閥: 473 Terms and Phrases
- 閥
- clique
- clan
- faction
- Isao
- Isao (Isawo)
- lineage
- pedigree
- 閨閥
- clan
- Keibatsu (the Blood connection)
- 軍閥
- military clique or party
- Warlord
- 財閥
- zaibatsu
- plutocrats
- financial clique
- chaebol (Korean)
- financial combine
- property clique (pre-WWII)
- large family holding company
- Konzern
- plutocracy
- Zaibatsu (a financial clique or group, or a company syndicate)
- 派閥
- clique
- faction
- sect
- Political faction
- 門閥
- lineage
- pedigree
- good family
- 藩閥
- clanship
- clannism
- clan favoritism
- clan favouritism
- Hanbatsu (domain clique)
- Meiji oligarchy
- 学閥
- alma mater clique
- old school tie
- old-boy('s) network
- 無派閥
- belonging to no (political) faction
- 閨閥政治
- government by relatives of ruler's wife
- 新興財閥
- new Zaibatsu (formed after the Meiji period)
- 派閥均衡
- balance of power among factions (within a political party)
- factional balance
- 学閥意識
- strong feelings of loyalty to one's old school
- the old school tie
- 財閥解体
- dissolution of zaibatsu
- 派閥抗争
- factional infighting (conflict)
- antagonism between factions
- 派閥主義
- factionalism
- sectionalism
- 派閥政治
- faction-based politics
- 派閥人事
- faction-based personnel appointment
- 派閥争い
- factional dispute
- factional strife
- rivalry between factions
- 派閥力学
- factional dynamics
- power relationships among factions
- factional power politics
- 十五大財閥
- The 15 major zaibatsu
- 薩閥の重鎮
- The Central Figure in the Satsuma Domain Clique
- 財閥の形成
- Formation of Zaibatsu
- 派閥間の対立
- Confrontation between factions
- 財閥家族の指定
- Designation of the Zaibatsu family
- 中華民国の軍閥
- Warlords in Republican China
- 山縣閥に連なる
- Coalition with the Yamagata Faction
- 派閥・徒党の禁止
- Prohibition of sect and faction
- ロシアの新興財閥
- Business oligarch
- 自由民主党の派閥
- Factions in the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)
- 陸海軍における藩閥
- Domain cliques in Army and Navy
- 藤田組(藤田財閥)
- Fujita-Gumi (Fujita Zaibatsu)
- 中央財閥と地方財閥
- Central zaibatsu and local zaibatsu
- 川西財閥の創業者。
- He was the founder of the Kawanishi combine.
- 心理学の派閥の喧嘩
- sectarian squabbles in psychology
- - 三菱財閥の創設者
- The founder of the Mitsubishi zaibatsu
- 住友財閥における住友家
- The Sumitomo Family in Sumitomo Zaibatsu
- 神戸川崎財閥の創設者。
- He was the founder of the Kobe Kawasaki combine.
- 維新後、三菱財閥社員。
- After the Meiji Restoration, He was employed by Mitsubishi Zaibatsu.
- 例:甲州財閥、阪神財閥
- Examples include Koshu Zaibatsu and Hanshin Zaibatsu.
- 党の中の反感をもった派閥
- antipathetic factions within the party
- 2つの派閥が手をむすんだ。
- The two factions gang up with each other.
- この会社には派閥があります。
- This office is divided up into camps.
- 同じ国における派閥同士の戦争
- a war between factions in the same country
- 子爵桂太郎(長州閥・軍人陸軍)
- Taro KATSURA, a viscount (Choshu clique; Army man)
- メジャー路線としての政商・財閥
- Seisho (merchants with political ties) or zaibatsu (company syndicates) as the major business style
- 嘉納財閥・本嘉納家8代目当主。
- He was the 8th person to lead the Honkano family and the Kano combine.
- 彼は宗教的な派閥主義を非難した
- he condemned religious sectarianism
- - 財閥としての色彩は薄かった。
- Its status as a zaibatsu wasn't very significant.
- 通常、派閥の仲介者として行動する
- usually one acting as an agent of a political faction
- 親組織から袂を分かった派閥や分派
- a faction or sect that has broken away from its parent organization
- 宗教、派閥、または主義に忠実でない
- not faithful to religion or party or cause
- 派閥、団体または運動にも加わらない
- not affiliated with any faction, party, or cause
- 長州藩で、いわゆる「長州閥」の巨頭。
- He was a leading figure of the so-called 'Choshu Oligarchy' of the Choshu clan.
- 由緒のある家柄の、門閥の家に生まれる
- of noble birth
- 派閥に属する、または、派閥に特徴的な
- belonging to or characteristic of a sect
- 侯爵西郷従道(薩摩閥・軍人陸軍・海軍)
- Tsugumichi SAIGO, a marquis (Satsuma clique; military man of Army and Navy)
- 伯爵大隈重信(佐賀閥・憲政党旧進歩党系)
- Shigenobu OKUMA, a count (Saga clique; the Constitutional Party, the former Progressive Party faction)
- 伯爵板垣退助(土佐閥・憲政党旧自由党系)
- Taisuke ITAGAKI, a count (Tosa clique; the Constitutional Party, the former Liberal Party faction)
- 川崎正蔵 神戸川崎財閥創立者、貴族院議員
- Shozo KAWASAKI, the founder of Kobe Kawasaki Zaibatsu and a member of Kizokuin (the House of Peers)
- 派閥内の抗争が審議に支障をきたしました。
- Factional in-fighting threw a monkey wrench into the deliberations.
- 個人的や社会的分離(敵対する派閥間など)
- a personal or social separation (as between opposing factions)
- 通常は陰謀を通じて権力を握ろうとする派閥
- a clique (often secret) that seeks power usually through intrigue
- 新しい考えを受け入れることに消極的な派閥
- a faction that is unwilling to accept new ideas
- 三井家(のちの三井財閥)の基礎を築いた。
- He laid the foundations of the Mitsui Family (the later Mitsui Zaibatsu).
- 派閥は、およそ10年間ひっそりと残っていた
- the factions remained quiet for almost 10 years
- 派閥のイデオロギーの否定−シドニー・フック
- the negations of sectarian ideology- Sidney Hook
- 一時は久原財閥を形成するほどの勢いだった。
- He was vigorous enough to form the Kuhara Zaibatsu for a while.
- 以後は政府内で薩摩閥の重鎮として君臨した。
- Since then, he had been playing an important role in the government as a grand person of Satsuma clique.
- 文治派(ぶんちは)は、豊臣政権における派閥。
- The Bunchi-ha was a faction that existed during the Toyotomi administration.
- その後、三菱財閥総帥の岩崎小弥太が入手した。
- Later Koyata IWASAKI, commander of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu (a financial clique or group, or company syndicate), obtained it.
- 住友家(すみともけ)は住友財閥の創業者一族。
- The Sumitomo Family is the founding family of Sumitomo Zaibatsu.
- 派閥の、派閥に関する、または、派閥に特徴的な
- of or relating to or characteristic of a sect or sects
- ある特定の派閥、党、宗派に対する、狭量な固執
- a narrow-minded adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination
- その後、瑞山は門閥家老らと結び藩政を掌握した。
- Later, Zuizan aligned with monbatsukaro (a shogun's chief counselor who is of a renowned lineage) and took control of the administration of the domain.
- 2つの派閥は、付加給付に関して行き詰まっている
- the two factions are deadlocked over fringe benefits
- なぜなら、派閥闘争がいつまでも有効とは思えず、
- because I do not believe that factions can ever be of use;
- 2つの容赦しない力と派閥の反対による完全な停止
- at a complete standstill because of opposition of two unrelenting forces or factions
- 明治になって三菱財閥、岩崎弥之助の所有となった。
- In the Meiji Period, it came into the hands of Yanosuke IWASAKI of the Mitsubishi Zaibatsu (financial and industrial conglomerate).
- 上記の財閥と異なり、創業者には技術者出身が多い。
- Unlike the zaibatsu mentioned above, emerging Konzern in the Showa period were mainly started by engineers-turned-entrepreneurs.
- 軋轢のある派閥を含むことは弾圧的である必要がある
- it takes an iron fist to contain the dissenting factions
- 専門職の女性たちは、自分の学閥を創り出していった
- professional women have developed an old boy network of their own
- こうした過程を通じ、財閥の形成が促されたのだった。
- These process urged the formation of Zaibatsu (a financial combine).
- 武断派(ぶだんは)とは、豊臣政権内部の派閥である。
- The Budan-ha (a political faction that is willing to resort to military means to achieve its aims) was a faction in the Toyotomi government.
- 後継の首相には海軍大将で薩摩閥の山本権兵衛が就いた。
- The post of the prime minister was taken over by Gonbei YAMAMOTO, who was the navy general and a pillar of the Satsuma clique (the clique formed by the politicians from the former Satsuma Domain).
- また、一揆内での主導権を巡る派閥抗争も絶えなかった。
- Additionally, there was ceaseless factional infighting for leadership within ikki.
- 既存の財閥では貧弱な化学産業を中心に発展していった。
- The development of the existing zaibatsu was promoted as revolving around the limited chemical industry.
- 浅野八郎は浅野財閥二代目総帥浅野総一郎の三男である。
- Hachiro ASANO is the third son of Souichiro ASANO, who was the second-generation sosui of Asano Zaibatsu.
- 1つの派閥が別の派閥から支配権をもぎ取ろうとする闘争
- a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another
- 藩閥政治に反発、伊藤博文の忠告を聞かず、官職を辞任。
- He resisted the domain clique government, and resigned the government post against the advise of Hirobumi ITO.
- 後に海軍内での派閥には条約派・艦隊派が生まれていった。
- There arose 'Joyaku (treaty) faction' and 'Kantai (fleet) faction' in the Navy later.
- 四条派(しじょうは)は、日本画界でも大きな派閥である。
- The Shijo school is a large group among those of the Japanese painting world.
- これらは昭和時代初期には財閥として君臨することになる。
- They came to reign the business world in Japan as zaibatsu.
- こうした一揆内の派閥抗争を一揆内一揆と呼ぶことがある。
- That kind of factional infighting is sometimes called 'ikki within ikki.'
- が、結局征韓論で敗れ、土佐閥は事実上失脚してしまった。
- However, his defeat on the debate of Seikanron eventually led to an effective downfall of the Tosa Domain clique.
- 翌年に大久保利通が暗殺されると、薩摩閥の重鎮となった。
- In the following year, Toshimichi OKUBO was assassinated, which left Kuroda as the central figure in the Satsuma domain clique.
- 戊辰戦争から薩摩に凱旋すると、門閥排斥の先頭に立った。
- After he returned to Satsuma triumphantly from the Boshin War, he led the movement to stop the ruling based on the pedigreed vassal families.
- 藩閥政治への批判を歌に託した政治主張・宣伝の手段である。
- The criticism against clique government was put into the songs as a means of political assertion and propaganda.
- 閔妃派は門閥主義、閨閥主義で人材登用の気風に欠けていた。
- The Queen Min group valued lineage and Keibatsu blood connection; and never recruited outside the network.
- これによって両者の対立は派閥間の争いに発展することとなる。
- This caused the conflicts between the master and a disciple to develop into a battle between the factions.
- 一方では、門閥外から実力で名題になる例が上方では多かった。
- On the other hand, there were many cases of performers who are not from good lineage becoming a leading actor through their own abilities.
- 安田財閥の松廼舎文庫に納められたが、関東大震災で焼失した。
- It was stored in Matsunoyabunko (the library of Matsunoya) of Yasuda Zaibatsu, but it was destroyed in the fire in the Great Kanto Earthquake.
- また仲蔵自身も、門閥外だったにもかかわらず大きく出世した。
- Though Nakazo himself did not belong to a distinguished family of kabuki actors, he had a successful career.
- これにより壬生浪士組は近藤派と芹沢派の二派閥体制となった。
- As a result, Mibu Roshigumi consisted of two factions, the Kondo and Serizawa factions.
- このように、多角的事業経営に乗り出し財閥を形成していった。
- In this way, he diversified operations and formed a zaibatsu.
- 陸軍および内務系官僚の山縣側近が広範な「山縣閥」を築いた。
- Yamagata-affiliated advisors that served the Army and Home Affairs government officials established a large Yamagata Faction.
- 明治になると、三菱財閥の岩崎家が旧大名屋敷を次々と取得する。
- During the Meiji period, the Iwasaki family of Mitsubishi zaibatsu (Mitsubishi financial combine) acquired former daimyo residences one after another.
- 財閥家族姓を名乗る尊卑族三親等およびその家族(姻族を含まず)
- Ancestry within the third degree using the surnames of the Zaibatsu family and their families (excluding by marriage)
- さらに三井財閥による(外務省黙認のもとでの)密貿易が発覚した。
- Mitsui-zaibatsu's secret trade with Joseon (to which the Ministry of Foreign Affairs gave silent approval) was discovered.
- ある派閥、党派、または主義を支持する合意、あるいは提携に至った
- brought into agreement or cooperation on the side of a faction, party, or cause
- べつの君主は、支配下の町を派閥争いによって維持しようとします。
- others have kept their subject towns by factions;
- others have kept their subject towns distracted by factions;
- 諸説の優れた点を吸収しひとつの派閥に偏らないことが特徴である。
- The Secchugaku is characterized by adopting good points of various theories and being balanced among them.
- また、財政に関心の深い財界からも軍閥の横暴に批判の声が高まった。
- In addition, Japanese business community, which was deeply concerned about the national finance, began to criticize the despotism of the military clique
- したがって、保守的であるが単純に藩閥政権の手先とも言えなかった。
- So while the Kizokuin were conservative, they were simply a pawn of the Hanbatsu government.
- 1918年に藤田財閥の藤田平太郎が入手し、現在は藤田美術館所蔵。
- In 1918, Heitaro FUJITA of Fujita Zaibatsu obtained the tea bowl, which is now owned by Fujita Museum of Art.
- 「藩閥のやつらは、たたいても死にそうもないやつばかりだが...」
- Meanwhile, those in domain cliques seem to never die even if they were beaten.'
- 官僚時代は、藩閥の後ろ盾がなく苦労するが、銀行制度の確立に貢献。
- When he was a government official, he had a hard time because he had no backer, but he contributed to the establishment of a banking system.
- その後も、藩閥政府を批判し普通選挙運動と対露強硬外交を主張した。
- After that, he criticized the domains-dominated government, and claimed popular election and hard-line diplomacy toward Russia.
- 敬神党は、旧肥後藩士族の三大派閥の一つであった、勤皇党の一派である。
- The Keishin-to party was a sect of the Kinno-to party (pro-Imperial party), which was one of the three major factions of the former Higo Domain warrior class.
- なお、南満州鉄道も多角化を推進した事から財閥の一つとする場合もある。
- Incidentally, South Manchuria Railways may be included in the zaibatsu due to the fact that it also promoted the diversification of its business.
- ローマの貴紳は味方につけ、聖職者団体では最大派閥を擁していたのです。
- he had won over the Roman gentlemen, and he had the most numerous party in the college.
- 関西の政商である藤田財閥が汚職の捜査を恐れ毒殺したという噂も立った。
- It was rumored that Fujita Zaibatsu, a businessman with political ties in Kansai region, poisoned him for fear of an investigation regarding an alleged corruption
- 新興コンツェルン以外で、昭和初期~第二次世界大戦中に発展した中堅財閥。
- There were some medium-size zaibatsu, other than the emerging zaibatsu, that grew from the early Showa era through the middle of World War II.
- 自身によると、これは対立する派閥によって妨害を受けたということらしい。
- According to himself, it was a hindrance caused by the opposing party.
- すなわち板垣ら4人は、「薩長土肥」の藩閥新政府における筆頭藩士である。
- Namely, in the new government led by the four domain cliques of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, and Hizen, these four people including Itagaki were the highest ranking feudal retainers representing each of their domains.
- 保守派(門閥派)の中には代々名門の家を受け継いできた上級武士が多かった。
- Among the conservatives, there were many high-ranking samurai who succeeded the family of pedigree for generations.
- これらは財閥の形成を促すとともに、日本の産業の中核を担う役割を果たした。
- These factories promoted the formation of Zaibatsu (company syndicate) and became the core of the Japanese Industries.
- 中島飛行機(財閥解体後、主要5社が合同し、富士産業・現富士重工業を設立)
- Nakajima airplane (after the dissolution of Zaibatsu, major five companies jointly established Fuji Sangyo (now Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd.))
- 少なくとも撮影所には採用人事の学閥重視を一蹴するような実力主義が見られる。
- It can be said that the recruitment process for studio staff seems to prioritise ability over academic clique.
- それは藩閥政治に反対し政党政治を実現しようという大正デモクラシーであった。
- It was Taisho Democracy which objected to domain dominated politics and tried to realize party politics.
- 三菱財閥の岩崎弥之助は松方に大隈重信の進歩党_(日本)との連携を提案した。
- Yanosuke IWASAKI of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu proposed MATSUKATA to cooperate with the Progressive Party (Japan) represented by Shigenobu OKUMA.
- 実際に政治を運営するのは、天皇でなく元老や内閣(藩閥政府)の各大臣である。
- The people who actually administrated politics were not the Emperor but Genro (elder statesman) and ministers in the Cabinet (Han-dominated government).
- このように、住友家は先代と二代続いて、旧華族と密接な閨閥関係を結んでいる。
- As mentioned above, the Sumitomo Family had a close Keibatsu blood connection with former nobility over the two generations, starting with the previous generation.
- ここでも薩摩閥の人脈を大いに利かせたため、反感を買うことも多かったという。
- HORI often provoked antipathy from others because once again he tried to utilize his Satsuma clique and its political linkage in his management.
- 政治的には星亨の派閥に属し、1896年(明治29年)、東京市会議員に当選。
- He was politically aligned with the sect of Toru HOSHI, and in 1896, Shohei was elected as a member of Tokyo City Council.
- こうして、造船業、肥料生産、商社、生命保険を傘下とする久原財閥を形成する。
- In this way, the Kuhara Zaibatsu was formed with group companies in shipbuilding, fertilizer production, trading and life insurance business.
- こうした背景の中、藩閥出身で陸軍の影響力が強い第三次桂太郎内閣が組閣された。
- The third administration of Taro KATSURA, a member of the Meiji oligarchy representing dominant former feudal domains and strongly influenced by the Japanese Imperial Army, was formed under these circumstances.
- そして、薩摩閥および長州閥からの要望により、陸軍省と海軍省が新たに置かれた。
- Instead, the Department of War and the Department of the Navy were newly established at the request of Satsuma clique and Choshu clique.
- こうした傾向が学閥化を則し、結果的には他氏族の排除・家学化を促すことになる。
- The tendency was to promote the formation of the academic cliques, and as a result, to promote the exclusion of the other clans and inheritance of hereditary learning.
- 晩年は陸軍のみならず政界の黒幕として君臨し、「日本軍閥の祖」の異名をとった。
- In his later life, he dominated the army and the world of politics behind the scenes and was also known as the 'founder of the Japanese military clique.'
- 1888年、山縣有朋ら藩閥勢力の主流と対立し、陸軍中将を最後に予備役に編入。
- In 1888 he incorporated in the reserve duty, after holding the final post of lieutenant general at the Army, due to a conflict with the mainstream of the domain clique, such as Aritomo YAMAGATA.
- それらの主張は尊王攘夷運動と明治初期の薩長藩閥政府にも少なからぬ影響を与えた。
- These claims did not by any means have a small influences on the Sonno Joi Movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the policies of the government led by Saccho (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains) during the early Meiji period.
- 以上の基準によって、昭和22年2月、住友家ではつぎのものが財閥家族に指定された
- According to the above-mentioned standards, in February 1947 the following people among the Sumitomo Family were designated as the Zaibatsu family:
- そのため、当主吉左衛門の兄住友寛一一族は、茂木一族と二重結合の閨閥関係にある。
- As a result, the family of Kanichi SUMITOMO, who was a brother of the Kichizaemon, was related to the Mogi Family by marriage twice over.
- グループ内での分裂は、ビンラディンとMAKの過激派派閥にアルカイダをつくらせた
- a split in the group led bin Laden and the extremist faction of MAK to form al-Qaeda
- 藩閥の力が強力な当時では、小藩出身の人物の出世としては珍しいほどの速さである。
- Since the domain cliques had strong power at that time, it was rare for a person from a small domain to be promoted that quickly.
- しかし、新政府が藩閥組織の様相を呈してくるや、理想とのギャップから官職を辞退。
- But as soon as the new government began to take on the aspect of a domain clique system, he recognized the gap between the ideal and the reality and declined the government post.
- 幣原家は古在家及び三菱の創業者一族・岩崎家と閨閥によって結ばれているといえる。
- It can be said that the SHIDEHARA family had kinship ties with both the IWASAKI family--the founders of Mitsubishi--and the KOZAI family.
- その後、豊国の弟子たちからなる浮世絵絵師最大派閥である歌川派が形成されていった。
- Afterward, the largest school of Ukiyoe Eshi painters, the Utagawa school, consisting of Toyokuni's disciples began to take shape.
- また大阪・神戸市周辺には中堅・零細の財閥が集中していた事から阪神財閥と総称する。
- Moreover, because small and medium-size zaibatsu are concentrated in the cities of Osaka and Kobe, these zaibatsu are said to be Hanshin Zaibatsu.
- だが、公家社会の中に支持皇統による派閥が生じるようになるなど混乱を引き起こした。
- That led to disruption among the Imperial nobles, by which they became factionalized according to the supporting imperial lines.
- 教皇の在位の平均である十年間では、両派閥の一方を弱めるのがやっとのことであって、
- for in the ten years, which is the average life of a pope, he can with difficulty lower one of the factions;
- - 妻は三菱財閥創始者岩崎弥太郎の弟で2代目総帥岩崎弥之助(元日本銀行総裁)の娘
- His wife was a daughter of the second sosui (commander-in-chief) Yanosuke IWASAKI (former president of the Bank of Japan) who was a younger brother of the Mitsubishi Zaibatsu founder Yataro IWASAKI.
- 子の益子は小坂財閥の小坂善太郎に、高子は岡崎財閥の岡崎真一にそれぞれ嫁いでいる。
- His daughter Masuko married Zentaro KOSAKA of Kosaka Zaibatsu (a financial group), and his other daughter Takako married Shinichi OKAZAKI of Okazaki Zaibatsu (literally, financial clique).
- 藩閥の構成員が閣僚の多数を占める内閣 (日本)を、藩閥政府あるいは藩閥内閣という。
- The cabinet, most of which members are the constituent members of Hanbatsu, are called Hanbatsu (han-dominated) government.
- 後に日本郵船会社理事なども務めたが、中央政界での薩摩閥の衰退とともに一線を退いた。
- He also served as the board of director in Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha, but he retired from active services when the influence of Satsuma clique declined in the national political arena.
- 公共の目的よりも、個人の目的のために政治的組織を支配する、小さな派閥に属する政治家
- a politician who belongs to a small clique that controls a political party for private rather than public ends
- しかし上述のように土佐閥の代表という事で軍人コースには入らずに政治の道へと進んだ。
- However, Itagaki gave up the course of a military man and instead chose to be a politician as a representative of Tosa Domain clique, as mentioned above.
- 幕閣でも川路聖謨や岩瀬忠震らの非門閥の開明派幕臣が処罰され、謹慎などの処分となった。
- Even Shogunate cabinet officials Toshiakira KAWAJI and Tadanari IWASE, Kaimei group shogunal retainers of poor lineage, were subject to punishment such as house arrest.
- こうした派閥が自分たちの枢機卿を持っているあいだは、静穏であることはなかったのです。
- For whenever these factions have their cardinals they do not remain quiet for long,
- 彼はまたオルシーニとコロンナの両派閥を、すでに陥いっていた制約の内に閉じ込めました。
- He kept also the Orsini and Colonna factions within the bounds in which he found them;
- He kept also the Orsini and Colonnesi factions within the bounds in which he found them;
- 同年5月に大久保利通が暗殺されると、黒田は薩摩藩閥の最有力者とみられるようになった。
- In May of the same year, Toshimichi OKUBO was murdered and Kuroda came to be considered the most powerful person in the Satsuma domain clique.
- 朝鮮総督府は東洋拓殖会社の一部の資金で朝鮮半島でチッソなどの財閥に各種の投資を行った。
- Chosen Sotoku-fu made various investments in conglomerates, such as Chisso Corporation, in the Korean Peninsula, using part of the fund of Toyo Takushoku Co. Ltd.
- 有司専制(ゆうしせんせい)とは、明治政府の藩閥官僚中心・超然主義の政府を批判した言葉。
- Yushi Sensei is a term criticizing the Meiji government for their domain cliques and transcendentalism.
- この発言の趣旨は当時蔓延していた財閥中心の腐敗した金権政治の風潮を批判したものだった。
- His speech, in effect, criticized the trend of the Zaibatsu (company syndicate)-oriented, venal money politics which had been prevailing at that time.
- しかし実際には、藩閥が対立均衡している下で、内閣が十分に力を発揮することは難しかった。
- Yet in reality, given the context of feuding among the domainal cliques, it was quite difficult for the Cabinet to function effectively.
- だが、超然主義者の前首相山縣有朋を始め、松方自身が率いる薩摩藩藩閥からも反対論が出た。
- However, there was opposing argument from the previous prime minister, Aritomo YAMAGATA holding on to the doctrine of superiority as well as Satsuma Domain clique led by MATSUKATA himself.
- また、藩閥政府内の元勲間にあった政策や感情の上での対立においても、天皇は宥和に努めた。
- The Emperor also worked to suppress political or emotional conflicts between the elder statesmen of the han-dominated government.
- なお、近代以前には財閥という言葉は、多数の豪商を生み出した地域に付けられる事もあった。
- Incidentally, before the modern times the word zaibatsu was also used for areas in which many wealthy merchants had been born.
- 殿内は、自前の派閥を形成するために旅に出ようとする際、近藤らにしこたま酒を飲まされた。
- Just before Tonouchi left Kyoto to organize his own faction, Kondo offered him a sizeable amount of Sake.
- 伊藤忠商事・丸紅という2つの大手商社を創業し、多角的経営によって伊藤忠財閥を形成した。
- He founded two big trading companies such as ITOCHU Corporation and Marubeni Corporation, and formed the Itochu Zaibatsu (conglomerate) by diversification.
- 長州藩出身の品川・青木の仲介により、木戸孝允・山縣有朋・伊藤博文ら長州閥の知遇を得た。
- Owing to Shinagawa and Aoki from Choshu Domain, Tosuke was highly recognized and treated well by the members of the Choshu faction such as Takayoshi KIDO, Aritomo YAMAGATA, and Hirobumi ITO.
- その一方で、一部の大地主や財閥は資本を蓄積し、その中から初期資本家が現れる契機となった。
- On the other hand, some large landowners and Zaibatsu accumulated capital, taking the opportunity to become primitive stage capitalists.
- 住友財閥における住友家、特に住友友純以降のそれは「君臨すれども統治せず」の立場をとった。
- The Sumitomo Family in Sumitomo Zaibatsu, specifically since Tomoito SUMITOMO, took the position, '(He) reigns but does not govern.'
- 派閥名として平民派、貴族派と使われたりしたが、この呼び名は実態を表しているわけではない。
- As for political group names, the common people group and the Kizoku group existed, but these terms did not indicate their actual status.
- ヒンズー教のベーダンタ哲学学校によると派閥性がない正説を守る一群のブラフマンのうちの1つ
- one of a group of brahmans who uphold nonsectarian orthodoxy according to the Vedanta school of Hinduism
- 薩摩閥の重鎮とはいえ、醜聞と疑獄事件で晩年は浮いた存在となり、同郷の人々は離れていった。
- Although he was the central figure in the Satsuma domain clique, the scandal and bribery case isolated him in his later years and the people from the same domain left him.
- 安田財閥の金が恒常的に流れてきたため、少なくとも財閥解体まではまったくお金に困らなかった。
- He had no financial problems (at least until the dissolution of financial groups in Japan), because the money of the YASUDA financial group always flowed in to him.
- そのことによって生じた近江閥と秀吉出身地の尾張閥の対立が関ヶ原の戦いを促したとも言われる。
- The promostion is said to have caused a conflict between the Omi faction and the faction of Owari, Hideyoshi's birth place, which later led to the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 大隈が情報を流したせいだと考えた伊藤・黒田ら薩長閥は、明治十四年の政変で大隈を失脚させた。
- Ito, Kuroda and other Satsuma-Choshu Domain clique members believed that this information was disseminated by Okuma, and they ousted him in the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881.
- そこで薩摩閥が支配していた内務省警視局を動かして、長州系の大物の不正を暴く戦術が練られた。
- Therefore, they devised a strategy to uncover fraud by Choshu bigwigs, using the Satsuma-controlled Police Bureau, part of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- 山縣の元長州藩出身の軍人ばかりを要職に就かせる手法は長閥と呼ばれ、嫌う者も非常に多かった。
- Yamagata selectively let military personnel from the former Choshu domain take important positions; this behavior was called Chobatsu (the Chochu clique), and a considerable part of the population did not like what he did.
- このため、明治政府の上位官職を薩長土肥で一時期ほぼ独占する状態となり、藩閥政治と揶揄された。
- Because of this, the Satchodohi briefly monopolized almost all the higher ranks of government services in the Meiji Government and were referred to as the domain clique government.
- しかし、善縄は恬淡な人柄で文章生が私邸を訪れてもこれを謝絶して学閥争いに関わることを避けた。
- Yoshitada, preferring not to align with others and having a straightforward personality, rejected establishment of relationships with monjosho when they visited his residence and was able to avoid the factional conflict.
- 昭和毛糸紡績、共立モスリン、山陽皮革、神戸生糸など多数の関連企業を設立し、川西財閥を形成する。
- He established various related companies such as the Showa Worsted Spinning, the Kyoritsu Muslin, the Sanyo Leather, and the Kobe municipal Raw Silk which led to the formation of the Kawanishi combine.
- その後、日本政府黙認のもとでおこなわれていた三井財閥による日朝間の密貿易が1873年発覚した。
- Later, in 1873, Mitsui-zaibatsu's secret trade with Korea to which the Japanese government gave its silent consent was discovered.
- 最も新しく、強く最強の装備ををなえたウエストバンクで活発な派閥であるアルファタハの過激派の分派
- a militant offshoot of al-Fatah that is the newest and strongest and best equipped faction active in the West Bank
- 日本郵船・DOWAホールディングス、特に三井財閥においては最高顧問になるなどと密接に関係した。
- He was closely linked to Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (NYK Line), DOWA Holdings and especially Mitsui Zaibatsu (company syndicate) as a senior adviser.
- しかし、寺内の死後、その勢力は急速に衰退し、山縣の死をもって長閥勢力の終わりは決定的となった。
- After Terauchi died, however, the Chobatsu force drastically decreased, and it finally came to an end when Yamagata died.
- 太平洋戦争による敗戦を経ても現代でも続く、長州藩閥の影響による内務省族主導の政治体制が始まった。
- Politics led by the lawmakers representing the interests of the Ministry of Interior, which has been dominated by the faction from the Choshu domain even after the defeat in the Pacific War, started.
- 住友財閥2代総理事・伊庭貞剛が引退後に居住した邸宅であり、明治時代後期を代表する邸宅建築である。
- The structure is a representative mansion of the late Meiji period and, the retirement residence of Teigo IBA, the 2nd hereditary President of the Sumitomo zaibatsu (pre WWII business conglomerate).
- しかしながら、これでは薩長の藩閥において薩摩に不公平であることから、黒田清隆も元老に指名された。
- However, this was considered unfair for the Satsuma Domain side in the domain clique of Saccho (the Satsuma domain and the Choshu domain), and Kiyotaka KURODA was appointed Genro at the same time.
- しかし、当時の政局は派閥争いの側面を持っており、少数派としての土佐藩の代理戦争的な側面もあった。
- However, the political situation at that time often tended to be a factional struggle, and Itagaki fought something like a proxy war for his Tosa Domain that was a minority in the cabinet.
- この事件の際、井上佐一郎と同行していて難を逃れた同僚の岩崎弥太郎は後の三菱財閥の創始者となった。
- Yataro IWASAKI, a colleague accompanying Saichiro INOUE on this occasion who had escaped this ordeal, later became the founder of the Mitsubishi Zaibatsu.
- 熙子は当時の江戸城内の最高権力者であったが、彼女が吉宗を指名したことに幕閣や譜代門閥は驚嘆した。
- Hiroko was the person in paramount authority in Edo Castle in those days, but the cabinet officials of the Shogunate and fudai were very surprised at her appointment of Yoshimune.
- 1880年に軍関係を除く官営事業は三井財閥、三菱財閥など民間に払下げられ、1885年工部省は廃止。
- In 1880, national projects were sold to private companies including the Mitsui combine and the Mitsubishi combine, and the Ministry of Industry was abolished in 1885.
- 自由民権運動の頃から批判の対象とされ、大正デモクラシーでは「閥族打破・憲政擁護」が合言葉とされた。
- It was the subject of criticism since the time of the Freedom and People's Rights and 'Dispel clique group. Defend constitutional government' was the slogan of Taisho Democracy.
- 明治29年(1896年)神戸川崎財閥創設者・川崎正蔵に要請されて株式会社川崎造船所初代社長に就任。
- In 1896, requested by Shozo KAWASAKI, the founder of Kobe kawasaki Zaibatsu(a financial clique or group, or company syndicate), Matsukata became the first president of Kawasaki Dockyard Ltd.
- 薩摩閥として羽振りを利かせる一方、同郷の先輩黒田清隆と共に樺太に駐在し対ロシア交渉などにあたった。
- HORI had a strong influence in Meiji Government as a Satsuma clique, and he was stationed at Karafuto with more experienced Kiyotaka KURODA from the same Satsuma Domain, and engaged in the negotiation process with Russia.
- これは一説には黒田が晩年、薩閥の中にあって疎外されていて引き受ける者がいなかったためともいわれる。
- However, there is a theory for this which postulates that in his later years, KURODA was estranged from the Satsuma clan faction and no one would take on the duty of chairman.
- 日立製作所創立の基盤となった久原鉱業所(日立銅山)や久原財閥の総帥として「鉱山王」の異名を取った。
- He was also called 'Kozan ou' (king of mining industry) for bening a president of Kuhara Kogyosho (Hitachi copper mine), which later became Hitachi, Ltd. and Kuhara Zaibatsu.
- 当時の朝鮮王朝の中で小中華思想や門閥主義、閨閥主義を脱却していた役人は極めて少数派だったのである。
- In the Korean Dynasties at that time, government officials who cast off the Petit Sinocentrism, lineage, and Keibatsu blood connection were quite a minority.
- 家老は、特別な大藩を除き2人から数人程度、置かれたが、政治改革や世継ぎ問題に絡んで派閥抗争が起きた。
- Even though with two or more Karo officers were installed, except in especially large domains, factional strife still occurred in relation to political reforms and succession issues.
- しかし大正期に入ると山県の影響力は低下し、やがて陸軍内の派閥は統制派と皇道派に別れていくことになる。
- However, in the Taisho period the influence of Yamagata decreased and soon the clique of the Army separated into Tosei faction and Kodo faction.
- 後に陸軍では山県有朋の影響力が増大し、寺内正毅や田中義一らが山県閥を形成し、陸軍内の主流派となった。
- Later the influence of Aritomo YAMAGATA increased and Masatake TERAUCHI and Giichi TANAKA formed Yamagata clique in the Army and they became mainstream in the Army.
- 持株会社整理委員会は、占領軍当局の指令を受けて、財閥家族の範囲を確定する基準を下記のように選択した。
- The Holding Company Liquidation Commission, in accordance with the order by the forces of the Allied Occupation, selected the standards by which to determine the scope of the Zaibatsu family as follows:
- このような社会の先達としての貴族主義から、転じて彼の政治姿勢は、藩閥に対して批判的であったとされる。
- Because he espoused aristocratism and thought nobles should lead society, it is said he had a critical attitude to domain cliques.
- 憲法施行当初は超然主義を唱えた藩閥政治家や官僚らにより天皇主権を中心とした君権学派の解釈が重用された。
- Initially, when the Constitution took effect, interpretation by the monarch school sect focusing on imperial sovereignty was valued by domain clique politicians and bureaucrats who promulgated the idea of the doctrine of superiority.
- 大正政変は藩閥勢力に大打撃を与えるとともに、政権担当能力を有する第二党の成長も出遅らせることとなった。
- Taisho Seihen not only gave a huge blow to the domain-based cliques, but also caused a stagnation in the development of an alternative to the party in power.
- 但し、三井財閥のように、財閥家族と財閥本社役員及び傘下企業の間に一種の緊張関係があった訳ではなかった。
- However, this does not mean there was any kind of tension between the Zaibatsu Family and executives of the Zaibatsu main company or the subsidiary companies, as the Mitsui Zaibatsu had.
- 兄(湯浅則和)が兵部省の汚職事件(1871年(明治4年)、山城屋事件)で長州閥の山県有朋をかばい辞職。
- His brother (Norikazu YUASA) resigned from his post, protecting Aritomo YAMAGATA of the Choshu faction, when the Hyobu-sho (the Ministry of Military Personnel) scandal (the Yamashiroya incident in 1871) occurred.
- 薩長藩閥政府の正当性と民党批判を力説し、民党側の強い反発を引き起こして衆議院を解散させる一因となった。
- He stressed validity of the Satsuma-Choshu-dominated government and criticism of minto (general term of the political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a han-dominated government when imperial Diet was inaugurated), which triggered strong backlash from minto and partly contributed to dissolution of the House of Representatives.
- 坦の弟は外交官出身の政治家・幣原喜重郎で、喜重郎の妻・雅子は三菱財閥の創始者・岩崎弥太郎の四女である。
- Tan's younger brother was Kijuro SHIDEHARA, a politician who was a diplomatic, and Kijuro's wife, Masako, was the fourth daughter of Yataro IWASAKI, the founder of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu (a financial clique or group, or company syndicate).
- 正徳の治については新井、間部が幕政に参与した期間が短く、また家宣死去後は反甲府派や門閥の抵抗が強まった。
- Arai and Manabe's involvement in politics was very short and resistance from anti Kofu group and lineage were getting stronger after Ienobu's death
- 馬城は「三権分立」で理論武装した上で、藩閥政治を打破するためには、まず民撰議院設立が必要であると述べた。
- Maki described that the establishment of democratic representatives was necessary at first in order to defeat the politics of domain clique after arming himself with the knowledge of 'separation of the powers.'
- 松本の辞職で初期の開拓使の高官はほぼいなくなり、かわって黒田を頂点にした薩摩国藩閥政治が開拓使を支配した。
- With the resignation of MATSUMOTO, there remained almost no senior officials from the early era of the Hokkaido Development Commission, and a government dominated by the Satsuma Domain, with KURODA positioned as its head, took control of the Commission.
- そのため、このことは大正政変とも呼ばれ、藩閥政治の行き詰まりと民主政治の高まりを示すこととなったのである。
- It is why the incident is called the Taisho Coup and the coup demonstrated the stalemate of the Han-batsu seiji as well as the swell of the popular movement calling for more democratic politics.
- また、後白河院の院政を好まず二条天皇の親政を望む勢力もあって、朝廷内は政治的派閥の対立が目立つようになる。
- Rule by retired Emperor Goshirakawa was not liked; influence was brought to bear in favor of direct Imperial rule by Emperor Nijo and, within the court, battles between the political cliques gained prominence.
- 力のある君主国ではこうした派閥闘争を許されるものではないのですから、こうした方法は君主の弱体を示すもです。
- Such methods argue, therefore, weakness in the prince, because these factions will never be permitted in a vigorous principality;
- 新見錦とともに試衛館一派を「田舎者」扱いしてはいるが試衛館派・水戸派といった派閥間の険悪なイメージは薄い。
- Although SERIZAWA, together with Nishiki NIIMI, treated Shieikan Group as if they were 'rustic,' there was only little animosity between the Shieikan Group and Mito Group.
- 明治14、15年頃、三菱財閥に入ったが、自由党 (日本)自由党 (明治)が結党されると会社をやめ入党した。
- Around 1881 - 1882, he entered the Mitsubishi Zaibatsu (financial clique) but resigned from it to join the Jiyuto (Liberal Party) when the party was formed.
- 以後は閣僚などの表舞台には立たず、貴族院および宮内省における山縣閥重鎮として、元老に次ぐ影響力を保ち続ける。
- After this event, he stopped playing an overtly powerful role such as a cabinet member, but as the leader of the Yamagata Faction in the House of Peers and the Imperial Household Ministry, he continued to have the second strongest political influence after the Genro.
- しかし、陸軍内にも大山巌や野津道貫や上原勇作といった薩摩閥の実力者がおり、決して単純に分類できるわけではない。
- However, there were several influential persons of Satusma clique such as Iwao OYAMA, Michitsura NOZU and Yusaku UEHARA in the Army, so it's no easy to classify simply with domain clique.
- 四大財閥に、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による財閥解体指令を受けた11財閥を加えたものを、特に十五大財閥と呼ぶ。
- The four major zaibatsu, together with the 11 zaibatsu that were ordered dismantled by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) are referred to as the 15 major zaibatsu.
- 藩主の座に就いた豊信は門閥・旧臣による藩政を嫌い、革新派グループ「新おこぜ組」の中心人物・吉田東洋を起用した。
- After assuming the position of lord of the domain, Toyoshige hated the administration that was centered around lineage and old retainers, and used Toyo YOSHIDA, who was the leading figure of the 'Shin Okozegumi' (the group of reformists).
- 景総は一大閨閥を持つ景豊に対し、義兄弟の力を借りて、朝倉宗家に謀叛を起こすよう唆し、景豊もこの企てに同意した。
- Kagefusa urged Kagetoyo having a big family to betray the Soke (the head family or house) of Asakura with help of his brothers-in-law, and Kagetoyo agreed to this plot.
- 晩年は長崎市立浪平小学校の創立、寺院や神社の創建、桟橋の架設、高島炭鉱の三菱財閥への譲渡斡旋などの業績がある。
- In his later years, Kendo extended a variety of achievements: opening of Naminohira Elementary School run by Nagasaki City, foundation of temples and shrines, building of piers, and arrangement of transfer of Takashima coal mine to Mitsubishi Zaibatsu.
- 作家や芸術家や哲学者の派閥で、20世紀の初めにブルームズベリーかその周辺に住み、型破りな生活様式で知られるもの
- an inner circle of writers and artists and philosophers who lived in or around Bloomsbury early in the 20th century and were noted for their unconventional lifestyles
- 勝海舟も坂本龍馬を持ち上げたひとりであるが、旧幕臣という立場で薩長閥に対する反発があったのは、想像に難く無い。
- Kaishu KATSU is the one who also praised Ryoma SAKAMOTO, and it is easy to imagine that KATSU as a former vassal of the Shogun had some resentment against the Satsuma-Choshu clique.
- 藩閥のやつらは、たたいても死にそうもないやつばかりだが」と言って、周囲の見る目も痛わしいほどに落胆したという。
- Continuing, he said 'Those in the Han clique were all people who looked like they would not die even if they were beaten' and he became so disappointed that it hurt those around him to see him lament.
- 政府内では土佐閥の一人として、司法大輔や元老院議官、文部卿、参議、枢密顧問官、宮中顧問官などの要職を歴任する。
- As one of the Tosa clique, he successively assumed the important central governmental posts such as Shiho-taifu (post of Ministry of Justice), Ganroin gikan (councilor of Chamber of Elders), Monbukyo (chief of Minister of Education), Sangi (councilor), privy councilor, court councilor, and so on.
- 財閥解体以降も、銀行・証券・商社などさまざまな会社に分割されつつも、バブル経済のころまでは絶大な経済力を持った。
- Although zaibatsu were dissolved and divided into banks, securities companies, trading companies, etc, they retained overwhelming economic power until around the bubble economy era.
- 将軍(しょうぐん)は、比較的大きな軍隊の指揮官に与えられる官職および称号の一つ、また軍閥の指導者の地位でもある。
- Shogun is a job grade and title given to the commander of a relatively large armed force and is also the rank of a military clique leader.
- 薩長土肥とはいうものの、土佐・肥前出身者は少数にとどまり、薩摩・長州両藩出身者が群を抜いて大規模な閥族を形成した。
- Even though Tosa and Hizen were included in Sacchodohi (the abbreviated form of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen), the people from these domains were the minority and those from Satsuma and Choshu domains formed far larger-scale cliques
- 藩閥政治に対する批判者であったが、非藩閥の陸奥宗光からは引き続き可愛がられ、朝鮮政府の法律顧問や駐米公使を務める。
- Munemitsu MUTSU, not a member of hanbatsu, continued to favor HOSHI who was critical of the oligarchic government dominated by hanbatsu, and HOSHI served as law advisor to the Korean government, and also as a minister-counselor to the United States.
- 政友会を通じて内閣総辞職の内幕が知れ渡ると国民の間ににわかに「閥族打破、憲政擁護」の気運が高まり護憲運動となった。
- Once the story from inside the cabinet of the resignation of all the cabinet members was leaked out and spread through Seiyu-kai Party, the sentiment to 'destroy the clique families, protect politics by the constitution' suddenly gained momentum among the citizenry, and the constitution protection movement started.
- さらに同年には袁世凱の北洋軍閥の一部が満洲に駐留し、警察力・防衛力を増強するとともに、日露の行動への歯止めをかけた。
- Furthermore, in the same year, part of the Beiyang Military faction led by Yuan Shikai was deployed to Manchuria to reinforce policing and security, and offer a bulwark against Japanese and Russian movements.
- これを機縁として、薩長藩閥による政権運営に対する批判が自由民権運動となって盛り上がり、各地で政治結社がおこなわれた。
- Following this statement, criticism of oligarchy by Satsuma and Choshu clans grew into the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and political associations were established in various places.
- 憲政党分裂騒動によって前内閣が倒れると、11月5日に山縣が大命降下を受けて、自派の藩閥官僚を中心とした組閣を行った。
- After the previous Cabinet was fallen due to trouble in the Constitutional Party split, YAMAGATA who received the imperial command on November 5 organized the Cabinet based on government officials of the domain clique from his own group.
- 後代になると、さまざまな事情により、歌舞伎の門閥の方から芝居小屋の方に逆に養子を送り込んでくるという事例も出てくる。
- Later on, for a variety of reasons, there were also examples of the reverse happening as distinguished kabuki acting families had their children adopted by the tea rooms.
- 財閥形成の過程として、片倉財閥の様に製糸業に注力するなど、一つの事業に集中して投資し、芋づる式に発展する場合が多い。
- The typical process of forming a zaibatsu shows, as seen in an example of Katakura Zaibatsu, that entrepreneurs concentrate on a single business, such as the silk-reeling industry, and then expand the business through the imozuru system.
- 中島飛行機は第二次世界大戦中に急速に発達した財閥で、軍用機の生産から鉱山・貿易・水産などの非飛行機部門にも進出した。
- Nakajima Airplane was a zaibatsu that grew rapidly during World War II and later expanded its business from military aircraft production to non-aircraft businesses such as mining, trade and commercial fishing.
- 時は下り、明治期に『加藤楼』のお雪(雪香)はアメリカの財閥であるモルガンと結婚して、後に『モルガンお雪』と呼ばれた。
- Moving to more recent times, Oyuki (Sekka), a geisha in the teahouse 'Kato-ro (加藤楼),' married George D. MORGAN of the Morgan family, who owned a large conglomerate, and was called 'Morgan Oyuki' afterwards.
- 長州藩閥の父をもち、藩閥第二世代に当たるが、彼自身は内務官僚として、長州閥よりも内務省の立場を優先する傾向があった。
- Although his father was of the Choshu clan and he was of the second generation of the domain clique, he himself prioritized his position as the governmental official of the Ministry of Home Affairs rather than that of the Choshu clan.
- シーア派を迫害し、外国人を攻撃して、パキスタンの政府を分裂させるためにアルカイダと協力するパキスタンの悪質な派閥組織
- a vicious sectarian organization in Pakistan that persecutes Shiite Muslims and collaborates with al-Qaeda to attack foreigners and to disrupt the government of Pakistan
- これより前に、長州閥の山縣有朋が政商・山城屋和助の汚職事件に連座したとして、危うく政治生命を失いかけたことがあった。
- Prior to this, Aritomo YAMAGATA of the Choshu clique had almost lost his political life when he was implicated in a payoff scandal involving Wasuke YAMASHIROYA, a political merchant.
- 藩閥政治の行き詰まりと民主政治の高まりを示すこととなり、これ以後、普選運動など大正デモクラシーの流れをつくっていった。
- Taisho Seihen that caused the dead end of the clique politics and the growth of democracy generated a momentum for Taisho Democracy including the approval of the Universal Manhood Suffrage.
- 明治時代以降になっても「大身」は政府高官や財閥の当主、華族などを指す語として、第二次世界大戦の昭和期ごろまでは残った。
- Even after the Meiji period, 'Taishin' remained as a word referring to a high government official, a head of Zaibatsu (a financial clique or group, or company syndicate), and the peerage until the time of World War II in the Showa period.
- 後に谷干城の懇話会や民党の立憲改進党などと連携して対外硬路線を採り、政府の超然主義・藩閥政治・条約改正路線を批判した。
- Later it supported a hard-line foreign policy collaborating with the Konwa-kai of Tateki TANI and the Constitutional Progressive Party of minto, and criticized government for its policy of transcendentalism, han-dominated politics and treaty revision.
- すぐ下の弟の隆麿は住友家の入り婿となり、住友財閥を継いで第15代住友吉左衛門(住友友純)を襲名し、長く財界に君臨した。
- The younger brother of Kinmochi SAIONJI closest in age to him, Takamaro, married into the Sumitomo Family, and he took over Sumitomo Zaibatsu and succeeded Kichizaemon SUMITOMO the fifteenth (Tomoito SUMITOMO), and he reigned the financial world for a long time.
- これは、当時勢力を伸張していた政党に対して、軍部を権力の淵源としていた藩閥が、影響力を維持するために執った措置とされる。
- This is considered a measure that the domain cliques, whose authority was derived from the military, took to retain their influence over the political parties that were expanding their power at that time.
- が、自由民権運動が高まると、それを苦々しく思っていた薩長藩閥政府はメディア統制を試み、さきの二つの条例を出したのである。
- However, after the Freedom and People's Rights Movement became active, the government of Saccho (Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain) which was feeling the bitterness tried to control media and promulgated the above two regulations.
- 一般的には、大日本帝国憲法発布後、帝国議会開設から大正時代初期頃までにおいて、藩閥・官僚から成る政府が採った立場を指す。
- In Japan, in general, transcendentalism is often referred to a political position taken by the government consisting of han (domain) cliques and bureaucrats during the period between the establishment of the Imperial Diet followed by the issuance of Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the beginning of the Taisho period.
- ヴェネツィア人は、思うに、こうした理由につき動かされ、服属する都市でグェルフ党とギベリン党との派閥闘争を助長したのです。
- The Venetians, moved, as I believe, by the above reasons, fostered the Guelph and Ghibelline factions in their tributary cities;
- 宗教団体と学校のために、社会的・政治的な国学的保守主義、学校で行う祈りおよび連邦政府からの財政援助を主唱する米国政治派閥
- United States political faction that advocates social and political conservativism, school prayer, and federal aid for religious groups and schools
- 藩閥政治を批判し、明治20年(1887年)の三大事件建白運動に参加し、保安条例で東京を追われ、出版条例違反で投獄される。
- Being critical of the oligarchic government dominated by hanbatsu (domain cliques), HOSHI participated in the political campaign called Sandaijikenpaku Undo (a movement triggered by the petition calling for establishment of three pillars) in 1887, but he was driven out of Tokyo according to hoan jorei (regulations for the preservation of law and order) and then was arrested for violation of publication regulations.
- ただし、藩閥政権に対してもある程度の自立性を持ち、衆議院とその地位を競った結果、藩閥政権を幾度となく窮地に陥れてもいる。
- However, Kizokuin had a degree of independence from the Hanbatsu-dominated government and after fighting its status against the House of Representatives, Kizokuin sometimes made it difficult for the Hanbatsu government to maintain its power..
- 2度の内閣を組織し、明治天皇から強い信頼を得ていた桂太郎は、「桂新党」の設立と山県系官僚閥を改革する新政策を模索していた。
- Taro KATSURA, who led the Japanese government twice and won the strong trust of Emperor Meiji, sought to establish a new party 'Katsura Shinto' and reform the clique of bureaucrats connected with Yamagata.
- 海軍では出身地閥より閨閥が重視される傾向が生まれ、海外留学経験・海軍兵学校での席次ともに夫人の血縁が出世の要件と言われた。
- The Navy became inclined to value Keibatsu Blood Connection more than the hometown clique and it was said that the blood relationship of one's wife was the factor of career progress along with experience of studying abroad and the class standing at Naval Academy
- 1871年の廃藩置県後に整った新しい官制で、薩長土肥の出身者が参議や各省の卿の大部分を独占したため、藩閥政府が形成された。
- Under newly-organized governmental system after Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871, most of the councilors and chiefs of the ministries were occupied by the people from Sacchodohi, and the domain-clique government was organized.
- しかし、尊氏に軍事指揮権を温存した二頭政治は必然的に幕府内に派閥を発生させ、それが観応の擾乱という悲劇を生むことになった。
- However, the system of duumvirate leadership in which Takauji retained the right of control of the military inevitably caused the formation of factions within the bakufu which led to the tragedy of the Kanno Disturbance.
- 正作の妻・繁子は三菱財閥の2代目総帥・岩崎弥之助の長女なので、松方家は三菱の創業者一族・岩崎家と姻戚関係を結んだといえる。
- Shosaku's wife Shigeko was the oldest daughter of the second sosui of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu Yanosuke IWASAKI, which means that the MATSUKATA family was allied with the Mitsubishi founding family, IWASAKI family through marriage.
- また藩主よりの中下層の藩士が連座についたが、佐竹一族や古くからの家臣は加増されるなど派閥争いの様相も垣間見えた(佐竹騒動)。
- Although the feudal retainers in the middle lower class close to the lord were implicated, there were special favors given to the Satake family and old vassals by issuing them more stipends (the Satake disturbance).
- 治世中門閥貴族による政治の打破などに力を入れるが、鎌倉幕府の干渉が強まると1298年、後伏見天皇に譲位して院政を執り行った。
- During his reign he tried to control the court nobles in order to abolish the politics; and after the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) started getting involved in politics, he passed the throne to Emperor Gofushimi in 1298 and started ruling the cloister government.
- 川崎造船所に巨額の融資を行っていた兄の松方巌が頭取を務める十五銀行も破綻し川崎正蔵が築き上げた川崎財閥を崩壊へと追いやった。
- Furthermore, Jugo bank, whose president was Matsukata's older brother Iwao MATSUKATA, also went bankrupt as it had made huge loans to Kawasaki Dockyard, resulting in the collapse of Kawasaki Zaibatsu, which Shozo KAWASAKI had built.
- 軍事的理由以外にも、日露戦争後は、主要産業を独占化しつつあった財閥が、物流の大動脈である鉄道の意義を高く評価するようになった。
- Besides military reasons, Zaibatsu that were monopolizing the key industries after Russo-Japanese War came to think highly of the significance of railways.
- しかし、淀殿不行跡の史料的根拠である「萩藩閥閲録」において、その風聞があったのは秀吉の死後で、かつ相手も大野治長と記載がある。
- However, in 'Hagihan-batsuetsuroku (History Book of the Hagi Domain),' which was the basis for portraying Yodo-dono's bad behavior, her rumored affair was mentioned as having occurred after Hideyoshi's death, and that her lover was Harunaga Ono.
- 彼は前大統領ウィリアム・H・タフト、モルガン財閥の大番頭ラモンドら政財界の大物らを前に、世界最大の富強を誇るアメリカを称えた。
- He made a speech in front of the influential people of the political and business world, including the former President William H. TAFT, and ラモンド, the great general manager of the plutocrat of Morgan; praised the United States that boasted of its largest economy in the world.
- 当時の明治政府では、朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論などで対立があり、樺山資紀や鹿児島県参事の大山綱良ら薩摩藩藩閥は台湾出兵を建言していた。
- At that time, the Meiji Government was divided over ideas such as Seikanron, a proposal to subjugate Korea, in which Satsuma domain clique including Sukenori KABAYAMA and Kagoshima Prefectural councilor Tsunayoshi OYAMA were suggesting that Japan dispatch troops to Taiwan.
- なお、経営政策の面では、理研コンツェルンを除いて既存の財閥同様に同族運営がなされており、その点で「新興財閥」という言い方もある。
- Regarding the management policy, the emerging zaibatsu in the Showa period (except for the RIKEN conglomerate) were run by families or their kinships, like the existing zaibatsu, and in that sense they can be called 'emerging zaibatsu.'
- このため、京阪神や他の地域の企業が統合されて東京に本社を置くことになったり、京阪神から東京へ企業や財閥・資本家の移動が相次いだ。
- For this reason, companies in Keihanshin and other areas were integrated and forced to place their headquarters in Tokyo, and companies, zaibatsu conglomerates and capitalists moved from Keihanshin to Tokyo one after another.
- だが、熊野参詣に出ていた平清盛が政権掌握後信頼と険悪になった二条天皇派閥と手を結び、上皇と天皇を脱出させて自陣営に迎えてしまう。
- However, TAIRA no Kiyomori, who was visiting shrines in Kumano, formed an alliance by gaining the trust of Emperor Nijo's clique after political power was snatched away, and the Retired Emperor and Emperor escaped to his own camp.
- 藩主に忠実に仕えて将軍家と対抗しようとしたり、逆にいたずらに藩主と対抗したり、藩内で派閥抗争を繰り広げる人物もあったようである。
- It appears that some Tsukegaro served faithfully to the lord and confronted the shogun family, and others confronted the lord unnecessarily or engaged in factional strife in the domain.
- が、戦後になって財閥解体などの影響により戦前とは一転して経済的に困窮する事態となり、コレクションのほとんどを手放すことになった。
- But after World War II, he sank into dire poverty and had to relinquish most of his collection when his financial circumstances changed drastically due to the dissolution of the big financial combines and other reasons.
- 当時明治政府を牛耳っていた薩長閥に対し、土佐出身者が挽回を図るべく、土佐出身の維新の功労者として、坂本龍馬を持ち上げたのである。
- They praised Tosa-native Ryoma as a person of merit who realized the Meiji Restoration to regain Tosa-native's power against the Satsuma-Choshu clique who dominated then Meiji Government.
- これは、軍部を権力の淵源としていた藩閥勢力が、当時力を付けて来た議会・政党勢力の軍事費削減攻勢に対する処置として執ったものである。
- This action was taken by the domain cliques whose authority originated in the military, to go against the cut-back of military expenditures of the assembly and the political party which then had power.
- さらに陸軍(山県閥)による非立憲的な倒閣の策動や藩閥政治家の再出馬に憤る声が広汎に広がって、憲政擁護運動(護憲運動)がはじまった。
- Moreover, the people's indignation over the unconstitutional politics of the Japanese Army (by Aritomo YAMAGATA's faction) to overthrow the Cabinet and the repeated running for election of the domain-based politicians triggered the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism (the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution).
- 江戸時代の大名家では、藩主やその一族、家老などの一団の領袖となりうる立場の人間が派閥を作りあげて内紛を繰り広げた例が数多くあった。
- Many of the households of powerful feudal lords of the Edo Period had instances of internal conflicts among factions formed by the lord, his family members, senior household advisors and others who likely to become a group head.
- 法的な規定は無かったが、大日本帝国憲法の下で首相を決定することができる権限を持っていた人物たちで、いわゆる藩閥政治を形成していた。
- Although there was no legal provisions to stipulate it, these nine people had the authority to name a Prime Minister in accordance with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and they had developed the so-called Han-batsu Seiji (government dominated by cliques from the major han).
- むしろ政府系候補者の一本化や、三井家・住友家など財閥、美術調査で面識を得た本願寺への働きかけ、資金の効率的な運用などに力を注いだ。
- Instead, he focused his energy to unify the government-affiliated candidates; to ask for support from Zaibatsu (company syndicates) including the Mitsui family and the Sumitomo family as well as from Hongan-ji Temple which he had gotten to know during the art investigation; and to manage the budget effectively.
- 国粋主義、農本主義的立場から、薩長藩閥とも板垣退助ら自由民権運動とも異なる保守的な中正主義で、土佐派の重鎮として重きをなしていた。
- From the standpoints of nationalism and agricultural fundamentalism, he took a conservative moderate policy that was different from the Satsuma-Choshu domain clique and the Freedom and People's Rights Movement led by Taisuke ITAGAKI, and he was thought highly as a leading figure of the Tosa School.
- が、藩閥主導の政治を変えるためには土佐の保守派と自由民権派が手を携えるべきであると考えて両者の提携に尽力したが、志半ばで病死した。
- However, he thought that conservatives in Tosa and advocates of Freedom and Popular Rights needed to joined together to change politics led by domain cliques and made efforts for alliance between the both parties, but he died of illness without fulfilling his life ambition.
- 志賀直哉の祖父・直道は、旧相馬中村藩主相馬氏の家令を勤め、古河財閥創始者古河市兵衛と共に足尾銅山の開発をし、相馬事件にも係わった。
- Naoya SHIGA's grandfather, Naomichi SHIGA, served as a butler of the Soma Clan, the lord of the former Soma- Nakamura Domain; he developed Ashio Copper Mine together with Ichibe FURUKAWA, the founder of Furukawa Zaibatsu, and was involved in the Soma Incident.
- 明治時代以後、財閥の確立とともに本家を中心とした一族及び幹部による経営体制を維持するために家憲・家訓が制定されたことが知られている。
- In the Meiji period and later, along with the formation of several zaibatsu (company syndicates), kaken and kakun were known to be established in order to maintain the management mainly by the head family, including family members and executive officers.
- その後、城下士出身者の多くは郷里・鹿児島を離れ、藩閥の力で中央官吏や軍人として立身を目指し、一方の郷士出身者は警察で派閥を形成した。
- Afterwards, many jokashi (outside castle samurai) departed Kagoshima/home towns and leveraged clan links in pursuit of careers as central-government bureaucrats or in the military whereas those of goshi origin formed cliques within the police.
- 井上の鉄道国有論に対抗して鉄道民営論を唱えたのは、渋沢栄一や田口卯吉、中上川彦次郎、三井財閥や三菱財閥などの財界の有力者たちであった。
- Against Inoue's theory of nationalization of railway, the powerful businessmen in Mitsui and Mitsubishi-zaibatsu (company syndicate) including Eichi SHIBUSAWA, Ukichi TAGUCHI, and Hikojiro NAKAMIGAWA advocated the theory of railway management by private sectors.
- 永島は明治、大正、昭和初期の戦中・戦後の時代に、三井財閥が世界各国から草花を集めて造った三井農園(戸越農園)、現在の第一園芸に務めた。
- He worked in Mitsui Noen Farm (Togoshi Farm), present Dai-ichi Engei, that Mitsui-zaibatsu built with flowers and plants collected from all over the world during the Meiji, Taisho era and during and after the Worlld War II in the early Showa era.
- 加藤清正・福島正則などを中心とした豊臣政権内部の2つの派閥の一つで、石田三成・小西行長などの「文治派(文吏派とも)」と対比して呼ばれる。
- This was one of the two factions in the Toyotomi government with Kiyomasa KATO and Masanori FUKUSHIMA, etc. taking a leading part, and it is often mentioned in contrast with the Bunchi-ha (also called the Bunri-ha) which was led by Mitsunari ISHIDA, Yukinaga KONISHI and others.
- しかし明治時代が終わり、大正時代という新たな時代を迎えた国民は、このような藩閥による政治を批判し、憲法に基づく民主的な政治を望んでいた。
- As the Meiji Period came to a close and the new Taisho Period began, the Japanese people came to have a strong desire for a more democratic government based on the constitutionalism and became critical of the Han-batsu Seiji.
- 1946年、今井の戦後第1回作品で戦時中の財閥の腐敗を描いた『民衆の敵 (1946年の映画)』で第1回毎日映画コンクールの監督賞を受賞。
- In 1946, he won the Best Director Award at the first Mainichi Film Awards for his first postwar movie 'Minshu no teki' (An Enemy of the People) which portrayed the corruption of the zaibatsu (family-controlled conglomerates) during the war.
- 土佐閥は武市瑞山、坂本龍馬、中岡慎太郎といった有能な人材が維新まで生き残れず、板垣が土佐閥の代表たる政治家として明治政府の中枢に入った。
- While many outstanding people from the Tosa Domain like Zuizan TAKECHI, Ryoma SAKAMOTO, and Shintaro NAKAOKA could not survive into the Restoration, Itagaki entered the center of the Meiji Government as a politician representing the Tosa Domain.
- 更に平安時代末期には、官司請負制の導入や官吏(官僚)が門閥で占められるようになって(貴族による蔭位の制の濫用)その機能を果たさなくなった。
- Furthermore, in the late Heian period, Daigaku-ryo became unable to function because the Kanshi Ukeoi system (the system that allows the succession of governmental posts by heredity) was introduced, and government positions were monopolized by people from distinguished families (because the nobility abused the Oni system, through which descendents of higher rank officials were given preference when assuming a post).
- この中で明治維新を内外の危機的状況で国民の活力が発揮された「乱世的革命」と位置づけて王政復古史観や佐幕・勤皇・藩閥論に対して強く批判した。
- In this book he fiercely criticized the theories valuing the restoration of imperial rule, as well as, the supporters of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the pro-imperial, and the domain clique, positioning the Meiji Restoration as 'the revolution in a revolutionary time,' and in this revolution the citizens themselves demonstrated their vitality, facing at the critical situations within and outside of the country.
- 陸奥宗光が、藩閥打倒、議会制民主主義の未達成を嘆きつつ死んだ時、西園寺公望は以下のとおり言って、周囲の見る目も痛わしいほど落胆したという。
- When Munemitsu MUTSU died while regretting over the failure to overthrow domain cliques and to accomplish parliamentary democracy, Kinmochi SAIONJI, who was said to have became so downhearted that those who saw him felt sorry, said as follows.
- 肥後国熊本藩出身で薩摩藩・長州藩の藩閥と微妙な距離を保ちながらも、東北地方・北海道地方の開発と近代化、草の根からの人材発掘に生涯を捧げる。
- He was born in Kumamoto Domain, Higo Province, and although he kept a delicate distance from the domain clique constituted by the domains of Satsuma and Choshu, he dedicated all of his life to developing and modernizing the regions of Tohoku and Hokkaido and finding out the capable persons from the ordinary people.
- また、他の財閥当主が軒並み男爵どまりなのに対し、渋沢一人は子爵を授かっているのも、そうした公共への奉仕が早くから評価されていたためである。
- While other heads of the Zaibatsu ended up as baron, only SHIBUSAWA was conferred viscount because these services to the public were valued early on.
- 斉興の後継の地位をめぐって、斉彬と忠教の兄弟をそれぞれ擁立する派閥による御家騒動(お由羅騒動)が発生したことで、江戸幕府の介入を招来した。
- Concerning the position of successor to Narioki, Oyura-sodo (family troubles over Narioki SHIMAZU's heir) occurred between the two parties supporting Nariakira or Tadanori, which invited an intervention of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 江戸時代も年代が経つにつれて、一代家老が登用される例が微増して行き一代家老に対して、家老連綿の家柄である門閥出身の家老を、永代家老と呼んだ。
- Over the years in the Edo period, the examples of an Ichidai-garo officer being appointed increased little by little, and in contrast to these Ichidai-garo officers, the Karo officers from families that had produced a Karo officer for generations were called Eidai-garo (permanent Karo).
- 特に家宣死後、幼少の徳川家継が将軍職を継ぐにあたり、門閥層や反甲府派の幕閣の抵抗がいよいよ強まり、政治改革が中々進まなかったのが実情である。
- Thus, particularly after the death of Ienobu--succeeded as Shogun by Ietsugu TOKUGAWA, who was still a young child at the time--families of high pedigree and shogunal officials in the anti-Akifusa camp steadily increased their resistance to his policies, thereby preventing Akifusa from making any real progress with his political reforms.
- それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと。
- Contradicting to the fact above in some points, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface.
- 帝国議会開設当初は、超然主義を唱える藩閥政府と衆議院に依拠する政党勢力が鋭く対立衝突したが、天皇はしばしば詔勅を発し、調停者的機能を発揮した。
- In the beginning of the opening of the Imperial Diet, there was often conflict between the Han-dominated government who support the detached policy, and the government force who was based on the House of Representatives, the Emperor sometimes issued an order and worked as an arbitrator.
- 古河財閥からの校舎建設資金は、東北帝大分が、農科大学135,519円、理科大学244,170円、九州帝大分が工科大学608,050円であった。
- The fund for construction of buildings from Furukawa zaibatsu was as follows: 135,519 yen for the College of Agriculture, Tohoku Imperial University, 244,170 yen for College of Science, Tohoku Imperial University, and 608,050 yen for College of Engineering, Kyushu Imperial University.
- 3.私たちの父祖で、しかも賢者と言われる人たちは、ピストイアを保持するには派閥闘争が要るが、ピサを保持するには要塞が要る、と言うのが常でした。
- 3. Our forefathers, and those who were reckoned wise, were accustomed to say that it was necessary to hold Pistoia by factions and Pisa by fortresses;
- 明治31年(1898年)6月に板垣退助らと憲政党を結成し、同年6月30日に藩閥以外からでは初の内閣総理大臣を拝命、日本初の政党内閣を組閣した。
- He formed the Constitutional Political Party with Taisuke ITAGAKI and others in June 1898, received an official appointment as the first Prime Minister from an out-of-domain faction, then formed the first political party Cabinet in Japan.
- 四男・昌作は数え2歳で三菱財閥の創業者・岩崎弥太郎の養子となると同時に岩崎 豊弥(いわさき とよや)と改名、実兄の誠之助同様実業界で活動した。
- The fourth son Shosaku was adopted as a son of Yataro IWASAKI, the founder of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu at one year old, and was renamed Toyoya IWASAKI; he took active part in the business world as his real brother Seinosuke did.
- この論争の意義については、かつては学問的な論争と考えられていたが、実際には言いがかり的な論争も多く、中心は政治的・派閥的な争いとする見方も強い。
- The significance of the disputes was once regarded as an academic one; however, in fact, there were so many arguments just for objection that many people take the disputes mainly as political and sectional conflicts.
- 一君万民論は藩閥体制打倒とデモクラシー導入の大義として掲げられ、身分的特権のみならず財閥などの経済的権力に対抗するイデオロギーとしても機能した。
- The Ikkunbanmin-ron theory was used as a great cause of toppling the domain clique system and introducing democracy, and it functioned as an ideology to oppose not only to the inherited privileges but also to the powerful wealthy class, most notably Zaibatsu (industrial and financial conglomerates).
- 門閥外から幹部俳優にまで出世するだけに努力もしたがその反面気性も強く、しばしば一座した俳優と衝突を繰り返したり役柄が気に入らないと休んだりした。
- From outside the distinguished pedigree, he gained a successful career and became a top actor so, he made a lot of effort, but at the same time he was in conflict with other actors many times and he didn't show up when he didn't like the part.
- 詮房は、将軍家宣・儒学者新井白石とのトロイカ体制で、門閥の譜代大名や将軍に対して強い影響力を有する大奥などの勢力をさばき、「正徳の治」を断行した。
- Akifusa joined forces with Hakuseki ARAI, a Confucian scholar, and Shogun Ienobu in a triumvirate, working to carry out policies (in what became known as the 'Shotoku Suppression') to reduce the power of the Fudai daimyo (hereditary close vassals of the Shogun) of the best lineages as well as curtail the tremendous influence the Shogun's group of consorts (known as the 'Ooku') wielded over the Shogun.
- そのため息子である諭吉は後に「門閥制度は親の敵(かたき)で御座る」(『福翁自伝』)とすら述べており、自身も封建制には疑問を感じていたと述べている。
- Later, Yukichi, as a son, even stated 'the status system of feudal society is my father's enemy' ('Fukuo jiden') and also confessed that he himself, looking at his father, had been doubtful about the feudal system.
- 1888年7月下旬、井上は農商務大臣としての入閣を要請してきた黒田清隆に対して手紙を送り、薩長藩閥による政治の支配を永続させることは不可能であり、
- INOUE sent a letter at the end of July in 1888, to Kiyotaka KURODA, who asked him to join the cabinet as the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, and proposed therein that it would be impossible to perpetuate the political rule by the Satsuma-Choshu domain clique.
- この際に、大隈や福澤諭吉が藩閥政府に代わる内閣を組織しようとしていたとの疑惑から、福澤の影響が強い慶應義塾出身の官僚が多数官を辞することになった。
- On this occasion, due to the suspicion that Okuma and Yukichi FUKUZAWA were trying to set up a new cabinet to replace the han-dominated government, many government officials who graduated from Keio Gijuku and were greatly influenced by Fukuzawa left their positions.
- 1874年の民撰議院設立建白書以降、藩閥政府による政治に対して、議会の開設、地租の軽減、不平等条約の改正、言論と集会の自由の保障などの要求を掲げた。
- The movement began when a petition for the establishment of an elected national assembly was filed in 1874 calling for a Diet, the land-tax reductions, the revision of the unequal treaties, and freedom of speech and assembly in opposition to the han clique-dominated government.
- また流通分野では、郵便制度・電信網の整備、鉄道および船舶運輸(民間の三菱財閥と国策会社の共同運輸会社の競合を経て日本郵船会社)などの整備が行われた。
- The postal system, the telegraph network, and transportation by railway and ship were consolidated as one distribution system (Nippon Yusen Company was established after the competition between the Mitsubishi Combine, the private sector, and the Kyodo Unyu Company, the national policy concern).
- 藩閥は議会政治に対する抵抗勢力であり、民本主義もしくは一君万民論的な理想論とは相容れない情実的システムであるため、当時から批判的に取り扱われてきた。
- Domain clique has been treated critically since then because it is the resistance forces against parliamentary government and is also the preferential system that conflicts with democracy or an idealism such as ikkunbanmin-ron (the theory where constitutional authority was given only to one ruler and any discrimination and distinction of social status were generally not allowed among others).
- ただし、既成財閥に較べて有力な金融機関や持株会社を持たず、新興コンツェルンに較べて技術力や事業の連関性が劣っていたため、いずれも中小規模に留まった。
- However, because the financial institutes and holding companies of these zaibatsu were relatively less effective than those of the existing zaibatsu, and because the technical strength and the linkages of their businesses were inferior to those of the emerging zaibatsu, these zaibatsu remained small or moderate in size.
- ところで、文政年間より但馬国出石藩の仙石氏では当主の家督相続問題や藩政の運営をめぐって仙石左京と仙石造酒の両家老が派閥をなして対立がくすぶっていた。
- On the other hand, from the Bunsei era, there was a conflict within the Sengoku clan in the Izushi Domain of the Tajima Province, especially between the factions of the two chief retainers Sakyo SENGOKU and Miki SENGOKU over the issue concerning the family succession and the rule of the domain.
- 芳賀によると、公家社会、門閥社会の中で生まれ育った実隆は、身分制度を絶対視する思想に染まっており、下克上の現象をとうてい理解しうるものではなかった。
- According to Haga, Sanetaka, who was brought up in a society of court nobles and distinguished families, got affected by the idea of seeing a class system as more important than anything else, and couldn't understand revolts of vassals against their lords at all.
- パレスチナ解放人民戦線の派閥によって1979年に形成されるが、重要なメンバーがアル・ファタハの派閥に加わるために去った1980年代に解散したテロ集団
- a terrorist organization formed in 1979 by a faction of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine but disbanded in the 1980s when key members left to join a faction of al-Fatah
- また、小作を続けられないほど困窮した者は都市に流入し、官営企業の払い下げで発生した財閥が経営する工場で低賃金労働をさせられ、都市部の貧困層が拡大した。
- The persons who became too poor to continue working as tenant farmers flew into urban areas and were forced to work at low wages in the factories operated by the Zaibatsu (financial cliques or groups, or company syndicates), which were developed from former government-owned companies transferred to private ownership, increasing the number of persons in the poor class in urban areas.
- これらの条項は辛亥革命以後も北洋政府・奉天軍閥などに継承されたが、満洲某重大事件後に奉天軍閥を継いだ張学良が同条約を否認して併行鉄道の建設を推進した。
- Although these protocols had remained in force even after the Xinhai Revolution, with the Beiyang government and the Mukden military clique in power, Chang Hsueh-liang, who succeeded in the Mukden military clique after 'the Manchuria incident' (assassination of Zhang Zuolin, the Manchurian warlord, by the Japanese Army), ignored the treaty obligations and promoted the construction of railroads parallel to the South Manchuria Railway.
- しかし義演が義介を非難する際に懐奘から道元禅と日本達磨宗の法統を重複して嗣法している点を挙げていることから、根底には両派の派閥対立の性格が認められる。
- However, since Gien pointed out that Gikai had redundantly transformed shiho (to inherit the dharma from a priest master) from Ejo into the Zen of Dogen and the teaching of the Nihon Daruma sect when he was criticizing Gikai, fundamentally the characteristic as a conflict between the two groups can be seen.
- なぜなら、こうした枢機卿はローマの内外でその派閥を助長し、貴族は彼らを支援せざるをえず、こうして高位聖職者の野心から貴族間の不和と騒乱が生じたのです。
- because cardinals foster the factions in Rome and out of it, and the barons are compelled to support them, and thus from the ambitions of prelates arise disorders and tumults among the barons.
- しかし、藩閥に属せないため得意分野を確立したい九鬼と、寺社などを相手に研究を進めるため権力の支援を必要とする天心の間では利害関係が完全に一致していた。
- However, their interests coincided: Kuki, who could not belong to any domain clique, wanted to establish his area of specialty and Tenshin needed someone with authority to conduct his research with temples.
- 頼之の施政は、政敵である斯波氏や山名氏との派閥抗争、義詮正室の渋川幸子や寺院勢力介入、南朝の反抗などで難航し、また今川貞世の九州制圧も長期化していた。
- Yoriyuki's administration was bogged down due to power struggles with factions such as the Shiba clan and the Yamana clan, the interference of Yoshiakira's wife Koshi SHIBUKAWA and the temple factions, and the resistance of the Southern Court, and, to add to his problems, there there was no end in sight to the campaign to subdue Kyushu led by Sadayo IMAGAWA.
- 財閥家族の企業支配力を分散し、人的関係の切断がはかられたのが、財閥家族の指定であり、そして昭和22年11月に成立した「財閥同族支配力排除法」であった。
- In November 1947, in an effort to disperse the power to control business by the Zaibatsu family and to break up the human relationships, the Zaibatsu family was designated and 'zaibatsu douzoku shihairyoku haijo hou '48 [Law for the Termination of Zaibatsu Family Control] was established.
- だが、これを政権復帰の好機と見た桂・「桂園時代」により政権から遠ざかっていた薩摩閥両者の思惑が上原を強硬な態度へ導いたことで大きな問題となったのである。
- However, Katsura, who regarded the situation as an opportunity for him to return to the government, and the Satsuma clique, which had been swept away from power during the Kei-En era, set out to take advantage of this situation and obliged Uehara (the minister of army) to take the hard line, provoking serious repercussions.
- やがて西郷隆盛の下野と西南戦争での死、紀尾井坂の変での大久保利通の暗殺によって薩摩閥は勢いを失い、実質的に伊藤博文や山縣有朋ら長州閥の一人勝ちとなった。
- Then Satsuma clique lost its momentum after Takamori SAIGO went into opposition and died in Seinan War and Toshimichi OKUBO was assassinated in Kioizaka Incident, so Choshu clique including Hirobumi ITO and Aritomo YAMAGATA virtually reigned supreme.
- 日本においても大日本帝国憲法下では天皇家の皇位始め(万世一系)、身分(華族・士族・平民)の世襲が定められており、これを打破するには閨閥を繋ぐ他なかった。
- In Japan, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan stipulated the heredity of the Imperial throne of the Imperial family (unbroken line), and the heredity of a person's social status such as member of the peerage, warrior class or commoner; the only way to overcome this system of differentiation was through marriage and claiming a connection by blood line.
- その見方を世間に定着させることになったのは、この事件の直後から主として藩閥政治に批判的で自由民権運動に共感する講談師たちが語り始めた伝三郎の伝記だった。
- This view was established by Kodan-shi (professional storytellers) who, critical of the clan-dominated political system and empathizing with the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, started telling Denzaburo's biography right after the case.
- その不在中に住友総本店幹部の間に、三井財閥、三菱財閥の隆盛に圧倒されていた状況もあって、住友も時流に乗って商事貿易に進出すべきであるとの意見が強まった。
- During his absence, in the head office of Sumitomo, some executives began to insist that Sumitomo should start a trading business to keep up with the times, partly because they felt overwhelmed by the prosperities of the other conglomerates including the Mitsui-zaibatsu and the Mitsubishi-zaibatsu.
- 大日本帝国憲法の解釈は、当初、東京大学教授・穂積八束らによる天皇主権説が支配的で、藩閥官僚による専制的な支配構造(いわゆる超然主義)を理論の面から支えた。
- For the interpretation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the imperial sovereignty theory suggested by Yatsuka HOZUMI, a professor of the University of Tokyo, was dominating and theoretically supported the autocratic ruling structure (what is called the doctrine of superiority) by domain clique bureaucrat.
- この公卿を中心とした旧華族と、三井総領家である、北家、永坂町家、室町家、南家、新町家と実に三井十一家のうち、総領家を含む三井の五家との閨閥の拡がりがある。
- The Sumitomo Family has extensive connections by marriage with former nobles, particularly with the above-mentioned court noble families, as well as with five of the eleven Mitsui families (including the Mitsui Soryo-ke family and the heir); namely, the Hokke, Nagasakacho, Muromachi, Minami, and Shinmachi families.
- また、呉錦堂財閥や小曽根財閥のように中心的な生産事業を保有せず、統轄司令部としての持ち株会社が、様々な企業に投資することで財閥を形成する多角的投資財閥がある。
- However, there is also the diversified investment zaibatsu, such as Gokindo Zaibatsu and Ozone Zaibatsu, which doesn't have a core production business but is instead a holding company as the controlling headquarters, which invests in various enterprises to form a zaibatsu.
- 逆に、既成財閥に較べて金融部門が弱いため、第二次世界大戦中には経済統制と既成財閥系の銀行団によって侵食されて、財閥解体前に実態を失ったコンツェルンも多かった。
- Conversely, many other Konzerns lost their status during World War II, before the dissolution of Zaibatsu, because they had eroded due to their weaker financial sector compared to that of the existing zaibatsu, by economic control and a syndicate of banks that had already been zaibatsu.
- しかし、日露戦争後の国際状況の安定と政党政治の成熟により藩閥と軍部の影響力は衰え、1913年(大正2年)には軍部大臣の補任資格を「現役」に限る制度が改められた。
- However, due to the global stabilization and maturity of the party government after the Russo-Japanese War, the domain cliques and the military lost their influence and the system was revised to regulate the military minister's appointing authority to only 'active-duty' in 1913.
- 一方、その中で山口県(旧長州藩)だけは逆にかつての「宿敵」である旧幕臣出身の県令を派遣して成功を収め、その後の地方行政における藩閥の発言力を確固たるものとした。
- By contrast, kenrei who used to be a retainer of bakufu, a former 'enemy 'of the Choshu domain, was dispatched to Yamaguchi Prefecture (former Choshu domain), and contributed to strengthening the influence of hanbatsu (domain clique) in local administration.
- つまり、最終的な試験官が皇帝ということになれば、座主は皇帝であるから、官僚中の派閥とは無関係に、皇帝と個々の科挙官僚との間に師弟の関係ができるという論理である。
- The theory was that if the ultimate examiner was the Emperor, zasu being the Emperor, the Emperor and each Kakyo bureaucrat already had the teacher-student relationship, irrelevant of bureaucratic parties.
- 政治(選挙区の世襲、または派閥継承)や暴力団(跡目継承)でも行われていることはほとんど上記のとおりであるものの、フルネームの個人名(名跡)を継承することはない。
- As noted above, inheriting names is also practiced in the political world (ie. hereditary transfer of constituency, or succeeding generations within political family) as well as amongst organized crime gang groups (succession to the gang name by an heir), but in such cases an individual name (Myoseki) is not inherited in its full-name form..
- 北浜銀行に関係のある人々が急遽集められ対策を講じることとなったが、最初に支援を要請した藤田財閥の藤田男爵は先代の遺言により銀行と深い関わりを持つことを断られる。
- Amongst the chaos of those associated with Kitahama Bank, the first request for financial aid to Fujita Zaibatsu was rejected by Baron FUJITA because of his father's will stating his desire for them not to get too deeply involved with the bank.
- その後、教皇ユリウスが現われましたが、教会は強力になって、ロマーニャ全域を所有しており、ローマの貴族は無力化し、アレクサンデルの厳罰で派閥は一掃されていました。
- Pope Julius came afterwards and found the Church strong, possessing all the Romagna, the barons of Rome reduced to impotence, and, through the chastisements Alexander, the factions wiped out;
- Pope Julius came afterwards and found the Church strong, possessing all the Romagna, the barons of Rome reduced to impotence, and, through the chastisements of Alexander, the factions wiped out;
- 日本では第二次世界大戦前に三井財閥・三菱財閥・住友財閥・安田財閥などの財閥があったが、敗戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により分散させられた(財閥解体)。
- In Japan, there were several zaibatsu prior to World War II, including Mitsui Zaibatsu, Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, Sumitomo Zaibatsu and Yasuda Zaibatsu, but after the war they were dismantled by the order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) (i.e., the dissolution of Zaibatsu).
- このような保護政策の下、日本の財閥も台湾糖業への投資を行い製糖が次々に設立され、台湾の伝統的な糖業は大きな打撃を受け、また甘蔗農家の収入が抑圧される事態が続いた。
- Under these protection policies, the Japanese Zaibatsu (company syndicate) began investing in the sugar manufacturing industry and setting up sugar manufacturing factories, which situation was a blow to the traditional sugar manufacturing in Taiwan and suppressed the income of the sugarcane farmers.
- 張保皐は790年頃に新羅南部の海岸地帯に生まれ、810年中国の山東半島に渡り、その地の軍閥勢力であった徐州武寧軍に入って、高句麗人出身の北方軍閥・李正已と戦った。
- Bogo JANG was born in a coastal region of southern Silla in around 790AC, moved to the Shandong Peninsula of China in 810 to join the local military power the Muryeong Army of Xunzhou Province, and fought against a northern military group member Jeong-gi YI who was from Goguryeo (Kingdom of Korea).
- 三菱財閥の総帥・岩崎弥之助と医師・長與稱吉は象二郎の娘婿であり、三菱の岩崎小弥太と旭硝子の創業者・岩崎俊弥、鉄道ファンのパイオニア・岩崎輝弥は象二郎の孫にあたる。
- While the top of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu (financial clique), Yanosuke IWASAKI and a doctor, Shokichi NAGAYO were Shojiro's adopted son-in-law, Koyata IWASAKI of Mitsubishi, Toshiya IWASAKI, a founder of Asahi Glass company and Teruya IWASAKI, a pioneer of railway enthusiasts were Shojiro's grandchildren.
- これらの軍隊内の藩閥勢力は、要職者に陸軍大学校や海軍兵学校 (日本)卒業者が就任するようになると学校時代の成績が重要視されるようになったため、徐々に減少していった。
- When graduates of the Army War College and Naval Academy (Japan) assumed important posts, these forces of domain clique within the military shrank gradually because the performance of their school days was valued.
- 日露戦争による好況(1904-05年)によって財を成した古河財閥は、一方で足尾銅山の鉱毒による公害問題を抱えており、公のために寄付をすることで世論の沈静化を願った。
- Furukawa zaibatsu that built a fortune due to the booming (1904 to 1905) resulted from Japanese-Russo War had pollution problems caused by the Ashio Copper Mine Mineral Pollution and conciliated public opinion by donation to the public.
- そのような状況下で、消極論者の右大臣岩倉具視を擁しながら、漸進的な伊藤博文・井上馨(長州閥)とやや急進的な大隈重信(参議・大蔵卿・肥前藩出身)を中心に運営されていた。
- Under the condition, the dispute regarding introduction of constitutional government system was led by Tomomi IWAKURA, Minister of the Right, who was in a passive attitude, Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, who aimed gradual introduction (Choshu clique), and Shigenobu OKUMA (Sangi, Okura-kyo [Minister of the Treasury], from Hizen Domain), who aimed earlier introduction.
- 財閥解体には繋がらなかった場合も多く、存続企業としては松坂屋、旧東海銀行(→UFJ銀行→現三菱東京UFJ銀行)(ともに伊藤財閥)、キッコーマン(茂木財閥)などがある。
- There were many cases in which zaibatsu didn't get dismantled but instead remained as surviving companies, such as Matsuzakaya Co., Ltd., the old Tokai Bank, Ltd. (UFJ Bank Limited -> now Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd.) (both of which used to be Ito Zaibatsu) and Kikkoman Corporation (Mogi Zaibatsu).
- 御年寄にして月光院の腹心であった絵島が大奥の門限に遅れた江島生島事件では老中や譜代門閥層と結託して月光院と側用人・間部詮房と新井白石らの権威失墜を謀ったとされている。
- At the Incident of Ejima Ikushima when Ejima, who was Otoshiyori (a lady who controled the servants in O-oku) and a trusted retainer of Gekkoin, delayed the curfew of O-oku, she is considered to have ploted the derogation of Gekkoin, sobayonin (lord chamberlain) Akifusa MANABE and Hakuseki ARAI together with roju (member of shogun's council of elders) and fudai (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) class.
- 19日の歌舞伎座での憲政擁護第1回大会では、政友会、国民党の代議士や新聞記者のほか実業家や学生も参加し、約3,000の聴衆を集めて「閥族打破、憲政擁護」を決議している。
- In the first rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism held at Kabuki-za Theater on December 19, many people took part, such as the Diet members of the Seiyukai and the Rikken Kokuminto (Constitutional National Party, hereinafter referred to the Kokuminto), journalists, businessmen, students and about 3,000 audiences, and they adopted a resolution that 'cliques should be overthrown and that constitutionalism should be defended.'
- 更に大学寮の教官の間でも学説のみならず学生の立身を巡って一種の学閥が形成されるようになり、その中でも紀伝道では菅原氏と大江氏、それ以外の諸氏の間で激しい争いが行われた。
- Furthermore, a kind of academic cliques were formed among Daigaku-ryo's professors, who disputed over not only theories but also students' success in life, particularly in the Kidendo department, where fierce conflicts among the Sugawara clan, the Oe clan, and other clans took place.
- 西園寺の実弟末弘威麿が学園幹事に就任、同じく実弟の住友財閥当主住友友純が大口の寄付を行うなど、西園寺は自分の持つ政治力、人脈用いて京都法政学校(立命館大学)に協力した。
- Saionji used his political power and network to contribute to Kyoto Hosei School, an evening law school (Ritsumeikan University), including Saionji's biological younger brother, Takemaro SUEHIRO, who became the executive officer of the school, and another biological younger brother, Tomoito SUMITOMO, head of Sumitomo Zaibatsu, who donated large sums to the school.
- いわゆる藩閥出身者が殆どを占め、長州藩・薩摩藩出身者が各4名ずつ入閣させる(ただし、薩摩閥の中核と見られていた黒田清隆は当初入閣せず)などのバランス重視型の布陣となった。
- Organized with an emphasis on balanced assignment, the cabinet consisted mainly of people from domain cliques, with 4 people from the Choshu Domain and four from the Satsuma Domain being inducted into the cabinet (however, Kiyotaka KURODA, who was thought to be the central figure of the Satsuma clique, did not get a place in the Cabinet at that time).
- ローマの貴族はオルシーニ派とコロンナ派という二つの派閥に分れ、たえず騒乱の口実を設けては、教皇の面前で武器を携えて競いあい、教皇の地位を弱体化させ、無力化してきたのです。
- who, being divided into two factions, Orsini and Colonna, had always a pretext for disorder, and, standing with arms in their hands under the eyes of the Pontiff, kept the pontificate weak and powerless.
- who, being divided into two factions, Orsini and Colonnesi, had always a pretext for disorder, and, standing with arms in their hands under the eyes of the Pontiff, kept the pontificate weak and powerless.
- この間にも井上毅が伊藤の盟友・井上馨(当初は将来的な議院内閣制導入を唱えていた)を自派に引き入れ、伊藤が薩摩藩藩閥と結んでまず憲法制定・議会開催時期の決定することを求めた。
- During this time, Kowashi INOUE convinced Kaoru INOUE, a sworn ally of Ito (Inoue thought of introduction of parliamentary Cabinet system in future), and asked Ito to cooperate with Satsuma domain clique and decide on establishment of a constitution and the time of opening a parliament.
- 伊藤博文は大日本帝国憲法の制定に専念するため総理を辞して初代枢密院議長に転じることになり、後任には藩閥の中心的存在のひとりで農商務大臣として閣内にあった黒田清隆を推奏した。
- Hirobumi ITO decided to step down from his position as Prime Minister and assume office as the first Chairman of the Privy Council in order to focus on the establishment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and nominated Kiyotaka KURODA who was one of the important figures of the domain and who had already been in the cabinet as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, as his successor.
- 明治末以来、藩閥勢力の代表で陸軍に近い桂太郎(長州藩出身)と立憲政友会の西園寺公望(公家出身)が「情意投合」のもと、交互に政権を担う慣例が続いていた(桂園時代と呼ばれる)。
- From the end of the Meiji period, in the Japanese government a conventional power rotation system was implemented under the agreement called 'Joi Togo' (the agreement to take power alternately) between Taro KATSURA (from the former Choshu Domain), who was closely related to the Japanese Army and a representative figure of the domain-based forces, and Kinmochi SAIONJI (from the former court noble), who belonged to the Rikken Seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO, hereinafter referred to Seiyukai) (called Kei-En era after the initial characters of their names).
- 彼の出世の背景にはこうした閨閥の力も無縁ではなかったが、その一方で自身の豊かな才覚によるところも大きく、様々な意味で同時代における第一級の宮廷人の一人と言える存在であった。
- Certainly the power of such an uxorial fraction also worked as the background for his promotion, but his own great resources played an important role and he was one of the top class courtiers at that time.
- なお、長男山中幸元(鴻池新六)は父の死後、武士を廃して摂津国川辺郡 (兵庫県)伊丹市で酒造業を始めて財をなし、のちに大阪に移住して江戸時代以降の豪商鴻池財閥の始祖となった。
- Yukimoto YAMANAKA (Shinroku KONOIKE), Yukimori's eldest son, abandoned samurai status after his father's death to enter into the sake brewing industry in Kawabe-gun in Settsu Province (Itami City in Hyogo Prefecture, as it is known today); thereafter, he moved to Osaka and founded the Konoike zaibatsu, and became a successful business magnate from the Edo period.
- なお、渋沢は財界引退後に「渋沢同族株式会社」を創設し、これを中心とする企業群が後に「渋沢財閥」と呼ばれたこともあって、他の実業家と何ら変わらないのではないかとの評価もある。
- SHIBUSAWA founded 'Shibuawa Dozoku Company' after he retired from the business world and companies centered around it were called 'Shibusawa syndicate,' and there are opinions that he was no different from other business man.
- 藩閥(はんばつ)は明治から大正にかけて、日本の政府と軍の要職を占めた旧・西南諸藩(薩摩藩・長州藩・土佐藩・肥前藩のいわゆる薩長土肥)出身者のグループに対する批判的呼称である。
- Hanbatsu (domain clique) is a critical designation for the group of people from the former domains in southwest Japan (the domains of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen; they were so-called, Sacchodohi), who occupied important posts in the Japanese government from the Meiji to the Taisho period.
- 財閥本社社長たる歴代吉左衛門の仕事は、究極的には財閥の事実上の最高権力者である住友本社(住友合資会社)総理事の信認に尽きるといってよく、個々の事業に口を差し挟む事はなかった。
- All the duties of the successive Kichizaemon as president of the zaibatsu (main company) are the repository of trust in the head of the directors of the main Sumitomo company (Sumitomo Limited Partnership Corporation); therefore, the successive Kichizaemon did not give any specific orders to the individual businesses.
- 明治政府官僚となってからも、その知識と探求心を遺憾なく発揮し、民衆から「明治最良の官僚」と謳われたほどであったが、藩閥の明治政府内においては肩身の狭い思いもしばしばであった。
- After becoming a bureaucrat in the Meiji government, he fully demonstrated his knowledge and spirit of inquiry and was known as 'the best bureaucrat in the Meiji period' by the people, but in the Meiji government with its clannish behavior, he was often timid.
- 以後は、陸軍・内務省・宮内省・枢密院などにまたがる「山県系官僚閥」を形成して、陸軍では桂太郎や寺内正毅、官僚では清浦奎吾や平田東助らの後ろ盾となって政治に関与するようになる。
- Eventually, he formed the 'The Yamagata Bureaucratic Faction' across the Army, Ministry of Inner Affairs, Imperial Household Ministry and Privy Council in order to facilitate his involvement in politics by becoming a supporter of Taro KATSURA and Masatake TERAUCHI in the Army as well as of government bureaucrats such as Keigo KIYOURA and Tosuke HIRATA.
- 後継首相の選定は、薩摩閥の推す松方正義が高齢を理由に辞退、同じく薩摩閥の山本権兵衛、山県閥の平田東助が政権運営の困難を理由に辞退したことで混迷し、大命は桂に降ることとなった。
- Selection of the successor to the prime minister was complicated due to the successive declines to assume the post; Masayoshi MATSUKATA, recommended by the Satsuma clique, declined it for his old age, and Gonbei YAMAMOTO of the Satsuma clique and Tosuke HIRATA of the Yamagata faction declined it for the anticipated difficulties to manage the administration, and in the end the Imperial command was issued to Katsura to form a Cabinet.
- 渋沢が三井八郎右衛門8代高福・岩崎弥太郎・安田善次郎・住友友純・古河市兵衛・大倉喜八郎などといった他の明治の財閥創始者と大きく異なる点は、「渋沢財閥」を作らなかったことにある。
- SHIBUSAWA did not form 'Shibusawa Zaibatsu' which was largely different from other zaibatsu (company syndicate) founders in the Meiji period such as eighth Hachiroemon MITSUI, Takayoshi, Yataro IWASAKI, Zenjiro YASUDA, Tomoito SUMITOMO, Ichibe KOGA and Kihachiro OKURA.
- 明治時代以降、一般に「薩の海軍、長の陸軍」というように海軍では山本権兵衛や東郷平八郎に代表される薩摩閥が、陸軍では山県有朋や桂太郎に代表される長州閥が勢力を握っていたとされる。
- After the Meiji Period, as is widely alleged like 'Satsuma'a Navy, Choshu's Army,' Satsuma clique gained the power within the Navy as marked by Gonbei YAMAMOTO and Heihachiro TOGO and Choshu clique gained the power within the Army as represented by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Taro KATSURA.
- 寿枝子の姉・小枝子は三菱財閥の創業者・岩崎弥太郎の孫に嫁ぎ、その娘・由利子(寿枝子の姪にあたる)は古生物学関連人物一覧で博士 (理学)の鎮西清高(京都大学名誉教授)に嫁いでいる。
- Sueko's elder sister, Saeko, married a grandchild of Yataro IWASAKI, the founder of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, and her daughter Yuriko (niece of Sueko) married Kiyotaka CHINZEI (professor emeritus at Kyoto University), who was included on a list of important figures as a doctor (science) of paleontology.
- 明治20年(1887年)、この頃の教会には規律や派閥対立が生まれ、また信を置いていたイビイ宣教師もカナダへ帰国していたために中央を離れ、塩山市に講義所を立て「田舎伝道」を始めた。
- In 1887, at this time, regulations were established, conflict between different fractions occurred, and Priest Eby, whom he trusted, returned to Canada, so Munizo left the central region and built the lecture hall at Shioyama City and started the 'Rural Missionary.'
- キャラウェイ家はどこか族閥みたいなところがあって、バックローチ公爵家の末席に連なるのだなどという言い伝えがあったりするのだけど、実際のところは、ぼくの祖父の兄が家系の始祖になる。
- The Carraways are something of a clan, and we have a tradition that we're descended from the Dukes of Buccleuch, but the actual founder of my line was my grandfather's brother,
- 明治30年(1897年)、前年まで外務大臣を務めた陸奥宗光が、山縣を中心とする藩閥の打倒と議会制民主主義の未達成を嘆きつつ死んだ時、西園寺は「陸奥もとうとう冥土に往ってしまった。
- When Munemitsu MUTSU (who had served as Minister of Foreign Affairs until the year before) died in 1897, Saionji said, 'even Mutsu finally went to the land of the dead,' lamenting the defeat of the Han clique headed by Yamagata and the failure to establish parliamentary democracy.
- 明治維新後は外国事務局御用係(1868年)、兵庫県知事(1869年)、神奈川県令(1871年)、地租改正局長(1872年)などを歴任するが、薩長藩閥政府の現状に憤激し、官を辞した。
- After the Meiji Restoration, he successively worked in positions such as goyogakari (the person in charge of the command from Imperial Household Ministry) in the foreign affairs office (1868), the governor of Hyogo Prefecture (1869), the prefectural governor of Kanagawa Prefecture (1871), the head of land-tax reform office (1872), but he resigned from his post as the result of having been furious about the current conditions of the government that was dominated by the Satsuma and Choshu clans.
- これは、当時、一大国民運動となっていた護憲運動の影響を受けて、山縣有朋・桂太郎らを中心とする軍部と藩閥の反対を押し切り、山本権兵衛内閣総理大臣と木越安綱陸軍大臣が断行したものである。
- This, at the time, was influenced by a major civic movement, the Constitution Protection Movement, when Prime Minister Gombei YAMAMOTO and War Minister Yasutsuna KIGOSHI pushed through the disagreements among the military and the domain clique including Arimoto YAMADATA and Taro KATSURA.
- 共同運輸会社(きょうどううんゆがいしゃ)は、三井財閥などの反三菱財閥勢力が投資しあい、東京風帆船会社・北海道運輸会社・越中風帆船会社の三社が合併して1882年7月に創立された船会社。
- Kyodo Unyu Kaisha (literary, a joint transportation company) was established in July 1882, with the merger of three transportation companies, Tokyo Fuhansen Kaisha, Hokkaido Unyu Kaisha and Echu Fuhansen Kaisha, and also with the investment from anti-Mitsubishi Zaibatsu powers such as Mitsui-zaibatsu.
- しかし薩摩閥の重鎮たることは変わらず、明治20年(1887年)に第1次伊藤内閣の農商務省 (日本)となり、伊藤の後をうけて明治21年(1888年)4月に二人目の内閣総理大臣となった。
- However, he remained a major figure in the Satsuma clique, was appointed to the Agriculture and Commerce Ministry (Japan) under the first Ito Cabinet in 1887, and became the second Prime Minister in April 1888 after Ito.
- 藤田伝三郎(ふじた でんざぶろう、天保12年6月16日 (旧暦)(1841年8月3日) - 明治45年(1912年)3月30日)は、明治期の関西財界の重鎮で、藤田財閥の創立者である。
- Denzaburo FUJITA (August 2, 1841 - March 30, 1912) was a business heavyweight in the Kansai area during the Meiji Period and founder of the Fujita Zaibatsu (conglomerate).
- 当時、清朝の官僚の中で満州に大きな関心を持っていたのは袁世凱を中心とする北洋軍閥であり、明治40年(1907年)4月の東三省建置に当たっては彼の腹心である人物が多く要職に配置された。
- Around that time, the Peiyang militarists with Yuan Shikai as the central figure had great interest in Manchuria among bureaucrats of Qing Dynasty, and many of Yuan's trusted followers were put in important positions for establishing the Dongsansheng Provinces (the North-East Three Provinces).
- 大久保を中心に岩倉具視・大隈重信・伊藤博文らが政府の再編を行うが、直後に台湾出兵をめぐる意見が対立、その結果、長州閥のトップ木戸孝允までが職を去る事態に陥り、ほぼ大久保専制体制となる。
- Under Okubo's leadership, Okubo, Tomomi IWAKURA, Shigenobu OKUMA and Hirobumi ITO reorganized the government, but immediately after that, they clashed over the issue of the Taiwan expedition; eventually, Takayoshi KIDO, the leader of the Choshu faction, resigned from the office and thus Okubo's despotic regime virtually came into being.
- この頃、紀伝道においては、菅原清公・菅原是善父子が相次いで文章博士を務めて私に文章生と師弟関係を結び(「菅家廊下」)、これに反発する都良香・巨勢文雄らとの間で一種の学閥争いが生じていた
- Meanwhile, in kidendo, SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi and then his son SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi served as Monjo hakase and privately established master and apprentice relationships with monjosho (called Kanke Roka), and there was an academic faction conflict with MIYAKO no Yoshika and KOSE no Fumio who opposed the idea of Kanke Roka.
- 陸奥は非藩閥出身であり政府内部では伊藤の信頼によって政治的な基盤を得ているような状態であったが、逆に藩閥政治家とは敵対関係にあった自由党 (明治)の中島信行・星亨とは盟友関係にあった。
- Mutsu was from non-domain clique and gained political foundation inside the government only by Ito's confidence, but he was a sworn friend of Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA and Toru HOSHI who belonged to the Liberal Party (Meiji) that had an adversarial relationship with statesmen of domain cliques.
- 貴族院の公爵議員として、そして1892年(明治25年)から1904年(明治37年)まで貴族院議長として歴代の藩閥政府には常に批判的であり、第1次松方内閣の選挙干渉などを厳しく批判した。
- From 1892 to 1904, he kept a critical attitude to the government dominated by domain cliques as a prince-councilor and President of Kizokuin (the House of Peers), he strongly criticized election interference by the first Matsukata cabinet.
- この搬出は当時の日本陸軍が主力装備としていたスナイドル銃の弾薬製造設備の大阪への搬出が主な目的であり、山県有朋と大山巌という陸軍内の長閥と薩閥の代表者が協力して行われた事が記録されている。
- The main object of the carrying out was to transfer the production equipment of ammunition for Snider rifles, which were the main weapon of the Japanese Army in those days, to Osaka; according to a record, it was led by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Iwao OYAMA, the leaders of the Choshu faction and the Satsuma faction in the Army, in cooperation with each other.
- これらの大学設置には、地元からの寄付金等も用いられたが、1907年度から5年間で約106万円に上った古河財閥の寄付金が用いられた(内訳は建築費が987,739円、事務費用69,137円)。
- Not only the donations from local well-wishers, but also the donations of about 1,060,000 yen in five years beginning with 1907 from Furukawa zaibatsu were used to establish these universities (construction cost: 987,739 yen, office expense: 69,137 yen).
- 秀吉没後、後を追うように豊臣秀頼の後見役だった前田利家が慶長4年(1599年)に死去すると、豊臣氏内で武断派の加藤清正・福島正則らと、文治派の石田三成・小西行長らとの派閥抗争が表面化した。
- After the death of Hideyoshi, Toshiie MAEDA took over his role as a guardian for Hideyori TOYOTOMI, before himself dying in 1599, and a factional struggle within the Toyotomi clan emerged between the military government group including Kiyomasa KATO and Masanori FUKUSHIMA and the civilian government group including Mitsunari ISHIDA and Yukinaga KONISHI.
- 自由党の幹部であった大井は帝国議会開設後の1891年5月、自由党内にアジア主義・急進的自由主義を掲げた東洋倶楽部という派閥を結成していたが、土佐派の星亨との政争に敗れて東洋自由党を結成した。
- In May, 1891, after the Imperial Diet was established, Oi, a former executive member of the Jiyuto, formed within the Jiyuto a faction called the Toyo Kurabu (Oriental Club), which upheld Asianism and ultraliberalism, however, after losing a political battle with Tosa School member Toru HOSHI, he formed the Toyo Jiyuto.
- 河野は、同志田母野秀顕らと藩閥専制政府に対抗する連判状を取り交わしていたため、内乱陰謀の容疑で明治15年12月に検挙され、明治16年(1883年)高等法院において軽禁獄7年の刑を宣告された。
- KONO was arrested in December, 1882, for the charge of conspiracy of domestic conflict because he exchanged a compact covenant under joint signatures to oppose domains-dominated government (Meiji oligarchy) with comrades Hideaki TAMONO and others, and in 1883, he was sentenced to seven years of detention at the special criminal court.
- 大正政変は、山縣有朋・桂率いる陸軍・長州閥が第2次西園寺内閣を倒閣し、これに反対する民衆運動が政党組織や優詔政策といった小手先の政策で交わそうとする「閥族内閣」を打倒したというイメージが強い。
- The typical image of the Taisho Seihen is the public movement that toppled the 'clique-ruling Cabinet' formed by the Japanese Army and the former Choshu Domain clique, led by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Taro KATSURA respectively, because the public took objection to the Cabinet which, after overthrowing of the second Saionji Cabinet, tried to silence the public voices by fiddling measures such as the party politics and the Imperial Edict Tactics.
- 1898年に第2次松方内閣がこの構想を打ち出すと、政府と民党、あるいは地主・農村と商工業者の間で激しい議論を巻き起こすようになり、政党と藩閥の連携などの政界の構図を激変させる原因の1つとなった。
- When the Second Matsukata's cabinet proposed this policy in 1898, heated arguments erupted between the government and Minto or landowners and peasants against commercial and industrial men, which caused a radical change in the composition of the political world such as the cooperative relationships between political parties and domain cliques.
- しかし、議会制度を発足させるためには、官制改革・民度・国民教育などが未成熟であり、時期尚早であったため、大久保利通を中心に「有司専制」と呼ばれる薩長藩閥による官僚を中心とした改革体制が維持された。
- However, it was too early to establish the Diet because the reform of the organization of the central government, the cultural level of the people, and national education were still immature, and due to the Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu) clanship a bureaucracy centered system called 'Yushi-sensei' led by Toshimichi OKUBO was maintained.
- 閣僚交代が頻繁であった当時、特に日清戦争只中の戦時内内閣時の農相在任期間は3年余に及び、歴代農相の中で最長を記録していることからも藩閥にあってバランサーとして重用された榎本の稀代の才が窺い知れる。
- He served as the Minister of Agriculture for more than three years in the wartime Cabinet during the Sino-Japanese War, when the replacement of the Cabinet members was frequently made; it was the longest term in the history of the Ministry of Agriculture, so it may be a proof of ENOMOTO's extraordinary abilities, with which he was given important posts to maintain the balance among factions made of former bakufu clans.
- 古参ともいうべき譜代の家臣と新参の家臣や出頭人との対立、藩政改革にともなう守旧派と改革派の対立、幕末期における信条の対立など、家臣間には主導権や藩政の方向性をめぐってあらゆる派閥抗争の動機があった。
- There were all conceivable motives for factional strife, such as rivalry between a veteran elder of established lineage and a newcomer retainer or group leader, clash between conservative and progressive groups over domain government reform, conflict over credo in the last years of the Edo Period, and disagreements over domain policy and race for power between vassals.
- 真言宗の建て直しを図るが、この強硬策に当然に反発した上下の僧派閥は覚鑁と激しく対立、遂に1140年、覚鑁の自所であった金剛峯寺境内の密厳院を急襲してこれを焼き払ったうえ金剛峯寺追放という凶行に出る。
- He tried to rebuild Shingon sect, but naturally, higher and lower priest factions revolted against his hard-line measures and were bitterly confronted Kakuban, and finally in 1140, they went on a rampage to conduct a raid on Kakuban's living place, Mitsugonin Temple, in the precincts of Kongobuji Temple to burn it, and banished him from Kongobuji Temple.
- しかし頼豪が三井寺の戒壇院建立に尽力していたことは事実であり、三井寺が天台寺門宗の総本山であることから、鉄鼠伝説は10世紀末に起きた天台寺門宗の派閥間対立抗争を背景として生まれたものといわれている。
- However, because it is a fact that Raigo made great efforts for the construction of Buddhist ordination platform of Mii-deraTemple, which is the Grand Head Temple of the Tendaijimon Buddhist sect, it is said that the Tesso legend was born in the context of the confrontation between the Tendaijimon Buddhist sects and that it occurred at the end of the tenth century.
- 嵯峨朝から仁明朝は崇文の治と称えられるほどの安定した治世ではあったが、嵯峨天皇がすぐに皇子である正良親王(仁明天皇)に譲位せず、弟の大伴親王(淳和天皇)に譲位した事は両親王派の派閥を生む事となった。
- So politically stable periods succeeded from the reign of Emperor Saga to the reign of Emperor Ninmyo that they were adored as Subun no chi (the peaceful era of Subun), however, the Emperor Saga did not quickly abdicate the thrown in favor of his son, Imperial Prince Masara (Emperor Ninmyo) while he abdicated the thrown in favor of a younger brother of the prince, Imperial Prince Otomo (Emperor Junna) and this incident produced a faction on the side of each prince.
- 勿論、文章院は公的機関である大学寮直曹であったから、大学別曹を持たない氏族出身者の寄宿舎としても当然用いられたが、管理者である菅原氏・大江氏の博士と強い関係で結ばれて一種の学閥を形成することとなった。
- It was needless to say that the Monjoin was the University Jikiso, an official institution, so that it also served as a dormitory for students from the clans which did not have a Daigaku besso of their own -- Thereby, a close relationship was developed between the students and their supervisor, hakase of the Sugawara clan or the Oe clan and the students formed a kind of academic clique.
- さて、ぼくは Emacs や HTML や各種データベースエンジンに代表される「なんでも言語化せよ」式デザイン派閥の意識的な急進派ではあるけれど、通常は「英語っぽい」構文はふつう、あまり好きじゃない。
- Now, although I'm a convinced partisan of the ``make it a language'' school of design as exemplified by Emacs and HTML and many database engines, I am not normally a big fan of ``English-like'' syntaxes.
- このように、旧華族、しかも家格が最上位の摂家、清華家の家系と密接な閨閥関係にある住友家の家系であるが、住友家が旧財閥の西の横綱であるとしたらば、東の正横綱、三井家との幾重にも重なり会ったつながりがある。
- As mentioned above, the Sumitomo Family has a family line with a close Keibatsu, Keibatsu blood connection with former nobles, particularly the highest-ranking sekke--the Seiga Family--and if the Sumitomo Family is the western yokozuna among the old Zaibatsu, the Sumitomo Family also has a close connection with the Mitsui Family, the eastern yokozuna.
- 今日の住友家の基礎、住友財閥の出発点は、この住友友芳が開発した別子銅山によって築き上げられたものであると言ってよく、事実、住友家の歴史の中では、この四世吉左衛門友芳をもって、「住友家中興の祖」としている。
- The foundation of today's Sumitomo Family, or the starting point of Sumitomo Zaibatsu, can be said to have been built by the Besshidozan copper mine that Tomoyoshi SUMITOMO developed; and in fact, in the history of the Sumitomo Family, the fourth-generation kichizaemon Tomoyoshi is considered to be the 'restorer of the Sumitomo Family.'
- 山縣の権威が失墜した宮中某重大事件は西園寺公望が山縣に相談したことをきっかけに山縣が動き始めたものであったが、世間では藩閥間の対立ばかりが強調されて捉えられて、結果的に山縣一人が「悪者」となった側面もある。
- Yamagata started taking action in the certain serious incident of the Imperial Court, which later caused his power to drop, when Kinmochi SAIONJI consulted Yamagata, but to the public conflicts among domain cliques were so emphasized that ultimately Yamagata was considered to be the sole 'bad guy.'
- 薩摩藩出身者として藩閥の中心人物と成りうる人物であったが、本人には派閥意識がまるでなく、出身藩にこだわらず幅広く人材を登用し、教育方面でも、成城学校(新宿区原町)校長を務めるなど、優秀な軍人育成に貢献した。
- Although he could be a central figure of the domain clique as a native of the Satsuma clan, he did not have clannish spirit at all and posted officials regardless of people's native domains, also in terms of education, assumed the school principal of Seijo School - located in Haramachi, Shinjuku which contributed in bringing up decent military men.
- 桂園時代(けいえんじだい/けいおんじだい)とは、大日本帝国陸軍・山縣有朋閥に属する桂太郎と、伊藤博文の後継者として立憲政友会総裁に就いた西園寺公望が、政権を交互に担当した1905年から1912年の8年間をいう。
- Kei-En era (or Kei-On era) was the 8-year period from 1905 to 1912 during which Taro KATSURA, who belonged to the faction led by Aritomo YAMAGATA of the Imperial Japanese Army, and Kinmochi SAIONJI, who assumed the position of president of Rikken seiyukai (a political party) as a successor of Hirobumi ITO, gained power alternately.
- 李氏朝鮮王朝では日本へ派遣した使節が帰国し、その報告が西人派(正使の黄允吉は戦争が近いことを警告)と東人派(副使の金誠一は日本の侵略はあったとしても先の話と否定)で別れ、政権派閥の東人派が戦争の警告を無視した。
- During the Yi Dynasty Korea, delegates dispatched to Japan returned and the Seijinha group (黄允吉, who was seishi (senior envoy), warned that war would occur in the near future) and the Tojinha group (金誠一, who was the vice envoy, denied saying that invasion by Japan would not be in the near future) made different reports and the Tojinha group, the fraction in power, ignored the warning about the potential of war.
- また官吏の汚職に厳しく新政府で大きな力を持っていた藩閥の山縣有朋が関わったとされる山城屋事件、井上馨が関わったとされる尾去沢鉱山尾去沢銅山事件らを激しく追及、予算を巡る対立も絡み2人を一時的に辞職に追い込んだ。
- He was also strict on corruption among government officials and actively rigorously investigated the Yamashiroya incident thought to involve domain clique member Aritomo YAMAGATA who held a great deal of power within the new government as well as the well as the scandal of Osarizawa copper mine thought to involve Kaoru INOUE, pushing for the temporary resignation of these two individuals in relation to a confrontation surrounding budgets.
- 主に旧薩摩藩・長州藩および一部の公家による専制政治として実行されたため「藩閥政府」と揶揄されることもあるが、中級官僚以上でも旧親藩・旧幕臣などから採用された者も少なくなく、一概に一部雄藩のみが主導したともいえない。
- Since the Meiji Restoration was implemented arbitrarily by the Satsuma clan, the Choshu clan, and some court nobles, it was sometimes derisively called 'a clan dominated government,' but it cannot be said that a couple of powerful clans led this restoration because a considerable number of Tokugawas and former retainers of the Shogun were hired as the middle or upper levels of the bureaucracy.
- 民衆はこれを、山県の意を受けた桂が陸軍の軍備拡張を推し進めようとしたものとみなし、国民も議会中心の政治などを望んで藩閥政治に反発し、「閥族打破・憲政擁護」をスローガンとする憲政擁護運動(第一次)が起こったのである。
- The people, however, considered that KATSURA's intention was to expand armaments, following the advice of Aritomo YAMAGATA, and this provoked an angry response towards the Hanbatsu Seiji from the people who wished for constitutional government, which led to the first campaign for defending constitutionalism under the slogan 'Down with cliques from the major hans and protect constitutional government.'
- これは江戸時代以来の商家、明治以後の新興を問わずに行われ、社長の権限の強い三菱財閥では「畏服」、本家と番頭(幹部)のつながりが強い三井財閥では「扈従」、番頭(幹部)が重用される住友財閥では「敬愛」が家風と言われた。
- This was done regardless of whether the family was a shoka (mercantile house) since the Edo period or was a newly-emerging house in the Meiji period or later; it was said that the kafu in the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, in which the president had a strong power, the Mitsui zaibatsu, in which there was a strong relationship between the head family and the general manager (executive officer), and in the Sumitomo zaibatsu, in which the general manager (executive officer) was given an important post, was 'ifuku' (awe), 'kosho' (attendant of a noble person), and 'keiai' (to love and respect), respectively.
- 近藤、芹沢、根岸らは、既にそれぞれ派閥を形成していたが、殿内と家里は、江戸幕府の信用で筆頭格になったので、派閥らしいものはなく(のちの粛清の嵐など想像もつかなかったことだろう。)、旧知の根岸らと近かったとされている。
- It is said that Kondo, Serizawa, Negishi had already organized their respective factions, but Tonouchi and Iesato didn't have any factions (probably, they never imagined that so many warriors would be purged in the future) as they became the top warriors who had the confidence of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and were close to Negishi.
- これによって、天皇が親臨・親裁形式で太政官以下を率い、三大臣がこれを輔弼して参議・卿を指揮する(従って参議以下には輔弼責任はなかった)という明治の太政官制の基本形式と薩長土肥出身者によるいわゆる藩閥の原点か確立したのである。
- There, the basic form of the Dajokan system during the Meiji period in which the Emperor led the whole government from the Dajokan inclusive by attending his business in person and making decisions by himself with the three ministries assisting him in directing Sangi and Kyo (i.e., Sangi and Kyo did not take responsibilities of assisting the Emperor); and the origin of the domain clique called Hanbatsu formed by the members of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, and Hizen domains were established.
- また安西直之の妹公子を娶ったのが、住友銀行相談役堀田庄三の長男健介(住友銀行)であるから、岡橋林の跡を継いだ住友家評議員会の前委員長であった堀田庄三は、住友家の相談役、総理事格から、さらに踏み込んで、住友家と閨閥でつながった。
- Moreover, because the person who married Naoyuki ANZAI's younger sister Kimiko was Kensuke HOTTA (Sumitomo Bank), the first son of Shozo HOTTA, who was Sodanyaku of Sumitomo Bank, Shozo HOTTA, who was the former Iincho of the Sumitomo family council after Shigeru OKAHASHI became related by Keibatsu, there was a Keibatsu blood connection to the Sumitomo Family through the Sodanyaku of Sumitomo Bank, at the soriji rank.
- また、仲麻呂と密接であったとしても、下級官人である雄足に派閥を選ぶ権利はなく、「有能」であったとされる彼を積極的に仲麻呂が利用しただけであり、雄足はあくまでも権力闘争の渦の中で翻弄されただけであるという見方をする研究者もいる。
- And also, even if Otari was close to Nakamaro, Otari, a lower-ranking government official, didn't have the right to choose faction, and some researchers had a perspective that Nakamaro just actively made use of Otari who was believed to be 'a competent person,' while Otari was absolutely trifled with in a vortex of struggle of power.
- 山県有朋もかつて西郷のもとで御親兵・陸軍省創設のために働いており、鹿児島私学校徒を激昂させた鹿児島スナイドル弾薬製造設備の搬出では薩摩閥の大山巌に協力するなど、薩摩閥内部の西郷vs大久保の争いに長州閥が便乗する構図となっていた。
- Aritomo YAMAGATA once worked under SAIGO to found Goshinpei and the Army Ministry, but on the other hand, cooperated with Iwao OYAMA of the Satsuma clique in transferring the production equipment of Snider Ammunition from Kagoshima, which made Kagoshima Shigakko students angry; as such, the Choshu clique took advantage of the struggle between SAIGO and OYAMA within the Satsuma clique.
- 10月4日に、近衛は連合国軍最高司令官総司令部ダグラス・マッカーサーを訪ね、持論の軍部赤化論を説いて、開戦時には天皇を中心とした封建勢力や財閥はブレーキの役割を果たした、と主張し、皇室と財閥を除けば日本はたちまち赤化すると説いた。
- On October 4, Konoe visited Douglas MacArthur at the General Headquarters of the Allied Forces (GHQ), talked about his own theory of the military turning communist and asserted that at the start of the war, the Zaibatsu industrial-commercial conglomerates and the feudal power centered around the Emperor functioned as brakes, and that Japan would immediately redden if the Imperial family and the Zaibatsu were removed.
- 薩長藩閥政府との結びつきが強く、明治8年(1875年)に大久保利通、木戸孝允、板垣退助らが料亭に集って意見の交換を行った「大阪会議」や、黒田清隆が批判を浴びた開拓使官有物払下げ事件(参照明治十四年の政変)にも関わり、政商といわれた。
- He was called a businessman with political ties because he had a strong connection with Saccho han-dominated government, and participated in 'Osaka conference' of 1875 at which Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Taisuke ITAGAKI gathered in a Japanese restaurant to exchange their views and got involved in the scandal over Kiyotaka KURODA's controversial project for selling off assets owned by Hokkaido Development Commission Office (refer to Meiji juyonen no seihen (the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881)).
- その後清朝はこの支払いを履行したが、ばくだいな拠出はその後の改革(光緒新政)の施策を限定せざるを得ないこととなり、かつ侵略を防ぐためとして投資対象が軍備優先となったために、北洋軍閥の総帥である袁世凱の権勢をさらに増大させることとなった。
- In later years the Qing Dynasty implemented the payment, however, the enormous outlay limited the measures of subsequent reforms (the Hundred Days of Reform) and, in addition, more investiment on arms buildup in order to prevent invasion, led to the increased power of Yuan ShiKai, the commander of the Beiyang army.
- この桂内閣に対し国民は怒り、また衆議院議員の尾崎行雄や犬養毅らは藩閥政治であるとして桂内閣を批判し、「閥族打破・憲政擁護」を掲げた第一次護憲運動が展開され第三次桂太郎内閣は組閣してからわずか53日で内閣総辞職に追い込まれた(大正政変)。
- The Katsura cabinet angered the Japanese people and drew criticism of oligarchic rule by Yukio OZAKI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Lower House of the Imperial Diet, spurring the first Movement to Protect Constitutional Government aimed at 'doing away with the oligarchy and protecting constitutional rule' and ending with mass resignation of the cabinet after only 53 days (Taisho Political Crisis).
- しかし、足利将軍職の政治的実権は長くは続かず、室町時代中盤以降となると、三家四職も細川氏を除いてはおしなべて衰退して、幕府統制と言うよりも有力守護らによる連合政権的な色彩を強めて派閥闘争を生み、応仁の乱などの戦乱が頻発するようになった。
- The actual political power of the Ashikaga Shogunate, however, was not long-lived and, after the mid Muromachi Period, San-ke Shi-shoku (三家四職), except for the Hosokawa clan, declined and, rather than the Shogunate rein, the coalition government due to some powerful shugo, became stronger and this created a power struggle among factions that lead to frequent wars, such as the Onin War, breaking out.
- 人望が非常に厚く、明治37年(1904年)大相撲常設館(当時はまだ国技館の呼称はない)建設が計画された際には、安田財閥本所支店長の飯島保篤から何と自分の信用だけで40万円(現在なら100億円に相当するという)を無担保で借りることに成功。
- In 1904, when Ozumo-josetsukan (later the Kokugikan Sumo Hall) was planned to be constructed, Yasuatsu IIJIMA, the manager of the headquarters of Yasuda Zaibatsu, granted Ikazuchi a loan of 400 thousand yen (equivalent to 10 billion yen at today's prices) without collateral, which shows how much Ikazuchi was respected and trusted by others.
- おもな例として私立では東武鉄道の根津財閥が武蔵高等学校 (旧制)、当代一流の教育家であった沢柳政太郎が成城高等学校 (旧制)(現成城学園高等学校)、三菱財閥の岩崎家が成蹊高等学校 (旧制)、関西地方の財界人が甲南高等学校 (旧制)がある。
- As primary examples, for private schools there are Musashi Koto Gakko (under the old system) of Nezu Zaibatsu (financial conglomerate) of Tobu Railway Co., Ltd., Seijo Koto Gakko (under the old system) (present-day Seijo Gakuen High School) by Masataro SAWAYANAGI who was the foremost educator of the generation, Seikei Koto Gakko (under the old system) by the Iwasaki family of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, and Konan Koto Gakko (under the old system) by a businessman in the Kansai region,
- 年齢、キャリアからすれば薩摩閥の中核となるべき人物であったが、財政面以外での政治手腕には欠けるところがあった(2度の内閣がともに閣内分裂が理由であっけなく倒れた)ために軽んじられており、それゆえ派閥をまとめることが出来なかったといわれる。
- In terms of his age and career, he could have been a key figure in Satsuma clique, but he didn't have adequate political skills except finance (his first and second cabinets both collapsed easily because of internal division), which caused him being underestimated, and for that reason, he is said to have failed to hold factions together.
- しかも三井高泰の長男高篤(元三井物産取締役)は、三井総領家である北家十代の三井八郎右衛門(高棟)の妹礼子を妻にしているので、住友家と三井家の閨閥のつながりは、単に一族と一族との結合ではなく、本家と総領家が直接に結びついた本格的なものである。
- Moreover, since Takayasu MITSUI's eldest son Takaatsu (the torishimariyaku of Mitsui & Co., Ltd.) married Reiko, who was younger sister of Hachiroemon MITSUI, the tenth-generation Hokke, being the Mitsui Soryo-ke family and heir, the Keibatsu, Keibatsu blood connection between the Sumitomo and Mitsui families is not only a simple bond between one family and another family but is also a genuine connection directly connecting the Honke and Soryo-ke families and heirs.
- この時点では、まだ両統迭立が完全には定着しておらず、貴族たちもいずれか一方の皇統にのみ仕えて派閥を形成するということはなかったため、それまで大覚寺統の治天に仕えていた貴族たちはそのまま持明院統の治天に仕えることになり、大覚寺統は一気に勢力を失った。
- At this point, Ryoto tetsuritsu had not yet completely embedded itself, and the aristocracy did not yet create factions so the aristocrats who served the Daikakuji line Chiten worked for the subsequent Jimyoin line Chiten, leading to the sudden decline of the Daikakuji line.
- 肥後藩では、教育方針をめぐり3派閥に分かれており、藩校での朱子学教育を中心とする学校党、横井小楠らが提唱した教育と政治の結びつきを重視する実学党、林桜園を祖とする国学・神道を基本とした教育を重視する勤皇党(河上彦斎・太田黒伴雄・加屋霽堅ら)が存在した。
- The Higo Domain was divided into three factions according to their education policies, namely, the Gakko-to party (school party) focusing on education based on the doctrines of Zhu Xi in domain schools, the Jitsugaku-to party (practical learning party) emphasizing the relation between education and politics, advocated by Shonan YOKOI and others, and the Kinno-to party (pro-Imperial party with Gensai KAWAKAMI, Tomoo OGURODA, Harukata KAYA and others) emphasizing education based on the study of Japanese literature and culture and Shintoism, founded by Oen HAYASHI.
- 第1次山本内閣の時代を含めることにより、この時期の民衆が一方では憲政擁護運動以来の反閥族感情を保ちながらも、他方では1913年7月の辛亥革命の混乱に際しては、革命派擁護を名目とする対中出兵論に容易に乗るような大正デモクラーの一側面が視野にはいってくる。
- By including the era of the first Yamamoto Cabinet into the Taisho Seihen, we can see another side of Taisho Democracy; since the out set of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism, the public in this period retained the anti-clique sentiment, however on the other hand, they easily agreed on dispatching troops to China in the name of supporting the revolutionary group in the turmoil of the Republican Revolution when it broke out in China in July 1913.
- だが、松方・進歩党が希望するこの二大課題が解決すると、元々大隈との提携に不満があった薩摩閥系閣僚と進歩党側の対立が激化、更に松方が財政難の解決のために地租改正反対一揆以来一種のタブーとなっていた「地租増徴」を提案したことから進歩党内に倒閣の機運が生じた。
- However, once two major tasks the Progressive Party represented by MATSUKATA aimed for were solved, conflicts were intensified between the cabinet members from Satsuma Domain clique who had been dissatisfied with cooperation with OKUMA from the beginning and the Progressive Party side, and moreover to solve economic difficulties, MATSUKATA proposed 'the plan to increase land taxes' which had been a sort of taboo since the peasant revolt against the land-tax reform, which gathered momentum within the Progressive Party of overthrowing the Cabinet.
- 先代吉左衛門友純の実兄徳大寺実則公爵の三女奉子は、三井・室町家の三井高従に嫁いでおり、さらに実則の三男で分家した旧男爵徳大寺則麿の長女鶴子、つまり実則の孫娘が、やはり三井・新町家の三井高直に嫁いでいるので、住友と三井両本家は、四重、五重の閨閥関係にある。
- Tomoko, who was the third daughter of Duke Sanetsune TOKUDAIJI, who is the elder brother of the former generation of Kichizaemon, married Koju MITSUI of the Mitsui-Muromachi Family; and because Tsuruko, who was the eldest daughter of the former baron Norimaro Tokudaiji, who was the third son of Sanetsune and started the branch family, that is, the granddaughter of Sanetsune married Takanao MITSUI of the Mitsui-Shinmachi Family, which means Honke of the Sumitomo Family and Honke of the Mitsui Family have quadruple or quintuple Keibatsu, Keibatsu blood connections.
- これは紀伝道教育が盛んであった当時の世相の反映であるが、その一方において、こうした行為は私的な師弟関係の形成と言う要素を含む事になり、菅原氏の学閥と反対する諸博士の学閥という対立抗争を生んだ他、大学寮制度の形骸化や家学の形成促進につながったと考えられている。
- It reflected the social conditions at the time when instruction on the Kidendo was widely offered; on the other hand, such an act was obliged to involve a private relationship between master and disciple -- It was considered that the latter fact introduced a conflict between the academic clique from the Sugawara clan and those from the hakase who opposed the Sugawara clan, and that the latter made the Daigaku-ryo system only in name and promoted the formation of hereditary learning.
- 吉左衛門を「家長様」と呼んでいた事に象徴されるように、上は総理事から下は一般社員までに至る吉左衛門に対する敬愛の念はすこぶる高く、歴代吉左衛門もまた、一方では文化事業を通じて住友の名を高め、他方では家長・財閥本社社長として企業モラルの引き締めの任に当たっていた。
- As symbolized by the fact that Kichizaemon was called 'Kacho-sama,' extremely high respect was accorded to the Kichizaemon, from the high-ranking position of head of the directors down to the rank and file, and the successive Kichizaemon elevated the Sumitomo name through the cultural enterprise on one hand while on the other hand trying to raise the corporate morale as the family head and president of the Zaibatsu main company.
- その説では、義忠の死後、河内源氏の衰退が極まったこともあり、河内源氏の棟梁が誰であるかという意識は往時にはなく、まとまりを失った河内源氏の一族内ではそれぞれ派閥が構成されて自らを棟梁として認識していたとも考えられており、義信も自らを棟梁として意識していたとされている。
- According to the theory, it is thought that because Kawachi-Genji sharply declined after Yoshitada's death, no one did not care about who the leader of Kawachi-Genji was at the time, and inside of the disjointed families of Kawachi-Genji, people formed each faction and regarded themselves as the leader in it, and Yoshinobu also regarded himself as the leader.
- 海軍要求を無視するこの改定案に樺山海相が激高、12月22日の衆議院本会議で、「薩長政府トカ何政府トカ言ッテモ、今日国ノ此安寧ヲ保チ、四千万ノ生霊ニ関係セズ、安全ヲ保ッタト云フコトハ、誰ノ功カデアル。」という演説を行い、薩長藩閥政府の正当性と民党の海軍・政府批判に反論した。
- Navy Minister Kabayama became indignant at this revised budget proposal because it ignored the Navy's demand, and at a plenary session of the House of Representatives on December 22, he made a speech, 'You call us Satsuma-Choshu government or something, but who do you think contributed to keep this country safe and quiet today, and protected national security regardless of 40 million lives?', stressing validity of the Satsuma-Choshu-dominated government, refuting the criticism of the Navy and the government by minto.
- 江戸時代の日本最大の豪商、鴻池財閥は、家業以外への進出を禁じた家憲によって、金融業から他の事業へ営業分野の拡大は図らなかったが、明治期以降は同家の名声を欲する財界の要請で、鴻池家が様々な企業の発起人となり、大株主として君臨したことから、投資財閥の性格をもっていたとも言える。
- The Konoike zaibatsu, as the wealthiest merchant in Japan during the Edo period, did not expand its business from finance to other fields due to the family rule that prohibited the business expansion to other than the family business; however, it can be said that the Konoike zaibatsu had the characteristics of an investment zaibatsu because the Konoike family ultimately founded various enterprises in response to requests from financial communities that had tried to acquire the family reputation after the Meiji period, and consequently the family had the status of a major shareholder.
- 特に国民協会が帝国党に衣替えした際に、一部が分裂してこれに従わずに自由党の後継政党である憲政党や藩閥官僚(伊藤博文系)とともに立憲政友会を結成したことによって、政友会とその反対党という構図へと変化を見せ、「吏党」・「民党」という言葉は完全に意味を成さないものになっていった。
- When the Kokumin Kyokai turned over to Teikokuto (Imperialist party), some members broke off from the group and and formed the Seiyukai (Association of Friends of Constitutional Government) together with the Kenseito (Constitutional Party), which was the incoming party of the Jiyuto, and the Hanbatsu Kanryo (domain government officials, a political party of Hirobumi ITO), and soon the political layout was mostly the Seiyukai against their opponents, that the terms 'Rito' and 'Minto' eventually lost their original meaning..
- このとき、古河鉱業副社長であった原敬内務大臣 (日本)(盛岡藩盛岡城外・本宮村、現岩手県盛岡市本宮出身)が、古河財閥の二代目オーナーの古河虎之助(当時17歳)を説得し、両帝国大学設立のための資金を献納させることを取り付け、予算削減から17日目に両帝国大学の設置が閣議決定された。
- Minister of home affairs, Takashi HARA (Morioka Domain, Outside the Morioka Castle, from present Hongu, Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture) managed to persuade Toranosuke FURUKAWA (17 years old) who was vice-president of Furukawa Mining and the second-generation owner of Furukawa zaibatsu, to provide the fund to establish the two imperial universities and the establishment of the universities was approved in the cabinet 17 days after the reduction of the budget.
- 第1回衆議院議員総選挙で合計すると、衆議院の過半数を制した自由党(当時は分裂状態にあり、大同団結運動を経て再統合される)や立憲改進党などの民権派各党は、世論の意思は自分たちにあると捉え、自分達を弾圧してきた藩閥政府やその同調者と見られた保守系政党(大成会など)との対決姿勢を強めた。
- Winning majority in the first general election of the members of the House of Representatives in 1890, the parties demanding the democratic rights such as the Liberal Party (it was split then and reunited through the Great Merger Movement) and the Constitutional Progressive Party and etc. thought that the public was on their side and strengthened the attitude toward the han-dominated government (the members of former Choshu and Satsuma domains who played major part in the Meiji Restoration and had power after the restoration) which suppressed them and toward other conservative parties (the Taiseikai Group and so on) regarded as the followers of the government.
- 同盟倶楽部は1892年11月20日に藩閥政権に失望した吏党系議員が民党側に離反した際に結成された院内会派、同志倶楽部は1893年12月5日に自由党_(明治)所属の星亨衆議院議長の不正問題で自由党が星議長の擁護の姿勢を変えないことに抗議した同党議員が離党して結成した院内会派であった。
- The Domei Club was an in-house faction that was formed on November 20, 1892, when the Rito (pro-government) lawmakers who were disappointed by the hanbatsu (domain clique) government defected from the Minto (anti-hanbatsu government political parties), while the Doshi Club was an in-house faction that was formed on December 5, 1893 by some members of the Liberal Party (in the Meiji period) who had left the party after protesting against the fact that despite improper acts perpetrated by Toru HOSHI, the speaker of the Lower House who was a member of the party, the party leadership maintained their stance in defending the speaker.
- しかし、前述の菅原氏や大江氏など優秀な学者を代々輩出した一族や給料学生以外の学生でも勧学院より同じような学問料が支給された藤原氏(主として藤原北家日野流・藤原南家・藤原式家)などによる文章博士や文章生の世襲や文章博士による門人の推挙による一種の学閥化の風潮が次第に見られるようになった。
- However, there came the trend of forming kinds of academic cliques as the families which produced excellent scholars, such as the above mentioned Sugawara clan as well as the Oe clan and families like the Fujiwara clan (mainly Hino Line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), which were able to receive similar education at Kangakuin (educational institutions) despite their not being kyuryo gakusei, started to pass down monjo hakase and monjosho and monjo hakase began recommending their followers to the positions.
- ここでの「悪友」とは、福澤諭吉らの「平等」や「義」や「独立心」を重んずる思想と違って、福澤らから見れば、閨閥、門閥政治、小中華思想(日本蔑視思想)などの旧弊に固執し血なまぐさい権力闘争を繰り返し、事大主義で外交において信義がなく、外交方針がころころ変わる清国や李氏朝鮮という認識で用いられた言葉である。
- Unlike the thought which put a high value on 'Equality,' 'Righteousness' and 'Independence' by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others, 'Bad friends' in the 'Datsu-A Ron' was the word used meaning the Qing and Joseon Dynasty Korea where, adhering to their old customs of Keibatsu (network by blood connection), lineage government and petit Sinocentrism (idea of disrespect for Japan), bloody strifes over authority were repeated, being Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful) and faithless in diplomacy and diplomatic policies changed so often.
- 明治31年(1898年)には、第一次大隈重信内閣の文部大臣尾崎行雄が、ある教育会の席上で藩閥勢力の拝金主義を攻撃した演説に「日本で共和制が実施されれば、三井・三菱は大統領となるだろう」とあったため問題となり、皇室制度の下にあって共和制を想定することは不敬にあたるとして辞任に追い込まれた(共和演説事件)。
- In 1898, Yukio OZAKI, the Minister of Education in the first Okuma Shigenobu Cabinet, made a speech in an educational meeting, attacking the greed of the domain clique by saying 'If a republic is established in Japan, Mitsui and Mitsubishi would be the president.' and this became a problem, because making an assumption of a republic under the system of Imperial Household was disrespectful, and he was forced into resignation (Kyowaenzetsu Jiken, or republic speech incident).
- 財閥(ざいばつ)とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社(持株会社)が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社(子会社)に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
- The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.
- 東京、横浜、大阪、神戸の四都市に本社をおく財閥を中央財閥、その他を地方財閥と定義されるが、西宮に本社を持つ辰馬財閥のようにその規模や活動範囲からみても中央財閥としての風格を持つものもあるため、全国的規模の企業活動を行っていた財閥を中央財閥、各地域に限定された企業活動を行っていた財閥を地方財閥と分類することができる。
- A central zaibatsu is generally defined as a zaibatsu whose headquarters are located in Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka or Kobe, while local zaibatsu are the other zaibatsu; however, there are some zaibatsu whose size and range of activities are as great as those of the central zaibatsu - such as Tatsuuma Zaibatsu - and thus central zaibatsu can also be defined as a zaibatsu that has developed nationwide corporate activities; contrastingly, a zaibatsu that has developed activities limited to a specific area can be defined as a local zaibatsu.
- 一方で政府と軍の各部署の間の有機的な連係が藩閥によって形成されていたという側面もあり、昭和に入り試験や育成機関から採用された官僚や軍人が部署の実権を掌握するようになると縦割り的弊害が甚だしくなり国家の方針が定まらず迷走することになり、藩閥の消滅による緊張感の低下が政党の腐敗を招き、官僚や軍部に迎合するようになったと見る説もある。
- On the other hand, an organic tie between the government and departments of the Army was formed by the domain clique, so there is a view that when bureaucrats and military men who were employed through examinations and training institutions in the Showa period held actual power of their departments, red tape swelled causing the national policy to keep straying unsettled and decreased sense of tension without domain clique brought corruption of the political parties and made them pander to bureaucrats and the military.
- この会派は陸軍右派として排除された「四将軍派」のうち谷・曾我・鳥尾が揃った(残りの三浦梧楼は三曜会に属した)事に代表されるように国粋主義色の強い右派が多く、藩閥政府――特に伊藤博文に対しては国家の混乱を招いた人物として敵対意識が強く、また山縣有朋系の会派に移行した研究会の方針に不満を抱いて懇話会の結成に参加した者もおり、この両者に対する反発が根強かった。
- In this faction, there were many members with right wing who had strong nationalism including the 'four Shogun group' such as TANI, SOGA and TORIO (but Goro MIURA belonged to the Sanyo-kai) who had been removed as army right wing and they felt hostile toward the Hanbatsu Government, especially Hirobumi ITO as a person who led to national disruption, and also there were some members who were dissatisfied with the Kenkyu-kai policy that was shifted into that of the faction with Aritomo YAMAGATA.
- 清公以後、博士が学生と私的な師弟関係を結ぶきっかけとなり一種の学閥の形成が進むとともに、子弟の教育に力を注いだ(勿論、後継者である是善・道真の才能による部分も大きいが)ことによって菅原氏から世襲的に文章博士が輩出されるようになったため、才用(実力)があれば家柄や人脈にとらわれず評価されるべきであると主張した都腹赤(都良香の伯父)をはじめとする他の文章博士の反感を買った。
- Starting with Kiyokimi, instructors at the Academy began to have personal interactions with their students as master and pupils, leading to the creation of a kind of school clique as well as a more concentrated effort by instructors like Kiyokimi truly to teach their students (of course, the contribution to this new system made by Kiyokimi's talented successors Koreyoshi and Michizane is also quite large) and as a result, the position of Monjo hakase became a more or less hereditary one, held by many from the Sugawara clan; this earned the clan the resentment of all the other Monjo hakase, especially MIYAKO no Haraaka (uncle of MIYAKO no Yoshika), who insisted that ability (real merit) should be the key to success, not birth privilege or personal connections.
- つまり、門閥、閨閥政治や中華思想また小中華思想など民族(人種)差別、日本蔑視思想で、「平等」の精神に真っ向から反する思想、親子(姑、嫁)が血みどろの権力闘争を繰り広げ、そのために事大主義に走り独立心がなく外交の一貫性がないこと、と福澤諭吉らから見れば、そう見える朝鮮王朝政府に対し、「天は人の上に人をつくらず...」(『学問のすゝめ』)とする思想を重んじる立場から「脱亜論」に至ったのだ、という解釈がある。
- For Fukuzawa, the government of the Korean Dynasties appeared to be totally against 'Equality' by discrimination by putting too much value on lineage and Keibatsu blood connection, Sinocentrism or petit Sinocentrism and disrespect for Japan as well as families repeating bloody strife over authority, no intention to be independent with their Sadaejuui policy and no consistency in their diplomacy; these things led him to write 'Datsu-A Ron' with his standpoint of 'ten wa hito no ue ni hito o tsukurazu...' (The heavens do not create Man above his station...) ('Gakumon no Susume' [An Encouragement of Learning]).
- なお、統帥権独立の考えが生まれた源流としては、当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと、それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと、南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたことなどがあげられる。
- The idea of the independence of the supreme command came originally from the facts that the leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command, despite the contradiction to that, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface, the anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), and it led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan).
- 親友で枢密院議長だった一木喜徳郎をはじめ、政官界などからは、文部大臣、貴族院、学士会、ドイツ総領事館(大阪・神戸)、水野錬太郎、竹越与三郎、石原莞爾らが、教育会からは、早稲田大学総長 中野登美雄、同志社大学総長 牧野虎次、関西学院大学長 神崎模一、関西大学長 竹田省、京都帝国大学法学部長 渡辺宗太郎、財界からは、大同生命保険社長 広岡久右衛門、日本郵船社長 寺井久信、大阪商船社長 岡田永太郎、朝日新聞社取締役会長 村山長拳、毎日新聞社長 高石真五郎、読売新聞社長 正力松太郎、京都新聞社長 後川晴之助、住友財閥の住友吉左衛門らが告別式に参列している。
- Kitokuro ICHIKI, who was his intimate friend and chairman of the Privy Council, and other following figures participated in the memorial service: from the political circles and the official circles; Ministry of Education, House of Peers, Gakushikai (academia), German Consular Offices (Osaka and Kobe), Rentaro MIZUNO, Yosaburo TAKEGOSHI, Kanji ISHIHARA among others, from the educational circle; President of Waseda University Tomio NAKANO, President of Doshisha University Toraji MAKINO,President of Kwansai Gakuin University Kiichi KANZAKI, President of Kansai University Sho Takeda, Dean of Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University Sotaro WATANABE, and from the business circle; President of Daido Life Insurance Company Kyuemon HIROOKA, President of Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (NYK Line) Hisanobu TERAI, President of Osaka Shosen Kaisha (OSK Line) Eitaro OKADA, Board Chairperson of The Asahi Shinbun Company Choken Murayama, President of Mainichi Shinbun Shingoro TAKAISHI, President of the Yomiuri Shinbun Matsutaro SHORIKI, President of the Kyoto Shinbun Harunosuke USHIROGAWA, Sumitomo Zaibatsu (financial combine) Kichizaemon SUMITOMO, and others.