階: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 山階宮家
- The Yamashinanomiya family
- 高階貴子
- TAKASHINA no Kishi/Takako
- 高階経重
- TAKASHINA no Tuneshige
- 官位位階
- Official rank and Court rank
- Official Court Rank
- Official Court Rank/Position
- Official court ranks and Ikai (Court rank)
- Official Ranks & Titles
- Career of job grade
- 位階と冠の色
- Ranks and cap colors
- 山階宮晃親王
- Imperial Prince Yamashinanomiya Akira
- 官職位階履歴
- Career job grade
- Chronology of government posts and ranks
- Record of Government Posts and Court Ranks
- History of posts and ranks
- Posts and Courtly Ranks
- History of government positions
- History of Government Posts and Court Ranks and Honors awarded
- Offices and Ranks Held
- Record of Official Titles and Ranks
- Record of official title and rank
- History of Offices and Ranks
- Chronology of Ranks and Posts
- History of the Governmental Post Rank
- Career of job grade
- The career record of his official titles and court ranks
- Record of offices and ranks held
- The Career of the rank of a government post
- Court Rank and Career
- Court rank and official post history
- Job grades and titles
- Career of official titles
- History of Official Rank
- Record of Office and Rank
- Career in Government Posts and Official Ranks
- His Career
- History of his Ranks and Offices
- List of Official Ranks and Positions
- Career of job grace
- Official Record
- Career and Job Grades
- History of official position and rank
- Career and positions held
- Government Positions and Court Ranks
- Career and ranks
- Official records
- Record of Official Court Ranks
- 階層・職業別
- By social class and profession
- 位階官職履歴
- Record of court ranks and government posts
- 二蓋:二階。
- Nikai: the second floor.
- 高階仲行筆記。
- TAKASHINA no Nakayuki transcribed it.
- 宮人:山階実子
- Court lady: YAMASHINA Saneko
- 位階は正三位。
- Hikohito's Court rank rose to Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank).
- Her court rank was Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank).
- His court rank was Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank).
- His rank was Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank).
- 律令法の階級性
- Hierarchical nature of ritsuryo law
- 位階勲等子爵。
- He was a viscount in ranks and orders.
- 階級は警部補。
- He held the rank of an assistant police inspector.
- 位階は従五位。
- Atsumori had a rank of Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank).
- 本姓は高階氏。
- His original surname was the Takashina clan.
- His real family name was Takashina.
- His original surname was Takashina.
- 被差別階級の人口
- Population of Eta and Hinin (Discriminated Outsider Castes)
- 階級は陸軍大将。
- His rank was Military Admiral.
- In the Army, he served at the rank of General.
- 墓所は後山階陵。
- Her grave is at Gosankairyo.
- 位階における贈位
- Zoi depending upon one's rank
- 階級は陸軍中将。
- He held the rank of lieutenant general.
- (官職位階履歴)
- (Offices and Ranks)
- 階級は陸軍中尉。
- His rank was Lieutenant General of Army.
- 兄に二階堂行光。
- His brother was Yukimitsu NIKAIDO.
- 二階堂行村の兄。
- He was a brother of Yukimura NIKAIDO.
- 位階は従四位下。
- Court rank: Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade).
- 山階宮(山階武彦)
- The Yamashinanomiya (Takehiko YAMASHINA)
- 母は高階能遠の娘。
- His mother was the daughter of TAKASHINA no Yoshito.
- 位階は外従五位下。
- His Ikai (Court rank) was Ge-jugoinoge(Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).
- 山階宮邸:現存せず。
- Yamashinanomiya residence: This place no longer exists.
- 二階堂、金沢街道方面
- Region around Nikaido and Kanazawa Kaido
- 冠十九階を制定した。
- He established the nineteen-rank cap system.
- 馬印は金の三階菅笠。
- His uma-jirushi (horse insignia) was golden three-layer sedge hat.
- 官位は位階勲等子爵。
- His last rank was viscount (according to Japanese Ranks and Orders).
- 位階は従三位勲二等。
- His court rank was Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), Order of Second Class.
- 最終階級は海軍大尉。
- His final rank in the Imperial Japanese Navy was daijo (Senior Lieutenant).
- 最終階級は陸軍大佐。
- His final position was Army Colonel.
- 七階特進し従五位下。
- He was promoted seven ranks and became Jugoiinoge.
- 中国における発展段階論
- Development stage theory in China
- 山階宮菊麿王第2男子。
- He was the second Prince of Yamashinanomiya Prince Kikumaro.
- 山階宮菊麿王第3男子。
- He was the third son of Yamashinanomiya Prince Kikumaro.
- 山階宮菊麿王第5男子。
- He was the fifth son of Yamashinanomiya Prince Kikumaro.
- 山階宮菊麿王第4男子。
- He was the fourth son of Yamashinanomiya Prince Kikumaro.
- (庶子は一階を降す。)
- (a rank will be declined for illegitimate children.)
- (An illegitimate child was downgraded one rank.)
- 位階は従三位まで昇叙。
- He attained the court rank of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).
- 山階実雄とも表記する。
- He was also called Saneo YAMASHINA.
- 官職および位階等の履歴
- History of his government posts and court ranks
- Records of Yoshikado's government posts and court ranks
- History of his government posts and Ikai (Court rank)
- はん用階層ファイルモデル
- general hierarchical model
- 後年、司祭に叙階される。
- Ordained to the priesthood in later years.
- 二段階指定制度採用の背景
- Background of adoption of two-stage designation system
- 位階勲等は従一位勲一等。
- Ranks and orders: Junior First Rank and the First Order of Merit
- 位階勲等は従一位大勲位。
- The ranks and orders that he was conferred was Junior First Rank, Supreme Order.
- 二階堂行政の子で評定衆。
- He was a child of Yukimasa NIKAIDO and served as hyojoshu (member of Council of State).
- 山階入道前左府と号した。
- He was named Yamashina Nyudomae Safu.
- 位階は従一位大勲位伯爵。
- His court rank was Juichii (Junior First Rank), supreme order count.
- 位階勲等は正二位勲一等。
- His rank and order were Shonii (Senior Second Rank), the First Order of Merit.
- 中国・唐代三階教の無尽蔵。
- Wu Chin Ts'ang of Sangai-kyo (Three Stages Sect) in the Tang Dynasty of China.
- 七色十三階の冠を制定した。
- He established the seven-colored thirteen-grade cap rank system.
- 母は右近将監高階基章の女。
- His mother was a daughter of Motoaki TAKASHINA who was Ukon no jo (Lieutenant of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards).
- 二階堂行政の子で政所執事。
- He was a child of Yukimasa NIKAIDO and served as Mandokoro Shitsuji (chief of Mandokoro, the Administrative Board).
- 黄砂予報、注意情報(3段階)
- Kosa forecasts and precaution-requiring information (using three stages)
- これが二段階指定制度である。
- The above is the two-stage designation system.
- 母親は高階栄子(丹後の局)。
- Her mother was TAKASHINA no Eishi (also known as Tango no tsubone).
- 記念物における二段階指定制度
- Two-stage designation of monuments
- つまり重層的な階級制が無い。
- In another words, there was no multiple layered class system.
- 官位は内大臣位階菊花章公爵。
- He was a duke given the rank of Naidaijin (Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan) and awarded the Order of the Chysanthemum, Japan's highest order.
- ----諸国官僚の廃置・位階
- Abolishment and establishment of provincial officials and ikai
- 位階は贈従三位、後に従二位。
- He held Sanmi (Third Rank), and then Junii (Junior Second Rank).
- 官位は陸軍中将位階勲等子爵。
- His official rank was the lieutenant general, and was ennobled with the rank of viscount under the kazoku peerage system.
- 位階勲等は正二位勲一等男爵。
- His rank and order of merit was Baron of Shonii (Senior Second Rank) with the Grand Cordon of the Order.
- 官位は参議・外務卿位階子爵。
- His official court rank was Sangi (councilor), Gaimukyo (chief of Foreign Ministry) and viscount in Ikai (Court rank).
- 江戸期における盲人の階級の一。
- Zato is one of the social classes of the blind during the Edo period in Japan.
- 高階泰経が以下のように語った。
- TAKASHINA no Yasutsune stated as follows.
- 高階栄子の進言があったという。
- It is said this was recommended by Eishi TAKASHINA.
- 高階経徳 (正六位下 筑前介)
- 高階経徳 (Shorokuinoge (Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade), Chikuzennosuke)
- Tsunenori TAKASHINA (Shorokuinoge [Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade], Chikuzen no suke [Assistant Governor of Chikuzen Province])
- 高階経支 (従五位下 丹後守)
- 高階経支 (Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), Tangonokami (the head of Tango Province (current Kyoto Prefecture))
- Tsuneshi TAKASHINA (Jugoinoge [Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade], Tango no kami [Governor of Tango Province])
- 陸軍大将位階勲等金鵄勲章男爵。
- His last official rank was army general and he was given the medal of the Golden Kite (according to Japanese Ranks and Orders) and the title of baron.
- 文政4年(1821年)、位階。
- In 1821 he was given a court rank.
- 木構造 (建築)二階建(三棟)。
- There are three two-storied wooden buildings (construction) (three buildings).
- - 十七条憲法・冠位十二階制定。
- Seventeen-Article Constitution promulgated and system of twelve courtly ranks established
- 四十八階を三十階に減らしている。
- The number of ranks was also reduced from forty-eight to thirty.
- 詳しくは、官位、位階の項を参照。
- For further details, see the sections 'Official Rank' and 'Rank.'
- 主として三階の俳優におこなった。
- Main guests were the actors who played on the third floor.
- 臣籍降下し山階侯爵家を創設する。
- He was demoted from nobility to subject and established the Marquis Yamashina family.
- 位階勲等爵位は従一位菊花章伯爵。
- He was awarded the court rank of Juichii (Junior First Rank), the Order of the Chrysanthemum (the highest order in Japan), and the title of Count.
- 司祭叙階後は博多で活動していた。
- After the ordination to a priest, he served in Hakata.
- 位階勲等爵位は従一位菊花章公爵。
- Ranks and orders: Junior First Rank, Orders of the Chrysanthemum, Prince
- その姿は5重6階地下1階であった。
- The castle tower is believed to have had five-storied (fivefold roofs) and six floors above the ground and one below.
- 親王には王子に山階宮菊麿王がいる。
- He had a prince called Prince Yamashinanomiya Kikumaro.
- 事務所はキャンパスプラザ京都6階。
- The office is located on the 6th floor of the Campus Plaza Kyoto.
- 子は高階師尚と名づけられたという。
- The child was named Moronao TAKASHINA.
- 家格は半家で極官は位階・権大納言。
- The family was ranked as 'Hanke,' a type of family status in the Court nobility, with the top rank attained being the Court Rank, Junior Chief Councillor of State.
- 2代山階宮菊麿王は、晃親王の王子。
- The second family head was Prince Yamashinanomiya Kikumaro, a son of Imperial Prince Akira.
- 位階勲等は陸軍中将・正二位・勲等。
- His ranks and orders were lieutenant general (army), Shonii (Senior Second Rank), medals for merit.
- 位記:位階を授けるために出す文書。
- Iki: a diploma of court rank
- 正四位下伊勢神宮神職職階に至った。
- He was ranked as Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) in Shinto priesthood of Ise Jingu Shrine.
- 代々政所執事を務めた二階堂氏の祖。
- He was the founder of the NIKAIDO clan which had succeeded to the post of Mandokoro (the chief of Mandokoro, the Administrative Board) for generations.
- 士農工商の枠外に賤民階級が置かれた。
- The Senmin class was placed outside the framework in the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans and merchants.
- 位階は従二位、官職は右大臣まで昇進。
- He was awarded the court rank of Junii (Junior Second Rank) and promoted to the Udaijin (Minister of the Right).
- 山階宮家は当主1名のみ皇籍離脱する。
- Only the head from the Yamashinanomiya family renounced membership in the Imperial Family.
- 高階泰経(大蔵卿・右京大夫・伊予守)
- TAKASHINA no Yasutsune, who possessed the titles of Okurakyo, Ukyo no daibu (chief of Ukyoshiki government agency), and Iyo no kami (governor of Iyo Province).
- 姉・菊麿王妃範子は山階宮菊麿王の妃。
- An elder sister of the Empress Teimei, Kikumaro ouhi Noriko, was the princess of Prince Yamashinanomiya Kikumaro.
- その後許されて高階氏真人姓を賜った。
- Later he was forgiven and granted the surname of the Takashina clan and Shinjin kabane (a hereditary title [used by people in the socially high class in ancient Japan to denote ranks and political standings]).
- 位階は従五位下とされるが、諸説あり。
- Her rank was considered to be Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade, but various theories are known.
- 階級は陸軍大将位階勲等金鵄勲章男爵。
- His rank was Army General, Ranks and Orders, the Order of the Golden Kite, Baron.
- 階級は陸軍少将、位階は従二位功四級。
- His rank was Army Major General, and his court rank was Junior Second Rank with the Fourth Class of the Order of Merit.
- 官位は陸軍大将位階勲等金鵄勲章子爵。
- His official rank was 'Army General Ranks and Orders of Golden Pheasant Decoration Visount'.
- His official court rank was Army General, Ranks and Orders, the Order of the Golden Kite, Viscount.
- 賤民階級の中でも白丁が最下級とされた。
- Hakucho (the ordinary person or inferior servant) was placed in the lowest rank of the Senmin class.
- 本丸には4重4階の天守が上げられていた
- The Honmaru held a four-story keep.
- さらに東照宮に正一位の神階が贈られた。
- In addition, the god rank of Shoichii was also awarded to Tosho-gu Shrine.
- この段階で義朝は全ての梯子を外された。
- By this time, he was up against the wall and isolated.
- (官職および位階等の履歴)※日付=旧暦
- (History of government post and Ikai (Court rank))
- 望楼式6重7階で初重平面は長方形である。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style (a type of castle tower for lookout on the building with a gabled, hipped roof) with six-storied (sixfold roofs) and seven floors structure, whose lowest floor had a rectangular ground plan.
- 原マルティノ(副使) 後年、司祭に叙階。
- Martinho HARA (vice commander), ordained to the priesthood in later years.
- 墓所は神奈川県鎌倉市二階堂の理智光寺跡。
- His grave is at the Richiko-ji Temple ruins in Nikaido, Kamakura City, Kanagawa Prefecture.
- 正躬王ら五人の弁官は官爵一階を削られた。
- Five Benkan, including Prince Masami, lost one official title (rank) of nobility.
- 切妻造、3階建、煙突と暖炉4箇所の邸宅。
- Three-storey residence with gable roof and 4 chimneys and fireplaces.
- 高階経仲(右衛門佐・春宮権大進・常陸介)
- TAKASHINA no Tsunenaka, who possessed the titles of Uemon no suke (provisional captain of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards), togu-gonnodaishin (official post of the affairs related to the imperial prince), and Hitachi no suke (the assistant governor of Hitachi Province).
- 天鏡閣とよばれた二階建ての建物であった。
- It was a two story building called Tenkyokaku.
- 位階の正二位をもって二位の局と称される。
- Her Ikai (Court rank) was of the Senior Second Court Rank and was referred as the Nii no tsubone (The second ranking court lady).
- 工藤氏、伊藤氏、伊東氏、二階堂氏の元祖。
- Tamenori was the founder of the Kudo, Ito (which was written as '伊藤' in Japanese), Ito (which was written as '伊東' in Japanese) and Nikaido clans.
- 勝典は死後、1階級特進で陸軍中尉に昇進。
- Katsusuke was promoted to the First Lieutenant of Army by special treatment after his death.
- また、位階とは官僚の序列を表す等級である。
- Rank' refers to grades representing the hierarchy of government officials.
- 中浦ジュリアン(副使) 後年、司祭に叙階。
- Juliao NAKAURA (vice commander), ordained to the priesthood in later years.
- 二人が争う弾みに書きつけが二階から落ちる。
- As they fight, the written order accidentally falls from the second floor.
- 菊麿王は親王の後を継ぎ山階宮第2代となる。
- Prince Kikumaro took over as Imperial Prince to become the second generation Yamashinanomiya family.
- かつては上流階級の婦女子の嗜みでもあった。
- It used to be an accomplishment for uppper class women as well.
- 生前の功績に対して、没後に位階を贈ること。
- Zoi is awarding of a rank posthumously according to one's lifetime achievements.
- その階級は武士から町人にいたるまで幅広い。
- Tachiyaku covers a wide range of classes from samurai to the townspeople.
- 階段の七段目から落ちた、というサゲになる。
- It ends with a sage in which an actor falls from the seventh step of the stairs.
- 天平感宝元年(749年)には正一位に陞階。
- In 749, his rank rose to Shoichii.
- さらに兵を須賀川へ進め二階堂氏を滅ぼした。
- Masamune further advanced his troops to Suka-gawa River; consequently Masamune overthrew Nikaido clan.
- 位階は従二位、勲等金鵄勲章は菊花章功一級。
- He held the Ikai (imperial rank) of Junii (Junior Second Rank) and was presented with medals of merit: the Kinshi Kunsho (Decoration of the Golden Pheasant) and the Order of the Chrysanthemum, first rank.
- 仏教的事績のほかに冠位十二階について詳述。
- It has a detailed explanation of Kani junikai (twelve ranks of the noblemen at the ancient Japanese Imperial court) as well as the Buddhist achievements.
- 官位は陸軍歩兵少佐位階勲等金鵄勲章に至る。
- His last official rank was major of the army infantry and he was given the medal of the Golden Kite (according to Japanese Ranks and Orders).
- 養老5年(721年)に四階進んで正四位上。
- In 722, he advanced four ranks and became Senior Fourth Rank Upper Grade.
- 位階・勲等・爵位は、従一位・勲一等・侯爵。
- His rank, order and peerage were Juichii (Junior First Rank), the First Order of Merit and marquis respectively.
- この際に位階・兼官などの記載は一切省かれる。
- All information about title, concurrent posts etc. is omitted.
- 外部は、これらの階層ごとに色が分かれている。
- Regarding the outside, every floor was colored differently.
- 望楼式6重7階地下1階で、初重平面は長方形。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with a structure of six-storied and seven floors above ground and one floor below, whose first story above ground had a rectangular plan.
- 望楼式5重6階地下1階で、初重平面は長方形。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with a structure of five-storied and six floors above ground and one floor below, whose first story above ground had a rectangular plan.
- 舎利殿と天鏡閣は、二階を廊下で結ばれていた。
- Shariden and Tenkyokaku were both connected by a hallway on the second floor.
- 常よりも厚く饗応し、位階を授け、物を与える。
- Entertained them more than usual and gave them Ikai (Court rank) and goods.
- おそらく土豪階層の家の出身であると思われる。
- It is believed that he was probably from a local ruling family.
- さらに翌年には正五位の位階も返上させられた。
- Moreover, the following year, he was forced to return the court rank of Shogoi (Senior Fifth Rank).
- 位階勲等は陸軍大将正二位勲一等金鵄勲章子爵。
- His rank and order was Army General, Shonii (Senior Second Rank), the First Order of Merit, the Order of the Golden Kite, Viscount.
- 官位は参謀総長陸軍大将位階勲等金鵄勲章子爵。
- His official court ranks are the Chief of the General Staff, the Army General; his ranks and orders are Kinshi Kunsho (the Order of the Golden Kite), Viscount.
- 荘園を構成する土地は、次の3階層に分けられた。
- The lands which made up the shoens were divided into the following three strata.
- 当時、鏡は姿見として上流階級には普及していた。
- A mirror was widely used to see one's image amongst the upper class at that time.
- このようにして、武士の階級的な特権は廃止した。
- In this way, the warrior class lost their exclusive privilege.
- 勲等は大勲位功三級、称号・階級は元帥海軍大将。
- His order of merit was the third kyu of the Grand Order of the Chrysanthemum, the title and rank was Marshal and Admiral.
- 執匙:高階経由 (従四位下 典薬少允兼安芸守)
- A physician (equivalent to doctor) in charge of the Emperors daily health check: 高階経由 (Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), tenyaku shojo, Akinokami (the head of Aki Province - currently Hiroshima Prefecture)
- Emperor's attending doctor: Tsuneyoshi TAKASHINA (Jushiinoge [Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade], Tenyaku shojo [Tenyaku Junior Bureau Secretary] and Aki no kami [Governor of Aki Province] concurrently)
- ----国分寺・僧の位階・僧の禁忌・地方の講師
- Kokubunji (provincial monasteries), Ikai (Court ranks) of priests, taboos of priests, and local koshi (monk lecturers)
- 中務省に上げる前の段階で公式に発給された文書。
- Documents officially issued before they were reported to the Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs).
- 得宗被官の長崎氏、二階堂氏が政治の中心となる。
- The clans of Nagasaki and Nikaido who were Tokuso vassals played a central role in politics.
- 応仁の乱後の京都復興においての重要な階層である。
- This class played an important role in Kyoto reconstruction after the Onin War.
- 家禄制度の撤廃である秩禄処分も段階的に行われた。
- Chitsuroku-shobun (the Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend) was implemented in stages to abolish karoku (hereditary stipend).
- 649年(大化5年)冠位十九階に改められている。
- In 649, it was revised to nineteen cap ranks.
- 層塔式7重8階又は7階で初重平面は長方形である。
- The castle tower was a multi-leveled tower type keep with either seven-storied (sevenfold roofs) and eight floors structure or seven floors structure, whose lowest floor had a rectangular ground plan.
- まず、欧化政策の影響で上流階級に広まる事になる。
- First, it spread among the upper class under the influence of Europeanization policy.
- 贈位の場合、通常の位階の上に「贈」の字を加える。
- In the case of zoi, the letter '贈' is added at the head of the ordinary rank.
- お蔭参りの前段階として、集団参詣が数回見られる。
- As a preliminary stage to okage mairi, a group pilgrimage occurred several times.
- 保典も勝典と同じく、1階級特進で陸軍中尉に昇進。
- As well as Katsusuke, Yasusuke was promoted to the First Lieutenant of Army by special treatment after his death.
- 不比等は氏寺の山階寺を奈良に移し興福寺と改めた。
- Fuhito moved Yamashina-dera Temple, one of the Uji-dera Temple (temple built for praying clan's glory), to Nara and renamed it Kofuku-ji Temple.
- 大日本帝国海軍軍人及び軍属、最終階級は海軍中佐。
- He was also a military man of the Imperial Japanese Navy and navy civilian employee, and the final rank was the Lieutenant Colonel of the Navy.
- 望楼式6重7階で、初重平面は不整形な六角形である。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with six-storied and seven floors structure, whose lowest floor had an asymmetrical hexagonal ground plan.
- 山階宮家の筑波藤麿(筑波藤麿・昭和3年7月20日)
- Fujimaro TSUKUBA of Yamashina no miya family (Fujimaro TSUKUBA, July 20, 1928)
- 山階宮家の鹿島萩麿(鹿島萩麿・昭和3年7月20日)
- Hagimaro KASHIMA of the Yamashinanomiya family (Hagimaro KASHIMA, July 20, 1928)
- 猪役は「三階さん」と呼ばれる大部屋俳優の役である。
- The role of inoshishi is played by a utility actor called 'Sankai-san.'
- 宮内卿・源有賢の子で、母は備中国守・高階為家の女。
- He was the son of Kunaikyo (Minister of the Sovereign's Household) MINAMOTO no Arikata, and his mother was the daughter of Governor of Bicchu Province TAKASHINA no Tameie.
- これに乗じて伊達領南部に蘆名氏、二階堂氏らが侵攻。
- Ashina clan and Nikaido clan seized this defeat as the opportunity to invade the Southern part of the Date clan territory.
- 位階は従三位次いで正三位に昇り三位中将と称された。
- He held the rank of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) but was later promoted to the rank of Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) and dubbed Sanmi no Chujo (middle captain of the palace guards with Sanmi rank).
- 政所執事は代々主に二階堂行盛の子孫が世襲している。
- Mandokoro Shitsuji was mainly inherited by descendents of Yukimori NIKAIDO.
- 最初の段階では同族の上総介常澄、そして源義朝である。
- In the early stage was Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi of the same family, followed by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
- 開発領主が多数「武士」となったのはこの段階であろう。
- This was probably a period when many kaihatsu-ryoshu became 'samurai.'
- 位階の高い武将に対しては将軍も用いられることがある。
- Moreover, a high ranking busho may be called shogun.
- 江戸時代までの武士階級は戦闘に参加する義務を負った。
- The samurai class was obliged to participate in battle until the Edo period.
- この間の段階的な制度変化の結果であった可能性も高い。
- It was highly possible that the time for ryosei province establishment was due to the result of the gradual change of the system during this period.
- しかし江戸時代の各階層にある程度の流動性も見られる。
- However, a certain degree of flexibility was seen in each hierarchy during the Edo period.
- その後、1885年(明治18年)に山階宮に復帰した。
- After that he returned to Yamashina no Miya family in 1885.
- 天明ころからは楽屋の三階や、芝居茶屋でも行なわれた。
- Around the Tenmei era, it was held on the third floor of a backstage or theatre café.
- 馬印・・・三階笠(笠を3つ縦に重ねて棒を通したもの)
- Umajirushi: Three-tier hats (three layers of hats with a bar passed through)
- しかし形の修練を最も基本的な段階に据える流儀は多い。
- However, there are many styles that set training of Kata as the most fundamental stage of learning.
- 実際に調査を行い用地買収にも着手している段階にある。
- Indeed, the plan has reached the stage of surveying the area and the acquisition of land has begun.
- 天武天皇14年(685年) 冠位四十八階を制定する。
- 685: The Emperor Tenmu established the 48 grades of cap rank.
- 承平5年(935年)2月卒去時の位階は従四位だった。
- When she died in March 935 she had been promoted to the rank of jushii (Junior Forth Rank).
- 3代山階宮武彦王は、明治31年(1898年)に誕生。
- The 3rd family head, Prince Yamashinanomiya Takehiko was born in 1898.
- 初期の戯作者の多くは大田南畝などの武士階級であった。
- Most of the early Gesaku writers such as Nanpo OTA belonged to the samurai warrior class.
- 明治5年(1872年)1月18日 (旧暦) 位階返上
- January 18, 1872: Court ranks returned
- また、中院通躬らを上卿として柿本人麻呂に神階を贈った。
- Additionally, he gave KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro the court rank accorded to a god after designating Michimi NAKANOIN as a shokei, or a high-ranking court noble.
- 二階から晒しの幟を使って脱出し、三五兵衛のもとへ走る。
- Using a banner with white cloth to escape from the second floor, she ran away to Sangobei.
- 西洋音階の演奏に便利な小穴を追加している製作者もある。
- Some manufacturers add more small holes in shino-bue to make it convenient when played using the Western scale.
- 切妻造本瓦葺きの2階建てで、幕末上層民家の特徴が残る。
- This two-story house is built in kirizuma (an architectural style with a gabled roof) and hongawarabuki (a style of tile roofing in which round and square tiles are laid down alternately) styles, which displays the characteristics of a private residence of people in the upper class in the end of the Edo period.
- 康保3年(966年)12月17日に位階中務省で没した。
- He died on February 4, 967 when he served as Ministry of Central Affairs.
- 天武天皇の皇子高市皇子を祖とする高階真人の後裔と称す。
- Tsuneshige claimed that he was a descendant of TAKASHINA no Mahito, a descendant of Prince Takechi, the son of Emperor Temmu.
- この功により翌年位階勲等を進められ従三位勲二等となる。
- Because of this achievement, his rank medals for merit were advanced the next year, and he became Junior Third Rank Order of Second Class.
- 調査の対象外であった武家や公家、被差別階級人口を除く。
- The figures exclude persons belonging to the samurai class, the aristocracy and the discriminated class who were excluded in the survey.
- また、位階勲等という様に、叙勲は位階に応じて行われた。
- As it was called 'court rank and order of merit,' the order was bestowed according to the recipient's court rank.
- 日本では、史学界で階級闘争史観が支配的だった時代がある。
- In scientific field of Japanese historical research, a view based on the history of class struggle was once predominant.
- この段階で両者の戦線が行き詰まり、和平交渉が始められた。
- At this stage, the battle lines for the both parties seemed fixed, and peace talks commenced.
- 湖の中に石垣を築き、本丸西隅に4重4階の天守が築かれた。
- He had a stone wall built in the lake and a four-story tenshu erected in the eastern corner of the Honmaru.
- 近古の例では、江戸芝居三階を当たりぶるまいの会場とした。
- For example, in the early modern age, the third floor of Edo-shibai-theatre was used as the venue for feasting.
- 反対に、桟敷席や1階席から声をかけるのはご法度とされる。
- Members of the audience shouldn't shout from the seats of 'sajiki-seki' (elevated wooden seats on both sides of an auditorium for expensive tickets) nor from seats on the first floor.
- また混乱していた冠位十二階を改め、新たに官位制を設けた。
- The confusing Kani juni-kai (twelve grades of cap rank) system was revised and a new official ranking system was established.
- 山階宮晃親王は文化 (元号)13年(1816年)に誕生。
- Imperial Prince Yamashinanomiya Akira was born in 1816.
- 現在は概ね片桐洋一の唱えた「段階的成長」説が主流である。
- At present, the theory of 'gradual development,' which Yoichi KATAGIRI has advanced, is predominant.
- 従二位高階成忠(923 - 998年)の娘、生母は不詳。
- She was the daughter of TAKASHINA no Naritada of Junii (Junior Second Rank) (923 - 998), and her real mother is unknown.
- 母は高階成順の娘で、女流歌人の伊勢大輔は外祖母にあたる。
- His mother was a daughter of TAKASHINA no Narinobu and ISE no Taifu, a female waka poet, was her mother's mother.
- 箸尾元恭とも名乗ったが、高階氏であったため大高と称した。
- He also called himself Motoyasu HASHIO, but came to call his surname as Odaka, because he was from the Takashina clan.
- また、産金に貢献した地方官人らもすべて位階が進められた。
- All the regional administrators who contributed to discover gold were also promoted and given the court ranks.
- 位階勲等といった栄典と並び天皇より与えられた栄誉の一つ。
- This Order is one of the honors personally presented by the Emperor and as such is on the same level as those honors known as 'court rank and honors.'
- 地位の高い位階から順に、位階の名前と冠の色を次に列挙する。
- The following list gives the name of each rank and the color of each cap, from highest to lowest.
- 最初の大幅な改訂は、647年(大化3)の冠位十三階である。
- The first major revision was the thirteen cap rank system in 647.
- こうした変化は武士階級の台頭と無関係ではないと考えられる。
- It is thought that such change was not unrelated to the emergence of samurai class.
- 望楼式5重6階地下一階で、初重平面は不整形な六角形である。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with a structure of five-storied and six floors above ground and one floor below, whose first story above ground had an asymmetrical hexagonal ground plan.
- 望楼式5重7階地下1階で、初重平面は不整形な六角形である。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with a structure of five-storied and seven floors above ground and one floor below, whose first story above ground had an asymmetrical hexagonal ground plan.
- 通常は石をすべて内地(インナーボード)に入れた段階で勝ち。
- Basically a player won when he/she moved all stones to the inland (the inner board).
- 堂上家することは許されない地下階級に属する下級官人の家系。
- The family belonged to the lower-ranking government official class called Jige-ke (family status of non-noble retainers who are not allowed into the Emperor's living quarters in the imperial palace).
- 勅許をもって、改めて親王宣下と共に、山階宮の宮号を賜った。
- Akira again became a Imperial Prince and received the reigning name of Yamashinanomiya.
- 明治11年(1878年)12月19日、正三位の位階を復す。
- December, 19, 1878: His rank of Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) was restored.0
- 階級位階勲等功級爵位は陸軍歩兵大佐従三位勲二等功五級侯爵。
- His official title (rank, order, decoration, grade, and peerage) was Rikugun hohei taisa (Army Colonel of Infantry), Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), Second-class Order, Fifth Grade, and Marquis.
- 現在、「棚田」といえば「急傾斜の山間地の階段状棚田」を指す。
- At present 'Tanada' means 'rice fields arranged in a staircase pattern on a very steep slope on a mountain.'
- 劇場前の櫓下、舞台、楽屋の3階で勢揃いして手打ちを行なった。
- They gathered at yagurashita (a billboard) in front of the theatre, on the stage, or the third floor of the backstage to perform teuchi.
- 昭和60年に薨去し、山階家は断絶する(山階旧侯爵家を除く)。
- He died in 1985 and the Yamashinanomiya family discontinued. (Excluding the Yamashina marquis family)
- 山号は錦屏山、開基は二階堂道蘊(どううん)、開山は夢窓疎石。
- The sango is Kinpyozan, the Kaiki is Doun NIKAIDO, and the kaisan is Muso Soseki.
- お龍は風呂から裸のまま2階へ階段を駆け上がり危機を知らせた。
- Ryo ran up the stairs from the bathroom, naked, to alert Ryoma to the danger.
- 神武に先立つ皇統の神代段階は200万年続いたと主張している。
- He insisted that the Imperial line before Emperor Jinmu lasted 2 million years during the ages of gods.
- 4月28日、従五位・右近衛少将に位階任官し、征夷大将軍宣下。
- April 28: He was awarded the rank of Jugoi Ukone no Shosho (Junior Fifth Rank, Minor Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) and appointed as Seii Taishogun (great general).
- 姉婿に鎌倉幕府政所を務める二階堂行忠の家人・三井資長がいる。
- His older sister was a wife of Sukenaga MITSUI, a retainer of Yukitada NIKAIDO who headed Mandokoro (the Administrative Board) of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 小大名でありながら、かなり早い段階から新政府側に組している。
- Despite being a feudal lord, he was on the side of the new government from quite an early stage.
- 和泉国守、陸奥国守などを歴任した地方官僚でいわゆる受領階級。
- He was a local bureaucrat who successively held important positions such as Izumi no kuni no Kami (Governor of Izumi Province) and Mutsu no kuni no Kami (Governor of Mutsu Province), belonging to the so called Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) class.
- (馬廻りは役職というより武士の階級、騎乗できる武士のこと。)
- (Umamawari was regarded as a samurai rank rather than a official post, referring to a samurai who was allowed to ride a horse.)
- 町方人口には調査の対象外であった武家と被差別階級人口を除く。
- The census of the population of townspeople excludes the samurai class and the discriminated class.
- また役職や制度の統一が行われ、旧武士階級は士族と改められた。
- Job titles and laws of all domains were unified, and the title of the warrior class was changed to 'Shizoku'.
- どの程度の身分、階級から将と呼ばれるのかの下限は明確ではない。
- From which status or rank may be called sho has not been defined.
- その農地の所有権・支配権を握ることが支配階級の生命線であった。
- To own and to take control of agricultural lands was the lifeline for the ruling class.
- したがって、上流階級には茶道の存在が知られていたかもしれない。
- Therefore, Sado might have been known among the upper classes.
- 原材料である綿などから商品の材料となる生地や糸を製造する段階。
- The stage during which fabrics or yarns are produced from raw materials such as cotton, to be used as materials for products.
- 刺客は音もなく階段を駆け上がり、ふすまを開けて部屋に侵入した。
- The assassins ran up the stairs without a sound, opened the sliding door and entered the room.
- 母は伊予守高階盛章の娘(一説に伊予守平教盛の娘である三位局)。
- His mother was the daughter of Moriaki TAKASHINA, Iyo no Kami (Governor of Iyo Province) (some people say that his mother was Sanmi no tsubone, the daughter of TAIRA no Motomori, Iyo no Kami).
- 頼朝は宮廷の実力者である源通親と高階栄子にさかんに接触を図る。
- Yoritomo made a contact aggressively with MINAMOTO no Michichika and TAKASHINA no Eishi who had power in the Imperial Court.
- 文芸が知識階級のみのものではなくなり庶民の間へも広まっていく。
- Literary art was no longer exclusive to the intellectual class, but also spread among the general populace.
- 談話者は名も無い市井の人々であり、階層・談話内容も多彩である。
- Those who told the stories were ordinary citizens, and their social classes and stories are diverse.
- フランス生まれのプティジャンは、1854年に司祭に叙階された。
- The French born Petitjean was ordained as a priest in 1854.
- 階級は警視総監、少将(軍職を兼ねる)、位階勲等は正五位勲二等。
- He gained the Tokyo Metropolitan Police commissioner, shosho (major general) (concurrently be in the military service); he was awarded Shogoi (Senior Fifth Rank) and the Order of Second Class.
- 後白河院は長講堂とその所領を寵姫高階栄子所生の宣陽門院に譲った。
- Retired Emperor Goshirakawa handed over the Chokodo and its territory to imperial princess Senyomonin, the daughter between himself and his favorite concubine TAKASHINA no Eishi.
- そこで言う「社会的・階級的特質」が「在地領主的性格」なのである。
- This 'social and social class aspect' was ' characteristic of a lord of a manor.'
- それに反発した郡司・百姓層が階級闘争として国司苛政上訴を行った。
- Gunji and farmers who were opposed to Zuryo appealed Kokushi kasei joso as a class struggle.
- この段階をのちの神仏習合と特に区別して神仏混淆ということもある。
- The phase may be called Shinbutsu-konko to differentiate from later Shinbutsu-shugo.
- これによって領主階級であり、また武芸の家の者であることを示した。
- If a person was provided with a myojitaito right, it showed that the person belonged to a family concerned with military art.
- 特に御亭は御座所に面する庭園にあり、2階建望楼風の建物であった。
- The Gotei was located in the garden, which was facing the Gozasho, and was a two-story Boro (watch tower) style building.
- 山階宮家の山階芳麿(山階芳麿・大正9年(1920年)7月24日)
- Yoshimaro YAMASHINA of the Yamashinanomiya family (Yoshimaro YAMASHINA, July 24, 1920)
- 陛下(階段の下にいる取り次ぎの方まで申し上げます)も同様である。
- It is also same for Heika (meaning the informing usher at the bottom of the stairs).
- 菊麿王の次男芳麿王は、大正9年に侯爵山階芳麿として臣籍降下した。
- Prince Kikumaro's second son, Prince Yoshimaro was renamed Marquis Yoshimaro YAMASHINA when he became a subject of the state in 1920.
- 妻は高階重仲の息女、後に、後白河天皇の乳母の藤原朝子(紀伊局)。
- His first wife was the daughter of TAKASHINA no Shigenaka, and he later married FUJIWARA no Asako (Kii no Tsubone), who was a wet nurse to Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 時雄は監視するために芳子を自らの家の2階に住まわせることにする。
- Tokio decided to have Yoshiko stay at the second floor of his house, in order to keep an eye on her.
- 長官と次官の職掌が同じとされた背景には、位階制度が関係している。
- The court rank system was behind the definition that the responsibility of Kami and that of Suke was same.
- 律令制の個別人身支配が弛緩していくと、在地社会の階層分化が進んだ。
- As the control of individual persons in the ritsuryo-code-based system became weak, the hierarchical level of local societies advanced.
- また神官・僧侶は特殊階級とみなされ、人口の統計から除外されている。
- Additionally, Shinto priests and Buddhist monks were regarded as belonging to a special class and excluded from a population census.
- 以上の統治機構に属する官僚は、それぞれ官職と位階が与えられていた。
- Bureaucrats belonging to the above-mentioned government organizations were appointed to government posts and ranks.
- 685年(天武14)諸王以上十二階、諸臣四十八階が導入されている。
- In 685, twelve ranks for Princes and above, and forty-eight ranks for high-ranking officials were introduced.
- 冠位十二階の衣服については、高松塚古墳壁画の人物群像が参考になる。
- The depictions of people in the murals of the Takamatsuzuka tomb are useful for information on clothing for the twelve cap ranks.
- 高階泰経・静憲も賛同するが、この案が実行に移されることはなかった。
- Both TAKASHINA no Yasutsune and Joken agreed, but this suggestion was not put into practice.
- これにより大津城の天守は望楼型の4重5階であったと考えられている。
- Based on the finding, the keep of Otsu-jo Castle is thought to have been a 'boro' (lookout tower) type of keep, and to have looked like a four-story building from the outside, but actually had five floors on the inside.
- 山階宮家の葛城茂麿(葛城茂麿・昭和4年(1929年)12月24日)
- Shigemaro KATSURAGI of the Yamashinanomiya family (Shigemaro KATSAURAGI, December 24, 1929)
- 「何本調子」の数字の大小が基本音(「階名」の「ド」)の高低を表す。
- The nanbon-joshi scale number represents the degree of the fundamental tone (solfa 'do').
- また当時は上流階級の保存食・香の物として珍重されていたようである。
- Also, it seems to have been valued highly as preserved food or pickled vegetables for the upper class.
- 724年(神亀元年)夫の即位とともに後宮の位階である夫人号を得る。
- When her husband ascended the throne in 724, she received the the title of Fujin (consort of the emperor) as Ikai (Court rank) of kokyu (empress's residence).
- 位階勲等は元帥 (日本)陸軍大将・従一位・菊花章・金鵄勲章・公爵。
- The ranks and orders that he earned were Marshal, General of the Army, Juichii (Junior First Rank), Order of the Chrysanthemum, Golden Pheasant decoration, and Prince.
- 7月7日 (旧暦) 行政官達により百官受領廃止、並びに位階上下廃止
- July 7: All officials and provincial governors abolished by executive officers as well as court ranks and upper and lower grades abolished
- 従一位の位階を賜った際には朝廷から「達子」(さとこ)の諱を受けた。
- When she received the Ikai (Court rank) of Juichii (Junior First Rank), she was given imina 'Satoko' from the Imperial Court.
- 勝男は陸軍士官学校 (日本)を28期で卒業し階級は陸軍大佐に至る。
- Katsuo graduated from Military Academy (Japan) as a member of the 28th graduating class and reached the rank of Army Colonel.
- 特に東大寺造営における天皇の評価は高く異例の七階の特進をしている。
- The Emperor was impressed with the construction of Todai-ji Temple and promoted him seven ranks.
- 起稿者の認定は、関与の多い方から5段階のA、B、C、D、Eで表す。
- The identification of the authors are ranked in likeliness from A, B, C, D and E.
- 士族階級に属する者には、『壬申戸籍』に‘士族’と身分表示が記された。
- The status of those belonging to this class was described as 'the warrior class' in 'Jinshin-koseki' (family registries in Jinshin).
- 又、冠位もそれまでの十九階から二十六階に制度改革などを行なっている。
- Moreover, the system of ranking officials was changed from 19 levels to 26 levels.
- 天狗となってもなお僧の位階に固執するかのように僧衣を身に纏い続けた。
- Although he became a tengu, he still wore the priest's robe as if he persisted in the dignity as a priest.
- 長男が観世清和、次男が山階弥右衛門(観世芳宏改メ)、三男が観世芳信。
- His eldest son is Kiyokazu KANZE, the second son is Yaemon YAMASHINA (later changed his name as Yoshihiro KANZE), and the third son is Yoshinobu KANZE.
- しかし彼の孫の高階師尚で養子に変わっているため、その系統は断絶した。
- However, since Mineo's grandson TAKASHINA no Moronao was an adopted child, his family line came to an end.
- この段階において、元就は逆に粥を炊き出して城内の兵士の降伏を誘った。
- At this point, Motonari had porridge cooked in hopes of inciting the soldiers inside the castle to surrender.
- 永禄3年・元亀元年(1570年)2月の段階以降では、左衛門佐を称す。
- As of February, 1570 and after, he used the title of Saemon no suke (assistant captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards).
- 高階成能に嫁し、康資王母、筑前乳母、源兼俊母など優れた歌人を生んだ。
- Married to TAKASHINA no Shigeyoshi, she bore great poets like Prince Yasusuke's mother, CHIKUZEN no Menoto and MINAMOTO no Kanetoshi's mother.
- 高階 経重(たかしな の つねしげ、生没年不詳)は、平安時代の朝臣。
- TAKASHINA no Tuneshige (year of birth and death unknown) was an official serving the Imperial Court in the Heian period.
- この年には鎮守府将軍となり、その最終位階は従四位下であったとされる。
- He became Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North) in the same year and his last court rank is said to have been Jushiinoge (Junior Forth Rank, Lower Grade).
- 木造2階建てで、北寮、中寮、南寮と呼ばれる3棟および関連施設からなる。
- It consists of three two-storied wooden buildings, which are called the north building, the center building and the south building respectively, and other related facilities.
- 発生期の武士の戦闘補助を行った従卒と同一の階層とみなされたわけである。
- They were regarded as those who were the same class as the jusotsu who helped the bushi in the early times in battle.
- 四顧皆山路、極めて険階、所謂一夫之を扼すれば、万卒も過る能はざるもの。
- The mountain roads on all sides were so steep that it was said if a strong warrior occupied the place, no weak warriors could pass it, even if they would number 10,000.
- 664年(天智3)には更に細分化された、冠位二十六階に改訂されている。
- In 664, it was divided into still smaller pieces and revised to twenty-six cap ranks.
- これを予防するには蒸した段階で砂糖を入れることと、よくつくことである。
- To prevent that change, sugar should be added to mochi soon after steaming, and mochi should be pounded well.
- セビリア万国博覧会に出展された安土城の復元天守(5・6階部分)を移築。
- This is the restored tenshu (the fifth and sixth storeys) of the Azuchi-jo Castle, which was exhibited at the Seville World Expo.
- 敗戦時の玉音放送の際にはホテルの2階の廊下に他の学習院生と一緒にいた。
- When the Emperor's announcement of Japan's surrender was broadcasted, the Crown Prince had listened the broadcast with other students of the Gakushuin School on a corridor of the second floor of the hotel.
- なお、共著者に山階鳥類研究所総裁の秋篠宮家秋篠宮文仁親王の名前もある。
- The coauthors include the Imperial Prince Akishino-no-miya Fumihito of the Akishino-no-miya family, the president of Yamashina Institute for Ornithology.
- ※将軍後継者の段階で従一位に叙せられたのは徳川将軍家の中で初出である。
- * He was the first appearance of the Tokugawa shogunate family who was conferred to Juichii in his time as the designated shogunate heir.
- しかし同一作品で同時に複数の階層における「物語」を意識せざるをえない。
- However, readers are forced to be aware of the simultaneous 'monogatari' found in several layers of a single work.
- 母中将の君の再婚に従い東国へ下り、受領階級の常陸国介の継娘として育つ。
- She went to the eastern region of Japan in the wake of her mother's remarriage and grew up as a stepdaughter of Hitachi no kuni no suke (Assistant Governor of Hitachi Province) whose rank was zuryo.
- 結果的にの正四位上・参議が極官(位階は石足以降では最も低い)となった。
- Subsequently, his highest political position was Sangi with the rank of Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade), which was granted in 795 (His rank was the lowest among the successive descendants of the clan after Iwatari.)
- 最初期の国衙は、律令制構築段階の7世紀後期に登場したと考えられている。
- It is believed that the earliest type of Kokuga appeared during the development stage of the Ritsuryo system which established in the late seventh century.
- この庄内式土器の段階では定型化した大型の円墳は未だ出現していなかった。
- When Shonai type pottery was still used, there were no large tumuli showing consistency in form.
- 自衛隊の階級呼称に四等官の名称の名残を感じさせるのは以上の経緯による。
- That's why the title of Self Defense Force officials remind us of Shitokan.
- 翌年の徳政令廃止とともに二階堂行藤・摂津道厳を頭人に任命して復置された。
- In the next year, it was reestablished with Yukifuji NIKAIDO and SETTSU no Dogen as ossotonin upon the repeal of the Tokuseirei.
- 相馬御厨については最初の段階では同族の上総権介常澄、そして源義朝である。
- Soma-mikuriya were owned by Tsunezumi of Kazusa no Gon no suke (provisional governor of Kazusa Province) of the same clan and were owned by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- それとともに、領主への貢納(年貢・公事・夫役)の責務を担った階層である。
- They were also obligated to collect tribute and taxes (taxes in kind, public duties and labor services) for territorial rulers.
- のち徳川家が国政を管掌する途上において、武士と他の階級を明確に区別した。
- Later, in the process of the Tokugawa family taking control of the national administration, the samurai class and other classes were separated precisely.
- 日露戦争の終結直前の段階で日本軍は樺太攻略作戦を実施し、全島を占領した。
- In the closing phase of the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese army carried out the Capture of Sakhalin peninsula and occuppied the entire island.
- 冠位十九階は、冠位十三階を基本とし、中間の冠位を細かく分けたものである。
- Based on the thirteen cap ranks, the extra ranks were made by dividing the middle ranks.
- ただし、支配階層には皇族・華族・士族の称号が付与され、戸籍に明記された。
- Exceptionally, the ruling classes were granted titles of kozoku (the Imperial Family), kazoku (the peerage), and shizoku (samurai family) which they put on their family register.
- 12世紀末は貴族による専制政治から武士階級の封建社会への過渡期であった。
- The end of 12th century is a transition period from nobles' autocracy to samurai feudal society.
- (位階に相当しない紫衣の着用を「借紫」、緋衣の着用を「借緋」といった。)
- (Dressing in the purple clothes or cardinal clothes that did not correspond to the Ikai was called Karimurasaki [unauthorized purple clothes] and Kariake [unauthorized cardinal clothes] respectively.)
- 素材メーカー、テキスタイルメーカー、織物・染色業者などがこの段階に入る。
- Material manufacturers, textile manufacturers, fabric manufacturers and dyers are involved in this stage.
- 室町時代に二階堂氏・波多野氏と並んで室町幕府評定衆に列した松田氏がいた。
- The Matsuda clan, which was among Hyojoshu (members of the Council of State) of the Muromachi Shogunate along with the Nikaido clan and the Hatano clan, existed in the Muromachi period.
- 天武天皇14年(685年)冠位を改訂し冠位四十八階に基づき浄大参を賜う。
- In 685, the Prince Osakabe received the rank of Jodaisan (Greater Third Pure), according to the revised ranking code, Kan I Shijuhakkai (48 grades of cap rank).
- 大同4年(809年) 嵯峨天皇即位の日に正五位下、翌日従四位下に越階昇叙
- 809: Promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) on the day Emperor Saga was enthroned, and skipped to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) on the following day.
- また、将軍後継者の段階で内大臣に任官したのは徳川秀忠以来の出来事である。
- In addition, it was the first time since Hidetada TOKUGAWA that he was appointed as Naidaijin in his time as the designated shogunate heir.
- 検非違使や河内国、和泉国、出羽国の国司を歴任し、位階は正五位下に至った。
- He held various positions such as Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers), Kokushi (Provincial Governor) of Kawachi, Izumi and Dewa Province, and he was promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) in Ikai (Court rank).
- 江戸時代には江戸幕府によって六位以下階位に叙された武士の礼装と定められた。
- In the Edo period, it was determined as a formal dress for a samurai ranked Ikai (court rank) below Rokui (Sixth Rank) by the feudal government.
- 江戸時代において旗本は位階以下の官位に叙されため素襖は旗本の礼服となった。
- During the Edo period, suo became full dress of hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) because hatamoto was ranked below Ikai.
- 位階昇進に必要な勤続年数を満たして任官の機会を待たせる施策がとられていた。
- The government had a policy that those courtiers would get a chance for appointments when they worked long enough for promotions.
- またここには「二階御殿」と言われた施設があったのではないかと思われている。
- It is also said that a facility called 'Nikai goten' (the upper story palace) was there.
- しかし、元和偃武後には各階層において様々なサロンが形成されるようになった。
- After Genna-Enbu (peace after Genna era), however, various salons were created among the people of various classes.
- また墨をつける段階である程度乾かさないと、墨が滲んだり、薄くなったりする。
- Additionally, the paper should be somewhat dried before putting black ink; otherwise, the ink may run on the paper or become faint.
- しかし袴・足袋を除けば、和服を個人の体型に合わせるのは着付けの段階である。
- With the exception of hakama and tabi, however, fitting wafuku to an individual is done during the stage of kitsuke (kimono-wearing).
- 特定の権門が独占的に徴税権を得る荘園が、時代の節目ごとに段階的に増加した。
- Shoen (manor in medieval Japan), where particular influential families exclusively obtained the power to levy taxes, increased gradually in accordance with each milestone of the time.
- 高辻是綱(位階・大学寮)(1030年 - 1107年)は在良の兄に当たる。
- Koretsuna TAKATSUJI (Court Rank, the Bureau of Education, 1030 - 1107) was Ariyoshi's elder brother.
- 山階鳥類研究所を創設し、所長となり、日本鳥類研究の第一人者として知られた。
- He founded the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, became the director, and was known as an authority on Japanese bird research.
- 信国、正国(政国)、倉垣資氏、国宗、信資、平信範室?、高階光兼室などの父。
- He is the father of Nobukuni, Masakuni, Sukeuji KURAGAKI, Kunimune, Nobusuke, the wife of TAIRA no Nobunori and the wife of Mitsukane TAKASHINA.
- 8月、頼盛より位階が下の兄・教盛が参議に任じられ、平氏5人目の公卿となる。
- In September, Norimori, an elder brother of Yorimori's who held a lower rank than him was appointed as Sangi, becoming the fifth member of Kugyo from the Taira clan.
- 関白内大臣正二位藤原道隆の長女、母は式部大輔高階成忠の女・正三位高階貴子。
- She was the eldest daughter of FUJIWARA no Michitaka, who was Kanpaku Naidaijin (Advisor and Minister of the Centre), Shonii (Senior Second Rank), and TAKASHINA no Kishi, who was Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) and a daughter of TAKASHINA no Naritada, the Shikibu no Taifu (or Chief Judge at the Ministry of Civil Affairs).
- このように上流階級の信望を集めていたようだが、山本権兵衛には嫌われていた。
- Thus, he seemed to gain prestige from the upper class people, but Gombei YAMAMOTO hated him.
- 当時のエリート階級で、大学や政府の要職を務めた外山だが、生活は質素だった。
- Although he was a member of the elite who worked at a university and was at an important post in the government, he led a frugal life.
- 位階勲等子爵、貴族院議員東坊城徳長の三男で、戦前の日活撮影所等で活躍した。
- He was the third son of Yoshinaga HIGASHIBOJO, a Viscount (court rank and honors) and a member of the House of Peers, working actively at the Nikkatsu Studio in the prewar period.
- 秋山家は足軽よりも一階級上の位で家禄10石程の下級武士(徒士身分)だった。
- The AKIYAMA family belonged to a lower-ranking samurai (a social status of foot guards) one rank above the foot soldier and their hereditary stipend was about ten-goku.
- ただし、この段階での「武士団」は、それぞれの単位ではさほど多いものではない。
- However, each 'bushidan' did not have many members.
- だが、平氏政権・鎌倉幕府初期の段階では検断権そのものは朝廷・院が有していた。
- The right to judge criminal cases was, however, held by the Emperor or the retired emperor, in the period of the Taira clan government through the early Kamakura Period.
- 小松輝久(こまつてるひさ)は、北白川宮家出身の侯爵で位階は正三位勲一等侯爵。
- Teruhisa KOMATSU was the marquis from Kitashirakawa no Miya family, and his court rank was Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) and the First Order of Merit.
- その後三階および中二階の俳優、狂言方、囃子方などをつうじておこなうになった。
- Subsequently, actors who played on the mezzanine-floor, kyogen players and musicians were included.
- 地上7階建てで、免震構造を取り入れ、環境やバリアフリーに配慮した庁舎となる。
- The new government building, with seven stories above ground and a quake-absorbing structure, will be environment-friendly and barrier-free.
- 開発段階から生活道路と産業道路や幹線道路の分離が考慮されてきたことが伺える。
- This is because the separation among the community road, industrial road, and the highway has been taken into consideration since the onset of development.
- また大化前代の土地私有制の発展段階の相違が考慮されていることも明らかである。
- Additionally, it is clear that differences during the stage of development in the system for private ownership of land in the pre-Taika era were taken into account.
- そして後に許されて位階・権大納言となり、これ以降の高倉家の当主の極官となる。
- Later, he ascended to the Court Rank of Junior Chief Councillor of State, which was the top rank the head of the Takakura family would attain.
- 推古天皇11年(603年)12月5日 (旧暦)、いわゆる冠位十二階を定めた。
- On January 14, 604, Umayado no Miko established what is called the Kani juni kai (twelve grades of cap rank) system.
- 構想段階では『香山宝巻』『宝巻変文類』がなく『竹書紀年』『穆天子伝』だった。
- 'Chikusho Kinen' and 'Bokutenshiden' were included but 'Kozan Hokan' and 'Hokan Henbunrui' were not included the initial conceptual stage.
- 12月に藩主名で位階返上の案文を書き、このときに隆盛という名を初めて用いた。
- He wrote a draft of an order to return which named by load of domain in December, and he used the name Takamori for the first time at this time.
- 『日本書紀』によると大唐に派遣され、大禮(冠位十二階の位)蘇因高と呼ばれた。
- According to 'Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan),' Imoko was deployed to Great Tang of China, where he was called 'Soinko' of Tairei (one of 'the twelve grades of cap rank').
- そのため家門は血縁関係以外に所領、官職、位階など人的要素とは別の拠り所をもつ。
- So, apart from its blood relationship, a kamon (family) has an anchorage other than a human element, such as territorial land, a government position or a court rank.
- しかし、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代にかけて年爵による昇叙(加階)が盛んとなった。
- In the end of the Heian period and the Kamakura period however, shojo (promotion) (kakai (promotion)) using the nenshaku system became popular.
- 大弐三位のように夫の官職(大宰大弐)と本人の位階(従三位)をあわせる例もある。
- Another example is Daini no Sanmi that was made from a combination of her husband's title, dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) and her own court rank, jusanmi (junior third court rank).
- 一般市民の身分制度は士農工商と呼ばれる階級制であり、武士が民衆を支配していた。
- The class system of common people was the hierarchy of soldiers (samurai), farmers, artisans, and merchants, called shinokosho, and the samurai controlled the others.
- 庶民レベルでは僧侶ら知識階級が庶民らの子どもを集めて基本的な読み書きを教えた。
- For common people, the intellectual class such as Buddhist monks gathered children of common people together, and taught them basic reading and writing.
- 冠位十二階制は高句麗・百済を通して北朝・南朝両方のものが伝わったとされている。
- It is said that the twelve cap rank system of Northern and Southern Dynasties was introduced via Kokuryo and Paekche.
- 次男筑波常秀は、出家して法名を常遍と称し、山階宮ゆかりの勧修寺の門跡となった。
- His second son Tsunehide TSUKUBA became a priest with homyo (a name given to a person who enters the Buddhist priesthood) of Johen and became the monzeki (successor of a temple) of Kanshu-ji temple, which is connected to the Yamashinanomiya.
- ただし、一時高階経敏の養子となり高階氏を名乗るが、鳥羽上皇の院政期に復姓した。
- Michinori was temporarily adopted by TAKASHINA no Tsunetoshi and used the Takashina name; however, he returned to the Fujiwara family when the government of Retired Emperor Toba was reinstated.
- 頼政の位階は正四位下だが、従三位からが公卿であり、正四位とは格段の差があった。
- His rank was Shoshiinoge, but a court noble is called kugyo only when he is in the rank of Jusanmi or higher; thus, there was a big gap between Jusanmi and Shoshii.
- 清原氏は高市皇子・長屋王系列の高階氏共々天武系後裔氏族として長く血脈が続いた。
- The Kiyohara clan, together with the Takashina clan of the line of Prince Takechi and Prince Nagaya, lasted generation after generation as descendants of Emperor Tenmu.
- また、長井氏、二階堂氏、武藤氏など有力御家人との間にも幅広い血縁関係を築いた。
- Yoshikage also built various blood ties with senior vassals such as the Nagai, Nikaido, Muto and other clans.
- これらの変化と文様やその配置などを勘案した5段階の型式編年ができあがっている。
- The chronology of the five-phase type in view of these changes, patterns and arrangements was completed.
- 具体的には支配者層が在地社会において直接把握の対象とした社会階層が百姓とされた。
- Specifically, the social class directly ruled by the ruling class in the local societies was referred to as a hyakusho.
- 江戸時代は征夷大将軍徳川氏を中心として、武士階級が支配していた封建社会であった。
- The Edo period was a feudal society where the soldier class (samurai) ruled with the barbarian-quelling generalissimo, or the shogun, the Tokugawa clan as the central figure.
- 律令において、全ての官職は相当する位階が定められており、これを官位相当制という。
- According to the Ritsuryo system, all government officials were given ranks, which was known as the Kani-Soutousei system.
- この時代の社会原則は自力救済であり、各階層内において連帯の動き=一揆が浸透した。
- A social principle in this era was self-help, and the move to unite, or ikki (uprising), in each social class prevailed.
- もちろん上流階級と同様に、上手物はきわめて数が少なかったことを忘れてはならない。
- Of course, it should not be forgotten that, like the upper classes, they seldom used 'jotemono' items.
- 領家は次第に、国衙領を支配するようになった同階層の国司との対立を増すようになる。
- The Ryoke gradually became rivals of the Kokushi (provincial governors) in the same class, who were governing the kokuga lands.
- 生前の最終階位は父内麻呂より一階級上の左大臣まで昇りつめ北家隆盛の基礎を築いた。
- During his lifetime, he moved up the social ladder to become Sadaijin (minister of the left), which was one rank higher than his father, Uchimaro, and he established the foundation for the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- 1608年、伊東マンショ、原マルチノ、中浦ジュリアンはそろって司祭に叙階された。
- In 1608, Mancio ITO, Martinho HARA, and Juliao NAKAURA were ordained together as priests.
- 鎌足の病気平癒を祈り、天智天皇8年(669年)に山階寺(後の興福寺)を建立した。
- To pray for the recovery of Kamatari's illness, she established Yamashina-dera Temple (later Kofuku-ji Temple) in 669.
- つまり、それ以前は苗字を名乗る地盤すら持たない階層だった可能性も指摘されている。
- In other words, such a possibility is pointed out as he was born from a hierarchy which people had no surname.
- 武士階級が仮名なのに対して、諱を持たぬ町人の場合は正真正銘の本名として用いられた。
- Haikomei used by the samurai class were assumed names, while in the merchant class they were real names due to merchants not having an imina (personal name).
- 初陣(ういじん)は日本における武士階級の子弟が初めて戦闘行為に参加することをいう。
- Uijin is the first battle that young people in the Japanese samurai hierarchy participated in.
- さらに今日の歴史学では西欧中心の単線的な発展段階史観が強く批判されるようになった。
- In today's historical science, the unilinear evolution phase concept of history focused mainly on Western Europe is sharply criticized.
- 没落しつつある貴族層の関心が庶民や新興階級である武士に向かったのも院政期であった。
- It was the Insei period when the interests of fallen court nobles moved to the common people or samurai, an emerging class.
- ただし、二階を生活の場とすると大名を見下ろすことになるので、物置として活用された。
- However, they used the upper story as storage space because living there would mean they would be looking down on the Daimyo.
- また軍事機密保持なども理由に、武士階級全体の人口がそもそも統計として残っていない。
- Furthermore, the population of the samurai was never recorded since it was strategically sensitive information.
- 豊かな階級は大量の鉢を並べて大食するさまを他人に誇示することを唯一の誇りと考えた。
- It was believed that the wealthy classes were prouder of eating a lot with their large collections of pots than anything else.
- 徳川家康が、名古屋城大天守や江戸城天守の最上階に葺いたのが始まりとも言われている。
- This tile is believed to have started when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA put them on the roof of the top floor, such as Nagoya-jo Castle large keep and Edo-jo Castle keep.
- だが、晴元が政権獲得の最終段階で功臣・三好元長を殺害した事が後年大きく裏目に出る。
- However, Harumoto's murder of the meritorious retainer Motonaga MIYOSHI, who had climbed to the highest rungs of power within the government, had a profound backlash in later years.
- 左大臣源雅信の子孫庭田経資(位階・中納言)(1241年 - 没年不明)を祖とする。
- The family was established by Tsunesuke NIWATA (Court Rank, Deputy Chief Councillor of State, 1241- date of death unknown) who was a descendant of MINAMOTO no Masanobu, Minister of the Left.
- 1608年、伊東マンショ、原マルティノ、中浦ジュリアンはそろって司祭に叙階された。
- In 1608, Mancio ITO, Martinho HARA, and Juliao NAKAURA were ordained together as priests.
- 市田氏は薩摩藩大坂蔵屋敷の足軽という下級武士階級の出身であるとされるが異説もある。
- It is said that Ichida family was from lower-ranking samurai ashigaru (common foot soldier) of Osaka kurayashiki (warehouse-residence) of Satsuma domain while other theories exist.
- 「尊卑分脈・二階堂系図」によれば維遠、維行が駿河守、維頼が遠江権守で代々従五位下。
- According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text that records the lineages of the aristocracy) and 'Family Tree of the NIKAIDO clan', the NIKAIDO family had been ranked Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) for generations; Koreto and Koreyuki served as Suruga no kami (the governor of Suruga Province) and Koreyori worked as Totoumi gon no kami (the governor of Totoumi Province).
- (冠位十二階最高位大徳の色であるが、代々大臣を務めた蘇我氏当主の冠とする説もある)
- According to one theory, the purple cap indicated the first grade of 'Twelve grades of cap rank', which cap belonged to heads of the Soga clan who had served as oomi for generations.
- 大韓民国では、黄砂はその程度により、強度0、強度1、強度2の3段階に分類されている。
- In the Republic of Korea, the strength of kosa is classified into three stages of strength 0, strength 1, and strength 2.
- 各官庁内では、任務や責任の重さによって、官吏を四段階に区分することを原則としていた。
- In each government office, officials were generally divided into four ranks according to the importance of their duties and responsibilities.
- こうした事から、氏姓によって与えられる位階に一定の制約があったとする見方も存在する。
- Due to this, some people have the view that there were certain restrictions on giving courtly ranks depending on clan and rank.
- 一般に「荘園領主」と呼ばれる階層は複数の職の体系による重層的支配の下に成立している。
- A class called 'lord of the manor' was established on the basis of stratified ruling structures composed of Shiki systems (Shiki is a unit or an agency of sharing revenues and rights commended by landowners or name holders in Shoen system).
- 二重目以上の窓はすべて華頭窓を配し、最上階には実用でない外廻り縁と高欄を付けている。
- For all windows in the second and third layers, kato-mado (foliate-top window) are arranged, and in the top layer ornamental sotomawaribuchi (long and rod-like dressed lumber put in the part of ceiling surface and wall surface meeting) and koran (banister) are attached.
- ただし、かなり早い段階で(賭博の道具でもあった)盤双六とは別箇の発展を遂げていった。
- However, in the early stage, it was developed separately from the board Sugoroku (which was occasionally a gambling tool).
- また、一階の藤堂は汗で鉢金がずれたところに太刀を浴びせられ、額を斬られ戦線離脱した。
- Then, a sword hit the forehead of TODO on the first floor when sweat caused his helmet to slip out of place, and he withdrew from the battle.
- 綾小路家の祖綾小路信有(位階・権中納言)(1269年 - 1324年)は弟に当たる。
- Nobuari AYANOKOJI (Court Rank, Junior Deputy Chief Councillor of State, 1269 - 1324), the founder of the Ayanokoji family, was Tsunesuke's younger brother.
- 公式に身分と冠が結び付けられたのは、推古11年制定の冠位十二階と呼ばれる制度である。
- The Kan I Junikai (a system of twelve court ranks instituted in Japan), which was established in 603, was the first system in which ranks were officially linked with caps.
- だが、音階に調律されていないため、三味線等の音階がはっきりした楽器とは合わせにくい。
- However, it is difficult to play together with instruments, such as the shamisen, which have a distinct scale as it is not tuned according to a scale.
- 御坊跡に向う階段の西側に浄土真宗本願寺派の別院が、東側に真宗大谷派の別院が置かれる。
- A branch temple which belongs to Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) Hongan-ji school stands on the western side of the stairway approaching the Gobo site, and on its eastern side is situated a branch temple held by Shinshu sect Otani school.
- 台湾総督・東京衛戍総督・近衛師団長等を歴任し、階級は陸軍大将正二位勲一等伯爵に昇る。
- Having held prominent positions such as Taiwan sotoku (governor-general of Taiwan), Tokyo Eiju sotoku (governor-general of Tokyo garrison) and Konoe shidancho (division commander of the Imperial Guards), Samata was raised to Army General, Shonii (Senior Second Rank), Grand Cordon of the Order, and Count.
- 中には、経済力を背景として国司・荘園領主から名主職に任じられて名主階層となる者もいた。
- Some of these peasants were even appointed as myoshu by territorial governors or manorial lords and became members of the myoshu class.
- それ以前に北宋の段階で交子が発行されて国内経済は銅銭と紙幣の二本立て構造になっていた。
- In the Northern Sung Dynasty era before that, bills called koshi were issued, causing both copper coins and paper money to be used in the domestic economy of the dynasty.
- この段階になると、「荘民」という言葉は用いられなくなり、自然に消滅していくことになる。
- At this stage, the term 'shomin' was no longer used as it gradually and naturally disappeared.
- 陸上の荘園では開発領主が武芸をもって世業とするようになり、武士階層の成立が進んでいく。
- In shoen (manor in medieval Japan), as kaihatsu-ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) armed themselves and made it their profession, the establishment of the samurai class proceeded.
- 東北本部(〒980-0873 仙台市青葉区 (仙台市)広瀬町3番40号 高昇ビル2階)
- Tohoku Headquarters (Akashi Bldg. 2nd Floor, 3-40, Hirosecho, Aoba Ward, Sendai City, 980-0873)
- 京都会場(〒601-8468 京都市南区 (京都市)唐橋西平垣町1番地 中塚ビル3階)
- Kyoto Classroom (Nakatsuka Bldg. 3rd Floor, 1 Karahashi Nishi Hiragakicho, Minami Ward, Kyoto City, 601-8468)
- 明楽は、姫路藩のような大藩がパトロンとなってはじめて維持できる上流階級の音楽であった。
- Therefore, Mingaku was music for the upper classes that could be only maintained with a big domain such as the Himeji domain supported it as a patron.
- しかし政局の混乱が続き、また恩賞の不公平により武士階級の支持を得ることはできなかった。
- But the political situation remained bogged down in chaos, and because of inequalities and unfairness in the giving of rewards, Godaigo was never able to gain control over the warrior class.
- 良民は階級的には貴族と平民に二大別されているが、両者の区別は法的には明確ではなかった。
- Ryomin (law-abiding people) were roughly divided into two classes, kizoku and heimin (commoners), although distinction between the two were not clear by law.
- また、天武12年(682年)には位階を示す色を従来の冠の色から朝服の色に変更している。
- In 682, they started using the color of Chofuku (cloths which the people who come to work at the court on a regular basis wear) to indicate one's Ikai (Court rank) instead of the color of the court caps.
- 一時、梨本宮守修親王の養嗣子となるが、明治18年に山階宮に復帰し、晃親王の後嗣となる。
- Although he became Imperial Prince Nashimotonomiya Moriosa's adopted heir, he returned to the Yamashinanomiya as a koshi (successor) of Imperial Prince Akira in 1885.
- 軍隊における階級位階勲等爵位は元帥_(日本)海軍大将・従一位・菊花章・金鵄勲章・侯爵。
- His various military class ranks and honors included Fleet Admiral, junior first rank, Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, Order of the Golden Kite, and marquis.
- 吉雄邸の2階にはオランダから輸入された家具が配され「阿蘭陀坐敷」などと呼ばれたという。
- It is said that as the second floor of Yoshio's residence was decorated with furniture imported from the Netherlands, it was called 'Dutch room.'
- 明治3年(1870年)11月19日 (旧暦) 太政官布告により位階廃止、改めて叙正七位
- November 19, 1870: Court ranks abolished by the decree of Grand Council of State and reappointed as Shoshichi (Senior Seventh Rank)
- その功労によって2年後の冠位十三階導入時に旧来の冠位十二階による小徳より小紫に転じた。
- Two years later, when the court rank system of Kan I Jusankai (Thirteen Grades of Cap Rank) was introduced, he was transferred to the rank of Shoshi (the sixth grade) for his achievement of that time, from Shotoku (the second grade) of the old court rank system of Kai I Junikai (Twelve Grades of Cap Rank).
- 軍事参議官、教育総監、近衛師団長等を歴任し、官位は陸軍大将位階勲等金鵄勲章子爵に昇る。
- He successively served as Military Councilor, General Office Director of Education, Chief of Imperial Guard Division and so on, and his official rank was Army General, Ranks and Orders, the Order of the Golden Kite, Viscount.
- 武士階級以外の階層や水戸藩領以外からも多くの参加があり、行軍中に政治的な宣伝も行った。
- People other than samurai and from other domains than the Mito Domain joined the Tenguto no Ran and political propaganda was carried out during marching.
- すなわち、元老院、大審院、地方官会議を置き、段階的に立憲君主制に移行することを宣言した。
- In a word, the emperor declared the establishment of Genro-in, Daishin-in, and local administrative assemblies and gradual shift to the constitutional system of government.
- 西南戦争に決着が付いた時点で、士族階級の特権は明白に否定され、その没落が決定付けられた。
- When the Seinan War came to an end, the privileges of the warrior class were denied clearly, and the downfall of the warrior class was determined.
- 仕舞は鑑賞用としても上演されているが、能を演ずるための稽古の段階としても利用されている。
- Shimai is also performed for stage, but, is used as a phase of practicing Noh.
- いわゆる温泉街は無く、町の中を大峯山への参道が通り、両側に2階建の旅館が立ち並んでいる。
- There isn't so-called hot spring town across the town, but there is a sando (an approach to a shrine) leading to Omine mountain range, and two storied Japanese Inns are lined along the both sides of sando.
- 巨椋池の形態に大きな変化を与えた事業によって、いくつかの段階に分けて考えることができる。
- The history of Ogura-ike Pond can be broken down into several phases by the projects that significantly altered the shape of that pond.
- 華族(かぞく)とは、1869年から1947年まで存在した日本近代の貴族階級のことである。
- Kazoku indicates the noble class that existed in modern Japan from 1869 to 1947.
- これにより華族は『公爵』・『侯爵』・『伯爵』・『子爵』・『男爵』の五階の爵位に叙された。
- According to this law, all kazoku were classified into these five ranks, 'Koshaku (公爵)' 'Koshaku (侯爵)' 'Hakushaku' 'Shishaku' and 'Danshaku.'
- 平安前期には百姓階層の分化が一層進み、前代から引き続いた律令国家体制に限界が生じていた。
- In the first half of the Heian period, farmers became more hierarchical and the national system based on the Ritsuryo system that had continued from the previous period had reached its limit.
- その誤用を看過したことは、階級社会の軍隊でも、部下の鴎外に責任がまったく無いといえない。
- Even taking account of the strict class system of the Army, it can't be said that Ogai had no responsibility at all for his superior officer's actions.
- 和銅2年(709年)1月9日に従五位下になり、その後の位階昇進が『続日本紀』でたどれる。
- He was promoted to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) on January 9, 709, and his promotions up the court ranks can be followed in 'The Shoku Nihongi.'
- しかし、当時は中産階級以下の者は医者にかかることなく祈祷師や民間療法に頼る時代であった。
- The common practice at that time, however, was that people below the middle class consulted with witch doctors or counted on folk remedies rather than went to a clinic to see a doctor.
- 『日本書紀』と『続日本紀』で、このような位階贈与記事は、壬申の功臣の死亡時に設けられる。
- In 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), articles on provision of cap ranks appear when meritorious retainers of the Jinshin War died.
- 各棟2階建てでそれぞれ約40部屋(和室8畳~10畳26室、和室6畳~7.5畳95室)ある。
- Each one is a two-storied building with about forty rooms (26 Japanese-style rooms of 8 - 10 mats [about 14 -18 square meters]) and 95 Japanese-style rooms of 6 - 7.5 mats [about 11 - 13 square meters]).
- 初期の武士身分は諸大夫身分の軍事貴族と、侍身分の一般武士のふたつの階層から構成されていた。
- The position of bushi originally had two classes, the militaristic aristocracy with the position of shodaibu, and the ordinary bushi with the position of samurai.
- このため、家屋は間口が狭く奥行きが長い、いわゆる「鰻の寝床」であり、二階建てとなっていた。
- Therefore the front width of the houses were narrow, but the house had depth and were like so-called 'sleeping places of an eel' and were two-storied.
- 虎ノ門事件と桜田門事件が現行犯で、幸徳事件と朴烈事件は、当時、計画段階で発覚したとされた。
- The perpetrators of the Toranomon Incident and the Sakuradamon Incident were caught red-handed, while the Kotoku Incident and the Bokuretsu Incident were uncovered in the plotting phase.
- 基本となっているのは冠位四十八階であるが、名称を正一位、従三位などとわかりやすく改訂した。
- This new system was based on the forty-eight cap ranks, but the rank names were revised to ones that were easier to understand, such as Shoichii (Senior First Rank) and Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).
- 関西本部(〒530-0056 大阪市北区 (大阪市)兎我野町15番13号 ミユキビル9階)
- Kansai Headquarters (Miyuki Bldg. 9th Floor, 15-13, Toganocho, Kita Ward, Osaka City 530-0056)
- 子として高階氏との間に藤原俊憲・藤原貞憲・藤原是憲の3人が紀伊局との間には藤原成範がいる。
- He had three children with Takashina's daughter, FUJIWARA no Toshinori, Sadanori, and Korenori, and a son, Shigenori, with Kii no Tsubone.
- 位階と勲等は従四位下勲五等だったこと、723年(養老7年)7月6日に歿したことなどである。
- His court official rank and order were Jushiige and Kungoto (the Fifth Order of Merit), respectively and he died on July 6, 723.
- 天明8年(1788年)、蘭学の入門書『蘭学階梯』を記したことで、蘭学界での地位を確立した。
- He established himself in the world of Rangaku (Western studies) after he wrote an introductory book for the Western studies, 'Rangaku Kaitei,' in 1788.
- 戦前の日本においては階級がものをいう社会であったため、勲章の等級を並べて表示する事が多い。
- Society in prewar Japan had placed considerable weight and importance on rank and class, and as such, it was common for a person's decorations and medals to display or state in order.
- この段階での彼らは在京の官人、あるいは受領であるとともに、ひとつの「武士団」の長でもあった。
- At this step, they were low to middle ranking officers living in Kyoto or zuryo as well as being the chief of one 'bushidan.'
- 士族(しぞく)とは、明治維新以降、江戸時代の旗本と上級武士に与えられた身分階級の族称である。
- The warrior class was a status given to hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) and high-ranking warriors of the Edo period after the Meiji Restoration.
- これに対し、李氏朝鮮の特権階級であった両班は各地で民衆を組織化し義兵軍を編成して反抗を開始。
- Yangban', traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, organized Korean people at various places, formed a volunteer army and started fighting against the Japanese forces.
- この段階では皇族の臣籍降下は、推奨されてはいるものの、まだ“可能性”の段階にとどまっていた。
- Demotion from nobility to subject was recommended, however, this was just a possible option for an Imperial member, it was not a definite option.
- しかしながら、この説については未だ検討中の段階で、これを採らず享年88説を採る研究者もいる。
- However, this theory is still being examined, and there are researchers who still insist that Soun died at the age of 88.
- 8月、宗盛は位階が上の叔父・頼盛を超えて参議に補され、一門において重盛に次ぐ地位を確保した。
- In August, Munemori was appointed to the position of councillor, getting ahead of Yorimori, Munemori's uncle with higher orders, and secured a position next to Shigemori in the family.
- 俀王は小徳(冠位十二階の位)阿輩臺が数百人で迎え、10日後に大礼の哥多が200騎で警護した。
- Taio sent Shotoku (one of the twelve grades of cap rank) Ahaiichi with hundreds of attendants to meet the envoy, and ten days later, Dairai (the fifthe grade of the twelve grades of cap rank) Kata escorted him with 200 horse guards.
- 宝暦六年(1756年)以降被差別階級の穢多村の統計が残っており、参考までに両者の合計を示す。
- As statistical figures on the discriminated class living in such communities since 1756 are available, and the aggregated figures of the two categories are shown below for reference.
- 日本には唐と異なり流内官・流外官の区分はなく、最下級の主典も官人として位階が付与されていた。
- Unlike the case of Tang, there was no distinction of Ryunaikan and Ryugaikan in Japan and the lowest official Sakan was also conferred the court rank.
- これは博士の中で筆頭とされた明経博士よりも上位であり、かつ博士中唯一の貴族相当の位階であった。
- It was a higher rank than myogyo hakase, who was considered to be the head among hakase, and was the only rank which was equivalent to the nobles among hakase.
- 内部には階層を貫く吹き抜けが造られ、地階に仏塔があったなどとする復元案(内藤晶案など)もある。
- Some restoration plans such as the one proposed by Akira NAITO suggest that a stairwell going through all floors was installed, as well as a Buddhist pagoda was erected in the basement.
- この資料館は、同城御矢倉の往時の姿を模したもので、木造2層2階建ての破風を凝らしたものである。
- This resource center is a copy of the watchtowers of the castle of the day, and is a two-layered two-story wooden building made the best use of the gable.
- 長い多聞の左右の端に2重2階の一対の隅櫓を構え、あたかも天秤ばかりのような独特な形をしている。
- At the both right and left ends of Tamon (corridor style tower) there are a pair of two-storied and two floor style of sumi yagura (corner tower) forming the distinctive shape, giving the impression as if it were a balancing scale.
- 東海本部(〒460-0022 名古屋市中区 (名古屋市)金山二丁目16番22号 守随ビル2階)
- Tokai Headquarters (Shuzui Bldg. 2nd FLOOR, 16-22, Kanayama 2-chome, Naka Ward, Nagoya City, 460-0022)
- 中国本部(〒700-0023 岡山市北区 (岡山市)駅前町二丁目2番4号 かもいビル1・2階)
- Chugoku Headquarters (Kamoi Bldg. 1st and 2nd Floors, 2-4, Ekimaecho 2-chome, Kita Ward, Okayama City, 700-0023)
- また、この頃堅田に臨済宗が広まって武士階層が多い殿原衆の間で広く支持されて祥瑞寺が創建された。
- Around that time, the Rinzai sect became popular, especially in Tonobara-shu, mainly composed of the samurai class people, and Shozui-ji Temple was established.
- 平安時代初期の貴族層を見ると、飛鳥時代の豪族層に出自する氏族がまだ上流貴族階層を構成していた。
- The noble class in the early Heian Period consists of the clans from the local powerful family class in the Asuka Period, in its upper noble class.
- ただし、これは初期国家と呼べる段階にはなく、王権の連合(連合王権)と見るのが適切とされている。
- However, it is said to be more accurate to consider that the state of the Japanese islands had not reached the initial nation stage yet, but was still a confederation of sovereign groups.
- 平安前期には、人民内部で少数の富豪層と大多数の貧困層(一般百姓層)へと階層の二極分化が進んだ。
- In the earlier part of the Heian period, people were divided into a few millionaires and a majority of poor people (common peasants).
- また、貨幣経済が浸透し、多くの御家人が経済的に没落し、凡下と呼ばれる商人階層から借財を重ねた。
- Moreover, a money-based economy had begun to proliferate, which led to the financial ruin of many gokenin as they fell deeply into debt with members of the merchant class, looked down upon as Bonge ('commoners').
- 皇籍離脱後は山階氏を名乗るが、その後も入退院を繰り返し、昭和62年8月に藤沢の病院で逝去した。
- After the secession from the Imperial Family, he declared himself Mr. Yamashina, however, he was repeatedly hospitalized and passed away in a hospital in Fujisawa City, Kanagawa Prefecture in August, 1987.
- それから、元和3年(1617年)2月21日に東照大権現の神号、3月9日に神階正一位が贈られる。
- Then the shingo of Tosho-Daigongen was awarded on February 21 (in the old calendar), 1617, and the god rank of Shoichii (Senior First Rank) on March 9.
- 長暦元年(1037年)までの間に東宮権大進高階成章と再婚、同2年(1038年)高階為家を生む。
- By 1037, she was married again to Togu Gonnotaijo TAKASHINA no Nariakira, and in 1038 she gave birth to TAKASHINA no Tameie.
- 1886年夏、下宿先の1階にあるカフェ店で働くマリイと同棲し、避暑をかねて写生旅行に出かけた。
- In the summer of 1886, he lived together with Marie, who was working at the café on the first floor of Naojiro's boarding house, and went on a trip with her to do some sketching as well as to avoid the heat.
- しかし、開国が実現した後(1898年(明治31年)7月4日)、その功績により位階を追贈された。
- After the opening of Japan to the world, however, Choei was conferred a court rank for the achievements in July 4, 1898.
- この階層は現実には農業経営に従事する者のみならず、商業や手工業、漁業などの経営者も包括していた。
- This class included not only those who were engaged in agricultural management but also managers in commerce, handicraft, and fishery industries.
- このように、名主の性格は一概に説明できるものではなく、名田を経営した階層と広義に解釈されている。
- Thus, the myoshu class defies simple characterization and is interpreted broadly as a class of farmers who managed the cultivation of myoden land.
- セビリア万国博覧会に、「天主指図」を基に復元された安土城天主の一部(5・6階部分)が出展された。
- In 1992, a part of Azuchi-jo Castle tower (the fifth and sixth floors), which had been restored referring to 'Tenshu sashizu' (a blueprint of Azuchi-jo Castle keep), was exhibited at the World Exposition in Seville.
- これは反対に当時の村内部で重層的な階層が形成されていたことを示していると考えることも可能である。
- In other words, it can be said that multilayered classes were formed within a village in those days.
- 特に鎌倉幕府時代に東使を務めた二階堂氏・佐々木氏らが使者に立てられる場合を「武家申詞」と称した。
- Especially, in cases where a member of the Nikaido or Sasaki clans who acted as Toshi (messenger from the Kamakura bakufu to the Imperial court in Kyoto) was dispatched this was called 'buke moshi kotoba' (report informing the Court of the bakufu's intention).
- また犬追物絵図が現存しており、本丸にあった屋形二階に飾られていたものの写しであると伝わっている。
- A picture of Inuoumono remains today, and it is said to be a copy of the one that was put up in the second floor of the residence for important people that used to be located in the Honmaru of Kannonji-jo Castle.
- 日本統治の初期段階は1895年5月から1915年の西来庵事件までを第1期と区分することができる。
- The period between May 1895 and the Silaian Incident in 1915 is classified as the first phase of Japanese rule.
- 蔭位の制は唐の律令制に倣った制度だが、中国の制度よりも資格者の範囲は狭く、与えられる位階は高い。
- Oni system was modeled on the Ritsuryo system of Tang (China), but compared to the Chinese system, its extent of qualification was limited, and the ranks bestowed upon were high.
- まだしっかり身分の差がないためか天皇、貴族、武士、農民などあらゆる階層の人の歌が収められている。
- The poets' status of 'Manyoshu' (compiled in about year 759) are full of variety, they are the emperors, the nobles, the swordsmen, and peasants; it is considered to be because there was no distinct hierarchy yet.
- 思想、道徳としての儒学は支配階級を中心に学ばれ、明治以降は一般庶民にも直接、間接に影響を与えた。
- Confucianism was studied for its morals and ethics mainly by the ruling class, and after the Meiji period, its influence was directly and indirectly exerted on the ordinary people.
- このため、乱は能楽師の修行の過程において、重要な階梯であると考えられ、初演を披きとして重く扱う。
- Therefore, the acquisition of the midare is considered to be important at the training, and the first performance of the midare is even considered to be the performer's debut.
- 慶長13年(1608年)、伊東マンショ、原マルティノ、中浦ジュリアンはそろって司祭に叙階された。
- In 1608, Mancio ITO, Martinao HARA, and Juliao NAKAURA were ordinated together as priests.
- 戦争から帰還した後は開拓少書記官・屯田事務局副長・屯田事務局長と累進し、階級は屯田兵大佐となる。
- After returning from the war, he was successively promoted to Deputy Secretary of Hokkaido Development Commission, Deputy Secretary General of the Bureau of Tonden and then to Secretary General of the Bureau of Tonden, and was given the rank of Tondenhei Taisa (literally, Colonel of Ex-legionary).
- しかし、この段階まで来て不幸にも清仏戦争で清が敗退し、フランス領インドシナが誕生することになる。
- Unfortunately at this stage, however, Qing lost the Sino-French War and Indochina of the French possessions was born.
- すると、新たにこれらの収取単位を管理し、紛争処理に携わる「領主」という階層が登場するようになった。
- Then the class of 'ryoshu' (territorial lord), who newly managed each unit of these tax-collection areas and were engaged in handling disputes among people in the areas, appeared.
- この体系が知行であり、日本史における領主階層のあり方を理解する上で、知行の概念の理解は欠かせない。
- Chigyo indicates this system, and understanding the concept of chigyo is indispensable for understanding the position of the territorial lord class in Japanese history.
- また、中世は身分の流動性が非常に高く、五色の賤や近世部落のような固定化された世襲階級ではなかった。
- Furthermore, during the medieval period, social status was highly mobile, and these people were not confined within fixed hereditary classes, such as the five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system and buraku (communities of discriminated people) in the early-modern times.
- これは被支配者である農民による階級闘争の結果、支配層から土地所有権を奪取したと評価するものである。
- In this view, they think peasants, who had been unilaterally controlled by rulers, captured land ownership from the rulers as a result of a class struggle.
- つまり武装を必要としない江戸時代の安定を見るまでは、あらゆる階層が武装していたと考えるほうがよい。
- That is, it is better to think that all the classes had been armed until the society was stabilized in Edo period.
- 帰国段階で明・朝鮮水軍の妨害を受け、露梁海戦を戦うことになるが、11月末までに全軍帰国を果たした。
- On their way back to Japan, despite the Japanese forces being hindered by the Ming-Korean navy at the Battle of Noryang, all returned to Japan by the end of December.
- 神戸会場(〒650-0022 神戸市中央区 (神戸市)元町通三丁目12番17号 マルシンビル4階)
- Kobe Classroom (Marushin Bldg. 4th Floor, 12-17, Motomachidori 3-chome, Chuo Ward, Kobe City, 650-0022)
- 俳諧は連歌・和歌への入門段階にあると考え、俗語・漢語などの俳言(はいごん)を用いるべきと主張した。
- He thought that Haikai (seventeen-syllable verse) was the introduction to renga and waka and insisted to use haigon such as informal language and kango (words of Chinese origin).
- 近衛兵歩兵第3大隊長、近衛歩兵第2連隊大隊長、参謀本部 (日本)出仕を経験し階級は陸軍少佐に昇る。
- He experienced the Chief of the 3rd Regiment Foot Guard, the Chief of the 2nd Regiment Foot Guard, and the attendance of the Staff Headquarters (Japan); he moved up to an Army Major.
- 江戸後期、明治期には京都で最大な遊廓として繁栄し、大正時代には三階建ての妓楼が立ち並ぶまでとなる。
- It flourished as the biggest brothel in Kyoto during the later Edo period and the Meiji period, and in the Taisho period it owned rows of three-storey buildings.
- そして、この段階で防ぐことができれば少ない労力で食い止めることが可能だと考えられ、重要視されている。
- Therefore, it is considered important to prevent desertification at this stage, because desertification can be prevented more efficiently at this stage.
- この時代、自検断権に基づいて、ほとんど全ての階層の共同体が軍事警察力と司法権の行使を認められていた。
- One should note, however, that in this period communities at nearly all levels of the hierarchy were allowed to execute military and police powers and judicial power based on their right of jikendan (ruling and judging).
- 冠位十二階(かんいじゅうにかい)は、推古11年(603年)12月5日 (旧暦)に定められた位階制度。
- The twelve cap rank system (kani-junikai) was a court rank system established January 14, 604.
- 周の封建制(後述)とは別に、中国史において唯物史観的発展段階論を適用した場合の封建制について述べる。
- Apart from the Hoken system in Zhou (which will be described later), the Hoken system will be described in view of the development stage theory based on materialistic conception of history.
- 三方を踏み砕き刀を担ぐ(團十郎)と中二階で欄干に足を掛け揚幕を見込む(團蔵)との二通りの見得がある。
- The pose ('mie' in Japanese) here has two variations - stepping on and breaking the stand holding the sword by Danjuro, and looking into the curtain with his foot on a parapet on a mezzanine by Danzo.
- すると、二階堂ガ谷の東光寺に幽閉されていた護良親王は、時行に奉じられる事を警戒した直義に殺害された。
- Imperial Prince Morinaga who was confined in Toko-ji Temple of Nikaidogayatsu (二階堂ガ谷) was killed by Tadayoshi who was afraid that Morinaga might follow Tokiyuki.
- 存在説をとる場合でも、近江令は律令制整備の長い道程の中の一段階とみなされようになり、重要度が減じた。
- Even those who supported the Omi-Ryo existence theory began to regard Omi-Ryo as one phase of the long procedure to consolidate the Ritsuryo system, and the code became considered less important.
- 九州本部(〒810-0022 福岡市中央区 (福岡市)薬院一丁目6番14号 ZZZ-2ビル1・4階)
- Kyushu Headquarters (ZZZ-2 Bldg. 1/4 Floors, 6-14, Yakuin 1-chome, Chuo Ward, Fukuoka City 810-0022)
- 「若狭町」の誕生は、その当事者でさえも「『嶺南一市』への一段階」と発言するなど暫定的な要素が色濃い。
- Although 'Wakasa-cho' has been established, the merger appears to be temporary; even a central person advocating the merger said, 'the merger is only a step to 'forming a city in Reinan'.'
- オウム真理教では、麻原彰晃の息子にオウム真理教の階級として「皇子(こうし)」なる称号を授与していた。
- Aum Shinrikyo bestowed on the sons of Shoko ASAHARA the title of Koshi (imperial son), as a rank of Aum Shinrikyo.
- 4月10日、安徳が八条の頼盛邸から閑院に行幸し、邸宅を提供した功で頼盛の子が加階されることになった。
- On May 31, Antoku made a visit to Kanin from Yorimori's residence in Hachijo, and Yorimori's son received a promotion in recognition of providing his residence.
- しかし、平曲の音階・譜割から、天台宗大原流の声明の影響下に発生したものと考える説が妥当と判断される。
- However, it is considered appropriate that heikyoku was generated under the influence of shomyo (chanting of Buddhist hymns) by the Ohara School of the Tendai Sect, considering the musical scales and the way the music was composed for heikyoku.
- 故に、岡っ引が現在の巡査階級の警察官に相当するように表現されていることがあるが、それは妥当ではない。
- Okappiki are sometimes expressed that they corresponded to current policemen with the rank of constable, but that is therefore not right.
- 特に戦国時代においては、自給自足体制の崩壊とともに支配階層の貨幣に対する需要が高まった事から普及する。
- Especially during the Sengoku period, the system of kandaka became more widespread, since the demand for money increased as a result of the collapse of the self-sufficient structure of society.
- 後者のような公家は武士層など他の階層とのつながりも持つことなく、やがて歴史の中に消えていくことになる。
- Court nobles like the latter did not have connections with other levels such as samurai and disappeared in history.
- 中国では、早くより目録学の考え方が発達しており、日本にも奈良時代以前の段階に伝来したと考えられている。
- Bibliography developed in ancient China, and it is thought that it was brought to Japan prior to the Nara Period.
- 冠位十二階の制度は、第一回遣隋使を推古8年(600年)に派遣した時の教訓から編み出されたものであった。
- The twelve cap rank system was established following lessons learned from the first Imperial envoy sent to the Sui Dynasty in 600.
- 白河上皇は堀河天皇の成人後も政権を返すことなく、受領階級や武家出身の近臣を用いて専制的な政治を行った。
- SHIRAKAWA continued to have exert power even after Emperor Horikawa turned twenty years old and he strengthened his despotic position by appointing aids from the Juryro and Samurai class.
- 臣籍降下した中では承和 (日本)11年(844年)に昆孫の峯緒王が高階真人姓を賜り高階氏の祖となった。
- Among the Empress Jito's descendents who demoted from nobility to subject, her great-great-great-great grandchild Mineo no Miko (Prince Mineo) received the surname of TAKASHINA no Mahito in 844, and became an ancestor of the Takashina clan.
- 光琳の代表作の1つである『紅白梅図』屏風は晩年の作とされ、この屋敷の2階の画室で描かれたと推定される。
- One of Korin's famous works the Red and White Plum Blossoms folding screen is considered a late work and created in his studio on the second floor of this residence.
- 平安中期以降の社会においては受領階級などの中級貴族の娘が出仕することが多く、そのため教養に優れていた。
- In the society after the mid-Heian period, girls from the middle-ranking families such as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) often entered the service, therefore they were intelligent.
- 二階堂 行政(にかいどう ゆきまさ、生没年不詳)は、鎌倉幕府の政所令・後に別当、十三人の合議制の一人。
- Yukimasa NIKAIDO (year of birth and death unknown) held the office of Mandokoro-rei (later called Mandokoro Betto [administrator of a Buddhist temple]), a member of the 13-person parliament during the Kamakura Period.
- これによって今川家は事実上室町幕府からの統制を離れて守護大名から戦国大名の段階へ移ったと言われている。
- This is said to have essentially signified a break away by the Imagawa family from the control of the Muromachi shogunate and a change in their position from Shugo Daimyo (Provincial Daimyo) to Sengoku Daimyo (Daimyo in Sengoku period).
- 『高階系図』では高師直の兄とされているが、同時代の史料である『園太暦』では「舎弟師泰」と記されている。
- According to 'Takashina Keizu' (genealogy of the Takashina clan), KO no Moroyasu was an older brother of KO no Moronao, while 'Entairyaku' (Diary of Kinkata TOIN) describes Moroyasu as a younger brother.
- そのため、地方豪族の支配下にあった一般の民にまで6世紀の段階で氏姓が及んでいたかどうかは定かではない。
- Therefore, it is not certain that the giving of clan names (family names) and hereditary titles was extended to the common people under the control of powerful local clans in the sixth century.
- 毎年の除目において、院宮や有力寺社に給与された位階や特定の官職を申任(推薦)する権利を与えることをいう。
- At annual Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) persons with the rights were entitled to recommend people of their choices for Ikai (Court rank) and specific government posts which were given to influential temples and shrines as well as ingu (ex-emperor, ex-emperor who became a monk, imperial lady, grand empress dowager, empress dowager, empress consorts and crown prince).
- ちなみに、ここで言う上層とは、厳密には発生期の武士と同様に、騎馬戦闘の権利資格を有する階層の武士を指す。
- Strictly speaking, upper class bushi indicates the class of bushi who had the right to fight on horseback, which had been used to define bushi since the beginning of the bushi class.
- そうなると、在庁官人という地位も存立基盤を失うこととなり、在庁官人は国人と呼ばれる階層へ移行していった。
- Thus, zaichokanjin lost their status and raison d'etre and were transferred to a class called 'kokujin' (the bushi class originally from the jito class).
- 兵農分離(へいのうぶんり)とは、安土桃山から江戸時代にかけて推し進められた武士階級以外の武装解除を指す。
- Heinobunri indicates the disarming of the classes pushed forward during the period from the Azuchi-Momoyama through Edo periods except for the samurai (warrior) class.
- ある考証によると、12の位階の冠の色は次のようなものであった可能性が高いと推定されるが、断定はできない。
- From the study of historical evidence, it is presumed, though it can not be affirmed, that the colors for the twelve ranks were as stated below.
- これを皮肉を込めて「山階道理」(山階寺は平安遷都よりも遥か以前に山科区にあった興福寺の前身)と呼ばれた。
- These unreasonable demands were sarcastically called 'Yamashina dori' (Yamashina arguments), and this Yamashina came from Yamashina-dera Temple (the predecessor of Kofuku-ji Temple), which was located in today's Yamashina Ward of Kyoto long before the national capital was transferred to Heian-kyo (today's Kyoto).
- さらにこの4階級の下に絶対に輪廻転生できないとされる人々が賎民(アウト・カースト)とされて存在している。
- Moreover, those who are supposed definitely not to be able to perform Rinne Tensho exist under these four classes as Senmin (outcasts).
- 近江令説に対する批判としては、大宝律令が施行された後の段階で近江令を「不改常典」と呼ぶ矛盾が指摘される。
- The criticism toward the Omi-Ryo theory points out the contradiction of calling Omi-Ryo 'Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' even after the Taiho Code had been enacted.
- 天武天皇14年(685年)1月21日、冠位48階の制が定められたとき、高市皇子は浄広弐の位を与えられた。
- On March 4, 685 when a system of forty eight court ranks was instituted, Prince Takechi was given the rank of Jokoni.
- 唐橋家(からはしけ)は菅原在良(位階・式部省・贈従三位)(1041年 - 1121年)を祖とする堂上家。
- The Karahashi family, one of the houses of Dojo, was established by SUGAWARA no Ariyoshi (Court Rank, Department of Civil Office and Education, Conferred Junior Third Rank, 1041 - 1121).
- 高階 貴子(たかしなの きし・たかこ、生年不詳 - 長徳二年(996年)10月没)は平安時代の女流歌人。
- TAKASHINA no Kishi/Takako (date of birth unknown -October 966) was a female poet who lived in the Heian period.
- 寛政7年(1795):『西遊記』、『東遊記』、『国語律呂解』(和音階の解説(南谿は琴にたくみであった))
- 1795: 'Saiyuki (Journey to the West)', 'Toyuki (Journey to the East)' and 'Kokugoritsuryokai (explanation of Japanese musical scale)' (Nankei was good at playing koto [Japanese harp]).
- 東京衛戍総督、鴨緑江軍 (日本軍)司令官等を歴任し、官位は元帥 (日本)陸軍大将位階菊花章金鵄勲章子爵。
- He successively served as Governor of Eiju (one of government general of Imperial Japanese Army) in Tokyo and Commander of Oryokuko-gun (Japanese Army), and his official rank was Marshal, General of the Army, Ikai (Court rank), Order of the Chrysanthemum, Order of the Golden Kite, Viscount.
- 同じ国衙軍制のテーマであるが、戸田は平安時代初期中期の武士発生段階を、石井はその後の院政期について論じた。
- Although having the same kokuga forces system theme, Toda argued about the state of origin of bushi during the middle of the early Heian period while Ishii argued for the later Insei period (period of a rule by the retired emperor).
- 賤民の身分は更に、陵戸、官戸、家人(けにん)、公奴婢(ぬひ)、私奴婢の5階層(五色の賤)に区別されていた。
- Moreover, himin was divided into five classes (five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system) i.e. ryoko (imperial tomb guard), kanko (slaves to public ministries), kenin, kunuhi (government-owned slave), and shinuhi (privately-owned slave).
- ただ、実際は明らかに下人と同一階層の身分を「所従」と呼ぶこともあり、用法に厳格な違いはなく混用されていた。
- However, in practice, as those definitely in the class of Genin were sometimes called 'Shoju', the two designations were used interchangeably with no significant differences in usage.
- つまり「武士」と呼べるのは、地方経済が「私営田経営」から「開発領主」の段階に移行してからだというのである。
- As a result, one could be referred to as 'bushi' once the local economics shifted from the 'management of Shieiden' to 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' step.
- 歴名土代(りゃくみょうどだい/れきめいどだい)とは、中世日本の四位・五位の位階補任(叙位)の記録簿である。
- Ryakumyo dodai (also called rekimei-dodai) was the record book of Ikai-Bunin (directory of Court ranks) of Shii (Fourth Rank) and Goi (Fifth Rank) in medieval Japan.
- 幕末に活躍した人びとには、勤皇方、幕府方を問わず、下級藩士・郷士・町人など軽輩階層出身者であった者が多い。
- Many of people who played active roles at the end of the Edo period, whether pro-imperial or pro-shogunate, came from these derogatory class such as lower-rank samurai, country samurai, merchants.
- 確にこの時期に冠位十二階の制定などの国制改革が行われたが、政治・社会体制を大きく変革するものではなかった。
- Constitutional reforms such as the establishment of the twelve cap rank system were carried out during this period, although they were not so influential as to drastically change the political and social systems.
- 勧賞は第一・頼朝、第二・義仲、第三・行家という順位が決まり、それぞれに任国と位階が与えられることになった。
- As for praise and encouragement, the order was decided, Yoritomo was the first, Yoshinaka second, and Yukiie third, and each was to receive ningoku (place of appointment) and ikai (court rank).
- 当時の荘園は名田を有する百姓名主や在家住人とそれ以外の作人・小百姓・所従・下人などの2階層に分かれていた。
- Shoen at that time had a dual class structure, which was divided into the group which included the hyakusho-myoshu who owned myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and the zaike-jumin; and the group which included sakunin (tenant cultivators), kobyakusho (peasants who owned little plowlands), shoju, and genin.
- たとえばマルクス主義的な発展段階論においては周代中国を奴隷社会であるか古代荘園社会であるかが論争となった。
- For example, in the development stage theory of Marx, it is argued whether China in the Zhou period was a slavery society or an ancient manor-based society, therefore, it is not easy to settle the dispute.
- 基礎工事の準備段階として木杭と貫でベンチマークとなる囲いを作るこれを「遣り方」といい、鳶職の別名になった。
- In the preparatory stage of foundation work, the enclosure can be built with wood piles and rails as benchmark, which is called 'yarikata,' another name for tobishoku.
- 室町時代、禅宗文化が栄え、茶礼が盛んになったが、上層階級の間では、義政の時代まで闘茶も広く親しまれていた。
- The sarei became popular as the Zen culture became prosperous during Muromachi period, and tocha was widely popular within the upper class people until the time of Yoshimasa.
- ただし江戸時代に水戸光圀が編纂させた『大日本史』の段階から「疑ふらくは、和歌者流好事家の所為に出でしなり。
- However, 'Dai-Nihon shi' (A History of Great Japan) edited by Mitsukuni MITO in Edo period, comments that 'it was probably created by Waka lovers.
- その後、天平宝字4年(760年)8月に仏教界の粛正のために、慈訓、法進とともに、僧階を改めるよう奏上する。
- In August 760, Roben, together with Jikun and Hoshin, presented to the Emperor a petition for reforms of bonze ranks to clean up the Buddhism realm.
- 1561年にゴアで司祭に叙階され、語学と文筆の才能を高く評価されて各宣教地からの通信を扱う仕事に従事した。
- He was ordained in 1561 in Goa, and he served by dealing with the communications from each missionary location thanks to his language and writing skills, which were well recognized.
- 新制度によって天皇の侍医は大典医・中典医・少典医の3階級に分けられることとなり、光順は少典医に任ぜられる。
- According to a new system, Emperor's court physicians were divided into three ranks such as Senior, Middle and Junior Tenyaku physicians, and Mitsuosa was appointed as Junior Tenyaku physician.
- 一部の特権階級のため莫大な資金を投入しての市場介入に公正な取引を監視する筈の与力たちが見て見ぬふりをする。
- Yoriki who should monitor fair trade turned a blind eye to market intervention by enormous transfers of funding for certain privileged classes.
- 位一階を下げ、官を解かれることになったが、壬申の年の功によって特別に赦され、贓物の返済だけでよいとされた。
- He was demoted to one lower rank and removed from the Imperial Court, however, for the service in the year of Jinshin (the Jinshin War), he was given an amnesty with only one condition that he had to return those stolen things.
- 産金地である陸奥国小田郡を管轄する国守である百済王敬福は従三位へ七階級特進し、宮内卿河内国守に任命された。
- Kyofuku KUDARANOKONIKISHI, who was the governor in Oda District, Mutsu Province where gold was found, was moved up seven ranks and promoted to Jusani (Junior Third Rank) and given the position of Kunaikyo (Minister of the Sovereign's Household) as well as the governor of Kawachi Province.
- 忍性は非人救済のみでは、それが却って差別を助長しかねないと考えて非人を含めた全ての階層への救済に尽力した。
- Ninsho felt that relief of 'Hinin' would only promote the discrimination, so he gave his best effort in the relief of all hierarchy including the Hinin.
- 氏姓は元来はヤマト王権を構成する臣・連・伴造・国造などの支配階級が称したものである(王とその一族を除く)。
- Clan name and hereditary title were originally held by people of the governing classes and these titles were such as Omi, Muraji, Tomo no Miyatsuko, Kuni no Miyatsuko composing Yamato Sovereignty (the king and his family were excluded).
- 冠位十二階、十七条憲法の制定、遣隋使(小野妹子)の派遣、四天王寺、法隆寺などの建立などが主だった業績である。
- His main accomplishments included the formation of Kan I junikai (12 grades of cap rank) and the Seventeen-Article Constitution, the dispatch of a Japanese envoy (ONO no Imoko) to the Sui dynasty of China, and the establishment of Shitenno-ji and Horyu-ji Temples.
- 武士下層と百姓上層との間にある程度の流動性があることに着目し、この階層を「身分的中間層」と呼ぶ考え方もある。
- Focusing on the mobility to some extent between low-ranking samurai and high-ranking peasants, such classes may be called 'middle-ranking class.'
- 明治末期には、ドイツ歴史学派の影響による発展段階史観が唱えられ、またマルクス主義による唯物史観が紹介された。
- Towards the end of the Meiji period, evolution phase-based views of history was advocated affected by the German historical school, and materialistic views of history based on Marxism was introduced to Japan as well.
- 言語生成の比較的早い段階でも現れることから、音便は中世日本語の動詞および形容詞の形態に大きな影響を及ぼした。
- Appearing at comparatively early stage of language forming, euphonic changes had a great impact on figuration of verbs and adjectives of Middle Japanese.
- 唐代には紫衣に金魚袋(三品以上)・緋衣に銀魚袋(五品以上)という姿が高官の象徴とされ、位階相当で使用された。
- In the Tang Dynasty, Sanbon (the third rank of the court) or higher officers put on purple Buddhist priest stoles with goldfish-bag ornament and Gohin (the fifth rank of the court) or higher officers wore cardinal Buddhist priest stoles with silverfish-bag ornament according to their Ikai (court rank).
- 具体的には一番下の大口と各焼成室に設けられた小口からの投薪を使い分け、焼成段階に分けて微妙に温度調整を施す。
- Specifically, the craftsman makes subtle changes to the temperature depending on the baking stage by putting a suitable amount of firewood through the Oguchi at the lowest baking chamber and the Koguchi on each baking chamber.
- 水分を飛ばすための予備段階である焙りを終えた後の本焙りでは大口に薪を投入し、ゆっくりと窯の温度を上げていく。
- After finishing the initial roast stage, a preparatory stage aimed at drying out the ware, the temperature inside the kiln is gradually raised by putting firewood through the Oguchi at the full-scale roast stage.
- 会所の隣には泉殿と有名な三階建ての舎利殿(金閣)があって、舎利殿は二階部分は会所建築であるともいわれている。
- There were izumidono and famous three story Shariden (Kinkaku) next to the kaisho, and a part of the second floor of Shariden is said to have the architecture of Kaisho.
- 但し高階氏に関しては、天武天皇の雲孫(8代孫)に当たる高階師尚が養子なので、以降天武天皇血筋は継いでいない。
- However, as for the Takashina clan, because TAKASHINA no Morohisa, the eighth generation decedent of the Emperor Tenmu, was an adopted son, the line of Emperor Tenmu stopped there.
- 大山誠一は「厩戸王の事蹟と言われるもののうち冠位十二階と遣隋使の2つ以外は全くの虚構である」と主張している。
- Seiichi OYAMA argues that 'all the achievements attributed to Umayatoo except for two things, the Kani juni kai system and Kenzuishi (a Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China), are complete forgeries.'
- が、かれは実は女性を扱うことにかけては詐欺師的な巧みさを持ち、高い階層の女性を次々と籠絡している男であった。
- However, Kashiwagi was, in fact, excellent at handling women like a swindler and seduced upper-class women one after another.
- 晩年には真言宗に傾倒し、高野山金剛峯寺の清胤_(真言宗)から伝法潅頂を受け阿闍梨権大僧都の位階を受けている。
- In the last years, Kenshin made a commitment to the Shingon sect, received Denpo-kanjo (esoteric Buddhist ritual of pouring water on the top of monk's head for transfer of Dahrma) from Shoin (Shingon sect) of Kongobu-ji Temple on Mt. Koya, and was granted a rank of Ajari (a master of esoteric Buddhism) Daisozu (the highest grade that can be held by one who has reached the second highest rank in the hierarchy of Buddhist priests).
- 正五位上は大宝元年(701年)以降の位階で、そのままに信じてよいならこの時点まで日向は存命だったことになる。
- Shogoinojo is a Court rank after 701 so Himuke was still alive at this point in time, if it is reliable.
- 「出生身分」とは「イヘ」の社会的格付けであり、公家に仕える下級貴族とその予備軍・侍階級とか言う場合に該当する。
- The 'birth rank' was a social rank of the 'house' and referred to lower class aristocrats and its supplying army and samurai class that served kuge (aristocrats).
- 2007年1月16日未明、近接する学生集会所の1階からぼやが発生し、階段下の収納庫付近2平方メートルが焼けた。
- A small fire started at dawn on January 16, 2007 on the first floor of the adjacent student meeting building and two square meters of shed situated under the staircase burned due to this fire.
- 女房は受領階級などの中級貴族の子女が多く、中級貴族たちは藤原氏に取り入るべく子女の教育に努力を惜しまなかった。
- Female personal assistants were often the girls of middle-classed nobles such as local officers and these middle-classed nobles spared no effort in educating their girls to win the FUJIWARA clan's favor.
- 明治時代以降の臣籍降下では、生家の宮号と同じ氏を用いる例があった(山階芳麿侯爵・久邇邦久侯爵・伏見博英伯爵)。
- After the Meiji period, some examples can be seen where they kept the same original Miyago when they were demoted from nobility to subject. (Marquis Yoshimaro YAMASHINA, Marquis Kunihisa KUNI, Count Hirohide FUSHIMI).
- 中世日本語(ちゅうせいにほんご)とは、中古日本語と近世日本語の間に位置する、日本語の発展における一段階である。
- Middle Japanese is a stage in the development of the Japanese language located between Early Middle Japanese and Early Modern Japanese.
- 観世流シテ方の場合、玄人及びそれに準ずる者の職位として、宗家、分家、職分、準職分、師範、準師範の六段階がある。
- In the case of Kanze-ryu shite-kata (main roles of Kanze school), there are six ranks in professionals and quasi-professionals: soke, bunke, shokubun (occupational), jun shokubun (quasi-shokubun), shihan (instructor) and jun shihan (quasi-shihan).
- 三河守受領の為の位階は従五位下に相当するが、当時の慣例では、従五位下の位階を与えられる姓の系統は限られていた。
- To obtain the Mikawa Governor post, it was customary at that time to hold a rank of equivalent to a Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) however, there were rigid hereditary family line limitations to who was awarded Jugoinoge rank.
- 義満の北山殿にあった会所、天鏡閣は二階建てであり、これには禅宗文化の影響が見え、唐物との親和性はよかったろう。
- The Tenkyokaku, which was a Kaisho at Kitayamadono of Yoshimitsu, was two stories high and the Zen culture could be observed together with its affinity with karamono was well.
- 近年の研究では、継体天皇即位の正当性を示すために系譜作成の段階で挿入された人物としてその実在性を疑われている。
- In recent research and historical study, doubt was cast on the existence of Prince Ohodo; this was effected in the belief of some scholars that Prince Ohodo was an implant; being a fictitious person inserted during the process of creating the genealogy tables, in an attempt to show the legitimacy in the enthronement of the Emperor Keitai.
- また、兼実の同母弟藤原兼房 (太政大臣)の子孫も「九条家」に含める事もあるが、こちらは早い段階で断絶している。
- A descendant of FUJIWARA no Kanefusa (grand minister of state), the younger brother-uterine of Kanezane, he is sometimes included in the Kujo family but Kanefusa's family line failed at an early stage.
- この知らせを聞いた孝明天皇は、典薬寮の医師である高階経由と福井貞憲の2人を大坂へ派遣し、その治療に当たらせた。
- When Emperor Komei was informed of this, he dispatched two doctors from the Tenyakuryo (Bureau of Medicine) named Tsuneyoshi TAKASHINA and Sadanori FUKUI to Osaka to give Iemochi medical treatment.
- 和歌や和文文学に優れた人物も多く、平安期から鎌倉期にかけてのこの階層の作者の手になるものを特に女房文学と呼ぶ。
- There were many nyobo who were good at waka poetry and Japanese literature, so the literary works that were created from the Heian period to the Kamakura period by the authors belonging to this class are specifically called nyobo bungaku (literature by nyobo).
- またもう一人の子二階堂行村は1213年 (建暦3)和田合戦における5月4日条においてに「山城判官行村奉行たり。
- Another child, Yukimura NIKAIDO, served as a military commissioner and compiled a record of the Battle of WADA and a list of rewards given to soldiers, as shown in the Article May 4 of 1213 written during the Battle of Wada.
- 忠宗の官位については「帯刀長」「左衛門少尉」「検非違使」の官職が伝わっているが、位階についてはわかっていない。
- As for Tadamune's official rank and post, according to some records, his post was 'Tachihaki no osa' (captain of the Guards), 'Saemon no Shoi' (Junior Lieutenant of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), and 'Kebiishi' (official with judicial and police powers), and his court rank is unknown.
- 西園寺が後継に指名した松田正久の死去により、後継総裁に原敬が就任して立憲政友会は新たな段階へと進むことになる。
- Although Saionji firstly appointed Masahisa MATSUDA as his successor, Matsuda died suddenly, and the RSP presidency was assumed by Takashi HARA and the party stepped forward to a new stage.
- この型式編年を利用して、出現期古墳はどの段階の鏡を持つかで古墳が年代的に古いかどうかが判断できるようになった。
- By utilizing this chronology in the type, the phase of the mirror discovered in the tumulus made it possible to judge if the tumulus is chronologically old.
- 以降と言いながら、時代を遡ってしまうが、1972年の段階で、既に「より総合的な視点が」という指摘はなされていた。
- The title indicates the trend after the theory, but it should be noted that even in 1972 before the theory was out, there was indication among scholars that 'more comprehensive view' was needed.
- これらは秋田城が独占していた対北海道蝦夷貿易がこの地区の新興階層の手に移行したことを示唆しているとする人もいる。
- According to some, this shows that trade with the Emishi in Hokkaido, which Akita-jo Castle had monopolized, was taken over by the emerging class of people in these regions.
- 地方官制(ちほうかんせい)は、701年(大宝元)に制定された大宝律令で国・郡・里の三段階の行政組織に編成された。
- The local bureaucratic system was formed into a three-tier administrative organization of kuni (provinces), gun/kori (districts) and ri/sato (villages) under the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) enacted in the year 701.
- 古くは平安時代より貴族階級において様々な用途で使われており、現代でも和装の際や和食などの席で使用することが多い。
- It dates back to the Heian period when nobles used it for various purposes, and it is occasionally used as a kimono accessory or as paper napkins during a Japanese style meal.
- 律令制の最盛期とちがって、租税を強力な力なしには徴収できない階級関係の変化が、検非違使の機能の変化にも反映した。
- Unlike during the prime of the ritsuryo system, changes in class relationships made it impossible to collect taxes without enforcing power, and this was reflected in the changes in the function of kebiishi.
- ところが、天永3年(1112年)に父が蔵人所で急死したため、幼少であった通憲は縁戚であった高階経敏の養子となる。
- In 1112, his father died suddenly in the Kurodo dokoro (the Chamberlain's Office); being a young boy, he was adopted by TAKASHINA no Tsunetoshi, one of his relatives.
- 書斎や2階の客間からは若草山や三蓋山、高円山の眺めが美しく、庭園も執筆に疲れた時に散策できるように作られていた。
- The library and second-floor guest room had beautiful views of Mt. Wakakusa and Mt. Takamado; the garden was designed so that he could take a stroll when he was tired from writing.
- 萩の舎は当時、公家や旧老中・旧藩主などの旧体制、明治政府の特権階級の政治家・軍人の夫人や令嬢らが通う歌塾だった。
- At that time, Haginoya was a waka school attended by the wives and daughters of the former regime's privileged classes - such as court nobles, former roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate), and former domain lords - and of the Meiji government statesmen and military personnel.
- そのため、貴子は末流貴族の出身ながら関白の嫡妻、かつ中宮の生母として栄達し、高階成忠は従二位と朝臣の姓を賜った。
- Although she was a descendant of a lower-ranking noble, she rose to a high dignified position, becoming the first wife of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) and a mother of Chugu (the second consort of an emperor), and moreover, TAKASHINA no Naritada was raised to Junii being given the title of a chieftain, Ason.
- 大槻玄沢の『蘭学階梯』に感銘を受け、1792年(寛政4年)江戸へのぼり、彼の私塾である芝蘭堂に入門、頭角を現す。
- After he was strongly impressed with 'Rangaku Kaitei' (an introductory book of the Western science study) written by Gentaku OTSUKI, he moved to Edo in 1792 to enter Gentaku's private school Shinrando and began increasing his competence.
- なお、鎌倉幕府は、ある一時期をもって成立したと見るのではなく、徐々に数段階を経て成立したとする見解が支配的である。
- Kamakura bakufu is not considered to have been established at one specific time, rather it is the dominant view that the bakufu was gradually established in several stages.
- 明治維新後、新政府は財政問題解決のため、旧武士階級の士族に一時金の代りに俸録米支給を打ち切る「秩禄処分」を行った。
- After the Meiji Restoration, the new government implemented 'Chitsuroku-shobun' (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend) which was the abolishment of salary-like payments to members of the warrior or samurai hierarchy in exchange for lump-sum payments in order to solve financial problems.
- この受領・国衙支配のもと、収取体系においては負名体制が形成し、軍事面においては国衙軍制を通じて武士階層が登場した。
- Under the control of Zuryo and Kokuga, the Fumyo system (a system for tax collecting) was formed for the Revenue system, and the samurai class appeared via the kokuga forces system.
- なお、一旦廃止された宮刑は明代に復活し、政府の高官から塩を作る人夫まで、さまざまな階層の男性がこの刑に処せられた。
- Once abolished, the penalty of castration was reinstated in the Ming Dynasty and utilized against male criminals among a wide variety of social classes, from high officials in the government to the labourers who produced salt.
- また大村は、2年6月の段階で大阪に軍務官の大阪出張所を設置していたが、9月には同じく大阪に兵部省の兵学寮を設けた。
- Omura established a branch of the Gunmukan (Office for Military Affairs) in Osaka in July 1869 and set up the government's Heigakuryo Military Academy in October, also in Osaka.
- 文武天皇四年(700年)に、冠位・官位制度の変遷冠位四十八階(じきこうし)に昇進して大宝律令の編纂者に任命される。
- In 700, he was promoted to Jikikoshi which was the 12th grade of the 48 grades of cap rank in a transition of official rank system and he was appointed to be a compiler for Taiho Code.
- 東曹…大江氏・三善氏・紀氏・藤原南家・藤原式家(蔵下麻呂流)・藤原北家(魚名流)・高階氏(都氏・三統氏・小野氏など)
- Toso: the Oe clan, the Miyoshi clan, the Ki clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan (the Kurajimaro line), the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (the Uona line), the Takashina clan (the Miyako clan, the Mimune clan, the Ono clan, and so forth)
- 当初は弥勒信仰にもとづく仏典保存を目的としていたが、やがて極楽往生や現世利益などの動機も早い段階から複合していった。
- Originally, it was intended to preserve Buddhist scriptures based on Miroku Belief, but it gradually incorporated, from an early stage, motivations such as gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) and spiritual and material benefit gained in this world through observance of the Buddhist teachings.
- その後仇討ちは武士階級の台頭以来広く見られるようになるが、江戸幕府によって法制化されるに至ってその形式が完成された。
- Later, Katakiuchi became prevalent along with the rise of the samurai hierarchy, and when the practice was legislated by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it took a complete form.
- 役人が位階獲得を目的に私鋳銭を製造しないよう、私鋳銭製造に対しては官位剥奪、「斬」(首を切る極刑)の罰が加えられた。
- In order to prevent government officials counterfeiting coins in order to obtain Ikai (Court rank), any person who manufactured counterfeit coins was punished with removal of official rank and 'zan' (execution by decapitation).
- (但し位階の大と小の色を、色の濃度の違いで区別するように制度が変わったのは、冠位十二階を定めたときよりも後である。)
- (However, the system was changed to using different shades to distinguish between 'Greater' and 'Lesser' after the twelve cap rank system had already been established.)
- 「当色」は、位階相当の色として、五行思想に基づいた五常の徳目(仁・礼・信・義・智)の青・赤・黄・白・黒が考えられる。
- The 'colors' mentioned in the 'Nihon Shoki' are believed to have been blue, red, yellow, white, and black corresponding to the five Confucian virtues (charity, courtesy, sincerity, justice, knowledge), which was based on the Wu Xing (Five Phases).
- 袍(ほう=うわぎ)を位階にあわせた色にしないため「雑袍」と呼ばれ、参内には「雑袍宣旨」という宣旨を得てから使用した。
- Noshi used to be worn with the outer jumper called 'Ho' which was not color coordinated with Noshi, it was called 'Zappo,' this was worn after obtaining permission from the Imperial Palace called 'Zappo Senshi.'
- 倭国でも7世紀前半にかけて聖徳太子と蘇我氏により遣隋使派遣・冠位十二階制定・十七条憲法導入などの国政改革が行われた。
- In Wa as well, Prince Shotoku and the Soga clan reformed national politics by sending Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty China, establishing Kani junikai (twelve grades of cap rank) and introducing a Seventeen-Article Constitution.
- しかし、歴史上はっきりとした段階で活躍するのは宣化天皇の大夫であった阿倍大麻呂(火麻呂とする説もある)が初見である。
- However, ABE no Omaro (or Himaro) who was the daibu (master) for Emperor Senka was the first to be known in history.
- 元来業平の歌集や家に伝わっていた話が、後人の補足などによって段階的に現在の125段に成長していったという仮説である。
- One hypothesis states that tales that were included in the collection of poems of Narihira or had been handed down in his family gradually developed into the 125 chapters as we now know them, through the addition of supplementary chapters by later redactors.
- しかしいざ自殺の実行の段階に至ると、どうしても思い切る事が出来ず、「鬼が私を喰い殺してくれれば」と嘆き悲しんでいた。
- When actually committing suicide, however, she didn't dare to do so and deplored saying 'I wish to be eaten by an ogre.'
- 建久6年(1195年)、政子は頼朝と共に上洛し、宣陽門院の生母の高階栄子と会って大姫の後鳥羽天皇への入内を協議した。
- In 1195, Masako traveled with Yoritomo to Kyoto to meet with TAKASHINA no Eishi, the mother of the sixth daughter of Emperor Goshirakawa, Senyomonin, and discussed marriage between Ohime and Emperor Gotoba.
- 源氏の棟梁、源義家の庶子と云われる高階惟章(実際は乳母弟か)が、義家の三男源義国とともに下野国に住したことに始まる。
- KO no Moronao's family lineage can be traced back to the time when TAKASHINA no Koreaki, who is said to have been an illegitimate child (also said to have been their nanny's younger brother) of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, the Minamoto clan's master builder, started to live with MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni, Yoshiie's third son, in Shimotsuke Province.
- 複数の要素が重なって、旧来の奴隷の地位と旧来の自由農民の地位を併せ持ったコロヌスという従属的な階級が生まれたのである。
- With several factors, the subservient class called colonus, which had both the traditional status of slaves and traditional status of free farmers, was born.
- のち三好氏一族の一存を迎え入れた木田郡・植田一族の十河氏が三好氏の代官として勢力を伸ばし、早い段階で東讃岐を総括した。
- Later, the Sogo clan that accepted Kazumasa from the Miyoshi clan, increased its power as a daikan (local governor) of the Miyoshi clan and controlled eastern Sanuki since the early stage.
- 政府はさらにその流通をめざして和銅4年(711年)10月に一定量の銭を蓄えた者に位階を与えるとする蓄銭叙位令を発した。
- In November 711, in an attempt to promote its circulation, the government issued the Chikusen joirei which gave Ikai (Court rank) to persons who saved up a specified amount of coins.
- 家に伝わる爵位を継承する場合、襲爵、位階・地位などを世襲することを襲位、先祖伝来の名跡などを世襲することを襲名という。
- When a title, a court rank or position is passed down through a family, this is called Shui; heredity of the family name or the like is known as Shumei.
- 京都議定書の定める2012年以降の枠組みについては、「ポスト京都議定書」として国際的な話し合いがされている段階である。
- As for the framework defined by Kyoto Protocol after 2012, international meetings are being held to set a 'Post Kyoto Protocol.'
- 破精(はぜ)とは、日本酒の醸造過程の中で日本酒麹造り(せいぎく)、すなわち日本酒麹造りの段階で重要視される概念である。
- Haze is a notion considered to be important in the seigiku process, that is a manufacturing process of sake rice malt, in the brewing process of sake.
- しかし、8世紀後半に入ると、百姓階層の分化が始まり、百姓の逃亡が増加するなど、律令支配の転換を迫る状況が生じていった。
- However, entering the latter half of the eighth century, farmers became hierarchical, and situations to force the change in control based upon the Ritsuryo system, for example, an increase in the farmers to replace those who fled, were created.
- 遅くても天正13年5月段階では関白二条昭実・左大臣近衛信輔・右大臣菊亭晴季・内大臣羽柴秀吉が在任していたとされている。
- No later than May and June, 1585, Akizane NIJO, Nobusuke KONOE, Harusue KIKUTEI, and Hideyoshi HASHIBA are believed to have been each awarded Kanpaku, Sadaijin, Udaijin, and Naidaijin.
- 律令制では天皇の子、および兄弟姉妹が親王とされ、位階を授けられ、給田や俸禄が与えられて、家司(けいし)が付属せられた。
- With the Ritsuryo system, the emperor's child along with his siblings were the Shinno, and they received Ikai (Court rank), kyuden (provided rice field) and horoku (stipend), and a Keishi (household superintendent) was attached.
- 国会議事堂にある大隈像は、中央広間1階に日本初の政党内閣を樹立した功績を称え、板垣退助、伊藤博文とともに飾られている。
- The statue of Okuma in the Diet Building was put on display along with those of Taisuke ITAGAKI and Hirobumi ITO in the central hall on the first floor in praise of the establishment of the first political party Cabinet in Japan.
- この兵制論争中、6月21日段階での争点は、京都に駐留していた鹿児島・山口・高知藩兵の取り扱いをめぐってのものであった。
- On July 29, the argument concerned what to do with the armies of Kagoshima, Yamaguchi and Kochi, which had been staying in Kyoto.
- 二階堂 行方(にかいどう ゆきかた、建永元年(1206年) - 文永4年(1267年))は鎌倉時代中期の幕府実務官僚。
- Yukikata NIKAIDO (1206 - 1267) was a governmental official responsible for practical works in the mid Kamakura period.
- 士族反乱(しぞくはんらん)は、日本の明治初期に旧武士階級であった士族が明治政府に対して起こした一連の反政府活動である。
- Shizoku no hanran was a series of the antigovernment movement against Meiji government, which was raised by people from former samurai hierarchy at the beginning of Meiji period.
- 平安時代中期に承平天慶勲功者やその子孫の中から登場した武士階層は、田堵負名、すなわち田地経営者としての側面も持っていた。
- A class of samurai who had come from Johei Tengyo kunkosha (people who distinguishably served in the Johei and Tengyo War) or their descendants were also a Tato-fumyo (cultivator/tax manager), a rice field manager.
- 議定小松宮彰仁親王、山階宮晃親王、中山忠能、正親町三条実愛、中御門経之、島津忠義、徳川慶勝、浅野長勲、松平慶永、山内豊信
- Gijo: Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito, Imperial Prince Yamashinanomiya Akira, Tadayasu NAKAYAMA, Sanenaru OGIMACHISANJO, Tsuneyuki NAKAMIKADO, Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA, Nagakoto ASANO, Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, and Toyoshige YAMAUCHI
- 標高は395m、面積は約2000m²、主な遺構としては、礎石、暗渠排水、溜枡(ためます)、幅4mの大手石階段などがある。
- The height of the Honmaru was 395 meters, had an area of 2,000 square meters, and there are remains of the foundation stone, closed conduit drainage, Tamemasu (set up on a drain to block sand or dirt going through) and the Ote stone stairs four meters wide left as the main structural remnants.
- 天皇を除けば、すべての身分・階層が法のもとに拘束される原則が支配している点で、律令法は一種の法治主義の特色をもっている。
- Ritsuryo law can be characterized as a kind of nomocracy, in that the dominant principle was that all classes and ranks other than the Emperor are bound by law.
- 天明6年(1786年)12月、内膳司(天皇の食事を調達する役所)の史生に、翌年2月、位階に、同3月、石見介に任じられた。
- After he became a shisho (person who performed miscellaneous duties about documents) of Naizenshi (Imperial Table Office) in December, 1786, he received a court rank in February of the following year, and then was appointed to Iwami no suke (Assistant Governor of Iwami Province) in March of the same year.
- また、転封法度に未進や借り物の棄破等の文言があった為、土地の売買証文の中には徳政拒否文言が早い段階で記されるようになる。
- The Tenpo Hatto (The laws for changing the territory) had the words about nonpayment of tribute and the loss or damage of a borrowed thing, so land sales contracts came to contain the words to reject debt cancellation orders at an early stage.
- 佐藤進一は1965 年の『南北朝の動乱』 の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
- Shinichi SATO firmly stated in 'A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts' published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'
- これらは、冠位十二階に組み込まれなかった大臣 (日本)(おおおみ)などを冠位制の序列に組み込もうとした試みだと考えられる。
- These revisions are considered to be attempts to fit hereditary titles, such as O-omi, that had been left out of the twelve cap ranks into the hierarchy of the system.
- 通し柱を用いず、各階ごとに積み上げられた天守は、三層三階地下一階の複合式望楼型で「ごぼう積み」と云われる石垣で支えられる。
- The tenshu (with three layers, three stories and a basement) built without using toshi bashira (through pillar) belongs to the multi-layered borogata style (a type of castle tower for lookout on the building with a gabled, hipped roof) and is supported with stone walls called gobozumi (a method of piling up stone wall, piling up with deep stones of which bonder side faces front).
- 特色として庶民的な面が濃く現れているが、必ずしも町人の出身ばかりでなく、元禄文化の担い手として武士階級出身の者も多かった。
- As its characteristic, it was rather a culture of ordinary people, however, besides townsmen, samurai or worriers class also led Genroku culture.
- たねや本店2階喫茶室に旧ヴォーリズ邸在りし時代の洋館街の陶器製模型が展示されており、当時の街の雰囲気にふれることができる。
- Taneya main shop has in the tea room on the second floor a ceramic scale model of the Yokangai during the times when the Vories residence was still standing, offering a glimpse of the past.
- 臣籍降下した中では承和 (日本)11年(844年)に玄孫の峯緒王(吉備内親王の曾孫)が高階真人姓を賜り高階氏の祖となった。
- In 844, among the Imperial Families that had undergone demotion from nobility to subject, Prince Mineo (a great-grandchild of Imperial Princess Kibi) was given the surname of 'TAKASHINA no Mahito', and became the ancestor of the Takashina clan.
- 受領や摂関家勾当などを務めた兄たちに対し資兼は官歴が伝わらずその経歴も詳らかでないが、従五位下の位階を帯びていたとされる。
- Different from his older brothers who served such as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) and Koto (a secretary) of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the record of offices and ranks Sukekane held and his career history are unknown, however he is believed to have been ranked as Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).
- なお、恬子内親王との間には密通によって高階茂範の養子・師尚が生まれたという説があり、以後高階氏は業平の子孫ではと噂された。
- There is a theory that Narihira and Imperial Princess Yasuiko had an affair resulting in the birth of Moronao who was later to be adopted by Shigenori TAKASHINA, resulting in rumors that the Takashina clan were descendants of Narihira.
- その成立は、平安時代末期の承安 (日本)1年(1171年)と、南北朝時代 (日本)の貞和3年(1347年)の2段階がある。
- There were two kinds of 'Oshu Gosannen Ki,' the one written in 1171 at the end of the Heian period and another written in 1347 in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 弘化2年12月17日(1846年1月14日)、光順は典薬寮医師に補せられ、朝廷から従六位の位階と備前介の官職を与えられた。
- On January 14, 1846, assisted by a doctor from Tenyakuryo, Mitsuosa was given the court rank of Jurokui (Junior Sixth Rank) and the government post of Bizen no suke (Assistant Governor of Bizen Province).
- その後、職は参謀本部次長、階級は陸軍中将に進み1900年4月、永山武四郎中将の後任として第7師団 (日本軍)長に就任する。
- After that, he moved on to Vice-chief of Staff Headquarters in position and Lieutenant General in rank, and in April, 1900 assumed office as Chief of the 7th Shidan in succession to Lieutenant General Takeshiro NAGAYAMA.
- 二階堂 行光(にかいどう ゆきみつ、長寛2年(1164年) - 承久元年(1219年)9月)は鎌倉時代初期の幕府実務官僚。
- Yukimitsu NIKAIDO (1164 - September 1219) was a governmental official responsible for practical works at the beginning of the Kamakura period.
- 幕府の中でも文筆や礼儀に通じた家柄の御家人である長井氏・二階堂氏・安達氏などといった特定の家の人物が選ばれる事が多かった。
- The toshi was very often selected from specific families of shogunal retainers well versed in the literary art and in imperial protocol, such as the Nagai, Nikaido and Adachi clans.
- 下品下生、下品中生、下品上生から上品上生に至るまで九つの往生の段階があるという「九品往生」の考えから、九体の如来をまつった。
- The nine figures of Nyorai were enshrined based on the belief of 'kuhon ojo;' nine levels of birth, from gebon gesho (lower grade: lower birth), gebon chusho (lower grade: middle birth), gebon josho (lower grade: upper birth), to jobon josho (upper grade: upper birth) were in the Pure Land.
- 直衣が許されるのは、多くが公卿(従三位以上もしくは参議以上)であるが、位階によって自動的に「雑袍宣旨」が下されるのではない。
- People who were court nobles, (higher rank than Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank - or state councilor) were allowed to wear Noshi, but 'Zappo Shenshi' was not automatically allowed because of official rank.
- 成員は公家のほか足利家家臣の上杉氏や足利尊氏の執事高師直、旧幕府の官僚二階堂氏など公家・武家双方から多くの人材が登用された。
- Many talented men were appointed from both the nobility and the warrior class to serve as members, the most notable of whom, aside from the nobles, were those from the Uesugi clan, a vassal of the Ashikaga family, and Takauji ASHIKAGA's steward Ko no Moronao, as well as some from the Nikaido clan, former bureaucrats in the Kamakura bakufu.
- これにより、実質的に室町幕府は滅亡したのである(ただし、なおも義昭自身は征夷大将軍の地位にあり、従三位の位階も保っていた)。
- With that, Muromachi bakufu practically went to ruin. (However, Yoshiaki was still in the position of Seii taishogun and held Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).)
- 正式には鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の唐橋有雅(位階・大膳職)(1275年 - 1356年)から唐橋の家名を称した。
- The family name of Karahashi was officially given during the time of Arimasa KARAHASHI (Court Rank, the Office of the Palace Table, 1275 - 1356), some time between the late Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 天皇の高御座着座ののち、執翳女嬬が左右おのおの9人が御前に進んで翳を奉じると、褰帳命婦が東西の階を昇り、高御座の帳を褰げる。
- After Emperor was seated in Takamikura throne, nine of Hatori nyoju (noblewomen) on the right and left sides respectively shielded him from view with Sashiha (long-handled, Chinese style fans) and Kencho-no-myobu went up the stairs on the east and west sides, and then raised Tobari (curtain) of Takamikura.
- 『平家物語』によると清盛は頼政の階位について完全に失念しており、そのため長らく正四位であった頼政が、次のような和歌を詠んだ。
- According to the 'Heike Monogatari ' (The Tale of the Heike), Kiyomori was totally forgetful of the rank of Yorimasa; Yorimasa, trying to put Kiyomori in mind that he kept the rank of Shoshii for so many years, composed the following waka poem:
- 2月10日 (旧暦)に塩市丸とその母を殺害し義鑑も負傷して2月12日 (旧暦)に死去するという政変(二階崩れの変)が起こる。
- A coup then (Nikaikuzure no hen) broke out, which resulted in the killings of Shioichimaru and his mother along with the injuring of Toshiaki on March 8 and subsequent death on March 10.
- 階級社会の軍隊で、それも一段低い扱いを受ける衛生部の鴎外の主張がとおった背景の一つに、山県有朋の存在があったと考えられている
- It is thought that one of the reasons why Ogai's insistence was effective even though he belonged to the hygiene department (an inferior department under the strict class society of the Army), was that he was backed by Aritomo YAMAGATA.
- 現在でもほとんどの学者は、高天原神話は支配階級を天上界に由来するが故に尊いとする信仰を語ったものであるという説に与している。
- Today, most of the scholars agree with the opinion that a myth of Takamanohara mentioned a belief that those who belonged to the governing class were important because they were derived from the heavenly world.
- それを妬んだ仲間の伊東玄朴が、長英を階段から突き落とし長英は「GEVAARLIKI!」(オランダ語で「危ない!」)と叫んだ。
- When Genboku ITO, a fellow pupil, pushed him down a flight of stairs out of jealousy for his talent, he screamed in Dutch, 'GEVAARLIKI!' (Watch out!).
- ただし、五位の位についていれば、「大夫判官」となるので、大夫判官と称されていないことから、五位未満の位階であったと思われる。
- However, if he had been given the rank of Goi (Fifth Rank), he would have been called 'Taifu Hogan' (official who served as guard and as Kebiishi at the same time at the fifth rank), therefore, it is considered that his rank was lower than Goi.
- 大化4年(648年)の冠位十三階の施行の際に左右両大臣が新制の冠の着用を拒んだと『日本書紀』にあることがそれを物語っている。
- This can be seen from an article in 'Nihonshoki' that in 648, at the time of effectuation of the thirteen grades of cap rank, Ministers of the Left and the Right refused to wear the crowns of the new system.
- 金鵄勲章も例に漏れず表示され、表示順は、1、職 2、階級 3、位階 4、勲等 5、功級 6、爵位 7、学位そして氏名となる。
- The Order of the Golden Kite was no exception, and when displayed or stated the person's employment was shown first, followed by his (military) rank second, court rank third, order of merit fourth, grade of the Order of the Golden Kite fifth, peerage (noble title) sixth, academic degree seventh, and finally the person's name.
- また、四民平等においては武士階級の身分的特権は廃止の必要があり、軍事的にも伝統的特権意識は軍制改革において弊害となっていた。
- According to the idea of equality of all Japanese people, samurai warriors' privileges should be abolished, and their sense of perquisite was a bottleneck in military reforms.
- 入れ替わった段階をいつととらえるかによって説の内容は異なるが、いずれの説もアカデミズムによって検討される段階に達していない。
- Opinions differ as to when the imposter took over, but none of these theories have been tested academically.
- ところが、天平勝宝6年(754年)にはこの時の両名が薬師寺の行信と組んで厭魅を行ったとして位階と姓の剥奪と流刑に処せられた。
- However, in 754 the two were deprived of the official rank and the kabane and exiled as they were believed to have executed black magic together with the priest Gyoshin from Yakushi-ji Temple.
- この段階では、神と仏は同一の信仰体系の中にはあるが、あくまで別の存在として認識され、同一の存在としてみるまでには及んでいない。
- In this phase, although deities and the Buddha were under the same belief system, they were recognized as a different existence; they were not yet considered same existence.
- その次ぎの武士層の拡大は、鎌倉幕府の崩壊から南北朝時代 (日本)であり、この段階で日本全国が長年に渡る争乱の時代へと突入する。
- The next expansion of the bushi class began from the fall of Kamakura bakufu to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and all Japan entered the period of war that lasted for a long time.
- 時代が下って武士階層の裾野が広がり、侍身分より下の地侍なども武士の扱いを受けるようになると、侍は上層の武士を指すようになった。
- As time passed, the range of bushi class was expanded and jizamurai (local samurai) with positions lower than samurai were also considered bushi while the term samurai began to indicate upper class bushi.
- 室町幕府によって保証されていた古い権威が否定され始め、新興の実力者が新しい権力階級にのし上がり領国を統治していくこととなった。
- Old authorities that had been backed up by the Muromachi bakufu began to be negated and emerging powerful persons rose to new establishment and governed territories.
- この時期、荘園や公領を支配・収取の単位とする体制、すなわち荘園公領制が確立したが、名主は荘園公領制の基盤を支える階層といえた。
- A system composed of manors and government territories as basic units of administration and taxation, known as the manorial public territory system (called shoen koryo sei in Japanese), was established during this period, with myoshu farmers forming the basis of the system.
- しかし、聖徳太子の法律(十七条憲法)・官制改革(冠位十二階)を経て、大化の改新(645年)後、天皇中心の政治へ変換していった。
- But through a law introduced by Prince Shotoku (the Seventeen Article Constitution of the Asuka Period) and government organizational reform (the system of twelve courtly ranks), after the Taika Reform of 645 the political system shifted to an emperor-centered system.
- 位階のうち五位以上の者には位田・位封・位禄・位分資人が給与されるなど多くの特権が与えられており、特別の身分階層を形成していた。
- Those at the Fifth Rank or above received a number of privileges such as being granted fields, fiefs, stipends, and servants, and developed into a special social class.
- 和気王の子達(大伴王・長岡王・名草王・山階王・采女王ら)は父の謀反に連坐して臣籍降下を命じられるが、771年に皇籍に復帰する。
- Prince Wake's children (Prince Otomo, Prince Nagaoka, Prince Nagusa, Prince Yamashina, Princess Uneme) were ordered to be demoted from nobility to subject due to their father's treason, however they returned to Imperial Family in 771.
- 平安時代初期に位階以上の者は警衛の時以外は縫腋袍を用いてもよくなり、また三位以上は警衛にあたっても縫腋袍を用いることになった。
- In the early Heian period, those of Ikai (court rank) or higher rank could wear hoeki no ho except for while on guard and those in Sanmi (Third Rank) or higher could wear hoeki no ho even while on guard.
- 小倉百人一首に採られなかった歌人の作を選定しているが、91番「従二位成忠女」は小倉の54番・儀同三司母(高階貴子)と同一人物。
- This game selects poems by poets who were not selected for 'Ogura Hyakunin Isshu' except for the poet of the 91st poem Junii Naritada no Musume (a daughter of TAKASHINA no Naritada of the junior second rank), the poet's name is TAKASHINA no Kishi (Takako) and she was identical to Gido-sanshi no Haha (the mother of Supreme Minister FUJIWARA no Korechika), the poet of the 54th poem of 'Ogura Hyakunin Isshu.'
- 当初の草案の段階では、現存する華族一代の間はその栄爵を認めるという形であったが、衆議院で即時廃止の方針が決まった(芦田修正)。
- At the initial draft stage, it had been stipulated that the then kazoku could retain the peerages only while they were alive, however, the House of Representatives decided the principle of the immediate abolition (called 'Ashida amendment').
- また旧市街地の町屋には、浸水時に家財を2階や小屋裏に引き上げる滑車を備えた「タカ」と呼ばれるこの地独特の吹抜けが残されている。
- In the tradesmen's houses in the old urban area, there remains a vaulted ceiling called 'Taka' which is peculiar to this place and is equipped with a pulley used for lifting up household goods to the second floor or attic when a flood occurs.
- この精神は、地方政府組織の末端にいたるまで貫徹し、全体の官僚機構は、相互に秩序ある階層制によって連結された官庁から成っていた。
- This spirit was persistent all the way to the tail end of provincial governmental organizations, and the overall bureaucracy consisted of ministries that were interconnected through an orderly ranking system.
- 天皇に次ぐ者、例えば皇太子、皇太子妃、親王、内親王などの皇族や、位階が三位以上の者の死は、死死の表現(こうきょ)の語を用いる。
- 薨去 (Kokyo) is used to express the death of people next to the emperor in rank, for example, imperial family members, such as crown prince, crown princess, imperial prince, and imperial princess and people higher than Sanmi (Third Rank) in the rank.
- しかしながら子の高階茂範(持統天皇の仍孫)は養子を取り家督を継がせているため、彼を最後に持統天皇の系統は断絶することになった。
- However, his child, Shigenori TAKASHINA (the Empress Jito's great-great-great-great-great grandchild) had the position of family head succeeded to his adopted child, so the Imperial line of the Empress Jito ended at his generation.
- 養老2年(718年)、一品の位階に昇叙され、翌養老3年には元正天皇より異母弟の新田部親王と共に皇太子首皇子の補佐を命じられた。
- In 718 he was promoted to Ippon (First Order of an Imperial Prince) and in the following year, 719, he and his younger paternal half-brother Imperial Prince Niitabe were ordered by the Empress Gensho to support Crown Prince Obito.
- 何らかの意図があったわけではないが、もともと存在していた「輝く日の宮」が写本を作る段階で脱落するなどしてある時期から失われた。
- It was lost at some point because the existing 'Kagayaku Hinomiya' was missing when copying manuscripts or for similar reasons, although this was not done intentionally.
- 10月22日には内裏造営の賞として叙位が行われ、重盛・平頼盛・平教盛・平経盛にそれぞれ位階の昇叙があった(『兵範記』同日条)。
- On October 22, Shigemori, TAIRA no Yorimori, TAIRA no Norimori and TAIRA no Tsunemori were all promoted in reward for the reconstruction of Dairi castle (Source: Article for this day in 'Heihanki (TAIRA no Nobunori's diary)').
- 王政復古の功によって西郷に位階を授けられる際、西郷の諱を忘れてしまい、誤って西郷の父吉兵衛の諱である「隆盛」で届け出てしまう。
- When SAIGO was given a court rank for his achievements in the Restoration of Imperial Rule, Tomozane, having forgot SAIGO's imina (real personal name, but tabooed out of respect while he was alive), erroneously registered his imina as 'Takamori' which was SAIGO's father Kichibei's imina.
- 土師器の土器形式として庄内式とか布留式(奈良県天理市布留遺跡から出土)とか命名され、庄内式土器の方が古い段階の土師器とされた。
- Haji has been classified by shape into Shonai type and Furu type (excavated from Furu Site in Tenri City, Nara Prefecture), with the Shonai type regarded the older type of Haji pottery.
- なお、これ以前の初期段階の社格として神祇官直支配社(大奉幣社・中奉幣社・小奉幣社)や勅祭社(大祭社・中祭社・小祭社)があった。
- As the preceding early-stage shrine rankings, there were Jingikan choku shihai-sha (shrines under direct control of Jingikan [Department of Divinities]) (神祇官直支配社) Taihoheisha [great-scale shrines dedicated heihaku, paper or silk cuttings or red and white cloth are presented to the gods), Chuhoheisha [medium-scale shrines dedicated heihaku] and Shohoheisha [small-scale shrines dedicated heihaku]), and Chokusai-sha (shrines whose rituals are attended by an imperial envoy) (Taisaisha [great-scale chokusai-sha shrines], Chusaisha [medium-scale chokusai-sha shrines] and Shosaisha [small-scale chokusai-sha shrines]).
- 百姓(ひゃくしょう/ひゃくせい/おおみたから)とは、元は百(たくさん)の姓を持つ者たち、すなわち有姓階層全体を指す漢語であった。
- The term 'hyakusho,' which can also be pronounced 'hyakusei' or 'omitakara,' was originally a word of Chinese origin that indicates all people with a hundred (many) surnames, i.e., all the social class with surnames.
- 郭沫若はその著書『中国古代社会史研究』の中に於いて中国史に発展段階論を適用し、周を奴隷制の時代とし、春秋時代以降を封建制とした。
- Guo Moruo applied the development stage theory to Chinese history in his book 'Studies on the Ancient Society of China' and defined Zhou as a slavery period and the Hoken system took hold after the Chunqiu period.
- しかし、大河内氏の初期段階の動向・系図には不明な点が多く、顕綱も信頼性のある資料に見えていないことから仮冒であるとする説もある。
- However, the clan's activity and family tree aren't clearly defined, and the name 'Akitsuna' doesn't appear in any reliable source, so to some the stated origin is only an assumption.
- 二酸化炭素はセメント製造など工業製品の加工段階から排出されるものがあるが、混合セメントの利用などにより削減する計画を立てている。
- Some carbon dioxide is emitted during a processing stage of an industrial product such as cement, and the reduction of such emissions is planned by using mixed cement and so on.
- 律令制度下の教育機関である大学寮に書博士という役職が設置され、後に「書道」と呼ばれる学科が形成されたが、早い段階で衰退している。
- An official position called shohakase (the professor of calligraphy) was introduced in the daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system), an educational institution under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and the department called 'calligraphy' was established later, but declined during it's early stage
- 山科は古代より政権との結びつきが深く、669年には中臣鎌足によって精舎(山階寺)が作られ、7世紀末には天智天皇陵などが作られた。
- Since ancient times Yamashina has had a close relation with governments; a garden for monks (Yamashina-dera Temple) was founded by NAKATOMI no Kamatari in 669 and the Imperial mausoleum of Emperor Tenji (Tenchi) was built in the late seventh century.
- その為、『大行天皇』の名称は、追号奉号の儀以前の段階に於いて、崩御された前天皇の名を官報に掲載する場合でも用いられるものである。
- Therefore, the appellation ''Taiko-Tenno'' is used to refer to the demised emperor on official gazettes before the dedication of his posthumous title in the ceremony.
- このことは、7,8,9代の天皇の称号を、後世の『記・紀』編纂最終段階に存在した天皇の称号に似せて造作したという疑いが濃厚である。
- Therefore, it is highly likely that the titles for the seventh, eighth and ninth emperors were made with reference to the titles of the existent emperors in the later period when the compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki was in the final stage.
- 笛の種類は特定できないが、音階があることから、複数の穴を配して音階を変えることの出来る横笛か、尺八のような縦笛であったのだろう。
- Although the type of flute cannot be indentified, it could be a transverse flute or an end-blown flute such as Shakuhachi bamboo flute which can shift the scale by using several holes on it because the certificate refers to a music scale.
- 作者像として、当時の識字率から庶民は考えられず上流階級に属しており、貴族の情報が入手できる平安京近隣に居住していたと推定される。
- Considering the literacy rate in those days, a common man could not be a possible author, therefore it is conjectured that the author would have been somebody who belonged to the upper class and lived near the Heiankyo (the Heian Palace), easily accessing information of the court nobles.
- 諸藩には「上士・徒士(かち)・卒または足軽」と藩士を3階級に分ける制が見られるが、このうち上層2身分(騎士と徒士)が士分とされる。
- In some domains, retainers were classified into 3 classes, 'Joshi, Kachi, Sotsu or Ashigaru,' but the top two classes (Kishi and Kachi) were considered Shibun.
- 大徳・小徳・大仁・小仁・大礼・小礼・大信・小信・大義・小義・大智・小智、併せて十二階、並びに当色の絁(あしぎぬ)を以てこれを縫う。
- The twelve ranks were Daitoku, Shotoku, Dainin, Shonin, Dairai, Shorai, Daishin, Shoshin, Daigi, Shogi, Daichi, Shochi, with silk fabrics of each color corresponding to the rank.
- そうした所領や荘園をそれぞれの本主の官職・位階に基づいて区別され、本主の政所によって統括され、家司を預所に補任して荘務を行わせた。
- Those shoryo and shoen were classified according to the kanshoku (official position) and ikai (court rank) of the respective main family, controlled over by the mandokoro (administrative office) of the main family, and the Ie no tsukasa was appointed to carry out the role.
- その噴火・発光、湯だまりの変異等の自然現象が起きる度に、神霊現象として中央へ報告され、神階が上昇し、封戸が与えられるなどしていた。
- Each time a natural phenomenon such as eruption, light emission, or changes in the crater lake occurred, it was reported to the central government as a phenomenon caused by a Shinto god, resulting in a raise of shinkai (a rank granted to Shinto gods) and granting of fuko (residential units (ko) assigned as prebends (fu) to support top-ranking officials, temples, shrines, and royal households such as those of the queen-consort and crown prince).
- 大覚寺で院政を執ったときに僧位などの称号・位階を設け、この称号の授与に関する権限を大覚寺に与える「永宣旨」(えいせんじ)を出した。
- He received a title or a rank as a Buddhist priest while ruling the cloistered government at Daikaku-ji Temple, and he issued 'Eisenji' which gives the authority to use those titles and ranks to the temple.
- しかし当時、百姓層の階層分化が進み、貧民層が増加することにより律令制的な人別課税が行き詰まるといった社会情勢の変化が進展していた。
- At that time, however, Japan was experiencing social change in that the individual imposition of taxes under the Ritsuryo legal system was no longer being enforced due to an increase in the number of the poor and further stratification of the agricultural class.
- その後の級別制度は実質的に「特級」「一級」「二級」の三段階におちついていき、それぞれの級によって課せられる酒税の割合が定められた。
- Later, the classification system was practically stabilized into three categories: 'Special class,' 'First class,' and 'Second class,' in each of which the tax rate to be imposed on sake was determined.
- それ以前の藤原良房の時から藤原北家が摂政・関白に就いて執政してきたが、発展段階の摂関政治だったとして初期摂関政治と区別されている。
- Although the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan had conducted policy as a regent or chief adviser to the Emperor since the time of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, their regency is considered to have still been in the developmental stage and was distinguished from the early regency.
- 5月21日、頼朝は高階泰経に書状を送って、頼盛と子息の本官還任と源範頼・源広綱・平賀義信の国司任官を要請した(『吾妻鏡』同日条)。
- On July 7, Yoritomo sent a letter to TAKASHINA no Yasutsune requesting the reappointment of Yorimori and his sons to their former posts, as well as the appointment of MINAMOTO no Noriyori, MINAMOTO no Hirotsuna, and Yoshinobu HIRAGA as provincial governors (see the entry for the same day in the 'Azuma Kagami').
- 梅子は華族女学校で3年余り教えているが、上流階級的気風には馴染めなかったと言われ、この頃には何度か薦められていた縁談も断っている。
- Although Umeko taught English at Kazoku Girls' School for a little over three years, it is said that she could not fit into upper class society and turned down a few offers of marriage by then.
- この時代の知識階層で多く記録を残した貴族・寺社勢力は彼らに反抗する新興武士層や彼らの擁護者である足利氏との対立も有ったと思われる。
- It is supposed that nobles, temples and shrines in power who were intelligentsia and left many records in the period, had conflicts with emerging samurai who opposed them and the Ashikaga clan who protected these samurai.
- しかし知識人階級から六三法撤廃は台湾の特殊性の否定であるとの批判が出ると、台湾に議会設置を求める台湾議会設置請願運動が開始される。
- However, when intellectuals criticized this movement, saying that repealing Law No. 63 meant the denial of the special character of Taiwan, the new movement was initiated to call for the establishment of a parliament in Taiwan.
- 江戸時代後期に開国し、王政復古 (日本)により成立した明治政府は四民平等政策のもと、大名、武士階級を廃止して華族、士族を創設する。
- Meiji government, which was established through Restoration of Imperial Rule (Japan) after Japan opened herself to the world at the late Edo period, abolished daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and samurai hierarchy and set up the peerage and shizoku under the policy of equity of all people.
- つぎに自由貴族においても官職や位階、領地を基盤として家門形成が進み、中世盛期には下級貴族や都市の支配階級においても家門が形成された。
- In the world of noblemen, a family formation developed based on government positions, court ranks and territorial lands; during the prime of the medieval ages, families were formed among lower-ranking nobles and the ruling class in cities.
- これに対して日本の切捨御免には支配階層である武士の名誉と威厳を守る事によって武士を頂点とした当時の社会秩序が防衛されると考えられた。
- On the other hand, it was considered that helping to protect warriors' honor and dignity by Japanese Kirisutegomen kept the social order, of which warriors were at the top.
- 唯物史観の影響を受け、武士は古代支配階級である貴族や宗教勢力を排除し、中世をもたらした変革者として石母田正らによって位置づけられた。
- Influenced by the materialist concept of history, Tadashi ISHIMODA and others positioned the bushi as the reformer who pushed out the ancient governing class such as the aristocrats and religious power of influence and brought on the medieval times.
- それまでの加持祈祷や学問中心の仏教から、内面的な深まりを持ちながら、庶民など広い階層を対象とする新しい仏教への変化が胎動していった。
- The Buddhism focusing on incantation and prayer, and study was beginning to change into a new Buddhism focusing on internal maturity for broad range of people including common people.
- なお2008年段階で、国や都道府県及び独立行政法人などの研究機関により、少花粉スギは121品種、無花粉スギは1品種が開発されている。
- National, prefectural and incorporated administrative agency research institutions had developed 121low-pollen Japanese cedar cultivars and 1 pollen-free Japanese cedar cultivar as of 2008.
- なお、五線譜によって記譜する場合、通常は運指「一」の基本音=「C」(階名)の移調楽器としてなるべく調号が少ない譜面で表すことが多い。
- If the tones are written in staff notation, they are indicated with few key signatures since the shino-bue is a transposing musical instrument with a fundamental tone of C and fingering 1.
- 2月、陸軍中佐・歩兵第4連隊長の後熊本鎮台参謀、第6師団 (日本軍)参謀長、参謀本部 (日本)第1局長を経験し階級は陸軍大佐に昇る。
- In February, after Lieutenant Colonel of Army, Chief of the 4th Infantry Regiment, he successively experienced Staff Officer of Chindai (Garrison) in Kumamoto Prefecture, Chief Staff Officer of the 6th Shidan (division) (Japanese Army) and the 1st Kyokucho (office leader) of staff headquarters (Japan) to be a Colonel of the Army.
- 石黒を介して、典薬寮出身で侍医の高階経徳が経営する下谷練塀(ねりべい)町(現在の秋葉原)の私立医学校・好寿院に特別に入学を許される。
- Through ISHIGURO's introduction, she was specially allowed to enroll the Koju-in College, a private medical school in Shitaya Neribei-machi (present Akihabara), which was run by Tsunenori TAKASHINA, a court physician who worked at Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine).
- 著作も多く、『蘭学階梯』の序文や『泰西輿地図説』、『古今泉貨鑑』、『新撰銭譜撰』12巻、『良貨分量考』など、多くの貴重な著作を残した。
- He wrote a lot of great books including the preface of the 'Rangaku Kaitei' (an introductory book of the Western science study by Masatsuna KUTSUKI), 'Taisei Yochi Zusetsu' (a geography book by Masatsuna KUTSUKI), 'Kokonsen Kakagami' (a numismatic book on ancient and temporary coins by Masatsuna KUTSUKI), 'Shin Sensen Fusen' (a numismatic book by Masatsuka KUTSUKI) Vol. 12, and 'Ryoka Bunryoko' (a numismatic book on material of coins by Masatsuna KUTSUKI).
- 士族とはいえ元農民出身であったため、一葉は平民組として扱われ、上流階級の姉弟子たちにから「ものつつみの君」と呼ばれるほど内向的になる。
- Although Ichiyo was shizoku, since her family had been farmers, she was treated as a commoner; she became introverted, and senior pupils from the upper social class called her 'monotsutsumi no kimi' (literally, close-natured person).
- しかし、これには身分・家格を廃して四民平等を導入せねばならず、すなわち江戸時代の特権階級のうち最大の人口を占める武士の解体を意味する。
- However, the universal conscription required to abolish the social and family status and introduce the equality of all people, which meant nothing but the dissolution of the samurai class that accounted for the largest part of the privileged class in the Edo period.
- とりわけ武士としては、源頼義の嫡男源義家と名乗り弟もそれぞれ源義綱、源義光等と名乗っているように平安時代には既に武士階級に広まっている。
- In the samurai (warrior) class in particular, Haikomei had already spread in the Heian period, as seen by examples such as the legitimate son of MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi taking the name MINAMOTO no Yoshiie and his younger brothers taking the names MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna and MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu.
- 9世紀・10世紀頃、統治体制が律令制的な枠組みから、新興階層の富豪層である田堵などに依存した名田と呼ばれる分権的な体制へ変質していった。
- Around the ninth and tenth centuries, the nation-governing system based on a framework like the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) had changed into a decentralized system called myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) relying on rich farmers called tato who constituted a new wealthy class.
- このうち西海道には大宰府(だざいふ)が筑前の国に置かれ、国境の防衛や外交事務に当たるとともに、管内諸国島を国、郡、里の三段階で統轄した。
- Among these, Saikaido contained Dazai-fu (the local government office in Kyushu region) which was located in Chikuzen Province and, in addition to protecting national borders and conducting external affairs, served to govern all islands under its jurisdiction according to the koku-gun-ri system (province-district-village system).
- 理由はいろいろ考えられるが、最も大きな理由はマルクス主義の魅力が薄れ、中国史に発展段階論を当てはめることの意義を疑い始めたからであろう。
- Various reasons can be cited, but the biggest reason is that Marxism became less appealing and people are now skeptical about the significance of applying development stage theory to Chinese history.
- 中世一時的には氏長者の権威が低下する時期もあったものの、氏長者には氏爵といい、朝廷より一門に対する位階任官者推薦の特権が付与されていた。
- Although the authority of the ujinochoja sometimes temporarily declined during the medieval period, the Imperial Court granted the ujinochoja the privilege of ujinoshaku that allowed them to recommend candidates within their clans for the ikai (Court rank).
- 庶家という概念は主に日本の封建時代、特に鎌倉時代から戦国時代 (日本)、江戸時代にかけて武家に見られた血族集団ないし階層のことをいった。
- The concept of Shoke refers to a blood-relative group or a blood-relative layer present amongst warriors in mainly the feudal period in Japan, especially from Kamakura period to the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) and Edo period.
- この段階では公卿達の日記『水左記』などにも「近日の例」と書かれるようになり、官職によらず天皇を警護することが普通のことと思われはじめる。
- By this time, it was beginning to be considered the norm to guard the emperor without regard to governmental position, as can be seen in entries such as 'an example of nowadays' in the 'Suisa-ki' diary of the kugyo (aristocrats).
- 行成は執政者道長の賛成が得難く政変の可能性まであるとした上で、親王の母后の外戚家高階氏が伊勢の伊勢神宮に憚る所ありと言い、極力諌止した。
- Yukinari replied that it would be impossible to receive approval from Michinaga, who held the powerful office of administrator, and that if Imperial Prince Atsuyasu was succesfully installed as Crown Prince, it might even result in political turmoil leading to a coup; furthermore, he stated that members of the Takashina clan, which was the maternal clan of the late Empress, Imperial Prince Atsuyasu's mother, were afraid to visit Ise-jingu Grand Shrine located in Ise, and did their utmost to dissuade Emperor Ichijo from installating Imperial Prince Atsuyasu as Crown Prince.
- 二階堂 行貞(にかいどう ゆきさだ、1269年(文永6年) - 1329年3月3日(嘉暦4年2月2日 (旧暦)))は鎌倉幕府の政所執事。
- Yukisada NIKAIDO (1269 - March 3, 1329) was a Mandokoro Shitsuji (chief of Mandokoro, the Administrative Board) in the Kamakura Period.
- 聖徳太子の冠位十二階でも朝廷に出仕する者の服装規定が定められ、以後も度々奢侈禁止令が出されたが、当初はその対象は主に貴族・官人層であった。
- Under the Kani junikai (12 grades of cap rank) of Prince Shotoku, a dress code for those who attended the Imperial Court was established, and this was followed by frequent sumptuary laws which were, at first, mainly aimed at nobles and government officials (especially those of low to medium rank).
- 人口100万人とは、幕府による調査が行われていない武家や神官・僧侶などの寺社方、被差別階級などの統計で除外された人口を加えた推計値である。
- 'One million people' is an approximate figure based on the retroactive inclusion of several elements of society such as the samurai households, Jisha-gata (those working for shrines and temples including Shinto priests and Buddhist monks), and ostracized castes who were not included in the original population census.
- その範囲は現任の文武官をはじめ徴税や官物輸送その他の職役を負担する戸や胥吏 にまで及び彼らは 5 段階の戸等制で1、2等の上等戸であった。
- Their duties ranged from the management of literary and military affairs to tax collection and the transport of government property as well as duties which were the responsibility of other officials and 'xuli' (petty officials), and they occupied the top two ranks of the five-tier system of household ranks (hudengzhi).
- 現実の人体の比例とは全く異った姿に表わされ、かろうじて人物像と認識できる段階までデフォルメされたものが多く、独特の造形感覚で作られている。
- They were made with an unique sense of design, so they cut a figure of the real human body completely out of proportion, in other words, they were deformed so much as to be barely recognizable as a human-like figure.
- 神楽歌は、庭燎(にわび:夜の準備)、採物(とりもの:神迎え)、前張(さいばり:神祭り)、明星(あかぼし:神送り)の段階に大きく分けられる。
- Kagurauta is roughly divided into the following parts: Niwabi (preparation for the night), Torimono (greeting the gods), Saibari (entertainment for the gods), and Akaboshi (sending off the gods).
- 親王が率いていた台湾征討軍の主敵は、清国軍の残党で中国人勢力が二つあったが、両者ともに親王薨去の段階ではすでに大陸に引き上げていたあった。
- The main enemy of the Taiwan expedition by the Japanese military forces led by Prince Yoshihisa was the remnants of the Qing army consisted of two Chinese forces, but both forces have already returned to the continent when Prince Yoshihisa died.
- しかし明の臣下になることには違いがないため、この書を秀吉に報告する段階で行長は適当に書の内容をごまかすよう、書を読み上げる西笑承兌に依頼。
- However, there is no doubt that Hideyoshi would become a vassal of the Ming Emperor and therefore, Yukinaga asked Jotai SAISHO, who read out the document, to make up fake descriptions when he reported the document to Hideyoshi.
- ただし、近年では尾張国に追放されたのは次郎であって、頼芸はこの段階では美濃に留まって傀儡の守護としてその地位を保っていたとする異説もある。
- However, there is a recent, alternative view which claims that it was Jiro who was expelled to Owari Province, and that Yorinari stayed in Mino at that time, holding his position as a puppet shugo.
- 聖徳太子の制定した冠位十二階を改定し、大化3年(647年)冠位十三階→大化5年(649年)十九階→天智3年(664年)二十六階へと改めた。
- The system of twelve grades of cap rank determined by Prince Shotoku was revised to thirteen grades in 647, nineteen grades in 649, and twenty-six grades in 664.
- しかしながら、単なる商工身分の者全般を町人と呼ぶわけではなく、特にブルジョワ階級である旦那衆のことを指し、家屋敷を所有する者のことを言う。
- It must be noted that the term was not used for all the people classified in artisans and merchants classes but referred to the owners and the masters who made up the bourgeoisie and possessed their own estates.
- 安田元久ら、戦後初期の「武士論」は「まず在地領主ありき」であり、そして古代貴族に対立する階級としてとらえていたことがこの一文から良くわかる。
- It could be interpreted easily from this statement that the 'bushi theory' of the early post-war (post-World War II) period of Motohisa YASUDA and others considered that bushi 'was the manor lord' and a social class that stood opposed to the aristocrats.
- 彼らは、田堵負名として田地経営に経済基盤を置きながら、受領のもとで治安維持活動にも従事するという、それまでにない新たに登場した階層であった。
- They constituted a new class: Persons which engaged in security duty under zuryo, while placing their economic basis on farm management.
- 恐らくは書道よりも早い段階で明経道に事実上吸収されていき、明経道を独占した中原氏・清原氏が明経道の職に就くまでの暫定的な地位となっていった。
- It was most likely absorbed by Myogyodo even before Calligraphy and maintained a temporary place there until the Nakahara clan and the Kiyohara clan got appointments to Myogyodo and were later able to dominate Myogyodo.
- 上記のような時代区分論は、発展段階史観の影響を少なからず受けており、歴史の重層性・連続性にあまり目を向けていないという限界が指摘されている。
- The theories concerning the classification of historical periods, described above, are significantly affected by the evolution phase concept of history, and it is pointed out that they have a limitation in not taking into account that history is layered and is continuous.
- 渡島半島の南端にはアイヌ文化成立の前段階である擦文時代には擦文文化と本州土師器文化の間に生じたクレオール的文化である青苗文化が成立していた。
- In the southern end of Oshima Peninsula in the Satsumon era, corresponding to the preceding stage of the Ainu culture establishment, the Aonae culture had been established, which was the Creole style culture, produced between Satsumon culture and Honshu (main island of Japan) Haji ware culture.
- この前代未聞の不祥事が発覚することを恐れた斎宮寮は、生まれてくる子供を伊勢権守で斎宮頭であった高階岑緒の子、高階茂範の養子にすることにした。
- The Office of the Consecrated Princess, fearing the discovery of this unprecedented scandal, decided to make Shigenori TAKASHINA, the son of Mineo TAKASHINA, governor of Ise and the head of the Office and have him adopt the child when it was born.
- 養老5年(721年)に「節を制し度を謹しみ、奢侈を禁防するは、政を為すに先とする所にして百王不易の道なり」と唱えて位階に応じて蓄馬を規制した。
- In 721, raising horses was regulated according to rank by stating that 'exercising abstention and moderation and prohibiting luxury are the first things for governance and the way how a king keeps his strong authority.'
- そしてそこから「武士団」が重層的な関係を築く段階以降を「武士」と、そしてそれに至る前段階を「兵(つわもの)」と学術用語として定義したのである。
- The 'bushidan' that established the multilayer relationship from there became 'bushi' and the earlier steps from there was called as 'tsuwamono' and these became customarily used as academic terms.
- このような百姓内の階層分離が進んでいく中で、政府による律令制的支配は徐々に弛緩していき、戸籍・計帳の作成や班田などが実施されなくなっていった。
- As such a class division furthered among the population of peasants, the governmental control based upon the ritsuryo system gradually relaxed, and the bureaucratic procedures such as the household registers (koseki), the yearly tax registers (handen), and allotting of cultivation fields (handen) were no longer carried out.
- 官職とは官庁における役職で、押し並べて官庁内では役職が四階級、即ち長官(かみ)・次官(すけ)・判官(じょう)・主典(さかん)に区分されていた。
- Government post' refers to the positions in the government office, which were generally divided into the four classes of Kanikan (director), Sukekan (assistant director), Jokan (secretary), and Sakan (clerk).
- 『日本書紀』の603年に冠位十二階を定めたときの記述には、12の位階の名前は書かれているが、それぞれの位階に対応する色の名前が書かれていない。
- The description in the 'Nihon Shoki' of the establishment in 603 of the twelve cap rank system gives the names of twelve ranks but not the color of the caps corresponding to each rank.
- 同じ文徳天皇の皇子である惟仁親王(清和天皇)より年長でありながら、生母が藤原氏でなかったこともあり、皇嗣からは早い段階で除外されていたらしい。
- Although he was older than the other son of Emperor Montoku, Imperial Prince Korehito (Emperor Seiwa), he was ruled out as a candidate of heir since his biological mother was not of the Fujiwara clan.
- 足利義稙が管領細川政元より追放されると、1509年(永正6年)、上野氏は上野信孝が義稙の命により二階堂政行、伊勢貞信とともに備中国に入部する。
- After Yoshitane ASHIKAGA was expelled by the Shogunal Deputy, Masamoto HOSOKAWA, Nobutaka UENO entered Bicchu Province with Masayuki NIKAIDO and Sadanobu ISE under the order of Yoshitane.
- そこで皇帝が早い段階で後継者に帝位を譲って太上皇となり王室内の最高意思決定と対外(中国)交渉を行い、皇帝は内政一般を扱うという慣習が成立した。
- Such background brought about the custom under which an emperor would pass the throne on to the successor at an early stage, and became a retired emperor to act as the top decision maker and dealt with foreign policy (China), while the new emperor dealt with domestic affairs.
- 相馬定胤の女を妻とし、息子に国分盛胤、政継、重朝、重行の4人がおり、娘は4人いてそれぞれ二階堂顕親、長江景資、蜂屋正衡、武石高広の妻になった。
- His wife was a daughter of Sadatane SOMA and the couple had four sons, Moritane, Masatsugu, Shigetomo, and Shigeyuki, and four daughters who became the wives of Akichika NIKAIDO, Kagesuke NAGAE, Masahira HACHIYA, and Takahiro TAKEISHI, respectively.
- 逆に守護大名の段階において領国の一円支配を一応は完成させていた武田氏や今川氏、新興の外来勢力である後北条氏・里見氏には見られない現象でもあった。
- By contrast, this phenomenon was not seen in the Takeda and Imagawa clans, which had achieved ichien shihai (integrated rule over whole territory) when they were still in the stage of Shugo daimyo; nor was it seen in the Gohojo and Satomi clans which were a newly emerged foreign power.
- 安田元久などの旧来の学説では、在地経営が私営田経営であった平将門から平忠常の時代は、「兵」の時代であって、「武士」はその次ぎの段階であるとする。
- The former academic theory of Motohisa YASUDA referred to the period of TAIRA no Masakado when local land managing was shieiden management of TAIRA no Tadatsune during the period of 'tsuwamono' and 'bushi' was the next step.
- 武官としての功績を積んだ後は、他の諸大夫階層の技能官人層に属する中下級貴族が家業の功績を積んだのと同様に、受領として諸国へ赴任する例が多かった。
- Just like lower to middle-class aristocrats who were technical officers of the shodaifu class accumulating their achievements, after accumulating achievements as military officers, military aristocrats were often transferred to various provinces as zuryo.
- 李氏朝鮮は階級差別と搾取によって農民が春窮と呼ばれる毎年春に飢える状況が常態となっているほど生産性の低い統治を行っており、国土開発を怠っていた。
- Productivity of governance by Yi Dynasty Korea was so low that such situations called shunkyu (literally, poverty in springtime) in which farmers starved in the spring time because of class discrimination and exploitation and national land development was neglected.
- 薩摩藩・土佐藩などは、当初は公武合体・徳川家を議長とする諸侯会議を目標としていたが、ある段階から幕府を見切り、それまでの敵の長州藩と手を結んだ。
- As for the Satsuma clan/Tosa clan, while they initially targeted a meeting by various daimyos headed by the Tokugawa clan, at a certain point they turned their back on Bakufu and joined hands with their former enemy, the Choshu clan.
- このことは、7,8,9代の天皇の称号を、後世の『記・紀』編纂最終段階に存在した天皇の称号に似せて造作したのではないかという疑義が提出されている。
- Therefore, it is suspected that the titles for the seventh, eighth and ninth emperors were made with reference to the titles of the existent emperors in the later period when the compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki was in the final stage.
- 高倉永季の子の高倉永行(位階・参議)(生年不詳 - 1416年)以降は足利将軍家の衣文道の指導にも当たり、朝廷での有職故実を山科家にも伝授した。
- From the time of Nagasue TAKAKURA's son, Nagayuki TAKAKURA (Court Rank, Councillor, date of birth unknown - 1416) onwards, the family taught Emondo to the Ashikaga shogunate, and gave instruction in the court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette to the Yamashina family.
- 馬子は聖徳太子と合議して政治運営し、仏教を奨励し、冠位十二階や十七条憲法を定めて中央集権化を進め、遣隋使を派遣して隋の社会制度や学問を輸入した。
- Governing in consultation with Prince Shotoku, Umako promoted the spread of Buddhism in Japan, drew up the Seventeen-Article Constitution to establish a centralized political system and sent Kenzui-shi (imperial envoys to China) to introduce advanced social systems and academic disciplines from China.
- 龍馬は慶応3年11月15日(1867年12月10日)の暗殺当日には風邪を引いて河原町の蛸薬師で醤油商を営む近江屋新助宅母屋の二階にいたとされる。
- On the assassination day, December 10, 1867, Ryoma was said to be on the second floor of the main building of the house of Shinsuke OMIYA who carried on trade of soy sauce at Takoyakushi in Kawaramachi, since Ryoma had a cold on that day.
- 明暦3年(1657年)12月27日、従四位侍従兼上野国に叙任(位階が高いにもかかわらず、上野守でなく上野介である事については、親王任国を参照)。
- On January 30, 1658, he was invested with Jushiino jiju (Junior Fourth Rank Chamberlain) of Kozuke Province (see also shinno ninkoku (provinces whose gubernatorial posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) for the reason he was not Kozuke no kami (the governor of Kozuke Province) but Kozuke no suke (the assistant governor of Kozuke Province) despite his high court ranking).
- これは従来、冠位十二階に含まれなかった、大臣・大連などを輩出する有力氏族を冠位制度へ組み込み、天皇を頂点とした序列をつける為の改革だと思われる。
- This is thought to be a reform to incorporate the powerful clans, which produced Oomi and Omuraji which were not included in the twelve grades of cap rank system, into the rank system and to establish a rank system with Emperor at the top.
- 彼らは親の世代の早世などによって保持する位階の上昇の機会を逸して京の貴族社会から脱落し、武功の勲功認定によって失地回復を図っていた者達であった。
- They had fallen out of aristocratic society in Kyoto because the early deaths of their parents had caused them to miss opportunitues for promotion, and they were trying to restore their status by making the Imperial Court recognize their military exploits as honourable deeds.
- それでも不足したために院宮分国制の導入や年爵で推挙できる位階の引き上げ(院政期には公卿である従三位まで推挙可能となる)なども行われるようになった。
- Still, due to the insufficient revenue, Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system) was introduced and ikai (Court rank) was raised (up to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) for Court nobles during insei period (period of the government by the retired Emperor)).
- 配下の男子20数人しか持たない段階の大海人皇子が、挙兵発覚の危険を冒して駅鈴を求めさせたのは、高坂王の無為とともに多くの学者の不審を買う点である。
- The act of Prince Oama who took up arms when he only had two dozen followers, to send envoys to call for Takasaka no Okimi to hand over ekirei cast discredit on many scholars as well as emphasized Takasaka no Okimi's idleness.
- 小楠は、「公共」性・「公共」圏を実現するために、「講習討論」「朋友講学」といった身分階層を超えた討議を政治運営のもっとも重要な営為として重視した。
- Shonan emphasized the debate such as 'Koshu Toron' and 'Meiho Kogaku', which were beyond status hierarchy, as the most important agency for the management of politics to represent 'public' nature and 'public' area.
- 二階堂 行村(にかいどう ゆきむら、久寿2年(1155年) - 嘉禎4年2月16日 (旧暦)(1238年3月3日))は鎌倉時代中期の幕府実務官僚。
- Yukimura NIKAIDO (1155 - March 3, 1238) was a governmental official responsible for practical works in the mid Kamakura period.
- また、国家権力や領主権力が把握対象として関心を示す範囲の階層こそが百姓であるという事態は、以後の歴史においても基本線となっていくことに注目してよい。
- It should be noted that the scheme where hyakusho were the people of the class regarded by national and lord authorities as subjects of their control became the baseline in history thereafter.
- ただ、現実には百姓層の階層分化が著しく進んでおり律令制的な人別支配はもはや不可能な段階に至っていたため、延喜の治は必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
- However, in reality, Engi no chi was not necessarily successful as the rank differentiation of the farmer class was significantly accelerated so, the rule over people based on the Ritsuryo system had reached the stage no longer being possible.
- 604年(推古12年)には、冠位十二階を制定し、聖徳太子が憲法十七条をつくり、仏教の興隆に力を注ぐなど、天皇中心の理想の国家体制づくりの礎を築いた。
- In 604, Prince Shotoku established a system of twelve courtly ranks, promulgated the Seventeen-Article Constitution, strived to develop Buddhism and laid the foundation for an ideal national system with the emperor as the nation's center.
- しかし時代が進むにつれ、天皇と濃密な姻戚関係を結んだ藤原氏一族のほか、源氏、橘氏、清原氏、菅原氏といった新興氏族が急速に上流貴族階層を占めていった。
- However as time went by, new clans including the Minamoto clan, the Tachibana clan, the Kiyohara clan, the Sugawara clan as well as the Fujiwara clan who established a deep matrimonial relation with the Emperor, started to rapidly occupy the upper noble class.
- 師房の五世孫内大臣源通親(1149年 - 1202年)は高階栄子と組んで時の関白九条兼実を追い落とし、「源博陸」とあだ名されるほどの権勢家であった。
- Naidaijin (minister) MINAMOTO no Michichika (1149 to 1202), who was Morofusa's fifth-generation grandson, expelled the chief advisor to the Emperor Kanezane KUJO in a conspiracy with TAKASHINA no Eishi, and was a person who flaunted his power, thereby earning the nickname 'Gen Haku Riku.'
- 死罪の理由は定かではなく、大徳寺山門(金毛閣)改修に当たって増上慢があったため(自身の雪駄履きの木像を楼門の二階に設置し、その下を秀吉に通らせた)。
- The reason why Hideyoshi sentenced Rikyu to die isn't clear, but there are some views about it. When the gate of Daitoku-ji Temple (Kimokaku) was renovated, Rikyu placed a wooden statue of himself shod in straw sandals on top of the gate; passing under the statue was humiliating for Hideyoshi.
- 1943年(昭和18年)に制定された東京都制(昭和18年法律第89号)では、「効率的な首都行政を行うことを目的とする」と、立法段階で説明されている。
- In Tokyo, a regulation established in 1943 (law No. 89, 1943), explained the stage of its legislation as follows: 'Tokyo aims to enforce an effective administration.'
- こうして荘園を持つようになった受領層を領家と呼ぶが、領家と同階層の国司による荘園の収公が続いたため、これを防ぐため、更に権門層に寄進することとなった。
- Juryoso that thus came to hold shoen was called ryoke (a lord of the manor), and because confiscating shoen by kokushi (provincial governors) who belonged to the same hierarchy as ryoke continued, ryoke donated their land to the upper kenmon (an influential family) class.
- 実際、人民の負担が増加傾向にあるにもかかわらず、肝心の支配層、すなわち貴族階級は贅沢を続け政治から遠ざかっていくようになる、と教えられる時期も有った。
- In fact, it was taught that the burden on the people increased, while the ruling class, i.e., the noble class, continued living luxuriously and had less to do with the politics.
- 大津城天守(4重5階)を3重に縮小して移築したといわれ、昭和の天守解体修理(-)のときに、天守の用材から転用されたものと見られる部材が確認されている。
- The tenshu of Hikone-jo Castle was built by transferring and rebuilding Otsu-jo Castle (four layers, five stories) by reducing it to three-layers, and at the renovation (1957-1960) in the Showa period the apparently diverted components in the materials of the tenshu were found.
- なお、明治民法の家族法の草案段階は、福澤の男女同等論に近いものであったり彼もそれを支持したが、士族系の反対があったため父家長制のものに書き換えられた。
- The draft of Family Law in Civil Law during the Meiji period was close to Yukichi's theory of the equality of the sexes, and Yukichi supported the draft, but it was replaced by Family Law adopting patriarchy because the draft was opposed by the descendants of samurai families.
- しかし、当時はその存在が知られていなかったため『校異源氏物語』の段階では採用されず、『源氏物語大成』校異編において巻末に補記する形で異同を記している。
- However, the Meiyurinmo-bon was not known in those days, so it was not used when 'Koi Genji monogatari' was made, and at the end of the book of comparison of 'Genji monogatari taisei,' the differences were supplementarily added.
- 二階から逆さ吊りにされ、足の甲から五寸釘を打たれ、それが突き抜けた足の裏の釘に百目蝋燭を立てられ火をつけられる過酷な拷問だったため、ついに古高も自白。
- FURUTAKA was severely tortured with his body hung upside down from the second floor, gosun-kugi (long nails) hammered into his insteps and Hyakume-rosoku candles placed on the nails penetrating his sole, so that ultimately he confessed.
- 明治44年(1911年)の段階の陸軍入隊者の感染検査で、鹿児島県九州本島部分出身者の感染率は4%を超えていたし、北は青森県まで感染者が確認されている。
- In infection tests of army recruits conducted as of 1911, the infection rate was found to be greater than 4% among individuals from Kagoshima Prefecture on Kyushu Island, with the infection found in as gar north as Aomori Prefecture.
- 生前に幕末の一級史料である『京都守護職始末』を書いたが、浩自身は草稿の段階で没し、実際は弟の山川健次郎によって仕上げられたというのが定説となっている。
- Before death, he wrote a first-class historical material of the end of Edo Period called 'Kyoto Shugoshoku Shimatsu', but actually he died while he was writing the draft, so according to a established theory, his younger brother, Kenjiro YAMAKAWA, completed the writing.
- イタリアの都市国家では支配階層であり貴族層の権力伸張を抑える手段として用いられ、続いて女性の発言力増加を危惧してこれを抑圧するための手段として出された。
- Italian city-states used this kind of law as a means to restrain the extension of power of the nobles who were then the ruling class and to suppress the increasing influence of women, which was becoming a concern of the country.
- 日本の古代には、令制国が成立する前に、土着の豪族である国造(くにのみやつこ)が治める国と、県主(あがたぬし)が治める県(あがた)が並立した段階があった。
- In Japanese ancient times, before the era of Ryosei province establishment, there was the stage in which the province ruled by kuninomiyatsuko or powerful regional clans and the agata (territory) ruled by agatanushi or local influential persons were compatible.
- 動物埴輪には犬、猪、牛、鶏、馬具を付けた馬などの出土例があり、人物埴輪には甲冑を付けた武人像、巫女、農民などさまざまな階層や立場の人物が表現されている。
- In the category of animal-shaped haniwa, there are the haniwa of dogs, white whiskered boars (Japanese wild boar), cows, chickens, horses in harnesses, and others, and in the category of human-shaped haniwa, there are the haniwa of warriors in armor, sorceresses, farmers, and other people of various classes and positions.
- 12月16日(1月21日)、山本・高階・伊良子と、高階経由の息子・経徳の計4名で改めて拝診した結果、天皇が痘瘡(天然痘)に罹患している可能性が浮上する。
- On January 21, after four people, Yamamoto, Takashina, Irako and 高階経由's son, Tsunenori conducted medical examinations, they came across the possibility that the Emperor might have been infected with smallpox.
- 身分的には被差別階層であったが、皮革加工や燈芯(行灯などの火を点す芯)・竹細工等の製造販売に対して独占的な支配を許され、多大な資金を擁して権勢を誇った。
- Although the family belonged to one of the discriminated classes as ever, it was allowed to monopolize the production and distribution of leather goods, toshin (wicks used for paper shade lanterns) and bamboo works, gripping a great reign of power with great funds.
- 彼らの多くは六位どまりの侍身分の技能官人であったが、上層階級の者は諸大夫身分の一角を占めて四位・五位クラスまで昇り、受領級の官職に任命されるようになった。
- Many of them were technical samurai officers of the sixth rank which was the highest rank for them, but those who were in higher classes dominated a part of shodaibu (aristocracy lower than kugyo) positions, were promoted to the fourth or fifth rank, and were appointed to zuryo-level government positions.
- しかし、日本古代史の学界からは史料批判などの歴史学の基本的な手続きを踏んでいないとして「学説として批判・検証を受ける段階に無い」と見做され黙殺されている。
- However, this theory has been ignored by the academic circles of ancient Japanese history, who claim that, 'This theory is not at the level of being evaluated or examined,' and it has not gone through the basic methodology necessary for historical science such as the cross examination of historical documents.
- 落語の「七段目」は、芝居好きの若旦那が丁稚と二階の部屋で平右衛門とおかるの件を演じ、丁稚が階段から落ちて「怪我はないか」「なあに、七段目」と下げる芝居噺。
- Rakugo 'Shichidanme' is a shibai-banashi (rakugo story based on kabuki) in which a servant boy and his young master, who likes kabuki, play the roles of Okaru and Heiemon respectively, in a room on the second floor, then the servant boy falls down the stairs, the young master says, 'Are you all right?' and the servant boy replies, 'I am all right, I only fell down from shichidanme' (seventh step on the stairs).
- 安土桃山時代に入り、やや平和な世の中になると、知識者階級において、「美しい筆跡を手習の手本にしたい」、「鑑賞のために手に入れたい」という願望がおきてきた。
- When the world became more peaceful in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, intellectuals wanted to 'have beautiful handwritings for practice in penmanship' or 'obtain them for appreciation'.
- 日本人を包括的に均一な集団としてとらえ、歴史的変遷や階級による相違を無視して、外国・異文化との比較を通してその独自性を論じるところを共通項とする論が多い。
- Most of them inclusively treated Japanese people as a standardized group, ignoring historical changes and class differences, and uniqueness was discussed through a comparison with foreign countries and cultures.
- しかし、初期・前期の村落内では前代を引き継ぐ階層差が大きく、(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)のどれかを欠く家(小百姓あるいは多様な隷属民)も多数存在していた。
- In the early villages, the hierarchy which was inherited from the previous period was significant, and there were a large number of families who lacked any of (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) (peasants who owned little plow land or various subordinate people).
- それまで武士と農民は分離していなかったが、豊臣秀吉の刀狩りと武士は城下・町人は町屋・農民は村落と住居が固定されるなどにより武士階級と農民が明確に分離された。
- The definition of samurai and farmers were not so clear before the sword hunt decree (the disarmament of farmers) of 1588 by Hideyoshi and the residence zoning for samurai in castle towns, for townspeople in cities, and for farmers in rural villages, and those measures separated the samurai class and the farmer class definitely.
- 危機感を共有した支配階級は団結融和へと向かい、当時の天智天皇は豪族を再編成するとともに、官僚制を急速で整備するなど、挙国的な国制改革を精力的に進めていった。
- The ruling classes shared the sense of crisis and began to unite and reconcile with each other, while the emperor at the time, Emperor Tenji, energetically pushed forward nationwide constitutional reforms by reorganizing powerful clans and rapidly organizing the bureaucracy.
- 政府は、赤字財政健全化のため、生産活動をせずに俸禄を受けている特権階級の士族の廃止を目的に四民平等を謳い、1873年に徴兵制、1876年に秩禄処分を行った。
- To rebuild the deficit-ridden finance into a more sound one, the national government introduced a conscription system in 1873 and Chitsuroku-shobun (an abolition measure of hereditary stipend) in 1876, appealing equality of all people in order to abolish the warrior class, a privileged class the persons in which could receive salary without being engaged in any productive activity.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立時期については諸説あり、その理由としては、鎌倉幕府がその武家政権としての体制を整えるまでにはいくつかの段階を経ていることがあげられる(後述)。
- There are several theories regarding the period when the Kamakura Bakufu was established and the reason for this is that the Kamakura Bakufu underwent several stages before establishing the system of a samurai government (as mentioned below).
- 一方、朝鮮の両班階層(支配層)の間では明の援軍のおかげにより朝鮮は滅亡を免れたのだという意識(「再造之恩」)が強調され、明への恩義を重視する思想が広まった。
- On the other hand, among yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea) (ruling class) of Korea, understanding that Korea could narrowly avoid ruin thanks to reinforcements from Ming ('再造之恩') was underscored and the thought to attach importance to gratitude towards Ming spread widely.
- 一般に略式のくだけた格好であると考えられており、特に羽織を略した姿は粋や通にかよう独特の美意識と下層階級的な意気のよさ、卑俗な感じを持つものであるとされる。
- Generally speaking, kinagashi is considered to be an informal and casual style, and especially it is thought that the costume in which haori is omitted shows a unique aesthetic sense which is common to iki (粋, traditional aesthetic ideal in Japan like nattiness) and tsu (通, highly cultivated person in Japan like a connoisseur), and high spirits and vulgar impressions which illustrate characteristics of the lower classes.
- 中臣氏(なかとみうじ)は、古代の日本において、忌部氏とともに神事・祭祀をつかさどった中央豪族で、古くから現在の京都市山科区中臣町付近の山階を拠点としていた。
- The Nakatomi clan, together with the Inbe clan, was a powerful family serving the Yamato court in ancient Japan, who took charge of Shinto rituals and religious services, and had occupied the region Yamashina -approximately corresponding to today's Nakatomi-cho, Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City - as their base through the ages.
- しかし、鮒の包み焼きが近江の名物であったことや、話の最後に登場する高階氏が高市皇子の後裔であることから、スパイ説は後世の人間による創作の可能性が極めて高い。
- However, there is a strong possibility that the above espionage theory was made up in later ages in view of the facts that the stuffed and baked crucian carp was a local specialty of Omi Province and that the Takashina clan which appeared at the end of the anecdote was a descendant of Prince Takechi (Takechi no Miko).
- なお、乙麻呂の系統で平安中期に武人として頭角を顕した藤原為憲の子孫は各地に広がり、伊東氏、工藤氏、二階堂氏、相良氏、吉川氏、天野氏といった各氏の祖となった。
- Incidentally, the descendant of FUJIWARA no Tamenori, who was descended from Otomaro and had distinguished himself as a samurai in the middle Heian era, expanded across the country and became the originators of the Ito, Kudo, Nikaido, Sagara, Kikkawa and Amano clans, etc.
- 高倉家(たかくらけ)は藤原北家である藤原長良の子孫である藤原範賢の子高倉永季(ながすえ)(位階・参議)(1338年 - 1392年)を祖とする堂上家である。
- The Takakura family, one of the families of Dojo, was established by Nagasue TAKAKURA (Court Rank, Councillor, 1338 - 1392) whose father was FUJIWARA no Norikata, a descendant of FUJIWARA no Nagayoshi of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- このように室町時代以降、武士内部に複雑な身分階層が成立していったが、これらは拡大した武士身分の範囲が一応確定された江戸時代の武士内部の身分制度に結実している。
- Likewise, after the Muromachi period, complicated stratification by class formed in bushi, but the expanded range of the samurai status led to the temporarily fixed class system in bushi during the Edo period.
- 前段の「広く会議を興し」については、由利案には「会議」に相当する語はなく、福岡の修正案で「列侯会議」の語があらわれ、これが最終段階で「広く会議」と修正された。
- Regarding the first part 'Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established,' in the Yuri draft there was no word equivalent to 'assembly' and in the revised draft of Fukuoka 'Council by feudal lords' appeared and at the final stage it was revised to 'widely established deliberative assemblies.'
- 江戸時代の百姓身分とは、主たる生業が農業・手工業・商業のいずれかであるかを問わず、村に石高を持ち、領主に年貢を納める形で権利義務を承認された身分階層を指した。
- During the Edo period, a farming rank was one of social status in which a farmer had 'kokudaka' (crop yield) in his village and his duties and rights were approved by paying his nengu' (land tax) to the landlord, whichever his regular vocation was agriculture, labor industry, or commerce.
- 京都全体を戦乱に巻き込んだ応仁の乱の影響で、日本の宮廷文化は混乱するが、このとき位階以上の貴族の冠に用いる有文羅(うもんら/模様を織り出した羅)の技法が散逸。
- As the Onin War dragged the whole Kyoto into the war, Japanese Court culture became disordered, and they lost the technique of umonra (ra woven in a pattern), which was used for Court caps for the nobilities whose ranks were the Fifth Rank or higher.
- 「言文一致運動」に早い段階から参加していたことや、成瀬仁蔵による日本女子大学設立への参与など、当時の動静から女子教育強化に対する中川の情熱を窺うことができる。
- NAKAGAWA's strong passion toward the enhancement of women's education can be traced through his activities at that time, such as his participation in the 'The Vernacular Movement' from the earlier stage of the movement, and involvement in the establishment of Japan Women's University promoted by Jinzo NARUSE.
- 翌日、紀伊国守の屋敷に方違えのために訪れた源氏は、前日話題となった中流階級の女性である空蝉 (源氏物語)(伊予国介の後妻)に興味を持ち、強引に一夜を共にする。
- The next day, Genji, who visited the residence of Ki no kuni no kami (Governor of Ki Province) in order to avoid traveling in an unlucky direction, got interested in Utsusemi (The Tale of Genji) (later known as the second wife of Iyo no kuni no suke - Assistant Governor of Iyo Province), the middle-class woman whom they were talking about, and slept with her by force on that night.
- 平安時代以降、江戸時代に至るまで官位即ち位階と官職は公家や武家の身分制の中で活用されてきたが、勲等については時代が後になるにつれ用いられることが少なくなった。
- From the Heian period to the Edo period, the official court rank, i.e., the court rank, and the government post were used in the class system of the court nobles and warriors, but the medals for merit gradually fell out of use later in the history.
- 安定な状態を、確実なものにしようと、荘園の寄進を行うが、その段階で、自分の直接支配地だけでなく、郷の単位ぐらいに、周辺の公領も切り取って規模を拡大して立荘する。
- A donation of shoen was made to secure its stable state, and on this occasion, the area of the shoen was defined by inclusion of not only their regions of direct influence but also nearby public land cut off by about a village unit to increase the area.
- 一方、各地方では国司・郡司・有力百姓などを出自とする「富豪の輩」と呼ばれる階層が登場しており、国衙から名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負って、経済力をつけ始めていた。
- On the other hand, the class called 'fugo-no-yakara' (rich guy) originated from kokushi, gunshi (local government administrator sent from the central government, working under kokushi), leading people, appeared, managed myoden (rice fields as the basic unit for levying taxes) and the duty of tax collection from kokuga and began to be economically stronger.
- まもなく江戸時代になると、かまぼこ状の焼成室を階段状に連ねて仕上がりのばらつきを防ぐとともに大量生産を可能にしたいっそう熱効率が改良された連房式登窯が出現する。
- By the Edo period, the even more efficient Renboshiki-noborigama appeared, its half-tube shape baking rooms in a stepped arrangement advantageous for producing ware with uniform finish and giving it greater capacity.
- このように、公正な女帝の治世のもと、聖徳太子はその才能を十分に発揮し、冠位十二階(603年)・十七条憲法(604年)を次々に制定して、法令・組織の整備を進めた。
- As described above, under fair reign of the Empress, Prince Shotoku fully exhibited his ability and enacted Kan I junikai (twelve grades of cap rank) (in 603) and Seventeen-Article Constitution (in 604) one after another to carry out improvement of laws and organizations.
- 同じ京の文官である大江広元、三善康信、二階堂行政ららと比べれば行政実務のトップクラスということではなかったが、奉行人、右筆として常に頼朝の側に居た様子が覗える。
- Compared with civil officers in Kyoto, such as OE no Hiromoto, MIYOSHI no Yasunobu, and Yukimasa NIKAIDO, he was not a top class official of administrative affairs, but always served Yoritomo as bugyonin and yuhitsu (amanuensis).
- 2005年に滋賀県の「分権時代の県のあり方研究会」の報告書において、道州制の前段階として京都府と滋賀県の合併(京滋合併)が案のひとつに取り上げられたこともあった。
- A report published in 2005 by 'Workshop for the functions of each prefecture in the age of devolution of power' in Shiga Prefecture picked up the merger plan of Kyoto and Shiga Prefectures (Keiji Merger) as one previous step before introducing the regional system.
- 後者は大槻玄沢ら蘭学者やオランダ商館長(カピタン)と交遊を持って蘭学を研究し、『蘭学階梯』の序文や『泰西輿地図説』、『古今泉貨鑑』など、多くの貴重な著作を残した。
- The latter learned Western studies by associating with scholars of Western studies like Gentaku OTSUKI, and left many valuable books, such as the introduction of 'Rangaku-kaitei' (a guide to foreign languages), 'Taisei-yochizusetsu' (a foreign topography), and 'Kokon-senka-kagami' (a reference book of coins).
- しかしながらこの説が主張するように、政治的な粛清に人麻呂があったのなら、当然ある程度の官位(正史に残る五位以上の位階)を人麻呂が有していたと考えるのが必然である。
- If Hitomaro was politically purged as advocated by this view, however, it is logical to consider that Hitomaro had a certain level of official rank (not lower than the Fifth Rank) that should have been recorded in the official history.
- 地租改正による農民一揆と並び、神風連の乱や西南戦争(1877年)など明治初期の士族反乱は、秩禄処分により収入が激減した士族階級の不平が原因であった考えられている。
- Like peasant uprising caused by the land-tax reform, revolts by former samurai warriors, such as Shimpuren-no-ran War (turmoil of Shimpuren, a dissatisfied warrior group) and the Seinan War (1877), were led by former warriors who suffered from drastic reduction of their income caused by Chitsuroku-shobun.
- つまりアフリカやアジアの文明は、かつてヨーロッパが遠い過去において経験した発展段階だと考え、ヨーロッパ文明圏以外の人々・地域を「遅れた」「劣った」文明とみなした。
- In other words, civilizations of Africa and Asia were considered as the stage in development which Europe had experienced in distant past, and those civilizations and people outside Europe were regarded as'primitive' and 'inferior'.
- 元来は有力貴族や諸大夫に仕える位階六位どまりの下級技能官人層(侍品さむらいほん)を指すが、次第にその中でも武芸を職能とする技能官人である武士を指すことが多くなった。
- Originally, this was a term for the class of low-ranking technical palace officials up to the sixth rank who worked for aristocracy and Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo), but eventually was used to define the bushi, who were technical palace officials with military skills.
- 元治元年(1864年)徳川慶喜らが還俗を孝明天皇に願い、同年(元号は文久)正月9日伏見宮に復し同18日勅許をもって復飾し改めて親王宣下と共に、山階宮の宮号を賜った。
- Since Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, et al. asked for his return to secular life to Emperor Komei in 1864, he returned Fushiminomiya on February 16 in the same year, returned to the secular life under an imperial sanction on 25 of the same month, and again received the reigning name of Yamashinanomiya along with the title of Imperial Prince by Imperial order.
- 『養老令』『大宝令』では、戦死による贈位の場合、その子・孫への蔭位は、生前の帯位と同等とし、それ以外の贈位の場合、蔭位は通常の位階より一階降して授けることとされた。
- It is stipulated in 'Yoro-ryo' (Yoro Code) and 'Taiho-ryo' (Taiho Code) that in the case of zoi due to death at war, Oni (the automatic promotion of the persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from Imperial Prince to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents are upper than third rank) to his children and grandchildren would be equal to the rank he held while he was alive, and in other cases, Oni was usually with a rank, one lower to the rank which would normally be bestowed upon.
- さらに、江戸後期の坐摩神社における車楽(=地車)曳行を描いた『摂津名所図会』(1798年のもの)によると、2階建ての地車の床上で囃子に三味線も用いていたのがわかる。
- Also, according to 'Settsu-meisho-zue' (a book introducing beauty spots in Settsu) (in 1798) which depicted a danjiri drawing at Ikasuri-jinja Shrine during the late Edo period, shamisen (a three-stringed Japanese banjo) was played for hayashi in the two storey danjiri.
- 一般的に平氏政権は12世紀中期から段階的に成立したのであり、仁安2年5月宣旨を大きな画期としつつ、治承三年の政変により平氏政権の成立が完了したものと考えられている。
- In general, the Taira clan administration was established in steps from the middle of the 12th century, and although the May 1167 Imperial Order was a major event, the coup d'etat in 1179 is considered to indicate the completion of the establishment of the Taira clan administration.
- 当時の学説では「武士」はその在地領主をベースとしたものであり、平将門や藤原秀郷などは学会用語としては「武士」ではなく、その前段階の「兵」(つわもの)といわれていた。
- The academic theory at that time stated that 'bushi' based themselves in their estates and did not consider TAIRA no Masakado and FUJIWARA no Hidesato as 'bushi (warrior)' but as 'tsuwamono (soldier).'
- 日記の記述よれば、孝明天皇が発熱した12日、天皇の執匙(天皇の日常健康管理を行う主治医格)であった高階経由が拝診して調薬したが、翌日になっても病状が好転しなかった。
- According to the descriptions from the journal on December 12, 1866 (in old lunar calendar), when the Emperor developed a fever, Tsuneyoshi TAKASHINA, who was in the rank of Emperor's attending doctor (to manage Emperor's daily health), conducted examinations and dispensed drugs for the Emperor but even the next day the Emperor had never got better.
- 六位層は位袍の色が青系の縹であったことから、「青侍」という語が生じたと言われ、また青が持つ“未熟”という意味から年若いあるいは位階の低い侍の意味も有したとされている。
- It is believed that the word 'Aozamurai' originated from the fact that costumes for those at Rokui rank were of hanada (medium blue); besides, based on the connotations of blue, that is to say 'immature,' 'Aozamurai' also meant a young or low ranking samurai.
- 山階宮晃親王(やましなのみやあきらしんのう 文化 (元号)13年9月2日 (旧暦)(1816年10月22日) - 明治31年(1898年)2月17日)は、日本の皇族。
- Imperial Prince Yamashinanomiya Akira (October 22, 1816 - February 17, 1898) was a member of the Imperial family in Japan.
- その後位階・兵部卿・上総国太守などを歴任したが、延喜元年(901年)菅原道真が九州太宰府に左遷されると、道真の娘を妻としていた斎世親王は仁和寺に入って真寂と名乗った。
- Afterward, he assumed posts such as Ikai (rank in law and ordinance system), hyobu kyo (chief of the department of the army) or the governor of Kazusa Province, and he moved into Ninna-ji Temple renamed as Shinjaku when SUGAWARA no Michizane, his father in law was relegated to Kyushu Dazaifu in 901.
- が、しかし、日本が欧風化していくに当たって、華やかな西洋の宝飾品に対抗できる和装品の一つとして、髪飾りとともに、宝石を使った帯留が、戦前から上流階級でもてはやされた。
- However, as Japan westernized, obidome studded with jewels gained popularity among people in the upper class along with hair accessories since the prewar period, because Japan needed Japanese-style jewels that could match the western gorgeous jewels.
- 17世紀に入ってヨーロッパで穀物価格が大きく下がると、穀物が重要な輸出品であったポーランドの国内で社会の各階層どうしの利害対立が広まり、ロコシュの規模が大きくなった。
- With a significant decline in crop prices in the 17th century Europe, conflicts of interests disseminated between the social classes in Poland, where crop was a major article of export, followed by rokosz on a larger scale.
- ふたつめは、「貴族と同じ荘園領家化」(石井進)、「上級貴族達と同じように荘園領主」(安田元久)と、荘園支配の階層の最上位に義家がなっていったとみなしていることである。
- Secondly, Susumu ISHII in 'Kizoku to Onaji Shoen-ryoke ka' (The formation of Shoen-ryoke (A lord who is donated with 'Shoen' estates) same as the aristocrats) and Motohisa YASUDA in 'Jokyu Kizoku-tachi to onajiyouni Shoen-ryoshu (Shoen-ryoke)' (Shoen-ryoshu same as high aristocrats) claimed Yoshiie was in the top rank of manor owners.
- 伯父である藤原永手系に代わって北家の嫡流となり、傍流ゆえに大臣になれなかった父・真楯より一階級上の右大臣に至り、平城天皇朝~嵯峨天皇朝初期にかけて台閣の首班を務めた。
- He took over from FUJIWARA no Nagate, his uncle, as the main line of the Northern House and, unlike his father, who was from a branch family and therefore unable to become a minister, he reached the rank of Udaijin (Minister of the Right), which is one rank higher than that of his father, serving as the head of the government from the early days of Emperor Heizei's reign to the beginning of the reign of Emperor Saga.
- 隆盛の名は父と同名であるが、これは王政復古 (日本)の章典で位階を授けられる際に親友の吉井友実が誤って父吉兵衛の名を届けたため、それ以後は父の名を名乗ったからである。
- Takamori's name was the same as his father's name, but Tomozane YOSHII, who was his best friend, called him Kichibei, which was his father's name, by mistake when he received his orders from the Shoten Bill of Restoration of Monarchy, and after that he called himself by his father's name.
- 二階堂行光はその尼将軍政子の側近として様々な場面に登場するが、その中でも重要なものが、源実朝が公暁に暗殺された後の『吾妻鏡』1219年(承久元年)2月13日条である。
- Yukimitsu NIKAIDO appeared in various scenes as a close adviser of the ama shogun (nun shogun), and there is an important description in the article dated February 13, 1219 in 'Azuma Kagami'.
- 平成11年(1999年)に当時の小野次郎 (政治家)本部長らの提唱で鹿児島県警察本部(鹿児島市)前に銅像が設置されるなど、ようやく地元でも再評価の段階に入りつつある。
- He is now beginning to be reevaluated by local people; in 1999 a bronze statue of KAWAJI, proposed by then Director-General Jiro ONO (statesman), was built in front of the police headquarters in Kagoshima Prefecture.
- 複数の郡、荘園にまたがる広大な領地を知行する「豪族的領主」は、その下に郡や別府の郷、そして荘園、更にその下の村郷に支配が及び、それぞれの段階が小規模な「武士団」である。
- The 'gozoku-style lord' that owned a great estate that spanned over multiple counties and manors also ruled over counties, villages of beppu, manors and villages under it and each step consisted of small 'bushidan.'
- 下級武士や知識人階級を中心に、「鎖国は日本開闢以来の祖法」であるという説に反したとされた、その外交政策に猛烈に反発する世論が沸き起こり、「攘夷」運動として朝野を圧した。
- The public opinion of foreign exclusionism among low-ranking samurai and intellectuals in particular overwhelmed all over Japan, insisting furiously that the national seclusion had been the fundamental law since the dawn of Japanese history and the opening up of the country was against it.
- 天子の意思命令を確実に具現化するため、各官庁と官僚の責任と任務を明確に区分し、精密に規定された階級に従って、命令を実行に移していく官僚制が、高度な体系の下に構築された。
- In order to realize the intentions and orders of the emperor reliably, a highly refined system was established, with orders carried out by the bureaucracy in accordance with a rigid hierarchy where each government office and official's duties and responsibilities were clearly defined.
- ちなみに「ファシズムの国家権力により訪問着の生産が弾圧されたのが原因で、労働者階級がやむなく付け下げを代替品として考案した」というような説があるが、これには反論がある。
- Some people say that since the authority of fascism suppressed the production of homongi, people of the working class unwillingly invented tsukesage as a substitute for homongi; however that opinion is questionable.
- 『解体新書』の翻訳、それに続く杉田玄白の天真楼での弟子の育成、さらに大槻玄沢の『蘭学階梯』の出版と芝蘭堂での弟子の育成によって、蘭学は一般的な広がりを持つようになった。
- With the translation of 'Kaitai Shinsho' (New Book of Anatomy), followed by the apprentice's education in Genpaku SUGITA's Tenshinro Building, and in addition, Gentaku OTSUKI's publication of 'Rangaku Kaitei' (an introductory book of the Western science study by Masatsuna KUTSUKI), the apprentice's education in Shiran-do, the western sciences came to have a general popularity.
- 制度上はともかく最終的に、実質的な待遇を見た場合には、官国幣社、神饌幣帛料供進指定神社(府県社と郷村社の一部)、それ以外の神社の3段階の社格となったということができる。
- No matter how the system was like, from the point of view of the actual treatment, it can be said that shrines were eventually divided into the following three rankings: Kankoku heisha, Shinsen heihaku-ryo kyoshin shitei jinja (shrines which was able to receive Shinsen heihaku-ryo Fee from local public bodies; Fukensha and some of Gosha and Sonsha), and any other shrines.
- こうして「武士団」を「中世封建社会の担い手となる在地領主層を中核とする戦闘的権力組織で、内部構造としては、主従的な、階層関係(ヒエラルヒー)が認められるもの」と規程する。
- This type of 'bushidan' was 'a militarily ruled society that was centralized around estate owners supporting medieval feudal society, centrally formed on a master and servant hierarchical relationship.'
- さらには、一部の公家も限定的とはいえ、必ずしも自衛目的のみとは言えない軍事活動に自ら携わるなど、あらゆる階層を通じて、ある種の”力に対する信奉”があったことは注目される。
- It is noted that, in all social classes, there was a certain type of 'belief in power' as seen in the fact that, although it was in limited scale, certain court nobles were engaged in military activities which could not be deemed for self defense purpose only.
- 士農工商を春夏秋冬に当てはめるのは五行思想と関連していると思われるが、四季という循環性のあるものになぞらえ、身分を階級序列というよりは順次並列させているところが興味深い。
- The comparison of shi-no-ko-sho to spring, summer, autumn, and winter may be associated with the concept of Wuxing (The Five Practices), and it is quite interesting that shi-no-ko-sho are compared to a cycle of four seasons so as to arrange the social statuses in a row instead of putting them in a hierarchical order.
- 浪士が自宅に踏み込んできたとき賀川は二階へと逃げ込み隠れていたが、運悪く帰宅した幼い子どもが浪士たちに捕われ厳しい詰問を受けるのを見て自ら階下へ降りたところを斬首された。
- When the roshi made a raid and stepped into his house, KAGAWA went upstairs and hid himself; but on seeing his young children who unfortunately came home and were cruelly questioned by the roshi that had captivated them, he went downstairs on his own will, and was beheaded.
- 「古史古伝」という言い方は、吾郷清彦が著書『古事記以前の書』(大陸書房、1972年)で最初に提唱したもので、この段階では「古典四書」「古伝三書」「古史三書」とされていた。
- The term 'koshi koden' was proposed by Kiyohiko AGO in his book 'Kojiki izen no sho (documents before Kojiki)' (published by Tairiku Shobo, 1972) and, at this stage reference was made to 'koten sisho (four classics),' 'koden sansho (three legends)' and 'koshi sansho (three ancient historical documents).'
- これらの官位段階は、当道座に属し職分に励んで、申請して認められれば、一定の年月をおいて順次得ることができたが、大変に年月がかかり、一生かかっても検校まで進めないほどだった。
- It was possible to make a request and get higher official court ranks as long as they belonged to Todo-za and fulfilled their responsibilities of their job, however, it took so much time to gain a higher position that they could not even promote to kengyo in their whole life.
- これは、三成が大坂城と秀頼を事実上擁立していることが伝わったため(小山評定の段階では三成の単独挙兵として伝わっていた)、彼らが三成のもとへ駆けつけることを恐れたためである。
- This was because he was informed by then that Mitsunari had virtually supported Hideyori and Osaka-jo Castle (at the stage of the Oyama meeting, he was informed that Mitsunari started his forces independently), and he was afraid that the daimyo might rush to support Mitsunari.
- 舞姫の参入の由を聞いて天皇は直衣指貫に沓をはき、清涼殿東庇北の階下から、承香殿西南隅に仮に架けた長橋、承香殿南簀子、同馬道后町廊、常寧殿馬道その他の順路を経て大師の局に入る。
- Upon hearing of the arrival of the dancers, the Emperor, wearing noshi sashinuki (a court nobles informal costume) and kutsu (footwear) started from the northern lower level of the Seiryoden palace's east eaves and went to the daishi no tsubone (a room for daishi) via nagahashi, which was temporarily set at the southwest corner of Shokoden palace, minami-sunoko of Shokoden palace, medo kisakimachi no ro of Shokoden palace and medo of Joneiden palace.
- その時期は関東においては平忠常の乱が終わり、そこでの「亡国」といわれるほどの焦土戦による荒廃から、復興・再開発が始められた段階、つまり11世紀後半から12世紀初頭に相当する。
- That period ranged from late eleventh to the early twelfth century when the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune ended in the Kanto region, and when reconstruction and reestablishment started from the ruins of what was called almost a 'dead province.'
- 国司苛政上訴(こくしかせいじょうそ)は、日本の平安時代に郡司・田堵・負名・百姓階層が地方官である国司(受領)の苛政・非法を中央政府(太政官)へ訴えた行為、現象または闘争形態。
- Kokushi kasei joso refers to acts and phenomena of appeals and armed struggles by Gunji (local magistrates), Tato (cultivators), Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and the farmer class in order to complain to the central government Daijokan (Grand Council of State) about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi (or Zuryo) (provincial governors), Chihokan (local officials) during the Heian period in Japan.
- 家名の中でも特に知行の名前に由来し領主階級であることを示す名字を公称し(ということは苗字私称とは異なり本姓を有し)、打刀(大刀)と脇差(小刀)の2本の日本刀を腰に帯びること。
- If a person was provided with a myojitaito right, he was permitted to officially use a family name that originated in a territorial name, indicating that the family belonged to the territorial lord class (this means using an original name, not a privately given name), and was also permitted to wear two Japanese swords, a uchigatana (a sword worn inside the 'obi ' belt) (a long sword) and a wakizashi (a short sword).
- 1869年(明治2年)の版籍奉還の後、藩に属する者の身分階級は華族(元大名・徳川将軍家などの知藩事)、士族(旗本、藩士、上級郷士)、卒族(足軽・同心などの軽輩)に編成された。
- After the return of lands and people to the emperor in 1869, the status of those belonging to the clan was classified into the peerage (Chihanji such as a former daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Tokugawa Shogun family), the warrior class (hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun), a feudal retainer of domain, and upper-ranking goshi (country samurai)), low-ranking samurai called sotsuzoku (keihai (a person of low rank) such as ashigaru (common foot soldier) and doshin (a police constable)).
- 当時の官制においては、位階は八位まで(その下に初位というのも存在した)で、当時の貴族とは従五位以上を指し、従八位から正六位までは官人(官僚)であり、厳密には貴族ではなかった。
- In government-regulated organizations at that time, the lowest rank of the ikai (court ranks) was Hachii (the rank of Shoi also existed below Hachii), and the definition of a noble of the time was a person ranked Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) or above whereas persons ranked between Juhachii (Junior Eighth Rank) and Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank) were regarded as government officials (bureaucrats), who were not nobles in the strictest sense.
- 明治30年(1897年)戦死者贈位並叙位進階内則」では、将官は正四位以上、佐官は従五位から正四位の間、尉官は従五位から正五位の間、准士官、下士官、兵卒は従五位を贈るとされた。
- In the 'Senshisha zoi narabi joi shinkai naisoku' (Rules for conferring of court ranks to those who died in the war and investiture of promotion) that was enacted in 1897, it was stipulated that Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank) or higher was given to generals, ranks between Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) and Shoshii was given to field officers, ranks between Jugoi and Shogoi (Senior Fifth Rank) were given to officers below the rank of major, and Jugoi was given to under-officers, noncommissioned officers, and soldiers.
- 宮中、豊明殿では宴会があり、お召しにあずかった者は宮中席次第一階ないし第三階第二十七の者ならびに勲一等雇外国人および伯、子、男爵ならびに大日本帝国駐剳各国大使、公使であった。
- There was a banquet in the Imperial Court and Homeiden State Banquet Hall, and people who were invited to the banquet included 1st class standing of the imperial court or the 3rd rank No. 27 as well as the First Order of Merit foreigners, count, viscount and baron, as well as ambassador and minister-counselor of each country staying in the Empire of Japan.
- 流行していた阿片を撲滅すべく、阿片吸引を免許制とし、また阿片を専売制にして段階的に税を上げ、また新規の阿片免許を発行しないことで阿片を追放することにも成功した(阿片漸禁策)。
- In order to eliminate opium that was prevailing at that time, the government introduced a licensing system for smoking opium and a monopoly of opium to gradually increase the tax and to stop the issue of new licenses for opium, thus succeeding to get rid of opium from Taiwan (Policy to phase out opium).
- 但し『校異源氏物語』の段階では比較校合に採用されなかった写本のうち、明融本(明融臨模本)のみは特にその重要性から『源氏物語大成』校異編においてはその異同を巻末に補記している。
- However, among the manuscripts which were not used for comparison and collation in making 'Koi Genji monogatari,' the text differences in Meiyu-bon (Meiyurinmo-bon) manuscript were supplementarily collected at the end of the book of comparison of 'Genji monogatari taisei' due to its special importance.
- 9月23日、西郷が陸軍大将兼参議・近衛都督を辞し、位階も返上すると上表したのに対し、すでに宮中工作を終えていた岩倉は、閣議の決定とは別に西郷派遣延期の意見書を天皇に提出した。
- Saigo resigned as General of the Army, and as concurrent Sangi councilor, and as Konoe-totoku on September 23, and announced that he would return these ranks, but Iwakura, who finished maneuvering in the Imperial Court, submitted an opinion document for the indefinite postponement of dispatching Saigo separetely from a decision of the Imperial Court.
- 大化の改新ののち、律令国家の形成におよぶと、古代の戸籍制度によって、氏姓はかつての部民(べみん)、つまり一般民衆にまで拡大され、すべての階層の国家身分を表示するものとなった。
- When Japan formed a nation under the ritsuryo codes after the Taika Reforms, the clan names and the hereditary titles became given to Bemin (people who belonged to the Yamato Dynasty); in other words, the system of clans and hereditary system was expanded to the general public and Uji and Kabane came to a way to reveal one's social position in the hierarchy of the state.
- この段階でも吉良の生死の情報はなく、いよいよ吉良の死を疑いだした内蔵助は、吉良の生死を確かめるために藩大目付の田中正形を江戸へ、番頭の伊藤五右衛門を三好藩へそれぞれ派遣した。
- Since there was still no news about Kira's survival at this stage, Kura no suke became doubtful of his death and sent ometsuke Masakata TANAKA to Edo and the head of the group Goemon ITO to Miyoshi Domain to investigate his death.
- 『今昔物語集』の「摂津守満仲出家せる語」には500との数もあるが、それは『今昔物語集』が書かれた12世紀初めの段階での当時最大の都の武士団の印象を元にした誇張・文飾だとされる。
- The story of Mitsunaka, the lord of Settsu Province' in 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' stated 500, but it is assumed to be just an exaggeration and flowery words following the impression of bushidan of the biggest capital back in early twelfth century when 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' was written.
- 官人登用の法、甲子の宣の廃止、貴族・社寺の山・島・浦・林・池などの返還、畿外の豪族と才能のある百姓の任官への道を開き、官人の位階昇進の制度などを新設したりといった諸政を行った。
- Emperor Tenmu enforced a range of measures, such as a law relating to the appointment of government officials, the reversal of the Koshi pronouncement, and the ordering of the return to the court of mountains, islands, beaches, woods, ponds and other assets owned by aristocrats or shrines and temples; he also opened the way to government positions for members of powerful remote regional clans as well as those near the capital and talented farmers, and established a new court rank and promotion system.
- また2階には多数の尊王派(大山巌・西郷従道・三島通庸・篠原国幹・永山弥一郎など)がいたが、大山綱良らが刀を捨てて飛び込み必死の説得を行った結果、残りの尊王派志士たちは投降した。
- Still, many members of the royalists (Iwao OYAMA, Tsugumichi SAIGO, Michitsune MISHIMA, Kunimoto SHINOHARA, and Yaichiro NAGAYAMA) stayed upstairs, but after Tsunayoshi OYAMA dropped his sword and burst into the room in a desperate attempt to persuade them, the rest of the devoted members in the royalists surrendered.
- 三河守を受領する前の家康の官位は蔵人佐という低いものであったが、三河統一を成し遂げ名実とともに三河の支配者となった時点で、三河守受領のために必要な位階を家康は持っていなかった。
- Prior to the posting as Governor of Mikawa Province, Ieyasu's official rank was a lowly kurandonosuke (assistant official of kurodo) however, although he accomplished the unification of Mikawa, at the time he became the virtual ruler of Mikawa, Ieyasu lacked the necessary rank to be posted as Governor of Mikawa.
- が、神宝を納める庫の高い階(高橋)に、女だてらに上るのはいやだと拒否され、仕方なく物部十千根 大連に任せたといわれている(この祭祀とは、神宝の出し入れもしていた可能性がある)。
- However, she refused his offer saying that she would not like to climb up to a higher floor (elevated bridge) because she was just a woman; then he had no idea other than appointing MONONOBE no Tochine, who was in the position of Omuraji (one of the important official ranks of Yamato Imperial Court, representing the local ruling lords called Muraji) (the religious service referred to here might have included the task of getting in and out the sacred treasures).
- 天武天皇の血筋は皇統からは完全に絶えたものの、舎人親王の子孫が清原真人の姓を賜り清原氏の祖となり、高市皇子の子孫が高階真人の姓を賜り高階氏の祖となるなど、後世まで長く繁栄する。
- Although the blood line of the Emperor Tenmu completely vanished from the Imperial line, a descendant of Imperial Prince Toneri was given the family name of KIYOHARA no Mahito and became the patriarch of the Kiyohara clan, and a descendant of Prince Takechi was given the family name of TAKASHINA no Mahito and became the patriarch of the Takashina clan; they both prospered for a long time.
- 5代将軍となった藤原頼嗣、宗尊親王、惟康親王の3代に仕え、1263年(弘長3年)7月5日に二階堂行方の後を継いで宗尊親王の御所奉行、同年11月22日には御息所の奉行も引き継ぐ。
- He served three shoguns, the fifth shogun FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu, Prince Munetaka, and Prince Koreyasu; on July 5, 1263, he took over the office of Intendant of the Shogunal Palace, and on November 22 in the same year, the magistrate of sleeping chamber from Yukikata NIKAIDO.
- 佐々木六角氏の正統として佐々木氏本家系図「金泥の巻き」を所持、四位の位階を持ち、後水尾天皇から院昇殿を許されていた(『夢窓国師俗譜』、『葉隠聞略』、沙沙貴神社所蔵佐々木系図)。
- As a direct descendant of the Sasaki Rokkaku clan, he owned the genealogy of the head family of the Sasaki clan 'Kindei no Maki' (a horizontal scroll written with gold paint), he had Ikai (Court rank) of Shii (Fourth Rank), and he was admitted inshoden (access to the retired emperor in the imperial court) by Emperor Gomizunoo ('Muso Kokushi Zokufu' [夢窓国師俗譜], 'Hagakure Monryaku' [葉隠聞略], the genealogy of the Sasaki clan possessed by Sasaki-jinja Shrine [沙沙貴神社所蔵佐々木系図]),
- これらのことから推測して、岡っ引や目明しがいわゆる現代の巡査階級の警察官のように言われることがあるが、彼らはあくまで同心の私的使用人にすぎず、正規の町奉行所構成員ではなかった。
- In the light of the above, okappiki and meakashi were only private servants of a doshin, not proper members of the town magistrate's office, although they are sometimes regarded as present-day police officers.
- また韓国気象庁は、大韓民国環境部所管の観測網から得られるPM10濃度の1時間当たり平均値の予報を基に、規定の濃度が2時間以上続くと予想された場合に、3段階の警報体制をとっている。
- Based on the average prediction per hour of the PM10 density obtained from the observation network of the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, South Korea's weather agency issues a three-stage warning when it is predicted that a specified density will continue for two or more hours.
- こうした中で6世紀末、幾つかの紛争に勝利した推古天皇、聖徳太子、蘇我馬子らは強固な政治基盤を築きあげ、冠位十二階や十七条憲法の制定など官僚制を柱とする王権の革新を積極的に進めた。
- At the end of the sixth century, Empress Suiko, Prince Shotoku, and SOGA no Umako, after emerging victorious from several conflicts, established firm political foundations and actively reformed the polity by basing it on bureaucratic systems such as Kan'i junikai (twelve cap rank system) and the Seventeen-Article Constitution.
- 11世紀の侍階層出現の頃より現れて公家の家政機関に奉仕する役目を担うが、四位・五位へ昇進する諸大夫より下位に置かれて、基本的には六位に置かれていた(稀に五位に昇る者が存在した)。
- The position first appeared in around the 11th century when the samurai rank system was created, and it fulfilled the role of serving the household institution of court nobles, however, it ranked under Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) who would raise to Shii (Fourth Rank) or Goi (Fifth Rank), mainly placed at Rokui (Sixth Rank) (rarely, some rose to Goi).
- その為、不平両班や被差別階級、困窮した農民、盗賊による反乱、蜂起、及び朝鮮軍によるその鎮圧、また朝鮮王朝内部の政争による粛正や処刑などが行われ、混乱は戦災を更に悲惨なものとした。
- Therefore, revolts and uprising of discontented yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea), discriminated classes, impoverished farmers, and thieves occurred and got suppression by the Korean army during their cleanup and executions occurred out of struggles for power in the Korean court were conducted and the such turmoil created further misery in the midst of the war damage.
- 明治2年(1869年)5月には華族を『公』・『卿』・『太夫』・『士』の四つに分け、公と卿は上下の2段階、太夫と士は上中下の3段階という計9等級に分ける案が三職会議から提出された。
- In May of 1869, the following plan was proposed by the Sanshoku (three-post) meeting: Kazoku should be divided into 'Ko' 'Kei' 'Taifu' and 'Shi'; 'Ko' and 'Kei' and Kei were each further divided into the upper grade and the lower grade; 'Taifu' and 'Shi' were each further divided into the upper grade, the middle grade and the lower grade.
- また、左馬頭はその位階以上に武門にとってはそれこそ武士の棟梁にも比されるほどの重要な官位であるから、それへの任官は妥当、むしろ破格な恩賞であるという意見も近年では提示されている。
- According to recent theory, the status of sama no kami was a very important one for a samurai like a toryo (leader of samurai), therefore, the achievement of sama no kami constitutes preferential treatment.
- また、「内官有十二等 一曰大德 次小德 次大仁 次小仁 次大義 次小義 次大禮 次小禮 次大智 次小智 次大信 次小信 員無定數」とあり、12の官(冠位十二階)制度があるという。
- Also, as the book says, '内官有十二等 一曰大德 次小德 次大仁 次小仁 次大義 次小義 次大禮 次小禮 次大智 次小智 次大信 次小信 員無定數,' his country had the Kan I Junikai (twelve grades of cap rank) system.
- 行光の後の政所執事は行光の甥の伊賀光宗となったが、光宗が1224年(元仁元年)の伊賀氏の変で流罪となったあと、行光の子の二階堂行盛が就任し、以降この家系がほぼ政所執事を世襲する。
- Mitsumune IGA, a nephew of Yukimitsu, became Mandokoro Shitsuji (chief of Mandokoro, the Administrative Board) after Yukimitsu, but after Mitsumune was exiled in the incident of the Iga clan in 1224, Yukimori NIKAIDO, a child of Yukimitsu, was assigned to Mandokoro Shitsuji, and this family succeeded this post.
- 庶民の間では、芸事や趣味の道が次第に洗練されたものになり始め、『風姿花伝』のように芸の道を人間の道と重ね合わせて修行のありようを考えるという視点も、この武家階級の時代の産物である。
- Among ordinary people, their accomplishments and hobbies began to be refined, and the following perspective was also a product of the era of the bushi class arms: they had the insight into practice by superposing their accomplishments on their lives as expressed in 'Fushikaden.'
- そして、江戸のように全く新しくあるいはそれに近い都市改造の結果誕生した都市では、初期段階において領主への国役などの負担と引換に新設された町屋敷地を拝領する方式が取られた地域もある。
- In some cities - newborn ones and renewed ones - such as Edo, residents offered 'kuniyaku' (public duties) to the feudal lord at the early stage of the city development, and in exchange, they received the land of the town's residential area that was newly developed.
- 1947年(昭和22年)10月14日の皇籍離脱では、全ての宮家で宮号をそのまま戸籍法上の「氏」としたため、かつて降下した山階家・久邇家・伏見家と戸籍法上の氏が重複することとなった。
- Since secession (of a prince) from the Imperial Family on October 14, 1947, all the Miyake family used their Miya go title as their 'surname' when complying with the Family Registration Law, the same names like Yamashina, Kuni, and Fushimi who were previously demoted from nobility to subject were used as their surnames.
- 「一定の時代」に存在するということは、その時代の社会構造の中に存在基盤を持つということであり、武士団の中核たる武士は、単なる武芸者ではなく一定の「社会的・階級的特質」を体現している。
- Because it lasted for a 'fixed period' it meant that it had already established a fundamental existence within society, and bushi that formed the core of bushidan embodied not simply someone who practiced martial arts, but had a fixed 'social and class aspect.'
- また、鎌倉市二階堂にあり現在宮内庁が管理している「護良親王墓」に関しても大正4年の『陵墓要覧』のなかに「もりながしんのうはか」とのルビがあり、鎌倉宮と同じく「もりなが」と読んでいる。
- In the Directory of Imperial Tombs, referring to the Tomb of the Prince (located in Nikaido, Kamakura City and now managed by the Imperial Household Agency), there is a pronunciation guide that says the letters inscribed on the gravestone are pronounced 'morinaga shinno no haka' (Tomb of the Prince Morinaga), the same annotation as at Kamakura-gu.
- 自ら遠征を行ない、積極的に幕府再建を目指し、周囲からも「名君」と期待されたが、晩年には結城政胤・結城尚豊兄弟や二階堂盛行ら一部の側近に幕政を任せてその専横と将軍権力の弱体化を招いた。
- He went on expeditions himself and actively strived for the reform of the shogunate; he was surrounded by great anticipation as a 'famous lord,' but in his last years he left the shogunate's political affairs to some of his close advisers, like the brothers of Masatane YUKI and Hisatoyo YUKI, as well as Moriyuki NIKAIDO, and caused a weakening of the otherwise domineering shogun's power.
- 父二階堂行光のあと政所執事は行光の甥の伊賀光宗となったが、光宗が1224年(元仁元年)の伊賀氏の変で流罪となったあと行盛が就任する(『吾妻鏡』貞応3年(1224年)閏7月29日条)。
- Mitsumune IGA, a nephew of Yukimitsu NIKAIDO, became Mandokoro Shitsuji after his father Yukimitsu, and Yukimori assumed the post after Koshu was exiled in the incident of the Iga clan in 1224 ('Azuma Kagami' article dated July 29, 1224).
- この中で村野山人邸は、近年発掘された写真帖から、洋館部のインテリア(例:階段親柱、暖炉、家具類など)にアールヌーボーデザインを大いに取り入れるなど意欲的な作品であったことが判明した。
- From a recently discovered photo album, it can be seen that among the houses he designed, the Sanjin MURANO residence was an ambitious work which included an art nouveau interior (examples: the newel posts of the stairs, the fireplace, and the furniture).
- これは、天武朝において氏上に相当する氏が八色の姓に改姓する前段階として、まず連への改姓が行われ、この連=小錦位以上を基点として、忌寸以上の四つの姓へ改められたことと同様の対応である。
- This is the same treatment with the changes made in the Imperial Court of Emperor Tenmu in which the Kabane of the clan corresponding to the head of clan was changed into Muraji as the preliminary step before to get to Yakusa no Kabane (eight official titles conferred upon nobles by Emperor Tenmu in 684); Emperor Tenmu made this Muraji (above the rank of Shokini) a base point and changed into four hereditary titles of above Imiki.
- 特に、戦国時代初期にあっては、勘合貿易および一種の密貿易である私貿易といった日明間の貿易によって、明から舶来品だけでなく大量の銅銭の導入を図り、貨幣経済の確立をなしとげる段階にあった。
- In particular, the beginning of the Sengoku Period was a stage in which money economy was established, through trade between Japan and Ming such as the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and private trade, which was a kind of smuggling, by introducing from the Ming, not only import articles but also a large quantity of copper coins.
- この屯倉がある程度発達・広域展開した段階で、屯倉を拠点として、直接的に地方を把握・管轄した単位が県(コホリ)であり、のちに律令制における郡(コホリ)へと発展していったと考えられている。
- When these miyake developed and expanded to a certain size, they became the bases of kohori (written as 県 in Chinese characters), which was a unit that the central government directly administered and controlled in local areas, and it is believed that they later developed into the kohori (written as 郡) of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 一方で第56代清和天皇から派生した清和源氏、特に武家棟梁と呼ばれる畿内の河内国を本拠地とした河内源氏の一族は特権階級(平氏や藤原氏等)の増長を制し、着々と東国にその基盤を広げて行った。
- Meanwhile, the Seiwa-Genji branch of the Minamoto clan (who were descended from Emperor Seiwa, the fifty-sixth emperor) and particularly the Kawachi-Genji branch of the Minamoto clan (which was known as the head of the samurai families based in Kawachi Province, which was located in the Kinai region) prevented the privileged classes (clans such as the Taira and Fujiwara) from assuming power and steadily extended the power base of the Minamoto clan throughout the Togoku.
- 東坊城家(ひがしぼうじょうけ)は、五条長経(正二位・参議・刑部省、1242年 - 1315年)の次男東坊城茂長(位階・参議・治部省、1284年 - 1343年)を祖とする堂上家である。
- The Higashibojo Family, one of the houses of Dojo, was established by Shigenaga HIGASHIBOJO (Court Rank, Councillor, Department of Etiquette and Ceremonies, 1284-1343) who was the second son of Nagatsune GOJO (Senior Second Rank, Councillor, Department of Justice, 1242-1315).
- ただ、段階的に守護権力の移譲が行われていたようで寛正2年(1461年)8月には因幡国守護で自身の弟である、山名豊氏の但馬聚慶軒領因幡国味和郷遵行について室町幕府が意見を述べさせている。
- But it seems authority of Shugo was gradually transferred, and in August 1461, he was asked for his opinion by Muromachi bakufu about 但馬聚慶軒領因幡国味和郷遵行 of Yutaka YAMANA, Shugo of Inaba Province and his brother.
- 最初の前方後円墳は3世紀前葉~中葉に出現しているのでヤマト王権の成立をこの時期に求める説が有力だが、この時期はまだヤマト王権に先立つ王権の段階(プレ・ヤマト王権)だったとする見解もある。
- As the first keyhole-shaped mounds appeared between the beginning and middle of the third century, the most widely believed theory claims that the Yamato Kingdom was established around this time; however, there is also a theory that this was a different kingdom (the pre-Yamato Kingdom) and that the Yamato Kingdom emerged after this.
- 1253年(建長5年)、4番引付頭人(とうにん)、このとき頭人となったのは、北条政村、北条朝直、北条時章と得宗家周辺の北条一門だけであり、実務官僚としての二階堂行方の地位の高さが窺える。
- He became a number 4 hikitsuke tonin (chairman of the court of justice) in 1253, but Masamura HOJO, Tomonao HOJO, Tokiaki HOJO and only the Hojo family close to the Tokuso family became tonin at this time, which indicates the high position of Yukikata NIKAIDO as a governmental official responsible for practical works.
- また、嫡流男系が郷士西山氏や織田(おりた)氏として土着したという記録もあり、これが事実であるとすると嫡流男系は正式な武士としての身分は失ったものの、士分の階層には留まり存続したことになる。
- There is a record that descendants in the direct line of the Oda family were indigenized as goshi (country samurai), the Nishiyama clan and Orita clan, and if it is true, the descendants lost formal samurai status, but stayed in the samurai class and survived.
- また、留守政府では旧薩摩藩士で参議の西郷隆盛らが朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論で紛糾しており、薩摩士族の暴発を予防策として家禄制度を維持しての士族階級の懐柔を行うべきであるとする意見も存在していた。
- In Rusu-seifu, a former feudal retainer of Satsuma and a councilor, Takamori SAIGO and his supporters asserted Seikanron (an opinion to dispatch troops to Korea), and some members of Rusu-seifu insisted that the stipend system should be maintained to conciliate the warrior class, thus preventing the Satsuma warriors from exploding.
- 『早字二重鑑』(いろは順が二回繰り返される近代辞書に似た形式)、『急用間合即座引』(いろは順の次に語尾の仮名で分類)、『大成正字通』(いろは順、部門分類、濁音仮名の有無の三段階)などである。
- For example, there were 'Hayaji Niju Kagami' (in which the words were classified and subclassified in iroha order similar to modern dictionaries), 'Kyuyomaniai Sokuzabiki'(in which the words were classified in iroha order and subclassified by kana at the end of each word) and 'Taisei seijitsu' (in which the words were classified in three steps: In iroha order, by category and by presence or absence of the Japanese syllabary for voiced consonants).
- 池田亀鑑は第2段階の作業として古注集成の編集に入ったが、もともと頑健な体質であったとは言い難い池田が体を壊したことや戦中・戦後の混乱があったこともあって本格的な古注集成の完成は一旦断念した。
- As the second stage of his work, Kikan IKEDA started compiling a collection of old annotations, but he gave up completing a full-scale collection because IKEDA, who was not necessarily in robust health by nature, got sick, and due to the chaotic period during and after the war.
- その後帰国した直経は、南朝:正平2年/北朝:貞和3年(1347年)に、可部の街を見下ろす要衝の高松山に三入高松城を築城し(当時三入高松城主だった二階堂氏を追い出したとも)、新たな居城とした。
- Later, after returning from the capital, Naotsune built the Miiritakamatsu-jo Castle in 1347 on Mt. Takamatsu, an important point looking down the town of Kabe, (it is also said that he chased away the NIKAIDO clan, the lord of the Miiritakamatsu-jo castle at the time) and lived there.
- 士農工商の下には、古くからあった穢多、非人と呼ばれる被差別階級があり、かれらは人の嫌がる仕事(刑死執行人・掃除など)を与えられ、その上、幕藩体制維持のために諸大名より差別政策の犠牲者となった。
- Under the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants (shinokosho), there were discriminated classes called eta and hinin for a long time, and they were given duties which other people were unwilling to do (such as executioners, cleaning), and moreover, they became victims of discrimination policies enacted by feudal lords in order to maintain the shogunate system.
- その一方、一般の御家人層では、異国警固番役や長門警固番役などの新たな負担を抱えるとともに、貨幣経済の普及に十分対応しきれず、分割相続による所領の細分化などもあり、急速に階層分化が進んでいった。
- On the other hand, common gokenin had to shoulder new burdens such as Ikokukeigobanyaku (military service imposed on gokenin in the Kyushu area by the bakufu in order to protect themselves against the invasion force of the Yuan dynasty) and Nagato keigoban (guards to protect Nagato Province against an invasion by a foreign country), which made it difficult for them to cope with the emerging monetary economy; moreover, their territories were broken up due to divided inheritance, so the social hierarchy rapidly diversified.
- 以後、位階は死没者にのみ贈られるものとなり、生存者に対し叙位が適用されなくなったため、通常の叙位が明治以前の贈位の機能を果たしている(但し、贈位とは異なり、叙位では「贈」の字は用いられない)。
- Thereafter, court ranks were bestowed only to the deceased, and since the court ranks were no longer conferred to the survivors, standard form of joi served as a means of zoi before the Meiji period (however, unlike zoi, the letter '贈' is not used in joi).
- 前述の町屋や、大正から昭和初期にかけては木造3階建ての料亭や旅館が多数建設され、老朽化や都市計画による道路拡張などにより、城下町の風情でもあった珍しい木造建築は姿を消そうとしている現状もある。
- The aforementioned tradesmen's houses, and many other wooden three-story Japanese restaurants and inns built from the Taisho to the early Showa periods, which made the castle town attractive are disappearing due to deterioration by aging and road extension carried out by urban planning.
- 福信の近親者と思われる鬼室集斯は天智4年2月(665年)(即位元年起算よると天智10年正月)に天智天皇から小錦下の位階を与えられ、天智8年(669年)近江国蒲生郡に送られ、そこで没したという。
- Shushi KISHITSU (Jipsa GWISIL), who is considered as a relative of Fukushin, was given Shokinge (fifth court rank) by Emperor Tenji in February, 665 (in February, 671 due to the regnal year), and in 669 he was sent to Gamo County, Omi Province and died there.
- その後、8世紀後期から9世紀を通じて律令制を維持または再構築しようとする試みが繰り返されたが、大多数の貧困百姓層とごく少数の富裕百姓層(富豪層)という百姓層内の階層分離はますます加速していった。
- Although measures aiming to maintain or restructure the Ritsuryo system were repeatedly implemented during the period from late 8th century to 9th century, peasants were increasingly split into a large majority of peasants in poverty and a small minority of wealthy peasants (wealthy peasants class).
- 戦闘部隊としての戦国時代から江戸時代における足軽の動員は多様な階層からの徴募制が採られており、その召抱える条件も戦時における一時的なものや平時においても雇用され続ける者など様々な待遇が存在した。
- Ashigaru were conscripted from diverse levels of society as combat troops from the Sengoku period to the Edo period, and there were various employment terms which ranged from temporary employment during wartime to continued employment during peacetime.
- ところが、世襲化が進んだ当時の公家社会の仕組みでは、高階氏の戸籍に入ってしまった通憲には、その時点で実範・季綱を世襲する資格を剥奪されており、大学寮の官職には就けなくなってしまっていたのである。
- However, in an age when nepotistic succession was common among the nobility, Michinori, who joined the Takashina family, was stripped of his right to succeed Sanenori and Suetsuna, and could not be appointed an official of Daigaku-ryo.
- また、『尊卑分脈』の記述によると娘の一人は平信範の室となり信仲なる子を儲けたとされるが、同平氏系図では確認出来ず年代的な整合性においても疑問である(別の一女の夫高階光兼の子に信仲の名がみえる)。
- According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), one of his daughters became a wife of TAIRA no Nobunori and bore a son named Nobunaka, but it can not be confirmed in a family tree of the Taira clan, and it is doubtful in terms of the chronological consistency (it is described that another daughter who married with Mitsukane TAKASHINA bore a son named Nobunaka).
- 室町時代には九条家の家司となるが、明応5年(1496年)に九条家の経営に関するトラブルから唐橋在数(位階・大学寮中務省)(1448年 - 1496年)が九条政基・九条尚経に殺害される事態となった。
- During the Muromachi period, the family served the Kujo family as household managers, but in 1496, trouble occurred in connection with the Kujo family's business, and this led to the killing of Arikazu KARAHASHI (Court Rank, the Bureau of Education, Department of the Imperial Palace, 1448 - 1496) by Masamoto KUJO and his son, Hisatsune KUJO.
- そして武士は京の貴族から生まれた、つまり騎馬と弓箭を中心とした武芸が、奈良・平安時代を通じて、支配階級である都の貴族とその周辺に面々と受け継がれ、それが中世の武士に引き継がれたと言うことを強調した。
- In addition, he stressed that bushi originated from aristocrats in Kyo (Kyoto), and martial arts that centered mostly around cavalry and archery passed down through aristocrats of the ruling class and their surrounding members during the Nara and Heian periods down to the medieval bushi.
- JR京都駅の烏丸口(北口)側にある関西電力京都支店の建物(鉄筋コンクリート造8階建)は、京都の近代建築の一つであるが、もともとは1937年(昭和12年)に、京都電燈の本社として建設されたものである。
- The eight storey reinforced concrete building of the Kyoto branch of the Kansai Electric Power, which stands in front of the Karasuma Exit (North Exit) of JR Kyoto Station, is one of the most modern buildings in Kyoto and was originally built as the headquarters of Kyoto Dento in 1937.
- この背景には、大学制度の範を唐の制度に求めたものの、儒教による国家統治の原則が確立していた唐とは違い、仏教や古来からの神道が儒教と並立した日本の支配階層においては、儒教理念が唐よりも重視されなかった。
- The reason is that although Daigaku-ryo was modeled on the university system in Tang Dynasty China, unlike in Tang Dynasty China where the rule that a nation should be governed based on Confucianism was already established, in Japan Confucianism coexisted with Buddhism and traditional Shintoism, and the ruling classes in Japan did not pay heed to the philosophy of Confucianism as much as those in the Tang Dynasty did.
- だが、それを強烈に取り締まると、庶民はおろか武士階級の暮らしも非常に不便になるし、さらに幕府には江戸市中の違法な振売を片っ端から捕まえるだけのマンパワーもなく、見て見ぬフリをするしかなかったのだろう。
- The bakufu might have had no choice but to turn blind eyes to the unlawful furiuti because strict control over the unlawful furiuri would result in inconvenient life of samurai society as well as commoners and the bakufu did not have enough manpower to catch every lawful furiuri in Edo.
- 封建制に代わる、中国史上の経済制度を特徴づける概念や歴史像はいまだ構築されていないが、最近では階級構造を描き出そうとする従来の方法に代わって、地域社会の中における地主の役割に注目した研究がなされている。
- Concepts and views of history which characterize the economic system in Chinese history have yet to be constructed, but recently, more studies are focusing on the role of landlords in a local community, instead of describing the class structure by conventional methods.
- 幕末・明治維新の時の19代伏見宮貞敬親王および20代・23代伏見宮邦家親王は子女に恵まれ、貞敬親王からは、梨本宮、邦家親王からは、山階宮、久邇宮、華頂宮、小松宮、北白川宮、東伏見宮がそれぞれ創設された。
- The nineteenth Fushimi no Miya Imperial Prince Sadayoshi and the twentieth, twenty third Fushimi no Miya Imperial Prince Kuniie had children, during the end of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun) and Meiji Restoration, there was Nashimoto no Miya from the Imperial Prince Sadayoshi, and Yamashina no Miya, Kuni no Miya, Kacho no Miya, Komatsu no Miya, Kitashirakawa no Miya, Higashifushimi no Miya from Imperial Prince Kuniie, were established.
- 高倉上皇の皇子から新帝を擁立する際には、義仲は以仁王の子の北陸宮を推挙するが、後白河は寵姫の高階栄子の影響でこれを退けて尊成親王(後鳥羽天皇)に決定し神器が無いために緊急措置として院宣により即位させた。
- When the new Emperor was to be appointed from Retired Emperor Takakura's Prince, Yoshinaka recommended Hokuriku no Miya; Prince Yukiie who was the son of Prince Mochihito, Goshirakawa refused this recommendation due to his favorite lady, Eishi TAKASHINA's influence, and appointed Prince Takahira (the Emperor Gotoba), and he was enthroned by a command issued from a retired emperor since he did not have three sacred emblems of the Imperial Family.
- 源満仲は、安和の変などの印象から、藤原氏本流に臣従していたイメージが強いが、天皇を始めとして臣、公卿などに必要に応じて起用されていた、つまり支配階級全体に奉仕する傭兵部隊としての色彩がここから感じられる。
- There was an impression that MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka served under the main branch of the Fujiwara clan since the Anna Incident, but it could be interpreted from this that mercenary army that served all ranked ruling people was mobilized as needed by the emperor, minister, and kugyo (court noble).
- 商人や職人に自由に利潤追求を許せば、その経済力によって支配階級が脅かされ、農民が重労働である農業を嫌って商工に転身する事により穀物の生産が減少して飢饉が発生し、ひいては社会秩序が崩壊すると考えたのである。
- The thought was that if merchants and artisans were allowed to freely pursuit profits, their wealth would threaten the ruling class and farmers would give up the hard labor of agriculture start new careers as sho or ko, decreasing agricultural output, leading to famine, and resulting in the collapse of the social order.
- 例えば1896年(明治29年)と1907年(明治40年)に起きた大雨による氾濫は、両者とも同じ堤防が決壊したことにより市街地は2階まで床上浸水し、水が引くまでは屋根の上で生活し移動も船でという状況だった。
- For example, when the same embankment broke down by two floods in 1896 and 1907 due to heavy rain, the urban area was flooded above floor level on the second floor; people had to live on the roofs of their houses, and moved by boat until flood waters receded.
- だが、一定の年齢に達すれば上の階層に上がる事ができる制度などもあり、穢れなどを理由に武士、百姓、町人などと隔絶した一種の身分外身分と言える扱いを受けた江戸時代の被差別民の身分ほど固定されたものではなかった。
- However there was a system in place which allowed them to rise to a higher status once they reached a certain age; therefore, their status was not as tightly fixed as those who were discriminated in the Edo period who were treated as a kind of outcast segregated from samurai, farmers, and townsmen for their filth.
- 確かに国民皆兵性のような1戸(行政上の単位、平均30人ぐらい)から1名、年間60日の軍事訓練を受けるという段階では歩兵の比率が高そうに思えるが、騎兵部隊も確認され、軍事力の中核はそちらが担っていたようである。
- Certainly, there seemed to be a higher ratio of foot soldiers by looking at mandatory military service where one member of a family (average of around 30 members for the administrative unit) had to go for less that sixty days of military training and service, but it was the confirmed presence of cavalry that held the central military power.
- 地球から約7億光年の彼方に、「Hannys Voorwerp」といわれるガス天体が存在し、中心に大きな穴を持ち、温度は約1万℃で、恒星や恒星の初期段階である周囲より密度の高い球状のガスはない巨大な天体である。
- There is a gaseous object called 'Hannys Voorwerp' that is about 700 million light-years from the earth; a large round non-gas astronomical object with a huge hole in the middle, which is about 10,000 Celsius and has a greater density than surrounding fixed stars and those in the early stage of formation.
- しかし平安時代になるころから地域社会での階層分化が激しく進み、資本となる動産を蓄積し、安定経営を成し遂げた少数の富豪百姓が、経営が破綻して口分田を失った零細百姓層を隷属下に収めていく動きが激しくなっていった。
- However, starting from about the Heian period, the rank differentiation was developed dramatically in regional society, and actions by a small number of rich peasants, who had accumulated movable assets and achieved stable business to enslave poor peasants who had lost their kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) due to failed management became more popular.
- また、野口実編『千葉氏の研究』に収録されている論文「古代末期の東国における開発領主の位置」において、黒田紘一郎は、源義朝はその段階では棟梁などではなく、同じレベルで領地を奪おうとした形跡があると論じられている。
- In the article 'Kodaimakki no togoku ni okeru kaihatsuryoshu no ichi' (the Position of kaihatsu-ryoshu [local notables who actually developed the land] in Togoku [the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region] in the late ancient times) included in 'Chibashi no kenkyu' (the Study of the Chiba clan) edited by Minoru NOGUCHI, Koichiro KURODA discusses that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was not toryo (head of the clan) at that stage, and that there is evidence that he attempted to capture the territory as a person of the same level.
- 近代になり西洋近代歴史学が導入されるとマルクス主義史観に代表される発展段階史観の概念に基づいた過去の日本の歴史の分析が行われるようになり、歴史的百姓身分を封建制段階における農奴身分と規定することが通説となった。
- In the modern times when western modern history was introduced, analysis of Japanese history based on the idea of the evolution phase concept of history, exemplified by Marxist history, was carried out, and it became a common theory that the historical hyakusho rank was defined as a serfdom in the feudalism phase.
- 維新成功の背景として、その前段階たる江戸時代における日本人の労働生産性・教育水準・遵法意識の高さや、近世においてすでに近代的科学(合理)精神を受け入れる素地・教養が準備されていたことなども要因と考えられている。
- Some of the reasons for the success of the Meiji Restoration are that Japanese people in the Edo period worked hard, were well educated, and abided by laws, and they had enough knowledge to accept modern rational scientific spirit.
- 明治28年(1895年)、「戦死者贈位並叙位ノ件」が制定されたのに伴い、功績抜群なる軍人が戦死した場合は生前の位階に関わらず従五位以上を贈るものとし、準ずるものは生前の位階を一級ないし二級特進させることとした。
- Since 'Senshisha zoi narabi joi no ken' (Matter for conferring and investiture of court ranks to those who died in the war) was enacted in 1895, when a military man with distinguished performance died in a war, Jugoi or higher was bestowed irrespective of the rank before his death, and those pursuant would receive an accelerated promotion by one or two ranks higher to the rank held before death.
- この過程で信西とその一族の台頭は目覚ましく、高階重仲の女を母とする俊憲・藤原貞憲は弁官として父と共に実務を担当する一方で、藤原朝子(後白河の乳母)を母とする藤原成憲・藤原脩憲はそれぞれ遠江・美濃の受領となった。
- During this process Shinzei and the his family (the Fujiwara) each rose to remarkable prominence; FUJIWARA no Toshinori and Sadanori (sons of Shinzei and their mother was the daughter of TAKASHINA no Shigenaka) worked as Controllers with their father at running the Records Office, while FUJIWARA no Shigenori and Naganori (sons of Shinzei and their mother was FUJIWARA no Asako, who was also known as Emperor Goshirakawa's wet nurse) were awarded control over Totomi and Mino Provinces, respectively.
- しかし、16日、天台座主・覚快が罷免となり親平氏派の明雲が復帰、17日、太政大臣・藤原師長、大納言・源資賢、参議・藤原光能、大宰大弐・藤原親信、越前国守・藤原季能、大蔵卿・高階泰経、陸奥国守・藤原範季らが解官。
- However, Kakukai, who was the head priest of the Tendai sect of Buddhism was dismissed from his post on 23rd (16th in old lunar calendar) and Myoun of the pro-Taira clan party was reassigned, and FUJIWARA no Moronaga, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), MINAMOTO no Suketaka, Dainagon (chief councilor of state), FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, Sangi (councillor), FUJIWARA no Chikanobu, Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices), FUJIWARA no Sueyoshi, Governor of Echizen Province, TAKASHINA no Yasutsune, Okurakyo (Minister of the Treasury), FUJIWARA no Norisue, Governor of Mutsu Province were dismissed from their court official posts on 24th (17th in old lunar calendar).
- 天正10年(1582年)、豊臣秀吉の毛利氏征伐支援を命ぜられて出陣する途上の6月2日(西暦6月21日)早朝、桂川を渡り京へ入る段階になって光秀は「敵は本能寺にあり」と発言し、主君信長討伐の意を告げたといわれる。
- On June 2, 1582, when, ordered by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to help subjugate the Mori clan, Mitsuhide was heading for the battle early in the morning, he said 'the enemy is in Honno-ji Temple,' in entering Kyoto after crossing Katsura-gawa River, which completed his desire to assassinate the monarch Nobunaga.
- 肩書として位階と勲等を用いる場合、古くからの儀典の慣例として、「正三位勲一等日本太郎」のように勲章を省くのが正式とされ、たとえば国会議員が死亡した場合の国会での弔詞でもそのような勲章省略の肩書で故人を呼称した。
- According to the traditional protocol, the court rank and the medal for merit were formally put as the title without the decorations like 'Senior Third Rank, the First Order of Merit, Taro NIPPON,' which was seen as an example in the message of condolence for a member of the Diet read in the Diet.
- そうした「重層的な階級制」は、ちょうど義家の頃に見られるようになり、その背景には、地方経済社会での大きな変動、在地での有力者は田堵・負名(公田請作経営者)から在地領主(所領経営者)へと変化があったと考えられている。
- This 'multilayered class system' began to appear during Yoshiie's time, and is believed that there was a huge economic shift in local society, and power in residential land shifted from the 'Tato' and 'Fumyo' (farm managers who leased public fields from provincial lords and produced agricultural products) to the residential land lords (estate managers).
- 当時、農民層を直接支配していたのは、地頭・荘官などの階層から在地の領主として成長していった国人領主層であり、彼らが守護大名の被官となることでその軍事力を支え、室町幕府や守護大名の動向を規定していったとするものである。
- It asserted that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who had been raised from the classes of jito (manager and lord of manor) or shokan (an officer governing manor) to the local lord, that directly ruled the farmers class in those days, and that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who, by becoming low-level bureaucrat of the shugo daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), supported their military power and came to define the movement of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the shugo daimyo.
- この権限拡大を背景として、受領たちは租税収取・軍事両面において統治を強化するため、旧来の補佐官で同一階層出自ゆえに一方的に使役しがたい掾(じょう)、目(さかん)に替えて、国内の豪族・有力者らを国衙の体制に組み入れた。
- Through the empowerment of zuryos, they incorporated the local ruling families leading the people into a kokuga government system, instead of the jo (the third-ranking local administrator) and sakan (the fourth-ranking local administrator) who were reluctant to accept the one-sided orders they issued because jo and sakan were also old administrative aides from the same class, in order to strengthen the governance of both tax collection and military affairs.
- 執匙の高階経由は痘瘡の治療経験が乏しかったため、経験豊富な西尾兼道・久野恭(いずれも小児科医)を召集して拝診に参加させた結果、いよいよ痘瘡の疑いは強まり、17日に武家伝奏などへ天皇が痘瘡に罹ったことを正式に発表した。
- Since the physician (equivalent to doctor) in charge of daily health checks, 高階経由, did not have much experience treating smallpox, Kanemichi NISHIO and Kyo HISANO (they were both pediatricians) who had treated smallpox before, were called in to participate in the medical examination, there was more possibility that the Emperor might have smallpox, on the 17th, the Imperial Palace made an official announcement to Buketenso (an Imperial official in charge of communications between the samurai and the court) that the Emperor was infected with smallpox.
- 当時の王権基盤は未熟な段階にあり、大王の地位が各地域の首長から構成される連合政権の盟主に過ぎなかったことを考慮すれば、直木孝次郎の説くように、5世紀のヤマト政権はまさに「大王と葛城氏の両頭政権」であったと表現出来る。
- The foundation of sovereignty was still underdeveloped during those days, and the position of the Okimi was nothing more than that of a leader of chiefs, assigned to each region of the coalition government; the Yamato regime during the 5th century can be described as the 'diarchy of Okimi and Katsuraki clan' as the historian Kojiro Naoki has decribed.
- 『吾妻鏡』によると、2日16日に屋島へ出陣する義経の宿所を訪れた公家の高階泰経(後白河院の使いだったとされる)が「自分は兵法に詳しくないが、大将たる者は先陣を競うものではなく、まず次将を送るべきではないか」と訊いた。
- According to the 'Azuma Kagami,' the court noble Tametoki TAKASHINA (it is said that he was an envoy dispatched by the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa) visited the accommodations where Yoshitsune was staying before his departure to Yashima on February 16, and asked Yoshitsune saying, ' I don't know a lot about military strategy, but don't you think that the commander in chief should not spearhead the battle, but should rather send his assistant chief first?'
- 古代においては律令制のもとで戸籍に '良' と分類された有姓階層全体、すなわち貴族、官人、公民、雑色人が百姓であり、天皇、及び '賎' とされた無姓の奴婢などの賎民、及び化外の民とされた蝦夷などを除外した概念であった。
- In the ancient times, the concept of hyakusho was all classes with surnames that were classified as 'Ryo' (law-abiding people) in a family register under the Ritsuryo system, i.e., nobles, government officials, citizens, and zoshikinin (lower-level functionaries in the provincial government), excluding emperors, humble or lowly people without a surname who were classified as 'Sen' such as slaves, and Emishi (northerners) who were classified as social outcasts.
- 武士は当初、「侍」に象徴されるように天皇・貴族の警護や紛争の鎮圧を任とする階層であったが、平清盛の平氏政権を経て鎌倉幕府の成立に至り、旧来の支配権力である朝廷・国司・荘園に対して全国の軍事・警察を担う公権力に発展した。
- Bushi were firstly in the class which guarded the Emperor and aristocrats and suppressed the conflicts as symbolized in 'samurai,' but when the Kamakura bakufu was established through the Taira clan government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, bushi developed into the official authority which were in charge of military affairs and police activities against the Imperial Court, kokushi (provincial governors) and shoen which were traditionally ruling powers.
- この校本が出来た当初は、「これで源氏物語本文の研究はほぼ完成した。これからはこの研究結果を元にして(作品論などの)次の段階の研究に進めばよい。」等として源氏物語の本文研究はもはや不必要であるかのような論調すら存在した。
- At first, when this variorum was completed, some people even considered that the text study of The Tale of Genji was no longer necessary, saying that 'the text study of The Tale of Genji was almost perfected, so from now on we only have to advance the next step of research (such as discussion of the work itself) based on this results.'
- (『扶桑略記』では病死説の後一説として「一云 天皇駕馬 幸山階鄕 更無還御 永交山林 不知崩所 只以履沓落處爲其山陵 以往諸皇不知因果 恒事殺害」とあり山中で行方不明になったとされることから天武天皇側による暗殺説もある)
- (According to 'Fuso-Ryakki', he died from an illness, but another explanation that has been offered is that he went missing in the mountains and that Emperor Temmu had him assassinated.)
- 弘安6年(1283年)の延暦寺衆徒らによる禁中乱入事件で六波羅探題が対処できなかった事で、二階堂行忠と共に東使として上洛し、関東申次に面会して鎌倉武士は元 (王朝)への対処で手一杯として赦免を求め、失策の処理にあたった。
- When Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) failed to properly handle the intrusion into the Imperial Palace by the monk-soldiers of Enryaku-ji Temple, Nagakage was sent to Kyoto together with Yukitada NIKAIDO as a Toshi (messenger from the Kamakura Shogunate to the Imperial Court in Kyoto) to deal with the failure, met with Kanto Moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with the Kamakura Shogunate) and requested remission of Kamakura samurai for the reason that they were fully occupied with handling of the Yuan Dynasty.
- このとき、西郷の参議・近衛都督辞職は許可されたが、陸軍大将辞職と位階の返上は許されなかった(岩倉・木戸・大久保らは、これらを許可しないことによって、西郷ら遣韓派をいずれ政府に復帰させる意図があることを示したのであろう)。
- At the time, Saigo's resignation of the position of councilor and Konoe-totoku was approved, but his resignation of the title of full general was not approved, nor was he allowed to return that rank (based on this failure to receive approval, Iwakura, Kido and Okubo had plans to restore Saigo and the supporters of those in favor of sending an ambassador to Korea return to government).
- こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
- While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.
- 子孫には海軍兵学校 (日本)40期生で少将になった息子の東郷実 (海軍軍人)、その子で72期生の東郷良一(少尉で重巡洋艦摩耶に乗組み、比島沖海戦で戦死し2階級特進で大尉になった)、曾孫には防衛大学校卒の幹部海上自衛官がいる。
- TOGO's descendants include Minoru TOGO, his son, who was the 40th alumni of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy to become major general (of the Imperial Japanese Navy), Ryoichi TOGO, his grandson, (who, boarding on the heavy cruiser Maya, was killed in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, and became next two ranks up from lieutenant to captain), and his great grandson, who was a line officer of the Maritime Self Defense Official, who graduated from National Defense Academy.
- なお、勲等に叙す慣習がなくなった今日でも、勲等を詐称することは、位階・学位その他法令に定めた称号、あるいは外国においてそれらに準ずるものを含めて軽犯罪法第1条15項において違法とされ、違反した場合、拘留又は科料に処せられる。
- There is no institution of the medals for merit in Japan at present, but still, the false statement of the medals for merit, including the rank, the academic degree, and any other titles stipulated in the law as well as those corresponding to them in the foreign countries, is treated as illegal according to the Minor Offense Act Article 1 Section 15; the person who violates the law receives punishment like detention or light fine.
- また武家階級という新たな社会層も、自らの後進のために、学問を身につけるための施設、学校の整備に配慮するようになり、鎌倉時代には北条実時が金沢称名寺 (横浜市)(現、神奈川県横浜市金沢区)に金沢文庫を設置し、多くの文書を収集した。
- A new stratum of society, the bushi class arms, also came to make arrangements for schools, being facilities where their juniors could learn; in the Kamakura period, Sanetoki HOJYO established the Kanazawa Library at Kanazawa Shomyo-ji Temple, (Yokohama City; present-day Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture), and collected numerous documents.
- 天皇の持病である痔を長年にわたって治療していた典薬寮の外科医・伊良子光順の日記よれば、孝明天皇が発熱した12日、天皇の執匙(日常の健康管理を行う主治医格)であった高階経由が拝診して投薬したが、翌日になっても病状が好転しなかった。
- According to the sergeant, Mitsuoki IRAKO's diary, who had been treating Emperor's chronic illness, hemorrhoids, when Emperor Komei had a fever on the 12th, his physician (equivalent to doctor) in charge of the Emperors daily health check, 高階経由 did check up and gave medicine to the Emperor, but he did not get better on the following day.
- その虫歯が家茂の体力を弱め、脚気衝心、さらには医師間の診断内容の相違(高階ら漢方の典医は脚気との診断を下したが、西洋医の幕府奥医師たちはこれをリウマチだとして譲らなかった)も加わり、家茂の命を奪ったのではないか、と指摘している。
- It is suggested that what claimed his life, along with his bad teeth that weakened his stamina and heart failure from beriberi, were the conflicts in diagnosis between doctors (traditional Chinese medicine doctors, such as Takashina, diagnosed him with beriberi but western medical doctors, such as those from the bakufu, insisted he had rheumatism).
- 信孝は11代将軍足利義稙が従弟 足利義澄に将軍職を追われて、西国に落ち延びると、動向した近臣 上野信孝をして備中国鬼邑山城に封じたのをはじめ、二階堂政行、伊勢貞信もその近隣の諸城に封じて西国における義稙方勢力の形成にあたらせた。
- When the eleventh Shogun Yoshitane ASHIKAGA was expelled from the shogunate by his cousin Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA and escaped safely to Saigoku (western part of Japan), Nobutaka appointed not only a trusted vassal Nobutaka UENO who had come with Yoshitane to the lord of Kimurayama-jo Castle in Bicchu Province, but also Masayuki NIKAIDO and Sadanobu ISE to the lords of the other castles at the neighboring spots to make them form the power of the Yoshitane side in Saigoku.
- 彼は、その論拠として総序の末尾、先述の「配巻軸於六合…」の前に「総有一十五種類、謂聲譜、調聲、八種韻、四聲論、十七勢、十四例、六義、十體、八階、六志、二十九種對、文三十種病累、十種疾、論文意、論對属等、是也」と見えることを挙げる。
- As the ground of his thesis, he mentioned there was a phrase at the end of the general introduction 'the theory is classified into 115 categories, I think, as follows; seifu (tones), chosho (a leading part of sutra sentences), 8 in (八種韻, 8 rhymes), 4 seiron (四聲論, 4 tone methods), 17 sei (十七勢, 17 powers), 14 rei (十四例, 14 examples), 6 gi (六義, 6 doctrines), 10 tei (十體, 10 formats), 8 kai (八階, 8 grades), 6 shi (六志, 6 wills), and 29 tai (二十九種對, 29 replies), 30 contents of peirui (文三十種病累, 30 contents of disease related),10 shitsu (十種疾, 10 disease), meanings of articles, rontaizoku (論對属, attached articles), and so on' before the phrase of 'the volumes are titled after the universe …' mentioned above.
- まず、文久3年(1863年)に中川宮(のちに賀陽宮を経て久邇宮に改称)、元治元年(1864年)に山階宮、以後明治3年(1870年)までに梨本宮、聖護院宮、北白川宮、華頂宮、東伏見宮(明治15年に小松宮に改称)の各宮家が設立された。
- Firstly in 1863, Nakagawanomiya (later changed to Kayanomiya, then changed again to Kunimomiya) was established, followed by the establishment of Yamashinanomiya in 1864, Nashimotonomiya, Shogoinnomiya, Kitashirakawanomiya, Kachonomiya, Higashifushiminomiya (changed to Komatsunomiya in 1882) before 1870.
- 荘園支配の階層には荘園領主である「本所や領家」、その代官である「預所」、現地での実質支配者で、多くの場合寄進者である「庄司(下司)」の3段階があるが、その最上位が権門といわれる「上皇をふくめての貴族層」や、大寺院・神社が位置する。
- The shoen ranks included 'honjo (head of shoen lords) and ryoke,' their deputy, 'azukaridokoro,' and three classes of 'Shoshi or Geshi,' the actual local ruler and in many cases, donor, but the top most rank was the 'Kenmon' which included 'aristocrats including the retired emperor' and those of temples and shrines.
- 歴史家アンリ・ピレンヌは、イスラム圏への征服活動が、ヨーロッパ中世経済の著しい農村化をもたらし、また多様な農奴階級が支える地域権力ヒエラルキーという伝統的な封建様式を引き起こしたとする説を展開している(ただし異論も少なからずある)。
- The historian Henri Pirenne presented the argument that the conquest activities of the Islamic world caused the significant villagization of the economy in medieval Europe and the traditional feudal system which was the local power hierarchy supported by the class of serfs (however, many people have different opinions).
- 大向う(大向こう、おおむこう)とは、芝居小屋の三階正面席、またそこに坐る客を指す隠語・通言(現在の歌舞伎座では、構造上三階B席から幕見席あたりを指すものとして理解されている。)、つまり大向うとは、舞台上から見た客席の位置に由来する。
- O-muko (written as '大向う' or '大向こう'; literally, 'the welcome other side') comes originally from seats seen from the stage, and at present, it is used as a term referring to the front seats of the third floor of theatres and to the audience at those seats (in present Kabuki-za Theatre of Tokyo, it refers to the seats for b-class tickets and the seats on the highest balcony for a single act).
- 『吾妻鏡』の当該時期には敬称としての「和泉前司」の他に「行方」と実名表記されている記事が多数見られること、同様に表記されている者に目上の者が居ないことなどから、この時期の『吾妻鏡』は、二階堂行方の筆録をベースにしていると見られている。
- The real name of 'Yukikata' was found frequently in addition to 'IZUMI no Zenji' which was a courtesy title in a lot of articles of 'Azuma Kagami' in the corresponding period and there were no elder persons who were mentioned in the same way, thus the articles of 'Azuma Kagami' in this period seem to be based on the records written by Yukikata NIKAIDO.
- 刑罰について特別の斟酌(しんしゃく)をうける六議(ろくぎ)の制度のみならず、有位者がその位階に応じて罪の軽減をうけたり、また現実には、八虐(はちぎやく)・殺人などの重罪を犯さないかぎり一般の刑罰をうけることがなかったことは、その一例である。
- For instance, in addition to the rokugi (six considerations) system where special allowance was made for punishment, those with rank had their punishment reduced based upon their rank, or in reality, did not receive general punishment unless they committed crimes such as hachigyaku (the eight most abominable acts or omissions) or homicide.
- 精米作業の初期段階には、目の粗い方の金剛ロールを高速回転して玄米を除芽し、生じる摩擦熱により米が割れかねないほど小さくなる作業後期には、目の細かい方の金剛ロールを低速回転させて、米の中心部分である酒米構造へ向かってゆっくりと削りをかけていく。
- In the early stage of rice polishing, kongo roru with coarse grinding function spins at high speed to remove outer shell from brown rice, and in the later stage of polishing when rice decreases its size to the point where it may be broken due to the heat generated by friction, kongo roru with fine grinding function spins at low speed to grind slowly into the central white-core structure of sake-brewing rice.
- 応保元年(1161年)に頼盛は正四位下となり位階では上回るが、重盛も応保2年(1162年)に正四位下、長寛元年(1163年)には従三位、長寛2年(1164年)には正三位と瞬く間に引き離し、永万元年(1165年)には28歳で早くも参議となった。
- In 1161, Yorimori was promoted to the court rank of Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), surpassing Shigemori with respect to rank; however, Shigemori was promoted to the court rank of Shosiinoge in 1162, Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) in 1163 and to Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) in 1164, rapidly pulling away from Munemori and, in 1165, he was appointed to the post of Sangi (councilor), at the age of 28 years old.
- そして職業身分とは、平安時代後期の上層階級での社会的分業が、「イヘ」への職能として固定し、その文士、例えば陰陽の家とかいう形で「芸能」としての家業が固定され、官職までが世襲されるようになる段階で、同様に武士という職業身分の類型が生まれるとする。
- The 'job rank' referred to the specialized social job of the upper class during the late Heian period such as the writer or the house of yin-yang where the job function of 'art' became fixed to a 'house' as a family business, the court position became hereditary, at the same time as a similar form of bushi social rank was born.
- 気候や土壌を初めとした、それぞれの地方の自然条件を生かすように開発された「酒米地方自治体開発の酒米」を原料として日本酒を醸造するときに、もっとも清酒酵母としての力が発揮されるように、開発の段階から想定もしくは理想としている場合がほとんどである。
- In most cases, sake yeasts are designed to make the best of them from their development phase, taking into account the sake brewing using 'sakamai (rice for brewing sake) developed by each local municipality in sakamai producing areas,' taking advantage of local natural conditions including climate and soil.
- もと奈良時代ごろに庶民の衣服として登場したが、平安時代に入って貴族階級に取り入れられ、素材もそれまでの麻から絹物に代わり、平絹(へいけん)・綾(あや)・固織物(かたおりもの)・浮織物(うきおりもの)などでより大きく長々と仕立てられるようになった。
- Kukurio no hakama originally emerged as clothing worn by commoners during the Nara period, but became adopted by the noble class in the Heian period with the traditional hemp fabric being replaced by silk and tailored into longer styles using fabrics such as plain silk, twill fabric, kata-ori and brocade.
- 唐の律令の継受も、このような土台のうえに可能となったのであるが、秦・漢以来の歴代の専制主義的法制を集大成した唐の律令と大化前代の日本の法とでは、段階の差が、あまりにはげしかったので、律令法は継受法としての性格を強くもたざるをえなかったとみられる。
- Adopting the Tang ritsuryo was possible based upon such a foundation, but the difference between the Tang ritsuryo, which was a comprehensive compilation of successive despotic legal systems since Qin and Han, and the Japanese law of the pre-Taika era, was so great that ritsuryo law could not avoid becoming, basically, an adopted law by nature.
- 大学頭東坊城任長の子、位階勲等子爵、貴族院議員東坊城徳長は、20歳にして製作会社「入江ぷろだくしょん」を設立した戦前の映画女優入江たか子(出生名東坊城英子、長女)、戦前の日活撮影所等で活躍した映画俳優・脚本家・映画監督の東坊城恭長(三男)兄妹の父、
- Yoshinaga HIGASHIBOJO, a son of Tadanaga HIGASHIBOJO who was the Director of the Bureau of Education, a Viscount, and a member of the House of Lords, had a daughter, Takako IRIE (born Hideko HIGASHIBOJO, the eldest daughter) who was a prewar movie actress establishing a production company 'Irie Production' at the age of 20, and a son, Yasunaga HIGASHIBOJO (the third son) who was a movie actor, a scriptwriter, and a movie director working actively for the Nikkatsu Studio in the prewar period.
- 「ヤマトネコ」という称号は7代孝霊・8代孝元・9代開化、少し離れて22代清寧の諸天皇(『古事記』)に見え、『記・紀』の編纂が最終段階に入った7世紀末から8世紀初めに存在した持統・文武・元明・元正の諸天皇(『日本書紀』・『続日本紀』)の称号にも見える。
- The title 'Yamatoneko' is used for the seventh Emperor Korei, the eighth Emperor Kogen, the ninth Emperor Kaika, and, after an interval, the twenty-second Emperor Seinei (Kojiki), and is also found in the titles of such emperors as Jito, Monmu, Genmei, and Gensho (Nihonshoki and 'Shoku Nihongi' [Chronicle of Japan Continued]), who existed in the period from the late seventh through the early eighth century when the compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki was in the final stage.
- 「ヤマトネコ」という称号は7代孝霊・8代清寧・9代開化、少し離れて22代清寧の諸天皇(『古事記』)にみえ、『記・紀』の編纂が最終段階に入った7世紀末から8世紀初めに存在した持統・文武・元明・元正の諸天皇(『日本書紀』・『続日本紀』)の称号にもみえる。
- The title 'Yamatoneko' is used for the seventh Emperor Korei, the eighth Emperor Kogen, the ninth Emperor Kaika, and after an interval, the twenty-second Emperor Seinei (Kojiki), and is also found in the titles of such emperors as Jito, Monmu, Genmei, and Gensho (Nihonshoki and 'Shoku Nihongi' [Chronicle of Japan Continued]), who existed in the period from the late seventh through the early eighth century when the compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki was in the final stage.
- 「ヤマトネコ」という称号は7代孝霊・8代孝元・9代開化、少し離れて22代清寧の諸天皇(『古事記』)にみえ、『記・紀』の編纂が最終段階に入った7世紀末から8世紀初めに存在した持統・文武・元明・元正の諸天皇(『日本書紀』・『続日本紀』)の称号にもみえる。
- The title 'Yamatoneko' is used for the seventh Emperor Korei, the eighth Emperor Kogen, the ninth Emperor Kaika, and the twenty-second Emperor Seinei (Kojiki), and is also found in the titles of such emperors as Jito, Monmu, Genmei, and Gensho (Nihonshoki and 'Shoku Nihongi' [Chronicle of Japan Continued]), who existed in the period from the late seventh through the early eighth century when the compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki was in the final stage.
- この中では単純に西洋の文化・風俗を模倣したものから、或いはそれら文化や風俗を手本としながら日本の既存文化との融合を図ったもの、更には既存文化を西洋風にアレンジしたものなど多岐に渡り、過渡期的には熱病の如き流行となって様々な社会階層に受け入れられていった。
- There were wide variety of ways how the movement took shapes within Japanese society, from the simple imitation of Western culture and customs, to the absorption of those elements as the model cases for fusing with traditional Japanese culture, or rearranging the traditional Japanese culture into Western styles; the movement became an enthusiastic trend during this transitional phase, received by wide variety of people among different social levels.
- 記念物における二段階指定制度とは、文化財保護法において記念物として扱われる史跡、名勝、天然記念物のそれぞれに対し、国指定のものに関しては、「特に重要なもの」を選抜して「特別」の名を冠し、特別史跡、特別名勝、特別天然記念物の名称で指定する制度のことをいう。
- 'Two-stage designation of monuments,'is a system in which, in respect of historic sites, places of scenic beauty and natural monuments defined as 'monuments' by the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties, monuments selected as 'especially important' among those designated by the national government are classified into the categories prefixed with 'Special' to call them 'Special Historic Site,' 'Special Place of Scenic Beauty' or 'Special Natural Monument,' respectively.
- 『今昔物語集』巻24第22及び『宇治拾遺物語』185話に登場する高階俊平入道の弟が算道で人の生死を操って、人々から「おそろしき算の道」と恐れられたとされる話は最早、算術・数学が科学どころか学問ではなく、呪術として人々に怖れ嫌悪されていった実情を示していた。
- In 'Konjaku Monogatari (Shu)' (The Tale of Times Now Past) Volume 24, Chapter 22 and 'Uji Shui Monogatari' (a collection of the Tales from Uji) Episode 185, a younger brother of Nyudo Toshihira TAKASHINA controlled human life and death with Sando, and people feared it, calling it 'terrible Sando,' which mirrored the actual condition that arithmetic and mathematics were no longer considered learning, much less science, and were feared and detested as magic (spells).
- 『日本書紀』では「十二月 戊辰朔壬申 始行冠位 大德 小德 大仁 小仁 大禮 小禮 大信 小信 大義 小義 大智 小智 并十二階 並以當色絁縫之 頂撮總如囊 而著縁焉 唯元日著髻華 髻華 此云 十二年春正月 戊戌朔 始賜冠位於諸臣 各有差」と記述されている。
- The 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) gives the start date of the system and lists the twelve ranks.
- 忍秘伝や万川集海といった忍術書には忍刀の記載がなく「折れにくいよう重ね厚く幅広い脇差及び錐刀を用いる」という内容が剣術の項にあること(江戸時代以降は武士階級以外の庶民は役所に届出がありさえすれば旅の護身用や仇討ち認可などの理由により脇差までの携行が許された)。
- In ninja art books, such as Ninhiden or Shukai BANSEN, there is no description of shinobigatana, but a description that 'use thick and wide wakizashi and uchigatana and put them not to break (after the Edo period, common people other than samurai were allowed to carry wakizashi for self defense or revenge if they made registrations at public offices).
- この法律は「自治体としての府県」について規定したものであり、住民から選挙された議員(納税額によって区分された階級ごとに選挙される)によって構成される府県会と、知事と府県高等官および府県会議員の中から選出された名誉職参事会員による府県参事会が自治の主体となった。
- This law stipulates 'Fuken as an autonomous body' which was mainly managed by Fuken kai (prefectural assembly) consisting of councilors elected by the citizens (the election was held by each class classified by the amount of tax payment) as well as Fuken sanjikai (prefectural council) consisting of honorary council members elected from prime ministers, prefectural senior officials and councilors of Fukenkai.
- すなわち上記のマルクス史観的に捉えれば、 '百姓' というのは本来差別的な意味を内包する用法にもかかわらず、自分達の階級に対する対自的な把握手法として認識された場合、それは転換されたスティグマとして、他者に対するアイデンティティの示威としての意味を持つことになる。
- Specifically, in view of the Marxist history described above, although the term 'hyakusho' originally had a discriminatory meaning, when the term is recognized as self identification of his or her rank, it comes to have a meaning of demonstrating his or her identity to other people as a converted stigma.
- そのころ倭国では、671年に天智天皇が急死(『扶桑略記』では病死説の後一説として「一云 天皇駕馬 幸山階鄕 更無還御 永交山林 不知崩所 只以履沓落處爲其山陵 以往諸皇不知因果 恒事殺害」とあり山中での狩の途中に行方不明になったという記事を根拠にする暗殺説あり)。
- During that time in Wakoku (671), Emperor Tenchi met an untimely death (although he may have died of illness, in 'Fuso Ryakki' [A Brief History of Japan] it is said that he may have been assassinated based on the account that he went missing during a hunting trip in the mountains).
- また、自分の政権維持のために、平家や木曾義仲ら武士勢力を利用しては、その存在が邪魔になると討伐という形で使い捨てを続けた事から、源頼朝からは「日本国第一の大天狗」と評された(ただし、近年この大天狗の表現は、院近臣の高階泰経を指したのではないかとする説も出ている)。
- Also he was called by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the 'No.1 Tengu (Mountain spirit) in Japan' which means the most boisterous person in Japan, since he used the Samurai forces, such as the Taira clan or Yoshinaka KISO, to keep his political authority and killed them when they were no longer needed, in another words he used and discarded people. (however recently there is another theory that this expression about Tengu is considered to be describing his close aide, TAKASHINA no Yasutsune.)
- たとえば、17世紀初頭に刊行された『日葡辞書』では、BuxiやMononofuはそれぞれ「武人」「軍人」という訳語が与えられているのに対して、Saburaiは「貴人、または尊敬すべき人」と訳されていることからも、侍が武士階層の中でも特別な存在であったことは窺えよう。
- For example, 'the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam' (Nipojisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary), published in early seventeen century, gave the meaning of the terms Buxi and Mononofu as 'bujin' (warrior) and 'gunjin' (military man), respectively, however, Saburai was translated as 'a nobleman or person to be respected', suggesting that samurai were special people within the bushi class.
- だが、鎌倉幕府成立以後、武士階層が次第に政治力と自信をつけてくるにつれて朝廷や貴族による支配を拒絶する態度をより明確にするようになり、その中核をなした御家人などからは極端な官位昇進などを朝廷重視の姿勢の現れであると見なされ、後の暗殺事件への伏線になったとの説もある。
- However, after the Kamakura bakufu was established, as the samurai class gradually became influential in policies and confident, they clearly refused control by the Imperial Court and the nobility, and the main constituent gokenin considered the extreme promotion as an attitude favoring the Imperial Court, and this lead to the later assassination, according to one theory.
- また、朝廷が皇族を臣籍降下させ源氏とした背景としては、上級貴族として皇室の藩塀とすることという理由もあったが、実際には3代目以降も上級貴族であり続けた例はほとんどなく、大半は受領階級として地方へ赴任しそこで土着して武士化するか、中央で中下級貴族として細々と生き延びた。
- Although one of the aims of the Imperial court's demotion of their family members to their subjects by giving them the surname of Minamoto was to allow them to be the subsidiary of the Imperial Family as upper class nobles, in fact only a few of them kept their status for more than three generations, while many others took regional posts as middle classes and later became samurai, or earned a sparse living as middle and lower classes in the center.
- 折口信夫の解釈によれば、飯豊皇女は巫女であるか、ないしはそれに近い神秘的な人物であり、執政していたのではなく、清寧天皇崩御後に、巫女として「誰に皇位についてもらうべきか」と神託を仰がれて、その段階ではまだ発見されていなかった億計尊・弘計尊の兄弟の名を託宣したのだという。
- According to Shinobu ORIGUCHI's interpretation, Iitoyo no himemiko was a miko or a mysterious figure near to it, and she did not administer but was asked for shintaku (oracle) 'who should be on the throne,' after the demise of Emperor Seinei, and she delivered an oracle of the name of Oke no mikoto brothers who had not been found at that stage.
- 水戸のイデオロギー対立、政争に隠れているが、天狗党の多くに水戸藩領以外からも参加がありそれも武士階級以外の階層が含まれている点、政治的な宣伝を行軍中に行っている点など、乱の初期から過酷な行軍の間にかけて意識や思想に何かしらの変容があった可能性も明記しておくべきであろう。
- Although these facts are behind the conflict of ideology and political battle in the Mito Domain, the facts that many people, including samurai and others, joined Tenguto from other domains than Mito and that political campaign was conducted during the march should be noted because it was possible that their awareness and thoughts might have changed from the early stage of the rebellion through the march in the terrible conditions.
- 吉野山が二階堂貞藤の大軍に攻められ陥落する際、護良親王を逃すため、「天照太神御子孫、神武天王より九十五代の帝、後醍醐天皇第二の皇子一品兵部卿親王尊仁、逆臣の為に亡され、恨を泉下に報ぜん為に、只今自害する有様見置て、汝等が武運忽に尽て、腹をきらんずる時の手本にせよ」と叫んだ。
- When Mt. Yoshino was fallen by Sadafuji NIKAIDO's massive force, he shouted in order to let the Imperial Prince Moriyoshi escape safely, 'I am Ippon Hyobukyo (Imperial Prince of the first rank, Minister for Military Affairs), Imperial Prince Moriyoshi, the second son of Emperor Godaigo who was the 95th generation from Emperor Jinmu, the descendant of Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess). Look at how I am going to kill myself now in order not to be overthrown by rebellious subjects and settle my grudge in the afterworld, and follow what I've done when you have to commit seppuku after using up your fortune of war.'
- 薗田香融は『続日本紀』にある天平宝字2年の無位から従五位下とする記述は当時の遣唐留学生の叙位としては異例なだけではなく、当時健在であった4人の兄の位階の昇進の例(いずれも正六位上から従五位下に昇進している)を越してしまう事を指摘してこの記事には誤りが含まれているとしている。
- Koyu SONODA claims that 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicles of Japan II) has false information for the following reason: In the year 758, it would have been extremely unusual for FUJIWARA no Yoshio as an exchange student Kentoshi to be promoted to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) from no rank, for this would mean that he was promoted ahead of his four older brothers (The older brothers were promoted one rank from Shorokuinojo [Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade] to Jugoinoge).
- 褒状には「軟石ヲ密鐫シテ刀痕鮮明ナリ其石笛ハ発音未タ正律ニ協ハスト雖モ朗爽トシテ渋滞ナキハ鐫鑿ノ宜キニ因ヲ観ル」と受賞理由が明記され、これによって失われた石笛が軟石を緻密に彫刻したものであること、その笛が音階こそ整っていないものの爽やかな音色を奏でたことを知ることができる。
- On the certificate, reasons for the award are written; 'The stone flute was carved from freestone and was elaborate, and although its music scale was off-key, the sound was brilliant.'
- 具体的には王心斎は、『孝経』と四書を重視したが、経書の注釈に拘らない自得の学問を説き、独特な「淮南格物」を主張したこと、古代を理想とする尚古思想をもっていたことがその思想的特徴といえるが、なによりも重要なのは、知識人層以外の階層に陽明学を広めることを己が責務としたことである。
- Specifically, Wang Xinzhai put emphasis on the 'Classic of Filial Piety', or 'Xiao Jing', and The Four Books but, ideologically, was characterized by preaching the teachings that he had learned himself without being obsessive about commentaries on the Classics, advocating his original idea of 'Junnan kakubutsu,' and maintaining a primitivism whereby he made the ancient times his ideal, but above all he made it his duty to propagate Yomeigaku outside of the intellectual classes.
- 『「当時のままの字句」ではないという条件付きで、「直江状」の存在を容認したい』とし、追而書については笠谷和比古も指摘した「後代の偽作挿入の可能性」に留意しつつも、追而書のある直江状が徳川氏周辺から出ていることから、筆写の段階で欠落または意図的に削除された可能性を指摘している。
- He pointed out the possibility that it was missed or intentionally removed during the copying stage because Naoejo with the postscript came out from around the Tokugawa clan, saying that 'I would like to accept the existence of 'Naoejo' with the condition that 'they were not the phrases of that time'' while paying attention to the postscript with 'a possibility that it was forged and inserted in later years', which also pointed out by Kazuhiko KASAYA.
- 1932年のコミンテルンテーゼ(いわゆる32年テーゼ)は、共産主義革命を日本で行うため日本の君主制をロシア帝国の絶対君主制であるツァーリズムになぞらえて「天皇制」と表記し、天皇制と封建階級(寄生地主)・ブルジョワジー(独占資本)との結合が日本の権力機構の本質であると規定した。
- Comintern These of 1932 (so-called these of 32) likened the Japanese monarchism to the tsarism of Russia which was the absolute monarchy and rendered the Japanese monarchism as 'Tennosei' (Emperor System) and defined that the combination of the Emperor system, parasitic landowners (privileged people under the feudal system) and bourgeoisie (monopolistic capitalists) is the essence of the Japanese power mechanism.
- 現在、日光東照宮所蔵の徳川家康の任官叙位の宣旨は、徳川家康の任官叙位の宣旨が遺失したため(徳川実紀正保2年5月8日条)、正保2年(1645年)、征夷大将軍・徳川家光の要請により、朝廷に対して再発行の手続きによる文書として伝わっており、再発行の段階で豊臣から源に変更した可能性がある。
- The decrees having been issued for awarding ranks and for appointing posts to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA were lost (recorded in the article on May 8 (in the old calendar), 1645, of Tokugawa Jikki), and those that are now stored in Tosho-gu Shrine are the documents that were obtained through requesting the Imperial court to re-issue them in 1645, and there is a possibility that the name of Toyotomi was changed to Minamoto when re-issuing them.
- 16世紀に入ると、戦国の動乱の中で、本願寺教団は零細な農民から地侍、土豪などの武士階層に至るその組織力を武器に日本各地で活動を活発化させるが、山科本願寺は天文法華の乱により1532年に戦災にあい、第10代証如は摂津国西成郡(現在の大阪市)に蓮如が開いた石山御坊へと移り、石山本願寺とする。
- Following the dawn of the sixteenth century, amid the turmoil of Sengoku, the Honganji Buddhist sect engaged its activities in various regions in Japan using its power of organization, which was constituted by petty peasants up to samurai hierarchy such as the local samurai, the local ruling families and so on; however, in 1532 Yamashina Honganji Temple suffered damage due to the Tenbun-hokke-no-ran War, and therefore the tenth generation (Shonyo) moved to Ishiyama Gobo, which was opened in Nishinari-gun, Settsu-no-kuni (currently Osaka City) by Rennyo, which became Ishiyama Honganji Temple.
- 当時の武士階級では衆道は武士の嗜みともいわれるほど一般的であり、主君の寵童出身であることは出世への近道でもあったが(その例として織田信長‐前田利家など、上杉景勝‐清野長範、伊達政宗‐片倉重綱・只野作十郎が挙げられる)、直政は衆道をあまり好まなかった家康が唯一愛した男性だとも言われている。
- It is said Naomasa was the only man Ieyasu, who didn't much like homosexuality, loved; though homosexuality was so common in samurai society at that time that it was regarded as one of a samurai's accomplishments, and being loved by a lord was the fastest way to advance (other examples include Nobunaga ODA and Toshiie MAEDA, Kagekatsu UESUGI and Naganori KIYONO, Masamune DATE and Shigetsuna KATAKURA/Sakujuro TADANO).
- しかし一般的にはその前年にあたる1867年(慶応3年)の大政奉還、王政復古以降の改革を指すことが多い(日本の歴史学界における明治維新研究では、前段階である江戸幕府崩壊期(天保の改革あるいは黒船来航以後)も研究対象とされるが、維新体制が整う以前の政治状況については幕末の項で扱うものとする)。
- However, the Meiji Restoration generally includes Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) and Osei-hukko (the restoration of the Imperial rule) which started in 1867 (according to various academic studies of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, it includes the late Edo Shogunate period (after the Tempo reforms or the Perry Expedition) as the first part of the Restoration, but some political situations prior to the Restoration are mentioned in the article of 'Bakumatsu' (the end of the Edo Shogunate)).
- 内容は「行家義経に同意して天下を乱さんとする凶臣」である平親宗・高階泰経ら12名の解官、議奏公卿10名による朝政の運営(九条兼実・徳大寺実定・三条実房・藤原宗家・中山忠親・藤原実家・源通親・吉田経房・藤原雅長・藤原兼光)、兼実への内覧宣下だった(『吾妻鏡』12月6日条、『玉葉』12月27日条)。
- The demand consisted of the removal of 12 'evil subjects trying to disturb the world in agreement with Yukiie and Yoshitsune' such as TAIRA no Chikamune and TAKASHINA no Yasutsune, governmental management by the Imperial Court by 10 giso kugyo (Noble Council) (Kanezane KUJO, Sanesada TOKUDAIJI, Sanefusa SANJO, FUJIWARA no Muneie, Tadachika NAKAYAMA, FUJIWARA no Saneie, MINAMOTO no Michichika, Tsunefusa YOSHIDA, FUJIWARA no Masanaga, and FUJIWARA no Kanemitsu), and the Imperial edict of inspection to Kanezane (the item of December six of 'Azuma Kagami' [The Mirror of the East], the item of December 27 of 'Gyokuyo' [Diary of Kanezane KUJO]).
- これは朝鮮が惣無事令などの日本の法令の適用対象として認識していた可能性を示すもので、実際に5月9日の段階で秀吉夫妻に仕える「こほ」という女性に対して「かうらい国へ御人しゆつか(はし)かのくにもせひはい申つけ候まま」と記して、九州平定の延長として高麗(朝鮮)平定の意向もある事を示す書状を送っている。
- This shows Hideyoshi might think that Japanese laws and rules such as Soubujirei (an order to ban battles between Daimyo) should be implicated to Korea; in fact on May 9, he sent a letter to a woman 'Koho' who served Hideyoshi and his wife to suggest the idea of conquest of Korea (Joseon Dynasty) after the conquest of Kyusyu as following; ' I sent an emissary to Korea and ordered to conquest that country as well'.
- 位階や旭日章・瑞宝章などのその他の勲章は仕官して公務員(当時は官吏)となれば勤続年数などの一定の条件で大抵誰でも受勲することができ、また官吏では無い兵 (日本軍)や民間人でも対象となったが、金鵄勲章は軍人軍属のみでかつ相応の戦功がなくては授与されず、大将や皇族軍人といえども相応の武功がなければ授与されなかった。
- In terms of other orders, including courtly rank and the Orders of the Rising Sun and Orders of the Sacred Treasure, when it came to civil servants (at the time, they were termed 'government officials') in government service, once they fulfilled the prescribed condition--for example, working continuously for a certain number of years--almost everyone would receive such medals, and non-government soldiers (in Japan's army) or civilians could also receive them; the Order of the Golden Kite, however, was limited only to military personnel, and furthermore was only granted to those who had sufficiently distinguished themselves in battle, meaning that simply being a general or an army officer of imperial blood, without distinguished service in battle, would not bring one this medal.
- 現段階から米国が参加しても、温度上昇を 2100年までに0.15セルシウス度改善したり、2.5センチメートル の海面上昇を抑えたりする程度の効果であり「地球温暖化を 6年程度遅らせるほどの効果である」「京都議定書が保守的に守られた仮定でも効果は限定的」との指摘もあるものの、一定の成果であるといった評価がされている。
- Even if America joins now, some point out that, the temperature increase issue will improve only by 0.15 degrees Celsius by 2100, a sea surface elevation of only 2.5 centimeters will be prevented, that is, 'the effect is such that global warming is slowed by about six years,' and 'the effect is limited if Kyoto Protocol is conservatively observed;' however, the Kyoto Protocol is considered to be a valuable achievement to some extent despite the above harsh comments.
- 兄弟:山階宮晃親王 - 聖護院宮嘉言親王 - 曼殊院宮譲仁入道親王 - 久邇宮朝彦親王 - 男子 - 伏見宮貞教親王 - 男子 - 小松宮彰仁親王 - 北白川宮能久親王 - 男子 - 男子 - 華頂宮博経親王 - 北白川宮智成親王 - 伏見宮貞愛親王 - 清棲家教 - 閑院宮載仁親王 - 東伏見宮依仁親王(女子省略)
- Brothers: Imperial Prince Yamashina no Miya Akira, Imperial Prince Shogoin no Miya Yoshikoto, Imperial Prince Manshuin no Miya Jonin Nyudo, Imperial Prince Kuni no Miya Asahiko, son, Imperial Prince Fushimi no Miya Sadanori, son, Imperial Prince Komatsu no Miya Akihito, Imperial Prince Kitashirakawa no Miya Yoshihisa, son, son, Imperial Prince Kacho no Miya Hirotsune, Imperial Prince Kitashirakawa no Miya Satonari, Fushiminomiya Imperial Prince Sadanaru, Ienori KIYOSU, Imperial Prince Kaninnomiya Kotohito, and Imperial Prince Higashifushimi no Miya Yorihito (daughters were omitted)
- Brothers: Imperial Prince Yamashinanomiya Akira - Imperial Prince Shogoinnomiya Yoshikoto - Manjuinnomiya Yuzuhito Nyudo Shinno - Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko - son - Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Sadanori - son - Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito - Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa - son - son -Imperial Prince Kachonomiya Hirotsune - Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Satonari - Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Sadanaru - Ienori KIYOSU - Imperial Prince Kaninnomiya Kotohito - Imperial Prince Higashifushiminomiya Yorihito (sisters not included).
- His brothers are as follows: the Imperial Prince Yamashinanomiya Akira, the Imperial Prince Shogoinnomiya Yoshikoto, the priestly Imperial Prince Manshuinnomiya Jonin, the Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko, a son, the Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Sadanori, a son, the Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito, the Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa, a son, a son, the Imperial Prince Kachonomiya Hirotsune, the Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Satonari the Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Sadanaru, Ienori KIYOSU, the Imperial Prince Kaninnomiya Kotohito, and the Imperial Prince Higashifushiminomiya Yorihito (The list of sisters is omitted.)
- 『明智軍記』は元禄年間(最古の元版は1693年版)の幕府作成のものであるので、史実と異なる点や歪曲している点なども多くみられるが、少なくとも作成時の段階では一般的に濃姫は尾張平定後も信長の正室として存在しており、道三亡き後濃姫が離縁された、亡くなったというような事実はなかった、という認識だったのではないかと推測できる。
- Because 'Akechi Gunki' was compiled by the Shogunate sometime between 1688 and 1703 (with the oldest original edition published in 1693), there are many entries that are different from historical facts and fabricated; however, it can be assumed that it had been generally understood, at least at the time when the biography was compiled, that Nohime remained Nobunaga's lawful wife after the suppression of Owari Province and that there were no facts that she died or she was divorced after Dosan died.
- 国家権限の委譲とこれによる中央集権の過大な負担の軽減により、中央政界では政治が安定し、官職が特定の家業を担う家系に世襲される家職化が進み、貴族の最上位では摂関家が確立し、中流貴族に固定した階層は中央においては家業の専門技能によって公務を担う技能官人として行政実務を、地方においては受領となって地方行政を担った(平安貴族)。
- The transmission of governmental power and authority reduced the burden of the government, which enabled political stabilization of the central government, and facilitated the transfer of government posts according to heredity: among the aristocracy, the highest became Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the middle-class carried out administrative affairs based on the specialized skills related with their family businesses in the central government and carried out administration as Zuryo in the local regions (Nobles in the Heian period).
- 代表的歌人は、自然の風景を描き出すような叙景歌に優れた山部赤人(やまべのあかひと)、風流で叙情にあふれる長歌を詠んだ大伴旅人、人生の苦悩と下層階級への暖かいまなざしをそそいだ山上憶良(やまのうえのおくら)、伝説のなかに本来の姿を見出す高橋虫麻呂(むしまろ)、女性の哀感を歌にした大伴坂上郎女(さかのうえのいらつめ)などである。
- There are several poets representative of this period, such as YAMABE no Akahito who wrote descriptive poetry depicting scenery and landscape, OTOMO no Tabito who wrote choka full of elegance and lyricism, YAMANOUE no Okura who wrote poems sympathetic to those facing hard times and the lower strata of society, TAKAHASHI no Mushimaro who wrote poems to show the true nature of various legends, and OTOMO no SAKANOUE no Iratsume who composed poems with the pathos of a woman.
- そして、「それぞれ異なった本文に対して注釈を加えているそれぞれの古注のそれだけをただ集め並べても比較することは出来ない。古注集成を作るためには先に注釈の対象となっている本文の異同を明らかにする必要がある。」として、当時まだ源氏物語の本格的な校本がなかったこともあり、再度計画を変更し、第1段階の作業として源氏物語の学術研究に耐えうる校本を作ることになった。
- Then, he changed his plan again into one for making a variorum which could be used for academic study as a first step of his work because there was no full-scale variorum of The Tale of Genji in those days and also because he thought that 'it is nonsense to simply compare old annotations which were made for the different texts, so I need to make it clear the differences among the annotated texts first in order to make a collection of old annotations.'
- 平安時代中後期は、一時、紀伝道の分野で大江氏に優位を奪われ、菅原文時(899年~981年)(従三位・非参議)、菅原輔正(925年~1009年)(位階・参議・大宰府)のような例外を除いて公卿に列せられることはなかったが、鎌倉時代初期の菅原為長(1158年~1246年)が正二位・参議・大蔵省に昇進して以降、子孫は累代公卿に列せられ、朝廷における紀伝道の要職を独占。
- In the mid-to-late Heian period, the Sugawara clan was temporarily displaced from its dominant position in the field of Kidendo by the Oe clan and, as a result, and with the notable exceptions of Sugawara no Fumitoki (899-981) (Junior Third Rank, non-Councilor) and Sugawara no Sukemasa (925-1009) (Court Rank, Councilor, Dazaifu, foreign affairs office in Kyushu), members of the Sugawara clan were not ranked as Court nobles over this time, but at the beginning of the Kamakura period Sugawara no Tamenaga (1158-1246) was promoted to Senior Second Court Rank, Councilor, Treasury Office and his descendants were subsequently ranked as Court nobles, taking all the important Kidendo posts at Court.
- 本書を作る過程で池田亀鑑が購入した源氏物語の写本をはじめとする『伊勢物語』、『土佐日記』等の王朝文学に関する様々な資料は、1956年(昭和31年)12月の同人の没後もしばらくの間同人の私邸において亀鑑の次男である池田研二らによって生前に利用されていたほぼそのままの状態で保存管理されていた(同人の住居に付随してコンクリート二階建の書庫があり、そこで整然と保存されていたとされている)。
- After the death of Kikan IKEDA in December, 1956, various materials concerning Heian literature such as the manuscripts for The Tale of Genji, 'Ise monogatari' (The Tales of Ise), 'Tosa Nikki' (Tosa Diary), and so on which he purchased in the process of making this book were preserved and looked after in almost the same condition as he used in his lifetime by Kikan's second son, Kenji IKEDA and others at Kikan's private residence for a while (it is said that there was a two-story concrete library adjoined his residence, and the books were preserved in order).
- 政府の公式見解は、国家国旗法案が提出された際の1999年6月11日段階では、「『君』とは、『大日本帝国憲法下では主権者である天皇を指していたと言われているが、日本国憲法下では、日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴である天皇と解釈するのが適当である。』(「君が代」の歌詞は、)『日本国憲法下では、天皇を日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴とする我が国の末永い繁栄と平和を祈念したものと理解することが適当である』」とした。
- According to the official view of the Government of Japan, it was explained on June 11, 1999 as 'Although it is said that, under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan,' the word 'Kimi' meant the emperor, who was the sovereign, but under the Constitution of Japan, it is appropriate to interpret it as the emperor who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people' and '(the words of 'Kimigayo' is) under the Constitution of Japan, it is appropriate to understand them to be the hope for prosperity of Japan, which has the emperor as the symbol of State and the unity of the people and peace.'
- 更に宇多天皇の信任が厚く、符宣上卿(太政官符を発給する際の上卿)として28回も名を連ね、『日本三代実録』編纂開始時には源融・藤原良世と先任の上卿2人がいるにも関わらず撰国史所総裁を務めていること、寛平7年(895年)には位階昇進の人事草案を提出する擬階奏を行っている(いずれも摂関もしくは一上が務める慣例であった)ことから、藤原基経没後は能有が事実上の政権担当者として寛平の治を押し進めたと考えられている。
- In addition, he won Emperor Uda's esteem and was assigned to serve as Fusen jokyo, a commander who led dajokanpu (official documents from the Grand Council of State) 28 times, and from the fact that he served as the president of Senkokushisho (an organization which edits national history books) when the editing of 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts) began even though there were 2 other senior commanders like MINAMOTO no Toru and FUJIWARA no Yoshiyo, also in 895, he submitted a personnel proposal for promotion in rank (generally, both of these roles were played by Regents and Chancellor Ichinokami - Minister of the Left), Yoshiari pushed forward the peaceful era of Kanpyo as a factual administration after FUJIWARA no Mototsune died.
- そして、文化の違いや日本人に対する侮りから、通信使一行の中には、屋内の壁に鼻水や唾を吐いたり小便を階段でする、酒を飲みすぎたり門や柱を掘り出す、席や屏風を割る、馬を走らせて死に至らしめる、供された食事に難癖をつける、夜具や食器を盗む、日本人下女を孕ませる 魚なら大きいものを、野菜ならば季節外れのものを要求したり、予定外の行動を希望して拒絶した随行の対馬藩の者に唾を吐きかけたりといった乱暴狼藉を働くものもあった。
- In addition, due to differences in culture and disrespect to Japanese, some of Tsushinshi envoy did violent acts as described in the following: Sneezing or spitting on walls, urinating on stairs, drinking too much sake wine, digging out gates or poles, breaking chairs or folding screens, making horses run to death, complaining about the food served, stealing bedclothes and tableware, making maidservants pregnant, requesting bigger fish, requesting vegetables out of the season, or spitting on persons of the Tsushima Domain accompanying them when a request for unscheduled actions was refused.
- 従って、後白河法皇が自己の政権維持のために平氏を利用して、高い官職を与え知行国を増やさせてきたという経緯や当時の社会問題に対する貴族社会の対応能力の無さという点には触れず、清盛と平氏一門がいかに専横を振るい、「驕れる者」であったかを強調している(だが、実際には少なくても治承3年以前における平氏の権力は後白河との強い関係の下で行使されたものが大半であり、その段階において清盛及び平氏一門が独裁的権力を有していたという具体的な事実は存在していない)。
- Therefore, they do not mention that the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa used the Taira clan to maintain his government by giving them high positions and increasing the number of provinces that they were custodians of, and the inability of the aristocracy at that time to deal with the social problems that they faced, but instead emphasize the arrogant behavior of Kiyomori and the Taira clan members (whereas in reality, at least up to 1179, the authority of the Taira clan was mostly due to the strong relationship with Goshirakawa and there is no specific evidence that Kiyomori or the Taira clan members had any dictatorial powers).