集団: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 集団
• group
• mass
• Shuudan
• cluster
• population
• collective
• agglomerate
• body
• bunch
• circle
• order
• outfit
• Crowd
• population group

• 集団死
• die-off

• 集団で
• en masse

• 集団の
• gregarious

• 性集団
• sexual assemblage

• 集団的
• collective
• group
• collectively

• 集団犯
• crime whose goal requires a large number of people acting together (i.e. insurrection)

• 集団性
• collective
• collectively

• 分集団
• subpopulation

• 亜集団
• subpopulation

• 母集団
• population
• universe
• parent set
• Statistical population
• Universe (economics)
• general population

• 東集団
• Higashishuudan

• 西集団
• Nishishuudan

• 軍集団
• Army group

• 副集団
• subgroup

• 集団構造
• group structure

• 企業集団
• corporate group

• 生活集団
• colony

• 集団討議
• group discussion

• 集団決済
• collective settlement

• 共晶集団
• eutectic colony

• 車両集団
• convoy

• 集団療法
• group therapy

• 集団研修
• group training

• 集団処遇
• Group Treatment

• ～の集団
• population of ~, a

• 集団抽出
• cluster sampling

• 集団登校
• going to school in groups

• 集団発生
• mass outbreak (of a disease)
• disease outbreak

• 集団全体
• group

• 集団訴訟
• class-action (lawsuit)
• class action

• 集団農場
• collective farm
• collective farms
• Collective farming

• 集団生活
• living in a group
• communal living (life)

• 地縁集団
• social group with common ties to a region

• 制御集団
• control group

• 先頭集団
• leading group (of runners in a marathon, etc.)
• leading pack

• 職業集団
• occupational group
• professional group
• occupational cohort

• 集団犯罪
• collective guilt

• 集団暴行
• mob violence

• 集団力学
• group dynamics

• 集団選択
• group selection (in evolutionary biology)

• 集団心理
• mass psychology

• 集団意識
• group consciousness

• 集団感染
• mass infection

• 印字集団
• printable group

• 血縁集団
• consanguineous group
• kin group

• 集団強姦
• gang rape

• 集団就職
• group employment

• 集団主義
• collectivism (giving priority to a group rather than any individual member)
• groupism

• 集団思考
• groupthink
• Spreadthink

• 集団自殺
• group suicide
• mass suicide
• arranged suicide of two or more people

• 集団項目
• group item

• 集団結婚
• group wedding

• 集団検診
• group medical examination
• mass screening
• mass examination
• health screening
• health testing

• 集団行動
• group (collective) action
• collective behavior
• collective behaviour
• Group action (sociology)

• 頭脳集団
• think tank

• 集団規定
• community rule

• 同齢集団
• cohort

• 準拠集団
• reference groups

• 集団面接
• group interview
• focus group interview
• group discussion

• 言語集団
• a group of users of the same language

• 公式集団
• formal group

• 社会集団
• social group
• Social groups

• 下位集団
• subgroup

• 武装集団
• armed group

• 本体集団
• body group

• 民族集団
• ethnic group
• Ethnic groups

• 報告集団
• report group

• 集団線量
• collective dose

• 杜氏集団
• Toji Groups

• 首鋼集団
• Shougang Corporation

• 集団墓地
• Mass grave

• 三鹿集団
• Sanlu Group

• 伊利集団
• Yili Group

• 集団態度
• Collective behavior

• 統計集団
• Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)

• G軍集団
• Army Group G

• H軍集団
• Army Group H

• 宝鋼集団
• Baosteel

• 集団外傷
• mass casualty incident

• 動物集団
• animal population group

• 集団災害
• mass casualty incident

• 集団倍加
• population doubling

• 集団過程
• group process

• 集団研究
• population-based study
• population study

• 天然集団
• wild population

• 動的集団
• dynamic population

• 集団動態
• population dynamics

• 電子集団
• electron population

• 集団免疫
• herd immunity

• 対照集団
• control population

• 細胞集団
• cell population
• cell cluster

• 集団特性
• population characteristics

• 馬鋼集団
• Magang (Group) Holding Company

• 支配集団
• a political machine

• 人種集団
• racial groups

• 攀鋼集団
• Panzhihua Iron and Steel

• 保利集団
• China Poly Group Corporation

• 育種集団
• the breeding population

• 殺し屋集団
• death squad

• 手抜き集団
• corner cutters

• 集団食中毒
• mass food poison

• 集団を好む
• gregarious

• 集団リンチ
• group bullying

• 集団的移動
• exodus

• 集団で襲う
• gang

• 有限母集団
• finite population

• 連続母集団
• continuous population

• 無限母集団
• infinite population

• 母集団分布
• population distribution

• 母集団母数
• population parameter

• 集団回収量
• volume of group collection

• 集団繁殖地
• colonies of birds

• 農地集団化
• farm land grouping

• 集団強姦等
• Gang Rape

• 集団的防衛
• collective defense

• 超銀河集団
• supercluster of galaxies

• 集団遺伝学
• population genetics

• 遺伝子集団
• gene cluster
• gene pool

• 均一母集団
• homogeneous population

• 非公式集団
• informal group

• 演劇集団円
• Engekishuudan En

• TOM集団
• TOM Group

• ドン軍集団
• Army Group Don

• 北方軍集団
• Army Group North

• 中央軍集団
• Army Group Centre

• 集団ベース
• population-based

• 同等者集団
• peer group

• 健常者集団
• healthy group

• 自然母集団
• natural population

• 日本人集団
• Japanese population

• 統計母集団
• statistical population

• TCL集団
• TCL Corporation

• 集団的知性
• Collective intelligence

• 集団の意見
• the collective mind

• サンプル集団
• sample group
• sample set

• 少数民族集団
• enclave

• 母集団特性値
• parameter

• 集団設置建物
• building complex

• 集団への順応
• groupism

• 非正規母集団
• non-normal population

• 集団的自衛権
• right to collective defense
• right to collective defence

• 集団安全保障
• collective security

• 仲間集団圧力
• group pressure
• peer pressure

• 集団精神療法
• group psychotherapy

• 集団心理療法
• group psychotherapy

• 血管形成集団
• angiogenic cluster

• 等価細胞集団
• equivalence group

• 航空教育集団
• Air Training Command

• 飛行教育集団
• Flying Training Command

• 航空支援集団
• Air Support Command

• 集団保健協会
• Group Health Association of America

• 集団的なラビ
• rabbis collectively

• 第42集団軍
• 42nd Army (People's Republic of China)

• 第40集団軍
• 40th Army (People's Republic of China)

• 鞍山鋼鉄集団
• Anshan Iron & Steel Group Corporation

• 第16集団軍
• 16th Army (People's Republic of China)

• 第38集団軍
• 38th Army (People's Republic of China)

• 燭光汽車集団
• Liaoning Shuguang Automotive Group

• 第27集団軍
• 27th Army (People's Republic of China)

• 青文出版集団
• Chingwin Publishing Group

• 中国航空集団
• China National Aviation Corporation

• イスラム集団
• Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

• 第39集団軍
• 39th Army (People's Republic of China)

• 第26集団軍
• 26th Army (People's Republic of China)

• 第20集団軍
• 20th Army (People's Republic of China)

• 集団予防接種
• mass immunization

• 集団遺伝学者
• population geneticist

• 集団関連研究
• population-based study

• 集団への魅力
• attraction to group

• 集団準拠検査
• norm-referenced test

• 使用者母集団
• user population data

• 作業者母集団
• worker population

• 神経細胞集団
• neuronal population

• 母集団サイズ
• population size

• 人々の小集団
• a small collection of people

• 江蘇沙鋼集団
• Shagang Group

• 集団積算線量
• Collective dose

• 第1挺進集団
• Teishin Shudan

• 第12集団軍
• 12th Army (People's Republic of China)

• 阿里巴巴集団
• Alibaba.com
• Alibaba Group

• 河北鋼鉄集団
• Hebei Iron and Steel

• 集団的振る舞い
• collective behavior

• 事業所集団電話
• centralized extension system

• 集団から離れる
• peel off

• 集団で暴走する
• stampede

• 集団ヒステリー
• mass hysteria

• 細胞集団倍加数
• cell population doubling number

• 報告集団記述項
• report group description entry

• カノニカル集団
• canonical ensemble

• 前森山集団農場
• Maemoriyamashuudannoujou

• 杜氏集団の役割
• Role of Toji Groups

• 集団的な枢機卿
• cardinals collectively

• 集団でユダヤ人
• Jews collectively

• 中国核工業集団
• China National Nuclear Corporation

• リグリア軍集団
• Army Group Liguria

• 集団ベース研究
• population-based study

• 感受性訓練集団
• sensitivity training group

• 集団反応分析機
• program analyzer

• ニューロン集団
• neuronal population

• 新衆…工兵集団。
• Shinshu (kohei (military engineer))…a group of military engineers

• 集団投資スキーム
• collective investment scheme

• かたまり(集団)
• bulk

• 集団実効線量当量
• collective effective dose equivalent

• 航空開発実験集団
• Air Developing and Proving Command

• 原子動力事業集団
• Nuclear Power Group

• 検査官たちの集団
• a body of inspectors

• 中国南方工業集団
• China South Industries Group

• 武装イスラム集団
• Armed Islamic Group of Algeria

• 瀋陽飛機工業集団
• Shenyang Aircraft Corporation

• 胸部集団X線検診
• mass chest X-ray

• 集団胸部X線検診
• mass chest X-ray

• ひき逃げした集団
• hit-and-run units

• 白熱している集団
• an incandescing body

• 集団の貧困な人々
• needy people collectively

• 集団安全保障条約
• Collective Security Treaty Organisation

• 中国遠洋運輸集団
• COSCO

• 中国石油化工集団
• China Petrochemical Corporation

• 孤独な非集団的人
• a lonely ungregarious person

• 代償的な集団行動
• a reciprocal group action

• 石工集団「穴太衆」
• Masonry group called 'Anoshu'

• 環境分野の集団研修
• Environment-related Group Training Program

• 杜氏集団の年間活動
• Annual Schedule of a Toji Group

• 杜氏集団の形態変化
• Changes of Toji Group Style

• ある宗教集団の教義
• the doctrine of a religious group

• クールラント軍集団
• Army Group Courland

• 中国石油天然気集団
• China National Petroleum Corporation

• ヴァイクセル軍集団
• Army Group Vistula

• 全世界使用者母集団
• world populations

• 結束力のゆるい集団
• a loosely knit group

• マタレーズ暗殺集団
• The Matarese Circle

• 集団での会話の原則
• the principle of the conservation of mass

• 五島列島の杜氏集団。
• They are a toji school based on Goto Islands.

• 一集団の会合の統率者
• the leader of a group meeting

• 集団で運営される農場
• a farm operated collectively

• 外集団同質性バイアス
• Out-group homogeneity

• ジガ・ヴェルトフ集団
• Dziga Vertov Group

• 政府の非軍事的な集団
• unmilitary circles of government

• 政治的責任を負う集団
• a unit with political responsibilities

• 芸術家の選ばれた集団
• an elect circle of artists

• 中国航天科技集団公司
• China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation

• スタートレックの集団
• Star Trek organizations

• アノニマス (集団)
• Anonymous (group)

• 学生は、集団で現れた
• the students turned out en masse

• 特種技能集団・弓射騎兵
• Special skill unit forces and cavalry with archers

• 国際的な政治･経済集団
• cartel

• 集団登校、乳幼児の送迎
• Shudantoko (going to school in groups), and taking babies and infants to and from

• ある人や集団を好む傾向
• an inclination to favor some person or group

• シパーサハバの武装集団
• the armed wing of Sipah-e-Sahaba

• クリーク (社会集団)
• Clique

• カケスの羽の生えた集団
• the feathery congregation of jays

• 集団の統率力を強化した。
• This strengthened his leadership among the cohort of pirates.

• 権力者に反対する集団行動
• group action in opposition to those in power

• 集団で物を組み立てる活動
• the activity of putting things together in groups

• 内集団の一員でない支持者
• a follower who is not a member of an ingroup

• サッカーのサポーター集団
• Association football supporters' associations

• インフルエンザの集団発生
• an epidemic outbreak of influenza

• 連邦軍は青の大集団だった
• the Union army was a vast blue

• 候補は、集団の中で話した
• the candidates talked in circles

• テロリスト集団と接触する
• come into contact with a terrorist group

• 平野を放浪する無法な集団
• lawless bands roaming the plains

• 集団のはっきりしない目的
• the blurred aims of the group

• 集団における団結心･忠誠心
• esprit de corps

• 現在、日本最大の杜氏集団。
• They are the biggest toji group in Japan at present.

• 子供たちは集団で育てられる
• children are reared collectively

• 集団的なヨーロッパ大陸の国
• the nations of the European continent collectively

• 硬骨魚の大きくて多様な集団
• large diverse group of bony fishes

• 集団の間で広がった楽観主義
• Optimism spread among the population

• 密接に結び付いた同種の集団
• a close-knit homogeneous group

• 集団回収(住民団体による)
• collection by civil group

• 人々の集団の世話をする聖職者
• a clergyman who watches over a group of people

• 命令に従う準備のある人の集団
• group of people willing to obey orders

• 事業所母集団データベースの整備
• Development of Establishment Frame Database

• 集団戦に用いられる武器である。
• They were weapons that were used in fights between groups.

• 軍事集団のような、団結した一団
• any cohesive unit such as a military company

• 同じ利害を持つ有権者たちの集団
• a body of voters who have the same interests

• 同種の仕事をしている人々の集団
• a body of people doing the same kind of work

• シチリアの秘密のテロリスト集団
• a secret terrorist group in Sicily

• 集団の人々によってとられる行動
• action taken by a group of people

• グループの主集団を構成する人々
• people who constitute the main body of any group

• ハイソフト科技（国際）集団公司
• HiSoft Technology International

• 南部連合軍は灰色の大集団だった
• the Confederate army was a vast grey

• 極端で狂信的な見解を持つ政治集団
• a political unit with extreme and fanatical views

• 特別な集団のみに知られている情報
• information known only to a special group

• 集団の活動から身を引いていること
• withdrawing from the activities of a group

• 本体または集団から分割して集める
• divide from the main body or mass and collect

• 兵站に関与するテロリストの小集団
• a terrorist cell responsible for logistics

• 灘の蔵元たちが育て上げた杜氏集団。
• This is a toji group which has been developed by breweries in the Nada district.

• 主に寺院に所属する武装集団である。
• They basically belonged to temples as armed groups.

• 名誉ある権威者集団のメンバーの地位
• the position of member of an honorary academy

• ある個人や集団が受け入れている理想
• an ideal accepted by some individual or group

• 他の労働者を監督する作業集団の一人
• a member of a work gang who supervises the other workers

• 入口は、警官の集団によって守られた
• the entrance was guarded by ranks of policemen

• ある個人や集団に特徴的な特定の考え方
• a particular way of thinking that is characteristic of some individual or group

• 1980年代の活動的なテロリスト集団
• an active terrorist group during the 1980s

• ペンネコステ派の宗教集団の原則と実践
• the principles and practices of Pentecostal religious groups

• 宣教師はインディアン集団を改宗させた
• The missionaries converted the Indian population

• 人々の大きな集団に関するまたはそれの
• of or associated with the great masses of people

• 政府指導者に対する、私的顧問の内集団
• an inner circle of unofficial advisors to the head of a government

• 次にやって来た移民集団は弥生人である。
• The second immigrant group to Japan were Yayoi men.

• 経済上の取引を停止して集団を罰すること
• punishment of a group by cutting off commercial dealings with them

• 集団の中の別の人と、等しい立場である人
• a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

• 共産主義国家によって所有される集団農場
• a collective farm owned by the communist state

• 麻薬カルテルは、時々テロ集団に融資する
• drug cartels sometimes finance terrorist organizations

• 気味の悪い男性と骸骨の少年の悪夢の集団
• a nightmare population of gaunt men and skeletal boys

• ある人々や集団に対する是認を抑える傾向
• an inclination to withhold approval from some person or group

• 彼らは密集して小さな集団となり立ってた
• they stood in a tight little group

• 西洋史において特定の血縁集団をさす用語。
• This is the term that refers to specific kinship groups in Western history.

• 次第に傭兵的な集団として成長していった。
• Saikashu gradually grew into a group of mercenary soldiers.

• 領主に仕えての隠密行動を主体とする集団。
• Ninja was a group who was mainly doing covert operations for a feudal lord.

• 現在でも、南部杜氏に次ぐ大きな杜氏集団。
• They are still the second biggest toji group after Nanbu Toji.

• 特定の個人または集団に関する短い新聞記事
• a short newspaper article about a particular person or group

• 宗教集団により神聖と見なされる著作の総称
• any writing that is regarded as sacred by a religious group

• 非主流の、または極端な意見を持つ社会集団
• a social group holding marginal or extreme views

• ある階級または集団の典型とされる情報の物
• an item of information that is typical of a class or group

• 特定の身体の過程を管理する神経細胞の集団
• a cluster of nerve cells governing a specific bodily process

• 何かに反対することでまとまった人々の集団
• a body of people united in opposing something

• ある民族集団（特にユダヤ人）の組織的迫害
• organized persecution of an ethnic group (especially Jews)

• より大きい社会集団の一部と見なされる組織
• an organization regarded as part of a larger social group

• 自分の属する民族集団の優位性を信じること
• belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

• 彼らは食べ物を探すために、集団を形成した
• they organized a party to search for food

• 天の川の実体は膨大な数の恒星の集団である。
• The Milky Way is a cluster of trillions of fixed stars.

• もともと精米が専門の精米杜氏の集団だった。
• They were originally a group of toji who had special skills of rice milling.

• 通常集団で、急いで、または、衝動的に、行う
• act, usually en masse, hurriedly or on an impulse

• 1992年にインドで作られたテロリスト集団
• a terrorist group formed in India in 1992

• フィリピンの共産党の激派組織であるテロ集団
• a terrorist organization that is the militant wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines

• 大きな集団からの分離および脱退に向かう性質
• a disposition toward schism and secession from a larger group

• 集会は集団アイデンティティの媒介手段である
• a congregation is a vehicle of group identity

• クラブのメンバーは、本当に元気な集団である
• the club members are a really live bunch

• 農耕社会の成立によって地域集団が形成された。
• The establishment of an agriculture-based society generated local communities.

• 転じて、女一人、男五人の集団を六歌仙と言う。
• The term Rokkasen is diverted to refer to a group of one woman and five men.

• 文化同化政策としての特定民族集団の文化の破壊
• ethnocide

• 伊賀流は個人技、甲賀流は集団技に優れていた。
• The Iga school excelled in individual activities, while the Koga school excelled in group activities.

• 複数のアマチュア和太鼓集団が参加する各種行事
• Various events in which two or more amateur Japanese drum groups participate

• 限られた集団にみに知られる秘密の単語または句
• a secret word or phrase known only to a restricted group

• 様々な人々のために作業できるタイピストの集団
• a group of typists who can work for different persons

• 心境の中国支配と戦うウイグルイスラム族の集団
• a group of Uighur Muslims fighting Chinese control of Xinjiang

• 所有物と富（集団としてみなされる）を持つ人々
• people who have possessions and wealth (considered as a group)

• （植物について）お互い接近して集団で生長する
• (of plants) growing in groups that are close together

• バビロニアの強力な地球の神霊または精霊の集団
• any of a group of powerful Babylonian earth spirits or genii

• 集団で登場する場合は立衆（たちしゅう）という。
• Ado appearing on the stage in a group are collectively called 'Tachi-shu.'

• 当時の習慣として、歌垣という集団行事があった。
• There was a group event called Utagaki (dancing and singing feast of young men and women) as one of the customs in those days.

• 1890年 カリフォルニア州への集団移民開始。
• In 1890, group immigration to the State of California started.

• 業者･学者などの利害･趣味が一致する集団の会合
• convention

• 共通の民族、文化、宗教的な特徴を持つ人々の集団
• a group of people living in a particular local area

• 高度な技術を持つエリート集団の一員である専門家
• an expert who is a member of a highly skilled elite group

• 集団的な人による所有の社会主義的原理を支持して
• subscribing to the socialistic doctrine of ownership by the people collectively

• しばしば田舎にすみ、大きな集団で組織されている
• often rural and organized in large groups

• 敵対的な環境から逃げるための大きな集団による旅
• a journey by a large group to escape from a hostile environment

• 血統、系図によって結び付けられた血縁集団のこと。
• It means a kinship group connected by their common bloodline or genealogy.

• お蔭参りの前段階として、集団参詣が数回見られる。
• As a preliminary stage to okage mairi, a group pilgrimage occurred several times.

• 家臣の中には北海道に集団で移住するものもあった。
• Among vassals were also those who made up a party to immigrate to Hokkaido.

• それを筆頭とした奉行らによる集団指導体制の構築。
• He then established a collective leadership system utilizing bugyo (magistrates) led by the Mori-Ryosen system.

• 人間関係のレベルでは、日本人は集団志向的である。
• Japanese people are group-oriented at the level of human relations.

• 猿楽より早く、芸能集団としての「座」を組織した。
• In Dengaku, 'Za,' an organization of entertainers, had been organized earlier than in Sarugaku.

• また、集団での成年式に起源すると考えられている。
• It is also considered to have originated from an initiation ceremony in a group setting.

• やがて各地を巡り散楽を披露する集団も現れ始めた。
• Over time, groups performing Sangaku at various places began to appear.

• 全員がもつ場合は同じ図柄をもつことで集団を表す。
• When all members have Uchiwa fan, having Uchiwa fan with a same pattern shows that those people belong to the same group.

• 大正の頃誕生したもっとも新しい杜氏集団のひとつ。
• This school first appeared in the Taisho period, and they are one of the newest toji groups.

• 四条派は、松村呉春を祖とする画家集団から始まる。
• The Shijo school started as a painter group founded by Goshun MATSUMURA.

• 治療または研究下の人または集団の素性の詳細な記録
• detailed record of the background of a person or group under study or treatment

• 雑多な物事を1つの物、形態、または集団へ結合する
• the union of diverse things into one body or form or group

• 会合を招集することが義務である或る集団のメンバー
• the member of a group whose duty it is to convene meetings

• 中心の古い星から螺旋状に流れ出る若い星を含む集団
• arms containing younger stars spiral out from old stars at the center

• ホカ大語族言語の1つを話す北米インディアンの集団
• a member of a North American Indian people speaking one of the Hokan languages

• 主に日本の封建時代においてみられた血族集団である。
• Shoke was a blood-relative group which was mainly present during the feudal period in Japan.

• ―家族という集団を意識しながらその構成員を詠んだ歌
• Poems composed about family members while being conscious of the family as a whole.

• 近年、独自な発展を遂げつつあり注目される杜氏集団。
• They have been attracting more attention because of their unique development.

• 「MOJO WESTとは自由を求める集団ですか。」
• Is MOJO WEST a group that is asking for freedom?'

• 弦楽器奏者を含む、器楽奏者の集団から成る音楽の団体
• a musical organization consisting of a group of instrumentalists including string players

• ある得べつの社会集団または組織に特徴的な態度や行動
• the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization

• 1980年代に組織されたイスラム教のテロリスト集団
• an Islamic terrorist group organized in the 1980s

• 登録するか、同時に登録する人々の集団（例えば学生）
• the body of people (such as students) who register or enroll at the same time

• ある人や集団を身震いさせたり、著しく興奮させる行動
• the activity of thrilling or markedly exciting some person or group

• 個人や社会集団で受け入れられている、善悪判断の原則
• the principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group

• 同じ関心あるいは職業の人々の集団が集中している場所
• a place where a group of people with the same interest or occupation are concentrated

• 麻薬密売と暴力のジャマイカの国際的な犯罪集団の一員
• member of an international gang of Jamaican criminals who sell drugs and violence

• 毎年来る生徒の集団は新しい考えの収穫物を持ってくる
• the annual crop of students brings a new crop of ideas

• 8月、夷俘の集団が次々と秋田城下に来て降伏してきた。
• In August, one after another band of the Ifu came to the castle town of Akita-jo Castle and surrendered.

• この「外敵」を後世の有力集団の祖先に擬する説もある。
• One theory additionally says that this 'foreign enemy' was possibly a descendant of the powerful group that later appeared in Japan.

• 転じて、姓氏や氏族集団の発祥の地を指すようになった。
• This was extended to indicate the birthplace of the family name or the clan.

• きわめて高い軍事力を持って傭兵集団としても活躍した。
• They had a substantial military force and acted as a group of mercenary soldiers.

• 日本国内各地に分かれ、いくつかの集団を形成していた。
• They formed some groups in regions around Japan.

• 娯楽のために広範に旅をする金持ちでおしゃれな人の集団
• a set of rich and fashionable people who travel widely for pleasure

• 1980年代にシエラレオネで形成されたテロリスト集団
• a terrorist group formed in the 1980s in Sierra Leone

• 階級化された集団の中における相対的な位置や価値の程度
• a relative position or degree of value in a graded group

• 1996年に北アイルランドで結成されたテロリスト集団
• a terrorist group formed in 1996 in Northern Ireland

• 特徴のない人々の集団と全く区別できない、特徴のない人
• a colorless person quite indistinguishable from the colorless mass of humanity

• 集団制作による詩形である連歌は講と結びついて発展した。
• Renga, a poem composed by a group, developed in relation to the ko (meeting for a lecture on Buddhist scriptures).

• 同一の会社集団に属する者の間における信託についての特例
• Special Provisions Concerning Trusts Created between Persons Who Belong to Same Group of Companies

• 杜氏集団のなかでは南部杜氏などがこのパターンにあたる。
• Among toji groups, some groups such as Nanbu Toji (the toji group from present-day Iwate Prefecture) were formed in this way.

• 武士や足軽といった身分の集団とはまた別の立場にあった。
• Their position was different from that of samurai or ashigaru (common foot soldier).

• 中でも甲賀や伊賀を本拠としていた忍者集団は有名である。
• Particularly, groups of ninja which were based in Koga and Iga were famous.

• この階層システムを，国連型集団安全保障システムと呼ぶ。
• This hierarchical system is called a UN-style system of collective security.

• これらの和太鼓集団は固定ファンを獲得したところも多い。
• A lot of these Japanese drum groups secure their loyal admirers in this way.

• インドネシアの過激派のイスラム教徒の準軍事的なテロ集団
• a paramilitary terrorist organization of militant Muslims in Indonesia

• 母集団のどの構成分子でも、選ばれる等しい機会がある標本
• a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected

• 同種のグループまたは集団で一緒に住みまたは行動する傾向
• tending to move or live together in groups or colonies of the same kind

• 1980年代後半に形成されたテロリスト集団の急進的左派
• a terrorist group of radical leftists formed in the late 1980s

• 母集団を層に分け、それぞれの層から無作為標本をとること
• the population is divided into strata and a random sample is taken from each stratum

• 人と他人、集団、社会全体との関係を研究する心理学の分野
• the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole

• 大きな政治運動の一部として、または、核として働く小集団
• a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement

• 武装イスラム集団のアルジェリアの過激派イスラム教の分枝
• an Algerian extremist Islamic offshoot of the Armed Islamic Group

• 社会集団で相互作用の精神力学を研究する社会心理学の部門
• the branch of social psychology that studies the psychodynamics of interaction in social groups

• 米国の大統領と副大統領を正式に選出する選挙人たちの集団
• the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice president

• 南北戦争後に米国の南部で秘密に計画された集団のメンバー
• member of a secret mounted band in United States South after the American Civil War

• 集団的精神の中では個人の知的な才能・個性は弱体化する。
• In the collective mind the intellectual aptitudes of the individuals, and in consequence their individuality, are weakened.

• 中世における座の形成にも寄人集団の関与が指摘されている。
• It is suggested that the establishment of Za in the middle ages may also have been influenced by yoriudo groups.

• ある修行僧が摂津国の竜泉寺で出遭った100もの鬼の集団。
• A group of 100 demons that a novice monk came across at Ryusen-ji Temple in Settsu Province.

• 同一の会社集団に属する者の間における信託についての特例）
• (Special Provisions Concerning Trusts Created between Persons Who Belong to Same Group of Companies)

• 当然ながら、大きな蔵ほど多い人員から成る杜氏集団が入る。
• Needless to say, a bigger brewery has a bigger toji group.

• 江戸時代には虚無僧の集団が形成された特殊な宗派であった。
• In the Edo period, Fuke sect was a special religious school that was formed by group of komuso.

• 集団で内部の花被または花被の層をつくる花の花びらの輪生体
• the whorl of petals of a flower that collectively form an inner floral envelope or layer of the perianth

• 文化または社会集団の認識的であるか知的な個性の特有の表現
• the distinctive expression of the cognitive or intellectual character of a culture or a social group

• 1つの社会集団または国が他のものを支配または統率すること
• the dominance or leadership of one social group or nation over others

• 通常大きくて、他のテロリスト小集団ほど区分化されていない
• usually large and less compartmentalized than other terrorist cells

• 読みの変化が指し示す集団の変化に対応すると考える説もある。
• There is a theory stating that the difference in reading corresponds to the difference in ethnic groups.

• これらの集団と武田氏との関係の研究は現在も続けられている。
• The study on the relationship between those groups and the Takeda clan continues to this day.

• 幕末期には京都を守る剣客集団新選組の本拠地ともなっている。
• At the end of the Edo period the temple also became a base of the Shinsengumi, a group of swordsmen charged with the protection of Kyoto.

• 個人や社会集団が（賛成にしろ反対にしろ）感情を注ぎ込む信条
• beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something)

• （植物の）すぐ近くでないところで集団として共に成長するさま
• (of plants) growing together in groups that are not close together

• ゆすり屋集団で、もうけた金を集めたり分配したりする担当の者
• a racketeer assigned to collect or distribute payoff money

• ある特定の集団や人種が他よりも優越していることを主張する人
• a person who advocates the supremacy of some particular group or race over all others

• 社会は、個人のエリート集団により支配されるべきだとする姿勢
• the attitude that society should be governed by an elite group of individuals

• リスト上で列挙される物も集団で別々に特定できる独立した部分
• a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group of things that could be enumerated on a list

• インド中で何千とあるヒンズーカーストまたは特徴的な社会集団
• a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India

• 彼らは当初は海賊行為を主体とした小規模な集団に過ぎなかった。
• At first they only consisted of small groups that were mainly engaged in pirate activities.

• 武家の棟梁（ぶけのとうりょう）とは、武士集団の指導者のこと。
• The term 'Buke no toryo' means the leader of groups of samurai.

• 江戸時代にお上に対し農民が集団で訴える事を強訴と呼んでいた。
• In the Edo period, goso referred to the collective petition of peasants to those in power.

• 信玄の初期は国人による集団指導体制の議長的な役割が強かった。
• In the early period governed by Shingen, the role of the chairman in the collective leadership system was strong.

• 行人とは僧兵のことで根来衆は僧兵集団と解釈される場合もある。
• Sometimes Negoroshu is regarded as a group of armed priests, as gyonin means armed priests.

• 根来衆は根来寺を中心とした真言宗の僧徒らの集団を指している。
• On the other hand, Negoroshu refers to a group of monks of the Shingon sect, mainly in Negoro-ji Temple.

• だが、次第に僧兵そのものが勢力拡大のための武装集団と化した。
• However, the sohei themselves, aiming to expand their power, gradually developed into armed forces.

• 多くの同様の項目、要素または集団に同時に対応しまたは適応する
• covering or applying simultaneously to a number of similar items or elements or groups

• アルカイダと協力するパキスタンのスンニ派ムスリムの過激派集団
• a Sunni Muslim extremist group in Pakistan that collaborates with al-Qaeda

• ある人または集団に不幸を与えるために、ある超能力に訴えること
• an appeal to some supernatural power to inflict evil on someone or some group

• アルカイダの目標を支援するイエメンを拠点とするテロリスト集団
• Yemen-based terrorist group that supports al-Qaeda's goals

• 一般人は集団特性を決定し、1世代から次までその習慣を保護する
• the common people determine the group character and preserve its customs from one generation to the next

• 排他主義に関する（ひとつの集団階層または分派への排他的関心）
• relating to particularism (exclusive interest in one group or class or sect etc.)

• 古代では戦闘目的の為に組織された集団を「軍（いくさ）」と呼ぶ。
• The group formed for the battle was called as 'ikusa' (written as 軍, current word for army) during ancient times.

• これも弓兵集団と騎士団の戦闘で騎士団が全滅した戦いの例である。
• As an example this shows that the entire groups of cavalry were devastated in the battle between spearman groups and cavalry.

• 日本でも戦法が足軽などの徒歩の兵を組織した集団戦へと変化した。
• In Japan, tactics also changed into group tactics, organizing foot soldiers including ashigaru (common foot soldier).

• 武力によって政治上の論争を解決する社会集団における態度と振舞い
• the attitudes and behavior in a social group that resolves political disputes by force of arms

• 習慣あるいは法律の要請で、同じ一族あるいは集団内で結婚すること
• marriage within one's own tribe or group as required by custom or law

• 1人の人間もしくは1つの集団が他のもの以上に力を持っている状態
• the state that exists when one person or group has power over another

• 被子植物の最も原始的なものと見なされる主として木質の植物の集団
• a group of chiefly woody plants considered among the most primitive of angiosperms

• 狩りと釣りと野生の果実と野菜を採取することによって自活する集団
• group that supports itself by hunting and fishing and by gathering wild fruits and vegetables

• 戦術の個人戦法から集団戦法への変換は、武器や甲冑の需要を増した。
• Switch of tactics from individual fighting to mass fighting increased demands for weapons and body-armors.

• ただし、官人として武に携わることを本分とした武装集団ではあった。
• However, the bushi were in the armed group which were professionally involved with military affairs as government officials.

• そして、旗本奴と呼ばれる集団を作って江戸の町で乱暴を働いていた。
• They formed groups called 'hatamoto-yakko' and acted violently in Edo.

• またはその集団が奉ずる芸道に対する考えかた、取組みかたそのもの。
• Ryugi also directly means the concept and attitude the group embraces toward the art.

• 田楽法師などの遊芸人の中にこれを吹いて物乞いをする集団が現れた。
• Bands of traveling entertainers, formed by people such as priest-like dressed Dengaku performers, who would beg for alms playing the hitoyogiri appeared.

• なお、これに対し、神社に所属する武装集団を神人（じにん）という。
• In the meantime, armed groups belonging to shrines were called Jinin.

• 陰陽道に携わる者を陰陽師といい、陰陽師集団のことも陰陽道と呼ぶ。
• People who practise Ommyodo are called Ommyo-ji (diviners or sorcerers) and a group of Ommyo-ji is again called Ommyodo.

• 低賃金や労働条件の悪さに抗議して作業員が集団で労働を拒否すること
• a group's refusal to work in protest against low pay or bad work conditions

• 人の影響力あるいは人の集団に制限を設ける（権限、資産または権利）
• place (authority, property, or rights) in the control of a person or group of persons

• ほぼ整然とした隊形で進行する人、動物、あるいは乗り物の集団の行動
• the group action of a collection of people or animals or vehicles moving ahead in more or less regular formation

• それは元就が理想とした国人領主による集団指導体制の延長線上である。
• This also extended to the collective leadership by which his kokujin lords lived within his ideal.

• 説話に登場する異形の集団で、『百鬼夜行にあった』という表現をする。
• They are a group of strange-looking demons appearing in setsuwa (anecdotes), which use the expression '(someone) came across a hyakki yako.'

• 傀儡子（かいらいし、くぐつし）：狩猟を生業とし、漂白した芸能集団。
• Kairaishi/Kugutsushi: a wandering group of public entertainers who make a living by hunting.

• また貴族 (中国)制社会において同一氏族集団に属することを示した。
• It also indicated within the aristocratic society that one belonged to the same family clan.

• これが被葬者の出自集団を表すとする論があるが、証明されてはいない。
• There is a theory stating that the difference shows buried person's birth group, but it is not proven yet.

• 人や集団をよく観察し続けるために使われる、有線方式のテレビシステム
• a closed-circuit television system used to maintain close observation of a person or group

• 状態有機体が遺伝子構造において異なる2つ以上の細胞集団を持っている
• the condition in which an organism has two or more cell populations that differ in genetic makeup

• ある集団のメンバーである人を拘束すると考えられる習慣的な原則と期待
• a set of conventional principles and expectations that are considered binding on any person who is a member of a particular group

• ある特殊の病気に遺伝的にかかりやすいかを決定する人の集団を分析する
• analyzing a group of people to determine genetic susceptibility to a particular disease

• 1つの原子またはイオンまたは集団がお互いに場所を変える化学プロセス
• chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another

• （国教会や全国組合などの）より大きな集団からの分離・脱退を唱える人
• an advocate of secession or separation from a larger group (such as an established church or a national union)

• カリフォルニアのサクラメント谷の中に住んでいる北米のインド人の集団
• a member of the North American Indian people living in the Sacramento valley in California

• 本国から離れた場所に住んでいるが本国との関係を保っている人々の集団
• inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

• 金錯銘鉄剣にみえるヲワケは、杖刀人集団（トモ）を率いる伴造であった。
• Owake, which is seen on an iron sword with gold inscription, was the Tomonomiyatsuko who led a group of jotojin (guardsmen) (Tomo).

• その他、転じて幕末に際して宮中を護衛した御陵衛士など義勇集団の名称。
• It also became a name of a group of men of loyalty and courage such as a group of goryo-eji that guarded the Imperial Court at the Bakumatsu (end of the samurai period).

• 薦僧と呼ばれる集団がそれで、後に普化宗と結びつき虚無僧となっていく。
• Mendicant ascetics called komoso (literally, 'straw mat monk') formed, and subsequently established a connection with Fuke sect of Zen Buddhism (a form of Zen related to the Rinzai sect), becoming the komuso (literally, 'monks of empty nothingness').

• 細分すると3つに分かれるが、一つの古墳集団として捉えることができる。
• Though classified into the three groups, they can also considered constituting a tumulus group.

• ギリシャとキプロスの連合（ギリシアのキプロス人の集団のも目標である）
• the union of Greece and Cyprus (which is the goal of a group of Greek Cypriots)

• チリの共産党の武装した武装派とし1983年に形成されたテロリスト集団
• a terrorist group formed in 1983 as the armed wing of the Chilean Communist Party

• 集団の人々により確立された生活を意味する、に由来する、が独特な方法の
• denoting or deriving from or distinctive of the ways of living built up by a group of people

• イスラム集団は、イスラム教の規則に対し、エジプト社会に武力行使を行う
• al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya uses force to push Egyptian society toward Islamic rule

• 個人が集団を形成した時にしか現れない思想や感情というものも存在する。
• There are certain ideas and feelings which do not come into being, or do not transform themselves into acts except in the case of individuals forming a crowd.

• 自己もしくは、自己の属する多数派集団と異なるものに対する警戒感である。
• It originated from a sense of vigilance to those different from oneself or the majority groups to which one belonged.

• この戦い以後、江戸以東における新政府に対する集団的な抵抗はなくなった。
• After the battle, no mass revolt against the new government took place in the area to the east of Edo.

• 鉄砲傭兵集団としてその名を知られた雑賀衆、根来衆の得意スタイルである。
• It was a special style of Saiga-shu and Negoro-shu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple), known as groups of gun mercenaries.

• 当該信託の受益権を受託者と同一の会社集団に属さない者に取得させること。
• the act of allowing a person who does not belong to the same Company Group as the trustee acquire beneficial interest in said trust;

• 盆踊り（ぼんおどり）は、お盆の時期の夜間に集団で行なわれる踊りの一種。
• The Bon festival dance is an event enjoyed in groups at night during the season of Bon, the Buddhist festival for the dead held around the fifteenth of August (or July in some regions).

• 杜氏の数は年々減少しており、各杜氏集団は後継者不足に悩むようになった。
• The number of toji has been decreasing year by year, and each toji group has begun to suffer from a shortage of successors.

• 常に念仏者の規範である八誓十願の教えを広め、浄土教の信者集団を作った。
• He was always spreading the Hassei Jugan teachings, which were the standard for Nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation) devotees, and formed Jodo-sect-believer groups.

• 内臓及び体の機能におけるいかなる乱れ、または社会集団における機能の混乱
• any disturbance in the functioning of an organ or body part or a disturbance in the functioning of a social group

• 風変わり、またはまともではないと思われており、集団の中で目立っている人
• someone regarded as eccentric or crazy and standing out from a group

• 組織的集団において、大多数が全体をまとめて決定権を持つことができる主義
• the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group

• 下って江戸時代等に全国の諸身分集団を組織化した公家も本所と呼ばれている。
• Closer to our own times, during the Edo period for instance, a Court noble, included in organizations of groups of every walks of life throughout the country, were also called honjo.

• 未だに安芸の土豪連合の集団的盟主という立場から完全には脱却できなかった。
• At that time, he was still just the leader of the allied dogo (village chiefs) in Aki Province.

• （古墳時代には同盟集団に配布したと思しき例が少なからずあるようである。）
• (In the Kofun period, there appeared to be not a few cases where alliance groups were given mirrors.)

• 史実に登場するくノ一で有名なのは、武田信玄に仕えた歩き巫女の集団である。
• The famous kunoichi group was Arukimiko (traveling shrine maidens), which served Shingen TAKEDA.

• 宗家の権力は強大であるが、時に職分家集団によって無力化されることがある。
• The power of Soke is strong, but is sometimes taken away by Shokubunke Shudan (group of occupational branch families).

• 酒蔵からの信任を受けて杜氏集団を組織・結成・統率する酒造りの最高責任者。
• A toji is the chief brewing worker who organizes, forms, and leads a toji group under a brewery's confidence.

• 蔵元と杜氏集団との関係は、通常は何代にもわたって築かれてきたものである。
• Generally speaking, a relation between a brewery and a toji group has been developed over many generations.

• 現代のイスラエルにおいてそのメンバーによって所有される集団農業または開拓
• a collective farm or settlement owned by its members in modern Israel

• パレスチナやか近代イスラエル以外のユダヤ人（または、ユダヤ人社会）の集団
• the body of Jews (or Jewish communities) outside Palestine or modern Israel

• 集団化・組織化すると、船党、警固衆（けごしゅう）、海賊衆などの呼称もある。
• The grouped or organized suigun is called funato, kegoshu or kaizoku-shu (pirates).

• お蔭参り（おかげまいり）とは、江戸時代に起こった伊勢神宮への集団参詣運動。
• Okage mairi refers to mass pilgrimages to the Ise-jingu Shrine, made in the Edo period.

• 大型地域集団の中には中国王朝と通交するものもあり中国から「国」と称された。
• Some of these large-sized communities established a relationship with the Chinese dynasty, and were called a nation by China.

• 仁明天皇朝の宮廷において皇太子恒貞親王の舅としてその側近集団の中核をなす。
• He played a central role in the close retainers group as the father of Imperial Prince Tsunesada's wife in the Imperial court during the reign of Emperor Ninmyo.

• やがて各地にそれぞれ地域的な特徴を持った杜氏の職人集団が生成されていった。
• Soon, various craftsmen groups of toji who had various local characteristics had been formed.

• 忍者という神秘的な集団が使う武器として、子供のおもちゃにも模倣されている。
• They appear as children's toys, as weapons used by a mysterious group called ninja.

• 西陣で織物生産を営んでいた秦氏ゆかりの綾織物職人集団を「大舎人座」という。
• A group of artisans who manufactured twilled fabrics in Nishijin were called 'Otoneri za' they were relatives of the Hata clan.

• たとえそれが暴力に対抗することであっても、暴力に頼るのを集団で拒否すること
• group refusal to resort to violence even in defense against violence

• 人種的、宗教的、民族的、あるいは文化的な集団の多様性が許容される社会的組織
• a social organization in which diversity of racial or religious or ethnic or cultural groups is tolerated

• チョウは活発にこうした集団を探して、大規模な流通ネットワークと結びつけた。
• Chow actively pursued these groups, getting them involved in a larger network of distribution.

• そうした武士が戦闘目的の為の集団を組織したときそれを「武士団」と呼ぶとする。
• It was called 'bushidan' when such bushi grouped together for battle.

• 和歌・漢詩に優れ、盟友である九条良経とともに九条家の文芸集団の中心にあった。
• He was an excellent poet of both waka (Japanese poems) and kanshi (Chinese poems), and along with his close friend, Yoshitsune KUJO, he played a central role in the literacy circle of the Kujo family.

• 一時は老中水野忠邦もこの集団に注目し、西洋対策に知恵を借りようと試みていた。
• Tadakuni MIZUNO, who took up a post as a Roju (member of shogun's council of elders), paid attentions to this group and attempted to pick their brains in order to take measures against the West.

• 現在の東京・佃島に彼らを集団移住させ、「佃煮」を作ることを命じたと言われる。
• It is said that Ieyasu organized the fishermen to move en mass to present day Tokyo/Tsukudajima Island and commanded them to produce 'Tsukudani' (seafood preserved by boiling in seafood).

• また史実に登場するくノ一で有名なのは、武田信玄に仕えた歩き巫女の集団がある。
• Famous kunoichi appeared in historical fact is a group of arukimiko who served Shingen TAKEDA.

• 当時、各地に職業的な力士集団が生まれつつあり、勧進相撲に招かれては出場した。
• In those days, professional rikishi (sumo wrestlers) were emerging regionally and were invited to compete in Kanjin Zumo.

• 1つの社会の中に人種・文化・宗教を異にする集団が共存できるという考えの持ち主
• someone who believes that distinct ethnic or cultural or religious groups can exist together in society

• 過激派イスラム教徒のテロ組織で、極端な原理主義者たちを小集団に組織化したもの
• a terrorist organization of militant Islamists organized into tiny cells of extreme fundamentalists

• そもそも大和猿楽の座は、本来は興福寺神事に奉仕することを目的とした集団である。
• In the first place, the Yamato Sarugaku troupe was originally a group for serving rituals in Kofuku-ji Temple.

• 武装集団は僧兵組織とは異なり、次第に季忠の監督の下に武士団へと変貌していった。
• The militant group, which differed from organizations of armed bonzes, gradually developed into an armed group (group of warriors) under the leadership of Suetada.

• また、一進会の実態が「李容九や宋秉畯などの利権集団」であったとも記述している。
• Besides, it mentions that the real Isshinkai was 'an organization seeking for the interests of Lee Yong-gu, Song Byung-joon or others'.

• 環濠集落は、このような集団同士の争いに備えた防衛集落であったと考えられていた。
• A moat settlement was believed to be a defense against battles between groups.

• 陰陽家（いんようか）は諸子百家の一つで、六家の一つに数えられる思想集団である。
• Inyoka is a philosophy group regarded as one of Shoshi hyakka (the Various Masters of the 100 Schools: Thinkers of Ancient China), and one of the six major schools.

• この地での活動は、非常に大きな門徒集団を形成する事となり、大網門徒と呼ばれた。
• In this place, his activities successfully created a very large company of followers, which was called Oami Monto (followers in Oami area.)

• 1980年代に組織化されて、チリの軍事政権の打倒を支持する乱暴なテロリスト集団
• a violent terrorist group organized in the 1980s and advocating the overthrow of the Chilean military government

• イラクのサダム・フセイン政権へ反対において連合するグループの異種集団のグループ
• a heterogeneous collection of groups united in their opposition to Saddam Hussein's government of Iraq

• 統計母集団の特徴を示し、サンプルデータの計算から予測される値（平均や分散など）
• a quantity (such as the mean or variance) that characterizes a statistical population and that can be estimated by calculations from sample data

• 強国に挟まれていた関係上、国人の一人毛利元就が集団の統率者となり戦国大名化した。
• Because they were wedged between great powers, one of the kokujin, Motonari MORI became the leader and changed to sengoku daimyo.

• 留守中の大名領地に太閤検地が行われ、豊臣政権の統治力と官僚的な集団が強化された。
• Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's nationwide land survey) was conducted for territories of daimyo who were absent and the governing power and bureaucratic group of the Toyotomi government were strengthened.

• 壬生浪士（みぶろうし）あるいは精忠浪士(せいちゅうろうし)は、新選組の前身集団。
• Mibu Roshi, or Seichu Roshi, is a predecessor of the Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate).

• 二人の皇子は別々に伊勢へ急行し、大分稚臣は恵尺とともに大津皇子の集団に加わった。
• Two princes took separate routes and rushed to the Ise Province, while OKIDA no Wakaomi joined the group of Prince Otsu with Okida no Esaka.

• やがて庶民の人気を得ていくうちに、座を組織して公演を催す集団も各地に現れ始めた。
• As their performances became more popular among ordinary people, groups of Sarugaku players were organized in many locations.

• 一日を6分割して不断念仏する集団（ないし成員）を指し、古代以来、顕密寺院にいた。
• It refered to the group (or member) who divided a day into six parts and kept practicing nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation), and they usually used kenmitsu-jiin (exoteric temples of Esoteric Buddhism) since the group had been formed.

• 1960年代後半に分離派としてペルーでペルーの共産党から形成されたテロリスト集団
• a terrorist group formed in Peru in the late 1960s as a splinter group from the communist party of Peru

• 自分達もその一部である、より大きな集団の、人種的または政治的に異なる人達の集まり
• a group of people who differ racially or politically from a larger group of which it is a part

• チェ・ゲバラによって訓練された最初のボリビアの反乱軍の残存者であるテロリスト集団
• a terrorist group that is the remnants of the original Bolivian insurgents trained by Che Guevara

• ドイツで動くアルカイダとの関係をもつ原理主義者イスラム教徒のトルコのテロリス集団
• a Turkish terrorist group of fundamentalist Muslims with ties to al-Qaeda that operates in Germany

• プノンペンを占領した975年にテロ集団になり、約300万人を殺した政府を形成した
• became a terrorist organization in 1975 when it captured Phnom Penh and created a government that killed an estimated three million people

• 紀伊の地侍は連合して根来衆・雑賀衆などの集団を形成し、宗教を盾に地域自治を行った。
• Jizamurai (local samurai) in Kii formed groups such as Negoroshu and Saigashu and carried out regional autonomy under the cover of religion.

• 当時、ヤマト政権内において特定の職務を担当する同族集団、すなわち氏が存在していた。
• At that time, there were uji, or clan-based groups that were in charge of specific tasks under the Yamato administration.

• 農耕社会の発展とともに地域集団は大型化していき、その中心部には環濠集落が営まれた。
• Corresponding to the advancement of an agriculture-based society, the sizes of the local communities had become larger, being surrounded-by-moat type settlements at their centers

• 中世の武士とは異なり、土地の所有と支配にはさほどこだわらない集団であったとされる。
• Unlike the samurai (warriors) of the Medieval (Kamakura and Muromachi) period, they are thought to have been groups of soldiers who were not particularly concerned about possessing and ruling of land.

• 集団が丸ごと親族衆の下に同心の様に配されている場合もあり、必ずしも一定していない。
• In some cases, the entire group was assigned to Shinzoku shu (a group which consisted of siblings and relatives) much like doshin (a police constable), depending on the group.

• そして、性行為自体の技を遊芸の域に高め、その専門家集団としての遊女が確立していく。
• Then they heightened a sexual act itself to the art of amusement, and yujo, as a professional group of prostitutes, was established.

• その後古墳時代にはヤマト王権に仕える技術者集団として朝鮮半島からも人々が渡来した。
• Later in the Kofun period, people from the Korean Peninsula also entered Japan serving the Yamato Court as a group of art.

• 十津川郷士（とつかわごうし）は、南大和（奈良県）の十津川郷に在住していた郷士集団。
• Totsukawa Goshi is a group of samurai who lived in Totsukawa-go, Minami Yamato (Nara Prefecture).

• 如信は、陸奥国の大網にて布教を続け、「大網門徒」と呼ばれる大規模な門徒集団を築く。
• Nyoshin kept preaching Shinran's teachings to the people at Oami, Mutsu Province, and gained a large number of disciples called 'Oami monto'.

• 平野に住んでいたいくつかの集団から構成されていたスー語の人々の大きな西の分家の一員
• a member of the large western branch of Sioux people which was made up of several groups that lived on the plains

• 民族または複数の民族の、民族または複数の民族に特徴的な、あるいは、集団の違いによる
• of or characteristic of race or races or arising from differences among groups

• アル・ファタハの武装派として1995年にヤセル・アラファトが組織したテロリスト集団
• a terrorist group organized by Yasser Arafat in 1995 as the armed wing of al-Fatah

• 家臣団（かしんだん）とは、征夷大将軍や大名など武家に仕える家臣層・家臣の集団である。
• The term Kashindan refers to the group of vassals serving samurai families, such as the family of the Seii Taishogun (literally, a general who subsides barbarians) or a daimyo (Japanese territorial lord).

• 寛永期頃から江戸に現れる旗本奴・町奴といった無頼集団も、かぶき者の一類型と見られる。
• Groups of ruffians called hatamoto-yakko and machi-yakko, appearing in the city of Edo from around the Kanei era, were supposedly types of Kabuki-mono.

• また、黒脛巾組という忍者集団がいたと仙台藩士の半田道時の伊達秘鑑には掲載されている。
• 'Date Hikan' (the secret records of Date) written by a retainer of Sendai Domain, Michitoki HANDA has a description stating there was a group of ninja (Japanese covert agent in feudal times) called Kurohabagigumi (Black shin guards Corps).

• 水走季忠は神職であったが武勇に優れ、人望も厚かったことからその武装集団の長となった。
• As Suetada MIZUHAI--although he was a Shinto priest-- had military prowess and a personal magnetism, he was elected the head of a militant group.

• 多くは中世の本家分家的な関係を基礎としており、一定地域での独自色の強い集団であった。
• Many of those groups are based on the main and branch family relationship, and are groups possessing their own features in a specific region.

• 大型化した集団同士の間には、富や耕作地、水利権などをめぐって戦いが発生したとされる。
• It is believed that battles between large groups over wealth, cultivated land, and water supply occurred.

• 門徒と呼ばれる一向宗徒は阿弥陀・念仏信仰の下、室町時代には強大な信徒集団を形成した。
• The followers were called monto and were a strong group of believers during the Muromachi period following the Amida and Nenbutsu beliefs.

• 過激派テロリスト集団で、北アイルランドからの英国軍の排除とアイルランド統一に力を注ぐ
• a radical terrorist group dedicated to the removal of British forces from Northern Ireland and the unification of Ireland

• 政府を打倒しようとするアルジェリアで現在、最も大きくて最も活動的な武装テロリスト集団
• now the largest and most active armed terrorist group in Algeria that seeks to overthrow the government

• 両国が国際連合憲章に定める個別的又は集団的自衛の固有の権利を有していることを確認し、
• Recognizing that they have the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense as affirmed in the Charter of the United Nations,

• 国または他の集団の間の特定の目的を実現するために、提携または協調を確立する正式な協定
• a formal agreement establishing an association or alliance between nations or other groups to achieve a particular aim

• （この行動についての、d00dz集団内部からの観点については [LW] を参照。）
• (For an inside perspective on this behavior, see [LW]).

• また現代武道で多く見られる号令による集団指導はおこなわれず、もっぱら個人指導であった。
• Besides, although gendai budo is often seen giving group-class lessons with loud orders, kobudo was taught exclusively with individual tutoring, and not in group-class lessons.

• その「わざ」を高度に体得している個人または個人の集団を保持者・保持団体として認定する。
• An individual or a group that has attained and sharpened these skills is recognized as a holder or a holder group respectively.

• 金堀衆と呼ばれる技術者集団の諸権益を補償することによって金を得ていたと考えられている。
• It is believed that the Takeda clan obtained gold based on the condition that they covered the rights and interests of a group with technicians.

• 合戦では情報を得ることを重視し、軒猿（担猿）という忍者集団を擁していたと言われている。
• It has been said that he placed importance on receiving information in battle, and employed a ninja group called Nokizaru (also called Tanzaru).

• 「囃子方」の中には更に「笛方」「小鼓方」「大鼓方」「太鼓方」の4種類の技能集団がある。
• Hayashikata' includes the following four types of technical groups: 'Fuekata' (flute player), 'Kotsuzumikata' (shoulder-drum player), 'Otsuzumikata' (hip-drum player), and 'Taikokata' (stick-drum player).

• 上記のような伝統的な杜氏集団の有りようは、1980年代ごろから急速に変化してきている。
• The above-described traditional style of toji group has been rapidly changing since about the 1980s.

• 中でも、ふんどし一丁で上演する集団は比較的少数派であることもあって、かなり人気が高い。
• Among them, there are also some minority groups who perform in loincloths that make them quite popular.

• これは、集団で向かってくる敵兵の先頭の者を確実に射倒す事で、敵兵の戦意を削ぐ為である。
• The purpose is to shoot down for sure the person standing out first when confronting an enemy group, in order to destroy the enemy's fighting spirit.

• 集会には所属する寺院そのものあるいは僧侶の各集団の構造によって形態に違いが生じている。
• Shue differs in its form, depending on the temples to which the Buddhist priests belonged or the structure of each group of Buddhist priests.

• 内観の前身は、浄土真宗系の信仰集団、諦観庵（たいかんあん）に伝わる「身調べ」であった。
• The antecedent of Naikanho is 'Mishirabe' (review of one's self) of Taikan an, a religious group in the line of Jodo Shinshu.

• 集団内で危険にさらされる人数に対する、病気または事象の発生数の（一定期間に対する）比率
• the ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population

• （ひとつのものを）別のものから分けるか、あるいは分離させる、または他の集団から切り離す
• separate or isolate (one thing) from another and place in a group apart from others

• 院近臣（いんのきんしん、院の近臣）とは、院政を行う治天の君の側近及びその集団の事を指す。
• In no Kinshin refers to the close associates or the group of close associates of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) who carried out Insei (rule by the retired emperor.)

• これらは渡来系集団や屯倉の田部などの造籍であり、すべての人民の律令制の戸籍制とは異なる。
• These were new family registers for groups of toraijin or tabe in miyake (Imperial-controlled territory), and different from the family registration system for all the people based on the ritsuryo system.

• 優れた射手を養成すると共に鉄砲を有効的に用いた戦術を考案して優れた軍事集団へと成長する。
• Saikashu grew as an eminent military force by producing skilled shooters and designing tactics which made use of guns most efficiently.

• 各地域において弥生集団が急激な人口の増加を背景に可耕地の拡大を求めた時期であるとされる。
• It is suspected that many settlements sought more cultivation areas in each region, due to the rapid increase in population of the Yayoi group.

• 当該信託の受益権に係る資産対応証券を受託者と同一の会社集団に属さない者に取得させること。
• the act of allowing a person who does not belong to the same Company Group as the trustee acquire Asset Backed Securities pertaining to beneficial interest in said trust;

• しかし昔と比較するならば、杜氏集団・流派ごとの垣根はゆるやかに低いものになってきている。
• However, the barriers between toji groups or schools have been slowly lowered compared to the past.

• テロ組織が用いる採用技術（小集団、高性能の通信装置、および政治家との密な結びつき、など）
• adopted techniques used by terrorist organizations (small cells and sophisticated communications equipment and close ties with politicians etc.)

• ロシアとイギリス、フランス、トルコ、およびサルジニアを含む国の集団の間のクリミアでの戦争
• a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia

• 厳格な予定説を信じたフランスの神学者ジャン・カルヴァンの教えを信じるバプテスト信徒の集団
• group of Baptist congregations believing the teachings of the French theologian John Calvin who believed in strict predetermination

• 国家主義者とコルシカ島のマフィアのつながりに反対するために1999年に設立されたテロ集団
• a terrorist organization founded in 1999 to oppose the link between nationalists and the Corsican mafia

• 独身、共同生活、共通の資産の所有、および世界からの分離を行っているキリスト教の集団の一員
• a member of Christian group practicing celibacy and communal living and common possession of property and separation from the world

• 1980年代、ファタハ-RCは最も危険で残忍なパレスチナのテロ集団であると考えられていた
• in the 1980s the Fatah-RC was considered the most dangerous and murderous Palestinian terror group

• ときには、ファンサブ集団は分科会（通常は一人）を作って流通を一手に担当するようになった。
• In a few cases, the fansubbing group would establish a subcommittee, usually a single person, to manage distribution.

• 家門は通例、遠い過去にさかのぼる系譜と歴史を持ち、明確な血統意識を持った男系の集団である。
• A kamon (family) is usually a male group that has a pedigree record and history dating to a distant past and is clearly conscious of its bloodline.

• 「えみし」は朝廷側からの他称であり、蝦夷側の民族集団としての自覚の有無に触れた史料はない。
• 'Emishi' is an appellation that was used by the Imperial Court, but there are no recorded documents mentioning their awareness of the presence or absence of an ethnic group as 'Emishi.'

• 頼朝は、当初国衙の主として朝廷公家に追い使われていた東国武士集団反乱の旗手として登場する。
• Yoritomo appeared as a flagman in revolts by samurai groups in the eastern countries, who originally served as court nobles of the Imperial Court as lords of kokuga.

• このような争いを通じた集団の統合・上下関係の進展の結果、やがて各地に小さなクニが生まれた。
• As a result of the integration of groups and the progression of a superior-inferior relationship during battles, small provinces were created in various regions.

• また、5世紀後半以後に渡来した渡来人の技術者集団の中には品部に属した者が多いとされている。
• Is is believed many of the toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) technical experts who came to Japan in groups after the late 5th century belonged to shinabe.

• また、それぞれの杜氏集団も、杜氏組合を設立し、雇用の安定や情報交換の場を持つようになった。
• In addition, toji groups established a toji union in order to hold stable employment and have a place for information exchange.

• 軍隊によって沈黙を守る活動（特に国際的軍隊が敵対する集団または国家間で休戦を実施するとき）
• the activity of keeping the peace by military forces (especially when international military forces enforce a truce between hostile groups or nations)

• 矢を射るための攻撃の集団で、湾曲した弾力のある木片に、矢を前に飛ばすひもがピンと張ってある
• a weapon for shooting arrows, composed of a curved piece of resilient wood with a taut cord to propel the arrow

• （紋章入りの十字架について）十字の先端それぞれに3つのボタンまたはつまみの集団が付いている
• (of a heraldic cross) having a cluster of three buttons or knobs at the end of each arm

• しかし、鎌倉時代後期の元寇において元 (王朝)軍が用いた集団戦への対応などから変化が生じた。
• A change occurred when Mongol invaded Japan and the Japanese army fought against the Mongol army which used group tactics in the latter half of the Kamakura period.

• 氏姓制度の基盤は、血縁集団としての同族にあったが、それが国家の政治制度として編成し直された。
• The basis of the system of clans and hereditary titles was an extended family as a kin group, but it was reorganized as a political system of the state.

• 江戸幕府が特定の商人集団（糸割符仲間）に独占的輸入権と国内商人への独占的卸売権を与えていた。
• The merchants who imported raw silk threads in this system were called itowappa nakama (guild of raw silk thread importers) and it was the Edo Shogunate that gave this specific group of Japanese merchants called itowappu nakama the right to monopolize for buying raw silk threads from foreign merchants and the right to monopolize for selling the imported raw silk threads by wholesale to the domestic merchants.

• これらの演者は元々農民や僧侶だったが、平安末期頃から専門的に演じる職業集団も成立していった。
• Although these performers were originally farmers and monks, from about the late Heian Period, occupational groups performing their own specialties were also established.
• Performers of such art were originally farmers or Buddhist monks, but some of them were organized into professional artists groups at the end of Heian period.

• 職業絵師集団としての狩野派は、パトロンであった江戸幕府の終焉とともにその歴史的役目を終えた。
• The historical role of the Kanoha group as a professional painter group finished as its patron, the Edo shogunate, ended.

• 1999年に米国大使館を爆撃するのを試みたアゼルバイジャンの特有のイスラム教のテロリスト集団
• an indigenous Islamic terrorist group in Azerbaijan that attempted to bomb the United States embassy in 1999

• キューバでの不正な独裁に対してフィデル・カストロとゲリラ兵の小さな集団によって率いられる革命
• the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba

• その中で次第に家臣団が支配下の領主群から、大名家の奉公集団への性格を強めることになっていった。
• Under these circumstances, the nature of Kashindan changed from a group of ryoshu (feudal lords) to a group of employees serving a daimyo family.

• 鎌倉時代に入ると、畿内においても商業の活発化により馬借と呼ばれる輸送集団が現れるようになった。
• As it became the Kamakura period, increased commercial activity caused the emergence of transportation groups called bashaku in Kinai (Kinki region) as well.

• それは、特定のわずかな人たちの埋葬法であり、同時代の集団構成員の墓と著しく隔絶したものである。
• A kofun was burial method for a few specific people and differ greatly from graves of other constituent member-groups at that time.

• 一はその芸系の同一性であり、一はこれを実質的に保存し受継いでゆくための集団としての存在である。
• One is uniformity in the art style of each ryugi and the other is existence of the group of people who actually preserve and carry on the style.

• これは、関東大震災後に、東京の盆栽業者が盆栽の育成を行なうために集団で移転してきたためである。
• This originated when a group of bonsai growers moved there from Tokyo to grow bonsai after the Great Kanto Earthquake.

• 魚の集団の周りに2艘のボートによってセットされるように設計された引き網で、綱を使って底で閉じる
• a seine designed to be set by two boats around a school of fish and then closed at the bottom by means of a line

• 彼らは自分たちを強い集団であると思っており、それを誰かに知られることに対して消極的ではなかった
• they considered themselves a tough outfit and weren't bashful about letting anybody know it

• まずその重要性を明らかにするために、集団を構成した場合にのみ現れる特殊な性質を解明していこう。
• It is these special characteristics that we shall study, first of all, in order to show their importance.

• 家門（かもん、独Geschlecht）とは歴史学における男子直系を根幹とした血縁集団を指す用語。
• A kamon (family) (in German, Geschlecht) refers to a kinship group based on the male direct line in historical science.

• 半年後に釈放されたが、宮邸に帰宅してみると、集団強盗に襲われ家財の多くを盗難にあっていたという。
• He was released six months later, however, it is said that his house was burglarized and most of his furniture was stolen.

• 飛鳥時代においては、仏像制作技術を持った血縁集団が存在しており、その長たる者を仏師と称していた。
• In the Asuka period, there were kin groups which had the skills of sculpting Buddhist statues, and the head of the family was called busshi.

• 元就が構築した政治体制は領内の国人領主や地方勢力との共生を念頭とした典型的な集団指導体制である。
• The political system Motonari built was a typical collective leadership system that attempted to balance the coexistence of the kokujin lords and local powers within the territory.

• 泰時はこの難局にあたり、頼朝から政子にいたる専制体制に代わり、集団指導制、合議政治を打ち出した。
• Facing this difficult time, Yasutoki launched a system of group instruction and council politics instead of the autocratic system that had been employed in the days of Yoritomo to Masako.

• マルクス・レーニン主義者の集団で、パレスチナ人の目標を達成できるのは大変革のみであると信じている
• a Marxist-Leninist group that believes Palestinian goals can only be achieved by revolutionary change

• 足軽部隊は、槍組足軽、弓足軽、鉄砲足軽などに分類され、多くは集団で隊を編制して小頭の指揮に従った。
• Ashigaru units were divided into yarigumi-ashigaru (carrying spears), yumi-ashigaru (carrying bows and arrows), and teppo-ashigaru (carrying firearms), with multiple groups forming units led by a kogashira (a head of small ashigaru group).

• これによると、武蔵に従いたいという弟子に対して、集団同士の戦闘は公儀が禁ずるところであると断った。
• According to that, Musashi stopped his disciples who tried to follow him, because a fight between groups was against the law.

• だが、そもそも鏡を任命書として与えるような権力者、集団が当時日本列島に存在したかがまず問題である。
• However, it is doubtful in the first place whether such a powerful person or group as gave a mirror for an appointment letter existed in the Japanese islands at that time.

• 数日後には150人、その後、最も勢いのあった時期で約1,000人という大規模な集団に膨れ上がった。
• The army gathered around 150 people in a few days, and even 1,000 people gathered when at peak.

• 弥生時代は、水稲耕作による稲作の技術をもつ集団が列島外から北部九州に移住することによって始まった。
• The Yayoi period started when a group of people with rice-paddy cultivation techniques immigrated from outside the Japanese Archipelago to northern Kyushu.

• 一団地の住宅施設（一団地における五十戸以上の集団住宅及びこれらに附帯する通路その他の施設をいう。）
• Collective housing facilities (i.e., collective housing facilities with 50 or more dwellings per estate, attached roads and other facilities);

• 付近に存在する大小60あまりの古墳集団である佐紀盾列古墳群（ウワナベ古墳群）の東端に位置している。
• It is located in the east end of the Sakitatenami-kofun Tumuli Cluster (Uwanabe-kofun Tumuli Cluster) consisting of just over 60 large or small tumulus in the vicinity.

• 創作和太鼓集団の多くは祭りの太鼓からの派生なので、ほとんどの場合、祭りと共通する服装・化粧となる。
• Since many creative Japanese drum groups are derived from the Japanese drum of some festival, it's natural that they wear common costumes and make-up resembling those in the festival.

• 草創期の武士は個人騎射を主戦術とし、鎌倉末期からは足軽など雑兵による集団槍兵が主戦術となったこと。
• Warriors in the pioneer period were individual mounted shooting as the major tactics, and after the late Kamakura era, a concentration of spearmen using common soldiers including Ashigaru (common soldiers) became the major tactic.

• この集団でのスピーチはいつも礼儀正しくないのであれば、決して下劣にはならない−ジョージ・サンタヤナ
• speech in this circle, if not always decent, never became lewd- George Santayana

• 非標準語というのは教育を受けなかった人や社会から嫌われている集団によって使用されたものの一つである
• a nonstandard dialect is one used by uneducated speakers or socially disfavored groups

• 大型地域集団は次第に政治的な結合を強めていき、倭国連合と呼びうる政治連合体を2世紀初頭頃に形成した。
• The large-sized communities were gradually united and a political confederation that could be called a union of Way nations was established during the early second century.

• 7世紀末に突如として畿内大和に出現した官僚集団は、九州の大宰府（倭京）から連れて来られたものである。
• A group of the bureaucracy, which suddenly appeared in Kinai, Yamato was brought from Dazai-fu (Wakyo) in Kyushu.

• そのため、内部に「学衆（興福寺大乗院）」と「禅衆（醍醐寺三宝院）」という、二つの僧侶集団が作られた。
• This is why two groups of monks were formed in the temple--a group of academic monks (Kofuku-ji Temple Daijo-in) and a group of Zen monks (Sanbo-in of Daigo-ji Temple).

• 1932年には、近藤日出造、横山隆一、杉浦幸雄ら二十代の若手漫画家により、新漫画派集団が結成された。
• In 1932, Shin Manga ha Shudan (New Manga Group) was formed by young cartoonists in their 20s including Hidezo KONDO, Ryuichi YOKOYAMA and Yukio SUGIURA.

• 古代ギリシアの哲学者の集団の一員で、美徳が唯一良いことで、美徳の本質が自制心であるという教義を唱えた
• a member of a group of ancient Greek philosophers who advocated the doctrine that virtue is the only good and that the essence of virtue is self-control

• チョウの取り柄はファンサブ集団とのコネで、かれは他の流通グループのずっと以前から関係構築をしていた。
• Chow's advantage lay in his connections to fansubbing groups, which he made well before other distribution groups.

• この18の武技の内容は時代や集団により異なっているため一概には言えないが、概ね以下のものが挙げられる。
• The contents of these eighteen kinds of bugi were different from time to time or from group to group, so it is impossible to show a general list, but basically the following were included:

• 安居（あんご）は、それまで個々に活動していた僧侶たちが、一定期間、一カ所に集まって集団で修行すること。
• Ango is an ascetic practice conducted for a specified period at one place by a group of Buddhist monks who have been engaged in separate activities.

• 対立宗派・寺院への攻撃や朝廷への強訴などの武力行使を行う集団として社会の不安要素の1つになっていった。
• This use of military force to attack opposing sects and temples and to influence the Imperial Court became another source of social unrest.

• 旧分類でのみ使用される：現在考えられているのは、花が咲かず、種のない生命体の異種集団から成るもの：藻類
• used only in former classifications: comprising what is now considered a heterogeneous assemblage of flowerless and seedless organisms: algae

• もしある企業が、番組への権利を獲得したことを発表しなかった場合には、ファンサブ集団は普通はこう考えた：
• If a company did not announce that it had acquired the rights to a show, a fansub group generally reasoned:

• 西面武士（さいめんのぶし）とは、鎌倉時代、太上天皇に仕え、身辺の警衛、奉仕などにあたった武士集団のこと。
• 'Saimen no Bushi' referred to a group of warriors who attended Daijo-tenno (the Retired Emperor) by guarding and serving the emperor during the Kamakura period.

• 戦術が単騎による個人戦から集団戦闘へと変遷するに従い、軍役は所領や収穫量を基準としたものになっていった。
• As the military strategy changed from the one-to-one duels by horsemen to the party and army battle, the military service had been based on the area and the crop yields of the territory.

• 当時、立命館大学法学部の学生であった被告人は、デモ隊先頭集団の列外に立って行進し、デモ隊を誘導していた。
• The defendant was a student of Ritsumeikan University's Faculty of Law at that time and marched off the leading group of the demonstration to lead the demonstration march.

• 平安・鎌倉時代の武士は「武芸を特業とする職能集団」であり、その「武芸の中心は騎馬と射技（弓）」であった。
• The bushi of the Heian and Kamakura periods were a 'functional group that specialized in martial arts,' and the 'center of martial arts was cavalry and archery.'

• 例えば加賀藩では銀細工師集団である金沢市銀座があり江戸時代の初期にかけて領国貨幣である極印銀を鋳造した。
• In Kaga domain, for example, the Kanazawa city ginza had a group of silversmiths, who minted silver coins hallmarked as domain currency in the early Edo Period.

• 現在の和歌山市の全域と海南市の一部に、沢山いた土豪の集まりで、地域と密着した集団が雑賀衆と思われている。
• Saikashu is thought to be a grouping of many powerful local clans who were based in the whole area of present day Wakayama City and a part of Kainan City, and closely attached to the local community,

• ――奢侈品の交易などで交換経済が入り込んでいたり、家族や部族集団みたいな上意下達関係が入っていたりする。
• ?either by exchange-economy relationships such as trade in luxury goods, or by command-economy relationships such as family or clan groupings.

• 一方、一国全体が、それとわかる集団を形成しなくとも、ある種の影響下で群集となってしまうこともあるだろう。
• On the other hand, an entire nation, though there may be no visible agglomeration, may become a crowd under the action of certain influences.

• また悲田院や非人宿に収容されたことから、病者や障害者の世話といった仕事も引き受けていた地域・集団もあった。
• Also, since they were housed in the Hiden-in Temple or Hininshuku, there were regions and groups which undertook a task of taking care of the sick and the disabled.

• こういった集団は後に、猿楽や田楽の座に、あるいは漂泊の民である傀儡師たちに、吸収、あるいは変質していった。
• Later, these groups were merged into the theatrical group of sarugaku (form of theater popular in Japan during 11th to 14th century) and/or dengaku (a style of dancing and music performed at agricultural festivals) or became wandering puppet players.

• 日本酒の歴史明治時代後期に政府が醸造業の近代化を図ると、杜氏集団もそれに見合うように組織を改編していった。
• Once the government made a plan to modernize the brewing industry in the Meiji period, toji groups also began to reorganize their structure so that it would be suited to the government's policy.

• 膨大な量の障壁画の注文に応えるため、狩野家の当主は、一門の絵師たちを率いて集団で制作にあたる必要があった。
• In order to fulfill large numbers of orders for screen paintings, the head of the Kano family needed to lead the painters so they could work in a group.

• 大規模な破壊を引き起こすテロ集団による核兵器の使用、あるいは核分裂性の放射性物質の使用（または使用の脅威）
• the use of a nuclear device by a terrorist organization to cause massive devastation or the use (or threat of use) of fissionable radioactive materials

• タミル学生のための限られた大学の受け入れについて学生の抗議として、1970年に始まったスリランカのテロ集団
• a terrorist organization in Sri Lanka that began in 1970 as a student protest over the limited university access for Tamil students

• こういうプロジェクト集団を通じて、タコ（newbie）たちは経験豊かなハッカーたちの行動事例を経験する。
• It is through these project groups that newbies experience the behavioral example of experienced hackers.

• 日本史において公家の「家」を構成する諸要素及びこれを管領する家督とその家族を中心に構成された親族集団のこと。
• In the context of Japanese history, this term refers to a kinship group formed on the basis of various factors comprising a 'family' of court nobles and by the headman of the family who reigned in his family, as well as his own family.

• 次第に、「姓」・「氏」や「部」は、王権によって序列化・統制され、私的な集団から公的な制度へと編成されて行く。
• The dynasty gradually made 'kabane,' 'uji,' and 'be' incorporated into a hierarchy, and these private groups were organized in a public system.

• 当該信託の受益権に対する投資事業に係る匿名組合契約を受託者と同一の会社集団に属さない者との間で締結すること。
• the act of concluding a Silent Partnership Agreement pertaining to business related to investment in a beneficial interest in said trust with a person who does not belong to the same Company Group as the trustee; or

• その代わり、土地を捨てて集団で逃げる「逃散（ちょうさん）」あるいは「欠落（かけおち）」ということが行われた。
• Instead, they abandoned the land and escaped in groups as 'Chosan' or 'Kakeochi' (escape and disappear).

• 相似したスタイルによって、または、類似した師によって結ばれた創造的なアーティストまたは作家または思想家の集団
• a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers

• 2001年にテロ、誘拐、および恐喝を続けるためにモロ・イスラム解放戦線から離脱したフィリピンのテロリスト集団
• a Filipino terrorist group that broke away from the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2001 in order to continue terrorism and kidnapping and extortion

• ところで、ある人間がある「場所」にいるということは、ある特定の集団、社会、文化の中にいるということでもある。
• For a human being to exist in a 'place,' however, also means to exist in a particular community, society, and culture.

• 平安時代末期ごろから盛んに行われるようになったが、火縄銃などを用いた集団戦法が行われようになると廃れていった。
• It stated to become frequently performed from around the end of the Heian period but became obsolete as combat shifted toward group battles using firearms.

• しかし、律令体制下の軍団と武士団は、ともに戦闘目的の為に組織された集団であっても、それぞれ異なった実態である。
• Although the army and bushidan under the Ritsuryo system were groups both founded for battle, they were different.

• 歩兵・集団戦術で戦う蒙古兵の姿や、軍船、使用した「てつはう」などの兵器が描かれた唯一の画像史料として知られる。
• It is known as the only visual material to show Mongolian soldiers fighting in infantry formations, battle ships, or guns and other arms used in the battles.

• 秦氏は6世紀頃に朝鮮半島を経由して日本列島の倭国へ渡来した渡来人集団と言われ、そのルーツは秦の始皇帝ともいう。
• It is said that the Hata clan was a group of immigrants to Wakoku (the ancient Japan) in the Japanese archipelago via the Korean Peninsula during the sixth century and its roots are traced to the first Qin Emperor.

• またその子孫は、後世において巨勢派と称される画家集団を形成、宮廷画や仏画の分野において多大な影響力を発揮した。
• Furthermore, his descendants later formed a circle of painters known as the Kose school, and it greatly influenced the fields of kyutei ga (court paintings) and Buddhist paintings.

• この智識寺は、名が表すとおり智識（同信集団）の勧進銭によってできた寺で、それは東大寺成立の過程にも反映された。
• As its name represents, this Chishiki-ji Temple was built with money raised by the Chishiki group (a group of people who had the same faith), who solicited contributions, and this system was reflected in the process to found Todai-ji Temple.

• 第二次大戦前までの基準でいうと、日本酒単位を使う規模の酒蔵で必要な杜氏集団の人員は10名を目安とされたという。
• According to the standards adopted before World War II, a brewery which used 1,000 koku of rice for sake brewing was said to require around 10 people for their toji group.

• 僧堂（そうどう）は仏教の寺院内にある建物の1つで、修行者（僧侶）が集団生活を行いながら仏道修行に励む場である。
• A so-do hall is a temple building dedicated to the communal living of practitioners (monks) and the promotion of ascetic practices.

• 良忍が始めた融通念仏は当初は勧進行脚が主で、仏教宗派としての組織を持たず集団運動の中から発展したものであった。
• Yuzu Nenbutsu, which Ryonin began, was mainly temple solicitation and pilgrimage at first and developed from a collective motion having no organization as a Buddhism sect.

• 穴太衆（あのうしゅう）は、織豊時代（安土桃山時代）に活躍した、主に寺院や城郭などの石垣施工を行った技術者集団。
• The Ano-shu Guild is a group of craftspeople who installed stone walls, mainly of temples and castles during the Shokuho era (Azuchi-Momoyama Period).

• 山城国に特定したのは、古代における最大の技術者渡来集団といえる、秦氏が勢力を張っていた拠点であったからである。
• Yamashiro Province was designated because it was the foothold where the Hata clan, regarded as the maximal group of technical experts, wielded their influence.

• 戦争の特攻隊のテクニックで訓練されて、地下活動（特にテロリスト集団に対する）に使用される英国の軍隊の専門家連隊
• a specialist regiment of the British army that is trained in commando techniques of warfare and used in clandestine operations (especially against terrorist groups)

• ちょうどプログラムにアーキテクチャと設計が必要なように、人間が集団で機能するには、組織原理が必要になるのです。
• Just as programs need architecture and design, functional groups of people can need organizing principles.

• 室町時代の細川氏は、京兆家を中心とした同族連合体とも言うべき集団を形成することで、一族間の内訌の危険を減らした。
• In the Muromachi period, the Hosokawa clan reduced the risk of the internal discord within the family by forming a group so-called a clan alliance, centering on the Keicho family.

• 新選組は200人を超す集団へと成長し、隊士を収容するために壬生屯所から西本願寺（京都市下京区）へ本拠を移転する。
• Shinsen-gumi developed into a group of over 200 men, and to accommodate its members, moved its headquarters from Mibu military post to Nishi Hongan-ji Temple (Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City).

• 最近では日本国の国力が世界有数になったため、国策としての海外移民は行われず、集団での移民も見られなくなっている。
• These days, migration to foreign countries is not conducted as national policy and so is a group migration, since Japanese has become one of the world's top countries having great national powers.

• なお、この集団を指す「安居院唱導教団」という語は、現代の歴史学上の用語であり、当時そう呼ばれていたわけではない。
• Further, the word 'Agui Shodo Kyodan,' indicating this group of people, is a historical term in the present day, since they weren't referred to that way during their own time.

• 特定の人種集団に属す人により運転される車両を止め、捜査を行う（嫌疑のかかっている）警官の方針からなる人種差別の形
• a form of racism consisting of the (alleged) policy of policemen who stop and search vehicles driven by persons belonging to particular racial groups

• 政府や軍、ギャング集団などは、ぼくたちが「自由市場」とよぶもっと大きな交換経済に寄生している上意下達システムだ。
• Government, the military, and organized crime (for example) are command hierarchies parasitic on the broader exchange economy we call `the free market'.

• 武士団（ぶしだん）とは主に平安時代後半から、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)を中心に室町時代までの武士の集団を指す。
• Bushidan (warrior bands) refers to the group of bushi (samurai) that existed mainly from the late Heian, Kamakura, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (Japan), and lasted until the Muromachi period.

• 蝦夷と呼ばれた集団の一部は中世の蝦夷（えぞ）、すなわちアイヌにつながり、一部は日本人につながったと考えられている。
• It is thought that a part of the group called Emishi became the medieval Ezo, that is the Ainu, and that another part of them became Japanese.

• 経久方針は、権威や情に絡んだ物による国人衆の統制であり、集団利権に絡んだ個々の独立性を重視したものだったのである。
• The management policy of Tsunehisa featured how to control Kokujin-shu through power and emotions, and also put an importance on independence of each family entangled with vested interests of a bigger group.

• が、短歌否定論に対抗し、戦後歌壇を樹立する目的の下に、昭和22年（1947年）新歌人集団という運動体が結成された。
• However, to counter such opinions, a new movemental organization called Shin Kajin Shudan (The New Poets Group), with the aim of establishing a postwar tanka circle, was formed in 1947.

• 感情の高まりから発せられた叫び・掛け声が次第に成長して、祭りや労働の際に集団で歌われる歌となったものとも言われる。
• It is also said that the screams and cheers let out with excitement increasingly grew to be songs sung in groups at festivals and during laborious work.

• この他に都市ブルジョワ層や貧困層、博徒集団に至るまで当時の政府の方針に批判的な多種多様な立場からの参加も見られた。
• In addition to these two groups that led the movement, many people from various social backgrounds, including city bourgeoisie, the poor, and gamblers, who shared the opposition to the government, joined the movement.

• このため、勝っても負けても火起請を行った代表者あるいはその家族はその集団が責任をもって面倒を見るべきものとされた。
• Therefore, it was commonly considered that a group should be responsible for taking care of its representative who had undergone higisho and his family, whether he won or not.

• 以後、大規模な移配は行われなくなり、代わって既に移配された俘囚・夷俘を小規模集団単位で二次移配する事例が増加する。
• After this petition was accepted, Ihai was no longer carried out on a large scale; instead, the barbarians who had already been sent to other places were sent again to new places in small groups.

• インド時代の仏教に於いて、僧侶が集団生活する建物群の事を僧堂と呼んでいるが、これは寺院や僧院の事を指す言葉である。
• During the Indian age of Buddhism, the collection of buildings in which monks lived was called so-do but this definition is now covered by the words a temple or monastery.

• そして、1925年（大正14年）には東京、大阪の相撲集団が合流し大日本相撲協会（いまの日本相撲協会）へと発展する。
• The sumo groups in Tokyo and Osaka joined together in 1925 and developed into Dai Nihon Sumo Kyokai (the present-day Nihon Sumo Kyokai (Japan Sumo Association).

• タリバンがアフガニスタンとオサマ・ビン・ラディンの国際組織の一部を支配した後、1996年に組織されたテロリスト集団
• a terrorist group organized in 1996 after the Taliban took over Afghanistan and part of Osama bin Laden's international system

• 群集の中では感情も行動も伝染し、［群集の］集団的な利益のためには個人の利益が簡単に犠牲にされることもあるくらいだ。
• In a crowd every sentiment and act is contagious, and contagious to such a degree that an individual readily sacrifices his personal interest to the collective interest.

• 大会参加者は、地元ファンサブ集団が多くの大会上映作品に字幕をつけたことを知ると、みんなコピーをくれといいはじめた。
• When convention attendees discovered that local fansub groups had translated many of the convention materials, they all wanted copies.

• 一方、政務決裁には事実上のトップである執権、その補佐である連署、合議機関である評定衆を置く集団指導体制を成立させる。
• At the same time, a collective leadership system for making policy decisions was established that was made up of the regent (who was effectively the leader), rensho (who acted as assistants to the regent), and the Hyojoshu (which acted as a consultative body).

• しかし、そうした彼らでも認めざるをえないのは、皇位を占めている血縁集団が世界最古の在位の君主家だということである。」
• 'But still they had to admit the Japanese Imperial family was the oldest sovereign family in the world.'

• 沓島は、ウミネコやヒメクロウミツバメの繁殖地として有名で、また、カンムリウミスズメなど多種の海鳥が集団繁殖している。
• Kutsu-jima Island is famous as a breeding place of black-tailed gulls and Swinhoe's storm-petrel, and many kinds of sea birds such as Japanese Murrelet breed collectively.

• 武士は発生当初から血縁的要素よりも地縁的要素の強い集団であったが、この乱は日本を一層の地縁社会へと導くことになった。
• Since their start, bushi had stronger ties with their regions than blood relatives, and this rebellion led to the strengthening of regional ties within society in Japan.

• かつては元軍の集団戦術、いわゆる組織戦闘に対して、当時の日本側は一騎打ちを基本とした戦い方をしていたと言われていた。
• It used to be said that Japan at that time fought basically by means of one-to-one battle against the Yuan army which fought in organized groups.

• 律令制の実施後の部称は、たんに父系の血縁を表示するだけの称号であるにすぎず、所属する集団との関係を示すものではない。
• The names of the be (division) after the enforcement of the ritsuryo system were merely titles which just showed a blood relationship with the paternal line, and did not indicate the relationship to the group to which one belonged.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)頃に集団戦・接近徒歩戦が盛んになると胴丸・腹巻が多く用いられるようになり大鎧は実戦から姿を消す。
• Around the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), when the wars became intensified with group and the close attacks of walking troops, armor around the torso and belly bands became commonly used, and the large armor disappeared from the actual combat.

• これは、弓兵を集団で訓練し運用する事を容易にし、また規格を統一する事で弓具を大量生産する為の名残であると考えられる。
• It is thought that, this facilitates the training of archers in group, and because of the unified standards, bow and arrows, could be mass-produced.

• また東儀の他に、雅楽器も用いた演奏集団、音楽理論の分析・研究に重点を置き現代的雅楽曲を創作する、芸術団体などがある。
• Other than TOGI, there is also a performance group that uses Gagaku instruments and an art group that creates modern Gagaku music with a focus on the analysis and study of music theory, etc.

• 民族的な集団（多くはイスラム教徒）で、タジキスタンと、ウズベキスタン、アフガニスタン、中国に隣接する地域とに住むもの
• an ethnic group (mostly Moslem) living in Tajikistan and neighboring areas of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan and China

• 群集の心理学的な性質の中でそれぞれの個体に共通に現れる性質もあれば、反対に集団を構成した時にしか現れない性質もある。
• Among the psychological characteristics of crowds there are some that they may present in common with isolated individuals, and others, on the contrary, which are absolutely peculiar to them and are only to be met with in collectivities.

• 村の住民（百姓など）が集団で荘園から退去して一時的に他の土地へ逃げ込み、領主に対して年貢軽減や代官の罷免などを求める。
• Village residents (such as peasants) would leave manors en masse and temporarily take refuge in other areas where they would make demand that the feudal lord take actions such as the reduction of land taxes and the dismissal of the local governor.

• このふたつの党派は当時の政治や社会の現状を認めるか否かによって分かたれた集団であって、思想的な差異によるものではない。
• The two factions were split by differing opinions on whether or not to approve the politics and the state of society of the time, and not formed by ideologies.

• 信憑性に欠けるこの説明から確実にわかるのは、都加留（津軽）が固有名をあげられるほどの有力集団として存在したことである。
• What can be said for sure from this description, which has no credibility, is that Tsugaru was a dominant group of the Emishi because its proper name was mentioned in the record.

• 以後、黒澤組のシナリオ集団の一人として、小国英雄とともに『生きる (映画)』、『七人の侍』などの脚本を共同で執筆する。
• As a member of the Kurosawa-gumi (production team) screenwriting group, he co-wrote screenplays including those for 'Ikiru' (To Live) and 'Shichinin no Samurai' (Seven Samurai) with Hideo OGUNI.

• これは件の告発によって義持と富樫満成ら側近集団に実権を奪われた細川以下の有力守護大名側の逆クーデターとも言われている。
• Some consider that this was a counter-coup by dominant shugo guardian feudal lords, Hosokawa amongst others, who were disempowered following the accusations of Yoshimochi and a group of his attendants, including Mitsunari TOGASHI.

• また、水稲耕作技術の導入により、開墾や用水の管理などに大規模な労働力が必要とされるようになり、集団の大型化が進行した。
• Also groups became large sized by the introduction of rice-paddy cultivation techniques, as the cultivation and management of agricultural water required a large labor force.

• 北アメリカとカリブ海の小集団は、西洋文化から自分たちを隔離し、彼らが異端者と見なす他のイスラム教徒を攻撃さえするだろう
• the cells in North America and the Caribbean insulate themselves from Western culture and will even attack other Muslims who they regard as heretics

• その歴史のうち、農業の発明に先立つ 90％ を通じて、ぼくたちの先祖は小さな遊牧式狩猟採集集団をつくって暮らしていた。
• For the 90% of hominid history that ran before the invention of agriculture, our ancestors lived in small nomadic hunter-gatherer bands.

• そしてその状態から、既に先ほどほのめかしておいた、集団の感情や思考が一定の方向に向けられるという性質が現れるのである。
• then takes place that turning already alluded to of all the feelings and thoughts of the collectivity in an identical direction.

• が、やがて東国においては、これらの荷の運搬と安全を請け負う僦馬（しゅうめ）と呼ばれる職業的に輸送に従事する集団が現れた。
• Before long, however, a group called Shume emerged in Togoku (Kanto region) that engaged in transportation as a business, engaging in the safe transfer of such loads.

• 但し、勧学会の場合は、念仏結社的な性格も有してはいたが、『法華経』を読誦し、作詩も行なうサロン的傾向の強い集団であった。
• However, although Kangaku-e resembled a Nenbutsu association, the group also had an aspect of a salon where 'Hoke-kyo Sutra' (the Lotus Sutra) was chanted and poems were written.

• このことは畿内・山陽・北部九州に並立していた地域政治集団が糾合してヤマト王権を形成したことを表していると考えられている。
• This is considered to be an indication that local political groups had existed in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), the Sanyo region (Inland Sea provinces) and the northern Kyushu area in parallel were rallied to form Yamato sovereignty (ancient Japan sovereignty).

• さらに江戸時代には大工らの他に左官や桶職人、鍛冶職人など、様々な職種の職人集団により太子講は盛んに営まれるようになった。
• During the Edo period, Taishiko became much more popular as it began to be held not only by carpenters but also by various other groups of people in the same vocations like plasterers, coopers, and smiths.

• 品部（しなべ/ともべ）とは、「しなしなのとものを」あるいは「とものみやつこ」の和訓を持つ古代日本の人的集団・組織のこと。
• Shinabe (technicians in offices), or 'shinashinano tomonowo' or 'tomono miyatsuko' in the Japanese way of reading, refers to the human group or organization in ancient Japan.

• 近年では喜多流の職分家集団が一斉に喜多流宗家の主宰する「喜多会」を離脱し、喜多流職分会として事実上喜多流を運営している。
• In recent years, Shokubunke Shudan of the Kita school withdrew from 'Kita gathering,' which Kitaryu Soke (the head family or house of Kita school) presides, at the same time, and have been actually operating the Kita school as Kitaryu shokubunkai (gathering of Kita school's occupational branch families).

• 特に、撮影可能な行事は人気が高く、とりわけ、ふんどし一丁の集団の人気はアマチュアカメラマンの間では高い人気となっている。
• Events where taking pictures is allowed are highly popular, especially the groups wearing loincloths are highly popular among amateur photographers.

• 佐藤進一は1965 年の『南北朝の動乱』 の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
• Shinichi SATO firmly stated in 'A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts' published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'

• また、豊臣政権末期の五大老制は有力大名による集団指導体制であり、外様大名である徳川家康の政権簒奪を防ぐことができなかった。
• The Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) system at the end of the Toyotomi government was a collective leadership system by powerful daimyo, however they were unable to prevent Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, a tozama daimyo, from usurping power.

• 勝ち負けが存在し、またその一方で集団戦などの従来のチャンバラが持つ楽しさもあるため、年々その愛好者は増えている模様である。
• It seems that there are increasing numbers of players year after year because it determines winners and losers in the game and also it has the original excitements of chanbara such as team competition.

• 当時多く築造された弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓は大型地域集団の首長墓と見られ、身分差が生じ始めていたことの現れだと考えられている。
• It is considered that many mound-type graves built during the period, a style was one of the grave styles characteristic of the Mayor period, and were for chiefs of these large-sized communities, and it is considered that society started becoming hierarchical.

• 感情の高まりから発せられた叫び・掛け声が次第に成長して、祭りや労働の際に集団でうたわれるうたとなったものを上代歌謡という。
• Jodai Kayo (songs of the Jodai period) refers to the songs that were sung at festivals and at work, which evolved from shouts of joy and yells used to time or encourage activity.

• 回復後、褒賞として権僧正に任じられただけでなく、以後同親王の許に出入りしてその和歌集団の一員としても活動することになった。
• After he recovered, Ryuben was not only appointed to gon no sojo (a highest ranking priest, next to a sojo) as a reward, but also began to often visit the Imperial Prince Munetaka and acted as a member of his waka group.

• また、銅鐸の製造集団の負う文化的背景に由来すると思われる地域的な銅鐸の特徴差について考慮を全く欠いているという批判がある。
• Also, another critic says that this theory completely lacks a consideration regarding regional differences in the characteristics of dotaku, which probably deprived from differences of the cultural background each local producing group had.

• 杜氏（とうじ、とじ）とは、日本酒の醸造工程を行う職人集団、すなわち蔵人の監督者であり、なおかつ酒蔵の最高製造責任者をいう。
• The term 'toji,' written as 杜氏 in Japanese, refers to a person who supervises kurabito, a group of skilled workers responsible for sake brewing, and works as the chief executive brewer at a brewery.

• 那覇市の久米村（クニンダ）に、1392年、当時の明の福建省から「ビン人三十六姓」と呼ばれる職能集団が移住してきたとされる。
• It is said that in 1392, in the era of the Ming Dynasty, a professional group called the '36 Min families' immigrated from Fusian Province to the village of Kuninda in Naha City.

• 過激派パレスチナ人テロリスト集団で、1979年に創設され、パレスチナでのイスラム国家の創設と、イスラエルの破壊をに取り組む
• a militant Palestinian terrorist group created in 1979 and committed to the creation of an Islamic state in Palestine and to the destruction of Israel

• 傀儡子（くぐつ、傀儡とも言う）とは、9世紀頃から各資料に現れだした、諸国を旅し、芸能によって生計を営んでいた集団の事である。
• Kugutsu were groups of people who traveled around the country and made a living in the performing arts, appearing on the records from around the ninth century.

• ただ、各王朝の実権者の側から見れば、容易に反体制集団に利用されることが予想される緯書は、厳しく禁圧される禁書の対象とされた。
• However, these books were strictly prohibited, as persons of power during each dynasty considered them (I book) to be used by dissident groups.

• 笏拍子の担当は音楽全体の調子を整える役目であるため、素人集団による演奏では一座の最も主だった人物が担当するのが普通であった。
• Since the player of shakubyoshi has a role of keeping rhythm in the whole music, the leading person in all players was usually in charge of shakubyoshi in amateur performances.

• 681年に出家、官大寺で法相宗などの教学を学び、集団を形成して近畿地方を中心に貧民救済・治水・架橋などの社会事業に活動した。
• He entered the priesthood in 681, learned the methods of education and learning such as Hosso sect at Kandai-ji Temple, and formed a new group committed to social activities, including relief for the poor, flood control, and bridge construction mainly in the Kinki Region.

• また異端とされる提婆達多派の仏教集団は釈迦を仏と認めず、それ以前に出現した賢劫の三仏を信仰の対象としていたことでも知られる。
• A group of Buddhists of the Devadatta school regarded as heretical had known that they had not recognized Shakyamuni as Buddha and, instead, worshipped Kengo no San-butsu (the last three Buddhas of one thousand Buddhas who appeared during the period before Shakya-muni's generation.)

• 英国のプロテスタント集団のメンバーで、16世紀と17世紀の宗教改革が不完全であると考えて、崇拝の様式の簡素化と規制を支持した
• a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship

• 1967年から1974年までギリシャを統治した暫定軍事政権に反対するために1971年にギリシャで形成された極左テロリスト集団
• an extreme leftist terrorist group formed in Greece in 1971 to oppose the military junta that ruled Greece from 1967 to 1974

• その中で定められていた集団規則によれば、彼らは検校、別当、勾当、座頭の四つの位階に、細かくは73の段階に分けられていたという。
• According to group regulations of the association, they were divided into four official court ranks: Kengyo, Betto, Koto, and Zato, and further divided into 73 ranks.

• 一年を通して、掌典職と呼ばれる天皇の私的使用人集団に属する掌典と呼ばれる神職と、内掌典と呼ばれる女性(巫女)が清め護っている。
• Shinto priests called shoten and female Shinto priests (or shrine maidens) called nai-shoten, who both belong to the emperor's personal servant group called shoten-shoku (literally, 'the board of shoten'), purify and protect the Kyuchu Sanden all year round.

• 伝承者として、歌舞を業として畿内を巡遊する芸能集団の存在が窺われ、物語素材も史実とはかけ離れた芸能的世界の所産であろうという。
• As the memory keeper, there may possibly have been some entertainment groups which traveled around the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals Nara and Kyoto) with dancing and singing being their profession, suggesting a possibility that the material of the story may be product of the entertainment world which is far from the historical fact.

• 現在では古来のままの伝授形式を墨守している流派は少なくなり、現代武道的な段位制度や集団指導方法を取り入れている流派も存在する。
• Nowadays, very few schools adhere to the time-honored initiation form, and there exist some schools that have adopted the dan grading system or the group-class lesson method like gendai budo.

• 戦後、名和長年と同じく辰砂の採掘権と技術を有した商人的武装集団の頭目説、散所の長者説などが出されたが、いまだ定説は存在しない。
• After the World War II, there were several theories as to the family origins such as the Kusunoki being the chief of an armed group of merchants who possessed the rights and skills of cinnabar exploitation, for example, like Nagatoshi NAWA, or billionares in sanjo (manor's area where people of the sanjo provided special skills to the imperial authority instead of rice tax); to date, none of these theories have been proven.

• 百鬼夜行（ひゃっきやぎょう、ひゃっきやこう）とは、説話などに登場する深夜の町を集団で徘徊する鬼や妖怪の群れ及びその行進のこと。
• Hyakki yagyo, or hyakki yako (Night Parade of One Hundred Demons) are stories about troops of demons and monsters wandering in a group in a city in the middle of the night in a parade, appearing in setsuwa (anecdotes).

• また、地域武士団は血縁関係によって結びついた甲州内に存続する独自集団であり、指揮系統的には武田氏直属であったと考えられている。
• In addition, a group of local samurai that were an independent group which existed within Koshu and were related by blood, were considered to be the group that was under the rule of the Takeda clan.

• 兵村は形式においては一般の村と並ぶものではないが、集団で入って一つの規律に服したので、実際には村の中の独立した村として機能した。
• Heison in their form were different from villages in general, and functioned as an independent village in a village because people entered it as a group and followed one discipline.

• 集団ごとに幟を立てていたが、初めは幟に出身地や参加者を書いていたが、段々と滑稽なものや卑猥なものを描いたものが増えてきたという。
• At first each group held up the flag with its hometown and members written on it, but the number of flags showing comical and obscene things gradually increased.

• これは、権力が分散した状態では直ちに旗幟を明確にしにくい（立ち回りが遅い）という集団指導体制の弱点をさらけ出した結果でもあった。
• This was one of the consequences of the weakness of a collective leadership that had difficulty in taking decisive action (or was too slow to respond) due to its decentralized power structure.

• 1932年（昭和7年）　小野忠重氏宅で開かれた新版画集団創立打ち合わせ会に出席、機関誌「新版画」第１号に「自画像」（木版）を発表
• In 1932, he attended a meeting for founding a new group of woodblock artists held at the house of Tadashige ONO, and released his 'Self-Portrait' (wood-block printing) in the Journal 'Shin Hanga' (New woodblock print) issue 1.

• しかし同じ醸造技術者ではあっても、流派ごとの技法の有無や、集団としての制度などを考えると、後世の杜氏の直接的起源とは言いがたい。
• Although they were indeed brewing specialists, it is hard to say that they were the direct origin of latter-day toji, in terms of whether there were group-specific techniques or not, and/or in terms of their organization system.

• 元信は時の権力者であった足利将軍や細川家との結び付きを強め、多くの門弟を抱えて、画家集団としての狩野派の基盤を確かなものにした。
• Motonobu strengthened the ties with the Ashikaga Shogun and the Hosokawa clan as the powers-that-be, had numerous disciples and consolidated the basis of the Kanoha as a group of painters.

• ユーザ集団をまるごと囲い込んで、ノウアスフィアの大きな部分に縄を張ってしまおうというマイクロソフトの努力を無化するものだからだ。
• because they neutralize a Microsoft effort to lock in whole user populations and cordon off a big section of the noosphere.

• またはそのために盟約、契約を結んで、政治的共同体を結成した集団及び、これを基盤とした既成の支配体制に対する武力行使を含む抵抗運動。
• 'Ikki' can also refer to a group of people that form a political community by entering into an alliance or a contract to achieve an objective and to a resistance movement (which may employ armed force) formed by a group in opposition to the established government.

• 災害直後は、火気使用はガス爆発を起こす危険も高く、集団避難生活では火気が使えないために容器一杯の熱湯を得るのも難しいケースもある。
• The use of fire has a greater risk to cause a gas explosion immediately after the disaster and even obtaining hot water fully in a container is difficult because fire is not usable at a refuge in groups.

• 供御人（くごにん）とは、日本中世において、朝廷に属し天皇・皇族などに山海の特産物などの食料や各種手工芸品などを貢納した集団である。
• Kugonin was a group, during the medieval period in Japan, that belonged to the Imperial court who presented food such as special products from the mountains and the sea, and various handicraft products to the Emperor and the Imperial Family.

• 天文 (元号)14年（1545年）、浄土真宗の門徒集団の自治区であった貝塚市に根来寺から招かれて地頭となり、元あった寺を再興する。
• In 1545, he was invited to be a jito by Negoro-ji to Kaizuka City which was an autonomy of follower group of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) and revived the original temple.

• 雑戸（ざっこ）とは、日本の律令制において特定の官司に隷属していた大化前代の職業部に由来する手工業を中心とした技術を持つ集団のこと。
• Zakko refers to groups of technical experts mainly from handicraft industry, coming from shokugyobe (professional Be [groups of people who belonged to the Yamato Dynasty]) subordinated to specific government offices under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of Japan before the Taika Reforms.

• 忍者（にんじゃ）とは、鎌倉時代から江戸時代の日本で、大名や領主に仕え諜報活動や暗殺を仕事としていたとされる、個人ないし集団の名称。
• Ninja is a name of individual or group who served daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) or feudal lord doing intelligence activities and assassinations from the Kamakura period to Edo period in Japan.

• その後政府は蝦夷の首長を郡司に任命して部族集団の間接的な支配を行い、また個別に服属してきた者は俘囚として諸国に移民させられたりした。
• Later, the government appointed the chief of Ezo as a gunji (region manager) in order to indirectly control tribal groups, and forced people individually picked out for subjugation to migrate to other countries as fushu (barbarians).

• 移配された俘囚は、7世紀から9世紀まで断続的に続いた大和と蝦夷の戦争で、大和へ帰服した蝦夷男女が集団で強制移住させられたものである。
• the Fushu who were sent to the Japanese territory were a group of Emishi men and women who had yielded to the power of Yamato (Japan) during the wars that occurred intermittently between Yamato and Emishi between the seventh century and ninth century and thus were forced to emigrate to the Japanese territory.

• 644年、駿河国富士川周辺で、大生部多（おおふべのおお）という者を中心に「常世神」を崇める集団（宗教）を、河勝が追討した、とされる。
• It is said that Kawakatsu subdued a (religious) group led by OFUBE no O, which enshrined 'Tokonoyokami (a deity coming from an utopia of immortality or a world where the souls of the dead go)' around the Fuji River in Suruga Province in 644.

• 正しくは俳諧の連歌あるいは俳諧連歌と呼び、正統の連歌から分岐して、遊戯性を高めた集団文芸であり、発句や連句といった形式の総称である。
• Strictly speaking, it is called haikai no renga (humorous linked poem) or haikai renga, which diverged from the orthodox renga, being made more playful, so it's a form of group literature as well as a general term for the forms of hokku (the first line of a waka poem) and renku (a linked verse).

• 事情は不明だが、高市皇子と大津皇子はそれぞれ別々の集団を作って脱出し、高市皇子は翌25日に伊賀の積殖山口で大海人皇子一行に合流した。
• Although it is unknown how Prince Takechi and Prince Otsu came to create different groups and escaped separately, Prince Takeichi joined Prince Oama's party the next day on the 25th at the entrance of Mt. Tsumue in Iga.

• 従来の通説では西洋の学問を中心にした集まりとされたが、主宰の勝助は儒学者であり、蘭学に限らない、より幅の広い集団であったようである。
• According to the traditional prevailing view, it was considered as a group centered on Western learning, but it seems to have been actually a group based not only on the Dutch, but also on a wide range of varied learning as the promoter, Katsusuke was a Confucianist.

• 大寺院の内部においてその一郭を占めて、寺院本体とは別に独自の所領・組織を保有した別院を構成する塔頭及びそこに止住する僧侶集団を指す。
• This can refer to the sub-temples that occupy space within the precinct of a large temple with their own territory and organizational structure, or to the monks who reside within such sub-temples.

• 紀元前2世紀-紀元前後ごろの時期には、倭人は定期的に前漢へ朝貢しており、また約100の政治集団（国）を形成していた（『漢書地理志』）。
• In the period from the second century B.C. to around the beginning of the first century, Wajin paid tribute to the Former Han Dynasty on a regular basis and formed about 100 political groups (countries) ('Kanjo Chirishi' (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)).

• 商売の手段としては、地面に引いた敷物のうえに商品を並べる簡易なものから、仮設建築としての見世物小屋を集団組織で営むものまで様々である。
• Their business methods vary from simple ones where products are placed on a mat on the ground to show tents built as temporary buildings operated by organizations.

• ――ネットワーク化されたシヤワセな集団プログラマー／アナキストたちが、伝統的な閉鎖ソフトの階級社会を競争でうち負かして圧倒するという。
• ?that of happy networked hordes of programmer/anarchists outcompeting and overwhelming the hierarchical world of conventional closed software.

• 当初、受領たちは東北制圧戦争に伴って各地に捕囚として抑留された蝦夷集団、すなわち俘囚を騎馬襲撃戦を得意とする私兵として鎮圧に当たらせた。
• The Ezo (northerners) group, that is, barbarians, who were in custody as prisoners in each region after the war for conquest of the north-east region, were first made by zuryos to be the private armies who were in charge of suppression and good at cavalry attack.

• その後、族集団が解体し、庶民でも持つ家族名である '氏' と本来の '姓' の混同が進み、庶民でもほとんど姓を持つとされるようになった。
• Thereafter, the clan dissolved, and a 'family name,' which even common people had merged with the original 'surname' to end up with most of the common people having a surname.

• やがて、所従・下人をも含めた荘民は新たな農民集団を形成して荘園領主や外部と対峙する様になり、「惣村」と呼ばれる独自の自治組織を形成する。
• As a result, the class of shomin, including shoju and genin, started to form groups of peasants which confronted the manor owners and the external parties, which was a process that eventually led to the formation of the self-governing organization called 'soson.'

• 4月11日、宇治市から女・子供ばかりの集団が仕事場の茶山から無断ではなれて、着の身着のままやってきたのが明和のお蔭参りの始まりと伝える。
• On May 24, a group of women and children left the tea hill in Uji City, where they worked, without permission and with only the clothes they were wearing, and this is said to be the beginning of okage mairi of the Meiwa era.

• 庶家という概念は主に日本の封建時代、特に鎌倉時代から戦国時代 (日本)、江戸時代にかけて武家に見られた血族集団ないし階層のことをいった。
• The concept of Shoke refers to a blood-relative group or a blood-relative layer present amongst warriors in mainly the feudal period in Japan, especially from Kamakura period to the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) and Edo period.

• のちに主流は山城国に移り、土木・農耕技術によって嵯峨野を開墾開拓し、機織り・木工・金工などの技術者を多く抱えて、技術者集団をなしていた。
• Later, mainstream artisans moved to the Yamashiro Province, and cultivated and reclaimed the Sagano area with techniques of civil engineering and agriculture, forming an group of craftsmen including weavers, woodworkers and metal workers.

• 『proto（原始）』は、別の言語あるいは言語集団の仮定的な原型を参照する『protolanguage（祖語）』のような語の連結形である
• `proto' is a combining form in a word like `protolanguage' that refers to the hypothetical ancestor of another language or group of languages

• 60年代中期、チャンバラもののブームが過ぎた後は、集団抗争劇へ移行し、『十三人の刺客』（1963年）、『大殺陣』（1964年）を生み出す。
• In the mid 1960s after the sword fighting movie boom, he shifted to making films about a group of assassins and produced 'Thirteen Assassins' (1963) and 'The Great Duel' (1964).

• 骨皮 道賢（ほねかわ どうけん、? - 応仁2年3月21日 (旧暦)（? - 1468年4月13日））は、室町時代の盗賊集団の首領である。
• Doken HONEKAWA (date of birth unknown; date of death: April 22, 1468) was the head of a gang who lived during the Muromachi period.

• 最初の日本列島の住人である縄文人は、狩りや漁撈を生活の中心に据えた狩猟民であったが、のちに集団農業を行い、日本各地に大小の集落を形成した。
• Jomon men, the first people in the Japan islands, were hunting people who mainly hunted and fished for their life, and later, they did collective farming, forming large and small communities.

• 製法が四季醸造が寒造りへと移行していったため、宝暦4年（1754年）の勝手造り令以降、このような出稼ぎは増えて杜氏集団が形成されていった。
• Since the trend of brewing methods was gradually changed from shiki-jozo (four-season brewing) to kan-zukuri (cold-season brewing), the number of the people who joined in such seasonal work at another place increased after the katte-zukuri rei (the deregulation policy to promote sake brewing) was established in 1754, and such people began to form toji groups.

• 改めて敵の一部を調略してから、信長が大軍を編成し攻め込んできた際に、その他の伊賀国の忍者集団は壊滅的な打撃を受けた（第二次天正伊賀の乱）。
• When Nobunaga schemed a conspiracy with a part of enemy and invaded again with a great army, the other groups of ninja in Iga Province suffered catastrophic damage (the second Tensho Iga War).

• 当時の曹洞宗僧団は、道元の宋 (王朝)からの帰朝以来の直弟子達と京都深草に興聖寺を開いた後に日本達磨宗から集団改宗した一派の2流があった。
• There were two groups in the Soto sect at that time: a group of direct disciples of Dogen after he came back from the Sung (dynasty), and a group of priests who converted to the Soto sect from the Nihon Daruma sect as a group after Dogen established Kosho-ji Temple at Fukakusa, Kyoto.

• 三内丸山遺跡の研究によって、この遺跡に起居していた縄文人集団が近隣の森に栽培種のクリやウルシを植えて利用していたことが明らかとなっている。
• Thanks to the study on Sannai-Maruyama site, it was revealed that a group of people called Jomons living in this site, cultivated chestnut and lacquer trees in the woods close to their settlement and made use of these plants.

• 大津、坂本、淀などの水陸交通の要地や主要街道沿いの町に集団で住み、船で運ばれたものを京都や奈良など、当時消費の激しかった地域に運び込んだ。
• It thrived collectively around the key areas of amphibian transport such as Otsu, Sakamoto, and Yodo and the towns along main streets, and carried the shipped goods to the large markets at Kyoto and Nara Prefectures in those days.

• そしてポルノ的でないアニメをファンサブのネットワークを通じてリリースすることでこうしたレッテルと戦おうとしたファン集団が少なからずあった。
• the incident motivated more than a few fan groups to combat this characterization by releasing more non-pornographic anime through the fansub network.

• そのため、公家や寺院、奉公衆・奉行衆などの室町幕府官僚集団などは、段銭免除や京都の幕府倉奉行への直接納付（京済・直進）の特権を幕府から得た。
• This encouraged the court nobles, shrines and temples, and the bureaucratic groupings in the Muromachi bakufu, such as hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) and bugyoshu (group of magistrates), to acquire the privilege from the bakufu either to be exempted from tansen or to pay directly to the bakufu's magistrate in Kyoto, who was in charge of monetary and rice payment to the bakufu.

• 武士の概念は時代により微妙に変化しており、一言では言い表すには難しいが、各時代でも共通しているのは武装した私兵集団の構成員だという点である。
• The concept of bushi slightly varies depending on the periods and it is difficult to express it in one word, but the common theme through the periods is that they were members of a private army group of armed fighters.

• 古代の蝦夷（えみし）は、本州東部とそれ以北に居住し、政治的・文化的に、日本やその支配下に入った地域への帰属や同化を拒否していた集団を指した。
• 'Emishi' in ancient times meant a group who lived in the eastern areas of Honshu and to the north, refusing to belong to or assimilate into Japan and regions under the control of the Japanese government, either politically or culturally.

• また沓島とともに京都府指定冠島沓島鳥獣保護区（集団繁殖地）に指定されている（面積は両島合わせて471ヘクタール、うち特別保護地区44ha）。
• Along with Kutsu-jima Island, the islands have been designated by Kyoto Prefecture as the Kanmurijima and Kutsujima islands game reserve (collective breeding place) (the total area of both islands is 471 hectares, with 44 hectares being set aside as a special protection area).

• 隠れ念仏（かくれねんぶつ）は、権力から禁止された浄土真宗（一向宗）の信仰を、権力の目から逃れて信仰すること、或いはそれを行う者や集団を指す。
• Kakure Nenbutsu (Hidden Buddhist Invocation) refers to the individuals or groups of people who secretly practiced or believed in the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) (Ikko Sect), which was banned by powerful rulers.

• 清規（しんぎ）は正式には清浄大海衆 規矩準縄（しょうじょうだいかいしゅう きくじゅんじょう）と言い、仏教の一宗派である禅宗の集団規則である。
• Shingi (Monastic regulations in the Zen Sect), which is formally called Shojodaikaishu kikujunjo, is the regulations of a group of the Zen sect (a sect of Buddhism).

• 各種組織が協力して「敷居を上げて」、不満を持った小集団が自分の目標を多少なりとも達成するのをむずかしくすると、この強みはすぐに消えてしまう。
• This strength is easily undermined if established parties act together to `raise the bar', making it more difficult for small dissatisfied groups to see some progress made toward their goals.

• そして普請を手がけたとの由緒を持つ石垣職人集団、いわゆる「穴太衆」はその後全国的に城の石垣普請に携わり、石垣を使った城は全国に広がっていった。
• The stone masonry group called 'Ano-shu Guild,' which had engaged in the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle, later took part in constructing stone walls of castle throughout the country, which contributed to the diffusion of the castle adopting the stone wall nationwide.

• 子供は片岡我當 (5代目)、日本舞踊家花柳寿々、片岡秀太郎 (2代目)、片岡仁左衛門 (15代目)、新劇女優片岡静香（演劇集団 円）らがいる。
• His children include: Gafu KATAOKA (V); Suzu HANAYAGI, a performer of Japanese dance; Hidetaro KATAOKA (II); Nizaemon KATAOKA (XV); and Shizuka KATAOKA, an actress of shingeki (new dramas influenced by Western stage plays).

• この永倉の一連の働きがその時までの「新選組は悪の人斬り集団、悪の使者」という人々の固定観念を突き崩し、現在に続く新選組再考のきっかけとなった。
• NAGAKURA's series of works broke the stereotyped idea of considering Shinsengumi as 'a group of wicked murderers or evil envoy' and triggered a reconsideration of the Shinsengumi that is still ongoing to this day.

• 刑務官の制止に従わず、又は刑務官に対し暴行若しくは集団による威力を用いて、逃走し、若しくは逃走しようとし、又は他の被収容者の逃走を助けるとき。
• Cases where the inmate escapes, intends to escape, or assists another inmate's escape against a prison officer's order to cease doing so, or through assault or by using group force against the prison officer.

• その中で東軍配下の足軽骨皮道賢が後方攪乱などのゲリラ戦を試みたが、所詮、盗賊や凶悪人を多く含んだ集団に過ぎず、戦局を打開することは出来なかった。
• Meanwhile, ashigaru (common foot soldier) Doken HONEKAWA of the Eastern camp attempted guerrilla tactics such as harassing the rear, but after all his corps, nothing more than rabble comprising of many thieves and vicious criminals, was unable to break through the stalemate.

• 承久の乱以降、新たに任命された地頭の行動や収入を巡って各地で盛んに紛争が起きており、また集団指導体制を行うにあたり抽象的指導理念が必要となった。
• After the Jokyu War, conflicts continually occurred in various places over the acts and incomes of the newly appointed stewards in charge of lords' manors, and an abstract instruction philosophy was necessary to establish the group instruction system.

• 第百七十六条から第百七十九条まで（強制わいせつ、強姦、準強制わいせつ及び準強姦、集団強姦等、未遂罪）及び第百八十一条（強制わいせつ等致死傷）の罪
• The crimes prescribed under Articles 176 through 179 (Forcible Indecency; Rape; Quasi Forcible Indecency and Quasi Rape; Gang Rape; Attempts), 181 (Forcible Indecency Causing Death or Injury);

• 新漫画派集団の作家達は毛筆ではなくペンによる描画をその特徴とし、欧米のナンセンス漫画に触発された日本独自のナンセンス漫画を主要な作風としていた。
• The members of Shin Manga ha Shudan were characterized by drawing not with a brush but with a pen and their style was mainly Japan's own nonsense comics which was inspired by western nonsense comics.

• 武家政権や朝廷のように権力中枢があったわけではなく、各寺社が独立して行動し、また一寺社内でもさまざまな集団がせめぎ合っていたため、「勢力」と呼ぶ。
• It is called 'seiryoku' because there was no center of power as with the military government and Imperial Court, but each religious institution acted independently and even in one institution there were many counteracting groups.

• 2003年、パナウェーブ研究所の構成員が全身白ずくめの服装をしていたことから、マスメディアが特異さを強調するために「白装束集団」などと呼んでいた。
• As members of the Pana-Wave Laboratory were dressed in white from head to toe in 2003, media called them 'Shiro Shozoku Army' in order to emphasize their uniqueness.

• 日本の芸能や武術などにおいて、ひとつの分野について他との技術、手法、心構え、表現の目的、表現にあたっての解釈などの差異を理由として形成された集団。
• 'Ryugi' represents groups of people in Japanese performing arts and martial arts, each formed based on differences from other groups in techniques, approaches, purposes of expression, interpretation of arts to be expressed and so forth in one field of the arts.

• 成人が大半を占める組織や集団では、酒を酌み交わす宴会の形で行われることが多く、居酒屋や宴会場などでは新年会と並んで大きな需要を喚起する契機となる。
• If an organization or a group mainly consists of adults, Bonenkai is held as a party to drink together, therefore, it is a big opportunity along with Shinnenkai (new year party) for izakayas (Japanese-style pub) and party halls.

• なお、おもな力士集団は、久保田藩、南部藩、津軽藩、仙台藩、大坂、京、尾張国、紀伊国、讃岐国、播磨国、因幡国、長崎市、肥後国、薩摩藩にあったという。
• Groups of wrestlers are said to have belonged to the Satsuma, Kubota, Nanbu, Tsugaru and Sendai domains, as well as Nagasaki City, Osaka and Kyoto, and the provinces of Owari, Kii, Sanuki, Harima, Inaba and Higo.

• 内容はそれまでの戒律を基に、仏教教団としては異例の自給自足体制を確立させた禅宗教団に適合するような、主に集団生活を適正に維持するための規則である。
• Based on the preceding religious precepts, it was established principally as the rules by which to maintain group life, which were suitable for the Zen sect organization that had established the self-sufficiency system, which was exceptional for a Buddhist organization.

• 流派（りゅうは）とは日本の芸道や酒造りなどの分野においてひとつの体系化された技（技術、技能）を継承する家元、宗家などを頂点とした集団のことをいう。
• Ryuha are groups of people that are headed by an Iemoto (head of school) or Soke (grand master), who passes down a certain systematic waza (craftsmanship or technique) in the fields of Japanese art, sake brewing, etc.

• 前各号に掲げる者のほか、暴力団との関係を背景に、その威力を用い、または暴力団と資金的なつながりを有し、構造的な不正の中核となっている集団または個人
• In addition to the parties listed in the items above, a group or an individual who uses threats based upon ties to a crime syndicate, or who has financial links with a crime syndicate and is at the core of organized fraud.

• その結果36人余の集団となった壬生浪士組は、京都守護職・松平容保より、主に尊攘激派（勤王倒幕）浪士達による不逞行為の取り締まりと市中警護を任された。
• As a result, Mibu Roshi-gumi became a group of about 36 men, and was assigned by Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto Shugoshoku, to control lawless acts by Sonno-joi extremists (loyalists aiming for overthrow of the shogunate), and guard in the city of Kyoto.

• 道長と伊周の対立は続き、7月24日 (旧暦)（8月22日）には陣座で諸公卿を前に激しく口論し、その3日後2人の従者が都で集団乱闘騒ぎを起こしている。
• The standoff between Michinaga and Korechika continued, and on August 22, they had an acrimonious argument in front of various nobilities in Court, and 3 days later, two of their squires instigated a mass brawl in the capital.

• アニメ・エキスポはコピーをあげられる立場にはいなかったけれど、各種ファンサブ集団は、アニメクラブ会員には喜んでコピーをあげる、と口づてに報せていた。
• Anime Expo was not in a position to offer copies, but the various fansub groups made it known through word-of-mouth that they would be more than happy to provide copies to members of anime clubs.

• 天皇直訴と集団諫死に賭けた長州先発隊は、まだ瀬戸内海上にいる世子定広率いる長州軍本隊二千名に引き上げを要請した上で、蛤御門の変（禁門の変）を敢行する。
• The Choshu vanguard, who sought to directly appeal to the emperor and to remonstrate against the shogunate upon their death, rebelled against the Tokugawa government at the Hamaguri Gate after requesting a main army of 2,000 soldiers under the command of Prince Sadahiro of the Choshu clan to retreat from the Seto Inland Sea.

• 後に一揆のうちの一部集団には横浜市の外国人居留地を襲撃する計画があったことも発覚し、続く9月のアメリカ公使襲撃（前述）と並んで外国公使らを緊張させた。
• Later, it was also revealed that some of the group attempted a raid on the settlement for foreigners in Yokohama City, and the attempt, along with the above mentioned attack on the U.S. Envoy, made the foreign envoys nervous.

• 矯正処遇及び前条第一項の規定による指導（以下「矯正処遇等」という。）は、その効果的な実施を図るため、必要に応じ、受刑者を集団に編成して行うものとする。
• Correctional treatment and the guidance pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article (hereinafter referred to as 'correctional treatment, etc.') shall, where necessary for its effective implementation, be conducted by organizing sentenced persons into groups.

• 僦馬の党は騎馬をベースとした機動力を最大限に発揮した武装集団であり、それを鎮圧しようとする「兵（つわもの）」もまた騎馬武者でなければならなかっただろう。
• The Shuba Party was the military group that used cavalry as the basis for maximizing their mobile power, and the 'tsuwamono' that tried to defeat it should have been samurai with cavalry.

• 戦闘に堪え得る乗馬と鎧、そして馬を乗りこなしての騎射（弓）の訓練ができる者とは、平安時代後期ではごく一握りの特種技能集団でしかあり得なかったはずである。
• Only a handful of special skill unit forces existed during the late Heian period, that could go through horseback training, wear armor, and practice horseback skills that could stand battle, and could shoot arrows while riding a horse.

• ただし、武装集団である武士社会の行動原理に、現代社会ではヤクザなどの暴力団組織に特徴的に認められる行動原理が無視できないほど共通しているのも確かである。
• It is certain that the behavioral principle of bushi society, which were an armed group, is significantly similar to the behavioral principle which is characteristically seen in a gangster organization like yakuza and so on in modern society.

• 一方、慶応2年（1866年）頃、幕府典医松本良順が新選組を集団検診した際に「肺結核の者が1名居た」と記しており、これが沖田総司ではないかとする説もある。
• There is another anecdote that after the Shinsengumi's group medical examination in around 1866, the shogunate's doctor, Ryojun MATSUMOTO, left a note that 'one of the members had pulmonary tuberculosis', and it is thought that the man may have been Soji OKITA.

• 基本的に室町幕府もこの制度を引き継いだが、次第に右筆の中から奉行人に任じられて発言力を増大させて、奉行衆（右筆方）と呼ばれる集団を構成するようになった。
• The Muromachi bakufu basically took over the system, and some people worked as Yuhitsu were appointed to be Bugyonin (a magistrate) increasing their influences in the government and formed a group called Bugyoshu or Yuhitsukata.

• 現在の托鉢には、集団で自派の檀家の家々（近隣に限らない）を訪問する形態と、個人で寺院の門前や往来の激しい交差点に直立して移動せずに喜捨を乞う形態がある。
• Takuhatsu in present days practices in two manners; that of visiting homes of supporters of the sect in groups, and that of begging for almsgiving by standing without moving in front of gates of temples and on the crossings of busy streets by individuals.

• 円観の系統（恵鎮門流）は光宗_(僧)・惟賢・運海らに継承され、天台宗でありながら戦国時代_(日本)まで延暦寺とは別の集団を形成していたと考えられている。
• Enkan's system (Echin Monryu) was passed on to monks including Koshu, Yuiken and Unkai, and although part of the Tendai Sect, is thought to have existed as separate group from Enryaku-ji Temple until the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

• 平安時代末期には強大な武力集団となり、興福寺・延暦寺・園城寺、東大寺などの寺院を拠点として、寺院同士の勢力争いや、朝廷や摂家に対して強訴をくりかえした。
• During the late Heian period, Sohei became powerful armed groups with their stronghold including at Kofuku-ji Temple, Enryaku-ji Temple, Onjo-ji Temple and Todai-ji Temple and were repeatedly involved in power struggles among temples or in acts of menace to the imperial court and Sekke (line of regents and advisers).

• ３・４人で問題にあたったり、探偵集団が問題に取り組んだりしては、興味を分散させ、論理の流れを壊すだけでなく、読者を不当に不利な立場に追い込むことになる。
• To bring the minds of three or four, or sometimes a gang of detectives to bear on a problem, is not only to disperse the interest and break the direct thread of logic, but to take an unfair advantage of the reader.

• 日本人を包括的に均一な集団としてとらえ、歴史的変遷や階級による相違を無視して、外国・異文化との比較を通してその独自性を論じるところを共通項とする論が多い。
• Most of them inclusively treated Japanese people as a standardized group, ignoring historical changes and class differences, and uniqueness was discussed through a comparison with foreign countries and cultures.

• その頃、本門法華宗内で「三途成不論争（皆久論争）」と呼ばれる皆成派と久遠派の教義上の論争があったが、勢力を蓄えていた講（在家信者）集団を巻き込み激化した。
• In those days, there existed a creed called the 'Sanzu Jofu Ronso' (the controversy over the practice of religious services to attain nirvana, also known as Kaiku Ronso) within Honmon Hokke Sect between Kaisei school and Kuon school, and the contention got heated as the religious association of lay believers storing its power were involved.

• 尚歯会（しょうしかい）とは、江戸時代後期に蘭学、儒学者など幅広い分野の学者・技術者・官僚などが集まって発足したサロンであり頭脳集団（シンクタンク）の名称。
• The Shoshikai is the name of a salon or a group of intelligent people (a think tank) established by people gathered, such as a wide range of scholars or artisans, including those of Western studies or Confucianism, and government officials during the late Edo period.

• しかしながら、彼ら酒師たちは、後世の杜氏集団ほど階級化・組織化されておらず、むしろ酒造りの仕事は、上下に階級化されるよりも、水平に幅広く分業化されていた。
• However, such sakashi people were less hierarchized and organized than latter-day toji groups; indeed, their sake brewing duties were more horizontally and widely specialized rather than vertically specialized.

• ゆえに、たとえば一人の杜氏が引退しても、その蔵の味、蔵の個性を守るために、同じ流派、杜氏集団から次の杜氏を迎えることが、伝統的な酒蔵においては通例である。
• Consequently, if one toji retires from a traditional brewery, they generally invite the next toji from the same toji school or group in order to keep their taste and originality.

• まだ熟成、出荷、鑑評会への出品など、気の抜けない工程は数々残っているものの、このときがいちおう杜氏はじめ杜氏集団にとってほっと一息つける区切りの時となる。
• Although they still have a number of remaining processes that need great care, such as ferment, shipment, and preparation for tasting parties, the toji or the toji group can finally have relief after achieving this stage.

• 特に複数の宗派が混在する寺院が多かった平安時代においては、同じ宗派を信奉する僧侶が1つの院家において集団生活を行い、修行・研究の場とするケースも多かった。
• This practice was especially prevalent during the Heian period when there were many temples in which several sects were mixed, as it allowed all monks of the same sect to reside, practice and study within a single inge.

• 隋唐を承け、北宋を経過した儒学は、南宋中頃以後に徐々に道学と呼ばれる思想集団が頭を擡げ、南宋中頃に朱熹が道学を集大成して、遂に江南思想界を席巻するに及んだ。
• In Confucianism, which had emerged before the Sui and Tang Dynasties and continued through the Northern Song Dynasty, an ideological group called Dogaku gradually rose to the fore after the middle of the Southern Sung period, when it was founded by Zhu Xi, and came to dominate ideological circles in the Jiang Nan area.

• しかし、泰時が確立した集団指導体制・明確な法令による司法体制は、個人的な資質などの不安定な要素に左右されることはなく、安定した政治結果を生み出すものだった。
• However, the judicial system by collective leadership system and clear codes established by Yasutoki was not determined by unstable factors such as a personal character, and gave rise to stable political results.

• 古代のウジは、血縁関係ないし血縁意識によって結ばれた多くの家よりなる同族集団で、有力家族の長が氏上（うじのかみ、うじがみ）となり、族長的な地位に立っていた。
• Ancient uji were peer groups of many families joined by blood relationships or blood consciousness, and the head of a powerful family became the head of the uji and occupied a position similar to the head of a clan.

• 大隈・河野敏鎌らが脱党したが、慶應義塾系と嚶鳴社系を中心とする事務委員7名による集団指導体制によって辛うじて解党は防がれたが、活動はほとんど不可能となった。
• Losing Okuma and Kono, the party narrowly survived by a collective leadership of seven secretariats consisting of Keiogijuku and Omeisha groups, but was nearly impossible to function as a political party.

• これは氏族社会における血縁関係者に課された集団責任・連帯責任が、氏族社会の崩壊と地縁による社会形成に伴って転換されて慣習法化されたものであると言われている。
• This has been said to be the group responsibility/collective responsibility imposed on people in a blood relationship in a clan society, that changed into a common law, following the collapse of a clan society and social shaping by territorial connections.

• なかでも丹波からの杜氏集団は灘の蔵元たちと深い関係を結ぶにいたり、天保（1830年 - 1844年）には灘の蔵元はほとんど丹波杜氏で占められるようになった。
• In particular, toji groups from Tanba Province consequently formed a close relationship with sake breweries in Nada, and eventually, brewmasters from Tanba Province occupied most brewers in Nada in the Tenpo era (from 1831 to 1845).

• 自己の支配又は管理の下にある集団密航者を本邦に向けて輸送し、又は本邦内において上陸の場所に向けて輸送した者は、三年以下の懲役又は二百万円以下の罰金に処する。
• Any person who has transported collective stowaways who are under his/her control destined for Japan, or who has transported them to a place of landing in the territory of Japan, shall be punished with imprisonment with work for not more than 3 years or a fine not exceeding 2 million yen.

• 日本の武士は、当初は名乗りをあげての一騎打ちや、少人数での先駆けを試みたため一方的に損害を受けたが、昼頃には集団戦術に対応、また増援の到着により反撃に転じた。
• Japanese samurai, in the beginning, suffered damage unilaterally because they tried to fight one to one declaring their names, or led attacks in a small group, but around noon they organized themselves to fight with a large number of soldiers, and following the arrival of reinforcements, started to counterattack.

• 狩野派は、親・兄弟などの血族関係を主軸とした画家集団で、約4世紀間の長期にわたって一国の画壇に君臨したという点で、世界的にも他にほとんど例を見ないものである。
• The Kanoha group is a painter group mainly concerned with consanguinity such as parents or brothers; it reigned over the nation's realm of art for as long as four centuries, a period unequaled anywhere in the world.

• 米国の無法者で、南部連合の兵士として戦い、後に無法者の集団を率いて西部で列車や銀行から略奪していたが、一味のメンバーにより殺害された（1847年−1882年）
• United States outlaw who fought as a Confederate soldier and later led a band of outlaws that robbed trains and banks in the West until he was murdered by a member of his own gang (1847-1882)

• 泰時は、世代交代期の混乱を防ぐため、叔父の北条時房を執権の補佐役といえる連署に当てるとともに、政治意思決定の合議機関である評定衆を設置し、集団指導体制を布いた。
• In order to prevent confusion during the transition of power to the next generation, Yasutoki appointed his uncle, Tokifusa HOJO, as rensho (assistant to the shikken), established the hyojoshu - a consulting institution for making political decisions - and founded the collective leadership system.

• この時の日本軍は元軍の集団戦法や新兵器などに苦戦したが、暴風雨の到来によるとも指揮官たちの方針の分裂が原因とも言われるモンゴル軍の撤退で全面的戦闘は回避された。
• Although the Mongolian army fought well against the Japanese army bearing a large number of soldiers equipped with new weapons, they were forced to withdraw due to either a storm or conflict between commanders over the policy, and thus a full-scale war was avoided.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)に悪党の活動が活発化し下克上の風潮が流行すると、伝統的な戦闘形態は個人戦から集団戦へと変化し始め、足軽の活躍の場は土一揆・国一揆にも広まった。
• As the activity of villains increased and the trend of vassals revolting against their lords became more commonplace during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the traditional way in which warfare was conducted began to make the transition from a one-to-one combat to a group battle strategy, and the utilization of ashigaru even spread to the suppression of local and provincial uprisings.

• 忍海部は、飯豊王の名代（こしろ）の部民制（べのたみ）であるが、単なる農民部ではなく東漢氏（あやひと）をかかえた雑工部（物品製造に携わる職工集団）でもあったらしい。
• Oshinumibe was bemin sei (the system of Yamato Dynasty) of Iitoyo's representative, but it seems to have been not just a department of peasants, but a department of manufacturers (mechanic company to produce items) including Ayahito clan.

• 7世紀後半の九州南部はヤマト王権（朝廷）の勢力が及んでいたものの支配体制は完全ではなく、熊襲あるいは隼人と呼ばれる住民が多くの集団に分かれて割拠する状況であった。
• By the latter half of the seventh century, the power of Yamato sovereignty (Imperial court) had reached southern Kyushu but the ruling system was not yet perfected so that many groups of residents, called Kumaso or Hayato, defended their own local authority.

• 親鸞の念仏集団の隆盛が、既成の仏教教団や浄土宗他派からの攻撃を受けるなどする中で、宗派としての教義の相違が明確となって、親鸞の没後に宗旨として確立される事になる。
• While Shinran's nenbutsu group was censured by the Buddhist establishment and the other sects of Jodo Shu, a distinctive character of his discipline became clear, so his followers established a new sect, Jodo Shinshu, after his death.

• 錯綜した集団の中で生え、革のような葉がある丈夫で丸い茎と小さな緑がかった花が散った後に食用に適さない光沢のある黒い漿果の房を持つ米国東部のとげのある木質のつる植物
• a very prickly woody vine of the eastern United States growing in tangled masses having tough round stems with shiny leathery leaves and small greenish flowers followed by clusters of inedible shiny black berries

• ただし、武装した私兵集団が全て武士であるとは言えず、公的な軍事警察力の担い手としての社会的な公認がなければ武士と認められなかったこともまた、強調しなければならない。
• However, all the private army groups of armed fighters are not said to have been bushi and it must be emphasized that they were not approved as bushi without the social authorization as the bearer of public military police.

• しかし、1928年（昭和3年）4月の片岡千恵蔵、嵐寛寿郎、山口俊雄 (新派俳優)、中根龍太郎、市川小文治、山本礼三郎らスター俳優の集団退社のさいに、ともに退社した。
• However, when star actors including Chiezo KATAOKA, Kanjuro ARASHI, Toshio YAMAGUCHI (an actor belonging to Shinpa-Geki), Ryutaro NAKANE, Kobunji ICHIKAWA and Reizaburo YAMAMOTO left the company in a group in April of 1928, TAKEI resigned as well.

• 武川衆のように甲斐国内に存在した集団でありながら、親族とも譜代とも判別し難いのみならず、武田氏に服属していたのか同盟関係に近かったのかの判断が困難なグループがある。
• There are some groups including Mukawa shu (a group of samurai in Kai Province) that existed within Kai Province, and it is hard to determine whether those groups were Shingen's relatives or fudai (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) and whether they belonged to the Takeda clan or whether they had a relationship that bordered on being an alliance with the Takeda clan.

• 馬の中のごく一部がそれに堪えられたとすれば、武士という一握りの特種技能集団が成立し得る条件を備えているのは、関東においてはそもそもが馬の牧場を意味する「牧」であった。
• The 'maki' (pasture for horses and cattle, written as '牧') was originally defined as a horse farm (written as 牧場) in Kanto region and provided the condition where a handful of bushi with special units could formalize if only a few of those horses could stand training.

• このため、遅くても8世紀には陶部は解体して、民間の工人集団に吸収され、朝廷は調や正税交易などの方法で民間から須恵器などの土器類を調達するようになったと考えられている。
• So, Suebe was dissolved and its members were absorbed in a private group of craftsmen in the eighth century at the latest, and the Imperial Court was considered to have been given earth wares including Sueki from private sectors through tributes or exchanges with the rice tax.

• 第百七十六条から第百七十九条まで（強制わいせつ、強姦、準強制わいせつ及び準強姦、集団強姦等、未遂罪）、第百八十一条（強制わいせつ等致死傷）及び第百八十四条（重婚）の罪
• The crimes prescribed under Articles 176 through 179 (Forcible Indecency; Rape; Quasi Forcible Indecency and Quasi Rape; Gang Rape; Attempts), 181 (Forcible Indecency Causing Death or Injury) and 184 (Bigamy);

• 坐禅を基本的な修行形態とするが、坐禅そのものは古くから仏教の基本的実践の重要な徳目であり、坐禅を中心に行う仏教集団が禅宗と呼称され始めたのは中国の唐代末期からである。
• Its basic form of ascetic practices is meditation, which has been an important type of virtue for the basic practice of Buddhism since ancient times, and the Buddhist group which practiced mediation began to be called Zen sect from the end of the Tang Dynasty in China.

• 石山本願寺・・・独自の僧兵集団ではなく、各地の門徒（多くは国人や庶民）を動員した一向一揆を通じて絶大な影響力・軍事力を誇ったが、石山合戦に敗れ壊滅、軍事力を喪失した。
• Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple; it boasted overwhelming influential power as well as military power through Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers) which was fought by, instead of its own Sohei group, believers called up from every region of the country (many of them were indigenous persons and ordinary people), but eventually it suffered devastating defeat in the Ishiyama War and lost its military power.

• また、芸能者では主要な大夫を家元とする芸能集団としての座が形成され、江戸時代以後に「○○座」という呼称で呼ばれるようになり、転じて劇場や映画館の名称としても用いられた。
• Additionally, entertainers formed some za as entertainer groups whose headmen were major tayu (the headmaster of a school of performing arts), and people began to add the term 'za' to the end of their group names beginning in the Edo period. By further extension, such use of 'za' also began to be applied to theater names and movie theater names afterward.

• ただ当時発足したばかりの日本軍は地方農村部などの次男・三男を集めた集団であり、飯や日本食で育った彼らの中には、あまりに異質な西洋の料理に対して拒否感を示す者も見られた。
• The early stage of Japanese military was formed by the group of young people composed of the second or third sons collected from rural and agricultural regions; they had grown up by eating traditional Japanese food with rice-centered diet, thus some could not easily accept such Western style dishes so different from their eating habit.

• 王勇（浙江工商大学日本文化研究所所長）は三経義疏について「集団的成果は支配者の名によって世に出されることが多い」としながらも、幾つかの根拠をもとに聖徳太子の著作とする。
• Yong WONG (王勇), Director of the Institute of Japanese Culture Studies, states with some evidence that Sangyo Gisho was written by Shotoku Taishi, while admitting 'that the achievement made by a group was mostly announced under the name of the ruler.'

• しかし、風紀を乱すとの理由から前者は1629年に禁止され、後者も売色の目的を兼ねる歌舞伎集団が横行したことなどから1652年に禁止され、現代に連なる野郎歌舞伎となった。
• But the former was banned in 1629 for the reason that it corrupted public morals, and the latter was also banned in 1652 because the Kabuki groups which also engaged in the business of male prostitutes were rampant, so Kabuki became the style of 'Yaro-kabuki' (men's Kabuki) that has continued until today.

• 当初は同業の問屋による私的な集団であり、江戸幕府は当初は楽市楽座路線を継承した商業政策を方針としており、こうした組織が流通機構を支配して幕府に対する脅威になる事を恐れた。
• Originally, it was a private group consisting of peer warehouse merchants and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) feared that this kind of organization would control the distribution system and pose a threat to them because the Edo bakufu adopted the commercial policy inherited the course of rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) at first.

• 届出独立行政法人等　当該届出独立行政法人等の行った統計調査に係る調査票情報、事業所母集団データベースに記録されている情報及び第三十五条第一項の規定により作成した匿名データ
• An incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25:　questionnaire information pertaining to statistical surveys conducted by the incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25, information recorded in the establishment frame database, and anonymized data produced pursuant to the provision of Article 35, paragraph (1).

• 最初期のものを例外として、ファンサブ屋たちはつねに『非売品、レンタル禁止』『ライセンス版発売の際には流通停止』といった字幕を自分たちのファンサブ集団名のあとにつけていた。
• In all but the earliest fansubs, fansubbers would add subtitles like 'Not for Sale or Rent' and 'Stop Distribution When Licensed' in addition to their fansub group name;

• 周代から春秋時代には、特に古来の '姫' や '姜' といった族集団名でもある '姓' を持つ卿士大夫層(宋代の科挙試験エリートではなく、古代の族長層）を指す用語であった。
• From the Zhou period to the Chunqiu period, the term indicated the Keishitaifu class (not the Kakyo [Imperial examination] elite in the Song period but the patriarch class in the ancient times) having a 'surname,' which was also a clan name of ancient times such as 'Ji' and 'Jiang.'

• 陸軍騎兵学校を参観に来たフランス軍人に「秋山好古の生涯の意味は、満州の野で世界最強の騎兵集団を破るというただ一点に尽きている」と賞されているとおり、日本騎兵の父と言われた。
• The French military official who visited the army cavalry school praised Yoshifuru by claiming that 'the sole purpose of Yoshifuru AKIYOSHI's life was to defeat the world strogest cavalry in Machuria;' thus, he came to be known as the father of the Japanese cavalry.

• 6・7世紀の古墳に始まり、延暦寺の石垣や里坊等の石垣・石塔などで技術を磨き、大坂城・聚楽第・伏見城等の石垣構築に当たったが、綱家もこうした職人集団に支えられていたのである。
• After they developed their techniques through construction, first, Kofun (tumulus) in the sixth to seventh centuries, and then stonewalls of Enryaku-ji Temple and stonewalls and stone pagodas of small village temples, they got involved in the construction of the stonewalls of Osaka-jo Castle, Jurakudai residence and Fushimi-jo Castle, and it is supposed that Tsunaie got help and assistance from such professional groups.

• 醸造業界へ新規参入した、酒株を持たない者、すなわち無株者（むかぶもの）たちと、昔から酒株を持ち酒造りをしてきた者、すなわち株持ちたちの間で集団的な軋轢（あつれき）が生じた。
• Collective conflict occurred between those who made a new entry to the sake brewing industry without sakekabu, or mukabumono, and those who had brewed sake with sakekabu for long, or kabumochi.

• この法律において「事業所母集団データベース」とは、事業所に関する情報の集合物であって、それらの情報を電子計算機を用いて検索することができるように体系的に構成したものをいう。
• The term 'establishment frame database' as used in this Act means the collection of information concerning establishments that is systematically organized so that the information may be retrieved by using computers.

• ジャクソンが説明したように、1989年から1993年のファンサブ集団たちは「まだ手のついてないものだけに字幕をつける。手がついていたらさわらない」という方針で活動していた。
• As Jackson explained, fansub groups during the 1989 through 1993 period worked under the philosophy of, 'we only subtitle things that we know have not been picked up.If it has been picked up, we will not touch it.'

• 許可条件への違反状況の視察と採証職務に従事していた京都府警の巡査、この状況を実際に確認し、許可条件への違反があったものと判断して、歩道上から、デモ隊の先頭集団を写真撮影した。
• A Police Officer of Kyoto Prefectural Police, who was engaged in inspecting the demonstration march to see whether or not there was violation of the conditions for permission and collecting evidence of any such violation, found that the march was in violation of the conditions for permission, and photographed the front part of the marching crowd.

• 貞観 (日本)年間（859～877）、右大臣藤原良相の長男、大納言左大将藤原常行が愛人のもとへ行く途中、美福門周辺で東大宮大路の方から歩いてくる100人ほどの鬼の集団に遭遇。
• During the Jogan era (Japan, 859 - 877), when Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and General of the Left FUJIWARA no Tsuneyuki, the oldest son of Udaijin (Minister of the Right) FUJIWARA no Yoshimi, was on his way to his mistress, he came across about 100 demons in a group walking from Higashi Omiya Oji near the Bifukumon Gate.

• また、君主や家長に対する忠義の遵守すること、集団で謀議を計ることや、許された宗教以外（邪宗門、はっきり言えばキリシタン）の禁止など、江戸幕府の政策を継承する内容となっている。
• It also inherited the policy of Edo bakufu, including the observance of the loyality to the lord and patriarch and the prohibition of the conspiracy or unrecognized religions (sects, to be specific, Christianity).

• それに先立って1957年に結成された邦楽四人の会、邦楽器ブーム初期の1964年より活動を続けている日本音楽集団の活動も、洋楽系現代音楽における重要な邦楽活動として挙げられる。
• Activities of Hogaku Yonin no kai (the four players group), which was organized in 1957, and Nihon Ongaku shudan (the group of Japanese musicians), which started activities in 1964 prior to the boom of Japanese traditional instruments, were also significant as the activities of Japanese traditional music conducted by the western contemporary musicians.

• 日本民族（にほんみんぞく）という言葉は、一つには日本の国籍や日本列島にルーツを持つ全ての文化的集団（エスニック・グループ）を統合した政治的共同体（ネーション）を表す概念である。
• The term 'Japanese race' expresses a notion of a political community (nation) which embodies all cultural groups (ethnic groups) that possess a Japanese nationality and/or roots in the Japanese archipelago.

• 雑賀衆のほかの土豪たちと同様、鉄砲伝来から間もない早い時期に鉄砲を使った戦術を取り入れ、16世紀の半ばには鉄砲で武装したある程度の規模の傭兵的集団として活動していたようである。
• Same as the other local clans of Saigashu, the clan adopted guns in its fighting tactics shortly after the arrival of guns to Japan, and by the mid-16th century the clan seems to have been active as a certain sized mercenary force equipped with guns.

• しかし、日蓮宗の宗徒（松本久吉）が比叡山西塔の僧の説法を論破したのをきっかけとして、1536年（天文5年）7月_(旧暦)、天台宗比叡山の僧兵集団が「法華一揆」撃滅へと乗り出す。
• However, a follower of the Nichiren-sect (Hisayosi MATSUMOTO), refuted the preaching of the Hieizan Western tower's priest, and triggered the priest-soldier army of the Tendai sect Hieizan to start destroying the 'Hokke Ikki' in July, 1536 (old lunar calendar).

• ハワイ王国へ集団移住した初めての日本人、いわゆる「元年者」が現地にて労働環境など様々な問題に直面し、それが国際的に報道されたため、政府の命により特命全権公使としてハワイに赴く。
• The first Japanese immigrants in the Kingdom of Hawaii, so-called 'Japanese settlers of 1868,' had faced various problems in the field including labor environment, and after this was internationally reported, the government ordered Kagenori to go off to Hawaii as Envoy Extraordinary.

• 雑賀衆（さいかしゅう）は、戦国時代 (日本)に紀伊国北西部の雑賀荘を中心とする一帯（現在の和歌山市の雑賀崎）の諸荘園に居住した国人・土豪・地侍たちの結合した集団（一揆）である。
• Saikashu was a group (ikki) of combined local lords, powerful local clans and local samurai who resided in private estates in the center of Saikasho in the north west part of Kii Province (present day Saikazaki, Wakayama City) during the Sengoku period (Warring States period).

• 例えば近代以降のクラシック音楽ならば「個人的な解釈の違い」となるべきところを、集団で、伝統としてある程度、固定化して引継いでゆくところに流儀というものの特異性があるといっていい。
• Ryugi is unique in that the differences from other schools are fixed to some degree and handed down as traditions within the group, while, for example, in western classical music of modern age and thereafter, differences in interpretation of music are considered to be only 'personal'.

• 1570年に織田信長が大阪の石山本願寺と開戦して石山戦争が起こると、鈴木孫一の率いる鈴木党は、他の雑賀衆の集団とともに本願寺の門主顕如の求めに応じて本願寺に入り、織田軍と戦った。
• In 1570, when Nobunaga ODA opened hostilities against Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and the Ishiyama War broke out, the Suzuki-to (group of Suzuki clan) lead by Magoichi SUZUKI, with the other groups of Saigashu, entering the Hongan-ji Temple as answering the request of Kennyo, the head of Hongan-ji Temple, fought against the Oda army.

• ただし、勤皇の志士たちを多く輩出した山口県などを出身とする人々には彼らを「幕府に雇われたテロリスト集団」として位置づける人もいる（松岡滿壽男参議院議員・当時の国会での発言より）。
• However, some people from Yamaguchi Prefecture and that area, which produced many Imperial loyalists, regard Shinsen-gumi as 'a group of terrorists employed by the shogunate ' (Masuo MATSUOKA, member of the House of Councilors/taken from his speech at the National Diet, during his time in office).

• なお、結果的に梯子を外された形となった後藤象二郎直系を中心とした集団は国民自由党を結成して吏党に転じるが、第1回総選挙で5議席しか獲得できなかったためにほとんど影響力は無かった。
• In the meantime, Shojiro GOTO and his followers consequently lost support and organized Kokumin Liberal Party (National Liberal Party), which turned into a government-leaning party; however, they could gain only five parliamentary seats in the first general election, which barely bestowed them much political clout.

• 行政機関の長、地方公共団体の長その他の執行機関又は届出独立行政法人等は、次に掲げる目的のため、総務大臣から事業所母集団データベースに記録されている情報の提供を受けることができる。
• The head of an administrative organ, the head of a local public entity or any other executive committees, or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 may receive information recorded in the establishment frame database from the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications for the following purposes:

• 忘年会（ぼうねんかい）とは、組織や集団が一年の終わりにその一年間を振り返り、その間の苦労をねぎらい、忘れると共に新たな一年に向けて気持ちを新たにするために行われる年中行事である。
• Bonenkai (literally, forget-the-year party) is an annual event held at the end of the year by an organization or group to give those attending a chance to look back at the past year and show their appreciation for the hardships they have each endured, before forgetting the current year and committing themselves to making a fresh start in the upcoming year.

• 2003年には姫路市の成人式で、式典終了後に会場周辺の駐車場で、新成人の複数の集団が喧嘩となり、止めに入った兵庫県警察姫路警察署の日本の警察官2名にも暴力を加える事件が発生した。
• In 2003, at the Seijin-shiki ceremony held in Himeji City, there was an incident where several groups of new adults started fighting in the parking lot near the hall after the ceremony ended, and also committed violence against two Japanese policemen belonging to Himeji Police Station, Hyogo Prefectural Police Department, who tried to stop the fighting.

• 蹴鞠競技はその後、中国本土では次第に廃れていき、宋 (王朝)代にはチーム対抗の競技としての側面が薄れて一人または集団で地面に落とさないようにボールを蹴る技を披露する遊びとなった。
• Subsequently the kemari game in mainland China gradually became phased out, in the Song Dynasty, team competitions were few, and it became a one-man play or group play in which the ball was kicked to keep the ball from falling to the ground.

• 応仁の乱では足軽集団が奇襲戦力として利用されたが、足軽は忠誠心に乏しく無秩序でしばしば暴徒化し、多くの社寺、商店等が軒を連ねる京都に跋扈し暴行・略奪をほしいままにすることもあった。
• During the Onin War, ashigaru groups were used in surprise attacks but their lack of loyalty and their disorder meant that they frequently formed unruly mobs, and there was an incident in which they ran riot and looted Kyoto with its numerous shrines, temples and shops.

• 天から御札（神符）が降ってくる、これは慶事の前触れだ、という話が広まるとともに、民衆が仮装するなどして囃子言葉の「ええじゃないか」等を連呼しながら集団で町々を巡って熱狂的に踊った。
• Along with a widespread rumor that 'ofuda' (talismans) would falls down from heaven, which was believed a preamble of auspicious events, people in a clown like outfit went out and walked around their neighborhood in group with enthusiasm by repeatedly shouting 'eejanaika' (literally means 'it's good,' as an utterance added to complete the rhythm of a song).

• 狩野派（かのうは）は、日本絵画史上最大の画派であり、室町時代中期（15世紀）から江戸時代末期（19世紀）まで、約400年にわたって活動し、常に画壇の中心にあった専門画家集団である。
• The Kanoha group is the largest gaha (group of painters) in Japanese art history, and was active for about 400 years from the middle of the Muromachi period (fifteenth century) to the end of the Edo period (nineteenth century) as a group of expert painters that consistently dominated the art world.

• 地方公共団体の長その他の執行機関　当該地方公共団体の行った統計調査に係る調査票情報及び第二十七条第二項の規定により総務大臣から提供を受けた事業所母集団データベースに記録されている情報
• The head of a local public entity or any other executive committees:　questionnaire information pertaining to statistical surveys conducted by the local public entity, and information recorded in the establishment frame database that was provided by the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications pursuant to the provision of Article 27, paragraph (2);

• さらに、領民のあいだから醸造技能に優れた者が輩出すると、蔵屋敷などを通して先進地域への出稼ぎ先を斡旋したりと、藩をあげて杜氏集団と蔵元地域とのつながりを強化しようとしたところも多い。
• In many of such clans, furthermore, they unanimously worked to enhance relations between toji groups and sake brewing districts by arranging places to work during the agricultural off-season in some advanced sake-brewing regions through kurayashiki (a warehouse and sales office for rice and other local products maintained by daimyo in the Edo period) when those who had great brewing skills appeared.

• 歌舞伎 - 歌舞伎の創始者とされているのは女性であるが、各地で歌舞伎劇と売春を兼ねる集団が出現するなど風紀上の問題から、女人禁制となり、現在に連なる男性のみの「野郎歌舞伎」となった。
• Kabuki: Although the founder of kabuki was regarded as a woman, nyonin kinsei has been implemented because of the problems of morality such as the appearance of groups which played kabuki and provided prostitution, giving rise to 'Yaro Kabuki,' which persists in the present day.

• この俘囚集団を護送していたのは、防人の護送を担当していた防人部領使であったことが確認でき、彼らが最終的に防人の配備先である筑紫（九州）に送られて同様の任務についていたものと推定される。
• It was confirmed that the guards for Sakimori (soldiers deployed for border defense) escorted this group of subjected barbarians, which suggests that they were sent to Chikushi (Kyushu) in the end, where Sakimori were stationed, to engage in similar work to the Sakimori.

• なお、箸が日本に伝来した時期（7世紀？）と説話の作成された時期とに大きなズレがあるところから、古墳を作成した集団である土師氏の墓、つまり土師墓から箸墓になった？という土橋寛の説もある。
• However, Yutaka TSUCHIHASHI says Hashihaka (Chopsticks--called hashi in Japanese--Tomb) came from Hajihaka, or the tomb of the Haji clan, which is the group that made the kofun, because there is a large gap between the period in which chopsticks were introduced into Japan (possibly the seventh century) and that in which the tale was devised.

• 実際にその東国武家集団は北条得宗家の被官として、赤松氏と共に播磨や摂津・南河内・和泉など北条氏の守護国などに得宗領に移住した事項があるので、そのまま、土着したのではないかと言われている。
• It has been recorded that as the hikan (a low-level bureaucrat) of the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan, Togoku Samurai in fact moved to their Shugo's territory, such as Harima, Minamikawachi, and Izumi, it is thought that they may have settled down in these areas.

• 定住が開始された理由としては、それまで縄文人集団が定住を避けていた理由、すなわち食料の確保や廃棄物問題、死生観上の要請などが定住によっても解決出来るようになったためではないかと見られる。
• The reason for adopting sedentary life is assumed that the problems the Jomon people had in order to adopt the sedentary life up to that time were being solved; in fact, the Jomon people were able to solve problems of securing food, waste disposal issues, and the need to come to terms with the view of life and death in the sedentary life.

• 後に浄土真宗の蓮如が叡山などの妨害を乗り越えて再興し、作り上げた本願寺教団は、門徒と呼ばれる強大な信徒集団を獲得し、応仁の乱後守護大名に取って代わった戦国大名に匹敵するほどにまでなった。
• Later, the Honganji Kyodan organization, which was revived and established by Rennyo of the Jodo Shinshu sect after overcoming obstructions from Mt. Hiei amongst others, set up a powerful lay organization called Monto, which came to be equal to the sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) who replaced the shugo daimyo after the Onin War.

• こうした中で座も変質していき、本所から自立した営業集団に転化したり、官衙や領主との結びつきを強めて中にはこれらを新たな本所するものが出現したり、座衆の数を制限して世襲特権化を図ろうとした。
• Under these circumstances, za were also gradually changed. Some za tried to become a trade group independent of their honjo, or some tried to have closer ties to government offices and feudal lords to have them as their honjo, and some attempted to establish a hereditary privilege by limiting the number of members in their za.

• これまで足軽は戦闘の主役ではなかったが、戦国時代 (日本)を迎え集団戦が本格化・大規模化していくと、訓練された槍・弓 (武器)・鉄砲の足軽隊が組織され備の主要な部隊として活躍するようになる。
• Ashigaru had not yet been utilized as the main element of battle forces but as they became more well organized and increased in number during the Sengoku period (Japan), they were given training and ashigaru units bearing spears, bows (weapons) and guns were created, going on to form the backbones of armies.

• 冠島とともに京都府指定冠島沓島鳥獣保護区（集団繁殖地）に指定されており（面積は両島で471ヘクタール、うち特別保護地区44ha）、無人島で海鳥の繁殖保護のため原則として上陸が禁止されている。
• Along with Kanmuri-jima Island, it is designated as the Kanmurijima and Kutsujima islands game reserve (collective breeding place) by Kyoto Prefecture (the total area of both islands is 471 hectares, including 44 hectares of special protection area), and is an uninhabited island, with visits largely banned in order to protect breeding sea birds.

• これらのことから、この教えでしか救われず、他の教えによれば罰あるいは仏罰が出る、などと煽り、自我功利的な教えを宣揚するのは、カルト集団における観念的脅迫でしかない、という反対論や批判もある。
• For these reasons, the agitations that people can be relieved only by a certain teaching and that the belief in other teachings causes punishment or Butsubachi, and enhancements of the self-expedient teaching are opposed and criticized as just ideological threats of cults.

• すなわち、近世以前の稲作適地は、地形で言えば洪積台地や河岸段丘の上、平地の分類で言えば盆地や河岸中流域など傾斜がある土地となり、集団化した農民が灌漑設備をつくって棚田をつくるのが一般的である。
• That is, before the modern times the best places for rice cropping were sloping lands, such as ones on diluvial plateaus and stream terraces in terms of landform, or basins and midstream sites in terms of classification of plains, and generally a group of farmers established an irrigation facility and built Tanada there.

• この頃、朝鮮半島や中国の沿岸などで倭寇（前期倭寇と呼ばれる）と呼ばれる海上集団が活動し始めており、懐良親王は倭寇の取り締まりを条件に明朝から冊封を受け、「日本国王」としての権威で勢力を強める。
• Around this time, maritime groups of pirates called Wako (meaning Japanese pirates) began to raid the coasts of the Korean peninsula and China (these are labeled the 'early period Wako' to distinguish them from later pirate groups of the same name), and a request, called a Sakuho, from the Ming court that the pirates be brought under control was sent to Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, addressed to the 'King of Japan'; Kaneyoshi thereby received a boost to his authority.

• それがそのまま、鎌倉政権の中にも浸透し、得宗家の確立、それを取り囲む共同利益集団の北条庶流の家格の形成、同時に文筆の家でもそれに似た、あるいはそれ以上の家格の形成・家職の固定化が進んでいった。
• And it spread into the Kamakura administration too, establishing the Tokuso family and forming the collateral line of the Hojo family that surrounded the Tokuso family as the common interest group, and at the same time among the families of writers, and something similar to this or a more sophisticated style of Family was formed, fixing the family business.

• 一度目の元寇である文永の役の際、日本軍は元 (王朝)軍の集団戦法に苦戦した経験から、二度目の元寇である弘安の役では、作戦指令が時宗の名で出され、得宗被官が戦場に派遣されて御家人の指揮にあたった。
• As they had struggled against the group tactics of the Yuan army during the Bunei War (the first attempted invasion by the Mongols), the Japanese army issued orders in Tokimune's name during the Koan War (the second attempted invasion by the Mongols), and a Tokuso vassal was sent to the battlefield to command the gokenin.

• 近年では『吾妻鏡』によると、元は関東にいた御家人で、玉井氏・忍氏・岡部氏・滝瀬氏ら武蔵七党の横山党や猪俣党と並ぶ家柄であり、もともとは利根川流域に基盤をもつ東国武士の有力集団の一派だったという。
• Recently, it has been noted that the record on 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East) states that originally they were one of the powerful samurai groups in the eastern part of Japan, Togoku Samurai, who were based in the area of Tonegawa River and also gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)who belonged to an upper class like Tamai clan, Okabe clan, Nin clan and Takise clan from the Musashi-shichito Parties such as Yokoyama Party or Inomata Party (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province).

• ぼくがさっき、「シヤワセな集団」という表現を使ったのは、別に「シ」の頭韻のためだけじゃないし、Linuxのマスコットがぬくぬくした幼形成熟（ネオテニー）っぽいペンギンなのもただの冗談じゃあない。
• it was not mainly for the alliteration that I wrote of 'happy hordes' above, and it is no mere joke that the Linux mascot is a cuddly, neotenous penguin.

• 続いてイタリア戦争においても、1522年同じくスペイン軍の傭兵隊長コロンナがミラノ郊外ビコッカにおいて、地形と急造塁壁を利用したアルケブスの反復射撃戦法で、押し寄せたスイス槍兵集団を粉砕している。
• Also in the Italian Wars that followed, similarly in 1522, the commander of the mercenaries in the Spanish army, Colonna broke up the advancing Swiss concentration of spearmen with tactics of repeated shooting of the arquebus, using land features and hastily built ramparts.

• また、この時期になると造作物のみならず、派手な衣装に身を包んで笛や太鼓の音に囃されて練り歩く「囃子物」やこれに合わせて拍子を取る「拍子物」、集団で踊りを演じる「風流踊」などが出現するようになった。
• In the same period, people appeared as well as things: the 'Hayashimono' who marched with flutes and drums and wore gorgeous clothes, the 'Hyoshimono' who accompanied the Hayashimono and beat time for them, and the 'Furyuodori' who danced in a group.

• 目的を隠した呼び出しや「地獄に堕ちる」などの脅迫、ストーカー、物理力の行使（集団での取り囲みによる勧誘、暴力を伴う拉致や監禁等）を正当化する等、社会的に問題となっている（暴力団に近い）行動が多い。
• There are many activities (like gangsters'), such as summoning someone with a hidden reason, intimidation like 'Fall into the pits of hell', stalking, justification of use of physical forces (inducement surrounded by a group, violent abduction and captivity, etc.) and so on, which have become social problems.

• 幕府当局は各教団の宗旨や教義をめぐる争論には介入を控えるのが通例であったが、本件では一部信者が本山に集団で詰め掛けようとするなど穏当ならざる騒ぎになったため、事案が寺社奉行にもちこまれたわけである。
• Traditionally the bakufu did not get involved in conflicts relating to creed and religious doctrine, but in this case, a disturbance was developped bigger as a group of believers of the sect were to come to the head temple, the matter was brought before the Magistrate of Temples and Shrines.

• 1934年（昭和9年）からは、それぞれが所属する会社の枠組をこえ、稲垣浩、滝沢英輔や脚本家の八尋不二、三村伸太郎ら俊才とシナリオ集団「鳴滝組」を結成、「梶原金八」の共同ペンネームで22作を発表した。
• From 1934, Yamanaka formed the 'Narutaki-gumi' screenwriting group with the highly talented Hiroshi INAGAKI, Eisuke TAKIZAWA, and screenwriters Fuji YAHIRO and Shintaro MIMURA who all transcended the framework of film companies, and released 22 films under the collaborative pseudonym of 'Kinpachi KAJIWARA.'

• 『each』、『every』、『either』、『neither』、『none』が分配的、つまり集団の中の1つのものを指すのに対し、『which of the men』の『which』は分離的である
• whereas `each,' `every,' `either,' `neither,' and `none' are distributive or referring to a single member of a group, `which' in `which of the men' is separative

• この必要条件が大きな場で果たす役割は、小さな集団で隠されたヒントが果たす役割と同じで、この文化の中で活動するのに必要な資質（たとえば抽象思考能力、根気、精神的な柔軟性など）のフィルタとして機能する。
• This requirement functions in the large in the way hidden clues do in the small, as a filter for qualities (such as capability for abstract thinking, persistence, and mental flexibility) that are necessary to function in the culture.

• 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
• Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.

• 1998年の憲政党による第1次大隈内閣の成立した事に危機感を抱いた高橋新吉_(英学者)・坊城俊章・有地品之允ら少数の純無所属議員が政党内閣に反対して超然主義を擁護するために結成した集団が原点であった。
• It was based on a group which was formed against party cabinet and for protecting the nonparty principle by a small number of the Pure Independents such as Shinkichi TAKAHASHI (scholar), Toshiaya BOJO and Shinanojo ARICHI who had felt a crisis of the establishment of the first Okuma Cabinet by the Kenseito (Constitutional Party) in 1898.

• アメリカシロヒトリは、葉の裏に造る巣網の中で3齢虫まで集団で成長することから、成虫になる前に枝・葉を落とす直接除去もしくはフェニトロチオンやオルトラン乳剤などの殺虫剤を適宜散布することにより駆虫する。
• Because America Shirohitori grow as a group in the nest net, which is on the back of the leaves, until they reach their final form as worms, they are removed directly by cutting off the affected branches and leaves before they grow up to be imagoes, or are exterminated by spraying an appropriate amount of insecticide such as fenitrothion or emulsion of acephate.

• こうした背景には、現役の杜氏の高齢化とともに、以前は貧しい寒村であるがゆえに杜氏集団を輩出してきた地方が、農業や漁業だけでも暮らしていける社会になり、出稼ぎに行く必要がなくなったという時代的趨勢がある。
• Such situation is influenced by the aging of active toji people and the current trend in which the regions which used to produce toji groups due to their poverty are now transformed into the community which enables people to make enough income only by farming or fishing, without going to another place for work anymore.

• 半年ものあいだ、杜氏集団を指揮しつづけるだけあって、杜氏は酒造りの技能に優れているだけではなく、部下の蔵人たち、ときには故郷に残してきたその家族たちまでも人間的にたばねていく統率力と包容力が要求される。
• Since a toji person should supervise his or her team for around a half year, he or she must have strong leadership and great tolerance so that he or she can lead his or her people and occasionally even their families who stay in their hometown, as well as excellent skills of brewing.

• 儒（じゅ）の起源については胡適が論文「説儒」（1924年）で「殷の遺民で礼を教える士」として以来、様々な説がなされてきたが、近年は冠婚葬祭、特に葬儀を専門とした集団であったとするのが一般化してきている。
• There have been various theories on the origin of Ju since Koseki (Hu Shih) wrote in his research paper 'The Explanation of Thought of Confucianists' (1924), that they were 'men of the people remaining from Yin who taught courtesy,' but in recent years, it has generally been believed that they were a group who specialized in ceremonial occasions, especially, funeral ceremonies.

• 1世紀中葉になると北部九州（博多湾沿岸）にあったとされる倭奴国が後漢へ朝貢している（『後漢書』）が、これは北部九州における倭人の政治集団の統合が進み、その代表として倭奴国が後漢へ遣使したと考えられている。
• In the middle of the first century, 倭奴国, which is thought to have been located in northern Kyushu (the coast of Hakata Bay), paid tribute to the Later Han Dynasty ('Gokanjo' (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty)), which is thought to indicate that Wajin political groups in Northern Kyushu were consolidated and 倭奴国 sent an envoy to the Later Han Dynasty as the representative.

• 蘇我氏自身の出自はともかく、渡来系の氏族と深い関係にあったのは確かなようで、王権の職業奴属民としての役割を担っていた渡来人の品部の集団などが持つ当時の先進技術が蘇我氏の台頭の一助になったと考えられている。
• Regardless of the origins of the Soga clan, its deep ties with migrant clans is without-doubt, immigrants to ancient Japan; and it is thought that the rise of the Soga clan was aided by the relatively advanced technologies introduced to Japan by Shinabe (technicians in offices) who were toraijin (settlers), who became subjects to royal authority as indentured professionals.

• 落葉性堅果類、いわゆるドングリや栗は秋の一時期に集中的に収穫される為、比較的大きな集落による労働集約的な作業が必要となる為、土偶を用いた祭祀を行うことで社会集団を統合していたのではないかという考え方である。
• Fujio presumes that the nuts from deciduous trees such as acorns and the chestnuts were harvested during a relatively brief period of time in autumn; therefore, a consolidated labor by a fairly large settlement was necessary and the Jomon people used the earthen figures to conduct religious services in order to promote solidarity in the society.

• 流儀とは、一言でいえば、あるものをどう行うか（敵とどう戦うか、ある戯曲をどう演じるか）ということについて個人の一代の技能でなく、ある一定の技術論に基づく技術が、集団的、伝統的に共有されている技能共同体を指す。
• To put it simply, ryugi is not one person's techniques for doing a certain thing (such as how to fight against enemies and how to perform a play) which last only in his lifetime, but fellowship in which a group of people traditionally share techniques based on a certain art theory.

• 日中両国間の国交正常化は、第三国に対するものではない。両国のいずれも、アジア・太平洋地域において覇権を求めるべきではなく、このような覇権を確立しようとする他のいかなる国あるいは国の集団による試みにも反対する。
• The normalization of relations between Japan and China is not directed against any third country. Neither of the two countries should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region and each is opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony.

• ただし、従来の杜氏集団のかたちが変化しつつある昨今、伝統的な三役がそろう蔵は減少しており、杜氏と蔵人のみ、あるいは杜氏と若い社員たちのグループで、あるいは杜氏と蔵元が兼任して酒造りをおこなう蔵が増えてきている。
• Having said that, the style of a traditional toji group has been changed recently and fewer breweries now have typical san-yaku; accordingly, a group consisting of a toji and kurabito, or a toji and young employees, brews sake at more breweries, and the number of breweries whose kuramoto also work as a toji is also increasing.

• この集団は、適当な呼び方がないので「組織化された群集（organised crowd）」とでも言っておくが−心理的群集（psychological crowd）と呼んでもいいが−、そういったものになるのである。
• The gathering has thus become what, in the absence of a better expression, I will call an organised crowd, or, if the term is considered preferable, a psychological crowd.

• 一般に「単独で設立された宗教法人」の意味と理解されているが、一説に寺院の僧堂内にある各僧侶1人1人のスペースを「単」といい、そこから1寺院を単になぞらえ、宗派という集団から独立した状態を指すようになったともいう。
• In general, the term Tanritsu is understood as 'a religious corporation that is set up independently,' however, one theory holds that they linked one temple to 'Tan,' the space that every priest has in a meditation hall at a temple, to create the term Tanritsu to express a condition in which one is independent from a religious school.

• 浄土真宗の蓮如が再興した本願寺教団は、講と呼ばれる信徒集団を形成し、応仁の乱の後には守護大名に取って代わった戦国大名に匹敵する勢力になり、一向宗とも呼ばれるようになり、信仰の下に団結して守護大名の勢力と対抗する。
• The religious establishment at Hongan-ji Temple, which had been revived by Rennyo, of the Jodo Shinshu (True Pure Land sect), began to form large groups of laymen followers, called (Buddhist) 'lecture meetings,' and after the Onin War, these groups rivaled the Sengoku daimyo, who had supplanted the shugo daimyo, in strength; they began to be referred to as the Ikko sect, and united by faith, fell into opposition with the power and influence of the shugo daimyo.

• 康和2年（1100年）の国信卿家歌合以下、永久 (元号)3年（1115年）、元永元年（1118年）、同2年（1119年）の内大臣藤原忠通家歌合などに出詠しており、堀河天皇歌壇の下部集団である忠通家歌壇で活躍した。
• Starting with the Kunizane-kyo ke uta-awase (poetry contest sponsored by the State Counsellor and Middle Captain Kunizane) in 1100, he contributed poems to poetry contests such as the Naidaijin FUJIWARA no Tadamichi ke uta-awase (poetry contests sponsored by the Minister of the Palace FUJIWARA no Tadamichi) in 1115, 1118, and in 1119, and played a major role in Tadamichi's poetry circle, which was subordinate to the Emperor Horikawa's poetry circle.

• 特に民間においては、（道具の）黒鍬の産地の1つで近くに木曽川・長良川下流の輪中地帯を抱えていた尾張国知多郡の土工集団の「黒鍬」組は著名であり、各地に出稼ぎをして土木・治水工事・新田開発のための土地整備に参加した。
• The particularly renowned kurokuwa among ordinary citizens was a unit of 'kurokuwa,' a group of civil engineers in Chita County, Owari Province which was one of the production areas of kurokuwa (tool) and which held waju (settlement surrounded by dike) area in the downstream of Kiso-gawa River and Nagara-gawa River in the neighborhood, and such kurokuwa worked away from home to participate in the land development for civil engineering, flood prevention works and cultivation of new rice fields in various places.

• もし、成功しなかった場合はその集団の敗北とされ、代表者は神を欺いた罰として引廻・斬首などになり、極端な場合には五体引き裂かれた上に引き裂かれたままの遺骸を埋めた塚を複数個設置してその線上を境界線とした例もあった。
• If a representative failed, his group was deemed to lose the dispute and he was dragged around the city or decapitated as punishment for trying to deceive God, or in extreme cases, he was torn apart into five pieces (hands, legs and head) and several mounds under which the torn pieces of mortal remains were buried were built in a line and defined as boundaries.

• 両締約国は、そのいずれも、アジア・太平洋地域においても又は他のいずれの地域においても覇権を求めるべきではなく、また、このような覇権を確立しようとする他のいかなる国又は国の集団による試みにも反対することを表明する。
• The Contracting Parties declare that neither of them should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region or in any other region and that each is opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony.

• ――バザール方式のアナキストたちによるボランティア集団でさえ、まともなオリジナリティは発揮できないし、ましてやなにか現状に生存が係っているような人々からなる、企業委員会なんかからそんなものは絶対に出てきやしない。
• ?even volunteer groups of bazaar anarchists are usually incapable of genuine originality, let alone corporate committees of people with a survival stake in some status quo ante.

• また、これとは別に国衙軍制で武装を朝廷や国衙から公認された「下級貴族（諸大夫）」、「下級官人（侍）」、「有力者の家人（侍）」からなる人々が武士となり、10世紀に成立した「新式の武芸」を家芸とし、武装集団を組織した。
• Apart from those soldiers, the people including 'lower-ranking nobles' (shodaibu), 'lower-ranking government officials' (samurai), 'lower-ranking government officials of influential families' (samurai), who were officially approved to arm themselves in the kokuga forces system by the Imperial Court or kokuga (provincial government office compounds), became warriors, organizing an armed group with 'the new-type military art' which was established in the 10th century.

• 近江国坂本 (大津市)の石工集団「穴太衆（あのうしゅう）」の技術力を駆使し、「河内」という低湿地だった場所に「高知城」を築いたのをはじめ、慶長6年（1601年）には江戸城の石垣の修復などにもはるばると遠征をしている。
• Tsunaie built 'Kochi-jo Castle' in a marsh called 'Kawachi' using the techniques of a masonry group 'Anoshu' in Sakamoto (Otsu City), Omi Province; and also made a long trip to Edo-jo Castle to repair the stonewalls in 1601.

• 近年では、その制作にかかわって、複数の人、ないしは集団を想定する説が多くなっており、波多野義通を物語のいくつかの伝承者とする安部元雄の説、藤原忠実・頼長父子周辺の人物を想定する原水民樹・砂川博などの説が提出されている。
• People in recent years tend to assume that it was written by several authors or a group, and hypotheses have been advanced such as the one by Motoo ABE that Yoshimichi HATANO handed some of the tale down; or the one by Tamiki HARAMIZU and Hiroshi SUNAGAWA, which asserts that some people around FUJIWARA no Tadazane and Yorinaga (a father and a son) wrote it.

• 概して土地が乏しく夏場の耕作だけでは貧しかった地方の農民が、農閑期である冬に年間副収入を得るべく、配下に村の若者などを従えて、良い水が取れ酒造りを行なっている地域、いわゆる酒どころへ集団出稼ぎに行ったのが始まりである。
• Its origin is that peasants in a region where farming during only a summer period could not produce enough money due to poor lands formed a group involving young people in their villages, and they went to another region called sake-dokoro (a place famous for sake brewing) where people brewed sake using the local good water, in order to make some additional incomes during a winter period, which was an agricultural off-season.

• 先の襲津彦伝承に見たような対朝鮮外交を通して、葛城地方に定住することになった多くの渡来系集団が、葛城氏の配下で鍛冶生産（武器・武具などの金属器）を始めとする様々な手工業に従事し、葛城氏の経済力の強化に貢献したとみられる。
• Through the diplomacy that Sotsuhiko had with Korea as described above, it is likely that number of immigrant groups that have been settled in the Katsuraki region contributed in stregthening Katsuraki clan's economic power by being engaged in handycrafts such as smithery (arms and weapons) under the control of the Katsuraki clan.

• 帝国主義に関する点で、義和団はキリスト教集団（宣教師や中国人クリスチャン）との対立の中で彼等の持つ様々な特権（行政上あるいは司法上）に直面して、それらが帝国主義に由来することに自覚的となり反対運動を行ったと前者は論じる。
• The former argued that while the Boxers were resisting Christian groups (missionaries and Chinese Christians) they saw their various privileges (administration or justice) firsthand, became aware that they were derived from the empire doctrine, and started the opposition movement.

• 信託の受益権に対する投資事業に係る匿名組合契約（商法（明治三十二年法律第四十八号）第五百三十五条に規定する匿名組合契約をいう。第八項第三号において同じ。）が受託者と同一の会社集団に属さない者との間で締結されていないこと。
• that no Silent Partnership Agreement pertaining to business of investment in beneficial interest in trust (meaning a silent partnership agreement prescribed in Article 535 of the Commercial Code (Act No. 48 of 1899); the same shall apply in paragraph (8)(iii)) has been concluded with a person who does not belong to the same Company Group as the trustee;

• 能楽を演ずる者には能楽協会に所属する職業人としての能楽師（玄人）の他、特定の地域や特定の神社の氏子集団において保持されている土着の能・狂言・式三番を演じる人々、能楽協会会員に月謝を払って技術を学ぶ素人の愛好家が存在する。
• Performers of Nohgaku include Nohgakushi (Noh actor), Kuroto (expert), who are professional actors belonging to the Nohgaku Performers' Association, people who perform native Noh play, Kyogen, and Shiki Sanban that have been passed on in specific regions or specific groups of Ujiko (shrine parishioners) of shrines, and amateur Noh performers who pay a monthly fee to a member of the Nohgaku Performers' Association to learn the techniques.

• 酒蔵が多い地方には、杜氏集団の出先機関のようなものを設置し、杜氏の空きのポストが出ると、すぐに同じ流派から次の杜氏が入って、その蔵の酒造りが途絶えないように、そして、その蔵の味が変わらないように、斡旋や仲介をほどこした。
• A branch office of a toji group was established in a region where there were many breweries, and when a toji post of a brewery became vacant, this office functioned as a coordinator or an agency to assign the next toji from the same school to that post immediately, so that the brewery was able to keep the same brewing method and the same sake taste.

• 日本酒の歴史明治時代前期から日本酒の歴史昭和時代前期にかけては、激しく資本家である蔵元と労使関係として対立することもあったが、近年はとみに同じ杜氏集団の労務管理、福利厚生、技術の研鑽、後継者の育成などが主な仕事となっている。
• There were sharp conflicts with brewery owners who were capitalists due to the labor-management relations from the early Meiji period to the early Showa period, but nowadays the union's main works are labor management, benefits, skill enhancement, training of successors, and so on.

• また、寒造りが主流となったことによって、酒造りは冬に限られた仕事となったので、農民が出稼ぎとして冬場だけ杜氏を請け負うようになり、やがて各地にそれぞれ地域的な特徴を持った杜氏の職人集団が生成されていったという側面もうまれた。
• As kanzukuri became the main method, sake brewing became restricted to winter and farmers became sake brewers as an extra job only during the winter, and toji worker groups began to form in each district.

• だが、義持自身が斯波義将ら有力守護に推されて政権を獲得し、有力守護に対抗するために形成した側近集団の富樫満成や赤松持貞が有力守護たちによって逆に失脚させられるなど、義満のような絶対的な将軍権威を確立する事は遂に成功しなかった。
• However, Yoshimochi himself came into power by the push from powerful Shugo's such as Yoshimasa SHIBA, and Mitsunari TOGASHI and Mochisada AKAMATSU, who were members of his aide, formed to match powerful Shugo's, were adversely ousted by powerful Shugo's, and Yoshimochi, after all, did not succeed in establishing absolute authority of shogun as Yoshimitsu did.

• つまり、弥生時代の個々の村落を統合する新しい支配者が現れる等して人々がより大きな集団を構成する際に、それまでのそれぞれの共同体の祭儀から専制的権力者の祭儀への変化が起き、各々の村落で使われていた銅鐸を埋納したというものである。
• It means that when larger groups of people were organized by a new ruler that integrated individual villages of the Yayoi period, changes occurred in the ceremonial style from one of each community to one of a man with absolute power, leading to burial of dotaku that had been used in each village.

• 中世における家門とは、家督を有する当主とその管領（管理）のもとにある家業・家職・家記（日記）・家屋・寺院・道具及びその共有者である当主夫婦・親子を中心とした親族集団を指し、家門そのものも家督とともに継承される性質のものであった。
• The term for family in the Medieval Age referred to a kinship group that was mainly composed of the family head who owned the family estate and the family business, trade, record (diary), their house, temple and tools under his reign (control), as well as his wife and children, who were the joint owners; the family itself, as well as the family estate, was succeeded to the descendents.

• 新撰組はいわば“佐幕派の人斬り集団”（本当は捕縛することが目的なのだが、逃げようとしたり、斬りかかって来る不逞浪士があまりにも多かったため）であり、池田屋事件などで京都に潜伏する過激派尊皇攘夷論者や不逞浪士の取り締まりにあたった。
• Shinsen-gumi may be described as 'a group of pro-shogunate killers' (actually their purpose was to capture, but there were too many lawless roshis who tried to escape, or who tried to attack them with their swords), and they were engaged through the Ikedaya Incident, etc., in controlling Sonno-joi extremists and lawless roshi's hiding in Kyoto.

• 時として粗暴な振る舞いも多く、寛仁2年（1018年）に藤原定頼を宮中で追いかけまわしたことや、治安 (元号)元年（1021年）に源経定と乱闘したこと、同3年（1023年）に藤原明知に集団で暴行を加えたことなどが記録に残されている。
• He sometimes acted rudely and there were records that he chased FUJIWARA no Sadayori in the palace in 1018, scuffled with MINAMOTO no Tsunesada in 1021, and incited mob violence on FUJIWARA no Akitomo in 1023.

• 特に後者の場合、見晴らしがよい立地に住むことで、海上交通の見張り役となっていたとか、畑作を主とする生活をしていた集団であって水田耕作に有利な低地に住む必要がなかったなどといったさまざまな議論が行われており、未だ決着はついていない。
• The argument has not yet seen a settlement, especially the latter argues that living in a location with a wide view enabled the monitoring of watch marine traffic, or it was a group that mainly lived off dry field farming and they did not need to live on a low-lying ground, which is profitable for rice-paddy cultivation.

• この嵐が伊勢神宮をはじめとする諸神社によって盛んに行われた異敵調伏の祈祷と成果とする喧伝と実際に戦闘を行った武士達が元王朝の集団戦法に苦戦して神への加護を求めていたという事実が、日本を神国とする認識を国内各層に浸透させる事となった。
• There was a legend that prayer organized in various shrines such as the Ise-jingu Shrine, used to beat the opposition worked well, and also the fact, that Samurai who struggled to fight back against the former dynasty's group tactics and asked for protection from god, further spread the idea within Japan that Japan was Shinkoku.

• 記紀の登場人物では最も長命の人間で、一人の人物とは考えられず、親子が何代かが同じ名前をついだもの、あるいは個人ではなくある種の人間集団の事跡を一人の人物の事柄に仮託して描かれたものではないかとする仮説も唱えられているが、確かではない。
• He has the longest life span of any character recorded in the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki - too long for a single person, which led some people to hypothesize that he may have been created as an imaginary character representing a certain group of people; however, this remains uncertain.

• 犬上氏は日本武尊（やまとたけるのみこと）の子稲依別王の後裔と記紀に記載される近江国犬上郡を拠点とする豪族で、附近に渡来人集団が多く、犬上氏自身も天日槍等の渡来人の系譜であるとの見解もあるほど中国大陸や朝鮮半島の文化に親しい一族である。
• According to 'Kojiki' (the Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicle of Japan), the Inugami clan was the descendants of Inayoriwake no Miko who was a son of Yamato Takeru no Mikoto; they were a powerful family that had the base in Inugami-no-kori County of Omi Province where many immigrants from China and Korea had settled; the members of the Inugami clan were often involved in the diplomacy related to such foreign countries, so some historian says that they were one of the clans originated from a immigrant such as Amenohiboko.

• 元寇の際、文永の役において、一騎打ちを主な戦法とする日本軍が元 (王朝)軍の集団戦法に苦戦した経験から、弘安の役においては、作戦指令が執権北条時宗の名で出され、得宗被官たる御内人が戦場に派遣されて御家人を主体とする軍の指揮にあたった。
• In the Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan, at the Bunei War (the first attempt), Japanese warriors experienced that the traditional Japanese samurai fighting style, one-on-one battle, did not work against Mongolian army, which attacked as a group, so that at the Koan War (the second attempt), under the regent Tokimune HOJO, he dispatched Tokuso's vassals, Miuchibito, to the battle fields and they commanded the army predominated by Gokenin (direct shogunal retainers).

• 彼らは、東陣の「白雲村」の練貫職人集団と京都での営業権を争ったが、永正十年（1513年）の下知によって京都での絹織物の生産を独占、天文十七年（1548年）に「大舎人座」の職人のうち31人が足利家の官となり「西陣」ブランドが確立された。
• After vying for the right to trade in Kyoto against a group of artisans of 'Hakuun village' in Higashijin who manufactured nerinuki (silk fabrics), 'Otoneri za' was granted a monopoly to manufacture silk fabrics by a letter of mandate dated 1513, and in 1548 thirty-one artisans of 'Otoneri za' entered public service for the Ashikaga family, establishing the brand 'Nishijin.'

• また、その外敵が銅鐸祭祀を否定する集団で、支配下に置いた地域の住民に銅鐸祭祀を放棄させたと考えれば、銅鐸が壊れた状態で出土することや、三世紀に急速に銅鐸祭祀が廃れたこと、銅鐸の用途が全く伝わっていないことなどに説明が付くという説もある。
• On the other hand, there is a theory that the hypothesis that the foreign enemy denied worship of dotaku and forced its local subordinates to abandon dotaku can explain the facts: that some dotaku were found broken, that worship of dotaku rapidly declined in the third century, and that the purpose have not been passed down at all.

• また、証如の代に本願寺は、加賀一向一揆の調停という形で北陸地方の門徒集団への介入を深め、1546年には金沢市に御坊を築いて同地方における門徒の統制を強化したが、これは朝倉氏との対立もあって、証如の時代には必ずしも十分に達成されなかった。
• In addition, during the days of Shonyo, Hongan-ji Temple began to intervene even more actively on behalf of their followers in the Hokuriku region by acting as a mediator in the Kaga Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Kaga), and to strengthen the control of their followers in the region, they built a Gobo in Kanazawa City in 1546, but they did not fully succeed in their aim during Shonyo's lifetime as a result of a conflict with the Asakura clan.

• 現在、能楽と呼ばれる芸能は、室町時代に観阿弥、世阿弥、音阿弥、金春禅竹らによって大成され、織豊期に観世座、宝生座、金春座、金剛座のいわゆる大和四座が、専ら猿楽を上演する芸能集団として、黒川能などの例外を除くと寡占的な地位を占めるに至った。
• The performing art now known as nogaku was established during the Muromachi period by Kanami, Zeami, Onami and Zenchiku KONPARU, and during the Shokuho period, the so-called Yamato-yoza, consisting of Kanze-za, Hosyo-za, Konparu-za and Kongo-za, held a dominant position as a performing group which specialized in sarugaku (comical mimicry and speech performance), except for Kurokawa Noh.

• これにより釈迦の元妻である耶輸陀羅（やしょたら、ヤソーダラー）、大迦葉のかつての妻である妙賢（バドラー・カピラーニ）、ビンビサーラ王の妃であった差摩（さま、ケーマ）、蓮華色比丘尼（ウッパラヴァンナー）など次々と出家し尼僧集団が形成された。
• By this, Yashotara (Yashodhara), Shaka's ex-wife, Bhadraa-Kapilaanii, ex-wife of Daikasho (Mahakasyapa), and Sama (Ksemaa) who was the princess of Bimbisara, Sister Uppalavanna and others became priestesses one after another and established a priestess group.

• ――もし貢献者二人、または貢献者集団二つが争いを始めて、それが客観的に解決できず、どちらもその争いのなわばりを所有はしていないとき、そのプロジェクト全体につぎ込んだ作業量の多いほう（つまり、プロジェクト全体の中で地役権を最大に持つ側）が勝つ。
• ?if two contributors or groups of contributors have a dispute, and the dispute cannot be resolved objectively, and neither owns the territory of the dispute, the side that has put the most work into the project as a whole (that is, the side with the most property rights in the whole project) wins.

• これは南北朝時代以降、戦場への動員人数が激増して徒歩での集団戦が主体となり、騎馬戦闘を行う戦闘局面が比較的限定されるようになっても、本来の武士であるか否かは騎馬戦闘を家業とするか層か否かという基準での線引きが後世まで保持されていったためである。
• This is because the classification was preserved after ages, where whether he was an original bushi or not depended on whether his family business was part of the cavalry fighting or not, even though fighting by group on foot became mainstream and cavalry fighting became relatively limited at the war scenes after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the number of recruitments to the battlefield dramatically increased.

• まず、安土桃山時代から江戸時代初期の20年ほど日本に貿易商として滞在していたアビラ・ヒロンの記した『日本王国記』によると、かつて都（京都）を荒らしまわる集団がいたが、15人の頭目が捕らえられ京都の三条河原で生きたまま油で煮られたとの記述がある。
• First of all, according to 'Relation of Japan (Relacion del Reino de Nippon a que llaman Corruptante Japon)' written by Avila GIRON who lived in Japan as a trading merchant for about 20 years between the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the early Edo period, it is noted that there was a group that ransacked Kyoto at one time, but 15 ringleaders were caught and they were boiled alive in oil at Sanjo-gawara in Kyoto.

• 工匠などの集団に支払いをして、かれらが利益を得ようとして（とても有効な手段だ）頼まれたことの実行を厳密にやってくれるような場合をのぞけば、その人物は自分以外のだれの手も頼りにできない。それでもかれとしては、そのほうが都合がいいともいえるだろう。
• but yet he can advantageously avail himself, in this work, of no hands besides his own, unless those of artisans, or parties of the same kind, whom he could pay, and whom the hope of gain (a means of great efficacy) might stimulate to accuracy in the performance of what was prescribed to them.

• 毛利氏がこうした土豪の集団的盟主という立場から脱却して、土豪連合的な要素の強かった安芸国人衆の再編成と毛利家の家臣への編入を通じて、名実ともに毛利氏による安芸統一が完成する事になるのは隆元が安芸国守護に任じられた永禄3年（1560年）頃とされている。
• It was not until around 1560 when Takamoto was appointed as 'Shugo' (Military Governor) of Aki Province (emerging from his position as the leader of the allied dogo) that the Mori clan truly united the province by reorganizing the kokujin lords, who were still little more than village chiefs, making them their retainers.

• 特定目的会社（資産の流動化に関する法律第二条第三項に規定する特定目的会社をいう。）が受益者である場合には、その発行する資産対応証券（同条第十一項に規定する資産対応証券をいう。第八項第二号において同じ。）を受託者と同一の会社集団に属さない者が取得していないこと。
• that, in cases where a Special Purpose Company (meaning a Special Purpose Company as prescribed in Article 2(3) of the Act on Liquidation of Assets) is a beneficiary, no person who does not belong to the same Company Group as the trustee has acquired Asset Backed Securities (which mean Asset Backed Securities as prescribed in paragraph (11) of that Article; the same shall apply in paragraph (8)(ii)) issued by said Special Purpose Company;

• 今日マウリッツは軍制改革の父と呼ばれているが、その功績は射撃法ではなく、それを達成する為の猛烈且つ間断なき訓練が、寄せ集め傭兵の集合体であった当時の軍隊を一種の帰属意識に基づく団結心を持った集団に変え得る予期外の効果を持つという事を発見したという点が評価されている。
• Today Maurice is called the father of the reformation of the military system, but his achievement lies not in the shooting method, but in the discovery that hard and incessant practices to attain a goal could change the armies in those days, which were aggregations of mercenaries, into a body whose members had a team spirit based on a sense of belonging and were effective beyond expectation, which was highly evaluated.

• 9年には三村伸太郎、山中貞雄、滝沢英輔、八尋不二ら京都の鳴滝に住んでいた若手映画人らと映画会社の垣根を超えた脚本執筆集団を結成し、「梶原金八」の合同筆名で山中監督「百万両の壺」「河内山宗俊」、滝沢監督「太閤記」「宮本武蔵」のシナリオを執筆し、それぞれヒットを飛ばした。
• In 1934, he formed a screenplay writing group that managed to establish a presence in the film world with other young filmmakers living in Kyoto's Narutaki area, including Shintaro MIMURA, Sadao YAMANAKA, Eisuke TAKIZAWA, and Fuji YAHIRO; under the combined pen-name 'Kinpachi KAJIWARA,' this group wrote the scenarios for 'Hyakuman ryo no ko' (The Million-Dollar Vase) and 'Soshun Kouchiyama,' both directed by Yamannaka, and for 'Taikoki' (Chronicle of Hideyoshi) and 'Miyamoto Musashi' (Musashi Miyamoto), both directed by Takizawa, and every one of these films written by the group became smash hits.

• またもう一つには、日本酒業界全体が日本酒の歴史消費低迷期に陥っており、後継者もおらず、小さな流派では杜氏集団そのものが絶滅しかかっている、あるいはすでに絶滅してしまったところも多く、酒造関係者内部で流派にこだわっているだけの余裕がなくなった、という苦々しい事情もある。
• Another reason is the bitter situation in which they are no longer able to stick with a distinction between schools inside the brewers' society because the whole sake industry has been suffering from a long-term depression and a lack of successors, and many small schools are losing their toji groups, or already lost their toji groups.

• これはこれまでの砲術と異なって、命中精度より集団運用による所謂「弾幕を張る」等の用兵が主であり、それまで日本に無かった「号令」（日本には「命令」はあっても「号令」は無かったと云う）による一糸乱れぬチームーワークで火器を駆使するための戦術プラス銃砲術の性格を持ったものであった。
• Unlike the existing art of gunnery, emphasis was placed not on a hitting accuracy but on a mass attack strategy like a heavy barrage of fire; it was characterized by the tactics plus gunnery for the use of firearms with a perfectly coordinated teamwork performed by 'Gorei,' which was absent in Japan by then (It was said that not 'Gorei' [a word of command] but 'Meirei' [order] existed in Japan).

• 宇多上皇（程なく宇多法皇になる）は醍醐天皇に譲位した後も、『寛平御遺誡』という君主の心構えを新帝に説くばかりでなく、道真を始め源善・中納言源希・蔵人頭平季長・侍従藤原忠平といったいわゆる「寛平の治」の推進役だった一種の側近集団を新帝の周囲に配置して新帝の政策を主導しようと図った。
• Even after Retired Emperor Uda (who soon after became Cloistered Emperor Uta) abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, he went far beyond merely his written injunction, the Kanpyo goyuikai--which advised the new emperor on how to prepare himself to rule--and actively planned to continue his leadership role in the new emperor's government by surrounding Emperor Daigo with the group of his closest aides and ministers who had been the driving force behind the administration of the Kanpyo era, notably Michizane but also including MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Mare, the Kuroudo no kami (Majordomo of the palace) TAIRA no Suenaga, and the Jiju (Chamberlain) FUJIWARA no Tadahira.

• 特に聖武天皇の発願によって建立されて、以後鎮護国家体制の象徴的存在として歴代天皇の崇敬を受けてきた東大寺と藤原氏の氏寺であった興福寺は、それぞれ皇室と摂関家の権威を背景と大衆と呼ばれる僧侶集団が元来自衛を目的として結成していた僧兵と呼ばれる武装組織の兵力を恃みとしてこれに反抗していた。
• Especially Todai-ji Temple which was constracted at the wish of the Emperor Shomu and since then had been revered by successive emperors as a symbol of polity for nation protection, and Kofuku-ji Temple built for praying Fujiwara clan's glory, rebelled against this, relying on military power of armed organization called armed monks which was originally organized for self-defense by Buddhist monk group called as Daishu, each with authorities of Imperial family and Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) in the background.

• 自己の支配又は管理の下にある集団密航者（入国審査官から上陸の許可等を受けないで、又は偽りその他不正の手段により入国審査官から上陸の許可等を受けて本邦に上陸する目的を有する集合した外国人をいう。以下同じ。）を本邦に入らせ、又は上陸させた者は、五年以下の懲役又は三百万円以下の罰金に処する。
• Any person who has had collective stowaways who are under his/her control (meaning groups of foreign nationals who have been assembled for the purpose of landing in Japan without obtaining permission for landing from an immigration inspector, or of landing and obtaining permission for landing from an immigration inspector by deceit or other wrongful means; the same shall apply hereinafter) enter into Japan or land in Japan shall be punished with imprisonment with work for not more than 5 years or a fine not exceeding 3 million yen.

• 著名なものとしては、1945年（昭和20年）8月25日に、東京都内の代々木公園で、「大東塾十四士」が古式に則り集団割腹自殺をした事件や、1970年（昭和45年）11月25日に、作家の三島由紀夫が、陸上自衛隊市ヶ谷駐屯地内で、演説を行ったのち割腹自殺した事件（三島由紀夫三島事件）などがある。
• Well known examples include the group seppuku of Daitojuku juyonshi (14 members of Great Eastern School) committed in accordance with tradition in Yoyogi Park, Tokyo on August 25, 1945 and the seppuku of author Yukio MISHIMA on November 25, 1970 committed following a speech given at the Ichigaya Camp of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.

• 人類学では骨格の研究により、北部九州（福岡県北部、佐賀県北部、山口県西部）に東北アジア系の渡来人集団が弥生時代中期以後定住し、徐々に勢力を西日本一帯に拡大し、それまで日本列島で暮らしていた縄文系の人々を征服し、あるいは混血しつつ古墳時代までには近畿地方まで広がったとする説（≒埴原和郎の仮説）がある。
• Based on the research on skeleton, there is a theory in anthropology that a group of toraijin (settlers) from northern east of Asia settled down in the northern Kyushu (northern Fukuoka Prefecture, northern Saga Prefecture, western Yamaguchi Prefecture) after the middle of Yayoi period, and conquered or mixed with Jomon-jin people who lived in the Japanese islands, extending their influences across the west Japan little by little, and finally spread to the Kinki region by the Kofun period (tumulus period) (hypothesis by Kazuro HANIWARA).

• 学校教育において明治期には武術は教育に教育困難でかつ有害であるとされていたが、講道館や大日本武徳会による柔道（柔術）、剣術の統一の基本技制定や集団教育法など教授法改良により明治44年（1898年）に旧制中学校の課外授業に撃剣（剣術）と柔術が導入され、名称は武道、剣道、柔道とされ、必修の正課になった。
• During the Meiji period, Bujutsu was considered to be difficult and harmful in school education, but in 1898 'gekiken' (kenjutsu, swordplay) and jujutsu were introduced as an extra lesson in the junior high schools of the old education system through the improvement of pedagogical methods such as the method of mass education or the unification of the basic skills of judo (jujutsu) and kenjutsu by the Kodokan Judo Institute and Dainippon Butoku-kai (Great Japan Federation of Martial Arts), and the lessons were called 'budo,' 'kendo' and 'judo' as compulsory, formal subjects.

• 具体的には神国である日本でキリスト教を布教することはふさわしくないということ、領民などを集団で信徒にすることや神社仏閣などの打ちこわしの禁止、宣教師の20日以内の国外退去などと同時に、この法令が南蛮貿易を妨げるものでなく、布教に関係しない外国人商人の渡来に関してはなんら規制を設けないことが示されている。
• Concretely the following is described, that is, it is not appropriate to Christianize Japan, the land of the Shinto gods, it is forbidden to form a group of Christians and believersm, to destroy shrines and temples, and the missionaries should leave Japan within twenty days, and at the same time this edict does not prevent trade with Spain and Portugal and there are no restrictions on foreign merchants who have not come to spread Christianity in Japan.

• そして皇帝の戴冠から軍隊に戻ろうとしているところで、冬がやってきてある地域にとどまることになってしまったのだけれど、そこには興味を覚えるような集団もなく、また心配や劣情などにも運良くじゃまされることがなかったので、丸一日を他人と接触なしにすごせ、自分自身の思考にだけ関心を向けるまたとない機会が得られた。
• and as I was returning to the army from the coronation of the emperor, the setting in of winter arrested me in a locality where, as I found no society to interest me, and was besides fortunately undisturbed by any cares or passions, I remained the whole day in seclusion, with full opportunity to occupy my attention with my own thoughts.

• 行政機関の長　当該行政機関の行った統計調査に係る調査票情報、第二十七条第一項の規定により利用する基幹統計調査又は一般統計調査に係る調査票情報、事業所母集団データベースに記録されている情報、第二十九条第一項の規定により他の行政機関から提供を受けた行政記録情報及び第三十五条第一項の規定により作成した匿名データ
• The head of an administrative organ:　questionnaire information pertaining to statistical surveys conducted by the administrative organ, questionnaire information pertaining to fundamental statistical surveys or general statistical surveys to be utilized pursuant to the provision of Article 27, paragraph (1), information recorded in the establishment frame database, administrative record information provided by other administrative organs pursuant to the provision of Article 29, paragraph (1), and anonymized data produced pursuant to the provision of Article 35, paragraph (1);

• 伝統的な考え方のソフト開発マネージャは、オープンソース世界ではいともあっさりプロジェクトグループが生まれ、姿を変えては消え去っていくので、オープンソース・コミュニティーがどのクローズドソースの開発者集団と比べても、数の上で圧倒的な優位性を持っているというメリットの大部分は消えてしまう、と反論することが多い。
• Traditionally-minded software-development managers often object that the casualness with which project groups form and change and dissolve in the open-source world negates a significant part of the apparent advantage of numbers that the open-source community has over any single closed-source developer.

• 孝霊天皇の皇子彦五十狭芹彦命（ひこいさせりひこのみこと、吉備津彦命）、稚武彦命（わかたけひこのみこと）の兄弟は、ヤマト王権の将帥（四道将軍）として温羅（うら）と呼ばれる製鉄に優れた吉備国の武装勢力（地方豪族やそれに与する渡来人の集団と考えられている）を制圧するために吉備国に遠征しこれを平定したといわれている。
• It is thought that Hikoisaserihiko no Mikoto (also known as Kibitsuhiko no Mikoto) and Wakatakehiko no Mikoto brothers, the princes of Emperor Korei, as commanders of Yamato dynasty (Shido-shogun [Generals Dispatched to Four Circuits]), toured to the Kibi Province to subdue Ura, who were the armed forces there and advanced iron making skills (they are considered as powerful local clans and cooperating groups of toraijin, i.e. settlers from overseas).

• 流派とは、能（猿楽）、狂言、日本舞踊、棒の手、華道（生け花）、茶道（茶の湯）、包丁式、有職故実、衣紋道、雅楽、書道、日本画、剣術・抜刀術・薙刀術・弓術・砲術・軍学（兵法）などの日本武術などの芸道や日本酒造りなどの分野において、ひとつの体系化された技を継承する集団を指し、開祖の家元・宗家とその門弟により継承される。
• Ryuha is a group of people who inherit a certain systematic expertise or technique in the field of sake brewing and Japanese art including: Noh (and its predecessor Sarugaku); Kyogen (traditional short comedic drama); Nihon Buyo (classical Japanese dance); Bo-no-te (Japanese traditional dance); Kado (Japanese flower arrangement); Sado (tea ceremony); Hochoshiki (schools of Japanese cuisine); Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette); Emondo (traditional technique of dressing up for Junihitoe [a ceremonial Robe of a court lady]); Gagaku (Japanese traditional music and dance); shodo (calligraphy); Nihonga (Japanese-style painting); and Japanese martial arts such as kenjutsu (swordplay), battojutsu (the technique of drawing a sword), naginata jutsu (art of using a naginata halberd), kyujutsu (archery), hojutsu (gunnery) and gungaku (art of warfare), and is passed down from the Iemoto or Soke to their students.

• 財閥（ざいばつ）とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社（持株会社）が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社（子会社）に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
• The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.

• 室町幕府の御用絵師となった狩野正信を始祖とし、その子孫は、室町幕府崩壊後は織田信長、豊臣秀吉、徳川将軍などに絵師として仕え、その時々の権力者と結び付いて常に画壇の中心を占め、内裏、城郭、大寺院などの障壁画から扇面などの小画面に至るまで、あらゆるジャンルの絵画を手掛ける職業画家集団として、日本美術界に多大な影響を及ぼした。
• Masanobu KANO, the official painter of the Muromachi shogunate, was the earliest ancestor; his descendants worked for Nobunaga ODA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and the Tokugawa Shogun as painters after the collapse of the Muromachi shogunate, consistently dominating the art world associated with the powers-that-be, thus greatly influencing Japanese art circles as a professional painter group working on works ranging from screen paintings in the Imperial Palace, castles or large temples to small paintings such as those created on fans.

• 地方公共団体が第十六条の規定により基幹統計調査に関する事務の一部を行うこととされた場合において、基幹統計調査に係る調査票情報、事業所母集団データベースに記録されている情報及び第二十九条第一項の規定により他の行政機関から提供を受けた行政記録情報の取扱いに従事する当該地方公共団体の職員又は職員であった者　当該情報を取り扱う業務
• In the case where part of the businesses concerning fundamental statistical surveys shall be conducted by a local public entity pursuant to the provision of Article 16, a person who is or was an official of the local public entity engaged in the handling of questionnaire information pertaining to fundamental statistical surveys: information recorded in the establishment frame database, and administrative record information provided by other administrative organs pursuant to the provision of Article 29, paragraph (1):　the business to handle the information;

• 東映が集団抗争時代劇から任侠路線へと移行する時期には、タイトルが加藤泰自身の代名詞ともなる最高傑作『沓掛時次郎 遊侠一匹』をものにし、新選組内部の抗争を描いたリアリズム時代劇『幕末残酷物語』などを撮り、そして、やくざの生きざまを独特の美意識と叙情で描いてその後の任侠映画に多大な影響を与えた『明治侠客伝 三代目襲名』を監督する。
• During a period in which Toei shifted from mass vendetta period dramas to yakuza films, Kato directed 'Kutsukake Tokijiro yukyo ippiki,' his masterpiece whose title became a byword for Tai KATO; 'Brutal Tales from the End of the Edo Period' a realistic period drama about internal conflict in the Shinsengumi (a special police force at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate); and 'Meiji kyokakuden sandaime shumei' (The Story of a Meiji Knight, the Third Generation), which presented life in the Japanese Mafia with a unique sense of beauty and lyricism and greatly influenced later yakuza films.

• 大和民族とは、日本列島に住んできた人類で構成される民族で、そこでは縄文時代から日本列島に住んできた人々（いわゆる縄文人）と、縄文末期から弥生時代にユーラシア大陸から渡来した人々（いわゆる弥生人）が中心となって形成したヤマト王権が、日本列島各地に散在していた様々な人的集団を勢力下に置き、同化したことにより大和民族が成立していったと考えられている。
• The Yamato race consists of people living in the Japanese archipelago, where the race was formed as the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), composed mainly of people living in the Japanese archipelago since the end of the Jomon Period (Jomon man) and people from the Eurasian Continent (Yayoi people) between the late Jomon period and the Yayoi period, controlling various groups of people which had spread across the Japanese archipelago and assimilating them.

• 改正後の統計法（以下「新法」という。）第六条の規定による作成基準の設定、新法第二十七条の規定による事業所母集団データベースの整備、新法第二十八条の規定による統計基準の設定及び新法第三十五条の規定による匿名データの作成並びにこれらに関し必要な手続その他の行為は、この法律の施行の日（以下「施行日」という。）前においても、新法の例によりすることができる。
• Establishment of a production standard under Article 6 of the Statistics Act after revision (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Act'), development of the establishment frame database under Article 27 of the New Act, establishment of statistical standards under Article 28 of the New Act, production of anonymized data under Article 35 of the New Act and procedures and other acts necessary for these may be conducted even prior to the effective date of this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'effective date') in accordance with the provisions of the New Act.

• 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
• There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.

• 総務大臣は、行政機関、地方公共団体及び第二十五条の規定による届出を行った独立行政法人等（以下「届出独立行政法人等」という。）による正確かつ効率的な統計の作成及び統計調査における被調査者の負担の軽減に資することを目的として、基幹統計調査又は一般統計調査に係る調査票情報の利用、法人その他の団体に対する照会その他の方法により、事業所母集団データベースを整備するものとする。
• The Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications shall develop an establishment frame database by utilizing questionnaire information pertaining to fundamental statistical surveys or general statistical surveys, questioning juridical persons and other organizations or through other methods, for the purpose of contributing to the accurate and efficient production of statistics by administrative organs, local public entities, and incorporated administrative agencies, etc. that have made a notification under Article 25 (hereinafter referred to as 'incorporated administrative agencies, etc. under Article 25') and the reduction of the burden on respondents of statistical surveys by them.

• 金融商品取引業者（金融商品取引法第二条第九項に規定する金融商品取引業者をいい、同法第六十五条の五第二項の規定により金融商品取引業者とみなされる者を含む。）又は登録金融機関（同法第二条第十一項に規定する登録金融機関をいい、金融機関の信託業務の兼営等に関する法律第二条第四項の規定により登録金融機関とみなされる者を含む。）は、第一項の信託の受益権について、受託者と同一の会社集団に属さない者に対する販売並びにその代理及び媒介をしてはならない。
• No Financial Instruments Business Operator (meaning a Financial Instruments Business Operator as prescribed in Article 2(9) of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act, and including a person who is deemed to be a Financial Instruments Business Operator pursuant to the provisions of Article 65-5(2) of that Act) or a Registered Financial Institution (meaning a Registered Financial Institution as prescribed in Article 2(11) of that Act, and including a person who is deemed to be a Registered Financial Institution pursuant to the provisions of Article 2(4) of the Act on Provision, etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions) shall sell a beneficial interest in a trust under paragraph (1) to a person who does not belong to the same Company Group as the trustee, nor shall act as an agent or an intermediary in such selling.

• この法律において「行政記録情報」とは、行政機関の職員が職務上作成し、又は取得した情報であって、当該行政機関の職員が組織的に利用するものとして、当該行政機関が保有しているもののうち、行政文書（行政機関の保有する情報の公開に関する法律（平成十一年法律第四十二号）第二条第二項に規定する行政文書をいう。）に記録されているもの（基幹統計調査及び一般統計調査に係る調査票情報、事業所母集団データベースに記録されている情報並びに匿名データを除く。）をいう。
• The term 'administrative record information' as used in this Act means information produced or acquired by officials of administrative organs in the course of their duties, held by the administrative organs for their officials to utilize organizationally, and recorded in administrative documents (meaning administrative documents provided in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs (Act No. 42 of 1999)) (such information shall exclude questionnaire information pertaining to fundamental statistical surveys and general statistical surveys, information recorded in the establishment frame database, and anonymized data.).

• 事業協同組合又は事業協同小組合の作成する計画に基づき工場又は事業場（以下「工場等」という。）を集団して設置する組合員の利用に供する当該事業協同組合又は事業協同小組合の事業をその工場等の設置に相当の期間を要する一部の組合員がその間に利用することが困難であるため、当該事業の運営に支障が生ずる場合における当該事業　当該計画に基づく工場等の設置が完了した日のうち最も早いものを含む事業年度終了の日から起算して三年を超えない範囲内において政令で定める期間
• Businesses of the business cooperative or the minor business cooperative to be provided for the utilize of partner who will collectively establish factories or workplaces (hereinafter referred to as 'factories, etc.') based on a plan prepared by the business cooperative or the minor business cooperative, in the case where the administration of said Businesses will be hindered due to some partner who require a considerable period of time for establishing said factories, etc. finding it difficult to utilize the Businesses during that time-　The period specified by a Cabinet Order not exceeding three years from the final day of the business year containing the earliest of the dates of termination of the establishment of factories, etc. based on said plan

• 『日本書紀』をはじめ、中国や朝鮮の史書でも朝鮮半島への倭国の進出を示す記事が存在すること、『広開土王碑』に倭が新羅や百済を臣民としたと記されていること、またいくつもの、日本列島独特の墓制である前方後円墳が朝鮮半島で発見され始めたこと、そして新羅・百済・伽耶の勢力圏内で日本産のヒスイ製勾玉が大量に出土（高句麗の旧領では稀）したこと等の史実より、倭国と深い関連を持つ何らかの集団（倭国から派遣された官吏や軍人、倭国に臣従した在地豪族など）が伽耶地域において一定の軍事的影響力および経済的利権を有していたことはほぼ確実視されている。
• It is almost presumed from historical facts that some sort of group deeply related to Wakoku (such as government officials and military men dispatched by Wakoku or local powerful clans who served Wakoku) possessed certain military clout and economic interest in Gaya region (another name of Mimana); Wakoku's advance to the Korean Peninsula is recorded in history books of China and Korea as well as 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan); 'Gwanggaeto Stele' tells that Wakoku subjugated Silla and Baekje; large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds, which are peculiar to the Japanese archipelago, are starting to be discovered in the Korean Peninsula; a massive amount of Japanese jade magadama (comma-shaped beads) have been excavated in the influence area of Silla, Baekje and Gaya (rare in the former territory of Goguryeo).

• 基幹統計調査及び一般統計調査に係る調査票情報に含まれる個人情報（行政機関の保有する個人情報の保護に関する法律（平成十五年法律第五十八号）第二条第二項に規定する個人情報及び独立行政法人等の保有する個人情報の保護に関する法律（平成十五年法律第五十九号。次項において「独立行政法人等個人情報保護法」という。）第二条第二項に規定する個人情報をいう。以下この項において同じ。）、事業所母集団データベースに含まれる個人情報並びに第二十九条第一項の規定により他の行政機関から提供を受けた行政記録情報に含まれる個人情報については、これらの法律の規定は、適用しない。
• Personal information (meaning personal information prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information Held by Administrative Organs (Act No. 58 of 2003) and personal information prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information Held by Incorporated Administrative Agencies, etc. (Act No. 59 of 2003); hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) contained in questionnaire information pertaining to fundamental statistical surveys and general statistical surveys, personal information contained in the establishment frame database, and personal information contained in administrative record information provided by other administrative organs pursuant to the provision of Article 29, paragraph (1) shall be excluded from the application of such Acts.

• 第二十四条第一項の規定による有価証券報告書を提出しなければならない会社（第二十三条の三第四項の規定により当該有価証券報告書を提出した会社を含む。次項において同じ。）のうち、第二十四条第一項第一号に掲げる有価証券の発行者である会社その他の政令で定めるものは、事業年度ごとに、当該会社の属する企業集団及び当該会社に係る財務計算に関する書類その他の情報の適正性を確保するために必要なものとして内閣府令で定める体制について、内閣府令で定めるところにより評価した報告書（以下「内部統制報告書」という。）を有価証券報告書（同条第八項の規定により同項に規定する有価証券報告書等に代えて外国会社報告書を提出する場合にあつては、当該外国会社報告書）と併せて内閣総理大臣に提出しなければならない。
• A company which is required to submit Annual Securities Reports under Article 24(1) (including companies which have submitted Annual Securities Reports under Article 23-3(4); the same shall apply in the following paragraph) shall, if the Securities issued by the company are those listed in Article 24(1)(i) or the company is otherwise required by a Cabinet Order, submit a report in which evaluation pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance is made with regard to its system specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance as necessary for ensuring appropriateness of statements on finance and accounting and other information concerning the Corporate Group to which the company belongs and concerning the company (hereinafter referred to as an 'Internal Control Report') to the Prime Minister together with an Annual Securities Report (or a Foreign Company Report in cases where Foreign Company Reports are submitted instead of Annual Securities Reports, etc. as defined in Article 24(8) under Article 24(8)) for each business year.

• 前二項の規定は、第二十四条第五項において準用する同条第一項の規定による有価証券報告書を提出しなければならない会社（第二十三条の三第四項の規定により当該有価証券報告書を提出した会社を含む。）のうち政令で定めるものについて準用する。この場合において、第一項中「政令で定めるもの」とあるのは「政令で定めるもの（特定有価証券（第五条第一項に規定する特定有価証券をいう。以下この項において同じ。）の発行者に限る。）」と、「事業年度」とあるのは「当該特定有価証券に係る特定期間（第二十四条第五項において準用する同条第一項に規定する特定期間をいう。）」と、「当該会社の属する企業集団及び当該会社」とあるのは「当該会社が行う資産の運用その他これに類似する事業に係る資産」と読み替えるものとするほか、必要な技術的な読替えは、政令で定める。
• The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall apply mutatis mutandis to a company which is required to submit Annual Securities Reports under Article 24(1) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 24(5) (including companies which have submitted Annual Securities Reports under Article 23-3(4)) and is specified by a Cabinet Order. In this case, the term 'or the company is otherwise required by a Cabinet Order' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'or the company is otherwise required by a Cabinet Order (limited to the Issuer of Regulated Securities (meaning Regulated Securities as defined in Article 5(1); hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph)'; the term 'business year' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Specified Period (meaning Specified Period as defined in Article 24(1) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 24(5)) designated for the Regulated Securities'; the term 'the Corporate Group to which the company belongs' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'asset investment or other similar businesses conducted by the company'; and any other necessary technical replacement of terms shall be specified by a Cabinet Order.

• 第二十四条第一項の規定による有価証券報告書を提出しなければならない会社（第二十三条の三第四項の規定により有価証券報告書を提出した会社を含む。第四項において同じ。）のうち、第二十四条の四の七第一項の規定により四半期報告書を提出しなければならない会社（同条第二項の規定により四半期報告書を提出した会社を含む。第三項において同じ。）以外の会社は、その事業年度が六月を超える場合には、内閣府令で定めるところにより、事業年度ごとに、当該事業年度が開始した日以後六月間の当該会社の属する企業集団及び当該会社の経理の状況その他事業の内容に関する重要な事項その他の公益又は投資者保護のため必要かつ適当なものとして内閣府令で定める事項を記載した報告書（以下「半期報告書」という。）を、当該期間経過後三月以内に、内閣総理大臣に提出しなければならない。
• A company which is required to submit Annual Securities Reports set forth in Article 24(1) (including a company which submitted Annual Securities Reports under Article 23-3(4); the same shall apply in paragraph (4)) and which is a company other than that required to submit Quarterly Securities Reports under Article 24-4-7(1) (including a company which submits Quarterly Securities Reports under Article 24-4-7(2); the same shall apply in paragraph (3)) shall, if its business year is longer than six months, submit, for each business year, a report stating financial conditions of the Corporate Group to which the company belongs and of the company, other important matters concerning the company's business and other matters specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance as necessary and appropriate for the public interest or protection of investors pertaining to the first six months of the business year (such a report is hereinafter referred to as a 'Semiannual Securities Report') pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance to the Prime Minister within three months after the end of the first six months.

• 前二項の規定は、第二十四条第五項において準用する同条第一項の規定による有価証券報告書を提出しなければならない会社（第二十三条の三第四項の規定により当該有価証券報告書を提出した会社を含む。）のうち政令で定めるものについて準用する。この場合において、第一項中「政令で定めるもの（」とあるのは「政令で定めるもの（特定有価証券（第五条第一項に規定する特定有価証券をいう。以下この項において同じ。）の発行者に限る。」と、「その事業年度」とあるのは「当該特定有価証券に係る特定期間（第二十四条第五項において準用する同条第一項に規定する特定期間をいう。以下この項において同じ。）」と、「当該事業年度の期間」とあるのは「当該特定期間」と、「当該会社の属する企業集団」とあるのは「当該会社が行う資産の運用その他これに類似する事業に係る資産」と、「当該会社の経理」とあるのは「当該会社が行う資産の運用その他これに類似する事業に係る資産の経理」と読み替えるものとするほか、必要な技術的読替えは、政令で定める。
• The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall apply mutatis mutandis to a company which is required to submit Annual Securities Reports under Article 24(1) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 24(5) (including a company which submitted Annual Securities Reports under Article 23-3(4)) and is specified by a Cabinet Order. In this case, the term 'specified by a Cabinet Order (' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'specified by a Cabinet Order (limited to the Issuer of Regulated Securities (meaning Regulated Securities as defined in Article 5(1); hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph);'; the term 'if its business year' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'if the Specified Period (meaning Specified Period as defined in Article 24(1) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 24(5); hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) designated for the Securities'; the term 'of its business years' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'of the Specified Period'; the term 'the Corporate Group to which the company belongs' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'asset investment or other similar businesses conducted by the company'; the term 'financial conditions of the company' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'financial conditions of asset investment or other similar businesses conducted by the company'; and any other necessary technical replacement of terms shall be specified by a Cabinet Order.

• 前二項の規定は、第二十四条第五項において準用する同条第一項の規定による有価証券報告書を提出しなければならない会社（第二十三条の三第四項の規定により当該有価証券報告書を提出した会社を含む。次項及び第十五項において同じ。）のうち、第二十四条の四の七第三項において準用する同条第一項の規定により四半期報告書を提出しなければならない会社以外の会社について準用する。この場合において、第一項中「以外の会社」とあるのは「以外の会社（特定有価証券（第五条第一項に規定する特定有価証券をいう。以下この項及び次項において同じ。）の発行者に限る。）」と、「その事業年度」とあるのは「当該特定有価証券に係る特定期間（第二十四条第五項において準用する同条第一項に規定する特定期間をいう。以下この項において同じ。）」と、「事業年度ごと」とあるのは「特定期間ごと」と、「当該事業年度」とあるのは「当該特定期間」と、「当該会社の属する企業集団及び当該会社の経理の状況その他事業」とあるのは「当該会社が行う資産の運用その他これに類似する事業に係る資産の経理の状況その他資産」と、前項中「有価証券の」とあるのは「特定有価証券の」と読み替えるものとする。
• The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall apply mutatis mutandis to a company which is required to submit Annual Securities Reports set forth in Article 24(1) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 24(5) (including a company which submits Annual Securities Reports under Article 23-3(4); the same shall apply in the following paragraph and paragraph (15)) and is not required to submit Quarterly Securities Reports under Article 24-4-7(1) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 24-4-7(3). In this case, the term 'a company other than' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'a company (limited to the Issuer of Regulated Securities (meaning Regulated Securities as defined in Article 5(1); hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph and the following paragraph)) other than'; the term 'its business year' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the Specified Period (meaning Specified Period as defined in Article 24(1) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 24(5); the same shall apply hereinafter in this paragraph) designated for the Securities'; the term 'for each business year' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'for each Specified Period'; the part 'financial conditions of the Corporate Group to which the company belongs and of the company, other important matters concerning the company's business' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'financial conditions of asset investment or other similar businesses conducted by the company, other important matters concerning the company's assets'; the term 'the business year' in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the Specified Period'; and the term 'of Securities' in paragraph (2) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'of Regulated Securities.'

• 第二十四条第一項の規定による有価証券報告書を提出しなければならない会社（第二十三条の三第四項の規定により当該有価証券報告書を提出した会社を含む。次項において同じ。）のうち、第二十四条第一項第一号に掲げる有価証券の発行者である会社その他の政令で定めるもの（以下この項及び次項において「上場会社等」という。）は、その事業年度が三月を超える場合は、当該事業年度の期間を三月ごとに区分した各期間（政令で定める期間を除く。以下同じ。）ごとに、当該会社の属する企業集団の経理の状況その他の公益又は投資者保護のため必要かつ適当なものとして内閣府令で定める事項（以下この項において「四半期報告書記載事項」という。）を記載した報告書（以下「四半期報告書」という。）を、当該各期間経過後四十五日以内の政令で定める期間内に、内閣総理大臣に提出しなければならない。この場合において、上場会社等のうち内閣府令で定める事業を行う会社は、四半期報告書記載事項のほか、当該会社の経理の状況その他の公益又は投資者保護のため必要かつ適当なものとして内閣府令で定める事項を記載した四半期報告書を、当該各期間経過後六十日以内の政令で定める期間内に、内閣総理大臣に提出しなければならない。
• A company which is required to submit Annual Securities Reports set forth in Article 24(1) (including a company which submits Annual Securities Reports under Article 23-3(4); the same shall apply in the following paragraph) and which has issued Securities falling under the category specified in Article 24(1)(i) or otherwise specified by a Cabinet Order (hereinafter, such a company is referred to as a 'Listed Company, etc.' in this paragraph and the following paragraph) shall, if its business year is longer than three months, submit, for each three-month period of its business years (excluding periods specified by a Cabinet Order; the same shall apply hereinafter), a report stating financial conditions of the Corporate Group to which the company belongs and other matters specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance as necessary and appropriate for the public interest or protection of investors (hereinafter referred to as the 'Matters to Be Stated in a Quarterly Securities Report' in this paragraph) (such a report is hereinafter referred to as a 'Quarterly Securities Report') to the Prime Minister within the period designated by a Cabinet Order but not exceeding 45 days after the three-month period. In this case, a Listed Company, etc. which conducts a business specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance shall submit a Quarterly Securities Report stating, in addition to the Matters to Be Stated in a Quarterly Securities Report, financial conditions of the company and other matters specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance as necessary and appropriate for the public interest or protection of investors to the Prime Minister within the period specified by a Cabinet Order but not exceeding 60 days after the three-month period.

• 銀行の議決権の保有者（前各号に掲げる者を含む。以下この号において同じ。）のうち、その保有する当該銀行の議決権の数（当該議決権の保有者が前各号に掲げる者であるときは、それぞれ当該各号に定める数）とその共同保有者（銀行の議決権の保有者が、当該銀行の議決権の他の保有者（前各号に掲げる者を含む。）と共同して当該議決権に係る株式を取得し、若しくは譲渡し、又は当該銀行の株主としての議決権その他の権利を行使することを合意している場合における当該他の保有者（当該議決権の保有者が第二号に掲げる会社である場合においては当該会社の計算書類その他の書類に連結される会社等を、当該議決権の保有者が第三号又は第四号に掲げる会社等である場合においては当該会社等が属する会社等集団に属する当該会社等以外の会社等を、当該議決権の保有者が前号に掲げる個人である場合においては当該個人がその議決権の過半数の保有者である会社等を除き、当該議決権の保有者と政令で定める特別な関係を有する者を含む。）をいう。）の保有する当該銀行の議決権の数（当該共同保有者が前各号に掲げる者であるときは、それぞれ当該各号に定める数）を合算した数（以下この号において「共同保有議決権数」という。）が当該銀行の総株主の議決権の百分の二十以上の数である者　共同保有議決権数
• A person who holds voting rights in a Bank (including a person falling under any of the categories listed in the preceding items; hereinafter the same shall apply in this item), where the total number of voting rights in that Bank held by that person (in the case of a person falling under any of the categories listed in the preceding items, the number specified in each item) and those held by his/her Joint Holder(s) (meaning another person (including a person falling under any of the categories listed in the preceding items) who holds voting rights of the Bank and has agreed with that person on joint acquisition or transfer of shares related to the Bank's voting rights or on joint exercise of the voting rights or other right as shareholders of that Bank (excluding, in cases where the holder of voting rights is a company falling under the category listed in item (ii), a Company, etc. which is consolidated in the financial statements or other documents of the company, in cases where the holder of the voting rights is a Company, etc. falling under the category prescribed in item (iii) or (iv), a Company, etc. belonging to the Group of Companies, etc. which is other than the aforementioned Company, etc. belonging to the Group of Companies, etc., in cases where the holder of voting rights is an individual falling under the category listed in the preceding item, a Company, etc. whose majority voting rights are held by said individual, but including a person who has a special relationship specified by Cabinet Order with the holder of the voting rights)) (in the case of a Joint Holder falling under any of the categories listed in the preceding items, the number prescribed in each item) (the total number of voting rights is hereinafter referred to as 'The Number of Voting Rights Jointly Held' in this item) is equal to or more than twenty hundredths of the voting rights of all shareholders in that Bank:　The Number of Voting Rights Jointly Held; and

• 保険会社等の議決権の保有者（前各号に掲げる者を含む。以下この号において同じ。）のうち、その保有する当該保険会社等の議決権の数（当該議決権の保有者が前各号に掲げる者であるときは、それぞれ当該各号に定める数）とその共同保有者（保険会社等の議決権の保有者が、当該保険会社等の議決権の他の保有者（前各号に掲げる者を含む。）と共同して当該議決権に係る株式を取得し、若しくは譲渡し、又は当該保険会社等の株主としての議決権その他の権利を行使することを合意している場合における当該他の保有者（当該議決権の保有者が第二号に掲げる会社である場合においては当該会社の計算書類その他の書類に連結される会社等を、当該議決権の保有者が第三号又は第四号に掲げる会社等である場合においては当該会社等が属する会社等集団に属する当該会社等以外の会社等を、当該議決権の保有者が前号に掲げる個人である場合においては当該個人がその議決権の過半数の保有者である会社等を除き、当該議決権の保有者と政令で定める特別な関係を有する者を含む。）をいう。）の保有する当該保険会社等の議決権の数（当該共同保有者が前各号に掲げる者であるときは、それぞれ当該各号に定める数）を合算した数（以下この号において「共同保有議決権数」という。）が当該保険会社等の総株主の議決権の百分の二十以上の数である者　共同保有議決権数
• A person who holds voting rights in an Insurance Company, etc. (including a person falling under any of the categories listed in the preceding items; hereinafter the same shall apply in this item) who is deemed to hold at least twenty hundredths of all shareholders' voting rights in the Insurance Company, etc., in terms of the number of voting rights held by said person in the Insurance Company, etc. (for a person falling under any of the categories listed in the preceding items, the number specified in the relevant item) and the number of voting rights held in the same Insurance Company, etc. by his/her Joint Holder(s) (referring to any other holder(s) of voting rights in the Insurance Company, etc. (including those falling under any of the categories listed in the preceding times) who has (have) agreed with said person on concerted action in acquiring or transferring the shares pertaining to the voting rights, or in exercising the voting and other rights as shareholders of that Insurance Company, etc. (excluding, where the person who holds the voting rights is a company falling under the category listed in item (ii), any Company, etc. to be consolidated in the financial statements and other documents of said company; excluding, where the person who holds the voting rights is a Company, etc. falling under the category prescribed in item (iii) or (iv), any other Company, etc. in the Group of Companies, etc. to which said Company, etc. belongs; and excluding, where the person who holds the voting rights is an individual falling under the category listed in the preceding item, any Company, etc. in which the individual has majority voting rights; but including any person who has a special relationship as specified by a Cabinet Order with the person who holds the voting rights)) (for a Joint Holder falling under any of the categories listed in the preceding items, the number prescribed in the relevant item), taken together (the total number thus calculated is hereinafter referred to as the 'Number of Voting Rights Jointly Held' in this item):　the Number of Voting Rights Jointly Held.

• 有価証券の発行者である会社は、その会社が発行者である有価証券（特定有価証券を除く。次の各号を除き、以下この条において同じ。）が次に掲げる有価証券のいずれかに該当する場合には、内閣府令で定めるところにより、事業年度ごとに、当該会社の商号、当該会社の属する企業集団及び当該会社の経理の状況その他事業の内容に関する重要な事項その他の公益又は投資者保護のため必要かつ適当なものとして内閣府令で定める事項を記載した報告書（以下「有価証券報告書」という。）を、当該事業年度経過後三月以内（当該会社が外国会社である場合には、公益又は投資者保護のため必要かつ適当なものとして政令で定める期間内）に、内閣総理大臣に提出しなければならない。ただし、当該有価証券が第三号に掲げる有価証券（株券その他の政令で定める有価証券に限る。）に該当する場合においてその発行者である会社（報告書提出開始年度（当該有価証券の募集又は売出しにつき第四条第一項本文若しくは第二項本文又は第二十三条の八第一項本文若しくは第二項の規定の適用を受けることとなつた日の属する事業年度をいい、当該報告書提出開始年度が複数あるときは、その直近のものをいう。）終了後五年を経過している場合に該当する会社に限る。）の当該事業年度の末日及び当該事業年度の開始の日前四年以内に開始した事業年度すべての末日における当該有価証券の所有者の数が政令で定めるところにより計算した数に満たない場合であつて有価証券報告書を提出しなくても公益又は投資者保護に欠けることがないものとして内閣府令で定めるところにより内閣総理大臣の承認を受けたとき、当該有価証券が第四号に掲げる有価証券に該当する場合において、その発行者である会社の資本金の額が当該事業年度の末日において五億円未満（当該有価証券が第二条第二項の規定により有価証券とみなされる有価証券投資事業権利等である場合にあつては、当該会社の資産の額として政令で定めるものの額が当該事業年度の末日において政令で定める額未満）であるとき、及び当該事業年度の末日における当該有価証券の所有者の数が政令で定める数に満たないとき、並びに当該有価証券が第三号又は第四号に掲げる有価証券に該当する場合において有価証券報告書を提出しなくても公益又は投資者保護に欠けることがないものとして政令で定めるところにより内閣総理大臣の承認を受けたときは、この限りでない。
• When Securities (excluding Regulated Securities; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article, except in the following items) issued by a company fall under any of the categories specified in the following items, the company shall submit, for each business year, a report stating the trade name of the company, financial conditions of the Corporate Group to which the company belongs and of the company, other important matters concerning the company's business and other matters specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance as necessary and appropriate for the public interest or protection of investors (hereinafter referred to as an 'Annual Securities Report') to the Prime Minister within three months after the end of that business year (or, in the case of a foreign company, within the period specified by a Cabinet Order as the period necessary and appropriate for the public interest or protection of investors) pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance; provided however, that this shall not apply to cases where the Securities issued by the company fall under the category of Securities specified in item (iii) below (limited to share certificates and other Securities specified by a Cabinet Order) and the numbers of holders of the Securities on the last day of that business year and on the respective last days of the business years that began within four years before the day on which that business year began are fewer than the number calculated pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order, if the Prime Minister approves pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance that even if the company does not submit Annual Securities Reports, the public interest or protection of investors would not be impaired (limited to the company for which five years have already passed after the end of the Starting Year of the Report Submission (meaning the business year that includes the day on which the main clause of Article 4(1) or (2) or the main clause of Article 23-8(1) or (2) became applicable to the Public Offering or Secondary Distribution of the Securities, or, the latest one of such business years); where the Securities issued by the company fall under the category of Securities specified in item (iv) below, if the amount of the stated capital of the company is less than 500 million yen (or if, in cases where the Securities are Rights in Securities Investment Business, etc. that shall be deemed as Securities under Article 2(2), the amount that is specified by a Cabinet Order as the amount of the stated capital of the company is less than the amount specified by a Cabinet Order on the last day of that business year) or if the number of holders of the Securities on the last day of that business year are fewer than the number specified by a Cabinet Order; and where the Securities issued by the company fall under the category of Securities specified in item (iii) or (iv) below, if the Prime Minister approves as specified by a Cabinet Order that even if the company does not submit Annual Securities Reports, the public interest or protection of investors would not be impaired.

• 前各項の規定は、特定有価証券が第一項各号に掲げる有価証券のいずれかに該当する場合について準用する。この場合において、同項本文中「有価証券の発行者である会社」とあるのは「有価証券の発行者である会社（内閣府令で定める有価証券については、内閣府令で定める者を除く。）」と、「特定有価証券を除く」とあるのは「特定有価証券に限る」と、「事業年度ごと」とあるのは「当該特定有価証券につき、内閣府令で定める期間（以下この条において「特定期間」という。）ごと」と、「当該会社の商号、当該会社の属する企業集団及び当該会社の経理の状況その他事業」とあるのは「当該会社が行う資産の運用その他これに類似する事業に係る資産の経理の状況その他資産」と、「当該事業年度」とあるのは「当該特定期間」と、同項ただし書中「当該有価証券が第三号に掲げる有価証券（株券その他の政令で定める有価証券に限る。）に該当する場合においてその発行者である会社（報告書提出開始年度（当該有価証券の募集又は売出しにつき第四条第一項本文若しくは第二項本文又は第二十三条の八第一項本文若しくは第二項の規定の適用を受けることとなつた日の属する事業年度をいい、当該報告書提出開始年度が複数あるときは、その直近のものをいう。）終了後五年を経過している場合に該当する会社に限る。）の当該事業年度の末日及び当該事業年度の開始の日前四年以内に開始した事業年度すべての末日における当該有価証券の所有者の数が政令で定めるところにより計算した数に満たない場合であつて有価証券報告書を提出しなくても公益又は投資者保護に欠けることがないものとして内閣府令で定めるところにより内閣総理大臣の承認を受けたとき、当該有価証券が第四号」とあるのは「当該特定有価証券が第四号」と、「及び当該事業年度の末日における当該有価証券の所有者の数が政令で定める数に満たないとき、並びに」とあるのは「及び」と、同項第四号中「株券、第二条第二項の規定により有価証券とみなされる有価証券投資事業権利等」とあるのは「第二条第二項の規定により有価証券とみなされる有価証券投資事業権利等」と、「当該事業年度又は当該事業年度の開始の日前四年以内に開始した事業年度のいずれかの末日におけるその所有者の数が政令で定める数以上（当該有価証券が同項の規定により有価証券とみなされる有価証券投資事業権利等である場合にあつては、当該事業年度の末日におけるその所有者の数が政令で定める数以上）」とあるのは「当該特定期間の末日におけるその所有者の数が政令で定める数以上」と、第二項中「有価証券の」とあるのは「特定有価証券の」と、第三項中「第一項本文」とあるのは「第五項において準用する第一項本文」と、「発行者」とあるのは「発行者（内閣府令で定める有価証券については、内閣府令で定める者を除く。）」と、「有価証券が」とあるのは「特定有価証券が」と、「その該当することとなつた日」とあるのは「当該特定有価証券につき、その該当することとなつた日」と、「事業年度」とあるのは「特定期間」と読み替えるものとするほか、必要な技術的読替えは、政令で定める。
• The provisions of the preceding paragraphs shall apply mutatis mutandis to cases where Regulated Securities issued by a company fall under any of the categories specified in the items of paragraph (1). In this case, the term 'excluding Regulated Securities' in the main clause of paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'limited to Regulated Securities'; the term 'the company shall' in the main clause of paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the company (if said Securities are so specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance, excluding persons specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance) shall'; the terms 'the trade name of the company, financial conditions of the Corporate Group to which the company belongs and of the company, other important matters concerning the company's business' in the main clause of paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'financial conditions of asset investment or other similar businesses conducted by the company, other important matters concerning the company's assets'; the term 'for each business year' in the main clause of paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'for each of the periods of time specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance for the Regulated Securities (hereinafter referred to as the 'Specified Period' in this Article)'; the term 'that business year' in the main clause of paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'that Specified Period'; the part 'the Securities issued by the company fall under the category of Securities specified in item (iii) below (limited to share certificates and other Securities specified by a Cabinet Order) and the numbers of holders of the Securities on the last day of that business year and on the last days of the business years that began within four years before the day on which that business year began are fewer than the number calculated pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order, if the Prime Minister approves pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance that even if the company does not submit Annual Securities Reports, the public interest or protection of investors would not be impaired (limited to the company for which five years have already passed after the end of the Starting Year of Report Submission (meaning the business year that includes the day on which the main clause of Article 4(1) or (2) or the main clause of Article 23-8(1) or (2) became applicable to the Public Offering or Secondary Distribution of the Securities, or, the latest one of such business years); where the Securities issued by the company fall under the category of Securities specified in item (iv) below' in the proviso to paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the Regulated Securities issued by the company fall under the category of Securities specified in item (iv) below'; the part 'or if the number of holders of the Securities on the last day of that business year is fewer than the number specified by a Cabinet Order; and' in the proviso to paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with '; and'; the part 'share certificates, Rights in Securities Investment Business, etc. that shall be deemed as Securities under Article 2(2)' in item (iv) of paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Rights in Securities Investment Business, etc. that shall be deemed as Securities under Article 2(2)'; the part 'if the number of its holders on the last day of that business year or on the last day of any of the business years that began within four years before the day on which that business year began is not less than the number specified by a Cabinet Order (or, in case of Rights in Securities Investment Business, etc. that shall be deemed as Securities under Article 2(2), the number of its holders on the last day of that business year is not less than the number specified by a Cabinet Order)' in item (iv) of paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'if the number of its holders on the last day of the Specified Period is not less than the number specified by a Cabinet Order'; the term 'issued Securities' in paragraph (2) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'issued Regulated Securities'; the term 'Securities issued' in paragraph (3) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Regulated Securities issued'; the term 'a company' in paragraph (3) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'a company (if said Regulated Securities are Securities so specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance, excluding persons specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance)'; the term 'the main clause of paragraph (1)' in paragraph (3) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the main clause of paragraph (1) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (5)'; the term 'business year' in paragraph (3) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Specified Period'; the term 'the day on which the Securities came' in paragraph (3) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the day on which the Regulated Securities came'; and any other necessary technical replacement of terms shall be specified by a Cabinet Order.