難: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 難波京
- Naniwa-kyo Capital (a capital established in Osaka City of ancient Japan)
- Naniwa-kyō
- 神経筋難病
- incurable neuromuscular disease
- 蘭学受難の時代
- Trying times for Rangaku
- 共に難所の峠。
- Both passes are hard to go through.
- 別名難波大臣。
- His alias was Nanba daijin (Minister Nanba).
- 父は難波頼経。
- His father was Yoritsune NAMBA.
- 難易度によるもの
- Classification by difficulty of performance
- 難を逃れた主な人物
- Those who evaded trouble
- 難を逃れた主従の対話
- Dialogue between the master and the servant getting out of trouble
- - 難波宮に帰った。
- - He returned to Naniwa no Miya.
- 飛鳥井家:難波支流。
- The Asukai Family: a side line of Nanba
- 誕生と苦難の幼少時代
- His birth and childhood days in distress
- 難波王(なにわのおおじ)
- Naniwa no Oji
- 難升米に詔書、黄旗を授与。
- It was then that Nashime was given an Imperial Rescript and yellow banner.
- 実は大記は嵐山盗難の黒幕。
- In fact, Daiki was the mastermind behind the theft of Arashiyama.
- 難波:この音楽に引かれつつ。
- Naniwa: Led by this music.
- 酢飯は冷めても硬くなり難い。
- Vinegared rice does not harden easily even when it gets cold.
- - 天皇の喪が難波津に着く。
- - The empress's mourners arrived at Naniwa Port.
- - 賀取文らが難波館に到着。
- - Gaesomun and others arrived at Naniwa-no-murotsumi (Naniwa Lodge).
- 難波頼経の子飛鳥井雅経が祖。
- The original forefather was Masatsune ASUKAI, the child of Yoritsune NANBA.
- 難波氏は渡来系の氏族である。
- Naniwa clan were immigrants to ancient Japan.
- 「兎角して快気難成覚候間。」
- In any case, I feel it is difficult to fully recover from this illness any more.'
- 坂本龍馬が間一髪難を逃れた宿。
- It is the inn where Ryoma SAKAMOTO made his narrow escape.
- - 都を難波長柄豊碕に遷した。
- - He transferred the capital to Naniwa Nagara Toyosaki.
- - 唐の高表仁が難波津に到着。
- Gao Biaoren from Tang Dynasty China arrived at Naniwa no tsu (Naniwa Port).
- 後期難波宮造営の責任者となる。
- He became the person in charge of the construction of Koki Naniwa no Miya Palace for the latter term.
- 「後難を招くべきの因縁なり。」
- That will be a cause of future problems.'
- 「戦陣騒忙危難の間情偽弁じ難い。
- In wartime, it is hard to tell whether it is true.
- それがこの役の難しいところである。
- It is the challenging part of this role.
- 日蓮の「竜の口の法難」の地に建つ。
- The temple stands on the site of 'Tatsunokuchi no honan' (Tatsunokuchi Persecution).
- だが、山路険絶にして苦難を極めた。
- However, they had to go through extreme hardship because of rugged mountain roads.
- 日蓮などからは非難され、対立する。
- Ninsho was criticized by Nichiren and opposed against him.
- そのため最初は誰しも難色を示した。
- Therefore, at first, everybody had reservations about it.
- 油小路の変時は外出中で難を逃れた。
- Luckily, he was not involved in Aburanokoji no hen (Aburanokoji incident) because he was out at that time.
- - 軍器の準備のため、難波宮に行く。
- - Went to Naniwa no Miya Palace for armament.
- 難升米:nan2 sheng1 mi3
- Nashime: nan2 sheng1 mi3
- 左近衛権少将 難波宗勝 → 伊豆国配流
- Sakone gon no shosho Munekatsu NANBA to be banished to Izu Province
- 特定の難曲や大曲についてしか用いない。
- It is only applied in a certain difficult music piece or grand scale music.
- ほんに私がある故に、今のお前の憂き難儀
- Just because of me, you are now having a difficult time.
- 一、単木は折れやすく、林木は折れ難し。
- 1, A lone tree is easily snapped whereas trees that stand together do not easily break.
- その後遭難して安南に漂着したとある)。
- Then, it went wrecked and was drifted to Annam.)
- したがって、日本は経済的に困難に陥った。
- Therefore, Japan got into difficulty economically.
- 興宣大院君は、日本を次のように非難した。
- Heungseon Daewongun criticized Japan as follows.
- 近年の芸妓数減少で後継者難に極めている。
- It is quite difficult to find successors due to the recent decrease in geisha.
- 尊は驚き悲しんで、難波から菟道宮に至り。
- Prince Osazaki was saddened and then approached the Uji no miya Palace via Naniwa (Osaka prefecture).
- 遣唐使として唐に渡るが、帰国の途中難船。
- He went over to Tang Dynasty China as a Japanese envoy, but he was shipwrecked on his way home.
- そして更に兵士を確保することが難しくなる。
- Therefore, it became even more difficult to gain enough soldiers.
- - 難升米に黄旗を仮授与(帯方郡に付託)。
- Nashime was temporarily given a yellow banner (to be submitted to the Daifang Commandery).
- これは、幕府による朝廷の制御を困難にした。
- The disruption hindered the bakufu from controlling the Imperial Court.
- 実際に本当に薄くとるのは難しい技法である。
- It is a difficult technique to rub really lightly as a practical matter.
- このため、こうした人間関係の調整が難しい。
- It is for this reason that such human relationship issues are difficult to manage.
- 「筑紫国は以前から辺賊の難に備えている。」
- Tsukushi Province has always been prepared for the rebels around the border.'
- 顔見世による集客は徐々に難しくなったらしい。
- It seems kaomise became a less and less effective means of gathering spectators.
- 「難波津会」結成(三条実美・東久世竹亭等)。
- 'The Naniwazu-kai association' was established (by Sanetomi SANJO, Chikutei HIGASHIKUZE, and others).
- また、平間重助と芸妓2名はこの難を逃れた。)
- Jusuke HIRAMA and two geishas escaped.)
- 当時の財政難の政府には維持費が出せなかった事。
- It was the economic difficulties that the government of the day could not manage the preservation cost of Kosatsu;
- 門前の豆腐屋が資金難から倒産寸前に陥っていた。
- A tofu shop in front of a gate of the temple was on the verge of facing bankruptcy due to financial difficulty.
- その経緯を非難され、引責辞職を余儀なくされた。
- He was accused of being responsible for this incident and eventually he was forced to resign taking the responsibility.
- 高国軍は難無く京都奪還を果たしているのである。
- The Takakuni troops succeeded in recapturing Kyoto without any difficulty.
- 義家は難を逃れた清衡に助力し、家衡を滅ぼした。
- Yoshiie supported Kiyohira, who had escaped, and destroyed Iehira.
- 神亀3年(726年)式部卿のまま知造難波宮事。
- In 726, while he was Shikibukyo (the Highness of Ceremonial), he became Chief of Construction of Naniwa no Miya.
- 綱は慌てず名刀・髭切で鬼の腕を切って難を逃れた。
- But Tsuna keeps his cool, and manages to escape his predicament by slicing off the oni's arm with his legendary sword, Higekiri (Beard-slicer).
- こうした事情から小辺路の記録は潤沢とは言い難い。
- There are few records about Kohechi for these reasons.
- 大日本帝国水難救済会名誉会員、海事協会名誉会員。
- It was then that Prince Sadanaru became an honorary member of The Empire of Japan Marine Rescue Japan (In Japanese, Dai Nihon Teikoku Suinan kyusai Kai; currently, Marine Rescue Japan) and Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (also known as NK or ClassNK).
- 暗殺事件の夜、野口は角屋に残って難を逃れている。
- On the night of the assassination, Noguchi stayed at Sumiya (a restaurant) therefore he got out of the trouble.
- また現実問題として排水が悪いなどの難点ともなった。
- In addition, there were practical problems such as poor drainage.
- 12月に都を飛鳥から摂津国の難波長柄豊崎宮へ遷都。
- In December, the capital was transferred from Asuka to Naniwa no Nagara no Toyosaki no Miya Palace in Settsu Province.
- 義経は僅か70騎を率いて山中の難路を西へ転進した。
- Yoshitsune led a mere seventy cavalrymen, turning west into the steep path of the mountain.
- 長編としての一貫性がととのっているとは、言い難い。
- It is hard to say that there is consistency as a long story.
- 途中5合目には売店小屋、6合目には避難小屋がある。
- On their way to the top, there is a stand on the fifth station and a shelter on the sixth station.
- 飛鳥浄御原宮を建造したほか難波にも宮殿を建造した。
- He built not only the Asuka Kiyohara no miya Imperial residence but also a palace in Nanba (Naniwa).
- 仏像は難波の堀江に流され、伽藍には火をかけられた。
- The Buddha statue was discarded in the Horie canal, Nanba and the Palace was put on fire.
- 前身として筑紫館や難波館が奈良時代以前から存在した。
- Tsukushi Lodge and Naniwa Lodge existed before the Nara period as the predecessors of Korokan.
- ただ、鏡の生産地については難しい議論が進行中である。
- However, the place of production has been a tough discussion.
- しかし財政難に悩む諸藩による密貿易は続けられていた。
- However, such domains suffering from financial difficulties continued illegal trade.
- 歌舞伎においては、難役とされ三婆の一つに数えられる。
- She was considered to be a hard role to play in Kabuki and counted as one of three great old women.
- 由来は江戸時代、廻船が海難にあった場合の処置である。
- Its origin is the measures taken in the Edo period when cargo vessels met disasters.
- 南蛮とは葱を意味し、大阪の難波の転訛という説もある。
- Nanban means green onions and there is also an opinion that it is a corrupted form of Naniwa in Osaka City.
- 日常生活ではそれだけの大金を用意するのは困難である。
- It was difficult to raise such a huge sum of money in their daily lives.
- 町長:難波久士(なんばひさし)(2003年5月就任)
- Mayor: Hisashi NANBA (inaugurated in May, 2003)
- しかし家計は引き続き窮乏し、品位保持も困難を極めた。
- However, the financial state of the family continued to be strained, and even holding on to the family status became extremely difficult.
- しかし、仲哀天皇は、これを信じず住吉大神を非難した。
- However, Emperor Chuai didn't believe it and criticized the Sumiyoshi Okami gods.
- 勝家は殿を努めるが困難を極め負傷し旗指物を奪われた。
- He was Shingari (the rear part of the army troops), but had a hard time and got injured, and the hatasashi-mono (battle flags) was taken away.
- 肖像を女性にしたいがための安易な採用との非難がある。
- Some have criticized the decision as unconsidered, made simply because the creators wanted to use a woman's portrait.
- - 卑弥呼、始めて難升米らを中国の魏 (三国)に派遣。
- Himiko first sent Nashime and others to Wei (the Three Kingdoms) in China.
- そのため、渡海中の水没、遭難が頻発したと推定している。
- Therefore, it is estimated that boats were often sunken or went missing.
- そのため、巨額の造営費を出すことは困難な状況にあった。
- Therefore, squeezing out a large amount of building expenses was difficult.
- 苦難の中で、曾我兄弟は父の仇討ちを決して忘れなかった。
- Even under difficult circumstances, the Soga brothers could never forget getting revenge for their father.
- これらのことから、難波京の存在はほぼ確実視されている。
- These findings confirmed that the existence of Naniwa-kyo was almost certain.
- また出兵中に陸奥国印が盗難されるという不祥事があった。
- There was a disgraceful matter during this expedition that the official seal of Mutsu Province was stolen.
- そこへ難波の猟師・鱶七が鎌足の使いと称してやってくる。
- Then Fukashichi, a fisherman from Naniwa, arrives there introducing himself as a messenger of Kamatari.
- 公卿や鎌倉幕府などの思惑が絡んだため、問題は難航した。
- The issue ran into difficulties because the Court nobles and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) both had different expectations.
- 京都府と福井県を結ぶ街道である周山街道上の難所である。
- This pass is a chokepoint on the Shuzan-kaido Road, which connects Kyoto Prefecture and Fukui Prefecture.
- しかし、難産のため産後の肥立ちが悪く、同月20日に没。
- However, it was such a difficult delivery that it made her seriously ill; She died on February 20 in the same year.
- これが凋落の遠因となったとして、非難されることもある。
- Some have criticized him that this remotely caused it to decline.
- 日本が困難な外交的取引を通じて辛うじて勝利を勝ち取った。
- Japan gained the victory barely through difficult diplomatic dealings.
- ただしこれらはあくまで一時的=緊急避難的なものであった。
- These facilities, however, were persistent in being limited to temporary use or for finding shelter in emergencies.
- しかしこの計画は、財政上とうてい実現困難なものであった。
- However, there were financial constraints on the project.
- つまり、軍制上から単独兵科としての騎馬隊の編成は難しい。
- This means that the military system did not allow cavalry units to be formed by cavalrymen alone.
- このため、徹底したものにはならなかったので評価は難しい。
- Therefore, they couldn't implement the reform thoroughly, thus it is difficult to evaluate.
- 後白河は乱の最中、幽閉先を脱出して仁和寺に避難していた。
- Emperor Goshirakawa escaped from confinement during the War and moved to Ninna-ji Temple.
- 「さきほどは難儀のあまり思わぬことをしてしまいました。」
- I apologize for the actions I took to try and get us out of this unexpected difficulty.'
- 旧東高野街道もその痕跡を辿ることが困難となってしまった。
- Now, there is no track can be found to trace the old Higashi Koya-Kaido Road.
- 旧舞鶴市側は難色を示すが、市役所の位置など諸条件を提示。
- However, Old Maizuru city was hesitant, and proposed many conditions which included stipulating the location of city hall.
- 柔術は高橋猪兵衛満政について習った難波一甫流柔術である。
- His learned jujutsu (classical Japanese martial art, usually referring to fighting without a weapon) under Takahashi Ihei Mitsumasa, who belonged to the Nanba ippo-ryu school.
- 「ともかく如何なる難問題も氏が飛び込むと纏まりがつく。」
- Anyway, there was no problem he couldn't solve once he was involved, no matter how difficult it was.'
- 特定の「石垣の積み方」なる技法の存在を想定するのは難しい。
- Therefore, it is difficult to suppose the specific techniques of 'How to pile up the stone wall.'
- このため、全ての荘園に共通する要素を見出すのは困難である。
- This makes it difficult to find an element common to all the Shoen in these respects.
- 交易とは違うが、天候不順により海外へ難破した者も数名いた。
- Although not associated with the trade issue mentioned above, there were some people who ended up staying overseas after being shipwrecked due to bad weather.
- 「白鳳より以来、朱雀以前、年代玄遠にして、尋問明め難し。」
- 'Beginning in the Hakuho ('white firebird' era) and continuing up until the Suzaku (vermilion bird era), the age was shrouded in darkness and distance, and it was very difficult to clarify our questioning.'
- 敏達天皇の孫(曾孫か)、難波皇子の子(孫か)、美努王の父。
- He was the grandson (or the great-grandson) of the Emperor Bidatsu, the son (or the grandson) of the Prince Naniwa and the father of Minu no Okimi.
- 翌年には病気の天皇の名代として難波京遷都の勅を発している。
- In the following year, she issued an imperial decree to transfer the capital to Naniwa-kyo on behalf of the sick emperor.
- この後の内戦で難波三綱が果たした活動については記録がない。
- There is no records of NANIWA no Mitsuna' subsequent activities in this domestic warfare.
- 私塾・衆芳軒も大火にやかれ蘭山も門人の吉田立仙の家に避難。
- As his private school, Shuhoken, was destroyed by fire, Ranzan escaped to the house of his student, Rissen YOSHIDA.
- このことにより、兵士の交代要員を確保することが難しくなった。
- This resulted in a difficulty in ensuring the number of soldiers who could be put on rotation for military service.
- これに従わない者、強訴を非難・無視する者は放氏処分とされた。
- If a court noble or official went against it, or criticized (or ignored) the goso, he (or she) was purged from the Fujiwara clan.
- しかし西園寺は日露戦争後の財政難などを理由にこれを拒否した。
- SAIONJI, however, refused to agree to this on the grounds that the nation was in serious financial straits because of the Japanese-Russo War that just ended.
- オランダ語の通詞は長崎市にいるので質問することも難しかった。
- There were some interpreters in Nagasaki City, which was however too far to ask any question to them.
- 混雑時には相部屋が求められ、女性の旅客は難儀をしたとされる。
- It was said that guests were asked to share a room with other guests at busy times and woman travelers had difficulty with it.
- そのためには今は無理難題も受け付けておくことの大事さを説く。
- He urged the importance of accepting unreasonable demands now in order to do so.
- このため普通の刺身では弾力がありすぎて噛み切ることが難しい。
- Because of this, it becomes too chewy and hard to eat when it is cut as thick as ordinary sashimi.
- かな書道界でも「難波津会」の啓蒙運動が清新な息吹を注入した。
- Enlightening activities by 'Naniwazu-kai' brought fresh air to the kana calligraphic world.
- これは後に「神君のご艱難」と称される家康最大の危機であった。
- This was the biggest crisis for Ieyasu as called 'shinkun no gokannan' (big trouble for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) later.
- 奈良時代になると、難波京と平城京を結ぶ街道として利用された。
- In the Nara period, this highway was used as one connecting Naniwa-kyo (the Naniwa Palace) and Heijo-kyo (the Heijo Palace).
- いわば伝家の宝刀であり、その決行は非常に難しい問題と言える。
- Because disinheritance is the last resort, whether or not to disinherit a prince is a very difficult decision.
- 唐の制度にならって保良宮を「北宮」、難波宮を「西宮」とする。
- Hora no Miya Palace and Naniwa no Miya Palace were renamed 'Kita no Miya' Palace and 'Nishi no Miya' Palace respectively based on the Tang system of China.
- この時、茲矩は羽柴秀吉の軍と同行していた為、難を逃れている。
- Since Korenori was with the army of Hideyoshi HASHIBA at that time, he was out of trouble.
- 7月22日、吹負は他の諸将を北進させ、自らは難波に向かった。
- On July 22 (in old lunar calendar), Fukei went to Naniwa while sending other generals to the north.
- 天皇はこれを許して、仏像は難波の堀江に流され、寺は焼かれた。
- With the approval for the disposal from the Emperor, the Buddha statue was discarded in Naniwa no Horie (a canal in Osaka) and the temples were set on fire.
- 744年に難波京に遷都、さらに745年、都は平城京に戻された。
- The capital was then moved to Naniwa-kyo in 744, and finally moved back to Heijo-kyo in 745.
- ソウルに日本軍が迫ると李氏朝鮮の宣祖は平壌へ遷都して避難した。
- As the Japanese army approached Seoul, Sonjo, who was the emperor of Yi Dynasty Korea, transferred the capital and fled to Pyongyang.
- 744年(天平16)には恭仁京から難波宮への遷都が実施された。
- In 744, the transfer of the capital from Kuni-kyo Capital to the Naniwa no miya Palace was carried out.
- ただ、「里」は長い距離であるので、直接計測するのは困難である。
- However, it is difficult to measure the length of 'ri' directly because it is long distance.
- 慶応元年8月からは大坂難波でも天保通寳の鋳造が開始されている。
- Tenpo Tsuho was also started to be minted in Nanba, Osaka in September 1865.
- 要するに「国家か法か」という回答困難な問題が発生したのである。
- In other words, a difficult problem, 'which Japan should choose, the state or the law?' arose.
- アユが寄ってくる光が無いこともあり、アユを捕らえるのは難しい。
- It is more difficult to catch ayu in the daytime, since there is no light to which ayu gather.
- その中の成功事例が全国普及を後押しをしたことは想像に難くない。
- It is easy to imagine that the success case among them triggered the spread to hot springs of all parts of the country.
- 豊臣家を滅ぼそうとする徳川家康は、方広寺の鐘銘に難癖を付けた。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who wanted to ruin the Toyotomi family carped at the name given to a temple bell of Hoko-ji Temple.
- 花魁の難儀を救うが捕縛され、それが幸蔵の夢であったという趣向。
- He saves an Oiran (prostitute) from difficulties, which was just a dream of Kozo.
- かな書道における重要な人々はほとんど「難波津会」に属していた。
- Almost all important persons in the kana calligraphy world belonged to the 'Naniwazu-kai.'
- 難波から船で出発したが、播磨国明石で妻である舎人皇女が没した。
- He departed from Nanba by ship, but his wife, Toneri no himemiko died in Akashi in Harima Province.
- 山を分け入りこの地まで辿りついたが難産(流産)の末亡くなった。
- She made her way through the mountains and finally arrived at the place, however, after a difficult delivery (miscarriage), she died.
- 大化元年(646年)末に、板蓋宮から難波長柄豊崎宮に遷都する。
- At the end of 646, the Emperor Kotoku moved his residence from Itabuki no miya Imperial residence to Naniwa nagara toyosaki no miya Imperial residence.
- 但し、記紀などに穴穂部間人皇女が丹後に避難したとの記述はない。
- But there is no description that Anahobe no hashihito no himemiko fled to Tango including Kojiki (The Record of Ancient Matters).
- 晩年は『難太平記』の執筆など著作活動を行い、96歳前後で死去。
- In his later years, he wrote books such as 'Nantaiheiki' and he passed away around the age of 96.
- 柳生宗矩にも、秘曲として名高い難曲「関寺小町」を舞わせている。
- He even ordered Munenari YAGYU to dance to the famously difficult music called 'Sekidera Komachi' as a secret song.
- ただし鋳造貨幣というものは質量を均一に作成することは困難である。
- However, it is difficult to mint coins with uniform mass.
- また日元関係の悪化によって中国商人の博多定住も困難となっていた。
- In addition, the worsening relationship between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty had made it difficult for Chinese merchants to live in Hakata.
- 難路をようやく越えて義経ら70騎は平氏の一ノ谷陣営の裏手に出た。
- Yoshitsune and his seventy cavalrymen determinedly crossed the steep path and showed up on the rear side of the Taira clan's militarily camp.
- 日本は島国で攻略が難しいので高麗に兵を置き国書により属国にする。
- Demanding Japan to become its subject by sovereign's message, keeping soldiers in Goryeo, because Japan is an island country and difficult to conquer.
- これは論功行賞にも関わることであり、これを分離することは難しい。
- The yoriko unit could not be broken down further as it also pertains to the grant of honors.
- 乱をさける為、足利義政の室町第に10年の間避難生活を強いられた。
- He was forced to escape, whereupon he lived at Muromachi Dai (the mansion of the Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA) for ten years in order to be away from the war.
- 発表当時は読本形式であったが、これでは実際の上演が困難であった。
- Kiri Hitoha, when published first, was in the style of Yomihon (copy for reading)--a style not suited for stage presentation.
- 少し酒に酔っているという設定で、この役の難しいところだとされる。
- As Agemaki is intoxicated in the plot, this scene requires the superior acting ability.
- いもち病(稲熱病)にかかりやすく、普通の米より育てるのが難しい。
- As it is easily affected by bacterial rice blight, it is more difficult to cultivate it than normal rice.
- そのため、カーブが多く複線化も困難だった旧線は一旦廃線となった。
- Accordingly, the old tracks which have many curves and are difficult to be double-tracked, was once abandoned.
- 古来周山街道の難所として知られており、その名を広く知られていた。
- Since ancient times, the pass has been famous as a chokepoint of Shuzan-kaido Road.
- しかしながら、旧城下町の活性化を含め依然として難題を抱えている。
- However, difficulties including vitalizing the old castle town still exist.
- そのためその遺伝的な根拠を柳原愛子に求め、非難する傾向があった。
- For this reason, some public opinions expressed in Japan tended to blame Ms. Naruko YANAGIHARA, as the birth mother, and providing a genetic cause.
- 信玄の次男・竜芳(海野信親)は盲目で出家していたため難を逃れた。
- Shingen's second son Ryuoho (Nobuchika UNNO) got out of trouble because he was blind and had become a monk.
- これが『難太平記』のいう置文と同一のものであったかは不明である。
- It is unknown that this letter is the same as the Okibumi described in the 'Nan-Taiheiki.'
- 1275年 温州の能仁寺に元朝支配から避難、「臨剣の頌」を詠む。
- In 1275, he evacuated from the rule of the Yuan Dynasty to Nengrensi Temple in Wenzhou, and composed 'Rinken no Ju' (Poem on Approach of Sword).
- 孤立状態の蝦夷地には物資欠乏のおそれがあり、前途は困難であった。
- Therefore, isolated Ezo was threatened to fall in the shortage of goods and had a lot of troubles.
- 「多勢の恃み有るに似たりといえども、更に凶徒の武勇を敗り難し。」
- We looked to have superiority in numbers but the rebels were stronger than us and hard to defeat.'
- だが、その血気が仇となり苦難の日々を送ったのも、この頃であった。
- But this vigorousness was harmful to him, and he spent days of many hardships in this period of his life.
- しかし治安維持法が同時に制定され、これは「悪法」として非難された。
- However, the Peace Preservation Law, which was enacted at the same time, was criticized as a 'bad law.'
- 残字は多いが磨耗が激しく、傷と点画の区別が難しい字が多くを占める。
- Though this has many characters left undamaged, their wear is significant and most of the characters are difficult to distinguish their lines and points from the scratches thereon.
- 明神鳥居前では道具屋与兵衛と女房お亀の難儀を問屋人足孫七が助ける。
- In front of the gate of Taga-myojin Shrine, a tool merchant Yohei and his wife Okame are in trouble and are helped by Magoshichi, a Toiya-ninsoku (laborer for administration officers of inn town).
- 我が父・与惣兵衛までもが盗難の責を問われて入牢したというのである。
- Also, his father Yosobe is imprisoned to take the responsibility of this robbery.
- しかし、難解な新作曲の場合は誤解を避けるために実音表記が望ましい。
- However, in the case of difficult new compositions, it is desirable to indicate actual sounds in order to avoid mistakes.
- ただし、その区別は広く共通のものとはいい難い(以下は一例である)。
- However, the distinction is far from universal (the followings are examples).
- 義常の嫡男松田有常はこの時、大庭景義の懐島の屋敷にいて難を逃れた。
- Aritsune MATSUDA, Yoshitsune's heir, was in the residence of Kageyoshi OBA in Futokorojima at that time, and got out of trouble.
- 難波家(なんばけ)は、羽林家の家格を有する堂上家の一つをなす公家。
- The Nanba family was a court noble family of Toshoke and their family rank was Urinke.
- 日蓮宗側では「天文法難」と呼び、一般には「天文法乱」とも呼ばれる。
- It is called 'Tenmon-honan' by the Nichiren sect, and is also generally called 'Tenmon-horan.'
- 『延喜式』の時代には『八十一難経』や『太素』の学習も規定されていた。
- When 'Engishiki' (the codes and procedures on national rites and prayers established in the middle of the Heian period) were in effect, students also had to learn 'Hachijuichi Nankyo' (a Chinese classic on acupuncture) and 'Taiso' (the commentary of Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, written by Yang Shang Shau).
- 俊乗坊重源は幾多の困難を克服して大仏を鋳造し、1185年、開眼供養。
- Chogen SHUNJOBO consecrated the newly made Great Buddha image in 1185 after overcaming numerous obstacles in its construction.
- Shunjobo Chogen overcame numerous difficulties to cast a Great Buddha statue, for which the consecration ceremony was held in 1185.
- 後者は朱子学の「知先行後」を論難し、陽明学の「知行合一」を賞賛した。
- The latter criticized Shushi-gaku's 'Chisen gyogo' (roughly, recognition first, and practice should follow)' and praised Yomeigaku's 'Chigyo goitsu' (roughly, recognition and practice at the same time).
- そこへ最前の新助が出てその字は私の一字だと言っておみよの危難を救う。
- There, Shinsuke, mentioned above, appears and rescues her, saying that the character is a character included in his name.
- 後宇多の定めた皇位継承プランを尋常の手段で変更することは難しかった。
- It was difficult to change the succession plan for the Imperial Throne that was determined by Gouda using normal measures.
- 以後演歌かその他の音楽ジャンルか分別の難しい曲も登場することとなる。
- Since then, songs which are difficult to divide into enka and other music genres have appeared.
- 明の医学書「八十一難経」を注釈し、版木本として一乗谷で出版している。
- An annotated edition of the Ming medical book 'Hachijuichinankyo' was published in Ichijodani, using the wood block printing technique.
- 脇坂氏を除く大半が徳川政権になってからは御家取り潰しなど苦難に遭った。
- When the Tokugawa took control of the government, most of the families derived from these 'seven spears', except for the Wakisaka clan, faced hardships, including dispossession of their territories by the government in an effort to destroy the families.
- まず、末期養子においては当主の意思を確認する事が困難であった事による。
- Primarily, it was difficult to confirm the will of the family head by that time the Matsugo yoshi was required.
- 交渉は難航し、結局20年後の1811年(文化8年)にようやく実現した。
- The negotiation did not go smoothly, and the visit was realized 20 years later, or 1811, at last.
- その後も難波宮へ移り、また平城京へ還って、と遷都を繰り返すようになる。
- He moved to Naniwanomiya Palace and returned to the Heijo-kyo repeatedly.
- 鷲尾義久が鵯越は到底人間ウマは越えることのできぬ難路であると説明する。
- Yoshihisa WASHIO explained to Yoshitsune that neither humans nor horses could cross Hiyodorigoe because of its rough and steep path.
- 飛鳥時代に宮が設置された(前期難波宮)が、京の存在は確認できていない。
- The palace was built during the Asuka period (the Zenki Naniwa no Miya Palace [the Early Naniwa no miya Palace]), however, the existence of the capital has not been confirmed.
- 結果的に三段撃ちが無くても、武田軍を消耗させる事は難しくないといえる。
- Consequently, Nobunaga's teppo units could have easily weakened the Takeda forces without recourse to the tactics of sandan-uchi.
- 政岡は女形最高の難役の一つとされており、歴代の名女形に演じられてきた。
- Masaoka is considered to be one of the most difficult female roles, and has been played by great past and current actors of female roles.
- 744年(天平16年) 難波宮に遷都され、恭仁宮跡は山城国分寺となる。
- 744: The capital was relocated to Naniwanomiya Palace and the Yamashiro provincial monastery was built at the site of Kuni-kyo.
- 義平は18日難波経房の郎等・橘俊綱に捕らえられ、21日六条河原で処刑。
- Yoshihira was captured by TACHIBANA no Toshitsuna, a retainer of Tsunefusa NANBA, on March 4, and executed at the Rokujo gawara riverbed on March 7.
- 一味は内裏を襲撃して火をかけ、後花園天皇は左大臣の近衛忠嗣の邸に避難。
- The group attacked and set fire to the Inner Imperial Court and Emperor Gohanazono was evacuated to the house of the Sadaijn (minister of the left), Tadatsugu KONOE.
- この難波の宮殿は唐などの複都制に倣った陪都(副都)であるとされている。
- The palace in Nanba (Naniwa) was Baito (陪都) (secondary capital city) that was the emulation of the multi-capital system of the nations like Tang.
- 難波三綱(なにわのみつな、生没年不明)は、日本の飛鳥時代の人物である。
- NANIWA no Mitsuna (date of birth and death unknown) lived during Japan's Asuka period.
- 対局中に難局の場面で、待ったをして、駒を元に戻したとも伝えられている。
- He reportedly retracted a move by moving a piece back to the original square when he faced a difficulty during a game of shogi.
- 斉明天皇6年(660年)5月8日には高句麗使の賀取文が難波館に到着した。
- 賀取文, an envoy of Koguryo Kingdom, arrived at Naniwa-no-murotsumi on June 24, 660.
- 逃亡の際、家宝の旗・楯無鎧を塩山(甲州市)の寺社に隠し、難を逃れさせた。
- Katsuyori hid family treasures (a suit of armor called 'tatenashi yoroi' and a flag) in a temple in Enzan (in Koshu City) to protect them from damage.
- それに対し、771年の渤海使は上表文が無礼であることを日本に非難された。
- In reaction to this, Japan criticized the envoy sent in 771 for giving an impolite johyobun (memorial to the emperor).
- 官軍は苦戦して鎮圧は難航したが、藤原保則が寛政によって鎮撫して終息した。
- The imperial forces faced an uphill battle and had difficulty subduing the rebels, but FUJIWARA no Yasunori pacified the rebels and ended the rebellion through the use of kansei (sympathetic policies).
- また政府が国地勢を正確に把握していなかったために国土計画も困難であった。
- Also, since the government was not in control of the accurate topography of the country, national land planning was not conducted easily either.
- 667年、天智天皇は都を難波から内陸の大津京へ移し、防衛網を完成させた。
- In 667, Emperor Tenchi transferred the capital from Naniwa to Otsu-kyo on the inland side, and completed construction of the defensive lines.
- 江戸時代の芝居小屋は度重なった火災と再興のため、常に経営難だったという。
- It is said that the playhouses faced continued financial difficulties due to a series of fires and reconstruction activities in the Edo period.
- 猪より先へ逸散に、飛ぶがごとくに花道を引っ込む(非常に技巧的に難しい)。
- Like the wind, he runs down the hanamichi as fast as he can ahead of the inoshishi (this performance is technically very difficult) and exits the stage.
- この他、演劇改良会は劇場を建設することも企画したが資金難のため挫折した。
- The Engeki Kairyo Kai also proposed building a theatre, but the plan did not come true because of financial difficulties.
- 褌はパンツと違いその種類や締め方が多岐にわたるため、絵的な表現が難しい。
- Unlike undershorts, fundoshi loincloths are of a wide variety and have different ways of tying that are difficult to depict in a picturesque way.
- 鯨肉も保存、加工が難しいこともあって、広く流通していたわけではなかった。
- It was also difficult to process and preserve whale meat, and therefore, the meat was not distributed widely.
- 観光関連産業には、許認可を要さない業種も少なくなく、把握が困難であった。
- It was difficult to figure out the situations of many businesses in the tourism industry which have nothing to do with the government approval and license.
- したがって、処刑を意味する「手打ち」という語を忌避したとは考えられ難い。
- Therefore, it is hard to think that the word 'teuchi,' which implies execution, incurred a sense of avoidance.
- 和名類聚抄が国府があった郡を伝えるが、それ以上に絞り込むのは難しかった。
- Wamyo-ruijusho (Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters) introduces the county where Kokufu existed, however further details were difficult to obtain.
- 飛鳥時代に、難波津・四天王寺と斑鳩町・法隆寺を結ぶ街道として整備された。
- It was developed in the Asuka period as a highway connecting Shitenno-ji temple of Naniwazu and Horyu-ji temple of Ikaruga-cho.
- これは、当時の皇室の財政難などにより、立太子礼が行えなかったためである。
- This was because the ceremonial investiture of the Crown Prince could not be carried out due to economic difficulties of the imperial family.
- しかし当初は苦労も多く、音二郎の2度もの衆院選挙落選により資金難に陥る。
- However, at first she had a hard time and financial difficulty as Otojiro was unsuccessful twice in an election of the House of Representatives.
- しかし、前田玄以あるいは木下某(木下氏)に保護されて清洲城へと避難した。
- However, he escaped to Kiyosu-jo Castle under the protection of Geni MAEDA or Nanigashi KINOSHITA (of the Kinoshita clan).
- 安達一族が滅ぼされた弘安8年(1285年)の霜月騒動では難を逃れている。
- When the Shimotsuki Disturbance (internal strife among Kamakura shogunate retainers) occurred in 1285, which led to the destruction of the Adachi clan, Yorikage escaped the incident unscathed.
- 秀忠は昌幸の嫡男・真田信之に命じて、まずは無難に昌幸に対して開城を求める。
- Hidetada ordered Nobuyuki SANADA, Masayuki's legitimate son, to innocuously ask Masayuki to surrender the castle.
- ただし天皇を君主とみなすのであれば、天皇の地位が「職」であるとは言い難い。
- However, if the Emperor is considered as the sovereign, it would be difficult to consider the position of Emperor as 'shoku (occupation).'
- これに加えて、義満は勢力が強すぎて統制が困難な有力守護大名の弱体化を図る。
- In addition to this, Yoshimitsu tried to weaken the powerful shugo daimyo that were hard to bring under control because they had become too powerful.
- 中国銭は実物自体が粗悪銭のために磨耗や錆びが生じ現存品からの鑑定が難しい。
- It is difficult to appraise Chinese coins based upon existing ones, because, due to their low quality, they had been worn out or rusted.
- 妻女山は戦術的に死地にあたり(兵を動かしにくく補給も困難で囲まれやすい)。
- Saijo-San Mountain is a tactically disadvantageous place (being difficult to move soldiers and to get supplies, and to be enclosed easily by enemy forces).
- 宗教界にも影響を与え、日蓮は『立正安国論』を幕府に上程して国難を主張する。
- It also influenced people of religion, and Nichiren submitted 'Rissho Ankoku Ron' (Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching) to bakufu, insisting that it was a national crisis.
- 先住民とは交流ができなかったらしく、12月17日に遭難者達は集落から逃走。
- The abductees apparently could not communicate with the aborigines, for they escaped from the village on December 17.
- 偽書の難しい点は宗教・政治的なイデオロギー性を含む例が多々あることである.
- The difficulty with gisho is that they have many examples that include religious and political ideology.
- 女形の心得を失わずにバイオレンスな演技をするところにこの役の難しさがある。
- The difficulty of this role is to perform violently without losing the flavour of an actor of female roles.
- つなぎ粉を一切使わない生地で脆く畳むのが難しいため、まず生地を薄く伸ばす。
- With no binding agents being used, the dough of Tachi soba is very easy to break making it difficult to fold and, as a result, the dough was rolled out into thin pieces.
- 政権を掌握した大久保は、不平士族の不満を抑えることは困難であることを悟る。
- Seizing control of the government, Okubo recognized that it would be difficult to contain dissatisfaction of the discontented warrior class.
- 峠附近での離合は難しく、カーブなどで若干広くなった箇所を利用するほか無い。
- It is quite difficult to pass each other around the pass, drivers have to find moderate bends, which might be a little wider, for passing.
- また、難読地名としても知られる「間人(たいざ)」は「間人ガニ」で知られる。
- Taiza,' which is famous as a place difficult to read, is famous for 'Taiza Crab.'
- - 中大兄皇子と共に,病に罹った孝徳天皇を見舞うべく難波長柄豊崎宮に赴く。
- - Went to Naniwanagara no Toyosaki no miya Palace with Naka no Oe no Oji to visit Emperor Kotoku who had fallen ill.
- 清寧天皇はこれを非難して、吉備上道臣が管理している山部を召し上げたという。
- Emperor Seinei accused the Kibi clan of this move and confiscated the mountain area that had been under the control of the Kibi no Kamitsumichi no omi clan.
- だが「余命幾ばくもない自分には有り難いが不要」と固辞したと伝えられている。
- However, it is said that he firmly refused saying 'thank you, but I don't have much time to live, so I don't need it.'
- 外を見ると百鬼夜行の一団と遭遇、難を逃れ、それ以降晴明を可愛がったという。
- When Tadayuki looked out of the window, he saw Hyakki yagyo (night parade of one hundred demons), and since this experience, in which he had a narrow escape, he gave Seimei a special affection.
- 生まれつき進行性の難聴があり、成人するころには左耳が聴こえ辛かったという。
- She was born with progressive impaired hearing and when she reached adulthood, she was said to have had difficulty in hearing in her left ear.
- また、のちの真田信繁の側室・隆精院、梅小路家に嫁いだ娘の二人も難を逃れた。
- Also, a daughter named Ryuseiin, who later became a concubine of Nobushige SANADA, and two other daughters who married into the Umenokoji family were able to get themselves out of trouble.
- 財政難に陥った水戸藩は、光圀の死後、光圀の養子・綱條が財政改革に乗り出す。
- Falling into financial difficulty, the domain undertook to improve its financial conditions under the rule of Mitsukuni's adopted son Tsunaeda after the death of Mitsukuni.
- 棚田は1つの田当たりの耕作面積が小さく、「大型」農業機械の導入が困難である。
- Tanada has so small a cultivated area that it is difficult to introduce 'large' agricultural machines.
- 後年、対ロシア戦を想定した訓練中に発生したのが八甲田雪中行軍遭難事件である。
- The Death March of the Hakkoda Mountains Incident occurred during such training as preparation for a possible attack by Russia.
- 難波宮の廃止に伴い793年(延暦12)には摂津職が廃止され、摂津国と改めた。
- Settsu Shiki was abolished in 793 with the abolition of Naniwanomiya Palace and was replaced by Settsu Province.
- 孫の北条煕時はかろうじて難を逃れたが、葛西ヶ谷の時村亭一帯は出火により消失。
- Tokimura's grandson Hirotoki HOJO managed to escape the disaster, but the area including Tokimura's residence in Kasaigayatsu was burnt down.
- モシ当座ニ於テ遁レ難キ儀有ルニオイテコレヲ斬戮スルハ、ソノ子細言上スベキ事。
- If the execution must be performed at once, you must report the details to the bakufu.
- 武家諸法度を難解な漢文から仮名交じり文に改め、誰でも理解できるよう工夫した。
- Arai revised Buke shohatto from difficult Chinese classic form to Kana (the Japanese syllabary) based form so that everyone could read and understand.
- 桜田門外の変・坂下門外の変における尊攘運動の遭難者を和宮降嫁の祝賀として大赦
- An amnesty to be carried out for the victims who supported Sonno Joi during the Sakuradamongai and Sakashita mongai Incidents as part of the celebrations for Kazunomiya koka (the marriage of the Kazunomiya Imperial princess to an commoner.)
- 一般の歴史書でも、皇国史観に正面から反対する学説を発表する事は困難となった。
- It was difficult to get general textbooks published that had theories strongly opposed to Kokokushikan.
- 「洛中洛外に他所酒が多く入り込み、酒屋たちが難儀をしているとの訴えがあった。
- Sake breweries appealed that they ran into difficulties by yosozake coming in and around the capital Kyoto.
- 忠教の五男の難波頼輔は「本朝蹴鞠一道の長」と称されるほどの蹴鞠の名人だった。
- Yorisuke NANBA (the fifth son of Tadanori) was a skillful player of the ball-kicking game 'Kemari,' praised as 'the best Kemari player in the Imperial Court.'
- 大阪が歴史の表舞台に登場するのには、難波京から石山本願寺まで空白期間がある。
- Osaka did not play a major part in the history between the era of Naniwa-kyo and Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple.
- 聖枝祭、受難週、復活大祭、光明週間、フォマの主日を大阪正教会で司祷している。
- He performed Palm Sunday, Holy Week, Easter, Bright Week, and Saint Thomas Sunday at the Osaka Orthodox Church.
- これに対して日本政府は遠隔地での兵站確保は困難であるとして陸軍の派遣は断った。
- The Japanese Government refused the request for the dispatch of the army saying that it was difficult to maintain military depots in such distant places.
- この規定によって、軍部の意向を抜きに組閣し、内閣を維持することは難しくなった。
- Retaining a Cabinet without the military's consent became difficult with this regulation.
- もともとの本尊仏像は、13世紀に盗難にあい、現在は仮に金銅観音像を納めてある。
- The original Buddha statue of honzon (principal object of worship at a temple) was stolen in the thirteenth century; today, a bronze Kannon-zo (statue of the Kannon) is enshrined temporarily.
- おかやは老巧な脇役が演じることで勘平の悲劇が強調されるのでかなりの難役である。
- The role of Okaya is a rather difficult role since it can emphasize Kanpei's tragedy if performed by an experienced supporting actor.
- 大正6年(1917年)9月8日、盛岡において戊辰戦争殉難者50年祭が開かれた。
- On September 8, 1917, the 50th Ceremony for Boshin War martyrs was held in Morioka.
- このため、古来より交通開発が困難であり、交通路が敷かれうる場所も限られていた。
- For this reason, development of transportation facilities has been difficult since ancient times and areas for construction of traffic routes were limited.
- 天皇家に近い一族がスキャンダルまみれとなったことで世間から猛烈な非難を浴びた。
- Moreover, the family were heavily criticized by society for tainting the Imperial Family, to whom they were closely related, with these scandals.
- 1183年 法住寺合戦の際、皇后宮亮子内親王らとともに頌子内親王の五辻第に避難
- In 1183, escaped to Itsutusji-tei of Imperial Princess Shoshi with Kisai no miya Imperial Princess Ryoshi when the Battle of Hoju-ji Temple broke out
- 文政6年(1823年)、仁孝天皇の女御であった姉繋子が難産のため26歳で早世。
- In 1823, her older sister Tsunako, who was the Emperor Ninko's nyogo, died young at the age of 26 due to a difficult birth.
- 「(中略)戦前は議員や国民が自由に発言することは非常に難しかったと思います。」
- (omission of a sentence) I heard that assembly members and the nation had difficulties in speaking freely in the prewar period.'
- 乃楽山で敗れたが、葦池と中つ道で連勝し、最終的に大和を制圧して難波に進出した。
- After he was beaten at Mt. Nara, he won at Ashi-ike Lake and at Naka-tsu-michi Road (Naka-no-michi Road), and finally controlled Yamato Province to advance to Naniwa.
- 更に「右僕射源朝臣」については、「家康を射るという言葉だ」と非難したのである。
- In addition, he said that the phrase of '右僕射源朝臣' meant shooting Ieyasu.
- ただし、当時の造船術や航海術はなお未熟な点も多く、海上での遭難も少なくなかった。
- However, ship building technology and the art of navigation at the time were still fairly amateur, and shipwrecks were not uncommon.
- この頃になると日朝双方とも財政難であり、経費節減志向でようやく一致したのである。
- Both Japan and Korea entered an era of financial difficulty at that time, and the timing was finally consented because they came to have the same cost-saving viewpoint.
- 保良宮と由義宮は短命に終わったが、難波宮は長岡京遷都まで副都の地位を保ち続けた。
- Horanomiya and Yugenomiya were short lived, but Naniwanomiya Palace maintained its position as secondary capital city until the transfer of the national capital to Nagaoka.
- 倭国は、百済滅亡で多くの百済難民を受け入れるとともに、唐・新羅との対立を深めた。
- Wakoku took in numerous Kudara refugees after its fall, but at the same time hostility between Wakoku and Tang-Silla escalated.
- 種々の代替製品が存在することや、資材調達が難しい状況から、生産量は限定的である。
- Due to various alternative products and the difficult situation in which to procure materials, magemono are produced in limited amounts.
- 義経は「今日の難をのがれたのも不思議なこと」と謡いはじめ、家来一同は涙をながす。
- Yoshitsune starts to sing, 'It was a mysterious experience that we got out of trouble today,' and his servants all shed tears.
- 財政難で中断した朝廷の儀式の復興に力を入れる反面、戦乱や疾病に苦しむ民を思った。
- The Emperor worked to restore the Imperial Court events that had long been shelved due to financial difficulties, while on the other hand he cared for people who suffered from the fighting and disease.
- 人生の辛酸を知り尽くした老侠客の心意気が求められ、柔軟取り混ぜた演じ方が難しい。
- Spirit of an old kyokaku who knows the ups and downs of life thoroughly is required and it is difficult to play while mixing firmness and softness together.
- 浦々に掲示し(「浦高札」という)、難船を立証するにはこの証文を必要とするとした。
- The bond (called 'Ura-Kousatsu'), which was posted on the bulletin board, was required to verify a shipwreck.
- また勾配も大変急であり、オートマ車でも1速に入れないと登るのが難しい区間もある。
- It also has pretty steep slopes with zones which is hard to climb for even automatic cars to shift into first gear.
- 康和5年(1103年)第一皇子宗仁親王(鳥羽天皇)を出産するが、難産のため死去。
- In 1103 she died in childbirth, having given birth to the Premier Prince Munehito (later Emperor Toba).
- 緩発式は引金に触れるだけでは作動しないため暴発し難いが、命中精度に劣ると言われる。
- The gradual discharge is said to have small risk of accidental discharge by touching the trigger alone but have lower accuracy.
- しかし、池上は刺殺を企む政府が上京途中に危難を加える虞れがあると主張して反対した。
- IKEGAMI opposed NAGAYAMA for the reason that the government, which was planning the assassination, might attack the party on their way to Tokyo.
- だが、史料上にも乏しくなり、中国商人の日本居住が困難になっていたと考えられている。
- But the instances of the trade between the two countries became scarce in historical materials, and it is considered that Chinese merchants residing in Japan had been already difficult by then.
- 退位後に住んでいた御所が火事になった折、避難するときに牛車の中で大声で歌を歌った。
- When there was a fire at his palace (Gosho) after he abdicated the throne, as he was escaping to a safe place he sang loudly inside the cow-drawn carriage.
- 灯りもなくて闇夜の中で遭難しかけたところへ、1人の女が現れて家まで案内してくれた。
- When he was about to meet a disaster, a female appears in front of the man and guided him back to his home.
- その観念は容易に抜き難く、現在でも東京では、うどんより蕎麦の方が優勢なままである。
- That idea is hard to eliminate and soba remains dominant over udon in Tokyo at present.
- 京都市の財政難から2009年3月8日の第16回大会を最後に中止の方針を固めている。
- Due to financial difficulties, Kyoto City decided to discontinue the tradition after the 16th event on March 8, 2009.
- 峠への登り口には「大型車通行困難」の標識があり、大型車の通行は事実上不可能である。
- As a road sign saying 'Hardly Passable by Large Vehicles' is placed at the approach of the pass, large-sized vehicles practically cannot drive the pass.
- 大和路線(関西本線):加茂駅 - 木津駅 - (奈良駅・天王寺駅・JR難波駅方面)
- The Yamatoji Line (of the Kansai Main Line): Kamo Station - Kizu Station - (the area of Nara Station - Tennoji Station - JR Nanba Station)
- 都は難波宮高津宮(なにわのたかつのみや、現在の大阪府大阪市中央区 (大阪市)か)。
- The capital was Naniwa no Takatsu no miya Palace (probably the present Chuo Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture).
- - 天皇の病を聞き、皇太子が、皇祖母尊、皇后、皇弟、公卿らを率いて難波宮に赴いた。
- - Hearing of the Emperor's illness, the crown prince led the Founder of the Imperial Family, the empress, his younger brother and court nobles to Naniwa no Miya Palace.
- 吉次なる人物のように金を商っている奥州からやって来た商人がいた事は想像に難くない。
- It is natural to imagine that traders of gold like so-called Kichiji came up to Kyoto from Oshu.
- 当時、このあたり一帯は泥沼で、容易に歩ける場所ではなく、攻めるに難しい陣であった。
- At that time, the place he had barricaded himself in was located in the middle of a muddy swamp, so it was not easy to walk around there, making it very difficult to attack.
- 勉三は米一年分を大津(現在の豊頃町)に貯蔵したが帯広への輸送が困難な状況であった。
- Benzo stored a year's worth of rice in Otsu (present-day Toyokoro-cho), but it was difficult to transport it to Obihiro.
- 後期の遣唐使船の多くが風雨に見舞われ、遭難する船も少なくはない命懸けの航海であった。
- They risked their life in sailing because many of the late missions to Tang China encountered storms and went missing.
- 近世において武士が町人・百姓らから耐え難い無礼を受けた時は、斬殺しても処罰されない。
- In modern ages, when a warrior put townspeople or farmers to a sword because he was unbearably insulted by them, he was not punished.
- 後醍醐は再三帰洛命令を出すが尊氏は無視し、義貞を非難する文書を送り返すだけであった。
- Although the Emperor Godaigo repeatedly ordered Takauji to return to Kyoto, Takauji ignored it and just sent a document criticizing Yoshisada back to him.
- 元勲世代からの総理大臣擁立は困難と考えた元老によって、新たに推されたのが桂であった。
- Genro (elder statesman) thought it almost impossible to elect a Prime Minister from the generation of Genkun (the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration), so they decided to chose Katsura.
- また、軍事力だけでは攻略は困難と判断した信長は諜略によって浅井家の内部分裂を謀った。
- Nobunaga, who decided that it would be hard to capture the enemies only with forces, framed a conspiracy to cause internal divisions in the Azai clan.
- 年代が短いこともあり、大正時代に限ってのみ活躍した人物というものをあげるのは難しい。
- It is hard to name people who were only active during the Taisho period due to its short time frame.
- 古田重然の弟古田重府は、織部改易の折に難を逃れて豊前小倉の萱野伝左衛門に身を寄せた。
- Shigefu (重府) FURUTA, a younger brother of Juzen FURUTA (a founder of the Oribe school), took refuge at Denzaemon KAYANO in the Kokura Domain, Buzen Province when the Oribe family was punished by being deprived of its fief.
- そのため、古典上の創作が許されて現代の創作が非難されることを理不尽とする意見もある。
- Therefore, there is an opinion that allows fabrications in Japanese classics yet criticizes modern creations as irrational.
- しかし種々の難問があったことや所期の目的を達成したことからすぐに解散の声明を発した。
- However, because various difficult problems existed and initial purposes were achieved, the announcement about dissolving the body was issued.
- 阿部源一(第5回会議のみ欠席。祝日化は望ましくない。強いて挙げるなら1月1日が無難)
- Genichi ABE (He was absent only from the fifth meeting. It is not desirable to make it a national holiday. If a day must be chosen, January 1 is innocuous.)
- 現在でも難所の多い国道477号においても、百井別れと合わせて走行が難しい区間である。
- It is one of the difficult points to drive, along with Momoi-wakare curve, in the National Route 477 which still has many chokepoints today.
- 近江屋の跡地には現在では旅行代理店が建ち、坂本・中岡遭難之地としての石碑のみが残る。
- Now a travel agency is located at the site of Omiya, and only a stone monument remains in the place where Sakamoto and Nakaoka met a disaster.
- 第一皇女が誕生するが、難産であったため、皇女は同日に、繁子も翌々日に息を引き取った。
- The first princess was born, but due to the difficult delivery, the princess died on that day and so did Tsunako two days later.
- 北海道の密林と原野を開拓して理想郷を創造するというこの仕事は、実際には困難を極めた。
- The tasks of cultivating woodland and wasteland in Hokkaido and building a utopia were, in reality, a very troublesome endeavor.
- しかし実際には、藩閥が対立均衡している下で、内閣が十分に力を発揮することは難しかった。
- Yet in reality, given the context of feuding among the domainal cliques, it was quite difficult for the Cabinet to function effectively.
- これら戦没者の慰霊碑が、マルタの当時のイギリス海軍墓地に榊遭難から1年後に建立された。
- A year after Sakaki's disaster, the memorial monument for the fallen soldiers was built in the then British navy cemetery in Malta.
- 浦終い(うらじまい)とは、日本の海難事故に際して行われる伝統的な儀式や事後処理の慣習。
- Urajimai is a Japanese custom of conducting traditional ceremonies and handling the aftermath of accidents at sea.
- その後世界各地に広がり、近年では日本人観光客がいない観光地を探すことの方が困難である。
- Later people's choice spread to various places around the world, and it is now difficult to find a tourist site where you cannot spot any Japanese.
- 他の雲水たちと共に座禅を組み、托鉢に回り、時には寺の財政難を建て直すべく力を尽くした。
- He meditated along with other Unsui, went around for Takuhatsu (a traditional form of begging, common to Buddhist monks in Japan), and occasionally tried all his power to recover the temple from its financial crisis.
- 南北朝時代に中絶後、江戸時代初期に飛鳥井雅庸の子難波宗勝が再興し飛鳥井家庶流となった。
- After the family line failed once during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, in the early Edo period Munekatsu NANBA, the child of Masatsune ASUKAI, re-established the family and became the side line of the House of Asukai.
- (ニュースフィルムに火炎瓶を投げつけられ避難する夫妻および関係者の映像が残っている)。
- (In addition, a film for a news show has left the scene that the Imperial couple and the persons concerned are evacuating after being hurled the Molotov cocktail).
- 日本に戻り、東大寺の明一(みょういつ)に宗義を難問され、行賀はそれに返答できなかった。
- Back in Japan, when he was asked a difficult question about the doctrine by Myoitsu of Todai-ji Temple, he could not answer.
- これを機に、秀吉は家康を正攻法で打ち破ることは困難と判断し、伊勢国の織田信雄を攻めた。
- After this, Hideyoshi came to consider that it would be difficult to defeat Ieyasu using regular tactics for attack, and attacked Nobukatsu in Ise Province.
- 政宗も秀吉から謀反への関与を疑われるも、最終的には無関係であるとされ連座の難を逃れた。
- Masamune was also suspected of taking part in treason, but eventually he was considered not related, escaping from the difficulty of being implicated.
- 通詞の西善三郎からオランダ語学習の困難さを諭され、玄白はオランダ語習得を断念している。
- At that time, Zensaburo NISHI, a Dutch translator, admonished Genpaku against learning Dutch due to its difficulty, and Genpaku took the advice and gave up mastering the language.
- 中間に長い手事があり、三味線の技法も凝っており、複雑な転調と共に演奏の難しい曲とされる。
- This piece is considered a difficult piece of music with its complicated modulations, due to the shamisen's sophisticated technique for the long movement in the middle.
- しかし8月6日、伊藤らが横浜へ娯遊中に泥棒が入り、草案の入った鞄が盗難に遭ってしまった。
- But on August 6, while Ito and others went to Yokohama for leisure, someone broke in Azuma-ya and stole a bag containing the draft papers.
- 清涼殿にいて難を逃れた公卿たちは大混乱に陥り、醍醐天皇も急遽清涼殿から常寧殿に避難した。
- The court nobles who were in the Seiryoden and were able to escape danger were thrown into a panic, and Emperor Daigo escaped hurriedly from the Seiryoden to the Joneiden (Empress' residence).
- 兼実は「未だ貴種高僧のかくの如き難に遭ふを聞かず」(『玉葉』11月22日条)と慨嘆した。
- Kanezane lamented, 'I have never heard of a high priest of noble birth who had such hardship' ('Gyokuyo,' entry of January 13, 1184).
- しかしながら、街道は大部隊が通るには困難な地形であったために官軍は各地で薩軍に敗退した。
- Since the roads had difficult terrains for such big troops to advance, however, the government army were defeated by the Satsuma army in various parts along the highways.
- 孝徳天皇は難波長柄豊崎宮(大阪市中央区 (大阪市))を造営し、そこを日本の首都と定めた。
- Emperor Kotoku built Naniwa no Nagara no Toyosaki no Miya Palace (Chuo Ward, Osaka City [Osaka City]) and designated the city as the capital of Japan.
- 平成3年(1991年)、雲仙岳噴火の際には、島原市からの避難民を床に膝を着いて見舞った。
- When Mt. Unzen erupted in 1991, he visited shelters to console evacuees from Shimabara City, with his knees on the floor of the shelters.
- 男子学生に混じり様々ないじめや苦労の艱難辛苦を舐めつつ 3 年間で優秀な成績で修了する。
- Being only woman among male students, she experienced various types of bullying and went through hardship and troubles, but she graduated with excellent results in three years.
- そんな朝倉氏を頼り、都からも多くの貴族、文化人らが避難がてら一乗谷を訪れ、滞在している。
- Many aristocrats and cultured people, who evacuated the capital, relied on the Asakura clan and went to stay in Iichijodani.
- しかしちょうどこの頃、遠林寺の祐海などを通じて内蔵助もお家再興が難しい情勢を知っている。
- It was at that moment that Kuranosuke came to learn from Yuma of Enrin-ji Temple of the difficulty regarding the restoration of the family.
- このようにして、難なく統治し、関東はこれ以降現在に至るまで大きく発展を遂げることとなる。
- In these ways, Ieyasu governed the region without any difficulty, and after this, Kanto has developed greatly until now.
- 西郷らが蜂起した西南戦争では中立の立場をとり、戦火から逃れるため桜島に一時避難している。
- In the Seinan War in which Saigo rose against the central government, he took a neutral position and took refuge at Sakurajima for some time to evade the war.
- 当時最新鋭の銃であるが、国内では専用弾薬の調達が困難で、戦局に影響を与えることはなかった。
- This type of gun was state-of-the-art at the time, but it did not make a significant impact as it was hard for the bakufu to get the bullets specific to the rifles.
- 奈良時代前期の726年(神亀3)、聖武天皇が藤原宇合に命じ、難波宮に瓦葺の離宮を造営した。
- In 726 during the early Nara period, Emperor Shomu ordered FUJIWARA no Umakai to build the Rikyu (an Imperial Villa) with tiled roofing at the Naniwa no miya.
- その後移転先の決定について難航を重ねた末に大正6年(1917年)に付近の平野部に移転した。
- After experiencing many difficulties in deciding the new place to settle, the village was relocated to a nearby plain region in 1917.
- 奈良時代に設置された宮(後期難波宮)と合わせて京として実質を伴ったとする見解が有力である。
- It is strongly thought that the Zenki Naniwa no Miya Palace functioned as the capital together with the Koki Naniwa no miya Palace (the Late Naniwa no Miya Palace) which was built during the Nara period.
- しかし、事件の発端となったおぬいの浮気相手の松永寅次郎は京都の宇治へ行って難を逃れていた。
- However, Torajiro MATSUNAGA, who had an affair with Onui and caused the incident, was in Uji, Kyoto then and escaped from the mass murder.
- 美しい姉妹の容貌も恋情も身分違いの前には如何ともし難く、結局一途な恋は実ることがなかった。
- Their single-minded love never came to a head because the sisters' beauty and unrestrained love could not defeat their difference in status.
- 後白河に難は及ばなかったが、治承2年(1178年)安徳天皇の立太子を認めざるを得なくなる。
- Although Goshirakawa was not in trouble, later on he had to accept Emperor Antoku to become Crown Prince in 1178.
- 長興の没後、先例の蓄積である官文庫の古文書を失った大宮家は官務としての仕事が困難となった。
- Because the Omiya family lost the ancient documents in their kanbunko, which was an accumulation of works from the past generations, it became difficult for the Omiya family members to work as government officials after Nagaoki's death.
- 翌年帰国の途に就いた遣唐使一行はかろうじて第1船のみが種子島に漂着、残りの3船は難破した。
- The envoy ships set sail for Japan a year later, but only one of them, ship first managed to arrived in Tanegashima Island of Japan after being adrift on the sea, and other three ships were wrecked.
- 欽明天皇22年(561年)には難波大郡(なにわのおおごおり)にて百済と新羅の使者を接待する。
- The government welcomed the envoy of the Baekje and Silla Kingdoms at Naniwa-no-Ogori in 561.
- 最初に挙げられている首都の設置は、650年(白雉1)の難波長柄豊崎宮への遷都により実現した。
- The first object mentioned in this article, the establishment of the capital, was realized by the transfer of the capital to Naniwa no Nagara no Toyosaki no Miya Palace in 650.
- このような幕府の藩札の取り締まりにも関わらず、財政難に苦しむ諸藩は幕府に無断で発行を続けた。
- Despite the shogunate's restrictions, domains with financial difficulties continued to issue han bills without permission.
- 難波京(なにわきょう、なにわのみやこ)は、古代日本において大阪市の地に設営された都城である。
- Naniwa-kyo Capital was a capital established in Osaka City of ancient Japan.
- 叡山に避難していた法皇は京へ戻ると、上洛した木曾義仲・源行家らを迎えて平氏追討の院宣を下す。
- The Cloistered Emperor, who escaped to Eizan, returned to Kyoto and welcomed Yoshinaka KISO and MINAMOTO no Yukiie after they came to Kyoto from the countryside, then gave a command from a retired emperor to overthrow the Taira clan.
- しかし晩年に太平洋戦争が勃発、跡継ぎである長男も応召、研究も作陶も物資不足の中困難となった。
- In his last years, as the Pacific War began, his first son the successor was called up for military service, and it became difficult to continue studies and making pottery due to insufficient supplies
- しかし同社は資金難により2か月で解散、この間に製作したうちの2作の配給が決まらず宙に浮いた。
- However, Kokusai Eiga-sha was liquidated two months after its establishment due to financial difficulties, leaving the two films it produced undistributed.
- つなぎとして大量のヤマノイモ(山芋)を入れることにより、細く切った麺でも腰が強く千切れ難い。
- Since a large amount of yam is added to the soba dough as a binding agent, noodles remain elastic and do not to break easily even when they are cut very thin.
- 鋼材高騰を背景にコスト面で優れていたが、デザイン上難があったため80年代しか普及しなかった。
- While they had a cost advantage under the soaring cost of steel, there were drawbacks in design and they were used only in the 1980s.
- また大文字山の東にあり京都市街地から頂を確認することが難しい如意ヶ岳も含まれないことが多い。
- Similarly, it often excludes Mt. Nyoigadake to the east of Mt. Daimonji, whose top is hard to be identified from the central Kyoto.
- 休暇を申請して急遽帰国し、焼失した自宅から父国香の屍を探し、山中に避難した母と妻を探し出す。
- Hastily returning home after taking a leave of absence, he searched out the corpse of his father Kunika at his house burnt down, and found out his mother and his wife both of whom had evacuated in the mountains.
- 翌年6月24日の嘉吉の変の際は義教に供奉していたが、いち早く逃げ出し難を逃れることができた。
- He accompanied Yoshinori in the Kakitsu Incident on June 24 but he escaped at once and got himself out of trouble.
- また、たとえ事実であったとしてもそれは家格の高さを示す事こそあれ、軟弱さの象徴とは言い難い。
- Even if it is true, it indicates nothing more than his high social standing and cannot be seen as a symbol of his weakness.
- 黒田三左衛門曰く「先鋒がもし敗れたならば我が本軍もまた恐らくは支え難からん是れ吾が死所なり。」
- Sanzaemon KURODA said, 'If the advance troops lost, our main troops will probably not hold, so this is to be my last stand.'
- 「1 - 2キロほどしか見通しもきかず、呼吸ですら困難なほどであった」と地元新聞は伝えている。
- A local newspaper reported that 'the visibility was only 1 to 2 km and it was difficult even to breathe.'
- しかしちょうどこの頃、遠林寺の祐海などを通じて内蔵助もお家再興が難しい情勢を知ったといわれる。
- Meanwhile, at around this time, Kuranosuke received information through Yukai from Enrin-ji Temple that the restoration of the Asano clan was not going well.
- それゆえに目標に刺すのが手裏剣より難しいことから命中させるのは相当の手馴れ(てだれ)とされた。
- Therefore it was said that only a very skilled person could hit a target because stabbing the target with a kunai was more difficult than with a shuriken.
- 其他、竹内金次郎も先日走り帰りて、語るにも、小銃の弾丸は樫木を用る等、実に困難を極めたりと云。
- Kinjiro TAKEUCHI, who ran back the other day, also talked that their hardships were so extreme, for example, as to have used hard tree chips for bullets for small guns.
- そこへ正栄尼が徳川家の三つの難題を知らせに来たため、淀君のヒステリーはひどくなるばかりである。
- Then Shoeini came to inform her of the three unreasonable demands, that made her temper grow worse and worse.
- 芝居で使われたが、演奏法が難しいため現在は実際の馬の鳴き声を録音したものが使われることが多い。
- Although it was once used in plays, a recording of a horse is usually used nowadays because of the difficulty of playing the uma.
- しかしこの形式に沿わない講談、落語は多数存在するため、内容や形式から分類することは困難である。
- Not all kodan and rakugo are formalized this way, however, making it difficult to categorize them by substance and form.
- やがて、斎藤氏の没落によって東からの脅威は取り払われたが、六角氏の北進を阻むのは困難であった。
- In the course of time, the threat from the east had disappeared due to the fall of the Saito clan, however, it was difficult to block the Rokkaku clan's northing.
- したがって律令法のなかに、日本の古代社会の内部に行われていた法慣行を見いだすことは困難である。
- Thus, it is difficult to find examples of legal practices used in ancient Japanese society under ritsuryo law,.
- 建振熊命(たけふるくまのみこと)、難波根子建振熊(なにわねこたけふるくま)は、古墳時代の人物。
- Takefurukuma no mikoto (武振熊命) was a figure in the Kofun period (tumulus period), whose name was also written as 建振熊命(Takefurukuma no mikoto) and who was also called Naniwanekotakefurukuma (難波根子建振熊).
- したがって、大久保利通や岩倉具視の遭難にも増して(旧幕府側の)不平士族による犯行と考えられる。
- Accordingly, more than the disasters of Toshimichi OKUBO and Tomomi IWAKURA, it is probable that the crime was committed by fuhei shizoku (the former samurai with gripes of the former bakufu side).
- このため、西洋の諸国では困難を極めた地積単位のメートル法への移行は、日本ではスムーズに行われた。
- Therefore, the units of acreage were easily switched to the units of the metric system in Japan, while it was a quite difficult task for Western countries.
- 兼実は、隆季・通親の申状を「権門(清盛)の素意を察し、朝家の巨害を知らず」と激しく非難している。
- Kanezane launched a furious criticism of Takasue and Michichika's official report to the emperor, saying 'you try to divine Kiyomori's will, but care nothing if it causes great harm to the imperial family.'
- 本武器には防御性は殆どないので、最初の一撃をかわされ、踏み込まれた場合対処が難しいと考えられる。
- Since the kusakarigama offers little in the way of defensive capabilitiies, if the opponent dodges the first blow and comes in close, the wielder is likely to have great difficulty dealing with his opponent.
- 逆に大作といわれるネタや人情噺などのうちで特に難易度の高い作品を「大ネタ」と俗称することもある。
- In contrast, within the category ninjo-banashi, or of those performances which are considered masterpieces, works which are particularly difficult to perform are commonly called 'oneta.'
- 建造物以外の有形の文化財については、生活様式の急激な変化等に伴い残存することが困難な状態にある。
- Tangible cultural properties other than architecture are in a difficult situation to survive because of abrupt changes in lifestyle, etc.
- 気温の関係で山廃酛や生酛を造ることが困難な九州地方等では純米酒や吟醸酒の酒母としても使用される。
- In the Kyushu region where it is difficult to produce Yamahaimoto or kimoto due to its air temperature, Koon-toka-moto is used as shubo for making junmaishu (sake made without added alcohol or sugar) and ginjoshu (high-quality sake brewed at low temperatures from rice grains polished to 60 % or less in weight).
- 信忠は明智光秀軍に二条御所が包囲される直前、休戦協定を結び誠仁親王を脱出させたため、難を逃れた。
- Nobutada made a harrowing escape to arrange a cease-fire agreement just before the Nijo Palace was surrounded by Mitsuhide AKECHI, and then let Prince Sanehito escaped from the Palace.
- 半年後に釈放されたが、宮邸に帰宅してみると、集団強盗に襲われ家財の多くを盗難にあっていたという。
- He was released six months later, however, it is said that his house was burglarized and most of his furniture was stolen.
- 二人の争いをお梶が止めに入り、徳兵衛はお梶が以前、自身の難儀を救ってくれた恩人とわかり謝罪する。
- Okaji intervened to stop the two men from fighting, and Tokube apologized because he recognized that she had been saved from his own ordeal before.
- 国道307号の旧道であり、急勾配・ 急カーブが連続する交通の難所のため早期の改良が望まれていた。
- It is an old road of Route 307 and it required early improvement since it was a traffic choke point which had continuous steep slopes and sharp curves.
- やがて、蓮如が寛正の法難によって大谷本願寺を延暦寺によって破壊されると、堅田に逃亡する事になる。
- When Otani Hongan-ji Temple was destroyed by Enryaku-ji Temple in the religious persecution in the Kansei Era, Rennyo fled to Katata.
- 柏原市内で、「亀の瀬」とよばれる地域を通るが、本街道としては現在に至るまで、難所として知られた。
- The highway passes through a place called 'Kamenose' in Kashiwara City, which has been known till today as a rough spot.
- すでに息子の他戸親王は立太子され、井上内親王が老齢の夫、光仁天皇を呪ったとは、信じ難い所がある。
- It is unbelievable that Imperial Princess Inoe cursed her old-aged husband, Emperor Konin, because Imperial Prince Osabe was already formally installed as Crown Prince.
- 文治元年(1185年)11月3日 都を落ちる義経に同行するが、九州へ向かう船が難破し一行は離散。
- Although he accompanied Yoshitsune who had been expelled from Kyoto on November 3, 1185, their ship heading for Kyushu sank and the brigade was dismissed.
- 油小路の変時は、阿部十郎と共に外出中だったため難を逃れ、薩摩藩に属した後、近藤勇襲撃に加わった。
- At Aburanokoji Incident, he got out of trouble because he was out with Juro ABE, and after belonging to Satsuma clan, he joined the attack on Isami KONDO.
- この事件の際、井上佐一郎と同行していて難を逃れた同僚の岩崎弥太郎は後の三菱財閥の創始者となった。
- Yataro IWASAKI, a colleague accompanying Saichiro INOUE on this occasion who had escaped this ordeal, later became the founder of the Mitsubishi Zaibatsu.
- 留学先のドイツフライブルク大学で近眼のため顕微鏡を使うのに困難を感じ、西洋史学の研究に転向した。
- He then went on to study at the University of Freiburg in Germany, but he found handling microscopes difficult due to his nearsightedness, so he changed his research field to Western world history.
- しかし、1900年に治安警察法が施行されると、各組合の財政難、使用者側の反撃とあいまって衰退した。
- However, when the Security Police Law was enforced in 1900, it declined together with the unions' economic difficulties and employers' countercharge.
- 自刃した土佐藩士は妙国寺内にあつく葬られ、遭難したフランス人の碑も神戸市立外国人墓地に建てられた。
- The executed Tosa retainers were buried in a revered manner on the precinct of Myokoku-ji Temple and a monument for the French sailors killed was also elected in the foreign cemetery of Kobe City.
- 現在の価値観からは非難されるが、当時としては同化政策によって国民統合を図るのは普通のことであった。
- It deserves criticizm by current standards, but at the time, it was common to achieve national integration by assimilationism.
- 物音に気づいて目を覚ました三五郎と小万は難を逃れるが、その場に来合わせた幸八を含め五人を斬り殺す。
- Sangoro and Koman wake at the sound and escape, however Gengobe keeps swinging his sword; at a result he murdered five people including Kohachi who happened to come to the sight.
- 旗本奴の白柄組の侍が通行人の親子に難癖をつけているのを町奴唐犬権兵衛が仲裁に入り親子の難儀を救う。
- When a samurai (a warrior), a member of 'Shiratsuka-gumi' that is a group of 'hatamoto-yattko' (young upper vassals of Tokugawa house who form a group and ace violently) picks a fight with passengers of a parent and a child, TOKEN Gonbei, a machi-yattko (ordinary people who are defiant toward 'hatamoto'), intervenes and helps them out of the trouble.
- 第二次世界大戦時のイギリスなど一部では食糧難の際の代用食として推奨されたが、あまり定着しなかった。
- In some regions, for example, in the England during World WarⅡ, where food was not available sufficiently, use of whale meet as substitute food was recommended, but such practice didn't become established.
- また、京都市と向日市は市街地が連続しており、現地に行ってみても一目で市境を判別するのは困難である。
- The downtown areas of Kyoto City and Muko City are connected, making it difficult to easily determine the border.
- 「難太平記」は今川貞世が著した史書で、太平記の誤りを訂正しつつ、今川氏の事績を中心に書かれている。
- The 'Nantaiheiki' (Defects of the Taiheiki) is a historical work written by Sadayo IMAGAWA in which he attempts to correct the errors in the Taiheiki, though its primary focus is on the achievements of the Imagawa clan.
- しかし、この空知郡は内陸部に位置し物資の輸送等が困難であったことから海岸近くへの移転を申し入れた。
- However, as the Sorachi-gun County was located inland, which caused difficulty in transporting goods for example, Kuninao applied for permission to be relocated to a coastal area.
- 特に11世紀には内裏や大寺社の火災が多く、これらの再建を目的とした臨時課税が困難になる状況を来した。
- Especially in the 11th century, a number of fire disasters occurred in dairi (the Imperial Palace), main temples and shrines, and it was difficult to levy extraordinary taxes for their reconstruction.
- 逆縁(ぎゃくえん)とは、仏の教えを素直に信じない(縁に背く)こと、またはそのような救い難い人をいう。
- The gyaku-en indicates the concept of not believing in the teachings of Buddha (i.e., defying the 'en', or connection with Buddha) unquestioningly or someone who can not be saved.
- そして、一度蘇我氏の勢力圏の飛鳥から難波宮に移動しながら、蘇我氏の勢力圏である飛鳥に再び戻っている。
- Furthermore, despite moving out of Asuka once, the influence area of the Soga clan, to Naniwanimiya Palace, they moved back to Asuka, the influence zone of the Soga clan.
- 特に陰陽では相反する要素と考える男女の関係性などを含む様々な側面でも利用されたことは想像に難くない。
- Especially in the philosophy of Onmyo, it is not hard to imagine that term was applied to various aspects of things including the relationship between men and women, which are considered to be of opposite elements.
- 平治元年(1159年)12月平治の乱が起こると、二条は反乱軍に幽閉されるが清盛の六波羅邸へ避難する。
- In December 1159 there was a Heiji War and Emperor Nijo was confined by the oppositions, but he escaped to TAIRA no Kiyomori's Rokuhara tei (TAIRA clan's villa located between Gojo and Shichijo, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto city).
- - 大郡から新しい宮に遷り、そこを難波長柄豊碕宮と名づけた(大化元年12月9日に同趣旨の記事あり)。
- - He moved from Ogori to a new palace and named it Naniwa Nagara Toyosaki no Miya Palace (there is an article dated December 9, 645 with the same subject).
- そのため、人々は「近く火の雨が降る」との虚言を弄し、天皇を岩屋に幽閉して難を逃れたという逸話がある。
- The anecdote claims that in order to escape the danger, people confined the emperor in a cave by making him believe that fireballs were about to fall from heaven.
- 欽明天皇元年(539年)、大伴金村が任那4郡を百済に割譲したことを非難し、金村を政界から引退させた。
- In 539, he accused OTOMO no Kanamura of ceding the four areas of Mimane to Baekje, and made Kanamura retire from the political world.
- しかしこれは、主筋であった豊臣氏を滅ぼしたことへの非難を避けるための後世の創作であるという説もある。
- However, there is also the theory that this story was fabricated in a later generation to avoid the criticism that Ieyasu ruined the Toyotomi family, which had been his master family
- 京都市教育委員会が翌年3月に保守派から非難された3教員を他校に転任させることで事態を収拾しようとした。
- In March of the next year, the Kyoto City Board of Education tried to stabilize the situation by transferring three teachers, who were accused by the conservatives.
- 翌長寛元年(1163年)3月に工事を再開したが、難工事であったため、その際さまざまな伝説が生じている。
- In 1163 the construction work restarted, but it was difficult work, which gave rise to various legends.
- 国道429号が通っているが、すれ違い不能の狭路と見通しの悪いつづら折れのため通行はきわめて困難である。
- National Route 429 running through the pass is blind winding road which is so narrow that vehicles hardly go by each other and that makes the traffic extremely difficult to go through.
- 子の億計・弘計(後の仁賢・顕宗)兄弟は難が及ぶのを恐れ、帳内とともに丹波国を経て播磨国明石郡に逃れた。
- The children of Prince Oshiha, brother princes Oke (億計) and Oke (弘計) (later, the Emperor Ninken and the Emperor Kenzo), were afraid of an approaching danger; so, they escaped with their Toneri officers to Akashi County in Harima Province via Tamba Province.
- しかし、増田明道兵部少丞等他の海軍担当官との関係は良好とは言い難く、佐野の奮闘は空回りでしかなかった。
- However, a relationship between governors in charge of navy, including a Hyobu shojo Meido MASUDA, was not a friendly one and the effort of Sano failed to show results.
- 当時の日本は、外国人の入国が困難であったため、とりあえず琉球に渡り、那覇市で日本語と日本文化を学んだ。
- At that time, because it was difficult for foreigners to enter Japan, he journeyed to Naha City in Ryukyu, and studied Japanese language and culture.
- この記事の寛治4年(1090年)では、源義忠はわずか7歳でしかないため、一軍を率いていたとは考え難い。
- This article describes the battle in 1090, but MINAMOTO no Yoshitada was only seven years old at the time, so it is impossible to think Yoshitada led the army.
- 難航の末イギリスの仲介もあり清は日本の出兵を「義挙」と認め50万両(テール)の賠償をすることで決着した。
- The negotiations floundered but, through the mediatiion of Britain, came to the conclusion that Qing would recognize the dispatch of the Japanese force as 'Gikyo (actions out of justice)' and pay 500,000 ryo (taes).
- 君が代の歌詞が難解、雰囲気が陰鬱という点を取り上げて、君が代が好きになれないという意見を述べる者もいる。
- There are certain persons who state they cannot like Kimigayo because the words are difficult to understand and the atmosphere of the song is cheerless.
- 「御角」(みつの)と呼ばれる銀の網を掛け、波模様を彫った桑の木で犀角をかたどった水難避けの護符を掛ける。
- A silver net called 'mitsuno' and gofu (talisman) in the shape of rhinoceros made out of mulberry trees with waved patterns carved on it, which is used as protection against floods, are hung from the hooks.
- これは毛筆による筆跡では决と決の判別が困難なことがあり、翻刻時の判断で决か決が決まってしまうことによる。
- Because it is difficult to discern the difference between '决' and '决'from handwriting made with a brush, whether'决' or '决' is used depends on the judgment of persons who made transcripts.
- 天誅組の残党は山中の難路を歩いて脱出をこころみるが、重傷を負っていた吉村寅太郎は一行から落伍してしまう。
- Remnants of Tenchu-gumi walked a rough road in the mountain and tried to escape, but Torataro YOSHIMURA, who bore a serious wound, dropped out of the party.
- また島津氏の薩摩藩では、およそ田畑にすることは困難であると考えられる土地まで検知帳に載せて徴税を行った。
- In the Satsuma Domain of the Shimazu clan, tax was collected based on the land survey list that even included the land not suitable for rice fields and vegetable fields.
- この間に立って論難攻撃したり新脚本を書いたりするのは、ルーテルが法王の御教書を焼くと同一の勇気を要する。
- Courage was needed to criticize or write a new script, in this situation, just like when Lutheran burned migyosho (documents for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities) of the Pope.
- ある晩幸蔵は、悪人に金を盗まれ悲嘆にくれる刀屋新助と愛人おもとの難儀を救うため、稲毛の屋敷から百両盗む。
- One night, Kozo steals 100 ryo (currency unit) from a residence of Inage to save Shinsuke KATANAYA and his lover Omoto who are distressed because their money had been stolen by an evil stranger.
- また、武市を処刑に追い込んだ張本人であるため、一部では「将来の総理大臣を殺した」者として非難されている。
- In addition, since he was the person who had put Takechi to death, some people criticized him for killing the future Prime Minister.
- また、各地の援軍もそつなくこなしている点も考えれば家臣を雇わなかった点については非難する理由とならない。
- Considering that he performed military service as a reinforcement to the allies at various places without any mistakes, the fact that he did not employ vassals cannot be a reason to charge him.
- 築き堤奉行には蜂須賀正勝が任命され、宇喜多忠家が黒田官兵衛の指導のもと難所の門前村から下出田村までを担当。
- Masakatsu HACHISUKA was put in charge of the embankment while Tadaie UKITA, under the direction of Kanbei KURODA, was in charge of the difficult area from Monzen Village to Shimoideta Village.
- そのため、実質を重視する商人にとって名目貨幣は受け入れ難く、含有銀量をもって取引しようとするものであった。
- So for business people, to whom value was important, nominal money was something hard to accept and they wanted to trade on the basis of silver content.
- 加屋・斎藤らは銃撃を受け死亡し、首謀者の太田黒も銃撃を受けて重傷を負い、付近の民家に避難したのち自刃した。
- KAYA, SAITO and others were shot to death, and the ringleader OTAGURO, too, was injured by gunshot, took refuge to a nearby private house and then committed suicide.
- ただし、その当時発行したと思われる藩札とおぼしき紙片もあるが、虫食いや磨耗が激しく真贋の鑑別が困難である。
- Although a piece of paper, which may be a han bill issued at that time, still exists, it is difficult to determine if it is a han bill because of bug bites and damages.
- また通常は同程度の負傷者がいるはずであり、結果として敗残兵の再編成でしばらくは兵を動かすことは難しくなる。
- It would have taken Katsuyori a while to move his troops as he had to reorganize the injured remnants who were presumably as many as the dead.
- 1871年(明治4年)10月、宮古島から首里へ年貢を輸送し、帰途についた琉球御用船が台風による暴風で遭難。
- In October 1871, a Ryukyu-controlled ship was caught in a violent typhoon and went missing on their way home after carrying nengu (annual tribute) from Miyako Island to Shuri.
- 黒田は、北海道の開拓に難渋する現状では自然条件がいっそう不利な樺太まで手が回らないという考えを抱いていた。
- KURODA thought that as the reclamation of Hokkaido was not going smoothly, it was too much work for the government to develop Sakhalin as it was under more severe natural conditions.
- 現在のような大規模な流通販路の確保や広告宣伝が難しかった時代においては驚異的ベストセラーであったと言える。
- It was an amazing best-seller book in the period of time when no major distribution routes nor nationwide advertizing campaigns were available.
- 日朝修好条規において、釜山以外に二港を開港するとしながら、どこにするかという具体論になると交渉は難航した。
- The Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity provided that two ports would be opened besides Busan, but negotiations to decide the exact places were proceeding with difficulty.
- 平城京は大きな川から離れている為、大量輸送できる大きな船が使えず、食料など効率的に運ぶことが困難であった。
- Since Heijo-kyo was built far from a big river it was not possible to use a ship, so it was difficult to transport food efficiently.
- 安徳天皇を擁していてもその即位はクーデターによるものであり、平氏が自己の立場を正当化することは困難だった。
- Even if they supported Emperor Antoku, his ascension was by a coup d'etat and it was difficult for the Taira clan to maintain credibility.
- また、厳密な皇籍復帰に分類するのは困難であるが、白川伯王家(花山天皇子孫、花山源氏の家系) が挙げられる。
- It is not easy to be strictly classified as secession (of a prince) from the Imperial Family, but one example is the Shirakawahakuo family (Emperor KAZAN's descendant, Kazan Minamoto clan's family line).
- 浦証文は、通航の浦港で、当地の代官、手代、庄屋などの立ち会いの上、難船の残存荷物、船具などを証明したもの。
- Ura-shomon was a bond to certify wrecked cargo and fittings left on a wrecked ship, which was issued in the presence of such persons as a magistrate, a clerk, and a village headman.
- おりしも、同年9月1日に起きた関東大震災で首都が壊滅し、松竹や日活の在京撮影所が京都に避難・機能移転した。
- After Tokyo was devastated by the Kanto Great Earthquake occurred on September 1 of the same year, studios of Shochiku and Nikkatsu located in Tokyo were relocated to Kyoto.
- 災難よけの一種のお守りとして使われるようになったり、特に枕絵の絵巻は花嫁の性教育のテキストとして使われた。
- It was used as a kind of good luck charm, especially the makurae picture scroll was used for a sexual manual for a bride.
- 京都盆地から比叡山を見た場合、大比叡の頂を確認することが難しく、四明岳を比叡山の山頂だと見なすことがある。
- When one views Mt. Hiei from the Kyoto basin, it is difficult to see the Daihiei peak, so some think that Shimeigatake is the peak of Mt. Hiei.
- 義政は畠山の私闘への関わりを禁じるが、宗全は後土御門天皇や後花園上皇らを室町亭に避難させ、義就に加勢する。
- Yoshimasa forbade involvement in the personal strife within the Hatakeyama family, but Sozen arranged for keeping Emperor Gotsuchimikado and the Retired Emperor Gohanazono sheltered in Muromachi-dai, and gave support to Yoshinari.
- 事件発生時、幸徳は郷里の高知県にいたため難を逃れたが、事件を知るや直ちに上京し、勢力の建て直しに奔走した。
- KOTOKU, who escaped imprisonment because he had been in his hometown in Kochi at the time of the incident, went back to Tokyo as soon as he heard of the incident and struggled to rebuild the movement.
- このことが、京都の幕府(義教)と、鎌倉府(持氏)の狭間で調停役となった憲実の立場を、一層難しいものにした。
- This made Norizane's position of mediator between Bakufu in Kyoto (Yoshinori) and Kamakura Bakufu (Mochiuji) more difficult.
- また、難解な「野馬台詩」の解読や、囲碁の勝負などを課せられたが、これも阿倍仲麻呂の霊の援助により解決した。
- Makibi was also forced to decipher a difficult 'Yamatai shi' (Poems on Japan) and to play Igo (a board game of capturing territory), but he managed to succeed in all of the challenges facing him with the help of the wraith of ABE no Nakamaro.
- 翌年難攻不落ながら港湾部の町から離れた七尾城を廃城、港を臨む小山を縄張りして小丸山城(七尾市)を築城した。
- Nanao-jo Castle was impregnable but far from the seaport towns, so he gave it up and surveyed a small mountain from which he could overlook the port and constructed Komaruyama-jo Castle (Nanao City) there.
- 農林水産省は、農業収入や兼業のみでの棚田の維持が難しいと考え、観光地化を目的とした日本の棚田百選を選定した。
- The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries selected the 100 best rice terraces in Japan for the purpose of promoting tourism, because the ministry determined that it was difficult to maintain rice terraces only through agricultural revenues and dual occupations.
- それらの方法が困難な場所は、田の地下に横穴を設け、湧き水や伏流水など地下に涵養された水を利用する場合もある。
- In areas where such measures were not feasible, a horizontal tunnel was sometimes built under the rice field in order to utilize recharged groundwater such as sump and subsoil water.
- これは、義務達成を難しいと考え、しかも緑被率の比較的高い国である日本、カナダが主張し、採用されたものである。
- Japan and Canada, who thought it difficult to achieve the goal of obligation and whose green coverage ratio is relatively high, insisted the adoption and eventually approved.
- しかし、このような一両あたりの含有銀量の高い丁銀への復帰は幕府の財政難を招き、再び路線変更を余儀なくされた。
- However, returning to Chogin which had a high silver content caused financial difficulties for the bakufu and forced it to change the policy again.
- 一連の戦いで両軍とも大きな損害を受け作戦継続が困難となったため、その後は終戦まで四平街付近での対峙が続いた。
- Both armies suffered massive casualties in a series of battles, and it became difficult for either army to continue their operations; thereafter the two armies spent the remainder of the war facing off along a front near the city of Siping.
- この説に対する難点としては、そもそも「皇祖神たる太陽女神」なる観念そのものがさして古いとはいえない事である。
- A weak point of this theory is that the idea of the Sun Goddess as Kososhin (an Imperial ancestor) is not so old.
- 9世紀頃から律令法制と社会実情が次第に乖離していき、同世紀末には律令規定に基づく地方統治が困難となってきた。
- In ninth century, the Ritsuryo system gradually detached itself from the actual social situation and governmental administrations reign over the locals became more difficult.
- しかし物理的にみて鞘はシュノーケル代わりに使うには長すぎてよほどの肺活量をもつ者でなければ呼吸が難しくなる。
- However, the scabbard is physically too long to be used as a snorkel, so breathing is difficult unless they have a very large lung capacity.
- 重盛の軍兵の射た矢が、神輿に当たるなどの不手際により非難の声が巻き起こり、後白河はやむなく師高を流罪にする。
- After this, there were incidents that occurred, for example, Shigemori threw an arrow and hit a portable shrine, etc, and people reacted badly to this and complained, then Goshirakawa had no choice but to order the banishment of Morotaka.
- ただし、原則として赤い襟は少女向けとされるので、既婚女性は赤色やそれに近い色は避けたほうが無難とされている。
- However, since red collars are regarded for young girls in principle, it is better for married women to avoid those of red or similar colors.
- 登場人物が多く、長い演目であり、情の中におかし味を持たせなくてはならないという理由から、難しい一題とされる。
- It is considered as a difficult topic because many characters appear in the story, while the story is long, and humor has to be added to a moral story.
- 百済を援けるため、難波に遷って武器と船舶を作らせ、更に瀬戸内海を西に渡り、筑紫国の朝倉宮に居て戦争に備えた。
- To support Baekje, she travelled to Namba and commissioned ships and arms to be prepared, then travelled further west across the Seto Inland Sea, staying in Asakura Palace in Tsukushi Province to prepare for war.
- 荒田井比羅夫が誤って溝を掘って難波に引き、工事がやり直しになったことを諌める者があったので、即日に中止した。
- ARATAI no Hirabu mistakenly dug a ditch to Namba and some remonstrated against restarting the construction work, so it was cancelled immediately.
- 途中、落ち武者狩りの苦難に遭いながら義朝主従は政清の舅である尾張国野間内海荘の領主長田忠致の館にたどり着く。
- On their way, Yoshitomo and Masakiyo, as defeated soldiers fleeing the enemy, became targets of bandits but managed to arrive at the residence of Tadamune OSADA, Masakiyo's father-in-law and feudal lord of Utsumi no sho (manor), Noma, Owari Province.
- 生駒家も織田信雄の側近であり、織田信忠の側近は斎藤家や美濃衆が務めているため、そちらからの考察も困難である。
- Members of the Ikoma famly acted as close advisors to Nobukatsu ODA while members of the Saito family and Mino-shu (hatamoto [direct retainers of the Shogun] who resided in Mino Province) acted as close advisors to Nobutada ODA, which makes it difficult to discuss from that perspective.
- 教科書としては、子部五行類の『新撰陰陽書』・『黄帝金匱経』・『五行大義』・『周易』・『難儀』などが用いられた。
- The textbooks they used were books classified as Shibu-gogyo, such as 'Shinsen Onmyosho,' 'Kotei kingi kyo,' 'Gogyo Taigi,' 'Zhou Yi' (I Ching (Book of Changes)) and 'Nangi.'
- この反乱による中央の動揺ははなはだしく、聖武天皇は、山背の恭仁、摂津の難波、近江の紫香楽と転々と都をうつした。
- The central government was terribly shocked with this rebellion and the Emperor Shomu transferred the capital repeatedly to Kuni in Yamase, Nanba in Settsu and Shigaraki in Omi.
- 滝川はこの3教官に対し罷免を示唆しつつ公の場で繰り返し非難を行い、結局のところ3人全員が特別弁護人を辞退した。
- Takigawa hinted that the three staff members could be fired and repeatedly criticized them in public, and in the end, all three declined the position of special lawyer.
- これに対して未開地(未墾地)は荒地、災害によって一時的に利用が困難となった土地は損田と呼ばれて区別されている。
- Opposed to this, non-cultivated, undeveloped lands were called Kochi, and property made temporarily unavailable due to disasters was called Sonden to distinguish the difference.
- そのため、国衙機構が戸籍に基づく人別支配をし、なおかつ中央政権の維持に必要な税の徴収を行うことは困難となった。
- Therefore, the system of kokuga executed dominance by person based on the census and it became difficult to collect tax to maintain the central government.
- これは、近世的な個人的武技に頼る戦闘では、近代戦において勝利を得るのが困難であることを理解していたからである。
- This is because they understood that an army depending on personal fighting ability like the one used in the early modern times would be difficult to win modern wars.
- それに加え、当時朝鮮では財政難で軍隊への、当時は米で支払われていた給料(俸給米)の支給が13ヶ月も遅れていた。
- In addition to the above, Korea was financially troubled at the time and the armed forces had not received their salaries (which were paid in rice) for thirteen months.
- 山内豊信ら公議政体派は、徳川慶喜の出席が許されていないことを非難し、慶喜を議長とする諸侯会議の政体を主張した。
- Toyoshige YAMAUCHI and other members of the pro-parliamentary regime criticized the fact Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was not allowed to participate in the meeting and suggested an Assembly of Feudal Lords chaired by Yoshinobu.
- 「泰時消息文」によれば、公家法は漢文で記されており難解であるので、武士に分かりやすい文体の法律を作ったとある。
- According to 'Yasutoki shosokubun,' they created a law written in understandable style to samurai since the kugeho was written in kanbun (Chinese classics) and difficult to understand.
- これが胃酸によりシアン化水素毒性を発揮すると、痙攣や呼吸困難、さらには麻痺状態になって死亡するといわれている。
- It is said that if gastric acid causes hydrogen cyanide toxicity, people can develop spasticity, difficulty in breathing, and in the worst case die from paralysis.
- 現峠である深見トンネルは片側1車線の確保された快走路であり、かつて難所と呼ばれていたという雰囲気はまるでない。
- Fukami Tunnel, current Fukami-toge Pass, is easy to drive with two lanes wide and it has no shadow as a chokepoint at all.
- 結成当時には財政難であったと推測されるが、京都守護職配下時代は、隊の運営資金を会津藩からの御用金で賄っていた。
- It is assumed that they were short of funds upon start of the group, but during the time when the group was placed under the control of Kyoto Shugoshoku, operating expenses of the group were covered by goyo-kin financed from the Aizu Clan.
- 河内平野における水害を防ぎ、また開発を行うため、難波の堀江の開削と茨田堤(大阪府寝屋川市付近)の築造を行った。
- In order to prevent flood disasters and to carry out development, he had Horie of Nanba dug and had Manda no tsutsumi (Manda Levee; in the vicinity of Neyagawa City, Osaka Prefecture) built.
- 結局、西郷たちの工作は失敗し、幕府から逮捕命令が出された勤王僧月照を薩摩へ逃そうとするが、藩情が一変して難航。
- Eventually, Saigo and other members' efforts failed and Kuniomi tried to release the Imperial loyalist priest Gessho,who had been given an arrest order, to Satsuma, however the situation in the domain completely changed and things became difficult.
- 難波三綱は大津皇子の一行に加わり、25日深夜に伊勢国の鈴鹿関に到達し、翌朝朝明郡の迹太川の辺で合流を果たした。
- NANIWA no Mitsuna joined Prince Otsu's party and arrived at the Suzuka-no-seki Checkpoint in Ise at midnight of 25th and joined his father's party next morning at the bank of Toho-gawa River in Asake-no-kori County.
- なお、これらの「業績」は家康の死後に、当時の情勢において行われたもので、彼に対する非難としては的を外している。
- By the way, these 'achievements' were accomplished after his death, based on the situation at that time, and were irrelevant as accusations against him.
- 古今和歌集を否定し万葉集を高く評価して、江戸時代までの形式にとらわれた和歌を非難しつつ、短歌の革新につとめた。
- He contributed to the reform of tanka by highly praising the Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and repudiating the Kokin Wakashu (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) while criticizing waka in the Edo era for being rigidly confined in form.
- さらに幕末から、財政難の各藩による偽造二分金が横行し、今日現存する銀台にめっきしたものがそれであると推定される。
- Also from the end of the Edo period, each domains were in economic difficulties, therefore forged nibukin were distributed and it is considered that existing silver coins with gold finish are some of those.
- ところが、明使の滞在中、靖難の変(1399年~1402年)により成祖永楽帝(在位1402年~1424年)が即位。
- While the Ming envoy was in Japan, the Emperor Yongle (period of reign: 1402-1424) ascended the throne in the wake of the Jingnan Incident (1399-1402).
- 特に、沖縄県出身の言論人太田朝敷が、抗議の中心となり、沖縄県全体に非難の声が広がり、県出身者の展覧を止めさせた。
- In particular, Chofu OTA, a media figure from Okinawa, led the protest movement, raising a chorus of complaints throughout Okinawa Prefecture, which put an end to the display of the Okinawa people.
- 日本は候補の一つとして文川市郡松田里を強く推したが、その地は王陵(王家の墓地)があるために朝鮮側が難色を示した。
- Japan insisted that Songjon Village in Munchon City should be one of the possible sites, but Korea were reluctant because there was a royal tomb.
- 翌年1875年には全国的な愛国社が結成されるが、大阪会議で板垣が参議に復帰した事や資金難により、すぐに消滅する。
- In1875, the Aikokusha (Society of Patriots) was formed nationwide by Itagaki but was soon disbanded as the party had financial issues and Itagaki returned to the position of Sangi (councillor) at the Osaka conference.
- 『高橋氏文』そのものが高橋氏の正統性を誇示する目的と考えられるため、全てを史実として受け入れることは困難である。
- 'Takahashi uji bumi' itself was considered as an example of justice amongst the Takahashi clan, so it is difficult to accept everything as true.
- その結果、江戸時代の朝廷は五摂家の当主の合意のみでの運営が可能となり、天皇と言えどもそれに抗う事は困難となった。
- As a result, it became possible to administer the Imperial Court of the Edo period by the agreements of the Gosekke alone, so that it became difficult even for the Emperor to oppose the Imperial Court.
- 当初は11月に即位の礼を行う予定であったが、大政奉還など時勢が急速に変化していく中で国事多難を理由に見送られた。
- Although the Sokui no rei was originally going to be held in November, it was postponed because of the troubled national situation in the transitions of time, such as Restoration of the Imperial rule.
- その存在が知られるのは解体新書の翻訳作業の困難を記した杉田玄白の『蘭東事始(蘭学事始)』を待たねばならなかった。
- The book became famous after Genpaku SUGITA issued 'Rangaku Kotohajime' (The Beginning of Dutch Studies) that described how difficult it was to put Ontleedkundige Tafelen into Kaitai Shinsho.
- 九州へ向かう船が暴風雨によって難破し義経一行が離散した時も、武蔵坊弁慶、源有綱、静御前と共に義経の身辺にあった。
- Yoshitsune and his party broke up when the ship destined for Kyushu was wrecked by rainstorm; at this time Kagemitsu was still with Yoshitsune along with Musashibo Benkei, MINAMOTO no Aritsuna, and Shizuka Gozen.
- このことを聞いた他の武将達は「ここは戦場だと言うのにそのような物があるわけがないだろう」と口々に直政を非難した。
- Having heard what Naomasa said, the other busho (Japanese military commanders) criticized Naomasa saying 'How could we have soy sauce on a battlefield?'
- 歩行不能になった後も折々は人力車で外出もしていたが、明治32年(1899年)夏頃以後は座ることさえ困難になった。
- He went out in a rickshaw periodically after becoming disabled, however, around the summer of 1896, he had difficulty even just sitting up.
- 久政は村民の願いによって井口氏へ圧力をかけたが、井口氏は大量の貢物という難題をふっかけ、あきらめさせようとした。
- Although Hisamasa put pressure upon the Iguchi clan at the request of the villagers, the Iguchi clan made an unreasonable demand of an enormous amount of tribute in order to keep them quiet.
- (急傾斜)棚田ではこのような圃場整備や機械化は難しかったが、土木技術の進歩で大規模化に成功した山間地の棚田も多い。
- Unification of agricultural fields and mechanization as stated above were difficult in Tanada (on a steep slope), but many rice terraces in the mountains were successfully enlarged thanks to the development of civil engineering technology.
- 発行初年は二十一波のものであったが、鋳造に困難を来したため、翌年(1768年)からは簡略化した十一波に変更された。
- In the initial year of issuance, the number of waves on the coin was 21, but was changed to 11 in 1768 so as to make the minting easier because of difficulties in minting.
- しかし長い鎖国の間に西洋の軍事技術との差は開いて自製は困難であったから、ほとんどは外国商人から購入してまかなった。
- However, it was difficult to produce them by themselves as there was a large technological difference between Japan, which had closed itself for quite a long time, and Western nations, so most of the weapons were purchased from foreign traders.
- また、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対し営業税の課税を検討したが、既に早田氏が課税しているため実行は困難と判断し中止している。
- Although the Korean Dynasty also wanted to impose a business tax on kokyowa, they found it difficult to carry out that idea because the Soda clan already imposed the equivalent tax, and they eventually gave up that plan.
- 記主の吉田経房は「筆端及び難し」と言葉を濁しているが、慈円は『愚管抄』に明雲・円恵法親王について詳細に記している。
- The author Tsunefusa YOSHIDA made an evasive statement that 'it is hard to describe,' but Jien gave the details about Myoun and Cloistered Imperial Prince Ene in 'Gukansho.'
- 小河原は広岡小之次郎らによって斬り倒されたが、有村も重傷を負って歩行困難となり、若年寄遠藤胤統邸の門前で自決する。
- OGAWARA was killed with a sword by Nenojiro HIROOKA, while ARIMURA, who was also seriously injured and had difficulty walking, killed himself in front of the gate at the residence of Tsunenori ENDO, the Wakadoshiyori (a 'Junior Elder').
- しかしユーザーにして見れば「何だか判らない不都合(競合)」であり、問題の判別は勿論、異常個所の修正は困難を極める。
- However, this is an 'incomprehensible inconvenience (competing)' from users' point of view and the adjustment of the problematic parts is extremely difficult, not to mention understanding the cause of the problem.
- このころになると宗家の権威も旧に復し、免状問題で二世梅若実に対して強硬な主張が行われるようになったが、交渉は難航。
- Around this time, the authority of the head family had returned to the original status; and although the family began to make a strong case against Minoru UMEWAKA, the second, about the issue of diploma, the negotiation was so tough as to made slow progress.
- ハッピーマンデー制度導入前は、1日のみの休みでは交通事情等の理由から故郷での成人式への出席が困難な成人も多かった。
- Before the Happy Monday System was introduced many people had difficulty participating in the one-day ceremony in their hometown due to the traffic.
- また、峠の前後には百井峠、花脊峠という2つの500m級の峠を越え、途中に国道477号百井別れという難所も存在する。
- Besides, the Road runs through two 500-meter-high passes ahead and behind of the pass, Momoi-toge Pass and Hanase-toge Pass respectively, and it has a chokepoint, called National Route 477 Momoi-wakare curve, on the way.
- - 難破した遣唐使船(高田根麻呂)の生存者5人のうち、筏を作って助けを求めた門部金を褒め、その位を進め禄を授けた。
- - Among the five who survived the shipwreck of the envoy to Tang (TAKADA no Nemaro), he commended MONBU Kin who built a raft and sought help, raising his rank and offering a stipend.
- しかし、日本書紀は天武天皇の勅命により編纂されたものであり、歴史学的に証明の難しい神話・伝説などを多く含んでいる。
- However, the Nihonshoki was compiled by the Imperial command of Emperor Tenmu, and includes many myths and legends that are hard to prove historically.
- 湖南を京都帝国大学教授にするという決断を下したのは当時の学長狩野亨吉であるが、文部省からそれに対し難色が示された。
- It was Kokichi KANO, the university president at that time, who decided to make Konan a professor at Kyoto Imperial University, but Ministry of Education disapproved the decision.
- 橘家は敏達天皇皇子難波皇子の玄孫(曾孫とする説もある)橘諸兄の子孫であり、鎌倉時代末期の武将楠木正成は同族である。
- The Tachibana family was a descendent family of TACHIBANA no Moroe, the great-great-grandson (according to another theory, great-grandchild) of Prince Naniwa, the Imperial prince of Emperor Bidatsu, and it was originally from the same family line as Masashige KUSUNOKI, a busho (Japanese feudal commander) who lived during the end of Kamakura period.
- 一般的に、1つの集落では同時期に同じ農作業が重なってしまうため、効率の悪い「小型」の方が集落全体での共有化が難しい。
- Generally, 'small' machines, which are less effective, are more difficult to share because every farmer in a village starts the same farm operation at the same time.
- ところが、戦国時代 (日本)における京都の支配は、将軍と対立し幕府政治機構に頼らないまま維持することが困難であった。
- However, during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), it was difficult to maintain rule over Kyoto in opposition to the Shogun without relying on the governing mechanism of the bakufu.
- だが、平安時代に入ると、荘園の拡大によって租税の徴収が困難になった国司がそうした土地を荒田として届け出る例があった。
- However, with the enlargement of Shoen (private estates) in the Heian period, it became harder for the Kokushi (officers of local government) to collect taxes and there were cases where kokushi would report such property as koden.
- その結果、「長期間の住み込みによる衣食住以外は無給に近い労働」という丁稚奉公のスタイルを維持することが困難となった。
- As a result, it became difficult to maintain the form of decchi-boko comprising 'long-term live-in work with housing, food, and clothing virtually with no pay'.
- 資金難から活発な事業を行えずにいたが、活動強化を目指し、1919年には「財団法人月瀬保勝会」として法人改組している。
- Although financial difficulties kept the association from taking active measures, it was incorporated as 'Tsukigase Hoshokai Foundation' in 1919 in an effort to reinforce its activities.
- 三種の神器を安徳天皇とともに平氏が持ち去ったために神器が無い場合の緊急避難措置として後白河法皇の院宣により即位した。
- Since Emperor Antoku took three sacred emblems of the Imperial Family with him, together with the Taira clan, in their absence there was an emergency plan: the Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa ordered Emperor Go-Toba to succeed to the Imperial Throne as a command from a former Emperor.
- この「難波津会」の運動は、伝来の御家流に修正を加える努力を開始し、今日のかな書道の基底を形成する上に大きく貢献した。
- 'Naniwazu-kai' started a movement for making efforts to add corrections to the Oie style, largely contributing to forming a bases of today's kana calligraphy.
- その途中失明という困難に遭遇しながらも、息子宗伯の妻である土岐村路の口述筆記により最終話まで完成させることができた。
- Though he met with difficulties including the loss of his sight in the course of writing, he barely managed to make it to the last episode with the help of Michi TOKIMURA, the wife of his son Sohaku, who took dictation.
- 第二次世界大戦後の食糧難時代以降になると、流通保存技術の進歩もあって限られた流通圏を越え、日本中に鯨肉食が広まった。
- During and after the food shortage era after World War II, whale meat became to be eaten throughout Japan, helped by development of meat preservation technique on distribution route as well, beyond the boundaries of former limited distribution areas.
- 栃の実の灰汁抜きは手間と時間が掛かり、また各地方・家庭で受け継がれているコツなどもあるため、未経験者にはやや難しい。
- Since it requires time and effort and also each district and home has its skills inherited, removal of harshness from conkers is a little difficult for inexperienced persons.
- 国道162号はかつての周山街道としてその名を知られる街道筋であるが、九鬼ヶ坂もその街道の難所として広く知られてきた。
- National Route 162 is one of the main roads, known as former Shuzan-kaido, and Kukiga-saka Slope has been also famous as a chokepoint on the road.
- 明治9年12月、ドイツの貴族の未亡人ベルタと婚約、明治政府に対し結婚の許可を申し出が、政府は難色を示し帰国を命じる。
- In December 1876, he got engaged to Berta, a German dowager, and asked the Meiji Government to permit marriage, but the government expressed disapproval of his marriage and ordered him to return to Japan.
- 足利尊氏や弟の足利直義はこれを実見し、今川貞世(了俊)もこれを見たと、貞世の著作である『難太平記』には記されている。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA and his younger brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA saw the ganmon with their own eyes and so did Sadayo (Ryoshun) IMAGAWA according to 'Nan-Taiheiki' (a critique of the historical epic 'Taiheiki') written by himself.
- 754年(天平勝宝6年)唐の僧鑑真を難波に迎え、翌755年(天平勝宝7年)には旧戒を破棄して鑑真から具足戒を受けた。
- In 754, the Tang priest named Ganjin (aka Janzen) was welcomed to Naniwa, and in the following year of 755, Kenkei abandoned the former Buddhist precepts and received gusokukai (i.e. full precepts) from Ganjin.
- そのため近年、信忠の事績が見直され、信長の後見を考慮に入れても信忠は無難に軍務や政務をこなしていたことが指摘された。
- A more recent analysis indicates that he was fairly competent in his military and governmental capacities even when factoring in Nobunaga's influence as his guardian.
- その中にあって財政難に陥っていた諸藩は米価の値上がりを借金返済の機会とし、検地により年貢の取立てを厳しくしていった。
- Domains with financial difficulties took advantage of the higher rice prices to pay off their debts and collect land taxes more strictly.
- また、事件当日は経光の妻も側にあったが彼女は奇跡的に無事であり、官子内親王も無事で近隣の藤原定信宅に避難したという。
- It is also said that on that day of the incident, his wife was just next to him but she was miraculously unhurt, and Imperial Princess Kanshi escaped in safety to the residence of FUJIWARA no Sadanobu.
- それも戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、神木動座を行うこと自体が困難となり、文亀元年(1501年)を最後に姿を消すに至った。
- In 'the Sengoku period' (Period of Warring States), Shinboku Doza no Goso itself became difficult, and it came to an end in 1501.
- 当時武田氏と今川氏は同盟していたため「敗因を間違えるとは考え難く、第三者が敗者から得た信頼できる情報に基づく」とした。
- Given the fact that the Takeda clan and the Imagawa clan were allied, he said, 'it would be hard to believe that they mistook the reason for the Imagawa's defeat, and this is based on a reliable source obtained from the losers by a third party.'
- また、王宮たる昌徳宮に難を逃れていた、閔妃の実の甥で別技軍教練所長だった閔泳翊に重傷を負わせ、開化派高官達も殺害した。
- They also badly injured Min Yeong-ik, a biological nephew of Queen Min and the head of the Byeolgigun training center, who had taken shelter in the Changdeokgung palace, and killed several high-ranking Progressive Party officials.
- 古代の主要交通路だった瀬戸内海の東端に位置する難波には古くから倭国王の王宮が営まれていたと伝承がある(『日本書紀』)。
- It was mentioned in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) that the King of Wa was living at the royal palace built in Naniwa, located at the eastern end of the Seto Inland Sea, which was a major traffic route in ancient Japan.
- 戦後の論功行賞は、非難の的だった鹿児島出身将校に厚く、勇戦した他藩出身者に薄かったため、1人の将校が抗議の切腹をした。
- The postwar grant of honors was greater to officers, native to Kagoshima Prefecture who were targets of criticism and smaller to those from other domains who fought bravely, which caused one officer to commit seppuku for protest.
- 持氏の子の何人かは難を逃れており、翌1440年(永享12年)には結城氏朝が持氏の遺児を奉じて挙兵する結城合戦が起こる。
- As some of the Mochiuji's children escaped from the calamity, the next year, in 1440, the Yuki War occurred, in which Ujitomo YUKI raised an army under Mochiuji's bereaved children.
- しかしその中には治兵衛の妻・おさんの手紙も入っており、真相を悟った孫右衛門は密かに小春の義理堅さを有難く思うのだった。
- However, a letter from Jihe's wife, Osan, was included in them, and Magoemon who learned the truth was secretly thankful for Koharu's strong sense of loyalty.
- 海難に際しての宗教的儀式にとどまらず、現場検証や補償、役人の証文交付など一連の必要な手続きをくるめて浦終いと呼ばれた。
- Urajimai included not only religious ceremonies, but also a series of necessary procedures such as on-site investigations, compensations, bond issuance by officials and so on.
- 古くから洛北の街道筋でも難所としてその名を知られており、鞍馬という名からも分かるとおり魑魅魍魎が現れる峠と伝えられる。
- Since ancient times the Pass has been known as one of chokepoints in main roads of Rakuhoku (Northern Kyoto), and as the name Kurama (a Japanese ghost) suggests, it is said to be a pass which various ghosts and monsters had gathered.
- 備中国はもともと京兆家や阿波守護家など、他の有力守護家の影響が強く及んでおり、庄氏を初めとする国人統制も困難を極めた。
- The Bicchu Province was originally strongly affected by the other dominant Shugo families, such as the Keicho family and the Awa Shugo family, and the control of kokujin, including the Sho clan, was in utmost difficulty.
- しかし、天皇の代数を定め難い箇所は他にも多々あるので、歴史学の立場からは、代数は政治的決定の産物としか言いようがない。
- There are many other emperors whose number of generation was uncertain, and historians have to admit that the number of generation was a matter of political decision.
- これら偽使派遣勢力は、図書に関しては印影を盗み木印を製作するなど高度な偽造技術を持っていたが、牙符の偽造は困難であった。
- As for toso, the powers to dispatch the pseudo envoys had advanced counterfeiting techniques such as stealing the seal and producing a wooden seal; however, they could not counterfeit Gafu.
- また、軍部が政府決定や方針を無視して暴走を始め、非難に対してはこの権利を行使され政府はそれを止める手段を失うことになる。
- The military began to do reckless things ignoring the decision and policy of the government and exercised its rights against the blames, so that the government lost the resources to stop it.
- 縁切寺(えんきりでら)とは、女性の側からの離婚が困難であった当時、そこに駆け込むことによって離婚が達成される尼寺である。
- The divorce temple was a convent, which was a safehouse for women seeking a divorce in those days when women had no right to obtain a divorce from their husbands; once a wife fled into there, she can obtain a divorce from her husband.
- が、徳川氏によって新規に取り立てられた小藩の中には支配する領地が飛び地状に拡散していて一円的な支配が難しいものもあった。
- However, among small domains newly organized by the Tokugawa clan, some had separate territories which lay astride other domains and ruling the whole region was difficult for them.
- しかし、高位者の子孫には一定以上の位階に叙位する制度(蔭位の制)を設けるなど、当初からその目的は達成困難なものであった。
- However, it was not easy to attain this goal from the beginning because some systems, such as Oni no sei (the automatic promotion of people at the age of 21, whose parents were from Imperial Prince down to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents were higher than the third rank), were set up to give priority to the descendants of men of high rank to get promotion easily.
- 倭国を率いていた中大兄皇子はこれを承諾、661年に斉明天皇は難波から九州へ出兵するも、邦の津にて急死する(暗殺説あり)。
- Prince Naka no Oe, who was the head of state of Wakoku, approved their request, and in 661 Empress Saimei departed with the expeditionary force from Naniwa to Kyushu, but she met an untimely death at Kuni no Tsu (there a theory that she was assassinated).
- 仁川は朝鮮の首都漢城の外港にあたる地であるため交渉は非常に難航したが、朝鮮側が妥協して1881年2月受諾を通告してきた。
- The negotiation ran into trouble extremely as Incheon was the outer harbor of Hanseong, the capital of Korea, but Korea compromised and notified Japan of their acceptance in February 1881.
- 清澄と定高に久我之助をわが家臣に、雛鳥を我が側室にせよと無理難題を言い渡し、花の枝を渡して返事に吉野川に流せと命令する。
- He unreasonably demands that Kiyosumi give Koganosuke as his vassal, and Sadaka to give Hinadori as his concubine, and orders them, handing branches of flowers, to throw the flowers in the Yoshino-gawa River for acceptance.
- このため芸系が早くに分かれ、家ごとに独自の譜や指遣いを持つなどしたことが、かえって維新後の多難な時期にあっては幸いした。
- This movement produced some branches in the early stages of this school and each branch family had its own scores and fingering, but this in fact helped the school survive in those trying times after the Meiji Restoration.
- この時、家康の苦難の伊賀越えに協力したのが伊賀流であり、その際の伊賀の棟梁、服部半蔵の功で江戸城に「半蔵門」が作られる。
- On this occasion, the Iga lineage cooperated with Ieyasu for getting across Iga and, because of the merit of Hanzo HATTORI, who was the head of Iga at that time, 'Hanzomon' (Hanzo gate) was constructed in Edo-jo Castle.
- しかし、翌年以降は、盛暑の時期のために各種の行事催行が困難であることに配慮し、2か月後の10月31日を天長節祝日とした。
- However, considering the difficulties of holding various events due to the heat of the season, since 1914, tencho setsu celebration began to be held on October 31.
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大分恵尺、難波三綱、駒田忍人、小墾田猪手、埿部視枳、大分稚臣、根金身、漆部友背であった。
- The followers who got to Asake-no-kori county were OKIDA no Esaka, NANIWA no Mitsuna, KOMADA no Oshihito, OHARITA no Ite, HATSUKASHIBE no Shiki, OKIDA no Wakaomi, NE no Kanemi and NURIBE no Tomose.
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大分恵尺、難波三綱、駒田忍人、山辺安摩呂、埿部視枳、大分稚臣、根金身、漆部友背であった。
- The Followers who got to Asake-no-kori county were OKIDA no Esaka, NANIWA no Mitsuna, KOMADA no Oshihito, YAMAHE no Yasumaro, HATSUKASHIBE no Shiki, OKIDA no Wakaomi, NE no Kanemi and NURIBE no Tomose.
- 新聞や世間からの激しい攻撃に耐えられず自殺した、と一般にいわれるが、この時点では彼女を非難する内容の報道はされていない。
- It is generally said that she killed herself because she could not bear severe attacks from the press and the public; however, no news blaming her had been reported at that point.
- その後、薺浦一港での入港受入れは難しいとの理由から釜山浦も再び開かれるが、1544年に蛇梁倭変が起こり再び国交は断絶する。
- After that, Pusanpo was also opened again because the capacity of the port of Seiho was not large enough to deal with all transactions; however, an incident called Saryang Incident (the raid carried out by Japanese pirates on Saryang Islands) occurred in 1544, and this brought a diplomatic break between these parties again.
- しかし現実には完全施行は難しかったようで、家格以上の役職に就任した者が退任するにあたって世襲家禄を加増される例が多かった。
- However, the perfect enforcement seemed to be difficult from a practical standpoint, and in many cases, hereditary Karoku (hereditary stipend) was added when a person who assumed a post not less than kakaku (family status) left his office.
- 経済都市・大坂は貿易港であった難波津や石山御坊寺内町、豊臣政権の拠点など幾度かその都市の性格を変えながら発展を続けてきた。
- Osaka is an economic center that continued its development over the course of history by changing its function--as a trade port (Naniwa no Tsu), as a temple town under Ishiyama Gobo Temple, and more later as the seat of the Toyotomi government.
- また、古代の皇宮所在地として明日香村(飛鳥京)、大阪市(難波京)、神戸市(福原京)なども当然古都と呼ばれるべき都市である。
- In addition, Asuka-mura (Asuka-kyo), Osaka City (Naniwa-kyo) and Kobe City (Fukuhara-kyo) can be referred to as ancient capitals, since there were once Imperial residences in those areas in the ancient times.
- 西南戦争後の財政難のため、1880年に「官営工場払下概則」が施行された後に軍需部門を除いて民間に払い下げられたものが多い。
- Due to financial difficulties after the Seinan War, most factories were sold to private hands after 'General rules for selling government-run factories' came into force in 1880.
- 明治45年・大正元年(1912年):オリンピック日本初参加(ストックホルム・オリンピック)、「タイタニック (客船)」遭難
- 1912: Japan's first participation in the Olympic games (in Stockholm), Sinking of the passenger boat 'Titanic'
- 居合せた兄弟分の亀右衛門にも非難され、辛抱していた辰五郎だが、ついに以前から用意していた離縁状を逆に突き付け、心中を語る。
- Tatsugoro was also blamed by Kame-emon, a sworn brother who happened to be there; Tatsugoro, who tried to control his temper, lost his patience, and spoke his mind at last, bringing out a letter of divorce he had already prepared.
- 日本酒の日本酒消費低迷期、販売不振、人件費や諸経費の高騰という難しい時期に、手軽に酒を製造し販売出来るという光明を開いた。
- During the difficult time when sake was consumed less and sold less while the labor and other managerial cost was soaring, the yumai-zukuri method became a new hope for producing and selling sake easily.
- This method brought a ray of hope that sake is able to be easily produced and sold, in the difficult time during which the consumption of Japanese sake is low, the sales of sake is slow, and the personnel expenses and other expenses were drastically increased.
- 歌合当日、紀貫之(ツレ)を初め歌人たちが居並ぶ中で小町の歌が詠み上げられるが、黒主は「その歌は既存の古歌である」と難ずる。
- The contest started with master poets gathered including KI no Tsurayuki (Tsure: accompanying actor), and as soon as Komachi's poem was read out, Kuronushi criticized it by saying 'it is not her original, but one of existing poems.'
- 逍遥の手になる台詞は、それまでの歌舞伎のセリフと違い難解な語句を多用しながらも芸術性豊かな出来でこの劇の品格を高めている。
- Words written by Shoyo, unlike traditional words in Kabuki, uses a difficult passage, but are of high artistic quality, giving dignity to this drama.
- 付祝言に選ばれる曲は、「高砂 (能)」や「難波」のような調子の早い脇能か「猩猩」のような五番目祝言物がふさわしいとされる。
- Waki noh (a noh whose main character is god) in quick rhythm such as 'Takasago (noh)' and 'Naniwa' or gobanme shugen-mono (the-fifth-section celebratory piece of a noh play) such as 'Shojo' is considered suitable for the number to be chosen as tsukeshugen.
- これまでは、戦前のように自家で縫製して使用するような環境でなくなり、また、一般の店頭にも並ぶこともなく入手性に難があった。
- Before World War II, the fundoshi loincloth was mostly homemade, but circumstances changed so it is no longer homemade but it is also difficult to obtain it at the shop.
- この発言では、天皇の地位が憲法に記されたものであることを確認した一方、護憲とも解釈可能なため一部の右翼勢力から非難された。
- Letting people confirm that the Constitution of Japan gives a definition of the Emperor, the remark was criticized by a small group of right-wing organizations for its probability of being interpreted as protecting the Constitution.
- 『書紀』には既に孝徳天皇の650年2月15日、造営途中の難波宮で白雉改元の契機となった白雉献上の儀式に豊璋が出席している。
- In 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), it was already written that on February 15 AD 650 during the rule of Emperor Kotoku, Pung attended the ceremony of the white pheasant presentation (which was the start of changing name of an era) in Naniwanomiya Palace that was under construction.
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大分恵尺、難波三綱、山辺安摩呂、小墾田猪手、埿部視枳、大分稚臣、根金身、漆部友背であった。
- The followers who got to Asake-no-kori county were OKIDA no Esaka, NANIWA no Mitsuna, YAMAHE no Yasumaro, OHARITA no Ite, HATSUKASHIBE no Shiki, OKIDA no Wakaomi, NE no Kanemi and NURIBE no Tomose.
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大分恵尺、難波三綱、駒田忍人、山辺安摩呂、小墾田猪手、大分稚臣、根金身、漆部友背であった。
- Other members who arrived in Asake-no-kori with Prince Otsu were OKIDA no Esaka, NANIWA no Mitsuna, KOMADA no Oshihito, YAMAHE no Yasumaro, OHARITA no Ite, OKIDA no Wakaomi, NE no Kanemi, and NURIBE no Tomose.
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大分恵尺、難波三綱、駒田忍人、山辺安摩呂、小墾田猪手、埿部視枳、大分稚臣、根金身であった。
- Other members who arrived in Asake-no-kori with Prince Otsu were OKIDA no Esaka, NANIWA no Mitsuna, KOMADA no Oshihito, YAMAHE no Yasumaro, OHARITA no Ite, HATSUKASHIBE no Shiki, OKIDA no Wakaomi, and NE no Kanemi.
- 政務においても山内一豊、堀尾吉晴らの補佐もあって無難にこなしていることを考慮すると、そこそこの力量はあったものと思われる。
- Considering his performance of state affairs was quite good with the assistance of Kazutoyo YAMAUCHI and Yoshiharu HORIO, he might have been a person with moderate ability.
- ところが徳川幕府の宗門干渉によって、涅槃宗は弾圧を受け、この法難のため文殊院空禅(政友の法名)は、千葉の佐倉市へ流された。
- However, due to the Tokugawa shogunate's religious interference, the Nehanshu was oppressed, and Monjuin Kuzen (Buddhist name of Masatomo after entering the priesthood) was exiled to Sakura City in Chiba Prefecture.
- また、文章生や文章得業生も難関である秀才試を受験するよりも、前述のように教官の推挙を受けて官職を得る選択をするようになった。
- Also, as mentioned before, monjosho and monjo tokugosho preferred getting government posts with their teacher's recommendation to taking the difficult official appointment examination for the 'shusai' rank.
- 直春は防ぎ難いとみて小松原の居館も亀山城(いずれも現御坊市)も自焼して逃れ、伯父の湯河教春の守る泊城(現田辺市)へ後退した。
- Naoharu thought that it was difficult to defend, and escaped to Tomari-jo Castle (present Tanabe City) of his uncle Noriharu YUKAWA (湯河教春) after burning his residence at Komatsubara and the Kameyama-jo Castle (all of which were in present Gobo City).
- しかし、桑名藩のように藩主家自体が江戸幕府の命で国替えしている藩では「藩士」の呼称がかならずしも妥当とは言い難い場合もある。
- However, the term is not appropriate for domains, such as the Kuwana Domain, of which the lord family itself came under provincial rule as a result of orders from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 1850年 浜田彦蔵(後に洗礼名ジョセフ・ヒコ)が他17名とともに航海中遭難しアメリカ船により救出、サンフランシスコに渡航。
- In 1850, Hikozo HAMADA (later baptized as Joseph Heco) was rescued after a shipwreck along with other 17 sailors by an American ship, and they safely continued on to San Francisco.
- なお、家を後継したばかりの若い主君では、先代の重臣たちに実務面で太刀打ちができず、主君を中心とした統一的な行動が難しくなる。
- The young lord who just succeeded as the head of a family couldn't compete with the chief retainers who served to the predecessor in practical affairs, which created a difficulty in getting united action, centering on a lord.
- 惣太もそのことに気付き身請けして自宅に連れ帰ったのだが、系図盗難の真犯人、宵寝の丑右衛門の計略で花子と系図を奪われてしまう。
- Sota notices it so that he redeems Hanako and takes her (him) home, but he has Hanako and the genealogical table taken away by the stratagem of Yoine no Ushiemon (Ushiemon the early bed) who is the real perpetrator of the robbery of the genealogical table.
- 政治史という性質・史料の制約などもあり、証明は困難ではあるが、考古学的成果との連携などとも含め、今後の研究の進展が待たれる。
- It is hard to prove, since this is about political history with limited data; however, it is expected to have clearer information from close study in relation to the findings of archaeology.
- 高村正次と立花良介が「マキノ再興」を目指して、かつて牧野省三が建設した「御室撮影所」に設立したが、資金難で2か月で解散した。
- Masatsugu TAKAMURA and Ryosuke TACHIBANA established this company aspiring for 'the revival of Makino' at the 'Omuro Studio' constructed by Shozo MAKINO, but it was liquidated in two months due to financial difficulties.
- また、明治政府の財政難の原因となる不労所得者である士族の特権(秩禄、賞典禄)を削減したり(秩禄処分)、廃刀令を出したりした。
- Okubo, additionally implemented Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend) reducing special privileges (such as Chiroku (hereditary stipend) and Shotenroku (bonus)) of the warrior class who received unearned income and contributed to economic difficulties for the Meiji Government, and issued a decree banning the wearing of swords.
- また、冬季の天候の悪化時に起きる海難事故では、ナホトカ号重油流出事故のように大量の重油で沿岸部を汚染する事件が多発している。
- Additionally, due to bad weather in the winter months, there have been many marine accidents including the Nakhodka oil spill accident which polluted the coastline with a large amount of crude oil.
- しかし、供給困難な山間部や市街地においても供給区域でない地域があり、ボンベによるプロパンガスを使用している世帯も少なくない。
- However, in mountainous regions which face supply difficulties, and even some urban areas, there are some households which use cylinders of propane gas.
- 東北戦争では奥羽同盟に参加した藩の多くが、改革の遅れや財政難から軍備が立ち後れており、新政府軍とは兵力での開きが大きかった。
- In the Tohoku War, many domains of the Ou alliance lagged behind in armaments due to financial difficulties and delay in political reform, and differed greatly in military strength compared with the new government's forces.
- 理由としては寺務を巡る大衆_(仏教)との対立、酒乱による乱行、江戸幕府の朝廷への介入を非難する言辞を行ったなど諸説が伝わる。
- There are various theories on the reason for his exile, one theory says he had a conflict with the temple followers about the operation of the temple, another says his misconduct during a drunken frenzy or another says he criticized the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for intervening with the Imperial Court.
- この場合、『公卿補任』『尊卑分脈』の記載から、難波皇子と栗隈王の間に「大俣王(おおまたのおおきみ)」を1代補うことが出来る。
- In this case, 'Omata no Miko' can be added as one generation between the Prince Naniwa and Kurikuma no Okimi according to the descriptions in 'Kugyobunin' (directory of court nobles) and 'Sonpibunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).
- 元弘3年/正慶2年(1333年)3月11日、博多に到着した武時は鎮西探題に出仕したが、侍所から遅参を非難され、口論となった。
- On May 3, 1333, Taketoki, who arrived at Hakata, served in the Chinzei tandai, however, Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) blamed him for his late attendance, which developed into an argument.
- 揚州白塔寺に住し、鑑真に師事して戒律・天台教学を学び、鑑真に従って754年(天平勝宝6年)苦難を乗り越えて日本へ渡ってきた。
- Hoshin learned the precepts of Buddhism and Tendai doctrine from Jianzhen at White Stupa Temple in Yangzhou, then came to Japan in 754 accompanying Jianzhen after overcoming terrible hardships.
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大分恵尺、難波三綱、駒田忍人、山辺安摩呂、小墾田猪手、埿部視枳、大分稚臣、漆部友背であった。
- Other members who arrived in Asake-no-kori with Prince Otsu were OKIDA no Esaka, NANIWA no Mitsuna, KOMADA no Oshihito, YAMAHE no Yasumaro, OHARITA no Ite, HATSUKASHIBE no Shiki, OKIDA no Wakaomi, and NURIBE no Tomose.
- 仮に、大村益次郎の遭難同様に薩摩や長州の不平分子が関与していたというのであれば、政府内部で自然に露見し追求されるはずである。
- If it was true that some discontented elements of Satsuma or Choshu were involved such as the disaster of Masujiro OMURA, it would have been revealed spontaneously and prosecuted.
- 首は難波橋に晒され、耳は脅迫文と共に同月24日に正親町三条実愛・中山忠能の屋敷に投げ込まれ、両公卿の辞職を招くこととなった。
- His head was put on public display at Naniwa-bashi Bridge, and on the 24th of the same month, his ears were thrown inside the house of Sanearu Ogimachi-SANJO and Tadayasu NAKAYAMA with a ransom note, resulting in resignation of both of the court nobles.
- 他にも武川衆や後の徳川四奉行といった多くの人材が旧武田家臣で徳川氏に帰参していた成瀬正一 (戦国武将)を頼り、難を逃れている。
- There were many other people, including Mukawashu warriors (warriors active in the remote region of Kai Province) and those who later came to be known as the four major Tokugawa magistrates, who were protected by Masakazu NARUSE (military commander in the Sengoku Period), a former vassal of the Takeda clan who became a vassal of the Tokugawa clan.
- しかし同月末に外国船に反撃され、砲台を占拠されるなど、実際には攘夷の困難さを身をもって知ることとなる(四国艦隊下関砲撃事件)。
- However, the foreign vessels fought back at the end of the same month and occupied the gun battery in Choshu (the Battles of Shimonoseki); actually, this incident provided a good opportunity for the Choshu clan to reconsider how difficult it would be to expel foreigners.
- 9世紀末頃になると、百姓らの偽籍・浮浪・逃亡が顕著となり、軍事動員の対象となるべき百姓を各戸ごとに把握することが困難となった。
- At the end of the 9th century, false registration, vagrancy, or escape by farmers became prominent; therefore, it was difficult to know for each household who could be mobilized in military affairs.
- これを 「常に月将を以て占時に加え、日辰陰陽を視て以て四課を立つ。」 と読み下すことは、漢文の知識があればさほど困難ではない。
- For persons who have a knowledge about kanbun, it may not be so difficult to read it as 'tsuneni gessho wo motte senji ni kuwae, Nisshininyo wo mite motte shika wo tatsu.' (Gessho and the time should always be used for divination and Shika should be derived by seeing Nisshinonmyo).
- 首都である京域を管轄する左右京職、首都の外交窓口である難波を管轄する摂津職、国家の外交窓口である西海道を管轄する大宰府である。
- These were the Left and Right Capital Offices, responsible for the capital, the Kyoto area; the Settsu Office, responsible for Naniwa, the capital's gateway for foreign diplomacy; and the government's Kyushu Offices, responsible for the Saikaido Road, the state's gateway for foreign diplomacy.
- とりわけ横井小楠および大村益次郎の暗殺事件においては、取り締まるべき弾正台の古賀十郎や海江田信義が横井・大村の政策を非難した。
- Especially, in the case of assassination of Shonan YOKOI and Masujiro OMURA, Juro KOGA and Nobuyoshi KAIEDA in danjodai who should have cracked down on it criticized the policy of Yokoi and Omura.
- これらは、文化財として一定の価値は認められるものの評価が定着しておらず、直ちに従来の指定制度による指定を行うことは困難である。
- Although they are valued in a certain way, it is difficult to be designated by the conventional designation system at once since their evaluation is not established.
- 団七は恩人である泉州浜田家家臣玉島兵太夫の息子磯之丞の危難を救うため、悪人大鳥佐賀右衛門の中間を誤って死なせてしまい入牢する。
- Danshichi mistakenly had a chugen (a person in low rank) belonging to a villain named Sagaemon OTORI, die to save Isonojo, the son of Hyodayu TAMASHIMA who was a vassal of the Hamada family in Senshu and his benefactor, from danger and went to prison.
- 未完成で放棄されたとした従来の定説と異なり、難波宮や他の旧宮、はたまた平城京の建造物までが移築され、かなり完成した姿であった。
- Contrary to popular belief that the Nagaoka-kyo was unfinished and abandoned, the construction of Nagaoka-kyo was nearly complete, as shown in the reconstruction of not only the old palaces such as Naniwa no Miya but also the buildings in Heijo-kyo.
- この飛行場付近には、兵士の避難所や待機所を兼ねた掩体壕(えんたいごう)と呼ばれる鉄筋コンクリート製の半地下式防空壕が作られた。
- Around this airport, a reinforced concrete semisubterranean bomb shelter called Entaigo was built which was concurrently used as an evacuation center and waiting room for soldiers.
- 秦氏は聖徳太子とも関わりがあったらしく、のちの山背大兄王が蘇我氏に攻められた際には、彼に太秦に避難するよう進言する者があった。
- The Hata clan seems to have a relationship with Prince Shotoku; he was advised to escape to Uzumasa when Yamashiro-no-one was attacked by the Soga clan.
- 南朝に対する上皇・親王返還交渉が難航する一方で、光厳上皇の皇子、弥仁王が南朝に拉致されず京都に留まっていることも判明していた。
- While the negotiations by the Southern Court for the return of the Retired Emperors and Imperial princes was becoming difficult, it had been identified that Prince Iyahito, the prince of the Retired Emperor Kogon, were remaining in Kyoto without being abducted by the Southern Court.
- 印旛沼運河工事の失敗や江戸の火事・浅間山の大噴火などの災害の勃発、疲弊した農村部に天明の大飢饉と呼ばれる食糧難や疫病が生じた。
- The canal work in the Inba marsh failed, disasters such as fires in Edo and a large-scale eruption of Mt. Asama occurred, and the Tenmei Famine took place in weakened rural areas, causing food shortages and epidemics.
- 総司令部は、その記事に示された「松本委員会試案」は受け入れ難いと考え、自ら憲法改正案を作成し、日本政府に提示することを決定した。
- GHQ rejected the published 'Matsumoto committee draft' and decided to prepare another draft proposal by themselves and submitted it to the Japanese government.
- 京中の狼藉は、これまで警察権を掌握していた平氏がいなくなったこと、食糧難の中で大軍が入京したことにより、深刻なものとなっていた。
- The violence in the capital had become serious because the Taira clan who had held the police power was no longer there, and the massive army entered the capital due to food shortage.
- また、純粋な恩賞とはいい難いが、鎌倉殿や執権が御家人に対して偏諱を与えるようになり、特に鎌倉殿の偏諱はきわめて重い栄誉とされた。
- Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) and regents began to give the names (in which one character was identical to that of the givers) to gokenin, which cannot be considered pure rewards, although the names given by the shoguns were regarded as the highest honors.
- とくに、泊の西方向には和田岬があって西風の波浪には安全であったが、南東方向は海にひらけており南東風のため諸船がしばしば難破した。
- In particular, there was Cape Wada to the west of tomari and thus the ocean waves were safe when the wind was in the west, but when in the southeast the ships were often wrecked because the southeast direction of tomari was open to the ocean.
- 運動自体は成功したとは言い難いが、天皇の観劇を実現させたほか、運動に刺激を受けて歌舞伎座が開場するなど、歌舞伎の新時代を画した。
- Although the campaign itself was hardly successful, it marked a new phase in Kabuki by realizing the Emperor's appreciation of Kabuki and inspired followers to complete the (Tokyo) Kabuki-za Theatre.
- そのため信憑性には難があるものの『平家物語』『源平盛衰記』などの軍記物語を基に巷間で信じられている合戦の経過を述べることになる。
- Hence, there is no choice but to describe the progress of the battle relying on hearsay, and based on war chronicles like the 'Heike monogatari' (Tale of the Taira) or 'Gempei monogatari' (Chronicle of the Rising and Falling fates of the Minamoto and Taira clans), despite the fact that such chronicles are plagued with credibility issues.
- 元より半神話の世界なので、正確な比定は困難であるが、現在の川上村 (奈良県)、或いは東吉野村などの吉野川沿いの地域が想定される。
- Needless to say, as it is a story of half-mythical world, it is difficult to identify correctly, a region along Yoshino-gawa River such as present Kawakami-mura (Nara Prefecture) or Higashiyoshino-mura is considered.
- しかし、逆に言えば、そのような意見が出てくるということは、それだけ旧宮家復活には国民の支持を得ることが困難だということでもある。
- Conversely, however, the fact that such an opinion is presented also means that it is difficult to obtain public support for restoration of Miyake.
- 天武天皇14年(683年)9月11日に、天皇は宮処王、広瀬王、難波王、竹田王、弥努王を京と畿内に遣わして、人々の武器を検査した。
- On October 17, 685, Emperor Tenmu dispatched Miyako no Okimi (宮処王), Hirose no Okimi, Naniwa no oji, Takeda no Okimi and Minu no Okimi to the capital and Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) to inspect arms people owned.
- そんな中、千鶴子は長尾郁子の念写を非難する記事を見て、失望と怒りを感じ、清原に「どこまで研究しても駄目です」と言い放ったという。
- In such a situation, Chizuko, having read an article blaming Ikuko NAGAO's psychography, felt disappointed and angry, told KIYOHARA harshly that 'it would be no use studying me any longer.'
- ライフリングを付けたことにより命中精度は格段に高くなったが、ライフリングに弾丸を食い込ませる必要があるため、弾込めが難しくなった。
- By including rifling in the gun barrel, the accuracy of fire improved significantly, but it became difficult to load bullets as bullets needed to be pushed into the rifling.
- しかし、これは彼らが朝廷を軽視していたというよりも鐚銭ばかりが流通していて権力者でさえ良質な銭貨が入手困難であった事を示している。
- So many akusen circulated that even powerful persons could hardly obtain good quality coins, and Yoshihide was forced to disrespect the Imperial court.
- また、財政難となった国は、「原則国有」としていた鉄道の建設が困難になり、代わって私有資本による鉄道建設が進んだ(→日本の鉄道史)。
- Facing a difficult financial situation, the national government became unable to construct railways, which the government had decided to be 'basically owned by the nation', and therefore, an increasing number of railways became to be constructed with private capital (refer to the railway history in Japan.)
- 彼ら皇族・臣下は『日本書紀』の想定読者でもあるので、よく知られた事実を否定するような操作は難しかったのではないかという指摘もある。
- Since the imperial family and vassals were expected to read 'Chronicles of Japan,' some pointed out that it seemed difficult for the compilers to deny well-known facts.
- 尚、全日本かるた協会が定める競技の最初に読まれる歌(序歌)は一般には「難波津に咲くやこの花冬ごもり今を春べと咲くやこの花」である。
- Joka (waka [Japanese poem] which is read first) set by All-Japan Karuta Association is, generally, 'in Naniwa-zu (Naniwa Port) this flower has bloomed; after the winter sleep, this flower has bloomed enjoying the coming of spring.'
- これは平城天皇が病弱でその子供達も幼かった事を考えて嫡流相続による皇位継承を困難と見た父・桓武天皇の意向があったともいわれている。
- It is said that this was the will of their father Emperor Kanmu, who believed a hereditary imperial succession would be difficult, considering Emperor Heizei's being in poor health and his children still being young.
- また『播磨国風土記』においては、大雀天皇と難波高津宮天皇として書き分けられており、二人の天皇の事跡を一人に合成したとも考えられる。
- Also, in 'Harimanokuni Fudoki' (Records of the culture and geography of the Harima Province), he is described as Emperor Osazaki and Emperor Nanba, making it conceivable that achievements of two Emperors were combined into one.
- 1900年(明治33年)8月、新疆省(現在の新疆ウイグル自治区)からのチベット入りを試みるが、やはり、難路と危険によって引き返す。
- On August 1900, he tried to enter Tibet from Xinjiang Province (present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region), but once again turned back due to the difficulty of the journey and safety concerns.
- 義景も12月に部下の疲労と積雪を理由に越前へと撤退してしまい、そのため信玄から激しい非難を込めた文章を送りつけられる(伊能文書)。
- Since Yoshikage also retreated to Echizen Province in January of the next year due to fatigue of his vassals and snowfall, he received a letter from Shingen strongly blaming him (Ino Monjo [documents that Shingen TAKEDA sent to Yoshikage ASAKURA]).
- また上洛して義昭を将軍とするとなると三好家と事を構える事となり、当時の浅井・朝倉連合ではこれを破って上洛する事は難しいと思われる。
- In addition, going to the capital and putting Yoshiaki in the position of Shogun means he had to take an aggressive position against the Miyoshi family, and it seems to have been difficult for the then Azai and Asakura allied forces to defeat them and go to the capital at that time.
- 1278年(弘安元年)以降の熱原法難に際しては、日興の指導の下で鎌倉幕府の宗教弾圧に抵抗し、信徒の保護と支援のために尽力奔走した。
- At the Atsuhara Persecution of Nichiren in 1278, he followed Nikko who resisted the religious persecution by the Kamakura bakufu, making great efforts to protect and support the believers.
- 毛利氏に攻められ、難攻不落と讃えられていた今の島根県安来市にあった月山富田城に篭城するが兵糧攻めにあい開城した(月山富田城の戦い)。
- Attacked by the Mori clan, the Amako clan holed up in Gassan Toda-jo Castle, which was praised as impregnable, in the current Yasuki City, Shimane Prefecture, but surrendered after starvation tactics by the Mori clan (Gassan Toda-jo no Tatakai (Battle of Gassan Toda-jo Castle)).
- 日本では、身分制度の維持を図る観点から身分相応以上の服装を着用する行為が道徳風俗違反であるとして「過差(かさ)」であると非難された。
- In Japan, to maintain its class system, 'extravagant behavior' such as wearing clothes beyond one's means was criticized as an offense against public morals and decency.
- 剣道は、重い防具や当たれば痛い竹刀を使うこと、武道として厳しい稽古を必要とすることなどから国際的なスポーツに発展し難い部分があった。
- In Kendo, heavy protective gears and bamboo swords which hurt players if they are hit are used and strict training is necessary, therefore it was difficult to be developed as an international sport.
- その後豊臣秀吉によって慣習法をまとめた「海路諸法度」により海難処理の詳細が制定され、江戸幕府に於いても慣習法として生き残る事となる。
- Later, details in dealing with marine disasters were stipulated in a customary law named 'Kaiji Shohatto' (various laws on sea routes) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and they remained as common laws in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 明治23年(1890年)、日本よりの帰途にあった親善使節を乗せたオスマン帝国軍艦エルトゥールル号遭難事件が紀伊半島沖で難破沈没した。
- In 1890, the Ottoman battleship Ertugrul Firkateyni foundered off the Kii Peninsula and was shipwrecked whilst returning to home from a visit to Japan.
- 難波皇子(なにわ の みこ、欽明天皇21年(560年)前後? - 用明天皇2年(587年)?)は敏達天皇と妃・春日老女子の第一皇子。
- Prince Naniwa (around 560 - 587) was the first son of Emperor Bidatsu and his wife, KASUGA no Ominago.
- 古くから、億計・弘計2王の発見物語は典型的な貴種流離譚であって劇的な要素が強く、そのままには史実として信じ難いことが指摘されてきた。
- From long ago it has been pointed out that the story of discovery of the noble two brothers, the elder Oke no miko and the younger Oke no miko, is a typical Kishuryuri-tan (a type of folktales in which a young deity or nobleman gets over trials to be a god or a blessed) with a strong dramatic element and the story per se is hard to believe as the historical fact.
- 皇子は蘇我馬子と物部守屋との合戦の際には崇峻天皇(崇峻天皇)、厩戸皇子(聖徳太子)、難波皇子、春日皇子と共に馬子側について従軍した。
- Takeda no miko joined Umako side at the battle between SOGA no Umako and MONONOBE no Moriya, fought with the Emperor Sushun, the Prince Umayado (Prince Shotoku), the Prince Naniwa and Kasuga no Miko.
- 河原崎座はその名を改め新堀座となっていたが、義理の甥の八代目権之助に座元の任は重く、すぐに経営難に陥って團十郎に泣きついたのである。
- Kawarazaki-za Theater had been renamed to Shinbori-za Theater, but Gonnosuke (the eighth), his nephew-in-law had difficulty carrying out the duty of the Zamoto; he soon fell into financial difficulties, and entreated Danjuro to help him.
- ともかく翌天平5年(733年)3月大使従四位上多治比広成はじめ派遣団は拝朝し、4月3日 (旧暦)4隻の船に分乗して難波津を進発した。
- In any case, in March of next year, 733, the mission led by TAJIHI no Hironari, the ambassador, Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade, visited the Imperial Court, and on May 24, they departed from the port of Naniwa no Tsu on four vessels.
- 朝鮮人水賊の活動は1470年代から活性化するものであったが、その活動はいずれが倭寇かいずれが朝鮮人水賊か識別を付けるのは困難であった。
- Korean pirates had been active since the 1470s, but it was difficult to distinguish the activities of Korean pirates and the activities of wako.
- すでに12月に入っており寒気は厳しく積雪のある峻険な峠を越える事は不可能とも思われたが、一行は困難を乗り越え越前に入ることに成功した。
- It was already in December and really cold, and it was feared that they may not be able to go over the hill which was steep and had a lot of snow; however, they made it to Echizen.
- これらの討伐軍を打ち破り中山道を進んで京都に至る事は困難と予想されたので、天狗党は中山道を外れ北方に迂回して京都へ向って進軍を続けた。
- Tenguto judged that it was difficult to win a battle against the punitive force and arrive at Kyoto through Nakasen-do Road, and they circumnavigated to the north and proceeded.
- 摂津国高槻藩では、財政基盤が脆弱で、国産品の専売制も困難であったため、借入、頼母子講、御用金といった起債の形で財政難の対策としていた。
- Since the financial foundations of Takatsuki Domain of Settsu Province were weak (they also had difficulties monopolizing local products), they floated loans by borrowing money and using Tanomoshi-ko (beneficial association) and goyokin (the money the shogunate temporarily charged farmers and merchants) to solve their financial difficulties.
- 洋食が庶民の味として定着したのは戦後であり、食糧難もあって連合軍からもたらされた西洋風の食糧を食卓に受け入れざるを得ない事情もあった。
- The postwar period saw Yoshoku become more popular among common people, which was partly due to the fact that they received western food from the allied forces based on a lack of food.
- 岡本保孝著『難波江』に、「松本善甫という医者が延宝年間(1673-1680年)に酢を用いたすしを発明し、それを松本ずしという」とある。
- 'Nabae' (Essay of Yasutaka OKAMOTO) written by Yasutaka OKAMOTO described 'a doctor whose name was Yoshiichi MATSUMOTO, invented sushi using vinegar in the Empo era (1673 - 1680), and this sushi was called Matsumoto-zushi.'
- しかし、当時野党第一党の日本社会党が「建国記念日」の制定を「戦前回帰、保守反動の最たるもの」として非難・反対したため、成立しなかった。
- However, such bills did not pass, because the then leading opposition party, Japan Socialist Party, opposed to and criticized the establishment of National Foundation Day, citing 'a return to a prewar period and the prime example of reactionary conservatism' as the reason.
- しかし、外国との貿易港である舞鶴西港は、商港でありながら漁港でもあるため、近年海運の主役となっている大型コンテナ船の就航が難しかった。
- However, the Maizuru Nishi Port, port for foreign trade, functions not only as a commercial port but also as a fishing port; therefore, there was difficulty in operating service for large-scale container vessels which have recently played a leading part in marine transportation.
- 同じ街道上に隣接して京見峠があり、上洛する際には最後の難関である京見峠の前の坂ということで、この前坂という名がついたという伝承がある。
- Kyomi-toge Pass is adjacent in the same road and a lore says Maesaka Pass (literally, previous pass) was named after the fact that it is located just before Kyomi-toge Pass, the last chokepoint to Kyoto.
- 現在では祝日法において天皇誕生日は「天皇の誕生日を祝う」と定められており、実質上天皇誕生日と天皇誕生祝日の分離は困難であると思われる。
- At present, the Act on National Holidays prescribes that the Emperor's Birthday is a day 'to celebrate the birthday of the Emperor' and it is practically difficult to separate the Emperor's Birthday from the day to celebrate the Emperor's Birthday.
- 古事記では、即位前に婚約者の黒媛と、大江之伊邪本和気命本人だと偽って通じた住吉仲皇子の反乱を受け、難波高津宮から石上神宮へ逃げている。
- According to the 'Kojiki,' before enthronement, Oe no izahowake no mikoto (the future Emperor Richu) escaped from Naniwa Kozu-gu Palace to Isonokami-jingu Shrine upon rebellion of Suminoe no nakatsu miko who, in the disguise of Oe, had deceived Oe's fiancee, Kurohime, and had intercourse with her.
- だが、戦後の財政難から師団増設は順調にはいかず、18師団を20師団にすることの是非を巡って有名な2個師団増設問題が発生することになった。
- However, the plan to increase the number of divisions did not go well due to post-war financial difficulties, leading to the famous debacle over whether to increase the number of divisions from 18 to 20.
- 敏達天皇の皇子難波皇子の裔の1人である美努王の妻県犬養三千代が、橘氏朝臣の賜姓された事によって子息である橘諸兄・橘佐為も橘姓を名乗った。
- Minu no Okimi, a descendant of Prince Naniwa, who was Emperor Bidatsu's son, had a wife named Agata no Inukai no Michiyo, who was bestowed the ason surname of 'Tachibana,' and her sons, Tachibana no Moroe and Tachibana no Sai, continued to use the Tachibana family name.
- 初期本百姓が村内で持つ影響力に依拠しなければ年貢諸役を集めることが難しかったが、村請制に依拠できる体制が完成したと評価することもできる。
- Collection of nengu and miscellaneous taxes was difficult without relying on the influential power that early hon-byakusho had in the villages, but it can be evaluated that a system that could rely on the murauke system was completed.
- このため、朝日新聞(9月1日付)に「講和会議は主客転倒」「桂太郎内閣に国民や軍隊は売られた」「小村許し難し」などと書かれるほどであった。
- So, Asahi Shinbun put some comments dated of September 1 such as 'the peace treaty was putting the cart before the horse', 'Taro KATSURA Cabinet sold Japanese people and army', 'Komura was unforgivable' and so on.
- 一方、一進会の宋秉畯も、韓日の対等合邦は国力の差から困難であると判断して韓日併合論を展開し、1910年、桂内閣により韓日併合がなされた。
- On the other hand, Song Byung-joon of Isshinkai was convinced that the equal consolidation of Korea and Japan would be difficult if considering the difference of the two countries' national power, so he next rolled out the theory as to Japan's annexation of Korea which was finally concluded by Katsura Cabinet in 1910.
- また登場人物も多岐にわたるため、歌舞伎では大規模な座組み(配役)が必要となり、菅丞相の適任者が少ないこともあって上演が難しい演目である。
- Also, since there were various characters, kabuki required a grand scale casts, and was hard to perform since not many were fit to play the role of Kanshojo.
- 難船のしらせが来ると、廻船問屋の行司、荷主の総代が改人としてその浦方に出張し、海難の程度を検査し(これを「浦改」(うらあらため)という。
- When there was a news about a shipwreck, gyogi (manager) of kaisen donya (wholesaler in port) and sodai (representative of consignors) were dispatched to the coast near the accident site, where they investigated the extent of damage (this is called 'ura-aratame').
- 江戸幕府は、船員がしばしば浦々の者と共謀して、難破のために投荷をしたと偽って貨物を盗むのを防ぐために、寛永13年8月、難船取締令を発布。
- In August 1636, the Edo bakufu issued a shipwreck control ordinance in order to prevent crew members of the wrecked ship from stealing the ship's cargo, because they often conspired with the port workers, lying that they had to throw the cargo into the sea because of the shipwreck.
- 藤野専斎昌章(1701年 - 1783年)は宗先の高弟で、宗先の没した後4代に渡って後見を務め、40年に及ぶ宗家継承の難局を乗り切った。
- Masaaki Sensai FUJIMO(1701-1783), a high-ranked disciple of Sosen, overcame the difficulty of the Shino family's succession for forty years, acting as a guardian for four-subsequent-generation heads of the school after the death of Sosen.
- このような視点から男系護持論者の中には、「女系天皇の容認論は、天皇制廃止論のための布石ではないか」と述べて女系容認論を非難する者もいる。
- From such perspective, some male-line advocates claim the female-line acceptance theory is a stepping stone for emperor system abolition and criticize them.
- 井上内親王は翌年、天皇の同母姉難波内親王を呪ったとして幽閉され、連座して王に落とされた他戸親王もともに幽閉されてやがて二人とも変死した。
- Next year, the Imperial princess Inoe was confined for the charge of cursing Imperial Princess Naniwa, the older sister of the emperor, along with Imperial Prince Osabe who was also stripped of the rank of the Crown Prince and became a prince, and they both died unnatural deaths.
- 治承4年(1180年)、祖父・源頼政、父・仲綱らが以仁王を擁して挙兵し敗死した際には、有綱は頼政の知行国であった伊豆国にあり難を逃れた。
- When his grandfather Minamoto no Yorimasa and father Nakatsuna mobilized the troops following Prince Mochihito and both died in battle in 1180, Aritsuna was in safety because he was staying in Izu Province, which was the chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) of Yorimasa.
- なお、この16次遣唐使は今毛人に代わって大使の任務を代行した副使小野石根と唐使趙宝英が乗船していた第1船が帰路遭難し両名は死亡している。
- Vice-envoy, ONO no Iwane was chosen for this task instead of Imaemishi, and the ship which he and Chinese envoy, Homei Cho were on was wrecked on their way to Japan, and both died.
- 内政にあっては得宗権力の強化を図る一方、圧倒的に国力の勝るモンゴルの2度にわたる侵攻を退け、後世には日本の国難を救った英雄とも評される。
- While strengthening the power of the Tokuso family within the country, he repulsed two attacks by the Mongolian Empire, which at that time was far more powerful than Japan, and consequently has been regarded by later generations as a hero who had saved the nation of Japan.
- また寛永期を過ぎると金銀の産出に陰りが見え始めたのに対し、人口が次第に増加し経済が発展して幕府の支出が増大したため財政難に陥るようになる。
- As the outputs of gold and silver began to decline after the Kanei era, in spite of the increase of expenditure due to the economic development and the population growth, the shogunate government got into financial trouble.
- ただし、これは一種の緊急避難の措置であり、危篤状態にあった当主が奇跡的に回復した場合などには、当主がその縁組を取り消すことも可能であった。
- However, as Matsugo yoshi was an emergency measure, if the family head managed to recover miraculously, he was able to cancel the adoption.
- 明法道の試験は難関であったために弘仁4年(813年)には、6問以上正解者には不合格であっても国博士に任命される資格を得ることが認められた。
- Because the examination of Myohodo was difficult, in 813 unsuccessful applicants were still allowed to have the qualification to be appointed as Kunihakase (a teacher of local institute).
- しかしこの事件に関して京大生や同学会に対する好意的反応は少数派であり、「京大を廃校にせよ」「貴方たちは狂人ですか」といった非難が集中した。
- However, the number of people who were in favor of the students of Kyoto University and the Dogakukai concerning this incident were relatively small, and many people condemned them by saying 'Abolish Kyoto University' or 'Are you madmen?'
- 荘園に対する収税についても守護使不入を勝ち得た荘園には介入の余地がなく、非合法で横領する他はこれらを支配下に組み入れることは困難であった。
- In terms of tax collection as well, taxes could not be collected from Shoen after they obtained the right of Shugoshi funyu (a right to reject the entrance of a Shugo) and they had no way to collect money without embezzling illegally.
- 明治政府は抵抗した旧幕臣らとの戊辰戦争における戦費などで発足直後から財政難で全国3000万石のうち800万石を確保できているのみであった。
- The Meiji government suffered from a financial problem from the beginning due to a cost of the Boshin War which they fought against former retainers of shogun, and they could secure a right of owning land of only 800 koku (Japanese unit of volume, and 1 koku was defined as enough rice quantity to feed one person for one year) out of Japan's entire land, 3,000 koku.
- 明治天皇崩御(死去)直後の1912年12月、第2次西園寺内閣は日露戦争後の財政難から緊縮財政の方針をとり、陸軍の二個師団増設要求を拒んだ。
- Right after the demise of Emperor Meiji in December 1912, the second Saionji Cabinet adopted a policy of austerity because of financial difficulties after the Russo-Japanese War, and rejected the demand from the Japanese Army to increase two army divisions.
- これは、当時の大韓帝国の巨額の債務や土地インフラに膨大な予算が必要になることから日本国民の理解を得ることは難しいとの政治判断からであった。
- It was a political decision from the judgement that it would be difficult to have Japanese people's understanding, because, at the time, the Korean Empire held an enormous debt and also needed a lot of budget for the land infrastructure.
- 平安時代までの難解で、大衆への布教が禁じられていた仏教を変革する運動として鎌倉仏教の宗派が興隆し、奈良仏教(旧仏教)の革新運動がすすんだ。
- Events that led to the reforming of the Buddhist faith--which up through the Heian period had remained very abstruse, comprehensible only to a select few, and for which any proselytizing activities towards the masses were prohibited--included the rise to prominence of the Kamakura sect of Buddhism as well as new progress in efforts to reform Nara (i.e., old-guard) Buddhism.
- これらについて直系・嫡系皇位継承説の論者は、法に現れた理念が他の理念や利害と衝突して実現に困難をきたすことはままあることであると説明する。
- About these points, the proponents of the direct line imperial succession (code) theory or the legitimate child imperial succession (code) theory explains that it is quite usual that the ideal presented in a law collides with other ideals or interests and has to face difficulties to fulfill.
- 文武天皇の死によってこの方式での継承が困難になったとき、それまで他言されなかった不改常典を明かし、藤原氏の補佐がない皇族を牽制したとする。
- It is said that when the death of Emperor Tenmu made it impossible to practice this form of succession, the existence of Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten, which had been kept a secret, was revealed to the public, in order to block the movements of the imperial family members that ware not able to count on the support of the Fujiwara clan.
- 一方、「もって死す」つまり「だから死んだ」と読んだ場合、この前に書かれている、狗奴国との紛争もしくは難升米の告諭が死の原因ということになる。
- On the other hand, under the translation 'so she died,' it can be interpreted that the cause of her death was a conflict with Kunakoku or Nashime's manifesto, which was written before this.
- 武士の概念は時代により微妙に変化しており、一言では言い表すには難しいが、各時代でも共通しているのは武装した私兵集団の構成員だという点である。
- The concept of bushi slightly varies depending on the periods and it is difficult to express it in one word, but the common theme through the periods is that they were members of a private army group of armed fighters.
- 孝徳天皇と中大兄皇子は不和となり、白雉4年(653年)に中大兄皇子が難波宮を引き払って飛鳥へ戻り、群臣もこれに従い、孝徳天皇は全く孤立した。
- The relationship between Emperor Kotoku and Naka no Oe no Oji became inharmonious. An incident happened where Naka no Oe no Oji left Naniwanomiya Palace and returned to Asuka, with a large number of the retainers following him and Emperor Kotoku being left in complete isolation.
- ここで桐野は官軍による包囲が極めて厳重であり、地形が非常に険しいことから薩軍の全軍が突破することは困難であると考え、熊本城の奪取を提案した。
- Here, KIRINO proposed that they should take back Kumamoto Castle, considering that the siege by the government army was quite tight, the terrain was rugged and therefore, it would be difficult for all forces of the Satsuma army to break through the siege.
- このため天智天皇は国防施設を玄界灘や瀬戸内海の沿岸に築くとともに百済難民を東国へ移住させ、都を奈良盆地の飛鳥から琵琶湖南端の近江宮へ移した。
- Because of this, Emperor Tenchi made them build national defenses along the coast of the sea of Genkai, Seto Inland Sea and let refugees of Baekje immigrate to Togoku and moved the palace from Asuka in the Nara Basin to Omi no miya which is located on the southern edge of Lake Biwa.
- しかしその反面、この時代に外戚政治の土台が一段と固められ、吏治にも公正さが失われる一方、天徳4年の内裏焼亡をはじめとする数々の災難があった。
- On the other hand, the political basis controlled by the Emperor's maternal family became more established during this reign and there was no fairness in politics; moreover, there were disasters such as when the Imperial Palace burned down in Tentoku 4, and so on.
- 区別できるよう衣装の定めを設けるよう願った際、釈迦が傍らの阿難に水田を指差して「あのようにすればよいだろう」と言われたことに由来するという。
- As a result, he asked that a rule be made to govern clothing, so Shakyamuni said to Ananda beside him, pointing the paddy fields, 'How about making it like that.'
- このなかの一伝には日本語文字による写本とローマ字による写本とがあり、それぞれがどのように成立したかという問題は資料の欠如もあり考究が難しい。
- Although one of the episodes mentioned that there were transcripts described in Japanese script and in Roman script, a lack of materials makes it difficult to make researches on the issue of the process of establishing each transcript.
- 又、「木村庄之助の先祖書きにも旅行の節御由緒これあり、京都五条家より御絵符頂戴いたしきたり候」と記されているように、相撲の宗家とは云い難い。
- As the report also says that a memorandum of Shonosuke KIMURA said he traveled on an important mission and the Kyoto Gojo family issued a tag for him, it is difficult to say that the Gojo family is the head family of the sumo world.
- これについても兼実は「夷狄(いてき)」の秀衡を任じたことは「乱世の基」であると非難しているが、これらの施策により日宋貿易は本格化していった。
- Kanezane also wrote regarding this and argued that promoting the 'barbarian' Hidehira was 'the cause of more troubled times,' but these actions led to further developments in Japan-Song trade.
- 百済王氏の本拠地は当初難波にあったが、その後北河内交野郡中宮郷(現・大阪府枚方市中宮)に本拠を移し、この地に百済王の祀廟と百済寺を建立した。
- Although their base was in Nanba at first, it was later moved to Nakamiyago, Kitagawachi Katano District (now known as Nakamiya, Hirakata City, Osaka Prefecture), and Shibyo of Kudaranokonikishi and Hyakusai-ji Temple were constructed there.
- 片荒による休耕地は放牧地などとして用いられたが、こうした土地に再度鍬を入れて農地として回復させる荒田打(あらたうち)を行うことは困難であった。
- The property in fallow years for Kataarashi were used as grazing land but it was hard to plow and restart (called Aratauchi) such property for agricultural use.
- 山根徳太郎らの調査によって、太極殿跡が発掘されるなど飛鳥時代における難波宮の存在は確認されているが、都市域である京域の存在は認められていない。
- The existence of the Naniwa no miya Palace in the Asuka period has been confirmed with the exploration by Tokutaro YAMANE and others who excavated the Daigokuden ruins; however, the existence of the capital and surrounding region, the center city, has not been confirmed.
- これに恐れをなした本願寺は、船団に近寄ることすら躊躇うようになり、船団は7月17日に難なく堺市に着岸し、翌日から石山本願寺への海路を封鎖した。
- The Hongan-ji Temple navy, frightened at this attack and hesitant to even approach the fleet, let the Oda fleet easily reach Sakai City on August 30 and blockade the sea route to Ishiyama on the following day.
- 立役が艱難辛苦して、乳飲み子を抱えて放浪すると言う「乳貰い」などの従来の歌舞伎狂言のモチーフを新時代風にアレンジしており、初演も好評であった。
- The motif of the traditional Kabuki Kyogen such as 'Chichi morai' (Receiving-milk) in which the key player experiencing in twists and angles is wandering about with a unweaned child was arranged in a modern way, and the premiere was well received.
- 摂関家を嗣いだ藤原基房は伊勢平氏による押領だと非難したが、この事件は摂関家の威信の低下を如実に表しており、清盛一族は大きな経済基盤を獲得した。
- FUJIWARA no Motofusa, who succeeded FUJIWARA no Motozane as family head of the line of regents, criticized this as an usurping by the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) but this incident clearly shows the decrease in authority of the line of regents and the Kiyomori family gained a substantial financial foundation.
- 武田氏は、戦国大名家の家臣団に関する軍制や所領の実態が記された軍役帳や所領役帳などの基礎史料を欠いているため、家臣団の実態を知ることは難しい。
- It is difficult to know the reality of its vassals because basic documents concerning the military system and territories of the vassals of the Takeda clan, such as the register of military service and tax ledgers, are no longer exist.
- その詔を受けたのは、川島皇子、忍壁皇子、広瀬王、竹田王、桑田王、三野王、上毛野三千、忌部子人、安曇稲敷、難波大形、中臣大島、平群子首であった。
- Imperial Prince Kawashima Osakabe no Miko, Hirose no Okimi, Takeda no Okimi, Kuwata no Okimi, Mino no Okimi, KAMITSUKENU no Michi, INBE no Kobito, AZUMI no Inashiki (安曇稲敷), NANBA no Okata (難波大形), NAKATOMI no Oshima and HEGURI no Koobito received imperial decrees.
- 物産が豊かな飾磨県を当時基盤の弱かった兵庫県と合併させることを考えていた大久保利通は、これに豊岡県を加えると大きくなりすぎるため難色を示した。
- As Toshimichi OKUBO was planning to consolidate Shikama Prefecture, which was enriched with its products, with Hyogo Prefecture, which had a weak financial base at that time, he frowned at Sakurai's suggestion for the addition of Toyooka Prefecture to his Shikama consolidation plan, because the scale of the new prefecture could become too large.
- 将門討伐後、将門ら謀反人を討つことができたのも、多年の苦難を経て努力した貞盛の為すところも大きいとして、従五位上(正五位上とも)に叙せられた。
- After subduing Masakado, Sadamori was awarded Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) (other theory suggests that he was awarded Shogoinojo [Senior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade)] for his great efforts to defeat rebels such as Masakado, while overcoming hardships for many years.
- さきに1871年琉球船が難破し台湾南部へ漂着した際、先住民による琉球島民殺害事件が発生していたが明治政府はそれを解決できないまま数年が経過した。
- Before that, the Meiji government did not resolve the incident of suicide of Ryukyu sailors whose ship had been wrecked and cast up on the coast of southern Taiwan in 1871, and several years had passed.
- 当時、シャルルマーニュは、778年のサラゴサ遠征に失敗し、その際、退却軍についてきた西ゴート族の難民をどこかへ定住させてやる必要に追われていた。
- In those days, Charlemagne failed to invade Saragossa in 778 and then was urged to make the refugees who were west Goths following the army in retreat settle down somewhere.
- この結果、二十歳以上の男子の3%~4%くらいしか徴兵できなかった(もともと政府の財政難により、成人男子全員を徴兵することは到底無理ではあった)。
- As a result, only about 3 to 4% of the male aged 20 and over were drafted (though it was never possible to draft all adult males due to the government's financial difficulty).
- 天平15年(743年)、難波行幸中の聖武天皇が病に倒れた時、奈良麻呂は佐伯全成に対し小野東人らと謀り次期天皇に黄文王を擁立する旨の計画を漏らす。
- In 743, Naramaro leaked his conspiracy, which was planned with ONO no Azumahito, of enthroning Prince Kibumi as the next emperor to SAEKI no Matanari after Emperor Shomu became ill during the imperial visit to Nanba.
- 急造のバラックスタジオで、牧野の長男・マキノ正博監督が『二番手赤穂浪士』ほかを撮影したが、配給網が確立できず、資金難となり、2か月で解散となる。
- Director Masahiro Makino, Makino's oldest son, filmed 'Nabante Ako Roshi' and other films using a hastily built studio, but the company was unable to secure a distribution network and was liquidated two months later due to financial difficulties.
- 京坂の助六はというと、江戸の幡随院長兵衛と並び称されるほどの侠客だったというから、江戸時代江戸時代初期に実在した人物であることは想像に難くない。
- As it is said of the second opinion that Sukeroku in Kyoto and Osaka was a street knight and was regarded as comparable to Chobei BANZUIN, the most famous street knight in Edo, he must have been a real person during the early Edo period.
- 府北部では中継局(福知山・舞鶴・宮津)がNHKとKBS京都(宮津はNHK第1放送のみ)のみで、これらの地域で在阪民放3局は受信困難な地域が多い。
- The relay stations in the northern part of the prefecture (placed in Fukuchiyama, Maizuru and Miyazu) support only NHK and KBS Kyoto (the one at Miyazu supports only the first channel of NHK-transmitted radiowave), and therefore, in many places of this area, it is difficult to receive the programs of the three private stations based in Osaka.
- 承元の法難(じょうげんのほうなん)とは、法然が率いる専修念仏の衆徒が弾圧され、法然以下、親鸞ら中心的な僧徒が各地に流罪となった事件のことである。
- Jogen no Honan was an incident where monks following Senju-Nenbutsu (intently praying to Buddha) led by Honen were suppressed and Honen, Shinran and other monks with central roles were exiled throughout the country.
- 古墳時代から飛鳥時代にかけて、二上山周辺は、海上の交通の要所、大阪湾・住吉津・難波津から、政治の中心の舞台である飛鳥地方への重要ルートとなった。
- There were important routes from hinges of marine traffic such as Osaka Bay, Suminoe no tsu (Suminoe Port) and Naniwa no tsu (Naniwa Port) to Asuka region, the center of politics, on the periphery of Mt. Nijo from the Kofun period (tumulus period) to the Asuka period.
- 黒田の払い下げ計画が新聞報道されると、在野はこれを薩摩出身の政商五代友厚のたくらみによるものだとして、激しく非難した(開拓使官有物払下げ事件)。
- When newspapers reported Kuroda's plan to sell the properties, opposition parties severely criticized it alleging that it had been plotted by Tomoatsu GODAI, who was a merchant from Satsuma and had a connection with the government (Kaitakushi Kanyubutsu Haraisage Jiken [Incident Concerning Sale of the Properties Owned by the Hokkaido Development Commission]).
- しかし実際には、日高が健康問題を抱えており指揮が難しい状態であり、当時の将官の中で実戦経験豊富な東郷が至極順当に選ばれたというのが真相であった。
- In actual fact, Hidaka had health problems which would make it difficult to command, and Togo, with the most experience of all the admirals at the time, was a very reasonable choice.
- ただし大量生産される鋳造貨幣というものは質量を一定に製作することは困難で(最大2倍程度のばらつきはある)、質量の基準が開元通寳というわけではない。
- However, mass-produced metallic currency was difficult to be equalized in weight (at worst, the disparity was as large as almost twice) so Kai Yuan Tong Bao could not be said the standard of the weight of currencies.
- このような名目貨幣は幕府に利益をもたらすものであり、慢性的な財政難に悩む幕府にとって、もはや名目貨幣の発行は止まる所を知らないものとなっていった。
- This nominal money generated profits for the bakufu which was suffering from chronic financial difficulties and they could not stop issuing nominal money.
- しかし、落人が世から身を隠し潜むことにより生き長らえたという境遇にあった以上、その歴史は長く秘匿されるべきものとされていたことは想像に難くはない。
- In view of the situation where Ochudo managed to survive by hiding themselves, however, it can be easily imagined that their history was supposed to be kept secret.
- 須恵器とほぼ同時期に生産されていたものであるが、土師器の技法は弥生式土器の延長線上にあり、どの形式から土師器かを土器自体から決定することは難しい。
- Although roughly identical in age as Sue pottery, Haji pottery is an evolved form of Yayoi type pottery and therefore is extremely difficult to determine from which type Haji pottery started.
- しかし次第にこの原則は崩れ、財政難などから、藩主の庶子は、養子縁組先がないと、家老はおろか給人級の家臣として分家させられることも珍しくなくなった。
- However, over time this rule came to be broken and for financial or other reasons, it was not rare for an illegitimate child of a lord not adopted by a family to be appointed as a Karo or forced to leave the master's family, generating a branch family with territory.
- 大阪の住吉大社近くの住吉津から出発し、住吉の細江(現・細江川。細井川駅)から大阪湾に出、難波津を経て瀬戸内海を九州へ向かい、そこから玄界灘に出る。
- The kenzuishi and his staff would depart from Suminoetsu Port near Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine in Osaka, heading to Osaka Bay via Sumiyoshi-no-Hosoe (present-day Hosoe River and Hosoigawa Station), and then leave Naniwa-no-Tsu (Naniwa Port) and go across the Seto Inland Sea to the Genkai-nada Sea in the Kyushu region.
- 白太夫は自らの誕生日の祝う日に、一族がバラバラとなりついには我が子の死を看取る悲劇的な役割で、なおかつ、最後まで親の温情を失わない難しい役である。
- Shiratayu had a tragic and difficult role of having his clan fallen apart and oversaw the death of his son and did not lose the parental love until even to the very end.
- これらの海賊は、有力な在地領主、神人・供御人の特権を得た沿岸住民などが経済活動の合間に略奪しているケースが多く、国衙の力だけでは追討が困難だった。
- These pirates were in most cases prominent local landowners or coastal residents with privileges such as Jinin or Jugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) that were pirating when not conducting their usual commercial activities and were difficult to control with only the power held by the Kokuga.
- 2003年(平成15年)1月18日、後醍醐天皇に下賜された現存最古の日本の国旗(当時は国旗ではなかったが)や、天誅組の寄せ書きなどが盗難にあった。
- On January 18, 2003, the oldest national flag of Japan (although it was not a national flag at the time) remaining today, which was granted as an Imperial gift by the Emperor Godaigo, and yosegaki (a card on which people write a few lines each) by Tenchu-gumi, and other items were stolen.
- 天平16年(744年)閏1月11日、難波宮に行幸の際、その途中に桜井頓宮で脚気になり、恭仁京に引き返すが、2日後の閏1月13日、17歳で死去した。
- On his way to Naniwanomiya Palace for a Gyoko (imperial visit), he developed beriberi at Sakurai tongu (a temporary palace) on March 3, 744, and came back to Kuni-kyo, but two days later on March 5 he died at the age of 17.
- 九州へ向かう船が暴風雨によって難破し一行が離散した時も、有綱と武蔵坊弁慶、堀景光、静御前の4人のみが残っており、義経と共に吉野山に逃げ込んでいる。
- When the ship they were boarding en route to Kyushu was wrecked due to a severe storm and they became separated, Aritsuna was a member of four survivors, Musashibo Benkei, Kagemitsu HORI, Shizuka Gozen and himself; and these survivors escaped with Yoshitsune to Mt. Yoshino.
- 1865年(慶応元年)3月17日の午後、プティジャンが庭の手入れをしていると、やってきた15人ほどの男女が教会の扉の開け方がわからず難儀していた。
- One day when Petitjean was about to attend to some gardening, on March 17, 1865, a group of about fifteen men and women visitors were having a difficult time trying to figure out how to open the door to the church.
- 宗教については淡白で、晩年の自伝『福翁自伝』において、「幼少の時から神様が怖いだの仏様が難有(ありがた)いだのということは一寸(ちよい)ともない。
- He was not so much religious, as he described himself in the autobiography written in his later years 'Fukuojiden': 'I have never feared deities and been thankful to Buddha from childhood.
- 同時期に日本にいた宣教師アレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノはコエリョの軽率な行動を厳しく非難しており、コエリョの行動に問題があった事は確かであるようだ。
- Alessandro Valignano, a missionary stayed in Japan during the same period strongly criticized the careless conduct of Coelho, and it seems to be certain that his conduct was really problematic.
- なかには水を混ぜていないのに、客から「金魚酒にしただろう」と難癖をつけられ、「していない」と身の潔白を示すために抗議の自殺をした酒屋までも出現した。
- Even the following incident occurred: A sakaya owner who was accused by a customer of 'serving goldfish sake' killed himself for clarifying that the owner served no goldfish sake to the customer.
- そして彼らは、ソウル特別市から仁川広域市に至るまでの間に、たびたび暴徒の襲撃を受けて死傷者を出しながら難を逃れて、イギリスの測量船で長崎へ避難した。
- Although mobs attacked them again and again on their way from Seoul special city to Incheon Metropolitan City and their casualties increased, they finally got out of trouble and escaped to Nagasaki with the help of a British survey ship.
- 発掘調査によれば、奈良時代の後期難波宮周辺には正東西南北方位(正方位)にのびる溝が広い範囲で多数検出されており、建物跡も正方位に築かれたものが多い。
- The excavation revealed that many ditches, which were stretching to the east, west, north, and south directions (Seihoi), existed in a wide area around the Koki Naniwa no Miya Palace in the Nara period and many structural sites were also placed at Seihoi.
- あまつさえ、豊臣秀頼を大和郡山に転封の上、将軍家に毎年参勤、高台院を人質に江戸にさし交わすこと、さもなくば攻めほろぼすとの無理難題を突きつけている。
- In addition, he made an unreasonable demand for the transfer of Hideyori TOYOTOMI to Yamatokoriyama, annual sankin (daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo), and offering Kodaiin to Edo as a hostage, intimidating to attack the family otherwise.
- 調合・焼成の困難な赤色系の絵付を17世紀に成功させたのは、磁器を国内で初めて製作した有田焼以外ではこれが唯一の例であり、かつ陶器では国内初であった。
- This was the first and only example of a successful piece of earthen pottery with a reddish color paint in the 17th century aside from Arita-yaki (Arita pottery), which was the first Japanese porcelain, since reddish color paint requires a delicate glaze compound and burning.
- 事態を憂慮した二条良基は勧修寺経顕や尊氏と相計って、光厳・光明の実母西園寺寧子に治天の君となることを要請し、困難な折衝の上ようやく受諾を取り付けた。
- Yoshimoto NIJO was worried about the situation and in agreement with Tsuneaki KASHUJI and Takauji, he requested the biological mother of Kogon and Komyo, Neishi SAIONJI become Chiten no kimi and after various obstacles were overcome, he gained acceptance.
- たまたま、変を嗅ぎつけたらしい摂津衆の一人・中川清秀から書状が舞い込み、秀吉は「上様(信長)・殿様(信忠)は危難を切り抜けられ大津市に下がっている。
- A letter came from Kiyohide NAKAGAWA, one of the Settsushu members who seemed to have smelled the incident, but Hideyoshi sent to Kiyohide a reply to the effect: 'His Highness (Nobunaga) and the Lord (Nobutada) have overcome the crisis and retreated to Otsu City,
- 天皇はこれを恨み退位も考えたが、山碕(後の京都府乙訓郡)に宮殿を造営中に病に倒れ、白雉5年10月10日 (旧暦)(654年)に難波の宮殿で崩御した。
- The Emperor Kotoku became very angry and thought about the abdication of the throne, however, he fell ill when his new palace in Yamazaki (present-day Oto-gun Kyoto Prefecture) was in the course of construction, and passed away at Naniwa Imperial residence on November 27, 654.
- だが、これに抗議の意を込めて「病気」と称して難波にあった自分の別荘に籠ったため、大宰府行きは無期延期状態となり豊成はそこで8年間の隠遁生活を送った。
- His assignment to Dazaifu (local government office in Kyusyu region) was postponed because Toyonari shut himself in his second home in Nanba under the guise of 'illness' to protest against it, and then lived in retirement there for eight years.
- 生母とされる生駒氏の喪主も茶筅丸(織田信雄)が務めており、織田信忠存命中の史料により、織田信忠と生駒氏を直接的に結びつける事は、現状では困難である。
- It is difficult at the present time to show a direct link between Nobutada ODA and the Ikoma clan as the host of the funeral of the Ikoma clan, who is said to be his birth mother, was Chasen-maru (Nobukatsu ODA) based on historical evidence of the time when Nobutada ODA was alive.
- また、これより前、寛永14年(1637年)から翌年にかけて起こった島原の乱においても、多くの浪人が一揆に加わったことが、その鎮定を困難にしたとされる。
- In the earlier Shimabara War (1637 - 1638), many ronins participated in the uprising which made its suppression difficult.
- 城下に入ると幹線道路の両脇に家屋を隙間なく配置させることで城を見え難くして、道を鍵形に曲げたり袋小路を設けるなどすることで、城への到達距離を延長した。
- Within the joka, houses were located on both sides of the main route to make it hard to see the castle and made the distance to the castle longer by making many bends in the roads and dead-ends.
- ただし、そうした場合には技術・学術が実際に継承されているという点が重要視されており、そうした技術が衰退すれば世習の家柄でも子孫への継承が困難となった。
- However, in these cases, it was important that the actual techniques and knowledge were passed down, but if such techniques had declined, passing down the position was difficult even for a descendant of a hereditary family.
- 社会が変貌するなかで、貴族はもはや自己の現実生活のなかから題材をみいだすことが難しくなり、『源氏物語』ののちは創作物語にはこれをしのぐものがなかった。
- When society was in process of change, it became difficult for court nobles to find a subject from their daily life, and that's why no other fictionalized stories surpassed the 'Tale of Genji.'
- それには十分な正貨準備が不可欠であったが、実際には、藩札発行で得られる実通貨の納庫を目論み、これによって藩の財政難の解消を試みる場合がしばしばあった。
- Such issuance was supposed to be based on a sufficient amount of standard coins retained by the domain, but actually, in most cases, domains tried to collect as many circulating coins as possible in exchange for issued han bills for the purpose of improving their financial situation.
- 社会進化論が当時先進的科学言説として世界を席巻していたさなかにあって、文明/野蛮言説の外から思考・発言することは非常な困難であったと言わねばならない。
- It should have been very difficult to think and make statements from outside of the civilization vs. barbarianism logic when social evolutionism swept the world as the latest scientific theory.
- この時、日本正教会がロシアと関係が深かった事から、ニコライ堂とその関連施設も標的になりあわや焼かれる寸前であったが、近衛兵などの護衛により難を逃れた。
- At that time, St. Nicholas Church and the related facilities were also targetted and about to be burned out because of the deep relationship between Japan Orthodox Church and Russia, but it was saved by the defence of the Imperial Guards.
- 鯨カツレツ、鯨ステーキ、鯨カレーなどの鯨肉料理の大半は、牛肉や豚肉の入手が困難だった時代に、鯨肉を代用獣肉という位置づけの食材として使ったものである。
- Whale meat in most of the whale meat dishes, such as whale meat cutlet, stake of whale meat, and whale meat curry, was used as a substitute of animal meat in the era when beef and pork were unavailable.
- 承安3年(1173年)4月12日、滋子の就寝していた法住寺・萱御所が火災に遭い、滋子は女房の健寿女(『たまきはる』の作者)や親宗の先導により避難した。
- On June 1, 1173, there was a fire at the Kaya Palace of the Hoju-ji Temple where Shigeko used to live, Shigeko was guided by her lady in waiting, Kenju jo (the author of 'Tamakiharu') and Chikamune to safely escaped from there.
- 山岡兄弟は光秀の誘いを拒絶し、瀬田橋を焼くなど抵抗の構えを見せた末、一時甲賀市方面に避難)、日野城(蒲生賢秀・蒲生氏郷父子在城)などを残し平定された。
- The Yamaoka brothers refused Mitsuhide's invitation to join his camp and, after showing gestures of resistance including the burning of Seta Bridge, temporarily took refuge in the Koka City area) and Hino-jo Castle (held by father and son Katahide GAMO and Ujisato GAMO) was subjugated.
- もし皇帝のめぐみをもって、この強敵高句麗の勢いをくじき、よく困難をのりきることができましたならば、父祖の功労への報いをお替えになることはないでしょう。
- If we can unnerve Goguryeo's powerful force and overcome this difficulty with the Emperor's blessing, you will not change the reward for the meritorious deeds of my ancestors.
- なお、『姓氏録』を基に栗隈王の父を難波皇子とする説が広く行われているが、二者の活動年代には隔たりが大きく(約80年)、父子関係を疑問視する向きもある。
- There is an opinion that Kurikuma no Okimi was a prince of the Prince Naniwa, which is based on the description in 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (New Selection and Record of Hereditary Titles and Family Names), but considering the long gap (about 80 years) between their active periods, some are dubious about their relation as a father and a son.
- これは、一旦世襲親王家として定めると、世代を経て皇統との血縁関係が離れていっても容易にこれを解消することができず、弾力ある運用が難しくなるためである。
- This was necessary for the resilience of the Meiji system - if the rights of the Seshu-Shinno-ke were accepted under the law, they could not have been easily rescinded, even as the blood line diverged from the reigning imperial line over the generations.
- 西南戦争後の政府の財政難から税権回復を目指し、1879年には諸外国との条約改正に臨み、アメリカとの交渉は良好に進むがイギリスの反対などで挫折している。
- Seeking bailout for the government which had been facing economic difficulties after the Seinan War, he went on negotiating the recovery of Japan's taxation authority from the western countries in 1879, where he was successful with the United States but finally set back due to Great Britain's opposition.
- 戦いは当初地の利に勝る尼子勢が優勢だったが、攻め落とすのが難しいと判断した吉川元春が住民に間道を教えてもらい、別働隊を率いて裏から布部山の頂上に登った。
- While the Amago army was initially dominant due to the advantageous location, Motoharu KIKKAWA found it difficult to defeat the Amago army and obtained information about a by-path from local residents and went up to the top of Fubeyama from the rear side of the mountain, leading a separate battalion of troops.
- この家族の処置にあたって特に苦難したといわれるのは若年の同志矢頭右衛門七で、赤穂退去後、矢頭家は大阪に移住していたが、ここで父矢頭長助が病死してしまう。
- The person who had the most difficulty was a young comrade Emoshichi YATO whose family had moved to Osaka after they left Ako, since he experienced his father Chosuke YATO's death due to sickness.
- 小文吾が城内で出会った女田楽師旦開野(犬坂毛野)は、嵐山盗難の一件により不当に殺された粟飯原胤度の遺児であり、一族の仇の一人・大記を対牛楼で討ち果たす。
- Kobungo met a female Dengaku performer Asakeno (Keno INUSAKA) in the castle, whose father Tanenori AIHARA had been unjustly killed for the theft of Arashiyama and who avenged Daiki, one of the foes of her family, in Taigyuro.
- ピーク時には地元松阪市では、自分の家から道路を横切って向かいの家に行くことすら困難なほど大量の参詣者が町の中を通っていった、と当時の日記にかかれている。
- A diary at the time says that during peak periods, in the neighboring Matsuzaka City there were so many visitors passing through the town that the author had trouble going to the house across the street from his/her own.
- 蕨尾から七色(なないろ)にかけては明治初年に七色横手(なないろよこて)という道が開かれたが、断崖沿いの危難な道であるため、ほとんど使われなかったという。
- A road named 'Nanairo Yokote' road was built from Warabio to Nanairo in the first year of the Meiji era, however it was seldom used because it was a dangerous path along a cliff.
- また、藤原伊尹が重態になった折に円融天皇が摂政の上表をすぐに受理してしまった事に対して藤原済時がその不見識(3度目まで待たなかったこと)を非難している。
- When FUJIWARA no Koretane became very ill, the Emperor Enyu accepted Johyo from a Sessho (Regent) straight away and FUJIWARA no Naritoki criticized this dishonorable behavior (that the Emperor did not wait until he received the third Johyo).
- ②宮本氏が直江より身分的に上位とした承兌は、直江とは連歌をともにしており、また豊臣姓を賜っている直江は陪臣ではないため、二人の身分の上下を測るのは難しい。
- (2) Jotai, who was placed in a status higher than Naoe by Mr. Miyamoto, created linked verses with Naoe, and Naoe to whom the Toyotomi surname was given was not a vavasor, therefore, it is difficult to measure whose status would be higher or lower between the two.
- この時代の美術は多様化し、その性格を一言で言い表わすことは困難であるが、古代・中世の美術が宗教(仏教)中心であったのに比べ、著しく世俗化の傾向が強まった。
- This period's art was so diversified as to be difficult to define its character in a word, but it could be said to become extremely popularized, compared with the art of the ancient and middle ages, which was mainly occupied with religious (Buddhist) art.
- また体面を保つ為の出費も著しかったなど、一概に上野介のみを非難する向きも疑問があり、仮名手本忠臣蔵を盾に、自藩の失策を弁明しているとも受け取る事が出来る。
- At the same time, they also spent quite a lot of money to keep their dignity, and therefore, it is questionable to criticize only Kozuke no Suke, and one assumes that they were trying to cover up their own faults through Kanadehon Chushingura.
- 彼らは「諸侯でさえも貧しい(財政難で多額の負債を抱えた)時節である。貧しいは愧ることではなく、実を置いても立身する(名声を得る)ほうがいい」と考えている。
- They believe that, 'when even feudal lords are poor (having debts due to financial problems), being poor is not a shame and making achievements (winning fame or recognition) at the expense of money is better.'
- 衆議院議員で庚申倶楽部だった大助の父難波作之進は即日議員辞職し、山口県熊毛郡 (山口県)周防村(現・山口県光市)の自宅で閉門蟄居後、食事を取らず餓死した。
- Daisuke's father, Sakunoshin NANBA, who was a member of the House of Representatives and also a member of the Koshin club (parliamentary group), resigned immediately, and starved to death by refusing food after confining himself to his own house in Suo Village, Kumage County, Yamaguchi Prefecture (present-day, Hikari City, Yamaguchi Prefecture).
- 版籍奉還という日本国内の難問を無事に乗り越えた1870年、朝鮮との国交交渉を有利にするため、冊封体制の頂点にたつ清朝と対等の条約、日清修好条規を締結した。
- In 1870 when Japan finished the 'Hansekihokan' (returning of lands and people to the emperor), a challenge in the domestic policy, successfully, Japan concluded the equal treaty (Japanese-Qing Treaty of Amity) with the Qing dynasty, which was at the top of the tributary system, because it would be advantageous to diplomatic negotiations with Korea.
- 大学之助と太平次という強烈な個性の悪人を演じるのは至難の技で、八代目幸四郎以後は松本幸四郎 (9代目)と片岡仁左衛門 (15代目)の二人しか演じていない。
- It is extremely difficult to play Daigakunosuke and Taheiji, villains with strong character, and after Koshiro the eighth, only two actors, Koshiro MATSUMOTO the ninth and Nizaemon KATAOKA the fifteenth, have played the roles.
- また、武家社会でも、それまで当たり前だった全国に分散した所領の支配が難しくなり、分散した所領を売却・交換し、一箇所にまとめた所領の一円化傾向が顕著になる。
- Moreover, even within the samurai society, the system of dividing and distributing ownership and control of lands throughout the country, which until that point had been thought fair and natural, became problematic, and the tendency for owners to sell or exchange some of these distributed lands to concentrate their power and influence in one place became pronounced.
- 本来ならば桂小五郎(後の木戸孝允)もその場にいたはずだったが、到着が早すぎたので一度本拠地にもどり時間を待っている間に事件が起こってしまい難を逃れている。
- Kogoro KATSURA (later Takayoshi KIDO) should have been there too, but he arrived earlier and then went back to the base to wait a while. His life had been spared because the incident occurred before he came back.
- なお、宇佐へ配流の際にイノシシによって難事を救われたとの伝説(北九州市小倉北区など)から、護王神社・和気神社などでは狛犬の代わりに「狛猪」が置かれている。
- According to one legend (in Kokurakita ward, Kitakyushu City), when he was exiled to Usa, he was saved by a boar from a difficult situation, and based on this legend, in those shrines such as Goo-jinja Shrine and Wake-jinja Shrine, a pair of 'shrine boars' (guardian boars) are placed instead of a pair of shrine dogs (a pair of stone-caved guardian dogs situated at the gate of a shrine).
- 天皇の宮(首都)を飛鳥から難波宮(現在の大阪市中央区 (大阪市))に移し、蘇我氏など飛鳥の豪族を中心とした政治から天皇中心の政治への転換点となったとされる。
- The palace of Emperor (the capital city) was transferred from Asuka to Naniwanomiya Palace (present Chuo Ward, Osaka City), which is said to have become the turning point from the politics centered around Gozoku (local ruling families) such as the Soga clan to the politics centered around Emperor.
- 元老会議は後継首相に桂太郎を指名したが、桂は半年前に内大臣兼侍従長になったばかりであり、この点に関して「宮中・府中の別」を乱すものとして非難の声があがった。
- The conference of elder statesmen appointed Taro KATSURA as the next prime minister, but he had already assumed both Minister of Palace and Grand Chamberlain just half a year before, and his nomination became a target for criticism as a violation of the principle of separation between the Imperial Family and the Japanese government organization.
- この事件により、山本権兵衛内閣は総辞職、警視総監・湯浅倉平、警視庁警務部長・正力松太郎らが懲戒免職、難波の出身地である山口県の知事が2ヶ月間の減給となった。
- Due to the Incident, the Gonbei YAMAMOTO cabinet resigned en masse, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Commissioner Kurahei YUASA and Director of Police Administration of Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Matsutaro SHORIKI were given a dishonorable discharge, and the governor of Yamaguchi Prefecture, where Nanba was born, was reprimanded with a pay cut for two months.
- 晩年には学者として著作に専念し、『難太平記』は古典『太平記』を難ずる意味の歴史書で、応永の乱における自らの立場や、太平記に記されない一族の功績を記している。
- In the last years, he concentrated on writing as a scholar; the history book named 'Nan-Tahiheiki' was meant to criticize the 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), so he wrote about his position during the Oei War and great achievements made by the Imagawa clan which were not written in the 'Taiheiki.'
- 二才(にせ=若者。15歳頃から24歳頃)時代に石見半兵衛に決闘を申し込まれ、それを論難して以来、石見が属する上之園方限(ほうぎり)の郷中の士と親交を結んだ。
- While he was greenhorn, he was challenged to a duel by Hanbei IWAMI, and after he refuted Hanbei, he became good friends with residents of the Ueno residential district of samurai to which Iwami belonged.
- しかし、1953年の4月29日に同校で起きた失火とその再建策を巡って同年12月5日に保守派の父母が進歩派教員の「偏向教育」を非難したことにより対立が激化した。
- However, the conflict intensified because on December 5, 1953, the conservative parents blamed 'Ideologically Prejudiced Education' by progressive teachers regarding an accidental fire occurred in the school on April 29 of the same year and its reconstruction plan.
- 更に高山義三京都市長や大達茂雄文部大臣が学校封鎖を「暴力革命」と非難して、当時の政治課題とされていた「教育2法案」の早期成立を訴えたために事態は益々混乱した。
- Furthermore, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor of Kyoto City, and Shigeo ODACHI, the Minister of Education condemned the blockage of the school as a 'Violent revolution' and required the early establishment of the 'Two Education Laws' that made the situation more confused.
- 観光化に伴うこうした例は地域振興と密着しているため根絶を求めるのは難しく、古墳や景観の保護のためできるだけ環境負荷を最小限に留めるのが今後の課題となっている。
- Such examples and issues are closely related to regional promotion, and since there is no end to this kind of problem, minimizing environmental stress for kofun and landscape protection are future issues.
- 延暦寺の支配下に置かれて浄土真宗の活動を禁じられていた本願寺では蓮如が救済活動の傍ら延暦寺からの独立を図ってその怒りを招き、いわゆる寛正の法難の原因となった。
- At the Hongan-ji Temple that was put under control of the Enryaku-ji Temple and was prohibited to conduct any Jodo Shin Sect-related activities, Rennyo tried to regain the temple's independence from the Enryaku-ji Temple while engaging himself in rescue efforts, but was met with anger, which triggered the so-called religious persecution in the Kansei Era.
- さらに、助かった船員らは救命ボートで避難していたため、船長が適切な避難誘導をせずに、乗客である日本人を取り残したのではないかとの疑念から当時の世論が沸騰した。
- Furthermore, the surviving crew members had fled from the ship on lifeboats, which then created a sensation triggering speculation that the captain might have left the Japanese passengers without giving them proper evacuation guidance.
- 『看聞日記』によれば、足利義持が当初の諱である躬仁の「躬」の字には“身に弓があるのは難がある”として鄂隠慧カツに相談し、「躬」と同音の「實」とすることにした。
- According to the 'Kanmon Nikki' (Kanmon Diary), Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA referred to the kanji character of the Emperor's initial posthumous name, 'Mihito', saying 'it is not ideal to have an archery bow together with a body,' he then consulted with Gakuin Ekatsu and changed the kanji character from '躬' (Mihito) to '實' (Mihito).
- 既に江戸時代中期頃から各藩ともに深刻な財政難を抱えており、大坂などの有力商人からいわゆる「大名貸」を受けたり領民から御用金を徴収するなどして辛うじて凌いでいた。
- Every domain had faced serious financial difficulties since the middle of Edo period, and barely survived by borrowing money from leading merchants in Osaka etc, so-called 'daimyo-gashi' (lending money to daimyo), or collecting goyokin (money temporarily charged on farmers and merchants) from the people of the domain.
- これは、当時の文化先進地である西国において石垣を多用した築城が発達し、また東国においては、築城に適した石材の採取が困難であり、土塁の使用が多かったためとされる。
- It is understood that this is because castle construction using stone walls was developed in Saigoku which was culturally advanced area at that time and in Togoku, it was difficult to obtain stone materials which were suitable for castle building and therefore, dorui (earthen walls) were often used.
- 倭寇の中心的活動の一つで拠点であった前期倭寇当時の朝鮮半島は李氏朝鮮が成立直後であった事もあり、自立的な治安維持能力が不足し倭寇活動を抑制する事が困難であった。
- During the days of the early Wako, the Korean peninsula was not only one of the Wako's principal targets, but also their base of operations, and because the Joseon dynasty had only just been established in Korea, the new government lacked the independent ability to preserve peace, making it extremely difficult for them to suppress Wako pirate activity.
- しかし、沿岸鯨類資源の枯渇から沖合い・遠洋へと漁場が移動するにつれ、冷蔵冷凍技術がない時代には持ち帰りが困難となり、徐々に食用とすることができなくなっていった。
- However, as whale resources along the coasts became depleted and sites of whaling changed to off the coasts or in remote sea areas, it became difficult to bring back caught whales in the ages when no cold storage nor freezing technology was available, making it gradually impossible to eat the meat.
- 住吉仲皇子反乱の襲撃を受けたとき、難波宮で酒に酔って寝ており、部下に馬にやっと乗せて貰ったくらいだから、恐らく二日酔いで、反乱に驚いていた身には堪えたであろう。
- When attacked by troops of rebellious Suminoe no nakatsu miko, Oe was sleeping drunk at the Naniwa no miya Palace and because he could barely mount on the horse with the help of his subordinate, he must have had a hangover which tormented him, together with the shock of the rebellion.
- このような三河の動揺が隣国・遠江へも伝播すると、正・誤の判別がつかない情報が飛び交う遠江領内は敵味方の見極めさえ困難な疑心暗鬼の状態に陥ってしまう(遠州錯乱)。
- Once the unrest in Mikawa Province was transmitted to the neighboring Totomi Province, the whole territory became wrapped in suspicion with people in panic wondering who would be friend or foe amid the chaos and whether the news was true or false (Enshu [Totomi Province] Confusion).
- またドイツ留学中、田村怡与造に講じていた難解なクラウゼヴィッツの『戦争論』について、師団の将校たちに講義をするとともに、井上光師団長などの依頼で翻訳をはじめた。
- He gave a lecture to officers on the very profound and subtle book, 'On War' by Clausewitz, a lecture he used to give for Iyozo TAMURA during his stay in Germany, and also translated it on the request of Hikaru INOUE, a division chief.
- だが、当時の将軍は13歳の足利義満であり、後見である管領細川頼之は「可為聖断」「武家更難申是非」と慎重な態度を示し、あくまで天皇の聖断によるべしとの態度を示した。
- However, as the shogun at the time was Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who was 13 years old, kanrei (shogunal deputy) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the guardian of the Imperial Prince, repeatedly insisted that the Emperor make a decision over the matter, saying 'the Emperor should make a decision' and 'don't allow samurai intervention.'
- だが、応仁・文明の乱により散逸した物や諸大名に下賜されたり、幕府財政難のために土倉に売却されるなどして、地方に移ったものやそのまま行方不明になった物も少なくない。
- However, quite a few works were moved to various provinces or gone missing, because they were scattered and ultimately lost during the Onin-Bunmei Wars, given away to territorial lords, or sold to doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) due to the economic difficulties of the bakufu.
- 特に11月13日付で「天皇への無礼と京大の責任」なる論説を掲載した京都新聞を初めとして新聞は学生側を強く非難し、常軌を逸した「不敬罪」であるかのように書き立てた。
- Especially, newspapers strongly condemned students as if they committed 'lese majesty,' including Kyoto Shimbun which posted the article 'Disrespect for the Emperor and Kyoto University's responsibility' on November 13.
- もっとも時代が進んで社会が豊かになってくると消費生活の統制が困難となり、効果の低い奢侈禁止令が他度々出されては遵守が徹底されなというジレンマも抱えることとなった。
- However, as time went by and societies became richer and richer, it became harder to put people's consumption under control, resulting in a dilemma that many ineffective sumptuary laws were issued but not thoroughly observed.
- 辛加知の死を知らない仲麻呂は愛発関を避け、舟で琵琶湖東岸に渡り越前に入ろうとするが、逆風で舟が難破しそうになり断念して、塩津に上陸し陸路、愛発関の突破をはかった。
- Without knowing the death of Shikaji, Nakamaro tried to avoid Arachi no-seki checking station and cross the Lake Biwa by boat to the east coast, but failed eventually due to the against wind, and proceeded land route from Shiozu to go through Arachi no-seki.
- しかし高麗の宋君斐・金賛が案内する蒙古の使節ら(正使・黒的、副使・殷弘)は巨済島まで来て、航海の困難を理由に引き返し、クビライに対して日本への通使の不要を説いた。
- However, the Mongol envoys (chief envoy Kokuteki and vice-envoy Inko), guided by So Kunhi and Kinsan from Goryeo, returned due to the difficulty of the voyage after reaching Geoje Island, and explained to Kublai that it was unnecessary to send envoys to Japan.
- 江戸末期に老中首座となった水野忠邦は、天保の改革の一環として上知令(江戸城大阪城の十里四方を天領とする)を発令したため、周辺に領地を持つ大名から大きく非難された。
- As a part of the Tempo Reforms, Tadakuni MIZUNO, who became the head of Roju (senior councilors of the Tokugawa Shogunate) at the end of the Edo period, issued Agechi-rei (confiscation command of territory) to turn the area within a radius of 10 ri (one 'ri' is about 3.927km) from the Edo and Osaka Castle into tenryo, and daimyo lords having territories around these castles criticized him severely.
- しかし、江戸時代中期以降、太平の時代に入ると、軍事機密の意味は無くなり、慢性的な財政難のため、家臣が禄を離れることは、枢要な人物で無い限り事実上自由になっていた。
- From the mid-Edo Period to the Taihei Period, military secrecy was no longer needed and ongoing financial difficulty made it possible for vassals to leave, unless they served in key positions.
- 控櫓(ひかえやぐら)とは、江戸時代に江戸幕府公認の芝居小屋(本櫓)が経営難などで興行が出来なくなった場合に、興行権を譲り受けて劇場運営を代行した座元のことである。
- Hikae yagura is Zamoto (leaders of theatrical companies) which took over the performance rights and ran the theaters on behalf of the playhouses (Hon yagura [the three licensed theaters, Edo Sanza]) authorized by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) because the playhouses could not give any performance due to financial woes etc. in the Edo period.
- だが、当時は農業生産が極度の不振(『日本後紀』によれば、817年より7年連続で干害などの被害を受けたとされている)にあり、その結果として当時財政難は深刻であった。
- However, agricultural production was in a slump at that time (according to 'Nihon Koki' there were seven consecutive years of draught damage, beginning in 817), and due to this situation there was the problem of serious financial difficulty.
- 「東山三十六峰」という呼称を使う場合、山科盆地からは確認できるが、京都市街地から頂を確認することが難しい花山、六条山といった山は三十六の峰に含まれないことに留意。
- Note that the name 'Higashiyama Sanju-Roppo' does not include such mountains as Mt. Kazan and Mt. Rokujo, which are able to confirm from Yamashina Basin, but are difficult to identify their peaks from Kyoto City urban area.
- そのおかげで、この木津の地は疫病の難から救われたといい伝えられており、その疫病とは皮膚病の一種だったようで、それ以来木津温泉は、皮膚病の効能を第一にうたっている。
- Thanks to his advice, people here in Kitsu are said to have narrowly escaped the plague which seemed to have been a kind of a dermatosis; ever since, Kitsu-onsen Hot Spring has publicized itself as being good for dermatosis among other ailments.
- 平成7年(1995年)1月17日の阪神・淡路大震災では、地震発生から2週間後の1月31日に現地に入り、スリッパも履かず避難所の床に正座して被災者の話に聞き入った。
- When the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake occurred on January 17, 1995, he visited the disaster-stricken area on January 31, only two weeks after the earthquake occurred, and sat in the correct manner on the floor of shelters while listening attentively to victims' words without putting on a pair of mules.
- 予め襲撃に備えた秀吉の駕籠は空駕籠にしていた為、秀吉は難を逃れたが、全国を見渡しても、関白となった後の秀吉に対してここまで徹底した反骨を見せた者はいないとされる。
- Toshihisa's attempt to shoot Hideyoshi failed as Hideyoshi's palanquin was empty, being prepared for the attacks; however, it is said that no one else but him exhibited rebellious behavior against Hideyoshi.
- しかし、明治4年(1871年)旧11月、岩倉具視特命全権大使一行が欧米各国を歴訪した折、耶蘇教禁止令が各国の非難を浴びて、条約改正の交渉上障碍になるとの報告をした。
- However, because Japan were castigated by the world due to the Edict of the Prohibition of Christianity when they visited Europe and the United States in December, 1871, the members of the Iwakura Mission reported that the prohibition of Christianity could be an obstacle to negotiating the revision of the unequal treaty.
- そのため、世論の非難(日本内部)が高まり、暴徒と化した民衆によって内務大臣 (日本)官邸、御用新聞と目されていた国民新聞社、交番などが焼き討ちされる事件が起こった。
- Because of this, the criticism increased in the public opinion (inside of Japan), and the people who turned into a mob burned out the official residence of Minister of Home Affairs, Kokumin Shinbunsya which was regarded as a pro-government newspaper company, police stations and so on.
- 水道、排水、電気、トイレの確保やゴミ処理が難しく、深夜の騒音問題、衛生面での問題や道路を占拠し交通を妨害するなどの問題もあり、最近ではこの種の屋台は減ってきている。
- Licenses are not the only impediments to owning a street stall business; there are other significant obstacles that are contributing to the vendor's decline: obtaining a water supply, drainage, electricity, bathroom facilities; trash and waste can be difficult to manage, together with problems with noise and hygiene; not to mention issues that occur from taking up a roadway and blocking traffic.
- 名は大雀命(おほさざきのみこと)(『古事記』)、大鷦鷯尊(おほさざきのみこと)大鷦鷯天皇(おほさざきのすめらみこと)・聖帝(『日本書紀』)・難波天皇(『万葉集』)。
- His names include Osasagi no mikoto ('Kojiki'), Osazaki no mikoto, Osazaki no Sumeramikoto, Holy Emperor ('Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]), and Emperor Nanba ('Manyoshu' [the oldest anthology of tanka]).
- 九州へ向かう船が暴風雨により難破し一行が離散した後、義盛は単独で潜伏するが、文治2年(1186年)7月25日 鎌倉方に発見され獄門(きょうしゅ)された(『玉葉』)。
- As the ship was heading to the Kyushu region, it wrecked because of a storm, causing them to be separated from one another and Yoshimori stayed hidden alone; however, he was captured by the Kamakura party and imprisoned on August 11, 1186 (according to 'Gyokuyo'[Diary of Kanezane KUJO]).
- しかしながら、徳川氏にとっては縁の深い三河国を失い、さらに当時の関東が北条氏の残党などによる不穏な動きがあったことを考えると、家康にとっては苦難であったと思われる。
- However, it is considered that this change of territories caused him distress, because he lost the Mikawa Province to which he had been firmly related, and because in addition, there were disquieting movements in the Kanto region of that time, for example, by remaining retainers of the Hojo clan.
- しかし、石山本願寺と毛利氏に呼応して味方であったはずの摂津国荒木村重が反乱を起こすと、播磨においても小寺氏、別所氏が反旗を翻すなど、中国征伐は当初から苦難が多かった。
- But the Chugoku Conquest was full of troubles, from the beginning as Murashige ARAKI in Settsu Province, who had supposedly been on Hideyoshi's side, cooperated with Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and the Mori clan to rise in revolt while the Kodera clan and the Bessho clan led a rebellion in Harima.
- 当時穴山梅雪を伴い領国加増の御礼で安土城を訪問した後堺市にいた徳川家康は伊賀国越えにより難を逃れているが、遅れて出発した梅雪は木津川 (京都府)畔京田辺市で落命した。
- While Ieyasu TOKUGAWA--who was in Sakai City after a visit to Azuchi-jo Castle accompanied by Baisetsu ANAYAMA in order to show his appreciation for the increase of his own territory--escaped the hardship by traveling beyond Iga Province, Baisetsu, who departed later, was killed in Kyotanabe City on the Kizu-gawa riverfront (Kyoto Prefecture).
- しかし、実際の取扱いとしては、その後もそのような区別が厳密にされていたとは言い難く、一般国民を拘束する内容を持つものであっても太政官達の形式により定めたものもあった。
- Yet the rule was apparently not strictly applied, as in practice the Dajokan Tasshi form was still used to promulgate binding regulations intended for the public.
- こういった事情はクオリティ・オブ・ライフにも絡み、当人が羞恥心と感じて萎縮してしまったり、あるいは周囲からあらぬ非難を被るといった問題は解決されるべきだと考えられる。
- These situations are also related to the quality of life, and the problems that the person is overwhelmed with shame and daunted or gets a bad rap from his or her environment should be solved.
- すでに延若は脚が不自由になっており、動くことすら困難を伴う状態だったが、その五右衛門の迫力は圧巻で、記録映画では観客が感嘆のどよめきを漏らすのを聞き取ることができる。
- At that time, Enjaku had difficulty with his legs so he couldn't move smoothly,.However, in the movie, his Goemon is so powerful that the audience is sighed with admiration.
- 本作は上演すれば必ず大入り満員御礼となる演目として有名で、かつては不況だったり劇場が経営難に陥ったりしたときの特効薬として「芝居の独参湯」と呼ばれることもあったほど。
- This program is famous as a play that consistently draws big crowds every time it is performed, and it was once called 'shibai no dokujinto of theater' (medicinal bath for theaters) because it was an effective remedy for theaters facing financial difficulties.
- 中入りなしの一段ものだが、「安宅までの道行」「勧進帳読み上げ」「義経打擲(ちょうちゃく)」「難を逃れた主従の対話」「富樫が追ってきて酒宴になる」の五場にわけられよう。
- Although it is a one-act without intermission, it can be separated into five scenes; 'Trip to Ataka,' 'Reading out kanjincho,' 'Thrashing Yoshitsune,' 'Dialogue between the master and the servant getting out of trouble' and 'Feast after Togashi runs after them.'
- フグはその内臓などに毒(高級魚とされるトラフグなどにが体内に持つのはテトロドトキシンが広く知られている。またハコフグが持つパフトキシンもある)を持つため扱いが難しい。
- As pufferfish have poison in their internal organs (it is widely known that tiger puffer, which are recognized as an upmarket fish, have tetrodotoxin inside while trunkfish have puff toxin) it is difficult to deal with the fish.
- 1957年に経営難から閉鎖された後は、大阪では地域の有志が寺や公民館、蕎麦屋などを会場に「地域寄席」という形で寄席文化を継承してきた(「田辺寄席」「岩田寄席」など)。
- After 1957, when the theater closed due to financial difficulties, the yose culture in Osaka was kept by local supporters in the style of 'local yose' by using temples, civic halls and soba-noodle shops as rakugo theaters (for example, 'Tanabe yose' and 'Iwata yose').
- 篠田統著『すしの本』(1970年)は、東南アジアの山地民の魚肉保存食を寿司の起源とあげ、高地ゆえ頻繁に入手が困難な魚を、長期保存する手段として発達したものとしている。
- 'Sushi Book' (1970) written by Osamu SHINODA described that preserved food of fish meat of hill folks in Southeast Asia was the origin of sushi, and was developed as a means of preservation of fish which was seldom available due to the highlands.
- また、立場上、言いたくても言うに言えないことがいくらでもあることが容易に推測される皇族の「本人の意思」がどこまで真実のものなのか、客観的に判断することは非常に難しい。
- Also, it is very difficult to judge how true is the intention of a member of the Imperial family, who can easily be guessed to have many things which he cannot, in his position, divulge to another person even if he wanted to.
- 先進諸国の中で唯一京都議定書から離脱しているアメリカ合衆国政府は、産業界の自己経済利益のみを追求する考え方に基づき取り組みを拒否しているとの非難を国内外から浴びている。
- The United States of America, the only non-party member of the Kyoto Protocol among the developed countries, is accused domestically and internationally of seeking only economical benefits of the U.S. industries and refusing to commit the duty.
- 内大臣・源雅通は「武士を派遣すれば神輿が破壊される恐れがある」と難色を示し、武士を率いる重盛も後白河の3度に渡る出動命令を拒否して「明朝発向する」と返答する有様だった。
- Naidaijin (minister of the center) MINAMOTO no Masamichi showed unwillingness saying 'If samurai were sent, the mikoshi may be destroyed;' Shigemori who commanded the samurai also refused Goshirakawa's dispatch order three times saying 'I will dispatch them tomorrow morning.'
- また、銅鉱一つ発見されただけで元号を改めるほどの国家的事件と捉えられていた当時において大量の銅原料を確保する事は困難であり、流通量もそれほど多くなかったとの見方もある。
- Moreover, there is a belief that it was difficult to secure a large amount of raw copper for minting coins at the time as the discovery of only one copper mine became a national event; furthermore, there is an opinion that the amount of coins circulated was not much.
- ユニバーサル・スタジオ・ジャパン(大阪市)のオープンなどレジャーの多様化や少子化などで入場者数が減少したため、営業継続は困難と判断され、2003年1月31日で閉鎖した。
- Diversification of recreational facilities including the opening of Universal Studio Japan (Osaka City), fewer children, and so on, reduced the number of the visitors, therefore it was closed on January 31, 2003 since continuing its business became difficult.
- だが、去ること長元4年(1031年)、当時の伊勢斎宮であった具平親王三女・せん子女王が酒乱に乗じて「ご託宣」と称し「斎宮の冷遇は天皇の失政」として非難した事件があった。
- However, there was an incident whereby Imperial Prince Tomohira's third daughter, Princess Senshi, who was Ise Saigu (vestal virgin princess serving at Ise-jingu Shrine) at that time, had too much to drink on one occasion and she criticized 'it was Emperor's mistake when he treated Saigu coldly.' as in her oracle in 1031.
- 兵糧や兵船の調達に難渋した範頼が苦戦したことから、元暦元年(1185年)正月、頼朝は義経の起用を決めて摂津国で軍を編成させ、讃岐国屋島の平氏の本営を衝かせることにした。
- Noriyori strugglled to secure army provisions and ships; as a result, in February 1185, Yoritomo appointed Yoshitsune to form an army in Settsu Province to attack the headquarters of the Taira clan in Yashima in Sanuki Province.
- しかし叔父の保科正之や家光時代からの大老・酒井忠勝 (若狭国小浜藩主)、老中の松平信綱、阿部忠秋、酒井忠清ら寛永の遺老といわれる名臣の補佐により、この危難を乗り越えた。
- However, he escaped harm with the assistance of his uncle Masayuki HOSHINA, the former Tairo (chief minister) and Lord of Obama Domain in Wakasa Province (from the time of Iemitsu) Tadakatsu SAKAI and Roju (member of shogun's council of elders) Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, Tadaaki ABE and Tadakiyo SAKAI who were able retainers called Iro (old retainer) of the Kanei era.
- そもそも平家の落人とは、清和源氏と平家とが雌雄を決した源平合戦で一ノ谷の戦い、屋島の戦い、壇ノ浦の戦いにおいて平家方が連戦連敗を繰り返した中で発生した平家方の難民である。
- In the first place, Heike no Ochudo were fugitives of the Taira family side who were repeatedly defeated in the Battle of Ichi no tani, the Battle of Yashima and the Battle of Dan no ura during the Genpei War in which Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and the Taira family fought a decisive battle.
- なお、特定の相手や事柄を対象として制定された法令(特別法)を記した同様の掲示を制札(せいさつ)と呼ぶが、その実際の運用上は厳密に区別されていたとは言い難かったようである。
- Similar bulletin board with written laws and ordinances (special law) issued to a specific person and for particular incident was called Seisatsu but it was difficult to clearly distinguish between Kousatsu and Seisatsu in actual circumstances.
- 江戸時代の儒学者・頼山陽は、天皇が恒貞親王が度々皇太子を辞退した際には受け付けず、事件にかこつけてこれを廃して自分の実子を立てたことを厳しく非難している(『日本政記』)。
- Sanyo RAI, who was a Confucianist (a Confucian scholar of the Edo period), criticized Emperor Nimmyo for not accepting Prince Tsunesada's previous frequent resignations from the position of Crown Prince, but he removed the prince and let his own son be enthroned as the crown prince when the incident occurred ('Nihon Seiki').
- 加熱殺菌処理されていない生酒であるため、保存は難しいとされ、もろみを濾した後は冷蔵し、早めに消費しないと、雑菌が繁殖するなど、すぐ飲用に適さない状態になると言われている。
- It is said that it is difficult to store because it is pure sake which has not been heat sterilized; unless it is refrigerated after filtering moromi and consumed fairly soon, it will begin to develop bacteria in short order.
- これに対して、すでに連年の戦争による財政難などで民心が離反していた武田軍には組織的な抵抗力がなく、木曽地域口から攻め込んだ織田軍はあっという間に伊那城、松尾城を落とした。
- For these movements, no systematic resistance remained in the Takeda's forces, from which public mind had been alienated due to financial difficulties caused by wars continued for long years, and Oda forces, which invaded Takeda's territories through the route called Kisochiiki-guchi, made Ina-jo Castle and Matsuo-jo Castle surrendered quickly.
- 安政5年(1858年)、、吉田松陰から「与山田生」(詩)「立志尚特異 俗流與議難 不思身後業 且偸目前安 百年一瞬耳 君子勿素餐」と立志の目標が書かれた扇面を与えられる。
- In 1858, he was given a fan on which written a song about how to find purpose in life, saying 'To Yamada' 'Don't be afraid to be different from others if you resolve something, Don't follow the public view, Don't think about the suffering after death, Learn that pleasure is fleeting, 100years is only a moment, Please don't waste your time.' by Shoin YOSHIDA.
- ただし、740年から745年にかけて、聖武天皇は恭仁京(京都府木津川市)、難波京(大阪府大阪市)、紫香楽宮(滋賀県甲賀市)に、それぞれ短期間であるが宮都を遷したことがある。
- From 740 to 745, however, the Emperor Shomu transferred the capital to Kunikyo (Kizugawa City, Kyoto Prefecture), Nanbakyo (Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture) and Shigaraki no Miya (Koga City, Shiga Prefecture) although each one was only capital for a short time.
- 12月27日に発生した難波大助による昭和天皇狙撃事件(虎ノ門事件)により当時の第二次山本権兵衛内閣は総辞職に追い込まれ、枢密院 (日本)議長であった清浦奎吾内閣が発足した。
- With the attempt on the life of Emperor Showa (then Prince Regent) by Daisuke NANBA on December 27 (Toranomon Incident), the second Gonbei YAMAMOTO cabinet was forced to resign and was replaced by an administration under Keigo KIYOURA, who was chairman of the House of Peers (Japan).
- 玉は日本では入手しがたく、かつ加工も難しいので(軟玉も鉄鋼より硬く、硬い石の粉末をつけた糸などでしか加工できない)、近世では白玉と称しても多くの場合白い石をもって代用する。
- Since it was difficult to obtain and process tama (gems) in Japan (nephrite is harder than steel and can be processed only using a thread coated with the powder of a harder stone), white stones were mostly used instead of white gemstones in modern times even though they were still referred to as white gemstones.
- 逆に尊攘派は吉田稔麿・北添佶摩・宮部鼎蔵・大高又次郎・石川潤次郎・杉山松助・松田重助らの実力者が戦死し、大打撃を受ける(彼らは後の新政府により俗に「殉難七士」と呼ばれる)。
- The 'revere the emperor, expel foreigners' faction, on the other hand, took a big blow with the deaths of such important activists as Toshimaro YOSHIDA, Kichima KITAZOE, Teizo MIYABE, Matajiro OTAKA, Junjiro ISHIKAWA, Matsusuke SUGIYAMA and Jusuke MATSUDA. (They were later called the 'Seven Martyrs' by the new government.)
- なお、この時に、条約改正案に反対した井上馨への鬱積から、酒に酔ったまま井上邸内に忍び込むという事件(1889年12月15日夜)を起こして政府内から非難を浴びて謹慎している。
- Meanwhile, Kuroda was upset with Kaoru INOUE, who had opposed the draft revised treaty, and sneaked into Inoue's residence while getting drunk (in the night of December 15, 1889); Kuroda was suspended after being criticized by the government members.
- 戦いの後、宇喜多秀家など13人は、立地上突出している蔚山・順天・梁山の三城を援軍の困難さを理由として放棄する案を豊臣秀吉に上申しているが、秀吉はこれを却下し上申者を叱責した。
- After this battle, thirteen commanders including Hideie UKITA submitted a proposal to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI on their plan to give up three castles, Ulsan, Suncheon, and Yangsan, located in projecting positions, because of the difficulty in sending a rescue force, but Hideyoshi rejected this proposal and scolded those who made the proposal.
- 1935年(昭和10年)、貴族院 (日本)議員で陸軍中将の菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)が、当時通説的地位を持っていた統治機構に関する学説である天皇機関説を、国体に反するものと非難。
- At that time, the emperor organ theory was commonly accepted as evidence of the emperor's sovereignty, but in 1935, a member of the House of Peers and lieutenant general, Takeo KIKUCHI criticized the treaty for going against the national polity.
- 後に室町幕府の14代征夷大将軍・足利義栄が将軍就任の御礼に朝廷に献上した銭貨や同じく織田信長が正親町天皇の儲君誠仁親王の元服の際に献上した銭貨が鐚銭ばかりであると非難された。
- It was criticized that the coins contained mostly akusen, the coins which Yoshihide ASHIKAGA, the 14th seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu presented to the Imperial court as a reward for the assumption of the Shogun, and coins which Nobunaga ODA presented at the ceremony of genpuku (celebration of one's coming of age) for Imperial Prince Sanehito, the chokun (crown prince) of Emperor Ogimachi.
- 特に南北朝時代_(日本)によって財政難に拍車がかかると、朝廷が収入を確保するために各官庁に命じて内裏率分関(だいりりつぶんぜき・内裏率分所(だいりりつぶんしょ))を設置した。
- Especially in the Period of Northern and Southern Courts, as financial difficulties became more serious, the Imperial Court commanded each government office to set up Dairi-ritsubunseki (Imperial pro rata checkpoints, also called Dairi-ritsubunsho) in order to ensure their income.
- 不破数右衛門が父佐倉新助にあてた書状では本当は不破は庭の見張り担当であったが、こらえ難くて独断で邸内へ突入してしまい、邸内では長刀を振るう当主吉良義周と遭遇し、戦闘になった。
- According to a letter sent from Kazuemon FUWA to his father Shinsuke SAKURA, he was originally responsible for guarding the yard; however, he could not stand it and made his way into the residence where he ended up fighting against the head of Kira family Yoshimasa KIRA who was battling with his long sword.
- 後継首相の選定は、薩摩閥の推す松方正義が高齢を理由に辞退、同じく薩摩閥の山本権兵衛、山県閥の平田東助が政権運営の困難を理由に辞退したことで混迷し、大命は桂に降ることとなった。
- Selection of the successor to the prime minister was complicated due to the successive declines to assume the post; Masayoshi MATSUKATA, recommended by the Satsuma clique, declined it for his old age, and Gonbei YAMAMOTO of the Satsuma clique and Tosuke HIRATA of the Yamagata faction declined it for the anticipated difficulties to manage the administration, and in the end the Imperial command was issued to Katsura to form a Cabinet.
- これらの公用のための労役、業務については利益を上げることは難しかったが、幕府は地子免許、各種給米の支給、拝借金貸与など種々の特典を与えることによって、宿場の保護育成に努めた。
- Increasing profit by these official services and business was difficult, but the Edo shogunate made efforts in preserving and developing shukuba by granting various privileges such as Jishimenkyo, distribution of rice as various salary, and loans.
- しかし、現代において中国で生産される物には粗製濫造品が増え、一方の国産品は煎茶道愛好家の需要や好みを満足させるレベルに達しておらず、入手が非常に困難な道具の一つとなっている。
- Although today, since the Teiran baskets produced by China are increasingly inferior in quality while those produced in Japan have not reached the level of satisfying demands and tastes of Senchado fanciers, good Teiran is one of the tools rarely available in markets.
- 『里程大和著聞記』の記述には「道幅一尺」「難所」「牛馬常通不申」といった表現が繰り返し見られ、険しい峰道か峠道、あるいは獣道程度の道でしかなく、困難な道であったことが分かる。
- In the article about Kohechi in 'Ritei Yamato Chomonki', expressions like 'the road 1 shaku (about 30.3 centimeters) in width', 'dangerous spot', 'horses and cattle cannot go through the road' appear frequently, therefore it is known that at that time Kohechi was just a steep slope on a mountain or some animal trail that was very difficult for people to travel.
- 鎌倉幕府執権の北条泰時は順徳天皇の皇子である忠成王の即位に難色を示し、一時は軍事介入を仄めかしながら、鶴岡八幡宮の神意であるとして同じく後鳥羽天皇の孫にあたる邦仁王を推した。
- Disapproving of Prince Tadanari's enthronement because he was the prince of Emperor Juntoku, Yasutoki HOJO, the shogunal regent of the Kamakura bakufu, while insinuating military intervention at times, recommended as the successor, Prince Kunihito, the grandchild of Emperor Gotoba, claiming it was the divine will of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine.
- 同霊園の墓はこれまで抱月の3女島村トシコ(東京都在住)が管理していたが、高齢のため管理が難しくなったこともあり、トシコから「遺骨を里帰りさせたい」と同町に打診があったという。
- Toshiko SHIMAMURA, Hougetsu's third daughter (living in Tokyo), who had been taking care of his grave in the cemetery, became difficult to do so due to old age, contacted Kanagi-cho as to her wish to have his cremains return to his hometown.
- 佐伯全成(さえきのまたなり)の自白によると、奈良麻呂が謀反を考え始めたのは天平17年(745年)に聖武天皇が難波に行幸したときのことで、その時に初めて謀反に誘われたと答えた。
- According to the confession of SAEKI no Matanari, Naramaro began to think about the betrayal when Emperor Shomu went to Naniwa in 745, and Naramaro asked him to join the betrayal then for the first time.
- また、仙台藩主伊達重村からの賄賂を田沼が拒絶したという史料の存在、逆に田沼を非難していた松平定信さえも田沼にいやいや金品を贈ったと書き残していることなどをその論拠としている。
- The reason is that there is historical evidence that Tanuma declined a bribe from Shigemura DATE, the lord of the Sendai domain, while even Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, who criticized Tanuma, wrote that he had presented Tanuma with money and goods reluctantly.
- 果ては幕府自体が財政難を救うためにあえて一揆を黙認して「分一徳政令」(紛争となった債権額の一割を幕府に納付した紛争当事者が自由に処理できるとした徳政令)を出すに至ったのである。
- Eventually, the bakufu even issued the 'Buichi Tokusei-rei' (Ten Per Cent Debt-relief Edict), in which a party involved in a conflict was allowed to dispose their credit at will if they paid ten percent of the credit amount in dispute to the bakufu, and they acquiesced ikki in order to solve their own financial difficulty.
- 図書寮で紙製造を扱っていた紙屋院は、原料貢進不足から新しい紙を漉くことが困難となり、宿紙を専門とするようになり図書寮が陰陽寮に暦に堪えうる料紙を支給することが困難になってきた。
- Kamiyain, who had been making paper in Toshoryo, had difficulty making paper because of the shortage of material, and therefore, began to make recycled paper called shukushi, and this made it difficult for Toshoryo to supply good quality paper for calendar to Onmyoryo.
- 同時に対外的な武力侵攻に対しては貴い血筋と武名、朝廷や権門との親密さを背景に地方に強固な勢力を持つ武門の棟梁に臣従して本領安堵を請い、その保護下に入ることで難を逃れたのである。
- At the same time, they rendered homage and service to a Bumon no toryo, who held great provincial power due to their noble bloodline and close relationship with the Imperial Court and powerful nobilities; they did so in return for honryo-ando (acknowledgement of inherited territories) so that they could get out of trouble under the protection of the Bumon no toryo in the event of military attack.
- 当時、日本は戦争に対する多大な軍費への出費から財政が悪化し、ロシアでも血の日曜日事件 (1905年)など革命運動が激化していたため、両国とも戦争継続が困難になっていたのである。
- In thouse days, Japanese financial affairs deteriorated due to the enormous expenditure for war, and in Russia also, the revolutionary movements such as Bloody Sunday (1905) were growing worse, so it was getting difficult for the both countries to continue the war.
- ウナギが刻まれているのは御櫃から取り分ける際に鰻の量を均等に分けて盛り付けるようにすることが目的であったとも、戦後の食糧難の時期にうなぎの有効活用を図ったためであったともいう。
- It is said that the reason for chopping the eel was to serve the eel in equal amounts when dishing out the rice from the rice tub, or it was an attempt to make an efficient use of eels during the period of food shortages after the war.
- 日本海沿岸部全体で観察される現象で、沿岸部での魚の激減、えさの減少から沿岸部で産卵されて育つ人間に有用な魚の稚魚の成長が難しくなることなど、漁業全体への深刻な影響が懸念される。
- It is a phenomenon seen in all of the Sea of Japan coastal areas which causes a concern over a serious impact on the entire fishing industry, with problems including that the fish population is drastically reduced and that, due to the decreased food, the growth of juvenile fish of those species valuable to human that are spawned and grow in the coastal areas will be challenged.
- 遣隋使や遣唐使は、住吉大社で住吉大神に祈りを捧げた後、住吉津から出発し、難波津を経由して現在で言うところの瀬戸内海(瀬戸内海の概念が生まれたのは明治期である)を九州へ向かった。
- Before Japanese envoys to Sui and Tong Dynasties China left from Suminoenotsu, they gave a prayer to Sumiyoshi Okami at Sumiyoshi Taisha Shrine, and went toward Kyushu through currently called Seto Inland Sea (it was in the Meiji Period when the idea of Seto Inland Sea came out) via Naniwa no tsu (Naniwa Port).
- 明治33年(1900年)、かつての見廻組の一人であった今井信郎が「龍馬を暗殺したのは俺だ」と言ったが、谷は「お前ごとき売名の徒に坂本さんが斬られるものか」と逆に非難したという。
- In 1900, Nobuo IMAI, a former member of Mimawarigumi (the unit of patrolmen in Kyoto in the Edo period), said, 'It was me that assassinated Ryoma', but Tani conversely criticized Imai by saying, 'There is no way Mr. Sakamoto could had been killed by you, who is performing a publicity stunt.'
- だが、復古的な攘夷論がこれによって一掃されたわけではなく、大楽源太郎の反乱計画や二卿事件、久留米藩難など明治政府を倒して攘夷を断行しようとする事件が暫くの間継続されることとなる。
- However, the revival of the joi ron did not completely disappear; some incidents that tried to decline the Meiji government and force the Joi movement, such as Gentaro DAIRAKU's rebellion, Nikyo Jiken (The Incidents triggered by two court nobles), and the Kurume Domain incident continued for a certain period of time.
- 日本書紀の記述などから少なくともオオササギ王(仁徳天皇)は大阪に本拠を置き河内平野を開発したことが判っており、当時の河川改修痕跡(難波の堀江)や堤防痕跡(茨田堤)も残存している。
- From descriptions in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), it has become clear that at least one ruler, King Osasagi (Emperor Nintoku), made his base in Osaka and developed the Kawachi Plain; evidence of river improvement (the Naniwa-horie canal) and embankments (Manda-no-tsutsumi levee) can still be seen today.
- 最初に新山城を陥落させ、出雲国の旧領をほぼ制圧し、破竹の勢いで月山富田城に向かったが、守兵300であるにも関わらず天野隆重が守る難攻不落の険城をなかなか落とすことができなかった。
- First they took control of most of their former territories in Izumo Province by destroying Shinyama-jo Castle and advanced unresisted to attack Gassantoda-jo Castle, but the castle was so tightly guarded by Takashige AMANO, making it inaccessible and impregnable, that they had problems destroying the castle, despite the castle only being guarded by three hundred warriors.
- その後、摂津国の国衆で細川澄元派であった池田貞政は討死、阿波国に逃れたようとした芥川豊後守も台風で遭難、近江国からだと徴兵もままならず、細川澄元は八方ふさがりの状態に陥っていた。
- Sumimoto HOSOKAWA was hemmed in on all sides -- Sadamasa IKEDA who was a kunishu from Settsu Province taking the side of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA died in the battle, Akutagawa Bungo no kami (governor of Bungo Province) wrecked in typhoon on his way to Awa Province retreated, and there had been little progress in draft enrollment from Omi Province.
- 井上の改革案は大蔵少輔吉田清成を派遣して使節団に参加している大久保や工部省大輔の伊藤博文に報告を行うが、急進的な改革案に対し岩倉具視や木戸孝允らは難色を示し、審議は打ち切られる。
- INOUE's reform plan was reported by the Junior Assistant Minister of Finance, Kiyonari YOSHIDA to OKUBO and the Vice-minister of Industry, Hirobumi ITO, but Tomomi IWAKURA and Takayoshi KIDO did not agree with ITO's plan because it was too drastic, and they ended discussion on his plan.
- 信頼は清盛が味方についたことを喜ぶが、義朝は信親を警護していた清盛の郎等(難波経房・館貞保・平盛信・伊藤景綱)が「一人当千」の武者であることから危惧を抱いたという(『古事談』)。
- It is said that although Nobuyori was delighted to have secured Kiyomori as an ally, Yoshitomo, who noticed that the retainers of Kiyomori (NANIWA no Tsunefusa, Sadafusa TACHI, TAIRA no Morinobu, and Kagetsuna ITO) sent to escort Nobuchika back were all renowned 'warriors worth a thousand,' meaning each one of them was rumored to be the match of a thousand regular soldiers, which caused him to feel misgivings (as recorded in the 'Kojidan,' Old Setsuwa Tales).
- 山岡荘八の小説『徳川家康』では、幼い頃から我慢に我慢を重ねて、逆境や困難にも決して屈することもなく先見の明をもって勝利を勝ち取った人物、平和を求める理想主義者として描かれている。
- In 'Ieyasu TOKUGAWA,' a novel by Sohachi YAMAOKA, Ieyasu was depicted as a person who restrained himself again and again from an early age, endured adversity and difficulties, and won victories with foresight, or as a realist seeking peace.
- 彼はその後結婚し、信仰も捨てて長崎で暮らしていたが、後半生はさまざまな苦難に会い、従兄弟にあたる大村喜前や有馬晴信からも疎まれ、晴信の家臣に暴行され、失意のうちにこの世を去った。
- He later married, renounced his religion, and lived in Nagasaki, but faced many ordeals; Yoshiaki OTOMO and Harunobu ARIMA who were his cousins hated him, a retainer of Harunobu assaulted him, and he died broken-hearted.
- だが、後に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、紀伝道の教官が世襲を確かなものとするために自分の子弟を給料学生に推挙するようになり、試験を行う場合でも譜第の家以外からの受験が困難になっていった。
- Later, Kidendo became hereditary learning and instructors of Kidendo recommended their sons for Kyuryo gakusei in order to make heredity sure and as a result, it became difficult for the sons of families other than hereditary families to apply for the examination even though examinations were conducted.
- 日本二百名山に数えられる伯母子岳が単独で、または護摩壇山の関連ルートとして歩かれているのを一例外として、他は交通至難であることも手伝って歩く人も少なく、静謐な雰囲気が保たれている。
- Among many parts of the route, Mt. Obakodake is relatively busy because it is one of the 200 top mountains of Japan and one of routes to climb Mt. Gomadan, however, since the whole route is difficult to access, other parts of the route keep tranquil atmosphere.
- 付録第十款 朝鮮は海外諸国との国交がないが、今後朝鮮に国交のない諸国の船が遭難し、漂着する人がいれば、日本の管理官がいる開港地まで送り届け、そこから遭難者の本国に送還することとする。
- Appendix of provision 10 - Although Korea did not have diplomatic relations with other foreign countries, if the ships of those countries were shipwrecked and somebody drifted ashore, they would be sent to the city of an open port where a Japanese officer was stationed, and then the victims would be sent back to their own countries from there.
- 4世紀にキリスト教が公認されると、キリスト教発祥の地であるパレスチナ、ことにキリストの生地であるベツレヘム、受難の地であるエルサレムへ、その遺構に参拝する信者が旅行するようになった。
- In the fourth century, when Christianity became official, the birthplace of Christianity, Palestine, especially, the birthplace of Jesus Christ, Bethlehem, and the site of the Passion, Jerusalem, were destinations for followers to travel and worship.
- 日本のランチプレートを使う給食で問題と成った犬食いでは、麺類(例えばソフト麺)が先割れスプーンしかないため食べ難く、必然的に料理に鼻先を突っ込まざるを得ないという問題も持ち上がった。
- Although Inugui became a problem at school lunch where lunch plates were used, and another problem that students had difficulty in eating noodles (e.g. soft type noodles) with using spork only they had, and they were forced to put their noses into the meal arose.
- 飛騨地方と東濃・中濃地方は隣接しているため、作り方は両者が混在しており明確な線引きは難しいが、この辺りを中心に最も盛んに朴葉寿司が作られており、岐阜県から広まったものと言われている。
- As Hida region and Tono region and Chuno region join each other, sometimes two recipes are found in a part and it is difficult to draw a clear line; however since in mainly around those regions Hoba-zushi has been made, it can be said that this sushi had spread from Gifu Prefecture.
- しかし家庭内で作る事のできる密造酒でもあるため摘発は非常に難しく、米どころと呼ばれる地域や、酒を取り扱う商店等の少ない農村などで、相当量が日常的に作られ消費されていたとする話もある。
- However, some people say that as it is very difficult to detect illicit production of Doburoku, which was a bootleg easily produced at home, a considerable amount of Doburoku was produced and consumed on a daily basis in rice producing regions, farming villages with few liquor retail stores, etc.
- だが、これによって衆議院を敵に回した山縣の政権運営は次第に困難になり、北清事変後に憲政党が解党して伊藤博文らと立憲政友会を結成すると、政友会潰しを策して伊藤博文を後継に推して辞任した。
- But this gradually made YAMAGATA's government control difficult by making enemy of the House of Representatives, and after dissolution of the Constitutional Party and formation of Rikken seiyukai with ITO etc. after the Boxer Rebellion, he recommended ITO as his successor and resigned to aimed for dissolution of the Seiyu Party.
- 本来は落し咄は落ちによって締めくくられるが、最近は口演時間(寄席では概ね一人 15 分見当)の制約や、時代的に判り難い下げが出て来たなどの関係で、本来の下げまで行かずに終ることも多い。
- In general, otoshi-banashi should conclude with a punchline, but nowadays they often end before the punchline because of such factors as time constraints (a storyteller generally has only about fifteen minutes on stage) and for the reason that some punchlines are difficult for modern audiences to understand.
- 深見トンネル開通までは深見隧道内で離合ができなかったこともあり、国道162号有数の難所だったが、深見トンネル開通に伴い京都府と福井県を結ぶ幹線道路としての機能をしっかりと果たしている。
- It was one of the roughest zones in National Route 162 as vehicles couldn't pass each other in the Fukami-suido Tunnel before, but after the Fukami Tunnel was opened, the pass serves well as a main road connecting Kyoto Prefecture and Fukui Prefecture.
- 両藩への同情や日和見的に雰囲気から参加した藩だけでなく、大藩の圧力や旧幕府軍の恫喝を受けて参加した藩もあり、結束が固いとは言い難く、戦況が劣勢になるにつれ次々と同盟から脱落していった。
- Because some domains joined the alliance out of sympathy or for opportunity, and others joined it because of pressure from large domains or from coercion by the former Shogunate forces, they were not closely united; accordingly, one domain after another defected from the alliance as the situation worsened.
- 敵将の嫡男であったので本来は処刑される運命にあったが、母が安倍氏を滅ぼした敵将である清原武則の長男清原武貞に再嫁することになって危うく難をのがれ、連れ子の清衡も清原武貞の養子となった。
- He was to be killed as the heir of an enemy warlord, but then allowed to survive because his mother came to remarry KIYOHARA no Takesada, the first son of warlord KIYOHARA no Takenori who had destroyed the Abe clan, and Kiyohira, as her child, was also adopted by KIYOHARA no Takesada.
- 『高砂 (能)』『老松』『大社』『岩船』『右近』『絵馬』『賀茂(加茂)』『呉羽』『志賀』『西王母 (能)』『玉井』『竹生島』『鶴亀』『難波』『白楽天』『氷室』『放生川』『和布刈』『養老』
- 'Takasago (Noh)', 'Oimatsu' (The Old Pine Tree), 'Oyashiro' (Grand Shrine), 'Iwafune' (A Rock Boat), 'Ukon,' 'Ema' (The Votive Tablet), 'Kamo,' 'Kureha,' 'Shiga,' 'Saiobo (Noh)' (The Queen Mother of the West), 'Tamanoi' (Jewel Well), 'Chikubushima' (Chikubu-shima Island), 'Tsurukame' (Crane and Tortoise), 'Naniwa,' 'Hakurakuten' (Bai Letian), 'Himuro' (The Ice House), 'Hojogawa' (Hojo-gawa River), 'Mekari' (Harvesting Seagrass), 'Yoro' (Nurturing the Aged)
- 日露戦争では補給が滞り現地調達も困難であったため、米のみで熱量(カロリー)を補給する事態となり、鴎外らによって麦飯の補給を止められた陸軍では、大量の脚気患者と死者を生み出す結果となった。
- During the Russo-Japanese War, the food supply got disconnected and it was difficult to procure on the spot, so the soldiers' energy (calories) came purely through rice, and as the supply of barley rice to the army was stopped by Ogai and others, it led to many cases of beriberi and many deaths.
- 享保2年(1717年)には佐渡国相川町(背面に「佐」字)、享保11年(1726年)に江戸深川_(江東区)十万坪、京都七条、享保13年(1728年)に大坂難波、石巻などで鋳造が行われている。
- The minting started at Aikawa-cho, Sado Province in 1717 (coin marked with a letter of '佐' on the reverse side), at Jumantsubo, Fukagawa (Koto Ward), Edo, and Shichijo, Kyoto in 1726, and at Nanba, Osaka and Ishinomaki in 1728.
- 和宮は有栖川宮熾仁親王との婚約がすでにあり、外国人のいる関東へ行かせたくないと難色を示した孝明天皇も、公武合体には基本的に賛成であり、岩倉具視らの進言もあって最終的に家茂への降嫁を認めた。
- It was not easy for the marriage to proceed because Kazunomiya was engaged to Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, and her brother Emperor Komei did not want to send her to the Kanto region, a place where foreigners lived, but eventually the emperor, who was not opposed to the idea of kobu-gattai, approved the marriage to Iemochi, as recommended by Tomomi IWAKURA.
- それに対し、対馬は山がちで耕地が少なく土地を通じた領国支配は困難であった。そのため、宗氏は通交権益の知行化を通じて有力庶家の掌握や地侍の被官化を行い、領国支配を推し進めていた(宗氏領国)。
- On the other side, Tsushima was a mountainous country with small arable land, so it was difficult to govern the territory only with taxes imposed on the land.
- 「泰時消息文」によれば、公家法は漢文で記されており難解であるので、武士に分かりやすい文体の法律を作ったとあるが、これは公家法の再構成して武士たちに理解しやすい形態に改めたという意味である。
- According to 'Yasutoki shosokubun' (a letter of Yasutoki HOJO), since the court noble law had been described in Chinese classics and is difficult to be understood, a law written in a style easily understood by samurai was made, meaning that the court noble law was reconstructed and altered to be more understandable for the samurai.
- しかし西園寺は日露戦争を要因とした財政難や国際関係の問題などを理由に拒否した為、上原は軍部大臣現役武官制を利用して西園寺内閣を内閣総辞職へ追い込み、陸軍主導の内閣を成立させようと画策した。
- However, SAIONJI's refusal on grounds of fiscal problems stemming from the Russo-Japanese War and of issues of international relations led to UEHARA driving the Saionji administration to mass resignation by taking advantage of the law requiring that the military-related ministers to be named from among active-duty military officers in order to form an army-led administration.
- 第三回遣隋使は608年(推古天皇16年)に、唐の皇帝あての国書を持たせ、また、小野妹子を大使に、難波吉士雄成を小使に、鞍作福利を通事(つうじ)に任命し、裴世清一行と留学生8人を渡航させた。
- In the third Kenzuishi (608), ONO no Imoko, chief of the envoy, NANIWANOKISHI Onari, deputy chief, and KURATSUKURI no fukuri, translator, were sent to Tang China with a party of HAI Seisei (an envoy of Sui Dynasty to Japan) and other eight students with another Johyobun (official letter) to the Tang's Emperor.
- これ以前、救助活動にあたったイギリス艦船が二次攻撃で遭難して6,000名の死者を出したことにより、たとえUボートにより被害を出した船が近くにいたとしても、救助しないということになっていた。
- Before then, British navy ships engaging in rescue work met with a disaster in the secondary attack, in which 6,000 people died, so that they made it a rule not to rescue ships attacked and damaged by U-boats even if they were close.
- やがて、人びとの集まる神社仏閣を数学の問題の発表の場として、難問や、問題だけを書いて解答を付けずに奉納するものも現れ、それを見て解答や想定される問題を再び算額にして奉納することも行われた。
- Gradually, shrines and temples gathering people became places where mathematical puzzles were published, and some dedicated difficult puzzles or puzzles without attaching solutions, while others dedicated solutions of the puzzles or puzzles reconstructed based on them.
- 都市圏では昭和元年頃、地方でも昭和10年頃をピークに減少し、戦後、車両の払底・燃料難という事情から僅かに復活したことがあるが、現在では一般的な交通・運送手段としての人力車は存在していない。
- The number of jinrikisha decreased in the Tokyo metropolitan area around 1926, and peaked in the provinces around 1935, followed by a slight increase in number after the war when the vehicles and fuel were scarce; however, no jinrikisha are used for travel and transport nowadays.
- この年10月に再上京する途上の頃より腰痛で歩行に困難を来すようになり、当初はリューマチと考えていたが翌・明治29年(1896年)、結核菌が脊椎を冒し脊椎カリエスを発症していると診断される。
- In October, around the time of making another trip to Tokyo, he began to experience difficulty in walking due to hip pain which was first thought of as rheumatism but in the following year (1896), it was diagnosed as an onset of spinal caries caused by tubercle bacillus affecting the spine.
- 親長が同書を大事にしていた事は、彼の日記である『親長卿記』において、文明8年(1476年)京都で大火があった時に、この本のみを真っ先に抱えて避難したことが書かれていることで知ることが出来る。
- One can see Chikanaga took good care of Kodaireki from his diary 'Chikanaga-kyoki' which says he first grabbed this book while evacuating a big fire which occurred in Kyoto in 1476.
- 教官としては各国毎に国博士(くにのはかせ)・国医師(くにのいし)を各1名ずつ置く事が定められていたが、人材難に悩まされて国学が置かれない国や一人の教官が複数国を担当することも珍しくなかった。
- Although it was set down that a kuni no hakase and a kuni no ishi should be allocated as teachers at each kokugaku, it was not uncommon, because of the difficulty in finding suitable personnel, to see provinces where kokugau was not established or a case where a teacher taught at several provinces.
- 然ルニ最早大使御帰朝以来既ニ数月ヲ閲シ候得共、何等ノ御施設モ拝承不仕、昨今民心洶々上下相疑、動スレバ土崩瓦解ノ兆無之トモ難申勢ニ立至候義、畢竟天下輿論公議ノ壅塞スル故卜実以残念ノ至ニ奉存候。
- However, although it has been a few months since the group returned home, we have not yet seen anything done about setting up such a place, and people and government are having doubts about each other these days; if anything happens, society shall collapse like mud, it means that the people's opinions are neglected and we feel much sorrow over this.
- 国際的に極度の円安状況だったこともあるが、当時の欧米からすれば日本は極東の辺境であり、外国人身辺の危険も少なくなかったことから、一流の技術や知識の専門家を招聘することが困難だったことによる。
- The high salaries were partly due to the fact that the yen was extremely weak internationally, but mainly because of the difficulty in convincing top-class experts in technology and knowledge to come to Japan, which from the perspective of Westerners was a country on the extreme eastern edge of the Far East, a country moreover that held considerable physical danger for foreigners.
- この説では冬季に行軍が困難であることや頼俊の報告は自分の不祥事の穴埋めをするための誇大報告とし、津軽半島、下北半島までが朝廷の支配下に入ったのは、その後の清原氏や奥州藤原氏によるものとする。
- This theory mentioned the awkward point of the expedition troops marching and fighting in the severe winter conditions of the northern part of Japan; it is assumed that the report of Yoritoshi to the Imperial Court stating the grand victory over Ezo was exaggerated in order to cover up his disgraceful matter of losing the important official instruments; in reality, the conquest of Tsugaru and Shimokita Peninsula regions to be ruled under the Imperial Court was succeeded by the later expeditions operated by Kiyohara clan, or even later by the Oshu Fujiwara clan.
- ただし、近年では物部氏の居住跡から氏寺(渋川廃寺)の遺構などが発見され、物部氏を単純な廃仏派として分類することは難しく、個々の氏族の崇拝の問題でなく、国家祭祀の対立であったとする見方もある。
- However, due to the recent discovery of the remains of former Shibukawa-ji Temple, which was an Uji-dera Temple (temple built for praying for clan's glory) from the Mononobe clan's place of dwelling, it became difficult to categorize the clan as simply anti-Buddhist, and some say that it was a confrontation not over the matters of each clan's reverence, but over religious services over a national scale.
- 紀夏井が讃岐守の任期を終えて20余年後に、菅原道真が讃岐守として現地に赴任した際、讃岐国の百姓は紀夏井の善政を忘却しておらず、道真は紀夏井と何かと比較され国政運営で難渋したという逸話がある。
- After more than two decades passed since KI no Natsui had gone, SUGAWARA no Michizane was appointed Governor of Sanuki Province where its peasants remembered Natsui's good politics, and Michizane is said to have faced difficulties in running government affairs due to the people who wanted to contrast Michizane with Natsui in every aspect.
- 1930年(昭和5年)、ロンドン海軍軍縮条約を締結した政府に対し、野党と海軍軍令部、右翼団体が、政府による統帥権の干犯であると難じ、内閣総理大臣・濱口雄幸が右翼団体員に襲撃される事件が起きた。
- In 1930, the government concluded the London Naval Treaty, and then the opposition party, the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff and right-wing groups condemned the treaty as a violation of the supreme command by the government, and the Prime Minister, Osachi HAMAGUCHI was attacked by a member of a right-wing group.
- 実際にアメリカが、日本近海で捕鯨を目的とした操業を行っていた例として、ジョン・マンこと中濱万次郎は、高知沖で、遭難し無人島の鳥島 (八丈支庁)に仲間といたところ、アメリカの捕鯨船に救助された。
- Manjiro NAKAHAMA, also known as John Mung, who was wrecked on the deserted island of Torishima (now Hachijo Sub-prefecture, belonging to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of General Affairs) with his friends when he was fishing off the coast of Kochi, were rescued by an American who had been whaling in the waters close to Japan--this serves as an actual example of American whaling.
- ただ、熱い汁物を満たしたアルマイトの椀は、熱が直接手に伝わるため手に持って口に運ぶのが困難となることがしばしばあって犬食いを誘発することがあり、その後の犬食い問題の萌芽はこの時点で生じていた。
- However, it was hard for students to hold and bring anodized bowl filled with hot soup dishes to their mouths, because its heat was spread directly to their hands, and this sometimes induced Inugui, and the bud of later Inugui issue arose at this point.
- 同じ研究都市である筑波研究学園都市が茨城県つくば市1市のみに位置しているのに対して、学研都市は3府県8市町にもまたがっており、12の文化学術研究地区や周辺地区を統括することが難しくなっている。
- Tsukuba Science City, also a science-based city, is located within a city, but Kansai Science City is located across eight cities or towns of three prefectures, making is difficult to centrally control the twelve cultural and academic research zones and the peripheral area.
- こうした守護の動きに対し、荘園領主らも幕府から守護使不入権の承認を得るなどの対応を取ったが、荘園領主らの大部分は京都に在住しており、遠方にある荘園へ強い支配力を及ぼすことはほとんど困難であった。
- Trying to deal with these trends, the lords of manors obtained the right of non-entry of Shugo, but it was almost impossible for them to exert strong influence on the distant shoen because most of them lived in Kyoto.
- 丹田を始めとする腰や股間の各種ツボを刺激するため、健康下着として注目される一方、着脱に難があり、かさばることから、和服には適しても、洋装中心の現代では実用下着として普及しにくいという側面もある。
- While rokushaku fundoshi attracts attention as healthy underwear because it presses acupressure points on the waist and between legs including tanden (the inner part of the lower abdomen just beneath the navel), it is not likely to be widely used as underwear in this world of Western-style clothing due to its bulkiness as well as the difficulty of putting it on and taking it off, although it is suitable for Japanese-style clothing.
- 陰部ノ検査ハ受検者ヲシテ脱褌セシメ両脚ヲ開キ検者ニ正面シテ立タシメ鼠蹊部、陰茎、陰嚢、精系、睾丸及副睾丸ノ異常ノ有無ヲ検査シ排尿ノ難易、遺尿ノ有無ヲ検シ必要アルトキハ排尿セシメテ尿ノ性状ヲ検査ス
- To examine the pubic region, make an examinee take off his fundoshi, make him stand with legs apart and facing the examiner, inspect the groin, the penis, the scrotum, the spermatic cord, the testicles, and the epididymis for their abnormalities, check whether it is hard to pass urine or not and whether there is enuresis or not, and if necessary, make him pass urine and test the properties of the urine.
- 円心の子・赤松則祐は第2代将軍・足利義詮や管領の細川頼之を補佐し、京都が南朝 (日本)方に一時占拠された際には、幼い足利義満を自身の居城に避難させて保護するなど、室町幕府の基礎固めにも貢献する。
- Enshin's son, Norisuke AKAMATSU contributed to consolidating the Muromachi bakufu by such ways as assisting the second Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and Kanrei (a shogunal deputy) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, and rescuing and protecting infant Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA at his home base castle when Kyoto was temporally occupied by the Southern Court side.
- 例えば人を殺して死刑に処せられるべき者が赦に浴してその罪を許された場合で、殺された人の父母兄弟姉妹などによって復讐されるおそれのある時、罪人を他国に移して1戸を立てさせ、難を逃れさせることである。
- It is the mandatory removal of a criminal sentenced to death for murder to another province to build a house in order to get out of trouble if this criminal at risk of revenge from parents, a brother, a sister etc. of the person he has been murdered.
- それでも、明経道の本科としての意識は強く、明経博士を務めた十市有象(中原氏の祖)による安和2年(969年)の解文には、紀伝道と明法道を「小道」と非難する一文が載せられている(『類聚符宣抄』所収)。
- Even so, Myogyodo retained itself as a regular course, and in 969, a Myogyo hakase named Yuzo Toichi (十市有象) (the founder of the Nakahara clan) wrote an official letter that included a sentence criticizing Kidendo and Myohodo as 'small courses' (this letter is included in 'Ruiju Fusensho' [A collection of official documents dating from the years 737 to 1093]).
- 使い手の技量によっては千差万別に使い分ける事が出来る優れた武器ではあるが、反面操り方が難しく、初心者では鎖分銅を自らの体に打ち付けてしまう可能性も高いので、かなりの鍛錬が必要とされる武器でもある。
- Kusarigama is a good weapon which can be used in various ways depending on the skill of the user, but on the other hand, the handling of kusarigama is difficult and a beginner is likely to hit his own body with the chain weight and thus kusarigama is a weapon requiring intensive training.
- 『八幡愚童訓』によると、この戦いの最中、鎌倉武士団が迎撃の拠点として加護を祈った筥崎宮から兵火によるものか出火し、社殿は焼け落ちたものの御神体その他は唐櫃に納めて運び出し、辛くも避難出来たという。
- According to 'Hachiman Gudokun,' in the middle of the battle, a fire started, probably from firearms, in Hakozaki-gu Shrine, where warriors of the Kamakura shogunate decided as their base for interception and prayed for the gods' help, and it burned down the main building of the shrine, but they managed to save goshintai (object of worship believed to contain the spirit of a god) and other materials by carrying them out in a chest.
- いまご逝去の報に接し、天下はみな悲しんでいるが、朝夕法皇の徳に慣れ、法皇の恩によって名利を得た輩はなおさらである」形式的な悲しみの言葉を使いながらも、仏教帰依を非難し、近臣の悲しみを嘲笑している。
- The whole nation is in sorrow after hearing about the Emperor's death, especially people who were with the Emperor and were looked after in many ways from morning to night, and who endeavored to achieve a higher position with the Emperor's support,' although the formal words or morning were being used, he criticized the Emperor for becoming a believer in Buddhism and made fun of the sorrow his close aides expressed.
- 綿等の織物で作られた足袋は大きく伸縮することが難しいのでサイズ構成もセンチ単位だが, 編み物等ニット製品で作られた足袋は伸縮にゆとりが有るため多くはS/M/L/2L/3L/4Lとサイズ表示される。
- Concerning the size, the size of textile tabi changes every one centimeter because they are not elastic, but S/M/L/2L/3L/4L are mostly used for knitted tabi because they are elastic and each of them can be fitted for a range of foot sizes.
- 美貌を売り物にする女形役者がこうした役をつとめると、ふてぶてしい極悪人であることを観客に納得させることが容易ではなく、舞台演出が困難になってしまうことが配慮されていることもそのひとつの理由である。
- One of the reasons that those roles are not acted by onnagata actors, who are famous for their beauty, is that it is difficult to convince audience that they are villains, which will make it difficult to produce a drama.
- 地下鉄京都市営地下鉄烏丸線の工事のときに烏丸中学校付近を掘削したところ、岩盤が発見されて難工事となったが、この地下の岩盤を物理探査法を用いて調査したところ、地下山脈が南東方向に存在することが判明。
- When the area around Karasuma Junior High School was excavated during the construction work of the Karasuma Line of the Kyoto City Subway, bedrock was found, making the construction more difficult; when the underground bedrock was studied through geophysical prospection, it turned out, however, that an underground mountain slopes down southeastward.
- 平安時代~室町時代のものは、薄葬によって位置を特定することが困難なものや陵が置かれた寺院が廃滅したことによって所在が不明になってしまったものなどが多く、ますます歴史学的・考古学的信頼度は低下する。
- The locations of many of the mausoleums built from the Heian to the Muromachi period are difficult to identify due to simplified burial styles, or are unknown due to temple closures, further reducing the historical and archaeological reliability of identification.
- また、秦人を役(えだ)ちて茨田堤また茨田三宅を作り、また丸邇池(わこのいけ)、依網(よさみ)池を作り、また難波の堀江を掘りて海に通はし、また小椅江(をばしのえ)を掘り、また住吉津を定めたまひき。」
- Also, employing Hata people, he had Manda no tsutsumi and Manuta Miyake (imperial-controlled territory) constructed, had Wako no ike Pond and Yosami ike pond made, had Horie of Naniwa dug to the sea, and Obashi no e Port dug, and had Suminoe tsu Port established.
- しかしながら、上代様に対する知識の普及に力を傾倒した「難波津会」(なにはづかい)が明治23年(1890年)に三条実美、東久世竹亭、小杉榲邨、高崎正風、大口周魚、阪正臣、田中光顕らによって創設された。
- However, 'Naniwazu-kai' (an association) was established to promote the diffusion of knowledge about Jodai-style in 1890 by Sanetomi SANJO, Chikutei HIGASHIKUZE, Sugimura KOSUGI, Masakaze TAKASAKI, Shugyo OGUCHI, Masaomi BAN, and Mitsuaki TANAKA.
- そのため、20世紀末にかけての3月は、「菜の花の上にお日様無し」、「行楽受難・鬼門の月」、「花見には 傘など雨具が 必需品」、「卒業式、終業式はいつも雨」などと不名誉なレッテルが貼られたこともあった。
- Therefore, March in certain years around the end of the twentieth century were labeled unpleasantly as 'no sun above field mustard,' 'month unfavorable for outdoor amusement,' 'rain apparel such as umbrellas indispensable for cherry blossom viewing party,' 'commencement day ceremony and closing exercises on rainy day' and so on.
- ところが、これが大日本帝国憲法下の当時の日本では「不敬の言」であると曲解され、まず宮内省から批判の声が挙がり、初の政党内閣である隈板内閣に批判的な枢密院 (日本)・貴族院 (日本)に非難の声は広がった。
- However, this was criticized by the Imperial Household Ministry first as 'insulting words' under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and then by the House of Peers and the Privy Council which were critical of the Wai-han Cabinet, the first party cabinet.
- これらは解釈が難しい所であるが、大日本帝國憲法においては明確に「統治權ヲ總攬(第4条)」とあるので主権は君主が有する(第4条での統治権は「總攬」が政治の掌握の意であり、すなはち国家の最高決定権を指す)。
- Interpreting these issues are difficult, however, since the Constitution of the Empire of Japan clearly describes as 'combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them (Article 4),' sovereign power resides with monarch (in Article 4, sovereignty means the highest right to decide in the nation since 'combining' means seizure of politics).
- こうして時宗はモンゴル軍の襲来という国難を回避したが、戦後に今度は御家人などに対する恩賞問題などが発生したり、3度目の元軍襲来に備えて改めて国防を強化せねばならないなど、難題がいくつも積み重なっていた。
- Thus Tokimune avoided the national crisis of a Mongolian invasion, but many difficult problems were left following the war, such as providing reward grants for the Kamakura bakufu's retainers and the further strengthening of defense in preparation for the third Mongolian invasion.
- 茨木市の伝承では、茨木童子は水尾村(現・茨木市)の生まれだが、16ヶ月の難産の末に生まれたときにはすでに歯が生え揃い、生まれてすぐに歩き出して、母の顔を見て鋭い目つきで笑ったため母はショックで亡くなった。
- According to the version of the legend handed down in Ibaraki City itself, Ibaraki Doji was born in Mizuo village (today's Ibaraki City) after a sixteen-month pregnancy and a very difficult delivery; by birth, he had already acquired his teeth, and began to walk almost immediately thereafter, and looking on his mother's face, he smiled and gazed with such a piercing stare that his mother died of shock.
- 1923年12月27日、難波大助(なんば だいすけ)が虎ノ門で第48帝国議会の開院式に向かう摂政・皇太子裕仁親王(後の昭和天皇)の車に向けてステッキ状の拳銃を発砲・狙撃し、現行犯で逮捕された暗殺未遂事件。
- The Toranomon Incident was an assassination attempt occurred on December 27, 1923 at Toranomon, by Daisuke NANBA who fired a stick-shaped gun at Imperial Prince Hirohito (later the Emperor Showa), then-regent and crown prince, when Prince was heading by car for the opening ceremony of the 48th Imperial Diet, and Nanba was arrested red-handed.
- 結髪が習慣化して以来、成人女性は自分で髪を結うのが嗜みだったのだが、髪型が複雑化した明和年間ごろにはもはや結髪の素人には手に負えず、また、後ろ髪を大きく突き出すような自分では結うのが難しい髪型が氾濫した。
- Since keppatsu (hairdressing) became common practice, it was accomplishment for an adult woman to fix her hairdo by herself, but around the Meiwa era, when the hairstyle became complicated, nonprofessional women could not handle the hairdo anymore, and the hairstyle with back hair widely projected, which was difficult to fix single-handedly, became popular.
- 更に翌宝亀4年10月19日 (旧暦)には井上内親王が難波内親王(光仁天皇の同母姉)を呪い殺したという容疑を受けて、他戸親王は母とともに庶人とされて、大和国宇智郡(現在の奈良県五條市)没官の邸に幽閉された。
- On November 13, 773, Imperial Princess Inoe was accused of cursing the Imperial Princess Naniwa (older maternal half-sister of Emperor Konin) and Imperial Prince Osane and his mother were confined in a confiscated house in Uchi district, Yamato province (current Gojo city, Nara prefecture).
- (ただし、家康と対抗可能な勢力を誇っていた前田利家が存命中は、徳川家が豊臣家を上回る権威を持つことは阻止できており、利家が秀吉の死から僅か8ヵ月後に病死しなければ家康の政権獲得は困難だったとも考えられる。)
- (However, the Toyotomi clan could control the Tokugawa clan while Toshiie Maeda was alive, because Toshiie could compete with Ieyasu: if Toshiie had not passed away only eight months after Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu might have had difficulty in gaining control of the government.)
- 例としては、最初にこの制度を採用した天武天皇の難波宮を始め、淳仁天皇の「北京」保良宮(滋賀県大津市、761年 - 764年)、称徳天皇の「西京」由義宮(大阪府八尾市、769年 - 770年)が知られている。
- As examples, Naniwanomiya Palace of Emperor Tenmu who took this system for the first time, 'Beijin' Horanomiya (detached palace) of Emperor Junnin (Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, 761-764) and 'Nishikyo' Yugenomiya (detatched palace) of Empress Shotoku (Yao City, Osaka Prefecture, 769-770) are known.
- 632年(舒明天皇4年)第1回の遣隋使とそれに伴った唐使高表仁(こう ひょうにん)を難波で出迎え、642年(皇極天皇元年)舒明天皇の殯宮(もがりのみや)では誄(しのびごと)を蘇我蝦夷に代わって奏上している。
- In 632, he welcomed the first Kento-shi (a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) and Tang emissary, Gao Biaoren who accompanied them in Nanba and in 642, he offered up shinobigoto (speech given to the spirit of the departed about his/her merit) at Emperor Jomei's funeral parlor on behalf of SOGA no Emishi.
- 古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法などによる律令制的な人別支配の維持が困難となっていた当時、国司は公田を名田という単位へ再編するとともに、有力農民層(田堵という)へ名田の経営と名田からの租税徴収を請け負わせていった。
- At that time, it became difficult to maintain control over each person like in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), based on a family registration system and Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land), and therefore, kokushi (provincial governors) reorganized Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and came to entrust the work of managing myoden and collecting taxes from there to powerful farmers (called tato).
- 治天・天皇・皇太子の奪還は困難と見られたため、出家していた弥仁親王(光厳の子)を後光厳天皇とし、京都に残る天皇家の中で最高位者だった広義門院(西園寺寧子、後伏見の女御・光厳の生母)を治天とすることで対応した。
- They thought it would be hard to get their Chiten, Emperor, and Crown Prince back, they appointed Imperial Prince Iyahito (Emperor Kogon's son) as Emperor Gokogon, who was in the priesthood, they also decided to appoint Kogimonin (Neishi/Yasuko SAIONJI, Gofushimi's Nyogo (high-ranking lady in the court, Emperor Kogon's birth mother) as Chiten, who had the highest rank in the Imperial Family among those who remained in Kyoto.
- 「顧みて世の中を見れば堪え難いことも多いようだが、一国全体の大勢は改進進歩の一方で、次第々々に上進して、数年の後その形に顕れたるは、日清戦争など官民一致の勝利、愉快とも難有(ありがた)いとも言いようがない。」
- As I look back the history, a lot of unbearable things have occurred, but on the other hand, Japan, as a whole, has been making great progress; Japan had gradually advanced for these years, and now it won the victory in the Sino-Japanese War, which was brought by the joint cooperation of the government and people. What a delightful and grateful victory it is.'
- また夜中、炎上する筥崎宮より出た白装束の者30人ばかりが矢を射掛けたところ、元兵は恐怖し夜明けも待たず(朝鮮通信使のころでも夜間の玄界灘渡海は避けていた)我先にと抜錨し撤退は壊走となり玄界灘で遭難した、という。
- It further says that at the midnight, about thirty people in white came out from burning Hakozaki-gu Shrine and shot arrows at the Yuan soldiers, who were horrified and hurriedly withdrew in their ships without waiting for dawn, and in this chaotic flight, the ships are said to have wrecked in the Genkai-nada Sea (even Korean envoys in the Edo period avoided crossing the Genkai-nada Sea at the night).
- 応神天皇は、皇太子の時に、猪に危難を救われた事を思い出して、吉例として、詔を発して、能勢・木代村、切畑村、大円村より、毎年10月の亥の日に供御を行うように命じ、亥の子餅の献上の起源であると言い伝えらえれている。
- Emperor Ojin, who remembered the boar that had saved him from danger when he was a prince, issued an imperial edict to make it a festive custom for the people of Kishiro, Kirihata and Omaru villages in Nose district to present kugo (emperor's meal) on the day of boar in October every year, which is now believed to be the origin of the custom to present Inoko mochi cakes of Nose district to Imperial court.
- しかし、原因不明の難病ならばまだしも、刺された事が明らかな状況でわざわざ外部の医者を呼ぶ事は不自然であるなど、その内容が毒殺説に比して荒唐無稽ということで、歴史研究者の間ではほとんど取るに足らないものとされた。
- However it was understandable if the Emperor had an incurable disease with an unknown cause, it was not natural to call a doctor from outside if the Emperor was apparently stabbed, so this theory was not seriously considered to be true among historians since it was very unrealistic compared to the theory of the Emperor being killed by poison.
- 江戸時代の刑罰は共同体からの追放刑が基本であったため、町や村といった公認された共同体の外部に、そこからの追放を受けた犯罪者の共同体が形成され、その内部社会に通じた者を使わなければ犯罪捜査自体が困難だったのである。
- Because banishment from a community was a basic punishment in the Edo period, the communities of criminals who had been banished from authorized communities such as towns and villages were built outside of there, so criminal investigations themselves were difficult without hiring people who knew much about the inner societies.
- これを松田(蔵相)と原(内相)の更迭要求と見た西園寺はこれを機に総辞職をすることとなった(近年では、桂による反政友会工作の発覚や井上馨による増税による財政再建要求が実現困難であったことも原因として挙げられている。
- Saionji regarded it as Yamagata's demand to replace Matsuda (Minister of Finance) and Hara (Interior Minister) and his cabinet resigned en masse (recently, the following are considered as the reasons of the resignation: the anti-Seiyuto maneuver by Katsura was revealed; it would be difficult to carry out Kaoru INOUE's demand for financial reconstruction by increasing tax revenue.
- 理由として、食品衛生法で定められた高温・高圧での殺菌を行う(ただし、特性上完全な殺滅は困難。詳細は缶コーヒーの成分の節参照)ため、スチール缶が強度的な面から多用される状況、と全国清涼飲料工業会は見解を示している。
- As the Japan Soft Drink Association explains, sterilization should be conducted under the high temperature and humidity conditions required by the Food Sanitation Act (perfect sterilization is difficult, however; for details, refer to the section on ingredients for canned coffee) so, due to their strength, steel cans are used in large quantities.
- 中国三国時代 (中国)の呉 (三国)の太子孫和の例など、宮廷闘争や政争の結果として発生することが多いが、対象者が実際に皇位・王位継承者として不適格であるがゆえに緊急避難的措置として行われる場合もしばしば存在する。
- Although many of the disinheritance cases resulted from imperial-court or political strives, as in the example of Sun He, who was a prince of Wu who lived in the Three Kingdoms period (China), heirs were often disinherited because they were deemed incompetent as a crown prince on an emergent basis.
- 『江談抄』や『吉備大臣入唐絵巻』などによれば、真備は、殺害を企てた唐人によって、鬼が棲むという楼に幽閉されたが、その鬼というのが真備とともに遣唐使として入唐した阿倍仲麻呂の霊(生霊)であったため、難なく救われた。
- According to the literature such as 'Godansho' and 'Kibinootodo Nitto Emaki', Tang men who tried to kill Makibi confined Makibi in a castle where a devil lived, but Makibi could escape from the castle without any difficulty, because the devil turned out to be a wraith of ABE no Nakamaro who visited Tang with Makibi.
- 更に応仁の乱以後になると、地方にあった公家や奉行衆の所領が戦国大名や国人達の押領を受けて収入が途絶え、礼銭収入無しでは日常生活も送れないほどの経済的苦境にも陥っていたため、禁令を出すこと自体が困難となってしまった。
- Since the Onin War, furthermore, Court nobles and the bugyoshu, whose shoryo in rural area were usurped by Daimyo in the Sengoku period and the kokujin (local samurai), lost their income and were too poor to sustain their lives without the income of the reisen, making it difficult to even issue a ban on the reisen.
- 福知山市は盆地という地形上、福知山市のほとんどを占める山間部では非常に入り組んだ地形をしているだけでなく、広い土地に多数の小規模の集落がいたるところに点在しているため、バスや鉄道がそれぞれの地域を周ることは難しい。
- Since most of Fukuchiyama City features mountain areas, as well as being part of a basin, a broad area is interspersed with many small-scale colonies, making it hard to provide bus and railroad service to all areas.
- その筆致は同書に依拠して書かれた『永享記』(『結城戦場記』)と比べると足利持氏を擁護する傾向にあるが、永享の乱の根本的原因は『永享記』と同じく持氏側に求め、乱に至らしめた持氏の行動を「天魔の所行」と強く非難している。
- The writing is sympathetic to Mochiuji ASHIKAGA compared with the 'Eikyo ki' (Yuji Battle Record), written based on the Kamakura Mochiuji ki, but like the Eikyo ki, it finds Mochiuji guilty of causing the Eikyo Rebellion and strongly criticizes Mochiuji's actions that led to the Rebellion as 'the acts of a devil'.
- 続いて前総理・松方正義と進歩党 (日本)党首の大隈重信の入閣を計画するが、これに大隈にライバル意識を抱く板垣と超然主義を固守する山縣が反発、これを見た伊藤はこれ以上の政権維持は困難であるとみて辞表を提出したのである。
- Subsequently, ITO schemed to take the previous prime minister Masayoshi MATSUKATA and the leader of the Progressive Party (Japan), Shigenobu OKUMA into the Cabinet, but ITAGAKII who had a strong rivalry against OKUMA and YAMAGATA who persisted in the doctrine of superiority rebelled against this, and as a result, ITO considered that it was difficult to keep administration anymore and submitted the letter of resignation.
- 奈良時代に編まれた記紀によれば、歴代大王 (ヤマト王権)の宮室が磯城 ・磐余(奈良県桜井市)のほか、難波 ・河内国地方(大阪府)などに複数営まれたため、各々の宮室を中心に萌芽的な都邑が形成されていたことも考えられる。
- According to 'Records of Ancient Matters' and 'Chronicles of Japan' edited in Nara period, it is thought that as an initial stage of capital, cities centering around palaces sprang up, because the palaces of successive great kings (Yamato sovereignty) (the ancient Japan sovereignty) were constructed in multiple places including Shiki, Iware (Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture), Nanba and Kawachi Provinces (Osaka Prefecture).
- 他に蕎麦切り発祥地として中山道本山宿(現在の長野県塩尻市宗賀本山地区)という説、甲斐国の天目山栖雲寺(現在の山梨県甲州市大和町)説(天野信景著『塩尻』)もあるが、定勝寺文書の傍証を鑑みるに、確実な発祥地とは言い難い。
- There are other opinions that the birthplace of sobakiri was elsewhere such as Motoyama-juku Station on Nakasendo Road (the present Motoyama area Soga, Shiojiri City, Nagano Prefecture) and Seiun-ji Temple in Tenmokuzan Mountain (the present Yamato-cho, Koshu City, Yamanashi Prefecture) ('Shiojiri' written by Sadakage AMANO) but, in view of the document at Josho-ji Temple as a collateral evidence, it is hard to say that sobakiri originated in either location for sure.
- ところが家康からは「お前も我が子が可愛いか」と手厳しく返され、信康事件の不手際を言外に難詰された話がよく知られている(しかし、上述の通り信康切腹事件に異説が存在する事から、このエピソードも創作であるという説がある)。
- However, it is well known that Tadatsugu was harshly criticized by Ieyasu saying, 'You favor your son after all,' and thus blamed implicitly for his failure in the Nobuyasu incident (but, since there is a different view on the Nobuyasu incident as described above, some say that this anecdote is a fiction, too).
- 上記の理由から『ターヘル・アナトミア』が正式な書名とは言い難く、本来なら『クルムス解剖書』のように呼ぶのが妥当であるが、杉田玄白が『蘭学事始』の中で何度も『ターヘル・アナトミア』と表記しているので、一般に広まっている。
- For the above reasons, it is difficult to say that 'Taheru Anatomia' is the formal title of the book, and for all intents and purposes it is appropriate to call it such as 'Kulmus' Anatomy'; however, in 'Rangaku Kotohajime,' the author Genpaku SUGITA refers to the book on numerous occasions as 'Taheru Anatomia,' leading to a spread of this term of reference.
- 寺内正毅内閣総理大臣は1918年5月の地方長官会議にて国民生活難に関して言及したが、その年の予算予算編成において救済事業奨励費はわずか35,000円のみであり、寺内の憂慮を反映した予算編成になっているとは言えなかった。
- Although Prime minister Masatake TERAUCHI had mentioned the hard living of citizens at the provincial governor meeting held in 1918, the grant-in-aid for the relief work in budgeting of that year was only 35,000 yen and his worry was not particularly reflected to the budgeting.
- 大韓帝国内でも李氏朝鮮による旧体制が維持されている状況では独自改革が難しいと判断した進歩会は日韓合邦を目指そうと鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
- The Shinpo-kai, which determined that the pursuit of reforms was difficult under systems of the former Yi Dynasty sought political union with Japan and voluntarily collaborated in support of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War; for instance, it reportedly deployed 50,000 people to construct railways.
- 志を同じくする人たちが集まって発足した当初は良いが、やがてメンバーが多くなっていくと、「ボランティア」そのものに対する取組意識の差やそれまでの社会的地位や経験、ボランティア経験等によって微妙に人間関係が難しくなっていく。
- When a group of people with the same intentions come together, things often begin well but as the number of members increase, human relationships can become strained due to differences in levels of commitment and issues arising from social status as well as differing levels of experience.
- ただし、神武天皇はその存在の実証が困難であり、また古墳の出現年代などから考古学上はヤマト王権の成立は西暦紀元後2世紀前後であるとされているため、神武天皇が西暦紀元前660年に即位したことが事実であるとは考えられていない。
- However, it is not thought to be a fact that Emperor Jinmu acceded to the throne in 660 B.C. by the Western calendar system because the presence of Emperor Jinmu is difficult to prove and establishment of the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) is archeologically believed to be in around the 2nd century A.D. based on the age of appearance of kofun (tumuli).
- (ただし、朝倉家は冬場の軍事的活動が困難な上、久政が当主を継いだ時期には朝倉家は加賀一向一揆との緊張が再燃する一方、美濃土岐家の内紛に深く関与しており、近江方面への積極的な介入が困難であった事実は考慮されるべきである。)
- (However, the following facts should be taken into account: it was difficult for the Asakura family to take military action during the wintertime, and it was hard to willingly intervene in Omi Province in association with Hisamasa's succession to the position of the family head when the tension between the Asakura family and the Ikko sect followers in Kaga was running high again, and the Asakura family was deeply involved in the internal conflict of the Toki family in Mino.)
- 室町・戦国時代 (日本)の混乱時代、農業生産高は爆発的に増加したが、各地にモザイクのように存在する割拠勢力はそれぞれ消長を繰り返し、また支配下にも多くの自立領主がいるため、自領の実質総農業生産高を把握するのも困難であった。
- In the tumultuous years of the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), there was a tremendous increase in agricultural production, but because all Japan had become a jigsaw puzzle made up of nodes of local authority who went through an endless cycle of prosperity and decline, and because the period also saw many feudal lords begin to declare their independence, it became extremely difficult to keep track of the true total agricultural productivity even on the land within one's own jurisdiction.
- これは結果的には大多数の農民の負担を高めることにつながり、また土地の所有者がおらず納税が困難な入会地が事実上、政府に没収されたことなどから伊勢暴動、真壁暴動など一揆(地租改正反対一揆)が頻発し、自由民権運動へ影響を与えた。
- In terms of the consequence, this high tax rate resulted in increasing the burden of majority of the farmers; therefore, peasant revolts against the land-tax reform erupted including the Ise Revolt, Makabe Revolt; the part of the reason these revolts occurred lied in that the government virtually confiscated common land (iriaichi) from which the government could not expect to receive taxes; these revolts gave influence to the Jiyu MInken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- 老中板倉勝静らも多事多難の折柄、一橋慶喜をこそ将軍に立てるべきと斡旋し、慶喜の後継に亀之助をと和宮に伺ったところ、和宮は「御遺命さへ反故とならずば異存なし、中納言(慶喜)の後をば必ず亀之助に継がしむべし」と許可したという。
- Senior councilor Katsukiyo ITAKURA strongly recommended Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI during his busy days having one difficulty after another, he then asked Kazunomiya to have Kamenosuke as Yoshinobu's successor, she approved saying, 'As long as the will was kept, there is no problem, please make sure Kamenosuke succeeds to Chunagon (Yoshinobu's) position. '
- また、大正には、西舞鶴駅-宮津駅間の鉄道敷設に際し、当初、この峠を経て由良川に出、川沿いに北上させる計画であったが、工事に困難を極め、現在のルート(北近畿タンゴ鉄道北近畿タンゴ鉄道宮津線西舞鶴駅~丹後神崎駅)に敷設された。
- In addition, there was a plan to build a rail road between Nishi-Maizuru and Miyazu Stations across the mountain pass by jutting out at the Yura-gawa River and running it north along the river, but construction proved difficult and it was constructed on the current route (Kitakinki Tango Railway Miyazu Line Nishi-Maizuru Station - Tango Kanzaki Station).
- 鎌倉時代前期までは、公家の子弟が分家することによって新たな「家」が生み出されることが行われてきたが、後期に入ると経済的理由などから分割が困難となり、既存の家領の継承を巡って嫡子と庶子の争いなど各種の訴訟が生じるようになった。
- Although until the first stage of the Kamakura period new 'families' were produced as their young people established branch families, in the latter stage making new branch families became difficult due to economic factors and so forth; various suits arose, including ones between a legitimate child and a child born out of wedlock in regard to the succession of existing estates.
- 渡辺家は田原藩の中でも上士の家格を持ち、代々100石の禄を与えられていたが、父定通は養子であったために15人扶持(石に直すと田原藩では27石)に削られ、加えて折からの藩の財政難による減俸で実収入はわずか12石足らずであった。
- The Watanabe family maintained the family status of joshi (superior samurai) in the Tahara Domain and was granted 100 koku through generations, but since his father Sadamichi was an adopted son, his salary was reduced to 15-people buchi (or 27 koku when converted to koku in the Tahara Domain) and the actual income was only 12 koku because of the financial difficulties of the domain.
- 当時ドイツ帝国の科学的植民地主義に傾倒していた後藤は生物学の観点から植民地の同化は困難であり、英国政府の植民地政策を採用し、日本内地の外に存在する植民地として内地法を適用せず、独立した特殊な方式により統治するというものである。
- Goto, who was inclined towards scientific imperialism of Germany, claimed that it was difficult to assimilate the natives of colonies from a biological viewpoint and that Japan should follow the British colonial policies; the colony outside Japan should not be subject to Japanese law and should be governed under a special approach independent from Japan.
- 京畿道まで進出した日本軍は、冬の訪れを前にして寒冷期の漢江渡河の困難さを鑑み、慶尚道から全羅道の沿岸部へ撤収し、文禄の役の際に築かれた城郭群域の外縁部(東は蔚山から西は順天市に至る範囲)に新たな城郭群を築いて久留の計を目指した。
- Before winter, taking into consideration the difficulty of crossing Han-gang during the cold season, the Japanese army, which advanced to Gyeonggi Province, retreated from Gyeongsang Province to the coastal area of Jeolla Province and tried to build a permanent camp by constructing a number of new castles on the outer border of the area of castles constructed during Bunroku war (ranging from Ulsan in the east to Suncheon-si in the west).
- しかも交渉は双方の首都から離れた倭館のある釜山で開かれ、相手側政府の状況は勿論、担当者が自国政府の状況も十分把握できない状況下で交渉が行われたために相互ともに相手側が「九月協定」の合意内容を破ったと非難を始めて、6月には決裂した。
- In addition, the negotiation was held in Busan distant from both capitals the Wakan located, and under the circumstances that the person in charge were unable to grasp the whole situation of their own government as well as other side's government, started blaming each other for violation of 'September Agreement' mutually, and then, it was broken off in June.
- 更に淀付近から淀川水運を利用して東は草津宿・南は奈良・西は難波方面に出る交通路として用いられたと考えられているが、その後の戦乱で荒廃し、現在では一部が旧大坂街道として残されているものの、多くの地域において経路の跡すら失われている。
- Furthermore, water transport in the Yodo-gawa River was utilized in the Yodo area, making it a road that led to the Kusatsu-juku Post Station in the east, to Nara in the south, and to Nanba in the west; however, it became desolate from the disturbances of the later wars, and although parts of the road exist today as Old Osaka-kaido Road, even the tracks of the course are lost in many of the areas.
- そして事件が起きて1ヶ月後の6月に、道頓堀の五座(朝日座、難波座、中座、弁天座、角座の5つ)の中のひとつである中座で『河内音頭恨白鞘』(かわちおんどうらみのしらさや)を講演したところ、たちまち45日間も続く大ヒットとなったのである。
- In June, one month after the incident, Naka-za, one of the five za (theater) (Asahi-za, naka-za, benten-za and Kaku-za) held the performance of 'Kawachi ondo Urami no shirasaya,' and it soon became a great hit and ran for 45 days.
- 徳川将軍家を絶対君主制とする、全国の諸大名をはじめ寺社勢力、朝廷そして天皇家までも実質支配下に置き、さらには外交面でも閉鎖的な徹底した中央集権的封建支配体制を築き上げたことは日本の近代化を遅れさせる一因となったという非難の声もある。
- There is the accusation as well that his establishment of a completely centralized feudal control system, in which, with the Tokugawa shogun family placed as the absolute monarch, even the emperor family in addition to the Imperial court as well as daimyo, temples and shrines throughout the nation were placed under its control virtually and closed diplomatic policies were taken, was a factor that delayed modernization of Japan.
- このような中での大正12年(1923年)12月27日、帝国議会の開院式に望んだ摂政裕仁親王(後の昭和天皇)が、自称共産主義者の難波大助という青年によって狙撃されるという事件が起こったが、幸いにして裕仁親王は無傷であった(虎ノ門事件)。
- Against such background, on December 27, 1923, an attempted assassination occurred where Prince Hirohito (who later became Emperor Showa) was sniped by a young man, Daisuke NANBA, a self-proclaimed communist, when the Prince was on his way to open the new Imperial Diet session, but fortunately he was unhurt (the Toranomon Incident).
- 絵巻の内容は、大江匡房の『江談抄』に記される物語と一致しており、遣唐使の吉備真備が在唐中に幽閉され、鬼(幽霊)となった安倍仲麻呂に導かれて、皇帝による『文選 (書物)』や囲碁による無理難題を解いて、遂に帰国を達成する、というものである。
- The contents of the picture scroll match the story marked down in 'Godansho,' written by OE no Masafusa, and the story is about KIBI no Makibi, a Japanese envoy sent to Tang Dynasty China, who succeeds in returning to Japan after being imprisoned during his visit to Tang by solving arduous tasks: 'Monzen' (Wen-hsuan, ancient Chinese poems) Igo (board game of capturing territory) and more set by the Emperor of Tang, with the guidance of his companion ABE no Nakamaro who passed away and became a ghost.
- 同時代では日蓮が批判し、後世の評価では2回目の日本侵攻の口実になった暴挙であると評価する論者と、元の2回目の対日侵攻には影響を与えなかった、あるいは国難に対しては手本にするべき好例であると肯定的に評価する『大日本史』や、頼山陽らがいる。
- At the time it occurred, it was criticized by Nichiren, and in a later era, there were both arguments for and against; some criticized it as a reckless act that gave the enemy a reason for the second invasion of Japan, and others affirm it, including Sanyo RAI and 'Dainihonshi' (Great History of Japan), which states that it did not influence the Yuan's second invasion of Japan and is a good example to be followed when tackling a crisis of the nation.
- 方言差については、東西に長い日本列島(主に本州・九州・四国と周辺離島)の地理的制約もあって、近代以前は東西に離れた者どうしでは意思疎通に困難を来すほどの差異があったが、音韻や語彙を中心とした相違にとどまり、特に文法面では大きな差はない。
- As for dialects, due to the geographical constraints of the Japanese archipelago, which stretches east to west (consisting mainly of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and nearby islands), there were enough differences that those who lived in the east and the west had difficulty communicating before modern times, though the differences were only in phonemes and vocabulary; there was not much difference grammatically.
- 皇位継承者の決定が難航したときは、女性天皇が選ばれることもあり、推古天皇、皇極天皇が即位して、他に適当な男子の皇位承継者が現れるまで皇位についた(女帝が選ばれた理由には諸説あり、律令制以前の中継ぎ説を認めないなどの異説が多く存在する)。
- There was some occasion that the female Emperor was chosen when there was an issue to decide who to succeed to the throne, there were Emperor Suiko and Emperor Kogyoku who succeeded to the throne until there was appropriate male successor was found. (There were many theories of the reason why the female Emperors were chosen, some people are against the theory of not accepting the temporally Imperial succession until there was someone appropriate to become Emperor before the government of Ritsuryo codes system.)
- 福澤は、明治維新になって欧米諸国の女性解放思想をいちはやく日本に紹介し、「人倫の大本は夫婦なり」として一夫多妻制や妾をもつことを非難し、女性にも自由を与えなければならぬとし、女も男も同じ人間だから、同様の教育を受ける権利があると主張した。
- During the Meiji Restoration, Yukichi immediately introduced feminism of Western countries to Japan; he stated that polygyny and the keeping a mistress are bad practices because 'the married couple is the base of morality', that women should be emancipated, and that women should be granted the right to receive an equal education because women and men are equally human beings.
- この両論に疑問を表明したのは後藤守一、原田大六、森浩一、伝世鏡論に疑問や同笵鏡の分有関係の解釈について斎藤忠、系統的・理論的に批判した内藤晃、鏡の賜与だけをもって大和政権と地方首長との政治関係の成立を考察するのは困難とする西嶋定生などがいた。
- Shuichi GOTO, Dairoku HARADA and Koichi MORI raised questions regarding the two theories, Tadashi SAITO posed questions regarding Densei-kyo mirror ron and the explanation of the fact that Dohan-kyo mirrors were owned by more than one owner, Akira NAITO criticized the theories systematically and theoretically, Sadao NISHIJIMA insisted that the establishment of a political relationship between the YAMATO Administration and heads of local governments cannot be explained only in accordance of mirrors.
- 1841年 土佐国の漁師万次郎(後のジョン万次郎中浜万次郎)が漁の最中に遭難、漂着した鳥島 (八丈支庁)でアメリカの捕鯨船に救助されハワイに渡航、1843年にマサチューセッツ州に渡り、カリフォルニア州を経由し、1851年、琉球経由で日本に帰国。
- In 1841, a fisherman from Tosa Province by the name of Manjiro (later John Manjiro NAKAHAMA), lost in the middle of the ocean while fishing was rescued by an American whale ship at Torishima Island (Hachijo Division) and safely continued on to Hawaii, arriving in Massachusetts in 1843 and returning to Japan via California in 1851.
- 一進会の設立当初、日本は一進会をそれほど評価してはいなかったが、一進会の設立後、宋秉畯は当時の日本の大佐、松石安治に対し書簡を送り、現状の高宗およびその官僚主導では大韓帝国の独立・維持は困難であると説明し、また京義線敷設の協力をも申し出ている。
- Japan initially wasn't putting a high estimation in Isshinkai, but after it was founded, Song Byung-joon sent a letter to Yasuharu MATSUISHI, a Japanese Colonel of the times, to explain that current regime led by Gao Zong and the bureaucracy couldn't bring independence and maintenance to Korean Empire, and he also offered a cooperation for the construction of Keigi Railroad.
- この事件をきっかけに蓑田胸喜ら原理日本社の右翼、および菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)(貴族院 (日本))や宮澤裕(衆議院・立憲政友会所属)らの国会議員は、司法官赤化の元凶として帝国大学法学部の「赤化教授」の追放を主張、司法試験委員であった滝川を非難した。
- Due to this incident, Muneki MINODA and others from the right wing group, Genri Nihonsha, Takeo KIKUCHI (army veteran) (House of Peers (Japan)), Yu MIYAZAWA (House of Representatives, affiliated with Rikken Seiyukai) and other Diet members proposed the exile of 'Red (communist) Professors' in the Faculty of Law in imperial universities as the cause of communist judges and accused Takigawa, who was a member of the bar test board.
- なお、戦前の皇国史観においては、鎌倉幕府が亀山法皇の遺詔を無視して恒明親王を立てなかったことを「不忠」であると非難する主張がなされる事があったが、幕府はあくまでも亀山法皇の嫡男でありかつ当時の治天の君であった後宇多上皇の意向に従っただけに過ぎない。
- Under the emperor-centered historiography based on state Shinto before the War, there was criticism towards the Kamakura bakufu's disloyalty since they ignored the Cloistered Emperor Kameyama's will to allow Imperial Prince Tsuneaki succeed to the throne, but the bakufu only obeyed the Retired Emperor Gouda's intention, who was the eldest son of the Cloistered Emperor Kameyama and the Chiten no kimi (person in power) at that time.
- 総理在任期間は54日と最短であるものの、玉音放送の時点では戦争継続を唱える軍人も少なくなかったり(宮城事件参照)、同じ皇族の梨本宮も逮捕されるという非常に困難な時期に総理となったわけで、東久邇宮稔彦首相でなければこの急場を凌げなかったとも言われる。
- The fact that only held office for 54 days may be due to the fact that he became Prime Minister at an extremely difficult time when a large number of military personnel advocated the continuation of the war (Refer to the Kyujo [place where Emperor lives] Incident) and this was at the time of the broadcast of the Emperor's announcement of Japan's surrender as well as an Imperial family member, Nashimoto no Miya was arrested, thus some say that it was only Prime Minister Naruhiko Higashikuninomiya who could pull the country through the crisis.
- 江戸幕府の鎖国政策の進展により、幕府公認の朱印船の海外渡航すら難しくなり、1633年老中奉書船以外の海外渡航や帰国を禁止する第1次鎖国令が発令され、1635年にはすべての日本人の海外渡航と帰国を禁止する第3次鎖国令が発令されて朱印船貿易は終末を迎えた。
- It became increasingly more difficult even for government-certified Shuinsen ships to travel to other countries due to the isolationist policy of the shogunate government; in 1633, the First Seclusion Order, which forbade all ships other that those carrying official letters of the shogunate government to visit or return from other countries, was issued; and in 1935, the Third Seclusion Order, which forbade all Japanese to travel to or return from other countries, was issued, bringing an end to Shuinsen trade.
- 紫式部も『紫式部日記』で斎院に仕える女房を非難しつつ、内親王その人の人柄のゆかしさや斎院御所の風雅で神さびた趣深さは認めており、平安女流文学の最高峰であるこの二人の証言から見ても、内親王の時代の斎院が宮中に次ぐ文化サロンであったことは疑いないであろう。
- Murasaki Shikibu assaulted women who worked as Saiin in 'The Murasaki Shikibu Diary,' but she admitted the polite personality of the Imperial Princess and artistic and mysterious elegance of the imperial palace of Saiin, so from the evidence presented by these two top-level Heian female authors, there was no doubt that it was a cultural salon second to the imperial court during the period of the Imperial Princess.
- だが、松方・進歩党が希望するこの二大課題が解決すると、元々大隈との提携に不満があった薩摩閥系閣僚と進歩党側の対立が激化、更に松方が財政難の解決のために地租改正反対一揆以来一種のタブーとなっていた「地租増徴」を提案したことから進歩党内に倒閣の機運が生じた。
- However, once two major tasks the Progressive Party represented by MATSUKATA aimed for were solved, conflicts were intensified between the cabinet members from Satsuma Domain clique who had been dissatisfied with cooperation with OKUMA from the beginning and the Progressive Party side, and moreover to solve economic difficulties, MATSUKATA proposed 'the plan to increase land taxes' which had been a sort of taboo since the peasant revolt against the land-tax reform, which gathered momentum within the Progressive Party of overthrowing the Cabinet.
- こういった問題において、例えば箸は軽度の意識障害や指先の運動機能障害がある場合に大変扱い難い食器となってしまうわけだが、ここで先割れスプーン(特に先端部がフォーク状になっているもの)を使うと、無理な姿勢で食器に顔を近づけずとも、口元まで食事を運びやすい。
- For instance, in these problems, chopsticks are difficult to use for people who have disturbance of consciousness or motility disorder of fingertips, here, if they use spork (particularly, they use the spork with fork-like tip), it is easy for them to bring food to their mouths without moving their faces to eating utensils in unnatural posture.
- 明治に入ると、坪内逍遥が『小説神髄』において、八犬士を「仁義八行の化物にて決して人間とはいひ難かり」と断じ、近代文学が乗り越えるべき旧時代の戯作文学の代表として『八犬伝』を批判しているが、このことは、当時『八犬伝』が持っていた影響力の大きさを示している。
- During the Meiji period Shoyo TSUBOUCHI, in 'Shosetsu shinzui' (The essence of the novel), criticized 'Hakkenden' as the typical gesaku literature from another age which must be overcome by early-modern literature, insisting that 'the eight dog warriors were monsters of Jingi-hachigyo instead of being human beings,' but such criticism gives evidence of the major impact that 'Hakkenden' had in those days.
- 1609年(慶長14年)には前スペイン領フィリピンの総督ドン・ロドリゴがヌエバ・エスパーニャ(現在のメキシコ日本との関係)への帰任に際し海難で上総国岩和田村(現御宿町)に漂着し、1611年(慶長16年)にはセバスティアン・ビスカイノが答礼使として来日した。
- In 1609, Don Rodorigo, the Viceroy of the Philippines, a previous Spanish territory, had an accident at sea on his way back to his post in Nueva Espana and drifted down to Iwada Village, Kazusa Province (presently, Onjuku-machi), and in 1611, Sebastian VIZCAINO paid a visit to Japan as toreishi (errand to return a call or visit).
- 巡察師として日本を訪れたアレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノ(ヴァリニャーニ)はキリシタン大名であった大村純忠と知り合い、財政難に陥っていた日本の布教事業を立て直すため、また次代を担う邦人司祭育成のため、キリシタン大名の名代となる使節をローマに派遣しようと考えた。
- Alessandro Valignano who came to Japan as a Jesuit visitor, met with Sumitada OMURA who was a Christian daimyo (Christian feudal lord), and in order to restore missionary work that was in financial difficulties, and to nurture Japanese priests which would be in charge of the coming generation, he sought to dispatch an envoy representing Christian daimyo to Rome.
- Alessandro Valignano (Valignano) who came to Japan as a Jesuit visitor, met with Sumitada OMURA who was a Christian daimyo (Christian feudal lord), and in order to restore missionary work that was in financial difficulties, and to nurture Japanese priests which would be in charge of the coming generation, he sought to dispatch an envoy representing Christian daimyo to Rome.
- 巡察師として日本を訪れたアレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノ(ヴァリニャーニ)は、キリシタン大名であった大村純忠と知り合い、財政難に陥っていた日本の布教事業を立て直すため、また次代を担う邦人司祭育成のため、キリシタン大名の名代となる使節をローマに派遣しようと考えた。
- Alessandro Valignano (Valignano) who came to Japan as a Jesuit visitor, met with Sumitada OMURA who was a Christian daimyo (Christian feudal lord), and in order to restore missionary work that was in financial difficulties, and to nurture Japanese priests which would be in charge of the coming generation, he sought to dispatch an envoy representing Christian daimyo to Rome.
- さらに正徳4年以降、江戸亀戸、佐渡国相川町、江戸深川_(江東区)十万坪、大坂難波、仙台、淀鳥羽 (洛外)横大路、江戸小梅、下総国猿江、紀伊国宇津、伏見、下野国日光市、秋田阿仁銅山、石巻、相模国藤沢市、大坂高津、下野足尾などに銭座が設けられ、寛永通寳が鋳造された。
- Furthermore, after 1714, zeniza were established to mint Kanei Tsuho in Kameido (Edo), Aikawa-cho (Sado Province), Juman-tsubo (hundred thousand tsubo) in Fukagawa, Edo (Koto Ward), Nanba (Osaka), Sendai, Yodo Toba Yokooji (Outskirt of Kyoto), Koume (Edo), Sarue (Shimousa Province), Uzu (Kii Province), Fushimi, Nikko City (Shimotsuke Province), Ani Copper Mine in Akita, Ishinomaki, Fujisawa City (Sagami Province), Kozu (Osaka) and Ashio (Shimotsuke Province).
- そのため、和食では標準的な食事方法である「料理の入った食器を口元に持っていって、直接口の中に流し込む」という食べ方が可能であったため、先割れスプーンは「汁物がこぼれる」や「麺類は食べ難い」などの問題点もありながらも、さほど食事風景としては見苦しいものではなかった。
- Therefore, since students were able to follow the standard eating style of Japanese food such as 'bringing eating utensils closer to their mouths and getting food down with their throats directly from them,' the scene of their school lunch was not so displeasing, despite they still had some problems such as 'the soup dishes spill over' or 'noodles are difficult to eat.'
- なお、暦書を私的に持つことは雑令の秘書玄象令で厳しく規制されたために朝廷外に人材を求めるのは困難であり、平将門が「新皇」を名乗って文武百官を任じた際も暦博士は任命できず、同様に吉野朝廷(南朝 (日本))も暦博士を置けなかったらしく、その元号が入った具注暦は存在しない。
- Because the private possession of rekisho (explanatory books concerning calendars) was strictly regulated by Hishogenjo-rei edicts, which were classified as Zoryo (Law on Miscellaneous Matters), it was difficult to recruit personnel outside the Imperial Court; therefore, when TAIRA no Masakado proclaimed himself as a 'new emperor' and nominated Bunbu Hyakkan (all the officials, both military and civil), he was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and in the same manner the Yoshino Imperial Court (the Southern Court (Japan)) was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and consequently there is no Guchu-reki (annotated calendar) that includes its gengo (era name).
- 実際、戦乱の時代が終われば、武人である和田義盛よりも、武勇だけではなく、事務能力・実務能力に優れ(前述の義仲との合戦の報告書など。当時の坂東武者は文章を書ける者はほとんどいなかったと言われている)、また和歌の1つもこなせる景時は頼朝にとっては得難い手駒であっただろう。
- In fact, when the war was over, Kagetoki was exceeded by Yoshimori WADA not only in his war record but also in administrative and practical works (as seen in his report of the battle against Yoshinaka, mentioned above: it is said that there were not many Bando [old Kanto region] Samurai who could write at that time), so Kagetoki, able even to compose waka, was a valuable staff member for Yoritomo.
- そのころ、巡察師として日本を訪れたアレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノ(ヴァリニャーニ)はキリシタン大名であった大村純忠と知り合い、財政難に陥っていた日本の布教事業を立て直すため、また次代を担う邦人司祭育成のため、キリシタン大名の名代となる使節をローマに派遣しようと考えた。
- Alessandro Valignano (Valignano) who came to Japan as a Jesuit visitor, met with Sumitada OMURA, a Christian daimyo (Christian feudal lord), and in order to restore missionary work that was in financial difficulties, and to nurture Japanese priests which would take charge of the coming generation, he sought to dispatch an envoy representing Christian daimyo to Rome.
- 毛利方は安国寺恵瓊を高松城に送り込んで説得を試みたが、宗治は主家である毛利家と城内の兵の命が助かるなら自分の首はいとも安いと述べ、自らと兄である清月と家臣の難波伝兵衛、末近左衛門の4人の首を差し出す代わりに籠城者の命を助けるようにという嘆願書を書き、安国寺恵瓊に託した。
- Mori attempted to convince Muneharu by sending Ekei ANKOKUJI over into Takamatsu-jo Castle, but Muneharu said he was not afraid to lose his life as long as he could save the Mori clan, his master, and the lives of his troops, leaving a petition to Ekei ANKOKUJI, which was to save the lives of the besieged in exchange for the lives of the four people: his brother Seigetsu, his vassals Denbe NANBA and Saemon SUECHIKA, and himself.
- バテレン追放令は、既に豊臣秀吉が発令していたが、鎖国の直接的契機となったのは島原の乱で、キリスト教と一揆(中世の国人一揆と近世の百姓一揆の中間的な性格を持つもの)が結び付いたことにより、その鎮圧が困難であったため、キリスト教の危険性が強く認識されたためであると言われる。
- Although Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI promulgated the edict expelling the European missionaries before, the Shimabara Uprising is said to be the direct trigger for the national isolation policy for the reason that the combination of Christianity and the riot (the intermediate nature between an uprising of powerful local samurai in the medieval period and a peasant's revolt during the early-modern period) turned out to be so difficult to suppress that Christianity was strongly recognized as danderous.
- 古い史料による確認は困難なものの、母である糠手姫皇女(田村の御名は彼女から継承されたものである)が舒明よりも20年以上長く生きて天智天皇3年(664年)に死去している事や、子である天智天皇らの年齢を考えると、ほぼ正確な年齢(もしくは数年の誤差)ではないかと見られている。
- Although confirmation using old historical materials is difficult, his age of death is thought to be nearly exact (or with a few years of error), considering the age of his son, the Emperor Tenchi and others, and that his mother, Nukadehime no Himemiko (the name of Tamura was succeeded from her) lived for more than 20 years after his death and died in 664.
- これに対し、満仲の嫡流である頼光・頼国が所領を有さなかったとは考え難く、またこの時代は摂関政治の確立により武力を要する政変などが無くなっていたことなども踏まえ、多田庄の経営は一族や郎党の者に任せ自身は在京したものであるとの考察もなされているが、現時点では判然としていない。
- On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine that Yorimitsu and Yorikuni, the main line of Mitsunaka, did not inherit Mitsunaka's property while there were no conflicts needing military forces as the regency was established, so it is considered that Yorikuni and Yorimitsu left the management of Tada Manors to their families or retainers and stayed at the capital, but it is still controversial.
- 『上宮聖徳法王帝説』では厩戸豊聰耳聖徳法王、聖王の児、山代大兄王(此王有賢尊之心棄身命而愛人民也、後人与父聖王相濫非也)とされ、母は、蘇我馬古叔尼大臣娘の刀自古郎女、妻は舂米王、子どもは難波麻呂古王、麻呂古王、弓削王、佐々女王、三嶋女王、甲可王、尾治王が生まれたとされる。
- According to the 'Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu' (Biography of Shotoku Taishi), Yamashiro no oe no o was a son of Umayato no toyotomimi shoutoku hoo, holly king, (此王有賢尊之心棄身命而愛人民也、後人与父聖王相濫非也) and his mother was daughter of SOGA no Umako, TOJIKO no Iratsume, his wife was Tsukishime no kimi, and his children were NANIHAMAROKO no miko, MAROKO no miko, YUGE no miko, SASA no himemiko, MISHIMA no himemiko, KAFUKA no miko and OHARI no miko.
- 同じ荘園内でも田畑ごとに所有権が異なったり、特殊な事情(伊勢神宮などの有力社の遷宮の際の費用の負担率を上げるために一時的に国衙領とする場合など)によって、荘園の権利が重複・移管されている場合(同じ荘園でも名称が異なって文章に表記されている)もあり、一概に認識するのは難しい。
- The ownership differed in each field, even in the same shoen and in some particular cases (the shoen was temporarily regarded as kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) to increase the burden ratio of cost for the sengu (transfer of a deity to a new shrine building) of dominant shrines such as Ise-jingu Shrine and so on) the rights and control of shoen were duplicated and transferred (the name of the same shoen was differently described in the documents) and thus it is difficult to recognize shoens in an unequivocal way.
- そのため能信が妻の姪にあたる養女茂子を妃に入れたのだが、いくら能信の養女でも実父が中納言では、東宮妃にはふさわしくないと非難されている(また、当時養女を妃に入れたのは最高実力者であった頼通のみであり、能信がそれを行うのは不相応であるという意味合いがあったとも言われている)。
- Due to the above background, Yoshinobu sent his wife's niece, and also his adopted daughter, Moshi to the Imperial Palace to become Empress; however, some people criticized that Moshi was not suitable as the Crown Prince's Empress since her real father's official rank was mere Chunagon (also it was only Yorimichi, who had the most political power at that time, to send an adopted daughter to become Empress, thus it is said that some people considered it was not appropriate for Yoshinobu to do that because his official rank was not high enough).
- 『元史』では「世祖本紀」や「日本伝」などにこの時の損耗については特に述べられていないが、『高麗史』、『高麗史節要』では夜中に大いに風雨があり、艦船が難破するなどして損害があり、十一月二十七日(12月26日)に合浦に帰還した際には、派遣軍の不還者は1万3500余人に登ったという。
- 'Genshi' do not particularly mention the damage suffered then in its 'Seiso Honki' (Records on Kublai) and 'Nihon Den' (Records on Japan), but 'Koraishi' and 'Koraishi Setsuyo' (Digested History of Goryeo) states that there was a storm at midnight, which caused shipwreck and damage, and more than 13.5 thousand people of the expeditionary force did not return to Gappo on December 26.
- 儒教では、放伐を認めるかどうかが難題とされてきたが、徳川幕府は朱子学について孟子的理解に立ち、湯武放伐、易姓革命論を認めていたが、それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
- In Confucianism, whether to allow the expulsion of a disqualified monarch had been a difficult problem to deal with, but the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted a position taken from the standpoint of Mencius (a Chinese thinker in the fourth century BC) concerning the teachings of Zhu Xi, and approved of the Tang-Wu revolution (the expulsions of disqualified monarchs by King Tang and King Wu) and the revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven (when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue).
- 遣唐使船は、大阪住吉区の住吉大社で海上安全の祈願を行い、海の神の「住吉大神」を船の舳先に祀り、住吉津(大阪市住吉区)から出発し、住吉の細江(現・細江川。通称・細井川。細井川駅)から大阪湾に出、難波津(大阪市中央区 (大阪市))に立ち寄り、瀬戸内海を経て那の津(福岡県福岡市)に至る。
- People used to pray in Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine in Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka, for safety of the ships for mission to Tang China, and put 'Sumiyoshi-Daijin,' the alter of the god of the sea, on the bow of the ships; they left Suminoe no tsu (Suminoe Port) (Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City) and entered the Osaka gulf from Hosoe in Sumiyoshi (current Hosoe-gawa River, commonly called as Hosoi-gawa River; Hosoigawa Station), stopped over in Naniwa no tsu (Naniwa Port) (Chuo Ward, Osaka City) and arrived at Nanotsu (Fukuoka City in Fukuoka Prefecture) via Seto Island Sea.
- 以前から天皇は、弟宮の八条宮智仁親王への譲位を望んでいたが、豊臣秀吉の猶子となったことがある親王への譲位は、豊臣家と敵対する幕府が難色を示し、また後陽成帝の皇子・後水尾天皇へ徳川秀忠の娘徳川和子を入内させようとしていた家康の意向に沿わなかったため、譲位すらもままならない状況が続いた。
- The Emperor had wished to abdicate his throne in favor of his younger brother Imperial Prince Toshihito HACHIJONOMIYA, but the Bakufu, the arch enemy of the Toyotomi family, was against his wish, as the Prince had been once a yushi (an adopted son in an old Japanese way) of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and it also was the intention of Ieyasu who wanted judai (entering the Imperial Palace after an official ceremony) of Kazuko TOKUGAWA, a daughter of Hidetada TOKUGAWA, as a consort of Emperor Gomizunoo, a son of Emperor Goyozei, with the consequence that the Emperor was not free even to abdicate.
- 伝統工芸としての飴細工は、飴の特性上、製作および保存の過程における扱いが難しいことをはじめ、量産できないことや衛生的な面、さらに実物を目にする機会があまりないうえ、その労力の割にはビジネス面での見返りが少ないことなどから、見た目の派手さとは裏腹に、技術の伝承がされにくい側面があった。
- Amezaiku as a traditional performing art is difficult to deal with in the process of the production and preservation because of the characteristics of candy, cannot be mass-produced, have a hygienic problem, are rarely seen and are not profitable, and in spite of their gaiety, the handing down of techniques has not been easy.
- しかし、山上憶良の「貧窮問答歌」などにも見られるように、親が子を思い、そのために何かをしてやりたいという気持ちは時代が違っていても変わることはなかったようで、資料の残っている以前から、親や大人たちが子どもや若者が1人前になっていく上で、何かの手助けや指導をしていたことは想像に難くない。
- However, as seen in 'Hinkyu mondo ka (Dialogue on poverty)', made by YAMANOUE no Okura, it seems that at any period the parents cherished their children and wanted to do something for them; it is easy to imagine that even long ago, before any document was made, parents or grown-ups have given help or guidance when their children or younger people were growing up.
- これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである(ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している)。
- Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)
- そのように軍事面での才能には疑問が持たれる秀忠だが、それでも後継者となったのは家康が秀忠を「守成の時代」の君主に相応しいと考えていたからだと言われている(家康は太宗 (唐)の治世について記した『貞観政要』を読んでおり、当然その中の「守成は創業より難し」という一文も読んでいたと思われる)。
- Even though Hidetada's ability in the military affairs was doubtful, he became the successor, for which it is said that Ieyasu regarded Hidetada suitable as a ruler in the 'Maintenance Ages' (Ieyasu read 'Joganseiyo,' a book written about Taiso, the second Emperor of Tang Dynasty in China and is thought to have naturally read a sentence in it saying 'Starting a reign is less difficult than carrying it through').
- 冬の陣では出陣させるのは譜代大名のみに限ろうと考えていた徳川家康は、この夏の陣においては豊臣恩顧の大名に敢えて大坂を攻めさせることにより、将来的に徳川家に掛かってくる倫理的な非難を回避しようとしたとされている(江戸時代に徳川家が豊臣家を滅ぼしたことに対する道徳的議論が起こることはなかった。
- It is said that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA thought to use only fudai daimyo (daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) to go into battles of the Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka), while in the Natsu no Jin (Summer Siege of Osaka) by ordering the daimyo who had been favored by the Toyotomi Family to attack Osaka Castle, he tried to avoid ethical accusation to the Tokugawa Family in later years.
- 正確な数値を出すのが難しい理由は、いまや簡単な精米機が家庭でも所有され、玄米のままで食べる人、三分搗き(づき / つき)、五分搗き、七分搗きで食べる人など精米歩合は無限に細かくすることができ、なおかつ、どこから先を「白米」と考えて食べているかは結局、消費者本人の感覚によっているからである。
- The reason why it is difficult to find the accurate numbers is that the rice-polishing ratio can be infinitely subdivided under the current circumstance where simple rice-milling machines are installed in some homes and some people eat brown rice without polishing and others eat rice after thirty percent threshing, half threshing or seventy percent threshing, and that after all the boundary of 'polished rice' depends on the sense of the consumer.
- →中国・インドなどいわゆる開発途上国の排出量が増加しているのは事実であるが、2007年には世界最大の排出国であるアメリカ合衆国に匹敵すると言われる中国ですら人口一人あたりの排出量は約1/4であることの難しさも内包している(逆にいえば一人あたり排出量の多い国の削減幅が足りないという話にもなる)。
- ->It is a fact that the emission amount of developing countries such as China, India and so on is increasing, but in 2007, even in China, which is said to be comparable to the United States of America, the largest emitter in the world, the per capita emission amount is about 1/4 of the United States; this makes things difficult, in other words, the reduction rate of a country whose per capita emission amount is large is not enough.
- 「日本の失敗を天皇制のせいだと非難はしても、日本の成功に関して天皇制を褒めることはしなかったのが戦後歴史家たちであるが、これと異なり、明治知識人たちは日本の進歩の功を天皇に帰しはしても、その短所を天皇のせいにはしなかった」という指摘が明治時代と戦後の天皇制に関する論評の違いについてなされている。
- The difference in the views toward Tennosei of the Meiji period and the post war period is pointed out that the 'post-war historians were all blaming the Tennosei for the failure of Japan but never praised it for the success of the country; to the contrary, intellectuals of the Meiji period thanked the Emperor for their success but never blamed him for the defects.'
- また、塩谷氏については、小田原の役の際、直接参陣しなかったために改易されたとする見解もあるが、義綱は、天正17年(1589年)6月29日に上洛して秀吉に恭順の意を表しており、小田原の陣では、名代として家臣の岡本正親を派遣していることから、この時に改易になったとは考え難い(『ふるさと矢板のあゆみ』)。
- One theory states that the SHIONOYA clan was ordered 'kaieki' because they did not directly join the Siege of Odawara, but Yoshitsuna went to the capital (Kyoto) on August 10, 1589 to show reverence for Hideyoshi and, in the Siege of Odawara, he sent his retainer Masachika OKAMOTO as a representative; therefore, it isn't plausible that he was ordered 'kaieki' at that time ('Furusato Yaita no Ayumi (History of Our Hometown Yaita)').
- 日本の達成が難しいと囁かれ始めた 2007年頃になって、京都議定書自体が欧米諸国による政治的な圧力であるという陰謀論(そもそも根拠が示されていない、既に支持を失った議論を蒸し返しているなどの理由により懐疑論にもなり得ていないもの)が、一部評論筋や個人の論評などで、にわかに唱えられはじめるようになった。
- Around 2007 when it was whispered that it seemed unlikely for Japan to achieve the goal, some critics or individuals began to claim a conspiracy theory that Kyoto Protocol itself was a political pressure from Western countries (it is a groundless theory and is far from even being skepticism because it is based on the issue which was once discussed and consequently lost its supporters).
- 開港場では6月2日より1ドル銀貨との引き換えが始まったが、この二朱銀は開港場のみでしか通用せず、もともと日本国内全般に含有銀量の多い二朱銀を流通させることが困難であり、一般に流通しているのは依然一分銀であったため、国内では一分銀に両替しないと通用しないと定められた大凡貨幣としての機能を欠くものであった。
- These Nishu gin silver coins started to be exchanged with one-dollar silver coins at treaty ports on June 2, but they could be used only in those ports and lacked functions of a common currency because they had to be exchanged into ichibu-gin silver coins for domestic use, for it was difficult to distribute Nishu gin silver coins, which contained comparatively much silver, all over Japan in the first place, and ichibu-gin silver coins were still generally in circulation.
- 大の秀吉嫌いで、信長存命時には同じ北陸方面で戦ったことから、秀吉の敵対者として柴田勝家とひとくくりにされることが多いが、一時期、上杉方に奪われた富山城の攻略では大将とは思えぬ取り乱しぶりで勝家と大喧嘩したという記録が前田家の文書に残っており、必ずしも反秀吉という面で親密な関係にあったとは言い難いようだ。
- Although Narimasa was often regarded as an adversary of Hideyoshi like Katsuie SHIBATA, since he disliked Hideyoshi and fought in the same Hokuriku area when Nobunaga was alive, a document of the Maeda family describes that he became so upset unlike a lord about the attack of the Toyama-jo Castle usurped by the Uesugi clan and had big quarrel with Katsuie for a period of time, so it seems difficult to say that he had good relationship with anti-Hideyoshi side.
- 慶應元年(1865年)11月からは大坂難波に設置された銭座でも鋳造が始まり4年(1868年)1月まで行われ、大政奉還の後、新政府に設立された貨幣司は慶應4年(1868年)4月23日より明治3年(1870年)8月5日までに63,913,752枚を鋳造し、天保6年からの総鋳造高は484,804,054枚とされる。
- It was also minted in the gin-za located in Naniwa of Osaka from December 1865 to January 1868, and after the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor), Kaheishi (a government office taking over the kin-za and the gin-za) established by the new government minted 63,913,752 coins from May 15, 1868 to August 31, 1870; therefore the total number of coins minted from 1835 is said to be 484,804,054.
- 11-12世紀の間に、開発領主として発展していったことが豊富な資料で裏付けられる安芸国高田郡の藤原氏、但馬国温泉郷(ゆのごう)の平氏、伊賀国名張郡の丈部(はせつかべ)氏、下総国相馬御厨の千葉氏、その他の例をみても、彼らが当時の「武士の棟梁」と言われた軍事貴族と人格的な主従関係をもっていたと証明することは非常に困難とされる。
- It was hard to prove that the Fujiwara clan of Takata County, Aki Province, Taira clan of Yunogo, Tanba Province, Hasetsukabe clan of Nabari County, Iga Province, and Chiba clan of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch), Shimosa Province that developed as the kaihatsu-ryoshu between eleventh-twelfth century, and other examples proven by many historical manuscripts, had master and servant relationships with the military aristocrats called 'toryo of bushi' at that time.
- 特に太政官においては五位以上の官人から犯罪者が出た場合にこれを処分する「罪名定」と呼ばれる陣定が行われ、その際に決して律令に精通しているとは言い難い天皇もしくは摂関以下の公卿から当該事件に適用すべき罪名(犯罪の名称とそれに対応する刑罰)に関する諮問が明法博士ら明法家に対して行われ、これに対して明法家は明法勘文の提示を行った。
- Especially in Daijokan, when officials of lower than grade five committed a crime, a Jinnosadame (council) called 'Zaimyosadame' was held where the emperors or Kugyo (ministers) with lower positions than Sekkan (regent) who did not know ritsuryo very well, asked opinions to the doctors of Myoho and Myoho experts for submission of Myobokanmon response papers.
- 院政中には2回の元の対日侵攻(元寇)が起こり、自ら伊勢神宮で祈願するなど積極的な活動を行った(当時の治天・亀山上皇と天子・後宇多天皇の父子いずれかが「身を以って国難に代える祈願」を伊勢大神宮に奉ったことは史実のようだが、さて父子のどちらにその祈願を帰すべきかは、大正年間に学者の間で大論争を呼んでいまだ決着のつかない問題である)。
- During his reign the Mongolians invaded Japan (Genko, Mongolian Expeditions against Japan) twice, the Emperor acted eagerly to pray at Ise Jingu Shrine, etc. (During this period, both the Retired Emperor Kameyama and Emperor Gouda, father and son, prayed at Ise Jingu Shrine and were ready to sacrifice themselves to help the nation, however it is not clear who to appreciate for this, the Retired Emperor Kameyama or Emperor Gouda, and this was a big controversial theory between the scholars during the Taisho period and the issue still has not been concluded.)
- 4代・6代~9代の天皇の名は明らかに和風諡号と考えられるが、記紀のより確実な史料による限り、和風諡号の制度ができたのは6世紀半ばごろであるし、神武・綏靖のように、伝えられる名が実名であるとすると、それに「神」がつくのも考え難く、やはり神話的ないし和風諡号的なものであるので、これらの天皇は後世になって皇統に列せられたものと推定できる。
- The names of the fourth and sixth to ninth generations of emperors are obviously Japanese-style posthumous names, but according to reliable descriptions in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihon Shoki,' Japanese-style posthumous names came to be used around the mid-sixth century; and although names like Jinmu and Suizei may sound like names of emperors used when they were alive, names that contain characters representing god (as in Jinmu) is unlikely to have been used as names of living persons, which leads us to believe that these were names for legendary characters or something similar to posthumous names and that, therefore, these emperors were added to the imperial lineage later in history.
- 更に漢文・古文などを「よきものではあるがそこまでして勉強するものではない」(意訳)として、その意義を否定こそしないが、世間で扱われている程の価値があるものではない、と言って儒学者や朱子学者が言う様な難しい字句のある漢文や古文を学ぶより、まず日常的に利用価値のある、読み書き、計算、基本的な道徳などの「実学」を身につけるべきだと書かれている。
- Fukuzawa also encouraged to acquire certain skills that could be practically used in everyday life, such as reading and writing, calculation, fundamental ethics, rather than learning Chinese and classics that had long been encouraged to learn but were rather abstruse and unpractical, and were good and appropriate only for Confucian or Neo-Confucian scholars, while Fukuzawa never denied the value of those classics, just implying that they were good, but were not the subjects you really had to study diligently.
- その一方で、称徳天皇や道鏡が清麻呂を流した事で2番目の神託を否認した以上、最初の神託に基づいて道鏡への皇位継承を進めることも可能であった筈なのに事件以後に全くそうした動きを見せていない事や逆に藤原氏らの反対派がこの事件を直接の大義名分として天皇や道鏡排除に積極的に動いていない事から、道鏡がこの事件に深く関わっていたとする証拠を見出す事は困難である。
- On the other hand, it is difficult to find the evidence that Dokyo was deeply involved in this incident because of the following reasons; Empress Shotoku did not proceed with the move to let Dokyo ascend the throne based on the first oracle although she could have done so after she and Dokyo denied the second oracle and exiled Kiyomaro; furthermore, there was no active movement in the opposition factions such as Fujiwara clan concerning the removal of Empress Shotoku or Dokyo using this incident as a legitimate reason.
- 1878年(明治11年)には、外務卿寺島宗則が西南戦争後の財政難のため税権回復を中心に交渉し、駐米公使の吉田清成とアメリカのエバーツ国務長官との間で税権回復の新条約(吉田・エバーツ条約)を調印するが、イギリス及びドイツの反対と法権の優先を求める世論の反対で挫折する(アメリカとの条約は他国と同内容の条約を結ぶことが条件になっていたため、発効しなかった)。
- In 1878, Gaimukyo (chief of Foreign Ministry) Munenori TERASHIMA negotiated mainly for the recovery of tariff autonomy, backed by the financial difficulty after the Seinan War, and Minister-Counselor to the United States Kiyonari YOSHIDA and EVERTS Secretary of State of the United States signed a new treaty of the recovery of tariff rights (YOSHIDA-EVERTS Treaty), but it was failed because of the objection of England and Germany and the public opinions that required the recovery of jurisdiction to be prioritized (the treaty with the United States did not come into effect because it was conditional on conclusion of similar treaties with the other countries).
- これは小説をはじめ広く知られるエピソードで、それらによればこの際、武市は性根の弱い以蔵が拷問に簡単に屈してしまうと心配したとか、以蔵が軽輩故に他の同士より一層激しく耐え難い拷問に遭うであろうと予想した、また、毒を送られた以蔵はそれを(毒とは知らずに)服んだが死なず拷問に屈して白状したとか、毒を見破って憤りのあまり自白に及んだなどと様々に解釈されている。
- There is an episode widely known through novels and so on that is interpreted in many ways; according to versions of this episode, TAKECHI was anxious that a weak natured Izo may easily give into torture; or that Izo may go under a far more severe torture than his other comrades due to his frivolousness; or that Izo received the poison and drank it (not knowing that it was poison), but did not die and confessed for not being able to withstand the torture; or he confessed in anger in finding out that it was poison.
- ドラマ中では、猪熊教利が名前すら登場しないこと、唐橋局が掌侍であること、兼安備後が奥の門の見張り役であること、花山院忠長の配流先が津軽であること、公家の処分が徳川家康による豊臣家を支援する公家の宮中からの追放を意図したものであること、広橋局以下女官を謹慎とする後陽成帝の案に対して徳川家康が難色を示し配流となったこと(後陽成帝の処分案が手ぬるいことになる)が異なる。
- The TV-adapted story differs from historical facts in that, in the TV play, even the name of Noritoshi INOKUMA is not mentioned, Karahashi no Tsubone is a naishi no jo (a woman officer who carries the Emperor's sword when accompanying him out of the Palace), Bingo KANEYASU is a watchdog at the Okunomon (Inside Gate), the destination of banishment of Tadanaga KAZANIN is Tsugaru, the punishment of court nobles was intended by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to expel pro-Toyotomi nobles from the Imperial Court, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA disagreed to Emperor Goyozei's proposal only to restrain the behaviors of Hirohashi no Tsubone and other court ladies and instead ordered them to be banished (this means that Emperor Goyozei's proposal for punishment had been more lenient).
- 家臣の三輪文屋君は、「乘馬詣東國 以乳部爲本 興師還戰 其勝必矣」(東国に難を避け、そこで再起を期し、入鹿を討つべし)と進言するが、山背大兄王は戦闘を望まず「如卿所 其勝必然 但吾情冀 十年不役百姓 以一身之故 豈煩勞萬民 又於後世 不欲民言由吾之故 喪己父母 豈其戰勝之後 方言丈夫哉 夫損身固國 不亦丈夫者歟」(われ、兵を起して入鹿を伐たば、その勝たんこと定し。
- Vassal MIWA no Fumiya no Kimi advised the prince '乘馬詣東國 以乳部爲本 興師還戰 其勝必矣 (Escape to the East and prepare to fight back against Iruka), but the prince didn't want to fight and said '如卿所 其勝必然 但吾情冀 十年不役百姓 以一身之故 豈煩勞萬民 又於後世 不欲民言由吾之故 喪己父母 豈其戰勝之後 方言丈夫哉 夫損身固國 不亦丈夫者歟' (if we take up arms and fight against Iruka, surely we will win.
- 一方、本能寺から200mの近辺に教会のあったルイス・フロイスの『日本史』(Historia de Iapan)では、「(午前3時頃と言われる)明智の(少数の)兵たちは怪しまれること無く難なく寺に侵入して(6月2日に御所前で馬揃えをする予定であったのを織田の門番たちは知っていたので油断したと思われる)、信長が便所から出て手と顔を清めていたところを背後から弓矢を放って背中に命中させた。
- According to 'Historia de Iapan' by Luis Frois whose church was only 200 meter away from the Honno-ji Temple, '(Around three o'clock in the morning), (a small number of) warriors of the Akechi clan invaded the temple without being suspected (It seems that Oda's gatekeepers lost their sharpness because they knew that umazoroe (a troop review) in front of the Imperial Palace was planned for the next day.), and shot Nobunaga, who came out from the toilet and was washing his hands and face, in the back using bows and arrows.
- そして、文化の違いや日本人に対する侮りから、通信使一行の中には、屋内の壁に鼻水や唾を吐いたり小便を階段でする、酒を飲みすぎたり門や柱を掘り出す、席や屏風を割る、馬を走らせて死に至らしめる、供された食事に難癖をつける、夜具や食器を盗む、日本人下女を孕ませる 魚なら大きいものを、野菜ならば季節外れのものを要求したり、予定外の行動を希望して拒絶した随行の対馬藩の者に唾を吐きかけたりといった乱暴狼藉を働くものもあった。
- In addition, due to differences in culture and disrespect to Japanese, some of Tsushinshi envoy did violent acts as described in the following: Sneezing or spitting on walls, urinating on stairs, drinking too much sake wine, digging out gates or poles, breaking chairs or folding screens, making horses run to death, complaining about the food served, stealing bedclothes and tableware, making maidservants pregnant, requesting bigger fish, requesting vegetables out of the season, or spitting on persons of the Tsushima Domain accompanying them when a request for unscheduled actions was refused.
- また安政年間頃から寛永通寳銅一文銭、鉄一文銭、および真鍮四文銭などの通用において額面からの乖離が著しくなり、文久永宝の発行に至り相場は混乱し、文久2年(1862年)12月に幕府は改めて天保通寳を100文で通用させるよう通達を出したが、実際に100文銭としての通用は困難との申し出もあり、幕府は慶応元年(1865年)閏5月に、鉄一文銭=1文および天保通寳=100文の基準に対し以下のような増歩通用を認めざるを得なくなった。
- Furthermore, under the significant deviations from the face value since around Ansei era (1854 to 1859) in circulating the Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen (copper Kanei-tsuho equivalent to one mon), the tetsu ichimonsen coins, and the shinchu shimonsen coins, and so on, the issuance of Bunkyu-eiho (a coin first minted in Bunkyu era [1854 to 1859]) brought the disorder of the exchange market; therefore in January 1863, the bakufu reordered to fix the rate of the Tenpo-tsuho by 100 mon, however, by reports that this rate was impossible and others, in June 1865, the Edo bakufu had to accept to circulate it by the fair market price not by the face value as follows with the standard of the tetsu ichimonsen coin equivalent to one mon and the Tenpo-tsuho equivalent to 100 mon:
- 太平洋戦争終結後、戦災復興のために各方面より無尽会社でも当座預金の取扱を可能としようとする要請が為されるようになったものの、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は当時、無尽を賭博的でギャンブルの一つであると見ており、これに難色を示したため、政府は当時の銀行並の業務を可能としつつも、無尽の取扱が可能で制度・監督上は無尽会社程度で設立可能な金融機関制度を企画、1951年に相互銀行法が成立し、日本住宅無尽株式会社を除く全社が相互銀行へ転換した。
- After the Pacific War ended, various quarters demanded to make it possible to handle checking accounts even in Mujin companies for war-damage reconstruction, but in those days the GHQ regarded Mujin as gambling and was against it, therefore, while making it possible to do business at a banking level at that time, the government planned a financial institution system where it would be possible to handle Mujin and set up a Mujin company level in the system to supervise, and thereby the Mutual Loan and Savings Bank Act was established in 1951 and all companies except Nihon Jutaku Mujin K.K. shifted to the mutual banking system.
- 張保皐が先に新羅に帰って高い官位(清海鎮大使)を得た後に、職を去って餓え凍えていた鄭年が張保皐を頼っていったときに暖かくこれを迎えたこと、歓迎の宴の最中に閔哀王が殺されて国都が混乱していることを聞くや、張保皐が鄭年に兵5千を与えて「あなた(鄭年)でなくては、この禍難を収めることはできないだろう」といい、反乱者を討たせて新王を立てたこと、新王によって張保皐は宰相に取り立てられたこと、代わりに鄭年が清海鎮大使を継いだこと、を記している。
- It also states things as follows: after Bogo JANG returned to Silla first and got a higher ranking position (ambassador of Cheonghaejin), Jeongyeon, who lost his job, starving and frozen from cold, visited Jang and Jang welcomed him; as soon as Jang heard about the capital being in chaos after King Minae was killed in the middle of a party, Jang gave a force of 5,000 men to Jeongyeon, saying 'No one else apart from you can settle this distress', he let Jeongyeon killed the rebels to enthrone a new King; Jang was appointed as the Chancellor by the new King and that Jeongyeon took over the position of the ambassador of Cheonghaejin.
- さらに続けて、杜牧が張保皐・鄭年の交わりを安禄山の乱における郭汾陽・李臨淮の交わりに見立てて仁義の人であると賞賛したことを伝え、『新唐書』の列伝を編纂した宋祁の評として、国難の時期に義の心を持って国家の憂患を第一に考えた人として晋 (春秋)代の祁奚、唐代の郭汾陽・張保皐を挙げ、「どうして東方の蛮国に優れた人物がいないということがあろうか」と称えている(原文:嗟乎、不以怨毒相槊、而先國家之憂、晉有祁奚、唐有汾陽・保皋、孰謂夷無人哉。)。
- It also states that Du Mu praised Jang as a man of humanity and justice comparing Jang and Jeongyeon's relationship with that of Bunyang GWAK and Imhoe YI at the An Lushan War and as a comment of Song Qi who edited the story collection of 'Shintojo', he listed the names of people, who thought about the nation first with the mind of righteousness during a difficult time for the country, as Qi Xi of the Jin (Spring and Autumn) Period and Bunyang GWAK and Bogo JANG of the Tang Period, saying 'How can we say that there were no excellent people in the foreign countries of East' (Original: 嗟乎、不以怨毒相槊、而先國家之憂、晉有祁奚、唐有汾陽・保皋、孰謂夷無人哉).
- この日、西郷を中心に作戦会議が開かれ、小兵衛の「海路から長崎を奪い、そこから二軍に分かれて神戸・大阪と横浜・東京の本拠を急襲」する策、野村忍介の「三道に別れ、一は海路で長崎に出てそこから東上、一は海路から豊前・豊後を経て四国・大坂に出てそこから東上、一は熊本・佐賀・福岡を経ての陸路東上」する策即ち三道分進策が出されたが、小兵衛・野村忍介の策は3隻の汽船しかなく軍艦を持たない薩軍にとっては成功を期し難く、池上の「熊本城に一部の抑えをおき、主力は陸路で東上」する策が採用された。
- On the same day, SAIGO held a council of war, and Kohei proposed the plan that 'the troops should attack Nagasaki from sea and then divide into two groups, one of which would raid Kobe and Osaka and the other of which would raid Yokohama and the headquarters in Tokyo', whereas Oshisuke NOMURA proposed the plan of heading east through three courses that 'the army should divide into three groups, one of which would go to Nagasaki by sea and head east from there, another of which would go to Shikoku and Osaka by sea through Buzen and Bungo Provinces and head east from there, and the other of which would head east by land through Kumamoto, Saga, and Fukuoka,' but both of the plans seemed to have little chance of succeeding for the Satsuma army, which had no warship but only three steamships; finally, they adopted the IKEGAMI's plan of 'deploying part of the army in Kumamoto Castle to defend the region and having the main force headed east by land.'
- 日本人の洋装化が一段と進んだこと、敗戦で軍隊で強制されていたことの嫌悪感から旧文化が否定される風潮になったこと、日本の工業化の進展で農村部から都市部に人口の移動が起こり、核家族化が進行して「褌祝」の私的祭事に象徴される褌継承の文化が断絶したこと、女性の社会進出で家事が簡略化されて自家で縫製する機会がなくなったこと、製造販売する業者も少なく店頭に並ばず、入手性に難があったこと、ブリーフ、トランクス等の新しい下着が廉価で出現して、機能性だけでなくファッション性のある下着が若者を中心に普及したことなどである。
- (1) Western clothes became more popular than ever in Japan; (2) there brought about a tendency to deny the previous culture because of the loss of the war, and, to make the matter worse, the fundoshi was something the military forced them to wear; (3) because of the advancement of industrialization, people moved from agricultural communities to urban areas to change the traditional family form to a nuclear family, and thus it made it hard to continue the culture in which wearing fundoshi was often symbolically celebrated as a rite of passage to be a grown-up man; (4) as women were encouraged to participate in society, household chores were simplified and thus the time for sewing fundoshi at home became limited; (5) manufacturers of fundoshi were practically decreased and it made it hard for people to get fundoshi at stores; and (6) new types of undergarments, such as a brief type and a trunks type of underpants, appeared at low prices, those functional, and were seen fashionable, undergarments became popular mainly among young people.