体制を築くことになる。
- Emperor Tenmu advanced reforms to build a stronger centralized administrative system.
- すなわち義和団の乱は辛亥革命に至る重要な伏線となったといえる。
- In other words, the Boxer Rebellion was an important development in the lead-up to the Xinhai Revolution.
- 新井は長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にし、改革案を起案した。
- Arai developed a reform plan based on a proposal submitted by Kiyosuke OOKA, Nagasaki bugyo (the collective name of magistrates placed in important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period.)
- 新たに即位した孝徳天皇は次々と改革を進めていった(大化の改新)。
- Emperor Kotoku, who had recently ascended to the throne, promoted a succession of reforms which have come to be known as the Taika Reform.
- また新大陸発見で世界的なインフレーション(価格革命)が発生した。
- Moreover, inflation (price revolution) on a global scale broke out following the discovery of the New World.
- その結果、この新しい碑学派の篆刻を行う者が現れ、革新派と称した。
- As a result, some people who started tenkoku of the Higaku (study of Hokuhi) school referred to themselves as the 'Kakushin' school.
- 江戸幕府は、大量に蓄積された金銀を原資に貨幣制度の改革を行った。
- The shogunate government in Edo reformed the currency system using a large amount of accumulated gold and silver.
- 兄時平の早世後に朝政を司り、延喜の治と呼ばれる政治改革を行った。
- He conducted the affairs of the Imperial Court after the early death of his brother Tokihira, and carried out a political reform called 'Engi no chi (the Glorious Engi Rule).'
- 1950年4月20日、京都府知事選挙、蜷川虎三当選、革新府政成立。
- April 20, 1950: A reformist prefectural government was established with Torazo NINAGAWA's win in the Kyoto prefectural governor election.
- 続いて田沼政治を批判した松平定信がに登場し、寛政の改革を推進した。
- Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA who criticized Tanuma's politics subsequently appeared in 1787, and promoted the Kansei Reforms.
- 近世後期になると京都でも和歌革新の動きが起こり、桂園派が登場した。
- A waka reform movement also began in Kyoto during the late early-modern period, and the Keien school was formed.
- 日本国内では再び朝鮮半島への改革に介入すべきだとの世論が起こった。
- A public opinion that Japan should intervene once more in the reform of the Korean peninsula arose in Japan.
- 木製・革製・鉄製のものがあり、原則として肩から腰の胴体を保護する。
- The Tanko were made of wood, leather and iron, basically protecting the torso from shoulder to waist.
- 刈り取った牛革草を天日で乾燥させ、目方を十分の一になるまでにする。
- Harvested Gyukakuso is dried under the sun to reduce the weight to one tenth.
- 衣類及び衣類附属品(革製又はコンポジションレザー製のものに限る。)
- Clothes and accessories therefor (limited to those made of leather or composition leather)
- 地租改正(ちそかいせい)とは、に明治政府が行った租税制度改革である。
- Land-tax reform refers to the tax system reform conducted by the Meiji Government in 1873.
- 上記の国政改革と並行して、東国では寛平・延喜東国の乱が発生していた。
- In parallel with the national reformation described above, Kanbyo Engi Togoku War (Disturbance by robberies in Togoku during the eras between Kanbyo [889 to 898] and Engi [901 to 923]) occurred.
- 後嵯峨院による院政下の寛元4年(1246年)に院政の改革が行われた。
- Gosagain revised the government by a retired emperor in 1246 during his post-retired government.
- されど、詩壇革新の先駆として、又女性の作として、歓迎すべき価値多し。
- Still, it is a work of high value that should be welcomed as a forerunner in reforming the world of tanka poetry, and also as a work composed by a woman.
- その後、中大兄皇子は体制を刷新して大化の改新と呼ばれる改革を断行した。
- After that, Prince Naka no Oe carried out a reform called the Taika Reforms.
- 646年(大化2)大化改新の詔を発布して今後の政治改革の方針を示した。
- In 646, the Taika no kaishin no Mikotonori (Taika Reforms Edict) was issued for announcing political reform policies.
- そして明治維新後、徳島藩の禄制改革により徳島本藩の家臣は士族とされた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, under the Tokushima domain's Rokusei reformation (the reform in salary system), the vassals of the Tokushima Honpan came to be regarded as warrior class.
- 日本軍の明石元二郎大佐による革命運動への支援工作がこれに拍車をかけた。
- Colonel Motojiro AKASHI's support of the revolutionary movements in Russia spurred the aforementioned situation.
- 「日本は朝鮮の独立を保つため朝鮮に改革を勧めて朝鮮もこれを肯諾した。」
- Japan advised Korea to carry out a reform to keep the country independent, and Korea accepted it.'
- 上米の制(あげまいのせい)とは、江戸幕府が享保の改革の際に出した制度。
- Agemai no sei was a rule issued by the Edo Bakufu at the time of Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform).
- したがって国内改革の方向は必然的に西欧化の方向を取らざるを得なくなる。
- As the result, direction of the internal reforms should be Westernization.
- 何故、政権を改新したり、改革したりすることができたのか全く不明である。
- From the article, it's completely unknown as to why the government was reformed or was innovated.
- この他の原動力には実用性の追究・筆記具の革新(蔡倫など)が挙げられる。
- The pursuit of practicability and the reform of writing material (such as a reform by Sairin) were another motive power.
- 忠邦が主導した諸改革を天保の改革と呼ぶ(1841年 - 1843年)。
- The reforms led by Tadakuni is called Tenpo Reforms (from 1841 to 1843).
- タイル・皮革などについては、1尺四方をもって1坪とし、これを尺坪という。
- In case of measuring tiles and leather materials, a unique tsubo unit called shaku-tsubo is often used, which is defined 1 shaku-tsubo as an area in 1 shaku square.
- しかし陽明学はそのうちの倫理学及び方法論的側面の革新であったに過ぎない。
- On the other hand, Yomei-gaku reformed just the ethics and methodology sides of Shushigaku.
- この改革は、特に弱体化されることを恐れた上級家臣を中心に反感が強かった。
- This reform provoked high-ranked vassals' antipathy in particular those who were afraid of being weakened.
- これとは対照的に熊本藩細川重賢は明律研究を参考に大胆な司法改革を行った。
- In contrast, Shigekata HOSOKAWA, of the Kumamoto Domain, drew upon the research on the Ming code to carry out bold judicial reform.
- 浦島太郎の300年とは、雄略天皇の改革と蹉跌の時代であるとも推測できる。
- It can be conjectured that the relevance of the 300 years in the Urashima Taro story reflects the period of time of Emperor Yuryaku's reforms and the ensuing difficulties.
- 享保の改革の際に詠まれたもので、旗本への給与が遅れたことを風刺している。
- This poem was written during the Kyoho reforms, satirizing the delay of salary to Hatamoto samurai.
- 9世紀については、文屋綿麻呂によって征夷が一段落してからの沿革がわかる。
- Activities in the 9th century show a history after the subjection of indigenous inhabitants in eastern Japan was settled by FUNYA no Watamaro for the time being.
- 殊に神野志の『古事記の達成』は、それまでの研究史を革新したといってよい。
- In addition, it can be said that 'Kojiki no tassei' (the accomplishment of the Kojiki) by Takamitsu KONOSHI rewrote the previous study history.
- また詔の四か条に無いが、その他の制度に対しても大きな改革が行われている。
- In addition, though not included in the four articles of the Edict, significant reforms were made on other systems.
- 平成15年度における税制改革についての答申-あるべき税制の構築に向けて-
- Basic Policy in Formulating FY2003 Tax Reform Report - Policy Guidance on the Establishment of a Desirable Tax System
- 結論としては、正徳の治と享保の改革には断絶があると考えるのは相当ではない。
- As a conclusion, it is not reasonable to think that there was a discontinuity between Shotoku no chi and Kyoho reforms.
- 評の設置は、このように、地方社会のあり方を大きく変革したと考えられている。
- In this way, it is believed that the establishment of koori greatly transformed the form of local societies.
- 桓武天皇は新王朝の創始を強く意識し、自らの主導による諸改革を進めていった。
- Emperor Kanmu was strongly aware of the start of the new dynasty and promoted various reformations.
- そのため、徳川吉宗は幕府権力の再強化と財政再建(享保の改革)を推し進めた。
- Therefore, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA promoted the re-strengthening of the bakufu authority and financial reconstruction (Kyoho Reforms).
- なお、幕藩体制の助郷制度の廃止による交通制度の改革も駅逓司の所管であった。
- It was also a part of Ekitei-Shi's responsibility to reform the transportation system, which was caused by the abolition of Sukego system (tax system imposed to villages based on their amount of crop, and paid in labor; villages designated as Sukego had to provide laborers, horses and sometimes sailors to help their neighboring post-station town) in the shogunate system.
- 加藤は、政友会から2名、革新倶楽部から1名を加えた護憲三派内閣を組閣する。
- KATO formed a coalition cabinet of the Goken Sanpa, inviting two members from the Seiyukai Party and one member from the Kakusin Kurabu to participate in the cabinet.
- 人権擁護と税制・財政改革を唱える一方で、日清戦争では積極的に政府支持に回る。
- While asserting protection of human rights and taxation and finance reforms, Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai enthusiastically supported the government during the Japanese-Sino War.
- 従って、内乱が終結した後には直ちに明治政府が通貨改革を行うことを望んでいた。
- Therefore, he hoped that the Meiji Government would carry out a currency reform immediately after the civil war ended.
- 天保期までは機知にとんだ五七五の句であったが、天保の改革以後、内容的に堕落。
- Before the Tenpo era, they were commonly a witty verse consisting of five, seven, and seven lines, but after the Tenpo Reforms their contents were often depraved.
- これは幕府制度確立以来の根本制度の変革であり、幕府権力の低下も意味していた。
- This was a change of the bakufu's fundamental system since its establishment, which meant the bakufu to be losing its authority.
- また、牛革草自体はリューマチ、止血、鎮痛に効果のあるれっきとした薬草である。
- Gyukakuso itself is a herbal medicine that works for rheumatism, hemostatic, and pain relief.
- 1950年2月8日、京都市長選挙、高山義三当選、革新市政成立(やがて保守へ)。
- February 8, 1950: A reformist municipal government (which subsequently became conservative) was established with Yoshizo TAKAYAMA's win in the Kyoto City mayoral election.
- このため、これらの矛盾を説明するために「八月革命説」が主張されるようになった。
- To resolve the contradiction, 'the August Revolution Theory' was crated.
- 辛亥、甲子革令、二十四節気などの暦に関することもかなり道教の影響をうけている。
- Calendar-related items such as Shi-gai (辛亥), Kasshi Kakurei (the 1st year of the 60-year cycle in Chinese calendar when changes are often said to happen), and the 24 seasonal datum points, all reveal significant influenced by Dokyo.
- それは非西欧諸国が主権国家となるための国内改革を推進していく強い動機となった。
- This believe became a strong ground for promoting internal reforms for non-western countries to become a sovereign nation.
- それを利用した専売政策は形を変えながらも辛亥革命以後にまで継続されたのである。
- The policy of monopolization that made use of it was maintained in different forms even after the Xinhai Revolution.
- 第一次世界大戦末期にロシア11月革命が発生し、史上初の社会主義政権が誕生した。
- At the end of the WWI, the Russian November Revolution broke out, which led to the birth of the first ever socialist regime.
- 将軍吉宗自ら主導した改革を「享保の改革」と呼ぶ(1716年 - 1745年)。
- The reforms led by Shogun Yoshimune himself is called Kyoho Reforms (from A.D. 1716 to 1745).
- 国鉄改革後における新幹線鉄道騒音対策の推進について(昭和62年3月閣議了解)
- Promotion Measures for the Noise of Shinkansen Trains after the Japan National Railway Reform (approved by the Cabinet in March 1987)
- 寛政12年(1800年)の銀座 (歴史)改革以降、南鐐二朱銀の鋳造が再開された。
- After the Ginza Reform in 1800, the minting of Nanryo Nishu Gin was restarted.
- 国宝・重要文化財の指定手続、指定制度の沿革などについては、重要文化財の項を参照。
- For more information on the designation system and procedure for national treasures and important cultural properties, see the article on important cultural properties.
- また、袖に通す括り紐や露が省略され、胸紐、小露(袖や胸の飾り紐)は革製であった。
- Moreover, strings that pierce around the sleeves and thin cloth around the armhole were omitted, and the breast cord and the ornament cord (decoration strings of sleeves or a breast) were made from leather.
- 彼らの生業は屠畜や皮革加工で、河原やその周辺に居住していたため河原者と呼ばれた。
- They handled animal carcasses and leather processing, and were called Kawaramono because they lived on or near the riverbed (kawara).
- そして、明治政府の地租改正に伴う土地改革によって寺社領は解体されることになった。
- Under the land reform accompanying the chisokaisei (revision of land-tax) during the Meiji period, the Jisharyo was broken up.
- 江戸時代中期になると、藩政改革の一環としての藩校開学が各地で行われるようになる。
- In the middle of Edo period, many domain schools were established in various places as one part of domain reform.
- 帝国財政革新会(ていこくざいせいかくしんかい)は、明治中期に設立された政治団体。
- Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai was a political group established in the middle of the Meiji Period.
- 文久 1年(1861年)5月、軍制改革を推進するため10名の軍制掛が任命された。
- In May 1861, 10 gakari for military reforms were appointed to proceed military reforms.
- 誕生まもない俳諧に比べて、上代からの伝統的日本文化である和歌の革新は抑制された。
- Compared with haikai, which had been just generated, waka was traditional Japanese culture that had continued since Jodai (ancient times); therefore, its degree of innovation was suppressed.
- 天保の改革が失敗に終わったことにより、幕府は財政・体制ともに壊滅的危機を迎える。
- Failure of Tenpo Reforms drove the Edo bakufu on the verge of collapse in both finance and regime itself.
- 改革関係法等の施行前にした行為に対する罰則の適用については、なお従前の例による。
- With regard to the application of penal provisions to acts committed prior to the enforcement of the Reform Related Acts, etc., the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.
- Penal provisions already in force shall remain applicable to acts conducted prior to the enforcement of the reform-related acts.
- 本建物の沿革については、解体修理の際発見された瓦銘や刻銘から述べることができる。
- It is possible to describe the history of this building from kawara-mei (inscriptions on tile) or the other inscriptions found when this building which were discovered when it was dismantled and repaired.
- 正徳の治(しょうとくのち)とは正徳 (日本)年間を中心に進められた政治改革である。
- Shotoku no chi are the political reforms carried out mainly in the Shotoku era.
- また律令制度の施行に伴って生じた不備などを調整する目的から、慶雲の改革が行われた。
- Consequently, the Keiun Reform was conducted in order to adjust for problems which had occurred with the enforcement of the ritsu and ryou codes.
- その後の長期にわたる不況は失われた10年と呼ばれ、経済面での構造改革が進められた。
- The sluggish economy having long lasted after that was called the lost decade, and the economical structure was reformed.
- 農政等実施した忠平の政策は、兄時平の行った国政改革と合わせ「延喜の治」と呼ばれる。
- Tadahira's policies on agriculture and other areas, along with his brother Tokihira's administrative policies, are referred to collectively as 'Engi no chi.'
- さらに左大臣に就任した島津久光が、大久保主導の急進的改革への反対建白書を提出した。
- Moreover, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, who had assumed the office of the Minister of the Left, submitted a petition against the radical reforms led by Okubo.
- その水野忠成が死し、大御所家斉も没した後、12代徳川家慶が幕政改革に意欲を見せる。
- After Tadaakira MIZUNO and Ogosho Ienari died, the 12th Shogun Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA became keen on the reforms of bakufu politics.
- しかし、フランス革命当時の欧米と同じように、参政権が付与されたのは男性のみであった。
- Yet much like countries in the West around the time of the French Revolution, Japan enfranchised only men.
- 泰盛の改革で救済対象であった零細御家人は、御内人として得宗方の討手に回ったのである。
- Petty gokenins who had been the subject of relief in Yasumori's reform became pursuers of Tokuso party as Miuchibito.
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけての寛平・延喜期になると、抜本的な国政改革が展開した。
- In the Kanpyo to Engi eras, that is to say, from around the end of the 9th century to the early 10th century, the national administration was reformed drastically.
- その後も体制維持および財政再建の努力は断続的に行われた(寛政の改革、天保の改革等)。
- After that, the efforts to maintain the social system and to reconstruct finance were also made intermittently (Kansei Reforms and Tempo Reforms).
- 特にアジア諸国では明治維新を模範として改革や独立運動を行おうとする動きが盛んになる。
- The reform and independence movement became active in Asian countries especially after the model of the Meiji Restoration.
- 明治中央官制の改革は明治17年(1885年)の内閣制度発足をもってようやく安定する。
- The reform of the organization of the central government was finally settled by the inauguration of the cabinet system in 1885.
- 天保の改革の風俗取締りは、当然、末番句を有する狂句界にも及び、取締りが厳しくなった。
- The clampdown on public morals during the Tempo Reforms, as a matter of course, also came to the world of kyoku, which had suebanku (erotic love poems), and regulations became strict.
- 口語派、シュールレアリスム派、プロレタリア派、生活派が連合して歌壇の革新につとめる。
- The colloquial school, the surrealistic school, the proletarian school, and the seikatsu school worked together to make drastic changes to tanka circles.
- 時平が政権を握り、諸改革に着手するが、延喜9年(909年)、時平は39歳で早世した。
- Tokihira took power and began work on various reforms, but he died young in 909 at the age of 39.
- そして、4月14日、この政体改革案を元にした文書が、明治天皇の詔書の形で発表された。
- Then, on April 14, a Monjo (written material), which was prepared based on the political reform plan, was announced as a Shosho by the Emperor Meiji.
- ことから、徳川吉宗の享保の改革の一環として過料が導入されたという学説が存在していた。
- Therefore, the scholars theorized the administration of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA introduced a Karyo, forming a part of the Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform).
- 孫文は中国で何度も革命を行おうとして失敗し、その度に無謀だと周囲から冷笑されていた。
- Each time Sun Yat-sen tried and failed to start a revolution in China, people around him sneered at his recklessness.
- 田沼が政治改革を主導した時期を「田沼時代」と呼ぶ(1760年代 - 1786年頃)。
- The period that Tanuma led the political reforms is called the Tanuma period (from 1760s to around 1786)
- ハンドバッグ(外面が革製、コンポジションレザー製又はパテントレザー製のものに限る。)
- Handbags (limited to those whose outer surface is made of leather, composition leather, or patent leather)
- この改革案は県令大山綱良の反対と地方の乱の発生により、その大部分が実行不可能となった。
- Opposed by prefectural governor Tsunayoshi OYAMA and triggered local rebellions, the most part of the reform bill cannot be put into effect.
- 国民的基盤に立った大学改革を唱えて東京工業大学教授を辞職し、朝日新聞論説委員になった。
- He resigned from his post, a professor of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, advocating the need for university reform based on people and became an editorial writer for Asahi Shimbun Company.
- 自民党と社会党の保革55年体制のもと、高度経済成長を経て経済大国の仲間入りを果たした。
- Under the conservative-versus-progressive party system established in 1955 by Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party of Japan, Japan has become one of major economic powers via a high economic growth period.
- 海軍に関しては軍制掛の一人である軍艦奉行・木村摂津守を中心に改革の計画立案が行われた。
- In terms of Navy, a military reform plan was formulated, centering on gunkan bugyo (the government's naval magistrate), Kimura Settsu no kami (the governor of Settsu Province) who was a member of gakari for military reforms.
- 文久2年(1862年)、幕府の軍制改革で対外防衛と国内体制維持を目的として創設された。
- In 1882, it was established in order to defend the nation against attacks from outside and to maintain the system in the nation.
- 国際法の何たるかを東アジア諸国に伝え、各地域の国内政治改革や外交に大きな影響を与えた。
- The translation taught countries in East Asia what was international law and gave significant influences to domestic political reform and foreign diplomacy in various regions.
- 黒船来航後の安政元年(1854年)には、老中の阿部正弘による改革で軍制改正掛が置かれた。
- In 1845 after the arrival of the Black Ships, a bureau of military system improvement was placed under the reform by Masahiro ABE, roju (member of shogun's council of elders).
- 松平定信が主導した寛政の改革のもと、1791年に京伝の作(黄表紙と洒落本)が摘発された。
- Under the Kansei Reforms, which were led by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, Kyoden's works (sharebon and kibyoshi, or 'yellow covers', illustrated books of popular fiction whose covers were yellow) were prosecuted in 1791.
- 日本書紀の記述によると、翌年(646年)正月には改新の詔を宣して、政治体制の改革を始めた。
- According to the Chronicles of Japan, in January the following year Emperor Kotoku made an imperial proclamation to enact reform and began restructuring the political system.
- 18世紀末のフランス革命で、普通選挙が実現したが、参政権が付与されたのは男性のみであった。
- Although the election held during the French Revolution in the late 18th century is considered the world's first universal suffrage election, suffrage was granted only to men.
- 1792年8月10日、フランス革命政府は国王ルイ16世 (フランス王)を逮捕し王権を停止。
- On August 10, 1792, the French Revolution Government arrested their King Louis XVI (King of France) and suspended his sovereignty.
- 8月5日、東国に国司(くにのみこともち)を遣わし、新政権の目指す政治改革を行うこととした。
- On September 3, Kokushis (provincial governors) were sent to eastern provinces and the new regime decided to carry out political reforms it aimed at.
- これらの鎮圧過程で延喜年間に軍制の改革が進められ、国衙の軍事動員に対する規制が緩和された。
- In this process of suppressing the war, the military system was reformed in the Engi (901 - 923) era, making less restrictive the regulation of kokuga mobilizing people for military purposes.
- その一方、以上の理由で信長の政策に革新性が認められなかったとの意味ではないと思われている。
- On the other hand, it is not thought that the innovation of Nobunaga's policy went unrecognized due to the above reasons.
- 日露戦争の影響を受けて、ロシアの植民地であった地域やアジアで特に独立・革命運動が高まった。
- Former Russian colonies sought independence in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War, and independence and revolutionary movements became active throughout Asia.
- 寛政の改革以後、江戸では七分積金の制度が導入され、積金を管理する場所を「町会所」と呼んだ。
- After the Kansei Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in the Kansei era), a system of shichibutsumikin (accumulated fund) was introduced in Edo, and a place to manage the fund was called 'machi-gaisho.'
- ところが、天保の改革に前後して、四世川柳は、公職の障りになるとして川柳号を辞めさせられた。
- However, Senryu IV was forced to give up his pseudonym before or after the Tempo Reforms because he was told that it had been having a bad effect on his official position.
- さらに天保の改革によって人情本が衰退すると、その穴を埋めるように合巻の刊行点数が増大した。
- In addition, the Ninjobon fell into a decline because of the Tenpo Reforms, the number of publishing Gokan increased to fill the blank.
- 1869年7月8日の官制大改革により軍務官に代わって軍事防衛を司る機関としても設置された。
- It was also established as an institution presiding over military defense in place of the former one called Gunmukan (Department of Military Affairs) as a result of the major reform of regulations for governmental organizations on July 8, 1869.
- 政治改革のための財政的基盤となる地租改正も遅々として進まず、次第に大久保も焦り始めていた。
- The land-tax reform to provide the financial basis for the political reforms had made little progress; hence, Okubo gradually became anxious.
- 禄制改革をはじめとする留守政府の政策に対しては反対意見も存在し、農民一揆なども勃発していた。
- Some people were opposed to the policies of Rusu-seifu including reforms of the stipend system, and peasant uprisings occurred in many places.
- 渡辺崋山(田原藩三宅氏家老。天保期の藩政改革で幕府より唯一表彰に預かる。蘭学者として有名)。
- Kazan WATANABE (A Karo officer of the Miyake family in the Tahara domain. He was the only one to receive an official commendation from the bakufu in the movements to reform domain government administration in the Tenpo era [1830 - 1844]. He is famous as a Rangakusha scholar [a person who studied Western sciences thorough the Dutch language] as well.)
- しかし、後の延喜の治とともに現実の社会制度の変革に適合せず必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
- However, like later Engi no chi, these measures did not fit the change of the real social system, and were hardly successful.
- だが、こうした改革が余りにも急進的であったために、政府内との保守派や地方官との対立を招いた。
- However, since these reforms are so radical that conflicts arose with the conservatives in the government and local officials.
- 定信の厳しい改革より、その前の田沼意次の多少裏のあった政治の方が良かったことを風刺している。
- It satirizes people who thought that old days of corrupt politics of Okitsugu TANUMA were better than the harsh reforms of Sadanobu.
- 産業革命によって、欧米の国々は日本沿岸を含み世界中の海で、「近代捕鯨」を盛んに行なっていた。
- European countries and the United States were actively engaged in 'whaling with new techniques' in waters all over the world, including the seas off the coast of Japan--it was the Industrial Revolution that made these new techniques possible.
- 買米令(かわせまいれい)は、1730年(享保16年)に、享保の改革の一環として行われた法令。
- In 1730, the Kawase-mai-rei Law was enforced as part of the Kyoho Reforms (the reforms made in the Kyoho era of the Edo period).
- だが、その一方で貴族院の改革を求める声が上がり研究会内部からもこれに同調する動きが発生した。
- But on the other hand, people began to call for reform in the House of Peers and some Kenkyukai members made a move to go along with it.
- 幕政改革(ばくせいかいかく)は、江戸幕府で行われた、財政および政治制度その他の諸改革を指す。
- Reformation of the shogunate government refers to the reforms of the financial, political, and other systems implemented under the Edo 'bakufu' (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 京都市西京区川島の旧家・革嶋家に伝来した文書類で、2,459通が重要文化財に指定されている。
- These are the hereditary documents of the Kawashima family, an old family in Kawashima of Nishikyo-ku Ward, Kyoto City, and among them, a set containing 2,459 items is designated as Important Cultural Property.
- 前者の有用な部分は後者によって承継され、吉宗主導の改革と共に後世に残ったとみるのが至当である。
- It is reasonable to understand that useful policies implemented in the former were succeeded by the latter and carried out under the reforms conducted by Yoshimune in succeeding years.
- この改革は、律令制の再興を意図したものだったが、これにより律令制は大きく変質することとなった。
- Though aimed at restoring the Ritsuryo system, these reforms, ironically, significantly transformed it.
- 明治政府の中央集権化など改革を行うに際しての財源確保のため、禄制改革が課題の1つとなっていた。
- The Meiji government had to proceed a reform of the stipend system so as to secure enough finances for other reforms such as centralization of power.
- 享保改革を推進した8代征夷大将軍・徳川吉宗の下で作成され、1742年(寛保2年)に仮完成した。
- Kujigata-osadamegaki was developed and completed provisionally in 1742 under the eighth Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, who promoted Kyoho reforms.
- 米価と諸色のバランスの調整は、いわゆる「幕政改革」の一環として必ず取り上げられた問題であった。
- Adjustment of a balance between rice price and shoshiki was an issue that always came up as part of so-called 'reformation of the shogunate government.'
- 新奇な題材や「万葉集」の古語を用いて斬新な和歌を読み、平安時代後期の革新歌人から再評価された。
- He composed new and original waka poems using novel themes and archaic words from the 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), which were re-evaluated by the innovative poets of the late Heian period.
- 蕪村に影響された俳人は多いが特に正岡子規の俳句革新に大きな影響を与えたことは良く知られている。
- Buson has influenced many Haiku poets. It is well known that he had an especially big influence on the innovation of Haiku poems by Shiki MASAOKA.
- しかし、清国政府は革命党の問題に悩まされている最中であり、容易に日本の条件を受け入れなかった。
- The Qing government, however, did not readily accept the condition offered by Japan because they were suffered by the problem of Revolutionary Party.
- このような中で、政局を安定させるためにも地方制度改革が必要不可欠であるとの指摘がひろくなされた。
- In such circumstances, it was widely pointed out that reforming the local administrative system was indispensable in order to stabilize to political situation.
- 御三家および諸藩は幕府に協力して公武合体の実を成し、幕府は攘夷推進の幕政改革を遂行せよとの命令。
- Order that the Tokugawa gosanke and other domains shall realize kobu-gattai, the union of the Imperial Court and the shogunate, in cooperation with the bakufu, and the bakufu shall accelerate to reform the shogunate government to promote the expulsion of foreigners.
- ブルボン朝は1830年に断絶し、オルレアン朝が成立したが、1848年革命によって王政は終焉した。
- The Bourbon Dynasty was extinguished in 1830 to be followed by the Orleans Dynasty which ruled France until the monarchy was forced to discontinue by the revolution in 1848.
- 8世紀末から9世紀初頭の桓武天皇による諸改革も上記のような律令制支配の維持強化を目的としていた。
- The reforms carried out by Emperor Kanmu from the late eighth century to the early ninth century also aimed at the above mentioned maintenance and enhancement of the Ritsuryo system domination.
- これを機に朝廷でも新制が出され、「弘安徳政」と呼ばれる幕府・朝廷共同の政治改革の動きに発展した。
- It galvanized the Imperial court to enact its shinsei and led to the movement of political reform, which is called koan-tokusei (political reforms in the Koan era), carried out by the cooperation between the bakufu and the Imperial court.
- 八代将軍徳川吉宗は、江戸の開幕以降最大の幕政改革を行ない、「江戸幕府の中興の祖」と呼ばれている。
- The eighth shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA conducted the largest-scale reformation of the shogunate government since its foundation, thus earning the title 'Restorer of the Edo bakufu.'
- 穢多は、死牛馬(「屠殺」は禁止されていた)の皮革加工、履物職人、非人の管理などを主な生業とした。
- The main regular occupations of Eta were the leather processing of dead livestock ('slaughter' was prohibited) as well as the management of footwear craftsmen and Hinin (a group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system).
- そして宣統3(1911)年、辛亥革命による中華民国の成立により、王朝国家としての中国は終焉する。
- In 1911, China as a dynastic nation ended when the Republic of China was founded after the Xinhai Revolution.
- 昭和前期においては在野の知識層のみならず青年将校や革新官僚が一君万民論の支持勢力として登場した。
- In the early Showa period, the theory once again got supporters, including out-of-power intellectuals, young officers and reformist bureaucrats.
- しかし大老・井伊直弼による安政の大獄における改革派の弾圧、島津斉彬の急死などにより頓挫していた。
- But the reforms hit a setback due to the oppression on reformists such as Ansei no Taigoku or the sudden death of Nariakira SHIMAZU.
- また、諸外国からの開国要求も盛んとなっていったため、対外政策に関しても改革を行う必要が叫ばれた。
- And the West frequently requested Japan to open itself, so reforms in foreign policy were called for.
- この時期に編纂されたとされる近江令は、国制改革を進めていく個別法令群の総称だったと考えられている。
- It is believed that the Omi Code, which is said to have been compiled in this period, was a general name for the group of laws enforced for promoting the constitutional reforms.
- 大蔵卿大久保利通に代わり次官大輔の井上馨が担当し、地租改正と平行して井上は急進的な改革を提言する。
- The Vice-minister of Finance, Kaoru INOUE handled the issue of the stipend reform on behalf of the minister of finance, Toshimichi OKUBO, and he suggested a drastic reform plan while he was proceeding a land-tax reform.
- 正統派は久原を総裁に任命し、革新派は旧昭和会のうち望月圭介・山崎達之輔ら政友会出身者を合流させた。
- The orthodoxy faction appointed Kuhara to the president and the reformists invited Keisuke MOCHIZUKI and Tatsunosuke YAMAZAKI from the former Showa Party who had originally belonged to the Seiyu Party.
- また、改革遂行のためにさらに列国や外国資本銀行の借款に頼り、外国への依存を更に強めることとなった。
- Moreover, China depended on the Powers and loans from foreign capital banks to perform reforms only to strengthen dependency on foreign countries.
- 早合は、木、竹、革または紙を漆で固め、それを筒状に成型し、その中に弾と火薬を入れた筒状の物である。
- A hayago is cylinder shaped, made of wood, bamboo, leather or paper strengthened by lacquer and made into that shape, and holds the bullet and gun powder.
- 日本では、明治初年に始まる明治維新により、さまざまな改革が行われ、旧来の国制は根本的に変更された。
- After the Meiji Restoration which began in 1868, various reforms were implemented in Japan, and the national polity was radically changed.
- 慶喜と春嶽は文久の改革と呼ばれる幕政改革を行ない、京都守護職の設置、参勤交代の緩和などを行なった。
- Yoshinobu and Shungaku directed a reform of the Shogunate known as the Bunkyu Reform that included installation of The Office of Kyoto Protector (Kyoto Shugoshoku) and relaxation of Sankin Kotai requirement.
- さらに官人の叙位に影響する評定年数の二年分短縮や、蔭位授与制度の調整など、官人機構の改革を行った。
- Further, the reform of the system of governmental posts was carried out, such as the shortening of grading of the years, which influenced the appointing of posts of the governmental officials, by two years, and adjustment of the system of granting oni (the automatic promotion system in which the persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from Imperial to the fifth rank or whose grandparents are upper than third rank, are conferred an Imperial title).
- この背景には、享保の改革で下落した米の価格があり、諸藩の財政を救済する目的であったといわれている。
- It is said that the purpose of this change was to improve the financial affairs of each domain, which were affected by the falling price of rice that resulted from the Kyoho Reforms (reforms made in the Kyoho era of the Edo period).
- 後に無実であることが明らかとなるが、政情は不安となり、この頃から大きな政治改革の動きが少なくなる。
- Later, it became clear that he was innocent but the political situation became uncertain and from about this time, movement for major political reforms became less.
- 辛亥革命に対応するため、内蒙古の西部をロシアが、東部を日本がそれぞれ利益を分割することを協約した。
- In order to cope with Shingaikakumei (the Chinese Revolution), they agreed each other to split the inner Mongolia, the west part of which for Russia and the east for Japan.
- 家老は、特別な大藩を除き2人から数人程度、置かれたが、政治改革や世継ぎ問題に絡んで派閥抗争が起きた。
- Even though with two or more Karo officers were installed, except in especially large domains, factional strife still occurred in relation to political reforms and succession issues.
- その後、奈良末期~平安初頭にかけて桓武天皇が、律令国家の再構築を目指して大規模な行政改革を実行した。
- Afterwards, aiming at restructuring the nation under the Ritsuryo codes, the Emperor Kanmu carried out a large scale of administrative reform from the late Nara period to the early Heian period.
- 松岡2007では、中国の明代に占術一般の革新が行われ、六壬についても改編があったのだろうとしている。
- In 'Abe no Seimei 'Senji ryakketsu' Shokai,' Hidesato MATSUOKA asserts that Rikujin might have been reorganized in the era of the Ming Dynasty of China in the wake of general reform of divination.
- だが、その一方でこうした改革は李朝宗親・功臣を所有者とする新たな荘園体制の再編へとつながっていった。
- However, on the other hand, such reforms led to the reorganization of the new manor system, where the owners were the Imperial Family of the Yi Dynasty and meritorious retainers.
- 朝廷はこれに対処するため、受領(現地国司の最高位者)に広範な軍事上の裁量権を認める制度改革を行った。
- In order to handle this issue, the Imperial Court carried out institutional reform to grant a wide range of military discretion to zuryo (highest-rank local governors).
- 主な改革としては、学制、地租改正、徴兵令、グレゴリオ暦の採用、司法制度の整備、散髪脱刀令などがある。
- The members of the 'Rusu-seifu' mainly reformed the educational system, the land-tax system, the conscription ordinance, the calendar (they adopted the Gregorian Calendar), the administration of justice, and introduced rules allowing freedom of hairstyle and banning the carrying of swords.
- 大日本帝国 『清国ニ対スル宣戦ノ詔勅』では朝鮮の独立と改革の推進、東洋全局の平和などが唱われている。
- The imperial prescript of Empire of Japan advocates the cause to promote independence and reform of Korea and peace of the entire East.
- 土佐藩などの主張で幕府が朝廷に政権を返上し、諸侯会議により幕政改革を推進する公議政体論が主張された。
- Following the opinion of clans such as Tosa, the Shogunate returned the ruling power to the Imperial Court, and the idea of giving political power to the council of representatives from various clans, which would reform the Shogunate system, was recommended.
- 若年より茶道に親しみ、17歳で北向道陳、ついで武野紹鴎に師事し、師とともに茶の湯の改革に取り組んだ。
- Rikyu began his study of tea ceremony at an early age, and became a disciple of Dochin KITAMUKI at 17, and then studied under Joo TAKENO, trying to reform a traditional style of the tea ceremony with his master.
- 信憑性はともかく、信長の革新的な様々な政策は、光秀の家臣団にも受け入れがたい点もあったと考えられる。
- Whether that is reliable or not, Nobunaga's various revolutionary policies may have been unacceptable to vassals of Mitsuhide.
- 大正デモクラシーの時代には、貴族院に対する改革・廃止論議が起こり、加藤高明内閣は若干の改正を行った。
- In the Taisho Democracy period, there was a debate about reforming or abolishing the Kizokuin, so Takaaki KATO's Cabinet made some amendments.
- 田沼は、それまでの農業依存の幕府経済を改め、重商主義的な改革を行うことによって財政の立て直しを図る。
- Tanuma tried to reconstruct finance of the Edo bakufu by reducing its conventional dependence on agriculture and implementing mercantilistic reforms.
- 天智天皇による国制改革は全国に及んでおり、令制国と呼ばれる地方行政区画が形成されたのもこの時期である。
- The constitutional reforms led by Emperor Tenji extended throughout the country, with administrative districts called ryoseikoku being formed in this period.
- 1896年3月1日、立憲革新党・大手倶楽部等国権派と合同して進歩党 (日本)を結成し、正式に解党した。
- On March 1, 1896, the party finally merged with some groups that advocated the expansion of the sovereignty, including Rikken Kakushin-to and Ote Kurabu, to form a unified party Shimpo-to.
- 1882年には大阪貿易会社が設立されて紡績業が確立し、日清戦争、日露戦争を経て日本の産業革命が進んだ。
- In 1882 the Osaka trading company was founded to establish spinning industry and then industrial revolution in Japan was proceeded after the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War.
- したがって新政府の改革政策に反対する方針を採ることもしばしばであったため、他の官庁との対立が深まった。
- Therefore, as the radicals often opposed the reform policy of the new government, they were increasingly confronted with other agencies in the government.
- 頭部は弾丸の径よりも小さく造られており、口は革製のたんぽ、木栓、またはキャップ状の蓋等で塞がれている。
- The top of the cylinder is smaller than the diameter of the ball and is closed with cotton wrapped in leather, a wooden stopper or a lid.
- 第2次西園寺内閣は基盤とする与党立憲政友会が衆議院で絶対多数を占めたこともあり、行財政改革に着手した。
- The Second Saionji Cabinet began the administrative and financial reform because the ruling party (the Rikken Seiyu-kai Party) that formed the foundation of the cabinet won an absolute majority in the House of Representatives.
- 篆刻は最も後発の文人技芸といえるが、これは中国社会の経済的な興隆・産業の発達・技術革新と無縁ではない。
- Tenkoku can be said to be the latest art of Bunjin, which is not unrelated with economic prosperity, development of industries and technological innovation in the Chinese society.
- 皇民化運動は国語運動、改姓名、志願兵制度、宗教・社会風俗改革の4点からなる、台湾人の日本人化運動である。
- The kominka movement was the forced transformation of the Taiwanese into loyal subjects of the emperor, consisting of the four major campaigns: the encouragement to speak Japanese, the change of names to Japanese names, the military volunteer system and the religious, social and life style reforms.
- また、同法の画期的な部分は次回来航期限を定めた信牌交付や長崎の行政改革による貿易管理の強化の部分にある。
- One of the revolutionary points of this law was to issue Shinpai (信牌) (port-entry permit) which set the next port entry due date and the enhanced trading management through administrative reforms in Nagasaki.
- 646年から孝徳天皇や天智天皇らが進めた政治改革、いわゆる大化の改新において、4つの施策方針が示された。
- In the political reforms known as the Taika Reforms advanced by Emperor Kotoku and Emperor Tenji from 646, four Action Plans were shown.
- 新仏教の台頭に対抗して、旧仏教の側は念仏批判をし、戒律を重んじて、腐敗している旧仏教内部の革新を進めた。
- In their struggle to oppose the rise of these new sects, the old guard of Buddhism criticized the nenbutsu (prayer to Amida Buddha) and honored the traditional precepts, making progress in revitalizing the decaying edifice of old Buddhism from within.
- 桓武の死後、皇子らは順番に皇位につくこととし、桓武の次代の平城天皇は桓武に劣らぬ積極的な改革を遂行した。
- After the death of Emperor Kanmu, the princes ascended the throne in order; the renovations by Emperor Heizei, the next emperor after Kanmu, were no less positive renovations than Kanmu.
- 『万国公法』などが説く近代国際法は、単に国際関係の変化を迫っただけではなく、国内改革の推進剤ともなった。
- Modern international law defined by 'Bankoku Koho'and other books affected not only on the change of international relationship but also internal reforms.
- 上記は制度改革について論じたものの例であるが、一方で国民の考え方、気風を変えるべきとの姿勢も顕著である。
- The above was an example which was discussed about reforms of system, on the other hand, it had a clear stance that they should change people's way of thinking and spirit.
- 全体として町人・百姓に厳しく、武士を優遇する改革でもあり、人心は定信の理想についていけないままであった。
- But people could not catch up with the Sadanobu's high ideal, partly because his reforms as a whole favored samurai while being strict on merchants and peasants.
- 確にこの時期に冠位十二階の制定などの国制改革が行われたが、政治・社会体制を大きく変革するものではなかった。
- Constitutional reforms such as the establishment of the twelve cap rank system were carried out during this period, although they were not so influential as to drastically change the political and social systems.
- 8世紀末の桓武天皇は、現状との乖離が大きくなりつつあった律令制を再建するため、大規模な行政改革に着手した。
- At the end of the eighth century, Emperor Kanmu started a large-scale administrative reform in order to reconstruct the Ritsuryo system, which was becoming increasingly distant from the actual conditions.
- 李氏朝鮮成立の過程で土地制度の改革が行われ、科田制及び職田制が導入され、多くの既存荘園が没収されていった。
- During the formation process of the Yi Dynasty Korea, the land system was reformed, the rank-land system (kwajonbop) and the 'office land' (chikchon) system were introduced and lots of existing manors were confiscated.
- 廃藩置県と太政官制の改革を経て中央集権体制が整ったことで、ようやく旧幕府時代の制度を改革する準備が整った。
- Finally, due to the accomplishment of centralization after the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures (Haihan-chiken) and the reform of the system of Departments of State, it was possible to begin reform of the old Shogunate system.
- 幕末の文久2年(1862年)閏8月には、文久の改革の一環として、3年に1回(100日)の出府に緩和された。
- In leap August 1862, daimyo were permitted to serve in Edo for one hundred days once every three years as part of the Bunkyu Reform.
- 日朝修好条規締約後の朝鮮では日本の支援による兵制改革で軍人が失職し、残った旧式軍隊にも給与が遅配していた。
- In Korea after Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was concluded, military system reform with Japanese support left many solders unemployed, and the remaining soldiers in the old-fashioned military force were not paid on time.
- 明治4年7月14日 (旧暦)(1871年8月29日)に廃藩置県が実施され、同年には太政官官制が改革された。
- On August 29, 1871, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures) was implemented, and Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was reformed.
- 第二次長州征討の敗戦後、慶応2年(1866年)8月以降、将軍徳川慶喜の下で再び大規模な軍制改革が行われた。
- After August 1866, after the defeat in the second conquest of Choshu clan, the second large-scale military reform was executed under Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
- 第二次長州征討の敗戦後の慶応2年(1866年)8月以降、将軍徳川慶喜の下で再び大規模な軍制改革が行われた。
- After the defeat in the second conquest of Choshu clan, from August, 1866, the second large-scale military reform was executed under Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
- 立憲革新党(りっけんかくしんとう)は、明治中期に存在した政党(1894年5月9日-1896年2月24日)。
- The Rikken Kakushinto (Constitutional Renovation Party) was a political party in the middle of the Meiji period (May 9, 1894-February 24, 1896).
- 伊藤博文の立憲政友会は軍備増強の必要性は認めたものの、桂の進める地租増徴ではなく行財政改革の徹底を求めた。
- Although Rikken Seiyukai led by Hirobumi ITO admitted the necessity of Japan's military expansion, they required a thorough administrative and financial reform, not increased land taxes, which Katsura was going to promote.
- 皇帝派と革命政権派が激しい内戦が行われたが、世界の列強がチェコスロバキア軍救援を口実にシベリアに出兵した。
- The Emperor followers and revolutionary regime groups had the bitter civil strife, and world powers sent their troops to Syberia on the pretense of assisting Czechoslovakian military force.
- 中国が国際法圏外であることは非常に不利であるという認識が一部の改革派官僚や知識人の間に見られるようになる。
- Some of the reformist government officials and intellectual people understood disadvantages caused by the situation that China was outside of international law system.
- 残った要人は、急速かつ無秩序に行われたこれまでの制度改革を整理すべく大久保を中心に内務省 (日本)を設置。
- The rest of the leaders established the Naimusho (Japan's Ministry of the Interior) under Okubo's initiative to readjust the makeshift and chaotic political reforms thus far made.
- 王龍溪が上で師王陽明の良知説を革新したと述べたが、もう少し具体的にいうと、以下の二つの意味を良知に追加した。
- As mentioned above, Wang Longxi reformed his master Wang Yangming's theory of ryochi, specifically, he added the two meanings shown below.
- この改革により寄生地主が所有していた農地は非常に安価な価格で買い上げられ、小作人に安価な値段で売り渡された。
- Owing to the land reform, farmlands owned by parasitic landlords were bought at a very cheap price and then sold to tenant farmers at a cheap price.
- さらに、天智の改革においては地方豪族(特に東国)を軽視したために地方豪族の間で不平が高まったと見られている。
- Furthermore, in the reform by Emperor Tenchi, it is thought that complaints were growing between the local ruling families (especially Togoku) because they were disregarded.
- 幕閣では一橋派が復活し、文久の改革が行なわれ、将軍家茂と皇女・和宮の婚儀が成立して公武合体路線が進められた。
- As for the shogun's cabinet officials, the Hitotsubashi family came back into power, the Bunkyu Reform was carried out, Shogun Iemochi married the Imperial princess Kazunomiya, and a reconciliation between the imperial court took place.
- おりしも宇多天皇、醍醐天皇が菅原道真や藤原時平らを登用して行った国政改革により全国的な騒乱状況が生じていた。
- Then, Emperor Uda and Emperor Daigo implemented a reform of the national administration by recruiting SUGAWARA no Michizane, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, and others and then tumultuous events happened across Japan.
- そこで政府は11世紀初頭ごろから地方分権的な国家体制改革を精力的に推進し、王朝国家と呼ばれる体制が成立した。
- Therefore, starting in the early eleventh century, the national government actively promoted the reformation of the national system through decentralization, establishing a system called a dynastic nation-state.
- 6月11日農民軍の弊政改革案を受け入れて全州和約を結び、清および日本の武力介入を避けるべく農民軍は撤退した。
- On June 11, the government accepted the government reform plan proposed by the peasants, and the peasants withdrew to prevent military intervention by the Qing and Japan.
- 江戸時代には家畜解体業や革細工などの専用の職業が与えられることで、結果的に生活の安定は最低限保障されていた。
- In the Edo period, a minimum of lifestyle stability was guaranteed by being given exclusive occupations such as the slaughter of livestock as well as leather craft and others.
- 例えば天保の改革を行った水野忠邦は中国でアヘン戦争が起こると直ちに無二念打ち払い令を撤回させたようにである。
- For example, Tadakuni MIZUNO who performed the Tenpo Reforms immediately ordered the withdrawal of the edict to repel foreign vessels when the Opium War occurred in China.
- 中華人民共和国では文化大革命によって道教は壊滅的な打撃を受けたが、民衆の間では未だにその慣習が息づいている。
- Although Taoism was seriously degraded during China's Cultural Revolution, its traditions are still alive among the general public.
- しかし、辛亥革命以後の白話運動や簡体字の導入などによって、漢文と現代中国語の文体に差異が生じるようになった。
- However, due to the vernacular language movement in China after the Xinhai Revolution and the introduction of simplified Chinese characters, a distinction between classical and modern Chinese arose.
- そして、水野忠邦の天保の改革で、「将軍家の大奥の内情を書いた」と言いがかりをつけられ、38編までで終わった。
- However, Tadakuni MIZUNO carried out Tenpo Reforms and he accused them falsely, saying 'these books revealed the real situation of O-oku (the inner halls of Edo-jo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside) in the Shogun family,' so the publishing ended with the 38th book.
- ただし、これらの諸制度改革は早くも奈良時代前期には見直されたものも多く、その実効性については評価が分かれる。
- However, many of these various reformed policies were reviewed as early as the early Nara period, and as such, the evaluation on their effectiveness are divided.
- これら改革案は徳川家中心の政体案であり、且つ三権分立を取り入れたもので、大政奉還後の展望を示したものである。
- Those reform proposals were plans for system of government centered on the Tokugawa family and indicated future after Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor), in addition, separation of powers was also included in the plans.
- 吉宗が行った享保の改革によっても幕府の財政赤字の根本的解決には程遠く、続く9代徳川家重の時代に持ち越される。
- Despite Yoshimune's Kyoho Reforms, a budget deficit of the Edo bakufu was far from a thorough resolution, so it was carried over to the reign of the next ninth Shogun Ieshige TOKUGAWA.
- 革命の指導者オリバー・クロムウェルは1649年にチャールズ1世 (イングランド王)を処刑し、王政が廃止された。
- In 1649, Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the revolution, executed Charles I (then King of England) and abolished the monarchy.
- 明治に至り廃藩置県等の体制の変革により、同心・足軽等一部は羅卒・兵卒・下士官・末端役人として引き続き出仕した。
- The arrival of the Meiji period and system reforms such as Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) meant that some doshin and ashigaru continued to serve as police officers, soldiers, noncommissioned officers and low-level officials.
- 会員は政教社同人のほかに黒龍会の内田良平 (政治運動家)、および孫文らの中国革命を援助した宮崎滔天らであった。
- Apart from the coteries of Seikyo-sha, its members consisted of Ryohei UCHIDA (political activist) who found the Kokuryu-kai as well as Toten MIYAZAKI who supported the Chinese Revolution that Sun Yat-sen led to.
- また、遅々として進まない朝鮮半島の政治改革に「日本が併合してでも改革を推し進めるべきだ」とする世論が台頭した。
- Furthermore, a public opinion stating 'Japan should promote the reform by the annexation' emerged, because the political reform in the Korean Peninsula did not make much progress.
- こののち幕府開成所教授の職に就いていたが、1867年に改革案として「議題草案」・「別紙 議題草案」を提出した。
- After coming back to Japan he became a teacher of Kaiseijo of the bakufu and he submitted reform proposals such as 'Gidai Soan' and 'Besshi Gidai Soan' in 1867.
- 三者合意による政体改革案は、ただちに太政大臣三条実美に提出され、3月に木戸・板垣は参議へ復帰することとなった。
- The proposition for political reforms which had been agreed on by the three was immediately submitted to Sanetomi SANJO, the Dajo Daijin (Grand Minister), and the comeback of Kido and Itagaki as Sangi was scheduled in March.
- しかし、この一連の田沼による改革は、いわゆる三大改革に勝るとも劣らぬ重要な意義をもった改革であったといえよう。
- However, a series of reforms implemented by Okitsugu can be said to have been no less important than so-called Three Big Reforms.
- 熊本以外の藩でも18世紀末頃から熊本藩を見習って、明律を範とした司法改革を行う藩が次々と登場するようになった。
- Outside Kumamoto, many domains followed the Kumamoto Domain and began carrying out judicial reforms modeled after the Ming code since the end of the eighteenth century.
- 12世紀の十字軍の時代には、中東におけるビザンティン、アラブの技術を取り入れ、築城技術に革新的変化がみられた。
- In the age of Christian Crusade in the twelfth century, the Byzantine and Arabian techniques in the Middle East were introduced and castle construction technology changed drastically.
- この一件以後、島津氏は藩政改革を一気に推し進め、また幕府の行う事業や島原の乱への出兵など積極的にこなしていった。
- After that incident, the Shimazu clan rapidly promoted the reformation and worked actively for the bakufu as in performing bakufu enterprises, sending troops in Shimabara War and so on.
- またこの時期、薩摩藩主の父で前藩主斉彬の弟・島津久光が、亡き兄の遺志を継ぎ、幕政改革を志して兵を率いて上京した。
- In the same period, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, brother of the former lord and father of the current lord of the Satsuma clan, went to Kyoto with his troops, aiming to help the reformation of the government and fulfill the dying wish of his brother.
- 老中・阿部正弘が幕政改革を行ない、1854年にアメリカ合衆国と日米和親条約を、ロシアとは日露和親条約を締結した。
- The Roju Masahiro ABE carried out the reformation of the shogunate government and entered into the America-Japan Treaty of Amity and Friendship and a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan in 1854.
- 757年には中央の制度改革に伴って学生が細分化されて講経生・傅生・医生・針生・天文生・陰陽生・暦算生に分かれた。
- In the wake of the institutional reforms implemented by the central government in 757, students were further segmented into kogyosho (講経生), densho (傅生), isho, harisho (students of acupuncture), tenmon no sho (students of astronomy), onmyo no sho (students of onmyo), and rekisansho (students of mathematics).
- しかし、自由民権運動の高まりや、諸制度の整備による改革の成熟などもあり、1881年に「国会開設の詔」が出された。
- Yet, due to the rising tide of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and the maturity of the reform resulting from the organized systems, the 'Imperial edict of establishment of the National Diet' was finally submitted in 1881.
- このほか、同年4月12日の布告では、諸藩に対して御誓文の趣旨に沿って人材抜擢などの改革を進めることを命じている。
- Other than those, on the declaration of April 12 in the same year it ordered domains to proceed with reform such as selection for talented people based on the purpose of Charter Oath.
- このため、大川自身も計画に参加した大日本帝国陸軍将校によるクーデター計画・十月事件を「錦旗革命事件」とも称する。
- Thus, the October Incident in which OKAWA participated, plotted by the military officers of Imperial Japanese Army, was also called 'Kinki Revolution Coup.'
- 10世紀前期、朝廷は統治権限を大幅に国司へ移譲する国制改革を行った(これにより成立した体制を王朝国家体制という)。
- Then, in the early part of tenth century, the Imperial Court executed a national governmental systems reform that transferred the greatest authority over administration to Kokushi (This system established by this reform was called the system of the dynasty state).
- 貞時の外祖父として幕政を主導する立場となった泰盛は弘安徳政と呼ばれる幕政改革に着手し、新たな法令を大量に発布した。
- After Yasumori got a position to lead the government administration as the maternal grandfather of Sadatoki, he launched a political reform called 'Koan tokusei' and promulgated a large number of laws and ordinances.
- 明治2年(1869年)の版籍奉還に伴う禄制改革によって、大名も含めた全ての地方知行が廃止され、蔵米知行のみとなる。
- Due to reforms in the salary system accompanied by the return of the lands and people from the feudal lords to the Emperor in 1869, all types of Jigatachigyo, including those of the daimyo, were banned and only Kuramaichigyo remained.
- それらの地域に居住した理由は、河原が無税だったからという説と、皮革加工には大量の水が必要だからだという説とがある。
- There are two reasons that are considered for their living in such areas: one is because they were not taxed as long as they lived on the riverbed, and another is because the leather processing required a lot of water.
- 1987年(昭和62年)4月1日、日本国有鉄道改革法等施行法(昭和61年法律第93号)第110条の規定により廃止。
- It was abolished on April 1, 1987 by the provision no.110 of Enforcement Law of Japanese National Railways Reform Act (Law no.93 issued in 1986).
- 久光は勅使大原重徳とともに江戸へ赴き、一橋慶喜(徳川慶喜)の将軍後継職就任や、幕府に対して幕政改革などを要求する。
- Hisamitsu toured to Edo with the Imperial Envoy, Shigetoku OOHARA, and demanded that the Shogunate accept Keiki HITOTSUBASHI (Keiki TOKUGAWA) as the successor Shogun and reform the Shogunate.
- これに対して日本では内藤湖南により魏晋南北朝時代・隋唐時代を封建制の時代とすべきと言う論が出された(唐宋変革論)。
- In response, Konan NAITO in Japan proposed the view that the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the period of Sui and Tang should be regarded as periods of the Hoken system (the Tang-Song Transition Thesis).
- 桜田門外の変の後、文久2年(1862年)に、文久の改革の一環として本格的な西洋式軍隊である「陸軍」の創設がされた。
- In 1862, after the Sakuradamongai Incident, `rikugun,' the full-scale western-style army as a part of Bunkyu Reform, was established.
- この石刃技法は、ユーラシア大陸西部からアルタイ、シベリア経由で東方アジアに広がった革新的技術の一つとみられている。
- The blade technique is considered as one of the innovative techniques that spread from the Eurasian continent to eastern Asia by way of Altai and Siberia.
- 18世紀末の寛政の改革では政治、博打、好色といった風俗を乱す句が『誹風柳多留』から削除されるなどの検閲がなされた。
- During the Kansei Reforms at the end of eighteenth century, the authorities censored senryu; for example, some senryu poems including politics, gambling and erotica in the 'Haifu-Yanagidaru' were expurgated because they were regarded as corrupting public morals.
- 1840年代前半に幕府により実施された天保の改革は質素倹約を旨とし、贅沢品とみなされた浮世絵は規制の対象となった。
- Tenpo Reforms implemented by the shogunate in the first half of the 1840s encouraged simplicity and frugality and ukiyo-e became the target of regulation because it was deemed as a luxury item.
- 開国して5年目の1881年5月、朝鮮国王高宗の后閔妃の一族が実権を握っていた朝鮮政府は、大幅な軍政改革に着手した。
- In May 1881, five years after Korea ended its seclusion policy, the government, which was actually controlled by King Gojong's wife Queen Min and her clan members, started substantial military reforms.
- 方形や三角形の鉄板や革などの素材を人間の胴体に合うように加工し、板を合わせて鋲で留め蝶番による開閉装置が施された。
- They were crafted to fit human torsos using square and triangular iron plates or leathers, those plates or leathers were tacked down and equipped with opening and closing hinge apparatus.
- そのため、当時の桓武天皇はこうした制度を廃止し、別個の簡素かつ実効的な制度に置換するという大規模な行政改革を行った。
- Therefore, the reigning Emperor Kanmu carried out large-scale administrative reforms to replace these systems with simpler and more effective ones.
- 天武天皇の八色の姓の改革により、臣の姓の地位は上から6番目に格下げとなり、その後は朝臣が、有力氏族の姓となっていく。
- By the Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) reform by the Emperor Tenmu, the kabane of Omi was demoted to the sixth highest, and afterwards Ason (or Asomi) became the kabane title for influential clans.
- 天武天皇の八色の姓の改革により、連の姓の地位は上から7番目に格下げとなり、その後は朝臣が、有力氏族の姓と成っていく。
- By the Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) reform by the Emperor Tenmu, the kabane of Muraji was demoted to the seventh highest, and afterwards Ason (or Asomi) became the kabane title for influential clans.
- 倭国でも7世紀前半にかけて聖徳太子と蘇我氏により遣隋使派遣・冠位十二階制定・十七条憲法導入などの国政改革が行われた。
- In Wa as well, Prince Shotoku and the Soga clan reformed national politics by sending Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty China, establishing Kani junikai (twelve grades of cap rank) and introducing a Seventeen-Article Constitution.
- これを打開するために藩政改革が18~19世紀にかけて各藩で実施される(早いところでは土佐藩が17世紀中葉に行った)。
- In order to cope with this situation, each domain initiated reforms in the 18th and 19th centuries, (and the first case was Tosa Domain around the middle of the 17th century).
- これは革命前のフランスでは絞首刑で稀に蘇生した死刑囚がいたが、この場合国王が赦免した事例があったことが参考とされた。
- This was referred to a case in France before the revolution in which there was a condemned who resuscitated after hanging and the king pardoned the condemned.
- 壬申の乱の勝利後に史上初の「天皇」として即位し、思い切った国制改革を進めた天武天皇が没した後、皇后の持統天皇が即位。
- After the death of Emperor Tenmu, who was enthroned as the first 'emperor' in the Japanese history succeeding his victory at the Jinshin War and implemented a drastic political reform, Empress Jito assumed the throne.
- 安政4年(1857年)、飛地陣屋である桜井谷陣屋の役人の不正が発端となり、抜本的な財政改革を要求する騒動が発生した。
- In 1857, fraud committed by an officer of Sakuraidani jinya (a regional government office of a detached land) caused a commotion and demands for drastic financial reform.
- それに対して、中央政府においても当然、王朝国家体制への移行に伴う何らかの行政機構変革があったとする見解が示されている。
- On the other hand, there is a view asserting that some administrative organization reform must have been implemented at the central government in association with the transition to the Dynastic polity.
- それでも、改革は土地の売買による土地拡大の可能性を高めて高麗時代のような暴力的な収奪による土地兼併の可能性を排除した。
- However, the reforms ruled out the possibility of tochikenpei by violent deprivation such as seen during the Goryeo period by heightening the possibility of land expansion by buying and selling lands.
- この革命の象徴となり、アジア初の本格的立憲君主となった明治天皇について、諸外国では日本以上に高く評価されることもある。
- Emperor Meiji, who became the symbol of this revolution and the constitutional monarch for the first time in Asia, is sometimes more valued in foreign countries than in Japan.
- とりあえず、大隈の通貨改革は明治政府の方針、そして国際公約として認められたが、その実現までにはまだ4つの課題があった。
- OKUMA's currency reform was recognized as the Meiji Government's policy along with as an international pledge for the moment, but to be realized, there were four problems.
- その後も非局所場理論・素領域理論といった革新的かつ野心的な理論を提唱しつづけ、最後まで第一線級の物理学者であり続けた。
- He kept advocating innovative and ambitious theories such as the quantum theory of non-local field and the theory of elementary domain, and was active at the forefront of Physics until his last days.
- 戦時の抑圧を脱し、信教の自由を回復した天理教は、革新運動を放棄して復元に転じ、現在も有力な新興宗教として活動している。
- The Tenri sect, which was freed from the suppression during the war and restored freedom of faith, gave up its reform activity and turned to restoration, and currently is working as a powerful emerging religion.
- だが、寛政の改革は彼のこの政治理念にもとづいて酒造統制をおこない、そのまま天明の三分の一造り令など制限策が継続された。
- Based on this political belief of him, however, the Kansei Reforms were implemented to control the sake production, and the Production Restriction Decree of Sake Brewing to One-third in the Tenmei Era and other restriction measures continued to be in effect.
- 文久の改革(ぶんきゅうのかいかく)は、文久2年(1862年)に江戸幕府で行われた一連の人事・職制・諸制度の改革を指す。
- The Bunkyu Reform was a series of policy changes covering personnel affairs, office organization and various rules and regulations carried out by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1862.
- 定享は質素倹約や新田開発を主とした藩政改革を断行したが、効果が見込めず、また定享自身が若死にしたため、失敗に終わった。
- Reformations based mainly on scrimping and saving along with development of new fields were carried out by Sadamichi, although these turned out unsuccessful and failed after all when Sadamichi died young.
- 一般に名君と評価される上杉鷹山も、一時は改革に反対する老臣から押込を受ける寸前まで追い込まれた事件もある(七家騒動)。
- Yozan UESUGI, who is generally seen as a wise ruler, was once being driven to the brink of oshikome by his vassals who opposed to his reform (Shichike Disturbance).
- 日清戦争から始まって戊戌の変法の失敗、そして辛亥革命による清朝打倒に至る大きな流れの一つとしても位置づけることができる。
- It could be positioned in one of big currents from the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War, through failure in the Hundred Days of Reform to the overthrow of the Qing dynasty by the Chinese revolution.
- こうした中、薩摩藩や長州藩など「雄藩」と呼ばれる有力藩では財政改革に成功し、幕末期の政局で強い発言力を持つことになった。
- Under such circumstances, powerful domains called 'Yuhan,' such as Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain, succeeded in financial reform and began to influence more and more in the political situation during the end of Edo period.
- (日清戦後のフィリピン独立革命(1898年)の際、日本軍が独立派を支援することでこの地に勢力を扶植することが模索された。
- (When the Philippine Revolution took place after the Sino-Japanese War (in 1898), efforts were made for the Imperial Japanese Navy to support the revolutionaries in order to secure Japan's influence there.
- 中国の洋務運動や戊戌変法、日本の明治維新における一連の改革、朝鮮の甲午改革・光武改革といった諸改革が、その変革に当たる。
- Followings are examples of such reforms, yomu undo and Hundred days' reform in China, series of reforms during the Meiji period in Japan and reforms in Korea such as Gabo reform and Kwang-mu reform.
- しかし寛政の改革の弾圧によってそれまでの戯作に影が差すと、替わって庶民の中から式亭三馬や十返舎一九などの戯作者が現れた。
- However, due to suppression of the Kansei Reforms, the Gesaku that had been written until then became obsolete, and instead the Gesaku writers from the common classes appeared, such as Sanba SHIKITEI and Ikku JIPPENSHA.
- 2度の内閣を組織し、明治天皇から強い信頼を得ていた桂太郎は、「桂新党」の設立と山県系官僚閥を改革する新政策を模索していた。
- Taro KATSURA, who led the Japanese government twice and won the strong trust of Emperor Meiji, sought to establish a new party 'Katsura Shinto' and reform the clique of bureaucrats connected with Yamagata.
- 一進会の掲げた目的は、独立協会に見られる民主主義、独立国家主義の思想を継承しており、「政治改革と民主の自由」を掲げている。
- The goal Isshinkai aimed at was 'political reform and people's freedom' which succeeded to the thoughts of democracy and independent nationalism seen in the Independence Club.
- 沖縄県および鹿児島県奄美諸島などは、太平洋戦争終結以降アメリカ合衆国による沖縄統治となったため、農地改革が行われなかった。
- The land reform wasn't carried out in Okinawa Prefecture or in Amami islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, etc., because after the Pacific War the United States governed Okinawa.
- だが、同年7月16日に正統派(66名)と統一派(10名)が、7月30日には革新派(97名)が解党して大政翼賛会に合流した。
- However, on July 16 of the same year, the orthodoxy faction (66 members) and the unificationists (10 members) dissolved and on July 30, so did the reformists (97 members) and they all joined the Imperial Rule Assistance Association.
- また、神田孝平も、に「田租改革建議」を提出して各藩ごとの税の不均衡を正して公正な税制にするための貢租改革が提案されていた。
- In 1870 Takahira KANDA also submitted 'A Proposal for Land-Tax Reform'; in the proposal he suggested to correct inequality in taxes among domains and make a fair tax system.
- 五世川柳は、「俳風狂句」を「柳風狂句」と改名し、天保の改革の荒波を川柳は乗り切ったが、文芸としては、みるものがなくなった。
- Senryu the fifth changed the name 'haifu kyoku' into 'ryufu kyoku,' and the poetry of senryu survived the adversities of the Tempo Reforms, as literature, though, it had declined significantly.
- 大きな衝撃を受けて慶雲元年に帰国した粟田真人らは、これらの日中の都城や律令制の差異を報告し、文武朝の改革に生かされていく。
- AWATA no Mahito and other Japanese envoys, who returned to Japan in 704 after experiencing a significant shock during their visit to Tang, reported the differences of the capital cities and Ritsuryo system between Japan and China, and their report was taken in earnest by the Emperor Monmu's administration in order to carry out the reform.
- そして、新内閣は国王の稟議を経て、その日の内に、次の事等、14項目の革新政策を発表し、旧弊一新の改革を実現させようとした。
- On the same day right after the king's approval by ringi decision-making system, the new cabinet announced the innovation policy of 14 articles including the followings for realizing the reform to refurbish the conservative.
- しかし、外様大名や朝廷の介入による幕政改革の強制は幕府権威をいっそう低下させ、これにより幕府崩壊の方向性は決定的となった。
- However, intervention of 'tozama daimyo' and Imperial Court in politics of the Edo bakufu and their enforcement of reforms on it further decreased its authority, so its collapse became almost inevitable.
- 数々の改革も財政の健全化には結びつかず、また倹約令の徹底によって庶民の恨みも買ったことから、水野の求心力は急速に低下した。
- A number of reforms did not lead to healthy finance, and strict implementation of a sumptuary decree earned the public resentment, so the moving force of the reforms declined rapidly.
- また、蘭学の奨励、工藤平助らの提案による蝦夷地調査、アイヌを通じた対ロシア帝国交易の模索など、海外政策の改革も行っている。
- He also implemented foreign policy reforms, such as promoting Western learning, surveying 'Ezochi' (the Ainu-dwelling area in the Matsumae Domain) proposed by Heisuke KUDO and others, and seeking trade with the Russian Empire via the Ainu.
- また、四民平等においては武士階級の身分的特権は廃止の必要があり、軍事的にも伝統的特権意識は軍制改革において弊害となっていた。
- According to the idea of equality of all Japanese people, samurai warriors' privileges should be abolished, and their sense of perquisite was a bottleneck in military reforms.
- 寛政異学の禁(かんせいいがくのきん)とは、1790年(寛政2年)、江戸幕府老中松平定信が寛政の改革で行った学問の統制である。
- Kansei Igaku no Kin was an academic control performed during the Kansei Reforms in 1790, by a roju (senior councilor) of the Edo Shogunate, Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA.
- また、この改革により日本にはじめて土地に対する私的所有権が確立したことから、地租改正は土地制度改革としての側面を有している。
- By this reform the right of private ownership of land was established for the first time in Japan; for this reason this land-tax reform had the aspect of the land system reform.
- 胴鎧に関しては、稀に和紙や皮革でできたものも見ることができるが、現存しているのはほとんどが重量4kg前後の鉄製のものである。
- Rare examples of body armor made from Japanese paper or leather can be seen but the majority of the surviving pieces are made from iron and weigh approximately four kilograms.
- 典革(正八位上相当) 革の染め作りを監督 狛部・狛戸とともに大蔵省から大同 (日本)元年(806年)内蔵寮に移管、のちに廃止
- Tenkaku (Shohachiinojo (Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade): Supervised the tannery. This position was transferred from the Finance Ministry to Kuraryo in 806 together with the Komabe and Komahe, but later abolished.
- ただし、これらの改革は急激に行われたため矛盾も少なくなく、士族や農民の不満を招いたため、後の征韓論につながったとも言われる。
- However, these rapid reforms had many contradictions and many warrior-class people and farmers were unsatisfied, and it is said that these reforms led to 'Seikanron' (the policy of conquering Korea by military force).
- また、先に中止させた大隈による通貨改革の布告への反対を撤回したため、改めて4月29日をもって交付されることとなったのである。
- Also, because OKUBO withdrew his opposition to the currency reform declaration by OKUMA which he had canceled before, the reform was rescheduled to be issued on April 29.
- 享保の改革では、米価が下がっているのに諸色が下がらないのは商人たちが不当に利益を得ているからだとして価格引下げを命じている。
- In the Kyoho Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in the Kyoho era) a rollback order was issued to the merchants, alleging that the shoshiki showed no sign of easing in spite of the declined rice price because the merchants profited unfairly.
- 白石が主君・徳川家宣に『通鑑綱目』を進講しつつ、日本古来の治乱興亡の沿革に深い関心を寄せていた家宣のために書いたものである。
- It was written for his master Ienobu TOKUGAWA, who became deeply interested in the historical changes of ancient Japan in times of war and peace, rise and fall, when Hakuseki gave a lecture on 'Tongjian Gangmu' (Outline and Details of the Comprehensive Mirror) in his presence.
- 「保守革命」(konservative Revolution)という語は1848年にフリードリヒ・エンゲルスが最初に用いた。
- Friedrich Engels used the word 'conservative revolution' (konservative revolution) for the first time in 1848.
- だが、研究会主流派は1927年に研究会規則を緩めて決議拘束主義の適用除外特例を定めたものの、根本的な改革については拒絶した。
- The mainstream group in the Kenkyukai relaxed regulations of the group in 1927 to admit special cases to which Ketsugi kosoku shugi was not applied, but refused radical reform.
- 役員が法人である場合 当該役員の登記事項証明書、沿革を記載した書面及び法第十五条第二項第一号ヲに該当しないことを誓約する書面
- in the case where an officer is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document containing the history thereof, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under any of the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i) (l) of the Act;
- in the case where an officer is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document stating the corporate development, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i), (l) of the Act;
- in cases where an officer is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document stating corporate development, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i), (l) of the Act;
- in cases where an officer of the facility is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document stating corporate development, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i), (l) of the Act;
- この時代には各国が諸子百家と呼ばれる思想家たちから人材を登用し、騎馬戦術やチャリオットなどの新兵器を導入して軍事改革を行った。
- In this period each country appointed thinkers called Shoshi-hyakka (general term of scholars and schools in China), and they introduced new weapons, such as Cavalry Operations and chariots, and conducted military reforms.
- しかし、聖徳太子の法律(十七条憲法)・官制改革(冠位十二階)を経て、大化の改新(645年)後、天皇中心の政治へ変換していった。
- But through a law introduced by Prince Shotoku (the Seventeen Article Constitution of the Asuka Period) and government organizational reform (the system of twelve courtly ranks), after the Taika Reform of 645 the political system shifted to an emperor-centered system.
- (もう一つの可能性としては、白村江の戦いでの敗北(663年)後に天智天皇が軍事制度・各種制度の改革を進めた時期が挙げられる。)
- (Another possibility is that establishment of ekiden-sei was made during the time when the military system and other various systems were reformed by Emperor Tenchi after the defeat in the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663).
- そのため、平安時代初期に再度の改革が行われ、806年には10歳以上の諸王と五位以上の官人の子孫の就学を義務付ける勅が出された。
- Therefore, another reform was implemented in the early Heian period, and an imperial decree was issued in 806, whereby Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince) aged over 10 and the children or grandchildren of government officials of Goi (Fifth Rank) and above were required to attend Daigaku-ryo.
- 天暦の治と呼ばれる改革を進められていた中で、下級官人の華美な服飾華美(過差)を規制・禁止して身分秩序の遵守を図るものであった。
- It was issued in the midst of the reformation called Tenryaku no chi (glorious Tenryaku rule) for the purpose of the regulation and the prohibition on extravagant magnificence or variance of clothing among lower-ranking government officials in order to strictly maintain the order of the social status.
- (現代表記)我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- (modern written Japanese) 我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- 大久保は薩摩藩の藩政改革のために鹿児島市にいた西郷隆盛に政府出仕を促して、新政府そのものの安定と自己の勢力の挽回を図ろうとした。
- Okubo urged Takamori SAIGO, who was staying in Kagoshima in order to reform the politics of Satsuma domain, to serve for the government, tried to stabilize the new government and regain his power.
- この軍制改革は、地方に権限を移譲するという意味で、まさに当時その緒についていた王朝国家体制への転換改革と軌を一にするものだった。
- In terms of transfer of rights to local governments, this military reform was the same as the reform, which was starting around that time, to shift the country to a dynasty-based nation.
- 1897年にもはや清の服属国でなくなったことから改革が実施され、「国号」を「大韓」と改め、高宗が皇帝に即位、大韓帝国が成立した。
- Being no longer a state subject to China, Korea performed a reform in 1897: 'the name of the country' was changed into 'Korea,' Gojong acceded to the throne, and the Korean Empire was founded.
- 主な改革としては、綱紀粛正・倹約令徹底による消費の抑制、人返し令による都市住民の農村への帰還、株仲間の解散令、棄捐令などである。
- Tadakuni's major reforms were, for example, control of people's consumption through tightening public morals and implementing a sumptuary decree strictly, issuance of 'Hitogaeshi-rei' (the decree to force peasants dwelling in urban areas to return to their hometowns), an order on 'kabu nakama' to disband itself, and issuance of 'Kien-rei.'
- 岩倉使節団派遣中に留守政府は重大な改革を行わないという盟約に反し、国内が急激な改革で混乱していたことは大久保らの態度を硬化させた。
- Contrary to the compact that promised the Rusu-seifu (government while heads of government are away) wouldn't conduct major reform while dispatching Iwakura Mission, the internal confusion caused by the drastic reform hardened OKUBO and other opponent's attitudes.
- 事態に気付いた江戸幕府が通貨制度の改革に乗り出す頃には大量の金が日本から流出し、江戸市中は猛烈なインフレーションに見舞われていた。
- When the Edo bakufu noticed the situation and started to reform the currency system, a large amount of gold began flowing out of Japan, which created severe inflation in the city of Edo.
- ただし、孝徳期に大規模な改革が行われたことに違いはなく、後の律令制へつながっていく王土王民を基本理念とした内容だったと考えられる。
- Such differences, however, do not alter the fact that a major reform occurred under the regime of Emperor Kotoku, and the contents of the edict are thought to be based on the principle of Odo Omin (the fundamental principle that all people and land belong to the Emperor) which led to the Ritsuryo system later adopted in Japan.
- この説によると、延喜の班田励行は租税の額の確定を目的としたものであり、来るべき土地への課税を前提とした制度改革であったこととなる。
- According this theory, the enforcement of handen was intended to determine the land tax amount and it was a system reform focused on the coming taxation of land.
- 幕府は両統迭立原則を示して仲裁にあたるとともに内外の危機に対応するために幕府は朝廷に対しても「徳政」と呼ばれる政治改革を要求した。
- The bakufu tried to mediate between both parties, suggesting that a principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accession from two ancestries of imperial families) be adopted; at the same time, the bakufu also urged the Imperial Court to undertake a political reform called 'Tokusei ' (virtuous rule) in order to deal with both the internal and external crises.
- 藩内改革派と保守派が藩政の主導権を争っていた長州藩では、5月、馬関海峡を航行中の外国船を自藩製の大砲で攻撃して「攘夷」を決行した。
- Choshu Domain, where reformists and conservatives were in a power struggle, carried out the exclusionist policy, bombarding a foreign vessel sailing through the Bakan Straits with home-manufactured cannons in May 1863.
- このような危機に対応すべく、家斉死後の、老中水野忠邦が幕府権力の強化のために天保の改革と呼ばれる財政再建のための諸政策を実施した。
- After Ienari died, in order to cope with these crises, Senior councillor Tadakuni MIZUNO implemented various policies called the Tenpo Reforms to reconstruct financial affairs for the purpose of strengthening the power of the shogunate government.
- 異国船の来航が頻繁になったことに伴い、弘化2年(1845年)、老中・阿部正弘は海岸防禦御用掛(海防掛)を設置し軍制改革を実施した。
- In order to respond to foreign ships that often came to Japan, in 1845, roju (member of shogun's council of elders), Masahiro ABE established Goyo-gakari for coastal defense (coastal defense department) to implement military reforms.
- 戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、日本の軍国主義の温床となった寄生地主制を改革するために農地改革を断行し、自作農が多く誕生した。
- After the war, the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) pushed through the farmland reform to reform the parasitic landlord system which had become a hotbed of Japanese militarism, and it turned many farmers into land-owning farmers.
- しかし、明治35年以降、新川柳の改革運動に押され、しだいに縮小、昭和の十三世川柳まで会は続いたが、影響力はまったくなくなっていた。
- However, by 1902 it was in a weaker position due to reform movements by the new senryu, and, declining little by little, it continued until the time of Senryu the 13th in the Showa period, when it lost its influence completely.
- 今谷は義満は中国(明)の影響を強く受けていたが、易姓革命思想ではなく当時流行した『野馬台詩』を利用していたのではないかと推測する。
- IMATANI supposes that Yoshimitsu was strongly influenced by China (Ming), but he did not subscribe to idea that incumbent emperors could be overthrown by decree of heaven, instead making use of 'Yamataishi,' a popular prophecy of the time.
- あるいは、今までにない新しい政治・軍事政策を行う規格外な信長の改革に対し、光秀が旧態依然とした統治を重んじる考えであったという説。
- In another respect, unlike Nobunaga, who adopted nonstandard reform policies such as the new political and military policies, Mitsuhide had an idea of respecting traditional authority.
- 近隣の麻田藩では大坂商人で西本願寺家臣の石田敬起(大根屋小右衛門)による改革で藩札は農民側の管理に委ねられて適切に運用されていた。
- In nearby Asada Domain, a reform was conducted by Takaoki ISHIDA (Koemon DAIKONYA), the vassal of Nishi Hongan-ji Temple, and as a result their han bills were managed and circulated properly by peasants.
- 結局、改革も人心収攬に失敗し、また尊号一件などにより家斉の不興を買ったことで、定信は改革わずか6年目にして失脚して老中を辞任する。
- In the end, his reforms failed to win the hearts of the people, and also earned Ienari's displeasure in 'Songo ikken' (Songo Incident) and others, so he resigned 'roju' after only six years from the start of his reforms.
- 桓武の改革は律令制の再編成を企図したものであり、その一環として桓武は平城京から長岡京、さらには平安京への遷都(794年)を断行した。
- His reformations were intended to reorganize the Ritsuryo system and as a part of these reformations, he forcibly relocated the capital from Heijo kyo (ancient Nara) to Nagaoka kyo and then from Nagaoka kyo to Heian kyo (in 794).
- 唯物史観の影響を受け、武士は古代支配階級である貴族や宗教勢力を排除し、中世をもたらした変革者として石母田正らによって位置づけられた。
- Influenced by the materialist concept of history, Tadashi ISHIMODA and others positioned the bushi as the reformer who pushed out the ancient governing class such as the aristocrats and religious power of influence and brought on the medieval times.
- これまで『万国公法』をはじめとする近代国際法を受容した東アジア諸国が、外圧もしくは自発的努力によって変革を迫られた過程を述べてきた。
- After the reception of modern international laws such as 'Bankoku Koho,' East Asian countries were forced to push internally or externally to change the system of the countries and examples of those cases are described above.
- 以後9月中旬頃まで諸藩の有志および有馬新七・有村俊斎・伊地知正治らと大老井伊直弼を排斥し、それによって幕政の改革をしようとはかった。
- After that until middle of September, he ignored Naosuke II of chief minister with volunteers of many domains, Shinshichi ARIMA and Masaharu IJICH, and tried to reform Bakufu feudal government.
- 慶雲の改革(けいうんのかいかく)は、飛鳥時代末期の慶雲3年(706年)以降、文武天皇統治下の朝廷において行われた律令体制改革をいう。
- Keiun no kaikaku is a political reform of Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on Ritsuryo Code) at the imperial court under the reign of Emperor Monmu, which was carried out since 706 at the end of the Asuka period.
- 財布その他のポケット又はハンドバッグに通常入れて携帯する製品(外面が革製、コンポジションレザー製又はパテントレザー製のものに限る。)
- Wallets or other goods usually carried in a pocket or handbag (limited to those whose outer surface is made of leather, composition leather, or patent leather)
- 大化の改新は日本書紀に描かれるほどの画期的な改革ではなく、その後、改革への動 きは停滞したとする見解が広範な支持を集めているのである。
- It is now widely held that the Taika Reforms were not so epoch-making as to have been depicted in the 'Nihon shoki' ('Chronicles of Japan') and that the movement toward reform later stagnated.
- 10月には幕末に諸外国と結ばれた不平等条約の改正(条約改正)などを目的とした岩倉使節団が派遣され、留守政府において禄制改革は行われた。
- In October, the Iwakura Mission was dispatched for the purpose of revising unequal treaties which Japan had signed with foreign countries at the end of the Edo period, and the reform of stipend was implemented by Rusu-seifu.
- 本朝月令(ほんちょうがつりょう/ほんちょうげつれい)は、平安時代中期における年中行事の起源や沿革、内容を纏めた現存最古の公事書である。
- Honcho Gatsuryo (or Honcho Getsurei) is the oldest remaining kuji-sho (a document about governmental operations and ceremonies) where, concerning annual events in the middle era of the Heian period, their origins, histories and contents are described.
- 欧米使節から帰国した岩倉や大久保が征韓論を退け、さらに大久保の下に内務省 (日本)が設立されたことで諸改革の整理が行われることになる。
- IWAKURA and OKUBO dismissed the idea of 'Seikanron' when they returned from western Europe, and then these reforms were organized and the government established the Ministry of Home Affairs led by Okubo.
- 明治維新の諸改革は、新たな制度で生じた矛盾をいくらか孕みながらも、おおむね成功を収め、短期間で立憲制度を達成し、富国強兵が推進された。
- The reforms of the Meiji Restoration were more or less successful and the Japanese government established the constitutional government and promoted Fukoku Kyohei (enriching the country and strengthening the military) although there were some contradictions in these reforms.
- 一方、ほとんどのアジア諸国で挫折ないし不可能だった近代化革命が、なぜ日本においてのみ成功したのかについても近年研究が盛んとなっている。
- In a recent historic study of Japan, the scholars try to identify the reason why only Japan's revolution to modernize the country succeeded, whereas most Asian countries failed to modernize, or found it impossible to modernize.
- この政権交替は、蘇我氏に変わって権力を握ることではなく、東アジア情勢の流れに即応できる権力の集中と国政の改革であったと考えられている。
- This political power shift was not aimed at taking over authority from the Soga clan but at centralization of authority and reform of national administration which will enable adaptation to the tide of the East Asian situation.
- (大正7年の改訂では、当初第一次世界大戦において、ドイツの勝利と独露軍事同盟を想定してロシア革命で白紙に戻すという事態を招いている。)
- (In the revision in 1918, the assumption of Germany's victory and the military alliance between Germany and Russia in the First World War brought the problem to put the policy back on the drawing board due to the Russia Revolution.)
- 主な対外政策としては、アジアに対してはアジア全域の革新運動の盟主に日本が立つことを主張して、欧米列強に対しては強硬な外交政策を掲げた。
- As its major foreign policies, the Toyo Jiyuto declared to Asian nations that Japan would become a leader of the reform movement throughout Asia, while it declared its hard-line foreign policy toward the allied Western powers.
- この時代、雄略天皇が改革事業を推し進め「強い天皇家」を目指し蘇我氏が補佐役として政権を築くが、後に勃興した貴族に政権を奪われてしまう。
- Around this period Emperor Yuryaku tried to carry out a project of reforms, aiming to create 'a powerful Imperial family,' and the Soga clan supported him, thus establishing their political power, however, later this political power was taken by the sudden rise to prominence of other court nobles.
- 恭順謹慎・江戸無血開城などにより、無血革命に近い状態で政権移譲できた事から近代日本の独立性が守られ、維新への功績は大きいと評価された。
- Because of his compliance with the disciplinary confinement and the Bloodless Transfer of Edo-jo Castle, the administrative power was transferred as a result of almost a bloodless revolution; he contributed greatly to the Restoration and ensuring of independency of modern Japan.
- 5代将軍となった徳川綱吉は、儒教による理念的な政治思想を掲げつつも、財政改革の必要に迫られ、勘定奉行に荻原重秀を抜擢して解決を図った。
- This situation compelled the fifth Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA to implement a financial reform, so he tried to do it by selecting Shigehide OGIWARA as kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) - incidentally, Tsunayoshi waved the banner of ideological ideas by adopting Confucianism into his politics.
- 土方家のすぐ近くにある、多摩川の支流の淺川(浅川 (東京都))に生えている牛革草(ぎゅうかくそう、ミゾソバのこと)を原材料にしている。
- Gyukakuso' (a plant of a buckwheat family, scientific name: Polygonum Thunbergii) that had been grown along the area of the Asakawa river, which was a tributary of the Tamagawa river, near Hijikata's house, was its raw material.
- 譲受会社の役員が法人である場合 当該役員の登記事項証明書、沿革を記載した書面及び法第十五条第二項第一号ヲに該当しないことを誓約する書面
- in cases where an officer of the Transferee Company is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document stating the corporate development, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i), (l) of the Act;
- 承継会社の役員が法人である場合 当該役員の登記事項証明書、沿革を記載した書面及び法第十五条第二項第一号ヲに該当しないことを誓約する書面
- in cases where an officer of the Succeeding Company is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document stating the corporate development, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i), (l) of the Act;
- 設立会社の役員が法人である場合 当該役員の登記事項証明書、沿革を記載した書面及び法第十五条第二項第一号ヲに該当しないことを誓約する書面
- in cases where an officer of the Formed Company is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document stating the corporate development, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i), (l) of the Act;
- 昭和の初期という時代に、和と洋を組み合わせた革新性、その後も改装されることなく建物が当時のままの姿で残っている点が高く評価されている。
- The cafe was innovative in that its designs combined Japanese and Western style in the early Showa period, and retains its original structure without being renovated, and these are highly rated.
- また、翌10月11日、幣原内閣に対してなされた、マッカーサーによる五大改革の指令には、「参政権賦与による日本婦人の解放」が盛られていた。
- The following day, October 11, MacArthur's Five Great Reform directives were issued to the Shidehara Cabinet, one of which called for the 'emancipation of Japanese women by enfranchisement.'
- 幕府からの勅書返納命令に対し、水戸藩内は旧保守派を中心として返納する論(鎮派)と、旧改革派を中心とした反対論(激派)に分かれて対立する。
- Regarding the order by the bakufu to submit the chokusho, there arose a conflict within the Mito Domain between the conservatives (which was formed by the people in the previous conservatives), which wanted to submit the chokusho, and the extremists (which was formed by the people in the previous reformers), which did not want to submit it.
- それ以外にも、財政支出を抑えながら有為な人材を登用する足高制、漢訳洋書禁輸の緩和や甘藷栽培の奨励、目安箱の設置その他の改革をおこなった。
- In addition to the above, he also carried out reforms that included the salary supplements system (tashidaka) for certain key jobs to appoint promising personnel while reining in government spending, deregulating the prohibition of Western books in Chinese version, encouraged the cultivation of sweet potatoes, and established a complaints box as well as other reforms.
- さらに洋務運動官僚の劉坤一・張之洞らと関係の深い近衛が会長に就任すると孫文らの中国革命を支援する東亜会系の会員は次第に姿を消していった。
- In addition, as Konoe who had close ties to Kunyi LIU and Shido CHO, the Western Affair Movement bureaucracy became the chairman, the members of the Toa-kai which supported the Chinese Revolution that was led by Sun Yat-sen gradually left from the group.
- その後、日本から追放されたチャウは上海市に逃れ、辛亥革命後の1912年、広東省で「光復会」を創設して武力によるベトナムの解放を目指した。
- Chau fled to the city of Shanghai after being deported from Japan, and in 1912, after the Xinhai Revolution (Chinese Revolution), he established 'Kofukukai' (Quang Phuc Hoi [Vietnamese for Vietnam Restoration Society]) in Guangdong Province and began working toward the liberation of Vietnam from French colonial rule by force.
- 寛政の改革の際には価格監視を目的として江戸町奉行所の与力・同心と町役人による諸色掛(しょしきがかり)が結成されて幕末まで継続されている。
- At the time of the Kansei Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in Kansei era), Shoshiki gakari (a price watchdog) made up of the Edo town magistrate's officials such as yoriki (police sergeant) and doshin (police constables) and the municipal officials was established in order to monitor the prices and it kept functioning until the end of the Edo period.
- 同年3月、木戸・板垣は参議に復帰すると、大久保・伊藤とともに大阪会議の合意事項に基づいた政体改革案を作成し、太政大臣三条実美に提出した。
- In March of the same year, after Kido and Itagaki returned to the positions of Sangi (councillors), they drew up a political reform plan together with Okubo and Ito based on the agreement in the Osaka conference, and then submitted the plan to Sanetomi SANJO, the Daijo-daijin (the Grand Minister).
- しかし、1917年のロシア革命でロシア帝国が滅亡すると、協約はソビエト連邦政府によって破棄され、日本は中国権益の危機を迎えることとなる。
- But Japan came to face a crisis over her interests in China when the Russian Empire fell due to the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the Agreement was cancelled by the soviet Union government.
- 平安時代までの難解で、大衆への布教が禁じられていた仏教を変革する運動として鎌倉仏教の宗派が興隆し、奈良仏教(旧仏教)の革新運動がすすんだ。
- Events that led to the reforming of the Buddhist faith--which up through the Heian period had remained very abstruse, comprehensible only to a select few, and for which any proselytizing activities towards the masses were prohibited--included the rise to prominence of the Kamakura sect of Buddhism as well as new progress in efforts to reform Nara (i.e., old-guard) Buddhism.
- 更に近代に入ると、正岡子規や与謝野鉄幹らによる和歌改革論者によって歌道そのものの価値が否定されるに至り、その歴史に幕を閉じることとなった。
- Early in the modern times, waka reformists such as Shiki MASAOKA and Tekkan YOSANO denied the value of Kado itself, which brought an end to the history of Kado.
- 西行は『日本書紀』「仁徳紀」にある仁徳天皇、菟道稚郎子の皇位相譲の話を例に出して王道の観点から、院は易姓革命から、それぞれ論をぶつけあう。
- Saigyo argues from the viewpoint of the rule of right, citing examples of Emperor Nintoku appearing in 'Nintokugi' of 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and Iratsuko UJINOWAKI, who abdicated the Imperial Throne, while In argues from the Ekisei revolution (an old Chinese political thought).
- 俳諧連歌もまた江戸後期に至り月並流といわれる形式を重視したものに変化し、明治になり正岡子規の俳諧から俳句への革新によっていったんは廃れた。
- Haikairenga was also changed into the Tsukinami School, which took the form seriously, but during the Meiji period it became outdated in the reform of poetry by Shiki MASAOKA from haikai to haiku.
- 大久保の変化を聞いて手応えを感じた板垣も、立憲政体樹立・三権分立・二院制議会確立などの政府改革の要求が認められたことで協力的な態度に転ずる
- Itagaki, feeling hopeful at the news of the change of Okubo's attitude, turned cooperative when his requests for the establishment of constitutional government and a bicameral system as well as for separation of powers were all accepted.
- 新たに就任した役員が法人である場合 当該役員の登記事項証明書、沿革を記載した書面及び法第十五条第二項第一号ヲに該当しないことを誓約する書面
- in the case where a newly appointed officer is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document containing the history thereof, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i) (l) of the Act;
- in the case where a newly appointed officer is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document stating the corporate development, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i), (l) of the Act;
- in cases where a newly appointed officer is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document stating corporate development, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i), (l) of the Act;
- 合併後の会社の役員が法人である場合 当該役員の登記事項証明書、沿革を記載した書面及び法第十五条第二項第一号ヲに該当しないことを誓約する書面
- in cases where an officer of a Stock Company Resulting from a Merger is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document stating the corporate development, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i), (l) of the Act;
- 銀遣いの上方にあることから丁銀鋳造の中心地となり、駿河、後に江戸とともに貨幣鋳造を担い、これは寛政12年(1800年)の銀座改革まで続いた。
- Located in the Osaka area where coinage was used heavily, it became the center of Chogin silver minting and continued to operate alongside other ginzas in Sunpu and later in Edo, until the ginza reform in 1800.
- まず朱子は「親」を「新」と読み替え、「民を新たにす」(自分自身の明徳を明らかにした君子が、他者にまでそれを及ぼし革新する)という風に解した。
- Zhu Xi read the word 'qin', meaning 'being affectionate,' as 'xin,' meaning 'new,' and interpreted 'xinmin' as 'renovating the people', meaning that a man of virtue, who has discoverd his own virtue, spread it to others and renewed them.
- 帰国した永山が、明治21年(1888年)6月15日に、屯田兵本部長を兼ねつつ北海道庁長官に就任すると、屯田兵の改革・増設計画が急速に進んだ。
- NAGAYAMA, who returned to Japan, assumed the post of governor of the Hokkaido government concurrently serving as Tondenhei Director-general on June 15, 1888, the reformation/expansion program of tondenhei was rapidly improved.
- それまでの年貢徴収法は、年毎に収穫量を見てその量を決める検見法がとられていたが、これでは収入が安定しないので、享保の改革の一環で導入された。
- Until then, kemi ho (annual crop inspections), in which the amount of tax is determined based on the amount of crop that was produced each year, was adopted as the method of land tax collection, but the income was unstable with this method and jomen ho was adopted as part of the Kyoho reforms.
- 以後、大隈(4月17日会計官副知事専任、7月6日大蔵省発足により大蔵大輔に移行)を主導として通貨改革に関する様々な布告が出されることとなる。
- Afterwards, various declarations concerning the currency reform were put out with OKUMA (on April 17 he became a full-time finance office vice prefectural governor, and on July 6, he transferred to Okura no taifu [a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury] due to the establishment of Ministry of finance) as the main leader.
- 藩財政は江戸時代中期頃になると火の車となり、第8代藩主・分部光賓は三宅玄章と共に財政5ヵ年計画という改革を断行したが、あまり効果は無かった。
- Since the finance of the clan became in dire straits in around the middle of the Edo period, Mitsuzane WAKEBE, the eighth lord of the domain, carried out a reform called five-year plan for financial affairs with Gensho MIYAKE, but this plan had almost no effect.
- 二度に及ぶ長州征伐が失敗に終わり、将軍家茂の病死によって慶喜が将軍となると、慶応3年(1867年)に、最後の改革となる慶応の改革が行われた。
- After the two Choshu Conquests ended in failure and Shogun Iemochi died from an illness, Yoshinobu became the next shogun and implemented in 1867 Keio Reforms, the last ones in the Edo period.
- こうした一連の改革は一向一揆の活動を抑制し、幕府や各地の大名、他宗派との共存を目的とするものでこれまでの政策の大転換ともいえるものであった。
- These series of reforms curbed activities of the Ikko-Ikki army and can be said to have drastically changed its policy with a view to coexisting with the bakufu, local daimyo (feudal lords) in various places, and other religious schools.
- 定信は将軍吉宗の孫にあたり、吉宗の改革を理想としたため、田沼時代のインフレを収めるため、質素倹約・風紀取り締まりを進め、超緊縮財政で臨んだ。
- Sadanobu, the grandson of the eighth Shogun Yoshimune, regarded Yoshimune's reforms as ideal ones, so he encouraged frugality, watched over public morals, and drew up an extremely reduced budget in order to put an end to inflation from the Tanuma period.
- その為、「成り上がり者が調子に乗っている(天狗になっている)」といった侮蔑の意味を込めて保守派が改革派をそう呼んだところから来ているという説。
- One theory says that the conservatives scornfully called the reformers Tengu because 'parvenus got carried away and became like a Tengu.'
- しかし、全国的に藩校が設立されたのは宝暦期(1751年-1764年)以後であり、多くの藩が藩政改革のための有能な人材を育成するために設立した。
- However, it was after the Horeki era (1751-1764) that hanko was established throughout the country; many domains established hanko in order to foster talented human resources for the reformation of domain duties.
- 伊藤内閣は6月15日、朝鮮の内政改革を日清共同で進める、清が拒否すれば日本単独で指導するという方針を閣議決定し清に通告し、清がこれを拒否した。
- On June 15, the Ito cabinet decided on its policy in the cabinet meeting that both Japan and Qing would jointly reform the internal system of Korea and, if Qing refused, Japan would solely undertake the instructions, and Qing refused when informed of the decision.
- そして、廃藩置県に伴う改革で大久保が大蔵卿に就任するのと引換に大蔵・民部の再合併が決定された時に大久保によって廃止されることになったのである。
- When it was decided to merge Okura-sho and Minbu-sho again in exchange for Okubo's position in Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury) in accordance with Haihan-chiken, Okubo eliminated the structure.
- これについては編纂に参加した脇坂安宅の老中就任との関係や当時のいわゆる文久の改革との関連性が指摘されるが、その経緯については不明のままである。
- It is pointed out that this sudden order might be relevant to the appointment of Yasuori WAKISAKA, who participated in the compilation of the law, as the senior councilor and to the so-called Bunkyu Reform of that time, but the particulars are still unknown.
- また、天理教の布教活動にも圧力がかけられ、革新委員会が自衛措置として戦争協力を推進したことから、施設の提供が容易だったことも要因に挙げられる。
- In addition, other factors can be mentioned; since the activity of the Tenri sect was under pressure, the reform committee encouraged cooperation for the war as a means of self-defense, so it was easy for them to provide facilities.
- 開国後、甲申政変が起きるなど、李氏朝鮮の内部からも改革の要請は出ていたが、大院君、閔妃はあくまでも旧来の、李氏朝鮮王朝を守り通そうとしていた。
- Although there were requests for reform from within the Yi Dynasty Korea, such as the Gapsin Coup that occurred after the opening of the country, Daewongun and Empress Myeongseong wanted to maintain the traditional Yi Dynasty Korea.
- 日本の政財界の中にも、朝鮮の近代化は隣国として利益となる面も大きいと考え、積極的な支援を惜しまない人々が現れ、改革の土台が出来上がっていった。
- Some people in the Japanese political and financial worlds found the modernization of Korea more valuable as a neighbor and came to provide positive support, and this formed the foundation of reform.
- しかし同党は、暴力革命を主張する幸徳ら「直接行動派(硬派)」と、議会を通じた合法的政権奪取を主張する田添鉄二ら「議会政策派(軟派)」とに分裂。
- This party, however, was divided into two groups; advocates of direct action (hard-liners) who insisted on violent revolution, including KOTOKU, and advocates of parliament activities (soft-liners) who insisted on legal takeover through parliaments, including Tetsuji TAZOE.
- この乱の後、西洋的方法を視野に入れた政治改革の必要を認識した西太后は、かつて自らが失敗させた戊戌の変法を手本としたいわゆる光緒新政を開始した。
- Empress Dowager Cixi acknowledged the need for post-war political reform involving western techniques, and started the new Guangxu government based on the Hundred Days' Reform that she had previously made to fail.
- 江川英龍(英龍)・遠山景元・鳥居耀蔵(燿蔵)ら実務派の官僚が採用されたが、内容自体は田沼時代を受けた寛政の改革の再来ともいえ、新味は無かった。
- Tadakuni promoted practical bureaucrats, such as Hidetatsu EGAWA, Kagemoto TOYAMA, and Yozo TORII, but the very contents of the reforms could be said just the revival of Kansei Reforms after the Tanuma period, so they lacked novelty.
- そしてついに、明治9年(1876年)内務卿大久保利通は、内閣顧問木戸孝允を中心とする長州派の猛烈な提案に押し切られ、鹿児島県政改革案を受諾した。
- At last in 1876, Naimukyo (Secretary of Interior) Toshimichi OKUBO was pushed by vigorous proposition of the Choshu faction led by Naikakukomon (adviser to the Cabinet) Takayoshi KIDO and accepted the Kagoshima prefectural government reform bill.
- 吉田松陰、高杉晋作、西郷隆盛、河井継之助、佐久間象山が歴史上おり、革命運動(大塩平八郎 --大塩平八郎の乱)に呈する者が多かったのは事実である。
- Historical figures were Shoin YOSHIDA, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, Takamori SAIGO, Tsugunosuke KAWAI, and Shozan SAKUMA; most of them in fact aligned themselves with the revolutionary movement (such as Heihachiro OSHIO's rebellion).
- これらを踏まえて、前述した天智改革への不満の醸成が壬申の乱の下地を作り天智以後の皇位継承の争いが乱発生の契機となったとする説が有力となっている。
- Based on these, dissatisfaction toward reform previously mentioned created the base of the Jinshin War and there is a leading theory that the cause of the Jinshin War was the dispute regarding the succession to the Imperial throne since Emperor Tenchi's era.
- 新政府は天皇大権のもと欧米の諸制度を積極的に導入し、廃藩置県、身分解放、法制整備、国家インフラの整備など明治維新と呼ばれる一連の改革を遂行した。
- Under the Emperor's power, the new government introduced various systems from European countries and the United States, and made a set of reformations called Maiji Restoration, such as Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), abolition of the class system, establishment of the system of law and construction of national infrastructures.
- (意味)我が国は未曾有の変革を為そうとし、わたくし天皇が自ら皆に率先して天地神明に誓い、大いにこの国是を定め、万民を保全する道を立てようとする。
- (Meaning) our country is making unprecedented transformation and I, the Emperor take initiative to swear to God, establish this national policy and preserve all the people.
- また大隈や卿の伊達宗城からも同様の趣旨の要請を受けて、渋沢を掛長(租税正兼務)として省内改革(政策立案能力の向上)を推進する組織として発足した。
- He also received the same request from Okuma and Munenari DATE who was Kyo, and an organization to promote reformation in the ministry (to improve capability of policy planning) was established and Shibusawa was designated a section head (head of the land tax department as well).
- これは従来、冠位十二階に含まれなかった、大臣・大連などを輩出する有力氏族を冠位制度へ組み込み、天皇を頂点とした序列をつける為の改革だと思われる。
- This is thought to be a reform to incorporate the powerful clans, which produced Oomi and Omuraji which were not included in the twelve grades of cap rank system, into the rank system and to establish a rank system with Emperor at the top.
- 憲政会の加藤高明と革新倶楽部の犬養毅が、清浦内閣を批判してその打倒を進めるという、第一次と較べるとあまりにも小規模な運動に過ぎなかったのである。
- In fact the second Kensei Yogo Undo was mainly spearheaded by Takaaki KATO of the Kenseikai Political Party and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Kakushin Kurabu Party who jointed forces to bring down the KIYOURA cabinet by openly criticizing it, which was overly low-profile campaign compared to the first Kensei Yogo Undo.
- 単なる権力争いであった場合や、あるいは改革をなそうとする君主が、既得権を維持せんとする重臣から「悪政」を咎められ押込められる例も少なくなかった。
- Some were just struggles for power, and in some cases, reform-minded lords were confined by their vassals who blamed the lord for his misgovernment to protect their vested interests
- ちなみに、二十六聖人のうち、フランシスコ会会員とされているのは、スペインのアルカンタラのペテロが改革を起こした「アルカンタラ派」の会員達であった。
- The Franciscan members in the Twenty-six martyrs were the members of 'the Alcantara group,' one of whom, a Spanish man, St. Peter of Alcantara, arose a reform.
- 大化の改新(たいかのかいしん)は飛鳥時代の孝徳天皇2年春正月甲子朔(西暦646年)に発布された改新の詔(かいしんのみことのり)に基づく政治的改革。
- The Taika Reforms are political reforms based on Kaishin no Mikotonori (the Imperial Reform Edict) issued in 646 in the Asuka period.
- 幕府財政は、享保の改革での年貢増徴策によって年貢収入は増加したが、宝暦年間(1751年 - 1763年)には頭打ちとなり、再び行き詰まりをみせた。
- Land income tax increased due to an additional tax collection policy in the Kyoho Reforms, but hit a ceiling in the Horeki era (1751 - 1763), after which, the financial affairs of bakufu started to hit an impasse yet again.
- よって、国家に自力で自存・自立しなければ、国際法を利用することができないと考えられるようになり、以後改革に前向きな姿勢が導き出されるようになった。
- Therefore, people recognized the self-existence and independence were essential for a state to take advantage of international law, and reforms were promoted in a proactive manner.
- 保守的な『後拾遺和歌集』に対し、次の『金葉和歌集』は清新な叙景歌が中心で革新的なものであったが、続く『詞花和歌集』は再び保守的なものになっている。
- Compared with the conservative 'Go shui wakashu,' the following 'Kinyo wakashu (A Collection of Golden Leaves)' was innovative and focused on fresh descriptive poems; however, the subsequent 'Shika wakashu (A Collection of Verbal Flowers of Japanese Poetry)' marked a return to the conservative style.
- 佐藤は、自らが率先して革命歌を高唱し、「無政府主義万歳」と叫んだことを認めると共に、無政府主義も社会主義も究極の目的は一致するかもしれぬと答えた。
- SATO acknowledged that he was the first to sing songs of revolution in a loud voice and to yell 'Hurrah for anarchism,' and replied that the ultimate objectives of anarchism and of socilalism may be the same.
- 死牛馬解体処理や皮革処理は、時代や地域により穢多(長吏・かわた等)との分業が行われていたこともあるが、概ね独占もしくは排他的に従事していたといえる。
- Hinin and Eta (Chori, Kawata, etc.) worked in animal slaughter and leather-making separately depending on the period or regions; however, Hinin mostly engaged these tasks exclusively.
- ほぼ同時に宮中の改革も行われ、旧来の宮中職や女官は廃され、士族を中心とした侍従らが明治天皇を武断的な改革君主にふさわしい天皇に養育することとなった。
- The reform of the Imperial court was implemented at almost the same time, and in this reform, a number of positions from the former imperial court, including court ladies, were abolished, and palace staff mainly consisting of 'warrior class' educated Emperor Meiji so he could become fit for the role of a militaristic reform leader.
- ところが、阿部正弘が急死すると、阿部による安政の改革に反発する譜代大名の巻き返しが始まり、「大奥の粛正」を唱える斉昭に反発する大奥もこれに加担する。
- When Masahiro ABE died suddenly, fudai daimyo who opposed to the Ansei Reform led by Abe began to regain lost ground and were supported by O-oku who opposed to Nariaki who called upon the tightening discipline of O-oku.
- 頼芸が兄土岐政頼との家督相続に敗れると、勘九郎は密かに策を講じ、大永7年8月、政頼を革手城に急襲して越前へ追いやり、頼芸の守護補任に大きく貢献した。
- When Yorinari lost to his older brother Masayori TOKI in a succession struggle, Kankuro (Dosan) secretly plotted a sudden attack against Masayori at Kawate-jo Castle and drove him out to Echizen, which greatly contributed to Yorinari's assignment to shugo.
- このように慶雲の改革は、大宝律令の施行に伴う不具合を調整することを意識して行われたものであり、さらなる国家体制強化を図ろうとする性質のものであった。
- As seen from the above, the political reform in the Keiun era was carried out in order to adjust the flaws experienced when administering Taiho code, and its fundamental characteristic was to strengthen the national polity.
- 工場法(こうじょうほう)は産業革命期において苛酷な労働を強いられた工場労働者、特に幼年労働者及び女子労働者を保護することを目的として制定された法律。
- The Factory Acts were a series of acts designed to protect factory workers, children and women in particular, who were forced into hard work during the Industrial Revolution.
- そして5月10日に行なわれた第15回衆議院議員総選挙の結果、護憲三派からは286名(憲政会151名。政友会105名。革新倶楽部30名)らが当選する。
- As a result of the 15th general election of the House of Representatives on May 10, 286 candidates were elected to the House from the Goken Sanpa (151 from the Kenseikai Party, 105 from the Seiyukai Party and 30 from the Kakusin Kurabu.)
- そんな中、文久2年(1862年)薩摩藩主の父島津久光が朝廷を動かして勅使(大原重徳)を出させ、幕府に改革を迫るという事態が発生する(→文久の改革)。
- Under the circumstances, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU (the father of the feudal lord of the Satsuma Domain) moved Imperial Court to send a messenger (Shigetomi OHARA), who urged the Edo bakufu to implement reforms (cf. Bunkyu Reform).
- 「旧城主は祖先以来数百年間伝来の縁故により、これを払い渡し旧形を保存し、後世に伝えるなら歴史上の沿革を示す一端となり好都合である」ことを理由とした。
- The reason was that 'if castles are sold to former castellans, who have connections to the castles that had been inherited from their ancestors over the past several hundred years, and the castellans are to preserve the shapes of the castles and hand them down to later generations, the castles would show part of the course of our history, which is favorable.'
- 寛政12年(1800年)の銀座改革により勘定奉行による統制が強化され「御勘定附切り」となり、それ以降、文政丁銀から糺吹は必要なしと判断され廃止された。
- With the ginza reform of 1800, control by the kanjo-bugyo was strengthened, placing coin minting an operation directly done by the shogunate and making tadashifuki no longer necessary from the Bunsei chogin.
- 後白河は頼朝に「天魔の所為」と弁明するが(『吾妻鏡』11月15日条、『玉葉』11月26日条)、頼朝は院の独裁を掣肘するために廟堂改革要求を突きつける。
- Goshirakawa explained to Yoritomo that it was 'the act of evil spirits' (the item of November 15 of 'Azuma kagami' [The Mirror of the East], the item of November 26 of 'Gyokuyo' [Diary of Kanezane]), but Yoritomo thrusted a demand for the mouseleum hall reform to check dictatorship of the retired emperor.
- 年料別貢雑物(ねんりょうべっこうぞうもつ)とは、律令制において紙・筆・ウマ皮革・薬草などの雑物を現物の形で毎年規定量を令制国より中央に貢納させた制度。
- Nenryo bekko zomotsu was the system where a designated amount of Zomotsu such as paper, brushes, horse skin and herbal plants were directly tithed to the central government by Ritsuryo provinces.
- そのため大化の改新・建武の新政・明治維新が最も重要な改革に位置づけられ、こうした国家主義的な歴史観はとりわけ歴史教育の現場へ積極的に導入されていった。
- Therefore, the Taika Reforms, Kenmu Restoration and Meiji Restoration were positioned as the most important reformations, and these nationalistic views of history had been actively introduced, in particular, into actual education of history.
- これらの条項は辛亥革命以後も北洋政府・奉天軍閥などに継承されたが、満洲某重大事件後に奉天軍閥を継いだ張学良が同条約を否認して併行鉄道の建設を推進した。
- Although these protocols had remained in force even after the Xinhai Revolution, with the Beiyang government and the Mukden military clique in power, Chang Hsueh-liang, who succeeded in the Mukden military clique after 'the Manchuria incident' (assassination of Zhang Zuolin, the Manchurian warlord, by the Japanese Army), ignored the treaty obligations and promoted the construction of railroads parallel to the South Manchuria Railway.
- 協定では朝鮮の独立を保証すること、朝鮮の財政改革を促進すること、近代的警察及び軍隊を組織すること、電信線を維持することについて、共通の意思を明示した。
- It was the neutral agreement that both Japan and Russian would guarantee the independence of Korean, promote fiscal reform in Korea, assemble a modern police and army, and maintain telegraph lines.
- 親子二代説にもとづくものも含め、その後も多くの創作作品がつくられたが、強い個性を持ち、時代の先駆者・変革者としてのイメージで描かれる傾向は続いている。
- Since then, many creative works have been produced, including the ones that are based on the father-and-son two-generation view, but the trend continues in portraying [Dosan] as a man of strong character and as a pioneer and a reformer of the era.
- 6代将軍となった徳川家宣は、もと甲府藩主から将軍職となったが、甲府時代から政治改革に実績のあった側用人間部詮房や学者の新井白石を起用し、改革を行った。
- The sixth Shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA had been formerly the feudal lord of Kofu Domain, and so, in order to carry out his reforms, he promoted Akifusa MANABE and a scholar Hakuseki ARAI, both of whom had had achievements in political reforms in the Kofu Domain, to his grand chamberlain and personal staff respectively.
- この変化は9世紀末の宇多天皇から醍醐天皇にかけての国政改革で基準国図に登録された公田面積を富豪層に割り当て、この面積に応じて徴税する機構として結実した。
- This change resulted in a mechanism in which an area of a field administered directly by a ruler and registered in the standardized map of provinces in the reform of the national administration from Emperor Uda to Emperor Daigo in the late ninth century was allocated to the rich and powerful class, and the tax was collected according to the area.
- 明治維新(めいじいしん)は、江戸幕府による幕藩体制から、明治政府による倒幕運動および天皇親政体制の転換と、それに伴う一連の戦争(戊辰戦争)・改革をいう。
- The Meiji Restoration was the historic change from the feudal system of the Edo Shogunate to the system of direct Imperial rule by the Meiji government through the overthrow of the Shogunate, and the accompanying series of wars (the Boshin War) and reforms.
- それまで国政を全面委任されていた幕府に対し、朝廷から改革の指示が下るという前代未聞の事態に幕府内は混乱するが、結局その大部分を受け入れざるを得なかった。
- For the bakufu which had been fully entrusted with the administration of the country, being ordered to reform by the imperial court was an unprecedented event and the bakufu got confused, but it had to finally accept almost all of the order.
- これは、改革掛には渋沢や前島密など郷士や農民などから幕臣を経て明治政府に仕官した者が多く、早くから人権の確立や四民平等の必要性を自覚していた層であった。
- It so happened because most of those in charge of revision took service with Meiji Government through being goshi (country samurais) or farmers like SHIBUSAWA and Hisoka MAEJIMA and they were of the stratum who were aware of the necessity of the establishment of human rights and the equality of all people early.
- 8代将軍となった徳川吉宗は、紀州徳川家の出身であり、それまでの幕政を主導してきた譜代大名に対して遠慮することなく、大胆に政治改革を主導することとなった。
- The eighth Shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA came from the Kishu Tokugawa family (a branch of Tokugawa family), so he had the courage to lead the political reforms without hesitation toward 'fudai daimyo,' who had led politics of the Edo bakufu until then.
- こうした背景のもと、日露戦争中に日本軍通訳をつとめた宋秉畯が日本の影響下に政治改革のための組織を計画したが、この計画は元独立協会系の人々に受け入れられた。
- Due to this background, Song Byung-joon who had served as an interpreter for Japanese Army in Russo-Japanese War designed an organization for the political reform against the Japanese influence, and this plan was accepted by people who had followed the independence club before.
- 8代将軍となった徳川吉宗は、紀州徳川家の出身であり、それまで幕政を主導してきた譜代大名に対して遠慮することなく、大胆に政治改革をおこなった(享保の改革)。
- Yoshimune TOKUGAWA from the Kishu Tokugawa family assumed the position of the eighth shogun, and implemented dynamic political reforms with no regard for the feelings of the hereditary vassal daimyo who had taken the initiative in the shogunate government until then (Kyoho Reforms).
- 久光の真意は、あくまで幕政の改革・公武一和であったため、これら志士たちとの間に摩擦を生じ、自藩の急進派有馬新七らの粛清を命じた(寺田屋事件、4月23日)。
- Hisamitsu's true intent was the political reform of the bakufu and Kobu Ichiwa (union of the shogunate and the imperial court, another way of calling Kobu Gattai) from the beginning, so he ordered the purge of the extremists of the domain such as Shinshichi ARIMA (Teradaya Incident on April 23).
- 組織変更後株式会社商品取引所の役員が法人である場合 当該役員の登記事項証明書、沿革を記載した書面及び法第十五条第二項第一号ヲに該当しないことを誓約する書面
- in the case where an officer of an Incorporated Commodity Exchange after Entity Conversion is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document containing the history thereof, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i) (l) of the Act;
- 留守政府の元で徴兵令(海陸警備ノ制)・学制(教令率育ノ道)・司法改革(審理刑罰ノ法)・地租改正(理財会計ノ方)といった新しい制度が行われていくことになった。
- Various new systems were implemented by rusu-seifu, including Conscription Ordinance (kairiku keibi no sei), education system (kyoiku sotsuiku no michi), judicial reform (shinri keibatsu no ho) and land tax reform (rizai kaikei no ho).
- 危機感を共有した支配階級は団結融和へと向かい、当時の天智天皇は豪族を再編成するとともに、官僚制を急速で整備するなど、挙国的な国制改革を精力的に進めていった。
- The ruling classes shared the sense of crisis and began to unite and reconcile with each other, while the emperor at the time, Emperor Tenji, energetically pushed forward nationwide constitutional reforms by reorganizing powerful clans and rapidly organizing the bureaucracy.
- 伊藤は同年暮れに意見書を提出し、漸進的な改革と上院設置のための華族制度改革を提議した(後者は公家出身の岩倉が嫌う点であるが、伊藤は敢えて提出したのである)。
- Ito submitted written opinion and proposed gradual reform and reform of new peerage system to set up a upper house (IWAKIRA, who was from court noble family disliked the latter opinion but ITO submitted this daringly).
- 明治2年(1869年)、明治維新に伴う官制改革によって廃止されたが、律令制に基づく機関の中では、最後まで設置当初の職掌を名実ともに保った稀有の存在であった。
- In 1869, the Tenyakuryo was abolished during the reform of government institutions that followed the Meiji Restoration, but among all the institutions based on the ritsuryo system, the Tenyakuryo had the rare distinction of having managed to maintain, both in word and in deed, its official functions from when it was founded right up until the moment it was dissolved.
- かかる危機に直面した国衙行政と中央財政を再建させるために、院宮王臣家と富豪層の関係を断ち切るとともに、国司へ大幅な支配権限を委譲する改革が行われたのである。
- In the reformation to reestablish the kokuga administration and the finance of the central government, the relationships between Ingu oshinke and rich and powerful persons was broken and much of the control right was transferred to kokushi.
- 宇多天皇は、891年(寛平3年)の関白藤原基経の死後摂関を置かず、源能有を事実上の首班として藤原時平と菅原道真、平季長等の近臣を重用し各種政治改革を行った。
- Emperor Uda did not appoint Sekkan (regents and advisers) after the death of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Mototsune in 891, and carried out various political reforms using MINAMOTO no Yoshiari as a virtual leader, promoting trusted vassals such as FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, and TAIRA no Suenaga.
- 短期間のうちにほぼ独力で近代国家を整備し、西欧列強に比肩する国家を築き上げたことは諸外国からは奇跡と見られ、とくにアジア諸国にとって近代革命の模範となった。
- People in foreign countries thought it a miracle that Japan organized a modern state mostly on their own in such a short period and built a country which had almost the same power as any Western European country, and it served as a model for the modern revolution especially for other Asian countries.
- が、やがてそういった枠組みを受容するだけではなく、人間という中身も変革(雑誌のことばでいえば「民心の一新」)することを目指す啓蒙思想 (日本)が興ってきた。
- However, the enlightenment thought (Japan), which aimed not only to accept such schemes but also to reform people's mind (by the words in the bulletin, 'Refurbishing of people's mind'), soon appeared.
- 異説では、那珂通世の計算には誤認があり、一蔀は「革命勘文」の引用のとおり1320年が正しく従って逆算起点は斉明天皇7年(661年)の辛酉の年になるともいう。
- According to another view, the calculation of Michiyo NAKA is wrong and one period is correctly 1320 years as cited in 'kakumeikanmon,' so that the first year of back calculation corresponds to the Kanototori year of 661.
- また、それについてのモーラーの著書のタイトル(『ドイツの保守革命 Die konservative Revolution in Deutschland』)。
- It also refers to the title of Mohler's book written about it ('The Conservative Revolution in Germany' [Die Konservative Revolution in Deutschland]).
- さらに『新元史』によれば日蓮の書簡の記述に依るとして、この時民衆を殺戮し、生き残った者の手の平に穴を開け、そこに革紐を通して船壁に吊るし見せしめにしたという。
- In addition, according to 'Shin Genshi' (New History of the Yuan Dynasty), a letter of Nichiren describes that they then massacred people and made a hole in the palms of survivors to lace a leather cord through it, and hung them on the ships' sides as a warning.
- そして、この場合もやはり、撰者は孔子に擬せられ、各経書に対する注釈という形式をとって、易姓革命や自然災害などを孔子が予言していたものとして、当時、受容された。
- In the 'Isho,' which was written in the form of notes to each Chinese classics of Confucianism, the author/compiler was asserted to be Confucius, and the Isho was accepted in those days as the medium through which Confucius supposedly predicted the Ekisei revolution (an ancient Chinese political concept), various natural disasters and more.
- 薩長土は、戊辰戦争の頃から、倒幕運動には不熱心だったが藩政改革が進んでおり開明的だった「雄藩」の肥前を仲間とみなし、肥前藩にも明治維新政府に人材を供給させた。
- The Hizen Domain, which had been indifferent to the movement of overthrowing the Tokugawa shogunate since the Boshin War but had made progress in Domain duty reforms, was one of 'Yuhan,' so the Satchodo considered the Hizen Domain as their collaborator and let it supply its people for the Meiji Restoration government.
- 1790年(寛政2年)老中松平定信は、寛政の改革の一環として、柴野栗山・岡田寒泉を湯島聖堂付きの儒者に登用し、湯島聖堂あずかりの林家に対し朱子学擁護を命じた。
- In 1790, as part of the Kansei Reform, Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, a roju (senior councilor), recruited the Confucians Ritsuzan SHIBANO and Kansen OKADA to teach at Yushima Seido; additionally, he ordered the Hayashi family, who worked for Yushima Seido, to protect Neo-Confucianism.
- 更に高山義三京都市長や大達茂雄文部大臣が学校封鎖を「暴力革命」と非難して、当時の政治課題とされていた「教育2法案」の早期成立を訴えたために事態は益々混乱した。
- Furthermore, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor of Kyoto City, and Shigeo ODACHI, the Minister of Education condemned the blockage of the school as a 'Violent revolution' and required the early establishment of the 'Two Education Laws' that made the situation more confused.
- 大宝3年(703年)持統太上天皇が崩御すると、実際に施行されはじめた律令と、現実的運用とのギャップから、細則の必要性や令そのものへの改革が迫られるようになる。
- After the Retired Empress Jito passed away in 703, establishing of more detailed regulations as well as the reform of the Code itself was called upon, as there was a gap between the Code which was then in effect and its realistic administration.
- 結局9月7日 (旧暦)、忠邦が欠席のまま土井利位から上知令撤回の幕命が出され、9月13日 (旧暦)、忠邦は老中免職となり、上知令ともども天保の改革は終焉した。
- At last on September 7 (in the old lunar calendar), while Tadakuni was absent, an order of the bakufu for revocation of Agechi-rei was issued by Toshitsura DOI, and on September 13 (in the old lunar calendar) Tadakuni was dismissed from Roju, which ended Tempo Reforms along with Agechi-rei.
- 彼は田沼時代の弛緩した雰囲気を粛正すべく寛政の改革をスタートすることとなった(1787年 - 1793年、さらに1817年まで寛政の遺老によって政策は継続)。
- He implemented Kansei Reforms (from 1787 to 1793) to tighten the loose atmosphere in the Tanuma period, and his policies were continued by his Kansei senior vassals until 1817.
- しかし、サンプルが少なすぎて血液型までしか特定できなかった(1998年になってニコライの骨と認められ、ロシア正教会はニコライ2世を革命の犠牲者として列聖した)。
- However, only a blood type was identified from the sample (later in 1998, the bone fragments were identified to belong to Tsar Nicholas II, and the Russian Orthodox Church canonized him as a victim of revolution).
- 幕藩改革の混乱や、異国船の来航による対外的緊張など政治的混乱がおこると、幕府は秩序維持のため大政委任論に依存して朝廷権威を政治的に利用し、朝廷の権威が復興する。
- When confusion over reform of the shogunate system and political chaos due to tension with foreign countries occurred, the Tokugawa shogunate tried to make use of the authority of the Imperial Court for the maintenance of political order, insisting that its political power was entrusted by the Imperial Court, and through this the authority of the Imperial Court was restored.
- そして、改新時に一気に改革が進んだとは考えにくく、特に改新の主要政策は地方社会への影響が大きいものばかりだったため、諸制度が全国に浸透するには長い年月を要した。
- It is quite unlikely that the political reforms were completed at a stroke at the time of the Great Reformation of the Taika Era and especially, since all of the main policies of the reforms were to have great influence on local societies, it took many years for the new institutions to penetrate nationwide.
- 高杉らは西洋式軍制を採用した民兵である奇兵隊や長州藩諸隊を整備し、大村益次郎を登用してのゲベール銃やミニエー銃など新式兵器の配備、戦術の転換など軍事改革を行う。
- Takasugi, who organized a militia group adopting a Western-style military system named Kiheitai and consolidated the existing military units in the Choshu Domain, carried out a military reform by appointing Masujiro OMURA, equipping the army with the latest weapons like Gewehr rifles and Minie rifles changing tactics.
- 平城朝においては観察使制度の設置等政治改革に積極的に取り組み、嵯峨朝を経て旅子を母とする淳和天皇が即位するとその外伯父として累進し、右大臣ついで左大臣に至った。
- During the Emperor Heizei era, FUJIWARA no Otsugu worked on political reforms, including establishment of the system of inspecting local governments, and rose to higher positions during the era of Emperor Junna (emperor after Saga) as uncle of Emperor (mother of Emperor Junna was FUJIWARA no Tabiko, sister of Otsugu), eventually was appointed to Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) in a row.
- しかし一方でこの内容は日本などに留学して近代ナショナリズムを取り入れつつある若者に取って大きな屈辱感を伴わせ、反清・革命運動に取り組む大きな理由の一つとなった。
- On the other hand, the contents gave a sense of great disgrace to young people studying in Japan and elsewhere and trying to take in modern-time nationalism, which became one of reasons that triggered anti-Qing/revolution movements.
- 輸入した鉄資源をもとに鍬・鋤などの農業用鉄製品が製造され、農業技術の革新・開墾の活発化などが起こり4世紀後葉から5世紀にかけて倭国の農業生産力は大きく向上した。
- The imported iron was used to make agricultural implements such as hoes and harrows, bringing about a revolution in agricultural technology and increasing land cultivation, which led to a rapid increase in Wakoku's agricultural production capabilities around the end of fourth to the fifth century.
- 江華島事件後の朝鮮では、急進的欧米化を進めようとする親日的な開化派(独立党)と、漸進的改革を進めようとする親清的な守旧派(事大党)との対立が激しくなっていった。
- In Korea after the Ganghwa Island incident, confrontation escalated between the Enlightenment Party (Independence Party), the pro-Japanese group seeking radial westernization, and the Conservative Party (Serving the Great' Party), the pro-Qing group seeking gradual reforms.
- 一方、薩摩藩出身ながら抜本的な財政改革に踏み切らない大隈に不満を抱いていた大蔵大輔の松方正義は佐野の大蔵卿就任と同時に伊藤の後任の内務卿に転じて大蔵省を去った。
- In the meantime, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, from Satsuma Domain, discontent with Okuma who would not carry out a radical financial reform, left the Ministry of the Treasury to take the position of Minister of Interior to replace Ito at the occasion of Sano's assumption of Minister of the Treasury.
- 新しく君主となった者は一刻も早い民衆の掌握を必要とし、逆に民衆の側も新しい君主の下で旧弊が改革・廃止されて自分たちのためになる新政策が導入されることを期待した。
- A new monarch needed to understand the people; at the same time, the people expected that the old system would be reformed or abolished under the new monarch.
- そのため、辛亥革命以前に中国人(漢族)によって漢文で書かれた作品についても、現代中国語で書かれた(現代)中国文学と区別する意味で「漢文学」と呼称する場合がある。
- Therefore, the works written in classical Chinese by Chinese people (the Han people) before the Xinhai Revolution are sometimes called 'Chinese classical literature' to distinguish them from the (contemporary) Chinese literature written in modern Chinese.
- また、草間直方や石田敬起(大根屋小右衛門)のように藩政改革に助言を行って藩財政の再建に協力することで、自らの持つ債権の踏み倒しを回避しようとする商人も存在した。
- There were merchants such as Naokata KUSAMA and Takaoki ISHITA (Shoemon ONEYA) tried to avoid their bonds repudiated by cooperating for reconstruction of the finance of domains by advising for the reformation of a domain's governance.
- 享禄・天文の乱(きょうろく・てんぶんのらん)は、戦国時代_(日本)初期の浄土真宗本願寺宗門における教団改革を巡る内紛と、これに触発されて発生した対外戦争の総称。
- The Kyoroku-Tenbun Rebellion is the general term for the internal conflict within the Hongan-ji Temple sect of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) over the sectarian reform in the early Sengoku Period and the external war provoked by the conflict.
- 俗に蘇我入鹿が殺された事件のことを指して「大化の改新」と言うこともあるが、厳密にはクーデターである「乙巳の変」の後に行われた一連の政治改革が「大化の改新」である。
- Although the assassination of SOGA no Iruka is sometimes referred to as the 'Taika Reforms,' the series of political reforms carried out after the 'Isshi Incident,' which was a coup d'etat, are the 'Taika Reforms' in a narrow sense.
- 江戸末期に老中首座となった水野忠邦は、天保の改革の一環として上知令(江戸城大阪城の十里四方を天領とする)を発令したため、周辺に領地を持つ大名から大きく非難された。
- As a part of the Tempo Reforms, Tadakuni MIZUNO, who became the head of Roju (senior councilors of the Tokugawa Shogunate) at the end of the Edo period, issued Agechi-rei (confiscation command of territory) to turn the area within a radius of 10 ri (one 'ri' is about 3.927km) from the Edo and Osaka Castle into tenryo, and daimyo lords having territories around these castles criticized him severely.
- 政変が収束し、11月には禄制改革の協議が再開され、最終処分までの過渡的措置として、家禄に対する税を賦課する家禄税の創設や、大隈重信の提案で家禄奉還制が討議される。
- After such a political turmoil was concluded, the government started an argument on the reform of the stipend system again in November, and proposed a new tax which would be imposed upon Karoku as a transitional measure until complete abolition of the stipend, and a Karoku returning system which was conceived by Shigenobu OKUMA.
- もし既存の権力を倒して史書に記すような政治の大改革を行ったのであれば、倒された権力は、それ以前長期に亘り権力を掌握し、政治体制を維持してきた者でなければならない。
- If the previous government had been overthrown and a major reform which can be recorded in history books had been accomplished, the overthrown government must have had political power and must have maintained a political system over a long period of time before that.
- 1937年、鈴木の総裁辞任後、鳩山一郎・前田米蔵・島田俊雄・中島知久平の4人が総裁代行委員となったが、1939年4月30日中島は政友会革新同盟を結成して総裁となる。
- After Suzuki resigned his position as president in 1937, four members sat on the acting president committee: Ichiro HATOYAMA, Yonezo MAEDA, Toshio SHIMADA, and Chikuhei NAKAJIMA, but on April 30, 1939, Nakajima organized the Seiyu Party reform alliance and became the president.
- 天保の改革で水野忠邦は株仲間による流通の独占がインフレーションの原因であるとして、1841年-1842年に掛け、冥加金の上納を停止させ、株仲間の大半の解散を命じた。
- In the Tenpo Reforms, Tadakuni MIZUNO ordered to stop the payment of render from 1841 through 1842 and dissolve most kabunakama, saying that the monopoly of the distribution system by kabunakama was the cause of inflation.
- しかし、中央集権化を進め、改革を全国的に網羅する必要があることから、藩の存在は邪魔となり、また藩側でも財政の逼迫が続いたことから自発的に廃藩を申し出る藩が相次いだ。
- Yet, the existence of domains hindered centralization and reform throughout the country, and many governors of domains voluntarily asked for the abolishment of the feudal domains because of their constant financial difficulties.
- 寛政の遺老(かんせいのいろう)とは、寛政の改革を主導した松平定信失脚後、定信によって取り立てられた松平信明 (三河吉田藩主)ら幕政を主導した政治家たちのことを指す。
- Iro (old retainers) in the Kansei era refers to politicians who led the bakufu such as Nobuaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Mikawa-Yoshida domain), who were chosen by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA after his downfall.
- 1911年の辛亥革命によって清朝は倒壊し、それまで支配下におかれていたモンゴルは同年12月1日に独立宣言をし、ロシアなどの列強諸国と直接交渉をせねばならなくなった。
- After the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 the Qing dynasty collapsed and Mongolia, which had been under control of the Qing dynasty declared independence in December 1 of the same year and had to negotiate directly with powerful countries such as Russia.
- その後、昭和59年(1984年)8月に「専売改革関連法」が成立し、あらたに「たばこ事業法」が制定される一方、「たばこ専売法」および「製造たばこ定価法」が廃止された。
- After that, in August, 1984, 'Monopoly-Reform-Related Law' passed, and while 'the Tobacco Industries Act' was newly regulated, 'the Tobacco Monopoly Law' and 'the Manufactured Tobacco Price Fixing Law' were abolished.
- その後、山上藩では民政局、裁判所、藩校である文武館などが創設されるなどの改革が行なわれたが、明治4年(1871年)7月の廃藩置県で山上藩は廃藩となって山上県となる。
- Various reformations were further implemented including the establishment of a civil administration office, a court of justice, and a domain school named Bunbukan, until the domain was converted to Yamakami Prefecture through the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in August 1871.
- これは立憲君主制への移行・軍の近代化・経済振興・科挙廃止を視野に入れた教育改革を目指すもので、方向性は数年前西太后が取り潰した康有為らの戊戌変法と同じものであった。
- The aims included transition toward a constitutional monarchy, modernization of the army, economic advancement, and reformation of education through the abolishment of Kakyo (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats), pointing in the same direction as the Hundred Day's Reform of Kang Youwei that Empress Dowager crushed several years ago.
- 内容は案によって様々で、抵抗権や革命権(東洋大日本国国憲按)を容認したもの、人民主権、議院内閣制を主張するもの、国民投票で皇帝を廃立する権利を規定したものもあった。
- The contents differed among drafts; some allowed the right of resistance and the right of revolution (Toyo Dai Nippon-koku Kokken-an [Draft of the National Constitution for Great Japan of the East]), some insisted that sovereignty should reside with the people or on a parliamentary system, and some included the right to dismiss an emperor from the throne by national referendum.
- 1917年のロシア革命に端を発し、寺内正毅内閣により7月12日にシベリア出兵宣言が出されると需要拡大を見込んだ商人による米の買占め、売惜しみが発生し米価格が急騰した。
- In 1917 when the Russian Revolution broke out, prompting the Masatake TERAUCHI cabinet to announce on July 12 the dispatch of troops to Siberia, rice merchants anticipated a sharp rise in demand and curbed rice sales, causing rice prices to skyrocket.
- 地租改正や秩禄処分で税制改革を行い1870年には工部省を設置、ヨーロッパからお雇い外国人を多数採用し、岩倉使節団に合わせて留学生を派遣するなど産業技術の移植に務めた。
- The government carried out a tax reform through the land-tax reform and Chitsuroku-shobun (measure to abolish hereditary stipend), and imported industrial technology by establishing the Ministry of Industry in 1870, hiring many people from Europe and sending students abroad in conjunction with the Iwakura Mission that was sent to Europe.
- 戦後の国語改革ですべて「ひらがな」で表記することになった、接続詞・副詞・代名詞・助動詞などの多くが、漢字またはその略体(「候」を点・簡略記号ですませる)で表記される。
- Many conjunctions, adverbs, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, and so on, which were to be written in 'hiragana' as part of the reformation of the Japanese language after the Second World War were written with kanji (Chinese characters) or their abbreviated forms ('soro' is replaced with a dot or simple mark).
- 天保の改革によって特に好色画本が禁圧され、為永春水らが罪に問われるなど戯作者・版元に圧力が加えられると、人情本は衰退し、その穴を埋めるように合巻の刊行点数が増大した。
- A crackdown on various forms of popular culture accompanying the Tenpo Reforms effectively silenced some writers and publishers, especially that produced koshokugabon (book of pornography), and served as an admonishment to others, such as an accusation against Sunshui TAMENAGA; as a result, ninjobon lost its vigor and creative force, and gokan (literally, bound-together volumes of illustrated books) appeared in numbers larger, to make up for that decline of ninjobon.
- 改革の必要があったとはいえ、外様大名の父の圧力、およびそれまで政治的実権を有していなかった朝廷の圧力により改革を強要されたことは、幕府の権威に著しいダメージを与えた。
- Even though there was a need for reform, the fact that the reform was forced under the pressures from the father of a tozama daimyo as well as the imperial court that had had no real power in politics until that time gave a tremendous damage to the bakufu's authority.
- 具体的な施策として総督府は地籍整理、公債発行、統一貨幣と度量衡の制定以外に、多くの産業インフラの整備を行うと共に、専売制度と地方税制の改革による財政の建て直しを図った。
- The measures taken by the Sotoku-fu included the land registry readjustment, issuing of public bonds, formulation of standard currency and weights and measures systems as well as financial reforms by introducing monopoly system and local tax system.
- 純友が武芸と説得によって鎮圧した海賊は朝廷の機構改革で人員削減された瀬戸内海一帯の富豪層出身の舎人たちが、税収の既得権を主張して運京租税の奪取を図っていたものであった。
- The pirates that Sumitomo restrained through persuasion and martial arts were toneri (servants) of the Fugo-so (the upper class) from around the Seto Inland Sea, who had been laid off due to institutional reform by the Imperial Court with the aim of claiming vested interest in tax revenue that was sent to the capital.
- 成立後総督府は台湾での鉄道建設を積極的に推進し、1908年には台湾南北を縦貫する西部幹線を完成させるなど、それまで数日を必要とした移動を1日で移動できる空間革命となった。
- Since the establishment, the Sotoku-fu actively promoted railway construction in Taiwan, and completed the western line in 1908, which, linking the north and west, reduced the travel time from several days to a single day.
- また、廃藩置県や地租改正を行えば、数百年に及び封建制及び土地支配のあり方が破壊されてしまうものであり、武士・農民層に反政府行動に向かわせる可能性が高い性格の改革であった。
- In addition, since accomplishing Haihan-chiken and land-tax reform meant to destroy hundreds-year-long feudalism and the way the lands should be ruled, there was a high possibility in pursuing those reforms that samurai and peasants might have rebelled against the government.
- それはやがて袁世凱を李鴻章の後任として直隷総督へと出世させ、さらに辛亥革命後の中華民国大総統、中華帝国 (1915年-1916年)(洪憲帝)へと押し上げる原動力となった。
- It became the driving force for Yuan Shikai to be promoted to Governor General of Zhili as the successor to Li Hongzhang, the President of Republic of China after the Xinhai Revolution, and Empire of China (1915-1916) (Emperor of Hongxian).
- この事件が朝鮮政府に与えた衝撃は大きく、変革を拒否する鎖国攘夷勢力の反対をおさえて日本との国交回復を検討することになり、翌1876年に日朝修好条規(江華条約)が締結された。
- This incident brought such a terrible shock to the Korean government that they had to consider the recovery of the diplomatic relations with Japan by surmounting all objections by the supporters of expulsion of foreigners, and concluded the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity (the Treaty of Ganghwa) in 1876.
- これを教訓とした日本は、地租改正や殖産興業で経済力をつけ(=富国)、徴兵制や軍制改革により軍備を増強(=強兵)して、列強に追いつくことにより条約改正と国家の保全を目指した。
- Learning a lesson from this, Japan aimed to revise the treaties and improve national security by strengthening its economic power with land-tax reform and encouragement of industries (national enrichment), and military power with the conscription system and reformation of the military system (strengthening of the military) to catch up with other great powers.
- 実権を握った平頼綱は泰盛の弘安改革を否定し、幕府の人事は得宗を頂点に北条氏 (大仏流)、北条氏 (名越流)を中心に北条一族の支配となり、足利氏ら旧来の御家人の姿は無かった。
- TAIRA no Yoritsuna held a real power and rejected Yasumori's Koan reform, and the most of the positions in the bakufu were occupied by the Hojo family, with Tokuso at the top and the Osaragi line of the Hojo clan and the Nagoe line of the Hojo clan at the center, and no important positions were given to old gokenin like the Ashikaga clan.
- その改革は、地方官(国司)へ租税収取や軍事などの権限を大幅に委譲するというもので、国司は中央へ確実に租税を上納する代わりに、自由かつ強力に国内を支配する権利を得たのである。
- The reform involved transferring a great part of the power to impose and collect taxes as well as the military power to the local officials (kokushi); in return for the secure payment of taxes to the central government, the kokushi gained the freedom to govern the province at his will.
- 動と静の対比、時間の推移の描写、擬態語・対句・同音反復の頻繁な使用など、従来の用語を使いながらも、革新的な試みがなされ、二条派の平淡な歌風に馴染んだ人に鮮明な印象を与える。
- Contrasting movement and stillness, describing the passage of time, and with frequent use of gitaigo (mimetic words), parallelism, and sound repetition, even while using the traditional vocabulary, it was a revolutionary effort that makes a vivid impression on anyone more familiar with the flat style of the Nijo faction.
- 江戸時代には商人資本の成長や農村への商品経済の浸透、それらによる身分制の変質など、村落共同体の動揺は一揆や打ちこわしを招き、幕府や諸藩は幕政改革や藩政改革を行い再編を試みる。
- During the Edo period, the growth of merchant capital and the penetration of the commodity economy to agricultural villages contributed to the transformation of the hierarchy of village communities, which, however, caused such turmoils in the community as uprising peasants and destructive riots, and compelled both Bakufu (shogunate) government and Han (local domain) governments to try to reform their political systems.
- 9世紀中期~10世紀頃になると、従来の律令制(編戸制・班田制など)による統治に限界が見られるようになり、中央政府は租税収入を確保するため、社会の実情に即した国制改革を進めた。
- From the mid 9th century to the 10th century, the conventional administration based on the ritsuryo system (such as henko-sei, the organization of the citizens, and handen-sei, the ritsuryo land-allotment system) faced its organizational limit, and the central government promoted a nation-wide reform of the system to reflect the actual social situations in order to maintain the level of the tax revenue.
- そのような状況のなか、大和猿楽の一座である結崎座より 観阿弥(觀阿彌)が現れ、旋律にとんだ「曲舞(くせまい)」(白拍子の芸)などを導入して従来の猿楽に大きな革新をもたらした。
- Under such circumstances, Kanami of Yusakiza, a troupe of Yamato sarugaku, introduced melodious 'kusemai' (music and dance with a fan along with a tsuzumi, a Japanese traditional hand drum) (the art of shirabyoshi - a woman who performs Japanese traditional dance called shirabyoshi) and innovated traditional sarugaku.
- また、解放令とともに戸籍法の手直しが行われたものの、現場担当者の事務処理の混乱や意識改革の遅れもあって翌年編製された壬申戸籍における「新平民」表記問題につながることになった。
- Although the Family Registration Law was modified along with Kaiho Rei too, that led up to the issue of notation of 'sinheimin (new commoner)' in Jinshinkoseki (the family register drew up in 1872, the year of Jinshin, Mizunoesaru, according to the twelve zodiac signs in Chinese astrology) made up the next year, together with confusion of office work and delayed reform of consciousness.
- 例えば、フランス革命の際、支配者(王)の居城であったベルサイユ宮殿に庶民が侵入するという出来事があったような事例が、日本では発生していないのがこうした考察の根拠の1つである。
- This consideration is based on the example of the French Revolution in which the crowd broke into the Palace of Versailles, which was the palace of the ruler (king), whereas such an event has not occurred in Japan.
- 当時、日本は戦争に対する多大な軍費への出費から財政が悪化し、ロシアでも血の日曜日事件 (1905年)など革命運動が激化していたため、両国とも戦争継続が困難になっていたのである。
- In thouse days, Japanese financial affairs deteriorated due to the enormous expenditure for war, and in Russia also, the revolutionary movements such as Bloody Sunday (1905) were growing worse, so it was getting difficult for the both countries to continue the war.
- 特に欧米の事情に通じた人材となると、自然と幕末に留学をした旧幕臣が占める割合が高くなってしまい、特に旧幕臣の一掃こそが改革の早道と考える大久保利通らの反感を強める原因となった。
- Especially, since most personnel who knew well about Europe and America were naturally those who had studied abroad and they were former retainers of shogun, this caused strong antipathy from Toshimichi Okubo who thought the fastest way of reformation was to wipe out old retainers of shogun.
- むしろ、実質的な経済政策の多く、特に貨幣政策における高品位主義、また長崎貿易の政策は吉宗もその方針の正しさを認識しており、正徳の治で行なわれた改革の内容はそのまま承継されている。
- On the other hand, since Yoshimune recognized the righteousness in many of the economic policies, especially the principle of high grade currency policy as well as the trading policy in Nagasaki, he took over such reforms from Shotoku no chi.
- 大陸に超大国唐が出現し東アジアの勢力図が大きく塗り変わる中で起きた戦役であり、倭国(日本)も領土こそ取られなかった物の、国防体制・政治体制の変革が起きるなど大きな影響を及ぼした。
- This military campaign took place in the midst of the major transformation of power relationships in East Asia caused by the rise of the super power of the Tang Dynasty in mainland China, and although there were no territorial concessions made from Wakoku (Japan), the event had enough impact to cause substantial changes in Wakoku's defense system as well as its political system.
- 貪欲な受領とされることの多い藤原元命だが、当時、花山天皇が即位直後に地方税制の改革など積極的な政策展開を行っており、元命はこの花山新制の方針を遵守したに過ぎないとする見方もある。
- Although FUJIWARA no Motonaga had been often regarded as a greedy Zuryo, some suggest that Motonaga only observed strictly the policy of Kazan shinsei (new laws issued by Emperor Kazan) under the new local tax system Emperor Kazan actively introduced immediately after his enthronement.
- なお、明治維新の官制改革で一旦は廃止されたものの、伊藤博文が進めた「宮中と政府の分離」方針に則って、1884年に宮内省に属する機関として復活し、1947年の同省廃止まで存続した。
- Although this position was abolished with the government system reforms that took place during the Meiji Restoration, in conforming with the plan by Hirofumi ITO to 'separate the court and government,' it was reinstated as an institution within the Imperial Household Ministry in 1884 and continued until the ministry was abolished in 1947.
- 宗教的には、祭政一致の古代に復す改革であったから、1867年(慶応3年)旧暦1月17日 (旧暦)に制定された職制には神祇を七科の筆頭に置き、3月 (旧暦)には神仏分離が布かれた。
- Since the goal of the religious policy of the Meiji Restoration was to restore the era when Shinto and the state were united, the government put Jingi (the Department of Shinto Affairs) at the top of Seven Departments in the 'Office Organization' law, which was enacted on February 21, 1867, and proclaimed the 'Edict of Separation of Shinto and Buddhism' in April of that year.
- こうした中で6世紀末、幾つかの紛争に勝利した推古天皇、聖徳太子、蘇我馬子らは強固な政治基盤を築きあげ、冠位十二階や十七条憲法の制定など官僚制を柱とする王権の革新を積極的に進めた。
- At the end of the sixth century, Empress Suiko, Prince Shotoku, and SOGA no Umako, after emerging victorious from several conflicts, established firm political foundations and actively reformed the polity by basing it on bureaucratic systems such as Kan'i junikai (twelve cap rank system) and the Seventeen-Article Constitution.
- その持統天皇の譲位を受けて即位した孫の文武天皇の時期には、天武・持統以来の改革の集大成となる律令の制定が急がれ、大宝 (日本)元年(701年)に大宝律令の完成という形で結実した。
- Empress Jito has abdicated the throne in favor of her grandson Emperor Monmu; during his reign, the establishment of Ritsuryo Code, which was to become the culmination of the reform since the time of the emperors Tenmu and Jito, was implemented, and it came to a realization in the form of Taiho Code in 701.
- また、李氏朝鮮による独自の改革を諦め韓日合邦を目指そうとした進歩会は、鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
- Furthermore, Shinpo-kai, which gave up on the independent reform by Yi Dynasty Korea, and wanted to pursue the annexation of Korea and Japan, generously cooperated with Japan in the Russo-Japanese War by dispatching as many as 50,000 men for railway construction works, etc.
- 以上の点から、7世紀中~後半に、大化の改新と同様な改革が行われたことは、比較的見解の一致するところではあるが、その時期を645年よりもっと後に設定するべきであるとの考え方もある。
- From the above points, though it is relatively well agreed that there were carried out reforms such as the Taika Reforms in the mid to latter half of the 7th century, there is a point of view that the date should be much later than 645.
- だが、明治政府も予期しなかったような革新的な提言も出されるなど、独自の発言力を持ち始めたことに危機感を抱いた政府によって権限の縮小が図られて、1869年7月8日集議院と改称した。
- However, the Kogisho was renamed to the Shugiin in order to clip its power on July 8, 1869 by the Meiji Government who feared the Kogisho because it began to hold independent influence like such innovative proposals that the Meiji Government didn't anticipate at all.
- しかし同時にソビエト連邦が誕生したことにより、赤化(共産主義)思想が広まり、共産主義者による革命運動を懸念した政府は治安維持法を制定し、国民の運動に対し規制がかけられる形となった。
- However, the birth of the Soviet Union during the period spurred the spread of communism in Japan and prompted the government fearing revolutionary movement by Communist agitators to pass the Peace Preservation Act and control popular movements.
- また、解党後の1943年に完成した『立憲政友会史』では中島を正式な第8代総裁として記述しているが、これは第2次分裂以後、党機関紙及び党史の編集部門を革新派が掌握していたためである。
- 'History of Rikken seiyukai,' which was completed in1943 after the party was dissolved, described Nakajima as the eighth official president because the reformists took control of the official publication of the party and the editorial department of the party history after the second split.
- その後、享保の大飢饉や天明の大飢饉の救済のためにも御用米が活用されたが、松平定信の寛政の改革では、囲米を導入して御用米の役目を代行させ、御用米を当初の軍事専用に復帰させようとした。
- Later on, goyomai was used to relieve the Great Famine of Kyoho or the Tenmei Famine, but in Kansei reform by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, kakoimai (it refers to the system where rice was stored by the bakufu, clans and towns and villages in case of emergency) was introduced as a substitute for goyomai and the bakufu tried to revive original goyomai used for military purpose only.
- 魏志の魏書三少帝紀によれば、同じ年に東夷が朝貢して禅譲革命の準備がなされたという記事があるので、この女王は壹与で、魏に代って成立した西晋の皇帝(司馬炎)に朝貢したと考えられている。
- Because there is an account that the Eastern barbarians brought a tribute to the Chinese court in the same year and made preparations for Zenjo (one of the forms of the emperor replacement whereby the emperor was not decided by succession but instead the throne moved to the most virtuous person) according to 三少帝紀 in Wei chih, this queen must have been Iyo and her envoys apparently brought a tribute to the emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty (Sima Yan) which was established after Wei.
- 安政の大獄以来、逼塞に追い込まれていた徳川慶喜・松平慶永らが表舞台に復帰したことにより幕府の改革は進むかに見えたが、やがて島津久光との意見の相違が明らかとなり、対立することとなる。
- As Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA and Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, who had been forced to retire from the forefront of politics since Ansei no Taigoku, returned to the political scene, the reform of the bakufu was expected to be promoted, but eventually the difference of the opinion with Hisamitsu SHIMAZU surfaced and led to the confrontation.
- そのため吉宗は、倹約令で消費を抑える一方、新田開発による米増産、定免法採用による収入の安定、上米令、堂島米会所の公認など、米に関する改革を多く行ったため、「米将軍」の異名を取った。
- Therefore, while controlling people's consumption with sumptuary decrees, Yoshimune implemented many rice-related reforms, such as development of new rice fields for increasing the rice harvest, adoption of 'Jomen ho' (the taxation system whose rate was determined by calculating the average rice harvest over the past 5, 10, or 20 years) for stabilizing the income of the Edo bakufu, issuance of 'Agemai-rei' (the decree ordering 'daimyo' to pay 100 koku rice for every 10 thousand koku it had), and permission for Dojima Rice Exchange, so Yoshimune was given a nickname of 'Rice Shogun.'
- 更には江戸の都市政策(町火消の創設、小石川養生所の設置)、西洋知識禁制の緩和(漢訳洋書禁輸の緩和、甘藷栽培など)、商人対策(相対済まし令、株仲間の公認など)などの諸改革も行われた。
- And moreover, he implemented various reforms, such as renewing Edo city through establishing local fire brigades and Koishikawa Hospital, mitigating prohibition of Western knowledge through various measures (lifting an embargo on the import of Western books translated into Chinese characters, permitting cultivation of sweet potatoes, and so on), and handling matters about merchants (issuing Mutual Settlement Decree on money matters, permitting 'kabu nakama' [a kind of cartel formed by wholesalers and other merchants], and so on).
- 家重時代の末期から続く10代徳川家治時代にかけて幕政を主導し財政を立て直したのが、側用人から老中となった田沼意次である(なお、これ以後の幕政改革は、ほぼ老中が主導することになる)。
- And it was Okitsugu TANUMA who got promoted from the grand chamberlain to 'roju,' and who took the initiative in reconstructing the bakufu finance from the last days of Ieshige's reign to the next tenth Shogun Ieharu TOKUGAWA's one; incidentally, the reforms of politics after that were mostly led by 'roju.'
- 第二次世界大戦終了後日本を占領した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、国家のための自己犠牲を奨励していた皇民化教育が軍国主義国家形成に果たした役割が大きかったと考え、教育改革に乗り出した。
- The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which occupied Japan after the Second World War worked on education reform, thinking that Japanization education, which promoted sacrificing oneself for the nation, played a big role in forming the militarism nation.
- 1728年(享保13年) - 享保の改革の一環で、幕府鉄炮方の井上左太夫貞高が、鉄炮方役人の銃術鍛練の場として、柳島村(相模川河口)から片瀬村までの海岸に、相州炮術調練場を設置する。
- In 1728, as part of the Kyoho reforms, Sadayu Sadataka INOUE (the government official of Teppo Kata of the Tokugawa shogunate) established Soshu Hojutsu Chorenjo, a shooting practice field for government officers of Bakufu teppo kata (the gun division of the Tokugawa shogunate) in the seashore from Yanajima Village (the mouth of the Sagami-gawa River) to Katase Village.
- 慶喜はフランス公使・レオン・ロッシュを通じてフランスから240万ドルの援助をうけ、横須賀製鉄所や造・修船所を設立し、ジュール・ブリュネを始めとする軍事顧問団を招いて軍制改革を行った。
- Through the French Minister Leon Roches, he received 2.4 million dollars from France and founded Yokosuka Ironworks, a shipyard, and a ship repair dock, and he also led a revolution in the military system by inviting a group of military advisors headed by Jules Brunet.
- この一連の改革が歴史家によって評価の対象にされたのは意外と遅く、幕末の紀州藩重臣であった伊達千広(陸奥宗光の実父)が『大勢三転考』を著して、初めて歴史的価値を見出したと言われている。
- It was unexpectedly late that this series of Reforms became the object of estimation by historians and it is said to be DATE Chihiro (natural father of MUTSU Munemitsu), a senior vassal of the Kishu Domain at the end of the Edo Period, who first discovered the historical value of the Reforms by writing 'Taisei-Santen-ko' (Three Stages in the Historical of Japan).
- 廃藩置県(はいはんちけん)とは明治維新期の明治4年7月14日 (旧暦)(1871年8月29日)に、明治政府がそれまでの藩を廃止して地方統治を中央管下の府と県に一元化した行政改革である。
- Haihan-chiken was an administrative reform implemented on August 29, 1871 through which the Meiji government abolished feudal domains and established prefectures that were under the control of the central government.
- 征夷大将軍を戴く御家人制度の立て直しを図る泰盛の改革は御家人層を拡大し、将軍権威の発揚して得宗権力と御内人の幕政への介入を抑制するもので、得宗被官である頼綱らに利害が及ぶものであった。
- Yasumori's reforms aimed to reorganize the Gokenin system (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura period) overseen by Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) in order to expand the Gokenin class and enhance the shogun's authority to prevent any increase in Tokuso's power and Gokenin's intervention into politics, which would influence the position of Yoritsuna and other Tokuso's vassals.
- 産業革命を迎えた西ヨーロッパ各国は、大量生産された工業品の輸出拡大の必要性から、インドを中心に東南アジアと中国大陸の清への市場拡大に急いでいたが、後にそれは熾烈な植民地獲得競争となる。
- With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, countries in Western Europe sought the expansion of their markets to Southeast Asia, mainly India and Qing Dynasty China, for the export of mass-produced goods--later, these activities evolved into a fierce competition for acquiring colonies.
- 天保の改革を主導した老中首座水野忠邦は、アヘン戦争で清国がイギリスに敗れ、また日本近海にも外国船がしばしば出没する状況にてらし、将来、日本にも外国が攻めてくることもありうるとみていた。
- Roju shuza (the head of Roju, senior councilors of the Tokugawa shogunate) Tadakuni MIZUNO, who led Tempo Reforms, believed that foreigners might attack Japan in the future, considering the defeat of Qing in the Opium War and the situation in those days in which foreign ships were frequently witnessed in the sea around Japan.
- 合併後存続する商品取引所又は合併により設立される商品取引所の役員が法人である場合 当該役員の登記事項証明書、沿革を記載した書面及び法第十五条第二項第一号ヲに該当しないことを誓約する書面
- in cases where an officer of a Commodity Exchange surviving a merger or a Commodity Exchange Resulting from a Merger is a juridical person: a certificate of the registered matters of said officer, a document stating the corporate development, and a sworn, written statement by that person that such person does not fall under the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (2), item (i), (l) of the Act;
- 特に薩長は全国の他の諸藩よりも圧倒的に藩政改革が早く、不平等条約による開国という状況や幕末という時代変化にいち早く対応していたため、殉国者含め、倒幕の立役者となる人材を多く輩出していた。
- Especially Satcho, having started domain duty reform far earlier than the other domains, were quick to deal with the uncertainties of the changing times such as the chaotic situation caused by the opening Japan to the world by the Unequal Treaty and the ending of the Edo period, so they threw up many major figures in the overthrow of the Shogunate including martyrs.
- 各藩とも藩政改革を推進してその打開を図ったが黒船来航以来の政治的緊張によって多額の財政出費を余儀なくされて、廃藩置県を前に自ら領土の返上を申し出る藩主(藩知事)さえ出てくる状況であった。
- Domains tried to improve the situation by implementing restructuring domain politics, but this required vast expenditures due to the political strain in the wake of the arrival of the Black Ships and some domain lords (hanchiji) wanted to return their territory before haihan-chiken was implemented.
- 具体的に中央政府機構の変革についてはまだ明確となっていないが、例えば摂関政治の成立、官司請負制の登場などが、王朝国家体制に対応した中央政治の変化を表しているのではないかとする議論がある。
- Although the concrete content of reform in the central government organization is not yet clear, some people assert that the establishment of sekkan-seiji (regency) and kanji ukeoisei (government office contract system) demonstrate the change in the central government corresponding to the Dynastic polity.
- ただし徳川家としての武家権力は残るが、やがて鳥羽・伏見の戦いに始まる徳川家を中心とする勢力と改革により復興した西日本の薩長土肥雄藩との内戦は朝廷による官軍となった薩長土肥側の勝利となる。
- The samurai authority remained in the form of the Tokugawa family; however, some civil wars, starting from the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, were held between forces mainly consisting of the Tokugawa family and the Sacchodohi yuhan (the domains of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Higo), a force of the western Japan which was restored by the reform, as a result, the Sacchodohi yuhan, which became a government army formed by the Imperial Court, defeated the forces of the Tokugawa family.
- 薩摩藩では、島津斉彬が死んだ後、後を継いだ藩主島津忠義の父である島津久光が長州藩を牽制すべく公武合体運動を展開し、藩内の攘夷派を粛清(寺田屋事件)し、幕府に改革を要求した(文久の改革)。
- In Satsuma Domain after the death of Nariakira SHIMAZU, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, a father of the feudal lord Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, advocated the union of the Imperial Court and the shogunate and purged the exclusionist party against foreigners (the Teradaya Incident), while requested the shogunate government to carry out reforms (Bunkyu Reforms).
- 両人は直ちに領内の村々に新政の趣旨を教えて回り、この巡回が終了した直後の明治4年(1871年)2月15日に出張所管内の寺院に出頭を命じ、宗教改革の一環である寺院の合併について質問をした。
- Both monks immediately taught the aim of new government around the villages in the domain and just after the end of the teaching tour, on February 15, 1871, Hattori issued a summons to appear in the temple in the branch office, and asked them about the merger of the temples which was a part of the Reformation.
- 明治日本の諸改革や鹿鳴館建設、西欧風俗(衣服・食事・暦他)受容は、こうした国際法の変容を敏感に察知した上で為されたもので、国際法適用を受け、西欧諸国に肩を並べるための努力だったのである。
- Reforms, construction of Rokumeikan (Pavilion of the Deer's Cry) and adoption of western cultures (clothes, food, solar calendar and so on) in Japan during the Meiji period were conducted under the change of international law as mentioned above, those were efforts to stand on an equal footing with Western countries and to be protected by international law.
- この路線対立は、その後の辛亥革命や対米移民問題、第1次世界大戦などで対外硬が度々再燃して、結果的には対外的にはその方向に向かいながらも、「対外硬」という言葉が色褪せる原因となっていった。
- In the confrontation between two groups, the Taigaiko was reactivated due to the Xinhai Revolution, the immigration issue against the United States, or the First World War, and although they were led to the same direction externally, the word of 'Taigaiko' faded away.
- 政治制度の改革が進められる一方で、外交面では高向玄理を新羅へ派遣して人質を取る代わりに形骸化していた任那の調を廃止して朝鮮三国(高句麗、百済、新羅)との外交問題を整理して緊張を和らげた。
- While reforms of the political system were carried out, on the diplomatic front, TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro was sent to Silla and, in exchange for a hostage, the tax payment in kind by Minama, which had lost its substance, was abolished to straighten up diplomatic problems with three Korean countries (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla) and ease the tension.
- トランク、スーツケース、携帯用化粧道具入れ、エグゼクティブケース、書類かばん、通学用かばんその他これらに類する容器(外面が革製、コンポジションレザー製又はパテントレザー製のものに限る。)
- Trunks, suitcases, cosmetics bags, executive cases, brief cases, school bags, or other containers equivalent thereto (limited to those whose outer surface is made of leather, composition leather, or patent leather)
- これは当時、藩主島津忠恒が進めていた藩政改革がうまく行かず、家臣団の統制すらままならなかったからであるが、島津の不参加は一時「島津謀反」の噂を引き起こし、小倉藩の監視を受ける羽目となった。
- That was because Tadatsune SHIMAZU, the lord of the domain, unable to successfully carry out the reformation of domain duties, could not control his vassals as he wished, and as a result, their nonparticipation caused a temporal rumor of 'Shimazu Rebellion' leading to a position carefully supervised by Kokura Domain.
- 将軍・徳川家斉は若年のため、その後の幕政は信明をはじめ、戸田氏教、本多忠籌、牧野忠精、太田資愛、安藤信成ら寛政の改革時代に定信によって登用された老中たちによって主導されていくこととなった。
- As the shogunate Ienari TOKUGAWA was too young, the next bakufu was led by roju who were hired by Sadanobu during the Kansei Reform, such as Saneakira, Ujinori TODA, Tadakazu HONDA, Tadakiyo MAKINO, Sukeyoshi OTA, and Nobunari ANDO.
- 江戸幕府の財源は米に依拠しているにもかかわらず、米価がその他の物価に対し相対的に下落していく傾向を放置した状態であり、4~7代将軍の頃には解決できず、徳川吉宗の享保の改革を待つこととなる。
- Although the Edo bakufu relied on rice for its source of funds, the fall in the price of rice in relation to the prices of other commodities went unresolved from the reign of the fourth shogun through to that of the seventh; the issue was finally resolved by the Kyoho reforms introduced by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.
- 680年(天武10)飛鳥浄御原令の選定を開始したことに見られるように、また、八色の姓の詔にも見られるように、旧来の氏族制度を改革し、新しい国家体制に即応出来る官僚制創造の政策の一環であった。
- As seen in the beginning of the selection of Asuka Kiyomihara Code (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) in 680 as well as in the edict of Yakusa no Kabane, it was one of the policies to reform the old clan system and to create the bureaucracy which was able to promptly respond to a new national regime.
- この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの(寺田屋騒動参照)、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
- Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.
- 廃藩置県は平安時代後期以来続いてきた特定の領主がその領地・所領を支配するという土地支配のあり方を根本的に否定・変革するものであり、「明治維新における最大の改革」であったと言えるものであった。
- Haihan-chiken fundamentally denied/changed the traditional way of ruling land, under which a specific lord ruled his territory, that had existed since the late Heian period, and was said to be 'the biggest reform implemented in the Meiji Restoration'.
- このような改革には積極的に西洋文明の先進制度が取り入れられ、その過程で、「お雇い外国人」と呼ばれる外国人が、技術指導、教育分野、官制・軍制整備など様々な分野で雇用され、近代国家建設を助けた。
- The developed systems of western civilization were positively adopted in this reform, and in this process foreigners called 'Employed Foreigner' were hired in various areas including technical assistance, education, consolidation of the organization of the central government, and military systems, to help Japan build a modern state.
- 天保の改革においては物価吊り上げの元凶とされた株仲間の解散を行ったが、当時の株仲間がこうした行為を組織ぐるみで行っていたという証拠は無く、却って流通の混乱を生じさせて更なる諸色高直を招いた。
- Kabunakama (merchant guilds) were dissolved during the Tenpo Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in Tenpo era) because they were considered as the villain of raising the commodity price, but there was no evidence that the kabunakama were systematically committing such an act, and instead, the dissolution of the guilds made the distribution system even more troubled, causing further shoshiki-kojiki.
- 「これを要するに、明治十四年初頭から十七年の末までの福沢の東アジア政策論には、朝鮮国内における改革派の援助という点での一貫性があり、「脱亜論」はこの福沢の主張の敗北宣言にすぎないのである。」
- 'To sum up, in Fukuzawa's theory of East Asian policy from the beginning of 1881 to the end of 1884, there was a consistency in supporting revolutionaries within Korea and the 'Datsu-A Ron' was just his concession speech for what he had been insisting.'
- 幕府側にはそれを拒否する力は無く、安政の大獄で失脚した徳川慶喜を将軍後見職、松平春嶽を政事総裁職、松平容保(会津藩主)を京都守護職とするなどの人事を含む改革を余儀なくされた(文久の改革参照)。
- The bakufu side was not yet strong enough to resist that messenger, and had to accept the reformation, including personnel affairs such as appointing Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who lost his standing during the Ansei purge, as a guardian of the shogun, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA as Seiji sosai shoku (roughly, director-general of political affairs), and Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan) as Kyoto shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) (See Bunkyu Reform).
- 18世紀後半の天明期に、与謝蕪村は、あくまでも正風の真髄を護持しながらも、用語を広く自由に、近代的な感覚、即ち真実を踏まえての自然への感動と、生活への感動とを盛り上げ偉大なる「革新」を図った。
- In the Tenmei era in the latter half of the eighteenth century, Buson YOSA tried to make a great 'innovation' by keeping the essence of Shofu but allowing freer use of words and raised a modern sense, in other words, excitement towards nature and daily life grounded in reality.
- 嘉永6年(1853年)にマシュー・ペリー艦隊が来航した直後、将軍家慶が死去し、病弱な13代徳川家定が後を嗣ぎ、翌年の日米和親条約締結に伴う政治的混乱の中で、阿部主導による安政の改革が行われた。
- Shogun Ieyoshi died soon after the fleet of Commodore Matthew Perry came to Japan in 1853, and Ieyoshi's successor Iesada TOKUGAWA (the 13th Shogun) was sickly, so Abe led Ansei Reforms in the midst of political confusion that resulted from conclusion of Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan in the next year.
- 初代将軍徳川家康、2代徳川秀忠、3代徳川家光の時代は、江戸幕府体制の確立期にあたり、この期間における諸改革は「改革」というよりもむしろ「体制固め」というべきであるため、幕政改革には含まれない。
- The reigns of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (the first Shogun), Hidetada TOKUGAWA (the second Shogun), and Iemitsu TOKUGAWA (the third Shogun) fell under the period of establishment of the Edo bakufu, so various policies during this period were done for setting up the regime rather than implementing reforms, so these policies are not included in the reforms of the shogunate government.
- こうした成果をうけて幕府は残虐刑を減らして「過料」「敲(たたき)」「入墨」などの新しい刑罰を導入したが、「享保の改革」自体が保守的な要素をもっていたため、幕府法の全面的な改訂には至らなかった。
- Such achievements led the bakufu to reduce cruel punishments and to introduce new punishments such as 'correctional fines,' 'beating,' and 'tattooing,' but due to the conservative factors of 'Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform)' itself, it did not lead to an overall revision of the bakufu law.
- 続いて2日後には岩倉具視にも別に書簡を送り、通貨改革を行なわなければ却って「万民の信」を失い、外国からは不正の汚名を着せられることになるとして、大久保に対する説得と大隈への助力を求めたのである。
- Two days following this, KIDO sent a separate letter to Tomomi IWAKURA, asking him to persuade OKUBO and helping OKUMA, saying that if the currency reform is not put through, the 'people's trust' will be lost and Japan would be branded by foreign countries with fraud.
- この思想で考えると斑鳩の地に都を置いた推古天皇9年(601年)の辛酉の年より二十一元遡った辛酉の年を第一蔀のはじめの年とし、日本の紀元を第一の革命と想定して、神武の即位をこの年に当てたのである。
- Based on this idea, the Kanototori year, which was the first year of the former 21 cycles from the Kanototori year of 601 when a capital was placed at Ikaruga, was defined as the first year of the first period and the year of the enthronement of Emperor Jinmu on the assumption that the beginning of Japan was the first revolution.
- しかし、議会制度を発足させるためには、官制改革・民度・国民教育などが未成熟であり、時期尚早であったため、大久保利通を中心に「有司専制」と呼ばれる薩長藩閥による官僚を中心とした改革体制が維持された。
- However, it was too early to establish the Diet because the reform of the organization of the central government, the cultural level of the people, and national education were still immature, and due to the Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu) clanship a bureaucracy centered system called 'Yushi-sensei' led by Toshimichi OKUBO was maintained.
- 以後、西欧と同じ「文明国」(=富強国)とならなければ、不平等条約を解消し、「万国公法」の恩典には与れないという考えが広がっていき、西欧列強をモデルとした富国強兵改革が推進される思想的要因となった。
- Later, as spreading of thought that to be a civilized country (equal to a strong country) was necessary to dissolve unequal treaties and reap a benefit of 'Bankoku Koho,' the thought became a factor to promote fukoku kyohei reform (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) aiming powerful western countries.
- 大久保主導政府の急進的な改革に対する不満が、全国で顕在化し、佐賀の乱はじめ各地で士族の反乱、鹿児島県においては私学校党による県政の壟断を招き、また板垣らは愛国公党を結成して自由民権運動を始動した。
- Discontent with the radical reforms made by the Okubo government manifested itself all over the country: the Saga War broke out and warriors rose in revolt across the country; in Kagoshima Prefecture, the Shigakko (school mainly for warriors) party controlled the municipal government as they pleased; and Itagaki and his colleagues formed the Aikokukoto party to initiate the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Rights).
- 古参ともいうべき譜代の家臣と新参の家臣や出頭人との対立、藩政改革にともなう守旧派と改革派の対立、幕末期における信条の対立など、家臣間には主導権や藩政の方向性をめぐってあらゆる派閥抗争の動機があった。
- There were all conceivable motives for factional strife, such as rivalry between a veteran elder of established lineage and a newcomer retainer or group leader, clash between conservative and progressive groups over domain government reform, conflict over credo in the last years of the Edo Period, and disagreements over domain policy and race for power between vassals.
- 明治維新は欧米列強に抑圧されたアジア諸国にとって近代化革命の模範ともなったが、やがて日本自身が列強側の国家として、帝国主義的な領土・権益獲得の立場となったことから、かえって反発を呼ぶことにもなった。
- The Meiji Restoration in Japan was a model for the modern revolution of the various Asian countries which were suppressed by powerful western countries, but Japan also received resistance from them because Japan itself became a powerful imperialistic country trying to obtain lands and interests.
- これを受けて亀山上皇は1286年(弘安9)12月に院評定を徳政沙汰と雑訴沙汰に分割、続いて伏見天皇は1293年(正応6)6月に記録所組織の改革を行って、政治組織の刷新を行って円滑な政務遂行を図った。
- In response to this, Retired Emperor Kameyama divided In no hyojo (consultation under the government by the retired Emperor) into tokusei-sata (dealing with problems related to religious matters and official appointments) and zasso sata (litigation investigation) and the Emperor Fushimi reformed the organization of Kirokusho (government agency of lawsuits) in June 1293 and aimed for the smooth implementation of government duties by the renewal of political system.
- そして、甲申政変を念頭に置きつつ両国に志士が出て明治維新のように政治体制を変革できればよいが、そうでなければ両国は「今より数年を出でずして亡国と為り」、西洋諸国に分割されてしまうだろう、と予測する。
- Having the Gapsin (Kapsin) Coup in mind, he says that it would be good if noble heroes stood up in both countries to transform their political systems like Japan's Meiji restoration, otherwise 'it is most likely that their empires will fall within a few years' or their land will be split up by the Western countries.
- この時代の武士はその住宅建築の基本は平安貴族の生活の舞台であった寝殿造においていたが、生活活動内容は公家や殿上人などとは異なるものであるので、当然住居もそれに相応して変革が加えられているとみられる。
- In this era, the basic architecture of samurai residences was based on Shinden-zukuri style buildings, which were the main living space of nobles during the Heian period, but it seems that since the lifestyle of samurai differed from Court nobles and tenjobito (high-ranking courtiers allowed into the Imperial Palace), the style of residences was changed accordingly.
- 天皇や時平は「延喜の治」と呼ばれる自らが主導するの政治改革を目指すものの、変からわずか8年後に時平が急死、続いて醍醐天皇も病気がちとなり、政治権力の中心は再度宇多法皇と藤原忠平の手中に帰する事になった。
- The Emperor and Tokihira planned political reforms to put themselves in direct leadership roles for the new administration, which was called 'Engi no chi' (the (glorious) government during the Engi era), but only eight years after the coup, Tokihira died suddenly, and moreover Emperor Daigo became more and more prone to illness, which allowed de facto political power to shift back again under the control of Cloistered Emperor Uda and FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- 更に都市部を中心とした商工業者は地租よりも営業税 (日本)などの方が収益に対する税負担の割合が高いにも関わらず、民党が地租軽減ばかりを唱えることに不満を抱き、財政革新会などを通して独自の運動を起こした。
- Furthermore, business and industrial men around urban areas were frustrated by assertions of Minto calling only for the reduction in the land tax despite the fact that the fraction of business tax (Japan) on profits was higher than that for land tax, and established their own movement through Zaiseikakushin kai (conference on reform of financial affairs) and others.
- 1875年(明治8年)1月から2月にかけての大阪会議において、明治政府の大久保利通・伊藤博文と、在野の木戸孝允・板垣退助・井上馨らとの間で合意が成立し、木戸・板垣の政府復帰と政治体制の改革が約束された。
- In the Osaka conference held from January to February in 1875, Toshimichi OKUBO and Hirobumi ITO who were working for the Meiji Government reached an agreement with Takayoshi KIDO, Taisuke ITAGAKI, and Kaoru INOUE who were out of power, and it promised the return to the govenment for Kido and Itagak and the reform in political system.
- これに対して藩では藩札の発行や家臣の知行借り上げ、御用金の調達などによる藩政改革が試みられたが、あまり効果は無く、安政6年(1859年)には藩の借金は銀2693貫という莫大なものになったと言われている。
- In an effort to reform the financial difficulty, Shibamura Domain carried out some measures including issuing paper money to be used only within the domain, borrowing fief of vassals, raising money by collecting money from farmers and merchants; however no particular effect was gained, and it is said that in 1859 the debt of Shibamura Domain reached 2693 kan of silver.
- 立憲政友会(りっけんせいゆうかい)は、日本の明治後期から昭和前期までの、立憲民政党とならぶ二大政党の1つである(1900年9月15日 - 1940年7月16日(正統派・統一派)/同7月30日(革新派))。
- Rikken seiyukai was one of the two major political parties along with Rikken Minsei-to political party between the end of Meiji period and the early part of Showa period in Japan (September 15, 1900 - July 16, 1940 [the orthodoxy faction, the unificationists] / July 30, 1940 [the reformists]).
- 実際には、延喜・天暦期は律令制体制から王朝国家体制へ移行する過渡期に当たっており、様々な改革が展開した時期であり、それらの改革は天皇親政というよりも、徐々に形成しつつあった摂関政治によって支えられていた。
- Actually, the eras of Engi and Tenryaku fell upon the transitional period to the dynasty state from the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and the period when various reforms were carried out and these reforms were supported by not the direct rule by emperors but Sekkan governments which had been gradually formed.
- 兄・斉彬の死後、藩主となった子の島津忠義を補佐する国父(副城公)の立場となった島津久光は、兄の遺志を継ぎ、兄の果たせなかった率兵上京を敢行し、朝廷から勅使を出させることで幕政の改革を推し進めようと図った。
- After his older brother Nariakira died, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU became Kokufu (father of the country) (also called 'Lord of the Second Citadel') to assist his son Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, who became a new lord, and he carried out his older brother's last wish to move up to Kyoto with the troops, which his older brother could not accomplish, attempting to promote the bakufu's political reform by having the imperial court dispatch the envoy.
- 株仲間の奨励策による運上金・冥加金の徴収、町人資本による印旛沼・手賀沼の干拓事業を行ういっぽう、長崎貿易の推奨(特に俵物など輸出商品の増産)など、積極的に改革を推し進め、幕府財政を立て直すことに成功した。
- He aggressively pushed forward his reforms, such as collecting business taxes and forced contribution in exchange for promoting 'kabu nakama,' doing reclamation works of Inba-numa Lake and Tega-numa Lake with merchants' funds, and promoting trade with foreign countries at Nagasaki - particularly through production increase of goods for export, including 'tawara mono' (goods in straw bags), thereby succeeding in reconstruction of bakufu finance.
- 貿易額の制限そのものは綱吉時代の踏襲に過ぎず、更に新井の意見書には綱吉時代の改革で金銀の海外流出はほとんどなくなっていた事実を意図的に無視するなど、儒教的な抑商思想に由来する貿易統制ありきの発想が存在する。
- In the first place, Arai's plan was developed based on the intention to implement trade controls originating from Confusion commerce suppression policy, so limiting the amount of trade simply followed the system developed in the Tsunayoshi era and his plan intentionally ignored the truth that the outflow of gold and silver had already stopped by Tsunayoshi's reform.
- 日本が太平洋戦争(第二次世界大戦)で敗戦し連合国の占領下に置かれた時に日本を統治した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の最高司令官ダグラス・マッカーサーは、寄生地主が日本の軍国主義に加担したとして農地改革を行った。
- Douglas MACARTHUR, the Supreme Commander of the General Headquarters (GHQ) of the Allied Powers, who governed Japan while Japan was under the Allied occupation after Japan had lost the Pacific War (the World War Ⅱ), implemented a land reform because he thought that the parasitic landlords had supported Japanese militarism.
- こうした状況下で、朝廷は実情に適合した国政改革を進めていき(改革が最も進展したのは900年前後の寛平・延喜期)、地方行政の分野では、国司筆頭官(受領)に対して租税収取権・軍事権などの大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
- Under such a situation, the imperial court practically advanced national administration reform (the reform culminated during the Kanpyo and the Engi period around 900) and authority such as the right of tax collection, military affairs and so on were widely transferred to the leaders of kokushi (zuryo) in the local administration.
- 江戸幕府による大政奉還を受け、王政復古 (日本)によって発足した明治新政府の方針は、天皇親政(旧来の幕府・摂関などの廃止)を基本とし、諸外国(主に欧米列強国を指す)に追いつくための改革を模索することであった。
- The aim of the Meiji government, which was created by the restoration of Imperial rule after Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the emperor) from the Edo Shogunate, was to establish the basis of direct Imperial rule by the emperor by the abolition of the Shogunate and the positions of Regent and Chief advisor to the emperor, and to investigate ways to reform and catch up with foreign countries (mainly, powerful countries in Western Europe and North America).
- 古文書関係では、京都市南区にある空海ゆかりの寺院・東寺(教王護国寺)に伝来した国宝の「東寺百合文書」をはじめ、東寺の子院・観智院に伝来した「観智院伝来文書典籍類」、「革嶋家文書」が重要文化財に指定されている。
- Its collection of ancient documents includes the 'To-ji Hyakugo Monjo Document,' a National Treasure, which had been handed down at To-ji Temple (also known as Kyogokoku-ji Temple) that is associated with Kukai, a well-known Buddhist priest, in Minami-ku Ward of Kyoto City, and 'Ancient documents and books of Kanchiin Temple' that had been handed down at Kanchiin Temple, a sub temple of To-ji Temple, and 'Kawashimake Bunsho' (the Kawashima family documents), which are both designated as Important Cultural Properties.
- 元来は、オスマン帝国が恩恵的にフランス、オランダ、イギリスに対して与えていたカピチュレーションの制度において、治外法権その他を認めていたものだが、産業革命以後は西欧経済圏への従属を企図したものに変質していった。
- Originally, an unequal treaty was to approve extraterritoriality and other conditions in the capitulation system which was beneficially given to France, the Netherland and the United Kingdom by the Ottoman Empire, but such treaties gradually transformed into ones aiming for subordination to the Western European economic zone after the Industrial Revolution.
- 昭和37年6月21日、折からの大学管理制度改革(文部大臣(当時)による国立大学の学長選任権及び監督権を強化する内容が含まれていた)に対して反対するデモが、京都府学生自治会連合(京都府学連)の主宰により行われた。
- On June 21 in 1962, the student union of Kyoto Prefecture organized the demonstration against the reform of university management because it included more authority of the Ministry of Education (at the time) to assign and control the presidents of the national universities.
- ただし、その多くは明治維新が行政制度のみならず教育・産業・金融などを含めた総合的な改革であったという本質への理解には及ばず、形だけの改革や一面だけを捉えた「上からの改革」に終始したため、成功に至った例は少ない。
- However, most of the reforms in other Asian countries were not successful, because they didn't understand that the Meiji Restoration was a comprehensive reform including an administration system, an educational system, industry, and finance, so these reforms were just formal or 'top-down' reforms looking at just one aspect of the Meiji Restoration.
- 1443年(世宗 (朝鮮王)25年)朝鮮通信使書状官として日本に赴いた後、成宗の命を受けて作成したもので、日本の天皇家や国王(各時代の権力者)、地名、国情、交聘往来の沿革、使臣館待遇接待の節目などを記録している。
- After being dispatched to Japan as the recorder of travel logs for the Joseon envoy, Shin wrote the book in 1443 under the order of King Seongjong and it records details including those of Japan's Imperial Family, lords (influential people throughout the ages), place names, the state of national affairs, the movements of the diplomatic mission, and rules of the reception met by the envoy, and so on.
- 加藤内閣は陸軍4個師団の廃止や予算一億円の削減、有爵議員のうち、伯・子・男の数を150名に減らすなどの貴族院改革、幣原喜重郎の幣原外交によるソビエト連邦との国交樹立、普通選挙法の制定など、多くの改革が行なわれた。
- The KATO cabinet embarked on a wide range of reforms that included; the elimination of four army divisions and thereby the cut in the military budget by 100 million yen, the House of Peers reform involving the reduction of the count, viscount and baron members, among titled members, to 150, the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union based on the so-called Shidehara diplomacy by Kijuro SHIDEHARA, the enactment of the Universal Manhood Suffrage Law.
- 現存するのは主に鉄製や金銅製のものであるが、有機質材料が併用されていた可能性が指摘されており、近年は弥生時代終末期の遺跡から木製や革製、植物繊維を編んで漆を塗ったものなどさまざまな有機質材料の短甲も出土している。
- The Tanko existing now are mainly made of iron or gilt bronze, however, some pointed out that it is possible organic material was also used to make them and various Tanko made of organic material such as wood, leather and knitted plant fiber with lacquer on it were unearthed from the remains of the late Yayoi period in recent years.
- 一般的には皮革、あるいは和紙を漆でかためた陣傘(これは後に鉄板を切り抜き笠状に形成した陣笠に取って代わられる。)、鉄の胴鎧、篭手、陣羽織を装着し、そのほか水筒、鼻紙、布にくるんだ米など(例芋がら縄)を携帯していた。
- Ashigaru generally wore a conical hat (jingasa) made from lacquer hardened leather or Japanese paper (this was later developed into jingasa made from iron plates that were cut and fashioned into a cone shape), iron body armor, gauntlets and a jinbaori (sleeveless campaign jacket worn over armor) in addition to carrying a canteen, tissue paper, rice wrapped in cloth and other items (e.g. dried taro stems).
- こうして、アジアでは初の本格的な立憲君主制・議会制民主主義国家が完成した(正確にはオスマン帝国のタンジマート改革における1876年ミドハト憲法公布がアジア初の立憲制ではあるが、同国は直後に君主専制に回帰している)。
- Thus, a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy was completed for the first time in Asia (precisely speaking, the Midhat Constitution in 1876 of Tanzimat Reform in the Ottoman Empire was the first Asian constitutional monarchy, but the country returned to a monarchy in the same year).
- その結果立憲政友会・憲政会・革新倶楽部の護憲三派からなる加藤高明内閣が成立し、普通選挙法が制定され財産(納税額)によって制限される制限選挙から満25歳以上全ての男子に選挙権が与えられることとなり、普通選挙が実現した。
- This led to the formation of the Takaaki KATO administration by the three pro-constitution factions of Rikken Seiyukai, Kenseikai and Kakushin Kurabu and to the legislation of the Universal Manhood Suffrage Act that abolished the restriction of voting right based on property (tax payment) and granted the right to all men aged over 25 for organization of popular elections.
- 確かに学制や徴兵令・地租改正などは大規模な改革に相当し、一見すると盟約書に反するようにも見えるが、現在ではこれは第7条によって規定された後始末の一環であり、岩倉使節団も事前に大筋で了承していたとする説が出されている。
- Although introduction of an educational system and Conscription Ordinance and land-tax reform are certainly considered a large-scale reform and seem to be against the treaty at a glance, today they are thought to be part of work of accomplishing Haihan-chiken that was stated in Article 7 and Iwakura Mission had approved on the whole.
- 井伊暗殺後に朝廷や薩摩藩の後援で将軍後継となった一橋慶喜(徳川慶喜)、政事総裁職となった福井藩主・松平慶永らが文久の改革を開始すると、文久2年(1862年)に新設の幕政参与に任ぜられ、のち新設の京都守護職に推される。
- After the assassination of II, Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI (Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA), who had become the Shogun's successor with the support of the Imperial Court and the Satsuma Clan, started the Bunkyu Reformation along with Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, the head of the Fukui Clan who had become Seiji Sosaishoku; and in 1862 Katamori was appointed to the new post of Bakusei Sanyo, and later to the newly created post of Kyoto Shugoshoku.
- 幕政の改革は、鎖国体制から開国への移行に伴う尊王攘夷運動の激化、将軍継嗣問題を巡る一橋派・南紀派の対立などの政治的混乱の中で、薩摩藩主・島津斉彬や越前藩主松平慶永ら、開明的な大名らの間ではつとに必要性を叫ばれていた。
- In the midst of the political turmoil including an intensification of the Sonno Joi movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) caused by the change from the national isolation to the opening of the country to the world as well as the dispute over shogun's successor between the Hitotsubashi group (which supported Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA) and the Nanki group (which supported Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA), the enlightened and farsighted daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) had been advocating the necessity of the political reform of the bakufu.
- 一方、京都でも久光の行動と寺田屋事件などの影響により、薩摩藩・会津藩などを中心とする公武合体(幕政改革)派と、長州藩や真木和泉らの志士などを中心とする尊王攘夷派の間で、京都政界の主導権を巡る対立が激しさを増していく。
- On the other hand, due to the influence by Hisamitsu's actions, the Teradaya Incident and so on the confrontation intensified over the initiative of the Kyoto government between a party of Kobu gattai (reformists of the shogunate government) led by Satsuma, Aizu and other domains and a party of Sonno joi advocators led by the Choshu Domain, Izumi MAKI and other samurai.
- ヨーロッパでは地盤が磐石で、また19世紀より産業革命で都市部への人口集中がおこったため、これらの労働者へ住居を提供するためにアパートメントが発達し、また当時の建物が改築こそされてはいるがそのまま現存・利用されている。
- In Europe, where the ground is rock-solid, the population influx to the urban areas in the 19th century, induced by the Industrial Revolution, triggered the development of apartment houses in order to provide the workers with living places, and those buildings constructed at that time have been conserved and still used today, although they underwent renovations.
- 成人男性の識字率も幕末には70%を超え、同時期のロンドン(20%)、パリ(10%未満)を遥かに凌ぎ、ロシア人革命家メーチニコフや、トロイア遺跡を発見したドイツ人のハインリッヒ・シュリーマンらが、驚きを以って書いている。
- The literacy rate of adult males living in Edo exceeded seventy per cent by the end of Edo Period, far higher than those of London (20%) and Paris (below 10%), which a Russian revolutionist, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, and German archaeologist, Heinrich Julius Schliemann who discovered Trojan Ruins, reported with astonishment.
- それに加えて、18世紀後半の産業革命によって欧米諸国は急速に近代化しており、それぞれの政治経済的事情から大航海時代の単なる「冒険」ではなく、自らの産業のために資源と市場を求めて世界各地に植民地獲得のための進出を始めた。
- In addition to the above, western countries modernized rapidly through industrial revolution in the latter half of the 18th century, and for their own political and economic reasons, started debouching into various places around the world to acquire their own colonies for the purpose of seeking resources and markets for their own industries, rather than for the simple purpose of 'adventure' during the Age of Geographical Discovery.
- また、当時幕末以来の盟友であった同郷の大木喬任や副島種臣らと路線の違いから疎遠になりつつあった大隈にとって、他に先んじて改革の提言をもたらす改正掛の存在が頼もしい存在であったことを後に証言している(『大隈公昔日譚』)。
- In addition, for Okuma who estranged himself from his old friends since the end of Edo Period such as Takato OKI and Taneomi SOEJIMA because of different way of living their life, the existence of Kaiseigakari, which gave him evolutional proposals about reformation, was very reliable, and he admitted it later ('Okuma memoir').
- 明治時代初期の歌壇は、御歌所派や桂園派などの江戸期からの伝統的な文化人たちが担ってきたが、和歌改革を志す人々(正岡子規や与謝野鉄幹ら)によって題詠による作歌・風雅な趣向が批判され、新時代に相応しい新しい和歌が生まれた。
- Highly educated people of the early Meiji period played important roles in the Tanka Composers' Society, as represented by the Outadokoro School and Keien School, but people who intended waka reform (Shiki MASAOKA, Tekkan YOSANO, and so on) criticized both the style and elegant poetic devices of daiei (poetry composed on a given theme), and thus there emerged a new style of waka suitable for the new era.
- 大韓帝国内でも李氏朝鮮による旧体制が維持されている状況では独自改革が難しいと判断した進歩会は日韓合邦を目指そうと鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
- The Shinpo-kai, which determined that the pursuit of reforms was difficult under systems of the former Yi Dynasty sought political union with Japan and voluntarily collaborated in support of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War; for instance, it reportedly deployed 50,000 people to construct railways.
- 近代国際法や国際情勢の要請によって、主権国家として生まれ変わるべく国内改革が進められたが、その影響は国内に留まるものではなく、同じ東アジアに位置する周辺諸国(近代国際法への順応速度は異なる)との関係に摩擦を呼び起こした。
- To meet requirements of modern international law or international situation, countries in East Asia conducted internal reforms to become a sovereign nation; however, the influences of the reforms did not remain in that country but resulted in conflicts between other neighboring countries in East Asia (the speed of self-adjustment to modern international law depends on each country).
- 江戸幕府においては『科条類典』に享保3年(1718年)に白紙の手形と引換とした借金契約を結ばせた貸主に初めて過料を課したという記述があることから、徳川吉宗の享保の改革の一環として過料が導入されたという学説が存在していた。
- During Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) ruling period, 'Kajoruiten' (a collection of classified regulations and laws) mentioned that Karyo was imposed on a lender who made a debt contract by using an empty promissory note the first time in 1718, therefore, there was a theory that Yoshimune TOKUGAWA introduced Karyo as a part of Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform).
- 綱吉時代の政策は否定され、生類憐れみの令は撤回、勘定吟味役の創設、正徳金銀発行(デフレーション政策)による綱吉時代の財政矛盾の解決などを行ったが、将軍家宣・7代徳川家継があいついで早世したため、改革は中途半端に終わった。
- Tsunayoshi's policies were denied in the reforms, so, for example, Shorui-Awaremi-no-rei (ordinances of animal protection) was revoked, 'kanjo ginmiyaku' (a post to support kanjo bugyo) was newly established, and the financial contradiction in the Tsunayoshi age was tried to resolve by issuing Shotoku gold and silver coins as a deflationary policy, but the reforms ended halfway on the road after Ienobu and his successor Ietsugu TOKUGAWA (the seventh Shogun) died young.
- 普仏戦争敗北と第二帝政の崩壊、かわって樹立された革命政府パリ・コミューンとドイツ軍によるその鎮圧という、混乱の真ただ中にパリに到着した西園寺は、以後10年近くにわたってフランスやヨーロッパの知識や思想、文化を吸収していった。
- Saionji, who arrived in Paris amidst the chaos of France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the fall of the Second Empire, and the rise of The Revolution Government (the Paris Commune) in its stead, and the suppression of it by the German forces, absorbed French and European knowledge, ideology and culture over almost the next 10 years.
- 平安時代に入ると、蔵人など後宮出入りの職権を持つ官職が登場するようになると、後宮十二司の役割が低下し、10世紀の中頃には内侍司に他の11司の機能が吸収・統合される形で後宮の機構改革が行われながら摂関政治期を迎えることになった。
- In the early Heian period, job grades such as kurodo that had authority of comings and goings in the kokyu appeared, which lowered the role of the kokyu junishi, and in the middle of the tenth century, while the structural reform of the kokyu was performed in the form of the functions of eleven tsukasa being absorbed/integrated by the Naishino tsukasa, the Sekkanseiji Period (regency period) made a start.
- 使節団出発後、留守政府は学制・徴兵令・地租改正・太陽暦の採用・司法制度の整備・キリスト教弾圧の中止などの改革を積極的に行ったが、人事を巡る問題と征韓論を巡って留守政府と岩倉使節団の対立が激化して明治6年の政変に至る事になった。
- After the delegation departed, Rusu-seifu carried out reforms positively such as introduction of an educational system and Conscription Ordinance, land-tax reform, adoption of the solar calendar, improvement of the judicial system, a halt of Christian oppression, but confrontation between Rusu-seifu and Iwakura Mission was aggravated over personnel affairs and Seikanron, which led to the political change in 1873.
- 民主と自由の思想による民族自決が世界の潮流となり、1918年1月にアメリカ合衆国大統領ウッドロウ・ウィルソンが提唱する民族自決の原則と、ウラジーミル・レーニンの提唱した植民地革命論は世界の植民地に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- Self-determination based upon democracy and freedom became a mainstream of the world, and the principle of self-determination advocated by Woodrow Wilson and the colonial revolutionism by Vladimir Lenin had a great influence on colonies in the world.
- 続いて設立された立憲政友会を与党とする山本権兵衛内閣は軍部大臣現役武官制の廃止など陸海軍の内閣への発言力を弱める改革に着手したが、海軍高官の贈賄事件(シーメンス事件)の影響により再び国民の怒りを買いに内閣総辞職を余儀なくされた。
- The next administration led by Prime Minister Gonbei YAMAMOTO, with Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government) as mainstream party, worked on reform to curb the influence of the Imperial Army and Navy in civilian government, including the abrogation of the law requiring military-related ministers to be active-duty military officers, but was forced into mass resignation in face of public ire over the corruption scandal involving high-ranking navy officers (Siemens Scandal).
- この様な銀相場の高騰は江戸の物価高につながるため、田沼意次の政治を批判する立場であった松平定信を中心に進められた、寛政の改革の一環として、天明8年(1788年)4月に南鐐二朱銀の鋳造を中断し、南鐐二朱銀から丁銀への改鋳が進行した。
- Because such a rise in the price of silver would lead to high cost of living in Edo, Nanryo Nishu Gin was stopped to mint in May 1788 and re-refined into Chogin as a part of the Kansei Reforms carried out mainly by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA judging the Okitsugu TANUMA's politics.
- 大日本帝国陸軍のドイツ式組織への改革や帝国大学令・小学校令などの制定に代表される教育改革、市町村制の確立などが行われ、伊藤自身も井上毅・金子堅太郎・伊東巳代治と大日本帝国憲法草案を作成するなど、立憲体制への準備が着々と進められた。
- The preparation for constitutional system progressed steadily as the reform of Imperial Japanese Army toward German-style system, education reform such as Imperial University Law and Primary School Order and establishment of local authority system were carried out, and Ito himself made the draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan along with Kowashi INOUE, Kentaro KANEKO, and Miyoji ITO.
- 九州や中国地方の戦国大名から、やがて天下統一事業を推進していた尾張国の織田信長が1575年(天正3年)に武田氏との長篠の戦いをはじめとする戦で、鉄砲を有効活用したとされ、鉄砲が戦争における主力兵器として活用される軍事革命が起こる。
- The use of guns spread from the Kyushu and Chugoku regions to the eastern part of Japan, and Nobunaga ODA of Owari Province, who was promoting the unification of Japan, strategically used guns in battles including the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, opening the new era of military technology in which firearms became the main weapon in battle.
- また、会計官では不換紙幣としての太政官札の企画を推進してきた副知事の由利公正が従来の財政問題を巡る路線対立に加えて、外交問題から太政官札の位置付け変更に踏み込んだ通貨改革の流れに発展してきたことに対する不満から辞意を表明していた。
- Furthermore, Kosei YURI, the vice prefectural governor who promoted the the plan of the Dajokan-satsu as the inconvertible paper currency at the finance office, expressed his will to resign because of his dissatisfaction with the confrontation on the existing financial issues along with his dissatisfaction with the circumstances that the diplomatic issue had grown into a monetary reform which even involved the change of position of Dajokan-satsu.
- 次に、西行は、易姓革命を唱えた『孟子』が日本に伝わらなかったこと、『詩経』「小雅」の一篇「兄弟牆(うち)に鬩(せめ)ぐとも外の侮りを禦(ふせ)げよ」という一節を説き、ついに院の、私怨がゆえである、との本音を引き出すことに成功する。
- Then, Saigyo points out that 'The Book of Mencius,' which advocated Ekisei Revolution, wasn't introduced to Japan, and cites a passage from 'Shoga (aristocracy)' in 'Sikyo' (Chinese Poetry Book), Brothers conflict in house, but prevent downgrading outward,' succeeding in getting the truth out of In that it was from personal spite.
- また、国防上の必要性から江戸・大坂の大名・旗本領を幕府に召し上げようとする上知令を推進しようとしたところ、大名・商人らの猛反撥を招くこととなり、将軍家慶自ら撤回を命ずる事態となり、水野は失脚し、天保の改革はわずか2年にして崩壊した。
- In addition, 'Agechi-rei' (the decree he was going to implement for national defense, whose contents were to take away the territory of 'daimyo' and 'hatamoto' in Edo and Osaka) caused fierce resistance of 'daimyo' and merchants, so Shogun Ieyoshi himself was made withdraw the decree and Mizuno lost his position, when Tenpo Reforms ended with a span of just two years.
- 慶応3年9月26日 (旧暦)(1867年10月23日)に江戸幕府は旗本・御家人に対する軍役を廃して代わりに所領収益の半分を軍役金として徴収する制度を導入するとともに、布衣以上の役料・足高・役料・役扶持を全て役金に統一する改革を行った。
- On October 23, 1867, the Edo bakufu made reform by introducing a system to collect a half of the territory revenue instead of the abolished military service system applied to hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) and gokenin (vassals) while integrating yakuryo, tashidaka (supplementary stipends), yakuryo and yakubuchi (monthly salaries) paid to those who were in hoi and higher positions (from Jushiinojo [Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade] Upper Grade) to Jugoinoge [Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade]) into yakikin.
- 保守革命(ほしゅかくめい、Konservative Revolution)とは、ドイツの思想史家のアルミン・モーラー (Armin Mohler) がヴァイマル共和政時代の、非ナチス的でナショナリズム的な一連の思想に与えた総称である。
- The Conservative Revolution (Konservative Revolution) is a general name that Armin Mohler, a German intellectual historian, gave to a set of anti-Nazi and nationalist intellectual trends during the Weimar Republic.
- その後清朝はこの支払いを履行したが、ばくだいな拠出はその後の改革(光緒新政)の施策を限定せざるを得ないこととなり、かつ侵略を防ぐためとして投資対象が軍備優先となったために、北洋軍閥の総帥である袁世凱の権勢をさらに増大させることとなった。
- In later years the Qing Dynasty implemented the payment, however, the enormous outlay limited the measures of subsequent reforms (the Hundred Days of Reform) and, in addition, more investiment on arms buildup in order to prevent invasion, led to the increased power of Yuan ShiKai, the commander of the Beiyang army.
- 以来、藩政の改革(藩政と家政を分け、藩庁を知政所、家政所を内務局とし、一門・重臣の特権を止め、藩が任命した地頭(役人)が行政を行うことにした)や兵制の整備(常備隊の設置)を精力的に行い、戊辰参戦の功があった下級武士の不満解消につとめた。
- After that, he worked energetically for redivision of the domain duties (to divide the domain duties and the domestic economy, to change the government building of the domain to Chiseisho prefecture government, to move the domestic economy services to the Interior Ministry, to stop the prerogative for sept and main retainers, and a Jiao (officer) who is appointed by the domain as an administrator), and reorganized the division of soldiers (i.e. the creation of the Jobutai (regular army)), finally, he tried to of complaint of samurai in the lower grade who contributed at Boshin War.
- そのため、平氏政権は、武士に出自しながら旧来の支配勢力と同質化してしまったと批判されたのに対し、在地領主層=武士階級から構成される鎌倉幕府は、旧来の支配階級を打倒した画期的・革新的な存在だとして、階級闘争史観などにより高く評価されていた。
- Therefore, the Taira clan administration was criticized as becoming as one with the conventional control forces even though they were born as bushi, as regards to the Kamakura bakufu, which consisted of the local landowner class (bushi class), and was considered as a novel and significant existence due to their toppling of the conventional control class and was highly rated in the history of class conflict.
- 明治時代になると、明治政府の立場から天皇を中心とする国民国家を建設するため、国家主義的な歴史観が構築されていったが、それは大政奉還・王政復古を正当化する歴史観であり、そのため大化の改新・建武の中興・明治維新が最も重要な改革に位置づけられた。
- After the Meiji period, the Meiji government sought to establish a nation-state which set the emperor in the center of the nation. This produced a nationalistic view of history, which justified Taisei Hokan and Osei Fukko, and so the Taika Reforms, Kenmu no Chuko (=Kenmu restoration) and Meiji Restoration were ranked as the most important reforms.
- 元明朝においても国制改革はさらに加速し、和銅元年(708年)には、初の流通貨幣である和同開珎の発行、および長安の造形に倣った本格的都城となる平城京遷都の詔が発せられた(平城京は長安と同じく大極殿を北端に置く。実際の遷都は2年後の和銅3年)。
- During the reign of Empress Genmei, the national reform further accelerated, and in 708, the first currency Wado-kaichin was issued and an imperial decree to announce the transferring of the capital to Heijo-kyo, which was the full-scale capital modeled after Changan, was issued. (As in Changan, Daigokuden in Heijo-kyo was located at the northernmost part. The transfer of the capital was realized two years later in 710.)
- この期間、国内税率を一律固定化する公田官物率法が導入されたり、小規模な名田に並行して広く領域的な別名が公認されるようになったり、大規模事業の財源として一国単位で一律に課税する一国平均役が成立するなど、社会構造に変革を及ぼすような政策がとられた。
- During this period, some policies, which affected the social structure, were developed: the Koden kanmotsu rippo, which fixed the domestic tax rate, was introduced; bechimyo (large territories including mountains and forests) was authorized alongside small-sized Myoden; Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on every private estate in one province) in order to get financial resources for large-scale projects.
- なお、「朱子学は憶測にもとづく虚妄の説にすぎない」と朱子学批判をおこなった荻生徂徠が頃に吉宗に提出した政治改革論『政談』には、徂徠の政治思想が具体的に示されており、これは日本思想史のなかで政治と宗教道徳の分離を推し進める画期的な著作でもあった。
- In addition, around 1726 a political reform theory, 'Discourse on Government' (Seidan) was submitted to Yoshimune by Sorai OGYU, who criticized the doctrines of Zhu Xi, saying that 'the doctrines of Zhu Xi was only a delusional theory based on speculations,' and this book not only demonstrated Sorai's political philosophy concretely but stood out as an epoch-making work in Japanese history of thought which promote the separation of politics from religious morals.
- だが、親政友会の奥田義人法制局長官による行財政改革案を葬って辞任に追い込んだことが伊藤を含めた政友会の怒りを買って内閣を攻撃し、一時は大日本帝国憲法の停止を検討する程(5月19日山縣有朋宛の桂書簡(「山縣有朋文書」))の危機的状況を迎えていた。
- That cabinet disapproved of the administrative and financial reform plan, which was made by Yoshihito OKUDA, the Director-General of the Cabinet Legislation Bureau, and made him resign; Ito and other members of the Seiyu party were enraged by that and attacked the cabinet, which led to such a critical situation as the Constitution of the Empire of Japan might be abandoned (from Katsura's letter to Aritomo YAMAGATA on May 19 ('Aritomo YAMAGATA monjo' [written materials]).
- この時革命を起こそうと考えた者の武装やヤクザの抗争の影響でより一層武器の取締りが厳しくなり、特に銃器関連を所持するには銃器にもよるが、数ヶ月期間の審査が必要であり、少なくとも暴力行為を前提に銃器を合法的に所持するのは日本では事実上不可能になった。
- Since those who planned revolutions bore arms and gangs (yakuza) started conflicts, the law was reinforced and a several month examination (the period depends on the kind of firearms) was required to possess a firearm-related weapon, making the legal possession of firearms for the purpose of violence virtually impossible in any event in Japan.
- ちょうどその頃、上総国菊間から大浜出張所(碧海郡に16ヶ村幡豆郡に5ヶ村、計21ヶ村は、大浜領と呼ばれ、菊間藩の大浜出張所に支配されていた。)に赴任してきた服部純は、明治政府の方針に従い村法の改正や勤王主義教育、神仏分離などの宗教改革を実施した。
- At precisely the same time, Jun HATTORI who was transferred to an Ohama branch office (16 villages in Aomi County, 5 villages in Hazu County, 21 villages in total were called Ohama territory and were controlled by Ohama branch office in Kikuma Domain) from Kikuma, Kazusa Province, implemented the revision of village law, the imperialism education, and the religious transformation such as separation of Buddhism and Shintoism by following the policy of the Meiji Government.
- これに対しては幕府内反対派の林家から「国王は天皇を指し、将軍が国王を名乗るべきではなく、無用の改変。平地に波風を立てるもの」、また対馬藩藩儒雨森芳洲から「李氏朝鮮は急激な変革を特に嫌う。再考願いたい」とそれぞれ反論をうけたが結果として実現している。
- The Hayashi family, one of the bakufu members opposing Arai's plan, insisted, 'King means Emperor, therefore, Shogun should not introduce himself as King, this is an useless reform. This only causes a flutter in the dovecotes,' and also Hoshu AMENOMORI, a Confusion scholar in Tsushima domain opposed it saying, 'the Joseon Dynasty doesn't like sudden reformation. Please reconsider,' but as a result, the changes were implemented.
- また、この分裂の際に正統派・革新派のどちらにも与しなかった金光庸夫・犬養健・太田正孝らは「中立派」(金光派ともいう)となり、翌1940年に発生した民政党の斎藤隆夫除名問題で除名を支持して正統派内で孤立した議員が中立派に加わって「統一派」と名乗った。
- Also, Tsuneo KANEMITSU, Takeru INUKAI, and Masataka OTA did not belong to either the orthodoxy faction or the reformists when the party split and they became 'the neutral faction' (also referred to as Kanemitsu faction) and in the following year, that is in 1940, councilors of orthodoxy faction who supported expulsion of Saito concerning the issue of the expulsion of Takao SAITO of Minsei Party (civil administration party) from the House of Representatives became isolated in the faction and joined the neutral faction, and then the neutral faction renamed their faction 'the unificationists.'
- 第二次世界大戦中は更に政府の統制が強化されたが、終戦後の1946年(昭和21年)の第1次地方制度改革で知事の選挙投票者による分類制が導入されるなどの民主化が行われ、最終的には1947年(昭和22年)の地方自治法の成立により現行の都道府県制に移行した。
- During World War II, the regulation by the government was enforced, however, after the war, the first reform of the local system was implemented in 1946 to promote democratization, and the classification system where a prefectural governor is elected by voters was introduced, which was after all replaced by the current Todofuken sei (system of prefectural government) when the Local Autonomy Law was established in 1947.
- だが条約勅許をめぐる朝廷との対立や、病弱な将軍の後継を巡る一橋派(徳川慶喜・後の15代を推す勢力)と南紀派(徳川家茂・後の14代を推す勢力)との対立、また外様や御三家の幕政介入に反撥した譜代大名の筆頭井伊直弼が大老に就任したことにより改革は挫折した。
- But his reforms suffered setbacks, such as a conflict between bakufu and Imperial Court over Imperial permission to the treaty concluded with US, a conflict within bakufu over the successor to the sickly shogun between 'Hitotsubashi group' (the group that recommended Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA [later, the 15th Shogun]) and 'Nanki group' (the group that recommended Iemochi TOKUGAWA [later, the 14th Shogun]), and Naosuke Ii's assumption of 'Tairo' (Chief Minister of bakufu) - Naosuke Ii was at the top of 'fudai daimyo' and was against the participation of 'tozama daimyo' and 'gosanke' in bakufu politics.
- エネルギー市場の自由化等のエネルギーの需給に関する経済構造改革については、前二条の政策目的を十分考慮しつつ、事業者の自主性及び創造性が十分に発揮され、エネルギー需要者の利益が十分に確保されることを旨として、規制緩和等の施策が推進されなければならない。
- With regard to economic structural reforms concerning energy supply and demand such as the liberalization of energy markets, deregulation and other similar measures shall be promoted in a manner such that business operators can fully demonstrate their initiative and such that creativity and the interests of energy consumers are sufficiently secured, while giving due consideration to the policy objectives prescribed in the preceding two Articles.
- 表高は江戸幕府公認の検地によって算定された石高だが、実際の藩内では17世紀に進んだ新田開発や、農業技術(農機具・肥料等)の革新による生産力の増大に基づいた藩内検地、専売制による特産品の税高改定などによって、多くの藩では内高は表高を上回って増大していた。
- Omote-daka was calculated based on the land survey officially recognized by the Edo bakufu; however, in many domains the actual uchi-daka was higher than omote-daka and also increasing, thanks to the progress of development of new field in 17th century, the land survey within domains that was based on the increased productivity by innovation of agricultural technique (farming equipments, fertilizer), and tax reform by monopolization of indigenous products.
- 政府は、医療保険制度、年金制度等の改革に伴い、社会保険の事務処理の体制、これに従事する職員の在り方等について、被保険者等の利便性の確保、事務処理の効率化等の視点に立って、検討し、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- The government shall, along with various reforms such as the medical insurance system reform and the pension system reform, study an ideal administrative system for social insurance and a desirable personnel system therefor from the viewpoint of ensuring convenience for the insured and increasing efficiency in administration, and take measures as required based on the study results where it finds it necessary.
- In line with reforms to the medical insurance system, the pension system, and other systems, the government shall examine the framework of administrative processing for social security, the requirements for officials engaged therein, and other matters, from the viewpoint of securing the convenience of the insured, etc. and improving the efficiency of administrative processing.
- With a view to protecting the interests of insured persons and others, increasing the efficiency of administrative processing, and so on, the government shall review administrative processing systems for social security, the working situation of employees therein, and other matters, in line with reforms of the medical insurance system, pension system, and when finding it necessary, shall take necessary measures based on the results thereof.
- The government shall, with a view to protecting the interests of insured persons and others, increasing the efficiency of administrative processing, and so on, review systems of administrative processing for social security, requirements of employees employed therein, and other matters, in line with reforms of the medical insurance system, pension system, and when deeming it necessary, shall take requisite measures based on the results thereof.
- The Government shall examine the social insurance paperwork processing system and the current state of affairs with regard to the employees engaged in the system, from the viewpoint of assuring convenience for the insured and enhancing the efficiency of paperwork processing in preparation for reforms to the medical security system and the public pension system, etc., and shall take necessary measures based on the results, when the Government finds it necessary.
- With a view to securing the convenience of insured persons and others and increasing the efficiency of administrative processing, etc., the government shall review the administrative processing systems for social insurance, the working situation of officials engaged therein, and other matters, in line with reforms of the medical insurance system, the pension system, and others, and shall take the necessary measures based on the result of such review when the government finds it necessary.
- In line with reforms to the medical insurance system, the pension system, and other systems, the national government shall review the framework of administrative processing for social security, the requirements for officials engaged therein and other matters, from the viewpoint of securing the convenience of the insured, etc. and improving the efficiency of administrative processing, and shall take required measures based on the results thereof, when deeming it necessary.
- The government shall, along with various reforms such as medical insurance system and pension system reforms, embark on studies to identify the ideal administrative system and a desirable personnel system for social insurance, from the viewpoint of ensuring convenience for the insured and increasing administrative efficiency, and shall take any measures required based on the study results as it deems necessary.
- With a view to securing the convenience of insured persons and others, and increasing the efficiency of administrative processing, etc., the government shall review the administrative processing systems for social insurance, the working situation of officials engaged therein, and other matters, in line with reforms of the medical insurance system, pension system and others, and take necessary measures based on the result of such review when the government finds it necessary.
- 天保の改革最中の天保13年(1842年)9月の御触書には「百姓の余技として、町人の商売を始めてはならない」という文があり、併せて農村出身の奉公人の給金に制限を設けているが、これはこうした風潮が農業の衰退に繋がる事を危惧した幕府の対応策であったと考えられる。
- An official announcement issued in October and November 1842 in the midst of the Tempo Reforms contained the following sentence: 'peasants must not start business of the townsman as a sideline' and set a ceiling on wages paid for employees who came from farming villages, all of which must have been countermeasures taken by the bakufu for fear that such tendencies would lead to a decline in agriculture.
- 朝鮮における壬午事変・甲申政変や清の戊戌の変法の失敗、長続きしなかったイランのイラン立憲革命やロシア帝国のセルゲイ・ヴィッテ改革、ピョートル・ストルイピン改革などが典型である(朝鮮の改革運動については金玉均など、清の改革については光緒帝、黄遵憲なども参照)。
- The examples of unsuccessful reforms are as follows: the Imo Incident and the Gapsin Corp in Korea; the Hundred Days' Reform in Qing; the Persian Constitutional Revolution in Iran; and the Reform of Sergei Witte and the Reform of Pyotr Stlypin in Russian empire (Regarding the movement of the reforms in Korea, refer to the article of 'Kim Ok-gyun,' and regarding the reforms in Qing, refer to the articles of 'Guangxu Emperor' and 'Huang Zunxian').
- この大宝度の遣使の目的は、白村江の戦い以来冷却していた唐との交流を回復するとともに、天武天皇以来の改革で日本に本格的首都および律令体制が完成したこと、天皇号および「日本」の国号が成立したことを唐に対して宣言することなどを目的とする、非常に重要な使節であった。
- The purposes of this extremely important envoy of Taiho era were to restore the diplomatic relations with Tang which had been precarious since the Battle of Hakusukinoe, to proclaim to Tang the establishment of the full-scale capital and Ritsuryo system in Japan as a result of the reform since the time of Emperor Tenmu, as well as the foundation of the title of the emperor and the name of the country as 'Nihon' (Japan).
- 1854年の開国以来の混沌とした政治情勢を受けて半ば非常時の体制へ移行したものであるが、その主導者は幕府自身(幕閣)ではなく、薩摩藩主の父・島津久光および朝廷の公武合体派公卿らに主導されて出された勅使による圧力の下、やむを得ず改革を迫られたというのが実情である。
- Although the bakufu shifted to the quasi-emergency regime due to the chaotic political situation since the opening of the country to the world in 1854, such change was not initiated by the bakufu itself (the cabinet officials of the Shogunate) but was forced under the pressure from the imperial envoy dispatched by the initiation of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU who was the father of the the lord of the Satsuma Domain as well as the court nobles supporting Kobu Gattai (an idea of uniting the court and the shogunate), so the reality was that the shogunate had no option but to carry out the reform.
- 鉄道国有化や第3次日韓協約・日露協約・日仏協約の締結など、山縣有朋ら元老や桂の意に沿った政策を遂行する一方で、山縣の支持基盤である内務省 (日本)改革のために郡制の廃止を計画して失敗したり、貴族院議員の入閣を実現させるなど、政党政治実現に向けた努力は続けられた。
- While the cabinet pursued the policy complying with Genro like Aritomo YAMAGATA and Katsura, such as making The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty, Russo-Japanese Agreement and French-Japanese Agreement, it continued to make efforts in order to realize party politics; in order to reform Ministry of Home Affairs, which was the power base for Yamagata, the cabinet tried to abolish the County system, only to fail; the cabinet succeeded in taking members of Kizokuin (the House of Peers) into the Cabinet.
- また、維新政府は西洋の諸制度を研究するため岩倉具視を正使、大久保利通・木戸孝允・伊藤博文らを副使とする岩倉使節団を欧米へ派遣するが、「留守政府」と呼ばれた日本残留組の西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らの手によって、次々と改革は進んでいった。
- Also, the restoration government dispatched the 'Iwakura Mission,' of which Tomomi IWAKURA was the chief envoy, and Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Hirobumi ITO were the vice envoys, to Europe and the United States, whereas the members of the 'Rusu-Seifu' (the temporary government while heads of the government were away) like Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Takato OKI, advanced many reforms one after another.
- 江戸時代後期には、当時の中国文学の流行に逆らう形で、設定を室町時代に置き換えた通俗小説ともいうべき『偐紫田舎源氏』(柳亭種彦著)が書き起こされ、「源氏絵」(浮世絵の一ジャンル)が数多く作られたり歌舞伎化されるなど世に一大ブームを起こしたが、天保の改革であえなく断絶した。
- During the late Edo period, contrary to the popular Chinese literature in those days, cheap novels such as 'Nise Murasaki Inaka Genji (The tale of Genji in the Muromachi period)' (by Tanehiko RYUTEI) were written, which was turned into Kabuki, and a lot of 'Genjie paintings' (a kind of ukiyoe) were made, thus triggering the boom, but they soon disappeared with the emergence of the Tempo reforms.
- また、華族制度改革や将来の内閣_(日本)制度導入を巡って、岩倉との間に見解の相違があることも明らかになってきた(岩倉は華族に維新の功臣が加えられることや既存の律令制・太政官制度に基づいた大臣制が廃止されることで、公家出身の自分が政府の中枢から排除されることを警戒していた)。
- In addition, there was conflict of views between Iwakura and Ito regarding reform of the peerage system and introduction of cabinet (Japan) system in future (Iwakura worried about adding new meritorious retainers during the Meiji Restoration to the peerage and abolishment of institution of ministers based on existing the ritsuryo system [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code] and Dajokan [Great Council of State] system, because he thought he would be excluded from the center of the government.)
- 従来、留守政府の改革については、「大臣・参議・大輔盟約書」第6条に違反して岩倉使節団の面々を無視する形で留守政府が功に逸って無秩序勝手に行い、その結果様々な矛盾を引き起こして政府内では明治6年の政変を、政府外では士族反乱や農民一揆を引き起こす原因となったとする見方があった。
- Rusu-seifu had been said to carry out reforms in an arbitrary, disorderly and self-serving manner against Article 6 of the 'Treaty of ministers, sangi and taifu,' ignoring members of Iwakura Mission, and as a result to cause various contradictions, the political change in 1873 within the government, and Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and peasant uprisings outside the government.
- 「そもそも西洋諸国に行わるる国会の起源またはその沿革を尋ぬるに、政府と人民相対し、人民の知力ようやく増進して君上の圧制を厭い、またこれに抵抗すべき実力を生じ、いやしくも政府をして民心を得さる限りは内治外交ともに意のごとくならざるより、やむを得ずして次第次第に政権を分与したる.
- In western countries, people confronted their government, and were enlightened, and rebelled against oppression, and built up arms, and a government which loses public favor could not control domestic and diplomatic affairs, and was gradually compelled to distribute ruling powers, and finally a national diet was established.
- 儒教では、放伐を認めるかどうかが難題とされてきたが、徳川幕府は朱子学について孟子的理解に立ち、湯武放伐、易姓革命論を認めていたが、それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
- In Confucianism, whether to allow the expulsion of a disqualified monarch had been a difficult problem to deal with, but the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted a position taken from the standpoint of Mencius (a Chinese thinker in the fourth century BC) concerning the teachings of Zhu Xi, and approved of the Tang-Wu revolution (the expulsions of disqualified monarchs by King Tang and King Wu) and the revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven (when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue).
- 元来、外国官(後の外務省)にいた肥前藩出身の大隈が財政を扱うようになったのは、江戸幕府及び明治政府及び諸藩による大量の悪金(贋金)発行の事実が発覚し、諸外国より抗議が殺到したことにより、明治政府の貨幣改革に一転して外交交渉が付随することになった特殊事情によるものである(高輪談判)。
- Okuma, who was from Hizen Province and used to work for Office of Foreign Affairs (later Ministry of Foreign Affairs), started to handle financial matters, as a revelation of a mass issuance of bad money (false currency) by the Edo Shogunate, the Meiji government and various domains triggered a flood of protests from foreign countries, and thus diplomatic negotiation suddenly became necessary for the currency reform of the Meiji government (Takanawa negotiation).
- 特定事業の選定については、公共施設等の整備等における公共性及び安全性を確保しつつ、事業に要する費用の縮減等資金の効率的使用、国民に対するサービスの提供における行政のかかわり方の改革、民間の事業機会の創出その他の成果がもたらされるようにするとともに、民間事業者の自主性を尊重すること。
- As for the selection of a Qualified Project, it should bring effects such as efficient use of funds such as reduction of costs for the project, reform of public administration in service provision for citizens, and creation of business opportunity for private-sector, while ensuring their public nature and safety in provision of Public Facility etc. At the same time, due autonomy of private business operators shall be respected.
- そのため、慶安元年(1648年)から寛文10年(1670年)にかけて6回もの禁令が出されるなど規制の対象としていたが、享保の改革において商業の統制を図るために組織化された方が望ましいとする方針の下に公認が与えられ、冥加金(上納金)を納める代わりに、販売権の独占などの特権を認められた。
- Thus, the bakufu regulated kabunakama by six interdicts between 1648 and 1670, however, it was officially approved under the policy that such organization was preferable to control the commerce and it was granted special privileges such as exclusive distributorship in exchange for render.
- 中央省庁等改革関係法施行法(平成十一年法律第百六十号)の一部の施行に伴い、並びに銀行法(昭和五十六年法律第五十九号)第二十六条第二項、第五十二条の十七第二項、第五十三条第一項第八号及び第五十七条の三の規定に基づき、銀行法第二十六条第二項に規定する区分等を定める命令を次のように定める。
- In accordance with the enforcement of a part of the Enforcement Act of the Relevant Act on the Reorganization of Central Government Ministries (Act No. 160 of 1999), based on the provisions of Article 26, paragraph (2) of the Banking Act (Act No. 59 of 1981); Article 52-17, paragraph (2); Article 53, paragraph (1), item (viii); and Article 57-3, the order providing for categories, etc. as prescribed in Article 26, paragraph (2) of the Banking Act shall be as follows.
- この猪名県を支配していたのが、現在の大阪府箕面市石丸に存在する為那都比古神社の豪族であった「為那都比古一族」(いなつひこ)で、飛鳥時代に起こった天智天皇・藤原鎌足らが蘇我氏を滅ぼし(乙巳の変)、それに伴う改革である「大化の改新」以前に現在の北摂を支配していた国家が成立していたとみられる。
- Ina no Agata was controlled by 'the Inatsuhiko family', gozoku (local ruling family) of Inatsuhiko Shrine was located in now Ishimaru, Mino City, Osaka Prefecture, and it is thought that a state had been established in now Hokusetsu area before the Isshi Incident (when Emperor Tenchi and FUJIWARA no Kamatari destroyed the Soga family) and following 'Taika no Kaishin' (Great Reformation of the Taika Era) occurred in the Asuka period.
- 近年の研究では、従来から言われていた894年(寛平6年)の遣唐使廃止や896年(寛平8年)の造籍、私営田抑制、滝口の武士の設置等に加え、国司に一国内の租税納入を請け負わせる国司請負や、位田等からの俸給給付等を民部省を通さずに各国で行う等、国司の権限を強化する改革を次々と行ったとされている。
- According to recent studies, in addition to the abolition of Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) in 894, register of population, restriction of the private land, and deployment of Takiguchi no Bushi (the guards of the Imperial Palace who were in charge near the palace waterfall) in 896, he seems to have continuously carried out reforms to strengthen the power of kokushi (provincial governors), such as kokushi ukeoi to make kokushi collect all local taxes in their provinces, and making each province pay the salary directly from iden (fields given based on ikai, the court rank) without going through the minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs).
- しかし一般的にはその前年にあたる1867年(慶応3年)の大政奉還、王政復古以降の改革を指すことが多い(日本の歴史学界における明治維新研究では、前段階である江戸幕府崩壊期(天保の改革あるいは黒船来航以後)も研究対象とされるが、維新体制が整う以前の政治状況については幕末の項で扱うものとする)。
- However, the Meiji Restoration generally includes Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) and Osei-hukko (the restoration of the Imperial rule) which started in 1867 (according to various academic studies of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, it includes the late Edo Shogunate period (after the Tempo reforms or the Perry Expedition) as the first part of the Restoration, but some political situations prior to the Restoration are mentioned in the article of 'Bakumatsu' (the end of the Edo Shogunate)).
- しかしその実は、当時世界最高水準の複式簿記考案(中井源左衛門・日野商人)(小倉栄一郎『江州中井家帳合の法』)や、契約ホテルのはしりとも言える「大当番仲間」制度の創設(日野商人)、現在のチェーン店の考えに近い出店・枝店を積極的に開設するなど、徹底した合理化による流通革命だったと評価されている。
- In reality, however, they are now considered the pioneers who brought revolutionary changes to the distribution business by strictly pursuing the concept of streamlining, as seen in the examples of the invention of the double-entry system in bookkeeping by a merchant from Hino, Genzaemon NAKAI, which was at the highest level in the word at that time (according to Eiichi OGURA 'Goshu Nakai-ke chogo no ho' (bookkeeping method of the Nakai family in Omi Province)); the establishment of the system of 'Otoban nakama' by the merchants from Hino, which can said to be an early concept of the contracted hotel; and the expansion of the business by proactively opening branches, which is a similar concept to today's chain stores.
- 国は、生命科学その他技術革新の進展が著しい分野における研究開発の有用な成果を知的財産権として迅速かつ適正に保護することにより、活発な起業化等を通じて新たな事業の創出が期待されることにかんがみ、適正に保護すべき権利の範囲に関する検討の結果を踏まえつつ、法制上の措置その他必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
- In light of the fact that creation of new businesses will be expected through active business startups when useful Research and Development results are promptly and properly protected as intellectual property rights in the fields, such as life sciences, where outstanding progress of technological innovation is seen, national government shall take necessary measures, such as taking legislative measures on the basis of an examination of the scope of rights that need proper protection.
- もう一つは、交流を禁止してしまったことで、ヨーロッパ(後にアメリカ合衆国も)で発達した産業革命による技術や文化を積極的に受け入れられなくなり、世界の潮流からとりのこされて科学文化が浸透せず(理系軽視)、ひいては太平洋戦争の敗戦の遠因ともなってしまった、とする和辻哲郎にみられるように否定的なものである。
- Another evaluation, typified by Tetsuro WATSUJI, argues that Japan fell behind the global current because of its inability to introduce technology and culture similar to what was being developed during the Industrial Revolution in Europe (later in the United States as well) due to its prohibition on exchanging with other countries; this not only resulted in the failure of Japan to make a scientific culture permeate throughout the nation (science courses were disregarded), but also became an underlying cause of defeat in the Pacific War.
- 当初は儒教を教える後の明経道が中心であったが、728年と730年の2度の学制改革(前者の改革で文章博士・律学博士(後の明法博士)が設置され、後者の改革で文章生・明法生・得業生制度が発足した)を経て、757年には大学寮公廨田(後の勧学田)が設定されて学生に対する給食が行われるなど、制度の充実が図られた。
- At first, Daigaku-ryo mainly taught Confucianism, the study referred to as Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) in later years, but after two educational system reforms in 728 and 730 (through the former, Monjo Hakase [professor of literature] and Ritsugaku Hakase [professor of the law], which was later referred as Myobo Hakase [professor of law], were introduced, and through the latter, the systems of monjosho [students of literary studies], myobosho [students of law studies] and tokugosho [distinguished scholars] were established), the facilities and system of Daigaku-ryo were improved; for example, Daigaku-ryo kugaiden (referred to as Kangakuden (rice fields for schooling) in later years) was introduced, whereby food services were provided to students.
- 兒玉源太郎総督の下で1898年に民政長官に就任した後藤新平は、土地改革、ライフラインの整備、アヘン中毒患者の撲滅、学校教育の普及、製糖業などの産業の育成を行うことにより台湾の近代化を推進し、一方で植民地統治に対する反逆者には取り締まりをするという『飴と鞭』の政策を有効に用いることで植民地支配の体制を確立した。
- In 1898, Shinpei GOTO assumed the post of Chief of Home Affairs under the direction of Gentaro KODAMA, the governor-general, and GOTO established Japan's approach to its rule of Taiwan through the effective use of a 'carrot and stick' policy; that is, he promoted the modernization of Taiwan by carrying out land reform, providing utilities that were essential to people's livelihoods, eradicating opium addiction, making school educational more accessible to all, and developing industries such as sugar manufacturing, while at the same time cracking down on those who opposed colonial rule.
- 延宝4年(1676年)6月には神武天皇から後醍醐天皇までの本紀が清書され、天和 (日本)年間には『新撰紀伝』104巻として完成するが、光圀は南北朝合一の後亀山天皇期まで扱う必要性と内容上の不備を感じ、同年には彰孝館に総裁を置いて機構を改革し、新館を新築して史館員も増員させ、国史以外にも詩文集など編纂事業が拡大していった。
- Honki from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Daigo was written in June, 1676 and the book was completed as 'Shinsenkiden,' the 104 volumes, between 1681 and 1683 but Mitsukuni felt it was necessity to cover the reign of the Emperor Go-Kameyama and he was dissatisfied with its insufficient contents, so he reformed the compiling organization, created a post for president in Shokokan, built a new building, increased the number of staff and expanded its work to compiling collections of poems.
- 金完燮の『親日派のための弁明』(2002)では、一進会の運動を、李氏朝鮮政府の圧政をはねのけようとする農民階級(東学党→進歩会)と、支配階級出身で朝鮮の近代化をめざす改革派知識人グループ(維新会)、そして朝鮮近代化を支援することで「攻撃的な防御」を確保しようとする日本、の3つの改革勢力が結集されたものとして高く評価している。
- In 'Explanation for the sake of pro-Japan' by Kim Wansop (2002), the author highly evaluated the Isshinkai's movement, comparing their movment with a concentration of three revolutionary powers consisted of peasants who tried to reject the oppression of Joseon Dynasty Government (Togaku-to => Shinpo-kai), the group consisted of revolutionary intellectuals from governing class aimed at modernization of Korea (Ishin-kai) and Japan which tried to secure the 'aggressive protection' by supporting the modernization of Korea.
- それでも、犬養毅(立憲国民党非改革派→革新倶楽部)などの様にあくまでも民衆の代表であるという意識から「民党」という言葉に拘る政治家も存在したが、やがて自由党系と伊藤博文系官僚による立憲政友会と立憲改進党系と桂太郎派による立憲同志会(後の憲政会→立憲民政党)の2大政党に収斂されていくにつれて、民党という言葉は過去のものとなっていった。
- Although there were some politicians such as Tsuyoshi INUKAI (a member of the non-reform group in the Constitutional National Party who later found the Club of Innovation) and others who associated the word 'Minto' with representatives of people, but the word 'Minto' faded away as the movement to reorganize political parties concentrated on two major parties called the Constitutional Party of Political Friends consisting of the Liberal Party and government officials under Hirobumi ITO the Constitutional Association of Friends (it became the Constitutional Association afterwards and changed into the Constitutional Democratic Party) with the Constitutional Progressive Party and the group of Taro KATSURA,
- その一方で、パークスが談判を仕切ったためにフランス公使によって出された損害賠償要求は事実上無視され、大隈の通貨改革についての異論は公使達からも三条・岩倉ら太政官首脳からも出されること無く、内外からの承認を得る形となり、結果的には明治政府による自主的な通貨改革そのものについては、大隈案に沿った形での方針が認められることになったのである。
- On the other hand, because Parkes ran the negotiation, the claim for loss put out by the French minister was virtually ignored, and objections to OKUMA's currency reform did not occur by the ministers or the heads of the Daijokan, such as SANJYO and IWAKURA, leading to an agreement from both Japan and foreign countries, and as a result the independent currency reform by the Meiji Government itself was accepted to take the shape of a policy in accordance with OKUMA's proposal.
- これを受けて改革掛にいた旧幕臣の杉浦譲が「戸籍編成例目」を手直しして四民平等を前面に出した戸籍法案を建議するものの、大木は大江卓の献言を受けて穢多非人の解放の基本方針には賛成するが、生活改善事業と並行して漸進的に行うべきであり、今回の戸籍制定には関連づけないとして、明治4年(1871年)4月4日に穢多非人を先送りにしたままの戸籍法が制定された。
- Responding to this, Jo SUGIURA who was a former retainer of shogun and in charge of revision at Minbusho modified 'Koseki hensei rei moku' and made a proposal in which he placed the equality of all people to the front, but OKI, accepting Taku OE's suggestion, reached the conclusion that, although he agreed to the keynote of emancipation of Eta and Hinin, the emancipation had to be progressed gradually along with service of life bettering and was not to be connected with the family register formation this time, hence the Family Registration Law was enacted on April 4, 1871 putting off the issue of Eta and Hinin.
- その第6条には「内地の事務は大使帰国の上で大いに改正するの目的なれば、其内可成丈新規の改正を要す可らず」として留守中に大規模な改革を行わないことを約する一方で、次の第7条には「廃藩置県の処置は内地事務の統一に帰せしむべき基なれば、条理を逐て順次其効を挙げ、改正の地歩をなさしむべし」として廃藩置県の後始末については速やかに行うように指示されていた。
- Article 6 of the treaty stipulated that large-scale reforms should not be carried out during the absence of government leaders, saying 'A big reform for inland business is to be made after taishi (commander-in-chief) returns to Japan, so it is not necessary to pursue a new reform immediately,' while Article 7 stipulated that affairs of Haihan-chiken should be wound up quickly, saying 'Since accomplishing Haihan-chiken is essential to carry out inland business, it should be done reasonably and effectively.'
- 鏡面のような心(心即理)の状態に無いのに、致良知に基づいて、自分の心の叫びを行動(知行合一)に移してしまうと、革命志向になりやすいという説もある(後述の山田方谷も、陽明学について誤った理解をすると重大な間違いを犯す危険があると考えて、朱子学を十分に理解して朱子学と陽明学を相対化して理解が出来る門人にのみにしか陽明学を教授しなかったと言われている)。
- Some people say that if a person puts his clamor to his action (to realize Chigyo goitsu) based on chiryochi when he has not attained the state of mind that reflects ri (Shinsokuri), the person is apt to aspire to start a revolution (Hokoku YAMADA, described later, also believed that wrong understanding of Yomeigaku might cause serious mistakes, so that he taught Yomeigaku only to the disciples who understood Shushigaku well enough to understand Yomeigaku in comparison to Shushigaku.)
- 国は、技術経営力の強化が産業技術力の強化に重要であることにかんがみ、事業者が広く技術革新の動向を把握する上で有用な将来の技術に関する見通しの提示、技術経営力の強化に寄与する人材の養成及び資質の向上、事業者が研究及び開発の成果を事業活動において効率的かつ円滑に活用することができる環境の整備その他技術経営力の強化の促進のために必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
- Considering that enhancing Technology Management Capability is important for enhancing Industrial Technology Capability, the national government shall take necessary measures for promoting the enhancing of Technology Management Capability, such as presenting forecasts concerning useful future technologies for business operators to comprehensively grasp the trends of technological innovations, training the human resources who will contribute to enhancing Technology Management Capability and improving the qualities thereof, thus maintaining an environment in which business operators can efficiently and smoothly utilize the results of research and development in carrying out business activities, etc.
- 恐らくは、天平16年当時には馬飼雑戸の全面廃止の方針が立てられて実施されたものの、雑戸が関わっていた軍事物資の生産・調達は品部が生産していた奢侈品や高度な製品と違って民間での需要が無かった(あるいは禁止されていた)物が多かったために、その需要を賄うこと及び技術伝承に支障をきたしたと考えられ、「改革路線の見直し・修正」を図ったのが天平勝宝4年であったと考えられている。
- Despite the policy of full-scale abolishment of umakai and zakko developed and implemented in 744, 'review of and changes in the reform path' were pursued in 752 probably because military goods, in the manufacturing and procurement of which zakko had been involved, were usually in no demand from (or forbidden to) ordinary citizens, unlike luxury and sophisticated goods produced by shinabe, which caused problems in meeting the demand for the military goods and in handing down skills.
- そのように明治政府の朝鮮政府に対する内政改革の要望にもとづいた外交施策がされていた中、福澤諭吉らもそれに反対するようなことはなかったが、その2年後、以下記述するような朝鮮政府の内政改革派(開化派)に対する弾圧を見て、福澤諭吉らは「猶予ある可らず」とか「正に西洋人が之に接するの風に從て處分す可きのみ。」とか「謝絶」というそれまでの姿勢とは全く逆の結論に至ることになる。
- While diplomatic measures were conducted based upon the request of the domestic administration reform toward the Korean government by the Meiji government, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others were not against it but two years after that, after watching suppression of the pro-domestic administration reform group (Progressive group 'the Kaehwadang') by the Korean government as below, they reached a totally opposite conclusion to their former attitude saying 'we do not have the luxury of time to wait,' 'Simply adapting the ways of the Westerners is sufficient' and 'the refusal.'
- 著名な幕政改革であるいわゆる「三大改革」(享保の改革・寛政の改革・天保の改革)は、本来はそれぞれ8代徳川吉宗・11代徳川家斉・12代徳川家慶の「御代始」の一環であり、近年注目されている幕末の安政の改革及び慶応の改革も13代徳川家定・15代徳川慶喜の「御代始」と関連づけられる(もう1つの文久の改革は、孝明天皇勅使の江戸下向との関連であり「御代始」との関連性は無いとされる)。
- The famous reformations of the shogunate government, 'the three biggest reformations' (the Kyoho reform, Kansei Reform, and Tempo Reforms) are part of 'Miyohajime' by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA (8th), Ienari TOKUGAWA (11th), and Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA (12th); the Ansei Reform and the Keio Reform can both be associated with the 'Miyohajime' of Iesada TOKUGAWA (13th) and Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA (15th) (the Bukyu Reform is thought to be associated with Edo geko, go down to Edo, of the Imperial envoy of Emperor Komei, but not with 'Miyohajime.')
- 技術経営力の強化は、それが前項に規定する産業技術力の強化に資するものであることにかんがみ、事業者が研究及び開発を行うに当たり、自らの競争力の現状及び技術革新の動向を適確に把握するとともに、その将来の事業活動の在り方を展望することが重要であること、並びに現在の事業分野にかかわらず広く知見を探究し、これにより得られた知識を融合して活用することが重要であることを踏まえて、行われるものとする。
- In light of the fact that enhancing Technology Management Capability contributes to the enhancing of Industrial Technology Capability as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the enhancement of Technology Management Capability shall be carried out based on the premise that when business operators engage in research and development, it is important for said business operators to accurately grasp the current status of their competitiveness and the trends of technical innovation, and it is also important for said business operators to seek broad knowledge regardless of their current business field and to assimilate the knowledge thus obtained and utilize it.
- 更に北清事変の際に結ばれた北京議定書に基づいて1903年10月8日に上海市において、全13条からなる日清(両国間)追加通商航海条約(にっしん(りょうこくかん)ついかこうかいじょうやく)が締結され、日本人と清国人の共同経営事業(第4条)、日本人の商標・著作権保護(第5条)、清国の貨幣制度・度量衡統一義務(第6・7条)・日本の清国司法改革支援と達成後の治外法権撤廃義務(第11条)が定められた。
- In addition, on the basis of the Boxer Protocol, which had been concluded after the Boxer Rebellion (the Boxer Uprising), the Sino-Japanese Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, which consisted of 13 articles, was concluded in Shanghai City on October 8, 1903, and the principal articles are as follows; the Article 4: To start commercial partnership between Japanese and Chinese, the Article 5: the protection of Japanese trademark and copyright, the Article 6 and 7: The obligation to fix the standard of weights and measures, the Article 11: To support Chinese judicial reform by Japanese and the obligation to abolish extraterritoriality after the reform is completed.
- 近年は、電子図書館事業の拡充に力が注がれる一方、2005年(平成17年)の国立国会図書館法における館長の国務大臣待遇規定の削除、2006年(平成18年)の自由民主党行政改革推進本部の国会事務局改革の一環としての独立行政法人化の提言、2007年(平成19年)の国会関係者以外からは初めてとなる長尾真(元京都大学総長)の館長任命など、国立国会図書館の組織のあり方をめぐる動きが相次いでいる状況である。
- In recent years, while the NDL has focused on the expansion of the electronic library projects, there have been numerous movements related to the organization of the NDL, such as the following: removal of the 'minister of state' status for the chief librarian of the NDL under the National Diet Library Act in 2005; a suggestion on the transformation into an independent administrative institution as part of the National Diet Administrative Reforms by the Administrative Reform Promotion Headquarters of the Liberal Democratic Party in 2006; and the appointment of Makoto NAGAO (a former president of Kyoto University) as the chief librarian of the NDL in 2007, the first appointment of a non-Diet member, etc.
- その後、通貨改革によって正貨・贋貨を問わず全ての現行貨幣を引き揚げて早急に(既に大隈より明治5年11月までという案が出されていた)に引き換えを行うこと、応急措置として外国人の所持する二分金(実は一番問題となっていた政府及び諸藩発行の悪貨・贋貨でもあった)の検査を行って、封包を行って検印を施し、それを行ったものについてはたとえ贋貨であっても正貨と等価による納税または交換を認めることを了承させられたのである。
- After this, the Japanese government was forced to consent to pulling out all current currency, regardless of it being specie or counterfeit (it was already proposed by OKUMA that this would be done by May 11), and exchanging it immediately, and as a temporary measure, the nibukin owned by foreigners (this bad money/counterfeit issued by the government and domains was the biggest problem) were to be examined, encapsulated, put a stamp of approval, and handed out, and those that went though this were to be accepted as tax payment or exchange equivalent to the specie even if it was counterfeit.
- 辛亥革命後、五・四運動を経て不平等条約破棄を求める中国国民の声が高まると、規定上の改訂期間が訪れた1926年10月に北京政府が条約改訂を日本側に打診するが、1928年7月19日、当時北京政府に代わって中国を掌握していた蒋介石の南京国民政府が一方的に破棄を通告、日本側はこれを拒否して継続を宣言したが、その後日本側からも対立悪化を懸念する声が上がり、改訂交渉が行われ、1930年5月6日に日華関税協定が結ばれて中国側の関税自主権が回復された。
- After the Xinhai Revolution, the demand to abrogate the unequal treaty increased among Chinese people in the May Fourth Movement, the Beijing Government offered the revision of the treaty to Japan in October 1926 when the term of revision started, but the Nanjing Government led by Chiang Kai-shek who controlled China at that time one-sidedly notified the abrogation of the treaty on July 19, 1928, on the other hand, Japan denied the notification and declared the continuation of the treaty, however, the concern was raised in Japan that the relationship between Japan and China might deteriorate, the two countries negotiated about revision of the treaty, and finally the Sino-Japanese Tariff Agreement was concluded on May 6, 1930, and the Chinese tariff autonomy was restored.
- 知的財産の創造、保護及び活用に関する施策の推進は、創造性のある研究及び開発の成果の円滑な企業化を図り、知的財産を基軸とする新たな事業分野の開拓並びに経営の革新及び創業を促進することにより、我が国産業の技術力の強化及び活力の再生、地域における経済の活性化、並びに就業機会の増大をもたらし、もって我が国産業の国際競争力の強化及び内外の経済的環境の変化に的確に対応した我が国産業の持続的な発展に寄与するものとなることを旨として、行われなければならない。
- Measures for the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property shall be promoted with the objective of achieving an intensification of the technical capabilities of Japanese industry and the revitalization of the industry, the activation of the local economy, and an increase in job opportunities, thereby contributing to the intensification of the international competitiveness of Japanese industry and a sustainable development of Japanese industry that precisely responds to the changes in the economic environment at home and abroad, through encouraging smooth transfer of the results of creative Research and Development into commercial use and promoting the development of new business fields, management innovation and business startups, all of which are based on intellectual property.
- この頃、本土では、薩摩の意見も取り入れ、文久2年(1862年)7月に松平慶永が政事総裁職、徳川慶喜が将軍後見職となり(文久の幕政改革)、閏8月に会津藩主松平容保が京都守護職、桑名藩主松平定敬が京都所司代となって、幕権に回復傾向が見られる一方、文久3年(1863年)5月に長州藩の米艦砲撃事件、8月に奈良五条の天誅組の乱と長州への七卿落ち(八月十八日の政変)、10月に生野の変など、開港に反対する攘夷急進派が種々の抵抗をして、幕権の失墜をはかっていた。
- At this time, in July 1862, Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA became the president of political affairs, and Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA became the Shogun-kokenshoku officer (reformation of shogunate administration in Bunkyu) that took in Satsuma's opinion; also, on the main island, in an intercalary year on August, Katamori MATSUDAIRA of the lord of the Aizu domain attained the title of Kyoto Shugoshoku, and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA of the lord of the Kuwana domain became Kyoto Shoshidai (the local governor of Kyoto), and the power of the Bakufu (feudal government) was showing an inclination to reconstruction, however in May 1863, the Choshu domain caused an incident in that gunfire at a North American ship was discharged and the Tenchugumi-no-ran War at Nara Gojo, and the seven nobles outrunning to Choshu (Coups of August eighteenth) occurred in August, and Ikuno-no-Hen (Conspiracy of Ikuno) occurred in October, and also the radical Joi (those who held to the principle of excluding foreigners) group, which was against opening the port, provided resistance several times to thward the plans of the domain.
- 知的財産の創造、保護及び活用に関する施策の推進は、創造力の豊かな人材が育成され、その創造力が十分に発揮され、技術革新の進展にも対応した知的財産の国内及び国外における迅速かつ適正な保護が図られ、並びに経済社会において知的財産が積極的に活用されつつ、その価値が最大限に発揮されるために必要な環境の整備を行うことにより、広く国民が知的財産の恵沢を享受できる社会を実現するとともに、将来にわたり新たな知的財産の創造がなされる基盤を確立し、もって国民経済の健全な発展及び豊かな文化の創造に寄与するものとなることを旨として、行われなければならない。
- Measures for the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property shall be promoted with the objective of realizing a society in which the public can enjoy the benefit of intellectual property and establishing a foundation for the creation of new intellectual property in the future, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy and the creation of rich culture, through developing an essential environment to develop human resources that are rich in creativity, effectively exercise such creativity, achieve prompt and appropriate protection of intellectual property in response to the progress in technical innovation at home and abroad, actively exploit intellectual property in the economy and society, and utilize its value to the maximum.
- 第四条の規定並びに第七条中中小企業の創造的事業活動の促進に関する臨時措置法第九 条の改正規定並びに附則第四条から第六条までの規定、附則第十五条中激甚災害に対処するための特別の財政援助等に関する法律(昭和三十七年法律第百五十 号)第十三条の改正規定、附則第十六条の規定、附則第十八条中中小小売商業振興法(昭和四十八年法律第百一号)第五条の二の改正規定、附則第二十条中中小 企業における労働力の確保及び良好な雇用の機会の創出のための雇用管理の改善の促進に関する法律(平成三年法律第五十七号)第十一条の改正規定、附則第二 十三条中中小企業流通業務効率化促進法(平成四年法律第六十五号)第八条の改正規定、附則第二十五条中エネルギー等の使用の合理化及び再生資源の利用に関 する事業活動の促進に関する臨時措置法(平成五年法律第十八号)第二十二条の改正規定、附則第二十六条、第二十七条及び第二十九条の規定、附則第三十条中 中心市街地における市街地の整備改善及び商業等の活性化の一体的推進に関する法律(平成十年法律第九十二号)第二十五条の改正規定、附則第三十一条中新事 業創出促進法(平成十年法律第百五十二号)第二十一条の改正規定、附則第三十二条中中小企業経営革新支援法(平成十一年法律第十八号)第七条、第十二条及 び附則第三条の改正規定、附則第三十四条中産業活力再生特別措置法(平成十一年法律第百三十一号)第二十五条及び第二十七条の改正規定、附則第三十五条中 中央省庁等改革関係法施行法第九百二条の改正規定並びに附則第三十六条の規定 平成十二年四月一日
- Revised provisions of Article 9 of the Act on Temporary Measures for the Promotion of Creative Business Activities of Small and Medium sized Enterprises in the Provisions of Article 4 and Article 7; revised provisions of Article 13 of the Act on Special Financial Support to Deal with Designated Disasters of Extreme Severity (Act No. 150 of 1962) in Supplementary Provisions Article 4 through Article 6 and Supplementary Provisions Article 15; revised provisions of Article 5-2 of the Small and Medium sized Retail Business Promotion Act (Act No. 101 of 1973) in Supplementary Provisions Article 16 Supplementary Provisions Article 18; revised provisions Article 11 of the Act on the Promotion of Improvement of Employment Management in Small and Medium sized Enterprises for Securing Manpower and Creating Quality Jobs (Act No. 57 of 1991) in Supplementary Provisions Article 20; revised provisions of Article 8 of the Act on the Promotion of Efficient Distribution Systems in Small and Medium Enterprises (Act No. 65 of 1992) in Supplementary Provisions Article 23; revised provisions of Article 22 of the Act on Temporary Measures to Promote Business Activities for the Rational use of Energy and the Utilization of Recycled Resources (Act No. 18 of 1993) Concerning Streamlining the Usage of Energy and the Promotion of Business Activities and the Utilization of Renewal Resources in Supplementary Provisions Article 25; revised provisions of Article 25 of the Act on the Improvement and Vitalization of City Centers (Act No. 92 of 1998) in the provisions of Supplementary Provisions Article 26, Article 27 and Article 29 and Supplementary Provisions Article 30; revised provisions of Article 21 of Act on Facilitating the Creation of New Business of Supplementary Provisions Act 31 (Act No. 152 of 1998) in Supplementary Provisions Article 31; revised provisions of Article 7, Article 12 and Supplementary Provisions Article 3 of Act on Supporting Business Innovation of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Supplementary Provisions Article 31 (Act No. 18 of 1999) in Supplementary Provisions Article 32; revised provisions of Article 25 and Article 27 of the Act on Special Measures for Industrial Revitalization (Act No. 131 of 1999) in Supplementary Provisions Article 34; revised provisions of Article 902 and provisions of Supplementary Provisions Article 36 of the Act for Enforcement of the Act on Central Government, etc. Innovation in Supplementary Provisions Article 35; and the provisions of Supplementary Provisions Article 36: April 1, 2000