集: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 漢詩文集
- Chinese poetry anthologies
- 万川集海
- Mansen Shukai/Bansen Shukai
- Bansenshukai
- かき集める
- to gather up
- to scrape up together
- huddle
- rake
- scare
- scoop up
- 現存する集落
- Extant moat settlements
- 伊集院氏滅亡
- The decline of the Ijuin clan
- 集外三十六歌仙
- Shugai Sanjurokkasen
- 伊集院忠真降伏
- The surrender of Tadamasa IJUIN
- 伊集院忠棟斬殺
- Murder of Tadamune IJUIN
- 伊集院忠真篭城
- Tadamasa IJUIN besieged
- 持続注意集中検査
- continuous performance test
- 通交権の対馬集中
- Concentration of the trading rights in Tsushima
- 西郷軍の敵丸収集
- The Collection of Enemy's Bullets by Saigo's Army
- 録音・録画の収集
- Collections of rakugo sounds and images
- 表題は「三宝類字集」。
- It is entitled 'Sanboruijishu.'
- 特種技能集団・弓射騎兵
- Special skill unit forces and cavalry with archers
- 丸山集落は戸数33戸。
- There are 33 households in Maruyama Village.
- 主に万葉集に使われている。
- This meter is mainly used in Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
- 竹之内環濠集落(奈良県天理市)
- Takenouchi moat settlement (Tenri City, Nara Prefecture)
- 主に古今和歌集に使われている。
- This meter is mainly used in Kokin Wakashu (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry).
- 稗田環濠集落(奈良県大和郡山市)
- Hieda moat settlement (Yamatokoriyama City, Nara Prefecture)
- これが現在の集集線の前身である。
- This was the predecessor of the Jiji Line.
- 『記・紀』・風土記と万葉集の編纂
- Compilation of the 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), fudoki (description of regional climate, culture, etc.) and 'Manyoshu.'
- 古今和歌集巻十五 恋歌五 747
- Kokin Wakashu (collection of ancient and modern Japanese poetry) Volume 15, Koiuta (Lovers' Poetry) Part 5, 747
- 『小品方』・『集験方』も兼修した。
- And they also had to learn 'Shobonho' (the Chinese classic on pharmacopoeia, written by Chen Yan Zhi) and 'Shugenho' (a Chinese classic on pharmacopoeia highly valued along with Shobonho).
- ここは、被害農民の集結所となった。
- After that, the farmers and peasants used the office to band together against the company.
- 稗田の環濠集落(奈良県大和郡山市)
- Hieda moat settlement (Yamatokoriyama City, Nara Prefecture)
- 『蔭凉軒日録』 季瓊真蘂、亀泉集証著
- 'Inryoken Nichiroku' by Shinzui KIKEI and Shusho KISEN
- 『日本霊異記』:景戒編纂の仏教説話集
- 'Nihon Ryoiki': collection of Buddhism stories edited by Kyokai
- 『菅家文章』:菅原道真編纂の漢詩文集
- 'Kanekebunso': a compilation of Chinese-style poetry compiled by SUGAWARA no Michizane
- その集大成が大宝律令の完成であった。
- The final result was the completion of Taiho Ritsuryo.
- 東京都港区 (東京都)・大倉集古館蔵本
- Minato Ward, Tokyo (Tokyo): A work owned by The Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts
- 現代語訳「万川集海・陽忍篇」(誠秀堂)
- Modern translation of 'Bansen Shukai, volume of Yonin' (Seishu-do)
- この時代の朝儀の集大成として評価が高い。
- It is highly valued as the compilation of various kinds of 'chogi' (ceremony at Imperial Court) held in those days.
- - 花町ともいい、遊郭が集まってできた町
- It was also referred to as Hanamachi, a town with licensed quarters
- 東京・大倉集古館 普賢菩薩騎象像(国宝)
- Statue of Fugen Bosatsu (Samantabhadra Bodhisattva) riding on an elephant, the Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts, Tokyo (a national treasures)
- これらは、八代集の第四から第七にあたる。
- They correspond to part four to seven of Hachidaishu (eight 'Collection of history books by Imperial command').
- 西洋史において特定の血縁集団をさす用語。
- This is the term that refers to specific kinship groups in Western history.
- 『万葉集』には「遊行女婦」として現れる。
- In 'Manyoshu,' they appeared as 'ukareme.'
- 高安 (斑鳩町)環濠集落(奈良県斑鳩町)
- Takayasu moat settlement (Ikaruga-cho, Nara Prefecture)
- 南郷 (広陵町)環濠集落(奈良県広陵町)
- Nango moat settlement (Koryo-cho, Nara Prefecture)
- 次第に傭兵的な集団として成長していった。
- Saikashu gradually grew into a group of mercenary soldiers.
- 五代までの歴史を編年体に編集した歴史書。
- This history book is a chronological compilation of the history of the Five Dynasties.
- この辻占は万葉集などの古典にも登場する。
- The tsujiura appears in classic literature such as 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
- - 神社の神職などの社家が集まってできた町
- town formed where shinto priests of a shrine gathered
- 続いて宝暦年間に『早引節用集』が登場した。
- Then, 'Hayabiki setsuyoshu' (quick search setsuyoshu) subsequently appeared in the Horeki era (1751 to 1763).
- こうして荘園を集積した権門層を本家と呼ぶ。
- The Kenmonso who collected shoen were called Honke (protectors).
- Kenmon class that accumulated shoen were called honke (the head family).
- 一方で、日本についての資料の収集に努めた。
- Meanwhile, he collected materials about Japan.
- 易林本の節用集では、十市郡に府と記載ある。
- According to the Japanese dictionary written by Ekirin, the capital is located in Toichi no kori.
- - 農村部において商工業者が集まってできた町
- town formed with those engaged in commerce and industry in a farming village
- それは、それまでの節用集と字引方法が異なる。
- It offered a different method to search for words from the previous series of setsuyoshu.
- 農耕社会の成立によって地域集団が形成された。
- The establishment of an agriculture-based society generated local communities.
- そのため、有力寺社には荘園の寄進が集中した。
- Therefore many Shoen manors were contributed to dominant shrines or temples.
- Consequently, dominant temples or shrines had many manors donated.
- 1888年頃から民間出版の唱歌集が出てきた。
- From about 1888 privately-published collections of shoka appeared.
- 「集外」は二十一代集に載せられなかったとの意。
- Shugai' means that they were not included in Nijuichidai-shu (the 21 collections of waka poems compiled by imperial command).
- 中外抄(ちゅうがいしょう)は、院政期の聞書集。
- Chugaisho is a collection of narrative recordings during the times under cloistered rule.
- 環濠集落には、防御と拠点という特色がみられる。
- The characteristics of moat settlement was twofold: it was a defensive fort and a foothold.
- 1890年 カリフォルニア州への集団移民開始。
- In 1890, group immigration to the State of California started.
- 歴史的集落(れきしてきしゅうらく)とも呼ばれる。
- It was also referred to as historical settlement.
- 血統、系図によって結び付けられた血縁集団のこと。
- It means a kinship group connected by their common bloodline or genealogy.
- 落ち延びた先の山間部などに集落を作った例もある。
- Some of them even created a village on mountain slopes and so on to where they had escaped.
- それでも、近い諸国から兵力を集めることができた。
- Even so, they could gather troops from near countries.
- - 講堂は、平城宮の東朝集殿を移築改造したもの。
- - The lecture hall was built by moving and remodeling Heijo-kyu Palace's 'Higashi-choshuden'(Eastern Morning Audience Hall).
- 北関東各地を遊説して同志を募り、軍用金を集めた。
- They went around the northern Kanto area to gather followers and money.
- 萬川集海(原作・小池一夫、作画・神崎将臣の漫画)
- Bansen Shukai (manga (cartoon), story by Kazuo KOIKE, drawing by Masaomi KANZAKI)
- 天武天皇は、中央集権的な国家体制の整備に努めた。
- Emperor Tenmu strived to develop a centralized national system of government.
- 貨幣収集界では小判金の名称が広く用いられている。
- The name 'kobankin' is widely-accepted among coin collecting world.
- 初期の屯田兵募集は原則として士族が対象であった。
- The initial tondenhei recruitment was, as a rule, limited to shizoku.
- 『福沢全集』(巻之一)の「緒言『学問のすゝめ』」
- An introductory to Gakumon no Susume, the 1st volume of the complete works of Fukuzawa
- 亀右衛門に部下を集めろと指示し喧嘩の支度をする。
- He asked Kame-emon to gather his men and prepared for the quarrel.
- 現在は岩波文庫上下、なお「全集」は講談社にある。
- At present, it is in two volumes of the paperback books published by Iwanami, and the complete works of Seika MAYAMA is published by Kodansha.
- - 寺院の住職や関係者・信者などが集まってできた町
- town formed with temple priests, people involved in temples, and where devotees gathered
- - 商売によって大成した富豪の邸宅・屋敷が集まる町
- town formed with residents and mansions of the wealthy class who succeeded in business
- これらの流れのなか成立したのが『節用集』であった。
- 'Setsuyoshu' was established in line with these trends.
- こうして守護には強大な権限が集中することとなった。
- Like this, great power and authority were given to shugos.
- 主に日本の封建時代においてみられた血族集団である。
- Shoke was a blood-relative group which was mainly present during the feudal period in Japan.
- この「遺文録』は、日蓮の遺文を集めた記事集である。
- This 'Koso Ibun Roku' is a collection of the writings left behind by Nichiren.
- この集落の生業はアワなどを栽培する畑作農業である。
- The inhabitants lived on cultivating crops such as millet.
- なお、埋納時期は紀元前後と2世紀頃に集中している。
- And burial of dotaku took place intensively around the beginning of the first century and in the second century.
- 8月に清国軍は平壌に1万2千名の兵員を集中させる。
- The Qing troops concentrated 12,000 solders in Pyongyang in August.
- 設立時期は、鎌倉時代~室町時代前期に集中している。
- The dates of their construction are concentrated in fromKamakura period to early Muromachi period.
- また、『古今和歌集』の在原行平の歌も元にしている。
- It is also based on a poem of ARIWARA no Yukihira in 'Kokin Wakashu (a collection of ancient and modern Japanese poetry).'
- その結果、生み出された儀式の集大成が「儀式」である。
- The final compilation of rules and customs was called 'Gishiki.'
- 早引節用集の盛隆のため、多様な早引き検索が生まれた。
- That was the heyday of quick search setsuyoshu and a variety of quick search methods were invented.
- 8月、夷俘の集団が次々と秋田城下に来て降伏してきた。
- In August, one after another band of the Ifu came to the castle town of Akita-jo Castle and surrendered.
- 転じて、姓氏や氏族集団の発祥の地を指すようになった。
- This was extended to indicate the birthplace of the family name or the clan.
- 挙兵後、各地から続々と浪士、町民、農民らが集結した。
- After raising the army, roshi, citizens and peasants joined them from around the country.
- きわめて高い軍事力を持って傭兵集団としても活躍した。
- They had a substantial military force and acted as a group of mercenary soldiers.
- この「外敵」を後世の有力集団の祖先に擬する説もある。
- One theory additionally says that this 'foreign enemy' was possibly a descendant of the powerful group that later appeared in Japan.
- 大日本帝国憲法第29条 言論・出版・集会・結社の自由
- Article 29. Freedom of speech, assembly and association
- しかも一条軍は寄せ集めで指揮系統は統一されていない。
- Further, the Ichijo army was a quickly assembled army of inconsistent soldiers and there was no unified chain of command.
- その結果、大王(天皇)へ権力が集中することになった。
- Consequently, power became concentrated in the Okimi (Emperor.)
- パウロ三木は死を目前にして群集に自分の信仰を語った。
- Paul MIKI told his own religious belief to the people when he was facing his own death.
- 銀貨の統一に向けて堺市、京都の銀吹屋20人を集めた。
- 20 silversmiths from Sakai and Kyoto were summoned to Osaka to work for standardization of coinage.
- 対岸の柳の根元で人が集まっているが何だと狂女が問う。
- The kyojo asks why people are gathered around the base of a willow tree at the other side of the river.
- 足利尊氏が反旗を翻すと武家は結集し後醍醐政権を攻めた。
- As Takauji ASHIKAGA rebelled against the restoration, the samurai families banded together and attacked the Godaigo government.
- サンデー毎日編集長を経て、役員待遇編集局顧問を務めた。
- He served as the chief editor of Mainichi Weekly News as well as the executive advisor of the editorial office.
- これらは中世の環濠集落として現在も各地に点在している。
- Remainders of these medieval moat settlements can still be seen in various places of Japan.
- 縄文時代の環濠集落は、現在のところこの遺跡のみである。
- This is the only moat settlement site of the Jomon period discovered to date.
- それは、弥生の環濠集落とは性格を異にするものであろう。
- This moat settlement is thought to have had different functions than that of Yayoi period.
- 京阪石山坂本線近江神宮前駅そばの住宅密集地の中である。
- The site is located in the middle of an overcrowded residential area near Omijingumae Station of Keihan Ishiyama-Sakamoto Line.
- 鴨緑江付近に軍を集結させ、北上する日本軍を迎撃させる。
- Russia would concentrate its troops around the Oryokko River, and intercept Japanese forces climbing northwards.
- 前漢の時、民間歌謡を収集する楽府という役所が作られた。
- During the Former Han Dynasty, a music bureau called Gakufu was set up, where folk kayo were collected.
- だが、歴史的に式目は公家法である式条の集成の意味である。
- From the historical point of view, however, the shikimoku meant the compilation of shikijo (code), a court noble law.
- まず延宝8年(1680年)に『合類節用集』が刊行される。
- First, 'Gorui setsuyoshu' (one of Japanese-language dictionaries in traditional ordering of Japanese syllabary based on a Buddhist poem) was published in 1680.
- 中世における座の形成にも寄人集団の関与が指摘されている。
- It is suggested that the establishment of Za in the middle ages may also have been influenced by yoriudo groups.
- 巡礼は多くの旅行者を集めた(『カンタベリー物語』など)。
- Pilgrimages gathered many travelers (as seen in 'Canterbury Tales').
- 同年2月に江戸で浪士組結成募集が行われ、京都へ上洛した。
- In February of the same year, members of the Roshi-gumi, an organization of masterless samurais, were recruited in Edo and dispatched to Kyoto.
- 当時の全国集計による士族人口は全国民の3.9%であった。
- According to a tally compiled at that time, the warrior class accounts for 3.9% of the total population.
- 騒ぎを聞きつけて集まってきた武士たちが兄弟を取り囲んだ。
- The Soga brothers were surrounded by bushi (warriors) who gathered when they heard a disturbance.
- 藤原興風 - 平安中期、『古今和歌集』期を代表する歌人。
- FUJIWARA no Okikaze: A prominent waka poet in the mid Heian period, representing the period in which 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) was compiled.
- しかしその密書を託された伊集院甚吉は忠恒に密書を渡した。
- However, Jinkichi IJUIN, who was given the secret message, passed it on to Tadatsune.
- 8月4日に動員が命令され、充員のため屯田兵も召集された。
- Mobilization was ordered on August 4, and tondenhei were summoned for filling up vacancies.
- 室町時代から江戸時代初期までのものを「古本節用集」という。
- The setsuyoshu published during the Muromachi period through the early Edo period was called 'Kohon setsuyoshu.'
- 節用集は「いろは順」ののち意味による部門分類を行っていた。
- In the setsuyoshu, the words were classified in iroha order and sub-classified according to their meanings.
- 読みの変化が指し示す集団の変化に対応すると考える説もある。
- There is a theory stating that the difference in reading corresponds to the difference in ethnic groups.
- 近世になると、遊女屋は都市の一か所に集められ遊郭が出来た。
- In the early-modern times, prostitute houses were gathered in one place in the city and yukaku was formed.
- 高句麗で最大の古墳は中国集安(しゅうあん)の大王陵である。
- The biggest Kofun in Goguryeo is Daioryo in Shuan City, China.
- また伊集院氏の伏見の邸は島津氏宗家のそれよりも大きかった。
- The residence held by the Ijuin clan in Fushimi was larger than the residence of the main family of the Shimazu clan.
- 勿論、立派な刀を持っている子供は、他の児童の羨望を集めた。
- Of course, children envied those who had fine swords
- 楠木正成の末裔と名乗る由井正雪は同士を集め幕府転覆を図る。
- Shosetsu YUI claimed to be a descendant of Masashige KUSUNOKI, got his comrades together and attempted to overthrow the bakufu.
- その一部が、岩波書店刊行の『漱石全集』の装丁に用いられた。
- A portion of Sekkobun was used on the cover of the 'The Complete Works of Soseki NATSUME' published by IWANAMI shoten publishing company.
- 21日には六波羅に「幾多なるを知らず」ほどの武士が集まった、
- On the 15th, 'uncountable numbers of' samurai gathered in Rokuhara.
- 22日夕刻には山を降りて京極寺に参集し、強訴の態勢に入った。
- By the evening of January 17th, they came down from the mountain, gathered in the Kyogoku-ji temple, and got ready for a direct petition.
- 武家の棟梁(ぶけのとうりょう)とは、武士集団の指導者のこと。
- The term 'Buke no toryo' means the leader of groups of samurai.
- この地域は当時の人口密集地であり、そこを直撃したことになる。
- The fire directly hit the area that was heavily populated at the time.
- 節用集は日本の室町時代中期に成立した用字集・国語辞典である。
- It was during the middle of the Muromachi period when setsuyoshu appeared as a Yojishu or a Japanese-language dictionary.
- また節用集は付録・内容が増加して、百科事典的になっていった。
- Besides, the setsuyoshu became encyclopedic as the volume of appendixes and contents increased.
- この他、10編の短編を集めた『堤中納言物語』が伝わっている。
- Apart from that tale, 'Tsutsumi Chunagon Monogatari' (The Riverside Counselor's Tales), a collection of ten short tales, has succeeded.
- 会合衆の名前の由来は、寺の集会(しゅうえ)にあったとされる。
- Egoshu owes its name to Shue (gathering) at a temple.
- この集落は、朝鮮半島南部の影響を強く受けて、成立したものか。
- This settlement's style was probably made with the strong influence from that in the southern area of Korean Peninsula.
- そして、東播磨を制圧しつつ、一ノ谷口の西隣・塩屋へ集結した。
- Karamete troops of Yoshitsune's army then gathered at Shioya (this location was the western neighbor of the Ichinotani fortress entrance), while Yoshitsune's army was gaining total control over Higashi-Harima (east side of the Harima region).
- 根来衆は根来寺を中心とした真言宗の僧徒らの集団を指している。
- On the other hand, Negoroshu refers to a group of monks of the Shingon sect, mainly in Negoro-ji Temple.
- 行人とは僧兵のことで根来衆は僧兵集団と解釈される場合もある。
- Sometimes Negoroshu is regarded as a group of armed priests, as gyonin means armed priests.
- 古事記、日本書紀、万葉集など現存最古の史書・文学が登場した。
- History books and works of literature, which are currently the oldest in existence, such as 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters), 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) appeared.
- 彼らは当初は海賊行為を主体とした小規模な集団に過ぎなかった。
- At first they only consisted of small groups that were mainly engaged in pirate activities.
- 小歌 - 閑吟集にも収められた恋を題材にした室町時代の歌謡。
- Kouta (a short song accompanied by shamisen) - a song on the theme of love composed in the Muromachi period that has even been included in Kanginshu (Companions for the Journey – a compilation of poems).
- 「亡君の石碑建立の御用金を集めている、合点か」と謎を掛ける。
- He tests Kanpei by saying, 'I am collecting money for the construction of a stone monument for our deceased master, do you understand ?'
- これを受けて忠臣蔵ものの集大成として作られたのが本作である。
- Under this trend, this program was created as a compilation of Chushingura-related plays.
- 都市に人口が集積することによって独立した芸能として成立した。
- The movement of the population to urban areas enabled rakugo to become an independent performing art.
- 岩波書店 日本古典文学大系 「謡曲集」上 「観阿弥関係の能」
- Kanamikankei no Noh (Kanami-related Noh)', the first book of 'Yokyokushu (collection of Noh songs,' Japanese Classic Literature Systematic Edition by Iwanami Shoten Publishers
- 古代では戦闘目的の為に組織された集団を「軍(いくさ)」と呼ぶ。
- The group formed for the battle was called as 'ikusa' (written as 軍, current word for army) during ancient times.
- 父は『令集解』の著者惟宗直本、孫は『政事要略』の著者惟宗允亮。
- His father was KOREMUNE no Naomoto who wrote 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the civil statutes), and KOREMUNE no Masasuke who wrote 'Seiji Yoryaku' (examples of the politics in the Heian period) was his grandson.
- これら一連の過程で著された文書を集成したものが長寛勘文である。
- Chokan-kanmon was a compilation of documents which were written in the above process.
- 昭和初期を最後に「節用集」は出版されなくなりその歴史を終えた。
- It was in the Early Showa period that the last edition was published, and the history of 'setsuyoshu' came to an end.
- その上で当事者を招集し、引付衆の眼前で直接互いに相論をさせた。
- After that, the parties were convened and were made to argue directly with each other before the hikitsukeshu.
- 現在でも当時以来の姿を残した環濠集落が、わずかながら存在する。
- There are a limited number of moat settlements which still retain the original features.
- 広嗣は企救郡の隣の遠珂郡に到着して烽火を発して国内の兵を徴集。
- Hirotsugu arrived at Onga-gun adjacent to Kiku-gun and sent up a rocket as a signal to summoned soldiers.
- 館・集落や祭礼施設など堀に囲まれた豪族居館跡が発掘されている。
- The sites of Gozoku residences surrounded by moats, including residences, communities, facilities for rites and festivals and so on were excavated.
- 屯田兵に募集に関する陸軍省告示 明治23年(1890年)10月
- Notification of the Ministry of Army Concerning Recruitment in October, 1890
- まず、『小学唱歌集』が伊沢修二、メーソンらによって編集された。
- First of all, a 'collection of elementary school songs' was edited by Shuji IZAWA and MASON.
- また、山村や海付村落には(1)田畑のない村落(集落)も存在した。
- There were mountain villages (communities) and villages by the coast without (1) a field.
- 信蕃は檄を飛ばして武田遺臣900人弱をかき集め、小諸城に入った。
- Nobushige gathered nearly 900 surviving retainers of Takeda by sending out circulars, and entered Komoro-jo Castle.
- 国語辞典の登場当初は節用集も日常的で手軽な存在として生き残った。
- Even after this advent of the Japanese-language dictionary, the setsuyoshu had survived for a while as convenient dictionaries for daily use.
- 第一番目の項目が「伊勢」であるこれらの節用集を「伊勢本」という。
- This type of setsuyoshu, in which the first entry is 'Ise,' is called 'Isebon.'
- 文化面では、『日本書紀』・『万葉集』・『風土記』などが編まれた。
- With respect to culture, 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), and 'Fudoki' (descriptions of regional climate, culture, etc.) were compiled.
- 戦術の個人戦法から集団戦法への変換は、武器や甲冑の需要を増した。
- Switch of tactics from individual fighting to mass fighting increased demands for weapons and body-armors.
- 海外情勢や中国の先進的な技術や仏教の経典等の収集が目的とされた。
- The main purposes of the missions were collecting information on overseas situations, advanced Chinese technology and Buddhist scriptures.
- ただし、官人として武に携わることを本分とした武装集団ではあった。
- However, the bushi were in the armed group which were professionally involved with military affairs as government officials.
- 宗教面では、中国から様々な仏教が伝来し、貴族たちの信仰を集めた。
- In terms of religion, various Buddhism sects were introduced from China, and the nobles worshipped them.
- しかし兵糧不足に陥った日本軍は漢城を撤退し、釜山方面に集結した。
- However, the Japanese army withdrew from Hansong due to their provisions running short, and concentrated their troops in Busan and the surrounding areas.
- 天武天皇は天智天皇よりもさらに中央集権制を進めていったのである。
- Emperor Tenmu proceeded with the centralized system more than Emperor Tenchi did.
- 訳:謀反を企て、仲間を集め、誓約を交わすようなことは禁止とする。
- Translation: We forbid activites such as forming rebellions, collecting comrades and making oaths.
- その後、集結して撤退できた連合軍の兵力は一万ほどであったという。
- There were only ten thousand military effectives, who were able to gather and retreat afterwards.
- この戸籍により、当時の日本の総人口は、3311万人と集計された。
- With this family register, the overall population of Japan at that time was totaled with 33.11 million people.
- これにより物語は「夫への一途で純粋な恋の思いへと集中」してゆく。
- In this manner the story 'focuses more and more on the devoted love for her husband.'
- 竹富島 842点(沖縄県 喜宝院蒐集館) 2007年3月7日登録
- Taketomi-jima Island: 842 itsms (Kihoin-shushukan, Okinawa Prefecture) registration date: March 7, 2007
- 従って、年料雑器として集められた陶器も国府直属の工房で製作された。
- Accordingly, earthenware prepared as nenryo zakki was also produced in craft centers under direct control of the kokufu (provincial offices).
- 民間においては、現在でも親しい仲などが集まり小規模で行われている。
- Among ordinary citizens, even now close associates gather to practice it on a small scale.
- その結果、初期の節用集は一番始めに出てくる項目が「伊勢」であった。
- As a result, the first entry in the early setsuyoshu was 'Ise' (Ise Province).
- 氏清は堺に兵を集めるとともに、紀伊守護の義理を訪ねて挙兵を説いた。
- As Ujikiyo gathered his army in Sakai, he visited Yoshimasa, who was a shugo of Kii, and he encouraged him to raise an army.
- 国一揆は山城の国一揆、伊賀惣国一揆、甲賀郡中惣など畿内に集中する。
- Kuni ikki such as Yamashiro no Kuni ikki, Iga so koku ikki and Koga gunchu so appeared mostly in the Kinai region (the provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
- 以上をまとめると日本側の交渉の基本姿勢は、以下の二点に集約される。
- Japan's basic attitude towards negotiations was based on a combination of these two points.
- また貴族 (中国)制社会において同一氏族集団に属することを示した。
- It also indicated within the aristocratic society that one belonged to the same family clan.
- 当時の織田家が鉄砲をどのくらい集めることができたかを考えてみたい。
- Let us consider how many teppo the Oda family could collect at the time.
- 吉野ヶ里遺跡の遺構からは、大規模な環濠集落の全貌が明らかにされた。
- The full picture of a large scale moat settlement was revealed from the remains at the Yoshinogari site.
- 近畿では早期の環濠集落はないが、前期前半では神戸市大開遺跡がある。
- In Kinki region, there is a moat settlement from the first half of the Early Yayoi period found at Daikai site in Kobe city, while none is known from the Initial Yayoi period.
- 広議所は、同年9月 (旧暦)(同年10月)には集議院に改組される。
- Kogisho was changed into Shugiin October, 1869.
- この頃、薩軍は各郷から新兵を募集し、新振武隊15個中隊を編成した。
- Around this time, the Satsuma army recruited from villages and organized 15 companies for the new Shinbu-tai troop.
- 花台廟と名づけた結衆の墓地を定め、春秋2回、集まって念仏会を修する。
- The members' tomb will be called Kadaibyo and members will gather for a Nenbutsu meeting twice a year in spring and autumn.
- 稙宗が定めた分国法『塵芥集』においても洞の概念を強く打ち出している。
- 'Jinkaishu,' a bunkokuho (a law individual Sengoku daimyo enforced in their own domains) established by Tanemune, stressed the notion of Utsuro.
- 金錯銘鉄剣にみえるヲワケは、杖刀人集団(トモ)を率いる伴造であった。
- Owake, which is seen on an iron sword with gold inscription, was the Tomonomiyatsuko who led a group of jotojin (guardsmen) (Tomo).
- 淳庵も加えて、翌日の3月5日から前野良沢邸に集まり、翻訳を開始した。
- From the next day, April 19, they gathered at the house of Ryotaku MAENO to start its translation, to whom Junan NAKAGAWA also jointed.
- 重範は天皇の呼び掛けに応じて集まった約二千五百人の総大将をつとめた。
- Shigenori fought as the leader of about 2,500 people whom the Emperor had called to action.
- 募集方法が変えられ、もはや士族出身者を積極採用することはなくなった。
- With the changed recruitment method, former shizoku were no longer preferentially employed.
- このような決めごとにより、観衆の耳目を自身の芸そのものに集中させる。
- By adhering to these rules the storyteller attracts the attention of the audience to his or her art of narration.
- 平重盛が200騎、平宗盛が130騎、平頼盛が150騎を率いて集まった。
- TAIRA no Shigemori commanded 200 horsemen, the TAIRA no Munemori commanded 130 horsemen, and TAIRA no Yorimori commanded 150 horsemen.
- 式目(しきもく)とは、中世日本で用いられた箇条書き形式の法令集のこと。
- Shikimoku was an itemized form of law code used in medieval Japan.
- 原本は南朝 (中国)宋 (南朝)の裴駰による『史記集解』を用いている。
- The original text was 'Shikishikkai' written by HAI in of Nan-Dynasty (Southern Dynasty) (China) in the era of Song.
- - 寺院が多く集まってできた町で、江戸時代の城下町やその周辺に多かった
- town formed with many temples, many of teramachi were in Jokamachi or in the vicinity of Jokamachi during the Edo period
- 姫路市立美術館に酒井抱一が描いた集外三十六歌仙の画帖が収蔵されている。
- The Himeji City Museum of Art houses an album by Hoitsu SAKAI depicting scenes from Shugai Sanjurokkasen.
- 続群書類従第十六輯に収められた堯智の『古今和歌集陰名作者次第』である。
- It is '古今和歌集陰名作者次第' by 堯智 compiled in the Volume of the Zoku Gunshoruiju (The Collection of Historical Sources, second series).
- 濠や土塁で囲まれるなど防御的性格を持ち、信者、商工業者などが集住した。
- They were characterized by the defense functions such as the surrounding moats and earthen walls for fortification, within which Buddhist devotees as well as merchants and traders lived together.
- 1485年、南山城の国人衆や農民らが宇治の平等院に集まり評定を持った。
- In 1485, local samurais and farmers in Minami-Yamashiro gathered in Byodoin Temple in Uji to conduct a conference.
- 収集的価値を重んじる場合、硬貨にこれらの処理を施すことは禁忌とされる。
- In terms of the value of the 10-yen coins from a collectors point of view, such treatment of these coins should be avoided at all costs.
- 自己もしくは、自己の属する多数派集団と異なるものに対する警戒感である。
- It originated from a sense of vigilance to those different from oneself or the majority groups to which one belonged.
- したがって宦官政治に批判的な人々は朱子学・陽明学問わず東林党に集った。
- Therefore, those who were critical of eunuchs' politics joined Dongling regardless of whether they were studying Shushigaku or Yomeigaku or not.
- 江戸時代の宗門人別改帳に代わり、皇族から平民までを戸を単位に集計した。
- Instead of Shumon-Ninbetsu-Aratame-Cho (The Village People Register of Religious Faith and Relationship) at the Edo period, it was calculated in units of doors from the imperial family to commoners.
- この頃、三好之長の専横に反発する畿内の勢力は細川高国の元に結集していた。
- During this time, the forces in kinai (the five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto) opposing the tyranny of Yukinaga MIYOSHI rallied behind Takakuni HOSOKAWA.
- 山間部の集落においては、平家の落人にまつわる伝承が残っていることが多い。
- In not a few communities in mountainous areas, episodes related to ochudo of the Taira family have been handed down for generations and still remain.
- 『明衡往来』に代表される実際に用いられる形式の書簡を無造作に集めたもの。
- The first group of koorai includes books with letters, which are in forms of practical use, collected without any particular purpose, such as 'Meigo Orai.'
- 城下町・陣屋町において、武士が居住する武家屋敷・侍屋敷が集まってできた町
- town inside the Jokamachi and Jinyamachi, formed with those samurai houses like bukeyashiki (samurai mansion) and samurai yashiki (samurai resident) gathered
- 集まった織田家家臣は柴田勝家、丹羽長秀、豊臣秀吉、池田恒興の4人だった。
- The four vassals of the Oda family, Katsuie SHIBATA, Nagahide NIWA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Tsuneoki IKEDA gathered to participate in the conference.
- 初期荘園は特に畿内に集中しており、全国に満遍なく拡がっていた訳ではない。
- Shoki shoens concentrated especially on the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) and did not spread evenly across Japan.
- また、嵯峨治世期には、各種法令の集大成である弘仁格式が編纂・施行された。
- During the reign of Emperor Saga, Konin kyakushiki code (amendments to penal and administrative law compiled in 820), which was the integration of various laws, was compiled and put into practice.
- 勘解由使により編纂・集成され、官吏交替の手続きは交替式に則して行われた。
- They were collected and compiled by Kageyushi, and the replacement procedure was conducted based on Kotaishiki.
- 下って江戸時代等に全国の諸身分集団を組織化した公家も本所と呼ばれている。
- Closer to our own times, during the Edo period for instance, a Court noble, included in organizations of groups of every walks of life throughout the country, were also called honjo.
- 新田軍は一族や周辺御家人を集めて兵を増やしつつ、利根川を越えて南進した。
- The Nitta army pushed southward across the Tonegawa River while increasing the number of soldiers by rallying the clan and neighboring gokenin.
- 701年(大宝 (日本)元年)に成立した大宝律令は、その集大成となった。
- The Taiho Code enacted in 701 was the integration of those codes.
- 後に「長岡屯集」と呼ばれるこの行動は、鎮派を牽制する程度の効果はあった。
- This action, which is later called 'Nagaoka tonshu,' had certain effect to warn against the conservatives.
- (古墳時代には同盟集団に配布したと思しき例が少なからずあるようである。)
- (In the Kofun period, there appeared to be not a few cases where alliance groups were given mirrors.)
- このため家中の不満は忠棟に集中し、家中を乱す「佞人」であるとも呼ばれた。
- Consequently, discontent within the Shimazu family was concentrated on Tadamune and he was called the 'flatterer, crafty person' who was disturbing the Shimazu family.
- 8月2日に高鍋を突破され敗退した薩軍は、美々津に集結し戦闘態勢を整えた。
- After having been broken through and seized Takanabe on August 2, the Satsuma army was concentrated in Mimitsu and made preparations for fights.
- 県内酒造場の醪・酛から収集された900余株の中から選抜された泡なし酵母。
- A non-foaming yeast selected from more than 900 strains collected from moromi and moto used in the breweries in the prefecture.
- 最高裁判所昭和44年12月24日大法廷判決(刑集23巻12号1625頁)。
- The Judgment of the Grand Bench by the Supreme Court of Japan (Keishu Vol. 23, No. 12, at 1625) dated on December 24, 1969.
- そこで玄宗は両派の儒学者を集めて論争を行わせたものの、決着が付かなかった。
- To remediate this problem, Genso brought together Confucian scholars of both schools and had them hold a debate, which ended with inconclusive results.
- しかし、この時代の兵力は、基本的に配下の農民をかき集めて武器を持たせる程度
- However, military power during this period was just for the purpose of gathering farmers under their control and make them hold onto weapons.
- 建武以来追加(けんむいらいついか)とは、室町幕府が制定した追加法の法令集。
- Kenmu Irai Tsuika refers to the supplementary law code established by Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- さらに壬申の乱に勝利した天武天皇は権力集中を徹底し、天皇の神格化を図った。
- Furthermore, Emperor Tenmu who won the Jinshin War concentrated power thoroughly and attempted to deify the Emperor.
- 大型地域集団の中には中国王朝と通交するものもあり中国から「国」と称された。
- Some of these large-sized communities established a relationship with the Chinese dynasty, and were called a nation by China.
- ヨーロッパ荘園制の特徴は、法的・経済的な権力が領主に集中していた点にある。
- Characteristically in shoens in Europe, the legal and economical power was concentrated on the lord.
- 又、密集隊形を採らずに各部隊を一列横隊(場合によっては二列)ごとに並べる。
- In addition, each troop was lined up in a row (two rows in some cases) instead of taking a densely packed formation.
- 新田軍は一族や周辺豪族を集めて兵を増やしつつ、利根川を越えて武蔵国へ進む。
- Increasing the number of soldiers by absorbing gozoku (local ruling families) around the area and Yoshisada's own relatives, his forces advanced for Musashi Province crossing over the Tone-gawa River.
- 先住民とは交流ができなかったらしく、12月17日に遭難者達は集落から逃走。
- The abductees apparently could not communicate with the aborigines, for they escaped from the village on December 17.
- 水稲農耕とともに大陸からもたらされた新しい集落の境界施設と考えられている。
- The use of moat is thought to have been introduced to Japan from the Chinese continent along with wet-rice cultivation, forming a new style of village boundary.
- なかでも被害が集中したのは丹後半島のつけ根にあたる約15kmの範囲である。
- The area of about 15km at the base of the Tango Peninsula was hit especially hard.
- 当時「横山」とは多摩丘陵を指し、『万葉集』に「多摩の横山」と詠われている。
- At that time, 'yokoyama' referred to the Tama Hills and in 'Manyoshu' (the oldest anthology of Japanese poetry) the hills are called 'yokoyama in Tama.'
- 集団化・組織化すると、船党、警固衆(けごしゅう)、海賊衆などの呼称もある。
- The grouped or organized suigun is called funato, kegoshu or kaizoku-shu (pirates).
- これにより、天皇を頂点とした、貴族・官僚による中央集権支配体制が完成した。
- As a result of the completion of the Taiho Code the centralization of the government system by aristocrats and bureaucrats with the Japanese emperor as the top was accomplished.
- そうした武士が戦闘目的の為の集団を組織したときそれを「武士団」と呼ぶとする。
- It was called 'bushidan' when such bushi grouped together for battle.
- - 海や河川の港の周囲に形成された町(漁業を営む小集落である漁村も含まれる)
- town formed around the whole area of a sea port or river port (including a fishing village which is a settlement with residents engaged in fishery)
- 離宮や御所の宝蔵には国内外の宝物が集められ、王権はさまざまな形で表現された。
- In detached palaces or the hozo (treasure house) of a palace, treasure was collected from in and outside of the country, and the imperial power was represented by various means.
- 倭国内の諸勢力は国制整備を進めることで一致し、権力集中化が急速に進み始めた。
- Various powers in Wa consented to the reformation of national systems, accelerating the speed of centralizing power.
- 「国中に五経の書及び仏経、白居易集七十巻があり、皆中国から得たものである。」
- The Five Classics texts of Confucianism, Buddhist scriptures, and seventy volumes of Juyi BAI's poems, all of which had been obtained from China, were possessed all over the country.'
- 中央集権化を推進していくうえで、この問題は是非とも克服してゆかねばならない。
- Upon the implementation of centralization, this problem had to be overcome at whatever cost.
- 名前は「細い川もたくさん集めれば海になる」という意味でつけられたと序にある。
- According to its preface, the book was titled in the meaning that 'collecting many narrow rivers results in the sea'.
- 一時は老中水野忠邦もこの集団に注目し、西洋対策に知恵を借りようと試みていた。
- Tadakuni MIZUNO, who took up a post as a Roju (member of shogun's council of elders), paid attentions to this group and attempted to pick their brains in order to take measures against the West.
- 中隊はいくつか集まって大隊を編成したが、大隊レベルの編成はしばしば変わった。
- Several troops were combined into one battalion, but the organization of battalion levels was often changed.
- 長門本「平家物語」巻8、無住の「雑談集」に見えるから鎌倉時代には流布していた。
- As it appears in volume eight of the Nagato Printing 'Heike Monogatari' and 'Zotanshu' written by Muju, this book was already in circulation in the Kamakura period.
- 禁令を受けたイエズス会宣教師たちは平戸に集結して、以後公然の布教活動を控えた。
- The missionaries of the Society of Jesus received the prohibition edict gathered in Hirado and withheld official mission activities after that.
- 環濠集落は稲作文化と同時に大陸から伝来し、列島東部へ波及したと考えられている。
- The moat settlement is thought to have introduced to Japan from the Chinese continent along with wet-rice cultivation, spreading eastward on the archipelago.
- 9月5日、東京日比谷公園でも講和条約反対を唱える民衆による決起集会が開かれた。
- On September 5, another rally took place by the people who called for abrogating the peace treaty in Hibiya Park in Tokyo.
- また、一進会の実態が「李容九や宋秉畯などの利権集団」であったとも記述している。
- Besides, it mentions that the real Isshinkai was 'an organization seeking for the interests of Lee Yong-gu, Song Byung-joon or others'.
- 法律としての効力を有する(最二昭和34年7月3日刑集13巻7号1075頁号)。
- The provisions were interpreted as a law in effect (Supreme Court Second Petty Bench Keishu Vol. 13, No. 7, p. 1075, 1959).
- キリスト教が伝来して信者を集め、鉄砲などの最新技術が瞬く間に全国へと普及した。
- Christianity was introduced, gathering devotees, and the newest technology, such as guns, spread around the country instantly.
- これら諸本が佐藤進一・池内義資編『中世法制史料集』第1巻で具に対校されている。
- Those transcription and published books were compared in Volume 1 of 'A Collection of the Historical Material on the History of Law System in Medieval Ages' compiled by Shinichi SATO and Yoshisuke IKEUCHI.
- 庶民レベルでは僧侶ら知識階級が庶民らの子どもを集めて基本的な読み書きを教えた。
- For common people, the intellectual class such as Buddhist monks gathered children of common people together, and taught them basic reading and writing.
- 農作業は、集落住民と守る会会員、棚田オーナー(113組・517人)が参加する。
- The villagers, members of Senmaida hozonkai and owners of Tanada (517 people in 113 groups) participate in agricultural tasks.
- ただし、その譲歩は大きなものではなく、全体的にみれば集権的な地方制度であった。
- However, the concession was not great, and all things considered, it was still a centralized local administration system.
- そのため、西郷らは相楽総三ら浪士を集めて江戸に騒擾を起こし、幕府側を挑発した。
- Then, Saigo assembled rochi including Sozo SAGARA, provoking the bakufu.
- 渡し守が、これで最終便だ今日は大念仏があるから人が沢山集まるといいながら登場。
- The ferryman appears on stage announcing the final ferry service and saying that many will be gathering today for the mass prayer.
- 更に1184年に京を制圧した頼朝方も「器量に堪えたる輩」を広範に招集・動員する。
- In addition, the side of Yoritomo that conquered Kyoto in 1184 extensively gathered and mobilized 'those with high abilities.'
- 『今昔物語集』巻19第4話「摂津守満仲出家せる語」の出だしは次のようにはじまる。
- The 'Story of Mitsunaka, who was the Settsu no kami (lord of Settsu Province) that underwent shukke (become a Buddhist monk)' of the Volume 19 Story 4 of 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' began like this.
- 検地帳(けんちちょう)とは、検地の結果を村単位で集計して取りまとめた帳簿のこと。
- 'Kenchi-cho' refers to the register compiled per village, in which the result of 'kenchi' (land survey) was added up.
- 例えば、意味で分類した用語集の『下学集』(文安元年(1444年)頃成立)がある。
- For example, 'Kagaku-shu' (published around 1444) was a glossary in which the words were classified according to their meanings.
- この頃制作された書道作品としては、『西本願寺本三十六人家集』(国宝)が知られる。
- 'Nishi-Honganji-bon Sanju-rokunin-kashu' (a national treasure) is famous as a masterpiece of calligraphy created around this time.
- 7世紀中ごろの大化の改新も権力集中化の動きの一つであり、一定の進展を見せている。
- The Taika Reforms in around the middle of the seventh century was such a move to strengthen powers, achieving a certain level of advancement.
- 強国に挟まれていた関係上、国人の一人毛利元就が集団の統率者となり戦国大名化した。
- Because they were wedged between great powers, one of the kokujin, Motonari MORI became the leader and changed to sengoku daimyo.
- こうした奇跡が起こったということから巡礼者が集まるようになったというものも多い。
- More pilgrims gathered in locations where miracles occurred.
- また大阪・神戸市周辺には中堅・零細の財閥が集中していた事から阪神財閥と総称する。
- Moreover, because small and medium-size zaibatsu are concentrated in the cities of Osaka and Kobe, these zaibatsu are said to be Hanshin Zaibatsu.
- 文永の役以前の使者の行動はかなり自由で、道中では色々な情報を集めることができた。
- Before Bunei no Eki, envoys were rather free and could gather various information during their trips.
- 日本側は少弐氏や大友氏をはじめ九州の御家人を中心として大宰府に集結しつつあった。
- In Japan, gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) were gathering in Dazai-fu, including the Shoni clan and Otomo clan, mainly those from Kyushu region.
- 将軍から直接の命令を受けて隠密に情報収集を行うなど、将軍直属の間諜の任を務めた。
- The oniwaban were the secret agents under the direct command of the shogun and accomplished the missions including intelligence collection.
- このため、権力の集中した東條に対して「東條幕府」という陰口がきかれるようになる。
- As the authority was gathered to TOJO, he was backbitten as 'TOJO Bakufu.'
- ただし、現在、古銭収集目的で取引されている和銅銭には贋作が多いので注意を要する。
- A large number of Wado-sen Coins traded now for ancient coin collections are counterfeit; therefore, cautions have to be taken.
- また、周辺の集落数百戸も同時に埋没の被害に遭い、多くの犠牲者を出すこととなった。
- The landslides also damaged several hundred homes in the neighboring villages, and many people became its victims.
- 留守中の大名領地に太閤検地が行われ、豊臣政権の統治力と官僚的な集団が強化された。
- Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's nationwide land survey) was conducted for territories of daimyo who were absent and the governing power and bureaucratic group of the Toyotomi government were strengthened.
- 朝鮮人は反撃のために約700人を集結させ、京都駅前で的屋・博徒と大乱闘になった。
- To retaliate, Koreans gathered about 700 people and a major clash erupted including the vendors and the gamblers in front of Kyoto station.
- 中央集権を進めるには各地に未だ残る大名領(藩)の存在をどうするかが問題であった。
- In order to establish a centralized administrative system, however, there still remained the problem surrounding the existence of daimyo (domains) territory throughout the nation.
- 午後にはこれら知藩事に加え在京中である56藩の知藩事が召集され、詔書が下された。
- In the afternoon, chihanji of 56 domains, in addition to the above chihanji, who were in Tokyo were called and given the Imperial edict.
- 紀伊の地侍は連合して根来衆・雑賀衆などの集団を形成し、宗教を盾に地域自治を行った。
- Jizamurai (local samurai) in Kii formed groups such as Negoroshu and Saigashu and carried out regional autonomy under the cover of religion.
- 農耕社会の発展とともに地域集団は大型化していき、その中心部には環濠集落が営まれた。
- Corresponding to the advancement of an agriculture-based society, the sizes of the local communities had become larger, being surrounded-by-moat type settlements at their centers
- 天理図書館報「ビブリア」 NO.57 昭和49年6月に全文が掲載され注目を集めた。
- The record became known when the full text appeared in bulletin No.57 of the Tenri Central Library, 'Biblia' in June 1974.
- 当時、ヤマト政権内において特定の職務を担当する同族集団、すなわち氏が存在していた。
- At that time, there were uji, or clan-based groups that were in charge of specific tasks under the Yamato administration.
- そして、性行為自体の技を遊芸の域に高め、その専門家集団としての遊女が確立していく。
- Then they heightened a sexual act itself to the art of amusement, and yujo, as a professional group of prostitutes, was established.
- その後古墳時代にはヤマト王権に仕える技術者集団として朝鮮半島からも人々が渡来した。
- Later in the Kofun period, people from the Korean Peninsula also entered Japan serving the Yamato Court as a group of art.
- この論文はそのタイトルのため最も注目を集め、民法典論争の象徴ともいえる論文である。
- This thesis is the one that attracted the most attention because of the title, and may be said to symbolize the disputes over the Civil Code.
- 慶長4年(1599年)3月9日、伏見島津邸に於いて島津忠恒が伊集院忠棟を斬殺した。
- On April 4, 1599, Tadamune IJUIN was killed by Tadatsune SHIMAZU's sword at the Fushimi Shimazu residence.
- 伊集院忠棟は、島津義久の筆頭家老であり、島津氏の九州制覇のため活躍した功臣である。
- Tadamune IJUIN was Yoshihisa SHIMAZU's chief vassal and an important follower who worked for the Shimazu clan in the conquest of Kyushu.
- 元親は兵力増強の為、十五歳以上から六十歳までの領民の中で戦に参戦できる者を集めた。
- Motochika collected people aged from 15 to 60, who could participate in the war to raise his troop strength.
- 律令制(りつりょうせい)は、主に古代東アジアで見られた中央集権的な統治制度である。
- The Ritsuryo system is the Japanese term for the system of centralized government seen mainly in ancient East Asia.
- この時、桐野・篠原・村田・別府らが率いる薩軍主力は大窪(熊本市北)に集結中だった。
- At this moment, the main force of the Satsuma army led by KIRINO, SHINOHARA, MURATA, and BEPPU was assembling in Okubo (north of Kumamoto City.)
- 毎年、正月11日からの三夜、公卿が清涼殿の御前に集まり、任命の審議、評定を行った。
- Kugyo (the top court officials) gathered in front of Seiryoden (Literally 'Limpid Cool Hall,' an imperial summer palace) to deliberate and assess the appointment for three nights from February 28 (January 11 in old lunar calender) every year.
- その一方で新しい儀式の増加に対応するためにそれらの規定を集成・整備する動きも現れた。
- However, to cope with increasing new rules and customs, a method of codifying and improving the prescription of the rules and customs was developed.
- 「屯」は集まるという意味で、100具も200具も並べ立てることによる名であるという。
- Ton' means to gather and might indicate 100 or 200 pieces.
- 家臣団(かしんだん)とは、征夷大将軍や大名など武家に仕える家臣層・家臣の集団である。
- The term Kashindan refers to the group of vassals serving samurai families, such as the family of the Seii Taishogun (literally, a general who subsides barbarians) or a daimyo (Japanese territorial lord).
- これは中世社会が(今日的な視点で見れば)極めて非中央集権的な社会となる要因となった。
- This made medieval society extremely decentralized (from today's point of view).
- 『大鏡』のあとを受けた伝記・逸話集の『今鏡』は嘉応2年(1170年)成立とみられる。
- 'Imakagami' (The Mirror of the Present), collection of biography and anecdotes, completed after 'Okagami,' is regarded completed in 1170.
- 保安 (元号)年間(1120年-1125年)に藤原基俊が『新撰朗詠集』を著している。
- During the Hoan era (1120-1125), FUJIWARA no Mototoshi wrote 'Shinsen Roei Shu' (New Selection of Sung Poems).
- しかし豪族層の抵抗も根強く、権力集中化はその後も企図されたが、その動きは伸び悩んだ。
- However, powerful families were still strongly resistant, and the move to concentrate powers was stagnant, though attempted later as well.
- 良房は、政治権力の集中化も進めていき、そうした中で応天門の変(866年)が発生した。
- Yoshifusa promoted the concentration of political power, when the Otemon Incident happened (866).
- また荘園公領制の進展に伴って各地の荘園を集積するなど、経済的な支配力も強めていった。
- He also put shoen in many places under his control with the development of shoen koryo sei.
- 兵農分離による家臣の城下への集住は、楽市楽座とともに、城下町発展の大きな要因となる。
- Having their vassals move and live around the castles became a big factor for the castles to develop besides rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds).
- (なお、『今昔物語集』や『人国記』には伊勢人は親をも騙して財物を奪うと記載される。)
- (Meanwhile, there are descriptions in 'Konjaku Monogatari shu' [a collection of anecdotes] and 'Jinkokki' [a book in which geography, customs humanity of each province are written] that people who came from Ise Province plunder property even if they cheat their parents.)
- ただし、宗氏による通交権の集中は三浦の乱以前から行われていた可能性も指摘されている。
- However, it is also pointed out that the concentration of the trading rights in the So clan had possibly existed even before the Sanpo War.
- 渡来は一時期に集中して起こった訳ではなく、幾つかの移入の波があったと考えられている。
- Torai (that people came from abroad) did not happen at a time, but there were supposedly some waves of immigration to Japan.
- 明治5年(1872年)、文部省主導の下で江戸時代の暦師(弘暦者)を集めて組織された。
- In 1872 the Meiji government gathered the calendar distributors in the Edo period to form the exclusive organization under the leadership of the Ministry of Education.
- 試行錯誤しながら、律令国家・天皇中心の専制国家・中央集権国家を目指した時代であった。
- It was an age which aimed, through trial and error, to create ritsuryo kokka (a nation centrally governed in accordance with Chinese-based legal codes), an autocratic nation centered around the emperor and centralized authority.
- 4月2日、官軍は木留をも占領し、薩軍は辺田野に後退し、辺田野・木留の集落は炎上した。
- On April 2, the government army also occupied Kitome, then, the Satsuma army retreated to Hetano and villages in Hetano and Kitome were burnt down.
- 壬申戸籍では、皇族、華族、士族、卒族、郷士、旧神官、僧、尼、平民等を別個に集計した。
- Imperial family, the peerage, warrior class, sotsuzoku (low-ranking samurai), goshi (country samurai), former Shinto priests, Buddhist priests, nuns, commoners were separately added up in the Jinshin-koseki.
- また、江戸幕府の国別人口調査と異なり、全国一律の基準で集計した点でも画期的であった。
- Moreover, unlike population surveys by country conducted by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) it was innovative, adding up on the uniform standard throughout the country.
- 寛永期頃から江戸に現れる旗本奴・町奴といった無頼集団も、かぶき者の一類型と見られる。
- Groups of ruffians called hatamoto-yakko and machi-yakko, appearing in the city of Edo from around the Kanei era, were supposedly types of Kabuki-mono.
- 日本において中世から近世の時代に、農村部などで商品生産の発展に伴って発生した町・集落。
- It was a town or settlement developed as commodity production grew in rural communities such as a farming village from the Medieval period to early Modern period in Japan.
- 史館員も増員し、遠隔地へ派遣して史料収集を行い、特に南朝関係の史料を広く収集している。
- He increased the number of staff and dispatched them to distant places to collect historical materials, especially materials about the Nancho court.
- こうして、親王将軍の下で専制を強めていった北条氏は、権力を北条宗家へ集中させていった。
- It was due to this that the Hojo clan which had come to strengthen its autocratic rule under Imperial Prince shogun conferred most of its power the power on Muneie HOJO.
- 交替式(こうたいしき)は、日本の律令官吏が交替する際の事務引継ぎに関する法規集である。
- Kotaishiki indicates the laws concerns the replacement of a government officer with a new officer under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan, matters necessary for continuing the duties of the office and how they should be handed over to the successor.
- 担保物件は貸与側の所有へと移転(質流れ)することとなり、富の集中・蓄積が進んでいった。
- Therefore, the collateral passed to the lenders, with the result that the concentration and accumulation of wealth advanced.
- 堺は摂津国の堺荘と和泉国の堺南荘に分かれていたが、会合衆が集まる会所それぞれにあった。
- Sakai was divided into the Sakaisho region of Settsu Province and the Sakaiminamisho region of Izumi Province, and there were meeting places for Egoshu members in both regions.
- 実際には、情報収集の命令を受けた御庭番は、出発前に一度自宅に戻って綿密に準備していた。
- In reality, they went back home once and prepared well for the trip prior to their departure when they received a mission of intelligence collection.
- 27日には、野党の国会議員や新聞記者、学者らが集まって護憲運動の地方への拡大を決めた。
- On the other hand, the Diet members of the opposition parties, journalists, scholars and others had a rally on December 27 and decided to extend the campaign for defending the constitution to other provinces.
- 豊臣政権は、前政権の織田政権と同じく、君主である秀吉に権力が集中する形態を取っている。
- Like the former government, the Oda government, the Toyotomi government was organized so that Hideyoshi, the monarch, held all of the power by himself.
- 10月21日から輸送が開始され、11月に大連に集結、乃木希典の指揮する第三軍に属した。
- When transportation began on October 21, the Seventh Division gathered in Tairen and belonged to the Third Army under the command of Maresuke NOGI.
- 実のところ募集当局に平民を拒む意思はなかったので、ここから問題が起きることはなかった。
- In fact, these adoptions caused no problems because the recruitment authorities had no intention to reject commoners.
- 開拓使による最初の移民政策は、政府募集の移民を送り込んで定住させるというものであった。
- The first immigration policy the Development Commission took was to send immigrants recruited by the government to Hokkaido and made them settled.
- 行政官に必要とされた基礎的な数学知識を「田・兵・集・倉・金」の5つの章立てで解説した書。
- The document explained the basic mathematical knowledge deemed necessary for government officials in five chapters: 'Den, Hyo, Shu, So and Kin.'
- ただ、これはあくまでも逸文蒐集によって得られた結果であるため、正確なところは明瞭でない。
- The title and its rendering in Chinese characters of the document varies greatly, including; 'Rihooki' (李部王記), 'Rihoki' (吏部記), 'Rihoki' (李部記), 'Shigeakira Shinnoki' (重明親王記), 'Shigeakiraki' (重明記), and 'Juki' (重記).
- 古くからのあらゆる書を引用し、55部門に分類編集した千巻におよぶ一種の大百科全書である。
- Various books from the past were quoted, and compiled in 55 categories; a kind of encyclopedia constituting almost 1,000 books.
- 和漢朗詠集においても、古い写本は「我が君」となっているが、後世の版本は「君が代」が多い。
- Even with respect to Wakanroeishu, it is written as 'wagakimi' in old manuscripts, but, in printed books of the later age, it is written as 'kimigayo' in many books.
- しかし、他地域と同様の人口増加によって、過剰耕作や灌漑による塩類集積などが発生している。
- However, as in other areas, an increase in the population of these areas has caused excessive farming and the accumulation of salt due to irrigation.
- これらは渡来系集団や屯倉の田部などの造籍であり、すべての人民の律令制の戸籍制とは異なる。
- These were new family registers for groups of toraijin or tabe in miyake (Imperial-controlled territory), and different from the family registration system for all the people based on the ritsuryo system.
- また万葉集によれば、同じ赤兄の外孫である穂積親王も但馬皇女との密通が露見して左遷された。
- According to 'Manyoshu' (the oldest anthology of tanka), Imperial Prince Hozumi, a sotomago of Akae, was accused of adultery with Tajima no Himemiko and demoted.
- 大宝律令の原文は現存しておらず、一部が逸文として、令集解古記などの他文献に残存している。
- The original of Taiho Ritsuryo does not exist now, but partly remains in other literature such as Ryono Shuge koki (ancient records compiled personal opinion of each clan which were comments on Yoro-ryo, Yoro Code) as itsubun (a composition previously existed but doesn't exist now).
- 紀州藩でも奥向きの警備を表向きの職務とし、藩主の命を受けて情報収集を行っていたとされる。
- In the Kishu domain, the kusurigomeyaku officially worked as security guard of the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside,) but also conducted intelligence-gathering activities under the direct command of the lord like the oniwaban.
- 優れた射手を養成すると共に鉄砲を有効的に用いた戦術を考案して優れた軍事集団へと成長する。
- Saikashu grew as an eminent military force by producing skilled shooters and designing tactics which made use of guns most efficiently.
- 院近臣(いんのきんしん、院の近臣)とは、院政を行う治天の君の側近及びその集団の事を指す。
- In no Kinshin refers to the close associates or the group of close associates of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) who carried out Insei (rule by the retired emperor.)
- のちに明の冊封を受け明にならい朱子学を国教とし科挙を実施、官僚制中央集権国家を形成する。
- In later years, the Dynasty, after having its vassal system with the Ming dynasty, adopted the doctrines of Zhu Xi; Neo-Confucianism as its state religion following Ming and conducted Kakyo/Keju (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) to form its bureaucratic centralized government.
- 平安時代初期に編集された『和名抄』に、大和国城下郡に大和郷(於保夜末止)が記されている。
- 'Wamyosho', a dictionary compiled in the early Heian period, describes Yamato-mura (also called Ohoyamato) located in Shikino-shimono-kori in Yamato Province.
- 源五兵衛から三五郎が百両を巻き上げるのを手助けした者たちが内びん虎蔵の家に集まっている。
- The people who helped Sangoro to cheat Gegobe of 100 ryo is gathering at Naibin Torazo's house.
- 18世紀後半になると、上方では雑俳や仮名草子に関わる人々が「咄(はなし)」を集め始めた。
- In the latter half of the eighteenth century, hanashi (comic stories) began to be collected in Kamigata by people who wrote zappai (a lighthearted form of literature which originated from haiku, a Japanese poem in seventeen syllables having a 5-7-5 syllabic form) and kana zoshi, a story book written in kana characters.
- 特に著名な収集家として、レコード(SP)蒐集では 八代目都家歌六と岡田則夫が挙げられる。
- The eighth Utaroku MIYAKOYA and Norio OKADA are well-known collectors of SP records.
- 分家が広がり、それぞれの地の開拓を行い、それぞれが郎党を養い、事が起きれば一族が結集する。
- The branch family spread to cultivate their own estate, raised retainers, and the clan gathered when an incident happened.
- 封建領主側は検地帳に記された村の石高の集計(村高)を元にして年貢・諸役を賦課した(村請)。
- Based on 'muradaka' (the total yield of a village) written on kenchi-cho, the feudal lord imposed 'nengu' (land tax) and 'shoyaku' (miscellaneous taxes other than nengu) on villagers as a whole, which was called 'murauke' (the village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment).
- 特に江戸時代後期の挿絵・付録の増加した節用集の影響で、「節用集」という語が一般名詞化した。
- It was especially owing to the setsuyoshu during the late Edo period which contained more abundant illustrations and appendixes that the word 'setsuyoshu' became a common noun.
- 作曲は『小学唱歌集 初編』には「英国古代の大家ウェブの古歌」と記されているが、詳細は不明。
- With respect to composition, it is written in 'Shogaku Shokashu Shohen' as 'an old song by Webb, who was a virtuoso in ancient Great Britain.
- 頼朝は、当初国衙の主として朝廷公家に追い使われていた東国武士集団反乱の旗手として登場する。
- Yoritomo appeared as a flagman in revolts by samurai groups in the eastern countries, who originally served as court nobles of the Imperial Court as lords of kokuga.
- 「えみし」は朝廷側からの他称であり、蝦夷側の民族集団としての自覚の有無に触れた史料はない。
- 'Emishi' is an appellation that was used by the Imperial Court, but there are no recorded documents mentioning their awareness of the presence or absence of an ethnic group as 'Emishi.'
- 幕府においては、年始及び征夷大将軍就任時に初めて評定衆を集めて開く評定の際に行われていた。
- Hyojohajime of the bakufu was conducted at the New Year and at the first consultation that convened hyojoshu (the members of the Council of State) after a seii taishogun (lieterally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') assumed the post.
- だが、室町期以前のような家来達が所領に在住する地方領主制では、召集するのに時間が掛かった。
- However, in the system in the Muromachi period or before where the retainers lived in their territory, it took a long time for daimyo to call out their retainers.
- 一方、家臣を城下に集中させれば、それ以外の者が武力をもつことは安定した支配への脅威となる。
- On the other hand, if the lords gathered their vassals and had them live around the castles, the citizens' armament besides their soldiers would be a threat to the lords.
- 家門は通例、遠い過去にさかのぼる系譜と歴史を持ち、明確な血統意識を持った男系の集団である。
- A kamon (family) is usually a male group that has a pedigree record and history dating to a distant past and is clearly conscious of its bloodline.
- 敦煌市から河西回廊での砂塵嵐の日数を調べた統計では、春の3ヶ月間に年間の5割弱が集中する。
- According to statistical data about the number of days when a sandstorm was generated in the area from Dunhuang City to Hexi Corridor, slightly less than 50 percent of the occurrences were concentrated in the three months of spring.
- この反乱には、伊集院氏名義の使船の乗組員が出港を遅延させ、乱の勃発を待ち受け参加している。
- The crew of the ship for an envoy of the Ijuin clan postponed their departure, and they waited for the rebellion to begin in order to participate in the war.
- 同じく養老令の注釈書である『令集解』(惟宗直本の私撰)と違って、こちらには法的効力がある。
- Unlike 'Ryo-no-shuge' (KOREMUNE no Naomoto' s personal collection), which is also a commentary on the Ryo, it had legal binding force.
- しかし、2世紀後半から3世紀初頭には、弥生時代の集落を特徴付ける環濠が各地で消滅していく。
- Between the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century, however, this distinctive Yayoi period style of moat settlement started to disappear from many regions.
- しかし制度として整備された関東の弾左衛門による組織的な集中支配下に置かれた関係とは異なる。
- However, it differed from the relation that Hinin remained under organizational control by Danzaemon in Kanto region where was maintained as the system.
- 初めのうち古墳からの出土に限られるが、普及が進んだ後期になると西日本で集落からも出土した。
- Early Sueki is unearthed only from tumuli, but later one can also be found in the remains of a village of western Japan since it was widely used.
- 大同団結運動分裂後の事態に対応して、板垣退助たちが旧自由党員を愛国公党へ結集しようとした。
- In response to the situation after the split of Great Merger Movement, Taisuke ITAGAKI and others tried to invite the members of the former Liberal Party to the Aikokukoto Party.
- 義久は秀長の軍勢に備えるために薩摩国・大隅国などの軍勢の大半を日向都於郡城に結集していた。
- Yoshihisa had gathered most of the troops from Satsuma and Osumi Provinces in Tonokori-jo Castle in Hyuga to prepare for Hidenaga's army.
- そのため、桐野の命で淵辺群平・別府晋介・辺見らが鹿児島に戻って新たな兵力の徴集にあたった。
- Therefore, according to Kirino's order, Gunpei FUCHIBE, Shinsuke BEPPU, and HENMI returned to Kagoshima and recruited new soldiers.
- 遊女達は全国から集められており、訛りを隠すために「~ありんす」など独特の言葉を使っていた。
- Courtesans in the pleasure quarter were brought from all over the country and they used a special language (such as '-arinsu' used at the end of a sentence) to mask their original accent.
- また武士を招集しながら派遣しなかったことは「有れども亡きがごとき沙汰」と厳しく批判している。
- Moreover, he criticized 'although there are, it is same as nothing' for not sending samurai who had been summoned.
- ために空海は、本書に関しては飽くまで「著者」ではなく、編集人の位置に止まっているといえよう。
- That is why Kukai cannot be the 'author' of this literature, but served in the position of editor.
- そして、貞治4年(1365年)には義種を侍所に推し、幕府中枢の要職を一族で集中させていった。
- Finally, he recommended Yoshitane to the post of samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) in 1365 and his family monopolized the important posts of the bakufu.
- 鎌倉時代後期成立した無住編纂の『沙石集』巻八「歯取ラルヽ事」にも、「会所」の語が確認できる。
- The word, 'Kaisho' could be confirmed within 'the thing about pulling out a tooth' in the eighth volume of 'Shasekishu' (Rasekishu) (Collection of Buddhist stories) edited by Mujo during the latter part of the Kamakura period.
- そこから左右に中庭(「朝庭」という)を挟むようにして朝堂が並び、南に東西朝集殿が建っていた。
- The courtyard (called 'chotei') down from the daigokuden was lined with the chodo on its both sides, and on its south end were the east choshuden and the west choshuden.
- 毛利軍も毛利元就、小早川正平、益田藤兼ら安芸国・周防国・石見国の国人衆を集めて出雲へ赴いた。
- For the Mori army, Motonari MORI, Masahira KOBAYAKAWA, and Fujikane MASUDA departed for Izumo Province recruiting local samurai from Aki, Suo, and Iwami Provinces.
- 内蒙古自治区赤峰市にある興隆窪遺跡から、約8200~7400年前の環濠集落が見つかっている。
- At the Xinglongwa site located in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, remains of an approximately 7,400 to 8,200 years old moat settlement were discovered.
- 棚田の維持・管理は丸山集落住民による千枚田保存会と財団法人紀和町ふるさと公社が関わっている。
- Senmaida hozonkai organized by the residents of Maruyama Village and Kiwa Furusato Kosha are engaged in maintenance and management of Tanada.
- しかし、九州帝国大学医学部教授の中山平次郎が、万葉集の記述などを検討し福岡城址説を提唱した。
- But Heijiro NAKAYAMA, the professor of the Medical Department of Kyushu Imperial University, advocated an opiion that the construction site of Korokan was the ruins of Fukuokajo Castle after examining records including Manyoshu.
- 幕府方の動員した兵力は約20万に上り、この大軍が大坂に集結したため少なからず混乱が起こった。
- The mass of large forces of bakufu soldiers in Osaka reaching about 200,000 in number brought forth not a few confusions.
- これを受け、10月13日、慶喜は京都・二条城に上洛中の40藩の重臣を招集し、大政奉還を諮問。
- On receiving this, Yoshinobu summoned 40 senior vassals during their visit to Kyoto at the Nijo-jo Castle and made an inquiry about Taisei Hokan on November 8.
- 以後、ここで集められた作品、あるいはそれ以後の民間歌謡を「楽府」(がふ)と呼ぶようになった。
- From then on the works collected in this bureau and the later folk kayo came to be called 'Gafu' (yuefu in Chinese) folksongs.
- 女たちは「石川やせみの小川の清ければ」と、新古今集にある鴨長明の和歌をひき、やがて舞になる。
- The women quote a waka (Japanese traditional poem of thirty one syllables) by KAMO no Chomei in Shin Kokinshu (Japanese literary anthology) 'ishikawaya semi no ogawa no kiyokereba (if the stream in Semi is clear)' and then they start to dance.
- 格式(きゃくしき)とは、律令の補完の為に出された法令あるいはそれらを纏めた法令集の事を指す。
- Kyakushiki refers to laws and ordinances which were passed in complement to the Ritsuryo codes, or law codes which were the collections of those codes.
- 1930年(昭和5年)、百穂は『日本洋画曙光』という大型版画集のなかで秋田蘭画を紹介している。
- In 1930, Hyakusui introduced Akita Ranga with a large paper edition of an art collection book called 'Nihon Yoga Shoko' (The Dawn of Japanese and Western Paintings).
- 保元元年(1156年)閏9月の「保元新制」はその集大成で、寺社の濫行禁止と荘園の規制を謳った。
- The 'Hogen shinsei' (new law issued in the Hogen period) of October, 1156 was the compilation, which prohibited violent-conduct of temples and shrines and regulated shoen (manor in medieval Japan).
- 節会(せちえ)とは、日本の宮廷で節句(祝の日)などに天皇のもとに群臣を集めて行われた公式行事。
- The term 'Sechi-e' means official events held at the Japanese Imperial Court on the day of Sekku (seasonal festivals) etc. with the attendance of the Emperor and a large number of his subjects.
- その中で次第に家臣団が支配下の領主群から、大名家の奉公集団への性格を強めることになっていった。
- Under these circumstances, the nature of Kashindan changed from a group of ryoshu (feudal lords) to a group of employees serving a daimyo family.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、畿内においても商業の活発化により馬借と呼ばれる輸送集団が現れるようになった。
- As it became the Kamakura period, increased commercial activity caused the emergence of transportation groups called bashaku in Kinai (Kinki region) as well.
- 院宮王臣家は下級官人を家人化し,有力農民を保護することで、これらの私有地の集積を進めていった。
- Under these circumstances, the Engu oshinke accumulated these privately-owned lands by protecting influential peasants and turning lower-ranking government officials into their own subordinates.
- 『今昔物語集』は12世紀初頭の成立といわれるが、呼ばれ方は「兵(つわもの)」「豪の者」である。
- The 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have been written in the early twelfth century, but it was called 'Tsuwamono' (written as 兵) or 'rich person.'
- 武家屋敷が建ち並び、また陣屋に関わる武士等を相手に商売を営む商工業者が集まり発展した町である。
- Jinyamachi developed into a town as a number of bukeyashiki (samurai mansions) stand and those engaged in commerce and industry gathered there to trade with samurai and others who were working at the jinya.
- 6世紀末、400年ぶりに中国を統一した隋の登場は、東アジア諸国の政治権力の集中化をもたらした。
- Towards the end of the sixth century, the Sui Dynasty unified China in 400 years, centralizing political powers in east Asian nations.
- そして、朝廷や国衙は必要に応じて武士の家に属する者を召集して紛争の収拾などに当たったのである。
- And the Imperial Court or kokuga called up the people who belonged to a bushi family and made them cope with disputes and so on, if necessary.
- 議定の始まる前に宗盛・時忠・藤原隆季・藤原邦綱が集まり、高倉上皇の御前で「内議」を行っている。
- But before the public meeting started, Munemori, Tokitada, FUJIWARA no Takasue, and FUJIWARA no Kunitsuna had gathered and met for a private conference with retired emperor Takakura.
- 当時、民衆の間に今様という歌謡が流行し、後白河上皇により今様を集成した『梁塵秘抄』が編まれた。
- Songs and ballads called imayo were popular among ordinary people and 'Ryojin hisho' (folk song collection) was compiled under the order of retired Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 明治政府の中央集権化など改革を行うに際しての財源確保のため、禄制改革が課題の1つとなっていた。
- The Meiji government had to proceed a reform of the stipend system so as to secure enough finances for other reforms such as centralization of power.
- それは、特定のわずかな人たちの埋葬法であり、同時代の集団構成員の墓と著しく隔絶したものである。
- A kofun was burial method for a few specific people and differ greatly from graves of other constituent member-groups at that time.
- 実戦での最初の使用は、薩摩国の島津氏家臣の伊集院忠朗による大隅国の加治木城攻めであるとされる。
- It is said that the first use of guns in battle was seen in the attack on Kajiki-jo Castle in Osumi Province by Tadaaki IJUIN, a vassal of the Shimazu clan from Satsuma Province.
- 平安時代後期には源信_(僧侶)(恵心僧都)の『往生要集』などの影響で浄土教信仰が盛んとなった。
- In the later Heian period, Priest Genshin (also called Eshin Sozu) wrote 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation), and this helped the spread of the faith in Jodo Sect (the Pure Land Sect of Buddhism).
- 天平8年(736年)に新羅へ派遣される遣新羅使が筑紫館で詠んだ歌が『万葉集』に収録されている。
- 'Manyoshu' includes a poem composed at Tsukushi-no-murotsumi by a Japanese envoy dispatched to the Shilla Kingdom in 736.
- これに対し、高野山側は領内の僧兵や地侍に諸国の浪人を加え、合計三万六千余の軍勢を集めたとする。
- On the other hand, the Koyasan side gathered more than 36,000 troops in total with armed priests and jizamurai in the territory and ronin (masterless samurai).
- この頃、京都へ尊王攘夷派の志士が集い、「天誅」と称して反対派を暗殺するなど、治安が極端に悪化。
- During this period, public order in Kyoto deteriorated because groups of people who advocated Sonno Joi ha gathered there from across the country and assassinated members of the opposition, insisting that it was a punishment from heaven.
- 「内裏に集まって幼主を驚かせ奉るのは不当であり、院御所に来れば要求を聞く」と再三に渡って伝える。
- The message was conveyed and repeated: 'It is unfair to gather at the dairi to frighten a young sovereign; Goshirakawa will listen to the claim if you come to In-no-gosho (the retired Emperor's court).'
- 十世紀始めの「延喜式」には全国の牧が定められているが、牧は信濃国、上野国、武蔵国に集中している。
- The 'Engishiki' (an ancient book of codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) during the early tenth century designated maki around Japan, but maki was concentrated around Shinano, Kozuke, and Musashi provinces.
- 節用集(せつようしゅう)は、室町時代から昭和初期にかけて出版された日本の用字集・国語辞典の一種。
- Setsuyoshu is a series of Yojishu (a collection of useful characters) or Japanese-language dictionary published from the Muromachi period to the early Showa period.
- 秦の始皇帝は中国を統一すると全国全てを郡と県に分け、中国全土を完全な中央集権的郡県制で支配した。
- After unifying China, Shikotei, the first Qin Emperor, divided the state into gun and ken, and ruled the whole state with the completely centralized system of gun and ken.
- 家門(かもん、独Geschlecht)とは歴史学における男子直系を根幹とした血縁集団を指す用語。
- A kamon (family) (in German, Geschlecht) refers to a kinship group based on the male direct line in historical science.
- 律令国家体制は、中央集権的な政治機構に立脚し、個別人身支配を人民支配・租税収取の原則としていた。
- Based on the centralized political structure, Ritsuryo system's basic philosophy for ruling people/collecting tax was the people-based governance.
- この集落は、長軸183メートル、短軸166メートルの平面形が楕円形に巡る溝によって囲まれている。
- Here a village occupying a rectangular ground area of 183 m (long-side) by 166 m (short-side) was surrounded by an oval moat.
- 但し、北米の日系人は韓国系や中国系などと比べると、民族街に集結したり、相互扶助を行う事が少ない。
- However, Japanese in North America do not often gather in their ethnic towns or support each other, compared to Korean and Chinese immigrants.
- 1895年には神宮司庁に引き継がれるが、皇典講究所のメンバーが引き続き編集委員を担当したという。
- The project was then moved to the Jingu Shicho in 1895, and the members of the Koten Kenkyusho continuously took the charge of the members of the editorial board.
- 他に秩父郡各村小隊長・兵糧方・軍用金集方・弾薬方・銃砲隊長・小荷駄方・伝令使などの役割があった。
- Others included roles such as an element leader in each village in Chichibu County, persons in charge of army provisions, war funds collecting, ammunition, a leader of gunnery troop, provision transporters, messengers and so on.
- なお、唐招提寺の講堂(国宝)は平城宮朝堂院にあった建物の一つである東朝集殿を移築したものである。
- The Kodo Hall of Toshodai-ji Temple (a National Treasure) is the Higashi Choshuden (government workers' building), one of the relocated buildings from Chodo-in in Heijo-kyu Palace.
- 銀座移転前のこの地は染物屋が多く集居していたが、西洞院通蛸薬師通付近に替地を与えられ立ち退いた。
- Before the ginza was set up, the area had a high concentration of cloth-dyeing shops, which moved to replacement land granted near Nishinotoin-dori and Takoyakushi-dori streets.
- 白村江に集結した1000隻余りの倭船の中で400隻余りが炎上し、筑紫薩夜麻が唐軍の捕虜になった。
- Out of the 1000 Wakoku ships that were gathered in Hakusonko, approximately 400 were burnt down and Chikushi no Kimi Sachiyama was taken as hostage by the Tang forces.
- 中国最古の詩集である『詩経』はもともと歌謡であり、音楽・舞踊をともなっていたことが知られている。
- The poems in 'Shijing', the oldest Chinese poetry book, were originally kayo, and it is known that they were accompanied with music and dance.
- 日本の歌謡は、『古事記』『日本書紀』『風土記』や『万葉集』に所載されたものから見ることができる。
- Japanese kayo are seen among the works in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), 'Fudoki' (records of the culture and geography of provinces of Japan) and 'Manyoshu' (the oldest anthology of tanka).
- 江戸時代の妖怪画集として知られる鳥山石燕の『今昔画図続百鬼』や『絵本百物語』にも取り上げられた。
- It was also featured in a well-known collection of specters illustrations in the Edo period Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki (Continued Illustrations of the Many Demons Past and Present) by Sekien TORIYAMA and in Ehon Hyaku Monogatari (Picture Book of a Hundred Stories).
- 初期荘園(しょきしょうえん)は、8~9世紀に未墾地の墾田化・既墾の墾田の集積を通して成立した荘園。
- Shoki shoen (early shoen) were shoen (manors) established through an accumulation of wasteland and a collection of reclaimed rice fields from the eighth to the ninth century.
- 後白河法皇は、みずから今様や催馬楽を集めて分類し、治承3年(1179年)、『梁塵秘抄』を編纂した。
- The Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa collected and categorized imayo and saibara, and compiled 'Ryojin hisho' in 1179.
- まず畿内・近畿周辺において、耕地から住居が分離して住宅同士が集合する村落が次第に形成されていった。
- First, villages in which residences separated from cultivated lands gathered together gradually formed in parts of the Kinai region (the provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and around the Kinki region.
- 足軽部隊は、槍組足軽、弓足軽、鉄砲足軽などに分類され、多くは集団で隊を編制して小頭の指揮に従った。
- Ashigaru units were divided into yarigumi-ashigaru (carrying spears), yumi-ashigaru (carrying bows and arrows), and teppo-ashigaru (carrying firearms), with multiple groups forming units led by a kogashira (a head of small ashigaru group).
- この方面では近江朝の方が優勢で吹負の軍は度々敗走したが、吹負は繰り返し軍を再結集して敵を撃退した。
- The Omi Court army was superior this time so the Fukei troops were often routed but Fukei regrouped the army repeatedly and beat off the enemy.
- 中国で誕生した環濠集落は、農耕文化の重要な要素の一つとして、朝鮮半島を経由して日本列島に伝来した。
- Originating in China, moat settlement was transmitted to Japan through the Korean Peninsula as one of the important elements of agricultural culture.
- 数日後には150人、その後、最も勢いのあった時期で約1,000人という大規模な集団に膨れ上がった。
- The army gathered around 150 people in a few days, and even 1,000 people gathered when at peak.
- だが、そもそも鏡を任命書として与えるような権力者、集団が当時日本列島に存在したかがまず問題である。
- However, it is doubtful in the first place whether such a powerful person or group as gave a mirror for an appointment letter existed in the Japanese islands at that time.
- 国内的には中央集権的な支配を確立するとともに、東夷の小「中華帝国」を目指したものに他ならなかった。
- Domestically, its aims were simply consolidation of centralized control and creation of a little 'Chinese-style empire' by eastern barbarians.
- 秀吉の治世としては太閤検地や刀狩令など日本全国の土地や民衆のすべてを管理する中央集権となっている。
- During the reign of Hideyoshi, he established a centralized administrative framework that controlled lands and people all over the country by conducting Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey), giving commands to collect swords, and so forth.
- しかし、棚田は山の上と下で農作業時期が微妙に違うため、平地の集落に比べて農業機械の共有化がし易い。
- In the case of Tanada, however, the timing of farm operations differs slightly between the upper part and the lower part of a mountain, so it is easier to share agricultural machines than in lowland villages.
- 渡航先集計によると交趾(73回)で最も多く、暹羅(55回)、呂宋(54回)、安南(47回)と続く。
- According to voyage destination records, Giao Chi was most often visited by Shuinsen ships (73 times), followed by Siam (55 times), Luzon (55 times) and Annan (47 times).
- 当せん者はお守りが貰えただけであったが、次第に金銭が副賞となり賭博としての資金収集の手段となった。
- Originally a winner got only an Omamori (a personal amulet), but later money was also given and it was developed into a gamble to collect funds.
- 須磨に流された貴公子と海人との深交を記した『撰集抄』・『源氏物語』の説話を元にした秋の名曲である。
- It is an excellent work of autumn based on an anecdote in 'Senjusho (a compilation of Buddhist tales from the 13th century)' and 'Genji Monogatari (the Tale of Genji)' which depicts the deep friendship between a kikoshi (young nobleman) banished to Suma and ama (fisherwomen).
- 参集する僧侶は60~100名前後に及び、御斎会、最勝講などの法会と比べても規模の大きいものであった。
- The number of priests who gathered at a Kinomidokyo ranged from 60 to 100, and this was on a larger scale than other hoe, such as the Gosaie (ritual for the Sutra of Golden Light performed at the Imperial Palace) and the Saishoko (the annual five days of lectures on the Konkomyo-saisho sutra).
- 業倫の勘申により、伊勢と熊野が同体であるか否かが問題となり、断罪以上に重要な問題として関心を集めた。
- When Gyorin's kanmon was submitted, a question concerning whether or not Ise and Kumano were identical was raised and it attracted attention as the more important problem than punishment.
- しかし、権力集中化への最大の契機は、7世紀後半の百済復興戦争における敗北(→白村江の戦い)であった。
- However, the biggest opportunity for centralizing power was provided with the defeat in the Kudara restoration war during the latter half of seventh century (Battle of Hakusonko or the Battle of Baekgang).
- 大型地域集団は次第に政治的な結合を強めていき、倭国連合と呼びうる政治連合体を2世紀初頭頃に形成した。
- The large-sized communities were gradually united and a political confederation that could be called a union of Way nations was established during the early second century.
- しかし、9世紀~10世紀ごろになると、百姓層の中で田地を開発・集積する富豪層が出現するようになった。
- During the 9th and the 10th centuries, however, there appeared a wealthy class of peasants, who independently developed and integrated the cultivation fields.
- また諸藩でも、薩摩藩の開成所、集成館や、佐賀藩の蘭学寮設置や反射炉の建設など、独自の洋学が行われた。
- Several domains practiced unique Yogaku, such as Kaiseijo and Shuseikan in Satsuma Domain, and establishment of Rangakuryo (house of Rangaku) and construction of a reverberatory furnace in Saga Domain.
- そのころ、福岡市の板付遺跡と大阪府高槻市の安満遺跡、京都府中郡峰山町扇谷遺跡などに環濠集落が現れる。
- About the same time, moat settlements appeared in such places as Itatsuki site in Fukuoka City, Ama site in Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture, and Ogidani site in Kyotango City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- 法律としての効力を有するとした最高裁判例がある(最大昭和36年7月19日刑集15巻7号1106頁)。
- There is a Supreme Court precedent which held that this Fukoku is in effect as a valid law (Supreme Court Grand Bench Keishu Vol. 15, No. 7, p. 1106, 1961).
- 高岡を攻撃するため今別府に集まった第二旅団は7月28日、別働第二旅団と協力して紙屋に攻撃を仕掛けた。
- The second brigade, having gathered at Imabeppu to attack Takaoka, started attacking Kamiya on July 28 in cooperation with the detached second brigade.
- 御母のお弔いのためにこれから管弦講という法要を催されるので、管弦の役者は集まるように言ってください。
- He is going to hold Buddhist memorial service known as kangenko (pipes, strings, and preaching) to mourn for his mother, so please gather those who perform kangen (gagaku piece without dance).
- これは万葉仮名の使われた『古事記』・『日本書紀』・『万葉集』について、その用字を調査したものである。
- In this book investigation was carried out on the usage of characters in 'Kojiki,' 'Nihon Shoki' and 'Manyoshu' in which Manyo-gana was used.
- 『下学集』(文安元年(1444年)成立)の序文に、『童子教』とともに童蒙学習書の筆頭に挙げられている。
- In the preface of 'Kagakushu' (compiled in 1444), it was listed, along with 'Dojikyo,' as one of the top textbooks for children's education.
- というのも、天王寺苧座はまず、原料が集まる越後府中に赴いて越後苧座から独占的に買上げていたからである。
- It is firstly because Tennoji so-za had an almost exclusive right of purchasing aoso from 'Echigo so-za' (the guild of aoso in Echigofuchu [the aoso-producing area]).
- 他の都市としては、京都や、地方では山口・小浜・品川湊なども集積地や中継拠点としての役割を果たしている。
- Other than those, Kyoto and local cities such as Yamaguchi, Obama, and Shinagawaminato played the role of a collection center or transit point.
- 頼朝邸内に多数の訴人が集まり、怒号・喧噪が飛び交ったため、頼朝はそれにうんざりし問注所の移転を命じた。
- Disgusted by the shouts and arguments exchanged within his compound, Yoritomo ordered the relocation of the Monchu-dokoro.
- しかしながら、応仁の乱頃より戦いの主流が歩兵(足軽)による密集戦に変わり、やがて槍にとってかわられた。
- However, the fighting method changed to close-up fighting by foot soldiers (ashigaru) after Onin War, and the naginata was eventually replaced with spears.
- 困窮した零細農民の土地を集積するなど地主的な側面の強くなる近世後期には後者の面を持つものが多くなった。
- In a second half of the early-modern times, as headmen (naushi or shoya) accumulated lands of impoverished petty peasants, their landowner-like character grew, and those with the latter aspcet increased.
- 復興会議は11月8日、同志社大学明徳館を会場として第1日目が開催され、全国から相当数の学生が集まった。
- The Gakuen Fukko Kaigi started on November 8 at the Meitoku-kan Hall of Doshisha University, and a large number of students came from all over the country.
- 翌5日、私学校幹部及び137分校長ら200余名が集合して大評議がおこなわれ、今後の方針が話し合われた。
- On February 5, over 200 including the leaders of Shigakko and the principals of 137 branch schools assembled and discussed the course of action to take.
- 長崎市内は混乱を避けるため外出禁止令が出されていたが、4000人を超える群集がそこへ集まってきていた。
- A curfew was imposed in Nagasaki City to avoid confusion, but more than 4000 people gathered there.
- 『学問のすすめ』への批判は、特に第6編「国法の貴きを論ず」と第7編「国民の職分を論ず」に集中していた。
- Harsh critiques against Gakumon no Susume at the time were focused on the sixth volume 'Kokuho no totoki wo ronzu' (Consideration of the importance of national laws), and the seventh volume 'Kokumin no shokubun wo ronzu' (Consideration of the jobs of people).
- このとき天皇は国是決定のための諸侯会同召集までとの条件付ながら緊急政務の処理を引き続き慶喜に委任した。
- On this occasion, the Emperor delegated the continuous transaction of immediate government affairs to Yoshinobu until the levy of lords meeting to decide national policy.
- 天狗党は大混乱に陥るが、何とか脱出に成功した千人余りが水戸藩領北部の大子村(茨城県大子町)に集結する。
- Tenguto fell into confusion, but more than 1,000 members managed to escape and gathered at Daigo-village (Daigo-machi, Ibaraki Prefecture) in the northern part of the Mito Domain.
- 茶筅酒(ちゃせんざけ)の場: 白太夫に名を改めた三つ子の父の70歳の祝いに、三つ子とその妻達が集まる。
- Chasen Zake (literally, tea whisk sake) Act: The triplets and their wives gathered to celebrate their father who turned 70 years old, and changed his name to Shiratayu.
- 当時、立命館大学法学部の学生であった被告人は、デモ隊先頭集団の列外に立って行進し、デモ隊を誘導していた。
- The defendant was a student of Ritsumeikan University's Faculty of Law at that time and marched off the leading group of the demonstration to lead the demonstration march.
- 往生要集などには本来の仏教の浄穢思想理解のための手段として神祇信仰のケガレを利用した論理が見受けられる。
- For example, 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation) describes a logic employing muck of Jingi belief to explain Buddhism's own pure and impure thought.
- 現存史料によれば、「小長谷部」の分布は越中2例、信濃2例、甲斐2例、遠江、上野、下総など東国に集中する。
- According to existing historical data, a distribution of 'Ohassebe' concentrated in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) such as two cases each in three provinces of Etchu, Shinano, and Kai, and also in the provinces of Totomi, Kozuke, Shimosa, and so on.
- また、受領への権限集中が行われ、国衙機構内部は受領直属部署(「所」という)を中心とするよう再編成された。
- In addition, various rights were concentrated in the zuryo, and the kokuga system was reorganized with the office directly controlled by the zuryo (called 'sho') at the center.
- 平安・鎌倉時代の武士は「武芸を特業とする職能集団」であり、その「武芸の中心は騎馬と射技(弓)」であった。
- The bushi of the Heian and Kamakura periods were a 'functional group that specialized in martial arts,' and the 'center of martial arts was cavalry and archery.'
- 金子城には周辺の城から武将が兵を率いて集結していたがその数わずか2千、戦況不利は誰の目にも明らかである。
- At Kaneko-jo Castle, the busho (Japanese military commanders) were gathered from their castles along with their retainers; however, the total number of soldiers was only 2,000, and the difficult war situation of the Kaneko side was visible to all.
- これらの戦国大名の中から強大化した織田信長が室町幕府を滅ぼし、強力な中央集権の基礎(織田政権)を築いた。
- Nobunaga ODA, who grew in strength among these daimyo in the Sengoku period, defeated the Muromachi bakufu and formed the foundation for a strong centralized system (the Oda government).
- しかし、受験生用の募集要項や、京都大学の公式サイトによれば「本学学生」が入寮資格を持つことになっている。
- According to the guidelines for the students taking an entrance exam and official web-site of Kyoto University, however, 'students of the university' are qualified to enter dormitories.
- また、応仁の乱直前には都に集結した兵士によって土倉などが荒らされて「私徳政」と称した事件も発生している。
- Immediately before the Onin War, samurai warriors who were assembled in the capital broke into and robbed financial institutions called doso, calling their robberies 'shi-tokusei,' which literally means 'privately declared tokusei.'
- そのため、通信使の宿泊先には多くの日本の文人墨客が集まり、大いに交流がなされるという副産物をもたらした。
- Therefore, many Japanese writers and artists visited the places where Tsushinshi stayed, also generating the byproduct that cultural exchanges among peoples of the two nations were made actively.
- 西面武士(さいめんのぶし)とは、鎌倉時代、太上天皇に仕え、身辺の警衛、奉仕などにあたった武士集団のこと。
- 'Saimen no Bushi' referred to a group of warriors who attended Daijo-tenno (the Retired Emperor) by guarding and serving the emperor during the Kamakura period.
- 長江中流域では、今から約8000年前の環濠集落が、湖南省のリーヤン平原にある彭頭山遺跡で発見されている。
- In the midstream of the Yangtze River, remains of an 8,000 years old moat settlement were discovered at the Pengtoushan site, located on the Li Yang flatlands in Hunan Province.
- 王権形成が進み古墳時代に入ると、首長層は共同体の外部に居館を置くようになり、環濠集落は次第に解体される。
- Once Wakoku had advanced its sovereignty by early Kofun (tumulus) period, chiefs began placing their residences outside the village, and moat settlements were gradually dismantled.
- 奥向きの警備を表向きの職務とするが、時に将軍の側近である側御用取次から命令を受け、情報収集活動を行った。
- Their official duty was security but they sometimes conducted intelligence-gathering activities under the command of the aides of the shogun, Sobagoyotoritsuki (an attendant of the shogun who conveyed the shogun's messages and commands.)
- 明治初期には旧藩による統治は維持されるが、中央集権政策のもと版籍奉還、廃藩置県により幕藩体制は終結する。
- Although the governing structure by old han (feudal domains) was maintained for a while in the early Meiji period, Bakuhan-taisei was eventually brought to the end through a series of Hanseki Hokan (the return of lands and people to the Emperor) and Haihan Chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) under the new policy of centralization.
- 古代尾張国の東部に物部氏の集落があり、現在は物部神社と、武器庫であったと伝えられる高牟神社が残っている。
- A settlement of the Mononobe clan was located in the eastern part of Owari Province of ancient times, and Takamu-Jinja Shrine, which is said to have been an arsenal, and Mononobe-jinja Shrine still remain today.
- 現在の和歌山市の全域と海南市の一部に、沢山いた土豪の集まりで、地域と密着した集団が雑賀衆と思われている。
- Saikashu is thought to be a grouping of many powerful local clans who were based in the whole area of present day Wakayama City and a part of Kainan City, and closely attached to the local community,
- 戦術が単騎による個人戦から集団戦闘へと変遷するに従い、軍役は所領や収穫量を基準としたものになっていった。
- As the military strategy changed from the one-to-one duels by horsemen to the party and army battle, the military service had been based on the area and the crop yields of the territory.
- これに激怒した蒲生家譜代の家臣・町野繁仍らは郷安を暗殺すべく、軍勢を集め、両派は一触即発の事態となった。
- The group of Shigeyorio MACHINO, who had for generations been vassals of the Gamo family, became infuriated and mobilized an army to kill Satoyasu, whereupon the two sides came into the hair-trigger situation.
- 例えば加賀藩では銀細工師集団である金沢市銀座があり江戸時代の初期にかけて領国貨幣である極印銀を鋳造した。
- In Kaga domain, for example, the Kanazawa city ginza had a group of silversmiths, who minted silver coins hallmarked as domain currency in the early Edo Period.
- それ以降、貨幣鋳造は江戸銀座に集約され、京都、大坂の銀座は貨幣吹替えの際の旧銀貨の回収、引換を行なった。
- Since then, minting was consolidated at Edo-ginza, with the ginzas in Kyoto and Osaka in charge of recovering and exchanging old currency for new issues.
- 翌4月 (旧暦)、家康は在京の大名22名を二条城に招集させて幕府の命令に背かないという誓詞を提出させた。
- In April of the next month (the old calendar), Ieyasu gathered in Nijo-jo Castle 22 daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) staying in Kyoto and made them submit written vows that they would not disobey orders from the bakufu.
- 収集界ではこれまで、表面の「二分」の「分」字の「止め分」を明治二分金、「撥ね分」を万延二分金としてきた。
- In the collecting world, if the upper part of the letter 'bu' (分) of 'nibu' (二分) which was engraved on the surface of the coin did not end with a upward brushstroke ('tomebu'), it was considered to be a Meiji nibukin and if it did end with an upward brushstroke ('hanebu'), it was considered to be a Manen nibukin.
- 戦後、屯田予備兵は普段は生業に就き、戦時と年1度の演習時にのみ召集される兵士として、そのまま常置された。
- After the war, tondenhei reservists remained as they were, as soldiers who usually did their jobs, but were called up for service only during wars and in the annual training.
- なお、五月五日に大勢の子供が集まり、戦国時代の合戦をまねて二手に分かれて石を投げ合う行事もこう呼称する。
- An event held on May 5, in which children are divided into two groups and throw stones each other like wars in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) is also called 'Inji.'
- この景色は、平安時代あるいは鎌倉時代から集落や水田の位置がほとんど変わらずに残されているものであるという。
- The locations of settlements and paddy fields have remained largely unchanged since the Heian period and Kamakura period.
- 田染荘の小崎地区には現在も、平安時代、鎌倉時代の集落や水田の位置がほとんど変わらずに残されているとされる。
- The locations of Heian period and Kamakura period settlements and paddy fields remain largely unchanged within the Osaki area of Tashibu Manor.
- 本書は、惟宗氏の明法家としての活動の集大成といえる書で、平安時代の政治を理解するうえでの重要な史料である。
- The document can be said to be a great collection of the Koremune clan's activities as scholars of law and is an important historical material for understanding politics in the Heian period.
- 近世に入り、中原章純が、天明6年(1786年)に本書の残闕本を各所より収集して、ほぼ現在の形まで編輯した。
- After the early-modern times, Shojun NAKAHARA collected incomplete parts of the book from various places in 1786 and reedited it into the nearly present format.
- 南巻 王昌齢『詩格』、皎然『詩議』、(唐)殷璠『河岳英霊集』、元兢『古今詩人秀句』(西晋)、陸機「文賦」。
- The volume of South: 'Poetry Rules' by Wang Changling, 'Discussion on Poetry' by Jiaoran, 'He yue ying ling ji' by Yin Fan in China (Tang), 'Elegant Lines of Poets Past' by Yuan Jing in China (Western Jin), 'About Prose and Rhapodies' by Lu Ji.
- 986年(寛和2年)に比叡山内延暦寺横川にあった首楞厳院で、25人の僧が結集して結成された念仏結社である。
- It was a Nenbutsu association established in 986 by 25 monks who gathered at Shuryogonin in Enryaku-ji Temple, Yokawa within Mt. Hie.
- 更に村内の個々の土地についての記述を終えた後に村全体の地目・品位ごとの段別集計を行った後に村高を記載する。
- After the above-mentioned items for each plot of land in the village were entered in kenchi-cho, the yield per tan by the land category and that by the land's fertility rank were calculated, and then, muradaka was written into kenchi-cho.
- 総勢5,800(鹿鳴峠の軍勢を入れると6,100)の軍勢が4月、豊後、豊前の国境に集まり、合戦が始まった。
- In May, the armies, numbering in all 5800 men (6100 men, if the army at Kanagoe-toge pass is included) assembled on the border between Bungo and Buzen, and commenced fighting.
- 検注帳(けんちゅうちょう)とは、古代・中世の日本の荘園において検注の結果を集計して取りまとめた帳簿のこと。
- Kenchucho refers to ledgers for recording the results of kenchu (land surveys) in shoen (manors) during ancient and medieval times in Japan.
- それは、軍記物の執筆や説話集の編纂、また、新しい絵画ジャンルである絵巻物の画題などにもよくあらわれている。
- This is recognized through written military records, compiled stories, or subjects on a picture scroll, a new type of painting at the time.
- 『万葉集』には元暦校本(国宝)などがあり、元暦元年(1184年)に校合の奥書があるが、全巻は揃っていない。
- 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) has Genryaku-kobon manuscripts (a national treasure) as well as okugaki collated in 1184, however, some of the scrolls are unavailable.
- なお、東山御物の称が普及したのは、創元社『茶道全集』(1936年発行)によるところが大きいとする説がある。
- According to a theory, the name 'Higashiyama gyomotsu' became familiar largely due to 'Sado Zenshu' (complete collection of Japanese tea ceremony) published by Sogensha (in 1936).
- 弓矢を用いた狩猟、貝塚に見られる漁労、植物の採集などで生活を営み、打製石器、磨製石器、骨角器などを用いた。
- People in this period lived by hunting with bows and arrows, and fishing, as known from shell mounds or collecting fruit, and they used chipped stone tools, polished stoneware and bone tools.
- これに対し、信玄以来の古くからの重臣たちは敗戦を予感し、死を覚悟して一同集まり酒を飲んで決別したとも言う。
- The old senior vassals from the time of Shingen, who anticipating a defeat, were resigned to die, got together to have farewell drinks.
- 行政区分・・・地方を日本統治時代の台湾行政区分で区分、その下に市・街・庄(台湾原住民の集落には社を設置)。
- Administrative district ⋯ Regions were divided into Taiwan administrative districts adopted during Japan colonial period and Cities, Towns, Villages were established under each district (Shrines were founded in the settlement of indigenous inhabitants of Taiwan).
- また悲田院や非人宿に収容されたことから、病者や障害者の世話といった仕事も引き受けていた地域・集団もあった。
- Also, since they were housed in the Hiden-in Temple or Hininshuku, there were regions and groups which undertook a task of taking care of the sick and the disabled.
- 廃藩置県と太政官制の改革を経て中央集権体制が整ったことで、ようやく旧幕府時代の制度を改革する準備が整った。
- Finally, due to the accomplishment of centralization after the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures (Haihan-chiken) and the reform of the system of Departments of State, it was possible to begin reform of the old Shogunate system.
- さらに元からあった周辺集落である南の芝 (東京都港区)、北の浅草や西の赤坂、牛込、麹町にも町屋が発展した。
- Furthermore, machiya (merchant houses) were also built in the villages such as Shiba in the south (Minato Ward), Asakusa in the north, and Akasaka, Ushigome and Kojimachi in the west.
- 明治4年7月14日(1871年8月29日)14時、明治政府は在東京の知藩事を皇居に集めて廃藩置県を命じた。
- At 2 pm on August 29, 1871, the Meiji government gathered chihanji at the Imperial palace and ordered the implementation of haihan-chiken.
- 廃藩置県の主目的は年貢を新政府にて取り総める、即ち中央集権を確立して国家財政の安定を目的としたものである。
- The main objective of haihan-chiken was to enable the new government to collect nengu (land tax), in other words to establish a centralized administrative system and stabilize state finance.
- 30日、藤原経宗・九条兼実・三条実房・中山忠親・藤原長方が大事を議定するために召集される(『玉葉』同日条)。
- On August 26, FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, Kanezane KUJO, Sanefusa SANJO, Tadachika NAKAYAMA and FUJIWARA no Nagakata were convened to discuss and decide on important issues ('Gyokuyo' [Diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane], entry of August 26).
- 日本史において公家の「家」を構成する諸要素及びこれを管領する家督とその家族を中心に構成された親族集団のこと。
- In the context of Japanese history, this term refers to a kinship group formed on the basis of various factors comprising a 'family' of court nobles and by the headman of the family who reigned in his family, as well as his own family.
- しかし、大名の中央集権化に伴い戦国中期頃から足軽間での兵科の分離や、騎馬武者も含めた各組ごと編成が行われた。
- However, as the power of daimyo became centralized from around the mid Sengoku Period, organization of various groups, including cavalrymen, took place, such as the separation of various military branches among the foot soldiers.
- 次第に、「姓」・「氏」や「部」は、王権によって序列化・統制され、私的な集団から公的な制度へと編成されて行く。
- The dynasty gradually made 'kabane,' 'uji,' and 'be' incorporated into a hierarchy, and these private groups were organized in a public system.
- また、当然信長としても鶴翼包囲を予見し、限られた数の鉄砲を両翼に集中的に配置していたと考えるのが自然である。
- Naturally, Nobunaga would have anticipated the two-flanking wings formation to concentrate gunners whose availability was limited on both wings.
- その際、集落によっては銅鐸を壊す等の行為もあったと思われ、一部の破壊銅鐸の出土はこのような理由によるとする。
- In that case, it is thought that dotaku were broken in some villages, which can be the reason for excavations of broken dotaku.
- 『万葉集』は759年(天平宝字3年)までの歌約4500首を収録した歌集で、雄略天皇の歌が巻頭をかざっている。
- 'Manyoshu' is a collection of about 4,500 poems up until 759 and a poem by the Emperor Yuryaku is placed at the front.
- 忠棟の嫡子である伊集院忠真は都城近郊の大川原山で狩りの最中だったが、父が斬殺されたことを伝えられて馳せ戻る。
- While Tadamune's legitimate child, Tadamasa IJUIN, was hunting at Mt. Ogawara near Miyakojiro, he received the message that his father had been killed and immediately rushed back.
- 守護所の固定化によって守護の居館を中心に重臣の居館が配置され、その周辺に市場や寺社などが集まるようになった。
- Due to fixation of Shugosho, the residences of chief retainers were located centered around the residence of Shugo, then markets and temples and shrines gathered around them.
- おもしろみのある話の源流は『竹取物語』、または『今昔物語』や『宇治拾遺集』に収められた説話にまでさかのぼる。
- The origin of comic story telling can be traced back to the tales included in 'Taketori Monogatari' (The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter), 'Konjaku Monogatari' (Tales of Now and Then), and 'Uji Shui-shu' (Collection of Tales from Uji).
- 宋 (王朝)朝が成立し、司馬池(司馬光の父)が鳳翔の知事に就任し、散逸した石鼓文を集め、府学に移転保存した。
- Song (dynasty) Dynasty was established and SI Ma-chi (the father of SI Ma-guang) was appointed as the governor of Feng-xian and collected sekkobun which had been scattered and moved it to and preserved it in Fu-xue school.
- 後白河は公卿を法住寺殿に召集して対策を協議させるとともに、検非違使・武士に動員令を下して御所の警備を強化する。
- Goshirakawa summoned kugyo (top court officials) to Hojuji-dono Palace to discuss measures and gave mobilization orders to kebiishi (police and judicial chief) to increase security.
- しかし、律令体制下の軍団と武士団は、ともに戦闘目的の為に組織された集団であっても、それぞれ異なった実態である。
- Although the army and bushidan under the Ritsuryo system were groups both founded for battle, they were different.
- 知行国制は、荘園公領制の進展と軌を一にしたものであり、経済的利得権が権門勢家へ集中していったことを表している。
- Chigyo kokusei developed together with shoen koryosei, which means only the influential could derive economic profits.
- 平安前期は、前代(奈良時代)からの中央集権的な律令制を、部分的な修正を加えながらも、基本的には継承していった。
- In the early Heian period, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of centralized governance structure from the former period (the Nara period) was basically continued with partial amendments.
- 平安時代末期ごろから盛んに行われるようになったが、火縄銃などを用いた集団戦法が行われようになると廃れていった。
- It stated to become frequently performed from around the end of the Heian period but became obsolete as combat shifted toward group battles using firearms.
- 2007年1月16日未明、近接する学生集会所の1階からぼやが発生し、階段下の収納庫付近2平方メートルが焼けた。
- A small fire started at dawn on January 16, 2007 on the first floor of the adjacent student meeting building and two square meters of shed situated under the staircase burned due to this fire.
- 蘇我氏が政治の実権を掌握した時代から、飛鳥に集中的に天皇の宮がおかれるようになったことからもそれがうかがえる。
- The Soga clan's rise to power is signified in the construction of several imperial palaces in Asuka after they seized power.
- 漂着した乗員66名(3名は溺死)は先住民(現在の台湾原住民パイワン族)に救助を求めたが、逆に集落へ拉致された。
- Sixty-six people (the other three drowned) who drifted ashore asked aborigines (an aboriginal tribe of Taiwan now called Paiwan) for help, but they were abducted to their village after all.
- このため、9月3日に大阪市公会堂をはじめとする全国各地で講和条約反対と戦争継続を唱える集会が開かれたのである。
- Because of this, a rally took place in different places of the country such as the public hall in Osaka City on September 3, to stand against the peace treaty and call for continueing the war.
- 立原の下には多くの門人が集まり、その中には弱冠10歳で入門を許された古着商藤田屋の息子、藤田幽谷の姿もあった。
- A lot of disciples gathered to Tachihara, including Yukoku FUJITA, the son of Fujita-ya (second hand clothing store), who was allowed to become a disciple at the age of 10.
- 福岡はこの条文を「従来の鎖国的陋習を打破して広く世界の長を採り之を集めて大成するの趣旨である」と回顧している。
- Fukuoka looked back this provision as 'the aim is to break down evil customs from the past like national isolation and to take and accomplish advantages from the world.'
- 前方後円墳の分布は4世紀後葉前まで、主に畿内~瀬戸内海沿岸(吉備国など)~北九州(筑紫国など)に集中していた。
- Before the latter half of the fourth century, keyhole-shaped mounds were mainly seen in the Kinai, Seto Inland Sea (such as Kibi County) and northern Kyushu (such as Chikushi County) regions.
- 歩兵・集団戦術で戦う蒙古兵の姿や、軍船、使用した「てつはう」などの兵器が描かれた唯一の画像史料として知られる。
- It is known as the only visual material to show Mongolian soldiers fighting in infantry formations, battle ships, or guns and other arms used in the battles.
- 文禄3年(1594年)、島津家領内で検地が行われると、伊集院氏は豊臣秀吉から朱印をもって都城8万石を給された。
- In 1594, a survey was conducted within the Shimazu family territory, and the Ijuin clan received Miyakonojo, the land worthwhile 80,000 koku of rice, with a certificate from Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 一つは信長・秀吉の天下統一事業に代表される、強大な権力者を頂点とする中央集権体制、いわば「タテの支配」である。
- One was the centralized administrative framework in which an enormously powerful person was at the top such as Nobunaga and Hideyoshi's project to unify the country, what was called 'a vertical control.'
- いわゆる『部落解体』を行い中央集権体制を作ろうとしたが、地方におけるまとまりが強く達成することができなかった。
- It was meant to establish the centralized administrative framework through the so-called 'hamlet demise,' which was not accomplished due to a strong connection local communities had.
- - 伝統産業に従事する職人が集まってできた町、あるいはその産業・工芸品の売買によって栄えた町で、上記産業町の一種
- town formed with artisans engaged in traditional industries, or a town that prospered as a result of trading their products, which is a kind of the aforementioned Industrial town
- 文明本が最古であり、『下学集』が成立したらしき1444年から文明本の年記1474年までの間に、節用集は成立した。
- The oldest of these was the Bunmeibon, which fact indicates that setsuyoshu had been formed during the term from 1444, which was the estimated year of establishment of 'Kagaku-shu,' to 1474, which was the year of establishment of the Bunmeibon.
- さらにそれを発展させたのが豊臣秀吉で、豊臣政権の政治経済の中心となった大坂城下は富の集積地となって殷賑を極めた。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI developed this further and the castle town of Osaka-jo Castle, which became the center of politics and economy under the Toyotomi government, became a center for riches and was very prosperous.
- 戦後処理を見てみると、秀吉は阿波に蜂須賀家政、讃岐に仙石秀久、伊予に小早川隆景と信任できるメンバーを集めている。
- As postwar measures, Hedeyoshi appointed reliable members as Iemasa HACHISUKA in Awa, Hidehisa SENGOKU in Sanuki and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA in Iyo.
- また、会所に集う人々によって、その場は「乱れがわし」くなり、また、「無礼ノ事多」かった、と批判的に書かれている。
- In addition, it also criticized that such places became a 'disturbance' and 'had many rude activities' done by people who gathered at kaisho.
- 官荘には永小作権を有する漢人世襲の荘頭が置かれ、官荘内より租税を集めて生産物(後世にはその代銀)を宮廷に納めた。
- The head of shoen who was descendant of the Han race and had the right of tenant farming was put in the manors and he collected the tax from the manor and paid products (in later times, money) to the imperial court.
- 最近では日本国の国力が世界有数になったため、国策としての海外移民は行われず、集団での移民も見られなくなっている。
- These days, migration to foreign countries is not conducted as national policy and so is a group migration, since Japanese has become one of the world's top countries having great national powers.
- 同年3月4日、小塚原刑場での刑死者の腑分(ふわけ=解剖)を見るために杉田玄白、中川淳庵、前野良沢などが集まった。
- On April 18, 1771, Genpaku SUGITA, Junan NAKAGAWA, Ryotaku MAENO and others gathered at the Kozukappara execution grounds to dissect corpses of the executed.
- 以後は、もっぱら中央集権化を進めて土豪の在地支配を解体しようとする秀吉政権の動きに雑賀衆は一貫して反発し続けた。
- From then on, Saikashu consistently rebelled against Hideyoshi's administration that was promoting the centralization to dissolve the land ruling by each powerful local clan.
- 太政官は正院・左院・右院から成り、集議院は左院に置き換えられ、官撰の議員によって構成される立法議事機関となった。
- Daijokan consisted of the Central, Left and Right Councils, and Shugiin was replaced by the Left Council and became a legislature consisting of representatives assigned by the government.
- 大崎に屯集しているとの情報を得た先発の奇兵隊は7月11日、官軍を奇襲したが、二番隊長が戦死するほどの苦戦をした。
- Having received the information that the government army gathered and stationed in Osaki, the earlier dispatched Kihei-tai launched a surprise attack on the government army but fought so tough a fight that the commander of the 2nd company was killed in the fighting.
- 伊集院某は、45日前、都城より帰り来り某困しみしを語るに、4日間、イチゴと草木の葉とを喰ひ、或は土をも喰たる由。
- A certain soldier IJUIN said that a person who returned from Miyakonojo 45 days ago talked about the hardships that he ate strawberries, leaves, and grass, and even soil for four days.
- 国宝は文化財保護法施行直後の1950年代から1960年代に集中的に指定され、以降は年に数件の指定に留まっている。
- The greatest concentration of national treasures were so named in the decade immediately after the promulgation of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, from 1950 to 1960; subsequent to 1960, designations have been limited to a few each year.
- 旧幕府海軍副総裁の榎本武揚は幕府が保有していた軍艦を率い、各地で敗残した幕府側の勢力を集め、箱館の五稜郭を占拠。
- Takeaki ENOMOTO, former vice president of the naval force of the bakufu, assembled people who lost those hard-fought battles across the country, using the bakufu's battleship, and occupied Goryokaku in Hakodate.
- 武士団(ぶしだん)とは主に平安時代後半から、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)を中心に室町時代までの武士の集団を指す。
- Bushidan (warrior bands) refers to the group of bushi (samurai) that existed mainly from the late Heian, Kamakura, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (Japan), and lasted until the Muromachi period.
- その後の家長制とはいささか趣きが異なるが、武士団としての結集はその一族が惣領を盟主として結集するに近いものがある。
- The patriarchal system differed later, but the union as the bushidan was close to having a clan gathering with the soryo as a leader of the clan.
- ここには、多くの絵巻物の制作や今様の蒐集など芸能の中心に立ち続けた後白河法皇の膨大なコレクションも納められていた。
- It stored numerous collections of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, who stood in the center of entertainment such as production of various emakimono (illustrated scroll) and collection of imayo (a popular style of song during the Heian period).
- 蝦夷と呼ばれた集団の一部は中世の蝦夷(えぞ)、すなわちアイヌにつながり、一部は日本人につながったと考えられている。
- It is thought that a part of the group called Emishi became the medieval Ezo, that is the Ainu, and that another part of them became Japanese.
- 院政期には荘園の一円領域的な集積と国衙領(公領)の徴税単位化が進み、荘園公領制と呼ばれる体制へ移行することとなる。
- During the period of the Cloister Government, many shoen (manors in medieval Japan) were collected together and Kokugaryo formed into a tax unit, which led to the new system dubbed shoen koryo sei (the System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- 初期の都だった南京に集められたため「京銭」といわれた夥しい数の戦時通貨のほか、明のインフレ通貨も事情は同じである。
- The situation is the same for coins made during the inflationary period of Ming, in addition to those in the war state, a huge number were issued and called 'Kinsen' (京銭) because they were concentrated in Nanjing, the capital of Ming Dynasty (南京) during its early period.
- この他に都市ブルジョワ層や貧困層、博徒集団に至るまで当時の政府の方針に批判的な多種多様な立場からの参加も見られた。
- In addition to these two groups that led the movement, many people from various social backgrounds, including city bourgeoisie, the poor, and gamblers, who shared the opposition to the government, joined the movement.
- 総督の組織は中央集権式に特徴があり、台湾総督により行政、立法、司法、軍事が総覧され専制的な統治権が施行されていた。
- The Sotoku-fu, characterized by the highly centralized system with the Governor-General wielding supreme executive, legislative, judicial and military power, governed Taiwan dictatorially.
- その後、台湾総督府の中央集権的な特権を認めた六三法の撤廃を求めて啓発会が結成され、その解散後は新民会が結成される。
- After that the Keihatsukai (The Enlightenment Society) was founded aiming at repealing Law No. 63 that allowed the centralized privileged of the Sotoku-fu, followed by Shinminkai (New People 's Society) formed after the Keihatsukai was disbanded.
- 我が国民以外の人々に係る有形の民俗文化財又はその収集であって、我が国民の生活文化との関連を示すもののうち重要なもの
- An important tangible folk cultural property of foreign people or its collection that has a relationship with Japanese life and culture.
- 通常は北堂において授業が行われて、東西両曹及び大学院の外の大学別曹から文章生が集まって授業を受けていたとされている。
- It was considered that classes were generally held in the Hokudo where monjosho gathered from the toso, seiso, and the daigaku besso outside the Monjoin and took the classes.
- 民衆を意味する百姓は、『論語』・『易』など戦国時代_(中国)に現在の形に編集されたと推定される書物から、頻見される。
- The term 'hyakusho' that indicates common people is often found in books that are considered to be edited in the Zhanguo Dynasty (China) into the current form, such as 'Rongo Analects' and 'Eki' (I ching).
- 一方、召集された側の家系は「朝家の爪牙」として自己をアピールし、その後の時代に「兵の家」としての認識を定着してゆく。
- On the other hand, the family line that was summoned self-promoted as the 'choka no soga' and began to be recognized as the 'house of tsuwamono.' in a later period.
- ただし上州高崎では「四六延」といって、本途米1石について4斗6升ずつの延米を加えることになっていた(地方落穂集5)。
- In Joshu Takasaki, though, four to (a measure of volume, approx. 18 liters) and six sho (a unit of measure, approx. 1.8 liters) of nobemai were added to each koku (about 180 liters; an old unit of volume) of hontomai (Jikata Ochiboshu 5).
- 嵯峨天皇から清和天皇にかけての時期は、凌雲集などの漢文詩集が編纂されたり、唐風の書がはやるなど、唐風文化が花開いた。
- From Emperor Saga to Emperor Seiwa, the Tang-way culture was in full bloom; poetry books of Chinese classics, including Ryounshu (Cloud-borne collection), were compiled and Tang-way calligraphy was popular.
- 近衛府の陣(主として左近衛府側)において招集されたので、会議の場を陣座(じんのざ)又は杖座(じょうざ)と呼称された。
- The council was convened at the camp of the Inner Palace Guard (most often in the area of the Left Division of the Guard), so the council sessions came to be called 'Jinnoza' ('meetings at the camp') or 'Joza' ('stave meetings').
- 彼らは、生産基盤となる動産を集積し、安定経営を達成した富豪層の保護、隷属関係よって統率された存在に変質を遂げていた。
- Instead, they had already changed into the subordinates of wealthy peasants, who had hoarded movables necessary for farming and had achieved sustainable management.
- 財閥形成の過程として、片倉財閥の様に製糸業に注力するなど、一つの事業に集中して投資し、芋づる式に発展する場合が多い。
- The typical process of forming a zaibatsu shows, as seen in an example of Katakura Zaibatsu, that entrepreneurs concentrate on a single business, such as the silk-reeling industry, and then expand the business through the imozuru system.
- 一国及び各郡の戸数・口数が課役負担の有無を基準として詳細に集計され、前年度との異同、及びその年の調・庸額が示される。
- The number of households and members for each province and district are minutely calculated according to whether duties are borne or not, and comparisons are shown with data of the previous year as well as the amount of choyo for that year.
- 律令制の実施後の部称は、たんに父系の血縁を表示するだけの称号であるにすぎず、所属する集団との関係を示すものではない。
- The names of the be (division) after the enforcement of the ritsuryo system were merely titles which just showed a blood relationship with the paternal line, and did not indicate the relationship to the group to which one belonged.
- かつては元軍の集団戦術、いわゆる組織戦闘に対して、当時の日本側は一騎打ちを基本とした戦い方をしていたと言われていた。
- It used to be said that Japan at that time fought basically by means of one-to-one battle against the Yuan army which fought in organized groups.
- ムラの内部と外部を区別する環濠を形成する目的として、外敵や獣などから集落を守る防御機能を備えることが考えられている。
- It is believed that the purpose of creating a moat to divide the inner and outer space of a village was to protect itself from being attacked by any external enemy or wild life.
- 10日夜に名古屋鶴舞公園において米価問題に関する市民大会が開かれるとの噂が広まり、約20,000人の群集が集結した。
- As it was rumored that a citizens' rally about a rice price issue was held in Tsuruma Park of Nagoya City on the night of the 10th, approximately 20,000 people gathered there.
- 傾斜がきつい土地で、耕作単位が狭い田が規則的に集積し、それらが一望の下にある場合は千枚田(せんまいだ)とも呼ばれる。
- A group of small rice fields regularly assembled on a steep slope, all of which can be seen at a glance, are also called Senmai-da, or thousand rice fields.
- 紀伊は寺社勢力や国一揆といった、天下人を頂点とする中央集権思想に真っ向から対立する勢力の蟠踞する地だったからである。
- It was because Kii was the place where the powers such as temples and kuni ikki (uprising in a province) which opposed the idea of central government topped by tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country) had ruled.
- この期間内、台湾総督は六三法により「特別立法権」が授権され、立法、行政、司法、軍事を中央集権化した存在となっていた。
- During the period, the Governor-General of Taiwan was authorized 'special legislative power' in accordance with the Law No. 63, and had the centralized authority with administrative, legislative, judicial and military powers.
- 慶喜は条約勅許・兵庫開港問題を巡って在京の諸藩士を集めて世論をまとめ、朝廷に条約勅許を認めさせた(兵庫開港は延期)。
- Yoshinobu successfully led the court to give consent by holding a meeting consisting of members of clans based in Kyoto regarding the issue of opening Hyogo port and the permission for that, creating public opinion strong enough to persuade even the emperor (the opening of Hyogo port was delayed).
- またこの頃、北海道の人口は徴兵制で兵士を集めることが可能な水準に達しつつあり、第7師団 (日本軍)創設につながった。
- And also about that time the population of Hokkaido was reaching a level at which it was possible to recruit soldiers under the conscription system, which led to the foundation of the Dainana Shidan (Seventh Division).
- 反戦歌の合唱は天皇が建物の中にいる最中ずっと続けられ、さらに学生が増えたため時計台前の群集は車の進路を塞ぐ形になった。
- As students continued to sing the antiwar song while the Emperor was in the building and the number of students increased further, a large group of people gathered in front of the clock tower and eventually blocked the Emperor's car.
- 二十五三昧会の成立には、964年(応和4年)に大学寮の学生らが比叡山の僧らと結集した結社である勧学会の影響が見られる。
- The influence of 'Kangaku-e' (assembly to encourage learning), an association established by Daigakuryo students and monks from Mt. Hie in 964, are seen in the establishment of Nijugozanmaie.
- この結社の性格は、極楽往生を希求する念仏結社であり、月の15日ごとに僧衆25名が集結して念仏を誦し、極楽往生を願った。
- The characteristic of this association was that it was a Nenbutsu association that wished for gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) and on the fifteenth of each month, 25 monks would gather to chant Nenbutsu and wish for gokuraku ojo.
- 六国史に記録はないが平安時代の法令集『類聚三代格』に記録が残り、開設から4年間で1158人を救護したと伝えられている。
- Although there is no description about it in Rikkokushi, the facility was recorded in a law code during the Heian period called 'Ruiju sandai kaku' (Assorted regulations from Three Reigns), in which it is mentioned that it aided 1,158 people for four years after being established.
- 『今昔物語集』は、12世紀初頭ぐらいの成立とされているが、その中で、「武士」を語るときは「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれる。
- 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have written in the early twelfth Century, but 'bushi' was referred as 'tsuwamono.'
- 阿佐集落に、平家の末裔と言われる阿佐氏が居住し、平家屋敷や、平家のものと伝えられる赤旗(軍旗)が数百年前から現存する。
- In Asa Village lives the Asa clan, which is said to be descended from the Taira family, and there are a Heike mansion and an akahata (battle flag) that are said to have been used by the Taira family and are several hundred years old.
- その元で駐屯する兵士は、徴兵制たる府兵制によって集められたものではなく、募兵制である長征健児制によってのものであった。
- Soldiers who were stationed under them were not gathered through fuheisei, which was conscription, but through chosei kondeisei (selection of healthy, talented men for military service over an extended distance), which was a voluntary enlistment instead.
- 特に寛文10年(1670年)に出版された『頭書増補二行節用集』では、江戸時代の節用集の典型となった「頭書」が登場した。
- Especially in 1670, 'Tosho' (superscription) first appeared in 'Kashiragaki-zoho-setsuyoshu' (Setsuyoshu with published in Edo period) and became the typical style of the setsuyoshu during the Edo period.
- 「君が代は」の型は『和漢朗詠集』の鎌倉時代初期の一本に記すものなどが最も古いといえる(巻下祝、国歌大観番号775番)。
- We can say that the oldest example of the form of 'Kimigayoha' appears in the version of 'Wakanroeishu (Japanese and Chinese poems to sing)' at the beginning of the Kamakura Period (巻下祝, Kokka Taikan No. 343).
- 大江山の鬼退治が終わってしばらくした頃、源頼光以下四天王たちが集った酒宴の席で、近頃羅生門に鬼が出るという話になった。
- A while after the successful extermination of the oni on Mt. Oe, MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu and his followers, including the Four Great Warriors, are all gathered at a banquet when word reaches them that an oni has appeared at the nearby Rashomon.
- 信憑性に欠けるこの説明から確実にわかるのは、都加留(津軽)が固有名をあげられるほどの有力集団として存在したことである。
- What can be said for sure from this description, which has no credibility, is that Tsugaru was a dominant group of the Emishi because its proper name was mentioned in the record.
- 村の住民(百姓など)が集団で荘園から退去して一時的に他の土地へ逃げ込み、領主に対して年貢軽減や代官の罷免などを求める。
- Village residents (such as peasants) would leave manors en masse and temporarily take refuge in other areas where they would make demand that the feudal lord take actions such as the reduction of land taxes and the dismissal of the local governor.
- 国司に付与された権限については、租税収取に関するものに注目が集まりやすいが、軍事警察の面でも大きな権限を獲得している。
- Although the authority for tax collection tends to be focused, kokushi were also given great authority for military police.
- 1493年(明応2年)には自ら自治を放棄する集会を開き惣国は解体され、新しい守護の伊勢貞陸の支配下に入ることになった。
- In 1493, the sokoku held a meeting to abandon its autonomy and the organization was dismantled; the community was then put under the rule of Sadamichi ISE, a newly appointed shugo.
- これは件の告発によって義持と富樫満成ら側近集団に実権を奪われた細川以下の有力守護大名側の逆クーデターとも言われている。
- Some consider that this was a counter-coup by dominant shugo guardian feudal lords, Hosokawa amongst others, who were disempowered following the accusations of Yoshimochi and a group of his attendants, including Mitsunari TOGASHI.
- 鎌倉・室町時代の奉行人は必要な追加法を蒐集し、『新編追加』をはじめ、何本もの追加法の編纂がなされて現在に伝わっている。
- Bugyonin (magistrates) of Kamakura and Muromachi periods collected necessary additional laws and compiled a lot of additional laws including 'Shinpentsuika' which has been passed down to the present.
- この地には信仰を集める名刹・善光寺があり、戸隠神社や小菅神社、飯綱など修験道の聖地もあって有力な経済圏を形成していた。
- With sacred places, such as Togakushi-jinja Shrine, Kosuge-jinja Shrine and Iizuna being located as well as Zenko-ji Temple, a distinguished temple worshipped by many, this place formed a dominant economic area.
- このふたつの党派は当時の政治や社会の現状を認めるか否かによって分かたれた集団であって、思想的な差異によるものではない。
- The two factions were split by differing opinions on whether or not to approve the politics and the state of society of the time, and not formed by ideologies.
- 但し、勧学会の場合は、念仏結社的な性格も有してはいたが、『法華経』を読誦し、作詩も行なうサロン的傾向の強い集団であった。
- However, although Kangaku-e resembled a Nenbutsu association, the group also had an aspect of a salon where 'Hoke-kyo Sutra' (the Lotus Sutra) was chanted and poems were written.
- が、やがて東国においては、これらの荷の運搬と安全を請け負う僦馬(しゅうめ)と呼ばれる職業的に輸送に従事する集団が現れた。
- Before long, however, a group called Shume emerged in Togoku (Kanto region) that engaged in transportation as a business, engaging in the safe transfer of such loads.
- 『庭訓往来』に代表される書簡形式を採った単語集・知識集で、書簡の形式とともに必要な知識を身に付けさせる事を目指したもの。
- The fourth group represented by 'Teikin Orai' comprises books of words and knowledge in the style of letters, which aimed to spread necessary knowledge as well as the form of letters.
- 紙本墨書の『芦手絵和漢朗詠集抄』全2巻(京都国立博物館所蔵)は、芦手絵を描いた料紙に『和漢朗詠集』を書写したものである。
- All two scrolls of 'Ashide-e Wakan Roeishu Sho' of shihon bokusho (ink on paper) (possessed by Kyoto National Museum) were copied from 'Wakan Roei Shu', (Collection of Sung Japanese and Chinese poems) on ryoshi (paper for writing) on which Ashide-e was painted.
- このことは畿内・山陽・北部九州に並立していた地域政治集団が糾合してヤマト王権を形成したことを表していると考えられている。
- This is considered to be an indication that local political groups had existed in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), the Sanyo region (Inland Sea provinces) and the northern Kyushu area in parallel were rallied to form Yamato sovereignty (ancient Japan sovereignty).
- 寺内町(じないちょう、じないまち)とは、室町時代に浄土真宗などの仏教寺院、道場(御坊)を中心に形成された自治集落のこと。
- Jinaicho (also called Jinaimachi) refers to self-governing communities formed during the Muromachi period, which centered on the Buddhist temples of the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) and training seminaries (gobo).
- だが鉄砲隊をある程度集中した部隊として機能させていれば、1度の射撃で部隊単位の戦力を大きく消耗させる事は不可能ではない。
- It would not have been impossible for single firing to do considerable damage to an army if the teppo units had been deployed reasonably intensively.
- 高橋多一郎ら脱藩した水戸浪士達は長岡(現・茨城県東茨城郡茨城町)に集結し、同志・農民など数百人がこれに賛同して合流した。
- The roshi (masterless samurai) of the Mito Domain such as Taichiro TAKAHASHI gathered at Nagaoka (present Ibaraki machi, Higashiibaraki-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture) and several hundreds of comrades and farmers joined them.
- 太田城はフロイスが「一つの市の如きもの」と表現したように、単なる軍事拠点ではなく町の周囲に水路を巡らした環濠集落である。
- As Frois expressed it 'like one town,' Ota-jo Castle was not only a military base but also a town surrounded by a moat.
- 午後3時には猛烈な火力を集中して薩軍の先陣を突破して後陣に迫ったが、中島が指揮する薩軍の逆襲で左翼部隊が総崩れとなった。
- At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the government army concentrated their firepower to break through the vanguard of the Satsuma army, closing in on the rear guard, but had its left flank fought back and routed by the Satsuma army led by Nakajima.
- 1968年に日本近代文学館から「名著複刻全集 近代文学館 明治前期 29」として『学問のすすめ 初編』が復刻されている。
- The first edition of Gakumon no Susume was reprinted in 1968 as 'Great books reprinted series, Modern museum of literature, the first half of the Meiji period, 29', from Nihon Kindai Bungakukan.
- また、壬申戸籍自体が、役所の戸籍簿の集計であり、直接の人口調査によるものではなかったため、無視できない脱漏を残していた。
- Moreover, because the Jinshin-koseki itself was a totalization of family registers in public offices, not based on a direct survey of population, omissions that cannot be ignored were left behind.
- 佐藤進一は1965 年の『南北朝の動乱』 の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
- Shinichi SATO firmly stated in 'A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts' published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'
- 俊成は治承2年(1178年)に『長秋詠草』、西行は建久元年(1190年)に『山家集』と称した私家集をそれぞれ編纂している。
- Toshinari compiled 'Choshu eiso' (FUJIWARA no Shunzei's personal collection of poetry) in 1178, and Saigyo compiled a private poetry collection named 'Sanka shu' in 1190.
- 紀貫之が書いた『古今和歌集』の「古今和歌集仮名序」は、漢文の用法を遺しながらも平仮名で書かれた和文として初期のものである。
- Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (Preface of Kokin Wakashu written in kana) of the 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) written by KI no Tsurayuki was an early work written in Hiragana while keeping the usage of a text in Chinese.
- 当時多く築造された弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓は大型地域集団の首長墓と見られ、身分差が生じ始めていたことの現れだと考えられている。
- It is considered that many mound-type graves built during the period, a style was one of the grave styles characteristic of the Mayor period, and were for chiefs of these large-sized communities, and it is considered that society started becoming hierarchical.
- 1930年(1930年)1月古典籍の収集家林若樹氏により不明者から購入、雑誌「日本及日本人」に発表されその存在が知られる。
- In January, 1930, Wakaki HAYASHI, a collector of historical books, purchased the Honjo Soemon Oboegaki from an unknown person and published it in the magazine 'Nihon oyobi Nihonjin' (Japan and the Japanese); it's existence finally becomes known.
- すると、現地赴任する国司の筆頭者に、様々な責任やそれに伴う権限が集中するようになり、事実上の国衙行政の最高責任者となった。
- As a result, the kokushi, who was actually dispatched to the appointed province, started to assume various responsibilities as well as powers, which made him virtually the highest ranked officer in the kokuga administration.
- また、銅鐸の製造集団の負う文化的背景に由来すると思われる地域的な銅鐸の特徴差について考慮を全く欠いているという批判がある。
- Also, another critic says that this theory completely lacks a consideration regarding regional differences in the characteristics of dotaku, which probably deprived from differences of the cultural background each local producing group had.
- 他の学生は立命大での会議に参加したが、会議は市警当局に対する抗議集会に切り替えられ、市警本部に対する抗議デモが決議された。
- Although the other students joined in the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi after the incident, the meeting turned into an urgent protest against the authorities of the Kyoto City Police, and they voted on a demonstration at the headquarters of the City Police.
- また、豊臣政権末期の五大老制は有力大名による集団指導体制であり、外様大名である徳川家康の政権簒奪を防ぐことができなかった。
- The Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) system at the end of the Toyotomi government was a collective leadership system by powerful daimyo, however they were unable to prevent Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, a tozama daimyo, from usurping power.
- 鋳銭地は古銭収集界で現存するものを当てはめたものであり、これらの内発掘などで銭籍が確定しているものは長門銭など一部である。
- With respect to places where coins were minted, places known in the world of ancient coin collection were applied, and the place of minting was confirmed through excavation activities only for some coins such as Nagato-sen and so on.
- 勝ち負けが存在し、またその一方で集団戦などの従来のチャンバラが持つ楽しさもあるため、年々その愛好者は増えている模様である。
- It seems that there are increasing numbers of players year after year because it determines winners and losers in the game and also it has the original excitements of chanbara such as team competition.
- たとえて言うならば、出品酒は自動車メーカーが世界中が注目しているF-1レース用に持てる技術の粋を結集して造った作品である。
- Figuratively speaking, shuppinshu is equivalent to a Formula One car that draws the global attention and is made with the finest skills of the auto maker.
- 8名で畑を開き暮らしていたが、源氏の追っ手の知るところとなり、6名は自害、残った2名が両家集落(保内町)の祖となったという。
- It is said that although eight people lived by farming there, they were detected by pursuers of the Minamoto clan and six of them committed suicide while the remaining two founded Ryoke village (Honai-cho).
- 「大索(おおあなくり)」「盗索(ぬすびとあなくり)」と呼ばれ「武勇に堪えたる五位巳下」として天慶勲功者の子孫達が招集された。
- The descendants of those who did distinguished services and called Oanakuri,' 'Nusubitoanakuri' and '五位巳下 that show courage in battle' were summoned.
- 『沙石集』では、酒宴の場を座席と、詩歌の場を会所と表現し、どちらからも、会所が文芸に関りの深いところだ、ということが分かる。
- According to 'Shasekishu,' it described the place of drinking parties as the seating, and the place of poetry reading as kaisho, and either way, it could be seen that kaisho was strongly related to art and literature.
- 織豊政権は戦国大名の統治機構を母体とする強力な中央集権体制であり、その裏づけに天皇・朝廷の権威を利用するという形式を執った。
- The Shokuho government was a strong centralized administrative framework whose parent structure was the governing system of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period, and to support the structure, the government took advantage of authorities of the Emperor and the Imperial Court.
- 傀儡子(くぐつ、傀儡とも言う)とは、9世紀頃から各資料に現れだした、諸国を旅し、芸能によって生計を営んでいた集団の事である。
- Kugutsu were groups of people who traveled around the country and made a living in the performing arts, appearing on the records from around the ninth century.
- 大和では大海人皇子が去ったあと、近江朝が倭京(飛鳥の古い都)に兵を集めていたが大伴吹負が挙兵してその部隊の指揮権を奪取した。
- In Yamato, after Prince Oama left, the Omi Court gathered troops in Wakyo (old city of Asuka) but OTOMO no Fukei took up arms and gained control of the army.
- ただ、各王朝の実権者の側から見れば、容易に反体制集団に利用されることが予想される緯書は、厳しく禁圧される禁書の対象とされた。
- However, these books were strictly prohibited, as persons of power during each dynasty considered them (I book) to be used by dissident groups.
- 次の弥生中期以降、近畿では環濠集落が普及し、径300から400メートルに及ぶ大規模な環濠を持ち、人々は濠内に集住したらしい。
- After Middle Yayoi period and onwards, moat settlements were spread all over Kinki region, and people lived in large villages that had a surrounding moat of 300 m to 400 m in diameter.
- そして1864年5月2日(元治元年3月27日 (旧暦))、筑波山に集結した62人の同志たちと共に気勢を上げ、遂に挙兵に至る。
- On May 2, 1864, they finally raised an army with the 62 followers who gathered at the Mt. Tsukuba.
- 1985年には「旧勲章名誉回復に関する懇談会」という国会議員の集まりがつくられ、当時の中曽根康弘首相に同様の要請をしている。
- In 1985 this League organized a gathering of National Diet members and held a 'panel discussion on the reinstatement of the honors of the Golden Kite Medal,' and submitted the same request for reinstatement to then-Prime Minister Yasuhiro NAKASONE.
- しかし、富国強兵を目的とする近代国家建設を推進するためには、中央集権化による政府の地方支配強化は是非とも必要なことであった。
- However, the government desperately needed strong control over the provinces in order to develop the construction of modern state, to enrich the country and to strengthen the military.
- 天下人が全てを掌握し管理する近世中央集権体制にとって、権力の介入をはねのける寺社勢力の存在は許せるものではなかったのである。
- This is because the existence of temple and shrine power which rejected the intervention of authority could not be allowed by the centralized administrative framework of recent times in which tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country) grasped and controlled all things.
- 南伊勢町(旧南島町)に多く見られる「竃」が付く地名は、平家の残党がそこに住み着いて塩を作って生計を立てていた集落であるという。
- Places whose names include the Chinese character '竃' (kamado - kitchen stove, oven) in Minamiise-cho (former Minamijima-cho) are believed to have been the community of the remnants of the Taira family where they settled and made a living producing salt.
- 集外三十六歌仙(しゅうがいさんじゅうろっかせん)は、室町時代から江戸時代初頭にかけての歌人を三十六歌仙に倣って取り上げたもの。
- Shugai Sanjurokkasen is a collection of poems by 36 poets from the Muromachi period to the early Edo period following the example of Sanjurokkasen (36 Master Poets).
- 国歌の原歌が、古今和歌集の賀歌であるため、そもそも「我が君」の「君」が天皇であるのかどうか、ということがしばしば問題にされる。
- Because the original poem of Japan's National Anthem is a gaka in Kokin=Wakashu, it is often discussed whether or not 'kimi (literally, 'lord'') in 'wagakimi' means the emperor.
- 勅撰集の賀歌の有り様が変化し、算賀をはじめ現実に即した言祝ぎの歌がしだいに姿を消し、題詠歌と大嘗祭和歌になっていくからである。
- It was because the state of gaka in Chokusenshu changed and waka for celebrations reflecting real life such as longevity gradually disappeared being replaced with daieika (ancient poems composed under assigned titles) and Daijoe waka (poem composed at the royal ceremony).
- 1933年に朝鮮史編集会から「朝鮮史料叢刊」として影印刊行され、日本では1991年に詳細な訳注本が岩波文庫から出版されている。
- A facsimile edition entitled 'Chosen Shiryo Sokan' (Joseon History Collection) was published by the Korean History Compilation Committee in 1933 and a detailed translated edition was published in Japan by Iwanami Paperbacks in 1991.
- このような7世紀の東アジアの激動を背景として,倭(天武天皇による国号制定以後日本)では中央集権的律令国家建設の必要性が生じた。
- Facing the highly volatile situation in East Asia in the seventh century, there emerged a need for 'Wa' (ancient Japan, 'Wa' was called 'Japan' after the establishment of the name of the country by the Emperor Tenmu) to establish a centralized state under the Ritsuryo system.
- 民権運動の盛り上がりに対し、政府は讒謗律、新聞紙条例の公布(1875年)、集会条例(1880年)など言論弾圧の法令で対抗した。
- As the movement intensified, the government issued a series of laws and regulations, including the Zamboritsu (Defamation Law), the Shinbunshi Jorei (Press Regulations) in 1875, and the Shukai Jorei (Assembly Regulations) in 1880, that suppressed free speech.
- 桂園派は、当時流行しつつあった冒険的な近代短歌に対して、当たり障りのない『古今和歌集』などの伝統を重んじる保守的な流派である。
- The Keien school was a conservative school which valued tradition such as innocuous 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) against venturous modern tanka which was coming into fashion at that time.
- 伝統的な浮世絵や、職人の技術の粋を集めた日本建築は、多くの欧米のその道の権威を唸らせ、ジャポニズムという一種のブームを生んだ。
- Traditional Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and Japanese architecture built with artisans' sophisticated skills made a deep impression on many authorities in the fields in Europe and America, creating a kind of boom called Japonism.
- 周辺は琵琶湖や大中の湖、美濃から京都へ至る東山道、長光寺集落から伊勢へ抜ける八風街道があり、それらを管制できる要衝に位置する。
- It was located in a strategically important region for controlling the surrounding areas, such as large and middle-size lakes including Lake Biwa as well as the Tozan-do Road, continuing from Mino Province to Kyoto City, and the Happu-kaido Road, connecting the settlement of Choko-ji Temple to Ise City.
- まず小樽に集結し、4月に汽船で青森に渡り、そこから汽車で東京に行き、3月22日に充員を完了し、3月30日に第一軍に編入された。
- To begin with, they gathered in Otaru, traveled to Aomori by steamship, and reached Tokyo by train; after vacancies being filled up, they were organized into the First Army.
- その中で定められていた集団規則によれば、彼らは検校、別当、勾当、座頭の四つの位階に、細かくは73の段階に分けられていたという。
- According to group regulations of the association, they were divided into four official court ranks: Kengyo, Betto, Koto, and Zato, and further divided into 73 ranks.
- 後の統計は集計値の他に推計値を載せるようになり、大正9年(1920年)の国勢調査まで、この誤差問題は次第に大きくなっていった。
- Since estimation values came to be posted besides total values in the following statistics, the problem of errors became large gradually until the national census in 1920.
- また、仮名 (文字)の使い分けが音韻の違いに結びつくという結論付けがなされていなかったこともあり、注目を集めることはなかった。
- Furthermore it did not reach any conclusion to connect the distinction of the types of phonetic characters with the difference of phonemes, and thus did not draw much attention.
- 魚魯愚鈔(ぎょろぐしょう)は、除目に関する申文や大間書などの資料や『清涼記』・『西宮記』などの除目関係記事を集成した有職故実書。
- Gyorogusho was a book on the study of ancient courtly traditions and etiquette which compiled documents relating to the appointment to official positions such as moshibumi (letter of appointment) and omagaki (a list of candidates) as well as other related records such as 'Seiryoki' and 'Saikyuki.'
- 元宅は城を弟の金子元春に託して全軍指揮のために守護代 石川氏の高峠城に入り、兵を氷見(現 西条市)の高尾城に集めて軍勢を整えた。
- Motoie, having left the castle to the care of his brother, Motoharu KANEKO, entered Takatoki-jo Castle of Shugodai (the acting military governor) of the Ishikawa clan to command all the troops, and thus concentrated the soldiers at Takao-jo Castle in Himi (the present-day Saijo City) in order to consolidate the forces.
- なお、古今和歌六帖では、上の句が「我が君は千代にましませ」となっており、古今和歌集も古い写本には「ましませ」となったものもある。
- In Kokin Waka Rokujo, the first three lines of waka is 'wagakimiha chiyonimashimase (literally, 'my lord may live a thousand years) and also in a certain old manuscript of Kokin-Wakashu, it is written 'mashimase.'
- 寺院内部においても大衆_(寺院)が寺院内外の重要決定をする際に評定が召集され、寺院の年始の行事の一環として評定始が開かれていた。
- Daishu (a group of monks) were convened to hold hyojo to decide important matters in and around a temple, and hyojohajime was one of the ceremonies of the temple in the New Year.
- 奈良時代に成立した『万葉集』には防人のために徴用された兵や、その家族が詠んだ歌が100首以上収録されており、防人歌と総称される。
- 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), a collection of poetry written during the Nara period, contains more than 100 poems collectively called sakimori-no-uta (Sakimori poems) that were composed by soldiers drafted for sakimori and their family members.
- この時期の王朝国家の変質を示す指標としては、公田官物率法の制定、別名の積極的な設定、所領相論審判権の太政官への集中化などがある。
- What demonstrates the change of Dynastic polity occurred at that time are the establishment of Koden kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute), active establishment of bechimyo and the centralization of shoryo soron shinpanken (jurisdiction of the disputes concerning the ownership of land) to Dajokan (Grand Council of State).
- 律令制が確立して中央集権的な国家体制が整うにつれて、国の富は中央に集められ、皇族や貴族はこれらの富を背景に華やかな生活を送った。
- Following the realization of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and establishment of a centralized state government, the country's treasures and wealth were brought to the capital, against which background the Imperial family and the nobility led a sumptuous life.
- 私も父同然に扱われるつもりのようで、(知行地の)境目に放火している」とあり、義久が伊集院氏を滅ぼすつもりであったと主張している。
- It seems that I am being treated like my father and the boundary of the territories is set on fire,' whereby he claimed that Yoshihisa was going to demolish the Ijuin clan.
- 島津氏宗家相続の際、伊集院忠棟は義久の次女である新城の婿、島津彰久を推奨しており、忠恒にとって忠棟は憎悪の対象であったといえる。
- As the successor to the head of the Shimazu clan, Tadamune IJUIN recommended Yoshihisa's second daughter Shinjo's husband, Akihisa SHIMAZU; that might be another reason for Tadatsune to hate Tadamune.
- 兵村は形式においては一般の村と並ぶものではないが、集団で入って一つの規律に服したので、実際には村の中の独立した村として機能した。
- Heison in their form were different from villages in general, and functioned as an independent village in a village because people entered it as a group and followed one discipline.
- - 伝統産業に従事する職人や、鉱山や土木業などの産業に従事する者が集まってできた町、あるいはその産業・工芸品の売買によって栄えた町
- town formed with artisans engaged in traditional industries and those engaged in industries such as mining industry, civil engineering, and the construction industry, or a town that prospered as a result of trading related products
- 9世紀前半に円仁が中国五台山 (中国)の念仏三昧法を比叡山に伝えており、源信_(僧侶)が『往生要集』を著して天台浄土教を大成した。
- In the first part of the ninth century, Ennin introduced the Nenbutsu Zanmai Ho (method of mental absorption in the Buddhist invocation) of Wutai Shan (in China) to Mt. Hiei and Genshin (priest) perfected Tendai Jodo sect by writing 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation).
- 供御人(くごにん)とは、日本中世において、朝廷に属し天皇・皇族などに山海の特産物などの食料や各種手工芸品などを貢納した集団である。
- Kugonin was a group, during the medieval period in Japan, that belonged to the Imperial court who presented food such as special products from the mountains and the sea, and various handicraft products to the Emperor and the Imperial Family.
- 翌年、但馬、隠岐を経て出雲に上陸した後、尼子再興の伝令を発すると、5日後には尼子勝久の元に尼子家旧家臣、3000の軍勢が集まった。
- After they reached Izumo through Tajima and Oki the next year, they dispatched a messenger concerning the intention of the reconstruction of the Amago family, and in five days three thousand troops consisting of former vassals of the Amago family gathered for Katsuhisa AMAGO.
- 院政期という比較的早い時期において成立し、有職故実・公事を中心とする題材を後世の説話集に提供したため、説話に分類されることもある。
- Fukego is sometimes classified as a setsuwa (a collection of anecdotes) because it was written in the earlier period, in the times under cloistered rule, and presented such subjects as yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) and official court events to setsuwa collections of the later period.
- 義貞は三島で軍を集結させると軍を二方面に分け、自らは搦め手軍を率いて箱根峠に進み、大手軍は実弟脇屋義助を大将に足柄峠へ進軍させる。
- Yoshisada gathered his army in Mishima and split them into two directions, then he led the rear force and headed for Hakone-toge Pass, meanwhile, his younger brother, Yoshisuke WAKIYA led the front force and headed for Ashigara-toge Pass.
- またはそのために盟約、契約を結んで、政治的共同体を結成した集団及び、これを基盤とした既成の支配体制に対する武力行使を含む抵抗運動。
- 'Ikki' can also refer to a group of people that form a political community by entering into an alliance or a contract to achieve an objective and to a resistance movement (which may employ armed force) formed by a group in opposition to the established government.
- しかし金弘集 (1842年)に率いられた二度目の修信使は、駐日清朝公使何如璋及び黄遵憲と面会し、黄の『朝鮮策略』を持ち帰っている。
- However, the second group of the training delegates led by Hong-jip KIM (born in 1842) met with the Qing dynasty minister to Japan Ruzhang HE and Zunxian HUANG, and brought back 'A stratagem for Korea' written by Huang.
- 美濃に入り、東国からの兵力を集めた大海人皇子は7月2日 (旧暦)(8月3日)に軍勢を二手にわけて大和国と近江の二方面に送り出した。
- Entered Mino and gathered troops from the east country, and Prince Oama divided the troops in two and dispatched them in two directions; Yamato and Omi on August 3.
- 府県会規則の制定以前には、一部の府知事、県令が顧問的な会議(地方民会)を招集した例はあっても、法制度上の地方議会は存在しなかった。
- Before the establishment of the Fuken-kai rules, though there were examples in which some prefectural governors callied for advisory meetings (local assemblies), the local assembly did not exist as a legal system.
- 室町時代の後半の戦国時代 (日本)では戦乱が多発し、農村では集落を守るために周囲に堀(環濠)を巡らして襲撃に備えるところが現れた。
- The latter half of the Muromachi period was the Sengoku period (period of warring states) when warfare broke out all over Japan, making some villagers decide to build moats around their settlements in order to protect themselves from assaults.
- 後期では北部北九州では佐賀県吉野ヶ里遺跡や大阪府の安満遺跡や池上・曽根遺跡、奈良県の唐古・鍵遺跡などの大規模環濠集落が上げられる。
- Yoshinogari site in Saga Prefecture, Ama and Ikegami-Sone sites in Osaka Prefecture, and Karako-Kagi site in Nara Prefecture are examples of places where large scale moat settlements from Late Yayoi period existed.
- 鷹見安二郎(1940年)によると住宅密集地区外に点在する民家は文政年間で約9500戸程度と見積もられ、約4万3500人程度である。
- TAKAMI Yasujiro (1940) estimated that there were 9,500 households and approximately 43,500 people inhabiting the dense residential area.
- 正午頃に開始された天王寺・岡山の戦いは戦国の世最大にして最後の戦いであり、これまでに例を見ない兵力と火力が集中し、大激戦となった。
- The Battle of Tennoji/Okayama, which began at about noon, was the greatest and the last battle in the Warring States period, became a fierce battle using intensively the greatest force of arms and firepower that had been seen before.
- だが掛かる費用に対し効果が薄かったため、明治5年(1872年)には募集や新規移民優遇をやめ、既に定着した移民への援助に切り替えた。
- However, as the aid was not effective compared to the costs incurred, the government stopped recruitment and preferential treatment for new immigrants and shifted its support to already settled immigrants.
- 富籤・富くじ(とみくじ)は、富突きともいい普請の為の資金収集の方法であり、宝くじの起源といわれるくじ引の一種であり、賭博でもある。
- Tomikuji also called Tomitsuki is a way to collect fund for mutual aids and a kind of lottery that is said to be the origin of takarakuji and also a gamble.
- 後世に重んじられ、『公事根源集釈』(松下見林)・『公事根源愚考』(速水房常)・『公事根源新釈』(関根正直)等の注釈書が書かれている。
- The book was considered important in later generations, and annotations such as 'Kuji Kongen Shushaku' (annotation on Kuji Kongen) (Kenrin MATSUSHITA), 'Kuji Kongen Guko' (My thinking on Kuji Kongen) (Fusatsune HAYAMI), and 'Kuji Kongen Shinshaku' (New Interpretation of Kuji Kongen) (Masanao SEKINE) were written.
- 所領安堵や武家官位のみならず、公家の官職任免などの人事や家門安堵、寺社に対する政策、勅撰和歌集の撰進など朝廷のあらゆる分野に及んだ。
- Bukeshisso came to cover not only shoryo ando (the act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) and bukekani (official court titles for samurai) but also almost all areas such as Court nobles' appointment and dismissal in the Imperial Court, kamon ando (providing authorization for family lineage), policies to temples and shrines and senshin (the dedicating of entitled documents and poetries) of Chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command).
- ただし、平安時代中期以後、多くの書物に引用され、遅くても鎌倉時代までに主要な逸文を集めた写本が作成された(国立歴史民俗博物館所蔵)。
- However, after the mid Heian period, it was quoted in many books and a manuscript collection of the major itsubun (a composition that previously existed, but doesn't exist now) was put together before the Kamakura period at the latest (the manuscript is owned by the National Museum of Japanese History).
- 16日になると、後白河は延暦寺や園城寺の協力をとりつけて僧兵や石投の浮浪民などをかき集め、堀や柵をめぐらせ法住寺殿の武装化を進めた。
- On January 7, 1184, Goshirakawa secured the cooperation of the Enryaku-ji and Onjo-ji Temples, gathering armed monks and stone-throwing rogues, and reinforced Hojuji-dono Palace by guarding it with a moat and fences.
- このほか、院政期には藤原為房『撰集秘記』や源有仁の『叙位抄』『秋玉秘抄』など部門別儀式書や儀式分類記的な著作が編まれるようになった。
- Apart from them, books on rites according to department or those according to the categories of ritual, such as 'Senju-hiki' by FUJIWARA no Tamefusa, 'Joi-sho,' 'Shugyoku Hisho' by MINAMOTO no Arihito, were compiled during the Insei period.
- 天竺(インド)・震丹(中国)・本朝(日本)の3国にわたる古今の仏教説話や世俗説話1000あまりを集大成したのが『今昔物語集』である。
- More than 1,000 Buddhism anecdotes now and past or common tales in three countries; India, China and Japan, were compiled into 'Konjaku Monogatari shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past).
- 移配された俘囚は、7世紀から9世紀まで断続的に続いた大和と蝦夷の戦争で、大和へ帰服した蝦夷男女が集団で強制移住させられたものである。
- the Fushu who were sent to the Japanese territory were a group of Emishi men and women who had yielded to the power of Yamato (Japan) during the wars that occurred intermittently between Yamato and Emishi between the seventh century and ninth century and thus were forced to emigrate to the Japanese territory.
- こうしてなし崩し的に公領に虫食い状に発生した新立荘園、つまり国免荘(こくめんのしょう)は、次第に公領からの租税徴集を圧迫していった。
- In this way, newly-established shoen, namely, kokumen no sho (a shoen allowed exemption from rice tax or other tributes), had been vermicularly spreading within koryo, strangling the tax collection from koryo.
- 目安箱(めやすばこ)は施政の参考意見や社会事情の収集などを目的に、庶民の進言の投書を集めるために設置した箱、及びその制度の事である。
- Meyasubako was a box which was set up to collect letters of proposal by the common people for the purpose of collecting opinions about administrative policies and information about the society, or the system thereof.
- この環濠集落の直径が約200メートルで、西側が自然河川に繋がっており、北側と東側、南側には、幅約20メートルの濠が巡っているらしい。
- The moat settlement spanned approximately 200 m across, and while the village was directly facing the natural river on the west side, it was apparently surrounded by a moat of about 20 m wide on the north, east and south sides.
- 従来の通説では西洋の学問を中心にした集まりとされたが、主宰の勝助は儒学者であり、蘭学に限らない、より幅の広い集団であったようである。
- According to the traditional prevailing view, it was considered as a group centered on Western learning, but it seems to have been actually a group based not only on the Dutch, but also on a wide range of varied learning as the promoter, Katsusuke was a Confucianist.
- 当時の水軍は舞鶴湾沿いに根城を持っており舞鶴市の佐波賀という集落に残る城跡の城主は田辺旧記によると下志万七郎左衛門であったとされる。
- Navies in those days had strongholds along Maizuru Bay and according to the Tanabe Kyuki (the old record of Tanabe), the lord of the castle of which ruins remained in the village called Sabaka in Maizuru City was Shichiro Zaemon SHIMOJIMA.
- その後政府は蝦夷の首長を郡司に任命して部族集団の間接的な支配を行い、また個別に服属してきた者は俘囚として諸国に移民させられたりした。
- Later, the government appointed the chief of Ezo as a gunji (region manager) in order to indirectly control tribal groups, and forced people individually picked out for subjugation to migrate to other countries as fushu (barbarians).
- 農業生産力の発達と流通の拡大によって、百姓身分の層の中からも、加地子収取権を買い取り集め、日常的営農から解放される層が広範に生まれる。
- Kajishi (land rent) shutokuken (right to collect land rent) was bought and gathered from even a peasant class with the development of the circulation and expansion of farm production power, and there was a wide range of classes born with the release from everyday farming.
- 最終的に島津氏は九州の大部分を没収されたが、石田三成と伊集院忠棟による戦後処理の結果、薩摩・大隅国の2国を安堵され九州征伐は終了した。
- Although the Shimazu clan was finally deprived of most of its territories in Kyushu, it was granted the right to rule Satsuma and Osumi Provinces as a result of the post-war actions taken by Mitsunari ISHIDA and Tadamune IJUIN.
- 東山御物(ひがしやまぎょもつ/ひがしやまごもつ)とは、室町幕府8代征夷大将軍足利義政によって収集された絵画・茶器・花器・文具などの称。
- Higashiyama gyomotsu (Higashiyama gomotsu) refers to the paintings, chaki (tea utensils), kaki (flower vase), stationery and other items collected by Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the eighth seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- さらに1994年度、「京都大学学生との同居の切実な必要性」が認められる者(身障者とその介護者、親子、夫婦等)も入寮募集の対象となった。
- Further, 'persons who keenly need to live with the students of Kyoto University' (the handicapped and their support persons, parent and children, a couple etc.) were allowed to apply for entering the dormitory in the academic year 1994.
- 『令義解』(りょうのぎげ)とは、に淳和天皇の勅により右大臣清原夏野を総裁として、文章博士菅原清公ら12人によって撰集された令の解説書。
- 'Ryo-no-gige' is a commentary on ryo (administrative code) by the decree of the Emperor Junna, selected by 12 people such as udaijin (minister of the right) KIYOHARA no Natsuno as a head, Monjo hakase (professor of literature) SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi and so on.
- だが、実質的には騎馬武者に率いられたその従者(武家奉公人)及び徴集された農兵による歩兵部隊であった(これは当時の一般的な軍制である)。
- The cavalry was in fact the infantry comprised of mounted warriors and their attendants (buke hokonin or servants of a samurai family) as well as conscripted peasant soldiers (which was a common military organization of the time).
- 「百姓」=一般人は「男ヲハ或ハ殺シ、或ハ生取ニシ」ている状況とともに「女ヲハ或ハ取集テ、手ヲトヲシテ船ニ結付、或ハ生取ニス」 とある。
- It states that as for 'peasants,' meaning ordinary people, 'men were killed or captured' and in addition, 'women were gathered and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, or were captured.'
- 集会を主催した反政府の政党が群集を煽ったのではないか、という見方もあるが、一方、余りの群集の興奮ぶりに収拾出来なくなったとの説もある。
- Some people say the anti-governmental political party which organized the rally might have agitated the people, but the other people say that people were too much excited to be controled any longer.
- 伏屋式が主流で、壁立式は拠点集落の大形住居に限られ、首長居館として権威を示す形式として弥生・古墳の両時代に築造されたと考えられている。
- While the fuseya type was predominant, the kabedachi type was limited to large-scale structures in key settlements, believed to be built in both Yayoi and Kofun (tumulus) periods as an architectural style aimed at demonstrating authority as the residence of the chieftain.
- 一条方が四万十川以東の集落や中村城の城下町を襲って挑発すると、長宗我部元親はわずか3日後に7300の軍勢を率いて四万十川東岸に現れた。
- As the Ichijo army provoked the enemy by attacking villages east of the Shimanto-gawa River and the castle town of the Nakamura-jo Castle, Motochika CHOSOKABE arrived on the east bank of the Shimanto-gawa River with the army 7,300 strong after a mere three days.
- これは個々の行政文書の形式で出されていた法令を1つの法典の形式に集積・分類した目録の形式によって公布されたものと考えられたことによる。
- Through this, laws which had been independent administrative documents until that point were brought together into a code and promulgated in the form of a mokuroku.
- 大化の改新は日本書紀に描かれるほどの画期的な改革ではなく、その後、改革への動 きは停滞したとする見解が広範な支持を集めているのである。
- It is now widely held that the Taika Reforms were not so epoch-making as to have been depicted in the 'Nihon shoki' ('Chronicles of Japan') and that the movement toward reform later stagnated.
- 紀元前2世紀-紀元前後ごろの時期には、倭人は定期的に前漢へ朝貢しており、また約100の政治集団(国)を形成していた(『漢書地理志』)。
- In the period from the second century B.C. to around the beginning of the first century, Wajin paid tribute to the Former Han Dynasty on a regular basis and formed about 100 political groups (countries) ('Kanjo Chirishi' (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)).
- 版籍奉還(はんせきほうかん)とは、明治2年6月17日(1869年7月25日)に日本の明治政府により行われた中央集権化事業の1つである。
- The return of lands and people to the Emperor is one of the centralization enterprises undertaken by the Meiji government in Japan which was established on July 25, 1869.
- 小室正紀・西川俊作編 『福澤諭吉著作集〈第3巻〉学問のすゝめ』 慶應義塾大学出版会、2002年、ISBN 978-4766408799
- The 3rd volume of the works of Yukichi FUKUZAWA edited by Masanori KOMURO and Shunsaku NISHIKAWA, Keiogijuku University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-4766408799
- その後、族集団が解体し、庶民でも持つ家族名である '氏' と本来の '姓' の混同が進み、庶民でもほとんど姓を持つとされるようになった。
- Thereafter, the clan dissolved, and a 'family name,' which even common people had merged with the original 'surname' to end up with most of the common people having a surname.
- 初期本百姓が村内で持つ影響力に依拠しなければ年貢諸役を集めることが難しかったが、村請制に依拠できる体制が完成したと評価することもできる。
- Collection of nengu and miscellaneous taxes was difficult without relying on the influential power that early hon-byakusho had in the villages, but it can be evaluated that a system that could rely on the murauke system was completed.
- 祠堂銭として集められた金銭を資金として寺院の内外に貸付を行い、その利息により寺院の管理・運営の維持を図ったり、社会事業の財源などとした。
- Using gathered Shidosen funds, monks engaged in moneylending both inside and outside of the temples, using the interest for social work in addition to continuously managing and maintaining the temples.
- 雑役免田の集積による雑役免型荘園(ぞうえきめんがたしょうえん)は、荘園としては未完成であり完全な不輸となる前の過渡的性格のものと言える。
- The collection of Zoeki Menden led to Zoekimengata Shoen and was a transient state of Shoen before complete exemption from tax.
- やがて、所従・下人をも含めた荘民は新たな農民集団を形成して荘園領主や外部と対峙する様になり、「惣村」と呼ばれる独自の自治組織を形成する。
- As a result, the class of shomin, including shoju and genin, started to form groups of peasants which confronted the manor owners and the external parties, which was a process that eventually led to the formation of the self-governing organization called 'soson.'
- 他の日記には、女流作家による『成尋阿闍梨母集』(成尋阿闍梨母)、『讃岐典侍日記』(藤原長子)、男性による『厳島御幸記』(源通親)がある。
- Apart from Sarashina Nikki, 'Jojin Ajari no haha no shu' (A collection of poems by mother of Jojin Ajari) written by a female author (the mother of Jojin Ajari), 'Sanukinosuke Nikki' (the Diary of Sanukinosuke) (by FUJIWARA no Nagako), 'Takakurain in Itsukushima Gyoko ki' (The record of the visit of a retired Emperor Takakura to Itsukushima) (by a male author, MINAMOTO no Michichika) are famous examples as well.
- 当初、受領たちは東北制圧戦争に伴って各地に捕囚として抑留された蝦夷集団、すなわち俘囚を騎馬襲撃戦を得意とする私兵として鎮圧に当たらせた。
- The Ezo (northerners) group, that is, barbarians, who were in custody as prisoners in each region after the war for conquest of the north-east region, were first made by zuryos to be the private armies who were in charge of suppression and good at cavalry attack.
- 庶家という概念は主に日本の封建時代、特に鎌倉時代から戦国時代 (日本)、江戸時代にかけて武家に見られた血族集団ないし階層のことをいった。
- The concept of Shoke refers to a blood-relative group or a blood-relative layer present amongst warriors in mainly the feudal period in Japan, especially from Kamakura period to the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) and Edo period.
- 図3は武徳編年集成に記載されている小田原の陣における徳川家康軍団の構成を模式図にしたものである(但し、本陣備については再考の余地あり)。
- Figure 3 shows a diagrammatic representation of how Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's troops were composed at the Siege of Odawara, as recorded in Butoku Henen Shusei (however, there is room for reexamination of the army headquarters sonae).
- 今日では「まちしゅう」と読まれることが多いが、『節要集』『日葡辞書』などの同時代史料によれば「ちょうしゅう」と発音されていたようである。
- Although it is mostly read 'Machi-shu' today, it was apparently read 'Cho-shu' according to the historical materials in that period including 'Setsuyo-shu' (a book on oriental medicine written by Waichi SUGIYAMA in the 1610s) and 'Nippojisho' (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603-1604).
- こうした富豪層は田堵と呼ばれ、開発・集積した田地の経営(営田)や出挙の実施などで富を蓄積し、一般の百姓を自らの経営下に組み込んでいった。
- This wealthy class of peasants, who were called 'tato' (cultivators), accumulated wealth by developing and integrating fields (Eiden), as well as performing suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through the 12th centuries), and gained control over the ordinary peasants by involving them in their business.
- 《皆人の当時の壱岐対馬の様にならせ給(たま)はん事思ひやり候へば涙も留まらず。》(「類纂高祖遺文録」、改題「類纂日蓮聖人遺文集平成版」)
- 'It brings me to tears to think that everyone may suffer the same fate as the people in Iki and Tsushima at that time.' ('Ruisan Koso Ibun Roku' [Collected Records of the Writings Left Behind by the Founder], whose revised title is 'Ruisan Nichiren Shonin Ibunshu Heiseiban' [Collected Records of the Writings Left Behind by Saint Nichiren, Heisei Edition])
- 伊吹丸への荷積みを行っていた十二銀行の倉庫前へ魚津町の主婦ら十数人が集まり、米の船積みを中止し、住民に販売するよう求める嘆願がなされた。
- More than a dozen housewives and others who lived in Uozu town gathered in front of a warehouse of Juni Bank where Ibukimaru had been loaded, and they pleaded to cancel the loading of rice and sell it to people.
- さらに、明治4年7月14日 (旧暦)(1871年8月29日)には、廃藩置県が行われ、名実共に藩は消滅し、国家権力が中央政府に集中された。
- In addition, on August 29, 1871, the policy of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures) was enforced, and feudal domains were practically abolished and the central government seized all ruling powers.
- 松崎欣一編 『福澤諭吉著作集〈第12巻〉福翁自伝 福澤全集緒言』 慶應義塾大学出版会、2003年、ISBN 978-4766408881
- The 12th volume, Fukuo Jiden (autobiography) of the works of Yukichi FUKUZAWA edited by Kinichi MATSUZAKI, Keiogijuku University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-4766408881
- しかしこの数値は鉄銭などとの引換に回収され安政年間に幕府庫に集積された数であり、既に述べたように鋳造高はこの程度にとどまるものではない。
- However, the above figure showed an amount of coins collected in exchange for iron coins and accumulated in the bakufu's treasury during the Ansei era, and as already stated in the above, the amount of minted coins went beyond it.
- 前日・12月8日(1868年1月2日)夜、岩倉は自邸に薩摩・土佐・安芸・尾張・越前各藩の重臣を集め、王政復古の断行を宣言、協力を求めた。
- Iwakura gathered important retainers of the alliance domains of Satsuma, Tosa, Aki, Owari, and Echizen to his residence on the night of January 2, 1868 (the eve of D-day), declared his commitment to the restoration of Imperial rule and requested their cooperation.
- しかしこの事件に関して京大生や同学会に対する好意的反応は少数派であり、「京大を廃校にせよ」「貴方たちは狂人ですか」といった非難が集中した。
- However, the number of people who were in favor of the students of Kyoto University and the Dogakukai concerning this incident were relatively small, and many people condemned them by saying 'Abolish Kyoto University' or 'Are you madmen?'
- 貞治5年8月8日 (旧暦)(1366年9月13日)将軍足利義詮は突如、斯波高経の陰謀が露顕したと称して、軍勢を三条坊門の幕府に集結させた。
- On September 13, 1366, shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA suddenly gathered his troops at the bakufu located at Sanjo bomon on the pretext of Takatsune SHIBA's conspiracy.
- 1996年(平成8年)10月31日、近接していた学生集会所(サークル棟)向かいの建物からの失火が原因とされる火災で旧食堂の西側を焼失した。
- On October 31, 1996, the west side of the former dining room was burnt down due to an accidental fire occurring in the building situated on the opposite of the student meeting place (building for club activities).
- 『阿含経』などもっとも古いと思われるものでも早くて紀元前4世紀、それから長い時間をかけて、徐々に結集として編集されたものと考えられている。
- The oldest transcription such as 'Agonkyo' is from the 4th century BC, at the earliest, and it is thought that the transcription was edited to match the style of collection over a long period of time.
- 今のところ、弥生時代でもっとも古い環濠集落は、北部九州の玄界灘沿岸部に位置する福岡県粕屋町の江辻遺跡で弥生時代早期のものが見つかっている。
- The oldest moat settlement from the Yayoi period known until now is the one from Initial Yayoi period discovered at Etsuji site of Kasuya-machi, Fukuoka Prefecture, located nearby the coast of Genkainada in northern Kyushu.
- その後、政体書体制がなし崩しになり、さらには明治4年(1871年)の廃藩置県により中央集権が確立するに至り、御誓文の存在意義が薄れかけた。
- The system based on the Constitution of 1868 was undermined and moreover in 1871 centralization was established by Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) and the importance of Charter Oath began to fade.
- 兵力は二個大隊であり、うち鎮台兵は一個大隊で残りは「植民兵」として薩摩など九州各地の士族で占領地永住を前提に募集・編成されたものであった。
- The military force consisted of two battalions: one was made up of soldiers of chindai (garrison in the Meiji era) and the other was formed by the former shizoku in Kyushu regions who had been recruited on the condition that they be granted permanent residence of occupied lands.
- 人吉方面撤退後の6月12日、村田新八は都城に入り、人吉・鹿児島方面から退却してきた薩軍諸隊を集め、都城へ進撃する官軍に対する防備を固めた。
- On June 12 after the Satsuma army withdrew from the Hitoyoshi area, Shinpachi MURATA entered Miyakonojo, put together the troops of the Satsuma army that had retreated from the Hitoyoshi and the Kagoshima areas, and reinforced defense against the government army that would advance to Miyakonojo.
- 武士の概念は時代により微妙に変化しており、一言では言い表すには難しいが、各時代でも共通しているのは武装した私兵集団の構成員だという点である。
- The concept of bushi slightly varies depending on the periods and it is difficult to express it in one word, but the common theme through the periods is that they were members of a private army group of armed fighters.
- 平安時代、朝廷の地方支配が筆頭国司である受領に権力を集中する体制に移行すると、受領の収奪に対する富豪百姓層の武装襲撃が頻発するようになった。
- During the Heian period, with the move to the system where the reins of power were concentrated on the zuryo who were hitto-kokushi (the head of the provincial governors) in the Imperial Court's governance of the local regions, the class of rich farmers' attacks against the deprivation by zuryo happened frequently.
- 出生地には、摂津国(大阪府茨木市水尾、または兵庫県尼崎市富松)という説と、越後国(新潟県旧栃尾市、現在の長岡市の軽井沢集落)という説がある。
- There are two theories about his birthplace: one claims he was born in Settsu Province (either in modern-day Mizuo, Ibaraki City, Osaka Prefecture, or in Tomimatsu, Amagasaki City, Hyogo Prefecture), while the other holds that he was born in Echigo Province (specifically in the town of Karuizawa, which is located in Nagaoka City--formerly known as Tochio--in modern-day Niigata Prefecture).
- 本阿弥光悦が、江戸幕府から与えられた、京都の鷹ヶ峰の地に、さまざまな分野の、町衆の文化人や職人、芸術家たちを集めて、独自の文化を築きあげた。
- Koetsu HONAMI gathered artisans and artists from machi-shu (towns people) of various fields in Takagamine, Kyoto, which he received from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and subsequently build a unique culture.
- 古代の蝦夷(えみし)は、本州東部とそれ以北に居住し、政治的・文化的に、日本やその支配下に入った地域への帰属や同化を拒否していた集団を指した。
- 'Emishi' in ancient times meant a group who lived in the eastern areas of Honshu and to the north, refusing to belong to or assimilate into Japan and regions under the control of the Japanese government, either politically or culturally.
- 867年(貞観_(日本)9年)頃、内外官の交替手続きに関する法令を集成した『新定内外官交替式』(貞観交替式)が勘解由使においてまとめられた。
- Around 869, 'Shinjo naigekan kotaishiki' (literally, new kotaishiki for officers living in Kyoto as well as those outside Kyoto) (Jogan kotaishiki) (literally, kotaishiki in the Jokan era), in which laws and regulations concerning replacement of officers living in Kyoto as well as those outside Kyoto were collected, were compiled by kageyushi.
- そのため、公家や寺院、奉公衆・奉行衆などの室町幕府官僚集団などは、段銭免除や京都の幕府倉奉行への直接納付(京済・直進)の特権を幕府から得た。
- This encouraged the court nobles, shrines and temples, and the bureaucratic groupings in the Muromachi bakufu, such as hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) and bugyoshu (group of magistrates), to acquire the privilege from the bakufu either to be exempted from tansen or to pay directly to the bakufu's magistrate in Kyoto, who was in charge of monetary and rice payment to the bakufu.
- 「領内が治まっていない」ことを公然と示すことができれば、領主側に匹敵する武力を集めずとも、責任問題を恐れる領主や代官への重大な圧力となった。
- Therefore, even commoners would exert great pressure on the daimyo (feudal lord) or daikan (local magistrate) by publicly showing that the territory wasn't properly administered, without preparing the military forces comparable to their lord because the lords were very afraid of having their responsibility questioned.
- 倭国における王権形成期とされる弥生時代中期には防御的性格を強め、高地性集落とともに、王権形成過程の軍事的動向を反映していると考えられている。
- As Wakoku was strengthening its position as a kingdom during the mid-Yayoi period, the defensive aspect of moat settlements as well as upland settlements became more evident to reflect the kingdom's military trend.
- 幕府は前尾張藩主徳川慶勝を総督、越前藩主松平茂昭を副総督、薩摩藩士西郷隆盛を参謀に任じ、広島へ36藩15万の兵を集結させて長州へ進軍させる。
- The bakufu appointed Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the former lord of the Owari Domain) to the commander, Mochiaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Echizen domain) to the vice commander, and Takamori SAIGO (the feudal retainer of Satsuma) to the general staff, respectively, and marshaled 150,000 soldiers from 36 clans in Hiroshima to made them advance toward the Choshu Domain.
- そのため表向きには『歯を大切にする』という意味の『尚歯』を会の名前に使い、尚歯会と名乗って高齢の隠居者・知恵者やそれを慕う者の集まりとした。
- For this reason, they officially called themselves the Shoshikai by using a Japanese word 'shoshi'(尚歯) meaning 'to value dental care,' to make them out to be a group of aged hermits, wisdoms, or people who were attached to those of them.
- 5月には摂政二条斉敬以下多くの公卿を集めた徹夜の朝議により長年の懸案であった兵庫開港の勅許も得るなど、慶喜による主導権が確立されつつあった。
- In May, the long-awaited imperial approval to open Hyogo port was given after an all-night meeting of many noble figures, including Nariyuki NIJO, Sessho (regent), allowing Yoshinobu to seize the initiative.
- そして普請を手がけたとの由緒を持つ石垣職人集団、いわゆる「穴太衆」はその後全国的に城の石垣普請に携わり、石垣を使った城は全国に広がっていった。
- The stone masonry group called 'Ano-shu Guild,' which had engaged in the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle, later took part in constructing stone walls of castle throughout the country, which contributed to the diffusion of the castle adopting the stone wall nationwide.
- よって、花粉を多く発生させるところや人口密集地への影響の大きなところから林業面での対策を行うなど、効率的な取り組みができる可能性を秘めている。
- These have made it possible to implement forestry countermeasures and effective initiatives in locations that produce large quantities of pollen and in which there is a great effect on densely-populated areas.
- 540年(欽明天皇元年)八月の条「秦人(はたひと)・漢人(あやひと)等、諸蕃(しょばん)より投化せる者を招集して、国群に安置し、戸籍に編貫す。
- An article from August of 540 describes, 'Those who have been naturalized from Shoban (clans coming from foreign lands), such as Hatahito (Hata people) and the Han (Chinese), were assembled, placed according to kokugun (provinces and districts) and their family registers were edited.
- これは、戦争によって増大した対外支払のために金貨の政府への集中が必要となり、金の輸出を禁止、通貨の金兌換を停止せざるをえなくなったからである。
- The government needed to collect gold coins to pay the increased external payment due to the war, and as a result, the government had to lay an embargo on the export of gold and suspend currency conversion to gold.
- 滑稽な話を集めた本の元祖としては、誓願寺の安楽庵策伝が京都所司代の板倉重宗に語った話をもとに作られたという1623年の『醒睡笑』が挙げられる。
- The first collection of amusing stories in Japan was 'Seisuisho,' which is said to have been written in 1623 by Sakuden ANRAKUAN at Seigan-ji Temple, based on the tales he told to Shigemune ITAKURA, the Governor-General of Kyoto.
- 給主側では、散在している免田を一箇所に集め、浮免を固定して定免田(じょうめんでん)化することで、土地と耕作権者の一体的な把握を目指すようになる。
- The Kyunushi side collected the scattered Menden in one place and fixed the Ukimen to become Jyomenden (stationary concession) and aimed for a unified control of the land and person who had the cultivation rights.
- しかし、田堵は、名田経営を通じて、土地および他の隷属する百姓との関係を緊密なものとしていき、中には周辺の他の田堵の名田を集積する者も現れていた。
- Nevertheless they strengthened relationships with land and subordinate peasants through myoden management, and some tato even started to accumulate neighboring myoden fields managed by other tato.
- それまで分散して居住し特に連帯してこなかった百姓らが、新たに集住して村落をつくり、強い自治意識と連帯意識に支えられた惣村を形成するようになった。
- The peasants who had lived individually, started to live in a new village and form a soson community with strong autonomous concerns and sense of common bonds.
- 百姓らの生活・経済活動はモザイク状の名を中心としていたため、彼らの住居はまばらに散在しており、住居が密集する村落という形態は出現していなかった。
- Because the peasants' livelihoods and economic activities depended on the myo, which were located in a mosaic-like manner, their residences spread thin and there was no community in the form of a village where residences were densely packed.
- こういった調査により、黄砂の粒子は、粘土粒子同士が凝集したり、やや大きい鉱物の粒子に粘土粒子が付着したりしてできたのではないかと推定されている。
- Based on these investigations, it is supposed that particles of kosa are cohered clay particles or comparatively large mineral particles to which clay particles are stuck.
- 古来より数多くの呼称があり、古く『万葉集』には、遊行女婦(うかれめ)の名で書かれており、平安時代になるとこれに代わって遊女(あそび)がでてくる。
- There have been many names referring to yujo since ancient times; in old 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), it was called ukareme, and in the Heian period it became asobi instead.
- 7世紀後半以降、百済の滅亡など緊迫する東アジアの国際情勢の中で、倭国は中央集権化を進めることで、政権を安定させ、国家としての独立を保とうとした。
- In and after the latter half of the seventh century, under the tense international circumstances in East Asia such as the fall of Baekje and so on, Wakoku (Japan) intended to stabilize the government and keep the independence as a nation by promoting the centralization.
- 征韓論、明治六年の政変で下野した板垣退助らは、幸福安全社を基礎に明治7年(1874年)1月12日、東京の京橋区銀座副島種臣邸に同士を集めて結成。
- Taisuke ITAGAKI, who had lost in the political upheaval in Seikanron in 1873 and retired from the governmental position, and his comrades gathered at the residence of Taneomi SOEJIMA in Ginza, Kyobashi Ward, Tokyo and formed a political party on January 12, 1874.
- 朝廷はそれまでの氏姓制度を改め、公地公民制や統一的税制(租庸調制など)を施行し、地方行政機構を改組して中央集権化するなど、律令制の導入を図った。
- The Imperial Court made efforts to introduce a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes by reforming the system of clans and hereditary titles, enforcing the ownership of all lands and serfs by the emperor, and introducing a uniform tax system (taxes in kind or service).
- つまり、本来その任にあたる検非違使とは別に、天皇から、武官以外には禁止されていた弓箭を帯びての招集を受け、その任務の間、馬寮より官馬が支給される。
- In other words, being apart from original Kebiishi duty, they were summoned wearing Kyusen (Bow and arrow) that was forbidden for others except for military officers and military horses were supplied by Meryo during their duty.
- 武家政権や朝廷のように権力中枢があったわけではなく、各寺社が独立して行動し、また一寺社内でもさまざまな集団がせめぎ合っていたため、「勢力」と呼ぶ。
- It is called 'seiryoku' because there was no center of power as with the military government and Imperial Court, but each religious institution acted independently and even in one institution there were many counteracting groups.
- おもな歌人として藤原俊成や武士出身の西行(俗名佐藤義清)があらわれ、『新古今和歌集』の新風形成に影響を与え、中世和歌の形成に大きな役割を果たした。
- Famous waka poets such as FUJIWARA no Toshinari or Saigyo (secular name Norikiyo SATO) who was originally a samurai appeared and facilitated to develop a new style in 'Shinkokin Wakashu' (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry); they played a big role to develop waka during the medieval period.
- 一方、飛来地側の日本では、春にあたる2月 - 5月の4ヶ月間に年間の約90%が集中し、夏にあたる7月 - 9月は全くと言っていいほど観測されない。
- On the other hand, in Japan where kosa is brought, approx. 90 percent of kosa arriving is concentrated in the four months from February to May corresponding to spring, with almost no kosa observed in July to September corresponding to summer.
- 江戸時代の伴信友は『万葉集』に収録されている額田王(女性)の和歌の内容から、額田王をめぐる争いが天智・天武間の不和の遠因ではないかと推測している。
- Nobutomo BAN who lived in the Edo period presumed that the remote cause of the dissatisfaction between Emperor Tenchi and Emperor Tenmu was a dispute over Nukata no Okimi (woman) as in the contents of waka (Japanese poetry) written by Nukata no Okimi in the 'Manyoshu' (anthology of Japanese poems).
- 『元史』日本伝 至元十八年正月条によると、クビライは遠征に先立って大都に遠征軍の指揮官である阿剌罕、范文虎、忻都、洪茶丘らを召集し勅を下している。
- Nihon Den of 'Genshi,' in the article of January 1281, says that Kublai, before sending the expedition army, summoned his commanders such as Arakan, Wen-hu FAN, Dou XIN, and Da-gu HONG, to Dadu and gave them an imperial order.
- 彼らは京都において、長州藩藩士桂小五郎、久坂玄瑞、その他京都に集う志士達と交流を重ねるうちに尊皇攘夷の志をますます堅固なものとして行ったのである。
- In Kyoto, they came to have a firmer conviction of Sonno Joi as they exchanged opinions with other patriots such as feudal retainer of Choshu Domain Kogoro KATSURA and Genzui KUSAKA.
- 釈迦はこのような社会に登場し、すべての人々(牧畜業、漁業関係者などの生物の命を奪う職業の人々も含む)が輪廻転生可能であることを説き、信仰を集めた。
- Shakyamuni appeared in such a society and preached that every one (including those whose occupations required that they take the lives of living things, such as stockbreeders and fishermen) could perform Rinne Tensho, to whom believers gathered.
- また、引茶の接待や、夜には参集した貴族に対して酒肴の接待があったことから、時代を経るにつれて仏教法会より饗応の宴としての派手さが目立つようになった。
- In later years, Kinomidokyo became an extravagant wining and dining feast rather than a Buddhist mass due to nobles gathering for hikicha service and then food and drink service at night.
- 代表的なものとしては、歴史物語では『栄花物語』『大鏡』『増鏡』などが、軍記物語では『平家物語』『太平記』などが、説話集では『今昔物語集』などがある。
- Typical examples of these include 'Eiga monogatari' (a tale of flowering fortunes), 'Okagami' (the great mirror) and 'Masukagami' (the clear mirror) for the historical stories, 'Heike Monogatari' (the tale of the Heike) and 'Taiheiki' (the record of the great peace) for war chronicles, and 'Konjaku monogatari shu' (tales of times now and then collection) for collections of anecdotes.
- 1874年の民撰議院設立建白書以降、藩閥政府による政治に対して、議会の開設、地租の軽減、不平等条約の改正、言論と集会の自由の保障などの要求を掲げた。
- The movement began when a petition for the establishment of an elected national assembly was filed in 1874 calling for a Diet, the land-tax reductions, the revision of the unequal treaties, and freedom of speech and assembly in opposition to the han clique-dominated government.
- 日比谷焼打事件(ひびややきうちじけん)は、日露戦争後の賠償に対する不満から、1905年9月5日、東京日比谷公園の集会をきっかけに起こった暴動のこと。
- Hibiya Incendiary Incident was a revolt caused from the dissatisfaction with the compensation after the Russo-Japanese War, triggered by the rally held at Hibiya Park in Tokyo on September 5, 1905.
- 政府は、国民の言論と政治運動を弾圧するため、1875年(明治8年)の讒謗律、新聞紙条例、1880年(明治13年)の集会条例など、様々な法令を定めた。
- The government issued various acts to oppress the citizens' speech and political activities such as the Defamation Law, Press Regulations in 1875 and the Public Assembly Ordinance in 1880.
- しかし、人吉・郡山・坊主石山からの三方攻撃の中、寄せ集め兵士の士気の激減と敵軍の圧倒的な物量で、さしもの辺見指揮下の部隊も敗れ、遂に大口は陥落した。
- However, since the spirits of the hastily-recruited soldiers of the troop led by HENMI were lowered seriously under attacks from three sides of Hitoyoshi, Koriyama and Bozuishiyama, and the government army had the overwhelming amount of materials, even the troop led by so brave HENMI was defeated, and Oguchi fell at last.
- しかし慶長年間に入ると、藤原定家の『下官集』「嫌文字事」で示された定家仮名遣に従って、いろは44文字は「ゐゑお」を含む47文字とする節用集が登場した。
- As the Keicho era began, there appeared new setsuyoshu based on 47 characters of the iroha syllabary including 'ゐ' (wi), 'ゑ' (we) and 'を' (wo) instead of the former 44 iroha characters, following Teika Kanazukai (the distinction of using Kana in the same pronunciation) presented in the section of 'Imi Moji no koto' (嫌文字事, Awful things regarding characters) in 'Gekanshu' written by FUJIWARA no Teika (also known as FUJIWARA no Sadaie).
- 院政期から中世の前半にかけての数百年間、上級貴族から中・下級の官人あるいは出家した人びとによって、説話を集めて、説話集を編むという文学行為が流行する。
- During a couple of hundred years from the Insei period until the first half of the medieval period, collecting anecdotes from high-rank court nobles, government official in the middle and low rank, or priests, and compiling those anecdotes into a collection of anecdotes became popular.
- すなわち小野篁、菅原清正、春澄善縄、島田忠臣、都良香、紀長谷雄などの英才秀才が集まり、空前未曾有の盛況を呈し、菅原道真においてその極に達したと言える。
- As a result, the department attracted legions of gifted and talented persons such as ONO no Takamura, SUGAWARA no Kiyomasa, HARUZUMI no Yoshitada, SHIMADA no Tadaomi, MIYAKO no Yoshika, and KI no Haseo while welcoming an unparalleled boom, and it can be said that the department reached its peak with the appearance of SUGARAWA no Michizane.
- この闘争は正にそうして発生した富をめぐって朝廷から地方統治と租税徴収を任された受領と、富を集積していた富豪百姓層が、激しく衝突したものだったのである。
- These conflicts were brought about by severe competition for wealth between Zuryo who took responsibility in the local governance and tax collection and the wealthy farmer class who were gathering wealth.
- それでも第1回衆議院議員総選挙においては41議席を獲得し(院内会派名としては議員集会所)、民力休養問題では地租軽減を支持して共闘の姿勢は崩さなかった。
- Even so, the party gained 41 seats in the first election for the House of Representatives, and continuously worked together with the Liberal party in favor of reducing land taxes to encourage the private sector.
- 戦闘に堪え得る乗馬と鎧、そして馬を乗りこなしての騎射(弓)の訓練ができる者とは、平安時代後期ではごく一握りの特種技能集団でしかあり得なかったはずである。
- Only a handful of special skill unit forces existed during the late Heian period, that could go through horseback training, wear armor, and practice horseback skills that could stand battle, and could shoot arrows while riding a horse.
- 僦馬の党は騎馬をベースとした機動力を最大限に発揮した武装集団であり、それを鎮圧しようとする「兵(つわもの)」もまた騎馬武者でなければならなかっただろう。
- The Shuba Party was the military group that used cavalry as the basis for maximizing their mobile power, and the 'tsuwamono' that tried to defeat it should have been samurai with cavalry.
- 付録だけでなく収録語数も増加していったが、多様な分類方法・付録の有無などが異なる多くの派生を生み出した『早引節用集』が広まり、他の形式を駆逐していった。
- Not only the appendixes but also the entries continued to increase, but in particular, 'Hayabiki setsuyoshu,' which spawned many derivatives with different varieties of classification methods or attachment of appendixes, became most popular and began to drive out others.
- 『北山抄』によると「見吏部王(重明親王)天暦七年菊合日記」(括弧は筆者註)とあり、天暦7年の菊合の御遊は、10月13日に行われている(『古今著聞集』)。
- In 'Hokuzansho' (a representative book of ceremonies for the Heian period written by FUJIWARA no Kinto), there is a mention of 'the Chrysanthemum Contest of the year 953 recorded in the diary of Kenrihoo (Imperial Prince Shigeakira)' (A parenthetical reference by the author), and it is known that the imperial event of the Chrysanthemum Contest in 953 was held on November 23 (according to 'Kokonchomonju' [A Collection of Tales Heard, Past and Present]).
- ただし、武装集団である武士社会の行動原理に、現代社会ではヤクザなどの暴力団組織に特徴的に認められる行動原理が無視できないほど共通しているのも確かである。
- It is certain that the behavioral principle of bushi society, which were an armed group, is significantly similar to the behavioral principle which is characteristically seen in a gangster organization like yakuza and so on in modern society.
- 農兵隊には荘園時代の古例により四沙汰人を置き、第一陣「西軍」・第二陣「東軍」の2軍が目的別に編成され、両軍が慶応4年1月11日山国神社に集結し出陣した。
- This peasant army had four commanding officers, in accordance with the ancient precedent from back in the days where the region was a shoen (private estate), and was split into two companies, the Western and Eastern Companies, which were composed with different goals in mind; both companies assembled and were formed on February 4, 1868 at Yamaguni Shrine.
- 「京都の市民は、信長が公方様(足利義昭)を討伐するために軍勢を召集していると聞くや否や、急遽、わずかの地所を隔てていた上京、ならびに下京から立ち去った。
- As soon as Kyoto citizens heard that Nobunaga was mustering his army to subdugate Kubosama (Shogun), they left Kamigyo and Shimogyo, which were very close to where Yoshiaki stayed.
- その結果三浦居留地は廃止され、通交も大幅な制限を受けることになり、宗氏は偽使の派遣や通交権の対馬集中といった活路を模索することになる(乱の顛末節参照)。
- Consequently, the settlement in Sanpo was closed and the trade was largely restricted, which made the So clan have to seek other possibilities such as the dispatch of gishi (envoys under false names who were sent to Korea in order to evade trading restrictions imposed by Korea) and the concentration of trading rights in Tsushima in order to survive (see the section of the Aftermath of the war).
- 三浦の乱以前には、九州・中国地方の諸勢力も朝鮮王朝から図書を受け通交していたが、三浦の乱を境に通交権は宗氏に集中し、日朝貿易の独占が行われるようになる。
- Before the Sanpo War, other local powers in the Kyushu and the Chugoku regions received tosho (a bronze seal which was required for trading with Korea) and also practiced amicable relations with the Korean Dynasty, but after the Sanpo War, the trading rights placed only in the hands of the So clan, which allowed the clan to monopolize the Japan-Korea trade.
- 集落の外側に大濠をめぐらせて、その土で土塁を築き、その上に柵をめぐらし、その外側に三重の柵をめぐらし、この三重の柵に逆茂木を外側に向けて打ち込んでいる。
- Here the village was encircled by a large moat fortified with an earthen wall equipped with a fence on top, further surrounded by three external bands of fences with abatis directed outwards.
- 和田岬は、六甲山地から現在の大阪湾に流下する湊川 (兵庫県)・苅藻川・妙法寺川によって運ばれた土砂が、さらに潮汐によって集積して形成された砂嘴であった。
- Cape Wada was a sand spit which was formed by earth and sand, tidally accumulated, which was carried by Minato-gawa River (Hyogo prefecture), Karumo-gawa River and Myohoji-gawa River coming from Rokko mountains to current Osaka Bay.
- 2月9日の憲政擁護第3大会は2万の集会となり、さらに、翌10日には数万人の民衆が議会を包囲して野党を激励、民衆示威のなかで桂は帝国議会の開会をむかえた。
- On February 9, about 20,000 people gathered at the third rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism, and on the next day, tens of thousands besieged the Diet Building to support the opposition parties, and Katsura had to convene the Imperial Diet amid a mass demonstration.
- 万葉集には、「ささなみの 志賀の大曲 淀むとも 昔の人に またも逢はめやも」という柿本人麻呂が、滅亡後の近江大津宮へ訪れ、往事を偲んだ歌が残されている。
- In Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro left a poem in which he longed for the past when he visited the Palace after the fall of the capital: 'A cove in Shiga stagnates, yet, wish to see people in the past again.'
- 基本的に室町幕府もこの制度を引き継いだが、次第に右筆の中から奉行人に任じられて発言力を増大させて、奉行衆(右筆方)と呼ばれる集団を構成するようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu basically took over the system, and some people worked as Yuhitsu were appointed to be Bugyonin (a magistrate) increasing their influences in the government and formed a group called Bugyoshu or Yuhitsukata.
- 葛西持信は光村に領地を与えて家臣とした(この時、下総に残った一族もかなりいたらしく、千葉県北部に及川氏が集中しており、現在の全及川氏の6%が千葉県人)。
- Mochinobu KASAI gave territories to Mitsumura and made him his retainer (at that time, many families seemed to remain in Shimousa; the OIKAWA clan concentrates in the northern part of Chiba Prefecture, and currently six percent of all OIKAWA clan are residents of Chiba Prefecture).
- 雑役免型荘園は、雑役免田を集積したもので散在的であり、一定の地域(郡・郷・荘)に一定の面積が指定されるだけで下地の固定されていない浮免(うきめん)だった。
- The shoen manors exempted from the miscellaneous labor tax accumulated zatsueki menden and were scattered and just a given area was appointed in a certain region (gun, go, sho) without shitaji (land) fixed and were exempt from taxation.
- そして、近世城下町発展の最大の功労者は織田信長で、本格的な兵農分離を意図し武士を城下に集住させるとともに、市街に楽市楽座を設けて商工業の発達を活発にした。
- The most important person in relation to the development of jokamachi in the early-modern times was Nobunaga ODA, and with the idea of serious heinobunri in mind, he gathered bushi (warriors) near his castle and established Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) in the city areas to stimulate the development of commerce and trade.
- 第二次世界大戦後の1950年代初頭、新たな「国民歌」を作ろうと日本教職員組合と壽屋(現:サントリー)がそれぞれ募集し、別々に「新国民歌」を選定し公表した。
- After World War II, at the beginning of the 1950s, the Japan Teachers Union and Kotobukiya (now Suntory) respectively accepted entries, selected and announced 'Shinkokuminka' (new national anthems), in an attempt to create a new 'kokuminka' (national anthem).
- 断面が深くV字形に掘削された環濠やその周辺に逆茂木(さかもぎ)と称されるような先を尖らせた杭を埋め込んでいる様子から集落の防御的性格があったことが窺える。
- The defensive aspect can be seen by the way moats were dug down, steeply to a point at the bottom making it shaped like a 'V,' being accompanied with abatis called Sakamogi, which are kind of stakes with sharpened tops directed outwards, along its sidelines.
- また製糖業者保護のために「原料採集区域制度」を導入、甘蔗農家は付近の製糖工場への作物納入が義務付けられ、またその価格は工場側が決定するというものであった。
- It also introduced the 'raw material collection area system' to protect the sugar manufacturers, system in which the sugarcane farmers were required to supply their products to the sugar manufacturing factories in their neighborhood at a price determined by them.
- 尚歯会(しょうしかい)とは、江戸時代後期に蘭学、儒学者など幅広い分野の学者・技術者・官僚などが集まって発足したサロンであり頭脳集団(シンクタンク)の名称。
- The Shoshikai is the name of a salon or a group of intelligent people (a think tank) established by people gathered, such as a wide range of scholars or artisans, including those of Western studies or Confucianism, and government officials during the late Edo period.
- 前期王朝国家において、田堵負名層は在庁官人として国衙の行政実務に協力する一方で、しばしば一国単位に結集して朝廷への上訴や受領襲撃といった反受領闘争を行った。
- In the early dynastic nation-state, the tato and fumyo class cooperated with kokuga's administrative affairs as local officials but at the same time, they often gathered country by country to appeal to the Imperial Court or to wage anti-zuryo conflicts such as attacks against zuryo.
- しかし、泰時が確立した集団指導体制・明確な法令による司法体制は、個人的な資質などの不安定な要素に左右されることはなく、安定した政治結果を生み出すものだった。
- However, the judicial system by collective leadership system and clear codes established by Yasutoki was not determined by unstable factors such as a personal character, and gave rise to stable political results.
- しかし、少なくとも勢力間において発生する諸問題の解決に際して行使可能な手段として、武力、すなわち軍備の果たす役割に注目が集まる傾向にあったことは確かである。
- It is certain however, that there was a tendency that the role of military power, namely armaments, as at least available means in solving various problem occurring between such powers attracted attention.
- 在地領主は、平安中期~後期を通じて、名田経営により富を蓄積し、周辺田地や開発墾田を集積するとともに、それらの田地内の一般百姓を支配下に置こうと指向していた。
- During the middle and late of the Heian period, the local landlords accumulated fortunes by the management of myoden, amassed neighboring or cultivated rice fields, and aimed to govern ordinary farmers in these rice fields.
- 律令制が本格的に施行された8世紀のうちから、官吏、特に国司交替の手続きに関する法令(詔勅・太政官符)を集成した私撰の「交替式」と呼ばれる書物が存在していた。
- As early as the eight century when the Ritsuryo system was enforced on a large scale, a privately compiled book called 'Kotaishiki' existed, in which the laws and regulations concerning the procedures for replacing government officers, in particular, kokushi (provincial governors) (Shochoku - imperial edicts) and Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) were collected.
- 三津七湊(さんしんしちそう)とは、室町時代末に成立した日本最古の海洋法規集である『廻船式目』に、日本の十大港湾として記されている三津、七湊の港湾都市の総称。
- Sanshin-shichiso is a general term for port cities of Sanshin and Shichiso defined as Japan's ten most important ports and harbors in 'Kaisen Shikimoku,' --the Oldest Sea Law of Japan established in the late Muromachi period.
- 古代のウジは、血縁関係ないし血縁意識によって結ばれた多くの家よりなる同族集団で、有力家族の長が氏上(うじのかみ、うじがみ)となり、族長的な地位に立っていた。
- Ancient uji were peer groups of many families joined by blood relationships or blood consciousness, and the head of a powerful family became the head of the uji and occupied a position similar to the head of a clan.
- 大隈・河野敏鎌らが脱党したが、慶應義塾系と嚶鳴社系を中心とする事務委員7名による集団指導体制によって辛うじて解党は防がれたが、活動はほとんど不可能となった。
- Losing Okuma and Kono, the party narrowly survived by a collective leadership of seven secretariats consisting of Keiogijuku and Omeisha groups, but was nearly impossible to function as a political party.
- そして、同年5月16日召集の第90特別議会での審議を経て、10月7日憲法改正案成立となる(日本国憲法11月3日公布、翌1947年(昭和22)5月3日施行)。
- After deliberations during the 90th special assembly on May 16 of that year, a constitutional amendment was passed on October 7 (the Constitution of Japan was proclaimed on November 3 and came into force beginning on May 3, 1947).
- そのため三都を中軸とする全国経済と各地の城下町を中心とする藩経済との複合的な経済システムが形成され、各地の特産物が主に大坂に集中し、そこから全国に拡散した。
- In this way, a complex economic system was formed, in which the nationalwide economy with three pivotal cities, Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, and the regional economy of each domain interacted with each other especially in Osaka, where local specialties all parts of the country were concentrated to distribute to all over Japan.
- 奈良時代中期を代表する漢詩文の文人としては淡海三船と石上宅嗣が著名であり、いずれかが『懐風藻』の編集にたずさわったであろうと推定されるが、確実な証拠はない。
- OMI no Mifune and ISONOKAMI no Yakatsugu were famous as poets of Chinese poems representing the middle of the Nara period, and although it is inferred that one of them was involved in editing of 'Kaifuso,' there is no definite evidence.
- 庄内の乱(しょうないのらん)は、慶長4年(1599年)に日向国庄内(現在の宮崎県都城市及びその周辺)で起きた、島津氏とその重臣である伊集院氏との争乱である。
- The Shonai Rebellion occurred in 1599 in Shonai, Hyuga Province (the present-day Miyakonojo City, Miyazaki Prefecture and surroundings) between the Shimazu clan and the Ijuin clan, the chief vassal of the Shimazu clan.
- 律令の修正法である格(きゃく)と律令格の施行細則である式(しき)が、大宝律令の施行以後、多く残されていたが、820年にそれらを集成した弘仁格式が編纂された。
- After the enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo, a number of kyaku, the amendments to the Ritsuryo, and shiki, the regulations for enacting the ritsuryo and kyaku, still remained and in 820, these were collected and compiled into the Konin Kyakushiki Code.
- 隋唐を承け、北宋を経過した儒学は、南宋中頃以後に徐々に道学と呼ばれる思想集団が頭を擡げ、南宋中頃に朱熹が道学を集大成して、遂に江南思想界を席巻するに及んだ。
- In Confucianism, which had emerged before the Sui and Tang Dynasties and continued through the Northern Song Dynasty, an ideological group called Dogaku gradually rose to the fore after the middle of the Southern Sung period, when it was founded by Zhu Xi, and came to dominate ideological circles in the Jiang Nan area.
- いろは順・部門別が便利であったらしく、文明16年(1484年)に成立した『温故知新書』(五十音に分けて部門別)や『下学集』などとは対照的に広く流布していった。
- Probably because the combination of the classifications in iroha order and by categories had been useful, the setsuyoshu began to circulate widely in contrast to other dictionaries, such as 'Onkochishinsho' (in which the words were classified in Japanese alphabetical order or aiueo order and subclassified by categories) published in 1484 or 'Kagaku-shu' (a Japanese dictionary made in the Muromachi period).
- 因みに、文部省(現在の文部科学省)が編集した『小学唱歌集 初編』(明治21年(1881年)発行)に掲載されている歌詞は、現在のものよりも長く、2番も存在する。
- By the way, words in 'Shogaku Shokashu Shohen (Collection of songs for elementary school, First Version)' (issued in 1881) edited by the Ministry of Education (current Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) is longer than the current one and it has the second verse.
- 将軍の足利義昭が音頭を取り、比叡山、本願寺、武田信玄、上杉謙信、朝倉義景、浅井長政、松永久秀、三好三人衆、毛利輝元ら反信長派が結集して信長包囲網を築き上げた。
- Under the leadership of shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, anti-Nobunaga forces such as Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, Hieizan (Enryaku-ji Temple), Hongan-ji Temple, Shingen TAKEDA, Kenshin UESUGI, Yoshikage ASAKURA, Nagamasa AZAI, Hisahide MATSUNAGA, Miyoshi sanninshu, and Terumoto MORI gathered together and established encircling formation.
- 丹後地方は大型古墳が集中(網野銚子山古墳、神明山古墳、蛭子山古墳など)していることや、近年の発掘調査などから、古代に独自の勢力が存在していたと想定されている。
- It is believed that an independent power existed in Tango region in ancient times due to a large tumulus center found there (Aminochoshiyama Burial Mound, Shinmeiyama-kofun Tumulus, Ebisuyama-kofun Tumulus, and the like), as well as recent excavations and researches.
- しかし茨木童子は逃げ延びたとされ、その後も頼光四天王の一人である渡辺綱と一条戻り橋や羅生門で戦った故事が後世の説話集や能、謡曲、歌舞伎などで語り継がれている。
- But it is said that Ibaraki Doji managed to escape, and accounts of his subsequent duels with WATANABE no Tsuna, one of Yorimitsu's Four Heavenly Warriors, on Ichijo modoribashi bridge and at Rashomon gate have been passed down over the years as entries in collections of setsuwa tales as well as in Noh plays, Noh songs, and Kabuki plays.
- 類聚符宣抄(るいじゅうふせんしょう)は、天平9年(737年)から寛治7年(1093年)までの間の太政官符・宣旨・解状を、部目別に分類して編集した法令集である。
- Ruiju fusensho is a collection of official documents where Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State), imperial decrees and gebumi (reports to upper-class persons) from 737 to 1093 were classified and compiled.
- 宗氏にとって三浦の喪失と通交の制限は大きな痛手であり、日本国王使の偽使の派遣、通交権の対馬集中といった方策を持って三浦の乱による損失の穴埋めを図ることになる。
- The loss of Sanpo and the restricted trading greatly affected the So clan.The clan had to cover their loss by sending gishi whose nominal status was an Imperial envoy and by concentrating the trading rights in Tsushima.
- 1945年、終戦となり、言論・集会への弾圧が行われなくなると、翌1946年、群馬県東部の渡良瀬川流域の農民が集まり、足尾銅山精錬所移転期成同盟会が結成された。
- In 1945 World War II ended, and there were no longer controls on speeches and meetings, and in the following year, the peasants of the Watarase-gawa valley of the eastern Gunma Prefecture gathered and formed the Union for Relocation of Ashio copper mine Refinery.
- 日本の武士は、当初は名乗りをあげての一騎打ちや、少人数での先駆けを試みたため一方的に損害を受けたが、昼頃には集団戦術に対応、また増援の到着により反撃に転じた。
- Japanese samurai, in the beginning, suffered damage unilaterally because they tried to fight one to one declaring their names, or led attacks in a small group, but around noon they organized themselves to fight with a large number of soldiers, and following the arrival of reinforcements, started to counterattack.
- 一族や家臣と合議した結果、叔父の伊集院新右衛門は旧領の安堵を請うべきとしたが、元・紀州根来寺の僧で、広済寺住職となっていた客将の白石永仙は徹底抗戦を主張した。
- After discussions with his family and vassals, his uncle Shinemon IJUIN argued that they should secure their lands, but the visiting warrior, Eisen SHIRAISHI, who had been a monk at Kishu (the present-day Wakayama Prefecture) Negoro-ji Temple and was the head monk at Kosai-ji Temple, asserted that they should resist to the last.
- 李氏朝鮮王朝では釜山に集結中の日本軍を朝鮮水軍で攻撃するように命令したが、度重なる命令無視のために三道水軍統制使の李舜臣は罷免され、後任には元均が登用された。
- Although Yi Dynasty Korea ordered the Korean navy to attack the Japanese army that had assembled in Busan, Yi Sun-sin, who was the Naval Commander of the Three Provinces, was removed from his post because of repeatedly ignoring orders and Won Gyun was appointed the successor.
- こういった斯波氏の動きに対し、道誉ら有力守護らは反撥を強め、貞治2年(1363年)7月にはこれら反対勢力が高経を討とうと集結しているという噂が立つほどであった。
- Influential shugodaimyo such as Doyo were offended by the behavior of the Shiba clan and people whispered that these opponents were plotting to kill Takatsune in July 1363.
- 泰時は、世代交代期の混乱を防ぐため、叔父の北条時房を執権の補佐役といえる連署に当てるとともに、政治意思決定の合議機関である評定衆を設置し、集団指導体制を布いた。
- In order to prevent confusion during the transition of power to the next generation, Yasutoki appointed his uncle, Tokifusa HOJO, as rensho (assistant to the shikken), established the hyojoshu - a consulting institution for making political decisions - and founded the collective leadership system.
- 座という呼び名の由来については、公的な場所や市場内における特定の座席という意味に由来するとする説と同業者による集会の場という意味に由来するとする説の2説がある。
- There are two theories about the origin of the name za: one argues that the name originated from a word which represented a specific seat in an official place or a marketplace, and the other maintains that it came from a word which meant meeting place for people in the same industry.
- 年貢については、石高を村落全体で集計した村高(むらだか)に応じた額が、村の年貢量とされ、年貢納入は村落が一括納入の義務を負う村請(むらうけ)の形態が採用された。
- The murauke system (a village's collective responsibility for tax payment) was established in order to collect the nengu from the village as a collective unit, in which an amount of nengu was determined from the total kokudaka of the entire village.
- 翌年にはさらに、井上馨による欧化主義を基本とした外交政策に対し、外交策の転換・言論集会の自由・地租軽減を要求した三大事件建白運動が起り民権運動は激しさを増した。
- The movement further intensified as the 1887 political movement broke out, calling for the switch of the foreign policy, freedom of speech and assembly, the land-tax reduction, in responses to Kaoru INOUE's foreign policy that placed importance on Westernization.
- この「生類憐れみの令」は、幕府の権威の失墜につながらないよう、「徳川禁令考」など、幕府やその関係者が編纂した法令集からは意図的に削除されているともいわれている。
- It is said that the 'law prohibiting cruelty to animals' was intentionally deleted from the collection of laws compiled by the Shogunate, so as not to damage the Shogunate's authority.
- 堺市の南鐐座の銀細工師湯浅作兵衛らは諸国の灰吹銀を集め極印を打って売買していたが、銀座 (歴史)伏見・銀座町設立前に徳川家康の上覧に供するための丁銀を試鋳した。
- In Nanryoza, Sakai City, the silver craftsman Sakube YUASA had been collecting refined silver coins and selling them again after engraving hallmarks, but with other craftsmen, he was asked to make samples to show Ieyasu TOKUGAWA before the shogun opened the Ginza in Fushimi town.
- 今回の襲撃は法皇自らが戦意を持って兵を集め、義仲もまた法皇を攻撃対象とし、院を守護する官軍が武士により完膚なきまでに叩き潰されたと言う点でかつてないものであった。
- The attack this time was unprecedented in that the cloistered emperor with a will to fight gathered soldiers himself while Yoshinaka made the cloistered emperor the target of attack, and that the Imperial army guarding the cloistered emperor was knocked to smithereens.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に悪党の活動が活発化し下克上の風潮が流行すると、伝統的な戦闘形態は個人戦から集団戦へと変化し始め、足軽の活躍の場は土一揆・国一揆にも広まった。
- As the activity of villains increased and the trend of vassals revolting against their lords became more commonplace during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the traditional way in which warfare was conducted began to make the transition from a one-to-one combat to a group battle strategy, and the utilization of ashigaru even spread to the suppression of local and provincial uprisings.
- この時代は、1891年刊行の吾妻村 (栃木県)民らによる鉱毒の記録集『足尾銅山鉱毒・渡良瀬川沿岸事情』を発刊直後に発売禁止にするなど、言論封殺が主な対策であった。
- During this period, the major part of these measures was restrictions of speech and of the press, such as banning the publication immediately after issuance of a record of the mining pollution 'Ashio Dozan Kodoku, Watarase-gawa-engan Jijo' (Ashio copper mine Mining Pollution, Status of Watarase-gawa River) published in 1891 by the residents of Azuma Village (Tochigi Prefecture).
- しかし、行基のように禁令にそむいて民間への布教をおこない、弾圧されたものの灌漑設備や布施屋の設置、道路建設などの社会事業に尽力し、民衆の支持を集める僧侶もあった。
- On the other hand, there were monks such as Gyoki who violated these restrictions and preached to the general public, and, although he was suppressed, he was also supported by general public for his efforts in social work such as provision of irrigation systems and fuseya (aid station or rest house) as well as road construction.
- もちろん、『今昔物語集』巻第25第5 「平維茂、藤原諸任を罰ちたる語」に、「騎馬の兵70人、徒歩の兵30人」とあるように、歩兵もいるが、歩兵の戦闘描写は見られない。
- Of course, there was reference to foot soldiers in 'seventy cavalry and thirty foot soldiers' within the 'Story about Punishing TAIRA no Koremochi and FUJIWARA no Morotoo' in Section five of Volume twenty-five of 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu,' but there were no battle scenes depicted of foot soldiers.
- したがって、この「君」は特定の個人をさすものではなく、治世の君(古今和歌集の時代においては帝)の長寿を祝し、その御世によせる賛歌として収録されたものとも考えられる。
- Therefore, we can also understand that this 'kimi' does not mean any specific individual person, but this waka was included as an anthem to celebrate the longevity of the reigning lord (the emperor at the time of Kokin-Wakashu) and was dedicated to his reign.
- ただし、武装した私兵集団が全て武士であるとは言えず、公的な軍事警察力の担い手としての社会的な公認がなければ武士と認められなかったこともまた、強調しなければならない。
- However, all the private army groups of armed fighters are not said to have been bushi and it must be emphasized that they were not approved as bushi without the social authorization as the bearer of public military police.
- その結果、宋代の荘園の内実は零細な土地片の集積を便宜上荘園としているに過ぎず、地主と佃戸は自由人間の契約関係に基づく小作制度によって経営されていたとするものである。
- As a result, shoens during the Sung dynasty, in fact, just regarded the collection of small lands as shoens for convenience and the owners and the denkos established contractual relationships as free men and based on it, shoens were managed by the tenancy system.
- しかし『伊勢物語』とは異なり統一的な主人公はおらず、各段ごとに和歌にまつわる説話や、当時の天皇・貴族・僧ら実在の人物による歌語りが連なった歌物語の集成となっている。
- However, without setting a specific leading character like 'Ise Monogatari,' this literary work collects narratives relating to waka poems and uta-monogatari consisting of a series of poems composed by real people like emperors, nobles, Buddhist priests in those days, each of which is compiled in a chapter.
- しかし、中央集権化を進め、改革を全国的に網羅する必要があることから、藩の存在は邪魔となり、また藩側でも財政の逼迫が続いたことから自発的に廃藩を申し出る藩が相次いだ。
- Yet, the existence of domains hindered centralization and reform throughout the country, and many governors of domains voluntarily asked for the abolishment of the feudal domains because of their constant financial difficulties.
- 漢城に集結して和平交渉を始めていた日本軍だが、本土から釜山までの海路の補給は維持していたが、釜山から漢城までの陸路の治安が悪化して食糧などの補給が滞りがちであった。
- The Japanese army that had assembled in Hancheng and commenced peace talks, maintained the route for supplies by sea from Japan to Busan, but the security of the land route from Busan to Hancheng had deteriorated and, therefore, supplies of food etc. were stacking up.
- 豊臣秀吉の死後、朝鮮から帰国した忠恒に石田三成もしくは徳川家康が伊集院忠棟に叛意があることを伝えたという日州庄内軍記の記述があるが、それを裏付ける同時代史料はない。
- According to Nisshu Shonai Gunki, there is an entry stating that Mitsunari ISHIDA or Ieyasu TOKUGAWA told Tadatsune, who had returned from Korea after the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, that Tadamune IJUIN was thinking of rebellion, but there is no other historical evidence of the same era to prove it.
- 秀吉の遺した莫大な金銀を用いて浪人衆を全国から集めて召抱えたが、諸大名には大坂城に馳せ参じる者はなく、ただ福島正則が蔵屋敷の兵糧を接収するのを黙認するにとどまった。
- Using a great amount of gold and silver, they employed many ronin across Japan, however, no daimyo hastened to Osaka Castle to join them, and Masanori FUKUSHIMA alone connived at the requisition of army provisions from Kurayashiki-warehouses.
- また、『扶桑集』に収められた道真の漢詩の序文にも父・是善が芸閣(書斎)で門人に『後漢書』を講じたと詠んでおり、本来は書斎の山陰亭で講義が行われていたと考えられている。
- As the preface in the Chinese poetry style composed by Michizane to 'Fuso shu' (Chinese classics during the Heian period) described 'my father Koreyoshi lectured on History of the Later Han Dynasty for his disciples in his Unkaku (study),' the lecture was considered to be originally given in the study Sanin-tei.
- 馬の中のごく一部がそれに堪えられたとすれば、武士という一握りの特種技能集団が成立し得る条件を備えているのは、関東においてはそもそもが馬の牧場を意味する「牧」であった。
- The 'maki' (pasture for horses and cattle, written as '牧') was originally defined as a horse farm (written as 牧場) in Kanto region and provided the condition where a handful of bushi with special units could formalize if only a few of those horses could stand training.
- なお、当初は東一条殿(ひがしいちじょうどの)と呼ばれていたが、邸内に撫子や萩が咲き乱れていたことから、「花山院」と呼ばれるようになったとされている(『古今著聞集』)。
- It was originally called 'Higashi-Ichijo Dono' (the residence by Eastern Ichijo Street) but it subsequently came to be called 'Kazanin' (the residence by the mountain covered with flowers) after the dianthus and lespedeza flowers in the estate (according to 'Kokon Chomon-Ju').
- 文芸の面では、751年(天平勝宝3年)に現存最古の漢詩集『懐風藻』が編集され、弘文天皇、大津皇子、文武天皇、長屋王などの作品を含む7世紀後半以降の漢詩をおさめている。
- In the field of literature, the oldest existing collection of Chinese poems 'Kaifuso' (Fond Recollections of Poetry) was edited in 751, containing Chinese poems from the latter half of the seventh century and on, including poems by the Emperor Kobun, Prince Otsu, the Emperor Monmu, and Prince Nagaya.
- この結果、朱子学とその派生形態である陽明学の中にある、思弁的側面に集中的に研究が加えられ、或はその思弁的側面こそが朱子学ないし陽明学の特徴であると考えられるに至った。
- As a result, the speculative sides of Shushigaku and its derivative Yomeigaku have been intensively studied and these speculative sides are considered to characterize Shushigaku and Yomeigaku.
- 老人は古今和歌集の仮名序を引用して、高砂の松と住吉の松とは相生の松、離れていても夫婦であるとの伝説を説き、松の永遠、夫婦相老(相生にかけている)の仲睦まじさを述べる。
- The old man, quoting from Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (preface of Kokin Wakashu written in kana by KI no Tsurayuki), preaches that the pine tree in Takasago and one in Suminoe are Aioi no Matsu (pines sharing a life), that they are a husband and wife even though they are far apart, and speaks of the eternity of pine trees and harmoniousness of spousal-aioi (play on word 'aioi' – the first to share a life, and the second to become old together).
- 検注帳は荘園によって形式の違いがあるものの、大まかには耕地の一筆もしくは1坪単位の所在地、面積、所定の租税量、名請人などを書き上げ最後に項目ごとにまとめた集計を載せる。
- Although there are differences in methods between different manors, in general, kenchucho records, in regard to a unit of 3.3 sq.m. of cultivated field, the address, dimensions, given amount of tax from the land, and the name of naukenin (cultivator assigned to the piece of land), as well as the tally for each item inserted at the end.
- 国風文化の時代の和歌の隆盛は歌学の発展を促し、『古今和歌集』の紀貫之「仮名序」がその先駆けをなすといわれ、藤原公任の『新撰髄脳』などの自覚的な著作もあらわれるに至った。
- The prosperity of waka in the period of Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) facilitated the development in the study of poetry; beginning with 'Kanajo' (a preface written in kana) by KI no Tsurayuki of 'Kokin Wakashu,' subjective pieces such as 'Shinsen Zuino' (The Essentials of Poetry, Newly Compiled) of FUJIWARA no Kinto appeared.
- また、芸能者では主要な大夫を家元とする芸能集団としての座が形成され、江戸時代以後に「○○座」という呼称で呼ばれるようになり、転じて劇場や映画館の名称としても用いられた。
- Additionally, entertainers formed some za as entertainer groups whose headmen were major tayu (the headmaster of a school of performing arts), and people began to add the term 'za' to the end of their group names beginning in the Edo period. By further extension, such use of 'za' also began to be applied to theater names and movie theater names afterward.
- 類聚国史(るいじゅうこくし)は編年体である六国史の記載を中国の類書にならい分類再編集したもので、菅原道真の編纂により、892年(寛平4年)に完成・成立した歴史書である。
- Ruiju Kokushi, completed and established in 892, is a history book edited by SUGAWARA no Michizane, which classified and recompiled the entries of six classical Japanese history texts compiled in chronological order, following the example of Leishu ('classified books') in China.
- 19日の歌舞伎座での憲政擁護第1回大会では、政友会、国民党の代議士や新聞記者のほか実業家や学生も参加し、約3,000の聴衆を集めて「閥族打破、憲政擁護」を決議している。
- In the first rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism held at Kabuki-za Theater on December 19, many people took part, such as the Diet members of the Seiyukai and the Rikken Kokuminto (Constitutional National Party, hereinafter referred to the Kokuminto), journalists, businessmen, students and about 3,000 audiences, and they adopted a resolution that 'cliques should be overthrown and that constitutionalism should be defended.'
- 自由党解党2日後の10月31日、下吉田(旧吉田町 (埼玉県))の椋神社において決起集会が行われ、蜂起の目的のほか、役割表や軍律が制定され(下記参照)、蜂起が開始された。
- On October 31, two days after the dissolution of the Liberal Party, they held a rally in Muku Shrine in Shimoyoshida (former Yoshidamachi [Saitama Prefecture]), established the purpose of the uprising, a role chart and martial law.
- 天文密奏の詳細は、仁安 (日本)元年(1166年)に奏上された陰陽助賀茂泰親・天文博士安倍業俊の連署の二十数通の天文密奏を集成した『安倍泰親朝臣記』で見ることができる。
- The details of tenmonmisso are written in the compilation of more than 20 tenmonmisso 'Abe no Yasuchika Asonki,' as reported with the signatures of onmyojo (onmyo vice-minister) KAMO no Yasuchika and tenmon hakase, Abe no Naritoshi.
- ただ当時発足したばかりの日本軍は地方農村部などの次男・三男を集めた集団であり、飯や日本食で育った彼らの中には、あまりに異質な西洋の料理に対して拒否感を示す者も見られた。
- The early stage of Japanese military was formed by the group of young people composed of the second or third sons collected from rural and agricultural regions; they had grown up by eating traditional Japanese food with rice-centered diet, thus some could not easily accept such Western style dishes so different from their eating habit.
- 一方『金銀図録』および『大日本貨幣史』などの古銭書には一分判金/壹分判金(いちぶばんきん)という名称で収録されており、貨幣収集界では「一分判金」の名称が広く用いられる。
- On the other hand, ancient coin books such as 'Kinginzuroku' (Gold & Silver coin catalog) and 'Dainihon Kaheishi' (Great History of Japanese Coins) called it with the name 'ichibu bankin' 一分判金/壹分判金 and this name was widely used in currency collecting world.
- 木は燃えて火になり、火が燃えたあとには灰(=土)が生じ、土が集まって山となった場所からは鉱物(金)が産出し、金は腐食して水に帰り、水は木を生長させる、という具合である。
- This is symbolized in the way that wood becomes fire after burning, which generates ash (or earth) that gathers to makes a mountain, where minerals (metal) are produced, metal returns to water after corrosion and finally water grows wood.
- 形態、製作技法等において日本国民の生活文化の特色を示すもので典型的なもの、系統的・網羅的に収集されたコレクションであって地域的特色、技術的特色等を示すものが挙げられる。
- They may be a typical object that shows characteristics of Japanese life and culture in a shape, a fabrication technique, etc., or a systematical and comprehensive collection that has distinctive features regionally or technically.
- 古今和歌集収録の歌として、ごく一般的な「君」の解釈を述べるならば、「君は広くもちいる言葉であって、天皇をさすとは限らない」ということであり、それ以上はなにも断定できない。
- According to the general interpretation of 'kimi' in poems compiled in Kokin-Wakashu, the word 'kimi is used in a broad sense and it does not necessarily mean the emperor,' and nothing can be said for sure about anything more than that.
- 推古天皇の小墾田宮(おはりだのみや)あたりに原型が見られ、大内裏の最も重要な施設であり、大極殿、朝堂(ちょうどう)、朝集殿(ちょうしゅうでん)の3種の殿舎からなっていた。
- The origin of the Chodoin, the most important facility in the daidairi, can be traced back approximately to Emperor Suiko's Oharida Palace, which consisted of the three palaces: the daigokuden (council hall in the imperial palace), the chodo (the Imperial Court), and the choshuden (waiting hall for officials in the imperial palace).
- 当初は同業の問屋による私的な集団であり、江戸幕府は当初は楽市楽座路線を継承した商業政策を方針としており、こうした組織が流通機構を支配して幕府に対する脅威になる事を恐れた。
- Originally, it was a private group consisting of peer warehouse merchants and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) feared that this kind of organization would control the distribution system and pose a threat to them because the Edo bakufu adopted the commercial policy inherited the course of rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) at first.
- 万葉集では「香具山は畝火(うねび)ををしと耳梨(みみなし)と相あらそひき神代よりかくにあるらし古昔も然にあれこそうつせみも嬬をあらそふらしき」(天智天皇)と歌われている。
- In the Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), the Three Mountains of Yamato are sung 'kaguyama wa unebi o oshi to miminashi to aiarasohiki shindai yori kakuni arurashi konseki mo zen ni arekoso utsusemi mo ju wo arasourashiki' (Emperor Tenchi).
- 戦国時代には戦国大名の一部は自身の居城の城下町に服属した武士を集めるようになり、豊臣秀吉が大坂城・聚楽第・伏見城で支配下に服した大名に屋敷を与え、そこに妻子を住まわせた。
- During the Sengoku Period, some Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) allowed their subjects to reside in their castle towns and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI set up the residences near Osaka Castle, Jurakudai, Fushimi Castle for his subjects and their families.
- 西郷軍では篠原が編成の責任者となり、桐野が軍需品の収集調達、村田新八が兵器の調達整理、永山弥一郎が新兵教練、池上が募兵をそれぞれ担当し、12日頃に一応の準備が整えられた。
- In Saigo's army, SHINOHARA became responsible for troop formation, KIRINO became in charge of logistics, Shinpachi MURATA in charge of supply and maintenance of arms, Yaichiro NAGAYAMA in charge of recruit training, and IKEGAMI in charge of recruiting, then, around February 12, the army was mostly prepared.
- 周代から春秋時代には、特に古来の '姫' や '姜' といった族集団名でもある '姓' を持つ卿士大夫層(宋代の科挙試験エリートではなく、古代の族長層)を指す用語であった。
- From the Zhou period to the Chunqiu period, the term indicated the Keishitaifu class (not the Kakyo [Imperial examination] elite in the Song period but the patriarch class in the ancient times) having a 'surname,' which was also a clan name of ancient times such as 'Ji' and 'Jiang.'
- この時代の明法家の著作は残っていないものの、『令義解』・『令集解』などにその学説(その学説によって「讃記」・「穴記」などと呼ばれている)が引用され、今日まで伝えられている。
- Though there remain no books by Myoho experts of this time, their theories (called 'Sanki' or 'Kekki') were quoted in books such as 'Ryonogige', 'Ryonoshuge' and transmitted to the present time.
- 本書は逸文しか残っていないが、これらを蒐集すると、延喜20年(920年)正月14日条から、天暦7年(953年)2月23日条までの34年間に亙って記録されていることがわかる。
- The name of the diary derives from 'riho,' the Chinese equivalent of Shikibu, which was the highest position (Shikibukyo [Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial]) that Imperial Prince Sigeakira held in the court during his lifetime.
- この「我が君」から「君が代」への変遷については、初句「我が君」の和歌が、古今和歌集と古今和歌六帖以外にはほとんどみられず、以降の歌集においては初句「君が代」が圧倒的に多い。
- With respect to this change from 'wagakimi' to 'kimigayo,' waka with the first line 'wagakimi' is hardly seen other than in Kokin-Wakashu and Kokin Waka Rokujo (six volumes of Japanese poetry written in the middle of the Heian period) and, in poetry anthologies in the later age, overwhelmingly large number of wakas begin with the first line 'kimigayo.'
- 彼らは、蓄積した富をもって、墾田開発・田地経営などの営田活動を進めたり、他の百姓への出挙を行ったりして、より一層、富を集積し、一般の零細な百姓層を隷属化して成長していった。
- With amassed wealth in hand, they further accumulated wealth by developing and managing additional land or subjected other petty farmers by lending rice seeds to them.
- そのため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵(有力農民)=開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力寺院(または有力神社)へ寄進することで、不輸の権を獲得しようとした。
- Therefore, Tato (powerful farmers), or the owners of newly developed arable land, who acquired large tracts arable land through development or buying land, donated their farmland to dominant temples (or dominant shrines) to obtain Fuyu no ken.
- 耳塚 豊臣秀吉による文禄・慶長の役の際、海を隔てて首しるしを持ち帰れないために、その代わりとして持ち帰った耳を集めて葬ったものと伝えられる塚で、首塚と同様の意味合いをもつ。
- Mimizuka (tomb of ears) is a tomb where the ears of the killed persons in the Bunroku-Keicho War were said to be gathered and buried as the substitute of heads, because it was impossible to bring back the severed heads from overseas; it has the same meaning as Kubizuka.
- 西郷軍の白兵戦が強かったのは、地の利が西郷軍にあったことと、幼い頃より刀剣に慣れ親しんでいた士族と、訓練されたとはいえ数年程度の徴集兵では錬度に雲泥の差があったからである。
- The reasons why Saigo's army was stronger in hand-to-hand fights are considered as follows: Saigo's army occupied a vantage ground, and there was a tremendous difference in the sword-handling ability between the warrior class, who had been familiar with handling swords, and the conscripted soldiers, who had had only a few years of sword-handling training.
- 上代特殊仮名遣(じょうだいとくしゅかなづかい)とは上代日本語における『古事記』・『日本書紀』・『万葉集』など上代(奈良時代頃)の万葉仮名文献に用いられた表音的仮名遣である。
- Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai is Japanese phonetic orthography used in ancient Japan (around the Nara period), which can be observed in the documents written in Manyo-gana (Chinese characters used as phonetic characters) such as 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
- 往来物は当初は文書作成のための文例集でしかなかったが、次第にその文面の中に社会常識や知識を盛り込んだものへと変化を遂げていき、南北朝時代 (日本)には『庭訓往来』が著された。
- Originally, Oraimono was a collection of model sentences for letter-writing, but later it developed to include social knowledge and common sense, and by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Teikin Orai' was created.
- 許可条件への違反状況の視察と採証職務に従事していた京都府警の巡査、この状況を実際に確認し、許可条件への違反があったものと判断して、歩道上から、デモ隊の先頭集団を写真撮影した。
- A Police Officer of Kyoto Prefectural Police, who was engaged in inspecting the demonstration march to see whether or not there was violation of the conditions for permission and collecting evidence of any such violation, found that the march was in violation of the conditions for permission, and photographed the front part of the marching crowd.
- 本来は地税である田租を指して官物と呼んだと考えられているが、律令制以後には租庸調をはじめとする貢納物や出挙・正税などのその運用・集積物を含めて「官物」と呼ばれるようになった。
- Originally Kanmotsu is thought to have been the term for Denso (rice field tax), a property tax, but after the Ritsuryo system was established, 'Kanmotsu' became the term to describe tithes such as Soyocho and suiko (government loans), shozei (the rice tax stored in a provincial office's warehouse) and its use and accumulated products.
- その歴史を通しで見ると、会所のあり方、語の用法は多様であり、一概にこういうものである、とはいいがたいが、ひとついえるのは、そこは、人々が寄り集う場であった、ということである。
- By looking through out its history, there were various uses of the word kaisho, but one thing that could be said was that it was a place where people gathered.
- 『荀子』や『春秋穀梁伝』のように「士商工農」とするものもあるが、中国では伝統的に土地に基づかず利の集中をはかる「商・工」よりも土地に根ざし穀物を生み出す「農」が重視されてきた。
- 'Xun Zi' (or Hsun Tzu) and 'Shunju Kokuryo-den' (Annotation of Guliang on Spring and Autumn Annals) described 'shi-sho-ko-no'; though in China, much more importance has traditionally been attached to 'no' who settled in the land and produced crops, as opposed to the 'sho' and 'ko' who did not till the land and aimed at reaping profits.
- 後半の「さざれ石の巌となりて」は、砂や石が固まって岩が生じるという考え方と、それを裏付けるかのような細石の存在が知られるようになった『古今和歌集』編纂当時の知識を反映している。
- 'Pebbles gather to form a rock' in the latter half reflects knowledge of the period when the Kokin-Wakashu was compiled and the idea that sand and pebbles gather together to form a rock and existence of pebbles were thought as evidence of this idea.
- 日本民族(にほんみんぞく)という言葉は、一つには日本の国籍や日本列島にルーツを持つ全ての文化的集団(エスニック・グループ)を統合した政治的共同体(ネーション)を表す概念である。
- The term 'Japanese race' expresses a notion of a political community (nation) which embodies all cultural groups (ethnic groups) that possess a Japanese nationality and/or roots in the Japanese archipelago.
- 雑賀衆(さいかしゅう)は、戦国時代 (日本)に紀伊国北西部の雑賀荘を中心とする一帯(現在の和歌山市の雑賀崎)の諸荘園に居住した国人・土豪・地侍たちの結合した集団(一揆)である。
- Saikashu was a group (ikki) of combined local lords, powerful local clans and local samurai who resided in private estates in the center of Saikasho in the north west part of Kii Province (present day Saikazaki, Wakayama City) during the Sengoku period (Warring States period).
- 600名にのぼるデモ隊は夜9時頃市警本部に向かい玄関前で抗議集会を開始したが催涙弾などで強制排除され、10時過ぎに再び集合して抗議団を編成、市警本部長に面会を要求しようとした。
- At nine p.m. about 600 students started a protest in front of the headquarters of the City Police, however it was soon broken up by tear bombs and so on; the students gathered again after ten o'clock and formed a delegation to request the Chief of the City Police to meet them.
- この一揆には田尻但馬、伊集院元巣、桂忠詮、東郷甚右衛門といった島津家臣が参加し、それぞれの手勢に農民や町人が加わった反乱軍の人数は七百人であったとも二千人であったともいわれる。
- Other vassals of the Shimazu clan, such as Tashima TAJIRI, Genso IJUIN, Tadanori KATSURA, and Jinuemon TOGO and their followers also joined the uprising, and the number of the rebel group was said to have been 700, while a different source records 2,000, which included peasants and townsmen.
- 当時、中央集権体制を進めるために廃藩置県の必要があることは政府内の共通認識となっていたが、その実施に向けた方策について急進的な木戸孝允と漸進的な大久保利通との対立が続いていた。
- Although there was a shared understanding within the government at that time that Haihan-chiken had to be carried out in order to move towards a centralized administrative system, Takayoshi KIDO (who insisted on radical reform) and Toshimichi OKUBO (who insisted on moderate reform) continued to hold differing views concerning practical procedures.
- しかし、平安後期になると、人間をあるがままに日本風に描くという国風文化の影響のもと、表現形式がより柔軟かつ豊富な和文体による歴史物語・軍記物語・説話集が多数記されるようになった。
- However, in the latter half of the Heian period, the Kokufu Bunka, in which human beings were depicted in Japanese styles, prevailed, and many historical stories, war chronicles and collections of anecdotes were written in the Japanese-writing style that enabled the descriptions to be made more flexibly and richly.
- 1990年度からは留学生の受け入れ、1991年度からは大学院生・聴講生・研究生・医療技術短期大学生(現在の医学部保健学科)を含めた全ての京大生を入寮募集の対象とするようになった。
- It started to accept foreign students from the academic year 1990, and from the academic year 1991, it started to allow all students of Kyoto University, including graduate students, postgraduates, auditing students, junior college students of medical technology (health sciences course in the Medical department), to apply for entering the dormitory.
- 藤原京から平城京への遷都は707年(慶雲4)に審議が始まり、708年(和銅元)には元明天皇により遷都の詔(都というものは「百官の府であり、四海の人々が集まるところ」)が出された。
- The discussion on the transfer of the capital from Fujiwara-kyo to Heijo-kyo began in 707, and in 708 Empress Genmei issued an edict of the transfer, which stated that the capital was 'the center of government offices and the place where people of the world gather.'
- 書名については本来無題、あるいは『能作者』、『謡作者』であったと見られるが、1915年『禅竹集』に吉田東伍が翻刻した際、『能本作者註文』の題で収録して以来、この名が定着している。
- The book was originally untitled or may have been entitled 'No Sakusha' or 'Utai Sakusha' but the name 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon' took hold since it was recorded under this title when it was reprinted in 'Zenchiku Shu' by Togo YOSHIDA in 1915.
- 百姓、すなわち田堵負名層は公領に属する者と荘園に属する者に分かれ、荘園公領間の武力抗争の当事者となった結果、前期王朝国家に見られたような一国単位に結集する闘争形態は急速に消滅した。
- Hyakusho, i.e., the tato and fumyo class, was separated into hyakusho belonging to koryo and hyakusho belonging to shoen, and became parties of armed conflicts between shoen and koryo and as a result, the conflict forms observed in the early dynastic nation-state in which people gathered country by country disappeared rapidly.
- 義政の祖父にあたる足利義満や父の足利義教ら歴代将軍は唐物志向が強く、日明貿易により宋 (王朝)・元 (王朝)などの中国絵画(唐物)を収集し、「天山」「道有」などの鑑蔵院が押された。
- As the successive shoguns including Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (Yoshimasa's grandfather) and Yoshinori ASHIKAGA (Yoshimasa's father) had a strong taste for Karamono (things imported from China), they collected Chinese paintings (Karamono) of Sung (dynasty), Yuan (dynasty), etc., through trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty, and the paintings were affixed with the seal of Kanzo in (a collector's seal, which was impressed on Sung and Yuan period paintings) such as 'Tenzan' and 'Doyu'
- 応仁の乱では足軽集団が奇襲戦力として利用されたが、足軽は忠誠心に乏しく無秩序でしばしば暴徒化し、多くの社寺、商店等が軒を連ねる京都に跋扈し暴行・略奪をほしいままにすることもあった。
- During the Onin War, ashigaru groups were used in surprise attacks but their lack of loyalty and their disorder meant that they frequently formed unruly mobs, and there was an incident in which they ran riot and looted Kyoto with its numerous shrines, temples and shops.
- また、解党後の1943年に完成した『立憲政友会史』では中島を正式な第8代総裁として記述しているが、これは第2次分裂以後、党機関紙及び党史の編集部門を革新派が掌握していたためである。
- 'History of Rikken seiyukai,' which was completed in1943 after the party was dissolved, described Nakajima as the eighth official president because the reformists took control of the official publication of the party and the editorial department of the party history after the second split.
- 高座の模様が収録されたコンパクトディスクやカセットテープが販売されており、ラジオ等で放送される音源をカセットテープやミニディスク等の記録メディアに録音・収集することも行われている。
- Compact discs and cassettes of recorded rakugo stage performances are on the market, and some people have recorded rakugo aired on the radio on media such as cassettes and minidiscs.
- そして、『今昔物語集』巻19第4話「摂津守満仲出家せる語」で源満仲は出家した我が子に「我が心に違う者有れば、虫などを殺すように殺しつ、少し宜しと思う罪には手足を切る」と嘆かれている。
- Furthermore, MINAMOTO no Mitsutaka was grieved by his own child that went through shukke (to become a Buddhist monk) 'if there is someone who defies your will, you kill him as though he was an insect, and cut off his arms and legs for a minor crime' in the 'Story of Mitsunaka, who was the Settsu no kami (governor of Settsu Province) and underwent shukke (become Buddhist Priest)' in Volume 19 Story 4 of 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past).
- 中でも往復書簡を集めた形式の書籍である往来物は特に頻用され、様々な書簡を作成する事の多かった江戸時代の民衆にとっては実生活に即した教科書であり、「往来物」は教科書の代名詞ともなった。
- Oraimono, collection of correspondences were frequently used as textbooks because the public during the Edo period often prepared various letters for practical life and eventually 'Oraimono' became a pronoun for textbook.
- 平氏家人打倒を共通の目的として頼朝麾下に集結した関東武士団連合も、本来的には所領をめぐり潜在的な対立関係にあったのであり、敵対勢力の排除や淘汰にともなって徐々に結合が弱まり始めていた。
- Even the association of the Kanto Samurai Group, the gathered troops under Yoritomo's command with the common purpose of defeating Heishi Iebito (server of Taira clan), originally had an adversarial relationship with Yoritomo over shoryo (territory), and their solidarity began to erode as the opposing forces were eliminated or dismissed.
- 旧南宋軍は被征服者のため元への忠誠心も全く無く、さらに元々南宋は金で兵士を募集する募兵という形をとっており、数は多いが所詮は寄せ集めであり、士気・忠誠心も低く、戦闘能力も高くなかった。
- The former Southern Sung army had no loyalty to the Yuan Dynasty, because it was a conquered army, and furthermore, it had recruited soldiers through payment so that its soldiers were large in number but simple people who had low morale, loyalty, and fighting strength.
- こうした状況下で、870年前後に貞観格式が編纂・頒布されるとともに、868年には、律令条文の多様な解釈を集成した私的律令解説本の『令集解』(りょうのしゅうげ)が惟宗直本により記された。
- Under these circumstances, in 870, the Jogan Kyakushiki Code was compiled and distributed, and in 868, 'Ryonoshuge,' a private explanatory manual that collected various commentaries on the provisions of the Ritsuryo, was compiled by KOREMUNE no Naomoto.
- 平安時代後期になると、源信 (僧侶)の『往生要集』などの影響で、阿弥陀如来の住する西方極楽浄土への再生を願う浄土信仰が広まり、また、現世を仏法の衰えた末法の世とする末法思想が広まった。
- In the late Heian period, as influenced by 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation) by Genshin (a priest) and other writings, Jodo-shinko (the Pure Land faith) which prays for resurrection to Saiho Gokuraku Jodo were spread, and also Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) which considers the present world as the end of the world where Buddhism has declined was spread.
- そこへ、数多く集めた兜のうちより義貞のものを見分けるために、かつて宮中に奉仕し、天皇より義貞に兜が下賜されるのを目にしたことのある、顔世御前(判官の奥方)が召され、見事に兜を見分ける。
- Because Kaoyo Gozen (the wife of Hangan) has seen the Emperor giving a helmet to Yoshisada while she was working at the Imperial palace, she is summoned in order to find Yoshisada's helmet out of many helmets, and she finds the helmet.
- これに対し、家臣を城下に集めて専任の常備軍(この常備軍は西洋軍事史で規定されるそれとは全くの別物である事に注意)とすれば、上記の要求を満たせる上、兵の錬度、武具の質も上げることができた。
- In contrast, if the feudal lords gathered their vassals around their castles and set them as a full-time regular army, they were able to meet the needs mentioned above and to improve soldiers' skillfulness and the quality of arms (notice: in this case the regular army mentioned here is totally different from the one stipulated in the history of military in the Western countries).
- 弥生時代前期末以降に発達する環濠集落は、濃尾平野以西の各地域に水稲農耕が定着した段階であり、その定着によって引き起こされた土地や水争いなどの村落間の戦いに備えて独自に成立したと見られる。
- Individual moat settlements were developed beyond the end of Early Yayoi period in preparation for conflicts between villages over the control of land and water, as wet-rice cultivation became established in various districts on the west side of the Nobi Plain.
- ただし、秀才 (科挙)・進士を選考する際に文選_(書物)・爾雅から問題が出されていたことが、『令集解』の内容から判明しており、文学なども教育課程には組み込まれていたものと考えられている。
- Meanwhile, it is also thought that other subjects such as literature were incorporated into the education program, as it was revealed from the content of 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) that there were some questions from Wen Xuan (a book), as well as Erya, in examinations to appoint shusai (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test) (the Imperial Examination) and shinshi (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test).
- 特にクーデターで国司が交代した上総・相模では、頼朝の下に武士たちが瞬く間に集結して一大勢力を形成しており、清盛は孫の平維盛に追討軍を率いさせたが、富士川の戦いであえなく敗走してしまった。
- Especially in Kazusa and Sagami, where the governor had just been changed after a coup d'etat, many bushi gathered under Yoritomo very quickly and created one big force, which Kiyomori sent under his grandson, TAIRA no Koremori to lead the attack, but they lost at the Battle of Fuji-gawa River.
- 椀を伏せたような形をした国東半島には、両子山を中心として四方へと谷筋が走り、古代にはこの谷筋に沿って六郷と呼ばれる6つの集落が形成され、そのうち半島の西側にあたるこの地には田染郷があった。
- Channels radiate out from all directions of Mt. Futago on the upturned bowl-shaped Kunisaki Peninsula, and in ancient times settlements known as 'Rokugo' (lit. Six Townships) were formed along each of these channels, of which Tashibu Township was the settlement on the west of the peninsula.
- こうした中で座も変質していき、本所から自立した営業集団に転化したり、官衙や領主との結びつきを強めて中にはこれらを新たな本所するものが出現したり、座衆の数を制限して世襲特権化を図ろうとした。
- Under these circumstances, za were also gradually changed. Some za tried to become a trade group independent of their honjo, or some tried to have closer ties to government offices and feudal lords to have them as their honjo, and some attempted to establish a hereditary privilege by limiting the number of members in their za.
- 秩父地方では、自由民権思想に接していた自由党員らが中心となり、増税や借金苦に喘ぐ農民とともに「困民党(秩父困民党)」を組織し、1884年(明治17年)8月には2度の山林集会を開催していた。
- In Chichibu region people, mainly members of the Liberal Party organized 'Konminto Party (Poverty Party)' together with peasants suffering from increased taxes and debt burdens and held the second rally called Sanrin Shukai (literally, 'gathering of mountains and forest') in August, 1884.
- 幕藩体制の崩壊に伴い、中央集権国家の確立を急ぐ必要があった新政府は、律令制を範とした名称を復活させた(例:太政官、大蔵省など。ただし、当然のことながら実態は律令制のそれとはかなり異なる)。
- The new government, which needed to establish a centralized government quickly after the feudal system of the Shogunate collapsed, restored job titles and names of government offices following the Ritsuryo system (such as Dajokan [Grand Council of State] and the Ministry of Finance. Naturally, the actual work of the given titles was substantially different from that under the Ritsuryo system).
- 反徳川勢力は五奉行の石田三成を中心に結集し、慶長5年(1600年)6月、家康が会津の会津征伐の兵を起こして大坂を離れると、三成は毛利輝元を総大将として西軍を組織し挙兵した(関ヶ原の戦い)。
- Anti-Tokugawa powers gathered together around one of the Gobugyo (five major magistrates) Mitsunari ISHIDA, and when Ieyasu commanded an army for conquest of Aizu in July 1600, Mitsunari organized the Western Camp with Terumoto MORI as the supreme commander, and rose up in arms (the Battle of Sekigahara).
- 児童教育については、『蒙求』・『千字文』・『李嶠百廿詠』が主に用いられ、後に藤原公任が『和漢朗詠集』、藤原宗忠が『作文大体』、三善為康が『続千字文』・『童蒙頌韻』を著すとこれらも用いられた。
- For children's education, 'Mogyu,' 'Senjimon' and 'Rikyo Hyakunijuei' were primarily used, with 'Wakan Roeishu' written by FUJIWARA no Kinto, 'Sakumon Daitai' written by FUJIWARA no Munetada, 'Zoku Senjimon' and 'Domoshoin' written by MIOSHI no Tameyasu later added to the list of textbooks.
- しかしこれは、あくまでも古今和歌集賀歌として収録されたこの歌への考察であり、『和漢朗詠集』になってくると、朗詠は詠唱するものであり、どういう場で詠唱されたかという、場の問題が大きく出てくる。
- This consideration applies only to the waka adopted as gaka in Kokin-Wakashu, however, and, as far as 'Wakanroeishu' is concerned, because the 'roei (to recite)' means to chant and it is important under what situation it was chanted.
- そのため、天皇は家臣を遣わして開城を勧めたが、幽斎にも武士としての面目があったためにこれを拒絶し、古今相伝の和歌集に証明状を添えて天皇や八条宮智仁親王(後陽成天皇の弟)に進呈するに留まった。
- Therefore, the Emperor sent a vassal to tell Yusai to surrender the castle, but Yusai refused because of his own personal honor as a samurai and gave the anthology of waka poems from ancient to modern times with the certificate to the Emperor and Imperial Prince Hachijonomiya Toshihito (younger brother of Emperor Goyozei).
- これまで足軽は戦闘の主役ではなかったが、戦国時代 (日本)を迎え集団戦が本格化・大規模化していくと、訓練された槍・弓 (武器)・鉄砲の足軽隊が組織され備の主要な部隊として活躍するようになる。
- Ashigaru had not yet been utilized as the main element of battle forces but as they became more well organized and increased in number during the Sengoku period (Japan), they were given training and ashigaru units bearing spears, bows (weapons) and guns were created, going on to form the backbones of armies.
- 言論、集会、結社の自由も、(国際世論への配慮のため)一部のキリスト教徒を除き大きく制限され、朝鮮警察事務をすべて日本軍に委任し、通常の警察でなく軍の憲兵(軍事警察)が一般警察官を兼ねるとした。
- Freedom of speech, assembly and association was strictly limited except a part of Christians (for consideration of international opinions), and all the Korean police administration was delegated to the Japanese army, of which kenpei (military police) doubled as general policemen instead of the regular police.
- すなわち、近世以前の稲作適地は、地形で言えば洪積台地や河岸段丘の上、平地の分類で言えば盆地や河岸中流域など傾斜がある土地となり、集団化した農民が灌漑設備をつくって棚田をつくるのが一般的である。
- That is, before the modern times the best places for rice cropping were sloping lands, such as ones on diluvial plateaus and stream terraces in terms of landform, or basins and midstream sites in terms of classification of plains, and generally a group of farmers established an irrigation facility and built Tanada there.
- 集まった浪人を併せた豊臣方の総兵力は約10万人で、著名な浪人として真田信繁(幸村)、長宗我部盛親、後藤基次(又兵衛)、毛利勝永、明石全登(彼らは五人衆と呼ばれた)、塙直之、大谷吉治などがいた。
- The total number of soldiers including employed ronin was about 100,000 people and among them there were well-known ronin including Nobushige SANADA (Yukimura), Morichika CHOSOKABE, Mototsugu GOTO (Matabe), Katsunaga MORI, Takenori AKASHI (they were called gonin shu), Naoyuki BAN, Yoshiharu Otani and others.
- 鳥山石燕は『今昔画図続百鬼』で、全身毛だらけの野槌がウサギを食べる様子を描いており、解説文で「草木の精をいふ」と述べ、その形状を『沙石集』からの引用で「目も鼻もなき物也といへり」と述べている。
- In 'Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki' (Ancient and Modern Illustrations of Various Demons, Continued), Sekien TORIYAMA depicts Nozuchi with its entire body covered in hair and eating a rabbit; in the comment, he says 'Nozuchi is a spirit of grasses and trees', and by quoting from 'Shaseki-shu' he describes its shape as 'a thing with no eyes nor nose.'
- 重ね書きの手法も用いて『源氏物語絵巻』の詞書を書いた12世紀前半の藤原伊房(世尊寺伊房)、上述の『芦手絵和漢朗詠集抄』を書写した12世紀後半の藤原伊行(世尊寺伊行)はともに世尊寺家の出身である。
- FUJIWARA no Korefusa (Korefusa SESONJI) in the first half of the 12th century who wrote kotobagaki of 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' using the overwriting method and FUJIWARA no Koreyuki (Koreyuki SESONJI) in the latter half of the 12th century who copied 'Ashide-e Wakan Roeishu Sho' which was described earlier were from the Sesonji family.
- 荒神橋事件(こうじんばしじけん)は、1953年11月11日、立命館大学広小路キャンパスでの集会に合流しようとした京都大学の学生デモ隊と警官隊が京都市内の荒神橋 (京都市)上で衝突した事件である。
- The Kojin-bashi Incident is an incident that occurred on November 11, 1953, where a group of Kyoto University student demonstrators who had been marching up to the large-scale meeting at the Hirokoji campus of Ritsumeikan University, had a collision with the police on Kojin-bashi Bridge (Kyoto City).
- 寄せ集めの軍勢である豊臣方は緊密な連絡を取ることができず、後藤基次隊2,800は単独で小松山に進出してしまい、伊達政宗、水野勝成ら2万以上の敵勢に集中攻撃を受け、奮戦するも壊滅、基次は討死した。
- The Toyotomi side was a jumble of army forces and unable to have close contacts; Mototsugu GOTO troop of 2,800 soldiers advanced to Komatsuyama in its single troop, which was given a concentrated attack by troops of more than 20,000 soldiers of Masamune DATE, Katsunari MIZUNO and others and the troop fought hard only to be destroyed and Mototsugu was killed.
- そこへ娘の孝行が新聞の記事になり、同情した人たちから多額の義捐金が集まったことや、娘の目を治す妙薬がみつかるなどの知らせが届き、幸兵衛はみんなから祝福されこれも水天宮様の信心のおかげと感激する。
- Then, having heard that his daughter's filial devotion to her parent has been reported in newspapers, that a large amount of sympathy money has been received, and that miracle medicine to cure his daughter's eyes has been found, he is blessed by all around him and is deeply moved as he thinks that these have happened because of his faith in Suiten-gu God.
- 『法曹類林』などの先行の法律書から内容をそのまま抜き出して集成した書とされ、讃岐永直・惟宗直本・中原明兼・小野有隣など平安時代の著名な明法家の学説・明法勘文・明法勘状などがそのまま引用されている。
- It is thought to have been written by simply compiling the contents of existing law books like 'Hosoruirin,' meaning it only quoted the theories, Myobo Kanmon (questions and answers of interpretation of law) and Myobo Kanjo (law consideration) of famous Myobo experts in the Heian period such as SANUKI no Naganao, KOREMUNE no Naomoto, NAKAHARA no Akikane and ONO no Arichika.
- 石黒忠悳軍医・伊集院五郎・大浦兼武・大迫尚道陸軍士官学校 (日本)・神尾光臣・佐藤正 (陸軍草創期)・志水直・田村銀之助・寺内正毅(右腕を負傷)・東条英教・浜野昇軍医・山口素臣大隊長・手塚良仙軍医
- Tadanori ISHIGURO (a military doctor), Goro IJUIN, Kanetake OURA, Naomichi OSAKO (at the military academy (in Japan)), Mitsuomi KAMIO, Tadashi SATO (in the era of establishing the army), Tadashi SHIMIZU, Ginnosuke TAMURA, Masatake TERAUCHI (his right arm was injured), Hidenori TOJO, Noboru HAMANO (a military doctor), Motoomi YAMAGUCHI (a battalion commander), and Ryosen TEZUKA (a military doctor)
- 「儀式」のモデルになったのは、唐における礼制の集大成である礼書であったと考えられているが、日本の「儀式」は律令格式と重複する部分を削り、法令で定めるのには不適切な純粋な礼儀作法の記述に特化している。
- It was considered that 'Gishiki' modeled after the Book of Etiquette and Decorum, a compilation of decorum in Tang -- Japanese 'Gishiki' was specialized exclusively in rules and customs inappropriate to be specified in law by omitting the parts that overlapped with ritsuryo kyakushiki (Laws and regulations).
- 退却した薩軍は都城に集結していると予測した川村参軍は6月29日、別働第1旅団を海上から垂水・高須へ、第4旅団を吉田・蒲生へ、別働第3旅団を岡原・比志島経由で蒲生へ進め、都城を両面攻撃することとした。
- Predicting that the retreated Satsuma army were concentrated in Miyakonojo, Sangun KAWAMURA decided on June 29 to advance the detached 1st brigade to Tarumizu and Takasu by sea, the 4th brigade to Yoshida and Kamo, and the detached 3rd brigade to Kamo via Okaharu and Hishijima, to attack Miyakonojo from two sides.
- だが、この頃、室町幕府が足利義満のもとで全盛期を迎えており、至徳 (日本)3年(1386年)には延暦寺以下京都の有力寺社が京都の地域内において私的権力を行使する事が制限された(警察権の幕府への集中)。
- However, the Muromachi bakufu, in its prime under Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, regulated Enryaku-ji Temple and other powerful temples and shrines in Kyoto which exercised their private power within the Kyoto area in 1386 (Concentrating police authority in the bakufu).
- 『日蓮註画讃巻第五「蒙古來」篇』に「二島百姓等男はあるいは殺あるいは虜、女は一所に集め、手を徹、舷に結付虜の者は一人も害さざるなし。肥前国松浦党数百人伐虜さる。この国の百姓男女等、壱岐・対馬の如し。」
- Volume 5 'Mongol Invasion' of 'Nichiren Chugasan' (Illustrated Biography of Nichiren) reads 'in Futajima, men were killed or captured. Women were gathered at one place and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, and all captives suffered harm. In Hizen Province, several hundred people of the Matsuura Party were killed or captured. The people of this province, whether men or women, suffered the same fate as the people in Iki and Tsushima.'
- しかしその一方で、官選である郡長・区長が戸長の上に位置し、また郡長・区長が同じく官選である府県知事の指揮下に置かれ、その府県知事を内務省 (日本)が指揮することで、中央集権の体制維持も図ったのである。
- Meanwhile, it aimed to maintain the centralized government system by placing the Guncho and Kucho, who were appointed by the government, in a higher position than the Kocho, while putting them under the control of the Prefecture governor, who was appointed likewise and directed by the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.
- 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
- Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.
- その特徴は、人数さえ集まれば、これといった道具やややこしいルールがなくとも遊べる簡単さにあり、子供の遊び道具が豊富ではなかった時代にチャンバラがしきりと行われたのはここに理由があるといっていいだろう。
- To play chanbara, only some children were necessary without any special tools and complicated rules, therefore they often played chanbara at that time when there were not so many playthings.
- こういった傾向は、院政期に入って顕著になってくるもので、王朝が摂関政治の否定、そして武家勢力との対決へと向かう中で、勅撰集において天皇の存在を大きく打ち出していく必要があったのではないか、とされている。
- Such tendency became conspicuous during the insei period (during the period of the government by a retired Emperor), and they say that it could be because it was necessary to emphasize existence of the emperor in Chokusenshu during the period in which the dynasty negated regency and moved toward conflicts with the power of the samurai.
- 嘉禄元年(1225年)、鎌倉幕府に評定衆が設置されて以来、重要な政務は評定によって決定されたが、13世紀後期に年始の行事の一環として毎年1月中旬の1日に執権・連署以下を召集して評定始を行うようになった。
- Important policies had been decided by the council since 1225 when the hyojoshu was set up in the Kamakura bakufu, and in the late thirteenth century, hyojohajime began as a New Year ceremony convened with a regent, rensho (assistant to regents), and other subordinates on a day of mid-January every year.
- 貨幣収集界には天保6年から翌年鋳造分を「長郭」あるいは「中郭」、8年から13年までのものを「細郭」、弘化4年以降のものを「広郭」とする説もあったが、これでは現存数と鋳造数の比率に整合しないとの説もある。
- In the world of collecting coins, a opinion that claimed that coins minted between 1835 and the following year were called 'Chokaku' or 'Chukaku,' those between 1837 and 1842 were 'Saikaku,' and those after 1847 were 'Kokaku,' but the other argued that this categorization did not match the ratio of the number of existing coins and coins minted.
- また、この直後に裏松固禅によって『大内裏図考證』が完成され、その研究に基づいて、古式に則った御所が再建されることになるが、同時に朝廷の動向が世間の注目を集めるようになり、尊号一件などの紛争の遠因となった。
- 'Daidairizukosho' (a historical investigation imperial palace images) was completed by Kozen URAMATSU soon after the incident and it was intended to rebuild the Imperial Palace according to its original appearance based on the study of this document but the drawing of public activity to the activity of the Imperial Court at this time became the underlying cause of disputes such as the Songo Incident.
- 塵芥集や六角氏式目では姦婦の殺害を定め(ただし、寝所で姦夫を討ち取った場合には姦婦の殺害は必要としない)、長宗我部元親百箇条に至っては本夫が姦婦を殺害しない場合には、姦夫・姦妻・本夫全て死刑と定めている。
- Jinkaishu (bunkokuho enforced by Tanemune DATE) and Rokkakushi shikimoku (bunkokuho of the Rokkaku clan) prescribed murder of the adulteress (however, if the adulterer was murdered in the bedroom, it was not required to murder the adulteress), and in an extreme case of Chosokabe Motochika Hyakkajo (bunkokuho by the Chosokabe clan) prescribed that if the husband didn't murder the adulteress, the adulterer, the adulteress and the husband would all be sentenced to death.
- 蘇我氏自身の出自はともかく、渡来系の氏族と深い関係にあったのは確かなようで、王権の職業奴属民としての役割を担っていた渡来人の品部の集団などが持つ当時の先進技術が蘇我氏の台頭の一助になったと考えられている。
- Regardless of the origins of the Soga clan, its deep ties with migrant clans is without-doubt, immigrants to ancient Japan; and it is thought that the rise of the Soga clan was aided by the relatively advanced technologies introduced to Japan by Shinabe (technicians in offices) who were toraijin (settlers), who became subjects to royal authority as indentured professionals.
- この律令の制定によって、天皇を中心とし、日本の官制(太政官・神祇官の二官、中務省・式部省・治部省・民部省・大蔵省・刑部省・宮内省・兵部省の八省)の官僚機構を骨格に据えた本格的な中央集権統治体制が成立した。
- The establishment of these Ritsuryo codes brought about the formation of fully centralized governing system, which centered on the emperor and set a bureaucratic organization of Japanese government-regulated organization or facility, etc. (Nikan of Dajokan [Grand Council of State] and Jingikan [department of worship], and Hassho [eight ministries and agencies] of Nakatsukasasho [Ministry of Central Affairs], Shikubusho [Ministry of Ceremonial], Jibusho [the Ministry of Civil Administration], Minbusho [Ministry of Popular Affairs], Okurasho [Ministry of the Treasure], Gyobusho [Ministry of Justice], Kunaisho [Ministry of the Sovereign's Household] and Hyobusho [Ministry of Military]), as the bone structure.
- 明治期における人類学的な区分では、坪井正五郎が先史時代の先住民であるコロボックル、国内の他民族であるアイヌ(及び樺太アイヌ)、琉球、朝鮮人・台湾漢人、台湾先住民などを除いた集合としての大和民族を主張した。
- Based on anthropological classification done in the Meiji period, Shogoro TSUBOI asserted that the Yamato race was an aggregation which did not include the Korobokkuru, which was prehistorical aborigines, the Ainu tribe (and Sakhalin Ainu), Ryukyu people, Korean people, the Han race of Taiwan, the aborigines in Taiwan and others.
- 1世紀中葉になると北部九州(博多湾沿岸)にあったとされる倭奴国が後漢へ朝貢している(『後漢書』)が、これは北部九州における倭人の政治集団の統合が進み、その代表として倭奴国が後漢へ遣使したと考えられている。
- In the middle of the first century, 倭奴国, which is thought to have been located in northern Kyushu (the coast of Hakata Bay), paid tribute to the Later Han Dynasty ('Gokanjo' (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty)), which is thought to indicate that Wajin political groups in Northern Kyushu were consolidated and 倭奴国 sent an envoy to the Later Han Dynasty as the representative.
- また前代に成立した作品を書写したものとしては、既述の『源氏物語絵巻』などの絵巻の詞書や、『平家納経』などの経典のほか、『古今和歌集』には元永本(国宝)があり、元永3年(1120年)の奥書を有し、完本である。
- The kotobagaki of emaki including 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' that was mentioned earlier, Buddhist scriptures including 'Heike-nokyo,' the Genei-bon manuscript (a national treasure) with okugaki (postscript) in 1120 as a complete edition of 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) are the copied versions of the masterpieces established in the former period.
- 基本的には大学寮の明経道・紀伝道で採用されている書物が教科書として用いられたが、『群書治要』や『老子道徳経』・『荘子 (書物)』・『白氏文集』・『貞観政要』・『世説新語』などそれ以外の講義も広く行われていた。
- The textbooks used were same as those used at Myogyodo and Kidendo of the Daigaku-ryo, but additional lectures were also given on 'Gunsyochiyo,' 'Roshi Dotokukyo,' 'Soshi,' 'Hakushimonju,' 'Joganseiyo,' 'Sesetsushingo,' etc.
- 2005年に北海道十勝支庁管内の上士幌町が避花粉地として名乗りをあげたほか、続いて2006年には鹿児島県の奄美諸島も療養や保養目的の観光客(花粉症患者)誘致を始め、これは国交省がモニターツアーの募集を行った。
- In 2005 the Hokkaido town of Kamishihoro-cho under the jurisdiction of the Tokachi subprefectural claimed to be area unaffected by pollen and in 2006 the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture began to attract tourists (pollinosis patients) for the purpose of recuperation with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism taking applications and operating the trips on a trial basis.
- それに対し、714年(和銅7年)に紀清人・三宅藤麻呂に国史を撰集させ、舎人親王が中心となって神代から持統天皇までの歴史を編集、720年(養老4年)に撰上されたのが『日本紀(日本書紀)』30巻・系図1巻である。
- In contrast, for the 'Nihongi (Nihon Shoki),' composed of 30 volumes and a roll of genealogical chart, compiled and offered to the emperor in 720, KI no Kiyohito and MIYAKE no Fujimaro in 714 selected accounts from provincial historical literature from the mythological age to the Empress Jito, and then Imperial Prince Toneri and his assistants edited the work.
- 後装式(元込め)のスナイドル銃をいち早く導入し、集成館事業の蓄積で近代工業基盤を有していた薩摩藩は、イギリスから設備を輸入して明治5年の陸軍省創設以前からスナイドル弾薬の国産化に成功していた唯一の地域だった。
- The Satsuma Domain was armed with breech-loading Snider rifles before others; based on the modern industrial base that had been built up through the industries at Shuseikan, the domain was the only region in Japan to succeed in domestic production of ammunition for Snider rifles by importing facilities from England before the Army Ministry was established in 1872.
- 彼らは徳川家への復讐に燃える者、戦乱に乗じて一旗上げようとする者などで、歴戦の勇士が多く士気も旺盛だったが、いかんせん寄せ集めに過ぎないため統制がなかなかとれず、実際の戦闘では作戦に乱れが生じる元ともなった。
- Some of them were eager to revenge the Tokugawa family, some aimed to make their names in the world, taking advantage of the disturbances of war and so on: there were many brave warriors who had experienced many battles and were high in morale, however, only a jumble of warriors lacked regulations, causing strategic confusions in real battles.
- 大韓民国慶尚北道漆谷郡に倭館(ウェグァン)邑が現存し、京釜線の駅名と京釜高速道路のインターチェンジ名、漆谷郡庁所在地にもなっているが、これは文禄・慶長の役で日本軍の兵糧集積所であったために付けられた地名である。
- In Chilgok County, Gyeongsang buk-do Prefecture, Korea, a large village of Wakan (waegwan) still exists, also representing the station name of Gyeongbu Line, the interchange name of Gyeongbu motor way, and the location of Chilgok County Office, all of which were named because the place was once the army provisions storage in the Bunroku-Keicho War.
- 中国の律令制が皇帝にすべての権限を集めて三省(中書省・門下省・尚書省)がこれを補佐する体制であるのに対し、日本の律令制では、天皇と各省の間に天皇の代理機能を果たす緩やかな合議体、太政官を置いたことに特徴がある。
- While the ritsuryo system in China concentrated all power in the emperor, who was supported by three ministries of Secretariat, Chancellery and State Affairs, Japanese ritsuryo system was characterized by the establishment of a loose consultative body, namely Daijokan (Grand Council of State), which worked as the emperor's proxy between the emperor and ministries.
- 価値の異なる原価をもった同一額面の通貨が同時に流通しようとするとき、人々は原価の高い貨幣(良貨)を集めて死蔵し、あるいはそれを元手に融解して多くの悪貨を生み出し、良貨が市場から消滅してインフレを招くという考え方。
- This indicates the following concept: When two coins have the same face value, but are made at different costs are circulated at the same time, people collect coins with a higher value (high-quality coins) and keep them, not using them, or melt them to mint many lower-quality coins, and therefore, high-quality coins disappear from the market and inflation ensues.
- 一般に「単独で設立された宗教法人」の意味と理解されているが、一説に寺院の僧堂内にある各僧侶1人1人のスペースを「単」といい、そこから1寺院を単になぞらえ、宗派という集団から独立した状態を指すようになったともいう。
- In general, the term Tanritsu is understood as 'a religious corporation that is set up independently,' however, one theory holds that they linked one temple to 'Tan,' the space that every priest has in a meditation hall at a temple, to create the term Tanritsu to express a condition in which one is independent from a religious school.
- 特に民間においては、(道具の)黒鍬の産地の1つで近くに木曽川・長良川下流の輪中地帯を抱えていた尾張国知多郡の土工集団の「黒鍬」組は著名であり、各地に出稼ぎをして土木・治水工事・新田開発のための土地整備に参加した。
- The particularly renowned kurokuwa among ordinary citizens was a unit of 'kurokuwa,' a group of civil engineers in Chita County, Owari Province which was one of the production areas of kurokuwa (tool) and which held waju (settlement surrounded by dike) area in the downstream of Kiso-gawa River and Nagara-gawa River in the neighborhood, and such kurokuwa worked away from home to participate in the land development for civil engineering, flood prevention works and cultivation of new rice fields in various places.
- この時代、人々はおもに狩猟、漁労、採集によって生活していたが、三内丸山遺跡(青森県)などの発掘調査結果によると、この時代すでに栽培が行われ、人々は豊かな食生活をしていたことが明らかになり、時代観も変わりつつある。
- During this period, people made their living mainly with hunting, fishing, and gathering, but the excavation and research in some places, such as the Sannai-Maruyama Archaeological Site (in Aomori Prefecture), revealed that people had already begun cultivating and had enjoyed plentiful diets, so our perspective on this period is changing.
- 高地では農民の自由が保たれるようになっていた(特に畜産は労働の集約化が弱まったため、農奴の奉仕を必要としなくなっていった)が、他方、ヨーロッパの幾つかの地域では、最も圧政的な荘園支配と呼ばれるような状況も見られた。
- In highlands the freedom of farmers was preserved (especially in livestock raising, the labor intensity was weakened and so the service of serfs was not needed), but on the other hand, the most oppressive governance of shoens was also seen in several areas in Europe.
- 居留地は外国人を一ヶ所に集めて置けるので、日本人との紛争防止に役立つなど、日本政府にとって便利な面もあったが、やはり治外法権、領事裁判権を認める不平等条約の落とし子であり、国家的な体面から容認できないものであった。
- In many ways the settlements were quite convenient for the Japanese government, for example because they kept foreigners settled in certain specific places and thus helped prevent conflict with local Japanese, but as they were the fruit of the unequal treaties and demanded extraterritoriality and consular jurisdiction for their inhabitants, they were unacceptable with respect to national prestige.
- 天智4年(665年)2月(即位元年起算よると天智10年正月)、百済官制(百済の1等官)鬼室福信の功によりその縁者である鬼室集斯(きしつしゅうし)に小錦下の位を授けた(天智8年(669年)に近江国蒲生郡に送られる)。
- In February 665, due to the meritorious deeds of the First Ranking official Fukushin KISHITSU of Kudara, the rank of Shokinge was conferred to his relative Shushi KISHITSU; he was sent to Gamo County, Omi Province in 669.
- だが、江戸時代に入ると、主君である征夷大将軍あるいは大名への土地支配権力の集中や藩中央と家臣の年貢米売却の競合による米価下落に伴う換金収入減少など財政上の都合から、地方知行を止めて蔵米知行に切り替える場合が増加した。
- During the early Edo period, however, more and more lords gave up Jigatachigyo in favor of Kuramaichigyo; this was due to land ruling power being concentrated in the hands of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'); it was also due to financial reasons, such as a decrease in income as a consequence of rice falling in price caused by competition between domains and vassals in annual rice tax sales.
- この時代には、勅撰集で二十一代集のひとつの『新古今和歌集』が編まれたが、その編集作業もかねて行われた歌合では、会の効率をあげるため、屋内という閉ざされたところで、身分の高きも低きも一緒のところで歌をよむようになった。
- The 'Shin-Kokinwakashu' (New Collection of Old and New waka (Japanese poems)), one of the Nijuichidaishu (twenty one representative collection) and Chokusenshu (Imperial-commissioned poem anthology) was edited during this period, but utaawase which was performed in order to do editorial work confined those of different social status to read out poems in the same location to increase the productivity of the meeting.
- 「掘端」では「……とんだ無限の梅が枝だが、ここで三合かしこで五合、ひろい集めて三升あまり、これじゃしまいに源太もどきで、鎧を質に置かざあなるめえ。裸になっても、酒ばかりは呑まずにはいられねえ」という忠弥の科白が有名。
- The famous monologue of Chuya in the 'Horibata' scene is as follows: 'I know Umegaeda's Mugen no kane (bell of infinity) is an unusual story, but I will end up pawning my armor in a way similar to Genta because I cannot scrape together enough money for sake. I cannot help drinking sake even if I lose my shirt.'
- 律令国家・国衙の援助で広大な未開地を設定して開発する、自墾地系荘園(じこんちけいしょうえん)は地方に多く、すでに熟田化した墾田を買得・相博・譲与・寄進などで集積した、既墾地系荘園(きこんちけいしょうえん)は畿内に多い。
- There were many Jikonchi Kei Shoen in rural areas, in which vast wastelands were defined in order to develop the land with the aid of the Kokuga under the ritsuryo code, while, in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), there were many Kikonchi Ke Shoen, which were collected through purchase, exchange, transfer, and donation of well-cultivated rice fields called Konata.
- 気候変動枠組条約および京都議定書による温室効果ガス排出量管理に必要な各種排出量および森林吸収量の変化を推計するための基礎的数値については、各国が集計し報告することとなっている(京都議定書 5条・7条、情報の報告義務)。
- Each country has to collect and report basic figures to estimate the fluctuation of the amounts of various emissions and of forest absorption, which are necessary for the management of emission amount of greenhouse gases by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol (Articles 3 and 7 of Kyoto Protocol, obligation of information report).
- 「幼かりしその昔は、父もなく、母もなく、比叡山で僧正(法性坊)の教えをうけ、『風月の窓に月を招き、蛍を集め夏虫の心のうちも明らかに、筆の林も枝茂り、言葉の泉も尽きもせず』勉強した」という思い出が能地謡によって謡われる。
- It is sung by the noh background singing the memory that 'when I was a child, I had no father and no mother but I received the teaching of the priest (Hossho-bo) in Mt. Hiei and I studied 'inviting the moon to the window of the beauties of the nature, collecting fireflies, knowing clearly the minds of the summer insects, with the woods of writing brushes having many branches, and without depletion of the fountain of words''.
- ところで、古今和歌集巻七の賀歌22首のうち18首は、特定の個人の具体的な祝い(ほとんどが算賀だが出生慶賀もある)に際して詠まれたものだが、最初の4首は読み人知らずで、作歌年代も古いと見られ、歌が作られた事情もわからない。
- In Volume seven of the Kokin-Wakashu, eighteen wakas out of twenty-two gaka were made on the occasion of concrete celebrations of specific individuals (most of them for longevity, but some were for celebrating birth.), the author is not known for the first four wakas and they seem to have been made in an older time and under a situation which is not known.
- 歌詞の出典はしばしば『古今和歌集』(古今和歌集巻七賀歌巻頭歌、題しらず、読人しらず、国歌大観番号343番)とされるが、古今集のテクストにおいては初句を「わが君は」とし、現在採用されているかたちとの完全な一致は見られない。
- It is often said that the origin of the words in Kimigayo is the 'Kokin-Wakashu' (Volume seven of Kokin-Wakashu, gaka (celebration poetry), first waka, title not known, author not known, Kokka Taikan (Comprehensive National Poems - No. 343), but, the first line of the text in Kokinshu is 'Wagakimiha (literally, 'my lord')' which does not coincide completely with the presently adopted form.
- 朕、...ここに元老院 (日本)を設け、もって立法の源を広め、大審院を置き、もって審判の権を鞏(かた)くし、又、地方官を召集し、もって民情を通じ公益を図り、漸次に国家立憲の政体を立て、なんじ衆庶と倶にその慶に頼らんと欲す
- I…established Genro-in (the Chamber of Elders) to develop nation's legislation, and established Daishin-in (Predecessor of the Supreme Court) to secure independence of the judiciary, and also summoned local officials to listen to the voices of the people and secure public interest, and aimed at a gradual shift to the constitutional system of government that provided benefits to both me and the public.
- その後、信長からの上洛参集要求などを拒んで対立した越前国の朝倉氏に対し、元亀元年(1570年)4月には信長が越前への侵攻を開始すると、朝倉との縁(同盟関係、主従関係とも)も深かった長政は信長から離反し、織田軍の背後を襲った。
- Later, because, in June 1570, Nobunaga started invading Echizen Province against the Azai clan of the province, who refused his demands such as gathering for going to the capital and came to have a conflict with him, Nagamasa, who had also close relationship (alliance and lord-vassal relationship) with Asakura, seceded from Nobunaga and attacked Oda troops from behind.
- 国宝彫刻のそのほとんどを寺社が所有しているが、例外として奈良・奈良国立博物館保管の薬師如来坐像(京都・若王子社旧蔵)、東京・大倉集古館(大倉文化財団)所有の木造普賢菩薩騎象像(伝来不明)、大分・臼杵市所有の臼杵磨崖仏がある。
- Almost all sculptures designated national treasures are owned by temples or shrines, though some exceptions do exist, including the seated statue of Bhaisajyaguru (Yakushi Nyorai, the Healing Buddha) under the care of the Nara National Museum in Nara (formerly in the possession of the Nyakuoji-sha Shrine in Kyoto), the wooden statue of Samantabhadra (Fugen Bosatsu in Japanese) riding an elephant owned by the Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts (of the Okura Culture Foundation; the original owner is unknown), and the Usuki Magaibutsu (the stone-cliff Buddha) owned by the city of Usuki in Oita.
- 慶長13年(1608年)(慶長11年との説も有り確定的でない)大坂高麗橋東一丁目両替町に設立された銀座は、主に生野銀山および石見銀山からの灰吹銀および大坂銅吹所における粗銅からの絞銀を集積して京都の銀座に送る役割を果たした。
- The ginza located in Ryogaecho, Koraibashi-higashi 1-chome, Osaka, was established in 1608 (or 1606, according to another report) for the purpose of gathering cupellated silver from Ikuno and Iwami silver mines and silver extracted from silver ore at the Osaka Dobukijo refinery and sending them to the ginza in Kyoto.
- 当初は燈燭料・月料とも呼ばれ、元慶4年(880年)に小野美材が受けた(『古今和歌集目録』)とも、承平 (日本)2年(932年)に橘敏通、その3年後に菅原文時が受けた(『朝野群載』所収藤原為兼申文)のを最古であると言われている。
- It was initially called toshokuryo/tsukiryo and it is said that either ONO no Yoshiki (880) ('Kokin Wakashu Mokuroku' (a list of Kokin Wakashu - A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), TACHIBANA no Toshimichi (932) or SUGAWARA no Fumitoki (three year later) (Fujiwara no Tamekane's letter compiled in 'Choya gunsai' - Collected Official and Unofficial Writings) was the first recipient.
- 毎年1月11日_(旧暦)(応永年間後期以後)、管領以下を召集して開催され、まず奉行人より任命された右筆が祝詞を述べ、管領や評定衆が将軍に対して太刀を献上し、将軍側からも太刀を下賜するなど鎌倉期に比べて形式的な要素が強くなった。
- On January 11 (old calendar) (since the late Oei era) every year, hyojohajime was conducted through the convening of kanrei (shogunal deputies) and their subordinates with more ritual formalities than in the Kamakura period: yuhitsu (an amanuensis) appointed by bugyonin gave a speech of auspiciousness; kanrei and hyojoshu offered a sword to the Shogun, and the Shogun also granted them swords.
- つまり、弥生時代の個々の村落を統合する新しい支配者が現れる等して人々がより大きな集団を構成する際に、それまでのそれぞれの共同体の祭儀から専制的権力者の祭儀への変化が起き、各々の村落で使われていた銅鐸を埋納したというものである。
- It means that when larger groups of people were organized by a new ruler that integrated individual villages of the Yayoi period, changes occurred in the ceremonial style from one of each community to one of a man with absolute power, leading to burial of dotaku that had been used in each village.
- 原古才村を蜂須賀氏が、松井から本小山までを堀尾吉晴、生駒親正、木下備中、桑山重晴、戸田正治らが、蛙ヶ鼻より先を但馬国衆が担当することとなり、浅野長政は船や船頭を集めて備中高松城が湖に浮かぶ島になった際の城攻めの準備にあたった。
- The Hachisuka clan was responsible for Harakosai Village, Yoshiharu HORIO, Chikamasa IKOMA, Bitchu KINOSHITA, Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, Masaharu TODA for the areas from Matsui to Honkoyama, and the people of Tajima Province for the areas beyond Kawazugahana, while Nagamasa ASANO assembled boats and sendo (boatmen) to make preparations for attacking the castle when it would be floating on a lake.
- 翌5日に大野治長の使者が来て豊臣家の移封は辞したいと申し出ると、常高院を通じて「其の儀に於いては是非なき仕合せ」(そういうことならどうしようもない)と答え、4月6日 (旧暦)および7日に諸大名に鳥羽・伏見に集結するよう命じた。
- On 5th, the next day when Harunaga ONO' messenger came and reported that they would like to decline the changing of the territory; Ieyasu, answering through Joko-in that if so, nothing could be done about it, ordered daimyo to gather in Toba/Fushimi on April 6 and 7th (the old calendar).
- また、マルクス主義の立場をとる研究者からも、在地の地主に裁判権などの権力が備わっておらず、それらが国家権力の手に集中されており、封建制の重要な内容である領主権力が存在しないため、中国史における封建制概念を否定する見解が出された。
- Even some Marxist scholars denied the concept of the Hoken system in Chinese history based on the fact that local land lords had no powers such as jurisdiction, and those powers were controlled by the state and there was no seniority that was an important aspect of the Hoken system.
- 以後も長承3年(1134年)に仏教説話を集めて説法の手控えとした『打聞集』、12世紀前半の『古本説話集』、治承3年(1179年)に平康頼によって著された『宝物集』などの説話集が成立し、説話文学の大きな流れは次代に継承されていく。
- Thereafter, collections of anecdotes; 'Uchigiki shu' (Collection of Buddhist Tales) in which Buddhism anecdotes were collected for drafts of preaching in 1134, 'Kohon Setsuwa shu' (Collection of Old Tales) in the first half of the 12th century, 'Hobutsu shu' (A Collection of Treasures) written by TAIRA no Yasuyori in 1179, were completed; a big stream of literature of preaching stories were succeeded by subsequent generations.
- 中世における家門とは、家督を有する当主とその管領(管理)のもとにある家業・家職・家記(日記)・家屋・寺院・道具及びその共有者である当主夫婦・親子を中心とした親族集団を指し、家門そのものも家督とともに継承される性質のものであった。
- The term for family in the Medieval Age referred to a kinship group that was mainly composed of the family head who owned the family estate and the family business, trade, record (diary), their house, temple and tools under his reign (control), as well as his wife and children, who were the joint owners; the family itself, as well as the family estate, was succeeded to the descendents.
- また武家階級という新たな社会層も、自らの後進のために、学問を身につけるための施設、学校の整備に配慮するようになり、鎌倉時代には北条実時が金沢称名寺 (横浜市)(現、神奈川県横浜市金沢区)に金沢文庫を設置し、多くの文書を収集した。
- A new stratum of society, the bushi class arms, also came to make arrangements for schools, being facilities where their juniors could learn; in the Kamakura period, Sanetoki HOJYO established the Kanazawa Library at Kanazawa Shomyo-ji Temple, (Yokohama City; present-day Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture), and collected numerous documents.
- 説話集にも受領の実相が描かれており、『今昔物語集』の信濃国守藤原陳忠の説話(「受領は倒るるところに土をつかめ」という文句が知られている)や、『宇治拾遺物語』の藤原利仁の説話(芥川龍之介の『芋粥』の元となった)などの例が挙げられる。
- There were many realistic episodes about the zuryo in collections of tales, such as an episode about FUJIWARA no Nobutada, Shinano no kuni no kami (Governor of Shinano Province) in 'Konjaku Monogatari-shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past), in which a phrase 'a zuryo must grasp even dirt where he falls' is included, and that of FUJIWARA no Toshihito in 'Uji Shui Monogatari' (Collected Tales from Uji), which later inspired Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA to write 'Imogayu'(Sweet-Potato Gruel).
- 自らも現場に居合わせたイギリス公使ハリー・パークスは激怒し、折しも兵庫開港を祝って集結していた各国艦船に緊急事態を通達、アメリカ海兵隊、イギリスの警備隊、フランスの水兵が備前藩兵を居留地外に追撃し、生田川の河原で撃ち合いとなった。
- English minister-counselor Harry PARKS, who happened to be at the site himself, got furious, announced the emergency to the foreign warships that were gathered to celebrate the opening of Hyogo port, then the U.S. Marine force, British guards, and French sailors chased the troops of the domain of Bizen out of the settlement and exchanged gunfire at the side of Ikutagawa-River.
- ロシアの影響力の増大を警戒するドイツ帝国の宰相オットー・フォン・ビスマルクは列強の代表を集めてベルリン会議 (1878年)を主催し、露土戦争の講和条約であるサン・ステファノ条約の破棄とベルリン条約 (1878年)の締結に成功した。
- Alarmed by the increasing influence of Russia, Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of the German Empire hosted the Congress of Berlin (1878) and succeeded in gathering the representatives of the great powers to denounce the Treaty of San Stefano, the peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish Wars and conclude the Treaty of Berlin (1878).
- しかし、今から約4000年前、北海道苫小牧市にある静川(しずかわ)16遺跡から幅1~2メートル、深さが2メートルほどあり、断面形がV字状になった溝が、長軸約56メートル、短軸約40メートルの不正楕円形にめぐる環濠集落が発見されている。
- Ruins of a moat settlement, estimated to be 4,000 years old, was found in Shizukawa 16, Tomakomai City, Hokkaido, whose surrounding oval ditch measured about 56 m (major axis) by 40 m (minor axis) large, 2 m deep with a 'V' shaped cross section and 1 to 2 m wide.
- 朱子学は政治学、存在論(理・気説)、注釈学(『四書集注』等)、倫理学(「性即理」説)、方法論(「居敬窮理」説)などを全て包括する総合的な哲学大系であって、朱子の偉大さはその体系内にはあっては極めて整合性の取れた論理を展開した点にある。
- Shushigaku is a comprehensive system of philosophy covering political science, ontology (the theories of ri and ki), exegetics ('The Four Books', etc), ethics (theory of 'Sei soku ri'), methodology (theory of 'Kyokei Kyuri'), amongst others, and Zhu Xi was great enough to develop an extremely consistent logic in that system.
- 更に頼之の没後、義満は息子足利義持に将軍職を譲って自らは出家するが、幕府の実権を握り続け、表面上引退しているために自らは召集できない公式な評定に代わって自ら主宰する御前沙汰を開いて幕府の政策決定を行い、将軍義持はこれに従う存在となった。
- After Yoriyuki died, Yoshimitsu abdicated the office of shogun in favor of his son Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and entered the priesthood, yet he kept controlling the bakufu and made bakufu's policy decisions by chairing and holding gozen-sata instead of formal consultations, which nominally retired shogun Yoshimitsu could not convene -- and the shogun Yoshimochi followed the decisions.
- 来学当日、群集整理に協力しむしろ混乱を鎮める側に回っていた同学会に厳しい処分が下されたのは、先述した公開質問状の内容と、それに対する世論の反発(後述)を考慮したことによるものと考えられている(解散された同学会は1953年に再建された)。
- It is considered that the Dogakukai, which cooperated to regulate the crowd and restore quiet on the day of Emperor's visit, was punished severely because of the content of the open letter mentioned above and the backlash in public opinion (Dogakukai was reconstructed in 1953).
- この時は巡回中の警官によって解散させられたが、住民らは集会をはじめるなど、米の販売を要望する人数はさらに増加していき、翌月8月3日には中新川郡水橋町で200名弱の町民が集結し、米問屋や資産家に対し米の移出を停止し、販売するよう嘆願した。
- They had been broken up by patrolling officers at that time, but people started to have meetings and the number of people who demanded to sell rice increased further, and moreover, nearly 200 residents gathered in Mizuhashi-machi town, Nakaniikawa County on August 3 to ask rice marketers and wealthy people to stop transporting rice and sell it.
- また、その外敵が銅鐸祭祀を否定する集団で、支配下に置いた地域の住民に銅鐸祭祀を放棄させたと考えれば、銅鐸が壊れた状態で出土することや、三世紀に急速に銅鐸祭祀が廃れたこと、銅鐸の用途が全く伝わっていないことなどに説明が付くという説もある。
- On the other hand, there is a theory that the hypothesis that the foreign enemy denied worship of dotaku and forced its local subordinates to abandon dotaku can explain the facts: that some dotaku were found broken, that worship of dotaku rapidly declined in the third century, and that the purpose have not been passed down at all.
- 通例であれば無縁仏として集合墳墓に改葬されるところだが、青山霊園の場合、2006年度に東京都側が78基にのぼる管理費滞納お雇い外国人墓所を文化史的に再評価し、史跡として保護する方針であることが2005年2月18日の読売新聞で報じられた。
- In such cases, the remains are usually reclassified as muen botoke (a person who has died leaving nobody to look after his or her grave) and reburied in a communal grave; but in the fiscal year of 2006, as reported by the Yomiuri Shimbun (the Daily Yomiuri) on February 18, 2005, in the case of the Aoyama Cemetery the Tokyo Metropolitan Government re-evaluated 78 graves of Oyatoi-gaikokujin for which the maintenance fee has not been paid as important from the perspective of cultural history, and it plans to preserve them as historical sites.
- 田中の就任直後の10月4日に政友会の新政策発表の際に「帷幄上奏の廃止と軍部大臣文官制」の一項が入っていることに気付いて、激怒し、直ちに幹部会を招集してこの部分を留保させて以後党内で統帥権の独立に冒す様な政策は掲げない事を宣言したのである。
- Right after the assumption of TANAKA on October 4, when Seiyukai announced the new policy he noticed a section describing 'the abolition of Iaku-joso and a system of a minister of military by civil officers', he inflamed with it, called the officers' meeting immediately and demanded to reserve that part, then declared not to appeal a party policy that would damage the independence of supreme command inside the party.
- 帰化人の東漢氏の一族は蝦夷に味方しようと蘇我氏の舘に集まったが、中大兄皇子が巨勢徳陀を派遣して説得して立ち去り、蘇我家の軍衆はみな逃げ散ってしまった(飛鳥寺での古人大兄皇子の出家を受け、旗印を無くした蘇我氏の戦意喪失を図ったとする説もある)。
- Although naturalized citizens of the Yamatonoaya clan gathered at the Soga clan's house to support Emishi, KOSE no Tokuta who was sent by Prince Naka no Oe managed to convince them to leave, which made troops on the Soga side scattered away (another theory states that the Soga clan lost their will to fight when Prince Furuhito no Oe became a monk at Asuka-dera Temple since he was who they were fighting for).
- これは南北朝時代以降、戦場への動員人数が激増して徒歩での集団戦が主体となり、騎馬戦闘を行う戦闘局面が比較的限定されるようになっても、本来の武士であるか否かは騎馬戦闘を家業とするか層か否かという基準での線引きが後世まで保持されていったためである。
- This is because the classification was preserved after ages, where whether he was an original bushi or not depended on whether his family business was part of the cavalry fighting or not, even though fighting by group on foot became mainstream and cavalry fighting became relatively limited at the war scenes after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the number of recruitments to the battlefield dramatically increased.
- 1924年には干ばつがあり、これは、水源地の足尾の山林が荒廃して保水能力を失ったためだと考えた両組合は、それぞれ別個に活動を行い、1925年には群馬県側の農民ら数千人の署名が集められ、貴族院、衆議院、内務大臣、農務大臣宛てに請願書が提出される。
- In 1924, those areas was hit by a drought, and both unions considered it was because the damaged forests had no longer absorbed nor contained water; although the unions took action separately, in 1925 the petition including thousands of signatures of the farmers and peasants and others in Gunma Prefecture was submitted to the House of Peers, the House of Representatives, the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister of Agricultural Affairs.
- 「典籍」は経典、物語、和歌集、歴史書などの著作物のことでこの中には高野切本(こうやぎれぼん)古今和歌集のように書道史上貴重な遺品も含まれるが、書道史上の価値よりも文学作品・歴史書などの古伝本・テキストとしての価値が評価されて指定されたものも多い。
- Books' refers to various written works like sutras, monogatari (tales), waka poetry anthologies, and history books; among all these books, some works, like for example the Koyagire-bon (copied manuscript) of the 'Kokin wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), are by past calligraphy masters and are considered historically valuable as calligraphy pieces but are still included in the Books sub-category, yet most of the items designated national treasures as books are more highly regarded for their value as ko denpon (ancient books transcribed and still extant) texts of literature or history rather than for their value as calligraphy works.
- その後、長沼は昭和9年、ひょうたん型の下の部分(前沼)が干拓事業により干拓され、後の昭和17年、沼の上の部分(後沼)が国の食料増産事業により干拓が行われ、排水路工事には満蒙開拓青少年義勇軍1000人と地元民1000人が招集され、昭和28年完工した。
- After that, in 1934, the bottom part of the bottle-gourd-shaped Naganuma (front marsh) was reclaimed under the reclamation project, and in 1942, the upper part of the marsh (back marsh) was reclaimed under the national increase food production project, the construction was completed in 1953, gathering 1000 members of Volunteer Pioneer Youth Army of Manchuria and Mongolia and 1000 local people for the construction of drainage ditch,.
- しかし近年になりNHKが24時間放送を積極的に行うようになったため、現在は毎日演奏しているのはラジオ第2放送の終了時(日・月曜、並びに集中メンテナンスの実施日は24時、火曜日は25時35分(水曜未明135)、他は25時40分(未明140))のみである。
- In recent years, however, as NHK aggressively carries out 24-hour broadcasting, 'Kimigayo' is performed everyday only at the end of broadcasting of the second radio broadcasting (24:00 on Sunday, Monday and any day in which intensive maintenance is carried out; 25:35 on Tuesday (1:35 before dawn of Wednesday); and 25:40 on other days (1:40 before dawn).
- -「館の者共」(国司の私的従者+在庁官人)と異なり、「国の兵共」は、「譜第図」「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載され、国司主催の狩りや、一宮での流鏑馬など、必要に応じて招集される程度のものであり、自分自身の直接的利害に関わらなければ命を懸けて戦ったりはしない。
- It differed from '館の者共' (private servant of the governor and Zaichokanjin) in the way that '兵共 (soldiers) of the province' were registered in things such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (list of warriors), participated in hunting hosted by the governor, yabusame (horseback archery) at Ichinomiya (shrine with the highest ranking in the area), summoned with need, and did not fight to death if their interests were not directly involved.
- しかし、女性の集会の自由を阻んでいた新婦人協会治安警察法第五条改正運動(1922年・大正11)や、女性が弁護士になる事を可能とする、婦人弁護士制度制定(弁護士法改正、1933年・昭和8)等、女性の政治的・社会的権利獲得の面でいくつかの重要な成果をあげた。
- Nevertheless, the campaigns did achieve some important results in acquiring political and social rights for women, for example the New Women's Association's successful campaign for the revision of Article five of the Security Police Law (1922), which banned women from joining political assemblies, and the amendment of the Lawyers Act (1933), whose revision enabled women to become lawyers.
- 『今昔物語集』巻24第22及び『宇治拾遺物語』185話に登場する高階俊平入道の弟が算道で人の生死を操って、人々から「おそろしき算の道」と恐れられたとされる話は最早、算術・数学が科学どころか学問ではなく、呪術として人々に怖れ嫌悪されていった実情を示していた。
- In 'Konjaku Monogatari (Shu)' (The Tale of Times Now Past) Volume 24, Chapter 22 and 'Uji Shui Monogatari' (a collection of the Tales from Uji) Episode 185, a younger brother of Nyudo Toshihira TAKASHINA controlled human life and death with Sando, and people feared it, calling it 'terrible Sando,' which mirrored the actual condition that arithmetic and mathematics were no longer considered learning, much less science, and were feared and detested as magic (spells).
- 蘇我入鹿が山背大兄王を滅ぼし権力集中を図ったのは、高句麗における淵蓋蘇文のクーデターを意識しており、乙巳の変は新羅における金ユ信らによる毗曇の内乱鎮圧後の王族中心体制の元での女王推戴と類似していたが故に諸臣に受け入れられやすかったとする吉田孝の見解がある。
- Takashi YOSHIDA's view states that the reason SOGA no Iruka strove for the concentration of authority by destroying Prince Yamashiro no Oe was to do with the coup carried out by Gaisobun EN in Goguryeo, and furthermore; Isshi Incident was easily accepted by the officials since it was similar to the enthronement of the Queen under the Royal Family based on the political structure formed after the suppression of Pidam War done by Yushin KIM in Silla.
- 忍秘伝や万川集海といった忍術書には忍刀の記載がなく「折れにくいよう重ね厚く幅広い脇差及び錐刀を用いる」という内容が剣術の項にあること(江戸時代以降は武士階級以外の庶民は役所に届出がありさえすれば旅の護身用や仇討ち認可などの理由により脇差までの携行が許された)。
- In ninja art books, such as Ninhiden or Shukai BANSEN, there is no description of shinobigatana, but a description that 'use thick and wide wakizashi and uchigatana and put them not to break (after the Edo period, common people other than samurai were allowed to carry wakizashi for self defense or revenge if they made registrations at public offices).
- 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽身分のものだけでは不十分なケースが多々見られ、こうした場合、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設することがあった。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and its domains were forced to eliminate their 'matchlock infantry' armed with matchlocks and to form a 'musket infantry' or 'musket unit' armed with Western style firearms, however, the number of ashigaru (common foot soldiers) was sometimes not enough to form these infantries or units and, in these cases, new members were recruited to create a musket infantry similar to the ashigaru troops in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- この反乱は朝廷の勲功認定を目的に全国から集結した武士たちによって鎮圧され、武芸の家、すなわち、武士として公認された家系は、承平天慶勲功者の子孫ということになり、「武」が貴族の家としての「家業」となり、武家としての清和源氏や桓武平氏、秀郷流藤原氏もこの時に確定した。
- These revolts were quelled by the bushi who came together from across Japan to get the approval of their deeds of valor from the Imperial Court and the families of military art, that is, the family lines publicly authorized as bushi were considered as the descendants of Johei Tengyo kunkosha (people who served with distinguish in the Johei and Tengyo War) and '武' (military affair) became a 'family business' of the aristocrat family and Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line were established as military families at this time.
- 『日本後紀』にある広世の父・和気清麻呂の薨条(延暦18年2月乙未(21日)条)に、広世が式部少輔と大学別当(大学頭)を兼務し、父・清麻呂の遺志を継いで大学寮の南側にあった私邸を弘文院として内外の経書数千巻を集め、また墾田40町を寄付して学問料を支給したと記されている。
- The entry for the date when Hiroyo's father WAKE no Kiyomaro died (April 4, 799) in 'Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan) contains the description that -- Hiroyo concurrently assumed the offices of Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonies) and Daigaku Betto (Chancellor of the University) (Daigaku no kami; Director of the Bureau of Education), and, as his father Kiyomaro had wished, located his private residence south of the daigaku-ryo the Kobunin where he collected thousands of Chinese classics from inside and outside Japan, and donated 0.4 square kilometers of new rice fields for awarding scholarship funds.
- 9世紀~10世紀に律令制が崩壊した後も、神田には不輸の権(租税免除の権利)が認められていたため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵(有力農民)=開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力な神社(または有力寺院)へ寄進することで、不輸の権 (日本)を獲得しようとした。
- Since Fuyu no ken (the right to tax exemption) was granted to Shinden even after the collapse of the Ritsuryo System from the eighth to ninth century, Tato (dominant farmers or lords cultivating new rice fields) who were then collecting rice fields around them tried to obtain Fuyu no ken Right by donating their rice fields to shrines or temples.
- 彼はフランス人ではあったが、ナポレオン法典の直輸入には反対してあくまでも日本国内の事情にも配慮した民法典を作成すべきであると主張していた(大木もこの考えに同意して、この年と1883年に民事法に纏わる全国的な慣習法調査が行われて「(全国)民事慣例類集」として編纂された)。
- Although he was a Frenchman, he disagreed to the direct import of Code Napoleon, and asserted that Minpoten should include considerations of the domestic situation in Japan (Oki agreed to the idea, and in the same year and in 1883 'Zenkoku Minji Kanreirui-shu' (national civil customary) was complied based on the nationwide research of customary law related to Civil Code.
- 周の礼制を規範とする儒教では周の封建制を重視するが、官僚となり中央集権政治を担うようになった儒者たちにとって大きな矛盾をはらみ、たびたび封建論あるいは郡県論として論議された(ここでいう封建制・郡県制は歴史学上の実際のものではなく儒教思想上の理念として語られたものである)。
- Confucianism, which follows the example of the Li system of Zhou, put importance on the Hoken system of Zhou, but for confucianists who began to take part in centralized politics, the hoken system was very contradictory and was often discussed in the form of essay on the Hoken or Gun Ken system.
- 従来の藩が租税として集めた米をまとめて江戸や大坂の蔵屋敷を経由して同地の米問屋に売却するというこれまでの米の流通システムが崩壊して、個々の農民が地元の米商人などに直接米を換金してその代金を納め、地元の米商人が全国市場に米を売却するようになるなど、商業や流通に対する影響も大きかった。
- The land-tax reform also had a large effect on Japanese commerce and distribution system; that is, prior to the reform rice collected as tax from various clans were sold and distributed by wholesale dealers in Edo or Osaka through storehouses of various clans in Edo or Osaka; the reform allowed farmers to change their rice to cash directly at local rice merchants, who sold rice to the market across the country; thus the previous distribution system collapsed.
- 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽隊は既に整理され事実上消滅し、残りも最低定員で末端役人や治安警備担当に振り分けられていたため、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設した。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu and the domains abolished the 'firearm units' which bore matchlock guns and there was a growing need to form western-style infantry units and musket units, but due to the fact that the preexisting ashigaru units had already been disbanded and had virtually disappeared, with those remaining serving as low-level officials and security police, new personnel was recruited and infantry units resembling the ashigaru units of the Sengoku period were created.
- なお、『秩父事件史料集成』の編纂に参加した歴史学者の色川大吉は、当時の明治政府側の公文書の分析によって、明治政府が西南戦争に準じた「反乱」として認識していた事実を指摘している(なお、取調調書には参加者の最終的な目標が「天朝様(天皇)を倒す」ことであるとする自白があったとする記述がある)。
- A historian, Daikichi IROKAWA, who participated in compiling 'Chichibu Jiken Siryo Hensan (A Collection of Chichibu Incident Data) ', through an analysis of documents of the Meiji Government, pointed out that the incident was taken by the government a 'revolt' equivalent to the Seinan War (the interrogation record included a description of a confession that the final goal of the participants was 'to defeat the Emperor').
- 既指定物件は近畿地方に集中しており、近畿以外の地区に所在するものは神奈川・高徳院の銅造阿弥陀如来坐像(鎌倉大仏)、東京・大倉集古館の木造普賢菩薩騎象像(本来どこの寺院にあったものか不明)、岩手・中尊寺の金色堂堂内諸像及天蓋、福島・勝常寺の木造薬師三尊像、大分・臼杵市所有の臼杵磨崖仏がある。
- Most of the aforementioned sculptures designated national treasures are concentrated in the Kinki (Kansai) region, but there are some sculptures located outside the Kinki region, including the bronze seated statue of Amitabha Tathagata in Kotokuin Temple in Kanagawa (the Big Buddha of Kamakura), the wooden statue of Samantabhadra (Fugen Bosatsu in Japanese) riding an elephant in the Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts in Tokyo (it is not known at which temple this statue originally resided), the statues and the canopy in the Golden Hall of Chuson-ji Temple in Iwate, the three wooden statues that comprise the Yakushi Triad housed in Shojo-ji Temple in Fukushima, and the Usuki Magaibutsu (the stone-cliff Buddha) owned by the city of Usuki in Oita.
- また、『集史』「クビライ紀」によると、「東南方、環海中、女直と高麗(جورجه و كولى Jūrja wa Kūlī)地方沿岸近くに大島があり、それはジマングー(جمنكو Jimangū?)という名前で(女直や高麗の地域から)400ファルサング(約2,000km)離れている。」とある。
- Also, the 'History of the Mongols,' a subsection of the 'Compendium Chronicle (Jami al-Tawarikh),' stated that there was a large island named Jimangu (جمنكو Jimangū?), which was surrounded by a great ocean, located to the southeast, 400 farsang (or about 2,000km; farsang is an Iranian or Persian unit of measurement for how far a man can walk in one day) off the coast of the Jurchen and Goryeo (جورجه و كولى Jūrja wa Kūlī) regions.
- 福岡は後年「この時平民までも此議会に与らしめる御つもりであったか」と問われ、「それは後から考えればそうも解釈されるが、御恥ずかしい話ですが当時私はまだその考えはなかったです」「広くとは人々の意見を広く集めて会議するというのではなく府藩県にわたりて広く何処にも会議を興すという義です」と答えた。
- Fukuoka was asked in later years 'Were you also going to get common people engaged in this assemblies at that time?' and he answered 'It can be interpreted so in retrospect, but I'm ashamed to say, I was not thinking about that at that time' 'Widely didn't mean holding assemblies by gathering people's opinions widely, but holding assemblies widely through all prefectures.'
- 特に安政の大獄を断行した大老井伊直弼が桜田門外の変で横死して後、公武合体を望む幕府が征夷大将軍徳川家茂の正室として孝明天皇の妹和宮の降嫁を求めた1861年(文久元年)頃から、薩摩藩・長州藩・土佐藩などの雄藩が中央政界への進出をうかがうようになり、尊王攘夷派がぞくぞくと京都に集まるようになった。
- In the Sakuradamongai Incident (1860), extremists murdered Tairo (a councilor of the Council of Five Elders) Naosuke II who had conducted Ansei no Taigoku (the suppression of extremists by the Shogunate), soon after that, in 1861 the Shogunate offered the lawful marriage of Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') the 14th shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA with Kazunomiya (a younger sister of Emperor Komei) to the Imperial Family for the purpose of gaining the Imperial Court's cooperation; especially since then, statesmen of strong clans including the Satsuma clan, the Choshu clan and the Tosa clan aimed for advance to the political center, and the following of Sonno Joi came to Kyoto one after and another.
- 享保三年十二月、享保七年三月、享保八年五月、享保九年七月、享保十年九月、享保十六年四月、享保十七年十一月の数字を仮に町方並寺社門前の人口として扱ったが、公文書では少なくとも享保十年六月までは町方支配場の人口のみしか集計しておらず、そもそもこれらのほとんどにアナグラム的な数字の誤記が見受けられる。
- In this chart, the figures of seven censuses (December 1718, March 1722, May 1723, July 1724, September 1725, April 1731 and November 1732) provisionally treated represent the combined population of the townspeople and those around Jisha-Monzen (Literally translated as area in front of temples and shrines); However, according to official documents, censuses up to the June 1725 (Year 10 Kyoho) only take account of townspeople, but even these records include numerical errors.
- その後組織可変が頻繁に行われ、1920年に実施した台北州、新竹州、台中州、台南州、高雄州、台東庁、花蓮港庁および澎湖庁(1926年高雄州より離脱)の日本統治時代の台湾行政区分設置と、その下に置かれた市・街・庄(高砂族の集落には社が置かれた)の地方行政区域で最終的な地方行政区域が確定することとなた。
- After the frequent structural changes, the administrative divisions of Taiwan were confirmed as follows: the administrative regions consisting of Taihoku-shu, Shinchiku-shu, Taichu-shu, Tainan-shu and Takao-shu and Taito-cho, Karenko-cho and and Hoko-cho (independent from Takao-shu in 1926) were established in 1920 with the local administrative regions of shi (city), machi (town) and sho (village) ('sha' for the Takasago Tribe settlement) under each administrative region.
- 同調査会の結論は「作物に被害を与える銅分は、予防工事前の残留分で現業によるものは少ないとして古河鉱業の責任を解除した」(由井正臣『田中正造』)ものだったが、実際、1903年10月には「被害地の稲は豊作」になり、田中正造も「被害地豊作の実況」と題する演説をして歩いた(『田中正造全集・別巻』477頁)。
- The committee concluded 'as for the copper which damages crops, there are the residues flowed before the preventive construction, however in the current operation, the flowing poison is a little, so the government exonerates Furukawa Mining from blame' (Masaomi YUI 'Tanaka Shozo'), and in fact, in October of 1903, 'the damaged area had a good crop of rice' and Shozo TANAKA also gave lectures at many places setting the title of the lecture as 'the real circumstances of the rich harvest in the damaged area' ('the complete works of Shozo TANAKA' page 477 of the 'supplementary volume').
- 具体的には神国である日本でキリスト教を布教することはふさわしくないということ、領民などを集団で信徒にすることや神社仏閣などの打ちこわしの禁止、宣教師の20日以内の国外退去などと同時に、この法令が南蛮貿易を妨げるものでなく、布教に関係しない外国人商人の渡来に関してはなんら規制を設けないことが示されている。
- Concretely the following is described, that is, it is not appropriate to Christianize Japan, the land of the Shinto gods, it is forbidden to form a group of Christians and believersm, to destroy shrines and temples, and the missionaries should leave Japan within twenty days, and at the same time this edict does not prevent trade with Spain and Portugal and there are no restrictions on foreign merchants who have not come to spread Christianity in Japan.
- しかし、慶長16年(1611年)に浅野長政・堀尾吉晴・加藤清正が、18年に池田輝政・浅野幸長、19年に前田利長が亡くなると、豊臣家の孤立はいっそう強まり、その焦りからか幕府に無断で朝廷から官位を賜ったり、兵糧や浪人を集めだし、更には前田氏と誼を通じようとするなど、幕府との対決姿勢を前面に押し出し始めた。
- However, when Nagamasa ASANO and Yoshiharu HORIO and Kiyomasa KATO died in 1611, and Terumasa IKEDA andYoshinaga ASANO in 1618, and Toshinaga MAEDA in 1619, the isolation of the Toyotomi Family became stronger and partly from the impatience the Toyotomi Family began to reveal a policy of confrontation to the bakufu such as receiving official ranks from the Imperial Court without permissions from the bakufu, gathering army provisions and ronin (masterless samurai), in addition, trying to enter into the friendly relations with Maeda clan and so on.
- 《去文永十一年(太歳甲戊)十月ニ、蒙古国ヨリ筑紫ニ寄セテ有シニ、対馬ノ者カタメテ有シ、総馬尉(そうまじょう)等逃ケレハ、百姓等ハ男ヲハ或八殺シ、或ハ生取(いけどり)ニシ、女ヲハ或ハ取集(とりあつめ)テ、手ヲトヲシテ船ニ結付(むすびつけ)或ハ生取ニス、一人モ助カル者ナシ、壱岐ニヨセテモ又如是(またかくのごとし)、》
- 'In November 1274, the Mongol Empire attacked Tsukushi Province. People on Tsushima Island put up a defense, but Sukekuni SO and others escaped. As for the peasants, men were killed or captured. Women were gathered and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, or captured. No one was spared. They also did the same at Iki Province.'
- 財閥(ざいばつ)とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社(持株会社)が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社(子会社)に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
- The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.
- 1974年の調停で、鉱毒問題については「終止符が打たれた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べているが、古河鉱業がカドミウム汚染に関する責任を認めていないことについての言及はない(1976年に結ばれた公害防止協定への言及もないが、協定成立年とこの文献の発行年が同年であることから、編集に間に合わなかったという可能性もある)。
- It says that in the 1974 arbitration, the mining pollution issues were 'ended' (from 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') and yet, it is not mentioned that Furukawa Mining had not admitted their responsibility for contamination by cadmium (it does not mention the Agreement of Pollution Control made in 1976 either, however this literature was published in the same year as the agreement was made, and they might not have been able to include it in the editing process.)
- 延宝4年(1676年)6月には神武天皇から後醍醐天皇までの本紀が清書され、天和 (日本)年間には『新撰紀伝』104巻として完成するが、光圀は南北朝合一の後亀山天皇期まで扱う必要性と内容上の不備を感じ、同年には彰孝館に総裁を置いて機構を改革し、新館を新築して史館員も増員させ、国史以外にも詩文集など編纂事業が拡大していった。
- Honki from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Daigo was written in June, 1676 and the book was completed as 'Shinsenkiden,' the 104 volumes, between 1681 and 1683 but Mitsukuni felt it was necessity to cover the reign of the Emperor Go-Kameyama and he was dissatisfied with its insufficient contents, so he reformed the compiling organization, created a post for president in Shokokan, built a new building, increased the number of staff and expanded its work to compiling collections of poems.
- 国家権限の委譲とこれによる中央集権の過大な負担の軽減により、中央政界では政治が安定し、官職が特定の家業を担う家系に世襲される家職化が進み、貴族の最上位では摂関家が確立し、中流貴族に固定した階層は中央においては家業の専門技能によって公務を担う技能官人として行政実務を、地方においては受領となって地方行政を担った(平安貴族)。
- The transmission of governmental power and authority reduced the burden of the government, which enabled political stabilization of the central government, and facilitated the transfer of government posts according to heredity: among the aristocracy, the highest became Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the middle-class carried out administrative affairs based on the specialized skills related with their family businesses in the central government and carried out administration as Zuryo in the local regions (Nobles in the Heian period).
- 金完燮の『親日派のための弁明』(2002)では、一進会の運動を、李氏朝鮮政府の圧政をはねのけようとする農民階級(東学党→進歩会)と、支配階級出身で朝鮮の近代化をめざす改革派知識人グループ(維新会)、そして朝鮮近代化を支援することで「攻撃的な防御」を確保しようとする日本、の3つの改革勢力が結集されたものとして高く評価している。
- In 'Explanation for the sake of pro-Japan' by Kim Wansop (2002), the author highly evaluated the Isshinkai's movement, comparing their movment with a concentration of three revolutionary powers consisted of peasants who tried to reject the oppression of Joseon Dynasty Government (Togaku-to => Shinpo-kai), the group consisted of revolutionary intellectuals from governing class aimed at modernization of Korea (Ishin-kai) and Japan which tried to secure the 'aggressive protection' by supporting the modernization of Korea.
- 現在、大阪城天守閣で所蔵されている、自らも大坂の役に参戦した黒田長政が絵師を集めて描かせたとされる屏風絵「大坂夏の陣図屏風」の左半分には、徳川方の雑兵達が大坂城下の民衆に襲い掛かり、偽首を取る様子や略奪を働き身包みを剥がすところ、さらには川を渡って逃げる民衆に銃口を向ける光景、そして女性を強姦にする様子などが詳細に描かれている。
- At the left hand of painting of 'Osaka Natsu no Jinzu Byobu' (Folding screen with painting of Summer Sieze of Osaka) in the possession of the Tenshukaku (keep or tower) of Osaka-jo Castle, which Nagamasa KURODA who joined in the war ordered painters to make, there are detailed scenes that warriors of Tokugawa side assaulted the public in the town of Osaka-jo Castle, trying to get nisekubi (fake head as a proof to kill someone for awards), plundering and despoiling their possessions including clothes, shooting those who try to escape crossing over river, and raping women, and so on.
- 大和民族とは、日本列島に住んできた人類で構成される民族で、そこでは縄文時代から日本列島に住んできた人々(いわゆる縄文人)と、縄文末期から弥生時代にユーラシア大陸から渡来した人々(いわゆる弥生人)が中心となって形成したヤマト王権が、日本列島各地に散在していた様々な人的集団を勢力下に置き、同化したことにより大和民族が成立していったと考えられている。
- The Yamato race consists of people living in the Japanese archipelago, where the race was formed as the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), composed mainly of people living in the Japanese archipelago since the end of the Jomon Period (Jomon man) and people from the Eurasian Continent (Yayoi people) between the late Jomon period and the Yayoi period, controlling various groups of people which had spread across the Japanese archipelago and assimilating them.
- この時期、九州では依然として激戦が続いており、更に1,800万発の調達が必要と見積もられていたこともあって、大量の弾薬在庫が残されていたツンナール銃を九州に送る案が検討され、実際に和歌山(旧紀州藩)の臨時召集部隊は藩兵時代から使い慣れたツンナール銃装備のまま九州へ派遣されたほか、大阪鎮台の医歩兵など後方部隊もツンナール銃を装備して派遣されていた。
- As fierce battles were still fought in Kyushu in this period, the Army Ministry estimated further 18 million rounds of ammunition would be needed and examined a plan of sending Zundnadel guns to Kyushu because it had a great deal of stockpiles of ammunition for the gun; in fact, an emergency call-up troop in Wakayama (former Kishu Domain) was dispatched to Kyushu armed with Zundnadel gun, which they had used when they served for the domain, and a rear unit including medical soldiers in Osaka Garrison were also armed with Zundnadel guns and dispatched.
- 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
- There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.
- 連合艦隊は、東郷平八郎司令長官の優れた戦術、二人の参謀(秋山真之、佐藤鉄太郎)による見事な作戦、上村彦之丞将軍率いる第二艦隊(巡洋艦を中心とした艦隊)による追撃、鈴木貫太郎の駆逐隊による魚雷攻撃作戦、下瀬火薬(世界最強火薬)、伊集院信管、新型無線機、世界初の斉射戦術、世界最高水準の高速艦隊運動などによって、欧州最強と言われたバルチック艦隊を圧倒、これを殲滅した。
- The Combined Fleet overwhelmed and annihilated the Baltic Fleet which was said to be the strongest in Europe through the superior tactics of the commander Heihachiro TOGO, the outstanding strategy of his two staff officers (Saneyuki AKIYAMA and Tetsutaro SATO), the pursuit of the enemy by the Second Fleet (a cruiser fleet) under the command of General Hikonojo KAMIMURA, torpedo operations with destroyers led by Kantaro SUZUKI, and the use of Shimose gunpowder (What was then the world's most powerful gunpowder), Ijuin fuse, cutting-edge radio sets, the invention and application of volley tactics, and the deployment of the world's fastest fleet in battle among several other factors.
- 第一作家同盟(DSD、メンバー34名で五団体が結集、太田聴雨、小林三季、佐藤日梵、松島肇、吉川青草、真野満(以上、青樹社)、村雲毅一、荒木留吉、田中一良、玉村善之助(以上、高原会)、高木長葉、山内神斧、池田耕一、森谷南人子、西村陀宙、鳥居道枝(以上、蒼空邦画会)、小林源太郎、水島爾保布(以上、行樹社)、船崎光次郎、松田操、榎本三朗(以上、赤人社))1922年6月末結成
- Daiichi-Sakka-Domei (First Writers Alliance, or DSD), which had five groups and 34 members, including Shou OTA, Sanki KOBAYASHI, Nichibon SATO, Hajime MATSUSHIMA, Aokusa YOSHIKAWA, and Mitsuru MANO [all from Seiju-sha], Kiichi MURAKUMO, Tomeyoshi ARAKI, Kazuyoshi TANAKA, and Zennosuke TAMAMURA [all from Kogen-kai], Choyo TAKAGI, Shinpu YAMAUCHI, Koichi IKEDA, Nanjinshi MORITANI, Dachu NISHIMURA, and Michie TORII [all from Soku-Hogakai], Gentaro KOBAYASHI and Nio MIZUSHIMA [all from Koju-sha], Kojiro FUNASAKI, Misao MATSUDA, and Saburo ENOMOTO [all from Akahito-sha]) was formed in late June of 1922.
- 彼ら急進派の政府転覆計画は結局は具現化をみるには至らなかったが、その後発生した1884年(明治17年)6月の群馬事件は、群馬県の下部自由党 (明治)員が、妙義山麓に困窮に苦しむ農民を結集し、圧制打倒の兵をあげようとしたものであり、さらに同年9月に発生した加波山事件は、茨城県の加波山に爆裂弾で武装した16人の急進的な民権運動家が挙兵し、警官隊と衝突するというものであった。
- After all the plot of overthrowing the government of the radicals was not realized, but in subsequent Gunma Incident occurred in June 1884, local members of the Liberal Party (Meiji period) in Gunma Prefecture, gathering peasants in poverty at the foot of Mt. Myogi, tried to raise an army against suppression and furthermore in Kabasan Incident occurred in September of the same year sixteen democratic radicals armed with bombs raised an army and encountered the police force.
- 中には会社組織として営業無尽をするものが多く現れるようになったものの、これらの事業者には脆弱な経営、詐欺的経営や利用者に不利な契約をさせる者も多かったが、当時は、これを規制する法令がなかったため、業界団体無尽集会所などを中心に規制する法律の制定が求められるようになり、1915年に旧・無尽業法が制定され、免許制となり、悪質業者は排除されていった(注:現在の「無尽業法」は1931年に改めて制定)。
- Though many Mujin dealers operated as a company organization and they often had fragile or fraudulent management or concluded contracts unfavorable to users, there was no law to regulate them in those days, therefore, enactment of a regulation law was demanded mainly by industrial groups, Mujin meeting places, and others, and thereby the old Mutual Loan Business Act was enacted in 1915 to make it a licensing system (note: the current 'Mutual Loan Business Act' was newly enacted in 1931).
- 爰ニ佐渡判官入道々誉都ヲ落ケル時、我宿所ヘハ定テサモトアル大将ヲ入替、尋常ニ取シタヽメテ、六間ノ会所ニハ大文ノ畳ヲ敷双ベ、本尊・脇絵・花瓶・香炉・鑵子・盆ニ至マデ、一様ニ皆置調ヘテ、書院ニハ羲之ガ草書ノ偈・韓愈ガ文集、眠蔵ニハ、沈ノ枕ニ鈍子ノ宿直物ヲ取副テ置ク、十二間ノ遠待ニハ、鳥・兎・雉・白鳥、三竿ニ懸双ベ、三石入許ナル大筒ニ酒ヲ湛ヘ、遁世者二人留置テ、誰ニテモ此宿所ヘ来ラン人ニ一献ヲ進メヨト、巨細ヲ申置ニケリ
- When Sado hankan (Doyo SASAKI) was defeated, he invited the general to his palace as something of norm, within a kaisho as big as six rooms, a tatami with the enormous family crest was lined up together, and even honzon (the principle image such as Mandala), wakie (scroll), flower vase, incense burner, tea pot, and tray were lined together, and the study room had sanskrit written by Ogishi (Chinese calligrapher), literature written by Kanyu (Confucianism scholar in Korea), sleeping quarter with a pillow smelling of Winter daphne, took the sleeping gear and placed it on donsu (Chinese blanket), and the twelve rooms of the samurai serving far from the lord had hanging birds, rabbits, pheasant, and swan piled up high, and big cylinder that could contain as much as three seki (541 liters) contained sake (Japanese rice wine) and stopped two Buddhist followes, and said, 'try to serve a shot of wine to anyone who visits this lodging.'
- いくつかの雑記は江戸在中の武士の人口として2億人を超える荒唐無稽な数値(享保十七年四月(1732年) 2億3698万7950人(『月堂見聞集』)、享保二十年(1735年):2億3608万5950人(『半日閑話』)、寛政三年(1743年)及び文化十二年(1815年):2億3658万0390人(『甲子夜話』))を記載しているが、唯一『土屋筆記』は御屋敷方の人口として70万0973人(年次不明)という比較的現実的な人口を伝えている。
- In a several miscellaneous notes, populations of samurai residing in Edo were irrationally estimated as large as over 0.2 billion (236,987,950 in 1732 ['Getudo Kenmon shu'], 236,085,950 in 1735 ['Hannichi Kanwa'] and 236,580,390 in 1743 and 1815 ['Kasshi yawa']), whereas 'Tsuchiya Hikki' describes a realistic figure of 600,973 (years unknown).