障子: 331 Terms and Phrases

• 障子
• shoji (paper sliding door)
• Shouko
• Shoushi
• Shouji
• Rinaresu
• Shoji (Paper Sliding Screen)
• Shōji

• 障子岩
• Shoujiiwa

• 小障子
• Koshouji

• 障子岳
• Shoujidake

• 下障子
• Shimoshouji

• 障子上
• Shoujikami
• Shojikami

• 障子川
• Shoujigawa

• 障子山
• Shoujiyama

• 障子口
• Shoujiguchi

• 障子根
• Shoujine

• 七障子
• Nanashouji

• 横障子
• Yokoshouji

• 障子谷
• Shoujiyatsu

• 戸障子
• doors and shoji (sliding doors with paper panes)

• 障子紙
• shoji paper

• 葭障子
• reed sliding door

• 油障子
• shoji with an oil-treated screen (for increased water resistance)

• 障子池
• Shoujiike

• 障子田
• Shoujida

• 障子薮
• Shoujiyabu

• 障子峰
• Shoujimine

• 中障子
• Nakashouji

• 雨障子
• shoji with an oil-treated screen (for increased water resistance)

• 障子ヶ峠
• Shoujigatouge

• 障子ヶ岩
• Shoujigaiwa

• 障子ヶ瀬
• Shoujigase

• 障子ヶ岳
• Shoujigatake
• Shoujigadake

• 障子ケ岳
• Shoujigatake
• Shoujigadake

• 障子久美
• Shoujikumi

• 衝立障子
• partitioning screen

• 腰高障子
• tall-paneled sliding door
• Koshidaka shoji (tall skirted sliding screen)

• 障子の桟
• frame of a shoji (paper sliding-door)

• 障子の腰
• lower part of a shoji (paper sliding-door)

• 唐紙障子
• sliding door covered with thick patterned paper

• 障子貼る
• to replace shoji
• cleaning and repapering shoji in preparation for winter

• 雪見障子
• shoji with glass window behind a sliding bottom half

• 障子倉沢
• Shoujikurasawa

• 竹障子峠
• Takeshoujitouge

• 早障子崎
• Hayashiyoujizaki

• 大障子岩
• Ooshoujiiwa

• 荒海障子
• Araumi no soji

• 賢聖障子
• Kenjo no shoji

• ガラス障子
• glazed sliding door

• 子持ち障子
• Komochi shoji

• 障子川瀬沢
• Shoujikawasezawa

• 明かり障子
• paper screen door for admitting light

• 昆明池障子
• Konmeichi no shoji (a type of standing screen)

• 杉障子の誕生
• Birth of a sugi shoji (cedar paneled door)
• The Appearance of Sugi-shoji

• 障子に目あり
• walls have ears
• sliding doors have eyes

• 年中行事障子
• The screen of the annual observances

• 模様入りの障子紙
• Watermarked shoji paper

• 明かり障子の誕生
• Birth of Akari Shoji
• The Appearance of Akari-shoji

• 明かり障子の歴史
• History of an Akari Shoji

• ふすま障子の誕生
• The Appearance of Fusuma Shoji (an opaque sliding screen made of a wooden frame and thick paper)

• 今日の障子である。
• This type of shoji is still being used nowadays.

• 「年中行事障子。」
• The screen of annual observances.'

• 明かり障子ともいう。
• It is also called an akari shoji (literally, a light shoji).

• 壁に耳あり障子に目あり
• walls have ears
• wall have ears, sliding doors have eyes

• 壁に耳あり障子に目あり。
• Walls have ears, shouji have eyes.

• 障子、雨戸、門扉その他の建具
• shoji (paper sliding doors), amado (window shutters), gates, and other fittings

• 建具（襖、障子、板戸、雨戸）
• Fittings (sliding doors, paper sliding-doors, wooden doors, and sliding shutters)

• 星明りで障子だけは少々あかるい。
• The shoji alone was dimly plain by the star light.

• このため「ふすま障子」と称された。
• For this reason it was called 'fusuma-shoji.'

• 後に衾障子で囲われるようになった。
• Later, it was surrounded by fusuma-shoji.

• この障子は、弘仁年間に書画された。
• These shoji began to be painted during the Konin era.

• わら紙で覆われた木の枠の半透明の障子
• a translucent screen made of a wooden frame covered with rice paper

• 横には脇障子が設けられることが多い。
• Waki-shoji (side-screens) are often provided on the sides.

• 障子へ二つ坊主頭が写ってはおかしい。
• It would be funny to have two silhouettes of bonze heads on the shoji.

• 清涼殿に有名な「荒海障子」があった。
• In Seiryoden there was a famous 'Araumi no shoji' (sliding screens on which various images are painted including araumi (a rough sea)).

• 障子の誕生は、平安末期のころである。
• The Shoji appeared around the end of the Heian period.

• そのため、仏壇の扉の内側も障子が付く。
• Accordingly, butsudan also has its folding screen inside of the door.

• 間仕切り（襖・障子・衝立・屏風・欄間）
• Partition (Fusuma (Japanese sliding door), Shoji (paper sliding door), Tsuitate (screen), Byobu (folding screen), and Ranma (transom))

• これは間仕切りとしての障子の使用である。
• This shows that the Shoji was used as a partition.

• 「障子」とは古くは、間仕切りの総称であった。
• Shoji' was a term for partition in past times.

• 平安時代に「明かり障子」として襖から分離した。
• In the Heian period, akari shoji came to be discriminated from fusuma and was specifically called shoji.

• このため、「衾所の衾（ふすま）障子」と言われた。
• Therefore, it was called 'fusuma-shoji in fusuma-dokoro.'

• 明障子は壊れやすく、現存するものは極めて少ない。
• Because of their fragility, extremely few akari shoji made in ancient times are still in existence today.
• Since Akari-shoji was easily broken, very few have remained until now.

• すると半蔀を釣って内側に明かり障子を立てている。
• Accordingly, akari shoji were installed inside suspended hajitomi (latticed shutters the upper half of which is movable).

• 明かり障子は採光の必要から考案された建具である。
• Akari shoji was contrived from the need to naturally light indoor spaces.
• Akari-shoji was a door produced out of the need for daylight to brighten an interior room.

• それを見ていた山南はすっと障子を閉じてしまった。
• Seeing this, YAMANAMI closed the Shoji quietly.

• また寺院の本堂において内陣との境には巻障子がある。
• Inside of a temple's main hall for Buddha, there is a folding scroll fixed to share borders with its inner sanctuary.

• 内山永久寺真言堂の障子絵であったと考証されている。
• This is thought to be one of the Shoji-e (paintings on shoji paper sliding-door or Fusuma) of the Shingondo (Shingon hall) of Uchiyama-Eikyu-ji Temple.

• ここでは、一本の溝に四本の明障子が立てられている。
• Here, the four Akari-shoji are put into one track.

• 「北の障子」、「絹障子」（『江家次第』）ともいう。
• Kenjo no shoji are also called 'Kita no shoji' (northern sliding screens) or 'kinu shoji' (silk shoji), according to the 'Gokeshidai' (the Ritual Protocol of the Oe House).

• また、襖障子と同じように、引手に総が付けられている。
• According to the above document, the akari shoji had a tassel hold like fusuma had.
• In addition, a fringe is set to hikite (door pull, literally, 'hand pull') the same as Fusuma Shoji.

• また寺社や名家では家紋を襖障子に用いる事も多かった。
• In addition, a family crest was often drawn on fusuma-shoji in temples and shrines and houses of a prestigious families.

• 入鹿の死体は庭に投げ出され、障子で覆いをかけられた。
• Iruka's body was thrown out to the garden and covered with a shoji screen (a paper sliding door).

• ここでは、一本の溝に四本の明かり障子が立てられている。
• In the above abbot's chamber, four akari shoji are set in a single groove.

• 機能としては、明かり障子の前身ともいうべきものである。
• In functional terms, this can be said to be the origin of akari shoji.
• Based on the function, it can be considered as a predecessor of akari-shoji (a translucent screen or sliding door made by pasting single sheets of white Japanese paper on light wooden frames).

• だが、この密謀を隣室に居た政子が障子越しに聞きつけた。
• But Masako, who was in the next room, overheard this conspiracy through a shoji (paper sliding door).

• 機能としては、明かり障子の全身ともいうべきものである。
• From the point of function, it could be considered to be the predecessor of Akari-shoji.

• 絹布に賢聖を描いていたので、「賢聖の障子」の名がある。
• Since Kenjo sage was drawn on silk cloth, it came to be called 'Kenjo no shoji.'

• これが資料的に確かな、最古の引き違い戸の襖障子である。
• This is the oldest clear document of Fusuma Shoji (sliding door).

• 元来は現在の襖も含めて障子（さえぎるものの意）と言った。
• Originally, shoji (literally, a shield against something) also referred to fusuma (a sliding door/screen/partition of Japans paper inside a wooden frame) as it is called today, as well as the above.

• その中でも、明かり障子の使用は画期的な創意工夫であった。
• Among such devices, the use of akari shoji was an epoch-making, ingenious device.
• Among them, the usage of Akari-shoji was an innovative ingenuity.

• この技術革新は、一般住宅には杉障子として応用されている。
• This innovative technique is applied to conventional homes as Sugi-shoji (doors made of Japanese cedar, sometimes sliding doors made of either single panels of smooth cedar or multiple panels of straight-grained cedar).

• 晩秋（ばんしゅう）1943（障子の破れを繕っている女性）
• Banshu (Late Autumn), 1943 (a woman repairing a shoji screen)

• こうすると明障子は外れることなく、引き違うことができる。
• This ingenuity makes it possible for Akari-shoji to slide without derailing from a track.

• 出窓状に奥行きを持たせ、その奥に書院欄間、障子が配される。
• Depth is created by the style of bay window, and shoin ranma (transom) and shoji (a paper sliding door) are placed in the back.

• 唐紙障子の考案からやや遅れて、「明かり障子」が考案された。
• A little later after the appearance of karakami-shoji, 'akari shoji (a translucent screen or sliding door made by pasting single sheets of white Japanese paper on light wooden frames, or sometimes on bamboo frames)' was invented.

• 『春日権現験絵日記』にも、黒塗りの明かり障子が描かれている。
• 'Kasuga Gongen Gen Enikki' also refers to an akari shoji with a black-lacquered framework.
• In 'Kasuga Gongen Genki Enikki' (picture scrolls of the Miracles of the Kasuga Deity), a black-lacquered Akari-shoji was drawn.

• 「賢聖の障子」は、嵌め込み式の板壁に絹布を張ったものである。
• Kenjo no shoji' was made with a set-in wooden panel with pasted silk cloth.

• 障子紙の中に、紋書院紙と呼ばれる透かし文様が入ったものがある。
• Shoji paper includes watermarked shoji paper called 'monshoinshi.'

• こうすると、明かり障子は外れることなく、引き違うことができる。
• This allows the two akari shoji to pass each other.

• しかし嘉永7年、炎上のさいに障子のなかに大破するものもあった。
• In 1854, however, some of the shoji had been destroyed when the Palace went up in flames.

• 障子の上は色紙形であり、下を張りひろげて賢聖の像がえがかれた。
• The top of the shoji is made of shikishigata (colored, square-shaped paper inscribed with verses, then cut and pasted onto the upper portion of large screens and sliding door panels), and the Kenjo sages are pictured on the bottom portion of the screens.

• 嵌め込み式の板戸よりも、引き違いのふすま障子の方が自然である。
• It is more natural to think that this was a sliding Fusuma Shoji rather than a set-in wooden door type.

• 一本の溝に二本の障子を入れても、そのままではどうにもならない。
• It simply does not work to put two shoji into one track.

• 江戸時代の建築図面では、襖障子と唐紙障子の区別が有ったようだ。
• It seems that in drawings for a construction plan during the Edo period there was a distinction between fusuma-shoji and karakami-shoji.

• 絹障子、紙障子、板障子なども台脚の上に乗せる衝立障子であった。
• Kinu-shoji, kami-shoji, ita-shoji and others were tsuitate-shoji used on a stand.

• また、「現存12天守」の中で、唯一、城内に障子建具が残っている。
• Additionally, this is the only castle among the 12 Existing Castle Towers in which screen-sliders and furniture remain in existence.

• 壁には、大きさや位置が異なる、明かり取りの障子が設けられている。
• There are various sizes of Shoji for daylight in various positions on the walls.

• あの表二階をかりて、障子（しょうじ）へ穴をあけて、見ているのさ」
• We'll rent one room upstairs of the house, and keep peeping through a loophole we could make in the shoji.'

• 格子戸の障子が開き山南が顔を出し、明里は格子を掴んで泣き崩れた。
• When a shoji (a paper sliding door) of the window with bars opened, YAMANAMI's face was out; Akesato collapsed into tears holding the bars of the window.

• 衝立障子から、柱間に一本の溝を設けてはめ込む副障子が考案された。
• The fuku-shoji, which was set in on a groove in a bay, was invented from tsuitate-shoji.

• 『源氏物語』は、引き違いの襖障子をありふれた情景として描いている。
• In 'Genji Monogatari,' a double sliding fusuma-shoji was as commonly referred to.

• 現在のような薄紙を貼った明かり障子の誕生は、平安末期のころである。
• Akari shoji that has a frame covered with thin paper, as seen today, came into being around the end of the Heian period.

• 夜中になると障子の向こうから、誰かが踊っているような音が聞こえた。
• In the middle of the night, he heard a strange sound like someone was dancing on the other side of shoji sliding doors.

• 1本の溝に2枚の明かり障子を引き違いにしたものを子持ち障子という。
• Double sliding akari shoji set in a single track is referred to as komochi shoji.

• 直後に障子の戸を閉じた（火を放ち自害した）」という内容になっている。
• Immediately after that, he closed the shoji (sliding paper door) (and set fire and committed suicide).'

• これに従えば、九三六年以前に、引き違いふすま障子が有ったことになる。
• According to this, apparently a sliding Fusuma shoji existed before 936.

• 奈良時代には、衝立や簾、几帳のような可動式の「障子」が使用されていた。
• During the Nara period, such movable 'Shoji' (a generic term for partitions, that may slide, hang or remain stationary, that can divide the interior of a building into separate rooms) as a screen, bamboo blind and kicho (a curtained frame put up to screen royal personages or noble ladies from direct view of those around them), were used.

• 襖障子は太鞁張（たいこ）張りにした雲母（きら）の一色刷りの唐紙である。
• On Fusuma-shoji the karakami printed in one color of kira (a silicate mineral with a layered structure, its crystals are often found in granite deposits) in taikobari style (a type of fusuma (paper-covered, sliding door) which is completely covered with stout Japanese paper).

• 障子の骨は、竹を用い床の框には三つの節が見え、床柱は、北山丸太である。
• The bones of Shoji are made with bamboo, there are three Fushi (gnarls) in kamachi of toko, and the tokobashira (the pillar closest to the corner of the tea ceremony room and the second of two pillars dictate the width of the alcove) is made with Maruta KITAYAMA (lumber from Mt. Kitayama).

• 庭園に面した西側には広縁を設け、広縁と庭の境には明かり障子を嵌め込む。
• A broad veranda lines the western edge facing the garden and the a translucent sliding screen separates the veranda from the garden.

• そして、中央間と東西第二間の三ヶ所に「障子戸」が設けられていたという。
• Then, it is said that there was 'Shoji-to' (sliding paper door) in the three points of the central room and the east and east second rooms.
• Then, it is said that there was 'Shoji-to' (sliding paper door) in the three points of the central room and the east and west second rooms.

• 一部がガラスになっていて障子部分が開け閉めできるものを雪見障子という。
• Shoji consisting of glass and paper that can slide up and down so one can view the snow through the glass behind it is called a yukimi shoji.

• さらに、その家の主の社会的立場や好みによっても、襖障子の紋様は異なった。
• In addition, the patterns of fusuma-shoji were different according to social position and taste.

• 畳を敷き詰め、障子戸を用い、床の間などの座敷飾りが造られるようになった。
• In such a house, tatami mats were laid all over a room, shoji-to (sliding paper doors) were used, and Zashikikazari (a set of decorative features), such as tokonoma (alcove in a traditional Japanese room where art or flowers are displayed) were introduced.

• 一方、紫宸殿の母屋と北廂の間の境に「賢聖の障子」があった事は前に述べた。
• On the other hand, there was 'Kenjo no shoji ' on the border of moya and kita-hisashi in Shishinden as mentioned above.

• 建具については、腰高明障子や舞良戸そして襖障子などが多く使用されている。
• As for the doors, Koshidaka-akari-shoji (Akari-shoji with a wainscot of about 80cm high), Maidaro and Fusuma-shoji are often used.

• 1本の溝に2本の障子を入れても、そのままでは引き違えないので、工夫がある。
• Without any device, a single groove does not allow two shoji to pass by each other.

• この時代の襖障子は、板戸用の骨太い組子桟に、絹裂地（きれじ）張りであった。
• Fusuma-shoji during this period were made with a big-boned combined framework for a wooden door and a pasted silk cloth covering.

• 安価な障子紙などは、一年もすると黒ずんで破れやすくなるのはそのためである。
• This is the reason why cheap shoji paper turns black and easily becomes torn within one year or less.

• 六波羅泉殿の寝殿北廂の、外回りに明かり障子が三間にわたって使用されていた。
• Akari shoji of approx. 5.4m in total length were provided along the perimeter of the area under the northern eaves of the main house of the izumidono in Rokuhara.
• Akari-shoji were placed for 5.4 m wide as an external partition of Shinden Kita-hisashi in Izumi-dono of Rokuhara.

• 床脇の手前座の壁は腰に明かり障子を嵌め込み、草庵風の意匠も取り入れている。
• Rustic style teahouse design elements are incorporated with a translucent sliding screen in the wooden paneling below the mid-point of the wall of the host's mat adjacent to the alcove.

• 実際の使用状況を絵巻物で見ると、半蔀を釣って内側に明かり障子をたてている。
• Seeing the actual usage in Emakimono, Akari-shoji was set inside of Hajitomi (wooden door with latticework).

• この「荒海障子」すなわち、襖建具の誕生の年代を、各資料から推測してみたい。
• Let's guess the date of the appearance of this 'Araumi no shoji,' that is, Fusuma-tategu (fittings such as fusuma) from various documents.

• 朽ちかけた梯子（はしご）をあがろうとして、眼の前の小部屋の障子が開いていた。
• Climbing up a rotting ladder, he passed a room with its paper window screen open.

• 承安 (日本)3年（1173年）藤原隆信と協同で最勝光院御所の障子会を描く。
• In 1173, he and FUJIWARA no Takanobu together painted pictures on shoji (paper sliding doors) of Saishokoin Gosho (the imperial palace of Saishokoin).

• これを障子越し聞いていた政子は、使者を時政に送り、時政は策を講じて能員を謀殺。
• Masako overheard their conversation from the other side of the screened door and sent a messenger to Tokimasa, who plotted to kill Yoshikazu.

• 「鴨居」と呼ばれる横木を渡して、桟が漆塗りの明障子（あかりしょうじ）を乗せる。
• A bar called 'kamoi' is laid over the pillars, and akari-shoji (a translucent screen or sliding door made by pasting single sheets of white Japanese paper) with a lacquered frame is put on the top of it.

• なお一本の溝に二枚の明障子を引き違いにするという、子持ち障子というものもある。
• In addition, there is also Komochi-shoji (two Akari-shoji set into a single track).

• 元興寺の鎌倉時代の禅室の明障子が、一本の溝に二枚の明障子を引き違いにしている。
• The Akari-shoji of Zenshitsu (room for Zen sitting meditation) at Gango-ji Temple in the Kamakura period has one track with two sliding Akari-shoji.

• 木の組子格子の表裏に絹や和紙を張り重ねた障子が衾障子あるいは襖障子と呼ばれた。
• Shoji made with kumiko-goshi (a lattice made of fine materials) with silk cloth or a paper pasted on the both sides were called fusuma-shoji (衾障子 or 襖障子).

• 子持ち障子は、禅宗方丈建築の最古の遺構である、東福寺竜吟庵方丈にも使われている。
• Komochi shoji, which are the oldest remnants of architecture of the abbot's chamber in Zen sect temples, are seen in Ryogian hojo (abbot's chamber) in the Tofuku-ji Temple.
• Komochi-shoji is also used in Ryoginan hojo (abbot's chamber) of Tofuku-ji Temple, which was the oldest remains of the architecture of Hojo room in Zen sect's style.

• この他、東孫廂（まごひさし）の見通しを遮るために「昆明池の障子」が置かれていた。
• In addition to this, 'Konmeichi no shoji ' was placed to prevent the view from higashi-magohisashi (a narrow additional aisle in the east side).

• 簡素な造りでは、舞良戸と明障子の代わりに、腰高障子で間に合わせることが多かった。
• In the simple style, Koshidaka-shoji was used instead of Mairado and Akari-shoji.

• 障子は古来間仕切りの総称として用いられたが、「障」はさえぎる、へだてるの意がある。
• The word shoji was used as a general term for partitions since ancient times, and the Chinese character 'sho' of shoji has the meaning of obstruct or separate.

• 夕暮（ゆうぐれ）1941（障子をあけて、夕暮れの光で針に糸を通そうとしている女性）
• Yuugure (Evenfall), 1941 (a woman trying to thread a needle in the light of dusk with an open shoji sliding door

• 以て書籍を写し 書翰を包み、障子および灯籠を張るのに 之にまさるものなし。」とある。
• This is more suitable for handwriting text, sealing a letter, and covering shoji and garden lanterns more than any paper produced in a different place.'

• 障子という言葉は中国伝来であるが、「ふすま」は唐にも韓にも無く、日本人の命名である。
• While the word shoji (a paper sliding door) originates from China, the word 'fusuma' is not seen in Tang and Korea so the name seems to come from Japanese.

• この泰平紙は、皺紋だけでなく染色したり、透かし文様を入れてふすま障子用に用いられた。
• This taihei-shi was used for fusuma-shoji not only with wrinkle patterns, but also with dyes and watermarks.

• 「ふすま障子」が考案された初めは、御所の寝殿の中の寝所の間仕切りとして使用され始めた。
• The 'fusuma-shoji' began to be used as a partition in a place to sleep in the emperor's private room in the Imperial Palace, just after it was first designed.

• この中では、美濃国、甲斐、土佐の書院紙が、今日でも障子紙の産地として命脈を保っている。
• Mino, Kai and Tosa Provinces are still producing shoji paper.

• 障子は神聖な「奥」への視界をさえぎり、さらには物の怪や邪霊を防ぎ、風や冷気をさえぎる。
• The shoji interferes with the field of vision toward the holy 'oku' (inner part), protects against evil spirits and wicked souls and obstructs winds and chills.

• 「しつらえ」のための主要な間仕切りであった障子が、今日の「ふすま」の原型をなしている。
• Shoji, a major partition for 'shitsurae,' is the original form of today's 'fusuma.'

• 『法然上人絵伝』の杉障子に画中画として描かれている絵は、芦雁や松、竹、梅等が主である。
• The subjects of pictures done on Sugi-shoji in 'Honen Shonin Eden' (biography of Honen) as Gachu-ga (a pictorial works that appear within a painting as part of the overall composition) are mainly geese in wild reeds, pine and plum trees.

• 荒海障子（あらうみのそうじ）は、清涼殿弘廂の東北端にたてられていた、布張りの衝立障子。
• Araumi no soji (also referred as Araumi no shoji) is an upholstered Tsuitate shoji (a partitioning screen, sometimes an opaque panel screen or sometimes a wooden screen set in a stand) set up at the end of northeast of Hiro-bisashi (broad eaves) of Seiryoden (Literally, Limpid Cool Hall, an Imperial summer palace).

• 美濃書院紙という名は、書院造とともに発展し、明かり障子に最もふさわしい紙として定着した。
• Mino Shoinshi was developed along with the shoin style (a residential architecture study-room style) and holds an established position as paper most suitable for akari shoji.

• 間似合紙とは、襖障子の幅に間に合うという意から名付けられたもので、幅三尺二寸、であった。
• The maniai-shi was a term that referred to fitting the width of fusuma-shoji, and was about 0.96 m wide.

• 隔てと採光の機能を充分に果たし、しかも寒風を防ぐ新しい建具として、明かり障子が誕生した。
• Against the backdrop, a new screen satisfactorily fulfilling the functions of separating one space from another and allowing the passage of outdoor light into an indoor space and giving protection against cold wind, the akari shoji came into being.
• As a new door not only functioned as a partition ensuring daylight, they also preventing cold wind, the Akari-shoji was created.

• 解体修理に際しては庇の瓦、入口の障子戸などを撤去し、19世紀前半頃の姿に推定復元された。
• When the house was taken apart and repaired, the roof tiles on the hisashi (eaves) and Shoji-to (sliding paper door) at the entrance were removed to restore the assumed form of the house that existed in the early nineteenth century.

• 戸板康二によれば、「釣狐の型」や工藤が鳥目になったり、障子で琴を弾いたりするのがあった。
• According to Yasuji Toita, there was the 'Tsurigitsune syle' as well as the versions in which Kudo has the condition of Nyctalopia or a koto (a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings) is played with shoji (opaque sliding screens).

• 「柱は角柱で畳を敷きつめ、舞良戸・明障子・襖を用いる」とあり、簡潔にして要を得ている。」
• 'It uses kakubashira (a corner post or pillar that is square or rectangular) and tatami (a floor covering made of tightly woven grass and straw) as well as Mairado, Akari-shoji and Fusuma.'

• 杉障子は現在は使用されていない建具であるが、実は歌の中では実に馴染みの深いものでもある。
• Although Sugi-shoji is a door that is not used at present, but in fact, it is very familiar in a song.

• 中書院では柱を三間も抜いて、極端に幅の広い明障子を立て込み、単調な繰り返しを破っている。
• In Chushoin, extremely wide Akari-shoji were set between three bays, and broke up the monotonous repetition.

• 板障子も板を下地として紙や布を張ったもので、柱間にはめ込んで壁として用いた副障子である。
• Paper and cloth were also used for ita-shoji as foundation, which was fuku-shoji used as a wall placed in a bay.

• 御所南廂の東西の障子とあるが、衝立て障子であったか、ふすま障子であったかは定かではない。
• It says that it was the east and west Shoji in minami-hisashi (southern surrounding area) room of the Imperial Palace, but it is not sure whether it was a Tsuitate shoji or a Fusuma Shoji.

• 框に細い組子骨を用いる現在のような明かり障子は、鎌倉時代の絵巻物に多く登場するようになる。
• Akari shoji having a structure consisting of a frame and thinner members traversing in between, namely, muntins, as seen today, came into being in the Kamakura period and is often found in picture scrolls made in that period.

• それまでの唐紙は横幅一尺六寸、縦幅は一尺九分が標準で、襖障子を貼るのに十二枚必要であった。
• The standard conventional karakami was about 0.48 m wide and about 0.33 m high, and 12 karakami were required to cover fusuma-shoji.

• 間似合紙は、半間（三尺　90cm）の間尺に合う紙の意で、普通は襖障子を貼るのに用いられる。
• The word 'maniai-shi' refers to a paper which is suitable for the width of half ken (which equals to 0.90 m) and it is usually used for fusuma-shoji.

• 室内に張られている襖や障子も湿度が高くなると湿気を吸収し、乾燥すると水分を発散させている。
• When humidity becomes high the fusuma and shoji used in rooms absorb moisture and they evaporate moisture when the air dries.

• その時ある僧が宿を求めていたが、後から来た光秀はこれを久吉と見破り、障子越しに槍で突いた。
• That time, a monk was looking for an inn but Mitsuhide, who came later detected the monk as Hisayoshi and pierce him with a spear over the shoji, Japanese paper door.

• 当初は男子のみを対象としていたが、聴講を望む婦女子多く、障子越しの別室にて拝聴を許された。
• Initially it was only for the men; then women were allowed to listen to the lecture in another room behind the shoji (partitions that can divide the interior of a building into separate rooms) since many women desired to attend.

• 唐紙障子は、無地色紙あるいは木版で紋様を摺った「から紙」を仕上げに貼った障子を指している。
• The karakami-shoji referred to shoji on which plane colored paper or 'karakami' printed patterns with woodblocks were pasted as the finish form.

• しかし、明かり障子のみでは風雨には耐えられないため、舞良戸、蔀、格子などと併せて用いられた。
• However, it was impossible to keep out the wind and rain with only akari shoji; therefore, it was used in combination with mairado (a wooden sliding door constructed of a single wooden panel called 'wata-ita' and set into a timber frame called 'kamachi'), shitomi (latticed shutters), a lattice, etc.
• However, only Akari-shoji could not bear the wind and rain so that it was used with others such as Mairado, Shitomi and a lattice door.

• 実際には、雨戸や障子を掛矢で打ち破る音が激しく、北隣の旗本の土屋主税の屋敷に聞こえたという。
• It is said that in fact there were loud sounds heard when breaking shutters and Shoji with kakeya (wooden maul), that could be heard all the way to the northern neighboring residence of Chikara TSUCHIYA, a Hatamoto (direct retainer of the shogun).

• 『四天王寺障子伝（＝『七代記』）』、『上宮皇太子菩薩伝』、『聖徳太子伝暦』などに記述がある。
• 'Shitenno-ji Shojiden (='Shichidaiki'),' 'Jogu Kotaishi Bosatsuden,' 'Shotoku Taishi Denryaku,' and the like describe this theory.

• この軽量化された衝立てを改良発展して、張り付け壁（副障子）や屏風にも応用していったと思われる。
• It seems that these improved points of the screen were applied to haritsuke kabe (a fixed and unmoving fusuma used as a wall) (also known as fukushoji (set-in translucent screens)) and folding screens.

• 『和漢三才図会』には、障子の項で、「濃州寺尾より出るものもっとも佳し。故に呼びて美濃紙と称す。
• 'Wakan-sansai-zue' (as explained above) contains the following statement in the section concerning shoji: 'Shoingami produced at Terao in Noshu has the best quality and therefore is called 'Minogami'.

• 唐紙障子に貼る襖紙を江戸時代後期には、和唐紙と称してさまざまに改良工夫されて量産化されている。
• In the latter part of the Edo period, fusuma paper pasted on karakami-shoji was called watoshi, improved by introducing various ideas and was mass-produced.

• 床の間、障子戸などに細かな細工を施すのは比較的新しい時代の現象で、古い民家は素朴なものが多い。
• Relatively new houses are equipped with elaborately worked wooden parts such as tokonoma and shoji doors, whereas old minka are simple and rustic.

• 『群書類従』公事部には「年中行事障子文」がおさめられ、また、『禁秘抄』には、下記のようにある。
• The part of official events in 'Gunsho ruiju' (Collection of historical documents compiled by Hokiichi HANAWA) contains 'text on the screen of the annual observances' and 'Kinpisho' (a book written by Emperor Juntoku, which records the history and origin of imperial court ceremonies and sets forth the rules and etiquette for carrying out such ceremonies) says as follows:

• おれと山嵐は一生懸命（いっしょうけんめい）に障子へ面（かお）をつけて、息を凝（こ）らしている。
• I and Porcupine put our faces close to the shoji, watching almost breathless.

• から紙は、紋様を刷り込んだ襖障子の上張り（表張り）のことで、襖障子には多くの下貼りが行われる。
• Karakami means a surface paper printed patterns and many materials are pasted for groundwork of fusuma-shoji.

• 賢聖障子（けんじょうのしょうじ）は、内裏の紫宸殿母屋の北方北廂とのさかいに立てられていた障子。
• Kenjo no shoji (sliding screens of the 32 Chinese sages) are sliding screens that were placed at the main housing of the Shishin-den Hall (hall for state ceremonies) to be separated from the kitakata kitabisashi (northern eaves) in the Imperial Palace.

• 明かり障子の誕生は、平安時代末期の頃で、襖よりもおよそ100年程後に工夫されたと推測されている。
• Akari shoji is presumed to have come into being around the late Heian period, that is, to have been devised approximately 100 years after the birth of fusuma.

• 間毎つまり部屋ごとにとなると、間仕切りの障子と考えられ、母屋と廂の柱間の板壁だけとは考えにくい。
• Considering the expression of 'every room' apparently means Shoji partitions and it is unlikely that there were only wooden walls of bays in moya and hisashi.

• この障子は、衝立てで、漢の武帝が水軍訓練のため、長安城の西に掘らせた昆明池を描いた衝立てである。
• This Shoji had a screen drawn Konmeichi Pond which Han Wudi had ordered to dig for training the navy in the west of Chang'ancheng.

• また江戸時代の『鳳闕見聞図説』には、明らかに引き違いの襖障子として、「荒海障子」が描かれている。
• In addition, in the 'Hoketsu Kenmon Zusetsu' (Legal history book) in the Edo period, 'Araumi no shoji' was drawn as an apparent sliding screen of Fusuma shoji.

• さらに、春夏秋冬の儀式を描き上げた年中行事障子（衝立障子）が、殿上の間の戸口の前に置かれていた。
• In addition, the Nenjugyoji no shoji (Tsuitate shoji) drawn the regular annual ceremonies of four seasons was placed at the entrance of Tenjo no ma (anteroom for nobles).

• 現在の茶室でよく見られる躙り口も利休の考案であり、彼以前には縁側から障子を開けて茶席に入っていた。
• As it is popular as a current tea room, the idea of a square door called nijiriguchi (crawling entrance) was developed by Rikyu, and before that, people entered a tea room by shoji (a paper sliding door) situated between the tea room and engawa (a veranda or terrace surrounding the house in Japanese architecture).

• 内部の仕切りとして、母屋と北廂の間の境に「賢聖の障子」を設け、母屋と西廂の間は壁で仕切られている。
• As an inner partition, there is 'Kenjo no shoji' (sliding screens with paintings of thirty-two Chinese sages, which form the main wall behind the Shishinden (formal ceremonial hall) of the Kyoto Imperial Palace) at the border of moya and kita-hisashi, and moya and nishi-hisashi (room in the western surrounding building) are divided by a wall.

• 傍証ながら引き違いの襖障子の誕生年代は、仁和年間（884～888年）まで遡ることが可能と思われる。
• From the evidence, although collateral evidence, the date of the appearance of Fusuma Shoji seems to be the period from 884 to 888.

• 『山槐記』には、この寝殿や広廂に「明かり障子を撤去する」とか「明かり障子を立つ」などの記述もある。
• 'Sankaiki' contains descriptions of the 'withdrawal of akari shoji' from the main house and area under the wide eaves mentioned above as well as the 'installation of akari shoji into the same, etc.
• In 'Sankaiki' (Tadachika NAKAYAMA's diary) there are descriptions to 'remove Akari-shoji' or 'set Akari-shoji' in this Shinden or Hiro-bisashi (broad eaves).

• このほか、障子や襖の敷居（しきい：障子や襖が移動する木材でできたレール）を踏むのも無作法とされる。
• Besides, it is regarded ill manners to step on shikii (thresholds: wooden rails to slide shoji doors and fusuma panels) of shoji (a light paper sliding door) and fusuma (a heavier sliding panel).

• その部屋の果たすべき目的や雰囲気は、襖障子に描かれた紋様によって、大部分が決定されているとも言える。
• The purpose to be accomplished and the atmosphere of the room is greatly influenced by the patterns drawn on fusuma-shoji.

• 副障子は建て込み式の障子で、「しつらえ」に応じて建て込んだり、取り外したりできる可動式の壁であった。
• The fuku-shoji was a built-up type shoji and was a movable wall which could be built up or removed in accordance with 'shitsurae.'

• 障子が、薄明かりの中でその向こうの人や風景を見えるような見えないような曖昧さの中に感じることが出来る。
• Through shoji (translucent paper screen), although you cannot see clearly, you can still feel the presence of people or scenery on the other side of the shoji in the dim light.

• こうした実際の使用状況から、明かり障子の雨が当たりやすい下半分に板を張った、腰高障子が考案されている。
• Such actual usage of akari shoji led to the contrivance of koshidaka shoji (tall skirted sliding screen), that is an akari shoji with the lower half covered with a wooden panel to protect it from the rain.

• 書院紙は、障子の格子幅に併せて漉かれたが、障子の格子の幅は各地域でまちまちで規格が統一されていなかつた。
• Shoingami was made and sized according to a coffer width, which varied by districts and was not standardized.

• 昆明池障子（こんめいちのしょうじ）は、清涼殿弘廂の二間と上御局とのあいだに立てられていた衝立障子である。
• Konmeichi no shoji is a tsuitate shoji (a partitioning screen, which stood between Hirobisashi no futama of Seiryo-den Imperial palace and ue no mitsubone - a kind of room).

• この障子戸は、黒塗りの框に杉の一枚板を嵌め込だ板戸で、杉障子、杉遣戸、杉板障子、杉戸などと呼ばれていた。
• This shoji was a wooden door made with solid timbers of cedar between black-lacquered Kamachi and it was called Sugi-shoji, Sugi-yarido, Sugiita-shoji, and sugito.

• 寝る訳には行かないし、始終障子の隙（すき）から睨めているのもつらいし、どうも、こうも心が落ちつかなくって、
• We could not go to sleep, nor could we remain with our faces stuck to the shoji all the time our minds constantly in a state of feverish agitation.

• このごく限られた所にしかなかった「衾障子」に憧れて、あえて歌に詠みこむ事をしたのではないかとも想像できる。
• It can be imagined that he admired 'Fusuma Shoji' which existed in a limited place, and included it into his waka dearly.

• この「障子戸」が開閉式の障子の最初とみられているが、一説によると扉形式で、引き違い戸ではなかったともいう。
• This 'Shoji-to' is considered to be the first openable Shoji, but one theory says it was not a sliding door but a swing door.

• 『江家次第』によると、「北御障子（賢聖の障子）は、近頃の慣行では、公事の日を除いて取り外している」とある。
• In the 'Gokeshidai' (the Ritual Protocol of the Oe House), there is a description that 'according to recent customs, Kita no mishoji (also called Kenjo no shoji) is removed except on the days of public matters.'

• 随身所のしつらえ立面図などには、すでに障子の表面に「襖」という文字が記され、「襖類何レモ白」と記されている。
• In the elevated view with furnishings of zuijin-dokoro (a place of official guards stationed), there is the word 'fusuma' on all the surfaces of shoji, and a description that 'all the fusuma and similar furnishings were white.'

• 山嵐の座敷（ざしき）の障子をあけると、おい有望有望と韋駄天（いだてん）のような顔は急に活気を呈（てい）した。
• I opened the shoji of the room and Porcupine greeted me with his Idaten-like face suddenly radiant, saying:'Say, there's hope! There's hope!'

• それによればマツが外出先から帰ってきた際、すでに相馬は障子を真っ赤に染め、介錯もなく割腹を遂げていたという。
• According to that, when Matsu returned home, the paper screens were stained in bloody red and Soma had already committed disembowelment without being assisted.

• 平安末期に明かり障子が誕生しているが、その原型は帳台と呼ばれる寝所の明かり取りの天井に由来していると思われる。
• It seems that the original form of akari-shoji, which was invented near the end of the Heian period, originated from chodai, which was a skylight ceiling in the bedroom.

• ガラスやカーテンが普及するようになって使用は減ったものの、ガラス併用の障子なども作られ消滅することはなかった。
• Due to the spread of glass and curtains, the use of shoji became less popular; however, the creation of shoji used with glass and the like, precluded shoji from becoming extinct.

• 密庵席は西側の縁側境を明障子、南側の十畳間との境を襖で仕切り、東北側に手前座、北側壁の西寄りに床の間を設ける。
• To the western edge of the Mittanseki tearoom is an engawa veranda separated by a translucent sliding screen, to the south is a ten tatami mat sized room separated by an opaque sliding screen, to the northeast is the host's tea preparation area, and on the west of the northern wall is an alcove.

• 杉障子に描かれる絵は、襖障子と同様に時に唐絵が描かれることもあったが、多くは大和絵の花鳥風月や跳ね馬であった。
• The main subjects of the pictures depicted on Sugi-shoji were the beauty of nature and prancing horses of Yamato-e, although karae were sometimes seen like found in Fusuma-shoji.

• 間仕切り建具としての発展的形態から見ると、「障子」は、衝立の原型といえる台脚の上に立てる衝立障子が原型である。
• Judging from the development of styles as partition fittings, the original 'shoji' was tsuitate-shoji on a stand which could be said to be an original form of screen.

• なかでも、「しつらい」の間仕切り具として最も重要な「障子」は、平安時代にさまざまな形式の障子が考案されている。
• Among them, as to the 'shoji', which were the most important partitions for 'shitsurai,' various forms of shoji were invented during the Heian period.

• このように技術論的に考察すれば、「賢聖の障子」と同時に立てた「障子戸」が引き違いの襖障子であったと考えられる。
• Considering the above, 'Shoji-to' seems to be a sliding Fusuma Shoji, set at the same time as 'Kenjo no shoji.'

• 障子（しょうじ）は、日本家屋における扉、窓に用いる建具の一つで、明かりを通すように木枠に紙張りになっているもの。
• A shoji refers to a screen consisting of a wooden frame covered in paper allowing the passage of light, used as a sliding door or window in a Japanese house.

• また背面には逆板（さかいた）をつるし、肩に掛ける肩上（わたがみ）の上には障子の板（しょうじのいた）を垂直に立てる。
• Moreover, a wooden plate (sakaita) is hung on the back and a shoji plate is mounted vertically on the shoulder part of armor.

• 高御座、御帳台の背後の襖は「賢聖障子」（けんじょうのしょうじ）と呼ばれ、中国古代の賢人32人の肖像が描かれている。
• In the back of the Takamikura and the Michodai lies fusuma (a sliding door) called Kenjo no Shoji, on which images of 32 ancient Chinese sages are painted.

• 書院造様式の帳台構えは、当初は塗篭めと襖障子の小室が「帳」の代わりという意で、帳代ともいわれ寝室としても利用された。
• The chodai-gamae in Shoin-zukuri style meant that a small room called nurigome and fusuma-shoji were the alternative of 'cho,' and it was also called 'chodai (帳代 = alternative of cho)' and used as a bedroom.

• 鎌倉時代の絵巻物に表現された画中画を見ると、当時、禅宗以外の寺院の障子絵などにも水墨画が用いられていたことがわかる。
• Gachu-ga (a pictorial work that appear within a painting as part of the overall composition) expressed in Emakimono during the Kamakura Period shows that Suiboku-ga was adopted for Shoji-e (paintings on shoji paper sliding-door or Fusuma) in the temples other than those belonging to the Zen sect.

• この明かり障子は下半分のみが吹き放しになっており、この吹き放し部分が庭園を眺める際の額縁のような役割を果たしている。
• Only the lower half of this translucent sliding screen opens to give a view of the garden as if through a picture frame.

• 『枕草子』にも「清涼殿の丑寅のすみの、北のへだてなる御障子は、荒海の絵、生きたる物どものおそろしげな・・・」とある。
• In 'Makura no Soshi' (The Pillow Book) there is a description; 'In north-east end of Seiryoden, there were shoji (translucent screens), which separates the north side, with pictures of the rough sea, living things looked frightening...'

• この唐風の異形の怪人を描いた墨絵の障子は、衝立て障子ではなく、引き違いの障子、すなわち襖障子であったと見られている。
• This Shoji on which a strange mysterious person in Chinese style was drawn by ink painting is considered to be a sliding screen or Fusuma Shoji rather than Tsuitate shoji.

• 格式を重んじる応接間としての書院と、やすらぎを得る家族の居住する居間とは自ずからふすま障子の紋様の果たす役割が異なる。
• The role of fusuma-shoji between a shoin as a formal drawing room and a living room for a family to relax in is different.

• 書院はもともと禅僧が書を読むために室内からはり出し、床板を書見のための机とし、前に明かり障子などを設けたものであった。
• A shoin was originally for Zen monks to read books, with an elevated floor board as a desk extending out into the room and with akari-shoji in front to let light in.

• 宵（よい）から十二時過（すぎ）までは眼を障子へつけて、角屋の丸ぼやの瓦斯燈（がすとう）の下を睨（にら）めっきりである。
• From early in the evening up to past twelve, he would glue his eye to the shoji and keep steadily watching under the gas globe of Kadoya.

• 杉障子の現存する最古のものは、兵庫県の鶴林寺本堂創建当時のもので、室町時代初期の応永四年（1397年）頃のものである。
• The existing oldest Sugi-shoji was one made during the construction of the main hall of Kakurin-ji Temple in Hyogo Prefecture around 1397 at the beginning of the Muromachi period.

• むろん当時の「から紙障子」は公家や高家の貴族の邸宅に限られており、需要そのものが少なく、専門職を必要とはしていなかった。
• Of course, the 'karakami shoji' at that time was used only in the residences of court nobles and noblemen of prestigious families, and the demand itself was too small to require specialists.

• 平清盛が願文を添えて長寛二年（1164年）厳島神社に奉納した『平家納経』図録には、僧侶の庵室に明かり障子が描かれている。
• A graphical restoration of 'Heike Nokyo' ('nokyo' refers to a copy of a sutra offered to a temple/shrine), which was offered to Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in 1164 by TAIRA no Kiyomori along with a written petition, contains a picture depicting akari shoji provided with a priest's hermitage.

• 襖の原型である衝立障子や屏風そして押しつけ壁にも、唐絵が描かれるようになり、九世紀中頃には大和絵が描かれるようになった。
• Kara-e paintings began to be drawn on tsuitate shoji (an original form of fusuma), folding screens and oshitsuke-kabe (a fixed and unmoving fusuma which is used as a wall), and in the mid-ninth centuries yamato-e paintings began to be drawn.

• 小画面の絵巻のほかに屏風、障子などの大画面の大和絵も多数作られたことは記録からは明らかだが、現存する遺品は非常に少ない。
• It is clear that many large-sized Yamato-e such as those drawn on folding screen or shoji were produced other than those on small-sized screens from records, but only few of them remain.

• 錺金具師が表金具師（外側の茶系色付け金具）と内金具師（金メッキまたは消しメッキで、障子および内部の金具）に分かれている。
• Kazarikanagushi (craftsman for metal ornament) is divided into omotekanagushi (in charge of outside embrowned metal fittings) and uchikanagushi (in charge of glided or not glided metal fittings of shoji (a paper sliding door) and of the inside).

• 平清盛が願文を添えて長寛二年（1164年）厳島神社に奉納した『平家納経』図録には、僧侶の庵室に明かり障子が描がれている。
• In the picture record of 'Heike-nokyo' (collective term of Buddhist scriptures in dedicated by the Taira family' which was dedicated by TAIRA no Kiyomori with statements in Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in 1164, Akari-shoji was drawn in the hermitage of a priest.

• こうした実際の使用状況から、明かり障子の雨があたりやすい下半分に板を張った、腰高障子が考案されるには必然の状況であった。
• It was natural that Koshidaka-shoji putting wainscot on the lower half which tended to get wet from rain was devised as a result of such actual usage.

• 寝殿造りの室礼を記した古文書の中に、「柱をたてまわして鴨居を置きてのち、塗子（ぬりこ）の明かり障子を間ごとに覆う」とある。
• An ancient writing describing shitsurai (putting decorations suitable to the season or a ritual onto an appropriate indoor place) in a house built in the manner of Heian period palatial architecture contains a statement that 'the lacquered structure of akari shoji was covered with cloth or paper after the erection of pillars and the construction of kamoi (a narrow piece of wood that passes over the sliding doors and around an entire Japanese room).'
• In the ancient documents on Shitsurai in Shinden-zukuri style there is a description that 'After building posts around and setting Kamoi lintels, lacquered Akari-shoji sliding doors are set in each room.'

• 宣告が終わるとただちに切腹が行われ、長矩の後ろには幕府徒目付が左右に二人付き、障子が開けられて、庭先の切腹場へと移された。
• After that sentence, Seppuku was carried out immediately, shoji was opened and Naganori was carried to the place of Seppuku in the yard with two Kachi-metsuke title (job to do night duty and inspection) of bakufu behind him.

• 襖障子は、明かり障子のように採光性という重要な目的性という機能を持たず、たんに室内の間仕切りとしての役割しか持っていない。
• The fusuma-shoji does not function to disperse light which is an important purpose for akari-shoji, but is only for the purpose of partitioning a room.

• すなわち木造瓦屋根（多くは寄棟造または入母屋造。屋根の頂上には十字架が乗せられた）の建物で、畳、襖、障子、縁側が用いられた。
• These were wooden buildings with tiled roofs (Many being in the yosemune-zukuri style and irimoya-zukuri style. Crucifixes were mounted on the tops of the roofs) and they contained tatami mats, sliding doors, sliding panels and engawa verandas.

• この時代の明かり障子の構造は、四周に框を組み、太い竪桟二本に横桟を四本わたし、片面に絹または薄紙を貼ったものであったという。
• Apparently the Akari-shoji of this time was made by setting Kamachi in four directions, handing four crossbars to big two tatezan (vertical frame), and pasting silk or tissue paper on one side.

• この絵巻物によってで室内の様子がよく判り、衝立、几帳、簾、蔀、屏風など建具の使用状や、襖障子に大和絵が描かれているのが分かる。
• This picture scroll shows what the room looked like very well, for example, how fittings such as a screen, kicho, a bamboo blind, shitomi (a wooden lattice door which opens up vertically) and folding screens were used and yamato-e painting (a traditional Japanese style painting of the late Heian and Kamakura periods dealing with Japanese themes) were drawn on fusuma-shoji.

• 皺紋を特徴とする泰平紙に対して、海藻を漉き込んで独特の紋様をつけた、ふすま障子一枚の大きさのいわゆる三六判の紙を楽水紙という。
• As opposed to the taihei-shi characterized by wrinkle patterns, so-called sanroku-ban paper applied patterns by putting seaweed during the arrangement of the material fibers, which is as large as one sheet of fusuma-shoji, is called rakusui-shi.

• 『歌仙家集本貫之集』の承平 (日本)六年（936年）春の歌に「右大臣藤原仲平おやこ同じ所にすみ給ひける、へだての障子」とある。
• In 'Kasenkashuhon Turayuki-shu' (Poetry Collection of Kasen (superior poets), KI no Tsurayuki's poetry collection) there was a spring waka (Japanese poem) in 936 as 'shoji to separate, as FUJIWARA no Nakahira, Udaijin (minister of the right), and his son live in the same place.'

• 框に細い組子骨を用いる現在のような明かり障子は、鎌倉時代の絵巻物に多く登場するようになるが、多少の時間と技術改良を必要とした。
• The Akari-shoji which uses a thin Kumiko-bone (formation of crosspiece vertically and horizontally such as lattice) for Kamachi like present Akari-shoji often appeared in the Emakimono (picture scroll) in the Kamakura period, but needed some time and technical improvement.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)期康歴二年（1380年）の東寺西院大師堂の再建当時のものとされている明障子が、最古の明障子と言われている。
• The Akari-shoji made at the time of reconstruction of Daishi-do Hall in the western part of To-ji Temple (To-ji Sai-in) in 1380 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts is said to be the oldest Akari-shoji.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)期康暦二年（1380年）の東寺西院大師堂の再建当時のものとされている明障子が、最古の明障子といわれている。
• Akari shoji, assumed to have been made on the occasion of reconstruction of Daishido House in the western section of To-ji Temple during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (more specifically, in 1380), is said to be the oldest akari shoji in existence.

• 明かり障子の歴史的発展の過程で、漆の塗子の縁が寝殿造りに使用され、襖障子と同様な室礼としての位置付けがあったことは注目に値する。
• It is notable that akari shoji with lacquered framework was used in a house built in the manner of Heian period palatial architecture and in the historical development of akari shoji, it was considered to be a kind of shitsurai equivalent to fusuma.

• 遣戸という言葉は、それ自体が引戸の意味であるが、襖障子や明かり障子を意味する事はなく、引き違いの舞良戸を意味していたようである。
• The word 'yarido' itself means a sliding door, but it seems that it did not mean Fusuma Shoji and Akari-shoji but meant a sliding Mairado.

• さらには屏風や衝立障子、衝立障子の発展的形態として、木格子の表裏に絹や布地、後に和紙を張り黒塗りの縁をつけた衾障子などを用いた。
• In addition, there were folding screens, tsuitate-shoji (shoji or fusuma with a stand, which is easy to carry) and fusuma-shoji made with a wooden lattice pasted silk and cloth, later Japanese paper and black-lacquered hem as a developed form of tsuitate-shoji.

• 明かり障子は書院造様式によって普及し、「書院の明かり障子」といわれたことから、明かり障子に貼る紙は、書院紙と呼ばれるようになった。
• Akari shoji spread along with the shoin style, namely, a residential architecture study-room style, and was said to be 'integral to shoin (a study or drawing room),' paper used was called 'shoingami.'

• 衝立障子の中に、四角に窓を開け簀を張りさらに御簾をかけて、内側から向こう側が見えるようにした通障子（透障子）なども工夫されている。
• Among tsuitate-shoji, the tsu-shoji (tori-shoji) which has a square window, a screen, and bamboo blind on it to be seen from the inside and others were also invented.

• また安永六年（1777年）刊の『難波丸項目』に紋美濃そして同年刊の『新選紙鑑(かみかがみ)』のなかの美濃産紙の項に「紋障子」とある。
• In addition, 'Naniwa Marukomoku' (a document concerning topography of Naniwa), which was published in 1777, refers to watermarked Minogami; moreover, 'Shinsen Kami-kagami,' which was published in the same year, has a section concerning paper produced in Mino, which contains the term 'monshoji' (as defined above).

• 『新選紙鑑(かみかがみ)』には幕府ご用の障子紙、すなわち書院紙の漉工として、市右衛門、五右衛門、平八、重兵衛の4人の名をあげている。
• 'Shinsen Kami-kagami' lists the following four craftsmen who made shoji paper, or shoingami, and were designated as purveyors to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun): Ichiemon, Goemon, Heihachi and Jubei.

• 「骨縛り」は、組子に最初に張り付けるもので、組子骨に糊を付けて、手漉き和紙・茶チリ・桑チリなどの繊維の強い和紙を、障子のように貼る。
• Hone-shibari' is pasted at first on a framework by putting glue on the frame and applying Japanese paper of strong fibers such as handmade Japanese paper, cha-chiri (a brown tissue) and kuwa-chiri (a mulberry tree tissue).

• 襖障子を一枚貼りで貼ることができる、三尺幅で長さ六尺の大判ふすま紙、いわゆる三六判は、江戸の皺紋を特徴とする岩石唐紙で始まっている。
• The large-size fusuma paper, which was so-called sanroku-ban (about 0.9 m wide and 1.80 m long sheet), originated from the ganseki-toshi (rock-tapped look karakami) which was characterized by the wrinkle pattern during the Edo period.

• 「張り付けを土壁に」とあるのは、鳥の子紙を張ったはめ込み式の張り付け壁の事で、副障子ともいい、書院造りの座敷の壁面として使用された。
• The words, 'replaced haritsuke to tsuchikabe' mean the haritsukekabe (wall surface of a fixed door, Fusuma sliding screen, or wooden wall pasted paper and cloth) pasted torinokogami (an eggshell colored, handmade paper with a smooth, glossy surface), which is also called Fuku-shoji (sub-shoji) and used as a zashiki wall of Shoin-zukuri.

• 空間は、障子や襖（ふすま）で囲まれ、特に障子は、空間が完全に断絶されているとも、いないともいえる曖昧な、おぼろげさを醸し出している。
• Space is surrounded with shoji (paper sliding doors) or Fusuma (Japanese sliding doors), and shoji especially generate fuzzy and dim effects, giving an impression of ambiguity of whether or not the space is completely partitioned.

• 室内を明るくする採光を目的とした明かり障子は、透光性のよい薄い紙が良いが、破れにくい粘り強さが必要であり、また価格も安い物が好まれる。
• There are several requirements, as follows, for paper used for akari shoji, intended for naturally lighting indoor space; highly translucent, thin paper is suitable; tear-resistance and toughness are required; cheaper paper is preferable.

• 人に知れないように引き返して、温泉（ゆ）の町の枡屋（ますや）の表二階へ潜（ひそ）んで、障子（しょうじ）へ穴をあけて覗（のぞ）き出した。
• But he stealthily returned to the hot springs town, and having rented a front room upstairs of Masuya, started peeping through the hole he fingered out in the shoji.

• 和紙の普及に伴い、奈良時代には木格子の両面に和紙を張った衝立障子が用いられ、平安時代には衾（ふすま）障子が用いられるようになっている。
• In accordance with the prevalence of Japanese paper, tsuitate-shoji, made with a wooden lattice pasted Japanese paper on both sides, had been used in the Nara period, and the fusuma-shoji began to be used in the Heian period.

• 明かり障子の歴史的発展の過程で、漆の塗子の縁が寝殿造りに使用され、襖障子と同様な室礼としての位置付けがあった事は、興味深いことである。
• It is interesting to note that in the historical process of development of Akari-shoji, the edge of lacquered Nuriko (thing to be coated with) was used in Shinden-zukuri house and considered as Shitsurai the same as Fusuma Shoji.

• 経師とは、本来は経巻の書写をする人のことであり、経巻の表具も兼ねており、さらに唐紙を障子に張るようになって、襖の表具もするようになった。
• The kyo-ji originally referred to a person who transcribed scriptures and mounted them, and after karakami began to be pasted on shoji, he or she took charge of mounting fusuma as well.

• 角柱を使い、長押（なげし）を打ち、壁や襖障子に極彩色の金碧障壁画を描く書院造りは、対面儀式にはふさわしいが、日常の生活にはやや堅苦しい。
• The Shoin-zukuri room which used kakubashira, nageshi, and richly colored kinpeki shohekiga (a large painting on a wall, screen or sliding door where strong, bright, mineral pigments such as ultramarine, malachite, and red ocher were applied over gold backgrounds with gold foil and gold paint) on the wall and Fusuma-shoji were suitable for ceremonies to see a guest, but a little too stiff for daily life.

• 特に明治時代から昭和初期にかけては、書道用の和紙や障子用の和紙としても原材料のコウゾとあわせて他府県にこの和紙は大量に生産、販売された。
• Especially from the Meiji period to the beginning of the Showa period, a large amount of Washi paper was produced and sold as paper for calligraphy and Shoji (sliding door) to other prefectures, along with paper mulberries used as raw materials.

• 足利義政の東山殿会所を復元した平面図によると、建具は全て引き違いとなっており、内部仕切は全て襖障子、外部南面と西面が腰高明障子であつた。
• In the floor plan which reconstructs the Kaisho (meeting place) of Higashiyamadono (villa at Mt. Higashiyama) of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, all were sliding doors, inner partitions were all Fusuma-shoji, and external partitions of the south and west sides were Koshidaka-akari-shoji.

• 『源氏物語』の中に「開きたる障子をいま少しおし開けて、こなたの障子は引きたて給いて」とあり、また障子に歌を書き付ける話が何度か出てくる。
• In 'Genji Monogatari,' there is a description where 'the opened shoji was pushed to open a little more, and the shoji on this side was pulled to close' and there are many scenes where waka (Japanese poem) was written on shoji.

• 建具はほとんど引き違いで、室内の間仕切りは、襖障子が使用され、縁側回りは三本溝の敷居にして、舞良戸の内側に明障子か腰高障子を一枚入れた。
• Almost all doors were sliding doors, Fusuma-shoji were used for inner partitioning and Akari-shoji or Koshidaka-shoji was set inside Mairado on the three tracks along a veranda.

• このような内部空間を間仕切る多様な障子の発明は、寝殿造りの住宅の公と私の明確な分離に基づく、住まい方の変化をもたらした重大な転機となった。
• These inventions of various shoji that divided internal space were a significant turning point which led to a change of living based on the definite separation between public and private matters (formal and private matters) in the Shinden-zukuri style residence.

• 『徒然草』184段に、障子の切り貼りを手づからしてみせて時頼に倹約の心を伝えたという逸話がみえ、昭和期の国語教科書などにも取り上げられた。
• 'Tsurezuregusa' (Essays in Idleness) mentions at the paragraph number 184 an anecdote that she herself repaired the paper sliding door and taught the spirit of frugality to Tokiyori, and this anecdote was also picked up by the textbook of Japanese-language in the Showa period.

• 胃弱が原因で頻繁に放屁をしたが、その音が破れ障子に風が吹き付ける音にそっくりだったことから、破障子なる落款を作り、使用していたことがある。
• He frequently broke wind because of his dyspepsia, and it sounded like wind blowing through a broken paper door, so that for a while he used Broken Paper Door as his signature.

• さらには、ふすま障子の周囲を軟錦（ぜんきん）と称した幅広い縁を貼った形が、衾の形に相似していたところから衾障子と言われた、などの説がある。
• In addition, there is a theory that a form of fusuma-shoji, with a wide hem-stuck, which was called zenkin, was similar to the form of fusuma futon.

• にじり口には頭を下げなければ入れないので、貴人を迎える場合のため、にじり口とは別に貴人口（立ったまま入れる普通の障子戸）を設けることも多い。
• Because guests have to lower their heads to go through the nijiriguchi, a kijinguchi (an ordinary walk-in paper sliding door) is often built in addition to the nijiriguchi to welcome high ranking people.

• 後鳥羽天皇院政下で活躍した歌人の1人で、「正治後度百首」「千五百番歌合」及び「最勝四天王院障子和歌」（1207年）などの数多くの歌合に出詠。
• He was one of the poets patronized by the cloistered government of Emperor Gotoba and in 1207 produced a number of poetry anthologies including: 'Shojigodohyakushu,' 'Sengohyaku ban Utaawase' (1500 Poetry Couplets Compilation) and 'Saisho shitennoin shoji waka.'

• この障子は、今日の明かり障子ではなく、絹布を貼った可動式の嵌め込み式の板壁で室礼（しつらい）として用いられ、時に応じて設置されるものであった。
• This Shoji was not Akari-shoji (a translucent screen or sliding door made by pasting single sheets of white Washi (Japanese paper) on light wooden frames, or sometimes on bamboo frames) as seen at present but a movable set-in board wall pasted silk cloth, which was set in as Shitsurai (room decorations) as the occasion might demand.

• その年の11月10日に大内氏の遺臣である草場氏、小原氏、河越氏らによって亀鶴丸は大内氏当主として擁立され、挙兵し山口の障子ヶ岳城に立て籠もった。
• Being backed as the head of the Ouchi clan by the remaining retainers, such as the Kusaba clan, the Ohara clan and the Kawagoe clan, Kikakumaru raised an army on December 10, 1557, and shut themselves in Shojigatake-jo Castle (in the present Fukuoka Prefecture).

• この時代の明かり障子の構造は、四周（ししゅう）に框（かまち）を組み、太い竪桟二本に横桟を四本わたし、片面に絹または薄紙を貼ったものであったという。
• It is said that, in those days, akari shoji was fabricated with a structure consisting of a frame, two thick vertical crosspieces and four horizontal crosspieces, and a sheet of silk fabric or thin paper pasted over one side of the structure.

• 障子の東西両面には、1年の正月から6月まで（東面）と、7月から12月まで（西面）の、年中行事の名目が記され、月中の行事は12月の末に書かれていた。
• The observances between January and June were listed on the one side of the screen (East side) and those between July and December, on the other side (West side), and the observances of the month were listed after December's.

• この頃には、一般の貴族の邸宅にも、引き違いの襖障子があった事になり、清涼殿の、みしょうじすなわち「荒海障子」はこれ以前に存在していたと考えられる。
• It means that there was a sliding Fusuma Shoji in general aristocratic residences around this time, and apparently Shoji in Seiryoden, that is, 'Araumi no shoji' existed before this.

• 書院造では、障子の格子桟の寸法が地方によって異なるので、書院紙は全国ほとんどの紙郷で漉かれたが、産地周辺で消費され、市場で流通することが少なかった。
• Shoingami was made in most of the kamigo (areas that produce handmade paper) around Japan; however, most of this handmade paper was consumed in the vicinity of the production areas, and only a small volume was distributed on the market because dimensions of lattice crosspieces of shoji varied according to districts.

• 仕上げ材料によって絹障子、布障子、紙障子、板障子、杉障子、そして副障子（押障子ともいい壁として用いた）や平安末期には明かり障子などが工夫されている。
• Various materials were used to create various shoji such as kinu-shoji (silk shoji), nuno-shoji (cloth shoji), kami-shoji (paper shoji), ita-shoji (board shoji), sugi-shoji (cedar shoji) and fuku-shoji (also called oshi-shoji and was used as a wall), and akari-shoji and others were devised near the end of the Heian period.

• しかしながら、この歌の解釈にはさまざまな異論もあるようで、襖障子の誕生を一気に百数十年も遡るのは、大変魅力的ではあるが、やや冒険的であるかも知れない。
• However, there are various theories for the interpretation of this waka, so that it might be too ambitious to go back one hundred and several decades for the appearance of Fusuma all at once, although it is very tempting to do so.

• 年中行事障子（ねんじゅうぎょうじのそうじ）は、清涼殿の弘廂にあって、上戸（かみのと。殿上の間への出入りに利用する戸口）に向けてたてられていた障立障子。
• The screen of the annual observances is a self-standing screen which was put in Hirobisashi (broad eaves) adjacent to Seiryoden (literally 'Limpid Cool Hall,' an imperial summer palace) and faced to the Upper Door (an entrance to the courtiers' hall).

• のちに、隠蔽性の高い厚手の唐紙が伝来して障子に用いられて普及していくが、襖障子と唐紙障子は混同され併用されて、絹張りでない紙張り障子も襖と称されていく。
• Later, the thick karakami (Chinese paper) which concealed easily was introduced and its application to shoji spread, the difference between fusuma-shoji, and karakami-shoji (paper sliding-door made of imported Chinese paper) became blurred and they were used together so paper covered shoji, other than silk shoji, were also called fusuma.

• 美濃紋書院紙では、鹿子(かのこ)・紗綾形・菊唐(から)草・七宝 ・亀甲(きっこう)などの美しい紋様が漉き込まれ、障子以外にも行灯や灯籠などにも用いられた。
• Mino Shoinshi was made while being decorated with beautiful watermark patterns such as a dappled pattern, key pattern, chrysanthemum arabesque pattern, oval-ring pattern, and hexagonal pattern, and used for paper-covered lamp stands, garden lanterns, and so forth, besides shoji.

• このような条件を満たす紙としては、壇紙(だんし)や奉書紙、鳥の子などは不適当で、障子紙としては雑紙や中折紙など、文書草案用や包み紙などの雑用の紙を用いた。
• To satisfy these requirements, paper for miscellaneous purposes (including drafting and wrapping), e.g., coarse paper and nakaori-gami (a kind of hanshi - standard size Japanese writing paper - folded in the middle) was used as shoji paper, instead of 'danshi' (fine-quality creased Japanese paper), 'hoshoshi' (fine-quality, thick, white Japanese paper), and 'torinoko' paper (stout, smooth Japanese paper) unsuitable as shoji paper.

• 初期の書院造りの特徴は、接客対面の儀式の場としての書院を、権力の象徴として、襖障子と張り付け壁を連続させて、その全面を金地極彩色の金碧障壁画で飾り立てた。
• The characteristic of Shoin-zukuri style in the early stages was that fusuma-shoji and haritsuke kabe of shoin as the place for a ceremony to meet visitors were placed side by side and the whole surface was decorated with kinpeki-shohekiga of brilliant coloring on a golden ground as a symbol of power.

• その直後、障子が開け放たれるや甲冑を着た武者たちが宴の座敷に乱入、赤松氏随一の剛の者安積行秀が播磨国の千種鉄で鍛えた業物を抜くや義教の首をはねてしまった。
• Just after that, shoji (a paper sliding door) were opened and armored warriors burst into the place for feast and Yukihide AZUMI, the bravest and strongest man in the Akamatsu clan, drew a sword hardened Chigusa-tetsu (special iron for sword) in the Harima Province and cut Yoshinori's head off.

• 襖障子は、表面仕上げに鳥の子紙を貼り、その上に金箔を貼りその上から極彩色の岩絵の具で絵柄を描くか、鳥の子の地肌に直接彩色あるいは墨で絵を描いたものを指した。
• Fusuma-shoji referred to shoji on which torinoko paper was pasted for finishing the surface, patterns were drawn by richly colored mineral paints on an applied gold foil over it or the pictures were drawn in colors or with Sumi directly on the surface of the torinoko paper.

• 敷居と鴨居を設けて樋（みぞ）を彫った、可動式の板壁の発明が契機となり、建具技術の革新と応用発展が一気に開花し、引き違い戸の襖障子や遣戸を工夫発明していった。
• The invention of movable wooden wall set in the tracks carved in the threshold and kamoi led to the flowering in innovations of techniques of doors and applications and the devices for sliding Fusuma Shoji and yarido.

• 「宿木」の巻では、清涼殿朝餉の間には大和絵の襖障子と、銀地に流水飛鳥の図を描いた副障子（可動式の壁として使用した、嵌め込み式の襖障子の一種）が描かれている。
• In the volume of 'Yadorigi' (the volume of mistletoe) the fusuma-shoji of yamato-e paintings and the fuku-shoji (a kind of fusuma-shoji that is used as a movable wall) showing a picture of birds over running water painted on a silver ground were painted in the room used for breakfast in the Seiryoden (Literally 'Limpid Cool Hall,' an imperial summer palace).

• 中でも美濃紙は美濃雑紙と呼ばれて、多用途の紙として最も多く流通していたので、障子紙としても多用され、美濃雑紙が明かり障子紙の代表として評価されるようになった。
• Among several types of shoji paper, 'Minogami,' also known as Mino-zasshi ('zasshi' refers to coarse paper), was the most disseminated multi-purpose paper and therefore used commonly as shoji paper, which resulted in the Mino-zasshi becoming appreciated as typical paper for akari shoji.

• 九七九年成立の『落窪物語』に「隔ての障子をあけて出づれば、閉すべき心もおぼつかず」「中隔ての障子をあけ給ふに」などとあるから、へだての障子は襖障子と解釈できる。
• In 'Ochikubo monogatari' (The Tale of Ochikubo) established in 979, there are descriptions such as 'When you open the shoji as a separators and go out, the closed mind is less than secure' and 'shoji as a separator is opened,' therefore, 'shoji as a separator' can be interrupted as Fusuma Shoji.

• 嵌め込み式の障子（副障子）と引き違いの障子とは、ほぼ同時期の発明と考えると、『竹取物語』の成立時にはすでに一部の上流階級の邸宅には、引き違いの襖があった事になる。
• Considering that the set-in Shoji (fukushoji, or set-in translucent screens) and the sliding Shoji were invented almost at the same time, apparently there were sliding Fusuma as a part of residence of upper class until the establishment of 'Taketori Monogatari.'

• 明治初期の『諸国紙名録』には多くの紙に障子用として注記しているので、このころでも全国の各地でさまざまな地域の建具寸法に合わせた書院紙が漉かれ続けていたことが分かる。
• 'Shokoku Shimeiroku' (a directory of paper produced in areas all around Japan) compiled in the early Meiji period notes that paper produced in many areas were for use in shoji, which means that production of shoingami according to different, locally applied dimensions of shoji survived in those days around Japan.

• 建具の構造としては、間仕切りとしての隔ての機能をもつ襖に近く、さらに襖よりも簡素ながら、隔てと採光いう矛盾した機能を併せもつ明かり障子の発明は、画期的なことであった。
• In structural terms, it resembles fusuma, which has a shielding function and serves as a partition, while being different in that it has two contradictory functions, that is, the function of shielding one space from another and that of allowing the passage of outdoor light into an indoor space although it is simpler than fusuma; thus, akari shoji was an epoch-making invention.

• 『扶桑略記』に仁和四年（888年）宇多天皇勅して、巨勢金岡（こせのかなおか）に弘仁年間（810～823年）以降の詩文にすぐれた儒者の影像を、御所の障子に描かせたとある。
• In 'Fusoryakuki' (private collection of histories) there is a description that in 888 Emperor Uda ordered KOSE no Kanaoka to draw the images of a great Confucianist who had left excellent poems after Konin era (810-823) on the Shoji in Imperial Palace.

• 付書院の花頭窓とその上の障子の構成や欄間の釘隠しの意匠そして、襖障子には木版でシンプルな小紋文様をすり込んだ唐紙を使用するなど、さまざまなしゃれた意匠を工夫していった。
• Various sophisticated designs were devised as follows; the formation of Katomado (specially shaped windows with many s-shaped curves in a Zen temple) and its above Shoji of tsukeshoin, the design of kugikakushi (object which conceals the head of nail) of transom and the usage of karakami (printed paper, paper sliding door) xylographed simple komon (small fine pattern) motif.

• この副障子を、鴨居と敷居という二本の溝を設けて、引き違いに動くように工夫したのが鳥居障子（鴨居障子）で、今日の「ふすま」の原型となったもので、衾障子・襖障子と呼ばれた。
• Based on this fuku-shoji, the torii-shoji (kamoi-shoji) was devised to move in two directions by drawing on the two grooves of kamoi and threshold, and it led to the original form of present day 'fusuma' and was called fusuma-shoji (衾障子 or 襖障子).

• 『類聚（るいじゅう）雑要抄』の永久 (元号)3年（1115年）藤原忠実の東三条殿の神殿しつらえ図面によると、すべての障子には絵画も唐紙紋様もない「地・白」と記されている。
• According to a drawing of the shrine with furnishings in Higashisanjo-dono (a residence taken over by the Fujiwara clan) of FUJIWARA no Tadazane in 1115 described in the 'Ruiju Zatsuyosho' (a book explaining the furnishings in ceremonies and events in detail with sketches), all shoji were shown as a white ground with no pictures and karakami patterns.

• 板戸や明かり障子は建具職人によって作られるが、襖は一般に建具とは言わず、「ふすま」と言い、経師や表具師によって、幾重にも紙を張り重ねることによって「ふすま」となって行く。
• While wooden doors and akari-shoji are made by a workman for doors, fusuma is not included as doors generally, made with pasting paper several times by kyo-ji and hyogu-shi.

• 生活の中では、襖や障子を閉め忘れたり乱暴に扱ったり、また技術職の徒弟で後片付けなどを怠ると「残心がない」や「残心が出来ていない」といって躾けとして用いられる言葉でもある。
• In everyday life, the term is used for teaching manners as in the expression 'there is no zan-shin' or 'zan-shin is not performed well', when one forgets to close or roughly handles fusuma (Japanese sliding door) or shoji (partitions that can divide the interior of a building into separate rooms), or when an apprentice of craftsmanship neglects cleanup.

• しかしながら、室礼（しつらい）としての「賢聖の障子」は、取り外される事が前提の嵌め込み式である事を考えると、出入口として設けた「障子戸」が、固定式の扉であっては都合が悪い。
• However, considering that the 'Kenjo no shoji' as Shiturai was a removable set-in door, it was not convenient if 'Shoji-to' as a way in or out was a fixed door.

• 衝立障子や屏風、帷そして衾障子には、木綿で織られた白妙や麻・絹そして紙を張ったが、神聖な場所としての結界として、聖域を邪霊から守り防ぐ意味から、清浄で神聖な「白」が張られた。
• Shirotae were weaved of yufu, a hemp cloth, a silk cloth and a paper, were pasted on tsuitate shoji, a folding screen, tobari and fusuma-shoji, and their colors were all clear and holy 'white' with the intention that the holy precinct was protected against wicked souls as the boundary of a holy place.

• 一応、正式の客間には、白地または襖絵が描かれたものを用いて襖障子と称し、略式の居間や数寄屋風の建物には、色無地や小紋柄を木版で刷った唐紙を使用し、唐紙障子と称したようである。
• Supposedly, shoji with a white background or on which fusuma-e (images drawn on fusuma sliding door) were drawn were used in a formal guest room and were called fusuma-shoji, shoji covered with woodblock printed karakami of one color background without a pattern or a fine pattern placed in an informal living room or sukiya (style of a tea-ceremony house) style building were called karakami-shoji.

• しかしあるとき二本を抜いて障子に寄り掛けていたとき、人も触れないのに二本が倒れ、二本が同じ長さになっているのを見て不審に思った教真が調べてみると小烏の目貫が二分ほど切られていた。
• But one day, the two swords, unsheathed and placed against a shoji sliding paper door, fell without being touched, and Kyoshin, wondering why they were now the same length, examined them and found that the menuki (sword handle ornaments) of Kogarasu had been cut by about 6 mm.

• 時代を経るに従い、言葉がつづまり襖障子、唐紙障子の内、「障子」が脱落して襖、唐紙となり、明かり障子は逆に「明かり」が脱落し、障子が固有名詞となり、間仕切りの総称から地位を譲った。
• As the time passed, the words were shortened and the word 'shoji' was left out of fusuma-shoji and karakami-shoji, and the word 'akari' was left out of akari-shoji (a translucent screen or sliding door made by pasting single sheets of white Japanese paper on light wooden frames) so that the word shoji became a specific term for a kind of screen, and was no longer used as a general term for all screens.

• これらの幾重にも和紙を張り重ねていく工程は、組子の障子の格子を紙の引きで固定し、木材のひずみを防止するとともに、裄のある（ふくらみのある）風合いをもたせて仕上げるためのものである。
• These processes of pasting paper for several times aim to fix the lattice of shoji used as the framework by shrinking force of paper to prevent the wood from warping and to finish it.

• 近世初期の書院造りの遺構である、園城寺勧学院客殿（慶長五年1600年）や、光浄院客殿（慶長六年）では、舞良戸の内側には明障子を立て込んでおり、妻戸や蔀戸の内側にも明障子が用いられた。
• In the kyakuden (reception hall) of Kangakuin, Onjo-ji Temple (built in 1600) and the kyakuden of Kojoin (built in 1601) which were remains of Shoin-zukuri at the beginning of recent times, Akari-shoji was set inside Mairado as well as the inside of tsumado and Shitomido.

• 人麿の活躍年代から推測して大宝律令（701年）制定の前後にこの歌が詠まれたとすると、その時代にごく限られた所、例えば御所の衾所（ふすまどころ寝所）などに「衾障子」があったと推測される。
• If we guess that this waka was produced around the establishment of Taiho Code (in 701), judging from the period Hitomaro's flourished, there apparently were 'Fusuma Shoji' (an opaque sliding screen made of a wooden frame and thick paper) in limited places such as the fusumadokoro (place to sleep) in the Imperial Palace in those days.

• 杉障子には絵を描き、壁の代用にも用いていたことは、室礼としての襖障子の延長とも考えられるが、主に縁側と部屋との仕切りや縁上の仕切りにに使用され、また出窓形式の書院の窓にも使用されていた。
• Considering that pictures were executed on Sugi-shoji and it was used as an alternative wall, it can be thought of as a kind of development of Fusuma-shoji of Shitsurai, and it was mainly used for partitions between verandas and rooms or on the veranda as well as a shoin window (study or guest room in Japanese residential architecture) resembling a bay window.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の観応二年（1351年）に描かれた真宗本願寺覚如の伝記絵『慕帰絵詞』に僧侶の住房に、下半分を舞良戸仕立てにした、腰高障子が2枚引き違いに建てられているのが描かれている。
• 'Boki-ekotoba,' a picture scroll with an explanation depicting the biography of Kakunyo, a priest of Hongan-ji Temple of the Shinshu sect of Buddhism, which was made during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in 1351), and it contains a picture of a priest's body chamber with a double sliding shoji consisting of two koshidaka shoji and having a mairado (as defined above)-like structure in its lower half.

• 仏教関係以外の世俗絵画としてはは、宮廷や貴族の邸宅内の調度や間仕切りのため、大和絵の障子、屏風などの大画面の作品が多数制作されたはずだが、現存するものは社寺関係のやや特異な遺品のみである。
• As to earthen pictures other than Buddhist paintings, many large-sized Yamato-e works must have been done on shoji (a paper sliding door) and folding screens for furnishing or partitioning in the Imperial Court or the residence of aristocracy, but only particular examples related to shrines and temples remain in existence.

• 室内の間仕切りに襖障子が使用されているが、姫君の座している側にはかならず几帳が置かれ、個性を演出する織物が使用されていて、部屋をさらに細分化して使用するための重要な隔ての役割を演出している。
• While fusuma-shoji were used as partitions between rooms, kicho was inevitably placed and fabrics that provided stage effects to emphasize a woman's personality were used near the lady, and they played an important role to subdivide a room.

• そして、この帳台の格子天井の「明かり取り」が後の明かり障子の原型であり、「天井」そのものが、後の書院造りで目的や機能別に小空間に間仕切りされた「室」に、杉板天井が設けられる原型ともなっている。
• Then, the 'skylight' of the lattice ceiling of this chodai was the original form of later akari-shoji, and the 'ceiling' itself was the origin of the ceiling made of cedar boards in the 'shitsu' of later Shoin-zukuri style divided into small spaces depending on their purpose and function.

• 社会基盤がもっと整備されると、市街の神社や寺や門などから、伝統的な日本家屋の道と敷地の間の垣根や、屋外にあった便所や納戸や蔵、住居と外部を仕切る雨戸や障子なども、常世と現世の端境と考えられた。
• Once social infrastructures were further improved, many things were considered as boundaries between tokoyo and utsushiyo, from shrines, temples and gates of cities to hedges that separate the streets from the premises of traditional Japanese houses, bathrooms, storage rooms and storage shelters located outside the house, and even amado (wooden shutters constructed at the various openings of a building) and shoji (paper-covered sliding screens) that separate the house from the outside.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の観応二年（1351年）に描がれた浄土真宗本願寺覚如の伝記絵『慕帰絵詞』に僧侶の住房に、下半分を舞良戸仕立てにした、腰高障子が二枚引き違いに建てられているのが描かれている。
• In a picture scroll on the biography of Kakujo, 'Bokiekotoba,' which done in 1351 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, two sliding Koshidaka-shoji in Mairado style on lower half were done in the priest's room.

• 享保十七年（1732年）刊の三宅也来の『万金産業袋』の美濃国のなかに「紋障子」とあり、元文三年（1738年）刊の伊藤実臣の『美濃明細記』には、武儀川流域で紋透かし紙を漉いていたことが記されている。
• The section addressing Mino Province of 'Bankin-sugiwai-bukuro' (a document concerning industrial history), which was written by Yarai MIYAKE and published in 1732 contains the term 'monshoji' (shoji covered with watermarked paper); 'Mino Meisaiki,' which was written by Saneomi ITO (伊藤実臣) and published in 1738, refers to the production of watermarked paper in the vicinity of the Mugigawa River basin.

• 開放的な空間を、住む人の日常生活の都合や、季節の変化や年中行事の儀礼や接客饗宴などに応じて、几帳や屏風や障子などによって内部を仕切り、帳台や畳その他の調度を置いて、その都度適切な空間演出を行った。
• This inside open space was divided with kicho, folding screens and shoji according to daily needs of residents, ceremonies of annual events and banquets, and staged the space adequately by placing chodai, tatami and other furniture for every occasion.

• 『南坊録』には更に「紹鴎になりて、四畳半座敷ところどころ改め、張り付けを土壁にし、木格子を竹格子にし、障子の腰板をのけ、床の塗りふちをうすぬり、または白木にし、之を草の座敷と申されしなり」とある。
• In addition, in the 'Nanboroku' there is a description that 'During the period of Joo, yojohan zashiki had been partially improved, replacing haritsuke (fixed walls which are pasted paintings on paper) to tsuchikabe (clay wall), wooden latticework to one of bamboo, and the Koshiita (baseboard wood paneling and finishing trims) of Shoji has been removed, and toko is covered with a thinner coating or plain wood, and the room with the interior above is called 'Kusa no Zashiki' (hut of grass; tea hut).'

• 師の紹鷗まで茶室の採光は縁側に設けられた2枚引きあるいは4枚引きの障子による「一方光線」により行われていたが、利休は茶室を一旦土壁で囲いそこに必要に応じて窓を開けるという手法を取った（「囲い」の誕生）。
• Before Rikyu, lighting of the teahouse came through 2 or 4 sliding doors at the veranda and it was 'one-way lighting,' but Rikyu enclosed the teahouse with a mud wall first and then made a window anywhere it was necessary. (invention of the art of 'enclosure').

• 藤原定家の日記『明月記』嘉禄三年（1227年）の条に、杉板障子に画を描きお終わったので立てたとあり、寛喜二年（1230年）の条には、妻戸西は略儀によって壁を塗らず代わりに杉遣戸を立てるつもりである、とある。
• In the diary of FUJIWARA no Teika, 'Meigetsuki,' there is a description of him setting Sugiita-shoji (Sugi-shoji) on which a picture was executed in the section of the year of 1227, and that he was going to set sugi-yarido (yarido made with cedar) instead of plastering a wall in the west side of the tsumado informality in section of the year of 1230.

• 「賢聖の障子」の成立の確かな資料は、『日本紀略』延長 (元号)七年（929年）の条に、「少内記 小野道風をして紫宸殿障子を賢聖像に改書せしむ。先年道風書く所なり」とあり、この以前から存在していたことになる。
• The clear evidence of the existence of 'Kenjo no shoji ' is a description in the section of the year of 929 of 'Nihongi Ryaku' (history book of six countries) as 'Shonaiki made ONO no Michikaze overdraw the image of Kenjo sage on the Shoji of Shishinden. In past years ONO no Michikaze wrote it.,' therefore, it could have existed before this.

• 「病床の頼家と能員による北条氏討伐の密議を障子の影で立ち聞きしていた政子が時政に報告し、先手を打った時政は自邸に能員を呼び出して殺害、一幡の屋敷を攻め、比企一族を滅ぼし一幡も焼死した」（9月2日条）としている。
• Masako, who eavesdropped through a shoji on the secret conference of the Hojo clan to subjugate Yoriie on his sickbed and Yoshikazu, informed Tokimasa of the plot. Tokimasa called Yoshikazu to his residence and killed him in order to preempt the plan. Then he attacked the residence of Ichiman, destroying the relatives of the Hiki clan and Ichiman was also burned to death' (Azuma Kagami on the section under September 2nd (October 15 of the current calendar)).

• 『日本紀略』延長 (元号)七年（929年）の条の、「紫宸殿障子を賢聖像に改書せしむ。」の記述から、「賢聖の障子」と、同時に立てた「障子戸」すなわちふすま建具の誕生の年代は、延喜年間（901～914年）であると推測される。
• Apparently from the description of the section of the year 929 in 'Nihongi Ryaku,' that is, 'the overdrawn image of Kenjo sage on the shoji of Shishinden,' apparently the date of the appearance of 'Shoji-to,' that is, Fusuma, which was set at the same time of 'Kenjo no shoji,' was from 901 to 914.

• ふすま障子の当初の形態は、板戸に絹布を張り唐絵や大和絵を描いたものであったと考えられるが、建具の軽量化という技術課題のなかで、框に組子を設け両面に綾絹を張り、軽量化と室礼としての装飾の目的を達する襖建具が誕生したと考えられる。
• The first form of Fusuma Shoji can be thought as a wooden panel pasted silk cloth with and drawn Chinese paintings or Yamato-e, and later because of pursuing lightweight doors it was changed to the new form with setting kumiko (strips of the wooden lattice positioned vertically and horizontally to make latticework used in gable pediments or sliding screens) on Kamachi and pasting figured silk on both sides for lightweight and decoration of Shitsurai.

• 歌舞伎の仮名手本忠臣蔵の九段目に、「用心厳しき高師直、障子・襖は皆尻ざし（建具の一種の錠で、框の下に楔を打ち込んだもの）、雨戸に合栓合框（錠の一種）、こじて外れず、大槌にて毀（こわ）たば音して用意せんか、それいかが・・・」とある。
• In the ninth section of Kanatehon, Chushingura (a program of Kabuki - Japanese classical drama titled 'The treasury of Loyal Retainers'), there is a description that says; 'KO no Moronao, known as a prudent person, all shoji and fusuma of the residence had shirizashi (a kind of key for fitting, a wedge knocked in under rail) and amado (shutters) had aisen-aikuro (locked with the meeting edges made with a tongue and groove or with a lap joint), of which locks couldn't be broken open, and tearing them down with sledge hammers would make a sound and there wouldn't be time to say; how was it...'

• 明治初期の『岐阜県史稿』によると、二つ折美濃、三つ折美濃という紙があり、明治九年（1876年）の『米国博覧会（フィラデルフィア万国博覧会）報告書』には、「二ツ折ハ障子二格間（格子間）ヲ貼るニ便シ、三ツ折ハ三格間ヲ併セテ貼ルの料トス。」とある。
• 'Gifuken Shiko' (a historical document concerning Gifu Prefecture), which was written in the early Meiji period, states the existence of paper called two-folded Minogami and three-folded Minogami, and 'Report on the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia' contains the following statement: 'Two-folded Minogami is useful for covering two coffers while three-folded Minogami is used for covering three coffers collectively.'

• 南北朝時代 (日本)から室町初期に完成した『庭訓往来』には、「城下に招き居えべき輩」として多くの商人、職人の名を列挙しており、襖障子に関係するものとして唐紙師、経師、紙漉き、塗師、金銀細工師などが挙げられており、襖建具が分業化された職人を必要とするほどに、武士階級に相当普及していた事とが知れる。
• In the 'Teikin-orai' (Epistolary for Home Instruction) completed from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period, many names of merchants and workmen are described as 'people who should stay in the castle town' including masters of fusuma-shoji such as kami-shi, kyo-ji, paper making, craftsmen of lacquer ware and handiworks, and craftsmen of gold and silver handiworks, which shows that fusuma-shoji was widespread in the samurai class and they required specialized craftsmen.

• 『雍州府志（ようしゅうふし） （擁州とは山城国の別称で山城の地理案内書）』貞享元年（1648年）刊に、京の唐紙師について「いまところとどころこれを製す。しかれども東洞院二条南の岩佐氏の製するは、襖障子を張るのにもっともよし、もっぱらこれを用いる」とあり、『新撰紙鑑（かみかがみ）』には、「京東洞院、平野町あたりに唐紙細工人多し」とある。
• In the 'Yoshufu-shi' (a geographical description of Yamashiro Province) published in 1648, there is a description on kami-shi in Kyoto as 'This is now made in a number of places. However, the one made by the Iwasa clan of Nijo-minami, Higashinotoin is best for papering fusuma sliding doors, and is exclusively used,' and in the 'Shinsen Kamikagami' (Newly edited Kamikagami) there is a description as 'a number of karakami craftsmen living in Higashinotoin and Hirano town, Kyoto.'