非: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 悪逆非道
- heinous
- treacherous
- atrocious
- diabolic
- fiendish
- inhuman
- 非業の憤死
- Unnatural death in indignation
- 非特異的胸痛
- nonspecific chest pain
- 寺内は非公開。
- The inside of the temple is not open to the public.
- 非ホイートン系統
- Series not originated from Wheaton version
- 非マーティン版系統
- Series not originated from Martin version
- 神武天皇の非実在説
- Theory of Nonexistence of Emperor Jimmu
- 義忠、検非違使兼務。
- Yoshitada assumed an additional post as Kebiishi (Official with judicial and police powers).
- 官位は非参議従二位。
- His official rank was non-attending Junior Second Rank.
- 「非常に不信である」
- This causes us serious mistrust.'
- 「これ只事に非ず。」
- This is unusual.'
- 官位は正二位非参議。
- Takanaka's official court rank was shonii hisangi (an advisor at large of Senior Second Rank).
- 左衛門大尉、検非違使。
- Saemon no daijo (Senior Lieutenant at the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers).
- 従五位衛門府検非違使。
- He was ranked Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) and served in the Kebiishi (police) section of the Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards).
- 寺院建築は非常に多い。
- Many temples were constructed.
- 町方と在方の非人の異同
- Differences of Hinin people between in towns and in rural districts
- 合法・非合法は問わない。
- It did not matter whether it was legal or illegal.
- 官位は非参議正三位に至る。
- His official court rank ultimately became Hisangi Shosanmi (an advisor at large, Senior Third Rank).
- 大友皇子称制説(非即位説)
- Prince Otomo Shosei theory (non-enthronement theory)
- 尊称皇后(非妻后の皇后)。
- She was a Sonsho Kogo (Empress who is not a wife of the Emperor).
- 非嫡出子は皇族とされない。
- Illegitimately born children are not recognized to be a part of the Imperial family.
- 人別把握され、非人となる。
- The person was identified and became Hinin.
- 検非違使別当・左兵衛督如元。
- His ranks of Kebiishi no Betto and Sahyonoe-no-kami remained unchanged.
- 非常に心細く待ちわびていた。
- He felt forlorn waiting for her.
- 世襲親王と非世襲親王がある。
- There is the hereditary Imperial Prince and the non hereditary Imperial Prince.
- 正三位・非参議を極官とする。
- Kyokkan (the highest rank to which one can be appointed) was Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 従二位・非参議を極官とした。
- Kyokkan (the highest rank one can be appointed to) was Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 従二位・非参議を極官とする。
- Kyokkan (the highest rank one can be appointed to) was Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- また、日程も非常に異様である。
- In addition, their schedule was also extremely odd.
- 加えて系図も非常に長大である。
- In addition, the genealogical chart is quite huge.
- 当時としては非常に長命である。
- This would have been a very long life for a man of that period.
- 2月25日、検非違使別当兼帯。
- February 25, made head of the Kebiishi (Imperial Police.)
- 山水の殊勝言語の覃ぶ所に非ず。
- No fancy words can describe the natural scenery.
- バス路線が非常に充実している。
- The bus network has been well developed.
- 伴善男を捕らえる検非違使の一行
- The kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) and his men capturing TOMO no Yoshio
- また、非嫡出子も皇族とされた。
- Furthermore, illegitimate children were also considered part of the Imperial family.
- 当然非難中傷が2人に振りかかる。
- Naturally, they became a target of criticism and slander.
- そのため幼少期は非常に苦労した。
- As a result, he endured great hardship during his young days.
- この家は代々検非違使を世襲する。
- This family had succeeded to the post of Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) for generations by heredity.
- )鷹取は検非違使に引き渡される。
- Takatori was handed over to the kebiishi (office of police and judicial chief).
- 坂上貞時:10世紀末の検非違使。
- SAKANOUE no Sadatoki - Kebiishi (an official with judicial and police powers) at the end of the 10th century.
- 日蓮などからは非難され、対立する。
- Ninsho was criticized by Nichiren and opposed against him.
- したがって猟犬を非常に大切にした。
- Therefore he treated hunting dog well.
- 子孫は正二位・非参議を極官とする。
- The kyokkan (the highest rank to which one can be appointed) of his descendant was Shonii (Senior Seccond Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 徳川家光からは非常に尊敬されていた。
- Masamune was highly respected from Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
- 官職は従五位下・右衛門尉・検非違使。
- He held the Jugoinoge rank (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), and administrative posts as Uemon no jo (the third ranked official of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards), and kebiishi (an official with judicial and police powers).
- 920年(延喜20)、非蔵人に補任。
- Appointed to the post of archivist in 921.
- 従二位非参議五辻豊仲の養子となった。
- Takanaka was adopted by Toyonaka ITSUTSUJI who was a Junii Hisangi (an advisor at large of Junior Second Rank).
- 坂上時通:11世紀初め頃の検非違使。
- SAKANOUE no Tokimichi - Kebiishi (an official with judicial and police powers) at the beginning of the 11th century.
- 非人の生活を支えた生業は勧進である。
- The occupation that supported Hinin's living was Kanjin (soliciting contributions for pious purposes).
- 1892年3月4日 帝国大学教授職非職
- On March 4, 1892, he resigned the post of a professor of the Imperial University..
- 日露戦争時は非常時農業対策に参画した。
- During the Russo-Japanese War, he participated in the emergency agricultural policy.
- 非常に質素な生活を送り、贅沢を嫌った。
- He disliked luxury and lived a very simple life.
- のち検非違使となり六条判官と呼ばれる。
- Later, he was appointed to the Kebishi and called Rokujo no Hangan.
- 天永2年(1111年)検非違使となる。
- He was appointed as Kebiishi (police and judicial chief) in 1111.
- 官位は左衛門尉、検非違使、佐渡守など。
- His official position was Saemon no jo (third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), kebiishi (a police and judicial chief), Sado no kami (the governor of Sado Province).
- 日本大学芸術学部・学習院大学非常勤講師
- He was adjunct instructor to College of Art of Nihon University and Gakushuin University.
- 逆臣の讒言により非義の綸旨が下された。
- This unjust Imperial decree is due to the slanders of disloyal retainers.
- そのため、無投票当選が非常に多かった。
- For that reason, the members of the village council were often selected without an election.
- 巻第五は非仏教説話や釈迦の前世譚を含む。
- Volume 5 includes non-Buddhist setsuwa stories and tales of the Buddha's previous lives.
- 月日不詳、検非違使別当・右衛門督を辞す。
- An unknown date he resigned as Kebiishi no Betto and Emon no kami.
- 従五位下、検非違使、左衛門尉、伯耆国守。
- The noble rank and positions he assumed include Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), Kebiishi Saemon no Jo (third-ranked officer with judicial and police powers in the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), and Hoki no kuni no kami (Governor of Hoki Province).
- 諱で呼ぶことは非常に無礼なことであった。
- It was quite rude to call a man by his imina.
- 黄砂には非常に小さい粒子が含まれている。
- Quite minute particles are included in kosa.
- 現在では実在説と非実在説が並存している。
- Today, theory of her existence and theory of her nonexistence exist together.
- 平善棟、及び非実在説もある高見王らは弟。
- TAIRA no Yoshimune and Prince Takami, there is an opinion that he never existed, were his younger brothers.
- 興宣大院君は、日本を次のように非難した。
- Heungseon Daewongun criticized Japan as follows.
- 発給文書が非常に多い人物としても知られる。
- He was known for issuing many documents.
- 仁安 (日本)3(1168)年に検非違使。
- He was appointed a Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) in 1168.
- 鎮守府大将軍・検非違使別当・右衛門督如元。
- His position as Chief of the Shoguns of Chinjufu, Kebiishi no Betto and Emon no kami retained unchanged.
- 非人の課役は、行刑下役・警察役などである。
- Hinin was put in charge of important public functions such as a subordinate of implementing punishment and police.
- しかし、臣下が上を討つのは最大の非道である。
- Yet for a subject or retainer to raise his hand against his superior is the worst injustice of all.
- 戦前に即位・非即位が重大視された理由である。
- This is the reason why enthronement/non-enthronement was regarded important before the war.
- このことから実践することは非常に難しかった。
- Therefore, it was very difficult to do it actually.
- 贋貨を発行した諸藩に対する処分の実施の是非。
- The rights and wrongs of enforcement of punishment for the domains which issued counterfeit money.
- 尊氏は真相を知ると非常に機嫌を損ねたという。
- Takauji was offended badly when he found out the truth.
- 幼少のころから読書家で、非常に博識であった。
- Ekiken had liked reading since his childhood and had a wide knowledge of various matters.
- 12月、『非日本食論将失其根拠』を自費出版。
- In December, he published 'How the Argument for Non-Japanese Food is losing its Support' at his own expense.
- 性格は、「朗らかで非常に義理堅い」と伝わる。
- He seemed to have a broad-minded attitude and a strong sense of duty.
- この大火は後白河に非常に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- This great fire was an enormous shock for Goshirakawa.
- 家格は半家 (公家)、極官は従二位・非参議。
- The family status is hanke (family of lower ranking court nobles) (kuge -court noble), and the highest court positions appointed were Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 多数の追っかけ灯篭が流れるのは非常に美しい。
- The scene of so many toro's chasing the big toro is truly beautiful to behold.
- 囚獄司 - 検非違使の台頭により有名無実化。
- Office of Prison: became devoid of substance with the rise of Kebiishi (a police and judicial chief).
- その経緯を非難され、引責辞職を余儀なくされた。
- He was accused of being responsible for this incident and eventually he was forced to resign taking the responsibility.
- 「神非守人 人実守神」「春日其四句」など多数。
- There are many such as 'Shinhi Shujin Jinjitsu Shujin' (神非守人 人実守神) and 'Kasugaki Shiku' (春日其四句).
- 後述のように胡弓の手付けも非常に独創的である。
- As described below, his arrangements for the kokyu are also very original.
- 1653年には太平寺の住持を即非如一に譲った。
- In 1653, he handed over the position of the chief priest of Taihei-ji Temple to Jifei Ruyi.
- そのため、これが清盛の息子かと非難されている。
- He was harshly censured as not being worthy of having Kiyomori for his father.
- 給随身符(随身符と呼ばれる非常時の通行証の扱い)
- This Article 'Kyu-zuishinpu' (supply of a tally or pass for a traveller to be carried on the body) provided conditions to issue or treat such tally or pass on an emergency case.
- 若年より帯刀長・河内守・検非違使などを歴任した。
- Starting from youth, he held several posts in succession including Tachihaki no osa (Guard Chief of the Emperor, Crown Prince and the Palace), Kawachi no kami (Governor of Kawachi Province), and Kebiishi (Official with judicial and police powers).
- 子沢山であったため生活は非常に苦しかったという。
- It is said that they were in poverty, because they had a lot of children.
- 当時、陸相辞任の影響は非常に大きかったのである。
- Thus, at that time, the effect of the resignation of the Minister of the Army was very large.
- 正五位下、帯刀長、検非違使、左衛門尉、駿河国守。
- He was Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and filled the posts of Tachihaki no osa, Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers), Saemon no jo (third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) and Suruga no kuni no kami (Governor of Suruga Province).
- この唐風が非常に強い文化を弘仁・貞観文化という。
- The culture which was strongly influenced by the Tang dynasty is called Konin-Jogan Culture.
- 大江遠業、平資行、藤原信盛(検非違使左衛門少尉)
- OE no Tonari, TAIRA no Sukeyuki, FUJIWARA no Nobumori, who possessed the title of Keibiishi Saemon no shoi (Police and judicial chief and Minor Captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards).
- 父は乎非王(おいのおおきみ)で、母は久留比売命。
- His father was Oi no Okimi and his mother was 'Kurume no Mikoto.'
- この時期は非常に物語性が強く読み物としても面白い。
- The writing of this time is narratively powerful and interesting to read.
- 12月27日 (旧暦):中納言、検非違使別当に任官
- On the twenty-seventh day of the twelfth month (in the old calendar), he was appointed Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) as well as kebi-ishi betto (head of the Office of Police and Justice).
- 馬寮官は非常設で後に左右それぞれに設置されている。
- Meryokan was established on a nonpermanent basis, and then was established for Samaryo and Umaryo, respectively.
- そのため、三好政権は内部構造が非常に脆弱であった。
- Therefore, the internal structure of the Miyoshi's government was very vulnerqable.
- また忠教は、兄斉彬と同様、非常に学問好きであった。
- In addition, Tadanori was also very fond of learning as well as his elder brother Nariakira.
- 『天勾践を空しうする莫れ。時范蠡無きにしも非ず。』
- 'as gods saved King Goujian of Yue, so they will never give up on you, and some faithful retainers like Fan Li shall come to save you.'
- 7月20日、左兵衛督を兼任し、検非違使別当に補任。
- On July 20, he also assumed the rank of Sahyoe-no-kami (head of Sahyoefu) and was assigned to the post of Kebiishi no Betto.
- 4月18日、権大納言・検非違使別当・右衛門督辞任。
- April 18, resigned from the positions of Acting Gon Dainagon, head of the Kebiishi and head of the Imperial Guards.
- 「行親記」に左衛門府生・検非違使として記載がある。
- He was listed in 'Yukichika-ki' (The diary of Yukichika) as Saemon-fusho (Left division of palace gate guards) and Kebiishi (an official with judicial and police powers).
- ことから、乎非王を指すと考えて差し支えないだろう。
- Furthermore, Oi no Okimi was another written expression for Prince Oi, 'so we can safely indentify 'Shi (or Oi) no Okimi' in those historical books as Prince Oi.'
- 非訟事件手続法(明治31年6月21日法律第14号)
- Non-Contentious Cases Procedures Act (Act No. 14: June 21, 1898)
- 非違があれば中務省を通して関係諸機関に摘発を伝えた。
- If the law was broken, the exposure was reported to the related institutions through Nakatsukasasho.
- 義親の首は七条河原で検非違使に渡され、梟首となった。
- Yoshichika's head was passed to kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) at Shichijogawara and exposed to the public.
- この常駐四等官は城主とよばれ、非常事態に備えていた。
- This shitokan officer stationed was called a castellan and prepared for emergencies.
- これが一致すると非常事態と認められ、関が閉鎖された。
- When the both tallied, the state of emergency was confirmed and the gate was closed.
- このように歳久の島津家中での役割は非常に大きかった。
- As such, Toshihisa made a big contribution to the Shimazu family.
- 徳川光圀は大日本史に「石田三成は非常に立派な人物だ。
- Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA mentioned about him in Dainihonshi (Japanese History Book). 'Mitsunari was a fine man.
- 肖像を女性にしたいがための安易な採用との非難がある。
- Some have criticized the decision as unconsidered, made simply because the creators wanted to use a woman's portrait.
- しかし、仲哀天皇は、これを信じず住吉大神を非難した。
- However, Emperor Chuai didn't believe it and criticized the Sumiyoshi Okami gods.
- そのため非常に多忙であり多くの工員・力役者が付属した。
- Therefore, it had many things to do, and many workpeople and physical workers belonged to it.
- 中国での『万国公法』の受容速度は、非常に緩慢であった。
- It took a long time for acceptance of 'Bankoku Koho' in China.
- だが、蘭書やオランダの文物・珍品は非常に高価であった。
- However, Dutch books, cultural products, and rare articles were very expensive.
- 1893年3月29日 修史編纂事業の是非の議論起こる。
- On March 29, 1893, a dispute arouse over the pros and cons of the project for the compilation of historiography.
- 酒を非常に好み、戦場でも水筒の中に入れ持ち歩いていた。
- He was a heavy drinker and carried around a water bottle filled with liquor.
- 第一次世界大戦が勃発し、経済界は非常な好況期を迎えた。
- The outbreak of the World War I brought an unusual economic boom.
- これが凋落の遠因となったとして、非難されることもある。
- Some have criticized him that this remotely caused it to decline.
- 子孫は京都にあって明法博士や検非違使大尉に任命された。
- Tamuramaro's descendents lived in Kyoto and served as Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system) and Kebiishi police officers.
- しかし彼は、当時としては非常な長命の85歳まで生きた。
- However, Genpaku SUGITA lived a life of 85 years, which was extraordinarily long in those days.
- 刑の執行は、非人頭に身柄が引き渡されることで完了する。
- Carrying out a sentence was completed by transferring custody to Hinin-gashira.
- さらに「凡汎説古事言及平闕之名非指説者皆不平闕」という。
- It also says, 'When mentioning names usually written in honorific format (byoshutsu and ketsuji) without referring to these subjects in particular, such as when writing about history, do not use either byoshutsu or ketsuji.'
- 首藤資通の祖父、は藤原秀郷で、従五位下左衛門尉検非違使。
- Sukemichi SUDO's grandfather was FUJIWARA no Hidesato who was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) Saemon no jo (third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers).
- そのため南進論は民間・非主流派の対外政策論にとどまった。
- Nanshinron therefore remained as a non-governmental and non-mainstream foreign policy.
- 以来、非御家人の間にも名字を名乗ることが浸透していった。
- Since then, non-retainers also began to use surnames.
- 大山は非常に西洋文化への憧憬が強く、また造詣も深かった。
- Western culture was the object of Oyama's adoration and he also had a deep knowledge about it.
- 井沢元彦も「逆説の日本史」中で、非常に高く評価している。
- Motohiko IZAWA also rates him very highly in his book 'Gyakusetsu no Nihonshi' (Paradoxical Japanese History).
- 平家物語に記される、扇の的を射抜く話が非常に有名である。
- The story about Yoichi's shooting a folding fan as a target, as described in Heike Monogatari, is very well known.
- 3月7日、権大納言に昇叙し、検非違使別当・右衛門督如元。
- March 7, promoted to the position of Acting Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor), retaining his position as head of the Kebiishi and the Imperial Guards.
- この非常に短い期間での中国からの移動を中国大返しと呼ぶ。
- This movement from the Chugoku area in a very short period is called Chugoku ogaeshi.
- 明治3年9月には諸官員、非職員、華族などの拝賀があった。
- In September, 1870, there was a chance for officials, non-employees and the peerage to say celebration to higher people.
- 但し本丸の非常時には、二丸や西丸が代わりとして機能した。
- However, when Honmaru was in an emergency, Ninomaru and Nishinomaru functioned as Honmaru.
- だが藤原定家はそのような本を改ざんされた本と非難している。
- FUJIWARA no Sadaie, however, criticized that they were interpolated.
- なお、近代文学と現代文学の境界は非常にあいまいで諸説ある。
- The boundary between modern literature and present day literature is quite vague, and there are various theories about it.
- ただ、沖縄県政賛成者、「サンシー(賛成)」として非難した。
- They just accused him of 'Sanshi' (supporter), a supporter of Okinawa Prefectural Government.
- 三人之人代於不申付は 不及是非之条 其主人を可被加御成敗事
- If beheading three people in place of the offender is not carried out, it cannot be helped that the new master will be punished.
- 平安時代には検非違使に大部分の職務を奪われ有名無実化した。
- Most of its duties were done by kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) and Shugokushi became titular in the Heian period.
- 非常事態が解消した後の解関(開関)も同様の手続きによった。
- Kaigen (to open a gate of seki) after the state of emergency was solved took the same procedure as this.
- 貞応2年(1223年)10月25日、検非違使を兼ねている。
- On November 26, 1223, he also served as kebiishi (officials with judicial and police power).
- 非常に記憶力がよく一度聞いたことは一生忘れなかったという。
- It is said that he had an excellent memory and never forgot what he once heard of.
- 検非違使庁・諸衛府の形骸化、院北面の拡大を示す事件だった。
- This incident showed that the Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief) and various efu (Palace Guards) were losing substance while the In no hokumen (Imperial Palace Guards) were gaining more power.
- また、手先が非常に器用な女性であり、特に押絵を得意とした。
- She was also clever with her hands, especially good at making a raised cloth pictures.
- 将軍家・御三卿からさらに大名家に養子に出た者も非常に多い。
- Many sons born in the Kishu family were offered for adoption to other daimyo families as well as the Shogun family, or the Gosankyo families.
- 中世の非人の多くは異形(蓬髪・顎鬚・童姿等)の者であった。
- In the feudal period, the appearances (unkempt hair, beard and childish clothes) of many Hinin people differed from majority Japanese people.
- それは金流出国と金流入国との間の金融政策の非対称性である。
- That is the asymmetry property between the monetary policies in a gold-inflow country and a gold-outflow country.
- 一方の『愚管抄』はこの親子の悪行を口をすぼめて非難している。
- On the other hand, 'Gukansho' critically describes the wicked acts carried out by the father and son.
- そこで西郷は、幕府側を挑発するという非常手段(作略)に出る。
- Then, Saigo took extreme measures (tactics) to provoke the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) side.
- 歌学は浅く、不才、非器、とうてい選者の資格は無いと反発した。
- He further retorted that Tameyo's understanding of poetics was shallow and he was untalented, of no caliber and disqualified as the selector.
- 滝口武者から馬寮、右衛門少尉となり、その後、検非違使を兼任。
- From Takiguchi no musha (samurai guards of the Imperial Residence), he was promoted to Meryo (the section taking care of imperial horses), Uemon no shojo, and then he served concurrently as kebiishi (a police and judicial chief).
- 政府関係者はその検討の際に非即位論が不敬だとは考えなかった。
- Government officials did not consider the non-enthronement theory irreverent during discussion.
- なお非参議の項は、長和以後に補足されていったとみられている。
- Note also that the entry on Hisangi is thought to have been added to sometime after the Chowa era.
- 幼い頃から非行を繰り返し、14歳か15歳の頃に父母を亡くす。
- He committed crimes repeatedly from a young age, and he lost his father and mother at the age of 14 or 15.
- 非人は猿飼・乞胸と並び、幕末まで弾左衛門の支配下に置かれた。
- The hinin continued to be placed under the Danzaemon's control until the end of Edo period along with the sarukai (monkey trainers) and the gomune (street entertainers).
- このとき事業が赤字であったことを理由に、非常な安値を付けた。
- He then offered a very low price because the project had a deficit.
- 峠前後は1.2車線程度と、国道としては非常に狭い道路である。
- The road is only 1.2 lanes wide around the pass, which is very narrow for the national routes.
- そのため、惣村構成員に対する惣掟の効力は非常に強く作用した。
- Therefore, so-okite was strongly effective to the members of soson.
- これも中世の日本の一揆とは似て非なるものと言わざるを得ない。
- However, it should be noted that those uprisings may appear similar but are in fact quite different from the ikki that occurred in Japan during the middle ages.
- 識者や市民から、早期の庭園完全復旧の声が非常に高まっている。
- Scholars and city residents strongly request that the garden be fully restored in the near future.
- 『古事記伝』の釈文などに宇非王(宇斐王)と表記するのは誤り。
- Editors and authors of the 'Kojiki-den' (Commentary on the Kojiki) often miswrote Prince Oi (乎非王) as '宇非王' (also '宇斐王') in their transcription of the text, and this was incorrect.
- いわば伝家の宝刀であり、その決行は非常に難しい問題と言える。
- Because disinheritance is the last resort, whether or not to disinherit a prince is a very difficult decision.
- 刹那的に非道を繰り返すが、どこか魅力がある描き方をされている。
- Although he continued to act atrociously for transient pleasures he was portrayed as a man with unexplainable charm.
- 財産の多少と欲望の関係、および安楽死の是非をテーマとしている。
- The theme of the story is a relation between the amount of property and desire, as well as the rights and wrongs of euthanasia.
- その語り口は、古代にあっては非常に真新しい思想と表現であった。
- The way of narrating the story was very unconventional for the period and it expressed a new concept.
- また、市の治安を扱う事から検非違使の尉が兼務することもあった。
- Also, Kebiishi no jo (Number three officials with judicial and police powers) was often appointed to the post since the post dealt with security in the cities.
- 後には検非違使を補助して都の治安維持の業務にあたる事もあった。
- They were sometimes in charge of business of maintaining security of capital by assisting kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) later.
- 非違検察を行うために伴部として主礼(しゅらい)六名が置かれた。
- To prosecute the breaking, six members of shurai was put as tomo no miyatsuko (Servant of the Court administering a group).
- 内礼司は宮中の礼儀をただし、非違を検察することが職掌であった。
- Nairaishi corrected the manner in the Imperial Court and prosecuted the breaking of the law as its official duty.
- 頼盛は正三位だったが非参議であり、参議になることは悲願だった。
- Although Yorimori held the rank of Shosanmi, he was not a Sangi, and becoming a Sangi was an objective he had long hoped to achieve.
- 1312年(正和元)3月15日、検非違使別当・左兵衛督を止む。
- On March 15, 1312, he resigned as Kebiishi no Betto and Sahyoe-no-kami.
- 田堵は、荘園公領制の成立に非常に大きな役割を果たしたといえる。
- It may be said that Tato played a large role in the process of establishing shoen koryo sei (The system of Public Land and Private Estates).
- 反対勢力がなくなったため光明子は非皇族として初めて立后された。
- As the opposition forces disappeared, Komyoshi was installed as the Empress from the non-imperial family for the first time.
- 日本では皇族女性、特に内親王が非皇族(臣下)に嫁ぐ場合を指す。
- In Japan, koka refers to the case of marriage between a woman from Imperial family, especially an Imperial Princess, and a man from a non-imperial family (a subject).
- ソラニンは非常に有害で、吐き気や頭痛、重篤な場合だと死に至る。
- Solanine is as harmful to the human body as to cause you nausea, a headache, and in a serious case, death.
- このような保守的な論陣を非難、新しい文学の誕生であると評価した。
- He criticized such conservative critics and their point of view, and praised her work as the birth of a new literature.
- また、英語などの非日本語による3行詩も「Haiku」と称される。
- Additionally, three-line poems in non-Japanese languages, such as English, are also called 'Haiku.'
- 農村民運動 国家と非合法的実力闘争を展開した北ドイツの農民運動。
- Peasants and Villagers' Movements: peasants' movements in northern Germany that built up illegal campaigns against the state using force.
- 非常事態が発生すると、朝廷は三関に固関使(こげんし)を派遣する。
- When a state of emergency occurred, Chotei (Imperial Court) dispatched Kogenshi (a closer of a checkpoint who was dispatched in case of emergency) to Sangen.
- 惜哉、雄志を齎(もたら)して非命に斃れたることを」と評している。
- Sadly enough, his valiant efforts brought him to an untimely death.'
- 同年、再び吐蕃が入寇したが、黒歯常之は再びこれを良非川に破った。
- Toban attempted to invade again in the same year, but Joshi KOKUSHI held them off at Ryohigawa.
- また、非常に子沢山で頼隆と武重のほかにも10数人以上の子がいた。
- Further, he had so many children that there were more than a dozen of children besides Yoritaka and Takeshige.
- 1314年に左衛門尉、1322年(元亨2年)には検非違使となる。
- He became Saemon no jo in 1314, and Kebiishi in 1322.
- 後白河は義経の治安維持活動に期待して検非違使・左衛門尉に任じた。
- Goshirakawa expected Yoshitsune to maintain the security of the city, and entrusted him as a police and judicial chief (Kebiishi) and an officer of the Outer Palace Guards (Saemon no jo).
- 正五位下、蔵人、検非違使、治部丞、伊豆国守、土佐国守、信濃国守。
- Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), Kurodo (Chamberlain), Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers), Jibujo (a secretary of Civil Administration Ministry), Izu no kuni no kami (the governor of Izu Province), Tosa no kuni no kami (the governor of Tosa Province) and Shinano no kuni no kami (Governor of Shinano Province).
- 財物も稲粟も、非常に高い利子率が設定されているのが特徴的である。
- It is characteristic of the Suiko dealing with property as well as that dealing with rice and millet in that it charges interest at an extremely high rate.
- しかし、貞明皇后、昭和天皇、香淳皇后は非常に熱心であったという。
- However, Empress Teimei, Emperor Showa and Empress Kojun are said to have been very keen on the rituals.
- そのためその遺伝的な根拠を柳原愛子に求め、非難する傾向があった。
- For this reason, some public opinions expressed in Japan tended to blame Ms. Naruko YANAGIHARA, as the birth mother, and providing a genetic cause.
- 非人という言葉は仏教に由来し、『法華経』「提婆品」にも見られる。
- The term Hinin comes from Buddhism and it is found in the 'Devadatta' chapter of the 'Hokke-kyo Sutra.'
- ただし、古河側が直接、鉱毒に関して言及している例は非常に少ない。
- However, there are only a few records of Furukawa mentioning the mining pollution.
- 非凡な歴史観がうかがえる問答体の書で三巻本・六巻本・八巻本がある。
- It is a work in the style of a dialogue that shows a remarkable historical viewpoint, and is divided into three, six or eight parts.
- 決して上手な話し手ではなかったが学生の評判は非常によかったという。
- He was not really a good speaker, said Aoki, though he was very popular among his students.
- 針子として家族の着物を縫わされ続けていたためか、裁縫が非常に得意。
- Probably because she had been forced to sew kimono for the family, she was very good at sewing.
- しかし治安維持法が同時に制定され、これは「悪法」として非難された。
- However, the Peace Preservation Law, which was enacted at the same time, was criticized as a 'bad law.'
- 同年4月、重盛は権大納言に復帰し、成親も検非違使別当に返り咲いた。
- In April of the same year, Shigemori once again became Gon Dainagon, and Narichika also came back as Kebiishi betto.
- この貿易において、日本の銅は国内よりも非常に高値で明に輸出された。
- In this trade, the copper of Japan was exported to the Ming at an extremely higher price than the domestic price.
- このうち(1)(2)を抱非人(かかえ-)と呼び、(3)と区別する。
- Among these, (1) and (2) were called Kakae Hinin, so distinguished from (3).
- 狭義の非人に関しては諸説多数あり、さらなる調査研究が必要とされる。
- There are a lot of various theories regarding Hinin in a narrow sense; therefore, further study and research are needed.
- それだけに写本は江戸時代のものが多く、室町時代のものは非常に少ない。
- Therefore most of the manuscripts were created during the Edo period, and the ones transcribed during the Muromachi period were few.
- 非常に短いが日本の近代小説成立の上で『小説神髄』と並んで重要な評論。
- Although it is very short, this critique is of equal importance to 'Essence of Novels' for the establishment of Japanese modern novels.
- 1322年(元亨2)4月5日、右衛門督を兼任し、検非違使別当に補任。
- On April 5, 1322, he also assumed the post of Emon-no-kami and was promoted to Kebiishi no Betto.
- 人口3万8千人ながら、市立の体育館が14館もあり非常に充実している。
- It has a population of only 38,000 people, however, whose lives are enriched by as many as 14 city gymnasiums.
- 16世紀当時としては非常に多い数千丁単位の数の火縄銃で武装していた。
- Saikashu members were armed with thousands of matchlock guns, which was considered a huge number for that time, the 16th century.
- 諸家中ニ至リ郎従・諸卒ノ綾羅錦繍ノ飾服ハ古法ニ非ズ、制禁セシムル事。
- It is forbidden for a lower-ranking samurai in kachu (family-related communities which existed in the late Muromachi and Azuchi-Momoyama periods) to wear clothes embroidered with ayara (twill weave, pattern of diagonal stripes) or nishiki (brocade) because there has been no precedent of this.
- はたして'Midaregami'は、次の評のように徹底的に非難された。
- As expected, 'Midaregami' was thoroughly condemned as below;
- 永祚 (日本)2年(990年)非参議になり、その後、兵衛府などを経る。
- In 990, he became Hisangi and then worked for Hyoe-fu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards) and so on.
- 20世紀後半には文学理論の影響で研究の手法は非常に幅広いものとなった。
- In the late twentieth century, styles and techniques for studying literature varied significantly due to the influence of literary theory.
- ただし、人麻呂の恋歌的表現は共寝をはじめ非常に性的な表現が少なくない。
- However, extremely sexual expressions are not uncommon in Hitomaro's love poems, starting with sleeping with someone.
- 駆使丁は重労働の現業部門に置かれ、氷の運搬が非常に苦労したとみられる。
- Kushicho (general workers) was put in the field department of heavy labor and seems to have struggled very hard to transport ice.
- 平忠常追討使・能登国守・上野国介・上総国介・検非違使・左衛門少尉など。
- Envoy to subjugate TAIRA no Tadatsune, Governor of the Noto Province, Assistant governor of the Kozuke Province, Assistance governor of the Kozuke Province, Kebiishi (official with judicial and police powers), Junior lieutenant of the Left Gate Guards and so forth.
- 箱館戦争中も非戦闘員として扱われ、通訳の田島応親よりフランス語を学ぶ。
- During the Hakodate War, he was treated as a noncombatant and learned French from an interpreter, Masachika TAJIMA.
- 後伏見天皇院政下の18歳で参議に任じられ、翌年に検非違使別当を務めた。
- He was appointed as a councilor in the Emperor Gofushimi cloister government at the age of 18, and served as Kebiishi no Betto (chief of statutory office) the following year.
- このことは、東アジア世界において他に類を見ない非常に独特なものである。
- This is a very peculiar situation, with no similarities seen in Eastern Asia.
- 聖武天皇は病弱で事件当時には非藤原氏系の安積親王しか男子がいなかった。
- Emperor Shomu was poor in health and had the only son Prince Asaka of the non-Fujiwara clan at the time of the incident.
- 王朝が非常に古いという主張は、自国民を感心させるためだけではなかった。
- The insistence that the Japanese Imperial family had lasted since ancient times was made in order to earn admiration not only of Japanese people but also of the Chinese.
- 近世の非人の発生は、江戸時代の町と村の成立過程と不即不離の関係にある。
- The occurrence of Hinin in early modern age was in the process of establishment of towns and villages as well as a relationship neither too close nor too far of these in the Edo Period.
- これは、律令国家による人民支配が非常に徹底していたことを物語っている。
- This shows that the nations that followed the Ritsuryo codes completely ruled the people.
- ただしこの頼家・源実朝将軍記の時期は北条氏を正当化する曲筆が非常に多い。
- However these records of Shogun Yoriie and MINAMOTO no Sanetomo contain a lot of misrepresentations in writing to justify the Hojo clan.
- そのため、他領地との取引が諸領の経済活動に占める割合が非常に大きかった。
- Therefore, transactions with other territories comprised a large portion of economic activities in these areas.
- 『葉隠』で慈悲心を非常に重んじている素地はこのとき涵養されたといえよう。
- His ground of valuing compassion, which can be observed in the Hagakure, must have been cultivated during this period.
- 官位は従五位下、蔵人、右兵衛尉、左衛門尉、検非違使、出羽国守、出雲国守。
- His rank was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), and he executed such titles as Kurodo (Chamberlain), Uhyoe no jo (officer of the Right Division of Middle Palace Guards), Sahyoe no jo (officer of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards), kebiishi (official with judicial and police powers), Dewa no kuni no kami (Governor of Dewa Province) and Izumo no kuni no kami (Governor of Izumo Province).
- 『平家物語』に云ういわゆる「平家にあらずんば人に非ず」の全盛期となった。
- It was the Taira's moment of ascendancy, during which, as recorded in the 'Heike monogatari' (Tale of the Taira Clan), 'Nothing happened for anyone save by the will of the Taira family.'
- 検非違使別当・平時忠は、300余騎を率いて以仁王の三条高倉邸に向かった。
- TAIRA no Tokitada, Kebiishi betto (Chief of the Inspectors and Police) led more than 300 cavalry to prince Mochihito's Takakura mansion on Sanjo avenue.
- 室町時代の守護には、鎌倉期の地頭よりも非常に大きな権限が与えられていた。
- During the Muromachi period, shugo (provincial constables) had many more rights than jito of the Kamakura period.
- このような皇后を、学術的には「非妻后の皇后」と呼び、あわせて11例ある。
- Such empresses are scholarly called 'Hisaigou no Kogo' (an empress who is not wife of an emperor) and there are eleven of these cases in total.
- 1993年(平成5年)に内閣総理大臣となり非自民党連立政権を成立させた。
- He became a prime minister in 1993 and formed the non-LDP coalition administration.
- 一、知行所務清廉ニコレヲ沙汰シ、非法致サズ、国郡衰弊セシムベカラザル事。
- • In chigyosho (land paid as a chigyo's salary, especially a domain of Samurai holding less 10,000 koku in the Edo period) do business honestly and do not breach the law or diminish the Domain's power.
- やがて、蔵人所や検非違使庁、記録所といった令外官が発給する文書様式となる。
- Later it became the style of documents issued by Ryoge no kan (posts outside the original Ritsuryo code created by Imperial edicts) such as Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office), kebiishicho (Office of the Police and Judicial Chief), and Kirokujo (Land Record Office).
- 心理学的には、浦島太郎の伝説は非常に日本的な風土を表していると分析される。
- It can be suggested that the legend of Urashima Taro reflects the psychological features of Japan very closely.
- これは中国的な華夷を区別する世界観とは異なり、非常に開かれたものであった。
- Compared with the Chinese view of the world which distinguish 'ka' (the Chinese) from 'i' (barbarians), this world view is very open.
- 経久配下の国人衆は尼子氏の直接配下とは言えず、非常に不安定なものであった。
- As the Kokujin-shu (powerful families in a province) under the control of Tsunehisa were not direct retainers of the Amago clan, their status was unstable.
- 弾左衛門(だんざえもん)は江戸時代の被差別民であった穢多・非人身分の頭領。
- Danzaemon was the chieftain of the eta (an outcaste class in feudal Japan, people whose occupation considered unclean in Buddhism, such as skinning of animals and the tanning of hides) and the hinin (literally, nonperson; actors, beggars and other categories of the population of feudal Japan regarded along with the eta caste as socially inferior), both of which were collectively called 'hisabetsumin' (literally, discriminated people) in the Edo period.
- 家康はこの時期、主筋である豊臣氏を滅ぼすことの是非を林羅山に諮問している。
- Around this time, Ieyasu questioned Razan HAYASHI whether it was wise to destroy the Toyotomi family, which still was his master family in theory.
- 特に窃盗・放火・殺人に対する検断は非常に重く、死刑とされることが多かった。
- Especially, the trials against theft, arson, and murder were harshly punished and many were sentenced to death.
- なお、荘園に関する資料は非常に少なく、当時の荘園の所有形式が特異であった。
- There is little literature on shoens and the form of ownership of shoens in those days was peculiar.
- 清寧天皇はこれを非難して、吉備上道臣が管理している山部を召し上げたという。
- Emperor Seinei accused the Kibi clan of this move and confiscated the mountain area that had been under the control of the Kibi no Kamitsumichi no omi clan.
- 媞子は「中宮」であったが、その後の非妻后の皇后はすべて「皇后宮」であった。
- Teishi was a 'Chugu' but all empresses who were 'Hi saigou' were 'Kisainomiya.'
- その一方で、幕府は摂政・関白並びに摂家に対する公然・非公然の支援を行った。
- On the other hand, the bakufu offered official and unofficial support for the regent, chief advisor to the Emperor and the sekke.
- 天皇としての活動について非常に意欲的かつ勤勉であると伝えられることが多い。
- He has frequently been admired for his high motivation to his duties as well as for his diligence.
- 平城京はシルクロードの終着点であったことも関係し、非常に国際都市であった。
- Since it was the final destination of the Silk Road, the capital became a very international place.
- 経緯では、言葉を文字に置き換えるのに非常に苦労した旨が具体的に記されている。
- He specifically described his tremendous efforts to replace words with sentences.
- 町火消組、鳶職の親分、博徒の親方、非人頭の家を自ら回って協力を求めたという。
- Katsu made personal visits, calling upon those with influence among the commoners in Edo town; this was to acquire the cooperation of the following groups: The township fire fighter organization, the head Tobishoku (a scaffolding man), the Oyakata (stable master) masters of Bakuto (the race of gamblers), and the heads of the Hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system [often ex-convicts or vagrants]) residences.
- こうした状況を焦慮した西郷は、幕府側を挑発するという非常手段(作略)に出る。
- Worried about such circumstance, Saigo took an emergency measure (strategy), in other words, provoking the shogunate side.
- 1734年(享保19年)、大坂曾根崎に、松尾ヲサキの非嫡出子として生まれた。
- He was born in 1734 at Sonezaki in Osaka, as an illegitimate son of Osaki MATSUO.
- また非公開の取り決めで、大韓帝国軍の解散・司法権と警察権の委任が定められた。
- The unpublished section of the treaty also stipulated dissolution of the Korean army, and handover of judicial and policing powers to the Japanese inspector general.
- 魚名は光仁天皇の信任が非常に厚く「忠臣」という官位が与えられるほどであった。
- Uona gained tremendous trust from Emperor Konin and was granted the official rank called 'Loyal Retainer.'
- 非参議・参議として長らく朝廷に仕え、正徳5年55歳のとき中納言に任じられた。
- He served the Imperial Court for a long time as Hisangi (advisor at large) and Sangi (councilor), and in 1715 he was appointed as Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) at the age of 55.
- しかし活躍した郷士達はそのほとんどが明治維新を見ることなく非業の死を遂げる。
- However, most of the Goshi who were active in the Tobaku movement died violently without seeing the Meiji Restoration.
- 発生地付近では、砂塵の濃度や粒子の大きさがバラバラで非常に複雑な分布である。
- Around the area where a kosa originates, the distribution of dust density and that of sand gain sizes are quite complicated.
- 親王が20歳の若さで薨去した際には非常に嘆き悲しんだという(『栄花物語』)。
- She wailed over the death of the Imperial Prince when he died at the age of 20 ('Eiga Monogatari,' the Tale of Glory).
- 京都コミュニティ放送(京都市中京区/特定非営利活動法人京都コミュニティ放送)
- Kyoto Community Broadcasting (Nakagyo Ward Kyoto City / NPO Kyoto Community Broadcasting)
- Kyoto Community Broadcasting (located in Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City/NPO Kyoto Community Broadcasting)
- 山口敏太郎『是非に及ばず』青林堂,2006年 ISBN 44792603862
- 'Zehi ni oyobazu' by Bintaro YAMAGUCHI Seirindo 2006 ISBN44792603862
- 鳥羽伏見の戦いで敗れて江戸へ逃げ帰り「敵前逃亡」と敵味方から大きく非難された。
- When he lost the Battle of Toba-Fushimi and retreated to Edo, his enemies highly criticized him for 'running away in the face of the enemy'.
- また、業平による伊勢斎宮との密通は、当時の貴族社会へ非常に重大な衝撃を与えた。
- Narihira's adulterous relationship with the Saigu of Ise had a grave impact on the aristocratic society of the day.
- のち、平安時代になると治安権限を検非違使に奪われ、京の荒廃とともに形骸化した。
- Thereafter, the power of security was usurped by Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) in the Heian period, and Kyoshiki came to lose its substance along with the ruin of the imperial capital (esp. Kyoto).
- 逆に非即位説の論者は、臣下の身で勝手に天皇の称号を与える不遜を咎めて応酬した。
- The advocates of the non-enthronement theory, on the other hand, blamed opponents by saying that it was insolent that commoners gave titles of emperors.
- しかし文明開化に非常な影響力を持っていたこの雑誌に由来する新語彙・訳語は多い。
- However, there are many new vocabulary and translations which were derived from this bulletin that had a great influence on civilization and enlightenment.
- 森は非常に西欧文明に傾倒した人物で、その男女観・結婚観も西欧を基準としていた。
- Mori was seriously involved with the civilization of Western Europe and he had a Western standard of views on men and women and marriage.
- それは非西欧諸国が主権国家となるための国内改革を推進していく強い動機となった。
- This believe became a strong ground for promoting internal reforms for non-western countries to become a sovereign nation.
- 1336年(建武3・延元元)、2月4日、検非違使別当に補任し、右衛門督を兼任。
- February 4, 1336, he was promoted to Kebiishi no Betto (chief of statutory office) and also assumed the position of Emon no kami.
- 更に「右僕射源朝臣」については、「家康を射るという言葉だ」と非難したのである。
- In addition, he said that the phrase of '右僕射源朝臣' meant shooting Ieyasu.
- 夏期には山上ヶ岳の蔵王堂をめざして修行に訪れる修験者や参詣者で非常ににぎわう。
- In summer time, the mountain is very crowded with practitioners of Shugen (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts) who head for Zao-do Hall of Mt. Sanjogatake or visitors.
- その結果、自社両党による55年体制が崩壊し、非自民・非共産連立政権が成立した。
- As a result, the 1955-system by Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party of Japan collapsed and a coalition government, not including Liberal Democratic Party and Communist Party, was realized.
- 彼らは国人の推戴によってその地位が保たれたから、非常に弱い立場でしかなかった。
- As their position was maintained with support by kokujin, their standpoint was a very weak one.
- 寄進により荘園は非常に増えたが、田地の約50%は公領(国衙領)として残存した。
- Shoens increased by the donations, but about 50 percent of the rice field remained as koryo (public lands) (kokugaryos).
- 天皇家に近い一族がスキャンダルまみれとなったことで世間から猛烈な非難を浴びた。
- Moreover, the family were heavily criticized by society for tainting the Imperial Family, to whom they were closely related, with these scandals.
- 「(中略)戦前は議員や国民が自由に発言することは非常に難しかったと思います。」
- (omission of a sentence) I heard that assembly members and the nation had difficulties in speaking freely in the prewar period.'
- しかし現代は皇室典範により、非皇族との結婚に際しては皇籍離脱が定められている。
- In modern age, however, Imperial House Act provides that an Imperial Princess should leave Imperial family when she marries a man from non-imperial family.
- この時、大久保は外に私学校、内に長州派という非常に苦しい立場に立たされていた。
- At this time, OKUBO was in a dilemma between Shigakko outside the government and the Choshu faction inside the government.
- 日本の固有の伝承は元来干支記事などもなく、史実の核は非常に乏しいと考えられる。
- Originally, a tradision native to Japan has no recorded articles about the Oriental zodiac; so, scholars believed in the extreme scarcity of an identifiable foundation for these historical facts.
- 父似で、親しみやすく愛嬌のある顔立ちだが、育ち故に教養に欠け、非常な早口である。
- Although she resembles her father and looks charming and friendly, she is not educated enough due to her upbringing and is an extremely fast-speaker.
- だが、この法案では平民の最末尾に元の穢多非人が置かれるなど不十分なものであった。
- But this proposal was unsatisfactory mainly because it left old Eta and Hinin at the final end of the status of Heimin.
- 結局、検非違使の源光信が下手人ということにされ(動機は不明)、土佐国へ流された。
- After all, the kebiishi, MINAMOTO no Mitsunobu was considered as the murderer (the reason unknown), and was deported to Tosa Province
- 原内閣以後、研究会は政党内閣・非政党内閣を問わずに閣僚を入閣させるようになった。
- After HARA Cabinet, Kenkyukai sent its members into the Cabinet without concerning whether it was a party cabinet or a non-party one.
- 西郷隆盛は「彼をして学問の造詣あらしめば、到底吾人の及ぶ所に非ず」と評している。
- Takamori SAIGO commented about him as 'If he would have acquired an education, we could not compete with him.'
- 現代においても参照するに足りる非常に実用的な内容を持った性技指南書を著している。
- He wrote a very practical sex manual which can be consulted even today.
- 非常に身体壮健であり、在職した50年間の中で病臥したのは数回の感冒のみであった。
- Ienari was blessed with good health and, during his 50 years as Shogun, only took sick with a cold on a few occasions.
- ヨーロッパ諸国を見聞した大蔵は、世界の大勢を知り攘夷の非を悟ったといわれている。
- Okura who had seen and heard about the countries in Europe recognized the huge power of the world, and is said to have realized the expulsion of foreigners was meaningless.
- これに刺激を受け、非人頭の車善七が訴え出たが、弾左衛門が勝訴した(1722年)。
- The head of the hinin, Zenshichi KURUMA (車善七), who was inspired by the play, raised a voice in protest against Danzaemon's control but the Danzaemon family won the case (1722).
- 光圀は、学者肌で非常に好奇心の強いことでも知られており、様々な逸話が残っている。
- Known as a scholarly and curious person, he left many episodes.
- 官位は従四位下、検非違使、左衛門大尉、刑部権大輔、駿河国守、遠江国守、陸奥国守。
- His official court rank was Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and he successively filled the posts of Kebiishi (a police and judicial chief), Saemon no daijo (Senior Lieutenant at the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), Gyobu Gon no taifu (Provisional Senior Assistant Minister of Justice), Suruga-no-kuni-no-kami (the governor of Suruga Province), Totomi no kuni no kami (Governor of Totomi Province) and Mutsu no kuni no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province).
- しかし正税徴収には戸籍の作成、百姓への班田など非常に煩雑な事務を必要としていた。
- However, collecting Shozei needed excessively complicated clerical work such as forming the family register and allotting farmland to peasants (Handen).
- しかし、従前のような有期的な請負関係は田堵負名らにとっては非常に不安定であった。
- However, the conventional contracting relationship for a limited period of time was highly unstable for the contractors like tato fumyo.
- また、小さな石が大きな岩になるという内容が非科学的であるという批判も一部にある。
- There is a criticism that the contents referring to small stones that becomes a large rock is unscientific.
- 植林や農業指導については、非政府組織などの民間団体が関わったプロジェクトもある。
- Concerning planting trees and providing guidance for farming, there also exist projects participated in by private bodies, such as non-government organizations.
- その他の非世襲親王は一代ごとに爵位が下がり、鎮国公まで下がってからは世襲になる。
- The other non hereditary Imperial Princes' peerage would go lower with every lifetime until he reached Chinkokuko, and from then on, it would become hereditary.
- 非皇族でありながら、王号の世襲を行えたのは白川家にのみ見られる特異な現象である。
- It was a phenomenon peculiar to the Shirakawa family that the title of prince could be hereditarily handed down to the descendants despite not being the Imperial Family.
- 慶喜に限った話では無く、生前の龍馬の知名度は、維新後のそれに比べて非常に低かった。
- Yoshinobu was not the only person who did not know about Ryoma; Ryoma's fame in his life time was very much smaller than that after the Meiji Restoration.
- しかし、当時の藩領と天領は複雑に入り組んでいたため、年貢の徴収は非効率的であった。
- At that time, the land of domains and tenryo (a Shogunal demesne) were intricate; and collecting nengu (land tax) was totally inefficient.
- これを知った民権派が一斉に政府を非難し、東京では学生や壮士によるデモも起こされた。
- Members of the Civil-Right group who found out about this unanimously criticized the government, and in Tokyo, students and political activists caused a demonstration.
- 体格は非常に大きく、6尺3寸(約191センチメートル)の大男だったと言われている。
- He is said to have had a large body build and stood about 191centimeters tall.
- 以後、参議・検非違使別当・中納言を歴任するが、承久の乱後恐懼処分を受けて謹慎した。
- Thereafter, although he held various posts such as Sangi (councilor), Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) and Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), he was obliged to put a rein on his own behavior due to a punishment on suspension given after the Jokyu War.
- 後に征夷大将軍となった頼朝の兄とあって、非常に颯爽とした若武者として描かれている。
- Being the older brother of Yoritomo, who later became seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), he was described as a cool young warrior.
- 同日、仲介を行った飛鳥井雅経がかねてより訴えていた伊勢国の地頭の非儀を止めさせる。
- On the same day, he inhibited the misbehaviors of the jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the estates) in Ise Province, which Masatsune ASUKAI, who did brokerage, had been complaining about.
- 「終戦後も、開戦及び戦争責任の追及などは全く不毛で非生産的であるので、許さない。」
- 'It is useless to try, after the war, to establish responsibility for the outbreak of the war and the war itself, and it will not be allowed.'
- これらの事から、息子や家臣に対しても冷酷非情な面を見せる人物だったとの評価もある。
- From these facts, he is also evaluated as having been ruthless even for his sons or retainers.
- 天皇の称号は天武天皇が始めたとする説が広く支持されており、非常に有力となっている。
- The theory which argues that the Emperor Tenmu started using the title, 'Tenno' (emperor), is widely accepted.
- 後一条天皇の第一子に生まれ、期待された男御子ではなかったが両親に非常に鍾愛された。
- She was the first child of Emperor Goichijo, not an Imperial prince as expected, but her parents loved her very much.
- 極官は正三位非参議であったが、孝治(惟庸の祖父)、惟庸、惟永は従二位に任じられた。
- Kyokkan (the highest rank to which one can be appointed) was Shosanmi and Hisangi (advisor at large), but Takaharu (grandfather of Koretsune), Koretsune and Korenaga were promoted to Junii (Junior Second Rank).
- ただし、兵力を出して戦火を交えてはいないものの、いわゆる情報戦は非常に盛んであった。
- Although there were no actual fights during this period, 'information warfare' was very active.
- その広がりの中で兪吉濬()のように近代国際法に非常に深い見識をもった人も現れてきた。
- In such diffusion, people with deep insight on modern international law such as Kil-chun YU appeared.
- この火災は、長英が牢で働いていた非人栄蔵をそそのかして放火させたとの説が有力である。
- According to a widely-accepted theory, Choei coaxed a prison worker named Eizo who belonged to hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system, often ex-convicts or vagrants) into setting fire to the place.
- 白川水系の主に熊本平野への灌漑事業に於ける、非常に実験的な用水技術(馬場楠井手)等。
- He adopted a remarkably experimental technology for irrigation channels (Babakusu no Ide) in the irrigation works for the Shira-kawa River system, mainly to the Kumamoto Plain.
- 太宰春台は徂徠が志した政治にまったく関心を示していないとしてこの兄弟を非難している。
- Shundai DAZAI criticized Meika as not showing any interest in the politics that Sorai sought to realize.
- 改正には法制局長官の平田が積極的に関わっていたため、憲政党から非難されることになる。
- Tosuke was criticized by the Kensei Party because he, the Director General of the Cabinet Legislation Bureau at that time, took an active part in amendment of the ordinance.
- 霊元天皇の皇子である一乗院宮尊賞親王とは、同じ歌人仲間として非常に深い親交があった。
- He had a deep friendship with the Imperial Prince Ichijoinnomiya Sonsho, son of the Emperor Reigen, as they were both poets.
- 検非違使に引き渡す途中で、延暦寺の悪僧が犯人の身柄を奪取したため朝廷は悪僧を捕らえ、
- When a lapsed monk of the Enryaku-ji Temple kidnapped him on the way to take the murderer to the Kebiishi, the imperial court caught the monk.
- また南側岸壁は耐震構造を備えており、非常時の物資輸送にも対応できるようになっている。
- The quay on the south side is provided with an earthquake-proof structure, enabling goods to be transported during emergencies.
- この日、解官された者は39名(公卿8名、殿上人・受領・検非違使など31名)に及んだ。
- Up to thirty-nine people were dismissed from their office on this day (eight Kugyo (court nobles), Tenjobito (a courtier allowed to enter the Imperial Palace), Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), thirty-one Kebiishi (police and judicial chief)).
- 日本などに飛来する黄砂の粒子は非常に細かいため、肺の末端にまで到達するとされている。
- The sizes of sand grains of the kosa flying to Japan are so minute that it is said that the grains reach the ends of lungs.
- この頃には、惣村の形成に見られるように、百姓らの自治・連帯意識が非常に高まっていた。
- During this period, the level of awareness of self-governing and solidarity was rapidly raised among peasants and other commoners, as shown in the formation of soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association).
- 不改常典における近江令説退場の背景には、ほぼ同時期に唱えられた近江令非存在説がある。
- Recession of the Omi-Ryo theory in the discussion about Fukai-no-Joten was due to the Omi-Ryo nonexistence theory, which was advocated almost at the same moment.
- その後、正三位左衛門督、左近衛大将、大蔵卿、検非違使別当、民部卿、按察使を歴任する。
- After that, he was promoted to the rank of Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) and held positions such as Saemon no kami (captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), Sakone no daisho (Western Commander), Okura kyo (Minister of the Treasury), Kebiishi Kebiishi Betto (a director of the police and justice department), Minbu kyo and Azechi (supervisor of local politics).
- 歴代は多く三位、非参議であったが、三室戸光村は参議に、三室戸能光は大納言に昇進した。
- The head of the Mimurodo family was promoted to Sanmi, Hisangi for many generations, except for Mitsumura MIMURODO who was promoted to Sangi and Yasumitsu MIMURODO who was promoted to Major Counselor.
- 外山家から公卿になった者は五名あり、大納言1名、中納言2名、非参議2名となっている。
- The Toyama family produced five court nobles: one Dainagon (chief councilor of state); two Chunagon (vice-councilor of state); and two Hisangi (advisor at large).
- が、何れにしても、乎非王が実際に応神に連なる血統の王族であったかどうかの確証はない。
- Whether or not it is true in each case, there is no confirmed evidence to support Prince Oi as a royal family with a lineage line to Ojin.
- 幕閣でも川路聖謨や岩瀬忠震らの非門閥の開明派幕臣が処罰され、謹慎などの処分となった。
- Even Shogunate cabinet officials Toshiakira KAWAJI and Tadanari IWASE, Kaimei group shogunal retainers of poor lineage, were subject to punishment such as house arrest.
- この敬神党は、神道の信仰心が非常に強かったため、周囲からは「神風連」と呼ばれていた。
- Since this Keishin-to party was extremely pious about Shintoism, the party was called 'The Jimpu Group' by people around them.
- この嫁にきた磯良というのは、大変よくできた女で、家によくつかえ、非の打ち所がなかった。
- The bride, Isora, is a woman of well-formed character, and serves the family very hard, being a perfect wife.
- そのうえ、関東、東海及び近畿諸藩の飛地領や大小旗本領などが混在する非領国地域であった。
- In addition, it was also a hi-ryogokuchiiki area mixing with tobichi territories of clans in Kanto, Tokai, and Kinki regions and big or small Hatamoto territories.
- 日本文学史上の傑作『源氏物語』は54帖より成る長編であり、非常に多くの人物が登場する。
- 'The Tale of Genji,' which is a long tale and consisting of 54 chapters, is a masterpiece in the history of Japanese literature, and quite a number of characters appear in the tale.
- そして、そうした内に天皇は崩御し、大津皇子は謀反の疑いをかけられて非業の最後を遂げた。
- Meanwhile, the Emperor died and Prince Otsu met unfortunate end on suspicion of a rebellion.
- 還暦が長生きの基準だった時代の力士としては非常な長命であり、横綱の長寿記録を樹立した。
- Considering the standard for longevity was Kanreki (one's 60th birthday) at that time, he lived a long life as a sumo wrestler and set a record as a longest-lived yokozuna.
- 謀略家としては冷徹であったが、その一方で家臣に対しては非常に気を使う優しい人物でった。
- Although Tsunehisa was cold hearted when devising a scheme, he was very kind and considerate to his vassals.
- 1081年(永保1)9月14日に検非違使とともに園城寺の悪僧を追補 (『扶桑略記』)。
- According to the 'Fuso-Ryakki,' on September 14, 1081, with the kebiishi (police and judicial chief), he chased and captured a warrior monk from Onjo-ji Temple.
- 源義経に非常に近い人物だが、その有能さと実直さを認められ、平山氏の存続に成功している。
- He was closely connected with MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, and thanks to his efficient and unassuming personality that Yoshitsune appreciated, the Hirayama clan succeeded in its persistence.
- 現在まで、フランス語圏における唯一の完訳であり、また訳の質も非常に高く、評価を得ている。
- Today it remains the only complete translation in French-speaking countries, and the quality of translation is quite excellent; therefore, the work has gained a reputation.
- 成立は、本文中の記述から安政5年と考えられ、桜田門外で非業の死を遂げる2年前とみられる。
- The descriptions in the book indicate that Chanoyu Ichie Shu was completed in 1858, two years before Ii was assassinated in the Sakuradamongai Incident.
- その土木技術は非常に優れており400年後の現在も実用として使われている遺構も少なくない。
- The civil engineering technology was so superb that there are many remains which are still being used in the present day, 400 years later.
- この時順動丸を指揮していた勝海舟から軍艦の機能の説明を受け、非常に優れた理解力を示した。
- During this time, the commander named Kaishu KATSU explained to Iemochi the functions of the warship and Iemochi showed excellent understanding.
- これらのから、少なくとも地元である三河武士が持つ家康への人望は非常に厚かったようである。
- Therefore, it seems that Ieyasu was very popular and was strongly trusted by samurai at least in the Mikawa area, his home base.
- 山国隊はフランス式教練を受け、銃の射撃精度は山村の猟で慣らしていたため非常に優れていた。
- The Yamagunitai had received training in French-style military drilling, and were extremely skilled at marksmanship with guns thanks to their long familiarity from hunting excursions in their mountain villages.
- 網野善彦は職能民など非農民層に着目し、南北朝時代が日本史の転換期にあたると主張している。
- Yoshihiko AMINO focused on people with occupations other than farmers and suggested that the Nanbokucho period was a transitional time in Japanese history.
- 畿内や九州の荘園では、面積1~2町程度のほぼ均等な名田から構成される例が非常に多かった。
- Most manors in the Kinai (the vicinal territories of the capital) and the Kyushu regions consisted of nearly equal-sized myoden fields, and each size was in the range of one to two cho (9,917 to 19,834 square meters).
- 「非常に良かった。先輩も良かったし、学生は全国の旧制高校から来ていてとても仲が良かった」
- It was very good. My seniors were good persons, and all of us were good friends as the graduates of the high schools under the old system of education around the nation.
- 昭和天皇崩御の際、テレビ朝日の『朝まで生テレビ!』で天皇制の是非について取り上げられた。
- When the Emperor Showa passed away, there was a discussion whether the Tennosei should be continued or not on a TV program called 'Asamade Nama TV' of TV Asahi Corporation.
- このように議政官の任務は非常に重要であり、実質的に国政の意思決定を左右する組織であった。
- As such, the giseikan had very important duties and virtually controlled political decision-making.
- パークスや駐日アメリカ公使ビンガムなどはこの一条の挿入に対し非常な肯定的評価をしている。
- Parks and Bingham, the American minister to Japan, gave extremely positive estimates to the insertion of this provision.
- 歌は感情の流露であるとし、倫理や道徳概念によって文学を掣肘することに非を論ずる内容である。
- In this book Norinaga argued that poetry is an outpouring of feelings and objected to literature being restricted by ethics or morals.
- 備前藩は非常召集を行って大砲5門を以って砲撃、蒸気船二隻は逃走したが、帆船三隻に命中した。
- The Bizen Domain did an emergency call and sent five shots back, hitting the three sailing ships, although the two steamboats escaped.
- 検非違使の役目を務めて京都に滞在していたと考えられており、後醍醐天皇の行幸に随行している。
- He was said to have stayed in Kyoto to perform his roll as Kebiishi, and to have been in attendance at the visits of Emperor Godaigo.
- 山縣の元長州藩出身の軍人ばかりを要職に就かせる手法は長閥と呼ばれ、嫌う者も非常に多かった。
- Yamagata selectively let military personnel from the former Choshu domain take important positions; this behavior was called Chobatsu (the Chochu clique), and a considerable part of the population did not like what he did.
- そのような非常に危険な局面もあったものの、家康率いる東軍の勝利に終わった(関ヶ原の戦い)。
- Although such a dangerous situation occurred, the war was won by the eastern military group forces led by Ieyasu (the Battle of Sekigahara).
- 検非違使の庁例は、使庁の流例ともいわれ、律令の刑法とはちがった性質の慣習法として通用した。
- The cho-rei (law enacted by the kebiishi) of kebiishi was considered the historical custom of the kebiishi agency, and was valid as a common law different in nature from the criminal law of ritsuryo.
- 栗山家住宅(1607年築、建立年代の判明する日本最古の民家といわれる。重要文化財。非公開)
- Kuriyama family residence (built in 1607; said to be the oldest private house in Japan which has an identified time of construction) is a national treasure and not disclosed.
- 第五子にして初めて誕生した皇子であっただけに、その誕生は非常な喜びをもって受け止められた。
- As he was the first prince born after four princesses, his birth was celebrated on a gigantic scale.
- この値は10アールに非常に近いので、面積についてはメートル法への移行はスムーズに行われた。
- The unit is really close to 10 ares, thus the transition to the metric system of measurement was done smoothly.
- 律令制を運営する官僚制度も大きく変容し、律令に規定のない令外の官が非常に多数生まれていた。
- The bureaucracy that operated the Ritsuryo system changed drastically so that a lot of posts not prescribed in the Ritsuryo system were established.
- 演出料が非常に高い渡辺邦男、松田定次、佐々木康などの時代劇の大御所監督にも辞めてもらった。
- Due to their very expensive contracts Toei had to let some leading period-drama directors leave including Kunio WATANABE, Sadatsugu MATSUDA and Yasushi SASAKI.
- このような編纂意図から発生した意識的な欠落部分が非常に多いのが、本説話集の大きな特徴である。
- The use of so many deliberate omissions as an editing policy is a major feature of this particular setsuwa collection.
- 戦の一字を恐れ、政府の本務を墜(おと)しなば、商法支配所と申すものにて更に政府には非ざる也。
- If we are too afraid of the word fighting and are unable to fight when necessary to do so, the government is not up to fulfilling its primary duty and, in that case, it will be an administrative organization for business practice, in other words, the business czar and not the government of a country.
- 一部を除き非常に正確な内容であるため、信長の足跡を辿るには無くてはならない史料とされている。
- It has been regarded as an indispensable source material for tracing Nobunaga's footsteps since its contents are very accurate with a few exceptions.
- 即位説と非即位説の違いは、要するに即位の礼が行われたかという儀式の日取りに関することである。
- The difference between the enthronement theory and the non-enthronement theory is whether the ceremony of the enthronement was held, or when it was held.
- しかし官僚であり続けながら非政治的であろうとする森の姿勢には無理があったと言わねばならない。
- However, it can be said that Mori's attitude to be nonpolitical in spite of being a bureaucracy embraced a contradiction.
- 故に推敲が十分でなく、後で知った西は自らの名前を冠したこの本に対し非常な不満を漏らしている。
- He expressed his strong dissatisfaction about the book with his name when he came to know the publication, because he could not elaborate the book.
- 同年8月6日 (旧暦)、一ノ谷の戦い後に義経が鎌倉の許可無く朝廷から検非違使の任官を受ける。
- After the Battle of Ichinotani, Yoshitsune was appointed as Kebiishi (an imperial police officer) by the court without Yoritomo's permission on September 19, 1184.
- 初め秀吉は自ら渡海する意思を持っていたが、利家は家康と共にその非なるを説き、思い止まらせた。
- At first, Hideyoshi had an intention to cross the sea in person, but Toshiie and Ieyasu persuaded him that it should be a mistake, and made him change his mind.
- 680年(永隆 (唐)元年)には再び吐蕃は3万の大軍を派遣して河源を攻め、良非川に駐屯した。
- In 680, Toban again sent a vast army of 30,000 soldiers to make inroads into Kogen and camped at Ryohigawa.
- その後も幕府に仕えて功績を挙げ、豊後の守護職の他に検非違使や惣追捕使などにも叙任されている。
- He continued to serve the government and brought many great achievements, which made him become the governor of Bungo Province, and was further given the titles of Kebiishi (official with judicial power) and Sotsuibushi (official in charge of police and military roles).
- この南都焼討は平氏の悪行の最たるものと非難され、実行した重衡は南都の衆徒からひどく憎まれた。
- This Nanto Yakiuchi (the Incident of the Taira clan's army setting fire to the temples in Nanto) was criticized as the greatest evil perpetrated by the Taira clan and Shigehira, who carried out the act, was despised by the priests of Nanto.
- 従四位上、検非違使、因幡国権守、伊予国権守、備前国守、右馬権頭、讃岐国守、但馬国守、丹後国守
- Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade), kebiishi, director of Inaba Province, director of Iyo Province, director of Bizen Province, Uma no gon no kami (Provisional Captain of the Right Division of Bureau of Horses), director of Sanuki Province, director of Tajima Province, director of Tango Province
- 父・頼房や同時代の他の大名と比較して、長命を全うした大名としては非常に寂しい家族関係である。
- Compared with his father Yorifusa and his contemporary daimyo lords, he had a rather poor family relationship although he lived a long life.
- 日本では北宋銭やさらに古い唐銭の残存率が非常に高いほか、中国では寛永銭の埋蔵が目立つという。
- In Japan, the remaining rate of coins issued during Northern Sung Dynasty and that of older ones issued during Tang Dynasty are extremely high, and in China, it is said that Kanei coins remain conspicuously in dead storage.
- 平人・抱非人・穢多が、経済的困窮などによって欠落(かけおち)し、無宿となり、浮浪状態となる。
- Commoner, Kakae-Hinin, Eta became homeless because of economic hardships.
- その直系・傍系の血縁者や非血縁者の家族を氏人(うじびと)といい、これに隷属し統率されていた。
- The family of the blood relatives or unrelated members who were in a direct or a collateral line to the head uji were called ujibito and were under the rule of the head uji.
- 当時朝鮮は清の冊封国であったが、鎖国政策を国是としていたため、国際交流は非常に限られていた。
- At that time Korea was a tributary state of the Qing dynasty, but as its national policy was seclusionism, it had diplomatic relations with very limited countries.
- しかし、その発行・運用形態は藩札と非常に類似しているため、広義の藩札として扱われる場合がある。
- However, since it was issued and operated in a manner that was quite similar to Han-satsu, Hatamoto-satsu is sometimes treated as Han-satsu in a broad sense.
- 江戸時代の喜多村信節(筠庭?)著『嬉遊笑覧』には、「前文の腰滝口とあるは、非なるべし」とある。
- In 'Kiyushoran' (an encyclopedic book on cultures) written by Nobuyo KITAMURA (his go (byname) was guessed to be Intei) in the Edo period, there is a description that 'The word Koshitakiguchi in the preface must be wrong.'
- 控えめで、容貌も非常に地味な女性であったが、小柄で立ち振る舞いが水際立っており趣味も良かった。
- Though she is modest and looks plain, she is small, so her behavior stands out splendidly and she has good taste.
- 資永はその棟梁として、保元の乱においても平清盛に従い活躍、都で検非違使を努めていたこともある。
- Sukenaga obeyed TAIRA no Kiyomori and played an active part in the Hogen War as a toryo (head of the clan) and also had served on Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) at the capital.
- 経歴からも分かるように、熊谷直実と非常に関係が深く、互いに良きライバルであったと言われている。
- As his biography shows, he has a very closely relationship with Naozane KUMAGAI, and it is said that they were good rivals with each other.
- 時平は非常に有能な政治家として手腕を発揮していったが、摂政・関白に就任する前に死んでしまった。
- Although Tokihira was a remarkably competent politician and displayed impressive skills, he died before he was appointed as a regent or a chancellor.
- ただし、そうしたケースは非常にまれで、物納された年貢を荘官や地頭が換金することの方が多かった。
- However, such cases were very rare, and in most cases, shokan (the administrative officer of shoen) or jito (the manager of shoen) exchanged the rice brought in as the nengu for money.
- そこで、鎌倉幕府では所務沙汰を適正に裁判するため、非常に精緻な訴訟処理システムを確立していた。
- Thus, in order to judge shomusata appropriately, Kamakura bakufu had established a very detailed system for settling lawsuits.
- 発生は平安時代とされ、検非違使の雑用役・戦闘予備員として従軍した「下部」が足軽の原型とされる。
- The status of ashigaru is thought to have originated during the Heian period from the shimobe (miscellaneous servants and attendants) who served kebiishi (police and judicial chiefs) in the capacity of performing miscellaneous duties and acting as reserve soldiers.
- 応和元年(961年)5月10日、検非違使に家宅を捜索され次男源親繁が捕らえられる不面目に遭う。
- On June 30, 961, he lost face because of a house search by kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) in which his second son MINAMOTO no Chikashige was arrested.
- それでも早くから、初期の天皇が非常に長命であることや、紀年が古すぎることに疑問を持つ者はいた。
- However, there were some people who had a doubt about the history of Imperial Family for the following reasons: Emperors in the early had extremely long lives, or Kinen (dates of their reigns) were too old.
- 一部の家は近衛府や弁官を経ないで大納言を極官とするが、公卿となっても非参議に留まるものが多い。
- Some families advanced to Dainagon (chief councilor of state), the highest post attainable by appointment, without working their way up through Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) or Benkan (Oversight Department: a division of the Dajokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) but, while having joined the ranks of Kugyo (the top court officials), many Hanke families tended to stagnate at the level of Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 『信長公記』の記述では柵から出入りしていたとあることから、いずれにしても通説は非常に疑わしい。
- In any case the standard explanation is untenable as 'Shinchoko-ki' mentions that gunners freely went inside and came out of the stockade.
- 執行罰とは、非代替的作為義務又は不作為義務の不履行に対して、一定額の過料を科すことを予告する。
- Shikko-batsu is an advance notice (or warning) to impose the fixed amount of Karyo on default of a duty that only a specific obligated party can be able to delivery (or execute) the performance of the duty or on default of a duty that delivery or execution of a specific performance is forbidden by a law.
- 「ひきよ」を非道、暴挙と読むか根拠のないことと解釈するかで歴史的な資料の価値が全く異なってくる。
- The value of the historical materials depends on whether 'HIKIYO' is understood to mean outrageous/violent, or nonsense.
- 古典『太平記』に記される逸話や後世の創作などによって、高兄弟は「悪逆非道」の烙印を押されている。
- The KO brothers were branded as wicked from anecdotes in the 'Taiheiki' and stories written in later ages.
- 晩年は次子飯沼資宗(助宗・為綱)が、得宗被官としては異例の検非違使、更に安房国国司となっている。
- In his later years, his second son, Sukemune (資宗) (Sukemune spelt as 助宗, also known as Tametsuna) IINUMA, was promoted to kebiishi (an official with judicial and police powers) and later to kokushi (provincial governor) of Awa Province, which was exceptional for a private vassal of the Tokuso family.
- 「準備には非常な手数を要するし、道具立ては面倒であった......井上は道具立ては喧しくない。」
- He took the trouble of preparing and it was tiresome to arrange necessities, but Inoue was not a stickler about the latter.'
- 弾左衛門は非人、芸能民、一部の職人、傾城屋などを支配するとされていた(「弾左衛門由緒書」偽書)。
- Danzaemon was given the authority to rule over the hinin, geinomin (entertainers without permanent residence), some craftsmen and keiseiya (brothels) (according to a bogus document, 'History of Danzaemon').
- 日清戦争直前海軍軍令部長を勤めていたが、清の北洋艦隊の戦力を高く評価し、徹底した非戦派であった。
- While he was department director of the military order in the Navy just before the Sino-Japanese War, he was strictly on the noncombatant side because he appreciated the military potential of China's North Sea Fleet.
- これは、正式な宣旨ではなく院宣と検非違使別当宣(別当は待賢門院の兄・三条実行)によるものだった。
- This was not by official Imperial edict, but by the Retired Emperor's edict and the Kebiishi betto (Superintendent) 's edict. (At that time, the brother of Taikenmonin, Saneyuki SANJO was the betto).
- 平安時代には洛中は京職・検非違使の管轄であるが、辺土(洛外)は山城国国府の管轄と考えられていた。
- In the Heian period, Rakuchu was under the control of the Kyoshiki (Capital Bureau) and kebiishi (a police and judicial chief), but Hendo (Rakugai) was considered to be under the control of the kokufu (provincial office) of Yamashiro Province.
- 兼実は、隆季・通親の申状を「権門(清盛)の素意を察し、朝家の巨害を知らず」と激しく非難している。
- Kanezane launched a furious criticism of Takasue and Michichika's official report to the emperor, saying 'you try to divine Kiyomori's will, but care nothing if it causes great harm to the imperial family.'
- しかし、その土地所有は法的根拠に欠け、国衙に収公される可能性も高く、非常に不安定なものであった。
- However, their status of land possession actually lacked legal foundation and was therefore quite unstable, with a high possibility of confiscation of their lands by kokuga (provincial government offices).
- おそらくは定家から九条家歌壇の動向や所謂新儀非拠達磨歌などの情報を得たことなどもあったであろう。
- Presumably she received some information from Teika as to the movement of the Kujo family tanka circles or on the style of FUJIWARA no Teika's tanka.
- しかし、水替人足は非常に厳しい労役を強いられるものであり、更生というより懲罰という側面が強かった。
- However, Mizukaeninsoku demanded severe labor service, and it was more a punishment than a rehabilitation.
- 精神病患者への処遇や、新興新聞によるセンセーショナルな報道の是非を巡り、世間へ大きな影響を与えた。
- The incident had a tremendous impact on the society, by raising controversy over treatment to mental patients and sensational reporting by newspapers that had emerged at the time.
- 後に主馬正や検非違使を兼ねて五位の位を授けられるが、承安 (日本)2年(1172年)には出家する。
- Later he was given the rank of Goi (Fifth Rank) which doubled as Shume no kami (chief of the Stables Office) and Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers); however, he became a priest in 1172.
- 『吾妻鏡』の筆者はこれを評し、「尤も精兵と謂うべきか(非常に強い兵士と言うべきか)」と書いている。
- The author of the 'Azuma Kagami' commented on his word and wrote, 'Shouldn't he be called an extremely strong warrior?'
- また墓所のある蓮光寺には、肖像画(原則非公開)が残されており、父によく似た剛毅な風貌を伝えている。
- In the Renko-ji Temple where his grave exists, his portrait is kept (not open to the public, as a general rule) and his sturdy features, that were very close to father's, can be seen.
- 討伐の際は、降伏を認めないなどの徹底した粛清(小手森城政宗の撫で斬り)を行い、非道な一面を見せた。
- During the attack, Masamune revealed the cruel side of his nature by refusing the surrender of enemy soldiers and throughgoingly purged the entire enemy troops (Masamune's enemy mow down at the Odemori-jo Castle).
- また、中世は身分の流動性が非常に高く、五色の賤や近世部落のような固定化された世襲階級ではなかった。
- Furthermore, during the medieval period, social status was highly mobile, and these people were not confined within fixed hereditary classes, such as the five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system and buraku (communities of discriminated people) in the early-modern times.
- 慈光寺澄中(1713年~1795年)が従二位・左馬寮に叙せられて以降、従二位・非参議が極官となる。
- After Suminaka JIKOJI (1713 - 1795) was appointed to Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Samaryo (Left Division of Bureau of Horses), the highest court positions appointed were Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- しかし、幕府における新田氏本宗家の地位は非常に低いものとなり、以後は無位無官に甘んずることとなる。
- However, the rank of the head family of the Nitta clan in the bakufu became much lower, and the family was forced to accept no official court rank thereafter.
- 後に清水寺別当、鎮守府将軍、右兵衛府、大和国守、明法博士、左衛門府大尉、検非違使大尉等を世襲した。
- Later, the Sakanoe clan gained the following hereditary titles: Kiyomizu-dera betto (Chief Priest at Kiyomizu-dera Temple), Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North), Uhyoefu (Right Division of Middle Palace Guards), Yamato no kuni no kami (governor of Yamato Province), Myobo hakase (Professor of law), Saemon-fu taijo (Senior Lieutenant at the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), Kebiishi taijo (chief official with judicial and police powers) and so on.
- 乎非王は『釈日本紀』巻十三所引の「上宮記」逸文の系譜にその名が見えるのみで、事蹟は伝わっていない。
- The written names of Prince Oi were entered in the thirteenth volume of the 'Shaku Nihongi' (annotated text of the Nihon Shoki), as cited by the Itsubun (unidentified or lost wirings) genealogy from the 'Joguki'; there were no episodes of achievement or events on Prince Oi found in this historic book.
- 現在の価値観からは非難されるが、当時としては同化政策によって国民統合を図るのは普通のことであった。
- It deserves criticizm by current standards, but at the time, it was common to achieve national integration by assimilationism.
- 鎌倉への対抗意識もあって和歌に非常な熱意を示した後鳥羽院の命で撰進されたのが『新古今和歌集』である。
- Bearing feelings of rivalry toward Kamakura, the Retired Emperor Go-Tobain who showed much enthusiasm for Waka ordered the compilation of 'Shin kokin wakashu.'
- The 'Shin Chokusen wakashu' was compiled by an order from Gotobain, who apparently was an avid waka enthusiast, as a display of contempt towards the Kamakura Government.
- 未決中に重病になった無宿の拘留者や身寄りのない15歳未満の幼年者は、非人頭が管理する溜に預けられた。
- A person of mushuku who became sick during detention pending trial or a person under the age of 15 who had no relatives was taken to tamari, which was managed by hiningashira (the head of people who belonged to none of the four 'classes' of the Edo period and was therefore considered an outcast)..
- いわゆる古史古伝の書物であり、写本自体が焼失もしくは非公開であるため、「偽書」「偽史」とされている。
- They are the so-called koshi koden books and, because the original manuscripts themselves were lost in a fire or were not open to the public, they are deemed as 'gisho' (apocryphal documents) or 'gishi' (apocryphal history).
- 原本は非公開で、正倉院の曝涼にあわせて、毎年秋の正倉院展(奈良国立博物館)において数点が公開される。
- Although the original documents remain unpublicized, some of them are publicized at the Annual Exhibition of Shosoin Treasures in fall (held at Nara National Museum) while they are being aired at Shosoin.
- 久安年間の頃上洛し、所領の寄進が機縁となって鳥羽上皇に北面武士として仕え、蔵人や検非違使に任官する。
- He went up to Kyoto around the time between 1145 and 1151, served the retired Emperor Toba as Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) through the donation of his manor, and then held the posts of Kurodo (Chamberlain) and Keibiishi (officials with judicial and police powers).
- 欽明天皇元年(539年)、大伴金村が任那4郡を百済に割譲したことを非難し、金村を政界から引退させた。
- In 539, he accused OTOMO no Kanamura of ceding the four areas of Mimane to Baekje, and made Kanamura retire from the political world.
- しかし、すぐに巻き返しに転じて成親を検非違使別当に任命、時忠は解任され身代わりに配流とされてしまう。
- Goshirakawain, however, quickly executed a comeback operation and assigned Narichika to Kebiishi betto, resulting in the removal of Tokitada from his post and then his deportation instead of Narichika.
- 大衆は内裏を取り囲んで気勢を上げ、検非違使別当・時忠は官兵の派遣など早急な対策をとることを進言する。
- The armed priests boosted their morale by surrounding the Dairi, and advised Kebiishi betto (superintendent of the Imperial Police) Tokitada to take immediate action, such as dispatching the imperial army.
- しかし、政治的手腕は非常に優れていたため、箕輪城主の頃は、城下の民衆から慕われていたと言われている。
- However, it is said he was loved for his great ability in politics by the people of the castle town when he was lord of Minowa-jo Castle.
- 「此女房(小少将)紅顔翠戴人の目を迷すのみに非ず、巧言令色人心を悦ばしめしかば、義景寵愛斜ならず」、
- This lady (Koshosho) has a very attractive appearance and makes others feel happy by using flattery without affection, so Yoshikage very much favored her over others.'
- しかしこれは、主筋であった豊臣氏を滅ぼしたことへの非難を避けるための後世の創作であるという説もある。
- However, there is also the theory that this story was fabricated in a later generation to avoid the criticism that Ieyasu ruined the Toyotomi family, which had been his master family
- 正盛は主に、北面武士・検非違使・追討使といった国家権力の爪牙として活躍するが、各地の受領も歴任した。
- Masamori was mainly active as part of the military arm of the nation, such as Hokumen no bushi, Kebiishi (statutory office in the Heian and Kamakura periods), and Tsuitoshi, but also held positions as an officer at various provinces.
- 隣接する峠同様、非常に狭路であり、ヘアピンカーブの膨らみを利用して離合するしかないような区間も在る。
- Similar to the passes adjacent to it, Kyomi-toge Pass is a very narrow road with several spots where you can pass an oncoming car only at where the hair-pin curves are.
- 史料に具体的内容が引かれていないが、非常に重要な法と位置付けられており、歴史学者の関心を引いている。
- Although in historical materials, there is no specific citation to the contents of the code, it is positioned as an extremely important law, and attracts the attention of historians.
- 乎非王(おいのおおきみ・おいのみこ、生没年不詳)は、「上宮記」逸文に記される5世紀頃の皇族(王族)。
- Prince Oi (Oi no Kimi or Oi no Miko, his date of birth and death were unknown) first appeared in the Itsubun (unidentified or lost writings) written articles of the 'Joguki' (Record of the Crown Prince) being an Imperial family (Royal family) around the fifth century in Japan
- また、彼らが都・長安で見た実際の都城や律令制の運用実態は、日本国内での想像とは似て非なるものであった。
- Further, they found that the actual state of the capital city of Changan and the administration of Ritsuryo system were similar but different to what they had imagined in Japan.
- 現行の写本では、それぞれの写本ごとの異なりが非常に大きく、同じ部分に対して全く異なる注釈を加えている。
- Surviving manuscripts are all quite different from one another, with each one having completely different annotations for the same part.
- 写本自体が私有され非公開である、などの理由で史料批判がなされる予定がなく、史料として使えないものも多い
- It includes many documents that cannot be used as historical material because academic consideration as historical material is not possible because the manuscript is privately owned and not open to the public.
- 以下では、即位説を支える論点をまず記し、それに対して非即位説の立場からどの様な反論があるかを紹介する。
- The following sections describe issues that support the enthronement theory and some objections to them from the viewpoint of the non-enthronement theory.
- 『土佐偉人伝』(寺石正路)によれば、「性質は剛勇で武技を好み、非常に逞しい体躯を持った巨漢」であった。
- According to 'Tosa Ijinden' (Lives of Great People of Tosa) (Masamichi TERAISHI), he was 'courageous, fond of martial arts, and a giant with an extremely robust body.'
- 能書家としても知られ、その書風は中国人ならではのものがあり、隠元、即非とともに黄檗三筆と称されている。
- He was also known as a noshoka (master of calligraphy) whose calligraphic style was possible only to Chinese, and was known as one of three famous ancient calligraphers on Mt. Obaku together with Ingen and Sokuhi.
- また、『桃源遺事』『義公遺事』『玄桐筆事』などの伝記史料には幼少時からの非凡を示す逸話が記されている。
- Mitsukuni's prodigy left many episodes in such biographical sources as 'Togen Iji,' 'Giko Iji,' and 'Gento Hitsuji.'
- 性格は豪奢を好み、大饗の日に寝殿の壁が少し黒かったので、非常に高価な陸奥紙で張り替えさせたことがある。
- He had the personality of someone who liked luxury; when he noticed that his bedroom wall became slightly black on the day of a party, he had it replaced with very expensive Michinokugami (Japanese paper originally made from the fibers of mayumi (the spindle tree), and produced in Michinoku area, part of modern day Tohoku) wallpaper.
- 稲粟であれば、播種量に対する収穫量の割合が非常に高いため、利子率が著しく高くなるのは合理的だと言える。
- Regarding the Suiko dealing with rice and millet, a high interest rate might be reasonable, because the ratio of yield to the seeding stood very high.
- しかしながら、受領の勤務評定は非常に厳しく、あまり苛烈な租税収奪は行なわれなかっただろうとされている。
- However, the performance review of Zuryo was very severe, so it is thought that they were unable to impose taxes that were overly harsh.
- 日本ではマルコ・ポーロが紹介した事実が非常によく知られており、日本の一種の別名としてとらえられている。
- In Japan, the fact that Marco Polo introduced Japan as Zipangu to Europe is well known, so that Zipangu is thought to be another name of Japan.
- だが、多くの死傷者と度重なる非常特別税などの増税に苦しんだ民衆の不満は日比谷焼討事件となって爆発した。
- However, since many were killed or injured in the war and people suffered from repeated tax increase such as emergency special taxes, their frustration and fury led to the Hibiya Incendiary Incident.
- 岡っ引 (おかっぴき) は、江戸時代の町奉行所や火付盗賊改方等の警察機能の末端を担った非公認の協力者。
- Okappiki refer to unofficial collaborators who played a marginal role in police functions such as town magistrate's offices and Hitsuke tozoku aratame-kata (literally, 'investigative division for arson and organized robbery') in the Edo period.
- さらに、人口も多く、姫路藩、明石藩、赤穂藩などがまとまった所領を有するほかは典型的な非領国地域であった。
- In addition, with their substantial population, the province was a typical Hi-ryogokuchiiki, except the Himeji clan, Akashi clan and Ako clan, each of which occupied a sizable territory.
- 基本的に『書紀』の記述を容認し、即位はなかったが大友皇子が朝廷を率いたとするのが大友皇子非即位説である。
- The Prince Otomo non-enthronement theory basically accepts the description of Chronicles and says that Prince Otomo was not enthroned but he did lead the imperial court.
- また、各地の援軍もそつなくこなしている点も考えれば家臣を雇わなかった点については非難する理由とならない。
- Considering that he performed military service as a reinforcement to the allies at various places without any mistakes, the fact that he did not employ vassals cannot be a reason to charge him.
- また、武市を処刑に追い込んだ張本人であるため、一部では「将来の総理大臣を殺した」者として非難されている。
- In addition, since he was the person who had put Takechi to death, some people criticized him for killing the future Prime Minister.
- 中世の被差別民は一般的に非人と称されたが、河原者がその中に含まれるかどうかについて、論争が行われている。
- Although those discriminated in the Medieval Period were generally called Hinin, there is controversy as to whether Kawaramono were included in Hinin.
- 信長は「是非に及ばず」と言い、弓 (武器)を持ち表で戦ったが、弦が切れたので次に槍を取り敵を突き伏せた。
- Nobunaga said, 'We have no other way.' and fought with a bow (weapon) in the front, but as the string of the bow was broken, he took a spear and stabbed enemies.
- もし事実なら皇太后順子の邸でそんなことが出来た(許された)子どもとは、一体誰だったのか、非常に興味深い。
- If this story is true, it is very interesting as to who the child was who could make (or was permitted) such a thing in the residence of the Empress Dowager Nobuko.
- ある程度の脱盟は予想していた内蔵助もさすがにこの三人の脱盟は予想できず、その脱盟を非常に惜しんだという。
- Although Oishi expected a certain number of people to leave the group, he was very sad to see those three people go, as it was quite unexpected.
- この値は1アール=100平方メートルに非常に近く、畝からメートル法のアールへの移行はスムーズに行われた。
- This figure is quite close to 1 are (a unit) equivalent to 100 square meters, so the switch of se into are (unit) of the metric system was quite smooth.
- その内、藤原定家の『明月記』が資料として使われているとされる部分は非常に多く、14ヶ所とほぼ半分を占める。
- Among them, 14 parts, almost half of them, used 'Meigetsuki' by FUJIWARA no Teika as materials.
- 常勤形態を取る長上に対して、非常勤の交替勤務の形態を番上と呼び、この形態で勤務していた官人を分番と呼んだ。
- As opposed to Chojo (full-time working pattern), a part-time and shift working pattern was called Banjo, and officials taking this working pattern were called Bunban (shiftwork).
- 自由民権派は鹿鳴館をもって民衆から搾り取った税金を冗費にあてているのに「財政難」と主張していると非難した。
- The party of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement accused of the government's claiming on the 'economic difficulties' though they spent taxes for Rokumeikan siphoned off from the people on unnecessary expenses.
- 中国が国際法圏外であることは非常に不利であるという認識が一部の改革派官僚や知識人の間に見られるようになる。
- Some of the reformist government officials and intellectual people understood disadvantages caused by the situation that China was outside of international law system.
- 秀吉は農家の出身でもあることから戦国大名としては稀な非少年愛家であり、一方多くの女性を愛したとされている。
- As Hideyoshi was from a farmer's family, exceptional for a sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord during the Sengoku period), he had no interest in pederasty, but on the other hand, he loved a large number of ladies.
- 本来は非公式の会合であり、意思決定も統裁合議制に則って行われていたが、次第に実質上の政策決定期間となった。
- Originally these meetings were informal in nature, and although decisions were made in accordance with the tosai-gogisei (a system under which the role of members was merely to advise the single individual vested with final decision-making power), the Jin no Sadame gradually became a de facto institution for government policy-making.
- また悲田院や非人宿に収容されたことから、病者や障害者の世話といった仕事も引き受けていた地域・集団もあった。
- Also, since they were housed in the Hiden-in Temple or Hininshuku, there were regions and groups which undertook a task of taking care of the sick and the disabled.
- しかしながら、そのほかは、小藩領、関東や東北の諸藩の飛地領、旗本領、幕府領などが錯綜する非領国地域であった。
- However, the other area of the province was a hi-ryogokuchiiki area with the territories of small clans, tobichi territories of Kanto or Tohoku regions, Hatamoto's territories, bakufu's territories, and so on existing complicatedly mixed.
- 現在研究者の間では本稿で紹介したような見直しが行われているが、ネット上ではその陰謀説はいまだに非常に根強い。
- Present historians are currently making the adjustments mentioned in this article, but such conspiracy theories are still widely discussed across internet.
- 特に平氏に対して非協力的であったことから、政治の中枢から一定距離を置いた傍観者的態度を取らざるを得なかった。
- Since he was not cooperative with the Taira clan, he had to take a stance as a bystander, slightly distant from the central core of the government.
- また、一切衆生の救済を強く志向し、ハンセン病救済事業や、非人救済、橋の架橋を行うなど社会事業を熱心に進めた。
- Moreover, they strengthened their will to work for the salvation of all living creatures, giving aid to those afflicted with leprosy and to hinin (literally 'non-humans,' members of the outcastes) and other bridge-building efforts, and thus increasing their zeal for social and humanitarian work.
- そのため、非常に重用され、律令制が機能しなくなって以後も蔵人所の管轄下で一定の存在意義をもって活動していた。
- Therefore, it was extremely important and continued under the Kurodo dokoro (the institution where the Imperial archives were kept) with a certain degree of importance even after the Ritsuryo system stooped functioning.
- 中世の被差別民は、一般的に非人と呼称されていたが、河原者、宿の者、散所民、声聞師(唱門師)などに分類できる。
- Generally called hinin (literally, not human beings), people discriminated against in the medieval can be classified into kawaramono (literally, people living in river side areas), shuku no mono (literally, people at shuku (inn-clustered towns along a big road)), sanjomin (literally, people at various places), or Shomonji (itinerant performers whose work encompassed both Noh performance and religious rituals) (Shomonji (lower-ranked diviners)).
- また、題目宗の是非を問う問答対決の命を亡き日蓮の六老僧の一人日朗(武蔵国長栄山池上本門寺住職)に下して居る。
- In addition, a dialogue for the need for the Daimoku sect was assigned to Nichiro (a chief priest of Ikegami Honmon-ji Temple, Choei mountain, Musashi Province), one of the six older monks of the Nichiren sect who passed away after that.
- 『日本書紀』には「頻りに諸悪を造し、一善も修めたまはず」とあるように、非常に悪劣なる天皇として描かれている。
- In 'Nihonshoki' he is described as a very wicked person, like 'he worked much evil and accomplished no good thing'.
- 重盛の軍兵の射た矢が、神輿に当たるなどの不手際により非難の声が巻き起こり、後白河はやむなく師高を流罪にする。
- After this, there were incidents that occurred, for example, Shigemori threw an arrow and hit a portable shrine, etc, and people reacted badly to this and complained, then Goshirakawa had no choice but to order the banishment of Morotaka.
- 大内持世は嘉吉元年(1441年)の嘉吉の乱に巻き込まれ非業の死を遂げるが、養子の大内教弘が勢力を引き継いだ。
- Mochiyo OUCHI was involved in the Kakitsu War and died a violent death in 1441, however, his adopted son, Norihiro OUCHI succeeded to his power.
- これを降嫁といい、皇女を妻に貰い受けることは男性にとっては非常に名誉な事とされ、主に平安中期に多く行われた。
- This is koka, and it was extremely honorable for a man to take a Princess to his wife and there were many cases of koka in the middle of the Heian period.
- 寛政2(1790年)年に寄合より非役職の寄合肝煎が選出され、寄合より役職・出役への推薦・斡旋を行うようになる。
- Yoriai-kimoiri without official appointment was selected from yoriai in 1790, and they recommended and made intercessions in appointing posts and assigning additional posts from yoriai.
- 慶喜は大目付戸川安愛に薩長の非をならす上表文を持たせて上京させるとともに、在京の譜代大名諸藩軍へ上坂を命じた。
- Yoshinobu ordered Yasuchika TOGAWA, Ometsuke, to come up to Kyoto with Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) to denounce Saccho and also ordered the armies of fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), staying in Kyoto, to come up to Osaka.
- 一一 文明とは道の普(あまね)く行はるるを賞賛せる言にして、宮室の荘厳、衣服の美麗、外観の浮華を言ふには非ず。
- 11. Civilization is a term to express appreciation for moral principles and ethics being universally observed and not a word to admire glorious palace chambers, beautiful clothes or superficial splendor of appearance.
- これに続く源氏物語の注釈書である藤原定家の奥入においても源氏釈は非常に重要視されており、数多く引用されている。
- FUJIWARA no Sadaie's 'Okuiri,' which was the next commentary on the Tale of Genji to appear, also regards it as highly important and contains a lot of quotations from it.
- 官軍の証である錦旗の存在は士気を大いに鼓舞すると共に、賊軍の立場となった江戸幕府側に非常に大きな打撃を与えた。
- While the banner of the Imperial army helped boost the morale of the soldiers of its army very much, it gave a serious shock to the soldiers of the Edo shogunate's army, who came to feel that their army turned into the rebel army.
- 彼は非常に日本との関係が深く、特に川島浪速とは自分の娘(日本名川島芳子)を後に川島の養女にするなど縁があった。
- He had a strong relationship with Japan, especially with Naniwa KAWASHIMA, and Shanqi's daughter was later adopted by Kawashima (her Japanese name was Yoshiko KAWASHIMA).
- これに対し恭親王奕訢は主権を侵害する行為としてプロシアを非難し、その際『万国公法』を根拠として持ち出している。
- On the other hand, Grand Prince Yixin blamed Prussia for the action and claimed it was considered to be infringement of sovereignty according to 'Bankoku Koho.'
- 681年(開耀元年)河源道経略大使の黒歯常之が良非川に吐蕃の論贊婆を撃ち破り、その兵糧や家畜を収めて帰還した。
- In 681, the commander-in-chief of the Kogen region Joshi KOKUSHI defeated Ron Sanba of Toban at Ryohigawa and returned with the enemy's food and livestock.
- 10歳になるまでに四書などの教えを受けるが、非凡な才能を示したため、周囲の大人はこの子に学問を仕込もうとした。
- Until the age of 10, he was taught the teachings of Shisho (The Four Books of Confucianism), but since he displayed remarkable talents, the adults around him tried to educate him.
- 忠宗の官位については「帯刀長」「左衛門少尉」「検非違使」の官職が伝わっているが、位階についてはわかっていない。
- As for Tadamune's official rank and post, according to some records, his post was 'Tachihaki no osa' (captain of the Guards), 'Saemon no Shoi' (Junior Lieutenant of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), and 'Kebiishi' (official with judicial and police powers), and his court rank is unknown.
- 道長はかつて親王の外舅伊周・藤原隆家兄弟を失脚させた張本人であり、親王の生母定子に対しても数々の非礼を働いた。
- In earlier days, Michinaga had instigated a plot leading to the downfall of FUJIWARA no Korechika and FUJIWARA no Takaie (brothers who were uncles to Imperial Prince Atsuyasu) and acted discourteously towards Teishi, Imperial Prince Atsuyasu's mother, on a number of occasions.
- 古今和歌集を否定し万葉集を高く評価して、江戸時代までの形式にとらわれた和歌を非難しつつ、短歌の革新につとめた。
- He contributed to the reform of tanka by highly praising the Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and repudiating the Kokin Wakashu (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) while criticizing waka in the Edo era for being rigidly confined in form.
- なお、これらの「業績」は家康の死後に、当時の情勢において行われたもので、彼に対する非難としては的を外している。
- By the way, these 'achievements' were accomplished after his death, based on the situation at that time, and were irrelevant as accusations against him.
- 除目の儀は、行事を通じて、たとえば紙の折り方や墨の磨り方にいたるまで非常に細かい作法が決められた儀式であった。
- For the ceremony of jimoku, very minute rules were established through the event, including the way of a sheet of paper was to be folded and the way in which caked ink was scrubbed.
- 滝川はこの3教官に対し罷免を示唆しつつ公の場で繰り返し非難を行い、結局のところ3人全員が特別弁護人を辞退した。
- Takigawa hinted that the three staff members could be fired and repeatedly criticized them in public, and in the end, all three declined the position of special lawyer.
- 彼らは、滝口(北面武士)を勤めた後、宮中の警護にあたる蔵人、京市中の警察である検非違使などの武官に任じられた。
- After serving as takiguchi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side), they were appointed to military officers such as kurodo (chamberlain) to guard inside the Imperial Court and kebiishi (police and judicial chiefs) to serve as police for the city of Kyoto.
- 90年2月(61年)、田道間守(たじまもり)に命じて、常世国の非時香菓(ときじくのかぐのこのみ)を求めさせる。
- In March 61 A.D., he ordered Tajimamori to go search for a rare fruit called 'tokijikuno kaguno konomi' that grows in a country beyond the sea.
- 以後次々に不改常典をめぐる新説が提唱され、論議は非常な活況を呈したが、どれもはっきりした成功をおさめなかった。
- After that, new theories on Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was presented one after another and held active discussions, however, none of them had a relevant success.
- さて、白河院政の後期以降、院への荘園寄進が非常に集中するようになり、天皇家は莫大な経済基盤を得ることとなった。
- After the late era of Retired Emperor Shirakawa's government, there were many donations of private estates (owned by a noble, a temple or a shrine) to the retired Emperor's Palace, it caused the Imperial Palace to have an enormous financial base.
- 一方、卑弥呼や邪馬台国と同様に非佳字をあてることにより、中華世界から見た夷狄であることを表すとする意見もある。
- But others says 倭 means iteki (barbarians) seen from China because the ominous character is used as in Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) and Yamatai Koku (Yamatai Kingdom).
- 書契問題を背景として生じた日本国内における「征韓論」の高まりに、大院君が非常な警戒心を抱いたことも一因である。
- Another reason was that Daewongun felt a great cautiousness against the debate over sending a military expedition to Korea in Japan which had occurred from the problem of diplomatic correspondence.
- なお、同様の趣旨をもってえた・非人とされた人々の所有地である「穢地」の免税特権破棄も解放令と同時に行われている。
- For the same purpose, the privilege of tax exemption of 'kegachi', lands possessed by people who had been treated as Eta and Hinin (groups comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (often ex-convicts or vagrants)), was also abolished when Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) was issued.
- 天皇にはならないが天皇の立場で政治をとることを称制というので、非即位説は大友皇子称制説と言い換えることもできる。
- Ruling the country without official accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne is called Shosei, so the non-enthronement theory may be called a Prince Otomo Shosei theory.
- 特に、沖縄県出身の言論人太田朝敷が、抗議の中心となり、沖縄県全体に非難の声が広がり、県出身者の展覧を止めさせた。
- In particular, Chofu OTA, a media figure from Okinawa, led the protest movement, raising a chorus of complaints throughout Okinawa Prefecture, which put an end to the display of the Okinawa people.
- 国司が引き渡しを命じると、永基は法師の首を斬り梟首したが、誰の首かもわからず、永基は検非違使の尋問を受けている。
- At the order of Kokushi (provincial governor), Nagamoto beheaded the hoshi and exposed his head to the public, but it was not clear whose head it was and Nagamoto was questioned by kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers).
- そのためか義経は後白河法皇から左衛門少尉と検非違使の任官を受け、頼朝はこれに激怒して義経を平氏追討軍から外した。
- Therefore Yoshitsune was awarded the positions of Sa-emon-shoi (jr. lieutenant of the left division of outer palace guards) and kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers), then Yoritomo got very angry about this and eliminated Yoshitsune from the army to hunt down and kill the Taira clan.
- 京都に着いた西郷は薩摩が佐幕・攘夷派双方から非難されており、攘夷派志士だけではなく、世評も極めて悪いのに驚いた。
- Saigo arrived in Kyoto and was condemned by both the Sabaku and the Joi group (group of adherence to the shogunate and expulsion of the foreigners), and he was surprised that his reputation was very bad with both groups, not only with the patriot of Joi (principle of excluding foreigners) group.
- このことを聞いた他の武将達は「ここは戦場だと言うのにそのような物があるわけがないだろう」と口々に直政を非難した。
- Having heard what Naomasa said, the other busho (Japanese military commanders) criticized Naomasa saying 'How could we have soy sauce on a battlefield?'
- 享年は不明だが、永禄12年(1569年)時点で既に信長に仕えていた記録があり、非常に長命であった事は事実である。
- The age at Kanetoshi's death is unknown, but an existing record shows that he served Nobunaga in 1569, which proves that he lived quite a long life.
- 律令制の最盛期とちがって、租税を強力な力なしには徴収できない階級関係の変化が、検非違使の機能の変化にも反映した。
- Unlike during the prime of the ritsuryo system, changes in class relationships made it impossible to collect taxes without enforcing power, and this was reflected in the changes in the function of kebiishi.
- この時代の海戦では非戦闘員の水手・梶取を射ることは戦の作法に反する行為だったが、義経はあえてその掟破りを行った。
- At this point in history, the shooting of noncombatants like navigators or oarsmen in a naval battle was considered against the etiquette of war, yet Yoshitsune dared to break this unwritten rule.
- 私鋳銭は、一部が欠落したもの、穴が開いていないもの、字が潰れて判読できないものなど、非常に粗悪なものが多かった。
- The quality of Shichusen was often very poor, for example part of the detail was often missing, it had no hole, and the letters on it were impossible to read.
- 明仁・皇后美智子も非常に熱心であり諒闇(服喪中)や病気を除くとほとんどの宮中祭祀に代拝を立てず自ら出席している。
- Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko are also interested in them, and they attend most Court rituals without asking someone to worship on behalf of them, apart from a period that they are sick or in mourning.
- 以上においては、同等内では、嫡出及びその子孫の系統を先にして、庶出の子(非嫡出子)及びその子孫の系統を後にする。
- Among members of equal standing, legitimate sons and their male-line descendants had a stronger claim to succeed the Imperial Throne over those of illegitimate birth and their male-line descendants.
- この宣旨は警察の役目を果たす弾正台や検非違使に通知され(『西宮記』)、以後は直衣で参内してもとがめられなくなる。
- Once Seinshi was informed at the judicial office and the police and Kebiishi (judicial chief who also acted as police), ('Saigu ki'), it was allowed to enter the Imperial Palace just wearing Noshi (without wearing Zappo).
- 皇統の危機を救い、男系ではないものの、直系の血筋を後世に受け継がせた手白香皇女の存在は非常に大きかったといえる。
- The presence of Princess Tashiraka was strong, for it was she who saved the crisis of Imperial lineage, and although not in the male line, handed down the direct lineage.
- 内親王の結婚相手は律令の「継嗣令」では天皇もしくは四世以上の皇族に限るとされ、古代には非皇族との結婚はなかった。
- According to 'the Heir Decree' in the Ritsuryo codes, an Imperial Princess should marry an Emperor or a member of Imperial family who was within the fourth generations of an Emperor, and in ancient times there was no marriage between an Imperial Princess and non-imperial family.
- 史料上の国司苛政上訴の初見は、974年(天延2)に尾張国の百姓らが国守藤原連貞の非法を太政官へ訴えた事例である。
- The first historical record of Kokushi kasei joso was a case in which farmers in Owari Province complained to Daijokan about illegal behaviors of their kokushu, FUJIWARA no Tsurasada in 974.
- 主君の信長は短気で苛烈な性格であったため、光秀は常々非情な仕打ちを受けていたのではないかと噂や作り話をされている。
- There are rumors and fables saying that Mitsuhide may have been treated mercilessly because the monarch Nobunaga was short-tempered and fierce.
- 等々の理由で古代からの伝来である可能性は極めて低く、古代史研究における歴史学的な価値は非常に低いと考えられている。
- Due to the above reasons, the possibility that they were handed down from ancient times is quite small and it has very low historical value in regard to the study of ancient history.
- そのため、石山合戦以降は宗教の非武装化がより一層加速され、宗教団体が独立性を失い政権の統制下に置かれる事となった。
- After the Ishiyama War, therefore, demilitarization of religious powers accelerated, and the religious groups lost their independence and were put under the control of the administration.
- 『万国公法』では個別の事件については特に触れておらず、その名の下に裁かれること自体、実は非常におかしいことである。
- 'Bankoku Koho' does not refer to individual cases and it is very inexplicable that the above cases were tried under the name of 'Bankoku Koho.'
- 藩閥政治に対する批判者であったが、非藩閥の陸奥宗光からは引き続き可愛がられ、朝鮮政府の法律顧問や駐米公使を務める。
- Munemitsu MUTSU, not a member of hanbatsu, continued to favor HOSHI who was critical of the oligarchic government dominated by hanbatsu, and HOSHI served as law advisor to the Korean government, and also as a minister-counselor to the United States.
- 為相は京都の他の公家からは、藤谷黄門(ふじたにこうもん)と呼ばれ、公家でありながら幕府と非常に親しい関係にあった。
- Tamesuke was called Fujigaya Komon by other court nobles in Kyoto; he had very close relationship with the bakufu although he was a court noble.
- 鳥羽法皇の怒りを買い、久寿2年(1155年)4月、為義は左衛門大尉と検非違使を解官され、家督を嫡子源義朝に譲った。
- This made the Cloistered Emperor Toba furious and in May 1155, Tameyoshi was dismissed from his posts of Saemon no daijo (Senior Lieutenant at the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) and Kebiishi and handed over the family estate to his eldest son, MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
- 谷時中の子)が、春海の暦法を根拠のないものと非難して授時暦を一部修正しただけの大統暦採用の詔勅を取り付けてしまう。
- claimed Harumi's calendar making was unsound and issued an imperial edict ordering the use of a slightly revised version of the Daito Calendar.
- 八幡市の人口を大きく支える男山団地と周辺の邸宅街での消費は枚方市楠葉地区に流れており、市内での滞留率が非常に低い。
- Consumers who live in the Otokoyama housing complex and its surrounding residential areas--Yawata City's large portion of the population--go out to Hirakata City Kuzuha area and the rate of consumption within the city is quite low.
- この仕置きを不満とした者の数は非常に多く、後に旧秋田藩領では反政府運動が、旧三春藩領では自由民権運動が活発化した。
- There were many people discontented with such treatment, and an anti-government movement in the former Akita Domain and a Movement for Freedom and People's Rights (jiyu-minken-undo) in the former Miharu Domain were gaining ground.
- しかし、非常に使い勝手が悪く、戦闘では主流な武器にはなれず、せいぜい農民が害獣を追い払うのに使用する程度であった。
- However, they were not made user-friendly to such an extent that they could not be used as a major weapon in fighting, being used only by farmers for expelling harmful animals.
- 大犯三ヶ条と大番役などの軍事・警察的職権に限定されていた鎌倉期守護と比べて、室町期守護の権能は非常に拡大していた。
- Compared with the shugo in the Kamakura period, whose authority was limited to military and police authority relating to Taibon-sankajo, Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto), etc., the shugo in the Muromachi period had drastically expanded authority.
- 検非違使をも動員して徴税を強行する造酒正と酒屋の座を支配下に置く延暦寺などの有力寺院との対立が生じることになった。
- However, conflict occurred between miki no kami, who enforced tax collection by pressing 'kebiishi' (a police and judicial chief) into service, and influential temples, including Enryaku-ji Temple, which had 'za' (a trade guild) of Sakaya under their control.
- 応仁の乱により、公卿は地方に離散し、朝廷の財政は窮乏し、天皇の権威も地に落ちていた非常につらい時代だったといえる。
- After the Onin War, court nobles were dispersed to different areas of the country and the financial situation of the Imperial Palace remained fragile; therefore, it was a difficult time for the Emperor, since he didn't have much authority during this period.
- 1町は1ヘクタールに非常に近い値であることから、日本においては面積の単位のメートル法への移行はスムーズに行われた。
- As 1 cho is very close to 1 hectare, Japan's transfer to the metric system in terms of areas went smoothly.
- その大多数は、日本に伝わった宋版や元版を覆刻したものであり、古様を伝えるものも多く、版本学的な資料価値が非常に高い。
- Most of them were the reprinted editions of the Song or Yuan printings that had been introduced into Japan; many of them depict the past, and they are of great value as materials in studying woodblock printing.
- 6月17日、天津にある大沽砲台の攻撃について、清朝は「無礼横行」と非難し、宣戦布告をする重要な動機のひとつとなった。
- The Qing dynasty criticized the attack of Taku Fort at Tianjin as 'impolite rampancy' on June 17 and it became one of the important motives for the proclamation of war.
- 大きさも方2寸と非常に大きく、印自体の厚さも薄くなり鈕も巨大化するなど、漢印と比べるとその雰囲気は様変わりしている。
- It was as huge as two square sun and the base part of the seal became thinner and the grip became larger, so the features changed a lot from Han seals.
- 日本側・外国公使側とも「万国公法」ということばを用いて会話・書簡のやりとりしており、国際法に非常に注意を払っていた。
- Both Japan side and foreign ministers frequently used the word 'bankoku koho' in conversations and letters, which means they were very much concerned about international law.
- しかし国家元首に謁見すること、すなわち清朝皇帝と会見することは、長い間非常に高いハードルがあったと言わねばならない。
- However, to have an audience with a head of China, namely an emperor, there was a very high bar for long time.
- また、白河上皇の院政に伊賀の所領を寄進するなどして重用され、検非違使・追捕使として諸国の盗賊を討伐するなど活動した。
- As Masamori contributed his domain in Iga Province to the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, and was appointed to important posts, such as kebiishi (a police and judicial chief), and Tsuibushi (envoys to purse and capture), whereby he assumed responsibilities for subduing and apprehending local bandits across the various Provinces, etc.
- またフランス留学の影響からか親欧米的で、軍部などから国家主義に反する者として「世界主義者」と非難されることもあった。
- He was pro-Europe and pro-America due to the influence that studying in France had on him, and he was called a 'globalist' and criticized by the military for being against nationalism.
- 美濃源氏の豪族・土岐氏の惣領となり、平氏政権下においても源氏の流れを汲む在京の武者として検非違使、左衛門尉を務めた。
- He became the successor of the Toki clan, a local ruling family that belongs to the Mino-Genji (Minamoto clan) and, under the Taira clan government, assumed the role of Kebiishi Saemon no Jo (third-ranked officer with judicial and police powers in the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) as a Kyoto-residing samurai belonging to the Minamoto clan.
- さらに検非違使源満季(満仲の弟)が前相模国介藤原千晴(藤原秀郷の息子)とその子藤原久頼を一味として捕らえて禁獄した。
- Furthermore, Kebiishi MINAMOTO no Mitsusue, (the younger brother of Mitsunaka), captured and imprisoned former Suke of Sagami Province FUJIWARA no Chiharu, (son of FUJIWARA no Hidesato), and his child FUJIWARA no Hisayori as conspirators.
- 中島飛行機は第二次世界大戦中に急速に発達した財閥で、軍用機の生産から鉱山・貿易・水産などの非飛行機部門にも進出した。
- Nakajima Airplane was a zaibatsu that grew rapidly during World War II and later expanded its business from military aircraft production to non-aircraft businesses such as mining, trade and commercial fishing.
- 上皇(治天の君)-天皇の形態は男系での皇位継承を非常に安定させる形態だったが、明治以降、上皇の存在は廃止されている。
- The retired Emperor (Chiten no kimi) - the form of the succession to the Emperor was in secure form and it was passed on by the male members of the Imperial family, however the position of the retired Emperor itself was abolished.
- 鎌倉幕府は仲恭天皇を廃位し、「後鳥羽上皇の子孫の皇位継承は認めない」とする方針を決定、非後鳥羽系皇族の擁立を図った。
- The Kamakura bakufu let Emperor Chukyo abdicate the throne and decided to institute a new policy 'Not to allow Retired Emperor Gotoba's descendants succeed to the throne,' and they tried to set up an Imperial Family member to succeed, who was not a member of Emperor Gotoba's Imperial Family.
- また、李氏朝鮮も徹底した文治主義をとり、非常に形式主義的な性格の強い朝鮮使節の応接は勅旨以上に気を使うものであった。
- Since the Joseon Dynasty was the government by law and reason rather than by military force, the envoy observed formalism so strictly that the Japanese government had to treat them more carefully than the Imperial order.
- 上杉家からかなりの数の士分と非士分が吉良義周(上杉綱憲の二男。吉良義央の養子)にしたがって吉良家へ入ったとしている。
- It shows that a great number of people from samurai class and non-samurai class followed Yoshimasa KIRA (the second son of Tsunanori UESUGI and adopted child of Yoshinaka KIRA) and moved to the Kira family.
- 作品「金閣寺」は、非常な美文の集合体のような作品であり、作品全体に金閣寺を支柱とした美術的な美しさと儚さに溢れている。
- The 'Kinkakuji' is an assemblage of extremely beautiful sentences, and the whole work is filled with an artistic beauty and transiency that holds Kinkaku-ji Temple at its center.
- その後も非局所場理論・素領域理論といった革新的かつ野心的な理論を提唱しつづけ、最後まで第一線級の物理学者であり続けた。
- He kept advocating innovative and ambitious theories such as the quantum theory of non-local field and the theory of elementary domain, and was active at the forefront of Physics until his last days.
- 貫名海堂(名を肅、1750年 - 1850年)という人物の書は菘翁の筆勢と非常によく似ているため市場でよく間違われる。
- The calligraphy by Kaido NUKINA (the name was Shuku, 1750 - 1850) was very similar to that of Suo in the power in brush strokes and thus was often mistaken for each other in the market.
- その非凡なデザイン感覚は「光琳模様」という言葉を生み、現代に至るまで日本の絵画、工芸、デザイン等に与えた影響は大きい。
- His extraordinary sense of design brought about the term Korin Moyo (Korin Pattern), which significantly influenced Japan's current-day paintings, craftwork and design.
- 同年7月27日、鹿児島藩士・集議院徴士横山安武(森有礼の実兄)が時勢を非難する諫言書を太政官正院の門に投じて自刃した。
- On July 27 of that same year, the feudal retainer of Kagoshima and member of the Shugi-in, Yasutake YOKOYAMA, (the truel older brother of Arinori MORI) threw the Kangensho (a document containing advice to the highly ranked people) that criticized the times to the gate of the Dajokan-Seiin (chief of Grand Council of state) and committed suicide with his sword.
- 早稲田大学非常勤講師の佐藤能丸は、このことが今日に至るまで大隈の全集が発行されていない遠因となっていると指摘している。
- Yoshimaru SATO, a part-time teacher at Waseda University, pointed out that this was an underlying cause of why Okuma's library had not been published until the present day.
- 田堵負名層が中央政府へ国司の非法を訴える国司苛政上訴は、こうした状況の表れであり、10世紀後期から顕著となっていった。
- Kokushi kasei joso, an appeal made by tato fumyo to the central government against lawless actions of kokushi, was the manifestation of the above situation and became conspicuous after the late tenth century.
- 「公方様の城内では、すでに上京が破壊され焼失されたのを見ていたので、恐怖なり喚声に圧倒されて驚愕は非常なものであった」
- In Kubosama's castle, they saw Kamigyo destroyed and burned down and were deeply terrified and screamed.'
- なお内親王は非皇族と結婚しても、本人の皇族としての身分はそのままであり、皇族を離れて嫁ぎ先の姓を名乗ることはなかった。
- Imperial Princesses kept their Imperial family status after they married to men from non-imperial families, so they weren't identified themselves by their husbands' family names.
- 広義の非人とは、神人(いぬじにん)・墓守・河原者・放免(ほうめん)・乞胸(ごうむね)・猿飼・八瀬童子等々の総称である。
- The Hinin in a broad sense is a general term for Inujinin (shrine associates), grave keeper, Kawaramono (discriminated position), Homen (ex-convicts), Gomune (vagrants or beggars), itinerant entertainers, Yasedoji (person who carried Emperor on a palanquin) and etc.
- また植民地一般の傾向にもれず、在朝日本人と原住民たる朝鮮人の間の所得格差も非常に大きいものがあったと主張する者もいる。
- Others insist that, just like any other colonies, the income difference between the Japanese in Korea and the Koreans as the natives was huge.
- 重源が再建した大仏殿などの建築様式は非常に独特なもので、当時の中国(宋)の福建省周辺の建築様式に通じるといわれている。
- The architectural style of the Great Buddha Hall and other similar reconstructions by Chogen was quite unique and is said to have commonalities with the architectural style of Fujian Province and the surrounding area of China in those days (the Sung dynasty).
- The architectural style in which Chogen restored buildings including the Great Buddha hall was highly unique and is said to have been similar to the contemporary style of China's (Song) Fujian Province.
- このほかに鋤先などの農具やヤリガンナなどの工具、鏃などの小型武器などもみられるが、大型の青銅器に比べて非常に少量である。
- There are very few, but some smaller bronze ware were also excavated, such as the tip of a spade used as farming equipment, a Japanese-style plane with long handle as a tool, and an arrowhead as smaller weapon.
- ロゴの背景にカタカムナ文字が使われ、作中にもカタカムナ文献と思われる文献が登場するなど、非常に重要な役目を果たしている。
- The Katakamuna characters are used on the background of the logo and documents considered to be katakamuna documents appear and play very important roles in the story.
- 硬六派は日清戦争中は政府に協力的な姿勢を示したが、三国干渉を政府が受け入れた事を非難し、戦後は倒閣への動きを見せ始める。
- The Ko Roppa showed a cooperative attitude toward the government during the Sino-Japanese War, but the party started to take action to overthrow the government after the war while criticizing it for accepting the Triple Intervention (a diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany and France).
- 新聞や世間からの激しい攻撃に耐えられず自殺した、と一般にいわれるが、この時点では彼女を非難する内容の報道はされていない。
- It is generally said that she killed herself because she could not bear severe attacks from the press and the public; however, no news blaming her had been reported at that point.
- 朝鮮出兵時に政宗が伊達家の部隊にあつらえさせた戦装束は非常に絢爛豪華なもので、上洛の道中において盛んに巷間の噂となった。
- The armored costumes, which Masamune prepared for the troops of the Date clan were extremely gorgeous and splendid that their costume gave people a lot to talk about on the way to Kyoto.
- 青いガラス製の洗面器具を使い、家庭内においても洋間に滞在しながら洋服を着用する、当時としては非常に洋風な生活をしていた。
- He led a western-style life, rare in those days, using a wash basin made of blue glass, wearing western clothes and living in a western room.
- しかし2009年現在夜景スポットとして人気があり、京都市街地から比較的近いこともあり、交通量は道幅と比較して非常に多い。
- As of 2009, it is a popular spot for its nice night view and, since it is relatively close from the center of Kyoto City, the traffic is pretty heavy for the narrowness of the road.
- 私鋳銭の中には、一部が欠落したもの、穴が開いていないもの、字がつぶれて判読できないものなど、非常に粗悪なものが多かった。
- The quality of many of these shichusen coins was quite low: For examples, in some of them, a portion was lost, no hole was provided, or the characters on them were too worn to read them.
- 1333年の鎌倉幕府滅亡から建武の新政、室町時代初期までの間は、全国的に戦乱が相次ぎ、荘園の所有関係も非常に流動化した。
- From the demise of the Kamakura bakufu in 1333 to the Kenmu Restoration or the early Muromachi period, the maelstrom of war continued and the ownership relationship of shoen were also fluidized.
- 当時も、皇族女子が非皇族男子と結婚すれば必ず皇籍を離れねばならず、その間に生まれた子が皇位を継ぐことはなかったとされる。
- At that time, a female member of Imperial Family must abandon their membership in the imperial family if she marries a non-imperial family member, therefore her child never succeeds the throne.
- 新家のほとんどが羽林家・名家 (公家)・半家 (公家)に属しており、公卿に昇進しても非参議に終わるケースが殆どであった。
- Most of the Shinke families had the status of Urin or Meike (type of court nobility) and Han-ke (type of court nobility), but, despite their promotion to the nobility, did not generally become councilors.
- しかしそれは成立時期の問題よりも、上座部仏教と大乗仏教の間での教義の違いを反映していると言えよう(→大乗非仏説を参照)。
- But this difference is not due to a difference in the establishment of teachings, but is thought to be due to a difference of doctrine between upper seat Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism (cf. doctrine that Mahayana is not Buddhism).
- 仁川は朝鮮の首都漢城の外港にあたる地であるため交渉は非常に難航したが、朝鮮側が妥協して1881年2月受諾を通告してきた。
- The negotiation ran into trouble extremely as Incheon was the outer harbor of Hanseong, the capital of Korea, but Korea compromised and notified Japan of their acceptance in February 1881.
- オオナムヂが死んで母親の力によって蘇生するという話は、フィンランドの叙事詩『カレワラ』と非常に酷似しているとの指摘がある。
- Some point out that a tale of Onamuji's revival by his mother bears a very close resemblance to Finnish epic poem 'The Kalevala.'
- 当時の交通事情を勘案すると第七版がアジアにもたらされたのは刊行年より非常に遅く、実際には参照が難しかったと考えられている。
- Taking transportation condition at that time in consideration, however, arrival of the seventh version in Asia was very late compared to the year of publication, it is understood that the reference to the seventh version was difficult.
- 出場選手わずか2名のため、行列人数が非常に少なく蕭条の観があったが、かえって群集の同情をひいた、と日本人記者は報じている。
- One Japanese reporter told about the situation of the ceremony that the loneliness of the parade consisting of only two participants drew spectator's sympathy.
- 顕彰碑には「動けば雷電の如く発すれば風雨の如し、衆目駭然、敢て正視する者なし。これ我が東行高杉君に非ずや...」 とある。
- His monument of honor says, 'Moving like the lightning, speaking like the storm, all are astonished and none dare face him. This is our Togyo Takasugi.'
- この処分案に対し、後陽成帝は非常に不満であったが、諸公卿・新上東門院など朝廷の主立った面々は賛成しており、処刑が確定した。
- Although Emperor Goyozei was very much dissatisfied with this proposal, court nobles and other influential members of the Imperial Court including Shinjotomon-in approved of it, and the penal sentence was finalized.
- 仲綱から知らせを受けた以仁王は、女装して邸を脱出、御所では長谷部信連が検非違使と戦って時間を稼ぎ、以仁王は園城寺へ逃れた。
- Prince Mochihito, having been forewarned by Nakatsuna, fled from the mansion dressed in women's clothers, while back at the mansion, Nobutsura HASEBE fought with the Chief Inspector to buy Mochihito some time, allowing him to escape safely to Onjo-ji temple.
- この発言では、天皇の地位が憲法に記されたものであることを確認した一方、護憲とも解釈可能なため一部の右翼勢力から非難された。
- Letting people confirm that the Constitution of Japan gives a definition of the Emperor, the remark was criticized by a small group of right-wing organizations for its probability of being interpreted as protecting the Constitution.
- 事実、現在の差別問題に関する認識、見解、解放運動のベクトルは様々で、この問題のある一定以上の捉え方は非常に難しいものである。
- In fact, the perspectives regarding those recognition, opinion, liberation movements toward this particular discrimination issue varry so much that it is extremely difficult to go beyond the basic grasp of the matter.
- 土方久元「その言行すこぶる意表に出で、時としては大いに馬鹿らしき事を演じたれど、また実に非凡の思想を有し、之を断行し得たり」
- Hisamoto HIJIKATA said that 'Ryoma's words and deeds were something extremely unexpected, and he sometimes did very absurd things, but he had extraordinary ideas and achieved what he believes.'
- 江戸幕府のキリスト教禁止政策をひきついだ明治政府の手によって村民たちは流罪とされたが、このことは諸外国の激しい非難を受けた。
- The Meiji Government followed the Edo bakufu's policy to ban Christianity and banished the villagers, which provoked strong criticism from foreign countries.
- 元弘3年/正慶2年(1333年)3月11日、博多に到着した武時は鎮西探題に出仕したが、侍所から遅参を非難され、口論となった。
- On May 3, 1333, Taketoki, who arrived at Hakata, served in the Chinzei tandai, however, Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) blamed him for his late attendance, which developed into an argument.
- 一条朝にあって国母として強い発言権をもち、しばしば政治に介入したため、藤原実資の日記『小右記』には「国母専朝」と非難された。
- She had a strong say in the court of Ichijo as Kokumo and often interfered in politics, leading FUJIWARA no Sanesuke to criticize her in his diary 'Ouki,' saying 'the Kokumo rules the court.'
- また「弓流」の段で、海に落とした自分の弓を拾った逸話の際に「弱い弓」と自ら述べるなど、肉体的には非力である描写がされている。
- The chapter of 'Yuminagashi' (The Dropped Bow) describes that he was not physically gifted, with an anecdote that when he dropped his bow into the sea, he himself called it 'a weak bow,' when picking it up.
- 生活は非常に苦しかったために、筆を折ることも決意したが、雑貨店を開いた吉原_(東京都)近郊での生活はその作風に影響を与えた。
- Because she lived in great poverty, she sometimes made up her mind to stop writing, but her life in the neighborhood of Yoshiwara (Tokyo Prefecture), where she opened a variety shop, influenced the style of her works.
- 帯刀長、検非違使に任じられ、南都神木入洛を防いだり、延暦寺との合戦で焼失した園城寺の造営を奉行するなど重要な役割を果たした。
- He was appointed Tachihaki no osa and Kebiishi and played such important roles as defending Kyoto against Nanto-Shinboku (Southern capital [Nara]-Sacred tree) (Direct petition by priest soldiers of Kofuku-ji Temple) and administering the new construction of Onjo-ji Temple which had been burnt down in a battle against Enryaku-ji Temple.
- 高明は長男・源忠賢とともに出家して京に留まるよう願うが許されず、26日、邸を検非違使に包囲されて捕らえられ、九州へ流された。
- Takaakira's requests to become a priest with his eldest son MINAMOTO no Tadataka and remain in Kyoto was not accepted, and on the 26th, his residence was surrounded by kebiishi and he was captured and sent to Kyushu.
- 近くの木津温泉、あるいは、久美浜と一体的に宣伝活動を繰り広げ「網野浜詰」としての知名度は「冬のかに」で非常に高いものである。
- With extensive promotion activities together with Kitsu-onsen Hot Spring and Kumihama, 'Amino Hamazume' has been widely known for its 'winter crabs.'
- 更にこれを見た非官僚の荘園所有者も政府や官僚との個人的つながりを通じて本来は許されない租税の納付を回避しようとする者もいた。
- Furthermore, considering this, some non-bureaucrats who owned shoens also tried to escape from tax payments, which was not normally allowed, through their personal connections with the government or bureaucrats.
- 理由としては寺務を巡る大衆_(仏教)との対立、酒乱による乱行、江戸幕府の朝廷への介入を非難する言辞を行ったなど諸説が伝わる。
- There are various theories on the reason for his exile, one theory says he had a conflict with the temple followers about the operation of the temple, another says his misconduct during a drunken frenzy or another says he criticized the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for intervening with the Imperial Court.
- (ただし女院宣下については、時の白河天皇女御藤原賢子を立后させるためだったともいわれ、非国母の故か院分受領は給わっていない)
- (However, in order for FUJIWARA no Kenshi, a nyogo of Emperor Shirakawa, to become an empress, she received the title of nyoin and did not receive a title of inbun zuryo (a head of administrative supervisors for a Imperial Palace), it maybe because she was not the empress dowager.)
- 初代・内匠頭(非参議・従三位)・岡崎宣持以降、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米30石であったが、明治に至り華族に列し子爵に叙せられた。
- After the first generation, Nobumochi OKAZAKI was the official architect for the Imperial Building Bureau (Hisangi, Jusanmi - Junior Third Rank), his hereditary stipend during the Edo period was thirty koku, but since the Meiji period, the family ranked as Kazoku (nobility) and was conferred the title of viscount.
- ---江戸は女性の比率が二割といわれ独身の男性が非常に多く、宮使いで制約の多かった下級武士の専門の弁当屋として成り立っていた。
- It is said that female accounted for only 20 percent and unmarried males occupied large part of the population of Edo city; in those circumstances, makanai vendors sold box lunches to lower-ranking samurai, who served as the government officials under many restrictions.
- なお、雲隠六帖は源氏物語原典の巻々と比べると1巻の長さは概して非常に短く、ストーリーだけを完結に描く梗概的な内容を持っている。
- Additionally, the chapters of the Kumogakure Rokujo are on the whole exceedingly short compared with the original chapters of the Tale of Genji, and they describe the story so concisely that the contents look like summaries of the story.
- 竹橋にある勘定所の文書倉庫で書類整理をさせると、役人が書き損じた書類を勝手に破いて寄場に持ち帰る(紙は当時非常に高価だった)。
- When they were made to do the filiing of documents in the warehouse of documents of the Ministry of Finance in Takebashi, they tore the documents spoiled by officials and took them to the Yoseba (because sheets of paper were very expensive those days).
- 正式名称は不明だが当時の法令を収集した政府刊行の法令全書の目録には、「穢多非人ノ称ヲ廃シ身分職業共平民同様トス」と書かれいる。
- In the catalogue of a complete works book of laws published by the Government whose formal title is not known, it is stated that 'names of Eta and Hinin are to be abolished and their status and trades are to be the same as Heimin (commoner)'.
- その交渉を巡って、是か非かの激しい論争が清朝内で起こったが、各論者とも『万国公法』等を何度も引用し、己が主張の根拠としている。
- With regards to the negotiation, there were fierce debates whether the negotiation was right or wrong in the Qing dynasty, and both side repeatedly cited 'Bankoku Koho'as ground of their allegations.
- これらも含め、贋作が非常に多い事でも知られ、鑑定の結果、真筆と判定された作品には「大観番号」という番号をつけて保護されている。
- As for Taikan's works, it is well known that there are enormous numbers of fakes including the above, and so Taikan's paintings are protected by assigning a number called 'Taikan number' to paintings that have been appraised by experts as being genuine.
- 最初の殺人未遂や放火に加えて脱獄した道中で起こした様々な犯罪、それに脱獄そのものによって、西川は非常に永い刑期を持つに至った。
- As a result of various criminal acts he committed along the way of escape and prison breaks themselves, in addition to the attempted murder and fire-setting that he committed in the first crime, Nishikawa had to pay an enormously long prison term for him.
- 『平家物語』によれば、時忠は「平家一門でない者は人ではない(この一門にあらざれば人非人たるべし)」と放言したと伝えられている。
- According to the 'Tale of Heike,' Tokitada was quoted to have said 'Anyone who is not a member of the Heike is a nobody.'
- 後白河の後、皇位継承者は非常に多くの系統に分かれたが、後白河が院=治天の君として君臨し続け、むしろ皇統は安定していたといえる。
- After the era of Emperor Goshirakawa, the successors to the Imperial throne were from many different Imperial lines, but Emperor Goshirakawa continued to rule the government as In (Chiten no Kimi, the retired emperor), due to this the Imperial line was, in a way, secured.
- しかし、生母が北条氏一門では非主流派の名越氏の出身であったため、得宗の北条時宗の叔母が産んだ弟の足利頼氏が足利宗家を継承した。
- Since his real mother came from the Nagoe family which was a minority group in the Hojo clan, his younger brother, Yoriuji ASHIKAGA whose mother was an aunt of Tokimune HOJO, became the successor to the head family of Ashikaga.
- このほかホンダ・アコード、ホンダ・レジェンド、本田技研工業のホンダ・インテグラなど運転したことがあるとされる車種は非常に多い。
- He has driven various cars such as the Honda Accord, the Honda Legend, and Honda INTEGRA, all of which were manufactured by Honda Motor Co., Ltd., in addition to the above-mentioned cars.
- 以上の4制度を漏れなく実施するために、律令国家は、非常に精緻な律令法典と、それに基づいた高度に体系化された官僚制を必要とした。
- In order to thoroughly enforce the four aforementioned systems, the nations with the Ritsuryo system needed highly refined Ritsuryo codes and an advanced systematic bureaucracy based on those codes.
- むしろ朝鮮通信使のように、慶弔といった事柄に対し随時使節を送れば良いと主張し、そして首都に常駐することに非常な懸念を表明した。
- Korea insisted that ministers should be dispatched at any time such as occasions of congratulation or condolence as the messenger of Korea did, so they were very concerned about the permanent residence of a minister in the capital.
- これ以降の時代は、国策である銅の増産に協力しない者は非国民であるという主張がされるようになり、鉱毒反対運動は一時下火になった。
- After that, people came to say that persons who did not cooperate with the copper production were betrayers of the country, because the increase production was demanded as a national policy, therefore the movement against the mining pollution temporarily subsided.
- 駐日イギリス公使パークスも、日本の朝鮮への要求が日本に対する欧米側の要求よりも上まわっていることについて、非常に注目していた。
- Parkes, the English minister to Japan, paid great attention to the point that the Japanese demand to Korea was heavier than that from Europe and the United States to Japan.
- Sourpussは実は非常に親密な関係にあった姉妹であったし、「延(ノブ)」は彼女の後見人であり、恋人でもあったと書かれている。
- She also wrote that 'Sourpuss' was, in fact, a sister she developed a close relationship with and 'Nobu' was her patron and lover.
- 一方、義親の子の為義は河内源氏の家督は継いだが、祖父が任じられた陸奥守となる願いも許されず、検非違使判官のまま長く留め置かれた。
- On the other hand, although Yoshichika's son Tameyoshi succeeded the reigns of the family of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), his request to become Mutsu no Kami (Governor of Mutsu) which his grandfather was, was rejected and he remained as kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) hangan (inspector, third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period).
- 初期の段階では軍事同盟としての色彩が強い使節であり、また日本側も渤海が天皇の徳化により来朝したと捉え、使節を非常に厚遇している。
- The envoy had strong suggestion of military alliance at the initial stage, and Japan side treated the envoy from Bo Hai very well as Japan viewed it as he/she visited Japan by the emperor's influence by virtue.
- 日本において『万国公法』理解が非常に自然法よりであったことは、すでに示したが、この西周本は実定法に依拠した国際法概説書であった。
- As explained above, understanding of 'Bankoku Koho' in Japan was closer to thought of natural law, but the book by Nishi was general information manual on international law, which took a stance based on positive law.
- 伝説によれば、平安時代の後期、安倍貞任の残党であった黒鳥兵衛は越後国へ入ると悪逆非道の限りを尽くし、朝廷の討伐軍をも打ち破った。
- According to legend, in the late Heian period, Hyoe KUROTORU, one of Abe no Sadato's remaining retainers, went to Echigo Province and committed a number of atrocities, and even managed to defeat the Imperial army sent to subjugate him.
- 公武合体から非佐幕へと政治姿勢を転換させた背景として、時流が薩長同盟によって倒幕へ傾斜したことに対する土佐藩の焦りが挙げられる。
- Goto changed his political attitude from Kobu-gattai (reconciliation between the imperial court and the shogunate) to Hisabaku (anti-shogunate) because the movement towards the anti-shogunate was dramatically fostered by Satsuma-Choshu Alliance, which put pressure on the leaders of Tosa Domain.
- 正室である繁平の妹と隆景の間には子供はできなかったものの、この妻を非常に慈しみ、子ができなくとも側室を置くようなことはなかった。
- Although he had no children between his lawful wife, who was a younger sister of Shigehira, he loved the wife very much and wouldn't have any concubines.
- そんな中、千鶴子は長尾郁子の念写を非難する記事を見て、失望と怒りを感じ、清原に「どこまで研究しても駄目です」と言い放ったという。
- In such a situation, Chizuko, having read an article blaming Ikuko NAGAO's psychography, felt disappointed and angry, told KIYOHARA harshly that 'it would be no use studying me any longer.'
- 元治元年8月頃 近藤勇の態度に遺憾を感じた永倉新八、原田左之助、斎藤一、島田魁、尾関雅次郎らが会津・松平容保に非行五ヶ条を提出。
- Around August of 1864, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA, Hajime SAITO, Kai SHIMADA, Masajiro OZEKI and others, who were unsatisfied with Isami KONDO's attitude, submitted a five-point report of misconduct to Katamori MATSUDAIRA of Aizu.
- 惣村が最盛期を迎えたのは室町時代中期(15世紀)ごろであり、応仁の乱などの戦乱に対応するため、自治能力が非常に高まったとされる。
- Soson reached the mature stage in the mid-Muromachi period (around the fifteenth century), and it is said that the self-governing capability was very enhanced so as to respond to conflicts such as the Onin War.
- 父は天武天皇の皇子の高市皇子、母は天智天皇の皇女の御名部皇女(元明天皇の同母姉)であり、皇親として嫡流に非常に近い存在であった。
- His father was Takechi no Miko, a prince of Emperor Tenmu, and his mother was Minabe no himemiko, a princess of Emperor Tenchi (older maternal half-sister of Empress Genmei) and he was a Koshin (Emperor's family) very close to the main branch.
- また乳母・平時子を従三位典侍にするとともに(『山槐記』)、時子の夫・清盛を検非違使別当・中納言にすることで軍事的な後ろ盾とした。
- The educator TAIRA no Tokiko was appointed to Ju Sanmi no Naishi no suke, (Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) vice Minister of Naishinosuke) ('Sankai ki') and Tokiko's husband Kiyomori was appointed to Kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) Betto (an equerry), Chu nagon (equivalent rank to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) in the legal codes of the Nara and Heian eras)to support the military.
- 而申知行之由、掠給御下文之輩、雖帯彼状不及叙用(当知行の後、二十箇年を過ぐれば、右大将家の例に任せて理非を論せずに改替にあたわず。
- (After 20 years of such enfeoffment, returning is unnecessary without discussion according to the Udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) family's case.
- また、叔父の師岡重経が義経の検非違使任官の式に随行するなど、郷の上洛以前から河越一族が外戚として義経の身辺に仕えた形跡が見られる。
- In addition, their uncle, Shigetsune MOROOKA, accompanied Yoshitune, when he was appointed as Kebiishi (an official with judicial and police powers), and from these facts, it seems that the Kawagoe family served Yoshitsune as a kind of maternal relative even before the time of Sato's going to Kyoto.
- 義景も12月に部下の疲労と積雪を理由に越前へと撤退してしまい、そのため信玄から激しい非難を込めた文章を送りつけられる(伊能文書)。
- Since Yoshikage also retreated to Echizen Province in January of the next year due to fatigue of his vassals and snowfall, he received a letter from Shingen strongly blaming him (Ino Monjo [documents that Shingen TAKEDA sent to Yoshikage ASAKURA]).
- 都における中級官人として活動し、右衛門尉、検非違使、相模国介、下野国守などを歴任し極位は従五位下であったとされる(『尊卑分脈』)。
- He worked as a middle rank of government official in Kyoto, serving as Uemon no jo (the third ranked official of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards), Kebiishi (an official with judicial and police powers), Assistant governor of Sagami Province and Shimotsuke no kuni no kami (the governor of Shimotsuke Province) and reached Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) (according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' [a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy]).
- 地方の郡司・百姓らが上京し、大内裏の陽明門(内裏の公門とされていた)前で国司の苛政・非法を太政官へ訴えるという形態が通例であった。
- Gunji or farmers of provinces commonly visited the capital to complain to the Daijokan about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi in front of Yomei-mon gate (the public gate of the Imperial Palace) of Daidairi (the Greater Imperial Palace).
- これを機に鎌倉幕府は非御家人への軍事指揮権も獲得したほか、西国での支配権が強化され、北条一門が鎮西探題、長門探題として派遣された。
- The Kamakura bakufu used this opportunity to take command of higokenin (non-vassals) and strengthen their control over Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) where members of the Hojo clan were dispatched as Chinzei tandai (military governor of Kyushu) and Nagato tandai (Shogunal deputies in Nagato (in present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture).
- 日本では奈良時代に橘逸勢が842年に反逆罪に問われ、姓・官位を剥奪されて「非人」の姓を天皇から与えられたのが文献上の初例とされる。
- The first reference of the term 'Hinin' could be found in the literature describing that TACHIBANA no Hayanari faced treason charges in 842 and was deprived his surname as well as official rank; He was also reduced to the nonstatus signified by 'Hinin' by the Emperor.
- 下位から上位へと移行すること、すなわち非西欧(野蛮)から西欧(文明)へ移行することこそが「進化」・「進歩」として受け止められていた。
- Moving from lower to higher rank or moving from non-western (barbaric) to western (civilized) was interpreted as 'evolution' or 'improvement'.
- 太平天国平定の功労者であった曾国藩ですら、もし外国人の方に非があったとしても、公文書に記載し事を大きくしてはならないと述べたという。
- Even the Zeng Guofan, who rendered distinguish service by subjugating the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, stated that even if foreigners were at fault, they must not make it a bigger deal by writing this in official records.
- 非ホイートン系統とは、「万国公法」の名をタイトルに冠していても、ホイートン本を原著としない、別の国際法学者の著作を訳したものである。
- Series not originated from Wheaton version means the books which have the word 'bankoku koho' as title but are not originated from the book by Wheaton but the book by other international law scholars.
- 検非違使五位尉から、父の引き立てで安元元年(1175年)12月29日 (旧暦)、加賀国国司となり、弟の藤原師経を目代として遙任する。
- Starting with Kebiishi no jo (second officer of the imperial police bureau) of Fifth Rank, Morotaka was his father's patronage appointee to the post of a Kokushi (provincial governor) of Kaga Province who was remotely appointed, having his younger brother FUJIWARA no Morotsune as his mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor).
- また、同名衆にも列せられ、三好義賢や松永久秀よりも先に従四位に叙せられるなど、非常に三好家の中で重要な地位を占めていたことが伺える。
- He was included in the Domei-shu (family of Miyoshi) and promoted to the rank of Jushii (Senior Fourth Rank) sooner than Yoshitaka MIYOSHI and Hidehisa MATSUNAGA, so it is understood that he assumed a very important role in the Miyoshi family.
- 浪人は非常に士気旺盛ではあったが寄せ集めなので統制がとりにくく、しかも浪人衆と大野治長・淀殿らが対立し、最後まで対立は解けなかった。
- The morale of the ronin was very high but it was difficult to control ronin because they were scratch teams and a confrontation occurred between roninshu and Harunaga ONO and Yodo-dono and this confrontation could not be solved.
- 慶長17年(1612)、安倍晴明の末裔である陰陽頭(従三位・非参議)・土御門久脩の次男・泰吉が分家して「倉橋」を称したのにはじまる。
- The family started when a decendant of ABE no Seimei, Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Buereau of Divination) (Junior Third Rank, non-Councilor) Hisanaga TSUCHIMIKADO's second son Yasuyoshi created a branch family named 'Kurahashi' in 1612.
- 系譜の直系のみを示せば、「凡牟都和希王 ― 若野毛二俣王 ― 大郎子(意富富等王) ― 乎非王 ― 斯王 ― 乎富等大公王」となる。
- If we trace only the direct lines of genealogy for Prince Oi from the Joguki, it could be written this way: 'Homutawake no Miko –Wakanuke futamata no Miko – Oiratsuko (Ohodo no Okimi)– Oi no Okimi – Ushi no Okimi – Odo no Okimi.'
- 畝・反・町の値は1アール・10アール・1ヘクタールの値に非常に近いので、面積の単位についてはメートル法への移行はスムーズに行われた。
- Because the figures of se, tan, and cho units are close enough to the figures of 1 are, 10 ares and 1 hectare, the transition of those area units to metric system went smoothly.
- 身分的には穢多より非人は下位に置かれていたとされているが、これは江戸の事例であり、京都や大坂などでは穢多身分との支配関係はなかった。
- Hinin was regarded as being of lower status than Eta in Edo region while there was no dominance relationship between Hinin and Eta in Kyoto, Osaka and other regions.
- それにより、非御家人である荘園領主側である公家や寺社にも御成敗式目による訴訟が受け入れられてその一部が公家法などにも取り入れられた。
- Therefore suits using the Goseibai-shikimoku were also accepted by higokenin (non-vassals) such as court nobles, temples and shrines who were the lords of private estates and a part of those were adopted also in the kugeho.
- また、家康は林羅山に湯王武王 (周)放伐論の是非を問うなど、主家である豊臣家を討つことの倫理的な問題をどう解決すべきか苦悩している。
- Ieyasu also felt anguish about how he could solve an ethical problem of destroying the Toyotomi family, his master family, asking Razan HAYASHI about right and wrong of To-O (Tang Wang)/Bu-O (Wu Wang) (Zhou Dynasty China) Hobatsu-ron (a theory in ancient China about expelling a disqualified prince).
- 存続したのは1年数ヶ月という短い期間であったが、切腹禁止や廃刀、穢多非人の廃止など開明的な議案が多く出されており近年再評価されている。
- Although the Kogisho existed such a short period as one year an several months, it is now under reassessment since it introduced many progressive bills like prohibition on seppuku (Hara-kiri), abolition of swards, abolition of Eta and Hinin (the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system) in recent years.
- また、非政党内閣であっても立憲政友会の閣外協力を得ている場合には代わりに交友倶楽部所属の貴族院議員が入閣する事がしばしば行われていた。
- Even if it was the Cabinet not consisted of any polical party, it happened often that the members of Kizokuin (the House of Peers) who belonged to the friendship club entered the Cabinet in return when Rikken seiyukai was supporting the Cabinet from outside.
- その戯曲の中でのガラシャは、夫である野蛮な君主の非道に耐えながらも信仰を貫き、最後は命を落として暴君を改心さるという解釈になっている。
- The play depicts Garasha as a woman who kept her faith while enduring the unjustness of her barbarian and dominant husband, with her death reforming the tyrant at last.
- このような開発田地の所有者を開発領主というが、その土地所有は法的根拠に欠け、国衙に収公される可能性も高く、非常に不安定なものであった。
- Owners of these developed rice fields were called kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) but their land ownership lacked legal basis and was so unstable that there was high possibility of the shuko by the kokuga.
- 特に畿内では国人の独立志向が非常に高く、山城や丹波などで、守護(細川氏)が数十年をかけても国人層の被官化を達成できない事例も見られた。
- Especially, kokujin in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) had quite a strong inclination for independence, which was exemplified by the case that the shugo (the Hosokawa clan) failed to achieve the 'Hikanization' of kokujin in Yamashiro Province, Tamba Province and other provinces despite having spent several decades.
- この事件以降、12世紀中葉の平治の乱まで中央の政治抗争は武力を伴わず、死刑も執行されない非武力的な政治の時代が永らく続くこととなった。
- After this incident, until the Heiji War in the middle of 12th century, the non-violent political age continued, during which central political conflicts did not lead to military confrontations or the execution of the death penalty.
- 既存の独占販売権、非課税権、不入権などの特権を持つ商工業者(市座、問屋など)を排除して自由取引市場をつくり、座を解散させるものである。
- Rakuichi-rakuza was the creation of free trade markets and the dissolution of guilds with the exclusion of preexisting merchants and tradesmen (market and trade guild system, wholesalers etc.) with special rights such as exclusive sales rights, non-taxation rights and the right to keep tax agents from entering one's property.
- 中国統一に先立つ581年に隋の楊堅は開皇律令を制定しているが、非常に体系的な内容を有しており、これにより律令制が完成したとされている。
- In 581, prior to the unification of China, Yang Jian of the Sui Dynasty promulgated the highly systematic Kaihuang Ritsuryo, which is considered to have completed the Ritsuryo system.
- かねてより浅野贔屓であった玄蕃は、12月14日、赤穂浪士たちが吉良邸へ向けて出陣したことを知ると、是非助太刀しようと吉良邸へ向かった。
- On January 30, when Genba found out that the Ako Roshi had set their way to the Kira residence, he also made his way to assist them, since Asano has always been his favorite.
- これは、「写生道」、「鍛錬道」を説き、「写生と称するもの外的事象の写生に非ずして内的生命唯一真相の捕捉なり」と言った島木赤彦の歌である。
- This poem was composed by Akahiko SHIMAKI who argued, 'What is referred to as literary sketch is a complement of the sole truth of internal being and not a portrayal of external events,' whereby preaching the 'Way of Portrayal' and the 'Way of Discipline.'
- 当時、鉄道はあったが、鉱毒被害地から東京までの運賃が、鉱毒で貧困化していた農民らにとっては非常に高かったため、徒歩という方法がとられた。
- There was a railway to Tokyo, but peasants went to Tokyo on foot because they were so poor that they could not afford to buy train tickets due to the mining damages.
- 一方で朝光の性格は非常に誇り高く、将軍家の門葉であり、北条氏とも縁戚である御門葉の足利氏と対立したこともあるなど気骨のある武将であった。
- However he was a man of great pride, Tomomitsu once had friction with the Ashikaga clan who were a gomonyo (a family with a honorary status) of the shogun family as well as a relative of Hojo clan; indeed he was a busho (samurai commander) of backbone.
- たとえば、官職制度のなかにも各種の重要な変化がおこったが、そのなかで著名なものは蔵人(くろうど)および検非違使(けびいし)の制度である。
- For example, among the variety of important changes that occurred in the government service system, the system of kurodo (keeper of imperial archives) and kebiishi (statutory office in the Heian and Kamakura periods) is notable.
- 中世以降、近世の終わりまで一般大衆の動員は工兵・兵站といった後方任務に限られており、彼らの戦闘要員としての動員は非常時にしか見られない。
- From the middle ages to the end of the early modern era, the recruitment of ordinary people was limited to the support roles of kohei (military engineering) and heitan (military logistics) and such individuals were only mobilized for battle in emergency situations.
- このような視点から男系護持論者の中には、「女系天皇の容認論は、天皇制廃止論のための布石ではないか」と述べて女系容認論を非難する者もいる。
- From such perspective, some male-line advocates claim the female-line acceptance theory is a stepping stone for emperor system abolition and criticize them.
- 近年の研究によれば、この6代から若野毛二俣王と大郎子を除いた「応神 ― 乎非 ― 斯 ― 継体」が本来の系譜とされている(川口勝康氏)。
- However, according to recent historical research and studies, the original genealogy might be written like this: 'the Emperor Ojin – Oi no Okimi - Ushi no Okimi – the Emperor Keitai' which extended into two generations, was eliminated from the six generations of the genealogy as described in the Joguki: Wakanuke futamata no Miko and Oiratsuko (Katsuyasu KAWAGUCHI).
- 延喜の初めに春宮大夫、左兵衛督を兼ね、検非違使別当に補され、次いで従三位に叙し、中納言に任じられ、蔵人所別当に補され、右近衛大将を兼ねる。
- Early in the Engi era he was appointed simultaneously as the master of the Crown Prince's household and the director of the Left Palace Guards, serving as the kebiishi no betto (superintendant of the Imperial Police), and was later promoted to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) and appointed to Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), serving as the superintendant of the Kurododokoro (Chamberlain's Office) while simultaneously being chief commander of the Capital Guard of the Right.
- 休憩中、岩倉は浅野茂勲に対し、この会議での妥協はあり得ず、いざというときは非常手段を取らざるを得ないとの覚悟の程を語り、茂勲の賛同を得る。
- During the break, Iwakura told Nagakoto ASANO that he was prepared to take an extreme action at the last moment because he did not expect the conference to arrive at a compromise, which Nagakuni approved.
- 鋳造枚数は31,795枚あるいは30,240枚と江戸時代の大判としては多いが、今日、真正品とされるものの現存数は非常に少なく稀少性が高い。
- Although as many as 31,795 or 30,240 of the Oban were minted, which was a large amount for Obans minted during the Edo Period, authentic ones are now a rare item.
- それに基づいた『継体紀』『欽明紀』の記述には、「日本の天皇が朝鮮半島に広大な領土を有っていた」としなければ意味不通になる文章が非常に多い。
- Many descriptions of 'the Keitai section' and 'the 'Kinmei section' based on it turn out to be nonsense without the assumption that the 'Japanese emperor had a large land in the Korean Peninsula.'
- また、神武東征以前の大和も出雲勢力の行政地であったため葦原中国とよばれているため、非出雲勢力が出雲勢力の行政地を指した言葉との解釈がある。
- The third theory is that because Yamato was an area controlled by the Izumo forces and was called Ashihara no nakatsukuni before Jimmu tosei (Eastern expedition of the Emperor Jinmu), the anti-Izumo forces called all the areas controlled by the Izumo forces Ashihara no nakatsukuni.
- 同文書の発見により、従来、道三一代のものと見られていた「国盗り物語」は、新左衛門尉と道三の二代にわたるものである可能性が非常に高くなった。
- It has been viewed traditionally that Dosan took over the [Mino] province in one generation; however, because of the discovery of this document, it became very likely that this take over occurred over two generations, with Shinzaemonnojo and Dosan.
- ここでいう「非マーティン版」とは、ヘンリー・ホイートン本を原著とするものの、直接翻訳するなどして、マーティン本を経由していないものを指す。
- 'Series not originated from Martin version' means those books which are directly translated and not translations of Martin version but originated from the book written by Henry WHEATON.
- 8月6日_(旧暦)、義経は頼朝の推挙を得ずに後白河天皇によって左衛門尉と検非違使(判官)に任官し、従五位下に叙せられ院への昇殿を許された。
- On August 6 (old old lunar calendar), Yoshitsune was awarded the titles of Saemon no jo (the third-ranked official of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) and Kebiishi no jo (the third-ranked official of the Police and Judicial Chief) (Hogan) with the rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa without a recommendation from Yoritomo, and he became able to access to the hall of the cloistered government.
- 義経は、平氏滅亡後直後に法皇から院の親衛隊長とも言うべき院御厩司に補任され、検非違使・左兵衛尉を伊予守と兼務し続け、引き続き京に留まった。
- Yoshitsune continued staying in Kyoto, as he was appointed by the Cloistered Emperor to additionally fill the vacant position of In no Miumaya no Tsukasa (retainer responsible for the stability of the cloistered emperor's government), or in other words, as the chief of the Cloistered Emperor's bodyguard, in addition to occupying the posts of police and judicial chief (Kebiishi) and officer of Outer Palace Guards (Saemon no jo), as well as the post of governor of Iyo Province.
- 追放刑や財産没収は、一定年限が経過した後に解除されることもあったが、窃盗や傷害に対する検断は非常に厳しく、死刑となることも少なくなかった。
- The banishment and forfeiture of property were sometimes extinguished when a certain period of time passed; however, kendan (ruling and judgment) for theft or injury was carried out very strictly, and the death sentence was often handed down.
- 盗賊が源満仲の邸宅に入ったところ一人が捕まり、検非違使の尋問に対して、頭目は源親繁で奪った財物もすべて親繁の元にあると白状したためである。
- This occurred because one of the robbers who was captured sneaking into the residence of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka and questioned by kebiishi confessed that MINAMOTO no Chikashige headed the robbers and kept all the articles they had stolen.
- 霊亀3年(717年)左大臣石上麻呂が死去すると、翌年長屋王は非参議から一挙に大納言に任ぜられ、太政官で右大臣藤原不比等に次ぐ地位を占める。
- When Sadaijin (Minister of the left) ISONOKAMI no Maro died in 717, Prince Nagaya was assigned to Dainagon (chief councilor of state) from Hisangi (advisor at large) at once, which was the highest ranking position among Daijokan (Grand Council of State) after udaijin (minister of the right) FUJIWARA no Fuhito.
- 科罰手続の一般法としては、非訟事件手続法の規定と、地方自治法s地方自治法 第二編 普通地方公共団体 第十四章 補則255の3の規定がある。
- The general laws to impose punishment procedures of Karyo are the regulations of Non-Contentious Cases Procedures Act and the regulations of the Local Autonomy Law II, Ordinary local public entities, Chapter 14, supplementary rules, Article 255-3.
- 本来、医者は非戦闘員(金創医)として戦場に出るため、誤射を防ぐ目的で髪を剃り上げていたので、江戸の人々は無髪の頭を見れば医者か僧とわかった。
- Normally doctors, who went to the war fronts as noncombatants ('kinsoi' or surgeons), shaved their head in order to avoid being shot by mistake; hence, men without a hair were recognized either as a doctor or as a monk in the Edo period.
- 明治政府の外交を柔弱と非難して、「条約励行・自主外交・対清強硬」を掲げて対等条約締結以外の一切の条約改正の拒否、内地雑居反対論などを掲げた。
- The Dai Nihon Kyokai condemned the Meiji government's diplomacy as weak-kneed, and under the slogans of 'the rigorous enforcement of the treaties,' 'an autonomous foreign policy,' and 'a hard-line stance against Qing,' it primarily advocated the refusal of all treaty revisions except for the conclusion of treaties on equal terms and opposition to mixed residence of foreigners and Japanese in Japan.
- 近代国際法は、崇高な正義と普遍性とを理念としているが、他方、非欧米諸国に対しては非常に過酷で、欧米の植民地政策を正当化する作用を持っていた。
- Modern international law had sublime justice and generality as its idealistic principles, but, on the other hand, it was very cruel to non-European and American countries and it had a function to justify colonialism by western countries.
- 定子も内裏を退出し里第二条宮に還御するが、目の前で邸に逃げ込んだ兄弟が検非違使に捕らえられることを見て、あまりの衝撃に自ら鋏を取り落飾した。
- Teishi also left the imperial palace and returned to her parents' home of Nijo Palace, but after the shock of witnessing the Imperial police (or Kebiishi) arrest her brothers, who were in hiding at the house, she cut off her hair in preparation for entry into a monastery.
- 元寇を機に幕府は非御家人を含む日本全国の武士へ軍事動員をかける権限を得たほか、鎮西探題や長門探題などの出先機関を置き、西国への支配を強めた。
- Using the Mongol invasions as an opportunity, the bakufu seized the authority to issue military mobilizations of all warriors throughout the country, including non-gokenin, and also worked to solidify its control over western Japan by creating offices such as Chinzei tandai (military commissioner of Kyushu) and Nagato tandai (military commissioner of western Honshu).
- これについても兼実は「夷狄(いてき)」の秀衡を任じたことは「乱世の基」であると非難しているが、これらの施策により日宋貿易は本格化していった。
- Kanezane also wrote regarding this and argued that promoting the 'barbarian' Hidehira was 'the cause of more troubled times,' but these actions led to further developments in Japan-Song trade.
- むろん碩学の定信も承知の事であり、これについては「承久の乱や正平一統という非常事態が生んだ産物で太平の世に挙げる先例ではない」と述べている。
- Of course, the great scholar Sadanobu knew of them, and said 'these cases were caused by emergencies, such as the Jokyu Rebellion or Shohei-Itto, and were not a precedent for the piping time of peace.'
- さらに鳩山文相との間で「滝川の処分は非常特別のものであり、教授の進退は文部省に対する総長の具状によるものとする」という「解決案」を提示した。
- He also submitted a 'solution' to Minister of Education Hatoyama that 'The punishment of Takiwgawa is an extraordinary case, and the suspension of professors is decided by the Dean with the guidance of the Ministry of Education.'
- 2005年(平成17年)11月 - 福知山市を走る鉄道は福知山市街地を南北に分断する形に走っていたため、市街地の移動には非常に不便であった。
- November 2005: The railroad running through Fukuchiyama City was inconvenient for people moving through the urban area, as the railroad did not run in a manner which connected directly north to south.
- しかし注意しなければならないのは、三善康信自信に関わる記述の中に、彼を意図的に、ものによっては露骨な顕彰と見られるものが非常に多いことである。
- However, we have to be careful because there are many intended or sometimes blatant eulogies of Yasunobu MIYOSHI in the accounts concerning him.
- 蛍兵部卿宮の死後は、紅梅 (源氏物語)(柏木の弟)が始め人目を憚って通い、一時は世間から非難されたりもしたがやがて正式に結婚し北の方となった。
- After the death of Hotaru Hyobukyonomiya, Kobai (younger brother of Kashiwagi) began to visit her, though he was worried about being seen, and he was accused by people for a while, but before long were formally married.
- 道鏡の巨根伝説は根強く、大阪・奈良の山中に生息する体長に比して非常に大きな交接器を持つオサムシの一種が「ドウキョウオサムシ」と命名されている。
- The legend of his macropenis has been so persistent that a kind of ground beetles, which can be found in the mountains of Osaka and Nara and have an extremely big penis compared to the length of body, were therefore named 'Dokyo Osamushi.'
- ムシカとはスペイン語で音楽を意味する「ムジカ」に由来し、宗麟はかつて西洋の音楽を聴いて非常に感銘を受け、その旋律のように平和な理想郷を夢見た。
- Mushika came from 'Mujika' meaning music in Spanish, and Sorin was so impressed after listening to Western music and dreamed of a peaceful ideal world like its melody.
- 慶長5年(1600年)、徳川家康らが会津の上杉景勝討伐のため東へ向かうと石田三成らが家康の非を鳴らして挙兵し(西軍)、関ヶ原の戦いが起こった。
- In 1600, after Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and his allies moved their troops to defeat Kagekatsu UESUGI of Aizu, Mitsunari ISHIDA and his allies denounced Ieyasu and moved their troops (the West) against him and thus the Battle of Sekigahara began.
- 摂関家を嗣いだ藤原基房は伊勢平氏による押領だと非難したが、この事件は摂関家の威信の低下を如実に表しており、清盛一族は大きな経済基盤を獲得した。
- FUJIWARA no Motofusa, who succeeded FUJIWARA no Motozane as family head of the line of regents, criticized this as an usurping by the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) but this incident clearly shows the decrease in authority of the line of regents and the Kiyomori family gained a substantial financial foundation.
- 平安時代の人々を描いたものとして優れており、特に検非違使の活動を伝えるものであり、史料としての価値も高い(但し、人物は院政期のものとされる)。
- The pictures provide an outstanding depiction of the people of the Heian period and is also an invaluable material on the activities of kebiishi (although the people drawn are thought to be from the time of the period of cloistered governments).
- 治承・寿永の乱によって、右京大夫は親しく交わった多くの平家の公達の非業の死を目の当たりにし、世の浮き沈みや人の命のはかなさを身をもって体験した。
- Due to the Jisho-Juei Civil Wars, Ukyo no Daibu saw with her own eyes the untimely death of many high-ranking nobles in the Taira family who were close to her, and learned the ups and downs of the world and the transience and ephemerality of human life through her own experiences.
- 主君・織田信長を討った行為について当時から非難の声が大きく、そのために近代に入るまで"卑劣で陰湿な逆賊"としての評価が主だった。
- From then on Mitsuhide was blamed for attacking his monarch Nobunaga, causing him to be mainly estimated to be a mean and sinister traitor until the beginning of the modern period.
- これは中国における「天」概念と非常に類似しており、両者の関連性がしばしば指摘されているが、どちらのほうが起源として古いかは明らかにされていない。
- This is quite similar to the notion of 'Ten' in China and their relevancy is often pointed out, but it is still unknown which is older in terms of origin.
- 畿内近国においては、幕府領、諸藩領、旗本領などがモザイク状に入り組んでいたために、他領地との取引が諸領の経済活動に占める割合は非常に大きかった。
- There were many territories within the Kinai-Kingoku area (the shogunate, domains and hatamoto [direct retainers of the shogunate]), so a high percentage of trading was conducted within these domains.
- 平維衡を祖とする伊勢平氏は伊勢国に地盤を持った武士で、中央では検非違使などとして朝廷の武力として活動していたが、さほど目立った存在ではなかった。
- Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) whose ancestor was TAIRA no Korehira was the bushi (warriors) based on Ise Province, and worked as a military force of Chotei doing kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers), but maintained a low profile.
- 孝謙上皇は恵美押勝の乱鎮圧の後、淳仁天皇を廃して自ら称徳天皇として重祚すると、天皇の道鏡の権勢は非常に強まり、太政大臣禅師、翌には法王となった。
- When Retired Empress Koken abolished Emperor Junnin and she herself took over the Imperial throne as a second enthronement self-proclaiming as Empress Shotoku after suppressing the Rebellion of Emi no Oshikatsu, Dokyo's influence over the Empress became extremely strong and Dokyo ascended through the ranks to Dajodaijin (Grand Minister) Zenji (master of Zen Buddhism), and in the next year, to Hoo (the Emperor of the Buddhist Law).
- この豊竹座時代の作風は、人間の本能の激しさ、罪業の深さ、封建社会の矛盾などを緻密な構成と写実的な筆致で描き出しているため非常に暗い、といわれる。
- His works of this period at Toyotakeza Theater is said to be very depressing with elaborate framework and the realistic description: fiery instinct and sinfulness of people, and contradictions in feudal society.
- 朱子学は学問体系としては非常に整ってはいたが、その成立過程に流入した禅学や老荘思想といった非儒教的な思想のために経書の解釈において偏りがあった。
- Neo-Confucianism was a very systematic study, but had a biased interpretation of scriptures because of the influence of non-Confucian philosophy it had received in the process of its establishment, such as the Zen study and philosophy of Lao-tse and Chuang-tse.
- 黒田の払い下げ計画が新聞報道されると、在野はこれを薩摩出身の政商五代友厚のたくらみによるものだとして、激しく非難した(開拓使官有物払下げ事件)。
- When newspapers reported Kuroda's plan to sell the properties, opposition parties severely criticized it alleging that it had been plotted by Tomoatsu GODAI, who was a merchant from Satsuma and had a connection with the government (Kaitakushi Kanyubutsu Haraisage Jiken [Incident Concerning Sale of the Properties Owned by the Hokkaido Development Commission]).
- しかし出羽赴任後の斉頼は頼義に対して非協力的な態度を示したとされ、その戦功も役の終盤に安倍頼時の弟・安倍良照を捕縛する程度のものに留まっている。
- But it was recorded that he showed an uncooperative attitude to Yoriyoshi after his appointment as the Governor of Dewa Province, and his achievement in the said war was very limited, which was arresting of ABE no Ryosho, brother of ABE no Yoritoki, at the end of the war.
- しかし、父帝は長女である内親王を非常に可愛がり、また帝の近臣達はそれを熟知していたために、内親王のためによく奉仕した(『権記』『小右記』など)。
- However, her father, the emperor adored Imperial Princess Shushi, his eldest daughter, very much; the emperor's vassal close aide who knew it well was dedicated to serve her ('Gonki' (FUJIWARA no Yukinari's diary), 'Shoyuki' (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke), etc.).
- 奥羽は南北朝期から、郡ごとに有力国人に軍事指揮権や権断権など強い権限を与えた「分郡」とも呼ばれる独自の制度があり、非常に有力国人の力が強かった。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, in the Ou region, there was a unique system called 'Bungun' (Independent county) in which the powerful Kokujin (local lords) were given the right of military command and of Kendan in each county, which meant the great influence of the powerful Kokujin.
- 徳川家としては、今後の遠江攻略を視野に入れると、今回是非とも合戦を発生させて、強力な織田の援軍のいる時に武田を叩いておきたいという考えがあった。
- Seeking to acquire Totomi Province in future, the Tokugawa family was in desperate need of the battle in which to defeat the Takeda family while Oda's powerful reinforcements were still available.
- 大阪府警本部からの応援も駆けつけ、逃亡したと思われる金剛山に非常線を張ったが、二人はなかなか捕まらず、食料を強奪されたとの報告が来るばかりだった。
- With support coming from Osaka prefectural police headquarters, the police cordoned Mt. Kongo where they were believed to have escaped, but only to receive report that they robbed of food.
- 「問題17条」と呼ばれる17条からなる質問形式においてまず攘夷の是非について問い、もし攘夷を行う場合についての対応策について公議人の意見を求めた。
- Following the questioning form consisted of 17 questions called 'article 17', they first questioned whether proceed the expulsion of foreigners or not and asked for the opinion of the lower house members about the measurement in case of the expulsion of foreigners implemented.
- 義経と能保が仲裁に入って収まったが、騒ぎを聞いた頼朝は「義盛のごとき下っ端が驕っているなどけしからん」と非常に怒り、いっそう義経の立場を悪くした。
- The fight was settled through the efforts of Yoshitsune and Yoshiyasu; however, Yoritomo became very angry about it since he thought minor samurai like Yoshimori must not have been arrogant, and it made Yoshitsune's position much worse.
- 翌仁和4年(888年)、長期化する政務の停滞に心痛した天皇が基経の主張を受け入れ広相の非を認めたことから、広相は責を問われて失脚することとなった。
- Anguished over the delayed and lengthened political duties, the emperor accepted a suggestion by Mototsune and admitted the failure of Hiromi; Hiromi lost his position while taking responsibility in the following year, in 888.
- 右大臣師尹以下の公卿は直ちに参内して諸門を閉じて会議に入り、密告文を関白実頼に送るとともに、検非違使に命じて橘繁延と僧・蓮茂を捕らえて訊問させた。
- Udaijin Morotada and other court nobles immediately gathered at the palace to close the gates and to hold a meeting, and they sent a letter on the tip off to the Grand Minister of State Saneyori, and ordered the kebiishi (statutory office in the Heian and Kamakura periods) to capture and interrogate TACHIBANA no Shigenobu, and monk Renmo.
- ただ、この決定に対する不満が朝廷内部にあったとされ、100年以上経った後でさえその是非が議論の対象になったとされる(『権記』寛弘8年5月27日条。
- However there was criticism against this decision within the Imperial Palace, and there were arguments as to whether the decision was right or not, even after more than one hundred years had passed ('Gonki' Kanko 8, an article issued on May 27 (July 7, 1011).
- 実際に固関が行なわれたケースが全て中央での非常事態である事、三関国の国府がいずれも関の東、すなわち中央から見て関の外側に位置している事など、である。
- All the cases in which Kogen was put into practice were emergencies in the capital; all the Kokufu (an ancient provincial office) of the Sangen provinces was positioned at the east side of each seki, namely, outside of seki when it was seen from the capital; and so on.
- だが扶余豊(扶余豊璋)には王の資質はなく、倭国で安穏とした豊かな生活をすごしてきたため、戦場での非常事態の篭城戦という緊迫した状況に馴染めなかった。
- However, Buyeo Pung (Hosho FUYO), who had lived in peace and abundance in Japan, was not apparently qualified as a king, as he was ill-fitted to live in tense circumstances including holing up in a castle at a battlefield.
- このうち、源光基は美福門院の家人・源光保の甥であり、京都の治安を預かる検非違使別当は藤原惟方であることから、クーデターには二条親政派の同意もあった。
- Among these conspirators, MINAMOTO no Mitsumoto was the nephew of MINAMOTO no Mitsuyasu, who was a retainer of Bifukumonin, and this, coupled with the fact that the Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police), whose duty was to preserve the peace in Kyoto, was FUJIWARA no Korekata, also a Nijo faction member, indicates that the Nijo faction had at least tacitly agreed to and supported the coup.
- また、本人の意思を尊重した上で、女性皇族と旧皇族の男系男性との婚姻のみに限定する形で、非皇族男性が皇族となること認めるようにすべきだとの意見も出た。
- Also, there was presented an opinion that a male not belonging to the Imperial family should be approved to become a member of the family with a restriction that the intention of the person is respected and this is limited to a marriage between a female member of the Imperial family and a descendant in the male line of a former Imperial family.
- 律令制度の下では、内親王・女王は非皇族と婚姻しても、皇族の身分を保持したままであることが通例であったが、皇室典範では皇籍を離脱することが定められる。
- Under a government based upon the ritsuryo legal code, the right was granted for Imperial Princes and Princesses to keep their rank as Imperial Family after marrying partners who were not from the Imperial Family, however according to Imperial House Law they must renounce their membership in the Imperial Family.
- 確実に平安時代に作成されたと判断できる写本は現在のところ一つも見つかっておらず、この時期の写本を元に作成されたと見られる写本も非常に数が限られている。
- No manuscript that is certain to have been written during the Heian period has been found, and the number of manuscripts copied from the manuscript during this time is very small.
- 戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代初期にかけての境相論の際に行われることが殆どであり、相論の是非が定まらなかった場合に、神の判断を仰ぐ意図の元に行われた。
- Higisho was mostly conducted during disputes over the boundaries of territories from the Sengoku (civil war) period to the early Edo period, for the purpose of seeking God's judgment when such disputes cannot be settled.
- 公事宿は奉行所の公認を受けて公事(訴訟)のために遠方から来た者を宿泊させる施設で、公事師は公事(訴訟)や内済の手続代行などを行った非公認の業者である。
- Kujiyado referred to accomodation that received people who had been approved by magitrate's office and came down from a distance for kuji (suit), and kujishi referred to non-certificate agent that handled legal proceedings such as kuji (suit) and trial out of court.
- 普段使っている話し言葉に関係なく、書く文章に使われた文語文は、方言による意思疎通の困難を克服するという意味では、非常に便利に使われた全国的様式だった。
- Bungobun (sentences written in a literary style) used for written sentences regardless of spoken language used for daily life was a convenient nation-wide format used to overcome difficulties in communicating with dialects.
- さきの二項対立には、西欧/非西欧という本来別カテゴリーの二項対立が無理やり重ねられ、さらにこの二項には暗黙の了解として上下のランク付けがなされていた。
- The west and the non-west were forcibly compared using this binomial opposition, with an implicit understanding of hierarchical rank applied.
- 社会進化論が当時先進的科学言説として世界を席巻していたさなかにあって、文明/野蛮言説の外から思考・発言することは非常な困難であったと言わねばならない。
- It should have been very difficult to think and make statements from outside of the civilization vs. barbarianism logic when social evolutionism swept the world as the latest scientific theory.
- 日本は中国における西欧学術書翻訳に対し、国際情報源として非常な注意を払っていたが、『万国公法』が中国で刊行後すぐ日本にもたらされたのもそのためである。
- 'Bankoku Koho' was brought to Japan soon after its publication because Japan paid full attention to the translations of academic books on western studies in China as the source of international information.
- 明治26年(1893年)、相馬事件に巻き込まれて5ヶ月間にわたって収監され最終的には無罪となったものの衛生局長を非職となり、一時逼塞する破目となった。
- In 1893, he was implicated in a plot of the Sohma Incident and imprisoned for five months; although he was finally declared not guilty, he was given a leave of absence as Chief of Hygienic Bureau, and he fell into obscurity for a while.
- だが家康は自身の非を認めながらも強気な態度を示し、本来法度を破った家康側から大坂城の秀頼・利家の下に挨拶に来るべきであったが、それを頑なに拒み続けた。
- Although Ieyasu admitted his own mistake, he showed an aggressive attitude, and strictly speaking, Ieyasu who violated the laws ought to have come to Osaka-jo Castle to greet Hideyori and Toshiie, but he kept on refusing to do so obstinately.
- 家康は、非常時に皇室を守るため、京都に近い彦根に代々勤皇の家柄である井伊家を配したと伝えられ、これを見ても徳川家から強い信頼を受けていたと考えられる。
- It is said Ieyasu put the Ii clan, which had been a pro-Imperial family for generations, in Hikone near Kyoto to protect the Imperial family in times of emergency, which suggests that the Ii family had gained the strong confidence of the Tokugawa clan.
- 黒田は榎本の非凡な才に感服し、皇国無二の才として断然助命しようと各方面に説諭、その熱心な助命嘆願活動により一命をとりとめ、江戸辰の口の牢に投獄された。
- KURODA was greatly impressed with ENOMOTO's outstanding ability, and so strove to persuade people in various sectors that they must save his life, protesting that he was a man with unparalleled intelligence in the country; thanks to KURODA's hard efforts in pleading for his life to be spared, ENOMOTO was kept alive and put in a prison located in Tatsunokuchi, Edo.
- 信頼は保元2年(1157年)3月に右近権中将になると、10月に蔵人頭、翌年2月に参議・皇后宮権亮、8月に中納言、11月に検非違使別当と急速に昇進する。
- Nobuyori, after being made Ukon no gon no chujo (Provisional Middle Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) in March, 1157, he embarked on a meteoric rise, being promoted to Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) in October, and then in 1158 was named Sangi (councillor) and Kogo no miya gon no suke (Provisional Assistant Master of the Empress's Household) in February, then Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) in August, and finally Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) in November.
- しかし三条天皇はこの末の皇女に非常に愛情を注ぎ、道長も後にはその外孫にふさわしく遇して、着裳の際には伯母の太皇太后藤原彰子が腰結いの役をつとめている。
- However Emperor Sanjo loved this youngest Princess very much, Michinaga also treated this grandchild born of his daughter very well, the Princess's aunt, Grand Empress Dowager, FUJIWARA no Shoshi did Koshiyui (a person who tie the ribbon of the Hakama at the ceremony) at the Mogi ceremony for the Princess.
- しかし本書の薨伝は一方的・公式的な礼賛や非難に流れず、独特の批評や感想を交えた興味深い記述が多く、六国史の中では批判精神を堅持したものとして異色である。
- However, the koden in this book was neither mere praise nor criticism, but was instead full of interesting descriptions interwoven with unique comments and impressions, and because of its critical spirit the book was unusual among Rikkokushi.
- それを聞いたニニギは、「たった一夜で身篭る筈はない。それは国津神の子だろう」(「佐久夜毘賣 一宿哉妊 此胎必非我子而為國津神之子」『古事記』)と言った。
- When Ninigi heard this, he said, 'There is no way you can get pregnant overnight. The child must be a Kunitsukami's' (the 'Kojiki').
- いずれも中央公論新社から文庫版が出ている)に詳しいが、いずれもかなりの創作が入っているとされ史料的な正確さには非常に問題があることに留意する必要がある。
- and for each there is a pocket-book version published by Chuokoron Shinsha), but it is said that each book includes significant fiction, and it is necessary to note that they significantly lack accuracy as historical materials.)
- 他の頼家の子が、幕府の政争の中で次々に非業の死を遂げていく中で、祖母である北条政子の庇護のもとにあり女子であった竹御所はそれに巻き込まれることを免れた。
- While the other children of Yoriie suffered a violent death one after another in the political strife within the shogunate, TAKE no Gosho, who was a girl protected by her grandmother Masako HOJO, escaped from being dragged into the strife.
- これは、家康が上杉景勝を会津に釘付けにしておくため、政宗の東軍参加が是非とも必要であったことから、100万石のお墨付きを与え、東軍参加を促したとされる。
- It is considered that Ieyasu gave this 'Assurance of Hyakumangoku' (Hyakumangoku meaning 1,000,000 koku of land) to urge the participation of Masamune to his Eastern Army, because his participation to the Eastern Army was critical in order to hold Kagekatsu UESUGI to Aizu region.
- 向こう脛は、皮膚のすぐ下、骨(脛骨)のすぐ上を神経が通っているため、非常に痛みの強い急所であり、弁慶ほどの豪傑でもここを打てば涙を流すほど痛いとされる。
- Benkei's Weak Point is his shin, which feels acute pain as the nerves run immediately on the shin bone just under the skin, and however strong a man is like Benkei, he sheds tears when he is hit on the shin; hence the Japanese name of 'the place that makes Benkei cry'.
- 非公式に発足した関東軍事政権(後の鎌倉幕府)にとって、これらの訴訟を迅速・円滑に処理していくことが、確固たる政権として認められる条件の一つとなっていた。
- The smooth and swift handling of lawsuits was one of the requirements for the unofficially established military government (later Kamakura bakufu) to be recognized as a stable government.
- 旧福知山市内には地名(字・小字)、自治会名、通称など複数の街区名が存在し、なおかつ自治会名は必ずしも別名称の街区の範囲と一致しないため非常に複雑である。
- In Old Fukuchiyama City, there are two or more block names such as place names (Aza and Koaza), names of residents' associations, commonly-called names, etc., and the name of residents' association do not always correspond to the name of the city blocks, making the area very confusing.
- 後水尾天皇は多くの女官たちとの間に多数の皇子女をなしたが、東福門院と女官所生の皇子女とは仲が良く、また、母が異なる皇子女同士も非常に良好な関係であった。
- Many princes and princesses were born between Emperor Gomizuno and his court ladies, but Tofukumonin got along with them well, and the relationships among those born from different mothers were good.
- また、藤原伊尹が重態になった折に円融天皇が摂政の上表をすぐに受理してしまった事に対して藤原済時がその不見識(3度目まで待たなかったこと)を非難している。
- When FUJIWARA no Koretane became very ill, the Emperor Enyu accepted Johyo from a Sessho (Regent) straight away and FUJIWARA no Naritoki criticized this dishonorable behavior (that the Emperor did not wait until he received the third Johyo).
- 北宋元 (王朝)禅林においても文学が占める位置は非常に大きかったが、入宋僧や入元僧らにより、その禅風が伝来すると、こぞって文学志向が高揚することとなった。
- Literature occupied a very important place in the Zen temples of the Northern Song and Yuan dynasties, and once the Zen style was introduced to Japan by monks who had been to the Song and Yuan, there was a collective rise in literary aspirations.
- 下総国守源仲政(源頼政の父)が捕縛しようとするが逃げられ、5年後の保安 (日本)4年(1123年)になって下野国で捕えて京都へ送り、検非違使に引き渡した。
- Shimousa no kuni no kami (Governor of Shimousa Province), MINAMOTO no Nakamasa (the father of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa) tried to capture him in vain, and five years later (1123) he was captured in Shimotsuke Province, transferred to Kyoto and passed to kebiishi.
- また、死ぬまで会津藩に忠誠を捧げた浩であるが、一方で非常に反骨心のある人物であり、会津藩の藩学であった朱子学は嫌いで陽明学を学んでいたという一面があった。
- Although Hiroshi was a person who kept dedicating his loyalty to Aizu Domain until his death, he also had a strong spirit of defiance, and he learned Yomei-gaku (neo-Confuciasnism based on teaching of Wang Yangming) against Neo-Confucianism that was being studied at hangaku (school for samurai children) of Aizu Domain.
- ちなみに、業務重複などによる非効率さや、地方財政状況による観測点維持の懸念などから、1939年(昭和14年)11月1日、全国の気象官署は国営化されている。
- Incidentally, due to the inefficiency caused by an overlap between the projects and concern over the maintenance of the observation stations under the restrained local budgets, the nationwide meteorological offices were nationalized on November 1, 1939.
- ところが幕府編纂の『吾妻鏡』は、反逆者であるはずの義経に対して非常に同情的であり、義経の心情に立ち入っている記述が多く見られ、「判官贔屓」の度合いが強い。
- However, 'Azuma Kagami' elaborated by the Kamakura bakufu is extremely sympathetic with Yoshitsune, and even if he must have been a traitor, the book contains many descriptions touching on his sentiments, showing a strong sympathy 'Hogan-biiki' for the underdog.
- 治承4年(1180年)5月、以仁王による挙兵の企てが露見し間もなく王に配流の命が下されると、源兼綱と共に検非違使庁の兵を率いて三条高倉邸に追捕に向かった。
- Soon after Prince Mochihito's conspiracy of uprising was exposed in May 1180, the order to put the prince in exile was given, and Mitsunaga and MINAMOTO no Kanetsuna lead the soldiers of Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief) to search and capture the prince at the Sanjo Takakura residence.
- ところが、近時住宅地にのみこまれた文化財は、地震等による大火で失われる確立が過去に無いほど非常に危険な状態にあると危惧する声が有識者の中から上がっている。
- However, experts are voicing the fear that the probability that cultural properties enveloped by the sprawl of recent residential areas can become lost in fires caused by earthquakes and other factors is greater than ever before.
- 『易経』、『尚書』、『詩経』、『周礼』、『礼記』、『春秋左氏伝』(春秋公羊伝・春秋穀梁伝)、『論語』、『孟子』、『墨子』、『韓非子』、『山海経』、『孫子』
- 'I Ching' (The Book of Changes), 'Shosho' (Classic of History), Shi Jing (the oldest pieces of Chinese literature), 'Shurei' (Rites of Zhou), 'Raiki' (Book of Rites), 'The Zuo Zhuan' (The Chronicle of Zuo) (Shunjukoyoden, Shunjukokuryoden), 'Rongo' (Analects of Confucius), 'Moshi' (Mencius), 'Mozi' (a book of Chinese thought), 'Hanfeizi' (a book of Chinese thought), 'Shan Hai Jing' (Classic of mountains and seas), 'Sonshi' (Chinese books about tactics).
- また体面を保つ為の出費も著しかったなど、一概に上野介のみを非難する向きも疑問があり、仮名手本忠臣蔵を盾に、自藩の失策を弁明しているとも受け取る事が出来る。
- At the same time, they also spent quite a lot of money to keep their dignity, and therefore, it is questionable to criticize only Kozuke no Suke, and one assumes that they were trying to cover up their own faults through Kanadehon Chushingura.
- たとえば「公法」ということばは『韓非子』有度篇にも確認されるが、'International Law'という国際法の意味で使用したのは『万国公法』に始まる。
- For instance, the word 'Koho' can be seen in the Chapter 'Yudo' (having regulation) of 'Han Fei Tzu' (a book of Chinese thought), but the word as 'International Law' was used first time in 'Bankoku Koho.'
- もっとも、脚気問題について高木兼寛は、海軍の兵食改革で海軍の脚気を「根絶」したとして賞賛されるのに対し、鴎外は陸軍の脚気惨害を助長したとして非難されやすい。
- However, on the beriberi issue, Kanehiro TAKAKI is praised to have 'exterminated' the disease in the Navy through his food reform, whilst Ogai tends to be blamed for worsening the Army's beriberi situation.
- 坂本龍馬が船中八策を西郷隆盛に提示した際、「わしは世界の海援隊をやります」と発言した場に同席し非常な感銘を受け、後世ことあるごとに回想を語ったとされている。
- It is said that when Ryoma SAKAMOTO submitted Senchu Hassaku (the basic outline of the new regime drawn up by Ryoma SAKAMOTO) to Takamori SAIGO and stated that '[he] shall be the Kaientai of the world,' Mutsu, who was also present, was greatly impressed and took every chance to mention the reminiscence in later years.
- 直政は家臣に非常に厳しく、少しでも戦で失敗をした者がいれば容赦せず処罰し、一軍の将となっても自ら先陣に立って戦うことを好むなど激烈な性格で、短所も多かった。
- He was so strict with his vassals that he relentlessly punished those who had made even a slight mistake in battle as well as being fond of leading battles from the front, and had many other character defects.
- 解放令(かいほうれい)とは、明治4年8月28日 (旧暦)(1871年10月12日)に明治政府が行った穢多非人等の身分の廃止などの旨を記した太政官布告である。
- Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) is the edict of Dajokan (The Grand Council of State) that mainly announced the abolition of the social status system like Eta (a status of group who were the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system and usually involved in handling human bodies or animal carcasses) and Hinin (a status of group who were the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system and often ex-convicts or vagrants) made by the Meiji Government on October 12, 1871.
- 町奉行は町の拡大を抑制する方針を採ったが、実際には都市の拡大が先行して町奉行及び新しい町割の是非を審査する新地掛の与力がこれを追認する状況が幕末まで続いた。
- Machi-bugyo adopted a policy to restrain the expansion of the town but it was in fact the case that until then end of the Edo period, a situation continued in which the city's expansion preceded any ratification by the machi-bugyo or the yoriki (police sergeants) who were responsible for assessing the propriety of new town planning.
- 江戸の他においても弾左衛門の支配は、関八州(水戸藩・日光東照宮)、伊豆国、陸奥国の南端、甲斐国・駿河国の一部に及び、当該地域の非人は弾左衛門の配下となった。
- Kanhasshu or the eight provinces of Kanto region (the Mito Domain ・Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine), Izu Province, the southern end of Mutsu Province and a part of Kai Province ・Suruga Province besides Edo were in the control of Danzaemon, so Hinin people in these regions were under Danzaemon.
- この作品は、男性と女性が入れ替わるという非現実的な設定である反面、2人を中心とする人間関係の描写は現実的かつ重層的であり、現在でも十分に味わい深く鑑賞できる。
- The setting for this story in which a man and woman exchange their roles is not realistic, but the portrayal of the characters, particularly these two people, is realistic and multilayered, so it's truly worth reading even today.
- いずれも鏡という名前を冠しており、また非常な高齢の老人が「昔はこんな事があったなぁ」という話を2人でしていたり作者に対して語ったりするという形式を取っている。
- Each book includes the word 'kagami' (mirror) in their titles, and they are written in the form of a conversation between two elders or between an elder and the author reminiscing about days of the old.
- 現存する書状だけでも1000通を越えており、家臣団の統率や中央政権との繋がり、果ては諸外国との通信など義鎮が非常に外交に長けた人物であったことを裏づけている。
- There are more than 1000 existing documents which proved that Yoshishige was excellent in diplomacy, such as in the leadership of vassals, connection with the central government and communication with foreign countries.
- 三人には共通した書風があり、隠元の「穏健高尚な書」、木庵の「雄健円成の書」、即非の「奔放闊達な書」と評され「唐風」あるいは「黄檗風の書」として珍重されている。
- The three had common styles, highly valued as 'Tang style' or 'Obaku-style calligraphy,' with Ingen's writing valued as ''moderate and sophisticated,' Muan's writing as 'vigorous and peacefully fulfilling,' and Sokuhi's writing as 'wild and broad-minded.'
- 翌明治七年 (1874) には非業の死を遂げた養父の遺志を継いで、安政二年 (1855) の失火全焼以後20年来絶えていた河原崎座を芝 (東京都港区)に再興。
- In 1874, the following year, to carry out the wish of his foster father who died an unnatural death, he rebuilt Kawarazaki-za Theater in Shiba (Minato Ward, Tokyo) that had been discontinued for 20 years after it was burned down by the fire in 1855.
- また今までの権限を強化するとともに、特定非営利活動法人(NPO法人)の認証や大規模小売店舗の届出確認など府から新たな権限を委譲するなど機能強化が図られている。
- In addition to retaining the former administrative power, the new bureaus had their functions strengthened: for example the right to certify non-profit organizations (NPO corporations) and those to check large-scale retail stores were transferred from the prefectural government to these bureaus.
- また朝鮮軍は戦線膠着のため撤退し、その後の交渉で合意・実現に至ったのも倭寇の取り締まりであり、この遠征を理由に対馬を朝鮮の属国と見做すことは非常に論拠が薄い。
- Moreover, the Korean army withdrew after their invasion ended in a stalemate, and the focus of the agreement reached in subsequent negotiations and its execution was once again the suppression of the Wako, making this expedition an extremely weak justification for asserting that Tsushima had been a vassal state of Korea.
- 皇族出身であることを非常に誇りにしていた女性であったらしく、結婚後もしばらくは公家風の「おすべらかし、小袖に袴」姿で生活していたことを示す肖像画が残っている。
- She seemed proud of her Imperial background; Even after her marriage, she persisted in being dressed in the Kuge-fu style (the noble court-style) which coordinated osuberakashi (the traditional coiffure), kosode (the kimono with short sleeves), and hakama (the formal divided skirt) for a while; Some of her portraits show how she wore in her daily life.
- しかし「教皇様に会えば熱もたちどころに治る」と教皇への目通りを切望するジュリアンの願いを聞いたある貴人の計らいで、ジュリアンのみが教皇と非公式の面会を果たした。
- However, owing to an arrangement made by a nobility who heard of Juliao's earnest desire to have the honor of seeing the Pope, 'I will immediately recover from my fever when I see my dear Pope,' only Juliao had met with the Pope privately.
- よって、教えの通りにそれらの海草を集めて食してみたところ、非常に美味しくて体にも良いことから「観音様の法(のり、教え)だから『アサクサノリ』だ」と評判になった。
- So after Kinmasa gathered and ate those seaweeds, he found that they were tasty and healthy so he said 'it is a teaching (which is pronounced in Japanese as 'nori') by kannon so it should be called 'Asakusa nori' (Porphyra tenera).'
- それを深く恨んだ研究会は、茶話会の非協力が清浦の内閣総理大臣就任を妨害したとして決別した(ただし、これを裏付ける事実はなく、研究会側の言いがかりとされている)。
- Kenkyukai held grudge against it and broke away from Sawakai, saying that Sawakai's noncooperation prevented KIYOURA from becoming a prime minister (but it is considered to be a false accusation because there were no facts that supported the case.)
- この決定は皇位継承のような重大事は事前に江戸幕府に諮るとした禁中並公家諸法度の規定にも拘らず「非常事態」を理由に幕府に対しても事後報告の形で進められたのである。
- This decision was made without asking approval from the government and it was reported to them afterwards as it was said to be a state of emergency, although such important issues, like Imperial succession, should have the government's opinion according to Court laws during the Edo period.
- 「戦前の日本で天皇の王朝の非常な古さが国家主義的に悪用されたことに強く反発する戦後の歴史家は、日本における天皇制と天皇家の異例な長命さという意義を軽んじてきた。
- 'There were historians during the postwar period who strongly criticized the government for wrongfully using the Imperial family's long duration to promote nationalism during the prewar period, and these historians made light of such a long duration of the Japanese emperor system and the Imperial family.'
- さらに、こうした統一的な支配を遺漏なく実施するために、高度に体系的な法令、すなわち律令と格式が編纂され、律令格式に基づいた非常に精緻な官僚機構が構築されていた。
- Furthermore, in an attempt to extend a more unified system of control over the populace, highly systematic codes, namely the Ritsuryo and Kyakushiki codes, were compiled; their promulgation created a very sophisticated bureaucratic organization whose basis lay in legal and ethical codes.
- 列強との交渉は愛新覚羅奕キョウ及び直隷総督兼北洋大臣に返り咲いた李鴻章が担ったが、敗戦国という立場上列強の言いなりとならざるを得ず、非常に厳しい条件が付せられた。
- The negotiations with the allied western powers were carried out by Aisin-Gioro Yìkuāng and Li Hongzhang, who came back to power as Governor General of Zhili and superintendent of trade for the northern ports, but being the losing nation he was obliged to the allied western powers, and met demands with very strict conditions.
- また「上宮記」逸文の文章系譜によれば、中斯知命(なかしちのみこと)を妃として乎非王(おいのおおきみ)を儲け、その孫が男大迹王(袁本杼王)すなわち継体天皇とされる。
- Furthermore, according to the Itsubun (unidentified or lost wirings) written genealogy from the 'Joguki,' Prince Ohodo married Nakashichi no Mikoto taking her as his princess, and they had a son (prince), Oi no Okimi.
- 実感を尊び繊細な感覚的表現による歌は鎌倉時代末期の沈滞していた当時の歌壇に新鮮味を与えたが、その奇抜で型破りな表現によって二条派からつよい非難を浴びることになった。
- Waka in this style, which treasured expression of true feelings as well as a delicate sensibility, were able to inject new freshness into the stagnant poetry circles of the late Kamakura period, but suffered severe castigation from the Nijo school for their eccentric and unconventional expressions.
- また、江戸時代後期には旗本・御家人近世の御家人の生活窮乏を救うために拝借金が行われたほか、寺社・宿場町・米価などの維持のために非武士に対しても行われることがあった。
- In addition, in the late Edo period, Haishakukin was issued to hatamoto and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate) to help their life of privation, or to people who were not samurai (warriors) to maintain temples, shrines, shukuba-machi (post-station towns), the rice price, and the like.
- 罪状が書かれた木の捨札や紙で出来た幟、刺股や槍を持った非人身分の雑色が周りを固め、南北町奉行所の与力と同心が検視役として罪人を挟む形で後ろを固め、江戸市中を辿った。
- The criminal was paraded through the streets of Edo, surrounded by zoshiki (town officials), whose social status was hinin (the people who belonged to none of the four 'classes' of the Edo period and were therefore considered outcasts), who carried such articles as a wooden 'sutefuda' on which the details about the crime were written, paper banners, two-pronged weapons and spears, with a group of coroners consisting of yoriki (police sergeants) and doshin (police constables) of South or North town magistrate's office of Edo who guarded the rear part of the procession sandwiching the criminal.
- また井上が「徹頭徹尾民間が出来る業をお役人がやる事は非能率で民間の業を圧迫妨害する...」ものと考えていたことを紹介し、井上の合理主義者としての一面を評価している。
- In addition, Tokutomi introduced rationalistic side of Inoue as 'government official's business that private firms could do from beginning to an end is inefficient and hinders private business.'
- 師の叡尊は民衆への布教を唱えながら、自分には不得手であることを自覚して当時の仏教において一番救われない存在と考えられていた非人救済に専念し、その役割を忍性に託した。
- Although master Eison advocated the propagation to the people, he knew he was not good with it and focused on the relief on 'Hinin' who was thought to be the most unrelieved presence for Buddhism at that time, handing off that role to Ninsho.
- 1980年代以前の小説や一般向け書籍では、早雲を「非常に長命な大器晩成」「徒手空拳の素浪人」として書かれているものが多く、海音寺潮五郎の早雲の史伝などは典型である。
- Most novels and books for the general public published during and after the 1980s describe Soun as 'a man who bloomed late and lived a long life' and as 'a masterless samurai who had built himself up from nothing,' with Chogoro KAIONJI's historical legend being typical.
- 昭和時代、日本国憲法の下で皇室典範は再度制定されたが、退位禁止と養子禁止と直系男子への皇位継承優先とする基本性格は変わらず、非嫡出子を皇族としない規定が追加された。
- In the Showa period, the Imperial Family Law was re-issued under the Constitution of Japan, the basic rule of the prohibition of the abdication, prohibition of the adoption, and priority of the male direct Imperial member's succession to the throne, remained the same, there was another regulation added that illegitimate children would not be included to the Imperial family.
- 「上宮記」には、「凡牟都和希王(応神) ― 若野毛二俣王 ― 大郎子(意富富杼王) ― 乎非王(私斐王) ― 斯王 ― 乎富等大公王(継体)」の文章系譜が記される。
- In 'Joguki,' there was a written genealogy, 'Homutawake no Miko (Ojin) –Wakanuke futamata no Miko - Oiratsuko (Ohodo no Okimi) - Oi no Okimi (Oi no Okimi [私斐王]) - Okimi - Odo no Okimi (Keitai).'
- 非士分の者たちとして厩別当の杉山与五右衛門、茶坊主の鈴木松竹、牧野春斎、足軽の大河内六郎右衛門、森半右衛門、権十郎、仲間八大夫、兵右衛門、若右衛門などの名が伝わる。
- People of non-samurai class who participated included Umaya-no-betto, Yogoemon SUGIYAMA, tea servers Shochiku SUZUKI and Shunsai MAKINO, foot soldiers Rokuroemon OKOCHI, Hanemon MORI, Gonjuro, Hachidaibu NAKAMA Hyoemon and Wakaemon.
- 非常に多くの子を作ったのは15歳で将軍職を継ぐ際に、子女を多く儲けるように実家・一橋家より訓戒をうけたためであり、徳川家の天下を一橋家の系統で押さえるためでもあった。
- The reason for Ienari's numerous offspring can be traced back to his ascent to Shogun at age 15, at which time he was instructed by the Hitotsubashi family to father enough children to dominate the nation with the family's bloodline.
- 自らを毘沙門天の化身と称したり天罰と信じて戦を行う、短気であるなど、奇抜で苛烈な一面がある一方で、よく涙を流す、戦国大名らしからぬほど非常に繊細な面もあったとされる。
- He was unconventional and strange in some aspects like identifying himself as an incarnation of Bishamonten, fighting for divine justice, being impatient and short tempered and so on, while in other aspects he was striking and harsh, he was unlike a warring lord as he was too delicate and often shedded tears.
- 厠に行く時も当番の御小納戸役を起こさないように抜き足差し足で廊下を歩いたという(これに非常に良く似たエピソードを持っている人物として知られているのが伊達政宗である)。
- He is said to have walked through the corridor to the toilet with stealthy steps not to wake up the Konando-yaku (job to do Shogun's personal care) (Masamune DATE is known as a person who had a very similar episode).
- しかし、その娼婦に対しては「其業たる最も賤しむ可く最も悪(にく)む可くして、然かも人倫の大義に背きたる人非人の振舞なりと云ふの外なし」と罵り、隠れて遊べといっている。
- On the other hand, for prostitutes, he bitterly stated that 'the occupation is the most despicable and the most heinous, and nothing but a business of brutes, which is against the cause of morality' and advised the readers to go to these places secretly.
- これは醍醐天皇養母として皇太夫人になった女御藤原温子の例に倣うとしているものの、天皇の同母姉妹で非配偶の后(尊称皇后)は前代未聞であり、廷臣たちの反感を買ったという。
- This (appointing the Princess Teishi (Yasuko) as Emperor Horikawa's Empress) followed the example of Nyogo, FUJIWARA no Onshi (Yoshiko) becoming Kotaibunin (the mother of emperor and empress) as Emperor Godaigo's foster mother, however there was no example in history for an Emperor's real mother or sister becoming the Emperor's Empress, (an honorific title for the Empress) it was said that there were some complaints from the court officials.
- また、立場上、言いたくても言うに言えないことがいくらでもあることが容易に推測される皇族の「本人の意思」がどこまで真実のものなのか、客観的に判断することは非常に難しい。
- Also, it is very difficult to judge how true is the intention of a member of the Imperial family, who can easily be guessed to have many things which he cannot, in his position, divulge to another person even if he wanted to.
- ただし、この朱雀大路は後の平城京や平安京のような幅70メートル以上の大きなものではなく幅24メートル強(側溝中心間)の後の朱雀大路と比べて非常に狭い幅のものであった。
- This Suzaku-oji Street was very narrow with a width a little bit longer than 24 meters (between the center of side ditches), compared to the one with a width of 70 meters in Heijo-kyo and Heian-kyo.
- ただし、これ以外の選挙でも、内務大臣が府県知事や警察幹部の人事を握っていた事を利用して、人事権を盾に地方の官吏や警察を動員して公然・非公然の圧力をかけるケースがあった。
- Of couse, regarding other elections, there were cases that a prewar Home Minister openly or secretly put pressure on opponents because a prewar Home Minister had authority over personnel issues of prefectural governors and top officials of police and could mobilize government official and police.
- すなわち、所有者が生前に自己の相続人に対して無償で財産の譲与を行って相続と同じ効果を図るものとそれ以外の第三者(非血縁者であるのが一般的)に対して贈与を行うことである。
- One is the gift of property made to the heir for free while the owner is still alive to achieve the same effect as inheritance and the other is the gift made to a third party other than the heir (usually, unrelated person).
- そのような中で起きた義和団のアンチ・キリスト的、あるいは非西欧的「悪行」は、「文明」に悖る野蛮な行為としてすぐさま世界に広まり、激しい非難が中国に寄せられることになる。
- The anti-Christian way or anti-western 'evil deeds' of the Boxers were not in line with a 'civilization', and as word of these barbaric acts spread across the world, China was severely criticized.
- 秀吉の流言は元々磯野氏自体が浅井氏に屈服する形で仕えるようになったことや、員昌自身が独立心の強い性格であったという背景からすると非常に巧みなものであったと言えるだろう。
- It can be said that Hideyoshi's tactic was very skillful considering that the Isono clan served under the Azai clan involuntarily and that Kazumasa himself was independent-minded.
- 福井県嶺南地方では、関西電力の原子力発電所立地の影響で、発電所立地自治体(敦賀市・美浜町 (福井県)・大飯町-現おおい町・高浜町)と非立地自治体の間で財政に格差がある。
- In Reinan area of Fukui prefecture, where nuclear power plants of Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. are located, a financial difference exists between the municipalities with nuclear power plants (Tsuruga City, Mihama-cho (Fukui Prefecture), Oi-cho-current Oi-cho, Takahama-cho) and municipalities which are not located nearby such plants.
- だが、去ること長元4年(1031年)、当時の伊勢斎宮であった具平親王三女・せん子女王が酒乱に乗じて「ご託宣」と称し「斎宮の冷遇は天皇の失政」として非難した事件があった。
- However, there was an incident whereby Imperial Prince Tomohira's third daughter, Princess Senshi, who was Ise Saigu (vestal virgin princess serving at Ise-jingu Shrine) at that time, had too much to drink on one occasion and she criticized 'it was Emperor's mistake when he treated Saigu coldly.' as in her oracle in 1031.
- 日本共産党は2004年に綱領を改正し、元首化・統治者化を認めないという条件の下、天皇制の是非については主権在民の思想に基づき国民が判断すべきである、という趣旨に改めた。
- The Japanese Communist Party amended their policy and although they do not accept any head of state or ruler, about the Tennosei, they decided to leave it to the people because the sovereignty rests with the people.
- 非人(ひにん)は、主に、(1)日本中世の特定職能民・芸能民の呼称であり、次第に被差別民の呼称となり、(2)江戸時代には、穢多(えた、長吏)とともに賎民身分の呼称である。
- The term Hinin is used to describe mainly (1) persons who worked in special occupations or as entertainers in feudal Japan; however they gradually became victims of discrimination, and (2) in the Edo Period, Hinin as well as Eta (Chori) were described as people of the lower classes.
- 夫有司、上帝室ヲ尊ブト曰ザルニハ非ズ、而帝室漸ク其尊栄ヲ失フ、下人民ヲ保ツト曰ザルニハ非ラズ、而政令百端、朝出暮改、政情実ニ成リ、賞罰愛憎ニ出ヅ、言路壅蔽、困苦告ルナシ。
- We are not saying that the bureaucrats are not respecting the Emperor but the Emperor has lost his glory, and we are not saying that they are controlling the people but there are so many laws, some of which are enacted in the morning but soon amended; politics are depending on someone's feeling and punishment and reward is decided with love and hate toward the person; and our freedom of speech is closed and there is no way to report our sufferings.
- 更に新政府内部でも陸海軍の円滑な運営に欠かせない天文や測量が古い陰陽寮に縛られる事への危惧や、非科学的な陰陽道が日本の近代科学導入の障害になる事が指摘されるようになった。
- In addition, even within the new government, some people started to point out the risk associated with the fact that astronomy and measurements, which were indispensable to smooth operations of the army and the navy, were controlled by the old Onmyoryo, and others pointed out that unscientific Onmyodo might become an obstacle to the introduction of modern science into Japan.
- 2005年以降は毎年秋に4日間に限って主催の「非公開文化財特別拝観」の一環として、冷泉家住宅の一般公開が行われており、有料ではあるが予約・抽選などは無く誰でも見学ができる。
- Starting in 2005, another step was taken towards opening the Reizei residence to the public, in that now it is opened every autumn--for only four days--for a sponsored 'special viewing of privately owned cultural properties' to the general public, and although an admission fee is charged, now anyone can come examine the building, without reservations or lotteries.
- その方法とは、一本の紐を地面の上に置き、1人ずつその紐の上を歩いて前進し、酒を飲んで元に戻るというもので、その間に石を投げられた者が犯人とする非科学的・迷信的手法であった。
- They used a method of interrogation that was based in superstition and that was entirely unscientific; they would place a string on the ground and one by one people would walk on the string, drink liquor, walk back across the string, and whoever was stoned during the process was declared guilty.
- なお、関を閉鎖するのは東国から畿内への侵入を防ぐためという見方が従来あったが、逆に中央で起きた非常事態の東国への波及を阻止する事が目的だったとする見解が近年では有力である。
- By the way there was a view in the past that the gate was closed to prevent people from entering Kinai from Togoku (eastern provinces), but recently another view has been plausible that it was closed to prevent the state of emergency which had occurred in the capital from spreading to Togoku.
- なお、この時に、条約改正案に反対した井上馨への鬱積から、酒に酔ったまま井上邸内に忍び込むという事件(1889年12月15日夜)を起こして政府内から非難を浴びて謹慎している。
- Meanwhile, Kuroda was upset with Kaoru INOUE, who had opposed the draft revised treaty, and sneaked into Inoue's residence while getting drunk (in the night of December 15, 1889); Kuroda was suspended after being criticized by the government members.
- 事件の詳細については不明であるが、同書翌日条には経光が近江国建部大社の社務(具体的な経緯・詳細は不明)を執行した際に非法を行ったことから神罰が下ったとの噂が流布したとある。
- Although the details of the incident was unknown, in the article of the next day, there is a comment on the spread of the rumor, in which that he was said to received divine punishment due to his discourtesy related to Tsunemitsu's management in the clerical work at Takebe-taisha Shrine in Omi Province (although, it is not known the exact background nor details).
- 蔵人兼右兵衛尉在任時であった天喜3年(1055年)、内裏の蔵人所町屋(蔵人の詰所)に逃げ込んだ抜刀の暴漢を郎等と共に取り押さえた功により検非違使に任ぜられる(『百錬抄』)。
- In 1055 when he was assigned to Kurodo as well as Uhyoe no jo, he was appointed as kebiishi in reward for his having arrested thugs who fled into an Kurodo's office while wielding swords together with his men ('Hyakuren sho' [History book from the Kamakura period]).
- 盆地内の河川勾配が非常に緩く、出口付近がボトルネックとなって大雨時に停滞し度々洪水を引き起こす(福知山と由良川)というのは、こういう形成履歴を持つためであろうと考えられる。
- This process is considered to be the reason that floods (Fukuchiyama and Yura-gawa River) frequently occur, since the river water is held up during times of heavy rain as a result of the very gradual inclination of rivers running in the basin, and the bottleneck caused around the outlet.
- 平安時代中期に入ると、太政官牒・院庁牒は請印が不要な官宣旨・院宣にその役目を取って代わられる一方で、蔵人所・検非違使庁をはじめとした令外官の増大で牒そのものの発給は増大した。
- In the mid Heian period, daiokancho and innochocho were replaced by Kan senji (an edict from Daijokan [Grand Council of State] which had the status of a binding official document) and Inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) which did not require shoin (a ceremony to seal documents issued by the government) while the number of cho issued increased due to an increase in number of Ryoge no kan in agencies such as Kurodo dokoro (the Office of Imperial Household Logistics) and Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief).
- 柴同様籠城していた西徳二郎公使が「清国政府としてはそれまでの決心がない」というように、清朝側も公使団の扱いに困惑し、非情な決断をしかねたという背景が二ヶ月の籠城戦にはあった。
- The envoy Tokujiro NISHI, who was under siege with SHIBA, stated, 'The Qing government lacked its former decisiveness,' and the Qing dynasty was also confused about the treatment of the group of envoys, and could not made a harsh decision within the two months of besiegement.
- 他者との比較を通じて文明/野蛮の差異を計測し、その差異を埋める/広げるという欲望を喚起することによって富国強兵を達成しようとする思想構造が列強諸国にも、非列強諸国にもあった。
- Both powerful and non powerful countries shared a mindset to accomplish fortifying their country by measuring the difference between being civilized and barbarian by comparison, and inciting a desire to minimize or expand the difference.
- まず崇厚に提出した未完稿には何師孟・李大文・張煒・曹景栄ら4人が参加して訳文を練り上げたが、それは「文義が非常に不明瞭である」と評される代物でそのまま刊行するには難があった。
- Based on uncompleted manuscript submitted to Chongshi, text of translation was elaborated by four persons, Shimeng HE, Dawen LI, Wei ZHANG, and Jingrong GAO, but the result was such that was commented as 'Meanings of sentences are ambiguous' and it had too many problems to published as it was.
- また、仙台藩主伊達重村からの賄賂を田沼が拒絶したという史料の存在、逆に田沼を非難していた松平定信さえも田沼にいやいや金品を贈ったと書き残していることなどをその論拠としている。
- The reason is that there is historical evidence that Tanuma declined a bribe from Shigemura DATE, the lord of the Sendai domain, while even Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, who criticized Tanuma, wrote that he had presented Tanuma with money and goods reluctantly.
- 検非違使は、刑部省および太政官が司法上の機能を果たさなくなるにしたがって平安初期に設置されたもので、司法警察上の追捕(ついぶ)のみならず、糾弾・断獄の諸権をももつにいたった。
- Kebiishi was established at the beginning of Heian period when the judicial function of gyobusho and daijokan was diminishing, and they gained authority for tsuibu (pursue and capture) as judicial police, as well as condemnation and adjudication.
- 同じく鎌倉幕府で政権を掌握した北条氏も一門で幕府の要職を独占したが、執権の職は数例を除いてそのほとんどが得宗により継承され、惣領たる地位を継ぐ嫡流の地位は非常に重んじられた。
- The Hojo clan, who also held the reins of the Kamakura bakufu, dominated the important positions of the bakufu, and yet, the position of Shikken (Chief of Staff to the shogun) was succeeded mostly by the Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) except for a few examples; the position of the chakuryu used to succeed the position of the soryo was highly valued.
- 11月14日清盛は福原から上京すると、関白・基房、権中納言・師家を手始めに、藤原師長以下39名(貴族8名、殿上人・受領・検非違使など31名)を解官、後白河も鳥羽殿へ幽閉した。
- On November 14, Kiyomori arrived in Kyoto from Fukuhara and fired, beginning with Regent Motofusa, Gonchunagon Moroie (head of the Left Division of the Outer Palace Guards), FUJIWARA no Moronaga and 39 other people (8 aristocrats, 31 court officers, province officers, Kenbiishi, etc.) and locked Goshirakawa up at the Toba residence.
- 後に室町幕府の14代征夷大将軍・足利義栄が将軍就任の御礼に朝廷に献上した銭貨や同じく織田信長が正親町天皇の儲君誠仁親王の元服の際に献上した銭貨が鐚銭ばかりであると非難された。
- It was criticized that the coins contained mostly akusen, the coins which Yoshihide ASHIKAGA, the 14th seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu presented to the Imperial court as a reward for the assumption of the Shogun, and coins which Nobunaga ODA presented at the ceremony of genpuku (celebration of one's coming of age) for Imperial Prince Sanehito, the chokun (crown prince) of Emperor Ogimachi.
- 歴史学界では、1950年代の壬申の乱計画・非計画論争を経て、大海人皇子が駅鈴を求めたのは高坂王の反応をうかがい、あわよくば自らの移動に役立てるためであったとする説が定着した。
- In history societies, a theory that Prince Oama called for ekirei in order to look for Takasaka no Okimi's reaction and use him to help their transportation if possible, became established after an argument over the Jinshin war was planned or unplanned in 1950's.
- 国司苛政上訴(こくしかせいじょうそ)は、日本の平安時代に郡司・田堵・負名・百姓階層が地方官である国司(受領)の苛政・非法を中央政府(太政官)へ訴えた行為、現象または闘争形態。
- Kokushi kasei joso refers to acts and phenomena of appeals and armed struggles by Gunji (local magistrates), Tato (cultivators), Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and the farmer class in order to complain to the central government Daijokan (Grand Council of State) about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi (or Zuryo) (provincial governors), Chihokan (local officials) during the Heian period in Japan.
- 非人の形成期には、検非違使管轄下で「囚人の世話・死刑囚の処刑・罪人宅の破却・死者の埋葬・死牛馬の解体処理・街路の清掃・井戸掘り・造園・街の警備」などを排他的特権的に従事した。
- During the formation of Hinin, under Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police power), those who had an exclusive privilege worked in 'looking after prisoners, execution, demolition of convict's house, interment of the dead, animal slaughter, cleaning streets, digging well, landscaping, town guard' and etc.
- また、局長近藤勇の家臣ではないとして、近藤の非行・増長を5箇条に纏めた建白書を隊長の永倉新八、原田左之助、斉藤一、伍長の島田魁、葛山、諸士調役の尾関雅次郎らが綴り会津藩に提出。
- The Commander of Shinsengumi, Shinpachi NAGAKURA and other members, such as Sanosuke HARADA, Hajime SAITO, Corporal Kai SHIMADA, Shoshi shirabeyaku (Shinsengumi's organizational post for investigating movements of the opponents) Masajiro OZEKI, and Kazurayama, who was also a corporal, elaborated a petition of five articles concerning the immoral and self-concentrated conduct of the Head of Shinsengumi, Isami KONDO and forwarded it to the Aizu Domain, insisting that they were not Kondo's retainers.
- 明治33年(1900年)、かつての見廻組の一人であった今井信郎が「龍馬を暗殺したのは俺だ」と言ったが、谷は「お前ごとき売名の徒に坂本さんが斬られるものか」と逆に非難したという。
- In 1900, Nobuo IMAI, a former member of Mimawarigumi (the unit of patrolmen in Kyoto in the Edo period), said, 'It was me that assassinated Ryoma', but Tani conversely criticized Imai by saying, 'There is no way Mr. Sakamoto could had been killed by you, who is performing a publicity stunt.'
- 正義は非常に子沢山(13男11女の24人という)で、或る日、明治天皇から何人子供がいるのかと尋ねられたが咄嗟に思い出せず、「後日調査の上、御報告申し上げます」と奏上したという。
- As Masayoshi had many children (24 children of 13 sons and 11 daughters), one day, when he was asked by the Emperor Meiji how many children he had, he couldn't remember, and answered that he would research and report it later.
- 忍性は教学を学びなおしながら、1240年に常施院を設け、ハンセン氏病患者らの救済などの慈善活動、悲田院を改修して非人救済を行うなどの社会事業を行い、この間に律宗布教にも努めた。
- Ninsho learned the religious doctorines once again, built Jose-in Temple in 1240 and practiced charities like relief of Hansen's disease patients, and participated in social work such as helping the Hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system, often ex-convicts or vagrants) by repairing the Hidenin Temple, and while doing so, he took part in propagation of Ritsu sect.
- 多数の裏切りを出した背景には、九州の諸豪族を軒並み味方につけて大軍を組織してはいても、その大半は南朝方有利の情勢を見て是非なく菊池武敏に味方した者であったという事実が存在する。
- One reason for the betrayal by many warriors was that even though Kikuchi's side led a large force allied with almost all the powerful clans in Kyushu, most of them regarded the Southern Court side as superior and sided with Taketoshi KIKUCHI.
- 武力紛争の総数から見れば、その大部分は、隣接する非友好的な勢力が互いに、領地、あるいは、影響を及ぼし得る勢力圏の境境付近において繰り広げる小競り合い・抗争レベルの応酬であった。
- Judging from the total number of armed conflicts, most of them were exchanges of skirmishes/private wars which were conducted between neighboring unfriendly powers in the vicinity of the border of their territory or areas on which they could influence.
- このように自分の都合でしか事象を解釈できず、かつて敵視していた人物を一転して賛美したり、或いはその逆で支援していた人物を排除したりと、態度が180度逆転する事が非常に多かった。
- Thus, Goshirakawa's attitude totally changed on many occasions, once he considered someone as his enemy then he changed to glorify him, or to the contrary, he eliminate someone whom he considered as a supporter, he only took things in a way that suited his needs.
- 大宝律令の施行は、当時としても非常に画期的かつ歴史的な一大事業と受け止められており、律令施行とほぼ同時に、日本という国号と最初の制度的元号(大宝 (日本))が正式に定められた。
- Even in those days, it was considered that the enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo was an epoch-making and historical project, and almost at the same time, the name 'Nippon' and the first official era name 'Taiho' were formally promulgated.
- 近江令の存在については、非存在説も含めて見解が分かれているが、近江令とは、律令制を指向する単行法令を総称したものであり、体系的な法典ではなかったとする見方が広く支持されている。
- Among various views on Omi-Ryo including the one which insists on its nonexistence, the most popular one is that it was a generic name for various individual laws and ordinances made with the aim of establishment of the system ruled by the ritsuryo codes and was not a systematic code.
- 「不可説」は「説くべからず」であって「言い表すことができない」という意味であり、「言語道断」も現在用いられる強い非難の意味ではなく「言うに耐えない」という程度に捉えるべきである。
- 不可説' means 'you shouldn't talk about it' or 'it is unspeakable,' while '言語道断' was not used to refer to strong criticism as it is today, so it should be taken as an expression meaning something like 'it is beyond description'.
- 上冷泉家の「御文庫」に保存されてきた古文書・古写本類は、一部研究者にはその存在が知られていたが、長らく非公開とされ、一般にその存在が知られるようになったのは1980年からである。
- The existence of such a wide variety of old documents and manuscripts preserved in the obunko (library) of the Kami branch of the Reizei family was known to a handful of researchers over the years, but the library remained private for a long time, so in general, the extent of their collection was not widely known until 1980.
- 三都のうちの京・大坂が存在した畿内近国では、紀伊国(現・和歌山県及び三重県南部)や淡路国(現・兵庫県の淡路島全域)などを除いて、関東地方と同様に典型的な非領国地域の状態にあった。
- Provinces close to Kyoto, where, of the three capitals, Kyoto and Osaka were located, were in the state of a typical hi-ryogokuchiiki area (where the area was divided minutely, with each piece of area owned by a different person) as in the Kanto region, except Kii Province (present Wakayama Prefecture and the southern part of the Mie Prefecture) and Awaji Province (present entire area of the Awaji island in Hyogo Prefecture).
- そのうちに、西久米村の百姓らは、年来自分たちの山だと信じてきた山を徳山領と主張され、非を喜兵衛らのみに帰して、里右衛門に咎めがないのを不満とし、一揆にも及びかねない形勢となった。
- Over time, the situation in the Nishi-Kume-mura village became so serious that the farmers almost caused an uprising, because ownership of the mountain, which they had considered their own for generations, was claimed by the Tokuyama clan and they were frustrated since only Kihei had been blamed and no punishment had been given to Riuemon.
- これらは大名・旗本・在番衆・町奉行・遠国奉行などを対象とし、添人馬利用・賃金不払・通日雇人足の非分・三度飛脚や町人請負荷物の過貫目をはじめとして各種不法行為を取締るものであった。
- These Jomoku (articles) were applied to daimyo, hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu), zaibanshu, machi-bugyo and ongoku-bugyo (the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period) and controlled various illegal acts including use of 添人馬, nonpayment of wages, unreasonableness of ninsoku (coolie, laborer) hired for a whole day, overloading of sando-hikyaku or townspeople carriers.
- こうした見方は、朝廷の権威の低下という事実を覆い隠すことに便利であり、一方で鎌倉幕府にとっても「朝敵」という非難を緩和するために好都合な論理であり、その後の歴史観に影響を与えた。
- This perspective was useful in hiding the decline of the authority of the Imperial Court and at the same time benefited the Kamakura bakufu to alleviate the criticism that they were an enemy of the court, resulting in the influence on the historical view of the following generations.
- 江戸時代に様々に差別されてきた穢多・非人などの身分及び呼称(とそれに伴う死牛馬取得権など)が1871年(明治4年)8月28日の太政官布告(解放令)で一挙に廃止されることになった。
- Such social status and naming as Eta and Hinin and the like (as well as acquisition rights of carcasses of beasts accompanying them) were to be abolished at once by Dajokan fukoku (proclamation of Kaiho Rei by Grand Council of State) on August 28, 1871.
- この翻刻が与えた歴史的影響は非常に大きく、ある研究では「此書は維新当初の開国方針を決するに重大なる参考書となり、また経典の如き権威を以て読まれた」と評している(尾佐竹1932)。
- The historical impact given by the reprint was major; according to a research it is evaluated 'The book was primary guide to decide the policy of opening of a country at the early stage of the restoration and read as if it was some sort of scripture' (Osatake 1932).
- 壬申の乱で大海人皇子に味方した氏族は中小のものが多く、馬来田は大伴氏を率いる立場にあって非常な高位にあったはずなのだが、『日本書紀』が記す天武朝の事績の中に馬来田の名は現れない。
- There are no achievements of Makuta during the Tenmu dynasty reported in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) even though he was the leader of the Otomo clan and a very highly ranked person, while many of clans who supported Prince Oama in the Jinshin War were small and medium sized.
- また「二・二六事件」後、石原廣一郎から後継首班には「近衛公ヲ措イテ人ガ無」く、「是非老公ニ御推薦願ヒ度イ」と依頼されるとこれを西園寺に伝え、近衛文麿への大命降下に一役買っている。
- After the 'February 26th Incident', when Hiroichiro ISHIHARA asked him to 'request SAIONJI the recommendation' of Duke KONOE, as 'there is no other person except for him,' he transferred this message to SAIONJI, and played an important role in issuing an Imperial command to appoint Fumimaro KONOE.
- また、幕臣からも信望が厚かったと言われ、家臣や女性や動物たちに至るまで非常に優しい態度で接する一方、剛毅な一面を持つ人柄が明治以後に旧幕臣たちなどから様々な逸話で伝えられている。
- It is also said that he held great prestige among the shogunal retainers, and various anecdotes told by former retainers from the late Meiji Period tell that he had fortitude and firmness of character, yet he was very kind to everyone, from vassals and women to animals.
- 鎌倉幕府が六波羅に六波羅探題を設置したのも、平家滅亡後に、京都における北条氏の邸宅が置かれていたこともあるが、検断権を巡る検非違使との直接的な衝突を避けたことも理由に挙げられる。
- This was because the Kamakura bakufu established the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency) in Rokuhara and because the Kyoto residence of the Hojo clan was established after the defeat of the Taira clan, but the avoidance of direct conflict with kebiishi over the right to judge criminal cases is also given as a reason.
- さらに、火縄銃など火器類の流入は、従来、非常時には徴発によってかなりの部分を賄いえていた軍需物資に、火薬など大量消費型の品々を加えることになり、ロジスティクスの重要性が高まった。
- In addition, inflow of firearms such as the matchlock caused an increase of mass-consumption type items such as gun powder to munitions materials, a certain part of which could be procured by commandeering in an emergency, increasing the importance of logistics.
- 父を見殺しにする義朝を恨み、いっぽうでは彼が父殺しとして世間から非難されることを恐れ、またおさない息子たちの行く末を心配しつつ、最後には南無阿弥陀仏を唱えながら静かに首を打たれる。
- While he blames Yoshitomo for seeing his father die without any attempt to save him, he is afraid that his son will be blamed by everyone for killing his father, and finally he is killed while chanting Namu-amidabutsu, a (single) sincere call upon the name of Amida, worrying about the future of his young son.
- 1954年、大佛は著作権無視、原作を書き換えて題名だけ盗んでいる、映画の鞍馬天狗は人を斬りすぎて原作者の意向を無視している等との理由を挙げて非難し、嵐が演ずる鞍馬天狗の中止を要求。
- In 1954 Osaragi demanded that Arashi stop performing Kurama Tengu, claiming that his copyright was ignored, his titles were stolen and the original content was rewritten, and Kurama Tengu in the films slashed too many people with his sword, which was against Osaragi's intention.
- 神武天皇の時代から明治元年まで各年毎に、従三位以上で太政大臣・摂政・関白・左大臣・右大臣・内大臣・大納言・中納言・参議・非参議のいわゆる公卿に相当する者の名を官職順に列挙してある。
- Each and every year from the time of the Emperor Jinmu to 1868, it listed names of those who held the rank of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or higher which were the so-called Kugyo (the top court officials) including Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister), Sessho Kampaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left), Udaijin (the Minister of the Right), Naidaijin (the Minister of the Interior), Dainagon (Major Counselor), Chunagon (Middle Counselor), Sangi (advisor on the Council of State), and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- しかし、師直の悪逆非道を伝える貴族の日記や太平記の描写には、配下の武士の荘園の横領を認めていたなどの話が出てくるが、荘園の横領は、師直に限らず当時の武士一般に見られる行動であった。
- However, although according to nobles' diaries that told how evil he was and descriptions of him in the 'Taiheiki,' Moronao had allowed his samurai to usurp shoen (manors in medieval Japan), this was in fact a common act among samurai at that time.
- 年紀法を明文化した最初の条文として知られているのは、『御成敗式目』第8条(「雖帯御下文不令知行、経年序所領事」)にある「当知行之後、過二十箇年者、任右大将家之例、不論理非、不能改替。
- The first provision known that the Nenkiho is written in is the 'Goseibai-shikimoku' Article 8 ('Territory with no actual enfeoffment over time under the official document').
- この時、台風により出漁できず食料の蓄えもわずかだったにもかかわらず、住民は、浴衣などの衣類、卵やサツマイモ、それに非常用のニワトリすら供出するなど、献身的に生存者たちの回復に努めた。
- Despite few food reserves since the typhoon had stopped people from fishing, they provided clothes such as yukata, and eggs, potatoes and even chickens they had kept for an emergency, and dedicated themselves to care for the survivors.
- しかし、幕府によって三条大橋に長州藩を非難(罪状告発)する制札が立てられると、これに反発した正勝ら、過激派の志士は上士・宮川助五郎、同僚・藤崎吉五郎ら7名とともに制札撤去に乗り出す。
- However, when the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) put up notice boards on Sanjo-ohashi Bridge to criticize the Choshu Domain (accusation of guilt), extremist supporters of a noble cause who opposed the accusation, including Masakatsu, decided to remove the notice boards with a total of seven persons including his superior warrior Sukegoro MIYAGAWA and his colleague Kichigoro FUJISAKI.
- 明治に入って、住友事業は12代目吉左衛門友親と、その子13代目吉左衛門友忠の下で営まれていたが、1890年に友親、友忠が相次いで亡くなり、男系相続者が途絶してしまう非運に見舞われる。
- At the beginning of the Meiji era, the Sumitomo enterprise was run by Kichizaemon Tomochika (the twelfth-generation Kichizaemon) and his son Kichizaemon Tomotada (the thirteenth-generation Kichizaemon). Misfortune struck the Sumitomo family, however, with the passing of their male heirs when Tomochika and then Tomotada died in 1890.
- 陸奥は非藩閥出身であり政府内部では伊藤の信頼によって政治的な基盤を得ているような状態であったが、逆に藩閥政治家とは敵対関係にあった自由党 (明治)の中島信行・星亨とは盟友関係にあった。
- Mutsu was from non-domain clique and gained political foundation inside the government only by Ito's confidence, but he was a sworn friend of Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA and Toru HOSHI who belonged to the Liberal Party (Meiji) that had an adversarial relationship with statesmen of domain cliques.
- 以上のことから、事件の真の首謀者は他ならぬ称徳天皇自身であったとし、指名者が非皇族の道鏡であったという問題点を克服するために宇佐八幡宮の神託を利用したのが事件の本質であったとしている。
- From the above, HOSOI makes a point that the true ringleader of this incident was none other than Empress Shotoku herself, and the true nature of this incident was that the empress used the oracle from the Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine to overcome the problem that the person whom she wanted to appoint as her successor was Dokyo who was from a non Imperial family.
- 発起人であった森有礼は明六社を純粋に学術的な啓蒙団体として構想し、また第30号で「時の政事に係はりて論するか如きは本来吾社開会の主意に非す」と言うように、非政治的であることを旨とした。
- Arinori MORI, the founder, envisaged Meirokusha as a pure academic enlightenment group and had a policy to be nonpolitical as he described that 'Discussing about politics is against the original aim when we established this association' in the 30th issue.
- 武家では楠木正成・名和長年(伯耆守)・結城親光(3名と千種忠顕とを合わせて「三木一草」という)、さらに真言宗密教の僧である文観や円観などの非・公家の人材も積極的に登用する人事であった。
- Among the warrior clans, notable were Masanari KUSUNOKI, Nagatoshi NAWA (Protector of Hoki), and Chikamitsu YUKI (these three, with Tadaaki CHIGUSA, were called 'the three trees (ki) and one grass (kusa)'); moreover, other talented men, both noble and non-noble, including the esoteric monks Monkan and Enkan of the Shingon sect, actively served in the government as well.
- 内務省 (日本)や司法省の官僚を務め、議会法に通じていた清浦らの主導により1892年に尚友会(しょうゆうかい)という院外団体を結成して非議員の華族を巻き込んで選挙運動を進めたのである。
- Led by KIYOURA who used to be a bureaucrat of the Internal Ministry and Justice Ministry and therefore was versed to the assembly law, Kenkyukai formed a non-Diet group called 'Shoyukai' in 1892 to organize the election campaign embroiling peers from outside the Diet.
- 日本文学における第一級の資料である事は勿論だが、方言による歌もいくつか収録されており、さらにその中には詠み人の出身地も記録されていることから、言語学の資料としても非常に重要な資料である。
- The Manyoshu is unquestionably an outstanding source within Japanese literature, and as it contains poems written in dialects from the places the composers were from it is also a very important source within linguistics.
- 父資経からは「器量者」として高く評価されており、従三位にまで進んだが、四男であったことに加えて勧修寺流長者の条件とされた蔵人、弁官に任じられなかったなど官職にも恵まれず非参議で終わった。
- He was highly estimated to be a 'talented person' by his father, Suketsune, and was promoted up to be a Jusani (Junior Third Rank), however, he was not favored by government posts, including the fact that he was not appointed to be a Kurodo (Chamberlain), nor a benkan (official of the dajokan), both of which were regarded as conditions of a family head of the Kanjuji line, in addition to being the 4th son, he ended in a Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 旧皇族は、貞常親王の兄彦仁王が、皇子を遺さずに死去した称光天皇の跡を継いで天皇(第102代後花園天皇)となって以後、現在の皇室とは血統が完全に分岐しているため、男系での血縁は非常に遠い。
- After Emperor Shoko died without having any children to succeed his position, the former Imperial family was succeeded by Imperial Prince Sadatsune's older brother, Prince Hikohito, (the hundred and second Emperor Gohanazono) since the family was not succeeded by the original Imperial blood line, there was no direct continuity of the blood line from male side of the Imperial Family.
- 1914年(大正3年)4月、第1次山本内閣総辞職、清浦奎吾流産を受け、窮した元老は再び大隈重信を首班指名して大命を降下させ、特に昭和戦後に非常に悪名高くなった第2次大隈内閣を成立させた。
- In April, 1914, due to the mass resignation of the first Yamamoto cabinet and the abortive attempt to form the Keigo KIYOURA government, the Genro (elder statesmen) had no alternative but to nominate Shigenobu OKUMA as the shuhan again and order him to be imperial commander letting down the imperial command and made him establish the second OKUMA Government, which resulted in infamous one especially after the Showa War.
- 1892年から執筆を開始した「蹇々録(けんけんろく)」は、日清戦争、三国干渉の処理について記述したもので、外務省の機密文書を引用しているため長く非公開とされ、1929年に初めて公刊された。
- The 'Kenken Roku' (literally, record of kenken - 'kenken' refers to one-legged jumping) which he began writing in 1892 described how he handled the Sino-Japanese War and the Triple Intervention; since it cited confidential documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it had been kept closed to the public for a long time, and was published for the first time in 1929.
- 穂積陳重の『法窓夜話』によると、梅謙次郎は、鋭敏な頭脳を持ち、法文の起草をするのが非常に迅速で、起草委員会では、他の委員である穂積陳重、富井政章の二人の批評を虚心に聞き容れ、自説を改めた。
- According to 'Hoso Yawa' (a night talk about the legal circle) written by Nobushige HOZUMI, Kenjiro UME had a clear head and he drew up the draft of the code very quickly, and in addition, he was ready to listen to the other two members of the drafting committee, Nobushige HOZUMI and Masaakira TOMII, and accepted their criticisms with open mind, even willing to change his own idea.
- 室町時代から江戸初期までの社会用語としては、神社勢力が強訴などの要求を行うための武力である僧衆(江戸時代に僧兵と呼ばれる)も含め、中央もしくは地方政権から非公認の武装勢力そのものを指した。
- As a sociological term from the Muromachi period to the Edo period, ikki referred to military forces that had not been officially recognized by the central government or the local government; such forces included monk-soldiers (known in Edo period as sohei, meaning 'armed priests'), who the shrine authorities used to submit claims such as a goso (a petition lodged directly with the Imperial Court or the shogunate government).
- 戦国期の足軽は非常に重装備であり、大型の手盾をもたないことを除けば重装歩兵とも比較できる装備を整えていた(ただし、後期になると一部足軽は足軽胴を着用せず、代わりに羽織を用いるようになる)。
- Sengoku period ashigaru were extremely heavily-armored and, with the exception of a large shield, their kit was comparable to that of heavy infantry (however, some ashigaru later went on to wear a haori [a Japanese half-coat] instead to body armor).
- 奴隷としての賤民は早い時代に消滅したが、被差別階級としての賤民(いわゆる“穢多”“非人”)が中世の頃から顕著に見られ始め、近世を通じて存続し、明治4年(1871年)の解放令まで残っていた。
- Senmin as a slave disappeared in an early period, but Senmin as a discriminated class (so-called 'Eta' [one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system, people whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses] and 'Hinin' [one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system, often ex-convicts or vagrants]) started appearing obviously in the medieval period, survived throughout the early-modern times, and existed until Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) was promulgated in 1871.
- 大町桂月は『太陽』誌上で論文『詩歌の骨髄』を掲載し「皇室中心主義の眼を以て、晶子の詩を検すれば、乱臣なり賊子なり、国家の刑罰を加ふべき罪人なりと絶叫せざるを得ざるものなり」と激しく非難した。
- In the magazine 'Taiyo,' Keigetsu OMACHI published a thesis 'Shiika no kotsuzui' (Bone marrow of poetry) to fiercely criticize Akiko, stating 'If you scrutinize Akiko's poetry from a perspective of imperial centrism, you can't help but scream that she is a traitor, betrayer, and offender who should be punished by the state.'
- かつて東禅寺 (東京都港区)のイギリス公使館襲撃に加わっていた伊藤博文は、その後のイギリス留学を通じて攘夷が非現実的な方針であり、いつまでも実現不可能な路線に固執すべきではないと考えていた。
- Hirobumi ITO who used to be involved in British Legination Attack in Tozenji Temple had thought through study in Britain that anti-foreigner was unrealistic way and that it was wrong to cling to the unfeasible way.
- 百戰千鬪の功を樹て、武名を関東に揚げたる名門の裔なるを以て、君及嚴父の國事を憂ふるもの、蓋偶然に非ざるを知るべし、君は慶應元年、崎陽に遊學して醫術を長崎醫学校の前身たる『養生所』に研究する。
- Since being from such noble family which ancestor had established great achievement in many battles and their names as samurai had spread among Kanto region, it is not surprising that his father was worried about national affairs; in 1865 he went to Kiyo (Nagasaki)and studied medicine at the 'Yojosho' which later became Nagasaki Medical School.
- だが5月にはこの挙兵計画は露見、平氏は検非違使に命じて以仁王の逮捕を決める、だが、その追っ手には頼政の養子の兼綱が含まれていたことから、まだ平氏は頼政の関与に気付いていなかったことがわかる。
- But already in June, their insurgence plan was exposed to the Taira clan, who then ordered Kebiishi-cho (Imperial police force) to arrest Prince Mochihito, but the fact that the dispatched force included Kanetsuna, adopted son of Yorimasa, indicates that the Taira clan did not notice Yorimasa's involvement in the insurgence yet.
- この時期の内閣改造では、陸軍の非主流派や不拡大派の石原莞爾らが、以前閣僚にと考えていた人たちが主に入閣し、これにより軍部を抑える考えがあったものとされるが、板垣は結局「傀儡」となり失敗した。
- Since during this cabinet reshuffle, most of those who became cabinet members were ones that the Army fringe and the nonaggression faction, including Kanji ISHIWARA, had in mind, it can be considered that there was an intention to suppress the military, but in the end, Itagaki was unsuccessful and regarded as a 'puppet.'
- 女性皇族と非皇族男子との間の子に皇位継承権がなかったとの事実も、あったとの事実もまた確認されていないが、当時女性皇族を母に持つ人間は「宮腹」と呼ばれ、普通の貴族より高貴な存在と目されていた。
- It is uncertain whether a child between a female member of the Imperial Family and a male member of a non-Imperial Family member obtains the right to succeed the throne or not; the person whose mother is a member of the Imperial Family was regarded nobler than their general peers, so called `Miyahara' (born to a female member of the Imperial Family).
- 日本国内でも娼妓という「人身売買」が公然と行われており、奴隷売買を非難する資格がないとのこの批判により、日本は公娼制度を廃止せざるを得なくなり、同年10月に芸娼妓解放令が出される契機となった。
- Human trafficking' for prostitute was practiced openly in Japan, and it was in no position to condemn slavery; after this criticism, Japan was forced to abolish prostitution, and in October of the same year, an emancipation edict was issued, freeing all prostitutes.
- 主君に対する忠誠を絶対とする武家倫理が徐々に確立した江戸時代においては、少なくとも徳川将軍家では見られなくなったものの、非常の措置として行跡の悪い藩主を強制的に監禁する行為は慣行として残った。
- In the Edo period when samurai ethics of seeing loyalty to lord as all-important were gradually established, the phenomenon was not seen with Tokugawa Shogunate Family at least, but the practice remained to be seen as an extraordinary step to forcibly confine lords who misconducted themselves.
- 臣等既ニ已ニ今日我国民撰議院ヲ立テズンバアル可カラザルノ所以、及今日我国人民進歩ノ度能ク斯議院ヲ立ルニ堪ルコトヲ弁論スル者ハ、則有司ノ之ヲ拒ム者ヲシテ口ニ藉スル所ナカラシメントスルニハ非ラズ。
- What we have already discussed are the reasons why we need a Minsen Giin (elected assembly) today and what we have been suggesting is that it is a natural process to establish a Minsen Giin as our people are evolved enough and we have not brought this petition to exclude the bureaucrats, who are refusing our movement, but they are welcome to give their views on this matter.
- このため、前将軍藤原頼経を始めとする反北条勢力が勢い付き、1246年5月には頼経の側近で北条氏の一族であった名越光時(北条義時の孫)が頼経を擁して軍事行動を準備するという非常事態が発生したが、
- This caused anti-Hojo forces, such as the ex-shogun FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, to gain in strength, and as a result there occurred an emergency in May 1246, wherein Mitsutoki NAGOSHI, who was a relative of the Hojo family (a grandson of Yoshitoki HOJO) and served as an aide to Yoritsune, made arrangements for military action under the banner of Yoritsune.
- この機転によって無事関を越えれられそうにはなったのだが、「一行の中に常に傘で顔を覆っていて不自然な行動をする者が義経に非常に似ている」と富樫の部下が言い出したため、なおいっそう疑われてしまう。
- When his wits almost made them successfully pass the check station, one of Togashi's men remarked, 'One of the party members always covers his face with an umbrella and behaves in a strange way, and he resembles Yoshitsune,' which further fueled their doubts.
- これは梅雨前線がおもに本州上に停滞することや、梅雨の終わりには前線の勢力が衰え、北上する速度が非常に速くなっていることから、北海道で梅雨によると思われる降水が観測されないことが多いからである。
- This is partly because the baiu front becomes stationary mainly on Honshu and also because precipitation because of baiu is seldom observed in Hokkaido since the strength of the front is lost in the end phase of baiu and the speed of moving up to the north is high.
- 次々と院近臣の逮捕・所領の没収が始まり、院に伺候していた検非違使・大江康業は自邸に火を放ち自害、白河殿倉預の藤原兼盛は手首を切られ、備後前司・為行、上総前司・為保は殺害されて海へ突き落とされた。
- The dismissal of close vassals of the cloistered emperor, the arrest and confiscation of estates started, and close vassals of cloistered emperor, Yasunari OE, who had the title of Kebiishi, lit his own palace on fire and committed suicide, FUJIWARA no Kanemori, who was the Shirakawa-dono kuraazukari, had his wrists cut off, and Tameyuki, who was the former governor of Bingo Province, and Tameyasu, who was the former governor of Kazusa Province, were assassinated and pushed into the ocean.
- 菅原古人の子菅原清公(770年~842年)(従三位・非参議)、および孫の菅原是善(812年~880年)(従三位・参議)を含め、大江氏と並んで子孫は代々、紀伝道(文章道)を家業として朝廷に仕える。
- Together with the Oe clan, Sugawara no Furuhito's descendants, including his son, Sugawara no Kiyokimi (770-842) (Junior Third Rank, non-Councilor), and his grandson, Sugawara no Koreyoshi (812-880) (Junior Third Rank, Councilor), served the Court for generations, working in the field of Kidendo (Literature).
- 冠位十二階に組み込まれていなかった、大臣(おおおみ)が身につけていた紫冠が上から5,6番目に置かれ、さらにその上に置かれた冠位の為、朝廷に非常に大きな功績があった功臣のみに送られる冠位であった。
- Taishokkan was bestowed to only meritorious vassals who accomplished great achievements to the Imperial Court since it was placed at a higher cap rank than Murasaki no koburi; Murasaki no koburi had been worn by Oomi (a highest officer in national politics of the Yamato dynasty) and had not been included in the Kan I junikai, but was then demoted to the fifth or sixth from the top.
- しかし、前代までの将軍たちと異なり、生き残ること自体が困難であった戦国時代を生き抜いて天寿を全うしたこと、また壮大な信長包囲網を作り上げたことなどから、非凡な才能を持った将軍であったとも思われる。
- But contrary to others who held the position, Yoshiaki seems to have been an unusually talented Shogun, considering that died a natural death in an age of wars, when it was difficult to survive and that he was able to wage a major siege against Nobunaga.
- 彼の存命中はもとより現代の政治家でも妾を持つことは珍しいことではないが、女性関係の潔癖さは彼を非難している側でさえも認めざるを得ず、また、家中にいる者は書生を含めて愛情を持って接したと伝えられる。
- Although it is not unusual for politicians in not only his time but also today, to have mistresses, even those who opposed him could not help acknowledging his cleanliness in this respect and it is said that he was affectionate to everyone in his household, including shosei (a student who is given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties).
- また、将門の朝敵としての汚名は江戸幕府三代征夷大将軍徳川家光の時代に、勅使として江戸に下向した大納言烏丸光広が幕府より将門の事績について聞かされ、「将門は朝敵に非ず」との奏上により、除かれている。
- In addition, the Dainagon (Major Counselor), Mitsuhiro KARASUMA, visited Edo as Imperial envoy during the era of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Edo Shogunate, to hear of Masakado's achievements from the Shogunate, upon which he cleared Masakado tarnished reputation as an enemy of the Imperial Court, reporting the Emperor in proclaiming, 'Masakado is not an enemy of the Imperial Court' during the era of Iemitsu.
- 広元は再び是非を申せず退出し、それを義時に伝えた(なお、上横手雅敬や河内祥輔は、この会話を実朝が男子誕生を断念して然るべき家から後継者を求める意思を示し、義時にその伝言を求めたとする解釈を採る)。
- Hiromoto left without answering yes or no and told it to Yoshitoki (besides, Masataka UWAYOKOTE and Shosuke KOUCHI interpret it as Sanetomo wanting Yoshitoki to carry a message that implies he gave up having a son and wanted his successor from other families).
- いまご逝去の報に接し、天下はみな悲しんでいるが、朝夕法皇の徳に慣れ、法皇の恩によって名利を得た輩はなおさらである」形式的な悲しみの言葉を使いながらも、仏教帰依を非難し、近臣の悲しみを嘲笑している。
- The whole nation is in sorrow after hearing about the Emperor's death, especially people who were with the Emperor and were looked after in many ways from morning to night, and who endeavored to achieve a higher position with the Emperor's support,' although the formal words or morning were being used, he criticized the Emperor for becoming a believer in Buddhism and made fun of the sorrow his close aides expressed.
- これによると、男子の直系は「凡牟都和希王(ほむたわけのおおきみ・応神天皇) ─ 若野毛二俣王 ─ 大郎子(一名意富富杼王) ─ 乎非王 ─斯王(彦主人王) ─ 乎富等大公王(継体天皇)」とされる。
- This material identifies the direct male descendants of Emperor as follows; 'Homutawake no Okimi (Emperor Ojin) - Wakanukefutamata no Miko - Oiratsuko (a man whose name is Ohodo no Okimi) - Oi no Okimi - Okimi (Hikoushio) - Odo no Okimi (Emperor Keitai)'.
- 欧米各国では新聞がこぞってこの悪辣な暴挙を非難し世論も硬化していたため、当時の駐米少弁務使森有礼は『日本宗教自由論』をあらわして禁教政策の継続の難しさを訴え、西本願寺僧侶島地黙雷らもこれにならった。
- In the U.S. and European countries the newspapers all criticized the villainous outrage and public opinion also grew stronger, so the then Japanese charge d'affaires to the U.S., Arinori MORI, wrote 'Religious Freedom in Japan' stating that it was difficult to hold on to the anti-Christian policy, which was followed by some people including Mokurai SHIMAJI, a Buddhist monk of West Hongan-ji Temple.
- 「奥羽永慶軍記」には、景勝は大変な女嫌いで身辺に女を一切近づけず、また正室の菊姫 (大儀院)と非常に不仲であると共に、極めて衆道を好み、身辺にはもっぱら美貌の少年達のみを侍らせていたという話がある。
- A war chronicle entitled Ouu Eikei Gunki contains a tale of Kagekatsu having extraordinary hatred for women, that he actively kept women away from him, and that he did not get along with his wife, Kikuhime (Daigiin); instead it has been told that he had an affinity for men, and often kept good-looking boys close to him.
- 勧農は非常に広い概念を有する語であり、例えば、潅漑用水の整備・維持、種子・農料の貸与・給付(出挙もこれに含まれる)、耕地の配分、農業労働力の組織編成、荒廃地の開発、税率の上下調整などが含まれていた。
- Kanno is a term covering very wide-ranging concepts, it included the maintenance of irrigation facilities, lend-lease and benefit of seeds and agriculture fees ('suikyo,' land lease at interest was also included), the allocation of farm lands, the organization of the agricultural labor, the development of denuded lands, the up-down adjustment of the tax rate, and so on.
- 日本の文永11年・元の至元11年10月(1274年11月)に、忻都、金方慶らに率いられ、モンゴル人・漢人・女真人・高麗人など非戦闘員を含む3万人を乗せた船が朝鮮の月浦(合浦。現在の馬山)を出発した。
- In November 1274, the ships departed from Gappo in the Korean peninsula (now Masan) with 30,000 people on board, including non-soldiers, led by Xin Dou, Kim Bang-gyeong and others, consisting of people of Mongol, Han, Jurchen, and Goryeo.
- ただし、同じ本に近衛前久が光秀の謀反に関わっていたという噂は「ひきよ」と記されており、これを「非拠(でたらめ)」と解するならばその信頼性ゆえに一転して前久関与説が消滅するとの指摘がある(橋本政宣説)。
- In the same book, however, the rumor that Maehisa KONOE was involved in Mitsuhide's rebellion is described as 'HIKIYO,' and if this is to be understood as 'nonsense,' the highly reliable Maehisa Connection theory disappears (Masanobu HASHIMOTO Theory).
- (常山紀談)このように勝者である秀吉や前田氏に悪評を創作され、過小評価を受けがちな成政であるが、その秀吉・前田も佐々の軍事指揮官としての武勇は非常に認めていたようで、多くの賞賛をした記録が残っている。
- (Jyozankidan, a collection of anecdotes compiled in the Edo period) Narimasa tended to be underestimated due to the bad reputations created by the winners Hideyoshi or Maeda, but Hideyoshi and Maeda seemed to have highly recognized the heroic act of Sassa as an army commander and there are many heroic records commending him.
- 事件直前の秀次は嗜好殺人などの非道行為(盲人を辻斬りにした)を繰り返したとも言われ、「殺生関白」(「摂政関白」の韻に掛けた創作)の異名をとったという話は有名であるが、実情は不明であり疑わしい点も多い。
- It is said that Hidetsugu repeated villainies such as preference murder (he killed a blind man on the street), thus he famously was given the name 'Sessho Kanpaku,' a homonym of Sessho Kanpaku (Regent and Chief Adviser to the Emperor), but the actual circumstances are unknown and a lot of points are doubtful.
- 頼朝には、自らの支持勢力の権利を確保することが求められており、実際に頼朝は、志田義広、新田義重、佐竹氏や足利忠綱といった関東在住の非支持勢力を排除するか、もしくは、屈服させることに非常に尽力している。
- Yoritomo was asked to maintain the rights for his supporting forces and spent much effort on eliminating or subduing forces based in Kanto that did not support him, such as Yoshihiro SHIDA, Yoshishige NITTA, the Satake clan and Tadatsuna ASHIKAGA.
- 国道9号線の一部などではスプリンクラーによる散水を行い、解雪や凍結を防いでいる地域も見られるがそれはほんの一部であり、基本的に冬季の車での移動はスタッドレスタイヤを装着しないと非常に危険な状態となる。
- There are some areas where the melting of snow and freezing of roads are prevented by sprinkling water with a sprinkler over part of National Route 9, but are limited; driving a car without using winter tires is basically very risky in winter.
- この年、「非義勅命は勅命にあらず」という文言で有名な大久保利通の書簡を、長州藩重役に届けるという重大な任務を龍馬が大久保や西郷隆盛に任されている。佐々木克『幕末政治と薩摩藩』(吉川弘文館、2004年)。
- In this year, Ryoma achieved a crucial mission entrusted by Toshimichi OKUBO and Takamori SAIGO to deliver an OKUBO's letter, which is famous for its phrase, 'Unjustifiable Imperial order is not Imperial order,' to the Choshu clan's high-ranking official. 'Politics in the End of Edo Era and Satsuma Clan' by Suguru SASAKI (Yoshikawa kobunkan, 2004).
- 租庸調として国衙などに置かれた正倉に納付された稲穀は、正倉の中身が満載となると検封を経て不動穀とされたが、これに対して検封されていない正税の稲穀は国司の判断によって賑給などの非常の出費などに用いられた。
- Rice in husk collected through Soyocho tax system and placed in a shoso of kokuga (provincial government office compounds) became fudokoku after inspection and sealing when the shoso was filled, while the rice in husk before inspection and sealing was used in case of emergency, like almsgiving, according to the judgement of kokushi (an officer of a province).
- しかし、状況が不利であることを知り、にわかに彦人皇子の水派宮に行き帰服した(一説には非蘇我氏系皇族である彦人皇子の即位を馬子が本心では望んでいないと考えた勝海が皇子の自派引き入れを策したのだともいう)。
- However, realizing that the situation was not turning in his favor, Moriya hastily went to the Mimatanomiya Imperial House and surrendered to Prince Hikohito (according to one theory, this was said to be one of Katsumi's schemes to gain over Prince Hikohito in his faction as he believed the enthronement of Prince Hikohito, who did not descend from the Imperial family line of the Soga Clan, not to be of Umako's true wish).
- また各国の国旗掲揚、国歌斉唱が脱帽起立のうえ厳粛におこなわれることを根拠として教育現場での日の丸・君が代への否定的対応および拒否を推奨するかのような日教組教育を国際的に非常識なものと批判する主張がある。
- There is also an assertion based on the fact that raising of the national flag and chorus reading of the national anthem are carried out solemnly with hats off and uprising that education in the way of Nikkyoso which seems to recommend negative response or denial of Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) and Kimigayo is internationally preposterous,
- ところが、これが大日本帝国憲法下の当時の日本では「不敬の言」であると曲解され、まず宮内省から批判の声が挙がり、初の政党内閣である隈板内閣に批判的な枢密院 (日本)・貴族院 (日本)に非難の声は広がった。
- However, this was criticized by the Imperial Household Ministry first as 'insulting words' under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and then by the House of Peers and the Privy Council which were critical of the Wai-han Cabinet, the first party cabinet.
- 本能寺の変当日、織田信長は非武装の女子・共廻りを含めて100名ほどしかいなかった事、変後に神君徳川家康に伊賀越えという危難を味わった事等から、特に儒教的支配を尊んだ徳川幕府にておいてこのことは強調された。
- The Tokugawa Shogunate especially emphasized this view, which respected Confucian control, pointing out that on the very day of Honno-ji no Hen Nobunaga was followed by about 100 people including unarmed women and comrades, and further after the incident, the God Monarch Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was made to run the risk of crossing Iga.
- この書の初版は1836年に刊行されたが、アメリカ・イギリスといった英語圏のみならず他のヨーロッパ言語圏でも非常な好評をもって迎えられ、フランス語版・ドイツ語版をはじめとして各国の言語に相次いで翻訳された。
- The first edition of this book was published in 1836, it was very well accepted in English-speaking countries such as U.S.A and Great Britain but also in other countries in which Europe languages were spoken, it was translated into languages of various countries starting with French and German versions.
- また、自然科学分野に留まらず、オランダ語の度量衡に使用する単位についての解説『西洋度量考』やオランダの歴史、地理を解説した『和蘭志略稿』、コーヒーについての紹介『哥非乙説』(こひいせつ)なども記している。
- Moreover, he wrote not only a natural science but also 'Seiyo Doryoko' which was about Western scales and measures in Dutch, 'Oran Shiryakuko' which was about Dutch history and geography, and 'Kohi Setsu' which introduced a coffee.
- また、実隆は将軍家からも重用され、日記の最初の年である文明6年(1474年)には8代将軍足利義政が参内するときに実隆を是非呼ぶように言いつけ、実隆は酒宴の席にて三条西家の領地の回復について沙汰を受けている。
- Sanetaka was taken into the Shogun family's confidence too, being summoned when the eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA visited the Imperial court in 1474, which is the first year of the diary, and Sanetaka received directions at a drinking party as to regaining the Sanjonishi family's fiefs.
- 続いて5月21日から東京で開催された上局会議(東京会同)において、25日に公議所の結果を受けて「開国和親」を国策とする事の是非を問う明治天皇の勅問が提示され、28日に上局会議はこれを是とする勅答を提示した。
- And in the Jokyoku (a law-making body) meeting began in Tokyo on May 21, Meiji emperor's question brought up on 25 for questioning the need to make 'opening of a country to the world peacefully' a national policy in response to the result of the lower house and Jokyoku meeting showed the emperor's reply that this was positive on 28th.
- これは宗教的な問題からというよりも、大友家の勢力が衰退する中で寺社勢力が非協力的になった為と家臣に所領として与える土地がなくなった為、寺社領を取り上げて家臣に与えるという政治的理由の方が大きかったとされる。
- It depended on the political reason rather than the religious issue, because of uncooperative power of shrines in the circumstances of the declining power of the Otomo family, the shortage of land provided to vassals as territory and giving temples and shrines accepted by vassals.
- 一方で、元禄4年(1691年)と同5年(1692年)に江戸で綱吉に謁見したドイツ人医師エンゲルベルト・ケンペルの「非常に英邁な君主であるという印象を受けた」といった評価も受けている(ケンペル著『日本誌』)。
- On the other hand, Engelbert KAEMPFER, a German doctor who had an audience with Tsunayoshi in 1691 and in 1692, rated him highly in his book 'The History of Japan,' saying, 'I had the impression that he was a great monarch.'
- 『吉記』では「就中件卿、故入道相国之時度々雖有不快事」(寿永2年7月28日条)と記され、当時の記録を見る限りでは頼盛が平氏一門を離脱したことを非難する声はなく、むしろ当然の行動と見られていたことがうかがえる。
- According to an account in the 'Kikki,' 'especially during the period following Yorimori's taking the tonsure and becoming a Buddhist priest, there were often unpleasant matters' (see the entry for July 28, 1183), and as far as can be seen from records at that time, no one criticized Yorimori for splitting with his clan, to the contrary, it is portrayed as a matter of course.
- 同年、源護によって出された告状によって朝廷から将門と平真樹に対する召喚命令が出て、将門らは平安京に赴いて検非違使庁で訊問を受けるが、承平7年(937年)4月7日の朱雀天皇元服の大赦によって全ての罪を赦される。
- In the same year, based on a complaint submitted by MINAMOTO no Mamoru, Masakado and TAIRA no Maki received a summons from the Imperial Court, and Masakado went to Heian-kyo (Kyoto), where he was interrogated at the Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief), but he was pardoned of all crimes because of an amnesty granted on May 24, 937, at the occassion of Emperor Suzaku's genpuku (celebrate one's coming of age).
- 多分このような出来事が元になり自分達を正当化、美化しようとの思いから土蜘蛛退治や鬼退治伝説が生まれたのではないかとする説と同時に、渡来人が寄り集まって山賊化して非道な行いをしたので鬼と呼ばれたという説もある。
- One theory holds that people created the tsuchigumo (spider limbed monster) and ogre extermination legends from these incidents in order to justify and glorify themselves; at the same time, some propose that immigrants were in fact called ogres because they gathered to become thieves and terrorized the region.
- 鎌倉時代末期に当主となった佐々木道誉(高氏)は、朝廷で検非違使、鎌倉幕府で御相伴衆を務めていたが、元弘3年(1333年)に後醍醐天皇の綸旨を受けた足利尊氏が倒幕の兵を挙げると、それに寄与し建武の新政に加わる。
- Doyo SASAKI (Takauji) who became the family head, at the end of the Kamakura period, worked as Kebiishi, officers having function of police and judge, in the Imperial court and as gosobanshu, an advisor in the Kamakura bakufu, but in 1333 when Takauji ASHIKAGA received the order from the Emperor Godaigo to topple the bakufu, Doyo contributed to it and was involved in the new administration.
- なお、幕末以後日本が西洋と国交を開いた直後には、西洋の皇帝(=天皇)と王の関係を日本や中国と同様の非対等な関係と誤解をして、帝制の国家と王制の国家あての国書に格差を付けてしまった為に、紛糾したと言われている。
- Soon after Japan established diplomatic relations with the West at the end of Edo Period, the Japanese government misunderstood that the relationship between the emperor (Japanese emperor) and king of the West was an unequal relationship like that of Japan and China, and discriminated sovereign's messages to imperial states from those to royal states, causing confusions.
- 最終的な結論は、「特に精度の高い校本とは言い難い。この校本によっての『源氏物語』の本文研究や、校訂作業は全く不可能なこととは思わないが、非常に限られた調査しか出来ないことは承知しておかねばなるまい。」であった。
- So finally he concluded that 'it is hard to consider the work as a highly precise variorum. I do not think that it is totally impossible to carry out the text study of 'The Tale of Genji' and collation based on this variorum, but we have to understand that all we can do is the very limited investigation.'
- 公家法と武家法では条件が一部異なるが、教令違反・孝養の欠如あるいは不始末・向背(命令・指示違反)・不行跡・敵対行為などの非行行為の存在が挙げられ、具体的な証拠がなくても父母(祖父母)側の主張によって認められた。
- Although there were some differences between the Kugeho (court noble law) and the Bukeho (samurai law), it included delinquencies such as violation of law, neglect of filial duties or carelessness, disobedience (violation of orders and instructions), misconducts or hostile actions and so on, which were approved without any evidence if parent(s) (or grandparent(s)) had claimed.
- 三方ヶ原の戦で味方を見殺しにした点についてはむしろあの状況で野戦に打って出た家康の状況判断に非がある(徳川軍は織田の援軍を含めれば籠城に必要な兵力をそろえていたため、籠城すれば敗戦とならなかった可能性が高い)。
- As for the claim that Nobumori ran away without helping his ally at the Battle of Mikatagahara, the circumstantial judgment of Ieyasu, who decided to fight in an open field under those circumstances, was more at fault (TOKUGAWA's army had enough forces for besiegement if ODA's reinforcements were counted, so there was a high probability of not losing the battle if he decided to be besieged).
- 以前、学界では平氏政権を貴族政権的な性格が強いとする見解が主流であったが、1970年代・1980年代頃からは、平氏政権が地頭や国守護人を設置した事実に着目し、最初期の武家政権とする見解が非常に有力となっている。
- In the past, many theories in the field considered the Taira clan administration as being a strongly aristocratic administration, but from around the 1970s and 1980s, the theory that the Taira clan administration was the first warrior class government which focussed on the fact that the Taira clan administration established Jito (local lord of a manor) and Province officers became dominant.
- 乱後、後白河上皇と二条天皇の対立はしばらくの小康状態を経て再燃するが、武士で最大の実力者となっていた清盛は二条の乳父となり、室の平時子も乳母となったことで、天皇の後見役の地位を得て検非違使別当・中納言となった。
- After the rebellions, the conflict between the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Nijo seemed to subside slightly but then flared up again, with Kiyomori, who was the most powerful bushi at that time, gaining the position of Emperor's regent by becoming godfather to Nijo while his wife, TAIRA no Tokiko, became godmother, and he also became Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) and Chunagon (vice-councilor of state).
- 健寿御前(はじめ平滋子に仕え、のち八条院にも仕えた)の『たまきはる』によれば、八条院は生活面において非常に無頓着・無造作で、およそ身辺の雑事について指示することが無く、女房たちを思いのままに自由にさせたという。
- According to 'Tamakiharu' (a diary) written by Kenjugozen (she served TAIRA no Shigeko and later also served Hachijoin), it was said Hachijoin was very unconcerned and casual in everyday life, she did not give many orders to her ladies in waiting concerning small things in her routine life, she let them behave as they wanted.
- 学者のあり方から妾の是非(男女同権論等)、哲学や信教の自由などの宗教論、文字改良論などの教育論、死刑廃止論等の社会問題関連、貨幣・貿易等の経済諸問題、はては妖怪の類まで、非常に広きにわたる論説・翻訳を扱っている。
- It dealt with articles and translations in wide areas, ranging from the style of scholar, right and wrong of concubine (feminism etc.), Philosophy, religious arguments including freedom of faith, educational arguments such as an opinion to improve letters, social problems such as the abolition of death penalty, economic problems such as currency and trades, to specters.
- これに対して自由民権運動の担い手であった立憲自由党・立憲改進党側は彼らを非難する意味を込めて「吏党」と呼んだのが始まりとされている(なお、幸徳秋水はこの言葉を用いた最初の人物は中江兆民であるとする説を唱えている)。
- In response, the Rikken Jiyuto (Constitutional Liberal Party) and the Rikken Kaishinto (Constitutional Progressive Party, who handled the Jiyu Minken Undo, began calling them the 'Rito' in disapproval (Shusui KOTOKU pointed at Chomin NAKAE as being the person to coin the phrase.)
- 福知山市は盆地という地形上、福知山市のほとんどを占める山間部では非常に入り組んだ地形をしているだけでなく、広い土地に多数の小規模の集落がいたるところに点在しているため、バスや鉄道がそれぞれの地域を周ることは難しい。
- Since most of Fukuchiyama City features mountain areas, as well as being part of a basin, a broad area is interspersed with many small-scale colonies, making it hard to provide bus and railroad service to all areas.
- 飢饉の際の賑給などの非常時に限って、令制国が不動倉開検申請解と呼ばれる解_(公文書)を太政官に提出して許可を求め、不動開用符または不動充符と呼ばれる太政官符の交付とともに鑰の返送を得ることで例外的に開封が認められた。
- In principle, opening of the fudoso was not permitted except the time of emergency like famine in which foods must be given to the needy; in such a time the local governor must submit an official document called fudoso kaiken shinseige to Daijokan and if he got a permission along with the official document called fudokaiyofu or fudojufu, he was able to get the key to open the fudoso.
- 天竜寺住職春屋妙葩の発議で進められてた南禅寺の楼門建造を幕府は助成していたが、南禅寺と園城寺の抗争から南禅寺僧定山祖禅が著作において天台を非難すると、叡山側がこれに猛抗議して朝廷に定山祖禅の流罪と楼門の破却を求めた。
- The bakufu was subsidizing the continuing construction of the tower gate at Nanzen-ji Temple proposed by chief priest of Tenryu-ji Temple Shunoku Myoha, but when Jozan Sozen, a priest at Nanzen-ji Temple, criticized Tendai in his book for his part in a feud between Nanzen-ji Temple and Onjo-ji Temple, the Mt. Hiei side reacted vehemently demanding that Imperial Court sentence Jozan Sozen be banished and the tower gate be destroyed.
- 安本美典は題箋の撰号「此是大委国上宮王私集非海彼本」中の文字(「是」、「非」など)の筆跡が本文のそれと一致しており、題箋と本文は同一人物によって記されたとして、後から太子親饌とする題箋を付けたとする説を否定している。
- Biten YASUMOTO denies the theory which states that the title piece of '太子親饌' was applied to the book later, because the handwriting of the letters such as '是' and '非' in the title '此是大委国上宮王私集非海彼本' are identical with those in the text, which means that the title piece and the text were written by the same person.
- 玉葉集は、新古今で行き詰まった和歌の世界へ新風を吹きいれた非凡な作品であるにもかかわらず、僅かに『風雅和歌集』という後継者を得ただけで、その後何世紀にも渡って歌壇を保守的な二条派が主導したため、長らく異端視され続けた。
- Although Gyokuyo wakashu was an extraordinary work that ushered in a new phase in the world of waka, which had reached a dead end with the Shinkokinshu, it was followed only by 'Fuga waka shu' (Collection of Elegance) and was long regarded as heretical because the conservative Nijo faction led waka circles for many centuries.
- 7月11日には近衛前久の猶子として関白宣下を受け、天正14年(1586年)9月9日には豊臣の姓を賜ってこれを羽柴から豊臣への改姓と誤解されることが非常に多いが、羽柴は名字、豊臣は本姓であり、両者は性質が異なる別物である。
- On July 11 he was assigned to be Kanpaku as an adopted son of Sakihisa KONOE and given a surname of TOYOTOMI; this is understood as a change of surname from HASHIBA to TOYOTOMI, but HASHIBA was a family name (myoji) and TOYOTOMI was a surname (honsei), so they were different.
- 所払は11年、江戸払14年、江戸十里四方追放17年、軽追放20年、中追放23年、重追放26年、遠島29年、非人手下10年、武士や僧侶の処分取消は11年という基準が定められ、これを越える服役をして初めて資格を得たのである。
- Convicts were eligible for a pardon after serving the specified period of term; namely, 11 years for banishment from one's residence (tokorobarai); 14 years for banishment from Edo (Edobarai); 17 years for banishment from Edo and its outskirts (Edo Juri Shiho Tsuiho); 20 years for light banishment (Keitsuiho); 23 years for medium banishment (Chutsuiho); 26 years for heavy banishment (Jutsuiho); 29 years for exile to a remote island (ento); 10 years for outcast; and 11 years for rehabilitation for Samurai and Buddhist monks.
- 『とはずがたり』には、正応2年(1289年)に鎌倉を追放された将軍惟康親王に代わって久明親王を迎える際に、検非違使として迎えに出立した頼綱の子資宗が「流され人ののぼり給ひしあとをば通らじ」と詠んで足柄山に向かったという。
- 'Towazugatari' (The Confessions of Lady Nijo) recounts that Sukemune, Yoritsuna's son, went to Mt. Ashigara as kebiishi to receive Imperial Prince Hisaaki, who was to replace Shogun Imperial Prince Koreyasu who was expelled from Kamakura in 1289, after composing the following poem: 'I shall not follow the footsteps of the one who has been expelled.'
- これらを貢納する贄人を初めとする非農業民は、従来「無主」にして「公私共利」の地とされた山野河海の利用により生業をたてていたが、8世紀以降の律令制の解体、荘園公領制の成立とともに、荘園領主による制約を受けるようになってきた。
- Non-agricultural people, including those who presented these items, made their living from the mountains, fields, rivers, and the sea that were originally lands 'not owned by anyone' and were 'beneficial publicly and privately,' however, regulations were initiated by Shoen owners after the disbandment of the Ritsuryo system and the establishment of the Shoen-Koryo system from the 8th Century.
- 非西欧諸国の中で近代化に成功した日本の君主ということで、海外での評価は日本国内以上に高く、エチオピアのハイレ・セラシエ1世やパラグアイのアルフレド・ストロエスネル、イラクのサダム・フセインなど、明治天皇を尊敬する人は多い。
- Since Emperor Meiji was respected as a sovereign, as for non western countries, he was highly regarded overseas, more than he was in Japan, by the people such as Haile SelassieⅠin Ethiopia, Alfredo Stroessner in Paraguay, Saddam Husain in Iraq.
- その内容は、竹の中から生まれた少女が、領主の息子たちから求婚を受けたが難題をつけて退け、かねてより想いを寄せていた男性と結ばれるという話だが、中でも求婚の部分は宝物の数、内容、男性側のやりとりや結末などが非常に酷似している。
- The story is that a girl being born from a bamboo shoot comes to be asked to marry by sons of a feudal lord, but she refuses them giving difficult tasks, and she is wedded to a man whom she has loved for a long time in the end; especially the number of treasures in the scene of courtship, the treasures themselves, conversation with the men, and the ending are quite similar to Taketori Monogatari.
- 美濃源氏土岐氏の棟梁であった父光長と共に在京し、検非違使、左衛門尉を務めたとされる(『尊卑分脈』)が、寿永2年(1184年)の法住寺合戦で父が後白河院方に加わったため光経もこれに従い、死闘の末に父と共に討ち取られ梟首された。
- It is recorded in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) that he resided in Kyoto together with his father Mitsunaga, who was the family head of the Toki clan of Mino-Genji (Minamoto clan), and assumed such titles as Kebiishi Saemon no Jo (third-ranked officer with judicial and police powers in the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), and when his father sided with the army of the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa in the Battle of Hoju-ji Temple in 1184, he also accompanied his father and fought together in a fierce battle, but he and his father were killed in action and their heads were exposed to the public.
- また三井組の人間などを背景に、自らの政治権力を利用した汚職行為に非常に熱心で、それが原因で一度は官を辞職したが、長州系列の人脈と革命の元勲としての威光でその同藩出身の山県有朋とともに過去の汚職にも関わらず絶大な存在感を示した。
- And he eagerly became involved in corruption using his political power backed by people of Mitsui group, who forced him to resign once, but with his connections with someone related to Choshu and his prestige as a revolutionary genkun (the statesmen who contributed during the Meiji Restoration), he remained as an important figure along with Aritomo YAMAGATA who was from the same domain, for all his past corruption.
- 会津藩には武士身分で構成される正規治安部隊、京都見廻組(組長=佐々木只三郎)があり、農民・商人身分で構成される新撰組(組長=近藤勇)は、会津藩の京都における非正規治安部隊(後年は近藤らは幕臣になり正式な治安部隊になる)である。
- In the Aizu Clan, the formal security force was the Kyoto Mimawarigumi (Commander = Tadazaburo SASAKI), and Shinsen-gumi (Commander = Isami KONDO), composed of men with the social position of farmers/merchants, was the non-formal security force of the Aizu Clan for the Kyoto area (in later years, KONDO and others became vassals of the shogunate, and thus Shinsen-gumi became a formal security force).
- 翌5日に大野治長の使者が来て豊臣家の移封は辞したいと申し出ると、常高院を通じて「其の儀に於いては是非なき仕合せ」(そういうことならどうしようもない)と答え、4月6日 (旧暦)および7日に諸大名に鳥羽・伏見に集結するよう命じた。
- On 5th, the next day when Harunaga ONO' messenger came and reported that they would like to decline the changing of the territory; Ieyasu, answering through Joko-in that if so, nothing could be done about it, ordered daimyo to gather in Toba/Fushimi on April 6 and 7th (the old calendar).
- 作者平康頼(法名性照)は後白河院の北面の武士で、検非違使兼衛門府に任ぜられたが、安元三年(1177)、鹿ケ谷の陰謀に預かり、事敗れて鬼界ヶ島(薩摩沖の硫黄島)に流刑されたが、翌年、中宮平徳子平産のための大赦によって召還され帰京。
- The author TAIRA no Yasuyori (Buddhist name, Shosho) was a member of the Northern Guard for the retired emperor Goshirakawa, and was also appointed to the Imperial Police and the gate guards at the same time, however, in 1177, he was exposed as a participant in the Shishigatani plot (a failed uprising against the rule of Taira no Kiyomori), and was exiled to Kikaigashima island (Iwojima island off the Satsuma coast), although he was recalled to Kyoto the next year in an amnesty due to Empress TAIRA no Tokuko's healthy childbirth.
- 近代国際法は「理念」として万国平等を謳いながら、現実では非西欧諸国を差別する国際秩序を支えており、こうした「理念」と現実との落差に対し、やがて失望とシニカルな感想、そして理念よりも国力を重視する姿勢が出てくることは自然であった。
- Under modern international law, the equality of nations was referred to as 'principle' but the thought supported international order that discriminated non-western Europe countries, therefore it was natural that some people were disappointed about the difference between the 'principle' and reality, became cynical and put more value on national power than principle.
- この時彫られた「天勾践を空しうすること莫れ、時に范蠡の無きにしも非ず」の言葉通り、翌年に名和長年ら名和氏の導きにより天皇が隠岐を脱出、伯耆国船上山において挙兵した際には、高徳も養父とともに赴いて幕府軍と戦い戦功を挙げたとされる。
- The Emperor escaped from Oki Province with help from the Nawa clan such as Nagatoshi NAWA as the message of 'as gods saved King Goujian of Yue, so they will never give up on you, and some faithful retainers like Fan Li shall come to save you' suggested, and when he raised an army at Mt. Senjo of Hoki Province, Takanori and his foster father joined the army and rendered distinguished military service in the war.
- 秀甫は中江兆民『一年有半』で「近代非凡人三十一人」に数えられるほどの名声を得ていたが、本因坊道策・秀和・秀策・秀栄といった史上の大名人たちに比べると知名度は低く、時の第一人者でありながらその生涯は決して恵まれたものではなかった。
- Although Shuho had such an excellent reputation that Chomin NAKAE regarded him as 'one of the 31 distinguished people in the modern time' in his book 'Ichinen Yuhan' (One and a Half Year Left), he was less known to the public, compared with the grand masters such as Honinbo Dosaku, Shuwa, Shusaku and Shuei, and his life was not totally fortunate in spite of that he was the leading player of the time.
- この2つの戦いを一括りにすることの是非については、議論の余地があるものの、両者とも本願寺10世証如と、その後見人蓮淳(8世蓮如の6男で証如の外祖父であり大叔父でもある)による法主の権限強化を図った政策方針の末に生じた出来事である。
- It is disputable to treat these two wars as one historical event, but both wars happened as a result of the policy by which Shonyo, the 10th chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, and his guardian Renjun (the 6th son of Rennyo, the 8th chief priest, and also both a maternal grandfather and a grand-uncle of Shonyo) tried to strengthen the authority of hoshu (a head of a Buddhist sect).
- しかも交渉は双方の首都から離れた倭館のある釜山で開かれ、相手側政府の状況は勿論、担当者が自国政府の状況も十分把握できない状況下で交渉が行われたために相互ともに相手側が「九月協定」の合意内容を破ったと非難を始めて、6月には決裂した。
- In addition, the negotiation was held in Busan distant from both capitals the Wakan located, and under the circumstances that the person in charge were unable to grasp the whole situation of their own government as well as other side's government, started blaming each other for violation of 'September Agreement' mutually, and then, it was broken off in June.
- 例えば高野勉の『聖徳太子暗殺論』(1985年)では、聖徳太子と厩戸皇子は別人で実は蘇我馬子の子・蘇我善徳こそが真の聖徳太子であり、後に天智天皇に暗殺された事実を隠蔽するために作った残虐非道な架空の人物が蘇我入鹿であると主張している。
- For example, Tsutomu TAKANO insists in his 'Shotoku Taishi Ansatsuron' (1985) that Shotoku Taishi and Umayatoo were different persons, that SOGA no Zentoko, a son of SOGA no Umako, was the real Shotoku Taishi, and that SOGA no Iruka was a merciless imaginary character which was created later to hide the fact that SOGA no Zentoko was assassinated by Emperor Tenji.
- 徳川将軍家を絶対君主制とする、全国の諸大名をはじめ寺社勢力、朝廷そして天皇家までも実質支配下に置き、さらには外交面でも閉鎖的な徹底した中央集権的封建支配体制を築き上げたことは日本の近代化を遅れさせる一因となったという非難の声もある。
- There is the accusation as well that his establishment of a completely centralized feudal control system, in which, with the Tokugawa shogun family placed as the absolute monarch, even the emperor family in addition to the Imperial court as well as daimyo, temples and shrines throughout the nation were placed under its control virtually and closed diplomatic policies were taken, was a factor that delayed modernization of Japan.
- これは中国における西欧側の非道を知ったこともあるが、朱子学以外を認めない衛正斥邪という思想政策を積極的に推し進めたことから分かるように、大院君は中華思想的発想の持ち主であり、その点から西欧諸国を夷狄視していたことも理由の一つである。
- Daewongun knew the atrocities of West Europeans in China, and he actively promoted the wijŏng ch'ŏksa policy (defense of Confucian orthodoxy and rejection of Christian heterodoxy), which was not to admit ideas other than the doctrines of Zhu Xi, and also he believed in Sinocentrism, and because of this he presumed the Western Europe countries to be barbarous.
- 戦国時代の残滓が残っているとはいえ、「武断政治」から「文治政治」への転換が図られて、「喧嘩両成敗」という理非を問わずに双方を処断するというやり方は、無実の人間を残虐な刑罰に晒す危険性があると当時の儒学者などからの批判もあったという。
- Some Confucians criticized 'Kenka Ryoseibai' by pointing out the possibilities of punishing innocent people without making clear what is right and what is wrong, especially now that the politics had shifted from military government to civilian government although there were remnants left from the Sengoku Period (period of civil war).
- 特に政党内閣期にはその弊害が強く、政権交代が起きるたびに予め来るべき選挙に備えて反対党の前政権が任命した知事や警察幹部を更迭して、自党を支持する内務省 (日本)官僚を任命する人事が横行し、こうした人事は「党弊」と呼ばれて非難を浴びた。
- Especially there were strong adverse effects at the time of party cabinets, at every regime change, for upcoming election, the party in power replaced prefectural governors and top officials of police who had been appointed by the previous ruling party (the opponent) and appointed bureaucracy who supported own party, and this kind of appointments of personnel was called 'adverse effect of a party' and criticized.
- また、義賢・義治が六角本家でないとする異説によれば、六角氏内部には「定頼 - 義賢 - 義治」の陣代箕作家より家格が上の、「氏綱-義実-義秀-義郷」と続く六角本家があり、本家と義賢ら陣代家の間は対立関係で非常に危うい状態だったという。
- Also according to a different view which denied Yosikata and Yosiharu as the head family of Rokkaku clan, among the Rokkaku family, there was the legitimate Rokkaku family whose heads were 'Ujituna-Yoshizane-Yoshihide-Yosisato' that held higher social standing than Mitsukuri family whose role was Jindai and whose heads were 'Sadayori-Yoshikata-Yoshiharu', and the relationship between the legitimate Rokkaku family and the family of Jindai including Yosikata was opposing to each other and very uncertain.
- 保守革命(ほしゅかくめい、Konservative Revolution)とは、ドイツの思想史家のアルミン・モーラー (Armin Mohler) がヴァイマル共和政時代の、非ナチス的でナショナリズム的な一連の思想に与えた総称である。
- The Conservative Revolution (Konservative Revolution) is a general name that Armin Mohler, a German intellectual historian, gave to a set of anti-Nazi and nationalist intellectual trends during the Weimar Republic.
- 頼長は宇治にいる忠実に助けを求め、上洛した忠実は法皇に対して、藤原道長の娘・藤原彰子や非執政者の娘(藤原師輔の娘・藤原安子、藤原師実の養女・藤原賢子)が立后した例を示し、頼長には近衛天皇の母・美福門院に書を送って嘆願することを命じた。
- Yorinaga sought Tadazane who was in Uji for help; Tadazane came out of Uji, ordered Yorinaga to send the document to Bifukumonin, the mother of Emperor Konoe, to ask for Masaruko to be enthroned, presenting the case examples to the Cloistered Emperor that the daughter of Michinaga FUJIWARA, FUJIWARA no Shoshi, and daughters either of which was not the daughter of a governor; FUJIWARA no Anshi; the daughter of FUJIWARA no Morosuke; FUJIWARA no Kenshi, the adopted daughter of FUJIWARA no Morozane were enthroned.
- また、建築史学者と歴史家の間に法隆寺の建設年代に関する論争(法隆寺再建・非再建論争)が起こったが、現存する建物の様式論や、六国史などの文献研究はもとより、遺構調査など考古学の発掘成果も取り入れられるようになって、学問の深化が見られた。
- Historians and scholars of architectural history were in dispute about the year of construction of Horyu-ji Temple (and whether or not the temple had been rebuilt), which led to a more in-depth study of Japan's architectural history using methods such as archaeological excavation and surveying remnants of ancient structures, examining the styles of existing buildings and studying literature such as Rikkokushi (Japan's six national histories).
- 人望が非常に厚く、明治37年(1904年)大相撲常設館(当時はまだ国技館の呼称はない)建設が計画された際には、安田財閥本所支店長の飯島保篤から何と自分の信用だけで40万円(現在なら100億円に相当するという)を無担保で借りることに成功。
- In 1904, when Ozumo-josetsukan (later the Kokugikan Sumo Hall) was planned to be constructed, Yasuatsu IIJIMA, the manager of the headquarters of Yasuda Zaibatsu, granted Ikazuchi a loan of 400 thousand yen (equivalent to 10 billion yen at today's prices) without collateral, which shows how much Ikazuchi was respected and trusted by others.
- 寛平の治は、王臣家が諸国富豪と直接結びつくことを規制することで権門(有力貴族・寺社)を抑制し、小農民を保護するという律令制への回帰を強く志向したものであり、併せて蔵人所の充実や検非違使庁の権限拡充等天皇直属機関の強化を行うものであった。
- Kanpyo no chi was intended as a return to the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) that protected tenant farmers and suppressed influential families (noble families, temples and shrines with power) by restricting direct bondage between oshinke (nobles in the capital) and the rich classes in the provinces, while at the same time, it was also intended to reinforce organizations ruled by the emperor, including enhancing the kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) and an increase of authority by the Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief).
- つまり、金とは非情のものであり、「天の随(まにまに)なる計策(たばかり)」、自然の道理によって動くもので、善悪の論理は介在しないこと、金銭を尊重するひとのところに集まるもの、金銭をためることは技術なのだ、だから、前業も天命も関係ない、と。
- He explains that, in short, money is something without feelings, and 'it acts by nature's sense'--there is interposition of the logic of right and wrong--therefore, money is gathered to those who treat it with respect; he says it is a skill to save money, so it is irrelevant to the actions in former lives or the Will of Heaven.
- 同じ頃、天皇や院、寺社、摂関家などの他の権門に仕えていた神人・寄人・供御人などの非農業民である職能民に対して、本来在家として課される公事を免除される(免在家)とともにその代償としてそれぞれの職能に応じた奉仕を行い、これも「公事」と称した。
- During the same period, nosyokumin (workers engaged in special vocations), who were non-peasants including jinin (shrine associates), yoriudo (a dependent, frequently one who served a noble house or proprietor) and kugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) who served another influential family such as Emperor, In, temples, Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) and so on were exempted from kuji that was supposed to be imposed to zaike (local cultivator household) (Menzaike), and as a compensation, they provided with service corresponding to their professional ability, which was also called 'kuji'.
- だが勝は福沢が政府から払い下げられた1万4千坪に及ぶ広大な三田の良地を保有していることを知っていた為、土地を売却しても尚(慶應義塾の経営に)足りなかったら相談に乗ると答えたが、福沢は三田の土地を非常に気に入っていた為、遂に売却していない。
- Since Kaishu knew that Yukichi held land as broad as 46,200 sq.m. in Mita, which was disposed of by the government, Kaishu answered that if Yukichi sold the land and the money would still be insufficient to operate Keio Gijuku, he would finance Yukichi; as Yukichi loved the land of Mita, he did not sell the land.
- 福澤は、明治維新になって欧米諸国の女性解放思想をいちはやく日本に紹介し、「人倫の大本は夫婦なり」として一夫多妻制や妾をもつことを非難し、女性にも自由を与えなければならぬとし、女も男も同じ人間だから、同様の教育を受ける権利があると主張した。
- During the Meiji Restoration, Yukichi immediately introduced feminism of Western countries to Japan; he stated that polygyny and the keeping a mistress are bad practices because 'the married couple is the base of morality', that women should be emancipated, and that women should be granted the right to receive an equal education because women and men are equally human beings.
- なお、流罪の場合でも非常赦と呼ばれる特別な恩赦が出ない限りは生涯流刑地から離れることは許されず、また死刑の際に付随される親族の連坐や除名、資財田宅の没官は宥免されなかったことから、当時の社会においては社会的に完全に抹殺される効果はあった。
- In the case of banishment, it was not permitted to leave the place where one was banished for life unless special amnesty called hijosha was granted, and family members could not be pardoned from guilt-by-association, also, expulsion, and impounding of assets and farm/housing land that went along with the death sentence, which effectively and entirely denied their social existence in those times.
- 明六雑誌は当今の有名の諸学士論著する所にして、議事の確、行文の実なる、其警醒〔けいせい、警告・注意喚起〕の益、提撕〔ていせい、後進を励まし指導すること〕の功に於て他書の比す可きに非れば、在官伏野を問はず必らず一部を挟んで之を読まざるを得ず。
- Meiroku Zasshi is a bulletin in which today's famous scholars discuss and write articles and it is very unique in the points of authenticity of topics, accurate texts, interests that notices bring and merits to encourage and teach juniors, so that people in both public sector and private sector have to read with holding it on the forearm.'
- その一方で、上皇が要求した地頭解任要求(備後国太田荘)を「故源頼朝が決めた地頭は問題がない限り解任する理由はない」と幕府の根幹を揺るがしかねないとして固辞しており、西園寺公経が右近衛大将を解任された折には上皇の非を指摘してこれを諌めている。
- Meanwhile, he firmly rejected the Retired Emperor's jito (land steward) dismissal request (Ota no sho manor in the Bingo Province) on the ground that it would crush the basis of bakufu if he allowed it, saying 'I have no reason to dismiss jito who the late MINAMOTO no Yoritomo assigned as far as they're not problematic,' and when Kintsune SAIONJI was dismissed from Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards), Sanetomo pointed out the Retired Emperor's mistake and remonstrated with him.
- 通常国衙・郡衙に納められた租庸調租は動用倉(どうようそう・動倉とも)に収容されて、動用穀(どうようこく)として通常あるいは非常時の出納が行われていたが、満載状態となって一定の時期を経ると、各令制国がそれぞれの判断で動用倉を封印して不動倉とした。
- Soyocho (a tax system, corvee) paid to kokuga (provincial government office compounds) and gunga (office for county officials) were usually stored by doyoso warehouse (also called the doso warehouse) to distribute both for regular and for emergency uses as doyokoku (rice for regular use), which was sealed by each province's decision when it became full, after a certain period of time.
- 学芸自由同盟も翌年には活動停止状態となったが、前記の中井、久野などこの運動に参加した学生のなかから『土曜日 (雑誌)』『学生評論』『世界文化』など反ファシズムを標榜する雑誌メディアが生まれ、自由主義的文化運動は「非常時」下でなおも命脈を保った。
- The Gakugei Jiyu Domei also ceased its activities the next year but students such as the aforementioned Nakai and Kuno who participated in this movement started magazines supporting anti-fascism such as 'Doyobi' (Saturaday), 'Gakusei Hyoron' (Student Editorials), 'Sekai Bunka' (World Culture), and even under 'emergency situation (war period),' the liberal cultural movement continued.
- 2007年(平成19年)2月11日の市長選挙では現職の江守光起が引退を表明した事から、市立舞鶴市民病院の諸問題(民間病院への業務委託の是非)と江守市政の継続を唱えて前助役が、谷垣禎一・伊吹文明ら国会議員と一部の府会議員および自民党に推薦された。
- At the mayoral election held on February 11, 2007, after the incumbent mayor Mitsuoki EMORI had announced his retirement, the previous deputy mayor, who had raised problems such as those involving the Maizuru Municipal Hospital (the pros and cons of private consignment of its management), and advocated the continuation of the EMORI administrations, was recommended by Mps such as Sadakazu TANIGAKI/Bunmei IBUKI, some Kyoto Prefecture assembly members and the LDP.
- 一方、旧自由党系内部でもとりあえず選挙に備えた新党の母体となる政治結社を結成しようとする(政社系)河野広中らと立憲改進党系が離脱した以上は新党ではなく自由党再興を目指すべきで今は政治結社を考える時ではないとする(非政社系)大井憲太郎らが対立する。
- At the same time, within the former Liberal Party, there was a confrontation between two groups: one led by Hironaka KONO (seisha group) who aimed to form a temporary political organization to prepare for the election which would be a parent organization of a new political party and the other led by Kentaro OI (hi-seisha group) who aimed to restore Liberal Party rather than form a new political party now that the Constitutional Progressive Party left and emphasized that it was not a time to think about a new political party.
- この事件をきっかけに蓑田胸喜ら原理日本社の右翼、および菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)(貴族院 (日本))や宮澤裕(衆議院・立憲政友会所属)らの国会議員は、司法官赤化の元凶として帝国大学法学部の「赤化教授」の追放を主張、司法試験委員であった滝川を非難した。
- Due to this incident, Muneki MINODA and others from the right wing group, Genri Nihonsha, Takeo KIKUCHI (army veteran) (House of Peers (Japan)), Yu MIYAZAWA (House of Representatives, affiliated with Rikken Seiyukai) and other Diet members proposed the exile of 'Red (communist) Professors' in the Faculty of Law in imperial universities as the cause of communist judges and accused Takigawa, who was a member of the bar test board.
- これは、鎌倉幕府から新恩あるいは本領安堵の御下文(安堵状)を得ている所領であっても、現実に知行しないまま年数を経たものについては、20年経過した場合には右大将家の例(源頼朝の家中の先例)に従って権利の正当性についての理非を問わずに現状を変更しない。
- This means that a territory, newly given by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or with an official document approving the ownership (Andojo), which has not reigned by the owner in reality for over 20 years, does not allow the actual status changed without discussion about the legitimacy of the rights in accordance with the case of the Udaisho family (the precedent of the family of the MINAMOTO no Yoritomo).
- 容姿については、男性の平均身長が157cm程度の時代に6尺(約182cm)を誇る類稀なる恵まれた体格の持ち主で(遺された利家の着物から推定6尺とされている)、前の項で記されたように顔も端整であった事から非常に見栄えのいい武将であったと言われている。
- Talking about his looks, in the days when the average height of men was about 157 cm, he had an incomparably blessed body build which was proud to be 182 cm tall (Toshiie's height is estimated to be 182 cm based on his remained kimono), and his face was also handsome as mentioned above, so that he is said to have been a very nice-looking busho.
- 優れた軍才を持ちながら非業の死に終わった義経の生涯は、人々の同情を呼び、このような心情を指して判官贔屓(ほうがんびいき、判官(ほうがん)とは義経が後白河法皇から与えられた官位による呼称であり、はんがんびいきという読み方は間違い)というようになった。
- The life of Yoshitsune, who had an excellent military talent, but died a violent death, earned the public compassion and came to be called Hogan-biiki (sympathy for Yoshitsune/sympathy for the underdog, in general) (Hogan is a common denomination used for a title granted to Yoshitsune by the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, and the pronunciation 'hangan-biiki' is erroneous).
- 総理在任期間は54日と最短であるものの、玉音放送の時点では戦争継続を唱える軍人も少なくなかったり(宮城事件参照)、同じ皇族の梨本宮も逮捕されるという非常に困難な時期に総理となったわけで、東久邇宮稔彦首相でなければこの急場を凌げなかったとも言われる。
- The fact that only held office for 54 days may be due to the fact that he became Prime Minister at an extremely difficult time when a large number of military personnel advocated the continuation of the war (Refer to the Kyujo [place where Emperor lives] Incident) and this was at the time of the broadcast of the Emperor's announcement of Japan's surrender as well as an Imperial family member, Nashimoto no Miya was arrested, thus some say that it was only Prime Minister Naruhiko Higashikuninomiya who could pull the country through the crisis.
- 天福 (日本)元年(1233年)頃、鎌倉幕府に出仕し始めると頭角を現し、将軍の公式行事に二十数回も出ており(吾妻鏡)、仁治元年(1240年)には検非違使に任命され、仁治3年(1242年)の後嵯峨天皇即位の大嘗会には、供奉役人として上京奉仕している。
- In about 1233, he began serving the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), he distinguished himself, attended official events of the shogun as many as two dozen times ('Azuma Kagami' [The Mirror of the East]), was assigned as a kebiishi (official with judicial and police powers) in 1240, went up to Kyoto and served as an attendant in Daijoe (banquet on the occasion of the first ceremonial offering of rice by the newly-enthroned emperor) for the enthronement of Emperor Gosaga in 1242.
- なお、戦前の皇国史観においては、鎌倉幕府が亀山法皇の遺詔を無視して恒明親王を立てなかったことを「不忠」であると非難する主張がなされる事があったが、幕府はあくまでも亀山法皇の嫡男でありかつ当時の治天の君であった後宇多上皇の意向に従っただけに過ぎない。
- Under the emperor-centered historiography based on state Shinto before the War, there was criticism towards the Kamakura bakufu's disloyalty since they ignored the Cloistered Emperor Kameyama's will to allow Imperial Prince Tsuneaki succeed to the throne, but the bakufu only obeyed the Retired Emperor Gouda's intention, who was the eldest son of the Cloistered Emperor Kameyama and the Chiten no kimi (person in power) at that time.
- 更にその五摂家の当主ですら幕府が摂政・関白の任命権を事実上掌握している以上、幕府の意向に反する事は出来なかったために、その結果、幕府→摂家・武家伝奏(最大でも5+4名)→天皇及び諸公家という幕府にとっては非常に効率の良い朝廷統制の仕組みが完成した。
- Moreover, as long as the bakufu virtually controlled the right of appointment of regent or chief advisor to the Emperor, even the family head of the Gosekke could not oppose the intention of the bakufu, and the system for controlling the Imperial Court, which was the orderly sequence from the bakufu through the sekke/samurai families (five plus four people at most) to the Emperor and each court noble, was thereby established as an extremely efficient system for the bakufu.
- 現存している諸本としては、盲目の僧として知られる琵琶法師(当道座に属する盲人音楽家。検校など)が日本各地を巡って口承で伝承してきた語り本(語り系、当道系とも)の系統に属するものと、読み物として増補された読み本(増補系、非当道系とも)系統のものがある。
- There are two kinds of extant different versions of the book: a group of kataribon (or katari kei, todo kei) (recited book), which has been handed down orally by a biwa-playing minstrel known as a vision-impaired monk (a blind musician who belongs to Todo-za (the traditional guild for the vision-impaired), such as kengyo (the highest title of the official ranks within the Todo-za)) all over Japan, and a group of yomihon (or zoho kei, non todo kei) (read texts), which was enlarged as read texts.
- さらに帰りが夜となったので義家は束帯(朝廷での正式な装束)から非常時に戦いやすい布衣(ほい:常服)に着替え、弓箭(きゅうせん)を帯して白河天皇の乗輿の側らで警護にあたり、藤原為房の『為房卿記』には、「布衣の武士、鳳輦(ほうれん)に扈従(こしゅう)す。
- In addition, since the return trip was at night, Yoshiie changed from soukutai (traditional formal court dress) to hoi (everyday clothes), which were easier to fight in case of emergency and, armed with bows and arrows, formed an escort on either side of the Emperor's palanquin, leading FUJIWARA no Tamefusa to comment in 'Tamefusa-kyo-ki' (A Diary of FUJIWARA no Tamefusa), 'Plain-clothed warriors attending the imperial carriage.
- 紫式部も『紫式部日記』で斎院に仕える女房を非難しつつ、内親王その人の人柄のゆかしさや斎院御所の風雅で神さびた趣深さは認めており、平安女流文学の最高峰であるこの二人の証言から見ても、内親王の時代の斎院が宮中に次ぐ文化サロンであったことは疑いないであろう。
- Murasaki Shikibu assaulted women who worked as Saiin in 'The Murasaki Shikibu Diary,' but she admitted the polite personality of the Imperial Princess and artistic and mysterious elegance of the imperial palace of Saiin, so from the evidence presented by these two top-level Heian female authors, there was no doubt that it was a cultural salon second to the imperial court during the period of the Imperial Princess.
- 1180年(治承4年)9月9日条は実に有名な下りで、千葉常胤は「源家中絶の跡を興せしめ給うの條、感涙眼を遮り、言語の覃ぶ所に非ざるなりてえり」と感動して涙ぐむ、そして頼朝は何故鎌倉を選んだのかという話しに必ず引用されるのもこのときの千葉常胤の献策である。
- The entry dated September 9, 1180 is very famous, and Tsunetane CHIBA said, 'I was moved to tears and could say nothing to hear that Yoritomo is trying to restore the Minamoto family after its fall,' and the advice Tsunetane CHIBA gave then is always quoted to consider why Yoritomo chose Kamakura.
- 古来、非常にとうとばれた集であり、森川許六は「前猿蓑は俳諧の古今集也、初心の人去来が猿蓑より当流俳諧に入るべし」(「宇陀法師」)といい、各務支考は「猿蓑集に至りて、全く花実を備ふ」(「発願文」)といい、伊藤風国は「正風の腸を見せ」(「伯船集」序)といい。
- This has been considered very important since olden times, and Kyoriku MORIKAWA said, 'Sarumino is the Kokinshu (abbreviation for Kokin Wakashu - A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) of haikai, therefore the beginner of haikai should read Sarumino first,' ('Uda no Hoshi'), while Shiko KAGAMI said, 'Sarumino is the best collection ever' ('Hotsugan bun' - vow), and Fukoku ITO stated that 'the spirit of shohu (Basho style) has been revealed' (the preface to 'Hakusen shu' - Collection of Hakusen).
- ところが、今度は全ての無税地を廃止して地租を徴収しようとする地租改正が構想として浮上すると、従来穢地として無税扱いとなっていた穢多非人の所有地からも当然地租を徴収するための大義名分が必要となり、そのために解放令がその格好の口実として白羽の矢が立てられた。
- However, now that the land-tax reform rose up in order to levy land tax on all the non taxed land, there occurred the necessity legitimate reason to levy land tax on land owned by Eta and Hinin that had been treated non taxed as untouchable land as a matter of course, and Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) was singled out as a suitable excuse for that reason.
- また、神風によって日本が救われたという出来事は「神国思想」(=日本は神国なのだから負けるはずがないという考え)を日本人に広く浸透させ、それが太平洋戦争末期の日本軍や国民思想の非合理性の温床となり、神風特別攻撃隊をはじめ数々の悲劇を生んだとも言われている。
- It is also said that the event in which Kamikaze saved Japan led Japanese to widely believe in 'Shinkoku Shiso' (the idea that Japan will never lose because it is a country protected by the gods), which became the grounds for the irrational idea held by the Japanese army and people at the end of the Pacific War, causing many tragedies, including Kamikaze Special Attack Units.
- ただし、『一代要記』や『本朝皇胤紹運録』を基に逆算される舒明の生年(593年)とその弟の存在を考えると、592年の推古天皇即位後もしばらく生存していたはずで、非蘇我系の王位継承候補者として、蘇我系の竹田皇子や聖徳太子と比肩し得る地位を保っていたと思われる。
- But he must have been alive for a while after the Empress Suiko was enthroned in 592, according to the birth year of the Emperor Jomei, calculated back based on 'Ichidai Yoki (summary chronicle of each reign), 'Honcho koin jounroku' (the Emperor's family tree, made in the Muromachi period) and the existence of his brother; it is assumed that he held the equal power as a candidate of the successor to the throne with Takeda no miko, the Soga clan origin, and the Prince Shotoku.
- この大宝度の遣使の目的は、白村江の戦い以来冷却していた唐との交流を回復するとともに、天武天皇以来の改革で日本に本格的首都および律令体制が完成したこと、天皇号および「日本」の国号が成立したことを唐に対して宣言することなどを目的とする、非常に重要な使節であった。
- The purposes of this extremely important envoy of Taiho era were to restore the diplomatic relations with Tang which had been precarious since the Battle of Hakusukinoe, to proclaim to Tang the establishment of the full-scale capital and Ritsuryo system in Japan as a result of the reform since the time of Emperor Tenmu, as well as the foundation of the title of the emperor and the name of the country as 'Nihon' (Japan).
- 経忠の孫の藤原信隆は生前は正三位非参議止まりであったが、安徳天皇が伊勢平氏一門とともに都落ちすると、信隆の娘で高倉天皇の典侍となっていた藤原殖子(七条院)所生の後鳥羽天皇(後鳥羽天皇)が皇位を継承し、後鳥羽天皇の外祖父にあたる信隆は従一位左大臣を追贈された。
- Tsunetada's grandson FUJIWARA no Nobutaka was only able to rise during his lifetime as far as Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) and was not assigned a court position, but after Emperor Antoku fled the capital along with the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan), the throne passed to Emperor Gotoba--who had been born of FUJIWARA no Shokushi (whose religious name was Shichijoin), Nobutaka's daughter and a onetime lady-in-waiting to Emperor Takakura--whereupon Nobutaka, Emperor Gotoba's maternal grandfather, was posthumously promoted to Juichii (Junior First Rank) and given the position of Sadaijin (Minister of the Left).
- 現存の『香取田所文書』(東洋文庫所蔵)などの2通の写文によれば、諸国の国衙に充てられた検非違使庁牒1通と徳政の方針について記した文書1通とともに出された(徳政の方針について記した文書上に記載されていたとする説もある)他、記録所にも壁書として掲示されたようである。
- According to two existing copies, including 'Katori Tadokoro Monjo' (Katori Tadokoro Written Material) (possessed by the Toyo Bunko [Oriental Library]), the act was issued, accompanied by an official document addressed to kokuga (provincial government offices) in various districts from the Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief) and a document describing the policy of the benevolent rule (some say that the act itself was included in the document describing the virtuous rule policy), and was also put up on the wall of Kirokujo (Land Record Office).
- 1854年の開国以来の混沌とした政治情勢を受けて半ば非常時の体制へ移行したものであるが、その主導者は幕府自身(幕閣)ではなく、薩摩藩主の父・島津久光および朝廷の公武合体派公卿らに主導されて出された勅使による圧力の下、やむを得ず改革を迫られたというのが実情である。
- Although the bakufu shifted to the quasi-emergency regime due to the chaotic political situation since the opening of the country to the world in 1854, such change was not initiated by the bakufu itself (the cabinet officials of the Shogunate) but was forced under the pressure from the imperial envoy dispatched by the initiation of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU who was the father of the the lord of the Satsuma Domain as well as the court nobles supporting Kobu Gattai (an idea of uniting the court and the shogunate), so the reality was that the shogunate had no option but to carry out the reform.
- また、信長は「猿」と呼んでいないとの主張(一説に織田家中で陰口として猿と呼ばれていて、秀吉は猿と呼ばれるのを非常に嫌い、猿と呼んだものには容赦をしなかったという)もあり、藤田達生は山王信仰(猿は日吉大社の使い)を利用するため「猿」という呼び名を捏造したと推測している。
- And there is a view that Nobunaga did not call him 'Saru' (another view says he was called Saru behind his back among ODA clan, hated to be called Saru and showed no mercy against people who called Saru'); Tatsuo FUJITA guesses that he made up the nickname of 'Saru' because he wanted to utilize Sanno Faith (a monkey is a messenger of Hiyoshi Taisha Shrine).
- 日本と比較してみると、中書省が中務省、門下省が議政官、尚書省が左右弁官およびその下の八省に当たる、日本では太政官が門下・尚書の両省を兼ねて更に中書省である中務省を指揮するなど強力な権限を有し、とりわけ門下省に当たる議政官、即ち貴族層の役割が非常に大きかったことが判る。
- When compared with Japan, the Secretariat corresponds to the Nakatsukasasho, the Chancellery corresponds to the Giseikan, and the Department of State Affairs corresponds to the Left and Right Benkan's Offices and the eight ministries under them; therefore, it is clear that the Daijokan had considerable influence in that it served concurrently as both the Chancellery and the Department of State Affairs and also controlled the Nakatsukasasho, which corresponds to the Secretariat, and above all, the Giseikan, i.e. the nobility, corresponding to the Chancellery, played a very important role in Japan.
- また、時代はやや下るものの寛永19年(1642年)に編纂された『豊臣秀吉譜』(林羅山編)は「文禄のころに石川五右衛門という盗賊が強盗、追剥、悪逆非道を働いたので秀吉の命によって(京都所司代の)前田玄以に捕らえられ、母親と同類20人とともに釜煎りにされた」と記録している。
- In addition, further down in history, in 'Toyotomi Hideyoshi Fu' (edited by Razan HAYASHI) edited in 1642, it is recorded that 'During the years of Bunroku a bandit named Goemon ISHIKAWA committed robbery, theft and unspeakable crimes, and after he was caught by Geni MAEDA (of Kyoto Shoshidai) under the order of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI he was roasted to death in a cauldron along with 20 associated people including his mother.'
- 南北朝鮮では当時一進会が民衆のみならず知識人からも強い批判を受けていたこと、それまで一進会が同じくチンイルパの李完用首相と共に日本の朝鮮侵出を援護してきたことなどから、この声明書に対して「国権防衛運動、義兵闘争、愛国啓蒙運動などに反するもの」であると非常に批判的である。
- Because the Iljinhoe group were receiving strong criticism not only from the general public but also from intellectuals at that time and the group was back Japan's invasion of Korea together with another Chinilpa Prime Minister Lee Wan-Yong, in North and South Korea, people were fiercely critical toward this statement as 'a view opposing the protection of national sovereignty, the effort of the Righteous Army (Korean army) and the patriotic enlightenment movement.
- 『上宮聖徳法王帝説』では厩戸豊聰耳聖徳法王、聖王の児、山代大兄王(此王有賢尊之心棄身命而愛人民也、後人与父聖王相濫非也)とされ、母は、蘇我馬古叔尼大臣娘の刀自古郎女、妻は舂米王、子どもは難波麻呂古王、麻呂古王、弓削王、佐々女王、三嶋女王、甲可王、尾治王が生まれたとされる。
- According to the 'Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu' (Biography of Shotoku Taishi), Yamashiro no oe no o was a son of Umayato no toyotomimi shoutoku hoo, holly king, (此王有賢尊之心棄身命而愛人民也、後人与父聖王相濫非也) and his mother was daughter of SOGA no Umako, TOJIKO no Iratsume, his wife was Tsukishime no kimi, and his children were NANIHAMAROKO no miko, MAROKO no miko, YUGE no miko, SASA no himemiko, MISHIMA no himemiko, KAFUKA no miko and OHARI no miko.
- だが、これに対して進歩党と自由党が合同して憲政党を結成、貴族院_(日本)も政権に非協力な態度を取った為に、伊藤は自らの政局運営の甘さの自覚と新党結成の決意を固めて、山県有朋らの反対を押し切って憲政会の大隈重信・板垣退助のいずれかを後継にするように上奏して内閣を総辞職した。
- However, Since the Progressive Party and the Liberal Party formed the Constitutional Party together against this and the House of Peers (Japan) also took uncooperative attitude to the Government, which made ITO realize his own poor handling of the political situation and made decision to form a new party, he reported to the Emperor to make either of Shigenobu OKUMA or Taisuke ITAGAKI of the Constitutional Party as his successor and resigned the cabinet en masse, in spite of opposition by Aritomo YAMAGATA and others.
- この時期、諸国の神社領は、地頭、非御家人のみならず、本所による恣意的な神官任命や別相伝(神社領が細分化され本所である摂関家等の縁故者に占有されること)承認により、神官による神社領管理が不安定となっており、このため財源に事欠くことから神社における諸儀式が滞るようになっていた。
- In this period, the management of shrine estates by Shinto priests was destabilized by arbitrary appointment of priests and approval of betsusoden (fragmentation of shrines' estates to be separately possessed by Sekkanke (families qualified for appointment as Prince Regent or Chief Advisor to the Emperor) or other persons having particular relations, who were honsho (nominal landowners)) by not only jito (estate stewards) and higokenin (lower-ranking samurai not under official control of the Bakufu) but also by honsho, and the consequent lack of funds prevented shrines from duly performing various rituals.
- そのため能信が妻の姪にあたる養女茂子を妃に入れたのだが、いくら能信の養女でも実父が中納言では、東宮妃にはふさわしくないと非難されている(また、当時養女を妃に入れたのは最高実力者であった頼通のみであり、能信がそれを行うのは不相応であるという意味合いがあったとも言われている)。
- Due to the above background, Yoshinobu sent his wife's niece, and also his adopted daughter, Moshi to the Imperial Palace to become Empress; however, some people criticized that Moshi was not suitable as the Crown Prince's Empress since her real father's official rank was mere Chunagon (also it was only Yorimichi, who had the most political power at that time, to send an adopted daughter to become Empress, thus it is said that some people considered it was not appropriate for Yoshinobu to do that because his official rank was not high enough).
- 従って、承久の乱を引き起こした後鳥羽天皇は非難され、逆に官軍を討伐した北条義時とその子北条泰時のその後の善政による社会の安定を評価して、「天照大神の意思に忠実だったのは泰時である」という一見矛盾した論理展開も見られるが、これも徳治を重視する親房から見れば、「正理」なのである。
- Consequently, Chikafusa is critical of Emperor Gotoba, who instigated the Jokyu War, and by contrast highly esteems the era of stability ushered in by the good government that began after the time of Yoshitoki HOJO and his son Yasutoki, who fought the loyalist forces into submission; the book also includes the seemingly contradictory assertion that 'the one that was truly faithful to the intentions of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu was Yasutoki,' but to Chikafusa, who placed such emphasis on virtuous rule, it must have seemed consistent and logical.
- 晶子は『明星』11月号に『ひらきぶみ』を発表、「桂月様たいさう危険なる思想と仰せられ候へど、当節のやうに死ねよ死ねよと申し候こと、またなにごとにも忠君愛国の文字や、畏おほき教育御勅語などを引きて論ずることの流行は、この方かへつて危険と申すものに候はずや」と国粋主義を非難した。
- Akiko published 'Hirakibumi' in the November issue of 'Myojo' to criticize extreme patriotism by stating 'Dear Mr. Keigetsu, you said that I had very dangerous ideas, but don't you think that it is far more dangerous to tell young men to die for the country, and to cite loyalty, patriotism and the Imperial Ordinance on Education in any discussions, don't you?'
- このように栄進した浩ではあったが、妹の山川捨松がアリス・ベーコンに送った手紙や柴五郎の回顧などによると、元家老であった浩の元には常に元会津藩関係者が寄宿しており、また、出世した浩に対して一種のたかりのように仕送りをせがむ親戚もいたようで、晩年まで生活は非常に苦しかったという。
- Despite his promotion, according to a letter sent to Alice BACON by his sister Sutematsu YAMAKAWA and in retrospect by Shibagoro, the persons formerly concerned with Aizu Domain always lodged at this former chief retainer's place, and also some of his relatives pestered him for allowance like a kind of blackmailer, so he was always struggling with financial difficulty until his later years.
- 当り役は非常に多く、時代物では『本朝廿四孝・十種香』の八重垣姫、『鎌倉三代記・絹川村』の時姫、『祇園祭礼信仰記・金閣寺』の雪姫(三つ合わせて三姫)、『伽羅先代萩』の政岡・世話物では『助六』の揚巻、『籠釣瓶』の八つ橋、『新版歌祭文・野崎村』のお光、新作では前述の淀君などがある。
- He had so many successful roles; as for jidai-mono (historical drama), Yaegaki-hime in the scene of 'Jusshuko' of 'Honcho Nijushi-Ko,' Toki-hime in 'Kinugawa-mura' of 'Kamakura Sandaiki,' Yuki-hime in 'Kinkakuji' of 'Gion Sairei Shinko-ki' (those three roles were called Mitsuhime [three princesses]), and Masaoka in 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi'; as for sewa-mono (drama based on real-life people), Agemaki in 'Sukeroku,' Yatsuhashi in 'Kagotsurube' ('Kagotsurube Sato no Yoizame,' Omitsu in 'Nozaki-mura' of 'Shinpan Utazaimon'; as for modern play, Yodogimi mentioned above and so on.
- 昭和16年9月末に近衛から対米戦に対する海軍の見通しを訊かれた連合艦隊司令長官の山本五十六が、「是非やれと言われれば初めの半年や一年は随分と暴れてご覧に入れます。しかし、二年、三年となれば、全く確信は持てません」という有名な回答で近衛を悩ませたのも、この荻外荘においてであった。
- It was also at Tekigaiso, at the end of September, 1941, that Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, Isoroku YAMAMOTO, who was asked by Konoe about the Navy's prospects in the fight against the U.S., worried Konoe with the famous words, 'If you say I must, I will show you how much damage we can inflict for the first half a year or a year. However, if it goes on for 2 to 3 years, I have absolutely no confidence.'
- また、古代天皇の非実在論に基づいている点は津田左右吉の影響を受けており、九州国家の王であった仁徳天皇が畿内を征服して王朝を開いたという説は邪馬台国九州説の発展に他ならず、戦前の抑圧された古代史研究から開放された自由な発想により様々な説を自由に組み合わせてできた学説であるといえる。
- It is said the theory was combined various theories freely by freewheeling thinking released from the studies of ancient history suppressed before the World War II; such as it was influenced by Sokichi TSUDA on the basis of the theory of nonexistence of ancient emperors, and the theory that Emperor Nintoku, the king of Kyushu nation, conquered provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara to start a dynasty was none other than the development of the theory of the Yamatai-Koku Kingdom in Kyushu.
- しかし、恩赦そのものが濫発されたうえ、本来政治とは無関係である寛永寺や増上寺による口添えの存在、しかもその口添えは受刑者の家族しか出来ない事など(独身者には困難である)様々な問題を抱えており、更に個々の受刑者の恩赦の是非は評定所の個別の審議を経たためにその適用基準も曖昧であった。
- This system had various problems, however, including that of pardons granted too frequently; of temples Kanei-ji and Zojo-ji that were supposedly apolitical were allowed to recommend pardons; of recommendations that only the family of a convict were allowed to ask for (thus it was hardly possible for convicts who had no relatives); and of obscure criteria for granting a pardon because the conference chamber discussed the propriety of each case separately.
- しかしたとえ『万国公法』を非常に効果的に活用する場面があったとしても、次第にフランス帝国主義が浸透し、最後には天津条約によって清朝がベトナムに対する宗主権を放棄したことにより、完全にフランスの植民地となったという歴史の大勢に変わりはなく、それは後世のわれわれがよく知るところである。
- However, even if there was a chance for effective use of 'Bankoku Koho' it did not affect later history, French imperialism became widespread and after the Qing dynasty gave up suzerainty of Vietnam under the Treaty of Tianjin, Vietnam entirely became a colony of France.
- このように、庶家は主家の中で非常に強い影響力を有したが、主家が戦国大名化するにつれ、領土経営に寄与する有能な人材が登用され、主君に忠実な家臣団、直臣団が編成されると、主家とは血縁関係もない、主従関係を結んでから日の浅い者も登用されるようになり、庶家の影響力が低下する例も少なくなかった。
- Although shoke had a very strong influence in the employer's household, when efficient human resources were employed, contributing to the management of the territory and vassal groups who were loyal to the master were organized as the employer became a sengoku daimyo, those who had no blood relations with the employer or who had a short history as master and vassal, were also employed there were many examples seen where the influence of shoke was weakened.
- 「東亜新秩序」の建設を確認した昭和15年7月19日の「荻窪会談」や、対米戦争の是非とその対応についてを協議した昭和16年10月15日の「荻外荘会談」などの特別な協議はもとより、時には定例会合の五相会議までをも荻外荘で開いており、第二次世界大戦前夜の重要な国策の多くがここで決定されている。
- Not only did he hold special conferences such as the 'Ogikubo Meeting' on July 19, 1940, in which he confirmed the construction of 'new order in East Asia,' and 'Tekigaiso Meeting' on October 15, 1941, in which he negotiated the pros and cons of war against the U.S., at times, he even held regularly scheduled top-level ministerial meetings at Tekigaiso and on the eve of the Second World War, many important national policies were approved here.
- 冬の陣では出陣させるのは譜代大名のみに限ろうと考えていた徳川家康は、この夏の陣においては豊臣恩顧の大名に敢えて大坂を攻めさせることにより、将来的に徳川家に掛かってくる倫理的な非難を回避しようとしたとされている(江戸時代に徳川家が豊臣家を滅ぼしたことに対する道徳的議論が起こることはなかった。
- It is said that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA thought to use only fudai daimyo (daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) to go into battles of the Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka), while in the Natsu no Jin (Summer Siege of Osaka) by ordering the daimyo who had been favored by the Toyotomi Family to attack Osaka Castle, he tried to avoid ethical accusation to the Tokugawa Family in later years.
- 根拠として、本来モンゴル帝国の軍事行動では、事前に兵力100〜1万規模での敵地への威力偵察を数度段階的に行った後、本格的な侵攻を行う場合が多く、また『元史』「日本伝」には元軍の矢がすぐに尽きたという記述が見られることと、3万人程度(中には非戦闘員もいる)という少ない兵力からこの説も根強い。
- This theory is persistent, based upon the following facts; the army of the Mongol Empire in many cases performed several reconnaissances in a phased manner before a serious invasion, with a number of soldiers varying from a hundred to ten thousand; arrows run short soon in the Yuan army as described in 'Nihon Den' of 'Genshi;' and the number of soldiers was small, about thirty thousand (including non-soldiers).
- 本来はいわば宮中の機密日誌(秘記)であり非公開のものであったが、後日の参考のために写本が作られる場合もあり、そのため正本・写本・抄本を合わせると室町時代の文明_(日本)9年(1477年)から文化_(元号)9年(1826年)の350年分の日記が途中に一部欠失があるもののほとんどが伝わっている。
- Although in a sense it was originally a secret diary of the Imperial court (a confidential record) and a private one, sometimes a manuscript was made for future reference, and that is why most of the records for 350 years, from 1477 (in the Muromachi period) to 1826, still remain when adding up the original documents, manuscripts and abridgments, even though parts of them in the middle are missing.
- 「日本の失敗を天皇制のせいだと非難はしても、日本の成功に関して天皇制を褒めることはしなかったのが戦後歴史家たちであるが、これと異なり、明治知識人たちは日本の進歩の功を天皇に帰しはしても、その短所を天皇のせいにはしなかった」という指摘が明治時代と戦後の天皇制に関する論評の違いについてなされている。
- The difference in the views toward Tennosei of the Meiji period and the post war period is pointed out that the 'post-war historians were all blaming the Tennosei for the failure of Japan but never praised it for the success of the country; to the contrary, intellectuals of the Meiji period thanked the Emperor for their success but never blamed him for the defects.'
- さらに翌年、岩倉具視以下岩倉使節団一行が、訪問先のアメリカ大統領ユリシーズ・S・グラント、英女王ヴィクトリア (イギリス女王)、デンマーク王クリスチャン9世 (デンマーク王)らに、禁教政策を激しく非難され、明治政府のキリスト教弾圧が不平等条約改正の最大のネックであることを思い知らされることになった。
- Furthermore, in the following year, the Iwakura Mission, led by Tomomi IWAKURA, was strongly criticized at each destination by the U.S. President Ulysses S. GRANT, Queen of England Victoria, and Danish King Christian IX for the anti-Christian policy, which made the Mission members realize that the Meiji Government's crackdown on Christianity was the biggest obstacle to the revision of unequal treaties.
- 家宣の埋葬された増上寺で徳川将軍家の墓地が改葬された際に、これに立ち会い被葬者の遺骨の調査を担当した鈴木尚の著書『骨は語る 徳川将軍・大名家の人びと』によると、家宣は細面で鼻筋が通っていて穏やかな顔立ちをした美男であったといい、父・綱重とは猫背であったこと以外に似ている部分は非常に少なかったという。
- According to 'Hone ha kataru: Tokugawa Shogun Daimyoke no hitobito' (Bones talk: the people of Tokugawa shogun and daimyo families) by Hisashi SUZUKI, who observed the refurbishment of the Tokugawa shogun family's grave site at Zojo-ji Temple where Ienobu was also buried and who was also in charge of inspecting the remains, Ienobu was apparently a soft-looking, lean-faced handsome man with a shapely nose and he shared very little resemblance with his father Tsunashige except for the fact that he was round-shouldered.
- 『紫式部日記』の記述によると、そもそも作者の自筆の原本の段階で草稿本、清書本など複数の系統の本が存在し、作者の手元にあった草稿本が道長の手によって勝手に持ち出されるといった意図しないケースを含めてそれぞれが外部に流出するなど、『源氏物語』の本文は当初から非常に複雑な伝幡経路をたどっていたことが分かる。
- According to 'Murasaki Shikibu Diary,' when the author was writing the original text there existed certain lines of manuscript such as Sokobon (draft) and Seishobon (clean copy), and each of these was brought into circulation, which includes an unexpected case of Michinaga's taking the Sokobon (which the author had) without permission; therefore, the text of 'The Tale of Genji' was passed down through a complicated process from the beginning.
- 11世紀以降、非農業民は有力寺社などに生産物を貢納することを理由に、これらに隷属する神人となっていたが、後三条天皇親政下において、内廷経済を充実させるべく山野河海に設定されていた御厨を直轄化するという政策がとられると、蔵人所とその下部組織である御厨所の所管となった御厨の住民が供御人と呼ばれるようになった。
- Since the 11th Century, the non-agricultural people became jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) because they presented their products to the major temples and shrines, however, the residents of Kurodo dokoro and mikuriya (manors of Imperial Family and powerful shrines) which was controlled by mikuriya (the place to cook for Emperor) which was under Kurodo dokoro were called Kugonin when a policy of directly controlling mikuriya which had been set in mountains, fields, rivers, and sea to enrich the economy of the court was taken under the administration of Emperor Gosanjo.
- そもそも当時の合戦にルールは存在せず(厳密に言うならば、武士が私的な理由、所領問題や名誉に関わる問題で、自力・当事者間で解決しようとして合戦に及ぶ場合には一騎打ちや合戦を行う場所の指定などがあったことが『今昔物語集』などで確認できる)、義経の勝因を当時としては卑怯な戦法にある、と非難することに対する反論もある。
- To the criticism that says Yoshitsune won the battle by employing mean tactics, there are those who oppose to this criticism advocating that in the first place there were no established battle rules at that time (strictly speaking, 'Konjaku Monogatari' (The Tale of Times Now Past) and other documents confirm that some rules including the place of battle for one-on-one fight and collective battle was established in several cases, such as when warriors (samurai) had a private reason or a problem concerning their territories or honor and both parties whished to solve the problems by themselves by way of a duel.
- 財閥(ざいばつ)とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社(持株会社)が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社(子会社)に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
- The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.
- 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)の朝廷・室町幕府の財政基盤が大変弱かった事から、官職・役職への補任や継目安堵(将軍の就任に際して引き続き所領安堵の安堵状を得る事)の文書発給条件として謝礼としての礼銭の献上が期待されるようになり、いつしか論理がすり替わって礼銭の献上の多寡によって発給の是非が決定されるようになっていったのである。
- In the Muromachi and Sengoku (warring states) periods, the Imperial Court and the Muromachi bakufu were in severe financial difficulties, and as a result, the reisen as a gratuity was expected to be presented as a condition for receiving the documents of awarding government posts and official positions as well as of the tsugime ando (receiving again the ando-jo, or document to authorize the ownership and control of the shoryo, or territory, in case of appointment of Shogun); before long, the logic was changed, and whether the documents were issued or not came to depend on the amount of the reisen presented.
- やがて天皇宿舎付近へ迫るも、それまでの警備とは段違いな警護の前に天皇の奪還を断念、傍にあった桜の木へ「天莫空勾践 時非無范蠡」(天は古代中国の越王・勾践に対するように、決して帝をお見捨てにはなりません。きっと范蠡の如き忠臣が現れ、必ずや帝をお助けする事でしょう)という漢詩を彫り書き入れ、その意志と共に天皇を勇気付けたという。
- Although he got close to the room where the Emperor was, he had to give up his plan of the recapture because of heavier guard and so he carved a message of a Chinese poem '天莫空勾践 時非無范蠡' (which means 'as gods saved King Goujian of Yue, so they will never give up on you, and some faithful retainers like Fan Li shall come to save you' in English) on a nearby cherry tree to deliver his will and to encourage the Emperor.
- 更に1887年4月4日に久宮静子内親王が亡くなったにも関わらず、4月20日に首相官邸で仮装舞踏会を開催(ただし、実際は駐英公使の依頼により会場を貸しただけであった)し、4月26日に井上馨邸で天覧歌舞伎が行われた事に対する非難から、仮装舞踏会では政府高官による婦女暴行が行われているという風説(三島通庸の記録より)まで飛んだのである。
- In addition, even a rumor went around that government officials sexually assaulted women in the fancy ball (according to the record of Michitsune MISHIMA) because they were accused of holding a costume ball in the prime minister's official residence on April 20 despite the death of Imperial Princess Shizuko HISANOMIYA on April 4, 1887, (in fact, they merely let a venue for the dance at the request of the minister to Britain), and were also accused of taking place Tenran Kabuki (Kabuki the royal family attend to watch) in the house of Kaoru INOUE on April 26.
- それでも、犬養毅(立憲国民党非改革派→革新倶楽部)などの様にあくまでも民衆の代表であるという意識から「民党」という言葉に拘る政治家も存在したが、やがて自由党系と伊藤博文系官僚による立憲政友会と立憲改進党系と桂太郎派による立憲同志会(後の憲政会→立憲民政党)の2大政党に収斂されていくにつれて、民党という言葉は過去のものとなっていった。
- Although there were some politicians such as Tsuyoshi INUKAI (a member of the non-reform group in the Constitutional National Party who later found the Club of Innovation) and others who associated the word 'Minto' with representatives of people, but the word 'Minto' faded away as the movement to reorganize political parties concentrated on two major parties called the Constitutional Party of Political Friends consisting of the Liberal Party and government officials under Hirobumi ITO the Constitutional Association of Friends (it became the Constitutional Association afterwards and changed into the Constitutional Democratic Party) with the Constitutional Progressive Party and the group of Taro KATSURA,
- また、東福門院(徳川和子)に対する配慮から後光明天皇・後西天皇・霊元の3天皇の生母(壬生院園光子・逢春門院櫛笥隆子・新広義門院園国子)に対する女院号贈呈が死の間際(壬生院の場合は後光明天皇崩御直後)に行われ、その父親(園基任・櫛笥隆致・園基音)への贈位贈官も極秘に行われるなど、幕府の朝廷に対する公然・非公然の圧力が続いたとも言われている。
- Also, in consideration toward Tofukumonin (Masako TOKUGAWA), to the birth mothers of Emperor Gokomyo, Emperor Gosai and Emperor Reigen (Mibuin Mitsuko SONO, Hoshunmonin Takako KUSHIGE, Shinkogimonin Kuniko SONO), Nyoin go was presented just before they died (to Mibuin, Nyoin go was presented immediately after Emperor Gokomyo died) and their fathers (Mototo SONO, Takashi KUSHIGE, Motone SONO) were secretly given a special rank and position; it is said that the government maintained direct and indirect pressure upon the Imperial Palace.
- 一方、同僚たちの妬みによって、辛い思いをした名古屋を去る時に作った端歌もの曲「捨扇」では、流麗な中に頻繁な転調や非常に凝った節付けの歌など、小品ながら侮りがたい作りで、作曲術の力量のほどが偲ばれるとともに、失意や悲しみがひしひしと感じられ、雅びな「千鳥の曲」や明るく華やかな「花の縁」などとはまた違った、吉沢の心の一面を垣間見ることができる。
- On the other hand, the hauta 'Suteogi' (Discarded Fan), created when leaving Nagoya and its bad memories, is a piece which should not be underestimated regardless of its small size, with frequent flowing key changes and a melody with an extremely elaborate fushizuke (where the melody is fitted to the text), which as well as recalling his compositional skills, also acutely show disappointment and sadness and, thereby, an aspect of Yoshizawa's mind different from that of the elegant 'Chidori no Kyoku' and the bright, gorgeous 'Hana no Enishi.'
- 重盛に対する同時代人の評価は、「かくの如きの時、必ず使を送られ殊に芳心(親切な心)を致されるなり」(『山槐記』)、「イミジク心ウルハシク」(『愚管抄』)、「武勇時輩にすぐると雖も、心懆甚だ穏やかなり」(『百錬抄』)など好意的なものが多く、優れた武人であると同時に穏和で気配りのできる人物だった(ただし九条兼実は重盛を嫌っていて、非難の言葉を日記に記している)。
- People who lived in the same time period as Shigemori often regarded him as a 'kind person who sent his messenger when something occurred ('Sankaiki' (diary by Tadachika NAKAYAMA)),' 'a person of a very beautiful mind ('Gukansho'),' and 'a very calm person even though he was braver than anyone ('Hyakurensho' (History book from the Kamakura period)),' and therefore, he was an excellent warrior yet at the same time calm and considerate (however, Kanezane KUJO disliked Shigemori and scorned him in his personal diary).
- 平安時代中後期は、一時、紀伝道の分野で大江氏に優位を奪われ、菅原文時(899年~981年)(従三位・非参議)、菅原輔正(925年~1009年)(位階・参議・大宰府)のような例外を除いて公卿に列せられることはなかったが、鎌倉時代初期の菅原為長(1158年~1246年)が正二位・参議・大蔵省に昇進して以降、子孫は累代公卿に列せられ、朝廷における紀伝道の要職を独占。
- In the mid-to-late Heian period, the Sugawara clan was temporarily displaced from its dominant position in the field of Kidendo by the Oe clan and, as a result, and with the notable exceptions of Sugawara no Fumitoki (899-981) (Junior Third Rank, non-Councilor) and Sugawara no Sukemasa (925-1009) (Court Rank, Councilor, Dazaifu, foreign affairs office in Kyushu), members of the Sugawara clan were not ranked as Court nobles over this time, but at the beginning of the Kamakura period Sugawara no Tamenaga (1158-1246) was promoted to Senior Second Court Rank, Councilor, Treasury Office and his descendants were subsequently ranked as Court nobles, taking all the important Kidendo posts at Court.
- 従来の学説では院庁において実際の政務が執られたとされていたが、鈴木茂男が当時の院庁発給文書に国政に関する内容が認められないことを主張し、橋本義彦がこれを受けて院庁政治論を痛烈に批判したため近年では、非公式の私文書としての側面のある院宣を用いて朝廷に圧力をかけ、院独自の側近を院の近臣として太政官内に送り込むことによって事実上の指揮を執ったとする見解が有力となっている。
- Earlier theories asserted that political affairs were in fact conducted at Incho, but Shigeo SUZUKI asserted that no details regarding national government could be seen in the documents issued by Incho at that time, and Yoshihiko HASHIMOTO, based on this fact, strongly criticized the view that political affairs were conducted at Incho; consequently, in recent years it has become the prevalent view that the In put pressure on the Imperial Court by using inzen, which had the aspect of a non-official document, and that by placing his aides in positions of general council of state he took virtual control of the government.
- 有栖川宮詐欺事件の裁判において、有栖川宮識仁を僭称する被疑者男性の妻・有栖川宮妃を演じた被疑者女性が、『八百屋を営んでいる夫の実家は源義季(得川義季)の末裔である』旨を供述して話題になったが、そもそも主張していた高松宮のご落胤(非嫡出の隠し子)で江戸時代に創設された有栖川宮家の末裔という主張と、源義季の末裔というのはなんら接点のない荒唐無稽な法螺話であるとして一笑に付された。
- In the trial of the Arisugawa no Miya fraud case, the female suspect who played the role of Princess Arisugawa, the wife of the male suspect who was self-proclaimed Hisahito ARISUGAWA, stated, 'The home of my husband's parents running a greengrocery is a descendant of MINAMOTO no Yoshisue (Yoshisue TOKUGAWA),' which was widely publicized, but their story was laughed off as a totally absurd fabrication because there was no connection between their initial claim of being a descendant of the Arisugawa no Miya family founded in the Edo period by an illegitimate child of Takamatsu no Miya and her statement about the descendant of MINAMOTO no Yoshisue.
- この中で日蓮は災害の原因を人々が正法である法華経を信じずに浄土宗などの邪法(邪悪な教え)を信じているからであるとして対立宗派を非難し、法華経だけではなく鎮護国家の聖典とされた金光明最勝王経なども引用しながら、このまま浄土宗などを放置すれば国内では内乱、外国からは侵略を受けると唱え、逆に正法である法華経を中心とすれば(「立正」)、国家も国民も安泰となる(「安国」)と主張したのである。
- In his treatise, Nichiren criticized other competing Buddhist sects, arguing that these sects, including Jodoshu (Pure Land Buddhism), which led people to believe in false teachings (evil teachings) other than the Lotus Sutra, the only true teachings of Buddhism, were the reason for the disasters, that leaving Jodoshu and other heretical sects unattended would lead to a civil war in Japan and invasion by foreign countries and that the only way to provide the nation and the people with peace and security would be to establish the Lotus Sutra as the true religion.
- だが、藩主が非世襲の知藩事に変わり(ただし、実際には事実上の改易処分を受けた福岡藩などの例外を除いては、世襲の後継者がそのまま後任とされている)、陪臣である藩士も知藩事と同じ朝廷(明治政府)の家臣(「王臣」)とされる事で、朱子学に基づいた武士道(近代以後の「武士道」とは違う)によって位置づけられてきた主君(藩主)と家臣(藩士)の主従関係を否定することになるものであり、諸藩の抵抗も予想された。
- However, the lord of a domain changed to a non-hereditary Chihanji, (note that in fact, apart from the Fukuoka domain, whose rank changed by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) successors were of heredity) and since feudal retainers of the domain, who were baishin (indirect vassals) were also considered vassals (vassas of the king)of the Imperial Court (Meiji government), which are the same as Chihanji, it contradicted the relationship between the lord and vassal that was established by Bushido (the way of the samurai) based on Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) so resistance by domains were expected.
- この作品には、かぐや姫が竹の中から生まれたという竹中生誕説話(異常出生説話)、かぐやが3ヶ月で大きくなったという急成長説話、かぐや姫の神異によって竹取の翁が富み栄えたという致富長者説話、複数の求婚者へ難題を課していずれも失敗する求婚難題説話、帝の求婚を拒否する帝求婚説話、かぐや姫が月へ戻るという昇天説話(羽衣説話)、最後に富士山の地名由来を説き明かす地名起源説話など、非常に多様な要素が含まれている。
- This work contains very different elements of story: a story of Princess Kaguya's being born from a bamboo (a story of extraordinary birth); a story of sudden growth as Kaguya's becoming grown-up in three months; a story of becoming a rich man as Taketori no Okina's flourishing due to miracles created by Princess Kaguya; a story of suitors and difficult tasks as her giving difficult tasks to the suitors to fail in solving them; a story of Emperor's marriage proposal as her refusing Emperor's courtship; a story of rising to heaven (a story of a robe of feathers) as Princess Kaguya's returning to the moon; a story of an origin of the name of the place as the name of Mt. Fuji being revealed at the end of the tale.
- 後世においては製造に高度な技術を必要として製造経費もかかる白紙ではなく、低廉で非常時の綸旨発給に備えやすい中古紙からの再生紙である薄墨紙(宿紙/漉返紙)が用紙として用いられるようになり、後に綸旨には薄墨紙用いる事を書式とする慣例が成立したために、薄墨紙を「綸旨紙」、綸旨自体を「薄墨綸旨」と呼ぶ例も見られるようになった(ただし、天皇から蔵人頭・蔵人以外の官人(弁官など)に対して作成・発給が命じられた場合には薄墨紙は用いられていない)。
- In the later age, usuzumi gami (gray paper) (shukushi (recycled paper) or sukigaeshi gami (paper made from dissolved paper), recycled paper made from used paper, which was inexpensive and easy to be stocked for urgent issuance of rinji, came to be used instead of white paper whose manufacturing cost was expensive because an advanced technique was required for manufacturing, and thereafter it became a custom to use usuzumi gami for rinji as a documentary format; therefore, in some cases, usuzumi gami was called 'rinji gami' (rinji paper), and rinji itself was called 'usuzumi rinji' (however, usuzumi gami was not used for rinji which was created and issued by the Emperor to government officials (esp. low to medium rank) (such as benkan, etc.) other than Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) and Kurodo).
- 国司のいない国衙は、留守所と呼ばれ、租税収取を所管する部署(税所(ぜいしょ・さいしょ等)、田所(たどころ)、大帳所(だいちょうしょ)、出納所(すいとうどころ)など)や、軍事を所管する部署(健児所(こんでいどころ)、検非違使所(けびいしどころ)、厩所(うまやどころ)など)、所務・雑務を所管する部署(政所(まんどころ)・調所(ちょうしょ)、細工所(さいくどころ)、膳所(ぜんどころ)など)が置かれ、在庁官人はこれらの部署に所属して実務に従事していた。
- Kokuga without kokushi were called 'rusu dokoro,' the department that handled tax collection called 'zeisho,' 'saisho' and so on, 'tadokoro,' 'daichosho' and 'suitodokoro and so on,' the department that handled military affairs was called 'kondeidokoro,' 'kebiishidokoro,' 'umayadokoro' and so on, and the department that oversaw miscellaneous duties was called 'mandokoro,' 'chosho,' 'saikudokoro,' 'zendokoro' and so on, were sent there and zaichokanjins belonged to these departments and performed their duties.
- 中国地方及び四国地方は岡山藩(備前国、現・岡山県南東部)・広島藩(安芸国、現・広島県西部)・長州藩(長門国・周防国、現・山口県のそれぞれ西部・東部)・鳥取藩(因幡国・伯耆国、現・鳥取県のそれぞれ東部及び西部)・松江藩(出雲国、現・島根県東部)、徳島藩(阿波国・淡路国、現・徳島県及び兵庫県淡路島)、高知藩(土佐国、現・高知県)といった国持ち大名が多かった地方であり、非領国地域の支配形態をとり、かつ旗本領が散在するのは備中国(現・岡山県西部)のみである。
- Many kunimochi-daimyo (daimyo with a big territory) were in the Chugoku and Shikoku regions, such as the Okayama clan (Bizen Province, present southeastern part of Okayama Prefecture), the Hiroshima clan (Aki Province, present western part of Hiroshima Prefecture), the Choshu clan (Nagato and Suo Provinces, present western and eastern parts of Yamaguchi Prefecture), the Tottori clan (Inaba and Hoki Provinces, present the western and eastern parts of Tottori Prefecture), the Matsue clan (Izumo Province, present eastern part of Shimane Prefecture), the Tokushima clan (Awa and Awaji Provinces, present Tokushima Prefecture and Awaji-shima Island, Hyogo Prefecture), and the Kochi clan (Tosa Province, present Kochi Prefecture), and only Bitchu Province (present western part of Okayama Prefecture) was in the hi-ryogokuchiiki state where Hatamoto territories were scattered.
- 忽敦 「孫子の兵法に『小敵の堅は、大敵の擒なり』とあって『孫子 (書物)』謀攻編「故善用兵者、屈人之兵、而非戰也。;拔人之城、而非攻也。;毀人之國、必以全爭于天下、故兵不頓、利可全、此謀攻之法也。故用兵之法、十則圍之、五則攻之、倍則分之、敵則能戰之、少則能守之、不若則能避之。故小敵之堅、大敵之擒也」、少数の兵が力量を顧みずに頑強に戦っても、多数の兵力の前には結局捕虜にしかならないものである。疲弊した兵士を用い、日増しに敵軍が増えている状況で相対させるのは、完璧な策とは言えない。撤退すべきである。」
- Dou XIN said, 'the Art of War by Tzu SUN tells us that an obstinate attitude leads a small army to being captured by a large army. If the small army fiercely fights against the large army without considering the deference of their fighting strength, it will end up being captured. It is not a perfect plan to force tired soldiers to fight against the enemy that is increasing in number. We should withdraw.'
- これは、2月に太政大臣に就任したばかりである近衛前久が5月に突如辞任していること、本能寺の変後の7月17日_(旧暦)に羽柴秀吉から毛利輝元に宛てられた手紙において、秀吉が信長のことを「大相国」と呼んでいるが、信長に対する太政大臣贈官が宮中で論じられたのは同年10月の事であること、加えてその結果出された贈官の宣命には「重而太政大臣」の語句があり、これを太政大臣の辞令が出されたのが2度目であると解釈して、1度目の辞令を三職推任問題の時に既に太政大臣就任の内諾を信長から得たことにより、非公式な内定が出されていたと解している。
- He thinks that the informal decision of appointing Nobunaga as Daijo daijin had been already made after confirming his informal consent when Haretoyo talked about Sanshoku suinin mondai based on the following facts: Sakihisa KONOE, who assumed Daijo daijin in March (February in old lunar calendar), abruptly resigned in June (May in old lunar calendar); Hideyoshi called Nobunaga 'Daishokoku' (the Grand Minister) in his letter to Terumoto MORI on August 15 (July 17 in old lunar calendar) after the Honnoji Incident, while the formal discussion at court on granting a posthumous title of Daijo daijin to Nobunaga was in October; and the subsequently issued Emperor's order of the posthumous title for Nobunaga contained a word 'choji Dajodaijin' (重而太政大臣) (the Grand Minister again), which Hashimoto believed meant the second appointment of Nobunaga as Daijo daijin.