雑: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 雑戸
- Zakko (Special Technicians)
- お雑煮
- soup containing rice cakes and vegetables (New Year's dish)
- 雑賀衆
- Saikashu (Saika group)
- Saiga shu
- Saika Ikki
- 雑色作手
- Zoshiki-sakute (various craftspeople)
- 官人雑任
- Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official)
- まる雑炊
- Maru zosui (Japanese soft-shelled turtle porridge)
- ふぐ雑炊
- Fugu-zosui (porridge of pufferfish, rice and vegetables)
- かに雑炊
- Kani zosui (crab hotpot & rice porridge)
- とり雑炊
- Tori zosui (Japanese rice & chicken porridge)
- 女学雑誌
- Jogaku Zasshi (Education of Women Magazine)
- 雑賀侵攻
- An invasion into Saiga
- 雑訴決断所
- The Office for Deciding Miscellaneous Appeals
- 中国の雑徭
- Zoyo (or zatsuyo) in China
- カレー雑煮
- Curry zoni (curry flavored soup containing rice cakes)
- 交雑育種株
- Cross breeding strain
- 雑役免型荘園
- The shoen manors exempted from miscellaneous labor taxes
- 雑賀党鈴木氏
- Saigato (Saiga group) Suzuki clan
- 雑役免系荘園
- Zoyakumen Kei Shoen
- 年料別貢雑物
- Nenryo bekko zomotsu
- すきやき雑炊
- Sukiyaki zosui(Japanese beef hot pot & rice porridge)
- 雑0.52%
- miscellaneous metals 0.52%
- 『明六雑誌』
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' journal
- 小雑賀の戦闘
- The battle at Kozaika
- 官人雑任 新設
- Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official), newly established
- Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government officials): newly established
- Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) newly established.
- Kanjin Zonin, newly established.
- Kanninzonin (lower-ranking government official) was a new post.
- Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) was newly established.
- さまざまな雑炊
- Various kinds of zosui
- 雑20.18%
- Miscellaneous: 20.18%
- 雑歌(上中下)
- Zouka (Other Poetry) (3 volumes)
- ふぐ鍋・ふぐ雑炊
- Fugu nabe and fugu zosui
- しゃぶしゃぶ雑炊
- Shabu-shabu zosui (thinly sliced meat boiled quickly with vegetable & rice porridge)
- 雑:20.61%
- Miscellaneous:20.61%
- - 『明六雑誌』
- 'Meiroku Zasshi'
- 交替雑事(20巻)
- Kotai zatsuji (miscellaneous matters about administrative transitions) (20 volumes)
- 『明六雑誌』の停刊
- The suspension of issue of 'Meiroku Zasshi'
- 『明六雑誌』の特徴
- The characteristics of 'Meiroku Zasshi'
- 根来・雑賀衆の敗因
- The reason for Negoro and Saiga shu's defeat
- 『明六雑誌』の刊行
- Publishing of 'Meiroku Zasshi'
- 巻十 雑格(その他)
- Volume 10: Zakkyaku (Miscellaneous)
- Volume 10: miscellaneous laws (others)
- Volume 10: Miscellaneous (others)
- これを雑役免という。
- This was called Zoyakumen (exemption of Zoyaku).
- 国郡雑事(巻数不明)
- Kokugun zatsuji (miscellaneous matters about administrative divisions) (the number is unknown)
- 臨時雑事(巻数不明)
- Rinji zatsuji (miscellaneous matters about extra events) (the number is unknown)
- 根来・粉河・雑賀炎上
- Burning of Negoro, Kokawa and Saiga
- 官人雑任 新設 四名
- Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) newly established four members.
- 糺弾雑事(30巻程度)
- Kyudan zatsuji (miscellaneous matters about impeachment) (approximately 30 volumes)
- 至要雑事(5~10巻)
- Shiyo zatsuji (miscellaneous matters about essentials) (5 to 10 volumes)
- その出生は複雑である。
- There were complicated circumstances behind his birth.
- 官人雑任 六名のち四名
- Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) six, later four.
- オースチン・フリント雑音
- Austin Flint murmur
- 粥(かゆ)、雑炊、おじや
- Okayu (rice porridge), zosui (a porridge of rice and vegetable), ojiya (rice gruel seasoned with miso or soy sauce)
- 「雑炊うどん」ともいう。
- It is also called 'Zosui Udon.'
- 内膳司の職員で官人雑任。
- They were the officers in Naizenshi and Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official).
- 『明六雑誌』が残したもの
- The ruins of 'Meroku Zasshi'
- これが雑役免系荘園である。
- The term 'Zoyakumen kei shoen' refers to these shoen.
- 鈴木重興……雑賀衆の旗頭。
- 鈴木重興 - leader of Saikashu.
- 雑賀衆は歴史から消滅した。
- In this way Saikashu disappeared from history.
- 住み込みで主に雑用を行った。
- They were live-in servants who did mainly odd jobs.
- これは『童謡雑録』にもある。
- It was also compiled in 'Doyo Zatsuroku.'
- この神に雑炊をささげている。
- A porridge of rice and vegetables were dedicated to this god.
- 第6章 雑則(27・28条)
- Chapter 6: Other rules (Article 27 and 28)
- 群書類従雑部に収録されている。
- The text of Chokan-kanmon is compiled in Gunshoruiju zatsubu.
- 『雑種文化』(1956年)など
- 'Hybrid Culture' (1956), and so on.
- 『群書類従』第26輯雑部所収。
- It was collected in the miscellaneous part of the 26th volume of 'Gunsho ruiju' (Collection of historical documents compiled by Hokiichi HANAWA).
- 雑纂形態をとり、三巻からなる。
- It consists of three volumes and takes the form of a collection of various writings.
- (「新古今和歌集」雑1843)
- ('Shin kokin wakashu' (the New Collection of Poems, Past and Present), Miscellaneous 1843).
- 足軽(あしがる)は、雑兵の一種。
- Ashigaru (common foot soldiers) were a type of low-ranking soldier.
- 平安時代は雑役免荘で、摂関家領。
- During the Heian period, the manor was a zoyakumen (land that was excepted from all levies except the regular land tax), and the estate of a Sekkan-ke (family which produced regents and advisers).
- 職掌は天皇の側で雑務を担当した。
- Their function was to stay with the emperor and to address miscellaneous business.
- 雑集(ざっしゅう)(正倉院宝物)
- Zasshu (treasure of Shoso-in Temple)
- 官人雑任→使部→官人仕丁→駈使丁
- Kanjin Zonin => shibu (low rank bureaucrats) => kanjin shicho (a manservant doing odd jobs) => kushicho (servant doing odd jobs).
- 加藤周一『雑種文化』 1956年
- 'Hybrid Culture' by Shuichi KATO, 1956
- 官物(かんもつ):雑役以外の税。
- Kanmotsu: a tax on the work other than the odd-job tasks.
- 雑分は銅、鉛、イリジウムなどである。
- Miscellaneous metals consist of copper, lead and iridium.
- 雑賀党ともいい、「さいが」とも読む。
- Saikashu is also known as Saikato, and 'Saika' can also be read 'Saiga.'
- 雑賀衆の内部は分裂することとなった。
- Consequently Saikashu was internally split.
- 雑賀衆が船上などで用いていた事で有名。
- The Saikashu (a group of soldiers from Saika in Wakayama) are famous for using it on board a ship.
- 雑役免となる原因はいくつか挙げられる。
- Zoyakumen are categorized into several types.
- アンズの近縁種であり、容易に交雑する。
- It is closely related to the apricot and crossbreeds easily.
- 小品十種(1908年6月、成功雑誌社)
- Shohin Jusshu (Ten Short Essays) (Seiko-zasshisha, June 1908)
- 巻第三十 本朝付雑事(歌物語、恋愛譚)
- Volume 30 Honcho, miscellaneous affairs (poem-tales, tales of love)
- 税は、租庸調と雑徭から構成されていた。
- Taxes were composed of so, yo, cho and zoyo.
- 内膳司・御厨子所・御蔵・画所預・院雑色
- Naizenshi (Imperial Table Office), Mizushidokoro (Imperial Kitchen), 御蔵, Edokoro-azukari (the head painter of the Edokoro [an atelier producing paintings and painted decorations for the court and nobility]) and In no Zoshiki (low-level functionaries of the retired emperor's offices)
- 大炊部 炊飯・米の出納を行う官人雑色人
- Oibe were zoshikinin (lower-level functionaries in the provincial government) who cooked rice and manage rice stores.
- 雑賀衆は抵抗したがかなわずに壊滅した。
- Although Saikashu resisted, they were destroyed.
- 雑誌やテレビにもしばしば取り上げられた。
- The pass has been often reported in magazines and on television.
- 神人・供御人・散所雑色もその一種である。
- Jinin (associates of Shinto shrines), Kugonin (purveyors to the imperial household), and Sanjozoshiki (low-level functionary) were examples of this.
- 『大乗院寺社雑事記』 尋尊、政覚、経尋著
- 'Daijoin Jisha Zojiki' by Jinson, Seikaku and Kyojin
- 名ビラや座布団を返すなどの雑用もこなす。
- They also run errands, changing nabira, turning the cushion and so on.
- 近年の動向・漫画雑誌の売上と単行本の売上
- Recent trend and sales of comic magazines and comic books
- また、外来種も野良猫化し、雑種が進んだ。
- Besides, exotic breeds also turned to alley cats and further hybridity progressed.
- 公奴婢は朝廷に仕え、雑務に従事していた。
- Kunuhi served the imperial court, and was engaged in routine tasks.
- - 弓射・古式競馬 (日本)および院中雑務
- Arrow-shooting, traditional horse racing, and miscellaneous affairs in court
- 更に雑役も次第に地税化していくことになる。
- Eventually, Zatsueki became like a property tax as well.
- 酵母を、雑菌や野生酵母から守る役割をする。
- It is to protect yeast from bacteria and wild yeasts.
- 辞式(辞(雑任以下庶人より官司へ)の書式)
- This Article 'Ji-shiki' was put here to specify forms of documents called 'ji' that were written by lower-ranked officials or ordinary people and submitted to any government official.
- (その後、官物は年貢に、雑役は公事になる)。
- (Later, kanmotsu changed to nengu (land tax) and zatsueki to kuji (public duties).)
- 替えの手組みがきわめて多く、かつ複雑である。
- Players use a variety of complicated kae no tegumi (a pattern of rhythm).
- 花魁の身の回りの雑用をする10歳前後の少女。
- A Kamuro is a girl around ten years old who is in charge of odd jobs related to an oiran.
- 東大寺雑集録 - 江戸時代に編纂された寺誌。
- 'Todai-ji zatsushuroku'-A book on Todai-ji Temple complied during the Edo period.
- 『明六雑誌』はそれを提供する役割を果たした。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' played a role to provide them.
- 増援軍の雑賀衆も白兵戦には弱くほぼ全滅した。
- Saiga shu (Ikko groups), which were reinforcement troops, were not good at close combat and totally wiped out.
- 第6則 開港地での米や雑穀の輸出入を認める。
- Regulation 6 - Admitting the export and import of rice and grain at the city of an open port.
- 本能寺の変は雑賀衆内部の力関係も一変させた。
- The Honno-ji Incident also changed the power relationship among Saiga shu.
- 土橋種興……雑賀・根来衆・和泉国人衆を指揮。
- 土橋種興 - led Saikashu, Negoroshu and kokujin-shu from Izumi Province.
- 江戸時代の武士の身分を以下に大雑把に分類する。
- The samurai status during the Edo period is roughly classified as follows.
- 師匠宅の雑用も寄席での裏方仕事もしなくてよい。
- He doesn't have to do any chores at the master's residence or do background work at the yose.
- 物語は冗長で、非常に複雑な筋立てになっている。
- The story is lengthy and the plot is quite complicated.
- 小山内の編集により総合的な文芸雑誌として創刊。
- It was launched under the editorship of OSANAI as a general literary magazine.
- その他の雑兵・農民らは赦免され退城を許された。
- The other people such as zohyo (common soldiers) and farmers were allowed to leave the castle.
- そのため、繁雑な官司に出向することも多かった。
- For this reason, often they were temporarily transferred to busy government officials.
- また、野辺に雑草を描くのも北宋の影響とみられる。
- Painting weeds in a field seems to be the influence of Northern Sung Dynasty.
- 浜床その他の寸法などは「類聚雑要抄」4に詳しい。
- The details of the hamayuka and other information, such as its dimensions, are described in the fourth volume of 'ruijuzoyosho' (a book explaining the furnishings in ceremonies and events in detail with sketches).
- 寺門興隆(じもんこうりゅう)は、日本の月刊雑誌。
- Jimonkoryu is a monthly magazine of Japan.
- 沖縄料理のジューシーは雑炊の転訛であるとされる。
- Okinawan cuisine Jyusi is thought to be a corruption form of zosui.
- それらは、いわば『明六雑誌』発の和製漢語である。
- Those are, as it were, waseikango (Japan-made Chinese words) originated from 'Meiroku Zasshi.'
- それに適切な配置先がないものは雑格に含められた。
- Uncategorized laws were gathered in the Zakkaku (Miscellaneous law compilation).
- 新思潮(しんしちょう)は、日本の文芸雑誌である。
- The Shinshicho (New Tides of Thought) is a Japanese literary magazine.
- 巻第三十一 本朝付雑事(奇異、怪異譚の追加拾遺)
- Volume 31 Honcho, miscellaneous affairs (additional tales of the strange and tales of the monstrous)
- 明六雑誌(めいろくざっし)は、 明六社の機関誌。
- Meiroku Zasshi is a bulletin of the Meirokusha (a publishing company).
- また、雑訴決断所の訴訟手続法10ヶ条が定められる。
- Moreover, ten legal provisions were established to govern the court proceedings for the office responsible for deciding miscellaneous court cases.
- 譜が複雑で、替えの手が多く、装飾的な傾向がつよい。
- Its performance has a decorative tone since it uses complicated music and a lot of kaenote (a rhythm pattern).
- また、児童雑誌の付録として欠かせないものとなった。
- Also it became indispensable as a supplement of magazines for children.
- また、新聞や雑誌に講談が連載されるようにもなった。
- In addition, kodan started to be serialized in newspapers and magazines.
- その製造は複雑かつ細心の注意を要したものであった。
- The manufacturing process of dried abalone is elaborate and requires extreme caution.
- 雑劇とともに元代に隆盛し、総称して元曲と言われる。
- Sankyoku (sanqu in Chinese) flourished along with zakkyoku (zaju in Chinese) in the Yuan Dynasty, therefore they are called genkyoku (yuanqu in Chinese) in general.
- 雑戸は主に都に近い畿内及びその周辺諸国に居住した。
- Zakko mostly lived near the capital, such as in Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and its surrounding provinces.
- 1886年(明治19年)、「中央学術雑誌」に発表。
- It appeared in the Chuo Gakujutsu Zasshi (Central Academic Journal) in 1886.
- 雑下に『拾遺和歌集』の組織をまねて雑体歌をのせた。
- Following the structure of 'Shui Wakashu' (Collection of Gleanings), it contains zattei no uta (poems in miscellaneous forms) in the third volume of Miscellaneous.
- 以下複数の雑記に記録されている計外人口を列挙する。
- The following is a list of population figures for demographic elements not covered by the census, but recorded in a several miscellaneous notes.
- 外観は下見板張りで、複雑に入り組んだ屋根が特徴的。
- The outer wall adopted the shitami itabari style, and complicated roofs were characteristic.
- ただし、陶器に関しては特別な雑戸は付属していない。
- However, as for earthenware, a special Zakko did not belong to this.
- 居留地に対してこれら西側のエリアを雑居地といった。
- These western sections were called Mixed Residential Area to The Former Foreign Settlement.
- 本来これらは輸租田ではあるが雑役免が認められていた。
- Although this type of land was basically yusoden (rice fields subject to taxation), they were certified as Zoyakumen.
- 単行本や雑誌など出版形式によらない配布形式による分類
- Classification by distribution form other than publication such books and magazines.
- 文字通り、おじや(雑炊)とうどんが一緒になったもの。
- Literally, Ojiya Udon is a combination of Ojiya (rice gruel seasoned with miso or soy sauce) and Udon noodles.
- また節日ごとに「雑鮮の味物」の献上も定められていた。
- It was also obligated to supply 'sapid marine products' for each seasonal festival.
- 吟醸酵母を親株として交雑・育種した株から選抜された。
- The yeast was selected from strains cross-bred/bred using a ginjo yeast as the parent strain.
- センター所有酵母の遺伝子工学的手法による交雑育種株。
- A strain cross-bred by genetically engineering yeasts owned by the center.
- 他に、鵜飼・江人・網引・未醤戸などの雑供戸があった。
- In addition, there were Zatsukuko (dealer of fisheries) such as ukai (cormorant fishing), ebito (fisher), abiki (fisher), misoto (miso maker) and so on.
- 太田城以外にも、雑賀では複数の城が抵抗を続けていた。
- Except Ota-jo Castle, some castles at Saiga continued to fight.
- 『大乗院寺社雑事記』 - 興福寺の尋尊、政覚らの日記。
- 'Daijoin jisha zojiki' (Miscellaneous Records of the Daijo-in Temple and Shrine): a diary written by Jinson, Seikaku and others at Kofuku-ji Temple.
- 給人はごく大雑把に以下のような序列に組み込まれていた。
- Kyujin was roughly adopted into the following grades:
- 中国の雑徭(ざつよう)は、北魏に始まり、唐で完成した。
- The zatsuyo in China was established in the Northern Wei dynasty and was completed during the Tang dynasty.
- 当せんにはいくつか方法があり、次第に複雑化していった。
- There were some ways of winning which got complex gradually.
- 機関誌として『国家学会雑誌』を発行し現在に至っている。
- Today, it publishes 'Kokkagakkai-zasshi'(journal of Kokkagakkai) as an organ.
- 尊卑分脈(『新編纂図本朝尊卑分脉系譜雑類要集』)の註記
- A note in the Japanese Various Family Trees ('New Compilation of Japanese Various Family Trees Analogy')
- そして3月21日には紀伊に侵攻して雑賀党を各地で破る。
- And on March 21, he invaded Kii and defeated Saika party at many places.
- 雑誌『新潮』で、同人誌推薦作としての作品掲載もあった。
- The magazine 'Shincho' even published some works as 'special recommendations' from this dojinshi.
- 記録所、恩賞方、9月には雑訴決断所がそれぞれ設置される。
- Offices were established for the keeping of records and the distribution of rewards, and in the ninth month an office for the deciding of miscellaneous appeals was also established.
- 民間信仰的要素は歴史的経緯もあり複雑な様相をなしている。
- Elements of folk religion are complicated partly due to its historical background.
- ラジオ番組や雑誌の投稿ネタなどでは定番のパターンである。
- This is a standard style for contributors to radio programs and magazines.
- 不要に複雑な問題をさけ、系統的で一般的な解法を重んじた。
- He avoided unnecessarily complicated mathematical problems, and placed an emphasis on systematic and general solutions.
- 唐・五代では曲・雑曲・曲子詞(きょくしし)とも呼ばれた。
- It was also called Kyoku, Zakkyoku, or Kyokushi Ci in the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties Period.
- 『明六雑誌』は、特に政府の目の敵にされた訳ではなかった。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' was not especially seen as an enemy by the government.
- 旧洞村は雑木のうちに遺構としてその痕跡を残すのみである。
- The previous Hora Village only remains as structural remnants in the miscellaneous small trees.
- 実は『明六雑誌』には幾つか異本が有ることが分かっている。
- In fact, it is known that there are some alternative versions of 'Meiroku Zasshi.'
- 信長は本願寺を倒すためにまず雑賀衆を抑えることを考えた。
- In order to defeat Hongan-ji Temple, Nobunaga first considered taking control of Saikashu.
- 脇差1つを挿し、時には戦いにも参加し、平時は雑用を行った。
- They sometimes participated in battles with a short sword and did odd jobs in times of peace.
- 女性用の正装の和服の着付けは極めて複雑な手順・作業である。
- Dressing a woman in full dress of Wafuku requires quite a complicated procedure and a lot of work.
- このほか、『雑芸叢書』などで慶長版の存在に触れられている。
- In addition, Keicho-ban Version is mentioned in 'Zatsugei Sosho' and so on.
- 雑分はほとんどが銅であるが、少量の鉛、ビスマスなどを含む。
- Most of the miscellaneous part was bronze, but small amount of lead and bismuth was included as well.
- Most part of the miscellaneous was bronze, but also included a small amount of lead, bismuth, and so on.
- この論争は福澤が『明六雑誌』の外から提起したものであった。
- This dispute was proposed by Fukuzawa outside of 'Meiroku Zasshi.'
- そのため枕詞と比較しても、内容的に複雑な表現方法と言える。
- Therefore, it is considered to be a more complicated mode of expression than the makura word.
- 県内諸処の説も複雑に絡み合い、伝説の域を出るものではない。
- Theories indicating several places in the prefecture also twine together, and they remain within the bounds of legend.
- 良民官人、公民、品部(しなべ、又はともべ)、雑戸(ざっこ)
- Ryomin: Kanjin, Komin, Shinabe (or Tomobe), and Zakko
- 城を守る雑賀衆を攻めるのは高山右近・中川秀政の両勢である。
- The troops of Ukon TAKAYAMA and Hidemasa NAKAGAWA attacked Saiga shu who guarded the castle.
- (『伊達治家記録』敵軍始末ノ義雑賀小平太壽悦説ニ據テ記ス)
- ('Date chika kiroku' Conquering of the enemy based on the story of Koheita Juetsu SAIKA (雑賀小平太壽悦))
- 雑賀衆 信長をおおいに苦しめるが、後に誓紙を差し出し降伏。
- Saiga shu greatly troubled Nobunaga, but later yielded to him by giving him their written oath.
- 焼き討ちされた根来寺に続いて雑賀に対して攻撃が加えられた。
- Following the arson of Negoro-ji Temple, Saikashu was attacked.
- 「御雑談の内、昔年御幼少のとき、又右衛門某と云う者あり。」
- In idle conversation, Ieyasu spoke of a person from his childhood called Mataemon.'
- この間、1585年に秀吉は紀伊征伐を行って雑賀衆を滅ぼした。
- During this period, Hideyoshi carried out the conquest of Kii Province and defeated Saigashu in 1585.
- 雑役免系荘園の概念は1959年に村井康彦によって提唱された。
- The notion of Zoyakumen kei shoen was proposed by Yasuhiko MURAI in 1959.
- しかし、12世紀以後も引き続き雑役免系荘園は各地で残存した。
- However, Zoyakumen kei shoen still existed at various places during the twelfth century.
- 「奴婢雑人」などとも称され、売買、譲渡、相続の対象であった。
- Genin were also called 'dohi zonin' (servant) and were subject to trade, transfer, and inheritance.
- これらにより、複雑な求積問題がたやすく解かれるようになった。
- As a result, complex quadrature problems became easier to solve.
- しかし、喜兵衛が無体の悪口雑言に及んだので、鎌を取り上げた。
- However, Kihei abused him saying many bad things, and Riuemon took his sickle away.
- 配するのに適切な官司が無い場合には巻末に雑式として一括した。
- If a suitable official could not be found, the document would be included in the miscellaneous section at the end of the volume.
- そして、恋歌・雑歌などの私的な歌を主とした後半部分から成る。
- The last half consists mainly of private poems including Koiuta (Lovers Poetry) and Zoka (Other Poetry).
- 雑春・雑恋といった部類を持つ構成はかなり独創的なものである。
- The composition inclusion of headings of miscellaneous spring and miscellaneous love is quite original.
- 彼の博学を反映してか、『江談抄』はあまりに雑多な内容を持つ。
- As if to reflect his erudition, 'Godansho' covers an extremely wide range of topics.
- 慶長小判の質量は京目一両を基に複雑なやり取りの上決められた。
- The weight of Keicho Koban (the Japanese gold coin of oval shape minted in the Keicho era [1596 to 1615]) was determined based on 1 ryo of Kyome by taking complicated factors into consideration.
- 混雑時には相部屋が求められ、女性の旅客は難儀をしたとされる。
- It was said that guests were asked to share a room with other guests at busy times and woman travelers had difficulty with it.
- 官賤民中で太常音声人および雑戸の下奴婢の上に位置づけられる。
- Their status was below those of Court of Sacrificial Worship (Taichang Si) Yinsheng and Zahu but above that of a servant.
- 17日に織田信雄、18日に結城秀康と石川数正が雑賀を訪れる。
- Nobukatsu ODA visited Saiga on the 28th and Hideyasu YUKI and Kazumasa ISHIKAWA did so on 29th.
- そのほか官人雑任・医師_(律令制)・算師などが置かれていた。
- In addition, there were titles such as Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official), doctors, and Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation).
- 10歳前後で商店に丁稚として住み込んで使い走りや雑役をする。
- At the age of around ten, boys started living on the premises and doing errands and miscellaneous affairs.
- 工房で働いたり様々な雑務を行う労働者が住む竪穴住居群があった。
- There was a tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house) complex as the residence for workers being engaged in the works at workshop and various miscellaneous duties.
- 第二次世界大戦中に造られた複雑な防空壕があることでも知られる。
- It is famous for a complex air-raid shelter constructed during the World War II.
- 「貞丈雑記」によれば、強飯を握り固めて鶏卵形にしたものである。
- According to 'Teijo-zakki' (Teijo's memorandums), it was egg-shaped steamed glutinous rice.
- 特に薬草の場合には、年料雑薬(ねんりょうぞうやく)とも称した。
- In the case of herbal plants, it was especially called Nenryo zoyaku.
- その職務は耕作、雑務、馬引きなどであり、合戦にも駆り出された。
- Their duties were cultivation, routine tasks and umahiki (a job title where servants used horses to transfer people or trading goods one place to another), etc. and they were also used in battle.
- 室町時代には、2,200余町(大乗院寺社雑事記)あったという。
- During the Muromachi period, the manor was reportedly over twenty-one square kilometers (Daijoin jisha zojiki (Miscellaneous Records of the Daijo Temple and Shrine)).
- また、それと同時に休刊になってしまった漫画雑誌も増えつつある。
- At the same time, defunct comic magazines are increasing.
- 複雑な関数の積分は、冪級数展開と級数の和の公式を巧みに用いた。
- For calculating the integration of a complicated function, they skillfully used power series expansion and the formulae for the sum of series.
- シーズンごとに各交通機関や観光地は余暇を過ごす国民で混雑する。
- In every season, transportation facilities as well as tourist spots are crowded with Japanese on holiday.
- 密閉できない容器の場合は雑菌が入ると腐敗するため注意を要する。
- Caution should be exercised for unclosed containers because it will go off when bacteria enters it.
- 1955年頃から、カメラ雑誌を中心に写真の評論活動を開始した。
- Around 1955, he began his career as a photography critic mainly for camera magazines.
- 雑公事の事を単に「公事」と呼んで年貢・所当及び夫役と区別する。
- Zokuji is called just 'kuji' and distinguished from nengu (annual tribute, land tax) and shoto (tax on rice field).
- 定例演説会や、学術雑誌発行という啓蒙スタイルも先駆的であった。
- Its style of enlightenment such as periodical speech meetings and an issue of an academic bulletin were also pioneering.
- 楽府では句の長短が不揃いのものがあり、これは雑言詩と呼ばれる。
- In some gafu, the length of phrases are not equal and such gafu are called 'zogon-shi' (irregular style poetry).
- 恋および雑の部の歌作者に僧が多いのは頓阿の撰したためかという。
- It is said that the volumes of Love and Miscellaneous include many poems composed by monks because Tona chose them.
- 芭蕉没後しばらくは付け句の技巧を競う川柳を中心に雑俳が栄えた。
- After the death of Basho, zappai (playful literature originating from haiku) flourished temporarily, especially senryu (humorous poem) in which poets competed with each other to make a technically accomplished follow-up line.
- 以後雑賀は旧反織田派の土橋氏らによって主導されることとなった。
- After that, Saiga was lead by the former anti-Oda groups such as the Dobashi clan.
- ところがいくつかの号では表紙通り「明六雑誌」と記載されていた。
- However, the other volumes had the same title of 'Meiroku Zasshi' as the cover page.
- 1891年1月 「神道ハ祭天ノ古俗」を『史学雑誌』に発表する。
- In January, 1891, Kume published 'Shinto wa saiten no kozoku' in the 'Journal of the Historical Science'.
- また延暦十五年(796年)の八月に、官人雑任が二名加えられた。
- In September 796, two Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) were added.
- (雑談のうち、昔(家康)幼少の頃、又右衛門某というものが居た。
- (In idle conversation, Ieyasu mentioned a man from his childhood called Mataemon.
- 本来は人に課す雑役も、実際には田地に課す形にすることが多かった。
- Zoeki was originally a per capita tax, but in reality was often taxed on the land.
- 本人が知らないうちに、複雑に絡み合う因縁に捕らわれることになる。
- Unknowingly, he gets involved in an intricate web of destinies.
- 新聞記事の中でも特にジャーナリスティックで猥雑な題材が選ばれた。
- Subject matters which were especially journalistic and scandalous were picked up from newspaper articles.
- 江戸時代には狂歌や雑俳に関わる人々など素人の咄家も活躍していた。
- During the Edo period, amateur story tellers including those who were involved in kyoka (comic and satirical tanka) and playful literature originating from haiku were active.
- 2000年代頃から、新たな漫画雑誌の創刊が多くなされてきている。
- A number of new comic magazines were launched in the 2000s.
- 前述したように検査が煩雑で、小規模製造とするにはハードルが高い。
- As described above, examinations are cumbersome and it is difficult to produce it on a small scale.
- 写真雑誌にもたびたび投稿したが、なかなか採用されなかったという。
- He often submitted his photographs to photography magazines, but his photographs were hardly ever printed in the magazines.
- 雑賀衆残党が太田城に籠城し、上方勢の本隊は太田城攻めに当たった。
- The remnants of Saiga shu stayed in Ota-jo Castle and the main force of the Kamigata army attacked there.
- こうした新しい知の情報伝達は『明六雑誌』の成功に大きく貢献した。
- Such a way of transmission of information on new knowledge greatly contributed to the success of 'Meiroku Zasshi.'
- これ以降、外国人は「内地雑居」を認められて旅行制限も解除された。
- After the treaties were revised, foreigners were allowed to'live mixed together (with locals) in towns' and travel restrictions were lifted.
- 『雑兵物語』で詳しく当時の生活や操典、心得などを知ることができる。
- Information about aspects such as the lifestyles, drill manuals and the hints of ashigaru of the time is known from 'Zohyo Monogatari' (Stories of Common Soldiers).
- 津田隊は三方から攻め立てられ、雑兵が逃げ出したこともあり崩壊した。
- Attacked on three sides, Tsuda's corps collapsed, partly because the petty soldiers ran away.
- なお、予め国司などに申請して雑役を免除を受ける公田・荘園もあった。
- There were koden (field administered directly by a ruler) and shoen (manor in medieval Japan) that applied to the Kokushi in advance to be exempt from Zoyaku.
- 従って、年料雑器として集められた陶器も国府直属の工房で製作された。
- Accordingly, earthenware prepared as nenryo zakki was also produced in craft centers under direct control of the kokufu (provincial offices).
- 『雑筆往来』に代表される書簡に用いられる語句・単文を列挙したもの。
- The third group is composed of volumes with a list of phrases and simple sentences for letters, with 'Zohitsu Orai' being a typical example.
- そのため、西陣など織物産地で複雑な模様の織物が次々生まれていった。
- Therefore, the wide variety of elaborated woven textiles including 'Nishijin ori' (Nishijin textile) were produced one after another in various textile-producing areas.
- また、大和錦・絵錦唐織など複雑な文様の織物が好まれるようになった。
- Additionally, the elaborated woven textiles such as 'yamato nishiki' (embroidered texture in colored threads) and 'enishiki karaori' (embroidered texture in colored threads, making a design stand out) gained popularity.
- おもに師匠宅で師匠・その家族のために家事などの下働き・雑用をする。
- They mainly do leg work and chores such as housework for their master and his family at the master's residence.
- 恒世親王(当時は「恒世王」)の立場は誕生時から複雑なものであった。
- The position of Imperial Prince Tsuneyo (called 'Prince Tsuneyo' in those days) had been complicated since he was born.
- 猫の習性に合わせて外を出歩かせれば野良猫と交配し、雑種が生まれた。
- Cats which were allowed to walk around outside according to their habits mated with alley cats and hybrids were born.
- 雑劇の歌詞と性質を同じくし、作家が重複することもしばしばであった。
- It is the same as the lyrics in zaju (Chinese classical theatrical play) in nature, and so oftentimes a writer wrote lyrics for both.
- あるいは、発明せずとも雑誌で使用されることで一般化した語彙もある。
- Or, although they were not invented, some vocabulary were generalized after they were used in the bulletin.
- その勧めで『小説総論』を「中央学術雑誌」に発表(冷々亭主人名義)。
- Through Shoyo's encouragement, Shimei, under the pseudonym of 冷々亭主人, published 'Shosetsu soron' (General theory of the novel) in 'Chuo gakujutsu zasshi'.
- また「付句」は四季に、「発句」は四季・恋・雑に部類分けされている。
- Follow-up lines' are classified into Four Seasons, while 'the first lines' are classified into Four Seasons, Love, and Miscellaneous.
- 最初は肉筆筆写の雑誌だったが、好評のために活版化するようになった。
- At first the magazine was made and copied in handwriting, but later printed with type as it became popular.
- 「吉備津の釜」冒頭の妬婦論は、『五雑俎』(五雑組とも)巻八による。
- The jealous woman's discussion in the opening of 'The Kibitsu Cauldron' was derived from Book 8 of 'Wuzazu (Five Miscellanies).'
- 初めて連歌を雑下に分類して置いたことも、評価されるべき点であろう。
- It should be appreciated that renga (linked verses) were classified into the second volume of 'Miscellaneous' category for the first time.
- 宇多天皇の皇子敦実親王の雑色、醍醐天皇の第四皇子などと諸伝がある。
- It was often said that he was a Zoshiki (low-level functionary) of Imperial Prince Atsumi, the prince of Emperor Uda, or the fourth prince of Emperor Daigo.
- 8世紀に施行された律令に初めて「出挙」の語が現れた(養老律令雑令)。
- The word 'Suiko' first appeared in the Ritsuryo codes enforced in the eighth century (Yoro-ritsuryo-zoryo [a chapter in the code promulgated in the Yoro period dealing with miscellaneous materials]).
- 検田権は領家にあり領家に任じられた弁済使が官物・雑役の収納を行った。
- Kendenken was held by landholding families and a Benzaishi appointed by the family collected the Kanmotsu and Zoeki.
- 雑誌の廃刊や作品自体の人気不振などから打ち切りが決まった作品に多い。
- This kind of ochi can often be seen in pieces whose discontinuance was decided because of the closing down of the magazines or unpopularity of the works.
- 多く雑曲と作家が共通するが、散曲だけの作家に張可久、貫雲石らがいる。
- In many cases, the same writer writes both sankyoku and zakkyoku, but some writers like Zhang Kejiu and Guan Yunshi wrote only sankyoku.
- 植木は明六社の演説会と『明六雑誌』に触れて自由民権に目覚めていった。
- Ueki was awakened to the Freedom and People's Rights through Meirokusha's speech meetings and 'Meiroku Zasshi.'
- 雑誌に対する熱い支持は、以下のような新聞への投書に見ることができる。
- An eager support for the bulletin can be seen in a letter to a newspaper as follows.
- 晶子が雑誌「明星」などに投稿した作品を、与謝野鉄幹の編集で作られた。
- This book was produced under the editing of Tekkan YOSANO, collecting those poems that Akiko had contributed to the magazine 'Myojo' (the morning star) and other magazines.
- これらの内容を整理して、逐一違いを述べていくのはきわめて煩雑となる。
- It is too complicated to organize all these contents and describe each single difference.
- 巻二十(雑歌六)に収める「神祇」「釈教」の分類は勅撰集における初見。
- These categories of 'Gods of Heaven and Earth' and 'Shakyamuni's Teachings' in the 20th volume (Zoka (Miscellaneous poems) volume six) appeared in the Imperial anthology for the first time.
- 雑記等に記される同時代人の推定も50万人から200万人まで幅がある。
- Estimates of the population offered by miscellaneous documents of contemporaries also vary widely between five-hundred-thousand and two million.
- 縄文後期に出現する雑穀栽培の技術は大陸から導入されたとする説もある。
- One theory explains that the technique of cultivating millet appearing during the end of the Jomon period was introduced from the continent.
- その後、信長に属していた雑賀衆、別所長治、荒木村重もこれに呼応する。
- Saiga shu, Nagaharu BESSHO and Murashige ARAKI, who had promised to work for Nobunaga, broke the promise and stood up against Nobunaga.
- 太閤検地は、それまでの複雑な土地所有関係を整理し、土地制度を一新した。
- The Taiko-kenchi enabled them to investigate and reorganize the long-established complicated land ownership matters, so that they could establish a new land system.
- 自身も複雑な血統の中、それなりの出世は果たすも、結局早世してしまった。
- Although he was promoted to a certain position despite of the complicated blood line, he died young after all.
- 中央付近に池があり、北側は散策路のある雑木林の先に久良岐能舞台がある。
- In the middle of the park lies a lake, and on the north side there is a copse with a walking trail leading to Kuraki Noh stage.
- 鉄砲傭兵集団としてその名を知られた雑賀衆、根来衆の得意スタイルである。
- It was a special style of Saiga-shu and Negoro-shu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple), known as groups of gun mercenaries.
- 発生当初は雑兵用だったが、次第に武将も使うようになり、槍術が発達した。
- When it was first generated, it was for zohyo use (for common soldiers use); however, it gradually became common among busho (Japanese military commanders) for their own use, and the art of the spearmanship was developed.
- 全国で使用されている吟醸酒用酵母6株から分離・交雑育種された株を選抜。
- The yeast is a selection of strains isolated and cross-bred from 6 yeast strains of ginjo-shu used nationwide.
- 感激する平右衛門に「鴨川で水雑炊をくらわせやい」と九太夫の処置を頼む。
- Heiemon is deeply moved, and Yuranosuke asks him to deal with Kudayu saying, 'Throw him in Kamo-gawa river.'
- 雑歌 「くさぐさのうた」の意で、相聞歌・挽歌以外の歌が収められている。
- Zoka: Meaning 'miscellaneous poems,' contains all the poems which are not classified as Somonka and Banka.
- もっぱら主人の身辺に直接かかわる雑務を果たす身分の高い使用人であった。
- They were high-ranking servants who took care of solely domestic chores of their master.
- 正倉院文書、写私雑書帳に「六月(天平勝宝三年)三日来歌林七巻」とある。
- Shoshizoshocho in Shosoin Monjo (document collection of the Nara period kept in Shosoin) states that seven volumes of Karin came into the collection on July 4, 751.
- 歌集の構成は四季・恋・雑・雑体(長歌・旋頭歌・俳諧歌)からなっている。
- The anthology consisted of four sections: Four seasons, Love, Miscellaneous, and Other categories (Choka (long poem), Sedoka (head-repeated poem), and Haikai (Seventeen-syllable verse)).
- 構成は春・夏・秋・冬、賀、別、恋(上・下)、雑(上・下)の十巻である。
- It consists of 10 volumes and was classified into the categories of Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, Celebration, Separation, Love (two volumes) and Miscellaneous (two volumes).
- 現存本は、雑纂形態の「古本系」と、類聚形態の「類聚本系」に大別される。
- Existing books are generally classified as the 'old book' type or as the 'similar book' type.
- 言論や結社の自由はやや緩和され、韓国語の新聞・雑誌の発行が認められた。
- The freedom of speech and association was somewhat relaxed, and publication of Korean newspapers and magazines was allowed.
- 馬廻り 10名前後、雑兵 300名を失うという大敗をして、兵を退いた。
- His horse guards by the number of around ten and common soldiers by the number of around 300 were killed before he withdrew his army.
- またこの時期、根来・雑賀衆は四国の長宗我部氏とも連絡を取り合っていた。
- In addition, Negoro and Saiga shu communicated with the Chosokabe clan in the Shikoku region around this time.
- 『戦国鉄砲 傭兵隊』によると、雑賀衆同士が戦った可能性を示唆している。
- 'Sengoku Teppo Yoheitai' (Warring Guns - The Mercenary Force) introduces the possibility that the members of Saikashu fought each other.
- 一方雑賀衆には、行人や僧兵と言われる人たちはいなかったと思われている。
- On the other hand, it is believed that there were no gyonin or armed priests in Saikashu.
- 函館の居留地は、ほとんど有名無実で、実際には外国人は市街地に雑居した。
- The settlement at Hakodate essentially existed in name only, as in reality the foreigners lived mixed together (with locals) in Hakodate's urban areas.
- 長男の細川忠興(三斎)は、紀伊国雑賀攻めで初陣し、信長の部将として活躍。
- His first son, Tadaoki (Sansai) HOSOKAWA took uijin (first battle) in the attack of Saiga of Ki Province, and did splendid service as busho (commanding officer) of Nobunaga.
- 当時民間の娯楽として人気のあった猿楽は滑稽を主とした雑芸・歌曲であった。
- Sarugaku (form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries) which was mainly comical arts and songs, was popular as a public amusement.
- そして雑学だが、眠気覚ましの為に一定ののリズムを刻んでいたとも言われる。
- This may be extra information, but it is said that it made steady rhythms in order to keep people awake.
- 前述の、師匠宅の家事・雑用の他に、寄席での仕事(前座修行)が課せられる。
- They are expected to work at the yose, the storyteller theater (zenza training) as well as doing the housework and chores at the master's residence mentioned above.
- また、複雑な作品や折り目がつきにくい場合などにはヘラを用いることもある。
- A folding bone may be used if an intricate model is made or it is hard to make a crease in paper.
- そんな複雑な役に團十郎はぴったりで、作者・如皐の仕掛けが見事に当たった。
- Danjuro perfectly matched such complicated character, which exactly fit the intention of the author Joko.
- ただし通常の炊き込みご飯も、水分の多い雑炊も共にジューシーと呼称される。
- However, both the usual takikomi gohan (mixed rice) and high moisture zosui are referred to as Jyusi.
- 年貢・所当以外の雑税全般を呼ぶ場合と雑公事に限定して呼称する場合がある。
- In one case, it refers to miscellaneous taxes excluding nengu (annual tribute) and shoto (tax on rice field), and in another case, it's limited to statute labor.
- 勅任・奏任・判任の下位に置かれており、主に雑任を補任する際に用いられる。
- It was subordinated to Chokunin (imperial appointment), Sonin (appointment by Dajokan [Grand Council of State] upon imperial approval) and Hannin (appointment by Shikibu-sho [the Ministry of Ceremonial] upon approval of Dajokan), and was mainly used when conducting Bunin for Zonin (lower-ranking government official).
- 『明六雑誌』が発行されていた時期は、ちょうど自由民権運動の初期と重なる。
- The period when 'Meiroku Zasshi' was published overlapped the first stage of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
- 「見聞雑録」には、織田信長が忍び物見を出して敵情をさぐらせたことがある。
- There is a description in 'Kenbunzatsuroku' on Nobunaga ODA making a monomi search for the enemy's state.
- 長歌では複雑で多様な対句を用い、長歌の完成者とまで呼ばれるほどであった。
- He used such complicated and diverse couplets in his choka that he was even said to be the person who perfected the choka.
- 伊雑宮に竜宮から戻った海女が持ち帰ったといわれる玉手箱が保管されている。
- Urashima's casket, which is said to have been brought back by a woman shell diver who returned from Ryugu, is kept in Izawa no miya Shrine.
- 16日には和泉に入り、翌17日に雑賀衆の前衛拠点がある貝塚市を攻撃した。
- On the 15th he entered Izumi Province and on the next day, the 16th, he attacked the Kaizuka City which was the front base of Saiga shu.
- のちに水戸藩鈴木家は名字を雑賀と改め、代々の当主は孫市を通称としたという。
- Afterwards, the Suzuki family of Mito Domain changed its myoji (family name) to Saiga, and it is said that the successive heads of the family adopted 'Magoichi' as their common names.
- 庸が年間20日の労役の義務であるのに対し40日の雑徭により庸が免除される。
- The yo was a part of the soyocho from which it was possible to be exempted; this annual mandatory 20 days of labor could be substituted with 40 days of the zatsuyo.
- 寛保3年の雑書『諸国里人談』の刊行から片輪車が女性として描かれ始めている。
- Katawa-Guruma was depicted as a female following the publication of a book covering a wide range of topics entitled 'Shokoku Rijin Dan' (literally, 'tales of villagers from various provinces) in 1743.
- そこに、雑魚、煮付けたニンジン、ゴボウ、シイタケ、鮭などを入れよく混ぜる。
- Put small fish, boiled and seasoned carrot, burdock root, shiitake mushroom, salmon and so on in the rice, and mix them well.
- 雑賀側はゲリラ戦によって抵抗し、織田勢は近辺への放火や住民の殺害を行った。
- The Saiga side fought back with guerrilla warfare and the Oda army set afire and killed local people.
- 10世紀頃から俘囚と移民の混雑が進み、城柵の役割が終わったものと見られる。
- It is considered that the barbarians and immigrants had been increasingly intermingled since around the 10th century, which put the roles of josaku to an end.
- 日本語は複雑な表記体系をもつが、近現代において日本人の識字率は極めて高い。
- Japanese has a complicated orthographic system, though the literacy rate of the Japanese people is very high in modern times.
- 根来寺に入信後、後に雑賀衆として活躍したり、その逆も多々あったようである。
- It seems that some became believers in Negoro-ji Temple and later acted as Saikashu, and the reverse often happened too.
- そのためこの複雑な感情を解き明かそうとして後述のような文学作品が創作された。
- For this reason, some literary works, covered later, written in an attempt to unravel his complex feelings.
- 発生地付近では、砂塵の濃度や粒子の大きさがバラバラで非常に複雑な分布である。
- Around the area where a kosa originates, the distribution of dust density and that of sand gain sizes are quite complicated.
- 雑役(ぞうやく/ざつえき)とは、平安時代中期以後に導入された租税体系のこと。
- Zoyaku (Zoeki) is the term for the taxation system introduced after the middle of the Heian period.
- だが登場人物が煩雑になるためか、後に青女房は巫女の台詞内のみの出演となった。
- However, since the characters in the scene may be confusing, the aonyobo is only mentioned in lines of the shrine maiden in later plays.
- 茶杓、茶入の拭き方はいろいろな作法があり、袱紗さばきはそのなかで複雑である。
- There are a series of manners for cleaning chashaku or chaire, which require complicated fukusa sabaki.
- また、平安時代に書かれた書籍にも雑炊の味付けに味噌を用いた事が書かれている。
- It is written in a book during the Heian period that miso was used to season rice gruel.
- 「月刊住職」と同様、宗派にとらわれない全寺院住職・寺族・僧侶向けの実用雑誌。
- Same as 'Gekkan Jushoku,' it is a practical magazine for chief priests of all temples, all temple families, and all priests, regardless of sect.
- 句集に「園塵」、連歌論書に「心敬僧都庭訓」「梅薫抄」「兼載雑談」などがある。
- He compiled 'Enjin' which is his personal collection of renga, and 'Shinkei sozu teikun,' 'Baikunsho,' and 'Kensaizotan' which were his theory books on renga.
- 『戦国鉄砲 傭兵隊』によると根来衆経由で雑賀衆に持ち込まれたと思われている。
- According to 'Sengoku Teppo Yoheitai,' guns are believed to have been brought to Saikashu through Negoroshu.
- 長門本「平家物語」巻8、無住の「雑談集」に見えるから鎌倉時代には流布していた。
- As it appears in volume eight of the Nagato Printing 'Heike Monogatari' and 'Zotanshu' written by Muju, this book was already in circulation in the Kamakura period.
- 御用係や警備係、雑用係などの同朋衆など下級の使用人は前例通りをよしとすること。
- Low ranking servants such as dohoshu (attendants) including goyo gakari (clerks), keibi gakari (security officers), and zatsuyo gakari (housemen) shall follow precedents.
- 11世紀に入ると、田堵負名は官物・雑役が課税される名田経営を嫌うようになった。
- In the eleventh century, tato fumyo became reluctant to administrate the myoden because it imposed the kanmotsu and the zoyaku as taxes on them.
- 1つの西暦年に2つの元号が混在しているため、事務作業が繁雑になることがある)。
- As two gengo coexist in the same year of the western calendar, clerical handling becomes cumbersome in some cases.
- 雑賀衆が遅くとも1568年あたりまでにはすでに実戦で用いていたという説もある。
- There is also one theory that Saiga-shu (the gun troops) applied it in actual fighting until around 1568 at the latest.
- しかし文明開化に非常な影響力を持っていたこの雑誌に由来する新語彙・訳語は多い。
- However, there are many new vocabulary and translations which were derived from this bulletin that had a great influence on civilization and enlightenment.
- 足かけ二年で停刊した『明六雑誌』であったが、その残したものは小さくはなかった。
- Although 'Meiroku Zasshi' suspended issue after almost two years, it achieved not-so-small performance.
- 晶子は日露戦争後から新聞や雑誌に警世の文を書くようになり、評論活動をはじめる。
- After the Russo-Japanese War, Akiko started her activity as a critic by contributing articles to newspapers and magazines to rebuke society.
- 漫画『陸奥圓明流外伝 修羅の刻 織田信長編』において、雑賀党鈴木氏の家紋として
- As a crest of the Saigato Suzuki clan in a comic book of 'Mutsu Enmeiryu Gaiden Shura no Toki, Oda Nobunaga' (a side story of Mutsu Enmei School, a period of carnage, Nobunaga ODA version)
- 日時は特定できないが2月24日以降、山手先鋒の堀秀政勢が雑賀川の渡河を試みた。
- Although the date can not be specified, the troops of Hidemasa HORI, the spearhead of the mountain side army, tried to cross the Saiga-gawa River after March 23.
- 根来・雑賀衆は畠山貞政を名目上の盟主に立て、さらに紀南の湯河氏の支援も受けた。
- Negoro and Saiga shu worked respectfully for Sadamasa HATAKEYAMA as a nominal master and also received the support of the Yukawa clan in Kinan (southern part of Wakayama Prefecture).
- しかし正税徴収には戸籍の作成、百姓への班田など非常に煩雑な事務を必要としていた。
- However, collecting Shozei needed excessively complicated clerical work such as forming the family register and allotting farmland to peasants (Handen).
- その様な複雑な陣形を無理に維持する事は機動力を失わせる事になり、現実的ではない。
- Forcefully maintaining such a complex battle formation would lead to a loss of mobility, and it would not be realistic.
- 国司はこれら新たな税目(官物・臨時雑役)の中央への納入を義務づけられたのである。
- Kokushi were obliged to pay these newly introduced tax items (kanmotsu/rinji zoyaku) to the central government.
- 鍋を食べた後、鍋の残りを塩で味を調整して、ご飯を入れて煮立たせ、ふぐ雑炊を作る。
- When the contents of the hot pot have been eaten, people usually salt the left over soup, add rice and bring it to boil, making fugu zosui (a porridge of pufferfish, rice and vegetables).
- これらの安価で粗雑な漫画本は赤インクの多用から、赤本 (少年向け本)と呼ばれた。
- These cheap and rough comic books were called akahon (a book for boys) due to heavy use of red ink.
- このころになると漫画雑誌の創刊が相次ぎ、貸本漫画は急速に衰退していくこととなる。
- Around that time, a lot of new comic magazines were launched and the rental comic system rapidly declined.
- これらをもとに、作者の創造によるドラマが加えられ、複雑な筋をもつ作品が誕生した。
- Based on these incidents, the author created a drama containing a complicated story.
- 寛保時代の雑書『諸国里人談』では、他にも龍燈が寺に火を献じる例が紹介されている。
- In 'Shokoku satobitodan' (Talks on people of all countries) in Kanpo era, for example, ryuto dedicated a fire to a temple.
- 雑誌『国民之友』を創刊し山路愛山・竹越与三郎・徳冨蘆花・国木田独歩らが入社した。
- The group founded the magazine 'Kokumin no Tomo (Friend of the people)', and Aizan YAMAJI, Yosaburo TAKEKOSHI, Rokka TOKUTOMI and Doppo KUNIKIDA joined the magazine.
- しかし雑誌内ではこれ以上の議論にはならず、他の同人からの論説は掲載されていない。
- However, this was not discussed any more in the bulletin, and there was no article of other Dojin.
- 制度としては秦の制度をそのまま受け継いだ形となったが、制度はやや複雑化している。
- The system was carried over from the Qin Dynasty, but became slightly more complicated.
- 巻1春秋120首、巻2夏冬40首、巻3賀哀20首、別旅20首、巻4恋雑160首。
- Book One contains 120 poems on spring and autumn; Book Two, 40 poems on winter; Book Three, 20 poems on felicitations and laments as well as 20 poems on parting and travel; and Book Four, 160 poems on love and miscellaneous.
- 逆に武田軍はそれまで雑賀や根来のような鉄砲隊を主力とした軍隊と戦った経験はない。
- The Takeda force, on the other hand, had never fought with the armies like Zaiga and Negoro where teppo units played a central part.
- さらに多数の軍船を揃えて小西行長を水軍の将とし、海陸両面から根来・雑賀を攻めた。
- In addition, Yukinaga KONISHI became the commander of navy with many military ships and they attacked Negoro and Saiga from both sides of sea and land.
- 明六社が結成されてより、年をまたいだ数ヶ月後に『明六雑誌』はようやく刊行された。
- In the following year after few months since Meirokusha was established, 'Meiroku Zasshi' was finally published.
- 第四等官である主典は、唐と同様、決裁権限を持たない雑務吏員として規定されていた。
- The fourth-rank official Sakan was a clerical staff who was not given the authority to decide as with the case of Tang.
- 上皇の家政機関が文書を発給することもあったが、ほとんどが雑事に係る案件であった。
- Sometimes the Retired Emperor's domestic governing institution issued monjo (written material), but most of them were about routine tasks.
- 紀伊の地侍は連合して根来衆・雑賀衆などの集団を形成し、宗教を盾に地域自治を行った。
- Jizamurai (local samurai) in Kii formed groups such as Negoroshu and Saigashu and carried out regional autonomy under the cover of religion.
- しかし、「醍醐雑事記」には壇ノ浦で没した人物の一人として教経の名が挙げられている。
- In the 'Daigo zatsuji ki' (The Record of the Finest Miscellaneous Matters of Life), however, Noritsune's name is listed among those who perished at Dannoura.
- 寺院・神社に納められる雑役は、古くは国家からの実物による支給によって賄われていた。
- Zatsueki, provided to temples/shrines, was originally provided by the nation as an allowance in kind.
- 婦人雑誌などの付録では「有事特別付録」と称して標準服の型紙がついた号も出版された。
- Some issues of women's magazines were published with paper patterns for standard female clothing as 'Special supplements for national emergency.'
- 733年の『出雲国風土記』には嶋根郡や秋鹿郡の雑物の中に「縞蝦」の記述が見られる。
- In 'Izumo no kuni fudoki' (the topography of Izumo Province) in 733, there is a description '縞蝦' (shima ebi) in the chapter of miscellaneous things of Shimane and Aika Counties.
- これは『明六雑誌』が、地方人士の自由民権運動に参加するきっかけとなった一例である。
- This was an example that 'Meiroku Zasshi' promoted local jinshi to join the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
- 雑誌に掲載されたのは全156本中16本が翻訳であって、中村正直が7本を占めている。
- The 16 translations among 156 articles were published in the bulletin, among which 7 were translated by Masanao NAKAMURA.
- 特に北方の異民族王朝によるものは官印の制度自体に慣れていないためか粗雑な印が多い。
- Especially, many of those made by the dynasties of northern ethnic groups were rough as they were not used to the kanin system itself.
- 相聞(そうもん)とは、雑歌・挽歌とともに『万葉集』の三大部立を構成する要素の1つ。
- Somon is one of the three main poetic categories to constitute the old collection of poetry 'Manyoshu' together with Zoka (Miscellaneous Poem) and Banka (Laments).
- 『古今和歌集』にならった構成で、上巻に春夏秋冬の四季の歌、下巻に雑歌を入れている。
- It structure is after 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), and Volume 1 contains poems of four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) and Volume 2 contains Zouka (other poetry).
- 種子島に鉄砲の製造法が伝来すると、根来衆に続いて雑賀衆もいち早く鉄砲を取り入れた。
- Saikashu, following the Negoroshu, adopted the use of guns as soon as the manufacturing of guns was introduced into Tanegashima.
- 根来・雑賀の鉄砲衆は、その質量両面において戦国時代随一の鉄砲隊だったと言ってよい。
- It can be said that the unit of gun fighters of Negoro and Saiga shu was the strongest both in quality and quantity in the Sengoku period.
- 同年3月、根来・雑賀衆及び粉河寺衆徒は日高郡の湯河・玉置氏の加勢を得て和泉へ出撃。
- In April of the same year, Negoro, Saiga shu and monk-soldiers of the Kokawa-dera Temple made a sortie to Izumi Province, gaining the reinforcements of the Yukawa and Tamaki clans of Hidaka County.
- しばしば鉄砲を有効に活用したとされる織田軍も、雑賀衆の鉄砲の技術と量には苦戦した。
- Although Oda's army was well-known for their effective use of guns, Saikashu's gun-handling skills and the amount of guns they possessed troubled the Oda's army.
- ただし、畠山方に参戦していた雑賀・根来衆の火縄銃4000丁が三好方の脅威であった。
- Hatakeyama, however, had Saikashu and Negoroshu (group of armed people and armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple) with 4000 matchlock guns, which was a menace to Miyoshi.
- 東京にあっては『時論』、上海にあっては『亜東時報』の両雑誌をもって通信機関とする。
- Journals, the 'Jiron' in Tokyo and the 'Ato Jihou' in Shanghai were a means of communication.
- しかし、当時の藩領と天領は複雑に入り組んでいたため、年貢の徴収は非効率的であった。
- At that time, the land of domains and tenryo (a Shogunal demesne) were intricate; and collecting nengu (land tax) was totally inefficient.
- 正月の大神神社に訪れる初詣客は、主にJR桜井線を利用し三輪駅は普段の数十倍混雑する。
- Visitors to Omiwa-jinja Shrine for 'hatsumode' (the practice of visiting a shrine or temple at the beginning of the New Year) mainly use JR Sakurai Line, and at that time Miwa Station is dozens of times as crowded as usual.
- 漫画雑誌にはジョン・パウンドにより描かれた火星人の襲来に対するパロディーの絵がある。
- A parody picture depicting the invasion of Martians, painted by John Pound, was also included in the comic magazine 'Commies from Mars: The Red Planet.'
- そば米(そば米雑炊)は米の代わりに殻を取り除いたソバの実を使った祖谷地方の郷土料理。
- Sobamai and Sobamai zosui (buckwheat porridge) are the local specialties of the Iya region made from dechaffed buckwheat berries in place of rice.
- 奈良・平安初期には地方官衙の役人までが使用したので、雑石の石帯の発掘例は全国に多い。
- Many sekitai with plainer stones have been excavated in various parts of the country as they were used even by officials of local government agencies in the Nara and Heian periods.
- 最近では、健康志向で発芽玄米や雑穀入りご飯の他、Ca等ミネラルの添加剤も混ぜられる。
- Recently, because health trends, mineral additives such as calcium are mixed into the rice, besides rice dishes made with sprouted brown rice or various other cereal grains.
- 番上(ばんじょう)とは、日本の律令制において雑任などの下級官人が行っていた勤務形態。
- Banjo refers to a working pattern taken by lower-ranking government officials such as Zonin and so on in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
- 明六社には最後まで在籍したものの、『明六雑誌』には僅か三本しか論説を発表していない。
- Although he had been a member of Meirokusha until the end, he published only three articles in 'Meiroku Zasshi.'
- 内容上から雑歌(ぞうか)・相聞歌(そうもん)・挽歌(ばんか)の三大部類になっている。
- The poems are classified into the three major categories of Zoka, Somonka, and Banka, according to their contents.
- 雑徭は、国司の命に従って、国内の土木工事や政府機関での雑用に従事する労役義務である。
- The irregular corvee was labor carried out on public works or miscellaneous work at government offices within a province and ordered by the provincial governor.
- 山手の織田勢は信達から風吹峠を越えて根来に進み、紀ノ川を渡って東側から雑賀に迫った。
- The Oda army of the mountain side went to Negoro over the Kazefuki Pass from Shidachi, crossed the Kino-kawa River and faced Saiga from the east side.
- 囚獄司は京官で唯一、雑役を行う直丁が属さずかわりに物部丁(もののべちょう)が属した。
- Among officials of the Capital only Shugokushi staffed mononobe-cho instead of jikicho (factotum) who did odd jobs.
- 雑賀衆 信長に攻められ滅亡寸前に追い込まれるが、本能寺の変によって九死に一生を得た。
- Saiga shu was attacked and almost killed completely by Nobunaga but barely escaped due to the Honnoji Incident.
- 荘園経済を巡る社会環境から生まれる影響は、複雑であり、時には矛盾をはらむこともあった。
- The influence of social circumstances over shoen economy was complicated and sometimes contradictory.
- 大阪方面へ通勤、通学するため近鉄大阪線を利用する客が多く、朝夕の桜井駅は大変混雑する。
- Since a lot of people commute to Osaka by using Kintetsu Osaka Line, Sakurai Station is very crowded in the mornings and evenings.
- それに応えるように雑密を身につけた遊行僧が現われ、神宮寺の建立を進めたのだと思われる。
- Yugyo-so (traveling monk) who learned Zo-mitsu (the Mixed Esoteric Buddhism) thought to appear to meet their demands and encourage building Jingu-ji Temple.
- 10世紀中頃より国衙から課される臨時雑役の賦課の免除を受けた荘民を指して寄人と称した。
- Yoriudo was used to indicated the shomin (shoen people) who were exempt from temporary zoyaku (odd-jobs task) taxed by the Kokuga (provincial government offices) from the middle of the 10th century.
- 帯の形を整えるための道具であり、複雑な結び方をしても帯の形が崩れないようになっている。
- As it is a tool to arrange the shape of obi, it is devised to keep the shape of obi even when obi is fastened in a complicated manner.
- 油小路通に住むある男の腹に応声虫による出来物ができ、高熱や罵詈雑言に苦しみ続けていた。
- A man living in Abura no-koji Alley got an Osei-chu boil on the surface of the stomach and continued suffering a high fever and verbal abuse.
- 1150年頃の『類聚楽雑要抄』などから当時は干物として用いられていたと考えられている。
- According the description of '類聚楽雑要抄' around 1150, '蝦' was used as a dried marine product at that time.
- 汁とともに温めるだけ、または水分が飛ぶほどには煮込まず、米飯の粒の形を残すものが雑炊。
- Zosui is just heating ingredients with soup or not stewing them enough to extract water from them in order to leave the original shape of rice.
- 1862年には、漫画雑誌の『ジャパン・パンチ』が横浜市居留地で発行され、人気を博した。
- In 1862, a comic magazine 'The Japan Punch' was published in Yokohama City's Enclave for foreign residents and gained popularity.
- 御伽草子の延長に生まれ、仮名を用いた庶民向けの読み物として出版され、雑多な分野を含む。
- It was created as an extension of Otogi Zoshi and published as reading material for the general public written in kana characters, on all sorts of topics.
- 部立は、春上下、夏、秋上下、冬、離別、羇旅、神祇、恋一二三四五、雑上中下、哀傷、慶賀。
- The poems were classified into the following categories: Spring (two volumes), Summer, Autumn (two volumes), Winter, Separation, Journey, Gods of Heaven and Earth, Love (five volumes), Miscellaneous (three volumes), Elegy, and Congratulations.
- 陰陽思想と五行思想との組み合わせによって、より複雑な事象の説明がなされるようになった。
- A combination of the cosmic dual forces ideology and Gogyo Shiso made it possible to explain more complicated things.
- 長年勤務すると一段解放されて雑戸となり、また老年になると良民に解放される場合もあった。
- Those who served for a long period of time were discharged and appointed zahu, and there were even instances in which some were promoted to the class of liangmin in old age.
- 大舎人は内舎人(うどねり)と対になっており、天皇に供奉して宿直や様々な雑用をこなした。
- Otoneri was paired with udoneri (Ministerial equerry) and accompanied the Emperor and kept night watch and performed several odd jobs.
- (御附家老中山氏を優遇し、常時の諸大夫を許される。その他雑賀氏・山野辺氏などが叙任)。
- (The Nakayama family, the Otsuke-garo officer, were treated preferentially, with the usual Shodaibu rank permitted. In addition, each of the Saiga family and the Yamanobe family were also awarded a rank).
- 「徳政と号し、酒屋、土倉、寺院等を破却せしめ、雑物等恣に之を取り、借銭等悉く之を破る。」
- They attacked liquor stores, pawnbrokers and temples, and so on, took out pawned goods, and torn due bills, calling for debt cancellation.'
- また新大阪駅からの連絡バスが繁雑期以外にも運行されていることが多いため比較的使いやすい。
- The liaison bus from Shin-Osaka Station is convenient because the service is more often available even during times outside of busy seasons.
- これらの神宮寺は雑密系の経典を中心とし、地域の豪族層の支援を受けて確立しようとしていた。
- Such Jingu-ji Temples were led by the Zo-mitsu Buddhist scripture and tried to settle with the support of the local ruling families.
- これらは天皇の家政機関であった蔵人所の管理下にあり、同所の蔵人・雑色らが管理にあたった。
- Such Osamedono were managed by Kurodo-dokoro, the office of Imperial household logistics, and its officials like kurodo (Chamberlain)/zoshiki (low-level functionary) were in charge of actual administration.
- 雑徭(ぞうよう、ざつよう)は、中国及び日本の律令制下での労役の形態を取る租税制度である。
- The zoyo tax system was one in which taxes were paid in the form of labor, under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in China and Japan.
- 18世紀後半になると、上方では雑俳や仮名草子に関わる人々が「咄(はなし)」を集め始めた。
- In the latter half of the eighteenth century, hanashi (comic stories) began to be collected in Kamigata by people who wrote zappai (a lighthearted form of literature which originated from haiku, a Japanese poem in seventeen syllables having a 5-7-5 syllabic form) and kana zoshi, a story book written in kana characters.
- 近年には神谷哲史の『黒い森の魔女』(魔女<>ドラゴンに変身する)などの複雑なものもある。
- In recent years, intricate models have been created such as 'kuroimori no majo (a witch in the black wood)' (the witch transformed into a dragon and vice versa) created by Satoshi KAMIYA.
- 彼らは武士身分ではなく、武家に雇われて、槍持ち、草履取りなどの雑用をこなす者たちである。
- They were not samurais but servants of the samurais, performing odd jobs such as carrying their masters' lances, and taking care of their masters' shoes.
- 最終的には藤堂高虎に命じて雑賀党の首領・鈴木重意を謀殺させることで平定した(紀州征伐)。
- Finally he had Takatora TODO kill Shigeoki SUZUKI, a head of Saika party, by a trap and conquered Kishu (Conquest of Kishu)
- 近代以降の歌人の多くは結社文学での「結社」に所属し、その結社の雑誌に作品を発表している。
- After modern times, there has been a tendency for many tanka poets to belong to an association as association literature has been common, and they publish their works in their own association magazines.
- ちょうど官軍守兵の交替期で、其時、守兵の混乱雑踏と云ふものは、殆ど形容することが出来ぬ。
- Since it was just the time when the defense soldiers of the government army changed, the ensuing confusion and crowds of the defense soldiers were almost beyond description.
- 雑賀惣国の範囲は海部郡 (和歌山県)から名草郡・那賀郡 (和歌山県)の一部にまで及んだ。
- The area of Saiga sokoku spread from Ama County (Wakayama Prefecture) to a part of Nagusa and Naga Counties (Wakayama Prefecture).
- 中間に長い手事があり、三味線の技法も凝っており、複雑な転調と共に演奏の難しい曲とされる。
- This piece is considered a difficult piece of music with its complicated modulations, due to the shamisen's sophisticated technique for the long movement in the middle.
- 1990年代初頭までこの周囲は雑木林で照明設備が少なく、昼夜問わず寂しさを感じさせていた。
- Until the early 1990s, the pass was a wooded area with sparsely placed lights, making people feel lonely even in the daytime as well as at night.
- こちらは雑賀衆の他に村上水軍、乃美水軍(浦水軍)、児玉水軍などの瀬戸内水軍も使用していた。
- In addition to the Saikashu, Setouchi navies, such as Murakami navy, Nomi navy (Ura navy) and Kodama navy also made use of Horokudama.
- 公事の中でも人的な賦課の部分を夫役と呼んで、その他の公事(雑公事とも呼ばれる)と区別した。
- Kuji that were imposed on people were called buyaku, distinguishable from other kuji (also called zokuji).
- 日本の雑徭(ぞうよう)は、中国の制度を元としているが、日本の国情に合わせて導入されている。
- The zoyo in Japan was based on the Chinese system, but it was introduced after being modified to meet the conditions of Japan.
- 近年では折り紙の芸術的側面が再評価され、昔にはなかった複雑で優れた作品が生み出されている。
- Recently, it has been recognized from its artistic aspect, and original, elaborate, designs of beauty have been created.
- 寛保時代の雑書『諸国里人談』には、寛文時代の近江国(現・滋賀県)に伝わる片輪車の話がある。
- 'Shokoku Satobitodan' (Talks of People in Local Provinces), a book on miscellaneous subjects written in the Kanpo era, carries a folklore of Katawa-guruma in the Kanbun era in Omi Province (the present Shiga Prefecture).
- しかし、定気法の採用については置閏法(閏月の置き方)がかえって複雑になったとの批判がある。
- However there was some criticism about introducing Teikiho, since it made Chijun-ho (a calendar system of setting the leap month) more complicated.
- 最初に糸印と呼んだのは明治30年「考古学雑誌」に「糸印の考」として発表した横井時冬である。
- It was Tokifuyu YOKOI who first called it 'itoin' when he released 'A study of Itoin' in 'Kokogaku Zasshi' (Archeology Magazine) published in 1897.
- 『延喜式』によると、淡路国は旬料・節料として「雑魚」を贄として納めることが記載されている。
- According to 'the Engishiki,' Awaji Province was obligated to supply 'small fish' as shunryo and setsuryo.
- 便奏式(少納言から提出された日常の政務及び宮中の雑務に対して、天皇に裁可を求める際の書式)
- This Article 'Binso-shiki' was put here to specify some documentary forms to seek imperial approval for daily governmental affairs and miscellaneous business in the imperial court, submitted by Shonagon (lesser councilor of state).
- 伊雑宮における神話では、稲はアマテラスが、高天原の斎の神田にある稲穂を持ち込んだとされる。
- According to a myth in Izawanomiya, rice in Japan was brought by Amaterasu from divine rice field in the itsuki in the plain of high heaven.
- 部立は四季(春秋二巻、他一巻)・賀・羇旅・神祇・釈教・恋・雑(恋・雑共に五巻)の順に並び、
- The poems are classified into the following categories: the four seasons (2 volumes for spring and autumn and 1 volume for the others), celebration, journey, Shintoism, Shakyamuni's teachings, love, and miscellaneous (the latter two consist of 5 volumes each).
- 34番 誰をかも 知る人にせむ 高砂の 松も昔の 友ならなくに(「古今和歌集」雑上909)
- No. 34: Who shall I become friends with, when even the pines of Takasago are not my old friends anymore? ('Kokin wakashu' Miscellaneous I, 909)
- 部立は、春上下、夏、秋上下、冬、賀、離別、羇旅、哀傷、恋一二三四五、神祇、釈教、雑上中下。
- The poems were classified into the following categories: Spring (two volumes), Summer, Autumn (two volumes), Winter, Celebration, Separation, Journey, Elegy, Love (five volumes), Gods of Heaven and Earth, Buddha's teachings, Miscellaneous (three volumes).
- また演説会・雑誌という当時目新しかった情報伝達手段もそれ自体が関心を引くのに十分であった。
- In addition, the ways of transmission of information themselves such as speech meetings and bulletin fully gathered attention.
- 調達のために官人雑任として水部(もいとりべ)官人雑色人として水戸(もいとりこ)が置かれた。
- For delivery Moitoribe was put as Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) and Moitoriko as Zoshiki (low-level functionary government official).
- 戦国大名も恩賞の無い雑兵たちを戦争に駆り立てるために乱取りを認め、褒美の略奪を容認していた。
- Sengoku daimyo also acknowledged randori in order to drive out zohyo to war without prize and allowed robbery as award.
- ただし、摂関家領島津荘の寄郡(よせごおり)のように、領家が検田権をもつ特殊な雑役免もあった。
- However, like the yosegori (the donation of koryo (an imperial demesne)) of Shimazu no sho estate in Sekkan-ke, there was a special exemption from the miscellaneous labor tax where ryoke (a lord of the manor) had the right of cadastral surveys.
- 鎌倉幕府において雑務沙汰を所管したのは、東国については問注所、鎌倉市中については政所だった。
- In the Kamakura bakufu, monchujo (a court of justice) in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) and mandokoro (Administrative Board) in Kamakura City held jurisdiction over Zatsumusata.
- 年料雑器(ねんりょうざっき)とは、律令制において尾張国・長門国両国より中央に貢納させた陶器。
- Nenryo zakki was earthenware from Owari Province and Nagato Province appointed by the central government as payments of tribute under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 848年嘉祥元年9月22日 (旧暦)の太政官符に、雅楽寮、雑色生を減定するべきことが見える。
- Daijokanpu issued on October 26, 848 describes that gagakuryo and zoshiki no sho (student of low level functionaries) should be decreased.
- 現在の野良猫は、上記のような状況で、都市部や住宅街では、そのほとんどが雑種となってしまった。
- Present alley cats, under above-mentioned circumstances, in urban areas and residential neighborhood, have mostly become hybrids.
- この増水に他の具材を加えるようになってから「雑炊」の文字があてられるようになったようである。
- It seems that after other ingredients were added to this 増水, kanji characters '雑炊' came to be used.
- 中世においては、年貢・所当・官物と呼ばれた租税を除いた全ての雑税を指して「公事」と呼ばれた。
- In the medieval period, all of miscellaneous taxes excluding land tax called nengu, shoto or kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) were called kuji.
- 「紫」の名は古今和歌集の雑歌「紫のひともとゆゑに武蔵野の草はみながらあはれとぞみる」に因む。
- The name 'Murasaki' came from a poem on miscellaneous matters in the Kokin Wakashu (imperial anthology of old and new Japanese Poetry): 'Because of this one gromwell plant, I feel affection for everything on Musashi Plain.'
- 一方足利義昭の要請に応じた畠山昭高が雑賀衆・根来衆らを援軍として送り出し織田信長軍についた。
- On the other hand, Akitaka HATAKEYAMA responded to the request from Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, and dispatched the reinforcement troops of Saikashu and Negoroshu to assist the army led by Nobunaga ODA.
- それらのいわば宗教共和国について、フロイスは高野山、粉河寺、根来寺、雑賀衆の名を挙げている。
- Frois pointed out the Koyasan Temple, the Kokawa-dera Temple, the Negoro-ji Temple and Saiga shu (Ikko groups) as the names of so-called religious republics.
- 陵戸は天皇や皇族の陵墓の守衛、官戸と官奴婢は官田の耕作、家人と私奴婢は私家の雑用に従事した。
- Ryoko were engaged in the protection of the mausoleums of emperors and imperial family members; kanko and kunuhi in the cultivation of government-owned land; and kenin and shinuhi in the performance of chores for private households.
- これに対抗して根来・雑賀衆は中村・沢・田中・積善寺・千石堀(いずれも現貝塚市)に付城を築く。
- As opposed to this, Negoro and Saiga shu built tsukejiro (branch castles) at Nakamura, Sawa, Tanaka, Shakuzenji and Sengokubori (all of them are located in the present Kaizuka City).
- 「筥」は竹でつくられた円い箱であると考えられ、雑戸である筥戸が木器・竹器類の生産にあたった。
- 'Hako' is considered as a round box made with bamboo and hakohe, who was Zakko (special technicians), produced wooden product and bamboo product.
- 発生は平安時代とされ、検非違使の雑用役・戦闘予備員として従軍した「下部」が足軽の原型とされる。
- The status of ashigaru is thought to have originated during the Heian period from the shimobe (miscellaneous servants and attendants) who served kebiishi (police and judicial chiefs) in the capacity of performing miscellaneous duties and acting as reserve soldiers.
- この付近の上空500m - 2kmより下の大気は大気境界層といい、空気の流れが複雑な層である。
- In these areas, the atmosphere under 500 m to 2 km above the ground is called the atmospheric boundary layer, and the air flow there is complicated.
- 名田経営を請け負った田堵は、従前の田租や調・庸・雑徭・正税出挙に相当する分量を国衙へ納入した。
- The tato, who were given the managerial position over the myoden, paid in return an amount which corresponded to the taxes formerly paid by rice, textiles, tributes, labor, or the shozei-suiko (interest for the loan of cereal seeds) to the regional offices.
- 建武の新政は、性急であったことと、複雑化した土地訴訟事案への対応ができなかったことで混乱した。
- The Kenmu administration was characterized by impatience and, being unable to provide a solution to the complicated land-related lawsuits with which they were plagued, was beset by confusion.
- また、10世紀後期には国衙職員と郡司が雑色人(ぞうしきにん)と一体的に呼ばれるようになっいる。
- In addition, officials in kokuga (provincial government offices) and Gunji began to be collectively called Zoshikinin (lower-level functionaries in the provincial government) in the latter half the 10th century.
- この時代の蕎麦はあくまで農民が飢饉などに備えて僅かに栽培する程度の雑穀だったと考えられている。
- It is considered that, back in those days, buckwheat was a minor grain that peasants grew on a very small scale to provide against emergency situations such as famine.
- 一方洋服を作るために布を切るときは、曲線をたくさん使い、和服よりも複雑な形状な布の部品を作る。
- On the other hand, in the processes of making Western clothing from a piece of cloth, pattern pieces are cut out from the cloth along a lot of curved lines to be made into shapes much more complicated than those of Wafuku.
- 児童雑誌「赤い鳥」創刊、歌謡「宵待草」大流行、島村抱月病死(スペイン風邪)、第1回全国蹴球大会
- The first publication of a children's magazine 'Akai-tori' (red bird), great hit of a song 'Yoimachi-gusa,' death of Hougetsu SHIMAMURA (the Spanish flu), and holding of the first national football tournament
- その後、欽明の子孫が皇位継承しているが、その経緯は複雑であり、多くの皇位継承紛争が生じている。
- After that the descendant of the Emperor Kinmei succeeded to the throne, however how it happened is a complicated story, because there were many disputes due to the Imperial succession.
- 彼は16歳の時『明六雑誌』を読み、感動して高知から上京して定例演説会に足繁く通うほどであった。
- He read 'Meiroku Zasshi' when he was 16 years old and impressed so much as he frequently joined periodical speech meetings at Tokyo from Kochi Prefecture.
- 明六社同人内の官/民をめぐる思惑のすれ違いは、やがて『明六雑誌』停刊の際に噴出することになる。
- The opposed ideas over public sector or private sector among Dojin of Meirokusha later blew out when 'Meiroku Zasshi' was suspended issue.
- 東京大学在学中の無名作家時代である1915年(大正4年)11月に雑誌「帝国文学」へ発表された。
- The story was first published in November 1915 in a magazine called the 'Teikoku Bungaku' (literally, literature of the empire) when Akutagawa was still an unknown author and a student at Tokyo University.
- ちぎりおきし させもが露を いのちにて あはれ今年の 秋もいぬめり (「千載集」雑・1023)
- In spite of your promising words 'sasemo' (the name of a grass) that I had been relying on like a blessing of dewdrops, again my hopes didn't bear fruit this autumn and my life is passing by in vain. ('Senzaishu' (Collection of Japanese Poems of a Thousand Years) Miscellaneous, 1023)
- 黒田は日露雑居の原則に沿う形で現地のロシア当局と折衝し、当面の紛争を解決してから東京に帰った。
- KURODA negotiated with the Russian authority according to the principle that the Japanese and the Russians lived together, and after solving the present disputes, he returned to Tokyo.
- 民衆を良民と賎民(五色の賤)とに分け、農民である良民には租・庸・調・納税・雑徭の義務を課した。
- The people were divided into Ryomin (law-abiding people) and Senmin (Goshiki no sen, five lowly castes), and the obligations of So (rice), Yo (capitation), Cho (textile products), tax payment, and zoyo (irregular corvee) were imposed upon Ryomin, who were peasants.
- 例えば、鹿鳴館の建設理由や経緯などは、当時の日本人の欧米文化への複雑な感情を端的に示している。
- For example, the reasoning and process behind the construction of the Rokumeikan (Deer-cry Hall) shows the complicated emotions of the Japanese in relation to European and American civilization.
- しかし明治時代以降は肝心の首都機能を消失していることも確かで、首都に関する議論を複雑にしている。
- However, it is also true that Kyoto lost its function as a capital after the Meiji period, and the arguments regarding its status as a capital are complicated.
- それと同時に、嵐山高雄パークウェイへのアクセスも担う国道162号の中でも最も混雑する区間である。
- It also allows access to Arashiyama-Takao Parkway and is the busiest section of National Route 162.
- これで、「相馬郡布施郷」(大雑把に茨城県北相馬郡)の千葉氏の領有権は確実なものになるはずだった。
- The foregoing was supposed to ensure the territorial right of the Chiba clan over the 'Fuse-go village, Soma county,' which roughly corresponds to today's Kitasoma-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture.
- なお、近年ではこの他に雑穀のアワ、ヒエ、キビを使った味噌が一部の自然食品店などで販売されている。
- In recent years, miso made from various grains such as foxtail millet, barnyard millet, and common millet, are also sold at some natural food stores.
- また、原料を酸敗させることで乳酸による酸性下での発酵となるため、雑菌の繁殖を抑えることができる。
- The increase of unwanted bacteria can be controlled by oxidizing ingredient since the process of fermentation is done under the acid condition of lactic acid.
- こうした雑公事を賦課していた在地領主は自らも荘園領主や国衙から賦課される公事の負担者でもあった。
- These local lords who imposed statute labor were also bearers of kuji imposed by lords of the manor or kokuga.
- したがって、天平16年の段階で雑戸の復活などを前提にした措置が行われていなかったものと思われる。
- Therefore, no measures seem to have been taken on the assumption of the restoration of zakko in 744.
- しかし、『明六雑誌』創刊号に掲載された西周の「洋字を以て国語を書するの論」は、より過激であった。
- However, 'An opinion to write Japanese in alphabet' by Amane NISHI which was published on the first issue of 'Meiroku Zasshi' was more radical.
- 部類の構成は春(上・下)、夏、秋(上・下)、冬、賀、旅、恋(五巻)、雑(五巻)、釈教、神祇の順。
- The structure of the categories was, in order: spring (two volumes), summer, autumn (two volumes), winter, felicitations, travel, love (5 volumes), miscellaneous (5 volumes), Buddhism, and Shinto.
- 短歌結社ではなくゆるやかなサロン的結合による雑誌であったが、おのずから反アララギ的色彩を帯びた。
- Nikko was not a tanka society but can be likened to a lounge with a relaxed atmosphere, although it naturally had an anti-Araragi color to it.
- きわめて大雑把に示せば、音でかかるものと意味でかかるものの2種類が枕詞には認められることになる。
- To speak most roughly, we can recognize two kinds of makurakotoba, the ones preceding based on the pronunciation and the ones preceding based on the meaning.
- その後は、各車種にわたって標準型車両が制定され、雑多な少数形式の淘汰が推進されていくことになる。
- After that, standard train cars in each form of car were set up, and assorted small number of train cars began to be culled out.
- 各私鉄から引き継がれた雑多な車両は、国有化後もしばらくの間、私鉄時代の形式番号のまま使用された。
- The various kinds of train cars that were succeeded from the private railways were used in the same model number as they had been used in private railways.
- だが、織田・徳川軍の戦死者が名も無き足軽雑兵(特に織田軍はほとんどが領民ではなく傭兵)であった。
- The war victims of the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces comprised nameless foot soldiers (especially those of the Oda force who were not territorial people but mercenaries).
- そしてさらに事態を複雑にしたのは、ライス・クリスチャン(キリスト教会の飯を食う者)の存在である。
- The presence of rice Christians (people who ate church meals) further complicated this situation.
- かつての雑賀衆は滅びた土豪勢力として帰農したり、各地に散らばって鉄砲の技術をもって大名に仕えた。
- Former members of Saikashu returned to farming or settled in other regions to serve daimyo (feudal lords) using their gun-handling ability.
- 翌年の2月2日、本願寺に協力していた紀伊の雑賀三緘衆と根来寺の杉の坊が信長軍への内応を約束した。
- On March 1 of the following year, the Saika Mikarami shu (local military group) and Sugi no Bo of Negoro-ji Temple in Kii Province, who had cooperated to Hongan-ji Temple, promised a betrayal.
- 雑兵たちは、これらの乱暴、狼藉を繰り返すことで生活しており、戦場とは生きるための稼ぎの場であった。
- Zohyo subsisted by repeating such riotous behaviors and the battlefield was the place for earning to survive.
- 租庸調、雑徭および各種の臨時の賦課も、それに対応した徴収方法を採用しなければならないことになった。
- Soyocho, zoyo, and various temporary impositions had to adopt corresponding collection methods.
- 山頂から見える、複雑に入り組んだリアス式海岸と、日本海に浮かぶ緑の島々が広がる景色豊かな山である。
- Its summit commands an extensive view of the complicated coastline of a ria coast and green islands in Japan Sea.
- この四位、五位の殿上人の武官の複雑な装束の使い分けは、藤原定家著とされる『次将装束抄』にくわしい。
- 'Zisho Shozokusho (Costumes of the Second in Command)'written by FUJIWARA no Teika, describes the details of the complicated use of the attire by tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace).of shii and goi.
- 大熊喜邦 (学会誌「建築雑誌」家相の話、- 不明 -)中国からの伝来であり多くは迷信であるとした。
- Kiho OKUMA, (academic journal 'Archetecture Journal,' Story of Kaso – Unknown) stated that Kaso is mostly a superstition, introduced from China.
- 順調なスタートをきった『明六雑誌』であったが、それに暗い陰を投げかける条例が創刊翌年に公布された。
- Although 'Meiroku Zasshi' began to be published smoothly, regulations which cast a shadow on it were promulgated in the following year of the first issue.
- 67番 春の夜の 夢ばかりなる 手枕に かひなく立たむ 名こそ惜しけれ(「千載和歌集」雑上961)
- No. 67: On a spring night, I laid my head on his arm, although it's just a one night dream, it's shame to hear, people whispering behind their fans (also No. 961 in the 'Miscellaneous' volume of 'The Senzai Wakashu' (The Collection of Japanese Poems of a Thousand Years).
- 根来・雑賀の鉄砲もさることながら、一揆や寺社の体現する思想そのものが天下人への脅威だったのである。
- Not only the guns of Negoro and Saiga but also the idea itself which ikki, temples and shrines embodied was a threat against tenkabito.
- これらの輸送の実施には、各鉄道間のダイヤや車輌の遣り繰りや事後の運賃精算等、煩雑な業務が発生した。
- To carry out such a transport operation required an elaborate arrangement between the railway companies, railway vehicle scheduling, fare settlement after the transportation and other myriads of related tasks.
- 三好方は久米田の戦いで雑賀衆および根来衆の鉄砲で三好義賢を失ったことから、雨を待っていたと伝わる。
- It is said that Miyoshi's army was waiting for the rain because Yoshitaka MIYOSHI was shot by Saikashu or Negoroshu in the battle of Kumeda.
- 雑賀衆は鈴木重秀や土橋守重を始め、石山御坊などに籠城しているところから、浄土真宗門徒と考えられる。
- Saikashu can be considered to be a group of believers of the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) as its members, including Shigehide SUZUKI and Morishige TSUCHIBASHI, were besieged in Ishiyama Gobo (Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple).
- しかし、同年に本能寺の変が起って信長が死んだため、後ろ盾を失った孫一は雑賀を逃亡し、豊臣秀吉を頼る。
- However, in the same year (1582) Nobunaga was killed in the Honnoji Incident, and Magoichi, who lost his backing, fled from Saiga, seeking refuge with Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 江戸時代の『群書類従』(雑部)をはじめとする現行の刊本は鎌倉期の写本や逸文に依拠するところが大きい。
- The current books including 'Gunsho ruiju' (Zatsubu) (Collection of historical documents compiled by Hokiichi HANAWA) (Miscellaneous Section) are largely dependent of the manuscript and the itsubun of the Kamakura period.
- また薬園は典薬寮の薬園師が管理している他、不足分は各地から年料雑薬として納められたと考えられている。
- The medicinal-herb garden was managed by Yakuenshi (an official in charge of managing the medicinal-herb garden) of Tenyakuryo, also it is considered that the shortfall was compensated by nenryozoyaku (medicinal herb contributed to the central government) collected from every corner of the country.
- 本来は人頭税であった庸・調 (律令制)・出挙が、租と同じように地税化(雑徭の一部を含む)していった。
- Yo, Cho (from Ritsuryo system), and Suiko (government loans), which were formerly a per-capita tax, became a property tax (including parts of Zoyo, or irregular corvee) like So.
- このため、転じて子供の買い物など簡単な雑用と引換に貰う小銭のことを「(お)駄賃」と呼ぶようになった。
- This resulted in small money that was given in exchange for a simple chore, such as a child going shopping, being called '(o)dachin.'
- 近年、漫画雑誌の売上は減少を続けているが、漫画単行本の売上は年によって増減はあるがほぼ横ばいである。
- In recent years, comic magazine sales have been decreasing, but comic book sales have been broadly flat while there is an increase or decrease.
- 前座でやってきた雑用が全く無くなった分、その小遣いがもらえる訳でもなく、経済的には苦しいと言われる。
- Since they have no chores required when they were zenza and have no allowance, it is said that they are economically disadvantaged.
- 忠信の勇壮な荒事の演技と早見藤太の道化敵のおかしさに、雑兵による立ち回りなど様式美の濃い一幕である。
- This is a scene full of the beauty of style, such as the performance of aragoto (Kabuki play featuring exaggerated posture, makeup, and costume) by brave Tadanobu, humor of the dokegataki (an enemy who provokes laughter) HAYAMI no Tota, and Tachimawari (a fight) by zohyo (common soldiers).
- 雑炊(ぞうすい)は、米飯に肉、魚介類、キノコや野菜を加えて、醤油や味噌などの調味料とともに再度炊く。
- Zosui is made by simmering cooked rice again with meat, fish and shellfish, mushroom and vegetable, seasoned with soy sauce, miso, etc.
- 兵員・物資の補給拠点である雑賀を攻略すれば、大坂の本願寺勢の根を枯らすことができると考えたのである。
- He thought that if he captured Saiga which was the supply base of soldiers and goods he would be able to destroy the roots of the Hongan-ji Temple group in Osaka.
- これに対し根来・雑賀衆は沢・積善寺・畠中城・千石堀などの泉南諸城に合計九千余の兵を配置して迎撃した。
- Against this, Negoro and Saiga shu lined up more than 9,000 soldiers in total at some castles of Sennan such as Sawa, Shakuzenji, Hatanakajo and Sengokubori.
- 雑誌には啓蒙という大目標があるものの、細かい厳密な編集方針はなく、全号を一貫する具体的テーマもない。
- This bulletin had a big goal of enlightenment, but had neither a delicate and severe editing policy nor a consistent and concrete theme as a whole.
- 根来衆と雑賀衆は、一部には混同される記述も見受けられるが、全く異なる点と極めて似通っている点がある。
- Although in some descriptions Negoroshu and Saikashu are mistaken for each other, in fact they have both completely different points and very similar points.
- この他の国衙職員としては、国博士・国医師・国師といった専門職員や雑徭によって徴発された徭丁らがいた。
- As for the other employees, Kokuga employed specialists such as Kunihakase (teacher of Japanese classical literature), Kuniishi (local governmental doctor) and Kokushi (the most reverend priest) and a Yotei (a mandatory laborer) who was requisitioned by the zoyo (irregular corvee).
- 新羅、奄美訳語生・卜部・留学生・学問僧・傔従・雑使・音声生・玉生・鍛生・鋳生・細工生・船匠・柂師・傔人
- Silla and Amami interpreters, diviners, students studying abroad, Buddhist monks studying abroad, attendants, servitors, musicians, glass workers, hammer men, casters, wood craft workers, ship carpenters, chief quartmaster, and attendants of the mission
- これによって、寺社と雑役免田及びその耕作者の間に一定の関係が生じ、荘園として発達する素地が形成された。
- As a result, a constant relationship was created between temples/shrines and Zoyakumenden/farmers and such relationships became the seed of the development of shoen.
- 大雑把に言うと「進行役」「語り部」と解釈しても良いが、進行役とは多少ニュアンスの違う役柄の場合もある。
- It can be roughly interpreted as 'narrator' or 'storyteller,' but there are cases where the role may differ slightly from that of a narrator.
- 日本酒を造るために、酒米は精米すればするほど、完成酒の雑味の原因となる米粒の周囲の部分が取り除かれる。
- In the making of sake, the more sakamai (rice for brewing sake) is polished, the more part around the rice grain which is cause of zatsumi (unfavorable taste of sake) is got rid of.
- 調理にあたり、米飯をいったん水で洗い、表面の粘りをとってから用いることで、さらっと仕上げたものが雑炊。
- Zosui is made with cooked rice that is once washed before cooking in order to remove the surface starch, resulting in a light texture.
- その後、律令制の進展によって賎民身分の削減を目的として雑戸から解放されて公民に編入される例が増加した。
- Later on, with the development of the ritsuryo system, increasing number people were liberated from zakko status and became citizens for the purpose of decreasing senmin classes.
- 1893年4月には「甲の巻」が『評論』と改題され、「乙の巻」が『女学雑誌』として隔週ごとに発行された。
- In April 1893, Ko no Maki was renamed to Hyoron, whereas, Otsu no Maki, under the new name of Jogaku Zasshi, was published on the biweekly basis.
- しかしその年、美妙は新しく出る雑誌『都の花』の主筆に迎えられることとなり、紅葉と縁を絶つことになった。
- In the same year, however, Bimyo was appointed to the chief editor of a new magazine 'Miyako no hana' and severed his relations with Koyo.
- 筋は多くの説話がそうであるように素朴で多義的であり、複雑な構成や詳細な描写には乏しい単純なものが多い。
- The plots are simple and ambiguous, as many Setsuwa (anecdotes) are, and many are simple, lacking complicated composition and detailed descriptions.
- 成立に至るまでの複雑な経緯を反映し、『金葉集』は伝本によって歌数の違いも大きいが、650首強を収める。
- 'Kinyo shu' contains more than 650 poems, though the number of poems varies among these three versions of the anthology, reflecting the complicated process of editing.
- また、幕府成立から半世紀近くたったことで、膨大な先例・法慣習が形成され、煩雑化してきた点も挙げられる。
- Also it can be given that a huge number of precedents and usage of the law were formed and became complicated after almost a half century since the establishment of bakufu.
- 鷹取は応天門の前から善男と中庸、雑色の豊清の3人が走り去ったのを見て、その直後に門が炎上したと申し出た。
- Takatori claimed that he saw Yoshio, Nakatsune, and Toyokiyo, the Zoshiki (low-level functionary) run away from the front of the Otenmon gate, which went up in flames directly after.
- 田堵負名は、名経営を国衙から委任される代わりに、官物・雑役などの租税・課役を国衙へ進納する義務を負った。
- Tato fumyo was under the obligation to distribute taxes and assignments, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) to the kokuga in exchange for holding a commission from the kokuga to administrate each myo.
- また六位以下も烏油のかわりに色々な雑石を使用することがはじまり、延暦年間以降これが公認されるようになる。
- Officials of the rokui (Sixth Rank) or lower began to use a variety of stones instead of black lacquer and their use was officially approved in the Enryaku era.
- 落語会「上方はなしを聞く会」の運営や雑誌『上方はなし』の発行などを通じて上方落語の保存・継承に尽力した。
- They endeavored to preserve and transmit Kamigata rakugo by organizing the 'Kamigata Rakugo Circle' and launching the journal 'Kamigata Comic Stories.'
- 顔一面に白粉を塗りたくっているが、この塗り方が厚ぼったい上にひどく雑で、見るだけで恐怖を覚えるともいう。
- It is said that the face is entirely painted with white powder; the painting is not only thick but also very dauby, in such a way that one feels scared just by looking at the face.
- 掖邪狗らはそのまま都に向かい男女の生口30人と白珠5,000孔、青大句珠2枚、異文の雑錦20匹を貢いだ。
- They went to the capital of Wei and gave the Emperor 30 slaves (male and female), 5,000 pearls, 2 jades and a figured fabric with exotic patterns which was 53 centimeters in width, and 184 meters in length.
- また、こうした雑公事を負担した者に対しては在地領主が報酬として酒や御馳走を振舞うことが広く行われていた。
- Also, it was common that the local lord rewarded the people who had borne statute labor with sake and a big meal.
- 便奏(びんそう)とは、宮中における雑事など日常の細かな事項に関して、少納言から天皇に奏上することである。
- Binso meant for Shonagon (the Minor Councilor of State) to submit his report to the Emperor on daily affairs including miscellaneous duties in the imperial court.
- 何も知らない桐壺帝は高貴な藤壺が産んだこの皇子を「瑕なき玉」と歓喜し溺愛したが、藤壺の心中は複雑だった。
- Emperor Kiritsubo, who did not know about the affair, was delighted and doted on the imperial prince born from noble Fujitsubo as his 'flawless gem,' but Fujitsubo had mixed feelings.
- しかし石山本願寺が野田城・福島城の戦いに参戦すると、雑賀衆は一致して石山本願寺につき織田信長軍と戦った。
- However, when a group based in Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple entered the battles of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle, Saikashu acted in unison to support the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple side, and fought against the army of Nobunaga ODA.
- 一般的には天正5年(1577年)の信長による雑賀攻め、同13年(1585年)の秀吉による紀伊攻略を指す。
- It generally refers to the attack on Saiga by Nobunaga in 1577 and the capture of Kii by Hideyoshi in 1585.
- 同時期に信長は佐久間信盛父子を大将に七、八万の軍勢を動員して再び雑賀を攻めたが、この時も制圧に失敗した。
- Around this time, Nobunaga mobilized 70,000 or 80,000 soldiers with the commanders of Nobumori SAKUMA and his son and attacked Saiga again, but he failed again at this time.
- 近代日本における学術総合雑誌、学会誌の先駆けとなり、文明開化時期の日本に大きな影響を与えた刊行物である。
- It was a pioneering bulletin to offer academic general information and academic journal in the recent period of Japan and a publication which gave a great impact on Japan in the period of civilization and enlightenment.
- 現在の和歌山市の全域と海南市の一部に、沢山いた土豪の集まりで、地域と密着した集団が雑賀衆と思われている。
- Saikashu is thought to be a grouping of many powerful local clans who were based in the whole area of present day Wakayama City and a part of Kainan City, and closely attached to the local community,
- これを受けて、信長は準備を整えた上で2月13日に京都を出て、対抗する雑賀勢の篭る和泉・紀伊に攻め入った。
- In response, Nobunaga made preparations and left Kyoto on March 12, and pushed into Izumi and Kii, the bases of the opponent forces Saikashu.
- しかし、田地の不足、班田手続きの煩雑さ、偽籍の増加等により、平安時代初期には班田収授が実施されなくなった。
- However, due to the deficiency of rice fields, the complexity of the procedure for Handen Shuju, the increase of false registers and so on, Handen Shuju was abandoned in the early Heian period.
- 戦国時代軍旗に「花菱」を多数描くのが煩雑なため、菱形を4つ合わせた「四つ割菱」という略紋が生まれたという。
- It is said that 'Yotsuwari-bishi' (simplified Takeda's family crest), whose pattern is a combination of four diamond shapes, was created during the Sengoku period because it was troublesome to draw 'Hanabishi' on many battle flags.
- また、11~12世紀の寄進型荘園のように、田地の不輸や寄作者の雑役免といった国家的諸権限の割譲もなかった。
- Furthermore, from the eleventh to twelfth century, cessation of state power, such as fuyu (tax exemptions) and zoyakumen (exception from all levies except regular land taxes) for contributors was not conducted on donated shoen (manors based on donation).
- この盤双六はゲームの進行に際して複雑な思考と同時にさいころの偶然性に頼る要素が大きく、賭博として行われた。
- The board Sugoroku was played as a gamble because the game highly depended on the chance of the rolled dices besides the complicated thoughts.
- 茶器に転用されたようなさまざまな鉢は、当時の李氏朝鮮社会で「一般民衆」が日常に用いた雑器であるといわれる。
- It is said that the various bowls that came to be used as tea bowls were those which the 'common people' during the Joseon Dynasty used as everyday utensils.
- 雑誌の売上は低下したが、単行本にはアニメ化などのメディアミックスされた作品を中心にヒット作が生まれている。
- Although magazine sales have dropped, some hits were produced among comic book franchises which were made into anime and so on.
- 文士劇(ぶんしげき)は、作家、新聞雑誌記者などの文学者が演者の中心となって上演されるアマチュア演劇である。
- The bunshi-geki is an amateur drama performed mainly by literary people such as writers and journalists.
- これは、祭典の執行日を新暦で固定し、毎年旧暦の月日から新暦の月日に換算する煩雑さを避けるための規定である。
- This rule was implemented in order to fix the festival dates on the new calendar, so that the complexity of converting the dates of the old lunar calendar to the new calendar each year could be avoided.
- また、8月下旬には、抜穂使を卜定して斎国に遣わし、抜穂使はその国で斎田と斎場雑色人、造酒童女らを卜定した。
- Also, in late August, Nukihoshi (Imperial envoy sent to gather ears of rice) chosen by Bokujo were sent to Itsuki no kuni and they chose Saiden (rice fields to cultivate rice plants for deities), Saijo zoshikinin (lower-level functionaries in the provincial government) and Sakatsuko (girls brew sake presented to gods) by using Bokujo in those provinces.
- 夜に道路を利用して店舗を出す例では、廟街や西洋菜街(女人街)が有名であるが、衣料品や雑貨の販売に限られる。
- Another famous example, of street stalls operating their businesses at night time streets are, Temple Street and Sai Yeung Choi Street (Woman street), but these shops only sell clothing and miscellaneous goods.
- 雑誌に掲載された議論については、その目論見通り様々な反響を呼び、各種新聞には多くの投書が寄せられたという。
- It is said that the disputes which were published on the bulletin evoke various responses as expected and many letters were posted on various newspapers.
- そうした側面からすると、『明六雑誌』の影響は日本国内に留まるものではなく、周辺諸国にも及んでいたと言える。
- In this aspect, it can be said that 'Meiroku Zasshi' gave an influence not only on Japan but also on neighboring countries.
- 従来の二十巻の勅撰集において独立した巻を持った哀傷・離別の項目が無く、それぞれ雑歌・羇旅に吸収されている。
- The categories of elegy and parting, which formed independent volumes in the conventional 20 volume imperial anthologies, were omitted, so they were included instead in the categories of miscellaneous poems and journey.
- 国ごとにまとめられて租庸調(ちょう)・庸(よう)・雑徭(ぞうよう)、軍役など、課役賦課の基本台帳とされた。
- The keicho was organized for each province and was a basic ledger to levy duties, including Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), Yo (Labor or alternative goods), zoyo (irregular corvee) and military service.
- この時期の東アジアは、日中朝そして西欧列強の間における複雑な絡み合いが相互作用する場が形成されつつあった。
- At that period, the stage of complicated interaction began to appear in East Asia, where Japan, China, Korea and the powerful countries of Western Europe got involved together.
- 信長は引き揚げるに当たり、雑賀衆の再起に備えて佐野砦(現泉佐野市)を築かせ、完成後は織田信張を駐留させた。
- When Nobunaga withdrew, he had Sano Fort (Izumisano City at present) built in order to prepare a comeback of Saiga shu and Nobuharu ODA stayed after completion.
- 創刊時には一気に4冊出版しているが、雑誌の行く末が危ぶまれた時には月に一回しか発行しなかったこともあった。
- Although four volumes were successively published at the time when the publication had just begun, there was a month in which the issue was made only once because of the concerns about the future of the bulletin.
- 外国奉行が雑伎人(ざつぎにん。曲芸師の事)らに免許状(旅券に相当)を発行、興行のために渡米した記録が残る。
- Records show that magistrates of foreign affairs issued a license (equivalent to a passport) to acrobatic artists, who went to the U.S. as entertainers.
- 繊維製品の納入が基本であり(正調)代わりに地方特産品34品目または貨幣による納入も認められていた(調雑物)。
- Paying tax by textile products was basic (called Seicho), while paying tax by 34 kinds of local indigenous products or money was also admitted instead (called Chozatsubutsu [miscellaneous things that were paid as tributes]).
- 3人の皇子をあえて並び立たせ、将来複雑な皇位継承争いを引き起こしかねない措置をとった桓武の真意は不明である。
- What the true wishes of Kanmu were by taking such measures that might lead to a complex competition for the Imperial succession by intentionally lining the three princes is unknown.
- 本来こうした荘園の取り分である雑役が国衙が官物とともに一括徴収していたが、負所では荘園領主に直接納入された。
- Zatsueki gained from such Shoen was originally collected by Kokuga together with Kanmotsu, but in the case of Ossho, it was directly delivered to the lords of Shoen.
- その後室町時代前期にかけて『貴嶺問答』・『雑筆往来』、そして中世往来物の代表作とされる『庭訓往来』が現れた。
- Then, by the early Muromachi period, 'Kirei Mondo,' 'Zohitsu Orai' (also called 'Zappitsu Orai') and 'Teikin Orai' (a collection of letters used for family education), which is considered to be the most important work of oraimono from the medieval time, were all written.
- 同書では岩手県の藩士を下女が殺して逃げようとしたところ、家の古雑巾が下女の顔に飛びつき、窒息死させたとある。
- The book describes that a maidservant killed feudal retainer of domain in Iwate Prefecture and when the maidservant tried to flee, old cleaning rag in the house leaped at the maidservant's face, suffocated her to death.
- 他にも、その他の雑穀類と同様、団子にしたり、野菜を煮立てた中に蕎麦粉を入れてかき混ぜるような食べ方もあった。
- Other ways of eating soba included dango (balls) as with other minor cereals and mixing buckwheat flour into the vegetable stew.
- 紙に切り込みを入れてカドの数を増やしたり、一部を切り取ったりすることによって複雑な形を折りやすくする折り方。
- This involves facilitating the creation of intricate models by cutting paper to increase the corners of paper or cutting off a part of paper.
- 古来聖武天皇の筆と伝承され、字粒が大きいことから「大聖武」と称して珍重されるが、上記「雑集」とは異筆である。
- This has been thought to be handwritten by Emperor Shomu since olden times, and is called 'Ojobu' and regarded to be a rare and valuable document because of the large size letters, but the handwriting is different from 'Zasshu' stated above.
- 辞(じ)とは、律令制において雑任以下の下級官人及び一般庶民(白丁)が、官司に上申する際に用いたとされる文書。
- Zi is monjo (written material) used by lower-ranking government officials equal to or below the rank of Zonin or by the common people or hakucho (inferior servants) when they reported to their superiors, under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 伊藤忠太 (学会誌「建築雑誌」方位家相について、- 不明 -)化政期から日本でも流行しだした説であるとした。
- Chuta ITO (academic journal 'Archetecture Journal,' on the orientation of Kaso – Unknown) states that in Japan, Kaso was a popular theory from the Kasei era.
- 巻16「由縁ある雑歌」には竹取の翁と天女が登場する長歌があり、竹取物語(かぐや姫物語)との関連が指摘される。
- Based on the choka 'Yuen aru Zoka' (time-honored Zoka) in Volume 16 which contains references to an old bamboo cutter and a celestial nymph, it has been pointed out that the Manyoshu is linked to Taketori monogatari.
- 部立の順序は春(上・下)、夏、秋(上・下)、冬、離別、羇旅、神祇、釈教、恋(五巻)、雑(三巻)、哀傷、賀歌。
- The poems were classified in the order of categories: Spring (two volumes), Summer, Autumn (two volumes), Winter, Separation, Journey, Jingi (gods of heaven and earth), Shakyamuni's teachings, Love (five volumes), Miscellanea (three volumes), Elegy, and Gaka (Celebration Poetry).
- その他、職業も記載様式に含まれており、華族、士族では主に禄高を、平民では農工商雑と記され、業種も記載された。
- Besides, trades were also included in the registration form, Rokudaka (stipends) were mainly described for the peerage and the warrior class and commoners were described as farmers, craftsmen, merchants or others, including their job types.
- その陣容は、山手に根来衆と雑賀三組を先導役として佐久間信盛・羽柴秀吉・堀秀政・荒木村重・別所長治・別所重宗。
- The army of the mountain side consisted of Nobumori SAKUMA, Hideyoshi HASHIBA, Hidemasa HORI, Murashige ARAKI, Nagaharu BESSHO, Shigemune BESSHO with the spearhead army of Negoro shu and the Saiga three groups.
- 上記のような欧米事情に明るい知識人たちが、啓蒙するための手段として選択したのが定例演説会と雑誌発行であった。
- Such intellectuals who knew well about Europe and America as above chose periodical speech meetings and a publication of a bulletin in order to enlighten people.
- 実際の戦闘では毛利方の水軍の使用する焙烙玉・雑賀衆の使用する焙烙火矢の前に織田方の水軍は壊滅的な打撃を受けた。
- During the battle, horokudama (cooking-pot bombs), employed by the navy of Mori and horokubiya (cooking-pot fire arrows), employed by Saikashu (a group of local samurai from Kii Province, also on the Mori side) gave devastating damages to the navy of the Oda.
- この雑色人が在地支配層と連携し、国司・受領層と対抗したことが国司苛政上訴として現れたとする見解も出されている。
- In other opinions, Kokushi kasei joso appeared as the evidence that these Zoshikinin worked with local influential persons to counter the Kokushi and Zuryo class.
- 雑誌を読まなくなりメディアミックスで作品を知るケースが増えたため、単行本の売上は維持されているといわれている。
- It is said that people lost interest in reading magazines but they often learn a work through media franchise, thus the sales of comic books are maintained.
- 若狭国の地理的特長を見ると、海岸線はリアス式海岸で複雑に入り組んでおり、対馬海流の影響で海産物に恵まれている。
- By looking at the geographical features of Wakasa Province, the coast line was the ria coast and highly indented, and it was abundant in marine products because of the influence of Tsushima Current.
- また、さきの供養のような混乱を避けるべく、兼実によって雑人の立入りは禁じられ、そのために静かに進行していった。
- To prevent the disorder caused in the previous ceremony, Kanezane prohibited commoners from entering the site, which resulted in calm and smooth progress.
- 議論を公開するという点で外向的、意見が統一されてないという点で拡散的であることを『明六雑誌』は性質としていた。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' had characteristics such as outward in the point of having the discussion open to public while diffusive in the point of their opinion not unified.
- 秀吉は雑賀党に備えてはじめは大坂から動かなかったが、3月21日に大坂から出陣し、3月27日には犬山城に入った。
- Hideyoshi did not move from Osaka at first because he got ready for Saika party, but he left Osaka on March 21 and entered Inuyama Castle on March 27.
- 千秋万歳の酒禱(せんずまんざいのさかほかい):千秋万歳は、新春に各戸を廻って寿詞を唱え、祝儀をもらう雑芸の者。
- Senzumanzai no sakahokai: 'Senzumanzai' is a new year's performer who visits houses, pleading for an auspicious year, and receives a gratuity.
- 信長によって加賀一向一揆は潰滅したが、雑賀惣国や根来衆は未だ健在であり、秀吉はこれに対する敵意を隠さなかった。
- The Kaga Ikko ikki Revolt was destroyed by Nobunaga, but Saiga sokoku and Negoro shu were still alive, so Hideyoshi did not hide his hostile feelings against them.
- 信長の後ろ盾を得た孫一主導の下、雑賀衆は織田信孝の四国攻めに船百艘を提供するなど、織田氏との関係を強めていく。
- The Saiga shu led by Magoichi who was supported by Nobunaga had strengthened the relationship with the Oda clan, for example, it provided 100 ships for the attack against the Shikoku region by Nobutaka ODA.
- 1874年(明治7年)3月から機関誌『明六雑誌』(岩波文庫全3巻)を発行、開化期の啓蒙に指導的役割を果たした。
- Their bulletin, 'Meiroku zasshi' (three volumes in total, Iwanami bunko), was first issued in March 1874, and it played a leadership role in educating people during the Civilization and Enlightenment period.
- 最下級(第四等官)の主典は、資料作成・整理や文書作成などの雑務のみに従事し、政務判断に参与することはなかった。
- Sakan, the lowest official (fourth-rank official), was engaged in clerical jobs, such as the preparation and sorting out of material and documents, and they never participated in political judgments.
- 国司請負の流れの中で、10世紀後半ごろから国司は田堵(有力農民層のこと)へ官物や雑役などの租税を賦課していった。
- In the line of kokushi ukeoi, kokushi imposed taxation such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), zatsueki (odd-job tasks) and so on to tato (cultivators, powerful farmers) since last half of the 10th century.
- 本来は「従者」の意味であり、貴人・武家・寺社・有力農民などに付属して、雑務労役を担い、譲渡や相続の対象となった。
- Shoju originally meant 'subordinates,' and those in this category were owned by nobleman, military families, temples, and shrines and propertied farmer and so on for servile labors, and were regarded as properties to be transferred or inherited.
- ただし、その成立の経緯上、雑役は荘園領主である寺社に納められたものの、官物は依然として国衙に納めるものとされた。
- Provided, however, that because of the process of their establishment, kanmotsu (tributes goods paid as tax) was paid to kokuga as before though zatsueki was paid to temples/shrines, the lord of shoen.
- もともと日用雑器として作られた「高麗茶碗」は、こうした流れの中で茶器として取り上げられるようになったものである。
- Against this background, 'korai chawan', which were originally made as everyday bowls, came to be treated as tea bowls.
- (『聖徳太子平氏伝雑勘文』 上ノ三 上宮太子御子孫竝后等事条 所引にある『上宮記』逸文に以下のような記述がある。
- ('聖徳太子平氏伝雑勘文' 上ノ三 上宮太子御子孫竝后等事条 所引にある The following sentence was quoted from a lost writing of 'Joguki' (Book of Japanese history written in the 7th century).
- 尾の短いものは尾骨が複雑に折れ曲がっていることが多いが、毛に覆われているために、外見上は単純な切り株状に見える。
- In many cases a short-tailed cat has a complicatedly-curved tailbone, but as it is covered with fur it looks like a mere stump on the face of it.
- 源氏物語の古註『源氏物語紫明抄』に引かれる『枕草子』の本文には現存本にないものもあり、複雑な成立過程を思わせる。
- Some lines of 'The Pillow Book,' as quoted from the old commentary 'Shimei-sho Commentary of 'The Tale of Genji,'' don't exist in the surviving manuscript, which suggests that the writing process was complicated.
- 春(上・下)、夏、秋(上・下)、冬、神祇、釈教、離別、羇旅、恋(五巻)、哀傷、雑(三巻)、賀の全20巻からなる。
- It consists of twenty volumes as follows: spring (two volumes), summer, autumn (two volumes), winter, Shintoism, Shakyamuni's teachings, separation, kiryo (journey), love (five volumes), sorrow, miscellaneous (three volumes), and celebration.
- 石川・安東は亡くなったが、大岡、丸谷を中心に2006年現在も雑誌『すばる』誌上を中心に連句興行が続けられている。
- Although Ishikawa and Ando have already passed away, Oka and Maruya have continued, as of 2006, to hold gatherings to create renku, the results of which are published in the magazine 'Subaru.'
- 官人雑任として実際に馬の飼育にあたる馬部(めぶ)がおり、飼育を担当する飼戸(しこ)を傘下においてこれを統率した。
- As Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official), Mebu which actually raised horses existed, and retained and governed Shiko which was in charge of raising horses.
- 1892年3月5日 『史学雑誌』第二編第23、24、25号及び『史海』第8号に発禁処分となり、一応の決着となる。
- On March 5, 1892, the 23rd, 24th, and 25th issues of the 'Journal of the Historical Science', the second edition, and the 8th issue of 'Shikai' were banned from publication, and it finally came to a tentative settlement.
- 以後は、もっぱら中央集権化を進めて土豪の在地支配を解体しようとする秀吉政権の動きに雑賀衆は一貫して反発し続けた。
- From then on, Saikashu consistently rebelled against Hideyoshi's administration that was promoting the centralization to dissolve the land ruling by each powerful local clan.
- しかし、この戦いで織田軍は大きな損害を出し、服属させたはずの雑賀衆もすぐに自由な活動を再開して本願寺に荷担した。
- However, the Oda's army suffered huge losses in this battle, and Saikashu, who were supposed to be under Oda's control, soon resumed their independent activities and assisted Hongan-ji Temple.
- 1577年に信長自身率いる大軍をもって和泉国・河内国から紀伊に侵攻(第一次紀州征伐)し、雑賀衆に服属を誓わせた。
- In 1577, a large force led by Nobunaga himself invaded the Kii region (The First Conquest of Kishu) through Izumi Province and Kawachi Province, and forced Saikashu to swear their allegiance.
- 天平6年4月23日(734年)に出された勅(天皇の命令)には、「健児・儲士・選士の租と雑徭を半分免除する」とある。
- The Imperial decree issued on May 30, 734, said that kondei, choshi (non-regular soldiers) and senshi (soldiers guarding the Kyushu region) were exempted from a half amount of both so (rice tax) and zoyo (irregular corvee).
- 雑務沙汰に含まれるのは、例えば金銭貸借、農地等の年紀売・永年沽却、奴婢の売買など、債権や動産に関する相論であった。
- Zatsumusata included loan and personal property suits, such as, money loan, sales contract or longtime disposal of farmland or others, and slave trading.
- 中座、書生、一分はそれに次ぐ地位にあり、他国舎人・国雑色・国掌・国承仕・御子らは実務官僚であったと考えられている。
- Chuza, shosei, and ichibun were second to jokan and takokushajin, kunizoshiki, kunisho, kunishoji, and miko are regarded as practical bureaucrats.
- 最後に名田として成立しなかった散田であり、収穫が少なくて耕作民が雑役の負担能力に欠けていたことによるものであった。
- The last type was land called sanden (deteriorated rice fields), not qualified for myoden because farmers lacked the ability to bear zatsueki due to poor harvests.
- (撤廃される)一円知行地でも、(引き続き)半済が公認されている地であっても速やかに本所の雑掌に半分を引き渡すこと。
- Whether it was either Ichien Chigyo territory that was to be subjected to the repeal or territory in which hanzei continued to be officially implemented, half of the land was to be immediately handed over to a honjo's zassho.
- 昭和10年(1935年) - 昭和17年(1942年)にそれらの研究結果を『茶道せゝらぎ』という雑誌を刊行し発表。
- He published a magazine 'Sado Seseragi' (stream of Sado) during 1935 to 1942 to present achievement of these studies.
- 例えば、朱舜水が伝えた明楽が梁川藩で伝承されていたことを示唆する記録もある(『音楽雑誌』第二拾五号、1892年)。
- For example, there is a record suggesting that the Mingaku brought by Shun-Shui CHU was descended from generation to generation in the Yanagawa Domain ('Music Journal,' Vol. 25, 1892).
- 他にも生のモズク(あるいは塩漬けを十分塩抜きしたもの)に衣をつけて天ぷらにしたり、吸い物、雑炊などにも利用される。
- Fresh mozuku (or salted mozuku after removing salt fully) is used for Tempura which is fried with coating of batter, suimono (clear soup), or rice gruel.
- 『類聚三代格』によると、809年(大同 (日本)4年)3月21日 (旧暦)の太政官符に雅楽寮、雑楽師が定められた。
- According to 'Ruiju sandaikyaku' (statute book written in the Heian period), gagakuryo (a government official in the ritsuryo codes, who administers gagaku [ancient Japanese court dance and music] and gakunin [players]) and zatsugakushi (a musician of various music other than gagaku) were established when Daijokanpu (official documents from Daijokan [Grand Council of State] to local governments) was issued on May 23, 809.
- 指導者は高齢化の傾向にあったが近年、若手の男性書家がテレビ番組や若者向き雑誌に登場するなど、やや様変わりしてきた。
- The instructors are aging, but they have undergone a great change recently as a young male Shoka appear on TV programs and in magazines for young people.
- 『明六雑誌』のこれまで述べてきたような特徴は、彼らの論説に混じって掲載された翻訳の中にその源泉を見ることができる。
- The origin of above characteristics of 'Meiroku Zasshi' can be seen in the translations published along with their articles.
- 『明六雑誌』は識者同士が議論すること、そしてそれを誌上に掲載することで世論を喚起しようとした新しいメディアである。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' was a new media which tried to evoke public opinion by discussion between experts and publication of them.
- 大坂在住の文人・木村兼葭堂(1736 - 1802年)の『蒹葭堂雑録』によると、元は下鴨神社に伝来したものである。
- According to 'Kenkado Zatsuroku' by Osaka-based man of literature, Kenkado KIMURA (1736-1802), the Satake version was originally a hereditary article of the Shimogamo-jinja Shrine.
- 題詠によって現実的な心情変化の歌ではなく、定められたお題の中でより複雑に工夫された象徴的な歌が主流になって行った。
- Because of daiei, realistic poems depicting the changes of emotion were being outmoded, and complex symbolic poems elaborated in the given theme came to predominate.
- 構成は古今和歌集を基とし、春(上・下)、夏、秋(上・下)、冬、賀、別、羇旅、哀傷、恋(四巻)、雑(六巻)からなる。
- The poems were classified into the following categories based on Kokin Wakashu (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry): Spring (two volumes), Summer, Autumn (two volumes), Winter, Celebration, Separation, Journey, Elegies, Love (four volumes), and Miscellaneous (six volumes).
- 一方、私奴婢は、破産農民などでしめられており、地方の大地主の元で農作業やその他の雑務に従事していることが多かった。
- Meanwhile, Shinuhi mostly consisted of bankrupt peasants, and was often engaged in farming work or other routine tasks for local large landowners.
- 雑賀では、『昔阿波物語』に「主護(守護)はなく、百姓持に仕りたる国にて候」と記されるほどに守護の影響力は薄かった。
- In Saiga, the power of Shugo was so small that it was described as 'There is no Shugo and it was a country governed by farmers' in 'Mukashi Awamonogatari' (Tale of Old Awa Province).
- 佐武伊賀守は的場源四郎と共に小雑賀の城に籠城し、三十二日間にわたって守り抜き、太田城開城後に続いて開城したという。
- It is said that Iganokami SATAKE held a castle of Kozaika with Genshiro MATOBA, and continued to guard it for 32 days, finally surrendering after the surrender of Ota-jo Castle.
- が、2月8日には土橋平次・平尉(平丞)兄弟は逃亡、根来寺泉識坊は討ち取られるなど雑賀の内紛は孫一の勝利で決着した。
- But Magoichi won in this internal trouble of Saiga after the Dobashi brothers of Heiji and Heinojo escaped on March 12 and the Senshiki-bo Temple of the Negoro-ji Temple was defeated.
- 天正8年(1580年)に本願寺が織田信長と和睦してから、雑賀では次第に鈴木孫一と土橋若大夫が対立するようになった。
- After the reconciliation of the Hongan-ji Temple with Nobunaga ODA in 1580, Magoichi SUZUKI and Wakatayu DOBASHI in Saiga had gradually increased conflicts.
- 何故なら、定例演説会で個別のテーマについて意見交換し、それを基に筆記したものが『明六雑誌』に掲載されたからである。
- It is because the discussions on specific themes at periodical speech meetings were published on 'Meiroku Zasshi.'
- 1580年、顕如が最終的に抗戦を断念し、石山本願寺を退去して雑賀の鷺森に移ると鈴木氏もこれに従い、織田氏に服属する。
- In 1580, when Kennyo finally gave up the resistance and left Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple then moved to Saginomori in Saiga, the Suzuki clan followed Kennyo and submitted to the Oda clan.
- 春季にはヒカゲツツジ、シャクナゲなどが新緑の山々を彩り、秋季には雑木林が全山紅葉し、条件が整った朝には雲海が現れる。
- In spring, the mountains put on fresh green colors and are variegated with Rhododendron keiskei, Rhododendron metternichii and so on; in autumn, all the copses in the mountains change color, and under certain conditions, a sea of clouds emerges in the morning.
- 複雑な地形での機動や備単位での迂回、行軍隊形から戦闘隊形への即座転換などをこなす事ができるが、正面衝力は大きく劣る。
- It also allowed mobility and enabled individual units to take a detour on complex land formations, as well as instantaneous transition from the marching formation to a battling array, but its impact of head-on collisions was quite inferior.
- ただし、官物の免除は太政官・民部省の許可が必要だったため、国司の認めることができた不輸は原則として雑役の免除だった。
- However, the exemption of Kanmotsu required the consent of Daijokan (Grand Council of State), Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), the exemption that Kokushi could give were in principle only for Zoeki.
- しかし、当時は蒲焼の文字通り、蒲の穂のようにぶつ切りにした鰻を串に刺して焼いただけ、という食べ方で、雑魚扱いだった。
- Back then, however, just as the Chinese characters for kabayaki suggest, the way eels were eaten was that they were simply chopped into large chunks like the heads of cattails, skewered and broiled, and therefore, they were treated as coarse fish.
- 両者を分かつことは難しいので厳密には分類せず、『明六雑誌』に登場し、現代まで残った語彙のうち代表的なものを列挙する。
- The major vocabulary which appeared in 'Meiroku Zasshi' and are still used today are as follows (Since it is difficult to divide them, they are not strictly classified).
- しかし本城惣右衛門覚書によれば雑兵においては信長討伐を目的としていたことを最後まで知らされてはいなかったことになる。
- According to Honjo Soemon Oboegaki, however, rank and file soldiers were not informed of Mitsuhide's intention to kill Nobunaga.
- 雑賀衆は15世紀頃に歴史に現れ、応仁の乱の後、紀伊国と河内国の守護大名である畠山氏の要請に応じ近畿地方の各地を転戦。
- Saikashu appeared in history around the 15th century, and after the Onin War they fought in various battles in the Kinki region responding to requests from the Hatakeyama clan, which had provided the military governor and feudal lord of Kii and Kawachi Provinces for generations.
- その中で、荘園領主による勧農は、百姓や名主も期待するところであり、例として年貢の減免や雑役人夫への給付などが行われた。
- Meanwhile, the kanno by shoen owners was expected by farmers or myoshu, for example, the exemption of nengu or benefits for laborers and so on.
- このため、丹波国は甲斐国や尾張国、土佐国のように一国単位で結束した歴史を持ちにくい性質があり、丹波の歴史を複雑化した。
- For this reason, Tanba was harder to unite as one province than other provinces like Kai, Owari and Tosa, and that made the history of Tanba complicated.
- 本編は、第一・二は蔵人(上下)、第三-六は外記(甲乙丙丁)、第七は外記蔵人方随召文書、第八は雑々任人諸例となっている。
- The records concerning Kurodo (Chamberlain) (section one and two) were compiled in Chapter one and two of the book, those concerning Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) (sections one, two, three, and four) were compiled in Chapter three to six, those concerning Geki Kurodo zuishomonjo were compiled in Chapter seven and those concerning zatsuzatsuninjin shorei were compiled in Chapter eight respectively.
- しかし他方で「台子」や「墨引」では、書院で用いる台子の飾りに関して、「カネワリ法」と呼ばれる煩雑な規則を詳述している。
- On the other hand, 'Daisu' and 'Sumibiki' describe the details of the complicated rules called the 'kanewari measurement system' for arranging utensils on daisu used in shoin.
- この頃、田楽・猿楽といった庶民の雑芸が上流貴族の生活にも入り込んでいて、後白河も今様(俗謡)を好み熱心に研究していた。
- During this period, various artistic performances like Dengaku (ritual music and dancing performed in association with rice planting) and Sarugaku (form of theater becoming the basis for Noh) were spread among the upper class court nobles, Emperor Goshirakawa liked Imayo (Popular songs) and he studied eagerly.
- 乳酸菌の生成する乳酸が雑菌の発生を抑え、麹の分解酵素により生成された糖を酵母が分解しアルコールが生成される(醸造酒)。
- Lactic acid generated from lactobacillus suppresses the development of bacteria, and sugar generated by the degrading enzyme of rice malt is degraded by yeast into alcohol (brewage).
- 地域という点からいえば、雑誌は東京周辺だけで読まれただけではなく、大阪や広島、青森など全国各地の人士にも読まれていた。
- As to the point of location, the bulletin was read not only by the people around Tokyo but also by jinshi (a person of high social standing and cultured) in various places of Japan such as Osaka, Hiroshima and Aomori.
- また『明六雑誌』の論説は、各地の新聞に(無断?)転載されることも多かったので、さらに一層の広がりを持っていたといえる。
- In addition, articles on 'Meiroku Zasshi' were often reprinted on other newspapers in various places (which might be done without permission), so that it can be said that they had wider readership furthermore.
- そして明治18年(1885年)、山田美妙、石橋思案、丸岡九華らとともに硯友社を結成、回覧雑誌『我楽多文庫』を発刊した。
- In 1885, he founded Kenyusha with Bimyo YAMADA, Shian ISHIBASHI, Kyuka MARUOKA and others, and published a magazine for circulating 'Garakuta Bunko' (Library of Mixtures).
- なお、異説として白丁・雑任の子弟に限定されていたのは元来は官人ではなく宮中詩人育成のための学科であったとする説もある。
- Also, there is another theory saying that it was subjects to nurture court poets that were originally limited to sons of hakucho and zonin, not those for officials.
- 発売された雑誌はいずれも刊記に発行日が記されているが、それが新聞に出された現実の発行日と一致しないことしばしばあった。
- The date of issue printed on the bulletin was often different from the date on newspaper when it was actually published.
- 催官人の3家以外の地下家の官人は、並官人と呼ばれ、更にその下には儀式などの際に雑用を担当する下官人と呼ばれる人々がいた。
- Other than the three families called Saikanjin, the court officials from Jigeke were called Namikanjin (general court officials) and had subordinates called Shimokanjin, who did heavy labor for the events and ceremonies.
- しかし、これは小説家・山田野理夫の著書『東北怪談の旅』で語られている古雑巾の怪異譚「古ぞうきんの仇討ち」が由来とされる。
- However the description originated from tale of monster of old cleaning rag called 'Revenge of old cleaning rag', told in 'Tohoku Kaidan no Tabi' (Trip to the scary stories in Tohoku Region) by Norio YAMADA, a novelist.
- 元は江戸時代に雑穀や水飴などを材料に使って作り上げ、庶民の間食として食べられていたので、安さから一文菓子と呼ばれていた。
- Originally, in the Edo Period, dagashi were made with grains and thick malt syrup, eaten as a snack by ordinary people, and called 'ichimon gashi' because of its low price.
- 五色の賎の1つである陵戸と似た法的身分であるが、雑戸には公民と同様に義倉負担の義務を有するところが陵戸とは異なっている。
- Zakko and ryoko (imperial tomb guard) which was one of Goshiki no sen (the base people of five colors) were similar in terms of legal status, but are different in that zakko, as with citizens, were obliged to be involved in giso (to stockpile grain in case of famine).
- なお、夫役などの特定の公事の負担などを理由として雑公事が免除されている場合には、免田・免畠・免家・免在家と呼ばれていた。
- In addition, in the case that the statute labor was exempted because of bearing a particular kuji such as compulsory service, it was called menden (duty free agricultural field), menhata, menke or menzaike.
- 当初は『史学雑誌』78-9や『史林』55-6、56-1など、権威あるとされる研究誌での公表を行い、一定の評価を得ていた。
- He publicized his achievements in authoritative journals such as 'Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies) 78-9, 'shirin' 55-6. 56-1, achieving a measure of legitimacy.
- そもそも、明治4年(1871年)の戸籍法は不備が多く、多くの機能(印鑑証明、地券等)を持たせたことにより、複雑となった。
- There were many defects in the Family Registration Law of 1871 to begin with, and since many functions (certificates of seal impressions, certificates of land titles, etc.) were added to it, it became complicated.
- 足利義昭や毛利輝元は当時から織田方の敗北を喧伝していたし、雑賀衆も半年もたたないうちに再度挙兵して信長と戦うようになる。
- Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA and Terumoto MORI had trumpeted the defeat of the Oda side in those days, and Saiga shu rose an army again and fought with Nobunaga within half a year.
- また織田氏との戦いでは敵対した宮郷などとも関係を修復し、ここに根来・雑賀が共同で羽柴秀吉に対抗するという構図が生まれた。
- In addition, it restored the relationship with the opposing groups such as miyago in the battle with the Oda clan, which led to the pattern that Negoro and Saiga cooperated to oppose Hideyoshi HASHIBA.
- この複雑な賤民の等級は、唐令の賤民制度の継承であるが、それは中世武家法における賤民制度とちがった律令法の特徴をなしている。
- This complex classification of senmin succeeded the senmin system of torei (codes in the Tang era), and characterizes ritsuryo law as something different from the senmin system under medieval samurai law.
- 1930年(1930年)1月古典籍の収集家林若樹氏により不明者から購入、雑誌「日本及日本人」に発表されその存在が知られる。
- In January, 1930, Wakaki HAYASHI, a collector of historical books, purchased the Honjo Soemon Oboegaki from an unknown person and published it in the magazine 'Nihon oyobi Nihonjin' (Japan and the Japanese); it's existence finally becomes known.
- 雑務とは文字どおり「その他もろもろの仕事・案件」を意味する言葉であり、所務に対する用語として使用された(所務沙汰も参照)。
- Zatsumu literally means 'miscellaneous business' and was used in contrast to Shomu (see shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues) for reference).
- 握り寿司は、人間の手で腐敗しやすい生鮮魚介類と酢飯を握る工程を行うものであり、その過程で雑菌が付着することは避けられない。
- Nigiri-zushi is made through a process of combining vinegared rice with perishable seafood by hand, and bacterial contamination is inevitable in the process.
- いわゆる上手物(じょうてもの)とは程遠い、日常雑器の茶碗に過ぎないが、いかにも侘び茶にふさわしい素朴で力強い味わいがある。
- Although only everyday items and far from being what are known as 'jotemono' (refined art), they have a simple yet powerful charm which is suitable for wabicha (literally, 'poverty tea style').
- 紙に切り込みを入れなくても比較的簡単に複雑な形を表現でき、また色違いの紙を使うことでカラフルな作品に仕上げることもできる。
- Intricate models can be expressed relatively easily without cutting paper, and colorful designs can be achieved by using paper in different colors.
- 詔書は天皇と公卿全員の意見の一致が必要であり、手続きが煩雑なため、即位、改元など儀式的な事項にのみ用いられるようになった。
- The imperial rescript required a consensus among the emperor and all the Court nobles, and because of its complex procedure, it was used only on the ritual events such as accession and kaigen (changing the name of an era).
- 江戸時代には宮中で雑用を勤めた「稚児」の正装であり、江戸時代後半には多くの公家は元服の時童直衣を用い、加冠後衣冠に替えた。
- In the Edo period it was the official costume of 'Chigo' (a page) who did routine work in the Imperial Palace, in latter half of the Edo period, many court nobles wore Warawa noshi for the coming-of-age ceremony and they changed to ikan (traditional formal court dress) after wearing the crown.
- ほかにも、千人の僧侶と、そして『醍醐雑事記』には「その数幾万億を知らず」ともかかれるほどの熱狂した大群集が集ったのだった。
- According to 'Daigo zojiki' (Records of the History of Daigo-ji Temple), 'hundreds of millions of' excited people gathered, in addition to one thousand monks.
- これによって雑戸の復活が行われたと解釈される場合が多く、それが先の天平16年の勅を一時的なものと解釈する根拠となっている。
- This order is often thought to have brought back zakko, which serves as the basis for interpreting the above-mentioned imperial decree in 744 as temporal.
- 明六社が発足してより約一年後、社長であった森有礼は『明六雑誌』の毎月の売れた部数は平均3205冊であると演説で述べている。
- About one year after Meirokusha was established, Arinori MORI who was the president told that the average sales of 'Meiroku Zasshi' every month was 3,205 in a speech.
- 1893年10月1日に内地雑居講究会を母体として安部井磐根・坂本則美・佐々友房・神鞭知常・大井憲太郎らによって結成される。
- It was formed on October 1, 1893, by Iwane ABEI, Norimi SAKAMOTO, Tomofusa SASSA, Tomotsune KOMUCHI and others, with Naichi Zakkyo Kokyukai (The Society for Research on Mixed Residence of Foreigners and Japanese in Japan) as it's parent organization.
- このとき、信長の盟友であった徳川家康が信雄に加担し、さらに家康に通じて長宗我部元親や紀伊国雑賀党らも反秀吉として決起した。
- At this time Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was an ally of Nobunaga, stood on Nobukatsu's side, and Motochika CHOSOKABE, Saika party of Kii province and others joined the war against Hideyoshi.
- その内容は前半が作者付、後半が雑多な伝書の抄録となっており、「自家の伝書の抄」であることからこの題が付けられたと思われる。
- This book is thought to have gained its title, literally means 'Personal Excerpts,' due to the fact that it is a collection of excerpts of noh related texts of the author of which, as the first half of this is a sakushazuke and the second half is composed of miscellaneous excerpts of noh texts.
- 浜手の織田勢は淡輪(現岬町)から三手に分かれて孝子峠を越え、雑賀側の防衛線を突破して南下し、中野城 (紀伊国)を包囲した。
- The Oda army of the beach side separated into three groups at Tannowa (Misaki-cho at present), went over the Kyoshi Pass, went down south, breaking the defense line of the Saiga side and besieged the Nakano-jo Castle (Kii Province).
- なお、おそらくこの際の岸和田城攻防戦が伝説化され、大蛸に乗った法師が雑賀・根来衆を追い払ったとする蛸地蔵伝承へと変化した。
- As an aside, it was perhaps this story of the battle for Kishiwada-jo Castle which became a legend, evolving into the tradition of Octopus Jizo, where a priest riding on a giant octopus beat off Saigashu and Negoroshu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple).
- 畠山氏は実権はないものの、秀吉との抗争に当たっては根来・雑賀衆に名目上の盟主として担がれており、上方勢の攻撃対象になった。
- The Hatakeyama clan did not have real power, but since it was held as a nominal head of the battle with Hideyoshi by Negoro and Saiga shu, it was attacked by the Kamigata army.
- 更に管領を輩出する畠山氏・斯波氏でも家督相続を巡る争いが発生して将軍後継者争いと連動を始めたことから問題は複雑化していった。
- The conflict deepened still more after disputes arose within both the Hatakeyama and the Shiba clans, both families that had produced many Kanrei, over who should succeed to the headship of the clan, these new struggles combining with and further exacerbating the ongoing fight over the shogunal succession.
- 義満の「道有」、「天山」、義教の「雑華室」であり、これらの印がついた宝物は義政のコレクションである「東山御物」へと発展した。
- There were 'Doyu' and 'Tenzan' of Yoshimitsu, 'Zakkeshitsu' of Yoshinori, and these treasures developed into 'Higashiyama gomotsu' (Imperial treasures owned by the Ashikaga family) of the collection of Yoshimasa.
- 9世紀~10世紀ごろ、律令制の解体にともなって、律令上の租税体系である租庸調制も次第に崩壊し、官物・雑役へと変質していった。
- Around the 9th or 10th century, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and the Soyocho tax system collapsed and as a result, the taxes due changed into kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zatsueki (odd-job tasks).
- 「類聚雑要抄」には、盛菓子、交菓子の称呼があることから、盛屯食は一種を、荒屯食は種々の物をまぜて、盛ったものであろうという。
- According to 'Ruijuzoyosho' (a book explaining the furnishings in ceremonies and events in detail with sketches), Moritonjiki might be served with one ingredient while Aratonjiki might be served with various ingredients because of the presence of Morigashi and Mazegashi.
- こうした施策によって国司苛政上訴は沈静化したものの、雑役免荘園や国免荘などの登場で荘園拡大は必ずしも十分に抑制されなかった。
- Although the cases of Kokushi kasei joso were decreased by the implementation of these policies, the expansion of shoen was not curbed enough due to the advent of zoyakumen (exception from all levies except the regular land tax) shoen or Kokumen sho (a shoen allowed exemption from so or other tribute in benpo or binho system) and so on.
- 国防婦人会の会服となった割烹着は、1913年発行の雑誌『婦人之友』に掲載された笹木幸子考案の「家庭用仕事着」であるとされる。
- The kappogi adopted as a uniform by the Japan National Defense Women's Association is thought to have been a type of 'clothing for household chores' that was invented by Sachiko SASAKI and introduced in an edition of the magazine 'Fujin no Tomo' (a Japanese magazine for urban middle-class women) that was published in 1913.
- これは濃厚な調味料を使い、素材の外見や生の風味が失われるぐらいに複雑に調理したフランス料理や中華料理と比較すると明白である。
- This feature is apparent when compared with French or Chinese dishes whereby food is cooked in a complicated procedure, using strong seasonings to the extent that their original texture and taste are lost.
- 直衣が許されるのは、多くが公卿(従三位以上もしくは参議以上)であるが、位階によって自動的に「雑袍宣旨」が下されるのではない。
- People who were court nobles, (higher rank than Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank - or state councilor) were allowed to wear Noshi, but 'Zappo Shenshi' was not automatically allowed because of official rank.
- 上記のように世阿弥や金春禅竹の伝書に比べれば全体的な構成を欠き、思想的な深みも見られず、雑多な能の知識を集成した書ではある。
- As noted above, compared to written records by Zeami and Zenchiku KONPARU it lacks an overall structure as well as philosophical depth, and it is a written work that is merely a collection of various information on noh play.
- このような新文体への挑戦は文学の分野で作家たちだけがしていたのではなく、当時の新聞や雑誌記事などでも並行的に行なわれていた。
- Such challenges to new writing styles were not performed not only in the field of literature but also in contemporary newspaper and magazine articles concurrently.
- 「いき」は現代ではしばしば拡大解釈されており、ファッション雑誌などに乱用されるように、正確な意味を把握していないことも多い。
- The meaning of 'iki' is often overinterpreted in the modern period, and it is often used without recognition of its precise meaning, like being abused in fashion magazines, etc.
- もっとも季語を含まない俳句もあり、その場合には、江戸俳諧の発句では雑(ぞう)の句、子規以降の近代俳句では無季俳句と呼ばれる。
- It is true, however, that some haiku poems have no season word and, in such cases, those haiku poems were referred to as 'zo no ku' (miscellaneous poems) in hokku (the first line of waka or haiku) of haikai in the Edo period which became known as mukihaiki (haiku without season word) in the modern haiku after the generation of Shiki MASAOKA.
- 元禄年間に一条家の命で『類聚雑要抄』(平安末期の故実書)を絵画化した際に、参考資料として東園基量が提示したことから流布した。
- It was widely circulated after Motokazu HIGASHIZONO showed it as a reference when the 'Ruiju Zatsuyoho' (a book on court lore from the end of Heian period) was pictorialized on the orders of the Ichijo family during the Genroku era.
- 春、夏、秋、冬、賀、別、物名、雑(上・下)、神楽歌、恋(五巻)、雑春、雑秋、雑賀、雑恋、哀傷の二十巻、約1350首からなる。
- It consists of approximately 1350 poems: twenty volumes organized under headings of spring, summer, autumn, winter, congratulations, parting, acrostics, miscellaneous (One, Two), Kagura uta (poems, the theme of which is sacred Shinto dancing), love (five volumes), miscellaneous spring, miscellaneous autumn, miscellaneous congratulations, miscellaneous love, and laments.
- 中世の土地支配権は近世のような「一つの土地に一人の領主」は確立されておらず、その支配体系も近世のものよりずっと複雑であった。
- Sway over lands in the middle ages had not been evolved to 'one lord in one land' as in the Early-Modern period yet, and the swaying system was much more complicated than that of the Early-Modern ages.
- 天正10年6月3日朝に堺経由で情報がもたらされると、親織田派として幅を利かせていた鈴木孫一はその夜のうちに雑賀から逃亡した。
- After it was informed via the Sakai region in the morning of July 2, 1582, Magoichi SUZUKI, who had power as a pro-Oda group, escaped from Saiga during the night.
- 『明六雑誌』は特定の意見を発信するというよりも、様々な問題を提起し、知識を紹介して人々の関心を高めること自体が目的であった。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' aimed to raise awareness of people by proposing various problems and introducing knowledge rather than sending specific opinions.
- 一方で華族の私生活も一般の興味の対象となり、柳原白蓮や大山巌の山川捨松逸話など、多くの華族スキャンダルが新聞や雑誌を賑わせた。
- Kazoku's private lives also attracted people's interest, and many scandals including the one by Byakuren YANAGIHARA and the one by Iwao OYAMA and Sutematsu YAMAKAWA were written in newspapers and magazines.
- ただしもし死家に父子祖孫伯叔兄弟等なくして、復讐される憂がないものは、あるいは他国の雑戸および陵戸、官戸、家人、奴婢に充てる。
- If the person murdered does not have any relations and therefore is not at any risk of being revenged, the criminal shall be affected to a group of technicians, Ryoko, Kanko, Kenin or Nuhi.
- 宮中行事の時複雑な式での作法などをメモする目的で用いられたとも言うが、女性の場合は他人の視線から咄嗟に顔を隠す場合に重宝した。
- It is said that hiogi fans were used as notes of complicated manners of court functions, and women used these fans to hide their faces at once to avoid people's eyes.
- 本書は現代の研究者からは、江戸時代に利休回帰が求められるなかで、「茶道」が複雑に理論化した実態を示す資料として用いられている。
- This book is used by modern researchers as the material showing the true state in the Edo period: 'Sado' was expected to return to Rikyu's style, but it grew into a complicated theory.
- これらの新聞や雑誌で連載された主流漫画とは別に、駄菓子屋やおもちゃ屋の店頭で販売される2 - 3色刷りの薄い漫画本が存在した。
- Aside from these mainstream comics which were serialized in newspapers and magazines, there were thin and two or three colored comic books sold at mom-and-pop candy stores and toy stores.
- 彼らは内地雑居への反対運動を通じて次第に連携を強め、1893年に安部井磐根・佐々友房・神鞭知常らによって大日本協会を結成した。
- They developed a strong partnership as they led the opposition movement against the government's policy of allowing non-Japanese to live anywhere in Japan, and Iwane ABEI, Tomofusa SASSA, Tomotsune KOMUCHI and some other activists formed the Dai Nihon Kyokai (Great Japan Association) in 1893.
- マキノ入社直後、嵐はマキノ省三から「このなかからやりたい役を選べ」と雑誌『少年倶楽部』昭和2年(1927年)3月号を渡される。
- Soon after having joined the company of Makino, Arashi was handed the 1927 March issue of the Shonen Club (Boys' Club) magazine by Shozo MAKINO who said, 'Choose a role that you want to play from the stories here.'
- 10号までの発行元は万春堂であったが、翌年の近藤の死去によって巌本善治が編集人となり、11号以降は発行元が女学雑誌社へと移る。
- This magazine was published by Manshundo up to the tenth issue but, with the passing of Kondo, Yoshiharu IWAMOTO became the editor-in-chief and, starting with the eleventh issue, the publisher changed to Jogaku Zasshisha.
- 上巻には四季の歌を、中巻は恋と雑、下巻には恋百十首・雪月花などの十題百首や、離別・羇旅・哀傷・釈教・神祇などの雑の歌を収める。
- Volume one includes poems about the four seasons, volume two about love and miscellany, and volume three contains 110 poems of love, 100 poems on ten subjects including Setsugekka (Snow, the Moon and Flowers), and miscellaneous poems about separation, traveling, mourning, Buddhism, and worshipping.
- 雑務沙汰(ざつむさた/ぞうむさた)とは、中世日本で使用された用語であり、所領・年貢を除く民事関係の相論・訴訟・裁判のことである。
- Zatsumusata is a term that was used in medieval Japan, referring to civil dispute, suit, and trial except for territory and land tax.
- また、足利将軍家や畠山氏、斯波氏などの後継者争いなど複雑な事情も重なった結果、応仁元年(1467年)には応仁の乱の勃発に至った。
- Furthermore, as a result of complicated issues such as the succession race of the Shuogun Ashikaga family, the Hatayama clan and the Shiba clan, positioning to accede to the shogunate, the Onin War broke out in 1467.
- また、華族は現在の芸能人的な扱いもされており、「婦女画報」等の雑誌には華族子女・夫人のグラビア写真が掲載されることもよくあった。
- In those days, Kazoku were some kind of object of people's attention like today's celebrity, and gravure pictures of girls and wives of kazoku often made the pages of magazines such as 'Fujo Gaho' (the Women Pictorial).
- この特殊な天地盤においても、『占事略决』で解説されている技法は、現代のものよりも複雑であったり現代には伝わっていなかったりする。
- Concerning the techniques of this unique Tenchiban, those explained in 'Senji ryakketsu' are more complicated than the current ones, or have not been passed down to the present.
- 『付喪神記』の冒頭に「陰陽雑記に云ふ。器物百年を経て、化して精霊を得てより、人の心を誑かす、これを付喪神と号すと云へり」とある。
- At the beginning of 'Tsukumogami-ki,' there is a description that states, 'According to 'Inyo Zakki,' tools acquired souls and deceived people's hearts 100 years after they were produced. They were called Tsukumogami.'
- 「井戸」のように15 - 16世紀の朝鮮王朝時代の日常雑器だったものと、「御所丸」のように日本からの注文で作られたものとがある。
- Ido' style bowls were made for everyday use in the 15th and 16th centuries during the Joseon period and 'goshomaru' style bowls were order made for the Japanese market.
- 百両と名刀「庚申丸」の所在が転々とするうちに、3人の吉三をめぐってそれまで隠されていた複雑な人間関係が徐々に明らかになっていく。
- As the whereabouts of the 100 ryo and the noted sword 'Koshinmaru' keep changing, the complicated personal relationships around the three Kichisa begin to be revealed.
- そしてもう一方に、加賀一向一揆や紀伊雑賀などの惣国一揆を代表とする大名の支配を排した地域自治体制、いわば「ヨコの連帯」があった。
- Another was the local government framework which eliminated the daimyo's rule such as the Kaga Ikko ikki Revolt and sokoku ikki including Kii Saiga, what was called 'a sideways solidarity.'
- 鈴木孫一は石山本願寺に篭った雑賀衆の中でも最有力の頭目のひとりで、孫一自身も本願寺の門徒でもあったので本願寺にきわめて信頼された。
- Magoichi SUZUKI was one of the most powerful leaders in the Saigashu that barricaded themselves inside of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, and as Magoichi himself was a follower of Hongan-ji Temple, he was extremely trusted by Hongan-ji Temple.
- 公共交通機関でのアクセスは通常はないが、夏季等繁雑期のみフェリー発着時間に合わせて東舞鶴駅より路線バスの運行が行われることがある。
- Usually it is not accessible by public transportation but a local bus service may be available from Higashi-Maizuru Station in response to the arrival and departure times on occasions when many visitors can be expected, for example in summer.
- 高野山からは米、塩、醤油、味噌、酒、魚、その他日用雑貨品が、山中からは木炭、木材、箸、経木、コウゾ、割菜、高野豆腐がもたらされた。
- They received rice, salt, soy sauce, bean paste, liquor, fish and other convenience goods from Mt. Koya, and they sent charcoal, lumber, chopsticks, wood shavings, paper mulberry, dried stems of the taro, and freeze-dried tofu to it.
- その調達方法については諸説あるものの、租や正税・地子交易を用いた現地における調達や雑徭による製作によって入手したと考えられている。
- There are various theories regarding collection method; collection at the local area using So, Shozei (rice tax) and Jishi trade (trade between tax [rice] and specialty goods), and labor for production with Zoyo are considered possibilities.
- 養老律令の雑令には「秘書玄象条」があり、「若し微祥災異有らば、陰陽寮奏せよ。訖らば季別に封して中務省に送り、国史に入れよ」とある。
- The article 'hisho gensho no jo' in Zoryo (the Law on Miscellaneous Matters) of Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) states that 'Onmyoryo should report a good omen or bad omen observed, to the emperor. The reported documents should be gathered for each season, sealed, sent to the Ministry of Central Affairs, and recorded for national history.'
- 駄菓子という名称は、当時の高級菓子の名称である上菓子の対照としてつけられたもので、関西地方では雑菓子(ざつがし)とも称されている。
- Dagashi was named to mark the contrast with 'jogashi', which were snacks of a higher quality, and in the Kansai area dagashi are also called 'zatsugashi' (miscellaneous confectionery).
- 「(日本国憲法第4条すれすれの)ストライクゾーンに精一杯(ボール)を投げ込んでいる」(岩井克巳・文藝春秋 (雑誌))とも評される。
- His attitude as the Emperor is also commented as follows; 'The Emperor is pitching balls with all his might inside the strike zone (namely, the Emperor is doing his utmost while observing the Article four of Japan's constitution)' (the source; an article written by Katsumi IWAI in Bungei Shunju magazine).
- 折り紙愛好者からは邪道扱いされることも多いが、「不切正方形一枚折りにこだわって折り方が複雑になりすぎるより良い」という意見もある。
- Many origami fans see it as an improper way of creating origami, but some say that, 'It is better than to be complicated by sticking to the fusetsu seihokei ichimaiori (single square-paper folding without cutting).'
- 一方、梅の樹は剪定に強く、むしろかなり切り詰めないと徒枝が伸びて樹形が雑然となって台無しになるばかりでなく、実の付き方も悪くなる。
- On the other hand, Japanese plum trees are resistant to pruning and if they are not trimmed sufficiently, not only can their shape be ruined, ripening of fruit can be affected.
- 雑戸(ざっこ)とは、日本の律令制において特定の官司に隷属していた大化前代の職業部に由来する手工業を中心とした技術を持つ集団のこと。
- Zakko refers to groups of technical experts mainly from handicraft industry, coming from shokugyobe (professional Be [groups of people who belonged to the Yamato Dynasty]) subordinated to specific government offices under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of Japan before the Taika Reforms.
- 一方、以上の土地に対する年紀法とは別に『御成敗式目』第41条には奴婢雑人については10年放置すれば無効になることが定められている。
- On the other hand, separated from the Nenkiho mentioned above, 'Goseibai-shikimoku' Article 41 stipulates that nuhi zonin (servant) shall be invalid after 10-year neglecting.
- 極めて独特な体裁をとり、先行する晩唐の詩人李商隠(字は義山)の編んだ『義山雑纂』に多少の類似が指摘されるほか、類書は見当たらない。
- Its writing style is extremely individualistic: there is no similar book except 'Gizan-zassan (Gizan Collection),' compiled by Shangyin LI (courtesy name Yishan), a poet of the late Tang dynasty.
- 雑誌帝国文学や明星上で発表したイタリア・イギリス・ドイツ・フランス・プロヴァンスといった海外の詩の翻訳したものをとりまとめている。
- He compiled the translated foreign poems included in the magazines such as Teikokubungaku and Myojooriginally, originally written in Italian, English, German, French, and Provencal.
- また、文章生も当初はその資格を「白丁雑任の子弟」に限定されて、貴族子弟は明経生、それ以外は文章生という明確な格差が定められていた。
- Also, at first, 'only sons of hakucho (ordinary people or inferior servants) and zonin (lower-ranking government official)' were qualified for monjosho, as there was a clear distinction that sons of nobles became myogyosho and others became monjosho.
- ただ、イネが単独で栽培されていたわけでなく、オオムギ、ヒエ、キビ、アワ、ソバなどの雑穀類の栽培やアズキ、大豆なども混作されていた。
- However, rice was not the only crop; grain, barley, barnyard millet, millet, foxtail millet, and buckwheat, as well as azuki and soya beans were also cultivated.
- さらに太平天国の乱へのイギリス・フランスの介入が本格化すると、本来ならば需要がない筈の雑穀や蝋などの軍需品の輸出の増加も始まった。
- Moreover, when the intervention in the Taiping War by England and France intensified, there was an increased demand for exports of war supplies such as cereals and wax, which were originally not in demand.
- 武士たちのぶつかり合いによる戦闘という戦場の一般的なイメージの裏で、雑兵たちは戦闘以上に「乱取り」と呼ばれる略奪行為に熱中していた。
- In the back of this general image of battlefields, battles by struggling samurai zohyo, were keen on depredation called 'randori' than battle.
- 既売却地・質流れ地の無償返付,所領や債権債務についての訴訟(雑訴)の円滑処理などを行うことを通じて、旧体制へ復帰を図る目的があった。
- The aim was to return to the old system by voluntary restoration of sold or foreclosed property and smooth processing of court cases (zasso) regarding property and debts.
- 1990年代前期、歌舞会は雑誌、テレビなどで舞妓募集を呼びかけ、事実7名の舞妓が生まれたが、伝統を重んじる一部の反対により頓挫した。
- In the early 1990's, the kabukai used magazines and TV to recruit apprentice geisha, and in fact recruited seven apprentice geisha, but was met with opposition from some traditionalists, derailing the recruitment.
- また、本来ならふんどしであるべき男性の下着がステテコになったり、元禄時代の物語なのに髪型が幕末仕様だったりするなど、雑な部分も多い。
- Additionally, sloppiness in historical accuracy is frequently seen in jidaigeki such as men wearing suteteko (undershorts) when they should be wearing loincloths and people wearing their hair in late-Edo-Period style when the story takes place in the Genroku era.
- 土佐藩軍艦府は、警備の藩兵に取締を命じ、帰艦を諭示させたが、言葉が通じず、混雑もあって、水兵側は土佐の隊旗を倒伏、逃亡しようとした。
- The Gunkan-fu (warship section) of the Tosa Domain ordered Tosa security retainers to police the sailors and urge them to return to their ship; confused as a result of the language barrier and the congestion in the area, however, the French sailors tried to escape from the security retainers, knocking over a flag of the Tosa security group in the process.
- とはいえ降参というのはあくまで名目上のことに過ぎず、雑賀衆の形式的な降伏と引き換えに織田勢が撤退したというのが事実に近いと思われる。
- However, it seems that they surrendered only nominally and that in fact, the Oda army withdrew in exchange for the nominal surrender of Saiga shu.
- 雑賀荘は上方勢により占領されたが、太田左近宗正を大将になおも地侍ら五千人が日前国懸神宮にほど近い宮郷の太田城 (紀伊国)に籠城した。
- After Saigaso was occupied by the Kamigata army, 5,000 people including jizamurai led by Sakon Munemasa OTA held Ota-jo Castle (Kii Province) at miyago which was near the Hinokuma Kunikakasu-jingu Shrine.
- 院庁(いんのちょう)は、日本の古代・中世において、院政を布いた太上天皇直属の政務機関、または女院の所務沙汰・雑務沙汰を処理した機関。
- In no cho was the direct political institution of Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor) who took the reins of Insei (a cloister government) or the institution that handled shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues) and zatsumusata (trial dealing with civil affairs) of Nyoin (woman bestowed with the title 'in') in Japanese ancient and medieval period.
- 諸藩においては、大名家直属の足軽は足軽組に編入され、平時は各所の番人や各種の雑用それに「物書き足軽」と呼ばれる下級事務員に用いられた。
- The ashigaru under the direct control of daimyo within the various domains were organized into units and during peacetime were used as low-level clerks known as 'monokaki-ashigaru' who served as watchmen and carried out miscellaneous duties.
- 邦良の幼少と病弱を考慮し、また恒明を皇太子とすることを要求する勢力を抑えるための措置だったが、結局これも問題をさらに複雑なものにした。
- This choice took into account the youth and poor health of Kuniyoshi and was a measure to suppress the force that was demanding Tsuneaki as Crown Prince, but in conclusion this only led to make the problem even more complex.
- そのため、彼らは婚姻を通して複雑なネットワークを形成し、国司の施策が自らの意向にそぐわなければ、国司へ反抗することもしばしば見られた。
- Thus, they formed complicated networks through marriage and if the measures and policies by kokushi were inappropriate for their interests, they often resisted kokushi.
- 養老律令雑令造暦条に、陰陽寮(具体的には暦博士)が毎年予め来年の暦を作成して11月1日に中務省に送り、同省はそれを天皇に奏聞すること。
- An article on calendar making given in the Zoryo (Law on Miscellaneous Matters) of the Yoro Ritsuryo Code stipulate that Onmyoryo (more concretely Rekihakase) should make beforehand a New Year calendar and submit it to the Nakatsukasasho on every November 1st and that the Nakatsukasasho should present it to the Emperor.
- ところが、平城・嵯峨両天皇の后(当時の后はそれぞれ朝原内親王・高津内親王)よりも先に高志内親王が恒世を儲けたことで事態は複雑となった。
- However, the situation became complicated because Imperial Princess Koshi gave birth to Tsuneyo before the Empresses (Imperial Princess Asahara and Imperial Princess Takatsu, respectively, on this occasion) of Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga.
- 尚この雑分中の鉛の含有率は2~3%と慶長銀と比較して高くなっており、南蛮吹による銀銅吹分けに伴いかなりの鉛が残存したものと考えられる。
- The lead contained in this miscellaneous was 2 to 3%, which means that its containment was larger than keicho-gin, and a large amount of lead must have remained by cupellating method to seperate silver and bronze, a nanban (Western Europe) -style cupellating method.
- 表題(外題)がつけられていない巻も多いが、朝廷の要職にあった時期は多くが「雑記」「愚記」、出家後は「活套」と記すことが多くなっている。
- There are many volumes without titles (cover title), but most of the diary written while he held an important position in the Imperial court have titles such as 'Miscellaneous notes' and 'Fool's notes,' and after he became a priest he often used the title of 'Katto' (miscellaneous notes of priest word).
- 上記のうち、主として田租や正税出挙に由来するものを官物(かんもつ)といい、主として調・庸・雑徭に由来するものを雑役(ぞうやく)といった。
- Among the taxes mentioned above, those that corresponded to tax paid by rice and the shozei-suiko were called kanmotsu (the tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), and those that corresponded to tax paid by textiles, tributes, labor were called zoyaku (the miscellaneous duties).
- こうした流れの中で国司行政も、所定の租税(官物・雑役など)の納入のみが求められ、その他は現地赴任の筆頭国司の裁量に任されるようになった。
- In response to this shift of the system, the administration of Kokushi (provincial governors) was required only to pay certain taxes (such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zatsueki (odd-job tasks)) with other tasks left to the discretion of the appointed head of the provincial governors.
- 子ども向けファッション雑誌や美容関係の図書ではモデルの3~13歳の少女も化粧する場合が割合多く、特に和服の場合は厚化粧になる傾向がある。
- In fashion magazines or books related to beauty treatment for children, a large proportion of girl models aged three to thirteen wear makeup, especially when they are modelling for wafuku (Japanese traditional clothes).
- 当時政権の座にあった左大臣藤原道長は、複雑な背景を有する昭登らへの宣下に消極的であったものの花山法皇の意向を受けてやむなく従ったという。
- It is told that FUJIWARA no Michinaga, a Sadaijin (minister of the left) who gained supremacy in the administration, had a negative stance about giving the title to Akinari and Kiyohito due to their complicated background, but reluctantly followed Emperor Kazan's wish.
- しかしその後、勤務校の紀要を除けば、学術雑誌や学会発表などの手段によって主張する過程を踏むことが少なくなり、学界からの反応がなくなった。
- Afterwards, aside from the annals of the school in which he was working, he publicized his opinions by means of learning journals or conference presentation less often than before, receiving no feedback from academic society.
- 明治通宝は1872年(明治5年)4月に発行され、民衆からは新時代の到来を告げる斬新な紙幣として歓迎され、雑多な旧紙幣の回収も進められた。
- Meiji Tsuho, issued in May 1872, were welcomed by the people as fresh bills that announced the arrival of a new period, and at the same time, the removal of the former bills in circulation was proceeded.
- 雑誌の性質上、娯楽性には欠けていたものの、イソップ寓話やグリム童話やハンス・クリスチャン・アンデルセンなど、外国文学の翻案も紹介された。
- Due to the nature of the magazine, Jogaku Zasshi was not entertaining but it introduced adaptations of foreign literature such as Aesop's Fables, Grimm's Fairy Tales and works of Hans Christian Anderson.
- 常陸国の場合、鎌倉時代ではあるが掾官、中座、書生、一分の他国舎人・国雑色・国掌・国承仕・御子と呼ばれる身分差があったことが文書から伺える。
- In the case of Hitachi Province during the Kamakura period, we can see in documents that there were status distinctions such as takokushajin, kunizoshiki, kokusho, kokushoji and miko in jokan, chuza, shosei and ichibun.
- しかし、10世紀以後は国衙の正税から捻出されるようになり、更に11世紀には国衙の許可を得た寺社が直接現地から雑役を徴収する仕組が確立した。
- In the tenth century, however, it came to be financed by shozei (rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) of kokuga (provincial government offices) and in the eleventh century, the system was established under which temples/shrines were allowed to directly collect zatsueki by obtaining kokuga's permission.
- 延久2年(1070年)後三条天皇の荘園整理令に従って興福寺が提出した荘園目録によると、大和国内の興福寺の荘園のおよそ8割が雑役免田だった。
- In 1070, based on the shoen list that Kofuku-ji Temple submitted following the Manor Regulation Acts by Emperor Gosanjyo, about 80% of the Shoen owned by Kofuku-ji Temple in Yamato Province were Zoeki Menden.
- 昭和8年(1933年)天来の教えを受けた上田桑鳩を中心とした若い世代が「書道芸術社」を結成し、機関誌『書道芸術 (書道雑誌)』を発刊した。
- In 1933, 'Shodo Geijutsu-sha' (an organization for calligraphic art) was established centered on Sokyu UEDA who learnt under Tenrai, and 'Shodo Geijutsu (Shodo Zasshi) ' (Calligraphic art (a journal of calligraphy), its bulletin, was published.
- 前川淳によって創始された「折り紙設計」の技法は特に大きな影響を与えており、これにより初めて複雑な作品を合理的にデザインできるようになった。
- The technique of 'technical origami' developed by Jun MAEKAWA had a big influence on origami, and allowed for the rational designing of intricate models for the first time.
- 上記'individual'に当てられた様々な訳語はその一端であるが、'individual'の場合、『明六雑誌』の訳語は定着しなかった。
- The above various translations of 'individual' were a part of examples, but those appeared in 'Meiroku Zasshi' were not settled down.
- 20巻からなる本文は春(上下巻)・夏・秋(上下巻)・冬・賀・離別・羇旅・物名・恋(1~5巻)・哀傷・雑・雑体・大歌所御歌に分類されている。
- The body of Kokin Wakashu consists of 20 volumes and has been organized into the classifications including Spring (2 volumes), Summer and Autumn (2 volumes), Winter, Congratulations, Partings, Travel, Acrostics, Love (5 volumes), Laments, Miscellaneous, Miscellaneous Forms and Traditional Poems.
- 大正13年(1924年)に古泉千樫、折口信夫、石原純が新雑誌「日光」の創刊に参加して「アララギ」を離脱するなど、アララギの分裂を生み出す。
- In 1924, Chikashi KOIZUMI, Shinobu ORIKUCHI, and Jun ISHIHARA left 'Araragi' to start up a new magazine called 'Nikko' (sunlight), thereby forming a rift within Araragi.
- 平氏はまた、墨俣川の戦いに備えて、伊勢国へ水夫と船の雑役を課しており、宣旨が国司へ発出されてから10数日の内に水夫と船の徴発が完了している。
- Also, to prepare for the Battle of Sunomatagawa, the Taira clan imposed zatsueki on Ise Province so they would provide sailors and ships, and in this case, a request for sailors and ships was issued within 10 days after a senji was issued to the provincial governor.
- 全国に散らばる穂積姓鈴木氏中でも本家筋とみなされている家で、後述する雑賀衆の鈴木氏も三河国の鈴木氏もいずれも藤白の鈴木氏の分家とされている。
- It is said that, these families discussed later including the Suzuki clan of Saigashu (a Buddhist sect, Ikko groups) as well as the Suzuki clan of Mikawa Province, were regarded as the head lines among the families of Suzuki clans of with the honsei (original name) of the Hozumi scattered all over Japan, and they were the branches of the Suzuki clan in Fujishiro.
- 天皇が補任を行うために必要な文書であるため、大間書の書き方、折り方、封印方法など多くの作法が存在し、大変複雑であり、作成には慎重が期された。
- Since it was a necessary document for the Emperor to conduct Bunin (appointment of government post), there were many and very complicated manners for Omagaki such as how to write, how to fold, how to seal and so on, and Omagaki was created with extra care.
- しかし『明六雑誌』の啓蒙主義は、迷信や因習に縛られない自由で合理的な精神を追求し、欲望や利害に関し肯定的な功利主義に立つ人間像をもっていた。
- However, the philosophy of enlightenment in 'Meiroku Zasshi' had an image of human who sought a free rational sprit independent from superstition and convention and stood on utilitarianism which was affirmative for desires and interests.
- 明治政府の外交を柔弱と非難して、「条約励行・自主外交・対清強硬」を掲げて対等条約締結以外の一切の条約改正の拒否、内地雑居反対論などを掲げた。
- The Dai Nihon Kyokai condemned the Meiji government's diplomacy as weak-kneed, and under the slogans of 'the rigorous enforcement of the treaties,' 'an autonomous foreign policy,' and 'a hard-line stance against Qing,' it primarily advocated the refusal of all treaty revisions except for the conclusion of treaties on equal terms and opposition to mixed residence of foreigners and Japanese in Japan.
- 明治期まで「川柳」、「川柳風狂句」ないし「川柳狂句」とよばれたのは、川柳という宗匠を頂点とする会員による狂句で、それ以外の雑俳と区別された。
- It continued to be called 'senryu,' 'senryufu kyoku,' or 'senryu kyoku' until the Meiji period, as it was kyoku composed by the members whose master was Senryu; this differentiated kyoku from other zappai (playful literature originating from haiku).
- 概して言えば、初期の抄物は純粋な手控え・聞書の形式が多く、後期になるほど右に述べたような複雑な成立ちによるものや集大成形式のものが多くなる。
- As a whole, most of the earliest shomono took the form of notes or verbatim records, as time passed, though, more and more complicated forms, as mentioned above, as well compiled books appeared.
- また、『尊卑分脈』や『醍醐雑抄』『平家物語補闕剣巻』では、やはり顕時の孫にあたる葉室時長(はむろときなが、藤原氏)が作者であるとされている。
- Also, according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble), 'Daigo Zassho' (miscellaneous records made at the Daigo-ji Temple Hon-in), and 'Heike Monogatari Hoketsu Tsurugi no maki' (Supplement Volume, Sword, of Heike Monogatari (The Tale of Heike)) Tokinaga HAMURO (the Fujiwara Clan), a grandson of Akitoki, is considered the author.
- 序段には兼好が「つれづれなるままに」(退屈を凌ぐために)書いたとあるが、実際は兼好の思索や雑感、逸話を通じて、いかに生きるかを探求する作品。
- In the preface, he wrote that 'he is going to write essays just to kill his time,' but in fact, he pursued a meaningful life through his contemplation, miscellaneous thoughts, and anecdotes.
- 「三十六人集」の中に『猿丸大夫集』なるものがあるが、後人による雑纂古歌集であり、その中の歌が猿丸大夫が作ったものであるかは検証が必要である。
- Although 'Sarumarutayushu' is included in 'Sanjurokunin-shu,' it is a collection of miscellaneous old waka by a later compiler and, therefore, it is necessary to verify if the waka in it was really composed by Sarumaru no Taifu or not.
- この背景として、脱走軍は榎本武揚が指導者になっているとは言え、元藩主や元幕府老中といった大名クラスも参加しており、君臣の関係が複雑であった。
- 表現を変更しました。
- 『戦国の武将たち』によると、この時尼崎城には毛利氏、石山本願寺、雑賀衆の御番衆もいたので、荒木村重の意見は通らなくなってしまったとしている。
- According to 'Sengoku no Bushotachi,' as there were observers of the Mori clan, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and Saigashu were in Amagasaki-jo Castle at that time, Murashige ARAKI's opinion was not accepted.
- 留学生たちは、自らが日本の大学で新知識の吸収に努めたばかりでなく、雑誌を自ら立ち上げてそこに翻訳を掲載したり、書物にまとめて刊行したりした。
- Chinese students not only tried by themselves to absorb new knowledge in universities in Japan but also published own magazines in which their translations were published and also published their articles in the form of books.
- この雑誌は、『イラストレイテッド・ロンドン・ニューズ』特派通信員として来日したチャールズ・ワーグマンが出版したもので、風刺漫画で有名である。
- This magazine was published by Charles Wirgman, who had come to Japan as a correspondent for the 'Illustrated London News'; the Japan Punch became famous for its cartoons.
- その他の諸国の本所領については当分の間、本所の雑掌と預かり人(半済令によって所領を占拠している武家)が半分ずつに分割する(事実上の下地中分)。
- Territories in other various districts owned by honjo were divided in half between a honjo's zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) and an azukarinin (person left in charge of one's belongings, etc.) of a samurai family that had occupied the territory taking advantage of Hanzeirei (This could be virtually regarded as Shitaji chubun, which means a 'physical division of the land').
- 戦後舞台に復帰した宮城が設立した「劇団なでしこ」による演劇の興行や、出版部が雑誌「マキノ」(1947年10月 - 1948年1月)を出版した。
- Geinosha promoted stage production by Gekidan Nadeshiko (Nadeshiko Theatrical Company), that had been established by Miyagi who returned to the theater after the war and its publishing section to publish 'Makino' between October 1947 - January 1948.
- 「上方落語」という言葉は、花月亭九里丸著書の『寄席楽屋事典』によると、1932年(昭和7年)7月1日発行の雑誌『上方』十九号で初めて使われた。
- According to 'Yose Gakuya Jiten' (Dictionary of Backstage Slang in the Rakugo Theater) by Kurimaru KAGETSUTEI, the term, 'Kamigata rakugo,' first appeared in the nineteenth issue of the journal 'Kamigata' published on July 1, 1932.
- 幕末には、京阪は四季に関係なく鯛ばかりを使用している上、切り方から盛り付けまで乱雑である(『守貞漫稿』)と批判されるほどにまで差がついていた。
- At the end of the Edo period, only tai was used in Kyoto and Osaka regardless of the season, but it was criticized as being untidy in both slicing and arrangement ('Morisada Manko').
- しかし、掛け声は上演中に観客から声を発する行為であり無制限に行えば雑音となるため、不文律として以下に挙げられる決まりごとが言われることが多い。
- However, as for kakegoe, since there are shouts from the audience during performances and it sometimes might become annoying, there are unwritten rules as follows.
- また、ロシア帝国との間では1875年に、樺太・千島交換条約が締結され、それまで日露雑居地とされた樺太および千島列島における日露国境が確定した。
- Also in 1875, the government concluded the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire to determine the border between Japan and the Russian Empire in Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, which was a mixed residential quarter of Japan and the Russian Empire until then.
- 根来・雑賀衆は、相手がどれほどの大軍であっても、先陣を切って攻めてくる敵の精鋭さえ撃ち倒してしまえばそれで敵を退けることができると考えていた。
- Negoro and Saiga shu thought that they could stand down enemies if they defeated the vanguard elite troops even against a big army.
- さらに国衙と給主(寺社・貴族)は官物・雑役を分け合う体制(半不輸)だったため、国衙に検田権があり給主の立場は不安定だった(当然、不入権もない)。
- Furthermore, kokugas and landlords (temples, shrines, and aristocrats) shared kanmotsu and zatsueki as a system (half tax exemption) and kokuga had the right of cadastral surveys and so the status of the landlords was unstable (naturally, they did not have funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property)).
- こうした臨時雑役は、例えば、造内裏役、大嘗会役、役夫工米、造国分寺役、造一宮役などが代表的であり、当時は、勅事国役や院事国役などと呼ばれていた。
- These temporary tasks included the provision of a service to build a palace, service daijoe (great thanksgiving), yakubukumai (rice tax levied by the grand shrine), building provincial monasteries, and building high-ranking shrines, and the provision of services or rice listed above was at the time called chokuji or inji kokuyaku (tasks or services imposed by the imperial court).
- しかし華族の五等爵をさらに増やすことによる制度の煩雑化と、公家や大名と同様、華族としての待遇を望む元勲の勢力によって、士族の爵位創設は頓挫した。
- However, a title for the warrior class could not be established due to the complexity of adding another title to Gotoshaku (a five-rank peerage system), and through efforts made by genkun (the statesmen who contributed in the Meiji Restoration) who wanted to be treated as the peerage, like Court nobles and daimyo (Japanese territorial lords).
- 雑役免田は定免田化されると給主の権利が強まり、官物の不輸や国使入部を拒否する不入権を獲得することで、給主の一円支配を認めた荘園に転化していった。
- The Jyomenden of Zoeki Menden strengthened the rights of the Kyunushi and led to the Funyuken (right to refusal of entry of Kokushi), or exemption of tax, changing into the overall control of the Kyunushu of Shoen.
- あるいは一つの卦にいくつかの卦をまとめてある場合や一つの卦に対して多数の説があげてある場合もあり、これら異説については煩雑なので記載を省略した。
- Further, there are cases where some divination signs are lumped together into one divination sign or where one divination sign leads to many views, but I omitted these different opinions in order to avoid complicated explanation.
- これ以降、先に出された遺題を解き新たな遺題を出すという連鎖(遺題継承)が始まり、和算で扱われる問題は急速に実用の必要を超え、技巧化・複雑化した。
- Since then, the chain of solving an idai and presenting a new one in a new edition started (the succession of idai), and as such, the mathematical problems in wasan became increasingly technical and complicated beyond practical needs.
- 万葉歌人としても万葉集巻1雑歌28に藤原宮御宇天皇代(高天原廣野姫天皇 元年丁亥11年譲位軽太子尊号曰太上天皇)天皇御製歌として名を留めている。
- Her tanka (31 syllables' poem) appears in Manyoshu volume one as the 28th zoka (poems other than love poems and elegies), and her name is referred to as the Empress at Fujiwara Palace (Takamanohara Hirono Hime no Sumeramikoto; who started ruling in 686 for 11 years, abdicated the throne to Karu no Hitsugi no miko [Emperor Monmu] and became a Daijo Tenno [the retired empress]).
- そもそも第30号での森の発言自体、そう言わねばならないほど明六社とその雑誌が政治的な性格を次第に帯びてきたことへの危惧の念の表明だったのである。
- Mori's comment in the 30th issue itself showed his concern about that Meirokusha and its bulletin had gradually become political.
- その一方で国民協会は独自の院内会派を結成しなかったために、国民協会所属のまま会派だけは中央交渉会に籍をおく議員が存在するなど複雑な状態となった。
- On the other hand, there were some councilors who belonged to Kokumin Kyokai while remaining to be members of the Central Negotiation Committee as a parliamentary group since Kokumin Kyokai didn't organize their own parliamentary group, and situation became very confusing.
- ことは複雑で事態は単純ではないが、大きな流れとしては、江戸幕末では「開国」を主張する徳川幕府や薩摩藩と、「攘夷」を主張する長州藩の対立となった。
- While the whole situation was very complex, the major trend at the end of the Edo period was that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Satsuma Domain who insisted on opening Japan to the world were at odds with the Choshu Domain who insisted on expelling foreigners.
- 良民は、高級官僚である貴族を初め、下級官人、一般の百姓(公民と呼ばれることもあった)、雑色人(品部・雑戸という工芸技術を持つ半自由民)があった。
- The ryomin included the nobles, who were high-ranking officials; low-ranking officials; general peasants, who were sometimes called 'public people'; and lower level functionaries, including semi-free skilled craftsmen known as 'shinabe' and 'zakko.'
- 8月16日、井ノ松原(現海南市)において鈴木孫一らの雑賀衆は日高郡の国人・地侍の応援を得て南郷の土豪稲井秀次・岡本弥助らと戦い、これを撃破した。
- On October 7, the Saiga shu including Magoichi SUZUKI fought with the local clan of Nango such as Hidetsugu INAI and Yasuke OKAMOTO at Inomatsubara (Kainan City at present), helped by kokujin and jizamurai in the Hidaka County, and defeated them.
- 雑賀衆の鈴木氏は、戦国時代 (日本)に紀伊国十ヶ郷(現在の和歌山市西北部、紀の川河口付近北岸)の平井(和歌山市平井)あたりを本拠地としていた土豪。
- The Suzuki clan of Saigashu (a Buddhist sect, Ikko groups) was a local clan, which had its home base situated around the area of Hirai (present Hirai, Wakayama City) of Jikkago, Kii Province (present northwest part of Wakayama City, the north shore around the river mouth of Kino-kawa River) during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 山科側の出口は3つであり、さらに新逢坂山トンネルの4つの出口と絡み合っていて複雑になっているため、ここでは山科駅からの線路配置についても説明する。
- These three portals of the Nagarayama tunnel on the Yamashina side and the four portals of the Shin-osakayama Tunnel make the structure very complicated; therefore, the allocation of the tracks from Yamashina Station is also explained here.
- このため、荘園内に残されていた臨時雑役免除などを持たなかった公民と寄人の差は実質上消滅することになり、以後は荘民という語が用いられるようになった。
- Therefore, the difference within the shoen between komin and yoriudo such as whether they were exempt from temporary zoyaku disappeared in actuality and the term shomin was used subsequently.
- 遣渤海使一行(『延喜式』大蔵省式による) 大使、判官、録事、訳語、主神、医師、陰陽師、史生、船師、射手、卜部、雑使、船工、柂師、傔人、挟杪、水手。
- Members of the Kenbokkai (according to the 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) by Okura-sho shiki); ambassador, hangan (inspector (third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period), rokuji (clerk), osa (translator), shushin (ritual official of dazaifu under the ritsuryo system, governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima), doctor, ommyoji (master of yin yang), shisho (a person handling miscellaneous duties regarding documents), funashi, ite (archer), urabe (fortune teller serving Jingikan, the Department of Worship under the ritsuryo system), tsukahibito, boat-builder, navigator, kenjin (follower), kajitori, and kako (sailor).
- 地域によっては、夕方以降、歩道や広場を使って衣料品、雑貨類を販売する大規模な市場が現れたり、歩行者天国状態にした、食品の屋台街が現れる場所もある。
- In the evening, there are places for large scale markets to open their businesses upon sidewalks; these market places sell clothing and miscellaneous goods, and there are other market locations; this is where the street stalls serve food in streets temporarily closed to vehicle traffic.
- 現在の我々の感覚からすると、存外少ない観があるが、雑誌というものが初めて登場した明治初期にあってこれは驚異的な売れ行きであったと言わねばならない。
- Although it seems to be small from our sense today, it can be said that this was a tremendous large sales in the beginning of the Meiji period when a bulletin was published for the first time.
- 構成は春(上・下)、夏、秋(上・下)、冬、離別、羇旅、哀傷、賀、恋(五巻)、雑(上・中・下)、釈教、神祇の部立からなる二十巻で、歌数は1288首。
- It consists of twenty volumes, including 1288 poems categorized into Spring (two volumes), Summer, Autumn (two volumes), Winter, Separation, Journey, Elegies, Celebration, Love (five volumes), Miscellaneous (three volumes), Shakyamuni's teachings, and Gods of Heaven and Earth.
- 構成上、先行する『玉葉和歌集』と異なるのは、春・秋を各三巻に増大した代わり、雑歌を玉葉の五巻から三巻に縮め、また賀歌を掉尾に置き換えたことである。
- The differences in structure of the collection between Fuga Wakashu and the preceding anthology 'Gyokuyo Wakashu' (Jeweled Leaves Collection) is that the compilers reduced five volumes of miscellaneous poems to three, increasing each volume of Spring and Autumn to three books instead, and moreover, a volume of Gaka (Celebration Poetry) was replaced with Chobi.
- 秀吉は1585年には先行して根来衆や雑賀衆から武器没収を行っており、また織田氏家臣の柴田勝家も越前国の一向一揆の鎮圧のために刀狩政策を行っている。
- In 1585, prior to katanagari edict, Hideyoshi confiscated weapons from negoroshu (armed monks with muskets at more than 500 temples in Negoro district collectively called Negoro Temple) and saigashu (or saikashu: musket troop of powerful families in Kishu who supported Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple), and Katsuie SHIBATA, a retainer to Nobunaga ODA, also executed a katanagari policy for putting down ikko ikki in the Echizen Province.
- また『江戸会雑誌』は享和三年正月(1803年)の数字として60万7100人を挙げている(但し男性の人口を誤って十万人多く記載していると思われる)。
- Also, according to 'Edokai zasshi,'the population in New Years 1803 (Japanese Years) was 607,100 (However, it is believed that the male population was mistakenly overstated by 100,000).
- 査読のある学術雑誌において、九州王朝を肯定的に取り上げた学術論文は皆無であり、一般に九州王朝説及び関連する主張は科学的な学説とはみなされていない。
- There are no academic theses that support the theory of the Kyushu Dynasty among the academic journals that conduct peer review, and in general any claims regarding the theory of the Kyushu Dynasty, or anything related to that matter, have not been deemed to be academic theories with any scientific proof.
- 特に和田寧の円理表の出現によって、複雑な図形の面積や、立体の体積、重心、曲線の長さなど、今日の積分法に相当する計算がかなり自在にできるようになった。
- Nei WADA's enri-hyo (enri table), in particular, enabled calculations equaling today's integration method, including the calculation of areas of complicated diagrams, volumes of solids, median points, and lengths of curves.
- ちなみに文政8年(1825年)の大小月覚え言葉は1月、3月、5月、7月、10月、12月が大月で「大好きは雑煮草餅柏餅ぼんのぼた餅亥の子寒餅」という。
- Incidentally, the long months in the year of 1825 were January, March, May, July, October, and December and a mnemonics for remembering the long months of the year was 'daisukiha zoni, kusamochi, kashiwamochi, bon no boatamochi, inoko, kanmochi' (meaning 'What I like is zoni (vegetable soup containing mochi (rice cake), eaten on January 1), kusamochi (rice-flour dumplings mixed with mugwort, eaten on March 3), kashiwamochi (a rice cake which contains bean paste and is wrapped in an oak leaf, eaten May 5), botamochi of the Obon festival (a rice ball coated with sweetened red beans, soybean flour, or sesame, eaten on the day of Obon festival (Festival of the Dead or Buddhist All Soul's Day in mid July)), inokomochi (rice cake like a little boar, eaten on the day of boar in October), and kanmochi (rice cake pounded during the coldest season in December (around present-day January)).
- 野梅系(やばいけい)の果実は小型であり、果実を利用する豊後系(ぶんごけい)(肥後系(ひごけい)とも呼ばれる)ではアンズとの交雑により大型化している。
- Fruits of the Yabai line are small in size but the edible species of the Bungo line (also called the Higo line) have become larger through crossbreeding with the apricot.
- またこれに先立って前年に雑戸とともに解放された馬飼に対して雑徭に替わってそれに相当する日数を馬寮にて交替勤務するようにとした太政官符が出されている。
- This order followed Daijokanpu (the official documents of the Daijokan, the office of the supreme political leader) issued in the previous year, which required umakai liberated together with zakko to work the shift at Meryo (the section taking care of imperial horses) for the number of days equivalent to that of, and in place of, zoyo.
- そのほかに各種の品官(ほんかん)(以上は官位相当官)や史生(ししょう)・伴部(ともべ)・使部(しぶ)などの雑任(ぞうにん、下級職員)が所属していた。
- Other thant these officials of four ranks, there were also various officall called Honkan as well as Zonin (lower-ranked staffs) such as Shisho (staff in charge of miscellaneous clerical duties), Tomobe (foreman of respective duties) and Shibe (odd-job man).
- また「町人」と「商人」は異なる身分とみなされていたとする実証的研究もあり、実際の江戸時代の身分制度はかなり錯綜した複雑な構造を持っていたようである。
- As shown in an empirical study which inferred that 'townsmen' and 'merchants' were categorized into different classes, the actual class system in the Edo period was quite a complex and complicated structure.
- 翌天正6年(1578年)5月、雑賀荘・十ヶ郷に中郷・南郷の兵も加わって宮郷の太田城 (紀伊国)を一か月にわたり包囲攻撃したが、落城には至らなかった。
- In June of the following year, 1578, he besieged and attacked the Ota-jo Castle of miyago with Saigaso, Jikkago, nakago and nango, but he could not capture it.
- 後述するような特徴はあっても明六社として、雑誌全体として何か統一的なアピール(たとえば民撰議院を導入せよ/するなといったもの)を行うことはなかった。
- Although it had following characters, it did not make a unified appeal representing Meirokusha or a bulletin (for example, for or against an introduction of democratic representatives).
- 鎌倉時代後期に河内国で楠木正成らが挙兵すると、第9代宇都宮公綱は討伐軍に参加するが、幕府滅亡後に後醍醐天皇の建武の新政がはじまると雑訴決断所を務める。
- In the late Kamakura period, when commanders including Masashige KUSUNOKI raised his army in Kawachi Province, the ninth family head, Kintsuna UTSUNOMIYA joined the bakufu forces to subdue Masashige, but after the fall of the bakufu, he worked for Zasso-Ketsudansho (agency of Kenmu government to file lawsuits) when the Kenmu Restoration (the new government) led by Emperor Godaigo started.
- 寄席での、呼び込み太鼓・鳴り物・めくりの出し入れ・色物の道具の用意と回収・マイクのセッティング・茶汲み・着物の管理など楽屋、寄席共に毎日雑用をこなす。
- They perform odd jobs both backstage and at the yose everyday, such as doing the drum signalling at the beginning of a performance, musical instruments, carrying mekuri (title board) in and out, preparing and collecting tools for iromono (various entertainment in the storytellers' theater other than story telling), setting up a microphone, serving tea and managing kimono.
- また、複雑化を避けるため当初は2区分にとどめる予定であったが、低濃度の瓶入りコーヒーも対象に含まれることになり3区分へと範囲が拡げられることとなった。
- Moreover, it was originally intended to be classified into two levels to avoid complication, but low-concentrated coffee in bottles came to be included and it was expanded in scope to three classes.
- 『明六雑誌』では「人々」・「個々人々」(以上西周)、「各個」・「人民各個」(以上西村茂樹)という訳語が当てられており、訳語に苦労したことがうかがえる。
- The translations such as '人々' and '個々人々' (by Amane NISHI) and '各個' and '人民各個' (by Shigeki NISHIMURA) in 'Meiroku Zasshi' show that they had a trouble to translate them.
- 「ナラティブ(英 narrative)」の訳語として用いられることもあり、「ストーリー」などの概念と、雑多に混同ないし併記されて使用されることも多い。
- It is sometimes used as an English equivalent for 'narrative,' and often confused with an idea of 'story' or used together with the word 'story.'
- 比較的長い詞書を持つ和歌30首からなる「熊野紀行」、和歌50首に短い詞書を付した「遠江紀行」、そしてその2つにはさまれた43首の雑纂歌集の部分である。
- One section is 'Kumano Kiko' (Travel to Kumano) of 30 waka (Japanese poetry) with relatively long kotobagaki (preface); and the other is 'Totomi Kiko' (Travel to Totomi) of 50 waka with short kotobagaki; and a section of 43 miscellaneous poems in the middle of these two sections.
- 山手・浜手の二手に分けて攻め入る方法が功を奏し、大きな損害もなく紀伊に攻め入った信長は、3月1日に雑賀衆の一人である鈴木孫一の居城を包囲し攻め立てた。
- Entering Kii without big loss thanks to divided forces into a mountain-side group and a shore-side group, Nobunaga sieged and attacked the castle of Magoichi SUZUKI, one of the Saikashu on March 30.
- 旧福知山市内には地名(字・小字)、自治会名、通称など複数の街区名が存在し、なおかつ自治会名は必ずしも別名称の街区の範囲と一致しないため非常に複雑である。
- In Old Fukuchiyama City, there are two or more block names such as place names (Aza and Koaza), names of residents' associations, commonly-called names, etc., and the name of residents' association do not always correspond to the name of the city blocks, making the area very confusing.
- これは書作品を生活雑貨やインテリア、表札などの多様なものにコンピュータ処理などを経てデザインしていくもので、書にまつわる新しい職業として注目されている。
- This is to design Shodo works into various things such as household goods, interiors, and nameplates through computer processing and others, which has attracted attention as a new profession involved with Sho.
- 材料は日本各地にある、ホオ、ニガキ、サクラ、ミズキ、タモなどの雑木、倒木して土に埋まり数百年かかって掘り出された桂などの神代(ジンダイ)などを使用する。
- The materials used are brush wood pieces such as Japanese bigleaf magnolia, bitterwood, cherry, cornel and tamo (Fraxinus mandshurica or Fraxinus sieboldiana, a type of ash) that are found throughout Japan, as well as jindai (something that was buried underground or submerged in water for many years) such as katsura (Japanese Judas tree) that fell, buried in soil and then dug out several hundred years later.
- 判官が「鮒侍とはあまり雑言、師直殿には御酒召されたか」と言うと、「何だ、酒は飲んでも飲まいでも、勤るところはきっと勤る武蔵守」とさんざんに罵りいたぶる。
- Hangan retorts by saying, 'What an insult to call me a Funa-samurai, are you drunk,' but Moronao further insults him saying, 'whether I am drunk or not, Musashi no kami (the governor of Musashi Province) performs his duty.'
- これにともない政治学の研究は従来所属していた「文学会」から分離し1887年2月「国家学会」として独立、ついで翌3月には機関誌『国家学会雑誌』を創刊した。
- In accordance with that, the study of political science was separated from 'Bungakukai' which it had belonged to, and became independent as 'Kokkagakkai' in February 1887 and first published 'Kokkagakkai-zasshi' as an organ in March of the same year.
- ただし、陶部が属していた伴部は明らかではなく、律令制(少なくても養老律令)の下で特定の官司に所属した伴部・品部・雑戸になったことを示す記録も存在しない。
- However, it is unknown which official supervised Suebe and there is no record that shows Suebe became Tomobe (administrative officials), Shinabe and Zakko (groups of technicians), who belonged to a specific government official, under the Ritsuryo system (especially, Yoro Ritsuryo Code).
- 『明六雑誌』の登場と広範な読者の獲得、その論説の地方新聞への転載とそれへの反響としての読者の投稿、これらは様々な問題関心を共有する言論空間を生み出した。
- The appearance of 'Meiroku Zasshi' and its wide readership, reprinting of those articles on local newspapers and readers' letters to them as responses led to create a space of speech which has a common interests against various problems.
- 『群書類従』雑部に採録されていたが、『新校群書類従』編纂時に文亀3年(1503年)から享禄4年(1531年)分の120名分が欠落するなどの問題があった。
- The names were recorded in 'Gunsho Ruiju' Zatsubu ('Classified Collection of Books,' Miscellaneous Section), but there was a problem such that the records of 120 persons were lost during compiling 'Shinko Gunshoruiju (library)' from 1503 to 1531.
- 仮に鉄砲を自前で作成していたとしても、雑賀には鉄砲の材料となる鉄、真鍮、黒色火薬の材料となる硝石が生産されておらず、入手経路等を示す資料は解っていない。
- Even if they manufactured guns for themselves, iron and brass which guns are made from and saltpeter which black gunpowder is made from are not produced in Saika, and there is no material to suggest the source of their supply and others.
- しかし、公出挙であれば、繁雑な事務を行わなくとも多額の収入を確保することができたので、地方機関の多くは百姓に対する強制的な公出挙を行い財源としたのである。
- On the other hand, Ku-Suiko enabled local administrative organizations to secure a large sum of income without troublesome clerical work; therefore, many of those organizations implemented forcible Ku-Suiko, exploiting peasants for acquiring financial resources.
- 12世紀に入る頃から、荘園領主である寺社は経営安定化のために雑役免系荘園の一円支配を目指し、寺田・神田などの封戸と同様に官物徴収権も獲得するようになった。
- From the beginning of the twelfth century, some of temples/shrines, the lord of shoen, began to seek ichienshihai (complete rule of the land) of Zoyakumen kei shoen and eventually obtained the right to collect kanmotsu as with the case of fuko (lands allotted to temples/shrines) called jiden (land allotted to temples) or shinden (land allotted to shrines).
- 近年の妖怪関連の書籍では、古い雑巾や布巾がこの妖怪に変化し、人間を襲い、体を覆う不快な粘液と全身から放つ悪臭で人を気絶させるという解説がしばしば見られる。
- The books about specters published in recent years often contains an explanation that old cleaning rag or dish towel transforms into this specter and attacks humans with unpleasant mucus and emitting an offensive odor, making people faint.
- 中国武術(拳術)は地域的には大雑把に、中国南部に伝わる南派拳(例 詠春拳・洪家拳 等)と、北方に伝わる北派拳(例 太極拳・八極拳 等)の2つに分けられる。
- Chinese martial arts (kenjutsu) are roughly divided into two groups according to geography: southern (ex. wing chun quan, hung ga kuen) and northern (taiqiquan, bajiquan, etc.)
- 雑用をこなす召使がいる武士と違い、庶民は自分で月代を剃ることができず(貧しい人は月代を伸ばしっぱなしにしたり妻に剃ってもらうなどした)髪結いに頼んだのだ。
- Different from samurai, who had servants doing chores, the common people had Kamiyui shave their sakayaki because they were not able to do that by themselves (the poor left their sakayaki unshaven or had their wife shave it).
- 具体的には新聞や雑誌を発行する場合、必ず内務省 (日本)に届け出て許可を得ることや、掲載する記事・論説に書いた人間の署名をつけることなどが義務づけされた。
- In particular, the issue of newspapers and bulletins were obligated to inevitably get a permission from the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs, to append a writer's signature on articles and editorial comments, and so on.
- 持明院統・大覚寺統両統の政争に、それぞれが庇護した歌道の家である京極派・二条派の対立が絡み、企画から選定までに20年近い歳月を要した複雑な成り立ちを持つ。
- Its compilation was difficult and took nearly 20 years from planning to final selection, involving the political dispute between the Jimyo-in line and the Daikakuji line, and the conflict between the poetic houses they supported, Kyogoku and Nijo.
- 実際はより複雑であるが、こういった思想の類型では四大元素など、相互に影響しあって何らかの結果を招くという意味で、この関係性が「相性」という言葉で表された。
- The actual idea is much more complicated; nonetheless, the relationship, in which things, such as four elements, influence each other and this then leads to a consequence, was expressed with a term 'aisho.'
- それでも業務が繁雑で滞りをみせたため、弘仁9年(818年)には宮殿関係の業務を新設の修理職へ、同時期に京内の土木工事を新設の修理坊城使にそれぞれ移譲した。
- Even so, since work was troublesome and delayed, palace-related operations were transferred to newly-established Shurishiki (The Palace Repairs Office) in 818, and civil engineering work within the imperial capital was transferred to newly-established Shuribojoshi around the same time, respectively.
- 郡司・郷司・保司・別名名主などの職の体系に補任された開発領主は、開発田の勧農を中心とする所務、私的な雑役・夫役の徴収、検断権といった根本領主権を保証された。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshu were assumed the position of the officers' organization, such as Gunji (a local government for Gun territory), Goji (a local government official for Go territory), Hoji (a local government official for Ho territory), and Bechimyo myoshu (a local government official for Bechimyo territory), and guaranteed the local load rights, which included the rights for shomu (land management) centered on Kanno (encouragement of agriculture) of developed fields, private tax collection of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) and buyaku (labor service), and judgment of criminal cases.
- 荘園においては年貢・公事が賦課される名田を対象とするのが一般的であるが、荘園領主直営の佃・正作や一色田・給名田をはじめとする雑役免の対象地、散田などを含む。
- In the manors, myoden (rice-field lots held by a nominal holder), which were subject to nengu and kuji, were generally categorized as joden, but also any lands which were subject to zoyakumen (exception from all levies except the regular land tax) including the cultivation of fields and rice fields directly managed by the manor owners, as well as isshikiden (partially exempt fields), kyumyoden (rice fields given to an officer or a steward of a manor by his lord), and sanden (deteriorated rice fields) were included in the category.
- 祥子の弟徳川義恭の親友だった三島由紀夫は17歳の頃、祥子に片思いしていた経験に基づいて短篇小説『玉刻春』を書き、『輔仁会雑誌』168号に発表したことがある。
- Yukio MISHIMA, who was a close friend of Sachiko's younger brother Yoshiyasu TOKUGAWA, wrote a short novel 'Gyokukokushun' based on his one-sided love of Shoko and published it in 'Hojinkai-zasshi' No. 186.
- その代替として調及び雑徭などの課役の一部が免除され、また兵役も免除されていたが、品部と比較すると、内容・待遇の両面において重労働に従事したと考えられている。
- In return, they were exempted from part of assignments imposed, such as cho (tributes) and zoyo (irregular corvee), as well as from military service, but it is thought that they were engaged in harder work than shinabe in terms of both contents and treatment.
- が、やがてそういった枠組みを受容するだけではなく、人間という中身も変革(雑誌のことばでいえば「民心の一新」)することを目指す啓蒙思想 (日本)が興ってきた。
- However, the enlightenment thought (Japan), which aimed not only to accept such schemes but also to reform people's mind (by the words in the bulletin, 'Refurbishing of people's mind'), soon appeared.
- しかし、査読のある学術雑誌において、九州王朝を肯定的に取り上げた学術論文は皆無であり、一般に九州王朝説および関連する主張は科学的な学説とはみなされていない。
- However, there are no academic papers in refereed journals that discussed positively Kyushu Dynasty, and the Kyushu dynasty theory and related arguements are not regarded as scientific theories in general.
- このように室町時代以降、武士内部に複雑な身分階層が成立していったが、これらは拡大した武士身分の範囲が一応確定された江戸時代の武士内部の身分制度に結実している。
- Likewise, after the Muromachi period, complicated stratification by class formed in bushi, but the expanded range of the samurai status led to the temporarily fixed class system in bushi during the Edo period.
- これは治天の君が人事権を行使する場合でも同じであり、天皇の命令という体裁を取り、更に太政官に伝えられてそこから実務担当者に命令が届くという複雑な手続を要した。
- That was the same in the case where Chiten no kimi exercised his right of personnel management such that it was required to follow complicated procedures of putting on the appearance of an imperial order, conveyed to the Daijokan and further to the working-level officials.
- 西洋料理の特徴であるソース (調味料)を洋食でも用いるが、フランス料理のような複雑多様なソースの体系は持たず、よく使われるソースの種類はある程度限られている。
- The sauces (seasoning), which are a character of western food, are also used in Yoshoku, but it does not use the complicated sauces used in French cuisine, and only specific ones are used.
- 『延喜式』によると、若狭国は10日毎に「雑魚」、節日ごとに「雑鮮味物」、さらに年に一度「生鮭、ワカメ、モズク、ワサビ」を御贄として納めることが定められている。
- According to the 'Engishiki,' Wakasa Province was obligated to supply 'small fish' every ten days, 'sapid marine products' for every seasonal festival, and additionally 'raw salmon, seaweed, mozuku (alga-like seaweed), and wasabi' once a year as offerings.
- この銭緡が銀一匁である場合、十文銭10枚のときは銀一匁〇四一六六六・・・と換算しなければならず、銀建ての価格のものを銭で払う場合計算が煩雑であったことによる。
- Therefore, if this zenisashi was silver 1 monme, 10 pieces of jumonsen must be converted to silver 1 monme 041666 where it was complicated to calculate when the price by silver was paid by sen (unit of currency).
- 政府のメディア規制を前にして官僚兼啓蒙者は啓蒙者たり続けられるのかという問題は、明六社同人間の温度差を浮き彫りにし、雑誌の行く末をめぐって対立することになる。
- The problem whether a bureaucracy who was an illuminator at the same time could continue to be an illuminator despite the governmental regulations against media showed clearly the difference among Dojin of Meirokusha and led to a conflict over the future of bulletin.
- 仏教に関する説話も含むが、どちらかというと猥雑、ユーモラスな話題(比叡山の稚児が幼さゆえの場違いな発言で僧侶の失笑を買う、等)が多く、教訓や啓蒙の要素は薄い。
- Although the collection does include some tales with Buddhist subject matter, most such tales tend to be on bawdy or humorous topics (for example, one features a chigo (acolyte) of Mt. Hiei who becomes the laughingstock of the priests when his youthful inexperience leads him to speak in a manner inappropriate to the occasion), and didactic or morally instructive elements are relatively weak in such tales.
- これは一気に膨れあがった雑多な形式を抱え、それらの今後の処遇や、輸送計画を練るのに手一杯で、機関車の新製にまで手が回らなかった結果ではないかと想像されている。
- It is imagined that this is because the bureau was so tied up with dealing with the existing locomotives in various forms that swelled in a short period that it was not able to create new locomotive.
- 女王位についた壹与は掖邪狗ら20人に張政の帰還を送らせ、掖邪狗らはそのまま都に向かい男女の生口30人と白珠5000孔、青大句珠2枚、異文の雑錦20匹を貢いだ。
- Toyo sent 20 people, including Yasuku, to serve Chang Cheng in Wei, for which Yasuku brought 30 slaves, 5,000 white pearls, 2 strings of green jadeite, and 20 brocades with exotic patterns.
- 当初はその該当地は定まっていない浮免(うきめん)と呼ばれる存在であったが、後に一定の区画が雑役免田として固定化される定免(じょうめん)と呼ばれる仕組が成立した。
- Though the object lands were not fixed initially and called 'Ukimen,' the system called Jomen under which some land was fixed as Zoyakumenden established later.
- この頃、個別人身支配から土地課税への転換に伴って、従来からあった租庸調・正税・雑徭・交易物などの税目が消え、新たに官物・臨時雑役などといった税目が出現していた。
- In the wake of the transition from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, former taxes, such as Soyocho, shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse), zoyo (irregular corvee) and trading goods, were abolished and new items of taxation, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and rinji zoyaku (general term for odd-job tasks), were introduced.
- 更に父・花山法皇が平子の実母(つまり昭登の祖母)と通じて清仁親王を儲けるなど余りにも複雑な事情があったために、清仁親王ともども祖父冷泉上皇の子として育てられた。
- Given such complicated circumstances, in which his father Emperor Kazan had Imperial Prince Kiyohito with Hirako's birth mother (namely, the grandmother of Prince Akinari), he and Prince Kiyohito were reared as children of their grandfather, the retired Emperor Reizei.
- つまり、声の出して歌を詠み、一回的に消えていく時代から、歌を書記して推敲していく時代を迎えたことによって、より複雑で、多様な枕詞が生み出されたと考えるのである。
- That is to say, getting out of the time when a poem is sung loudly and disappears at once and entering the time a poem is written down and gets polished are thought to have resulted in inventing more complex and various makurakotoba.
- なお朱子の理とは、理は形而上のもの、気は形而下のものであってまったく別の二物であるが、たがいに単独で存在することができず、両者は「不離不雑」の関係であるとする。
- According to 'Li' of Shushigaku, 'Li' is a metaphysical existence, 'Ch'i' is a physical existence, and these two are completely different, however, each of them cannot solely exist and they are an 'inseparable' relation.
- 忍海部は、飯豊王の名代(こしろ)の部民制(べのたみ)であるが、単なる農民部ではなく東漢氏(あやひと)をかかえた雑工部(物品製造に携わる職工集団)でもあったらしい。
- Oshinumibe was bemin sei (the system of Yamato Dynasty) of Iitoyo's representative, but it seems to have been not just a department of peasants, but a department of manufacturers (mechanic company to produce items) including Ayahito clan.
- 後にこうした土地は雑役免としての実績を背景に寄進地系荘園として不輸の権 (日本)・不入の権 (日本)を獲得したり、荘園状態となった国衙領の構成単位となっていった。
- Against the background of the established fact of Zoyakumen, these lands later obtained fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption)/funyu no ken (the right to keep tax agents from entering the property) as kishinchi kei shorn (shoen originated from donated lands) or became the unit of kokugaryo, which was then consisted of many shoen.
- 団鬼六や沼正三を輩出した伝説的雑誌『奇譚クラブ』においては「女斗美」(「女闘美」とも表記)と呼ばれ女相撲を熱狂的に愛好する作者による小説が定期的に発表されていた。
- The legendary magazine 'Kitan Club,' that publishes works of famous writers such as Oniroku DAN and Shozo NUMA, had regularly published articles written by an author who was a fanatic of women's sumo wrestling called 'metomi.'
- 一方、個々の荘園や公領を現地において経営している在地領主(預所や荘官、地頭ら)が荘園領主や国衙からの公事とは別個に必要に応じて独自の雑公事を賦課する場合があった。
- On the other hand, there was a case that local lords (azukaridokoro, shokan or jito) managing each shoen or koryo on the site imposed their original statute labor as necessary, apart from kuji from lords of the manor or kukoga.
- 渡来人としての「諸蕃」の使用の始期については不明な点も多いが、『日本書紀』の注釈書である「弘仁私記」には、当時『諸蕃雑姓記』という書物があったことが記されている。
- It is not clearly known when the term 'Shoban' began to be used in the sense of settlers, but according to 'Konin-shiki,' commentaries to 'the Nihon Shoki' (the Chronicle of Japan), there already existed a book referred to as 'Shoban Zasshoki' in the Konin era.
- 『新小説』(しんしょうせつ、第1次 1889年1月 - 1890年6月 / 第2次 1896年7月 - 1926年11月)は、かつて存在した日本の文芸雑誌である。
- Shinshosetsu, with the first phase and second phase being published from January 1889 to June 1890 and from July 1896 to November 1926, respectively, was a literary journal that used to exist in Japan.
- それでも60年代半ばまでは業界的にはNET系のプロダクションと見られていたと、キャラクター作品担当のプロデューサーだった平山亨は後日雑誌「宇宙船」で回顧している。
- Even so, Toru HIRAYAMA, a producer in charge of character series at that time, later looked back and commented in the magazine 'Uchusen' that by the middle of the 1960s Toei was regarded as an NET-affiliated production company within the industry.
- 特に日本に面する南方に位置し、道内に複雑な多島海域を有する全羅道と慶尚道の2道にはそれぞれ左右2員の水使が置かれ、道内の水軍万戸もそれぞれ15ときわめて多かった。
- Especially in the two provinces of Jella and Gyeorgsang that have a complicated Archipelago Area, facing Japan and located in the south of the peninsular, two naval commanders were placed both in the right and left, and the number of suigun banko in each province was fifteen, which was rather large.
- 雑誌『白樺』の同人であり西洋近代美術の紹介者でもあった柳は、1914年(大正3年)、朝鮮陶磁研究家の浅川伯教との出会いを通じて朝鮮の美術に関心をもつようになった。
- Yanagi, who was a member of the magazine 'Shirakaba' and introduced Western modern art, became interested in Korean art through meeting Noritaka ASAGAWA, a researcher of Korean clay, in 1914.
- 律令法の身分制度は人民を良・賤(せん)に二大別することを特徴とし、両者の中間に大化前代の部民(べのたみ)の後身である品部(しなべ)、雑戸(ざつこ)の身分がおかれた。
- The class system under ritsuryo law is characterized by the division of the people roughly into two groups, ryo (law-abiding people)/sen (humble or lowly people), and shinabe (technicians in offices) with zakko (special technicians) who were descendants of benotami (officers and people serving the Yamato dynasty) from pre-Taika era placed in between them.
- しかし、第二京阪道路や京都第二外環状道路が開通する以前は国道1号、京都府道・大阪府道13号京都守口線、京都府道22号八幡木津線などは市域において混雑が顕著であった。
- However, such roads as the National Route 1, the Kyoto Moriguchi Line of Kyoto Prefectural and Osaka Prefectural Route 13, and Yawata-Kizu Line of Kyoto Prefectural Route 22 had been apparently congested within the city before the Dainikeihan Road and Kyoto Second Outer Ring Road opened.
- 何れにしても、「織田・豊臣の時代」という概念をどこで区分するかの違いではあるが、室町時代、戦国時代 (日本)と重複してしまうことが、その定義付けを複雑化させている。
- In any case, it is a matter of where to divide 'the period of Oda/Toyotomi,' but the definition of this period has become complicated because it overlaps the Muromachi period and the age of civil war (Japan).
- また、紀州の雑賀衆にすぎない土橋重治ですら、光秀に対して信長討伐の協力を申し出ていることから、毛利氏が本能寺の変を知っていたとしても不思議ではないとする考えもある。
- Also, some considers that, even Shigeharu TSUCHIHASHI, who was a mere dogo in Saiga, Kishu, offered Mitsuhide cooperation to overthrow Nobunaga, it is not strange that the Mori clan knew above Honnoji Incident.
- 明治時代以降、文明開化と共にやって来た西洋種がもてはやされ、戸外で飼われ自然に交雑するネコの特性とも相まって、これらのネコと日本猫の交配が進んだ結果、雑種が増えた。
- After the Meiji period Western breeds that came with civilization and enlightenment became popular, and combined with peculiarity of cats that were kept outside and naturally crossbred as well as development of mating between these cats and Japanese cats caused hybrids to increase.
- 罪状が書かれた木の捨札や紙で出来た幟、刺股や槍を持った非人身分の雑色が周りを固め、南北町奉行所の与力と同心が検視役として罪人を挟む形で後ろを固め、江戸市中を辿った。
- The criminal was paraded through the streets of Edo, surrounded by zoshiki (town officials), whose social status was hinin (the people who belonged to none of the four 'classes' of the Edo period and were therefore considered outcasts), who carried such articles as a wooden 'sutefuda' on which the details about the crime were written, paper banners, two-pronged weapons and spears, with a group of coroners consisting of yoriki (police sergeants) and doshin (police constables) of South or North town magistrate's office of Edo who guarded the rear part of the procession sandwiching the criminal.
- 日本海側の新潟港は、江戸時代に北前船の寄港地として発展し、1868年対外開港したが、外国人の来住が少ないため、特に居留地は設置せず、市街に雑居することが認められた。
- The port of Niigata on the Sea of Japan (northern) side had been developed as an anchoring site for Kitamae-bune (cargo ships that sailed the Japan Sea) in the Edo period and was opened internationally in 1868; however, as few foreigners came and settled there, no particular settlement was established, and foreigners were permitted to live together in Niigata's urban areas.
- しかし、この攻勢で周辺一帯が荒れ果てたため、事態を憂慮した雑賀衆が翌日に大坂での事に配慮を加えることを条件に降伏を申し入れたため、信長はこれを受け入れて兵を引いた。
- However, the Saikashu, worried about a war-torn land due to the attack, offered a surrender on the condition that they would give consideration to the attack in Osaka on the following day, and Nobunaga accepted it and withdrew.
- しかし、平安時代に入ると、譲位による皇位継承の複雑化に伴い、天皇の交代に伴う后位の引き上げや政治的な背景による后位の決定が恒常化し、天皇の血縁や配偶関係は無視された。
- However, once the Heian period started, the blood or marriage relationship with Emperor was ignored due to the complicated succession to the Imperial Throne caused by the abdication of several Emperors, which constantly led to elevate the lower position of a woman to 'Koi' in the changing of Emperor and also to appoint who was 'Koi' on the grounds of political background.
- 『延喜式』勘大帳条に「死亡帳」の名がみえ、『政事要略』巻五十七の雑公文事に「郷戸帳」「浮浪人帳」など20ほどの帳簿類が掲げられているなかに「死亡帳」も掲げられている。
- Kandaicho no jo (勘大帳条, The articles of books) of 'the Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) had a description of 'Shibocho,' and miscellaneous public documents of 'Seiji yoryaku' (examples of the politics in the Heian period) Vol. 57 had a description of 'Shibocho' among about 20 registers such as 'Godocho' (record of composite families organizing Go), 'Furonincho' (record of people escaping from their registered domicile) and so on.
- 1990年代後期からアンティーク着物(昭和初期以前のもの)やリサイクル着物(昭和中期以降)の店が激増し、雑誌を火付け役として女性の間で徐々に着物ブームが起こっている。
- Since the latter half of the 1990s, a lot of shops dealing in second-hand Kimono--those selling the second-hand Kimono before the early Showa period called 'antique Kimono,' and those selling them after the middle of the Showa period called 'recycled Kimono'--were opened, and magazines wrote about them, igniting a Kimono boom among women.
- しかし、男性にはさらに複雑化してゆく髪型を熟知し顧客の細かな要望に応える作業は厳しく、安永ごろになると女性の髪結いが登場して遊郭の「廻り髪結い」は急速に衰退していった。
- However, the work to understand more and more complicated hairstyles and to meet customers' detailed demands was hard for men, so female Kamiyui appeared around the Anei era, which made 'Mawarikamiyui' in yukaku rapidly disappear.
- また、書道をよくし、奈良時代の書家として聖武天皇とともに有名であり、作品には『楽毅論』(がっきろん)や『杜家立成雑書要略』(とけりっせいざっしょようりゃく)などがある。
- She was skilled in calligraphy, she and Emperor Shomu are famous as calligraphers of Nara period, and she created 'Gakki-ron essay' and 'Toka rissei zassho yoryaku'.
- この頃までの代々の天皇の出自や系統については、記紀の記述通りの「万世一系」ではなく、倭国内各地の有力豪族の間での、複雑な権力移動が裏にあったのではないかという説もある。
- As for the origin and lineage of Emperors around this period, there is also a theory stating that it was not 'bansei ikkei' (an unbroken line) like described in the Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) and the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), but had complex movement of powers in behind and between the powerful local ruling families in various places inside Wakoku.
- さらに『源氏物語』のような複雑な作品になると、(1)「物語」作品内における、(2)登場人物の「お喋り」としての「物語」で、(3)「物語」論が取り沙汰される例などもある。
- Moreover, complicated works such as 'The Tale of Genji' include cases where, (1) within the 'monogatari' work itself (2) 'monogatari' that consist of the characters' 'chatting' (3) regarding opinions about 'monogatari.'
- 体裁は『古今和歌集』に倣い、春(上・中・下)、夏、秋(上・中・下)、冬、恋(六巻)、雑(四巻)、離別(附 羇旅)、賀歌(附 哀傷)の二十巻からなり、総歌数は1425首。
- Following the example of 'Kokinwakashu' (Collection of Japanese Poetry, Old and New), it is in twenty books and the arrangement of the poems is as follows; three books are devoted to spring poems; one to summer poems; three to autumn poems; one to winter poems; six to love poems; four to miscellaneous poems; one to parting poems including travel poems; one to congratulatory poems including lamenting poems, and the total number of the poems is 1425.
- 天文に関する現象は国家の存亡に関わる重大な現象であると捉えられ、天文生といえども勝手に天文に関する図書を読むことが許されない程であった(「養老律令」雑令・秘書玄象条)。
- As phenomena related to tenmon were considered to significantly affect the fate of the country, even students of tenmon were not allowed to read books on tenmon freely ('Yororitsuryo' zoryo Hisho gensho jo).
- 高麗茶碗(こうらいちゃわん)は、16世紀半ば頃から、日本の茶道で用いられた茶碗の分類の一つであり、朝鮮半島で焼かれた日常雑器を日本の茶人が賞玩し茶器に見立てたものである。
- The term 'korai chawan' refers to a type of tea bowl which was used in Sado (Japanese tea ceremony) from around the middle of the 16th century and was originally a bowl for everyday use made in the Korean peninsula that came to be appreciated as a tea bowl by Japanese chajin (tea ceremony masters).
- 加熱殺菌処理されていない生酒であるため、保存は難しいとされ、もろみを濾した後は冷蔵し、早めに消費しないと、雑菌が繁殖するなど、すぐ飲用に適さない状態になると言われている。
- It is said that it is difficult to store because it is pure sake which has not been heat sterilized; unless it is refrigerated after filtering moromi and consumed fairly soon, it will begin to develop bacteria in short order.
- だが、メンバーも多彩で慶應義塾系や自由党_(明治)結成時に分裂した嚶鳴社系、東京専門学校(現早稲田大学)の設立メンバーとなった小野梓のグループなど複雑な人脈が形成された。
- Among them, whose backgrounds were different in many ways, complicated webs of personal connections had eventually been formed to provide some groups, such as Keiogijuku group, Omeisha group (later divided when the Liberal party was established), and Azusa ONO (one of the founding members of Tokyo Senmon Gakko, current Waseda University) group.
- 21世紀に入った現代でも、海産物に関しては海から遠い山間部や、また流通の主流が集中する都会から遠い離島や僻地などの地域を中心に食品や生活雑貨一切の行商の仕事が残っている。
- Even in our time of the 21st century, peddling of seafood still remains in the mountains far from the seas and peddling of all kinds of food and everyday goods also remains mainly in solitary islands or remote areas far from urban areas where the mainstream of circulation centers.
- なお、事務が煩雑化すると、右筆が正式な手続を経て決定された事項について自らの職権の一環として文書を作成・署名を行い、これに主君発給文書と同一の効力を持たせる例も登場する。
- When office works got more complicated, Yuhitsu started to prepare Monjo regarding matters decided through formal procedures and signed them with a part of their authority, providing the Monjo the same effect as the documents issued by their lords.
- 平安時代前期ごろから、上皇を院号で呼称することが見られるようになったが、院と呼ばれた上皇の所務・雑務を取り仕切るために、上皇直属の官庁・舎人・雑色などがあてがわれていた。
- From the early Heian period, the Retired Emperor started to be called by ingo (a title of the Retired Emperor), and the Retired Emperor's immediate authorities, Toneri (palace servant) and Zoshiki (low-level functionary) were assigned to handle land management and routine tasks of the Retired Emperor called 'In.'
- そこで、10世紀後期ごろから、臨時の事業の費用を賄うため、ある国が料国(りょうごく)として指定され、料国の国司は主に公田(国衙領)を対象として臨時雑役を課するようになった。
- For this reason, in order to cover the expenses of such incidental events, from the late tenth century, a particular province was designated as a ryogoku and the kokushi (governor) of that ryogoku imposed temporary tasks mainly on the owners of koden (or kokugaryo - territories governed by a provincial government office).
- 1930年代には、講談社の『少年倶楽部』他の子供雑誌で連載された『のらくろ』『タンクタンクロー』『冒険ダン吉』などの子供向けの人気漫画が単行本化され、ベストセラーとなった。
- In the 1930s, popular children's comics such as 'Norakuro', 'Tanku Tankuro' and 'The Adventures of Dankichi ' which were serialized in 'Shonen Club (Boys' club)' published by Kodansha Ltd. and other children's magazines became bestselling books.
- これらの屋台の中には、麺類、揚げ物、炒め物、カット果物、日本起源のたこ焼き、どら焼き、かき氷、刺身、寿司など多様な食品を提供するところもあれば、衣料品や雑貨を売る店もある。
- Some of the following items are sold among the street stalls of the Night Markets: Noodles, deep-fried food, stir-fried dishes, cut fruits, Japanese originated takoyaki (octopus dumplings) dishes, Japanese dessert consisting of two slices of kasutera (Japanese sponge cake) with red bean jam in between, shaved ices (flavored with syrup), Sashimi (fresh slices of raw fish) dishes, Sushi, clothing, and miscellaneous goods.
- 宇多天皇の頃より、天皇の日常の居所が清涼殿に定着化され、儀式や公事への参加あるいは天皇に近侍して身辺の雑用や宿直・陪膳などの職務を行うためには昇殿は欠かせないものであった。
- From the era of Emperor Uda, the emperor's daily whereabouts were fixed in the Seiryoden; therefore, shoden was indispensable for enabling those of suitable rank to participate in ceremonies and public duties or deal with the emperor's personal affairs in their capacity as an attendant and carry out duties such as taking the night watch or waiting on the emperor at table.
- これより帯の巨大化に伴って帯を後ろ結びにする風習が若い娘から堅気の女性一般に広まり、より帯結びが複雑化し豪奢な帯が求められるなど、日本の服飾史にとっては大きな転回点となった。
- Since then, as the obi grew longer and bigger, the practice of tying it in the back spread from young ladies to decent women in general, and a more luxurious obi were sought as obi tying became more complex, resulting in a great turning point in the history of Japanese fashion.
- しかし上で見たように『明六雑誌』には自由民権運動についての論説がしばしば掲載され、各種新聞で多くの反響を呼び、植木枝盛のような熱狂的な支持者を生み出すきっかけともなっていた。
- However, as mentioned above, the articles on the Freedom and People's Rights Movement were often published on 'Meiroku Zasshi,' which evoked many responses on various newspapers and enthusiastic supporters such as Emori UEKI.
- 雑賀衆のほかの土豪たちと同様、鉄砲伝来から間もない早い時期に鉄砲を使った戦術を取り入れ、16世紀の半ばには鉄砲で武装したある程度の規模の傭兵的集団として活動していたようである。
- Same as the other local clans of Saigashu, the clan adopted guns in its fighting tactics shortly after the arrival of guns to Japan, and by the mid-16th century the clan seems to have been active as a certain sized mercenary force equipped with guns.
- この時の格に文章生と明法生は雑任・白丁の子弟から採ることが規定され、中央・地方の下級官人あるいは庶民の子弟が明法生となり、貴族子弟を学生とした明経道よりは格下と看做されていた。
- The ordinance at that time stated to take the students of Monjo and Myoho from the children of Zonin officials and Hakucho people, therefore the children of lower-level officials of the central and local governments or common people became the Myoho students and it was seen as a lower ranking department than Myogyodo which took students from the children of aristocrats.
- 負所(おっしょ)とは、中世の荘園において、本来は国衙に納めるべき雑役(場合によっては官物の一部を含む)を免除を受け、その分を自己に収めることが出来る荘園領主及びその土地を指す。
- The term 'Ossho' means the lords of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) were exempted from and allowed to collect Zatsueki (a kind tax under the Ritsuryo system) (sometimes inclusive of the portion of Kanmotsu (tribute goods -supposed to be paid to Kokuga (provincial government offices) as well as the land of such Shoen.
- 鳥山石燕の妖怪画集『画図百鬼夜行』、寛保時代の雑書『諸国里人談』、江戸時代の怪談本『古今百物語評判』、井原西鶴の雑話『西鶴諸国ばなし』、『河内鑑名所記』などの古書に記述がある。
- They are described in old books such as 'Gazu Hyakki Yako' (supernatural bestiaries, collections of ghosts, spirits, spooks and monsters) of Sekien TORIYAMA, 'Shokoku Rijin Dan', a magazine published in the era of the Kanpo, 'Kokon Hyaku Monogatari Hyoban', a collection of ghost stories in the Edo period, 'Saikaku Shokoku Banashi', miscelleneous stories of Saikaku IHARA, and 'Kawachi Kagami Meishoki'.
- 複雑な作品を折る場合には、金属箔を利用したホイル紙や、薄い和紙(破れにくい)の裏に金属箔(例えばアルミホイル。形が崩れにくくなる)を裏打ちした自作の用紙が用いられることが多い。
- When intricate models are made, foil paper made of metal leaf or home-made paper made by lining (untearable) thin washi (Japanese paper) with metal leaf (for example, aluminum foil to avoid losing shape) is used.
- しかし紙幣といっても江戸時代の藩札の様式を踏襲した多種多様の雑多な紙幣、すなわち太政官札、府県札、民部省札、為替会社札など官民発行のものが流通しており、偽造紙幣も大量にあった。
- However, they were miscellaneous bills issued by the government and nongovermental organizations such as Dajokan (Grand Council of State) bills, Prefecture bills, Mimbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) bills, Kawase-gaisha(Exchange Company) bills, which wereof the same style as Han (domain) bills in the Edo period, and there were also a large number of counterfeited bills.
- 1570年に織田信長が大阪の石山本願寺と開戦して石山戦争が起こると、鈴木孫一の率いる鈴木党は、他の雑賀衆の集団とともに本願寺の門主顕如の求めに応じて本願寺に入り、織田軍と戦った。
- In 1570, when Nobunaga ODA opened hostilities against Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and the Ishiyama War broke out, the Suzuki-to (group of Suzuki clan) lead by Magoichi SUZUKI, with the other groups of Saigashu, entering the Hongan-ji Temple as answering the request of Kennyo, the head of Hongan-ji Temple, fought against the Oda army.
- そのルーツは明らかでなく、『平泉雑記』が伝える安倍氏自身の家伝によれば、神武天皇に殺された畿内の王長脛彦の兄安日彦をその始祖とし、安日彦の津軽亡命をもって安倍氏の発祥としている。
- The roots of the Abe clan have not been clarified, but according to the family tradition that the Abe clan passed down in the 'Hiraizumi Zakki' (Miscellaneous notes on Hiraizumi), their earliest ancestor was Abihiko, the older brother of Nagasunehiko, the king of the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) who had been killed by Emperor Jinmu, and the Abe clan originated when Abihiko fled to Tsugaru.
- 「守貞漫稿」を読んでいくと、アイデアがあって少し工夫をすれば、実用新案法や特許法などという煩雑な法律のなかった時代のこと、新商品を作り出して商売を始めるのは容易だったと思われる。
- When the 'Morisadamanko' is read more, it would appear that it was easy to develop new products to start the business if they came up with ideas and exercised a little ingenuity during the time when there were no troublesome laws such as Utility Model Act and Patent Act.
- 雑公事は主として現地における特産物やその加工品(例白米・酒・油・餅・麦・魚・薪・秣・野菜・漆・紙・薦)の形で納付されたが、後には代銭納などの金銭の形で納められる場合が多くなった。
- Zokuji had mainly been paid with local products and the processed goods (polished rice, sake, oil, rice cake, wheat, fish, firewood, fodder, vegetables, lacquer, paper, straw mats), but later bagan to be paid with money most of the time.
- 『延喜式』には木工寮に鍛治戸372戸、左馬寮に飼戸166戸、右馬寮に同127戸、兵庫寮に雑工戸310戸が規定されているが、実際には官司の資養を受けた農民層であったと見られている。
- 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) provides for 372 Kajitsube under Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry), 166 Shiko under Samaryo, 127 Shiko under Umaryo, and 310 Zokuko under Hyogoryo (Bureau of Military Storehouses), which are believed in fact to have been in the peasant class supported by government offices.
- 柳、濱田、河井らは、当時の美術界ではほとんど無視されていた日本各地の日常雑器、日用品など、無名の工人による民衆的工芸品の中に真の美を見出し、これを世に広く紹介する活動に尽力した。
- Yanagi, Hamada and Kawai worked hard to find real beauty in the folkish handicrafts by unknown craftsman such as articles for daily use in various places in Japan that were almost ignored in the art industry at that time.
- これと前後して荒木村重が花熊城の戦いに破れ去るなどの情勢悪化や近衛前久の再度の説得工作によって石山の受け渡しを教如派も受け入れて雑賀に退去し、8月2日に石山は信長のものとなった。
- Due to a worsening situation where Murashige ARAKI lost in the battle of Hanakuma-jo Castle and to Sakihisa KONOE's repeated persuasions around this time, Kyonyo accepted a surrender too, retreating to Saika, and on September 20, Ishiyama was handed over to Nobunaga.
- また、少数であるがカバネを有しない白丁身分(庶民)の子弟であっても入学が許された例も存在している(天平年間に設置された文章生・明法生の採用規定に「白丁雑任の子」と規定されていた)。
- Also, although few in number, there were cases in which common children of hakucho (inferior servant) status, who did not have kabane, were allowed to enter Daigaku-ryo (Guidelines on recruitment of monjosho [students of literary studies] and myobosho [students of law studies], which were drawn up in the Tenpyo era [from 729 to 749], stated that 'children of hakucho and zonin' [lower-ranking government officials] were qualified).
- これ以降、力を失った本願寺に代わって織田氏に服属しようとする鈴木氏と、それに反対する反織田派との間で争いが起こり、鈴木孫一は1582年に土橋氏の当主を殺害、雑賀衆の主導権を握った。
- Then, within Saigato, a confrontation arose between the group that insisted the submission to the Oda clan, instead of supporting Hongan-ji Temple which had lost its influence, and the anti-Oda group who was opposed to it, then Magoichi SUZUKI killed the head of the Tsuchihashi clan in 1582, the Suzuki clan gripped the leadership of Saigashu.
- 律令制の租税である租が変質したと考えられる官物・年貢に対して、雑徭など人身別賦課を引く雑公事・夫役・臨時雑役などを指して称した(庸・調の後身に関しては官物説と雑役説の両方がある)。
- Whereas Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and Nengu (land tax) are considered as the transformation of the tax, So (rice tax) of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), Zoyaku indicated Zokuji (all miscellaneous dues in the form of non-rice products and labor), Buyaku (labor service), Rinji Zoyaku (extraordinary irregular levies) that are considered as a continuance of a per-capita tax, Zoyo (irregular corvee) (regarding what the taxes of Yo [labor or alternative goods] and Cho [textile goods or alternative money] transformed into, there are two theories: one theory asserts Kanmotsu and another Zoyaku).
- 文献によっては刺身と混用されていることもあるが、こちらは総じて刺身よりも分厚く切り、盛り付けに鰭(ひれ)だけでなく皮や中落ちまでも利用するなど、調理法が極めて多彩かつ複雑であった。
- It is sometimes confused with sashimi, but uchimi consisted of ingredients generally cut more thickly than sashimi and served not only with the fins but the skin and the backbone and meat around it as well; thus, there were numerous preparation methods and degrees of complexity.
- 覚寿の館での挿話は、菅丞相親子の別れ、殺人事件、そして菅丞相の危機と、いくつもの物語が詰まった密度の濃い内容で、数ある義太夫狂言でももっとも複雑かつ、みどころの多い段となっている。
- The episode at Kakuju no yakata was an act that contained parting Kanshojo father and son, assassination, endangered Kanshojo, and considered to be the most complex act among Gidayu Kyogen with lots of places to take note of.
- 更に条約勅許問題を巡る開国派と攘夷派の対立も加わって事態は複雑となった(一橋派では島津斉彬は開国派、徳川斉昭は攘夷派に属し、互いに自己の外交路線実現のために一橋慶喜擁立を目指した。
- The conflict between kaikoku-ha (the open country wing) and Joi-ha (the expulsionist wing) about the issue of imperial sanction of the treaty worsened the situation (In the Hitotsubashi group, Nariakira SHIMAZU belonged to the kaikoku-ha, Nariaki TOKUGAWA belonged to the Joi-ha and they backed up Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI to realize their own foreign policies.
- 『大日本史』巻85(后妃列伝12)によると、『新葉和歌集』巻16(雑1)にある、嘉喜門院が女御となるときに「福恩寺前関白内大臣」と呼ばれる人物が「禁中月」という題で詠んだ歌がある。
- 'Dainihonshi' (Great History of Japan) vol. 85 (Biographies of Consorts vol. 12) said that a poem on the given theme of 'the moon seen from the Imperial court' was composed by a person called 'Fukuonji former Chancellor Inner Minister' when Kakimon-in became the nyogo, and it was collected in 'Shinyo Wakashu' (Collection of New Leaves) vol.16 (Miscellaneous 1).
- 江戸の国勢調査の最古の記録は、『正宝事録』の註釈として記された元禄六年(1693年)六月十七日の35万3588人であり、徳川綱吉が浮説雑説を唱えた者を探すために行われたものである。
- The earliest extant record of a census conducted in Edo surivives in an annotation in the 'Shoho Jiroku,' (Chronicles of the Shoho Era) which indicates that there were 353,588 people in Edo as of June 17th, 1693 (6th year of Genroku), and it is also said that this was ordered by Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA to root out demagogues.
- ワラビ、ゼンマイ、フキ、クズ、ヤマイモ、ノビルなどの縄文人の主要で、安定した食料資源となった有用植物が繁茂しやすい二次林的な環境、つまり雑木林という新しい環境を創造したことになる。
- Plants such as brackens, flowering ferns, Japanese butterburs, Japanese arrowroots, yams, and Japanese garlics grew and prospered easily in the newly created secondary forest environment, the new environment known as copses, and became steady food resources for the Jomon people.
- 特に2002年のサッカーFIFAワールドカップ日韓大会でのトルコチームの活躍を機に盛んにテレビ番組や雑誌でも取り上げられるようになるなど、日本の一般の人々の間に徐々に広まっている。
- The story of the Ertuğrul disaster has gradually spread out among the people in Japan; it has been frequently talked about in many TV programs or magazines, especially after the Turkish team achieved remarkable results in the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan.
- しかし、妻子を石山に届けられる兵糧で養っていた雑賀や淡路の門徒は、この地を離れるとたちまち窮乏してしまうと不安を募らせ、信長に抵抗を続けるべきと教如に具申し、教如もこれに同調した。
- However, believers in Saika and Awaji, who fed their family with food supplied to Ishiyama, advised Kyonyo to continue to resist Nobunaga because they were worried that retreating from Ishiyama would force them into poverty which Kyonyo accepted.
- このため明治政府は条約改正に努力したものの、逆に国粋主義者の一部には外国人を居留地に閉じ込めて、日本の伝統・文化を守るべきだと言う対外硬運動も起きて複雑な展開を見せることもあった。
- The Meiji government exerted great effort to revise the treaties in order to regain sovereignty over the remaining settlements, but one nationalist faction began a movement to insist that on the contrary, Japanese tradition and culture would be best protected by continuing to confine foreigners to the settlements, rendering the situation still more complex.
- そこで李氏朝鮮は高麗時代からの民族雑居状態の解消と、官営貿易で利益を独占する事を望み、室町幕府や九州探題、対馬の実質的な支配者である宗貞茂に対して倭寇および私貿易の取締りを要求した。
- At this point, the Joseon dynasty wanted to cull society of its multiethnic character, which had been the norm during the Goryeo period (918 - 1392), and achieve a monopoly over trade profits by bringing trade under government control, so they requested that the Muromachi bakufu, the tandai (military commissioner) of Kyushu, and Sadashige SO, the de facto ruler of Tsushima island, bring both Wako activity and private trade under control.
- 荘園制の発達と公地公民制の解体の過程で荘園領主は自己の政治力を背景として国役や臨時雑役などを免除させることで寄作者を自己の荘園内に移住させて荘園内に取り込もうとした(名体制の成立)。
- During the process of the development of the shoen system and the demise of Kochi-komin sei (the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens), the shoen owners, by utilizing their political influence, endeavored to secure the cultivators as residents of their own shoen by entitling them to the exemptions of the public duties or the temporary odd-job duties; such a process is known as the establishment of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land).
- 荘園公領制では、本家-領家-荘官・地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- Under the stratified land ruling structure of shoen koryo sei, the right to rule lands/peasants and the right to the proceeds of lands were very complicated because these were entangled in a multi-layered way, as seen in the structure of honke (official/nominal owner of shoen (manor)) - ryoke (lord of shoen) - shokan/jito (officer of governing shoen/manager of shoen).
- 吉田東伍の「古代半島諸国興廃概考」(8月号『史学会雑誌』21号p.21~22。)に素盞鳴尊の韓郷之島曽尸茂梨之処の曽尸茂梨を牛頭山とし、漢の春秋戦国時代の西暦紀元前4世紀と推定した。
- In his paper 'Study of Emergence and Disappearance of Ancient Countries in the Korean Peninsula' (August 1891 edition of 'Journal of Historical Studies,' volume 21, p.21-p.22), Togo YOSHIDA proposed that 'Soshimori in the Korean island called Soshimori, which is visited by Susanoo' is Mt. Gyuto and that was around the fourth century B.C. during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period in China.
- (※「大王」の使用例 伊予風土記逸文(「釈日本紀」)「法興六年十月歳在丙辰我法王大王与慧慈法師及葛城臣」万葉集 雑歌 柿本朝臣人麻呂「八隅知之 吾大王 高光 吾日乃皇子乃 馬並而」)
- (The usage examples of 'okimi' (大王) : '法興六年十月歳在丙辰我法王大王与慧慈法師及葛城臣' in Itsubun [unknown or lost writings] of Iyo Fudoki [The Topographical Records of Iyo Province] from 'Shaku Nihongi' [Annotated Text of the Nihon Shoki]; '八隅知之 吾大王 高光 吾日乃皇子乃 馬並而' from Zouka [Other Poetry] by KAKINOMOTO no Ason Hitomaro in Manyoshu [Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves]).
- 『万葉集』から現在(寛弘期)までの和歌のうち、四季39首(うち、春22・夏2・秋7・冬8)・恋7首・雑32首の3部構成で計78首が採録されている(ただし、69首本・76首本もある)。
- Among many waka from 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) to the present (Kanko era), total 78 poets are recorded in three parts: 39 poets in four seasons (spring: 22, summer: 2, autumn: 7, and winter: 8), 7 poets in love, and 32 poets in misc (there are books that contain 69 poets or 76 poets).
- 近世までの説としては、葉室時長説(『醍醐雑抄』)、中原師梁説(『参考保元物語』)、源瑜説(『旅宿問答』)、公瑜僧正説(『新続古事談』)などがあるが、現在ではどれも根拠は薄弱とされる。
- The various hypotheses that were made in the early modern times are all considered unreliable: Tokinaga HAMURO's hypothesis ('Daigo Zassho'), 中原師梁 hypothesis ('Reference on tale of Hogen'), Genyu's hypothesis ('Ryoshuku mondo'), Koyu Sojo's hypothesis ('New continuation of Kojidan, an episode on old accounts'), and so on.
- 更に「臣下の臣下は臣下でない」という語に示されるように、直接に主従関係を結んでいなければ「臣下の臣下」は「主君の主君」に対して主従関係を形成しなかった為、複雑な権力構造が形成された。
- Furthermore, as indicated by the saying 'a retainer's retainer is not a retainer,' 'a retainer's retainer' did not have the master to servant relationship with 'a master's master,' therefore, a complicated power structure was formed.
- 首塚には、後に怨霊となる恐れがある単独の者(敵武将など)のものや、雑兵であっても多数の戦死者が出た場合(関ヶ原の戦いなど大きな戦い)のものなどがあり、今なお、全国各地に多数存在する。
- There are Kubizuka enshrining a single person (like an enemy samurai commander) who was feared to become Onryo (a vengeful ghost) later, and also there are Kubizuka enshrining many solders killed in one battle (in a huge battle like the Battle of Sekigahara) together even though they were zohyo (common soldiers); a great number of both types of Kubizuka still exist throughout Japan.
- また、このころの元老院の議論は低調で1878年1月20日付の「輿論雑誌」には、元老院でまともに議論をしているのは両幹事(陸奥・河野)と中島信行・細川潤次郎の4名だけと揶揄されている。
- The discussion at Genroin those days was inactive, so it was teased on 'Public Opinion Magazine' issued on January 20, 1878 that the members who were discussing sincerely were just 4 members who were two secretaries (MUTSU, KONO), Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA and Junjiro HOSOKAWA.
- なお皇后美智子が結婚・即位・立太子で、徳仁親王妃雅子が結婚で、文仁親王妃紀子が結婚並びに即位の礼で、夫々使用している写真をフォトグラフィック関連の書籍及び雑誌等で目にすることができる。
- There are books and magazines that contain photographs of hiogi fans used by the Empress Michiko at ceremonies of marriage, enthronement, and investiture of the Crown Prince; Princess Masako, the wife of Imperial Prince Naruhito at the marriage ceremony; and Princess Kiko, the wife of Imperial Prince Fumihito at the ceremonies of marriage and enthronement.
- この点が、公事のみが免除される免田(めんでん)、臨時雑役が免除される給名(きゅうみょう)との大きな違いであり、免田・給名と区別するために本給田(ほんきゅうでん)と呼ばれることもあった。
- This was the most different aspect compared to Menden, which were exempt from only kuji, and Kyumyo exempt from temporary zoyaku, and was also called Honkyuden to distinguish it from Menden and Kyumyo.
- しかし、延暦17年(798年)の太政官符によれば、令制国が地元特産物を朝廷に納めるために買い上げを行う(交易雑物)時には、和市の価(今日で言う市場価格)で購入するように命じられている。
- But the Daijokanpu issued in 798 (official docments issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) ordered ryoseikoku (province) to buy at Washi price (present-day market price) when purchasing local specialties (trading miscellaneous things) to deliver to the Court.
- 上野にて「平和記念東京博覧会」、「週刊朝日」「サンデー毎日」創刊、「小学館の学習雑誌」(小学館)創刊、「江崎グリコ」創業、「資生堂」が美容講習会、婦人断髪スタイルが流行、全国水平社創立
- Peace Commemoration Tokyo Exposition' in Ueno, the first publication of 'Shukan Asahi' and 'Sunday Mainichi,' the first publication of 'learning magazine' by Shogakukan Inc., the foundation of 'Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd.,' beauty lessons given by 'Shiseido Co., Ltd.,' shortcut hair in fashion among women, and the foundation of Zenkoku Suihei-sha
- 平野の圃場大型化整備の際に行われた田圃の所有権の整理が棚田ではされていないため、外部の者が一体的な風景に見える棚田の所有権はかなり複雑に入り組んでおり、1世帯あたりの耕作面積も少ない。
- Ownership of each agricultural area was organized at the time of enlargement and improvement of agricultural areas in plains, but there was no such organization in the case of Tanada, so the ownership relationships of Tanada, which look uninterrupted to outsiders, are quite complex and the area cultivated by each household is small.
- いっぽう「茶道」の立場からは、茶道の精神論が到達した一つの頂点として捉えられる(但し『南方録』に見られるような秘伝によって複雑化した茶道体系と、利休の茶はかならずしも同一の物ではない)。
- On the other hand, viewing from the perspective of 'Sado,' it is considered to be one of the heights where Sado's idealism reached (although the tea-ceremony system complicated by secret teachings, like the ones in 'Nanboroku,' is not necessarily the same with Rikyu's style).
- だがそれだけではなく、公開時の淀川長治との雑誌対談で黒澤は「国内版は時間がなかったため編集が不十分、もっと切りたかったが、外国版は時間が許す限り再編集した。」という主旨の発言をしている。
- In addition, during a magazine interview with Nagaharu YODOGAWA (film critic), Kurosawa said, 'Editing of the domestic version was inadequate due to lack of time but we made as many further cuts as time allowed for the international version.'
- しかし、当時の複雑な訴訟手続に対して適切なアドバイスを与える存在であるとともに奉行所の役人などとの人脈を用いて訴訟を有利に進めるなど、当時の人々にとってはなくてはならない存在でもあった。
- However, kujishi was playing an important role as advising people regarding the complex legal procedures at that time and taking advantage of the connections with officials of magistrate's offices in the legal procedures, and they were imperative for the people in that period.
- 賎民は五色の賎と言われ、陵戸(天皇・皇族の陵墓を代々守る家系)、官戸(諸官庁に属し公用に従事)、公奴婢(官有の奴隷)、家人(貴族や有力者に属し雑用に従事)、私奴婢(私有の奴隷)があった。
- The senmin were known as 'the five lowly kinds,' which were 'ryoko,' families of the keepers of imperial tombs; 'kanko,' servants belonging to government offices and involved in government work; 'kunui,' government-owned slaves; 'kenin,' slaves owned by nobles or powerful people for odd jobs; and 'shinui,' private servants.
- 急進的な一派が形成されるためには、ある程度の国際法や世界情勢の知識の普及が不可欠であるが、その知識浸透に寄与したのが『漢城旬報』や『漢城周報』といった雑誌・新聞(近代メディア)であった。
- Korean newspapers and magazines such as 'Hanseong sunbo' and 'Hanseong Jubo' contributed to diffusion of knowledge on world situation, which was essential for formation of progressive parties.
- また『柳烟雑記』は享保九年五月(1723年)の武家人口として、大名264人、旗本5205人、御目見以下1万7004人、与力・同心並びに六尺・下男3万0909人、その他487人と伝えている。
- Additionally, according to the 'Ryuenzakki' [柳烟雑記] (Miscellaneous Records of Smokey Willow), the samurai population as of May 1723 (Kyoho 9) comprised of 264 daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), 5,205 hatamoto (bannermen), 17,004 subordinates, 30,909 of those including yoriki (police sergeant), doshin (police constable), rokushaku (servant) and genan (houseboy), and 487 others.
- 江戸幕府の組織としての黒鍬(組)も三河国松平氏時代からの譜代の黒鍬から構成されており、若年寄支配で小者・中間として江戸城内の修築作業や幕府から出される諸令伝達や草履取り等の雑務に従事した。
- Kurokuwa also indicated the unit of kurokuwa (construction workers) which was one of the organizations of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun,) consisting of kurokuwa who had been fudai (hereditary vassals) since the era of Matsudaira clan of Mikawa Province and were in charge of repairing work in the Edo-jo Castle, transmission of orders issued by the bakufu, miscellaneous affairs such as zoritori (sandal bearer, equivalent to a batman,) and whose status was komono (a lower servant) or chugen (a rank below common soldier) under the control of wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu).
- また、長官・通判官・判官のいずれもが正式な官人である「流内官」だったのに対し、主典のほとんどは「流外官」(庶民が登用される雑吏)であり、九品官には含まれない正式な官人ではなかったのである。
- While Chokan, Tsuhangan and Hangan were formal officials called 'Ryunaikan,' most of Sakan were 'Ryugaikan' (miscellaneous posts to which ordinary people were appointed), who were not formal officials and were not included in Kuhonkan (nine official posts).
- しかし史実を踏まえた架空の登場人物の設定は極めて複雑かつ矛盾に満ちたものになっており、そのため初演以来これが通しで演じられることは稀で、通常は二段目返しの「南禅寺山門の場」のみが上演される。
- However, because of the complicated setting including the background of those characters and of many contradictions, it has been rarely fully performed since after the opening, and at present, usually only the second act's kaeshi 'Nanzen-ji Sanmon-no-ba' is performed.
- その中核は、川上三太郎の「川柳研究」、村田周魚の「川柳きやり」、前田雀郎の「せんりう」、岸本水府の「番傘」、麻生路郎の「川柳雑誌」そしてやや小ぶりだが、椙元紋太の「ふあうすと」の6社である。
- The central figures were the following six societies: Santaro KAWAKAMI's 'Senryu kenkyu' (Study of Senryu), Shugyo MURATA's 'Senryu kiyari', Jakuro MAEDA's 'Senryu', Suifu KISHIMOTO's 'Bangasa' (coarse oilpaper umbrellas), Jiro ASO's 'Senryu zasshi' (Senryu Magazine) and Monta SUGIMOTO's 'Fuausuto', although the last one was a little smaller in scale.
- 恒例諸公事・同臨時・私儀・諸公事言説・禁中所々名・人体・院中・雑物・衣服・喪服・車具・文書の12の篇目に分類して約600語を採録し、その読み方を片仮名で傍書するとともに簡単な解説を付している。
- It contains about 600 words classified into twelve items of: annual public duties, extraordinary public duties, private duties, remarks on public duties, names of the places in the Imperial Palace, human body, titles of retired emperor, cloistered emperor, and nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), sundries, clothes, mourning dress, ancient carriage parts, and documents, with reading of each appellation written beside it in katakana letters, and simple annotations.
- 第2作として製作した『光を仰ぎて』は、教育者として知られる蓮沼門三を原作に迎え、脚本に当時、児玉省が主筆をしていた教育雑誌「新教育」のスタッフが脚本を執筆したが、公開できた記録が残っていない。
- The second work 'Hikari o Aogite' (Seeing the Light) was based on Monzo HASUNUMA, who was known as the educator, and the staff of educational magazine 'Shin-kyoiku' (New education) with editor-in-chief Habuku KODAMA wrote the script, but no record exists of its release.
- 電撃ネットワークの南部虎弾(出演者クレジットは南部虎太となっている)、柳葉敏郎、山田五郎(クレジットなし)といった面々が、全く無名だった若き日に雑兵や死体役などのエキストラとして出演している。
- Current prominent figures, including Torata NAMBU of Dengeki Network, Toshiro YANAGIBA, Goro YAMADA (uncredited), appeared as extras, such as in the roles of common soldiers and the dead, when they were young and unknown.
- 租税収取を所管する部署(税所・田所・大帳所・出納所など)や、軍事を所管する部署(健児所・検非違使所・厩所など)、所務・雑務を所管する部署(政所・調所・細工所・膳所など)を国衙に整備していった。
- So, the Kokushi modified the Kokuga, establishing several departments such as a department to control the collection of taxes (zeisho [tax office], tadokoro, daichosho [the major accounting and reporting office], suitodokoro [teller's office], and others), a department in control of military affairs (kondeidokoro [military office], kebiishi dokoro [police and judicial office], umayadokoro [stable office], and others), a department in control of the shomu (land management) and routine tasks (mandokoro, choso [checking office], saikudokoro [tooling office], zendokoro [food office], and others).
- だが、20世紀初頭の明治期に至って、正岡子規をはじめとする、松瀬青々、河東碧梧桐、内藤鳴雪、高浜虚子、たちは新聞『日本』に拠って、新派ホトトギス (雑誌)なる結社をおこし、正風打倒を目標とした。
- However, in the Meiji period in the beginning of twentieth century, led by Shiki MASAOKA, Seisei MATSUSE, Hekigoto KAWAHIGASHI, Meisetsu NAITO, and Kyoshi TAKAHAMA organized an association, New Hototogisu (name of magazine) based on 'Japan' (a newspaper) and targeted to overthrow Shofu.
- 交渉中特に問題となったのは、公使がソウルに官舎を構えるか否か(公使派出問題)、日本の役人が朝鮮内地を移動できるか否か、開港地における一般日本人の移動範囲、米や雑穀の輸出入といったテーマであった。
- They had long arguments about those topics in particular, such as whether the ministers would establish the official residence (a problem of dispatch of ministers), whether Japanese government officials could move inland in Korea, the range of traveling for general Japanese in the places where ports were opened, and import and export of rice and grain.
- こうした事態に対応するため、江戸の問屋商人らの要望も受けた江戸幕府は、1860年に、生糸、雑穀、水油、蝋、呉服の五品目について、必ず江戸の問屋を経由する法令 - 五品江戸廻送令 - を発出した。
- To deal with such situation, and in response to the wishes of wholesalers in Edo the Edo bakufu issued the Law for Transporting Five Articles through Edo, which was a law providing that merchants never failed to get through the warehouse merchants in Edo regarding five articles such as raw silk thread, cereals, hair oil, wax and draperies in 1860.
- 『宝雲抄』は、1924年(大正13年)4月の春休みに奈良に行ったときの印象や感想を学習院輔仁会雑誌に「奈良より」と題して投稿したのをきっかけに、4年間掲載されたものを、ひとつの本にしたものである。
- 'Hounsho' is a collection of his essays continued for four years, which started by posting his impression of a trip to Nara on a spring holiday in April 1924 to Gakushuin Hojinkai Magazine with a title of 'From Nara.'
- フランス文学研究者・桑原武夫は「第二芸術」にて(雑誌「世界」1946年)「俳句というものは同好者だけが特殊世界を作りその中で楽しむ芸事。大家と素人の区別もつかぬ第二芸術に過ぎない」と糾弾している。
- In 'Daini Geijutsu' (Second-Class Art) ('Sekai' Magazine, 1946), Takeo KUWABARA, a scholar of French Literature, denounced haiku as being 'a hobby enjoyed by the members of a special world they create themselves. It is merely a second-class art that is incapable of distinguishing the experts from the amateurs.'
- 大和国、摂津国、河内国、山背国に設置された、宮内省が管理する総計100町の水田で、宮内省所管諸司の伴部、使部等が田司(大宝令は屯司)として派遣されて経営にあたり、班田農民の雑徭によって耕作された。
- A total of 100 cho (about 9920 ares) of rice paddies established in the provices of Yamato, Settsu, Kawachi and Yamashiro were under the control of the Imperial Household Ministry, and shoshi (officials) of the Imperial Household Ministry such as tomo no miyatsuko (Servant of the Court administering a group) and shibe (low rank bureaucrats) were dispatched as 田司 (屯司 in theTiho Code) to manage the fields, which were cultivated by the peasants of alloted farmland as zoyo (irregular corvee).
- 中世の荘園公領制では、本家-領家-開発領主-荘官-地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- As seen in relationships among honke (head family), ryoke (lord of the manor), kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notable who developed the land), shokan (officer governing shoen), and jito (manager and lord of manor), dominance relationships involving lands and farmers and also relationships involving rights such as land and profit were related to each other in multiple ways; therefore, the Shoen Koryo system of the Middle Ages was extremely complicated.
- 本願寺は依然として雑賀衆などの支援を集めつつ強勢を保ったが、次第に敵中に孤立していき、1580年、ついに正親町天皇の勅命を引き出した信長に屈して石山本願寺を退去し、領主権力としての本願寺は消滅した。
- Hongan-ji Temple retained its predominance by gaining support from Saikashu, but gradually it was isolated in the midst of enemies, ultimately succumbing to Nobunaga, who withdrew imperial command from the Emperor Ogimachi and left Ishiyama Honganji Temple in 1580, whereby Hongan-ji Temple as seigniory was extinguished.
- しかし、全ての雑役免田・半輸地が消えたわけではなく、薩摩国・大隅国・日向国にまたがる摂関家最大の荘園である島津荘の寄郡(よせごおり)と呼ばれる部分は、鎌倉時代になっても国衙と荘園領主に両属していた。
- However, it was not that Zoeki Menden and Hanyuchi disappeared completely, but the part of Yosegori of the Shimazu Sho, which was the largest Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) Shoen covering Satsuma, Okuma and Hyuga Provinces was still under the governance of the Kokuga and Shoen landlord even in the Kamakura Period.
- 20世紀後半になって漫画雑誌『月刊アフタヌーン』に連載されていた『ヨコハマ買い出し紀行』で長棹型月琴が紹介され主人公の初瀬野アルファが弾いていたことで青年層に知られ始め、ひそかなブームを生んでいる。
- In the latter half of the twentieth century, as gekkin with a long neck was introduced in 'Yokohama Kaidashi Kiko' (published serially in the comic magazine 'Gekkan Afternoon'), the hero of which Alpha HATSUSENO played it, it began to be known by younger generation and it enjoyed a quiet boom.
- これを受けて亀山上皇は1286年(弘安9)12月に院評定を徳政沙汰と雑訴沙汰に分割、続いて伏見天皇は1293年(正応6)6月に記録所組織の改革を行って、政治組織の刷新を行って円滑な政務遂行を図った。
- In response to this, Retired Emperor Kameyama divided In no hyojo (consultation under the government by the retired Emperor) into tokusei-sata (dealing with problems related to religious matters and official appointments) and zasso sata (litigation investigation) and the Emperor Fushimi reformed the organization of Kirokusho (government agency of lawsuits) in June 1293 and aimed for the smooth implementation of government duties by the renewal of political system.
- 更に内裏や寺社の修理造営に対する負担も公事の一環として諸国の受領に負担を配分したが、その際に受領が自己負担で賄いきれない部分を臨時雑役・国役の名目で民衆に負担させることが許容された(「国衙公事」)。
- Moreover, the building or repairing cost of dairi (Imperial Palace) or temples and shrines were also born by Zuryo of each privince as a part of kuji, and if zuryo couldn't take all of it by themselves, it was allowed for them to impose the rest of the load they couldn't bear to people in name of rinji zoyaku (temporary odd-job tasks) or kuniyaku (public duties) (kokuga kuji).
- 「藝」(ゲイ)は「うえる」「わざ」の意、「芸」(ウン)は「くさぎる」(雑草を取る)「ヘンルーダ」(書物の虫を防ぐのに使う香草)の意であり、「芸亭」の名はこの「ヘンルーダ」の意味からきていると思われる。
- The kanji 藝 (gei) means 'to plant' or 'skill,' while 芸 (un) means 'to pull out the weeds' or 'common rue' (herb used to keep insects away from papers and books), supporting the belief that the name Untei comes from this definition.
- 父(天武天皇)の元に身を寄せたと思われる(『万葉集』から高市の正妃となったとする説もある)が、敗北した近江側の実質的な皇后として、また天皇の皇女として依然として大変複雑な辛い立場にあったことは疑いない。
- While she is thought to have put herself under the protection of her father (Emperor Tenmu) (Some say in 'Manyoshu' [the oldest anthology of tanka] she became the lawful wife of Takechi), there is no doubt that she remained in a very complicated and awkward situation as the empress in substance of defeated Omi side or as an Imperial princess of the Emperor.
- そのような状況であるにも関わらず、源氏物語は作品世界の中の出来事を単純に時間を追って記しているのではなく、描かれる時間帯に重なりが存在したり、描かれていない時間帯が存在するという複雑な構造を持っている。
- In addition to this ambiguity, the Tale of Genji has a complicated structure where the author does not describe events in the story in simple chronological order, but has some periods of time overlapping and omits others completely.
- 小宮山綏介(1891年)は、『柳烟雑記』の統計を元に諸藩の在府者と家族の人口を12万1100人、旗本御家人と家族の人口を8万3403人、その家来・従事者5万8936人、合計約26万人程度と推定している。
- Yasusuke KOMIYAMA (1891) estimated based on the statistics from '柳烟雑記' that the total population of samurai households was around 260,000; 121,110 of domain-retained samurai and their family, 83,403 of hatamoto and their family, and 58,936 of their retainers and servants.
- 大宰府を日本最初の都城であるとする主張もわずかながら存在しているが、査読のある学術雑誌において肯定的に取り上げた学術論文は皆無であり、一般に九州王朝説及び関連する主張は科学的な学説とはみなされていない。
- Although there is a minor opinion that the Japan's first capital is Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), there has been virtually no academic thesis which takes up this theory affirmatively in the scientific journals with peer review, and in general Kyushu dynasty theory and its related opinions are not considered as scientific theories.
- 室町時代にも荘園は存続したが、中央貴族・寺社・武士・在地領主などの権利・義務が重層的かつ複雑にからむ状況が生まれる一方、自立的に発生した村落=惣村による自治が出現し、荘園は緩やかに解体への道を歩み始めた。
- Also during the Muromachi period shoens continued, but while the rights and duties of central aristocrats, temples and shrines, samurais, local lords and so on began to be complicated in a multi-layered way, the autonomous control by the independently emerging village = soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) started and shoens began to disappear slowly.
- 結髪が習慣化して以来、成人女性は自分で髪を結うのが嗜みだったのだが、髪型が複雑化した明和年間ごろにはもはや結髪の素人には手に負えず、また、後ろ髪を大きく突き出すような自分では結うのが難しい髪型が氾濫した。
- Since keppatsu (hairdressing) became common practice, it was accomplishment for an adult woman to fix her hairdo by herself, but around the Meiwa era, when the hairstyle became complicated, nonprofessional women could not handle the hairdo anymore, and the hairstyle with back hair widely projected, which was difficult to fix single-handedly, became popular.
- 実用雑誌らしく「作務衣の選び方」「檀家に喜ばれる和菓子」などの記事や、各地で善行を積んでいる住職のリポートもあるが、「墓地を巡る檀家と住職の泥沼裁判」「住職殺害事件」など、スキャンダラスな記事も多く載せる。
- Like other practical magazines, it has articles such as 'How to choose Samue(Japanese Indigo Working Kimono),' 'Japanese-style confections beloved by parishioners' and reports from chief priests who are piling up beneficence in various places, and also a lot of scandalous articles such as 'The bogging traial for a graveyard between a parishioner and a chief priest' and 'A murder case of a chief priest.'
- 1-35番までの70句は四季の年中行事を、36-43番左までの17句は内裏殿舎にちなんだ「恋」の句、43番右-50番までの13句は宣命・行幸・牛車など宮中に関する事物を扱った「雑」の句という構成になっている。
- Seventy waka poems from Number one to Number thirty-five were those of seasonal events, seventeen waka poems from Number thirty-six to the left of Number forty-three were those of 'love' that related to the palace building, and thirteen waka poems from the right of Number fourty-three to Number fifty were those of 'zatsu,' which used various things related to the Imperial Court such as senmyo (Imperial edict), gyoko (Imperial visit) and gissha (ox-drawn carriage) as subject matter.
- この時点での蝦夷地は、日露雑居の北蝦夷地(後の樺太)が幕府の直轄で、後の北海道にあたる東蝦夷地と西蝦夷地には、幕府直轄領と諸藩領(松前藩、盛岡藩、仙台藩、会津藩、弘前藩、庄内藩)がおよそ半々に入り組んでいた。
- At that time, Kita-Ezochi (later Sakhalin) where both Ainu and Russian people inhabited was under a direct control of bakufu, and Higashi-Ezochi and Nichi-Ezochi which later became Hokkaido were ruled by both bakufu and several feudal domains (Matsumae Domain, Morioka Domain, Sendai Domain, Aizu Domain, Hirosaki Domain and Shonai Domain), with each occupying almost fifty percent.
- 租・調 (律令制)・庸および雑徭、出挙、交易などからなる律令租税体系は10世紀から11世紀中期にかけて、米納を中心とする官物(かんもつ)と、夫役・雑物からなる雑役(ぞうえき)といった2つの体系に移行していった。
- Around the tenth to mid-eleventh century, the Ritsuryo Taxation System of So (rice tax), Cho (tributes [Ritsuryo system]), Yo (labor) and zoyo (irregular corvee), suiko (government loans), kyoyaku (trading tributes) changed into Kanmotsu, which was basically paid in rice, and Zoeki, consisting of Buyaku (labor service) and Zatsumotsu (tributes).
- 健寿御前(はじめ平滋子に仕え、のち八条院にも仕えた)の『たまきはる』によれば、八条院は生活面において非常に無頓着・無造作で、およそ身辺の雑事について指示することが無く、女房たちを思いのままに自由にさせたという。
- According to 'Tamakiharu' (a diary) written by Kenjugozen (she served TAIRA no Shigeko and later also served Hachijoin), it was said Hachijoin was very unconcerned and casual in everyday life, she did not give many orders to her ladies in waiting concerning small things in her routine life, she let them behave as they wanted.
- ただ五位以上の位をもつものの経済的・政治的特権は法によって保証され、また有位者は一般に課役その他の義務を免除されていた点で、租庸調、雑徭(ぞうよう)などの課税および兵役の義務を負っていた一般平民と区別されていた。
- However, the economic and political privileges granted to those at the fifth or higher ranks were guaranteed by law, and those with rank generally were exempt from taxes and other duties, distinguishing them from the general heimin who were subject to taxation such as soyocho (corvee, taxes in kind or service) and zoyo (irregular corvee), as well as military service.
- 基本運指以外の「半音」を出す際には、複雑な指使い(「クロスフィンガリング」)をあまり用いず、指孔の半開や息と歌口の角度(マウスピース (楽器)アンブシュア)を微妙に調整して音程を上げ下げする方法のほうが好まれる。
- To produce semitones without using basic fingering, it is preferable to raise or lower the scale by closing a finger hole by half, slightly adjusting the breathing and the angle of the mouthpiece rather than using the complicated cross fingering technique.
- この頃の皇位継承のルールには、兄弟承継、大兄承継、群臣推挙、先帝遺詔(更に近年では即位要件に年齢制限(30歳以上)があったとする説もある)などがあり、これらが複雑にからんで皇位継承が行われていたと推定されている。
- There was a regulation in terms of Imperial succession in those days such as the succession between brothers, the succession of eldest brothers, being nominated by aides, following the will of a former Emperor, etc, (there was a theory developed from a recent study that there was an age limit, up to thirty years old, for succeeding to the throne), it is presumed after fulfilling such complicated requirements, Imperial succession was decided.
- 政務における公事の一環としての年中行事が整備されてきたのと同じ平安時代中期には、租庸調・雑徭を基本とする律令制の租税体系が解体したため、公事を含めた朝廷の運営費用は諸国の国司である受領が負担を請負う図式となった。
- In the mid Heian period when annual events became organized as a part of kuji in the political affairs, the taxation system of the ritsuryo system fell apart, so the management cost of the Imperial Court including kuji became to be borne by zuryo (provincial governor) who were kokushi.
- ちなみに京都では出汁に、魚介出汁をあまり利かさず、シンプルに仕上げる傾向があるのに対して、大阪では、魚介出汁は強めで、様々な隠し味を使い、複雑な味わいに仕上げるなど、同じ関西でも地域によって微妙に出汁の違いがある。
- Meanwhile, soup broth subtly differs region by region despite being located within the same Kansai region; for example, soup broth in Kyoto is flavored simply by putting a little seafood broth, while in Osaka the flavor is more complex, adding lots of seafood broth with various hidden flavors.
- 『養老令』によれば、醢(肉や魚を塩辛状にしたもの)、醤・未醤(みそ)などの調味料、菓(くだもの)、雑餅(雑穀などの餅製品)などを供給し、管下の組織として菓・餅類を扱う「菓餅所」と醤・未醤を扱う「醤院」が設置された。
- According to the 'Yoro-ryo' (Yoro Code), 'Kaheisho,' which provided salted food (of meat or fish), condiments such as Chinese sauce and misho (original form of miso or say sauce), fruits, rice cake products (millet and so on) and so on and dealt confectioneries and rice cakes under the jurisdiction of it, and 'Shoin' (section in charge of primitive soy sauce, sho) were established.
- 一度コツを掴めば、その即興性や緊張感から、連句の面白さの虜となり得るが、複数人が集まって座を形成しなければならないことや、俳句に比べてルールが複雑なこと等からくる敷居の高さが連句人口の増加を妨げていると推測される。
- Despite the fact that once people have gotten the knack of creating renku they often become fascinated with the improvisation and the pleasant creative stress it requires, several people have to gather together in order to create renku, and the compositional rules are more complicated than those for writing haiku; these and other factors seem to prevent very many people from joining the ranks of renku creators.
- その結果、局務押小路家が外記方、官務壬生家が官方、そして出納平田家が蔵人方の地下官人を統率して奉行・職事の指示に従って傘下の地下官人を率いて儀式のために必要な事務・雑務を行うことになった(「禁中諸政諸司等作法事」)。
- It was decided that the head secretary of the Council of State Secretaries 'kyokumu,' the Oshinokoji family; the head secretary of the Senior Recorder of the Left 'kanmu,' the Mibu family; and a secretary of the Bureau of Archives 'suino,' the Hirata family were to lead the lower ranking officials in respective offices to carry out clerical work and miscellaneous business for the ceremonies under the command of commissioners and court officials (according to 'Kinchu shosei shoshi to shoji').
- As a result, Kyokumu Oshikoji family, Kanmu Mibu family and Suino Hirata family became responsible for various clerical and administrative jobs relating to ceremonies under the instruction of bugyo and shikiji (the head of office) while commanding the jigekanjin of Gekikata (Secretaries' Office), Kangata (one of government office) and Kurodogata respectively ('Kinchu Shosei Shoshi to Sahonokoto' (manners in political affairs and officers of the Imperial Court)).
- 古代においては律令制のもとで戸籍に '良' と分類された有姓階層全体、すなわち貴族、官人、公民、雑色人が百姓であり、天皇、及び '賎' とされた無姓の奴婢などの賎民、及び化外の民とされた蝦夷などを除外した概念であった。
- In the ancient times, the concept of hyakusho was all classes with surnames that were classified as 'Ryo' (law-abiding people) in a family register under the Ritsuryo system, i.e., nobles, government officials, citizens, and zoshikinin (lower-level functionaries in the provincial government), excluding emperors, humble or lowly people without a surname who were classified as 'Sen' such as slaves, and Emishi (northerners) who were classified as social outcasts.
- 当時最先端の都市であったロンドン、パリを超えた世界最大級の人口密度を持った江戸の街の隅々に食料を供給するために、流通システムも巨大で複雑で細かなものに発展していき、そのシステムの末端が、振売と呼ばれる業種の人々だった。
- In order to supply food to every corner of Edo, the most highly populated city in the world beyond London and Paris that were the most advanced cities in those days, the distribution was developed into a big, complicated and fine system, and people categorized into business called the furiuri were at the lowest end of the system.
- このような秤量銀貨は取引の度に秤量するという煩雑さを伴うため、銀座および両替商で賞賜目的には銀一枚(43匁)、および商取引などには500匁毎にまとめ、和紙で包み封印をした、「包金銀」の形で取引に使用されるようになった。
- Since silver by weight standard needs many works by weighing at each trade, at ginza and currency exchange, it was defined to be a piece of silver (43 momen) for giving as prize and 500 momen for trading, where it was used as 'gold and silver by wrapping' that was wrapped by Japanese paper with seal.
- しかし、1577年に本拠地の雑賀が織田軍の侵攻を受けると、紀ノ川北岸にあった鈴木氏の所領は真っ先に攻撃を受けて占領され、紀ノ川南岸での戦いも劣勢であったために鈴木氏は他の有力者たちとともに織田氏への服属を誓って降伏した。
- However, in 1577 when the group's home base, Saiga was invaded by the Oda army, the Suzuki clan's estate, which was on the north shore of Kino-kawa River, became the first target to be attacked and occupied, and the Saiga forces were also on the backfoot at the fight on the south shore of Kino-kawa River, the Suzuki clan, along with the other influentials, surrendered to the Oda clan, pledging its submission.
- 江戸時代の地下官人制度は局務・官務・出納からなり地下官人を統率する催官人と一般の地下官人である並官人、その下で雑用を担当し株の売買によって町人や農民でも身分を獲得することが可能であった下官人の3層構造体制で構成されていた。
- The lower ranking officials during the Edo period were divided into three offices 'Kyokumu,' 'Kanmu,' and 'Suino' with a hierarchy of the class controlling over the lower ranking officials; the class consisting of the general lower ranking officials; and the class in charge of chore which could be attained by townsmen and farmers through purchasing stock.
- 当初は正丁(21~60歳の男性)年間60日以下、次丁(正丁の障害者と老丁(61歳以上の男性))年間30日以下、中男(17~20歳の男性)年間15日以下を限度としたが、757年(天平宝字元年)に雑徭を半減する格式が出された。
- Initially, the maximum number of days per annum for the zoyo was less than or equal to 60 for the seitei (a male between the ages of 21 and 60), 30 for the jitei (a seitei with disabilities) and the rotei (a male over age 60), and 15 days for the chunan (a male between the ages of 17 and 20), but the Kyakushiki code (a code to amend and supplement the Ritsuryo code) intended to reduce the zoyo by half was introduced in 757.
- 海上封鎖のバリケードとして織田信長の命で九鬼嘉隆により伊勢で6隻建造され、大阪湾へ向う途上に雑賀・谷輪の水軍と戦いこれを破り、第二次木津川口の戦いにおいてはたった6隻で600隻もの毛利水軍の船団を壊滅させたといわれている。
- Six ships were built in Ise for sea barricades by Yoshitaka Kuki, who was ordered by Nobunaga Oda; it is said that the Oda navy with these ships, on the way to Osaka Bay, defeated the Saiga/Taniwa navy, and also destroyed 600 ships of the Mori navy fleet only with six ships.
- 明治8年(1875年)、明治政府は、江戸幕府が定め複雑に入り組んだ酒株に関する規制を一挙に撤廃し、酒類の税則を醸造税と営業税の二本立てに簡略化して、醸造技術と資本のある者ならば誰でも自由に酒造りができるように法令を発した。
- In 1875, the Meiji Government abolished at a stroke complicated regulations concerning sakekabu which the Edo bakufu had implemented, simplified the taxation rule for alcoholic beverages by implementing a dual system of brewing and trading taxes, and issued an order to allow anyone with brewing techniques and capital to brew sake freely.
- やがて在番仮屋が廃されて、「沖縄県警部派出所」が設けられたが、島内の下里村在住の士族、下地利社(しもじ りしゃ)という25歳の若者が、同年7月8日、この派出所に通訳兼雑用人として採用され、県官吏の傭人として働くようになった。
- Later, Zaiban kaiya was abolished and the 'branch station of Okinawa Prefectural Police' was established, where a 25 year-old young man, Risha SHIMOJI who lived in Shimozato Village on the island, was hired on July 8 of the same year as a translator as well as an office boy and worked for the government officials.
- 現代では冷蔵庫など食品の保存に便利な装置や輸送面での技術的進歩によりあまり意識されない所ではあるが、かつては食材の鮮度保持や雑菌繁殖予防などで様々な工夫が行われ、その一部は今日ヅケと呼ばれる調理や味付けの技法に生き残っている。
- At one time various kinds of efforts were made for preserving freshness or preventing contamination and so on, but now they are not noticed because of convenient devices for keeping foods such as refrigerators or technical developments of transportation, a part of which remains in the cooking or seasoning technique called zuke (tuna preserved with soy sauce).
- しかし実際には自身が病弱である事、重度の吃音である事、実家の母から過大な期待を寄せられている事、同寺が観光客の参観料で運営されており、僧侶よりも事務職の方が幅を利かせるなどの現実から、厭世感情からくる複雑な感情が入り乱れていた。
- However, the truth was that it was much more complicated because HAYASHI was pessimistic towards life, based on him being rather sickly with serious dysphemia, while his mother had placed extremely high hopes on him.
- 荘園は度重なる寄進によって重層的な支配構造となっていたが、実際に直接あるいは雑掌などを派遣して、荘園内の在地勢力(荘官及び荘民)に対して諸権限を行使しえたのは荘務権を持っている職の体系であり、本来本所とは荘務権を持つ職を指した。
- Shoen was often placed under the complicated control system due to repeated donations; the honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a private estate) originally referred to the individuals who held the shomuken, and those who were in the position to hold the shomuken could administer various authorities against the local power within shoen, such as shokan (an officer governing shoen) and shomin (people of the manor), by personally going to the shoen himself or by sending a zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) there.
- 1959年、史上初の週刊漫画雑誌週刊少年サンデー・週刊少年マガジンがそれぞれ創刊され、1963年には『少年キング』が、1968年には『週刊少年ジャンプ』、1969年に『週刊少年チャンピオン』が追って創刊、少年誌5大誌時代に突入。
- In 1595, the first ever weekly comic magazine 'Weekly Shonen Sunday' and 'Weekly Shonen Magazine' were launched, followed by 'Weekly Shonen King' in 1963, 'Weekly Shonen Jump' in 1968 and 'Weekly Shonen Champion' in 1969, then it entered the five boys' magazines period.
- 衰退の主な原因として、正装の和服が非常に高価であること、着付けが極めて繁雑でわずらわしいこと、活動的な生活には不向きであり、実用性に欠けること、温度調節がしにくく、現代の日本、特に夏場の気候には不向きであることなどがあげられる。
- The main cause may be that formal Wafuku is priced very high, dressing of Wafuku is quite complicated and troublesome, Wafuku is unsuitable for an active person and impractical, it is difficult to adjust to the temperature with Wafuku so that Wafuku is unsuitable for Modern Japan, especially during the summer season.
- 石井研堂(1908)による『明治事物起源』は明治に始まる種々の事物・事象について、過去の新聞雑誌の記事などを元に解説したもので、以下はハイカラの語の由来を説明した一文である(同書 p.67-69、旧漢字は新漢字に変更してある):
- The ''Meiji Jibutsu Kigen' written by kendo ISHII is a book that explains things and events that started in the Meiji period, based on the past newspapers and magazines, and the origin of the word haikara is described in the book (pp.67-69) as follows (old-style kanji are changed into new kanji):
- なお、常磐井和子は「源氏物語古系図は複雑な伝流過程をたどっていると見られ、原型に近いと見られる「九条家本」系統以外は明確な分類が出来ないものがある」として成立時の原型に近い「九条家本」系統とその他の2系統に分類でよいとしている。
- Kazuko TOKIWAI considers that old genealogies of The Tale of Genji seem to have been handed down in the complicated process, and they can be classified into two groups of 'Kujoke-bon manuscript' which is close to the original when it was completed and other group, stating that 'it is impossible to classify them clearly except 'Kujoke-bon,' which seems to be close to the original manuscript.'
- しかし、そのことをもって、御伽草子全てを婦女童幼の読み物であると断定するべきではなく、物語が庶民に楽しめるものになっていったこの時代に、色々な創作・享受の条件が複雑に重なった結果、御伽草子のような形の物語群が生まれたと思われる。
- However, that is not to say that all Otogi Zoshi were reading material only for women and children, and the narrative forms of Otogi Zoshi are thought to have been created as a result of complicated, overlapping conditions of various recreations during that period when narratives began to be enjoyed by general public.
- 太政官符・太政官牒の発給には直接の担当者ではない少納言や外記が関与したり、天皇の御璽の請印などが必要とされたために、手続が煩雑でしかも間に儀礼的な文書授受や請印を求めるための儀礼が加わるなど、緊急時には対応が出来ないものであった。
- The daijokanpu or dajokancho was not fit for emergencies because shonagon and geki, who were not directly in charge of their issuance, were implicated, because the imperial stamp was needed for their issuance and because the procedures were complicated and often necessitated ceremonious events: exchange of documents, stamping etc.
- その形態には様々な形態があり、百済手部・百済戸・飼戸のように一定期間ごとの交替制あるいは臨時に召役されるもの、雑工戸・鍛戸のように農閑期に官司において労役させられるもの、筥戸のように毎年一定の製品を貢納したものなどの形式があった。
- There were various forms of zakko, such as Kudarabe, Kudarahe and Shiko who were summoned to serve on a periodic rotating or temporary basis, Zokuko and Kanuchibe who were required to work for government offices in the agricultural off-season, and Hakohe who offered a certain amount of products every year.
- このほか大田南畝の『半日閑話』、岩瀬京山の『蜘蛛の糸』、『乙巳雑記上』などは、天明六年十月廿八日(1786年)または天明七年五月廿五日以降(1787年)に江戸の町人の人口が100万人を超える128万5300人であったと伝えている。
- Other sources including Nanbo OTA's 'Hannichi Kanwa' and 'Kumo no Ito' and Kyozan IWASE's 'Otomizakki jo' point that the population of towns people exceeded the one million mark and reached 1,285,300 by June 1786 (Tenmei 6) or May 1787 (Tenmei), t.
- 石井家設立が上のように複雑な経緯をたどったのは、初代・行豊は正二位・権中納言・平松時量(1627年〜1704年)を実父とするが、養子先である石井局の勤務を後水尾天皇及び東福門院がねぎらうという形で行豊に新家の創設を認めたためである。
- There was a rather complex background to the establishment of the Iwai family as follows; though the first Yukitoyo was a son of Tokitsune HIRAMATSU of the Shonii Gon Chunagon (Senior Second Rank, Provisional Vice-Councilor of State) (1627 -1704), Emperor Gomizunoo and Tofukumonin allowed Yukitoyo to establish a new family in appreciation of his service in his adoptive family, Iwai no tsubone.
- 14世紀前後の北九州から朝鮮半島、中国沿岸などでは日本人、中国人や朝鮮民族らの多民族構成とする倭寇(前期倭寇)が活発化し、日朝貿易においては朝貢貿易に加えて民間貿易も許可されていたため、東アジアの海上世界は民族雑居状態が存在していた。
- Around the fourteenth century, Wako (specifically, the early Wako), a multiethnic group of pirates that included Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans, began increasing their activities in the seas from northern Kyushu in Japan to those around the Korean peninsula and along the coast of China; in addition to the formal tributary trade missions, it was now also permissible for trade to be conducted between Japan and Korea by private merchants, adding a more international flavor to the maritime world of East Asia during this period.
- また1934年(昭和9年)には、斎藤内閣の商工大臣であった中島久万吉が雑誌「現代」2月号に転載された足利尊氏と足利時代(室町時代)を再評価すべきという感想を述べたことに対して、菊池議員と共に中島大臣を攻撃し辞職させたことでも知られる。
- It was well-known that, in 1934, Kumakichi NAKAJIMA, the Minister of Commerce and Industry in the Sato Cabinet, stated in his article reprinted in the February issue of the monthly magazine 'Gendai' (Modern times) that Takauji ASHIKAGA and the Ashikaga era (i.e., the Muromachi period) should be transvalued; and Yukimitsu, together with Takeo KIKUCHI, censured Kumakichi NAKAJIMA and forced him to resign.
- 加えて本能寺の変直後、光秀が紀州雑賀衆・土橋重治へ送った書状に「上意馳走申しつけられて示し給い、快然に候」と、光秀より身分の高い者からの命令を指す「上意」という言葉を使っていることを挙げ、光秀の背後に足利義昭が存在したと主張している。
- In addition, Mitsuhide sent a letter to Shigeharu TSUCHIBASHI, who was a member of the Saigashu (a powerful local clan in Saiga, Kishu), saying, 'A joi (order from a superior to a subordinate) has been issued requesting that you provide service, which is a great honor', and Fujita pointed out that as the word 'joi' was used, the order must be from someone with a higher status than Mitsuhide.
- 主な代表的な高札としては、寛文元年(1661年)の5枚の高札(撰銭、切支丹、火事場、駄賃、雑事)や正徳 (日本)元年(1711年)の5枚の高札(忠孝、切支丹、火付、駄賃、毒薬)、明治維新とともに新政府から出された五榜の掲示などがある。
- Most commonly known Kosatsu are 5 boards of Kosatsu published in 1661 ('Erizeni' for eliminating low quality money, 'Kirishitan,' [Christian] the ban of 'Christianity,' 'Kajiba,' the law at the scene of a fire for preventing theft at the scene, 'Dachin,' the law for money or goods for the purpose of reward and 'Zatsuji,' the law for personal affairs), 5 boards of Kosatsu published in 1771 ('Chuko,' the loyalty and filial piety, 'Kirishitan,' the ban of Christianity, 'Hitsuke,' the law at the scene of a fire, 'Dachin,' the law for money or goods for the purpose of reward and 'Dokuyaku, 'the law for treating poisons) and 5 posts on the streets released by a new government after the Meiji restoration.
- 冒頭に天慶2年(939年)作の大江朝綱作の『倭注切韻』序文を冒頭に掲げ(ただし、その意図については不詳)、次に漢詩作成上に注意を必要とする10項目を記し、その後「筆大体」「詩本体」「雑体詩」「詩雑例」というそれぞれ独立した4項目が続く。
- The book starts with the preface of '倭注切韻' written by Oe no Asatsuna in 939 (its purpose is not clear), followed by ten matters to be attended in writing kanshi, which is followed by independent four items of '筆大体,' '詩本体,' '雑体詩,' and '詩雑例.'
- これは行政整理の一環であるとともに東大寺盧舎那仏像建立にあたって雑戸の技術力を利用すると同時に大仏建立の「知識(自発的参加)」の体裁を装うためのもの、極論としては欺瞞的な解放で大仏が完成すれば旧態に復する予定であったとする見解も有する。
- This was not only part of the administrative arrangement, but also intended to use zakko's skills to erect the statue of Birushana Buddha in Todai-ji Temple as well as to fake 'chishiki (donation to build Buddhist temples and statues) (voluntary participation)' for building the Great Buddha, and some even go so far as to say that if the Great Buddha was completed by the delusive emancipation of zakko, the old regime was scheduled to be restore.
- 武家の有職故実の大家だった伊勢貞丈の『貞丈雑記』には蕎麦切りを食することは「古くありし物なれ共、表向などへ出さざる物故、喰様の方式なども記さざるなるべし」と記して、武家や公家などの間では人前で蕎麦を食するものではなかったと解説されている。
- In 'Teijo Zakki' (Teijo's Notes) written by Teijo ISE, who was the expert on Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) of the Samurai class, it was documented that 'although it had been around since ancient times, since it was not to be brought out in public, the manner in which soba was eaten need not be mentioned' explaining that soba was something that the Samurai and Noble Class people ate in private.
- 明治政府の外交政策にとって、この是正は重要な課題のひとつとなるが、逆に一部の国粋主義者からは居留地の存在が外国の思想や宗教から日本の伝統・文化を守る防壁になっているという見地からの存続論も登場して複雑な論争を招くことになった(内地雑居)。
- While this change was an important policy issue for the Meiji government, complicated disputes arose among some nationalists as to whether the settlements acted as a bulwark protecting Japanese tradition and culture from foreign ideas and religion.
- 明六雑誌は当今の有名の諸学士論著する所にして、議事の確、行文の実なる、其警醒〔けいせい、警告・注意喚起〕の益、提撕〔ていせい、後進を励まし指導すること〕の功に於て他書の比す可きに非れば、在官伏野を問はず必らず一部を挟んで之を読まざるを得ず。
- Meiroku Zasshi is a bulletin in which today's famous scholars discuss and write articles and it is very unique in the points of authenticity of topics, accurate texts, interests that notices bring and merits to encourage and teach juniors, so that people in both public sector and private sector have to read with holding it on the forearm.'
- また、江村宗具の「老人雑話」の、「明智の乱(本能寺の変)のとき、東照宮(家康)は堺におわしました。信長は羽柴藤五郎に仰せつけられて、家康に大坂堺を見せよとつかわされたのだが、 実のところは隙をみて家康を害する謀であった」とある部分が著名である。
- Also, a well-known quotation from 'Rojinzatsuwa' (literally, miscellaneous stories by an old man) by Munetomo EMURA states: 'On the occasion of the Akechi Disturbance (Honnoji Incident), Toshogu (Ieyasu) was in Sakai. Nobunaga ordered Togoro HASHIBA to act as a sightseeing guide for Ieyasu in Osaka and Sakai, but in reality, it was a plot to exploit an opportunity to kill Ieyasu'.
- 6代将軍足利義教は、管領などに対抗して将軍の権威を高めるために、将軍が主宰・臨席する御前沙汰の権威強化に乗り出し、雑訴のみならず所務も御前沙汰の評定対象として加え、実務を担当する右筆・奉行人の中から御前沙汰衆を選んで御前沙汰への参加資格を与えた。
- To strengthen the power of shogun against the shogunal deputy and others, the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA started out to extend the influence of gozen-sata that was chaired and attended by the shogun -- he included shomu (land management) as well as zasso on the agenda of gozen-sata, and also organized gozen-sata shu (members of gozen-sata) from working-level officials of yuhitsu (amanuenses) and bugyonin (magistrates) and qualified them to attend gozen-sata.
- 国衙軍制の可能性を指摘し、それが武士の起源に関係することを論じたものには、石井進『中世成立期軍制研究の一視点』(「史学雑誌」78編12号所載、1969年)や戸田芳実『国衙軍制の形成過程』(「中世の権力と民衆」所載、創元社、1970年)などがある。
- The papers that pointed out the possibility of the kokuga forces system and discussed the relation of the system to the origin of samurai include 'A viewpoint concerning research about the military system in the early medieval period' written by Susumu ISHII ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), No. 12, vol. 78, in 1969) and 'The process in which the kokuga forces system was formed' written by Yoshimi TODA (recorded in 'Power and the general public in the medieval period,' published by Sogensha, in 1970).
- 泉州等の曳行に対抗するためか、お囃子の独自性だけでなく、(囃子にかかわっていた複数の古老によると)「派手に踊ってみたところ、そこにも光があたった」、すなわち当初は新聞・雑誌、すぐのちにテレビなどのマスメディアが地車囃子の踊りを取り上げたのである。
- It might have been to compete with the drawing danjiri in areas such as Senshu, (according to the old people who had gotten involved with Hayashi) that they were developing the uniqueness of hayashi (music), but 'once we danced flamboyantly, it attracted attention'; the mass media, such as newspapers and magazines first, then soon TV, played up the dance of danjiri-bayashi.
- だが、公民や品部のように一般の戸籍には編入されず、「雑戸籍」という特殊な戸籍が作成されてその身分は技術とともに世襲化されて官司に直接付属されるなど、賎民に準じた扱いを受けていたと考えられている(ただし、一部には功労によって位階を授かる者もいた)。
- Zakko, however, are believed to have been treated in a similar way to senmin (with the exception of some who were given ikai [Court rank] in recognition of their contribution), as seen from the facts that they were registered not in the general family register in which citizens and shinabe (technicians in offices) were listed but in the special family register called 'zakkoseki,' and that they passed on their social status as well as skills in a hereditary manner under the direct control of government offices.
- 合意は、アメリカ外交史家だったタイラー・デネットがセオドア・ルーズベルト文書を渉猟する中でこれを発見して、雑誌『Current History』にタフトが時の国務長官エリフ・ルートに宛てて送った合意の電文を掲載した1924年まで公表されなかった。
- This agreement was not made public until Tyler DENNETT, a historian of American diplomacy, discovered it when searching the papers of Theodore Roosevelt and published the contents of the telegram about this agreement sent to Elihu ROOT, the Secretary of States at the time, by Taft in a magazine 'Current History' in 1924.
- また1924年4月、新進作家直木三十五(当時「直木三十三」)が書いた小説『心中きらゝ坂』が、大阪プラトン社の雑誌『苦楽』に掲載されているのを読んだ牧野は、たまたま同月撮影所に招待したプラトン社の小山内薫と川口松太郎に同伴した直木に映画化を要望した。
- In April of 1924, Makino, after reading 'Shinju Kirarazaka,' a novel written by a then-budding writer, Sanjugo NAOKI (then called himself 'Sanjusan NAOKI') and published in a magazine called 'Kuraku' issued by a publishing house Platon Osaka, happened to meet Naoki accompanying Kaoru OSANAI and Matsutaro KAWAGUCHI of Platon whom he had invited to his film studio, and then asked permission of Naoki about making the novel into a movie.
- このように家康は小判を基軸とする「両」の貨幣単位による通貨の全国統一を理想としたが、四進法の計算の煩雑性、実質を重視する観点などから秤量銀貨を使用する商人の力は依然として強大で権力で抑えるまでには至らず、既存の体系を其のまま踏襲する形となったとされる。
- Like that, Ieyasu's ideal was the unification of the currency of the whole country using currency unit'Ryo' based on Koban, however, he was forced to follow the existing system due to cumbersome calculation of quaternary and powerful merchants who used a silver-by-weight standard for real value reasons who couldn't be supressed by authority.
- 後南朝は次第に勢力を失い、応仁の乱において小倉宮の末裔(『大乗院寺社雑事記』には小倉宮の子孫との記述あり)と称し、岡崎前門主という人物の息子が山名宗全により洛中の西陣に迎えられた(これを「西陣の南帝」と呼ぶ)との記録を最後に、歴史上にあらわれなくなった。
- The Gonancho forces gradually lost their power, and during the Onin War were labeled in historical records as descendants of Oguranomiya (in the 'Daijoin temple and shrine records of miscellaneous matters' they are listed as offspring of Oguranomiya), while the son of Zenmonshu (Gatekeeper) OKAZAKI being welcomed in the capital's western district (this son was called 'The Southern Emperor of the western district') by Sozen YAMANA is the last historical mention of them; after this point, they no longer appear in historical records.
- 現存する公文書や『令集解』における明法家の説からは、祭祀に使う特殊な陶器を除いた宮中及び官司で用いられる陶器類は調・年料雑器による貢納や正税交易(正税を用いた調達)によって賄われ、筥陶司は中央に集められた陶器の管理・出納業務のみを行っていたと考えられている。
- The theories of existing official documents or scholars of the law in 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) says that earthenwares, used in the Imperial Court or government officials except for special earthenwares used for rituals, were provided by tributes of cho (tributes) and nenryo zakki (ware paid as a tribute) or shozei koeki (provision by shozei [the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse]) and kyotoshi is considered to have only managed and done cashier job for earthenwares collected in the central government.
- 日本醸造協会の資料ページによれば、「酵母」「清酒発酵母」という翻訳語が初めて醸造雑誌に見られるようになるのは明治21年(1889年)~22年にかけてであったが、その後しばらくは「酵母」「清酒酵母」「醸母」「醸母菌」「イースト」などさまざまな呼称で表現されていた。
- According to the reference offered by Brewing Society of Japan, translations such as '酵母(yeast)' or '清酒発酵母 (sake yeast)' first appeared in brewery magazines in the period during 1889 to 1890, which were described variously as '酵母,' '清酒酵母,' '醸母,' '醸母菌,' or 'イ-スト' for some time.
- 多くの韓国人学者は、庶民も含む広範な文学の成立と固有言語の表記法が、自国よりもはるか以前の時期に日本において文献で確認できることに複雑な感情を抱いており、「古代朝鮮語」と『万葉集』の直結的関連性については、韓国の学界では科学的論証を経ずに肯定的に捉えられている。
- Many Korean scholars have mixed feelings in relation to documents which prove that literature and an original writing system had been widely established in Japan including for people outside the aristocracy much earlier than in Korea; therefore, some Korean scholars may prefer to adhere to hypothesis of direct relationship between 'the ancient Korean language' and the 'Manyoshu' without concrete scientific evidence to back up the assertion.
- ヘラで練る方式の機械で作った餅は、杵搗き餅と比べて細かい気泡が多く含まれ、雑煮に入れた場合に柔らかくなりすぎる、伸ばした時の表面の肌目の細かさなどといった食味の違いがあるが、一般には杵と臼で搗く餅を比較する機会が少ない理由から同等の食味を持つものとして扱われている。
- Compared to pestle-pounded mochi, mochi which is made by a spatula-kneading-type machine: containing fine foam; and differs in taste in that this mochi becomes too soft when put in zoni (soup which contains vegetables, some kind of meat, and mochi and is served on the New Year's Day), its texture is rough when stretched, etc., however, these two types of mochi are handled to have the almost same taste because there generally are few opportunities to compare pestle-pounded mochi with this machine-kneaded-type of mochi.
- 1983年に発売となった、『ビバ!おりがみ』(前川淳 (折り紙)・笠原邦彦 著、ISBN 4387891165)、および1989年に発売となった『Folding the Universe』(ピーター・エンゲル著)が皮切りとなり、近年複雑な作品も作られるようになった。
- Recently, intricate models have been made, starting with 'Viva Origami' (created by Jun MEKAWA; authored by Kunihiko KASAHARA: ISBN 4387891165) published in 1983 and 'Folding the Universe' (authored by Peter Engel) published in 1989.
- 「文藝春秋 (雑誌)」創刊、大佛次郎「鞍馬天狗」連載開始、4コマ漫画「正チャンの冒険」(日本で初めて吹き出しを用いた漫画)、「新橋演舞場」完成、「帝国ホテル」(旧館)落成、「丸の内ビルディング」完成、「牧野省三」創立、サントリーウイスキー工場設立、「アサヒグラフ」創刊
- The first publication of 'Bungei Shunju' magazine, start of the series of 'Kurama Tengu' by Jiro OSANAGI, a strip cartoon 'Adventures of Sho-chan' (the first comic with balloons), completion of the 'Shinbashi Enbujo theatre,' completion of the 'Imperial Hotel, Tokyo' (older building), completion of the 'Marunouchi Building,' foundation of 'Shozo MAKINO,' establishment of Suntory whisky plant, and the first publication of 'Asahi Graph'
- なお、暦書を私的に持つことは雑令の秘書玄象令で厳しく規制されたために朝廷外に人材を求めるのは困難であり、平将門が「新皇」を名乗って文武百官を任じた際も暦博士は任命できず、同様に吉野朝廷(南朝 (日本))も暦博士を置けなかったらしく、その元号が入った具注暦は存在しない。
- Because the private possession of rekisho (explanatory books concerning calendars) was strictly regulated by Hishogenjo-rei edicts, which were classified as Zoryo (Law on Miscellaneous Matters), it was difficult to recruit personnel outside the Imperial Court; therefore, when TAIRA no Masakado proclaimed himself as a 'new emperor' and nominated Bunbu Hyakkan (all the officials, both military and civil), he was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and in the same manner the Yoshino Imperial Court (the Southern Court (Japan)) was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and consequently there is no Guchu-reki (annotated calendar) that includes its gengo (era name).
- ところが検非違使などの令外の官はこのような律令官制の統属関係を横断的にこえてひとつの政務を処理することができ、従来の律令国家の規定を越えて決済を速やかに行なうことができたため、律令制の複雑な官僚機構にともなう煩瑣な手続きをせずに特定の政務を完結的に行なうことができた。
- However, ryoge no kan such as kebiishi were able to process one government affair in a cross-sectoral manner beyond the line of governance of organizations under the ritsuryo codes and therefore able to promptly make settlements beyond rules of traditional Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, so they were able to perform certain governmental affairs on their own without following minute procedures due to complicated bureaucratic organization under the ritsuryo codes.
- 「新婦人協会」結成、雑誌「新青年」創刊、日本最初のメーデー、「日本社会主義同盟」結成、活動写真会社「松竹」「帝国キネマ」設立、両国「新国技館」落成、東京市街自動車に女性車掌(バスガール)が登場、慶應義塾・早稲田に私立大学設立許可、「松竹蒲田撮影所」設立、第1回「国勢調査」
- Formation of 'Shin fujin kyokai' (the New Women's Association), the first publication of a magazine 'Shinseinen' (new youth), the first May Day in Japan, formation of 'Japan Socialist League,' establishment of moving-picture companies 'Shochiku Co., Ltd.' and 'Teikoku kinema' (Imperial Cinema Entertainment Co. Ltd.), completion of the 'Shin (new) Kokugikan' in Ryogoku, the first 'bus girl' (conductress) appeared in Tokyo City Tram, approval for the establishment of private universities of Keio Gijuku and Waseda, establishment of 'Shochiku Kamata Studio,' and the first 'national census'
- 中世において成立した収取体制においては、雑役系の公事・夫役は名田を収取単位として租税の賦課が行われていたが、名田が十分に確立されていない地域や供御人・神人など荘園・公領の支配体系に属しない人々(主に非農業民)から公事・夫役を収取するために在家を単位として賦課したのである。
- Under the tax collection system established in the Medieval period taxes relating to public duties and labor services, which were kinds of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks), were assessed for myoden (rice field lots) as a collection unit; on the other hand, taxes relating to public duties and labor services were collected in regions where myoden had not sufficiently established or from people who did not belong to the ruling system of shoen (manor) and koryo (mainly non-cultivators) (mostly non-farmer), such as kugonin (groups of producer-merchants) or jinin (shrine dependents) by assessing for zaike as a collection unit.
- すなわち、地方税は地租(5分の1以内)、営業税・雑種税、及び戸数割により徴収する(第1条)こととされたところ、各町村については「各町村限及区限ノ入費ハ其区内町村内人民ノ協議二任セ地方税ヲ以テ支弁スルノ限ニアラス」(第3条)とされ、必ずしも地方税による必要はないものとされた。
- Local tax was to be collected via land (within one- fifth), sales, miscellaneous and individual assets tax (Article 1), it was specified for each town and village as 'revenue of each town and village and district is left to negotiations among residents and local tax will not be used to support it' (Article 3), indicating the lack of need for the local tax.
- 鎌倉時代の公家系譜の集大成である『尊卑分脈』(『新編纂図本朝尊卑分脉系譜雑類要集』)になると、「上東門院女房 歌人 紫式部是也 源氏物語作者 或本雅正女云々 為時妹也云々 御堂関白道長妾」と紫式部の項にはっきり道長妾との註記が付くようになるが、彼女と道長の関係は不明である。
- Additionally, 'Various Japanese Family Trees' ('New Compilation of Various Japanese Family Trees Analogy') says that 'a court lady of Jotomonin, a poet, Murasaki Shikibu, an author of The Tale of Genji, or Masatada's granddaughter, Tametoki's daughter, mistress of Michinaga, the chief adviser to the Emperor,' which clearly shows that she was a mistress of Michinaga, but the true relationship between them is unknown.
- 刊行物としては創立30周年記念出版の『明治憲政経済史論』(1919年)、50周年記念の『国家学論集』(1937年)、戦後に刊行された『新憲法の研究』(1947年)、100周年記念の『国家と社会』(1987年)などがあるが、最近は機関誌『国家学会雑誌』の刊行が中心になっている。
- Publications are 'Meiji Kensei Keizai Shiron'(Essay on History of Meiji Constitutional Government, Economics)(1919) published to mark the 30th anniversary of the foundation, 'Kokkagaku Ronshu'(Collection of the Science of the Nation)(1937) as the 50th anniversary, 'Shin Kenpo no Kenkyu'(Study on the New Constitution)(1947) published after the war, 'Kokka to Shakai'(Nation and Society)(1987) as the 100th anniversary and so on, but recently major publication is an organ 'Kokkagakkai-zasshi'.
- 「備」「衆」「隊」「組」「勢」「手」…本稿に於ける最小戦術単位としての意味以外にそれらを複数有する部隊又はそれらの数え方を指す(例:織田勢、井伊隊、雑賀衆、先備三手など)事やそれ以下の各兵科単位の部隊又はそれらの数え方を指す(例:槍組、鉄砲衆、弓隊、大番六備など)事などがある。
- Other than meaning the smallest unit of military tactics in this paper, 'sonae,' 'shu,' 'tai,' 'kumi,' 'zei' and 'te,' may refer to units that contain multiples of such or the way such things are counted (for example, Oda zei (Oda forces), Ii tai (Ii troops), Saiga shu (gun troop), senbi sante (three vans of an army), and so on), or they may refer to troops of each unit of military branch below such or the way such things are counted (for example, yari gumi (spear fighter unit), teppo shu (gun fighter unit), yumi tai (the arrow-shooting unit), 大番六備).
- これは古い部民制の残滓である品部そのものが律令制と相容れなかったこと、律令制の衰退によって品部の維持が困難になってきたこと、社会経済水準の向上によって民間からの調達・雇役が可能になったこと(この場合の民間には旧品部の商工業者からの調達を含む)が複雑に絡み合っていたと考えられている。
- This situation was caused by intricately intertwined reasons, i.e., the fact that shinabe, which was the remnant of the bemin system, itself was incompatible with the ritsuryo system, that it became difficult to preserve shinabe as the ritsuryo system was weakened, and that improved social economy standard enabled procurement from and koeki (forced labor under the ritsuryo system) by ordinary citizens (procurement from ordinary citizens here includes procurement from commercial and industrial men in former shinabe).
- 分類は、文筆・朝儀・神祇官・太政官・摂籙家・公卿家・別奏・功労・廷尉・内記・紀伝・陰陽道・暦道・天文道・医道・仏事・太宰府・異国・雑文・凶事・諸国雑事・諸国公文・諸国功過の各項目であるが、これは現存する部分についてであり、失われた9巻にどのような分類が含まれていたのかは不明である。
- The classification includes such items as literary art, chogi (ceremony at Imperial Court), Jingikan (Department of Divinities), Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the Setsuroku family (the family which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor), the Kugyo family (kugyo means a Court noble), besso, achievements, teii (Chinese name of police), naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), kiden (biographical books), Onmyodo (yin-yang philosophy), rekido (the study of the calendar), tenmondo (astrology), ido (medical ethics), Buddhist service, Dazaifu (local government office in Kyushu region), foreign countries, miscellaneous writings, misfortunes, shokoku-zatsuji (miscellaneous matters of various districts), shokoku-kumon (official documents of various districts) and shokoku koka (merits and demerits of various districts), however, these items are about existing parts, therefore, it is unknown what kinds of classification were included in the missing nine volumes.
- その後、武者小路穣の「戊辰役の一資料」(『史学雑誌』第61編8号、昭和28年)、鎌田永吉の「いわゆる大政改元をめぐって」(『秋大史学』14号、昭和42年)と続き、昭和56年、藤井徳行「明治元年 所謂「東北朝廷」成立に関する一考察」(「近代日本史の新研究1」)で詳細な研究がまとめられた。
- After that, 'A Material for the Boshin War' by Minoru MUSHANOKOJI ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), Vol. 61, No.8, 1953) and 'Regarding so-called Taisei Kaigen (changing era name to Kaigen)' by Eikichi KAMATA ('Shudaishigaku' (in-house magazine of historical study group in Akita University, Akita Prefecture), No. 14, 1967) followed, then detailed study was complied in 'Consideration for establishment of so-called 'Tohoku Chotei (the Tohoku Court) in 1868' by Noriyuki FUJII ('New Study of Modern Japanese History 1') in 1981.
- しかし、文献史学の情報、考古学による発掘の進展などは擦文文化の広がりや実態、続縄文時代から擦文文化への、又擦文文化からアイヌ文化への移行過程がかなり複雑な様相を呈しており、前述の説ほど単純に割り切れるものではない事を浮かび上がらせつつあるため、単純にそのままの形では定説とみなされてはいない。
- However, information in the document-based research and development of archaeological excavations show complexities in the expansion and actual condition of the Satsumon culture and the transition processes from the post-Jomon period to the Satsumon period or from the Satsumon period to the Ainu culture, resulting in more complex factual relationships than the above-mentioned theories, which should not so readily be regarded as the accepted concepts.
- 上総介広常の父・常澄の所領である印東庄において、「預所」菅原定隆との、年貢をめぐった相論に関する文書数通が、『醍醐雑事記』の紙背文書(しはいもんじょ)に見つかり、それによって、印東庄を構成する「村郷」には、「藤原」「中臣」「文屋」「平」「刈田」などの本姓をもつ郷司、村司が居たことが知られる。
- There were several letters discussing nengu (land tax) exchanged between Intonosho manor owned by the father of Hirotsune of Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province), Tsunezumi, SUGAWARA no Sadataka, who was the 'azukaridokoro' (a deputy of 'Shoen' manor lord), in shihai monjo (an old document which was written on the other side of a piece of used paper) of 'Daigo-zojiki' (records of the history of Daigo-ji temple) that clarified that 'villages' that formed Intonosho manor had Goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and Sonshi (村司) with surnames of 'Fujiwara', 'Nakatomi,' 'Funya,' 'Taira,' and 'Katta.'
- また『源氏物語』に一見すると欠落している部分が存在するように見えたりするのは武田説が主張するような複雑な成立の経緯が存在するために起きた現象なのではなく、物語の中に意図的に「描かれていない部分」を設けることによって全てを具体的に描くより豊かな世界を構成しようとする構想上の理由が原因であるとするもの。
- The existence of the apparent missing part in 'The Tale of Genji' is not because of the complicated compositional process as TAKEDA claims, but it is due to the construction of a rich world by intentionally having 'an undescribed part' instead of describing everything in detail.
- これにより、「諸国税法は旧慣による」旨定めた明治元年太政官布告(明治元年8月7日太政官布告第612号)以来、明治8年の雑税廃止(明治元年2月20日太政官布告第23号)・国税及び府県税の区分け(明治8年9月8日太政官布告第140号)を経て整理されてきた府県税・民費が、地方税として体系化されるに至った。
- This realized to systematize prefectural tax and residential tax, which had been organized via elimination of miscellaneous taxes (the 612nd Rule of Dajokan in September 22, 1868), classification of national tax and prefectural tax (the 23rd Rule of Dajokan in March 13, 1868) in 1875 starting from the edict of Dajokan (the 140th Rule of Dajokan in September 8, 1875) in 1868 which set that 'tax laws in various districts shall follow old practices,' as local tax.
- 『紫式部日記』の記述によると、そもそも作者の自筆の原本の段階で草稿本、清書本など複数の系統の本が存在し、作者の手元にあった草稿本が道長の手によって勝手に持ち出されるといった意図しないケースを含めてそれぞれが外部に流出するなど、『源氏物語』の本文は当初から非常に複雑な伝幡経路をたどっていたことが分かる。
- According to 'Murasaki Shikibu Diary,' when the author was writing the original text there existed certain lines of manuscript such as Sokobon (draft) and Seishobon (clean copy), and each of these was brought into circulation, which includes an unexpected case of Michinaga's taking the Sokobon (which the author had) without permission; therefore, the text of 'The Tale of Genji' was passed down through a complicated process from the beginning.
- そのために遅くても11世紀中期には公田を賃租・請作した場合の地子に基づいて、1段=3斗(段別三斗)を「見米」と称して租に替わる基本的な賦課とし、それに庸・調・出挙・雑搖などに替わる地税賦課を「准米」と呼ばれる代物納(一部は絹・布・油などの手工業品を含む)の形で上乗せすることという基本が確立されることになった。
- Therefore, in the middle of the eleventh century at the latest, a basic foundation was established based on Jishi (land rent) of Koden that was leased and determined 'Genmai' of 3 to per dan (Dan betsu san to) as the basic tax instead of So, and on top of that, a property tax instead of Yo, Cho, Suiko, or Zoyo called 'Junmai' that was collected in kind (some included manufactured items such as silk, cloth, oil).
- 米不足が解消した後も、酒造米の配給 (物資)が続き自由に酒造米を購入できなかったこと、低コストで清酒を製産できるので利益率が高いこと、大量に生産できるので消費の拡大に対応ができたこと、消費者が米不足のため低精白になり雑味などが増えた純米酒よりは三倍増醸清酒を好んだことなどにより、戦後の清酒の主流であり続けた。
- Even after the alleviation of rice shortage, it remained the main stream of the post-war seishu, because rice for sake brewing could not be purchased freely due to the continued rationing, profitability was high due to the production of seishu at low cost, the expansion of consumption could be met due to the high-volume production, and the consumers preferred the sanbai zojo seishu to the junmaishu (sake made without added alcohol or sugar) that contained more miscellaneous flavors due to insufficient polishing in response to the rice shortage.
- 後嵯峨上皇の下で記録所が再建され、続く亀山上皇院政下の1286年(弘安9年)には、院評定を徳政沙汰(人事・寺社などの行政問題)と雑訴沙汰(所領・金銭などの一般的な訴訟)に分割するなどの改革を行い(「弘安徳政」)、1293年(正応6年・永仁元年)には伏見天皇(のち上皇)が記録所を徳政推進の機関として充実を図った(「永仁徳政」)。
- The Retired Emperor Gosaga re-established Kirokusho and in 1286, the Retired Emperor Kameyama cloistered government promoted reforms ('Koan-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Koan era) such as dividing In-hyojo into Tokusei-sata (governmental issues related to personnel and temples/shrines) and Zasso-sata (ordinary court cases related to property, money, etc.) and in 1293, Emperor Fushimi (later the Retired Emperor) enhanced Kirokusho as the organization for promoting tokusei ('Enin-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Enin era).
- 現在、大阪城天守閣で所蔵されている、自らも大坂の役に参戦した黒田長政が絵師を集めて描かせたとされる屏風絵「大坂夏の陣図屏風」の左半分には、徳川方の雑兵達が大坂城下の民衆に襲い掛かり、偽首を取る様子や略奪を働き身包みを剥がすところ、さらには川を渡って逃げる民衆に銃口を向ける光景、そして女性を強姦にする様子などが詳細に描かれている。
- At the left hand of painting of 'Osaka Natsu no Jinzu Byobu' (Folding screen with painting of Summer Sieze of Osaka) in the possession of the Tenshukaku (keep or tower) of Osaka-jo Castle, which Nagamasa KURODA who joined in the war ordered painters to make, there are detailed scenes that warriors of Tokugawa side assaulted the public in the town of Osaka-jo Castle, trying to get nisekubi (fake head as a proof to kill someone for awards), plundering and despoiling their possessions including clothes, shooting those who try to escape crossing over river, and raping women, and so on.
- 律令制下で確認できる雑戸としては、百済手部(大蔵省・内蔵寮に各10)・百済戸(大蔵省11・内蔵寮10)・雑工戸(造兵司、典鋳司にも造兵司・鍛治司鍛戸から出向した者が所属)・鍛戸(鍛治司338・別個に造兵司雑工戸217)・筥戸(筥陶司197)・飼戸/馬甘(左馬寮302・右馬寮260)が存在した(括弧内は所属官司、数字は職員令などで確認可能な法定の戸数である)。
- Under the ritsuryo system, such kinds of zakko are known to have existed as Kudarabe (10 each under Okura-sho [Ministry of the Treasury] and Kuraryo [Palace Storehouse Bureau]), Kudarahe (11under Okura-sho and 10 under Kuraryo), Zokuko (Zoheishi [Weapons-Manufacturing Bureau], and Imonono Tsukasa [Casting Bureau] also has workers dispatched from Zoheishi and Kanuchibe of Kajishi [Smithery Bureau]), Kanuchibe (338 under Kajishi plus 217 for Zokuko of Zoheishi), Hakohe (197 under Kyotoshi [the Ministry of the Sovereign's Household]), Shiko/Umakai (302 under Samaryo [Left Division of Bureau of Horses] and 260 under Umaryo [Right Division of Bureau of Horses]) (government offices which zakko belonged to are shown in parentheses with number indicating the statutory number of zakko, which can be identified in Shikiinryo [law which stipulates duties of the ministries]).
- 日本民藝館の創設者であり民芸運動の中心人物でもある柳宗悦は、日本各地の陶磁器、染織、漆器、木竹工など、無名の工人の作になる日用雑器、朝鮮王朝時代の美術工芸品、江戸時代の遊行僧・木喰(もくじき)の仏像など、それまでの美術史が正当に評価してこなかった、西洋的な意味でのファインアートでもなく高価な古美術品でもない、無名の職人による民衆的美術工芸の美を発掘し、世に紹介することに努めた。
- Muneyoshi YANAGI, who was the founder and key figure of the Mingei (National Art) Movement worked hard to discover beauty of folkish art craftworks by unknown craftsman of ceramic ware, dyeing and weaving, lacquer ware, and woodwork such as daily use ware in various places in Japan and art crafts in Korean Dynasties period and Buddha statues of traveling monk or mokujiki in the Edo period which had not been fairly evaluated and not fine arts or expensive antiquities in the western sense and introduced them to public.
- ちなみに完全醗酵を好む杜氏たちのあいだでは、デンプンの並行複醗酵に限ってその良し悪しを語るのでなく、米に含まれているたんぱく質や脂肪など、デンプン以外の成分も、麹菌と酵母の作用によって分解され、複雑なプロセスを経て、それなりに玄妙な香味を構成する微量成分になっていくので、不完全醗酵であるとこうしたプロセスも一部切り捨ててしまう結果となるため、醪としてはは未熟である、という意見がある。
- In fact, some of chief sake brewers who like complete fermentation have an opinion that, in discussing the quality of fermentation, we should not focus only on parallel multi-fermentation, but we should consider the moromi as immature because the incomplete fermentation cuts off a part of process in which the ingredients such as protein and fat other than starch contained in rice are decomposed by Aspergillus oryzae and yeast, and then converted through complex processes to minor constituents to generate delicate flavors.
- 「貞丈雑記」には、「輿にめしたる人に行あひ、又は人の犬追物、笠懸、やぶさめ、大的、小的など射らるる場所近き辺を通るとき、又は野山にて幕などうち遊興せらるるあたりを通るとき、または神社仏寺の前を通るとき、また三職などの門前を通るとき、または川狩鷹狩など人のするところを通るとき、また鷹すゑたる人鵜つかひに行あひたるとき、いづれも我知らぬ人なりとも、必ず下馬して通る也」とあり、武家時代を通じて、礼儀として厳存した。
- However, this custom of dismounting a horse had surely existed as a courtesy during Buke-jidai (the feudal period), as described in 'Teijo-zakki' (a book on ancient courtly traditions and etiquettes, written by Sadatake Ise in the Edo Period) that a person had to dismount his horse without fail when he encountered any person on a palanquin, or when he passed by a place where inuoimono (dog-hunting event, a skill of an archery), kasagake (archery competition on horseback), yabusame (the art of arrow shooting on horseback), and other arrow shooing competitions with omato and komato (big and small sized shooing targets) were being played, or when he went around a shrouded place for pleasure in hills and fields, or when he passed in front of shrines and temples, or when he passed in front of the gates of Sanshoku (three important offices), or when he passed through a place where people were enjoying river fishing or falconry or when an astringer bumped into a cormorant fisher, in each case no matter whom he met with were strangers or not.
- いくつかの雑記は江戸在中の武士の人口として2億人を超える荒唐無稽な数値(享保十七年四月(1732年) 2億3698万7950人(『月堂見聞集』)、享保二十年(1735年):2億3608万5950人(『半日閑話』)、寛政三年(1743年)及び文化十二年(1815年):2億3658万0390人(『甲子夜話』))を記載しているが、唯一『土屋筆記』は御屋敷方の人口として70万0973人(年次不明)という比較的現実的な人口を伝えている。
- In a several miscellaneous notes, populations of samurai residing in Edo were irrationally estimated as large as over 0.2 billion (236,987,950 in 1732 ['Getudo Kenmon shu'], 236,085,950 in 1735 ['Hannichi Kanwa'] and 236,580,390 in 1743 and 1815 ['Kasshi yawa']), whereas 'Tsuchiya Hikki' describes a realistic figure of 600,973 (years unknown).
- 国司のいない国衙は、留守所と呼ばれ、租税収取を所管する部署(税所(ぜいしょ・さいしょ等)、田所(たどころ)、大帳所(だいちょうしょ)、出納所(すいとうどころ)など)や、軍事を所管する部署(健児所(こんでいどころ)、検非違使所(けびいしどころ)、厩所(うまやどころ)など)、所務・雑務を所管する部署(政所(まんどころ)・調所(ちょうしょ)、細工所(さいくどころ)、膳所(ぜんどころ)など)が置かれ、在庁官人はこれらの部署に所属して実務に従事していた。
- Kokuga without kokushi were called 'rusu dokoro,' the department that handled tax collection called 'zeisho,' 'saisho' and so on, 'tadokoro,' 'daichosho' and 'suitodokoro and so on,' the department that handled military affairs was called 'kondeidokoro,' 'kebiishidokoro,' 'umayadokoro' and so on, and the department that oversaw miscellaneous duties was called 'mandokoro,' 'chosho,' 'saikudokoro,' 'zendokoro' and so on, were sent there and zaichokanjins belonged to these departments and performed their duties.
- (大田南畝 「寛政十年戊午江戸人別」 『一話一言』 巻26 (1820年) 山下重民 「江戸市街統計一班」 『江戸会雑誌』 1冊(2号) pp. 18–26(1889年) 勝海舟 「江戸人口小記」「正徳ヨリ弘化迄江戸町数人口戸数」 『吹塵録』(1890年) 小宮山綏介 「府内の人口」 『江戸旧事考』 2巻 pp. 19–23(1891年) 『日本財政経済史料』 9巻 pp. 1210–1243(1922年) 柚木重三、堀江保蔵 「本邦人口表」 『経済史研究』 7号 pp. 188–210(1930年) 幸田成友 「江戸の町人の人口」 『社会経済学会誌』 8巻(1号) pp. 1–23(1938年) 鷹見安二郎 江戸の人口の研究」 『全国都市問題会議』 第7回1(本邦都市発達の動向と其の諸問題上) pp. 59–83(1940年) 高橋梵仙 『日本人口史之研究』 三友社(1941年) 関山直太郎 『近世日本の人口構造』 吉川弘文館(1958年) 南和男『幕末江戸社会の研究』 吉川弘文館(1978年)より作成。
- Sources: Nanbo OTA, 'Kansei 10 nen, Bogo, Edonin betsu' from vol. 26 of 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (1820); Shigetami YAMASHITA, 'Edo shigai Tokei Ippan' from vol.1 (pp. 18-26) of 'Edokai zasshi' (1889); Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Jinko Shoki' from 'Suijinroku' (1890); Yasusuke KOMIYAMA, 'Funai no Jinko' from vol. 2 (pp. 19–23) of 'Edo kyujiko' (1891) and vol. 9 (pp. 1210–1243) of 'Nihon Zaise Keizai Shiryo' (1922); Juzo YUZUKI and Yasuzo HORIE, 'Honpo jinko hyo' from vol. 7 (pp. 188–210) of 'Keizaishi Kenkyu' (1930); Shigetomo KODA, 'Edo no Chonin no Jinko' from vol. 8 (pp. 1–23) of 'Shakai Keizai gakkaishi' (1938); Yasujiro TAKAMI, 'Edo no Jinko no Kenkyu' from the 7th conference (pp. 59–83) of 'Zenkoku Toshi Mondai kaigi' (1940); Bonsen TAKAHASHI, 'Nihon Jinkoshi no Kenkyu' from Sanyusha publishing (1941), Naotaro SEKIYAMA, 'Kinsei Nihon no Jinko Kozo' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1958); Kazuo MINAMI, 'Bakumatsu Edo Shakai no Kenkyu' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1978).