間: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 株仲間
- Kabunakama
- Kabunakama (merchant guild)
- 24時間
- 24 hours
- twenty-four hours
- 演習期間
- The period of maneuvers
- 開山期間
- The period when the mountain is opened
- 国家間関係
- State-to-state relations
- 桶狭間の戦い
- Battle of Okehazama
- 四間ほと有。
- This structure was about 7.3m in the major axis.
- 民間・地域交流
- Private-sector/Regional exchanges
- 三十三間堂参照
- Refer to section for Sanjusangendo Hall.
- 最大年間降水量
- Largest yearly amount of rainfall
- 民間における寄人
- Yoriudo among the public
- 高サ十六間々中。
- The castle tower was about 30m high.
- 狭間戸鉄黒漆也。
- The door was coated with deep black-colored lacquer.
- 御鷹之間と申候。
- Therefore, this room was called the 'taka no ma' (Falcon Room).
- 同間内御書院有。
- In this room, a Shoin (drawing room) was formed
- 最大1時間降水量
- Largest hourly amount of rainfall
- (12)中間・小者
- (12) Chugen (temporary soldier), Komono (private servant)
- 上一重、三間四方。
- The top story was about 5.5meters square.
- 狭間戸数六十余有。
- The number of doors was more than 60 in total.
- タイプ2ー特殊な中間
- Type 2: Special chugen
- 東麝香之間八畳敷き。
- In the east, there was an eight-mat Japanese room called the 'jako no ma' (Musk Room).
- 身分は平民と武士の間。
- Their class was between heimin and samurai.
- タイプ1ー一時限りの中間
- Type 1: Temporary chugen
- 下村観山:『木の間の秋』
- Kanzan SHIMOMURA: 'Ki no Aida no Aki' (Autumn among Trees)
- 蓮華王院本堂(三十三間堂)
- Hondo of Rengeoin Temple (Sanjusangendo hall)
- 開湯は享保年間と言われる。
- It is said that the bath was opened in the Kyoho era.
- 日元間の通航は途絶していた。
- Sailing between Japan and Yuan had been suspended.
- 次十二間、松計を色々被遊候。
- On the next wall panel about 22m wide, pine trees were depicted in various ways.
- 通例2時間ほどで下山出来る。
- In general it takes about two hours to go down the mountain.
- 源泉の発見は元禄年間である。
- The source of Totsukawa Onsen Hot Spring was found in the Genroku era.
- 1968年:1年間発行を休止。
- 1968: Issuance was stopped for one year.
- 人間てそんなもんだよ、それは」
- That is the way human beings are.'
- 2時間50分程度が必要である。
- It takes approximately two hours and fifty minutes.
- (「吉祥院嶋」を冠称)野間詰町
- (Prefixed by 'Kisshoin Shima') Nomazume-cho
- 1857年に再び株仲間となった。
- It became kabunakama again in 1857.
- 九三式中間練習機ほか練習機多数。
- A large number of the training aircrafts including Kyusan type Mid-size Training Aircraft were stationed at the base.
- 代々監物を名乗り帝鑑間に詰めた。
- For many generations, his family referred to themselves as kenmotsu (inspector of the transfer into and from warehouses of the Court) and worked at the Teikan no ma.
- 株仲間の公認は、願株の公認を指す。
- Official approval of kabunakama means that of negaikabu.
- 光和年間(178年 - 184年)
- The Kowa Era (178-184)
- 代々出羽守を名乗り帝鑑間に詰めた。
- For generations, members of his family line called themselves Dewa no kami (Governor of Dewa Province) and worked at the Teikan no ma (room for fudai daimyo of Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade and Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).
- 明軍大いに驚き防戦短時間で破れ退く。
- This took the Ming army by surprise, so they broke ranks and retreated in a second.
- 南十二間、竹之色々被遊、竹間と申候。
- On the south wall panel about 22m wide, various bamboos were painted, and therefore called the 'take no ma' (Bamboo Room).
- 一条通の一条戻り橋はこの区間にある。
- Ichijo Modori-bashi Bridge on Ichijo-dori Street exists in this section.
- 佐久間信盛が最期にこの地で過ごした。
- Nobumori SAKUMA spent his last time here.
- 広く一般的に知られる中間はこれを指す。
- This refers to chugen who were widely and generally known.
- また花火規制は時間帯を問わず規制する。
- Fireworks are prohibited all day.
- この間の約150年間を鎌倉時代と呼ぶ。
- This approximately 150-year period is referred to as the Kamakura period.
- 近年では飛散期間の長期化の指摘もある。
- In recent years it has also been identified that the pollen dispersal period is increasing in length.
- 但請人六ヶ年間也 相共請人 桂孫(花押)
- Guarantor for the next 6 years: Keison (桂孫) (seal)
- 民間の酒屋は鎌倉時代に全国的に発生した。
- Many privately-operated sakaya appeared throughout the nation in the Kamakura period.
- 五重目、十二畳敷御絵有、花鳥之間と申也。
- In the fifth story from the top, there was a twelve-mat Japanese room with painting, which was called 'kacho no ma' (Room of the Flowers and Birds).
- 「角川」は山間部に位置する無人町とする。
- According to 'Kadokawa,' it is an uninhabited town located in the mountain region.
- (平年では年間降水量4582.2mm。)
- (Annual precipitation in an average year is 4,582.2 mm.)
- 続いて宝暦年間に『早引節用集』が登場した。
- Then, 'Hayabiki setsuyoshu' (quick search setsuyoshu) subsequently appeared in the Horeki era (1751 to 1763).
- 1600年の関ヶ原の戦いでは赤間関を守備。
- In the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he took charge in the defense of Akamagaseki.
- 又十二てう敷に鵝をかゝせられ鵝之間と申也。
- Furthermore, there was a twelve-mat Japanese room called 'ga no ma' (Wild Goose Room) as wild geese were depicted.
- この事があって間もなく小田原城は開城した。
- Soon after this, Odawara-jo Castle surrendered.
- 無城の新規取立大名として菊間縁側に詰めた。
- He served as the new mujo daimyo (daimyo without castle) at a broad veranda of Chrysanthemum Room in Edo-jo Castle.
- 賤ヶ岳の戦い後は、山内一豊が6年間在城した。
- Katsutoyo YAMAUCHI lived in the castle for six years after the Battle of Shizugatake.
- この間、1969年に全同教は会館に復帰した。
- Meanwhile, in 1969, the Zendokyo returned to the Hall.
- 豊後の豪族の修復になる方三間の阿弥陀堂建築。
- This is an example of Amida-do Hall architecture, a squared hall whose side is sangen in length, and it was reproduced by a gozoku in Bungo Province.
- 別ニ一段四畳敷き御座之間有、同花鳥之御絵有。
- There was a separate, raised four-mat chamber for the lord's use called 'goza no ma,' also with paintings of flowers and birds.
- 妙法院 - 庫裏、蓮華王院本堂(三十三間堂)
- Myoho-in Temple: Kuri (a hall) and Renge Oin Hondo (the Sanju Sangendo hall)
- 1885年(明治18年) 民間に払い下げる。
- 1885: Ownership of the farm was transferred to the private sector.
- 標準的に4時間あれば十分まわれる距離となる。
- In general, four hours are sufficient to go around.
- 時間とともにだんだんと長雨の地域は北に移る。
- As time advances, the area of long rain is shifted gradually to the north.
- 梅雨の期間中ほとんど雨が降らない場合がある。
- Sometimes, there is a period of baiu in which hardly any rainfall is seen.
- またこの頃、日元間で禅僧の交流が盛んであった。
- Moreover, interaction between Japanese and Yuan Zen monks flourished in those days.
- しかしながら、長い間蔓延した習慣であもあった。
- However, carrying out the erizeni act had also become customary among the general public for a long period of time.
- 次十二畳敷此内西二間之所ニてまりの木を被遊候。
- The next twelve-mat room has 3.6 meter space on the west where Japanese snowball bushes were depicted.
- 次南八畳敷賢人間、へうたんより駒の出たる所有。
- In the south, there was an eight-mat Japanese room with a painting of wise men and a steed emerging from a gourd.
- 区の中部から北部は人口密度の低い山間部である。
- Its middle to the northern part is a mountainous region where population density is low.
- 結果的にハマグリなど、硬い貝殻は期間が長くなる。
- Therefore it is longer for hard shells such as clamshells.
- しかし、期間経過後は収公されることとなっていた。
- However, it also prescribed that such privately owned konden was to be confiscated after the expiration of such period.
- 戦国時代初期の永正・大永年間の著作とされている。
- The book is believed to have been written during the Eisho to Daiei era during the early Sengoku period.
- 浄土教の建築としても独特の内部空間をもっている。
- It has an unique interior space even for architecture of the Jodo sect.
- これは初重の内部空間を広く使うためと考えられる。
- This was to secure the internal space of the first-level pagoda.
- 開館時間 900~1700(入館は1630まで)
- Open: 9:00-17:00 (last admission at 16:30)
- Open: 9:00-17:00 (last admission at 1630)
- 確かにこの間にも、在地社会での大きな変動があった。
- There certainly was a big transformation within the local society during that time.
- それに比べれば源平の戦いなどは瞬間の出来事である。
- Compared to it, the Genpei War seemed to last only an instant.
- 1刻 (2時間) 内に複数の質問が出た場合への対処
- In the event where more than one question is raised within one koku
- その後豊臣政権まで約150年間にわたって中断した。
- After this, Chosen Tsushinshi did not come to Japan for 150 years until the era of the Toyotomi government.
- 三浦倭館の中では最も小規模で、存続期間も短かった。
- Enbo Wakan was the smallest wakan in Sanpo with the shortest duration.
- 湛慶 : 千手観音像(妙法院蓮華王院=三十三間堂)
- Tankei: The statue of Senju Kannon (Thousand Armed Goddess of Mercy) enshrined in Renge O-in (also known as Sanjusangen-do Hall) of Myoho-in Temple
- 区境は東端の山間部で滋賀県大津市とわずかに接する。
- The ward slightly shares a border with Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture in the mountains at its east end.
- 水尾(みずお)は、京都市右京区の山間部にある集落。
- Situated in a mountain valley in Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City, Mizuo is the location of a group of houses.
- すると再び国書を送り、日本と明の間に国交が成立する。
- After that, the Ming Dynasty sent a sovereign's message again, which resulted in the establishment of the diplomatic relations between Japan and the Ming Dynasty.
- 在庁官人の間でも地位の差があったことが知られている。
- It is known that there were the disparities in social standing among zaichokanjin.
- おおよそ3世紀後半から6世紀半ば頃までの期間を指す。
- Roughly speaking, the Kofun period refers to the time that ranged from the later third century to the middle of the sixth century.
- 原画は江戸幕府、大奥にあったが、天保年間、焼失した。
- The original painting had been kept in O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside) of the Edo Shogunate, but was destroyed by fire during the Tenpo era.
- 狭間峠(はざまとうげ)は京都府京都市右京区に在る峠。
- Hazama Pass is a pass in Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- 夜間に渋滞することもあり、道路の改善が望まれている。
- The pass sometimes gets congested during the night and it is hoped to improve the traffic.
- ここでは以下の資料間における町名の異同について記す。
- Difference in the town names among the following materials is described here.
- 1刻 (2時間) 内に複数の依頼者が現れた場合への対処
- In the event where more than one client comes within one koku
- また異なる身分・職業間の結婚も認められるようになった。
- In addition, marriage between men and women of different classes and occupations started to be allowed.
- 民間では更に少ない枚数での短陌レートが設けられていた。
- For civilians, the rate of tanhaku with fewer coins was established.
- 密貿易が恒常化し恒居倭と朝鮮人との間に癒着が進行する。
- Illegal trading became normalized, and collusive relationships between kokyowa and Korean people were accelerated.
- 戦後は民間に払い下げられ、滑走路は農地・宅地となった。
- The base was handed down to the private sector after the war, and the runways became farmland and residential land.
- 三日三晩の間一匹の魚も釣れなかったが五色の亀だけ得る。
- For three days and three nights, he didn't catch any fish, but he did catch a five-colored turtle.
- 格狭間には伝説の鳥である鳳凰などの装飾が施されている。
- In the curved part, decorations such as a hoo (a mythological sacred bird in Chinese lore, a phoenix) are made.
- 三間三重塔婆、檜皮葺で、本堂と池をはさんで建っている。
- This is a three-storied pagoda (stupa) whose side is sangen (approximately 5.4 meters), and was hiwada-buki; it was located opposite the main hall beyond the pond.
- 四重目、西十二間ニ岩ニ色々の木を被遊、則岩之間と申候。
- In the forth story from the top, two rocks and various trees were painted on the west wall panel of about 22m width, and therefore this space was called the 'iwa no ma' (Cliff Room).
- 「東野東山」は区の南東端の山間部に位置する飛地である。
- The 'Higashino Higashiyama' town is a detached town in the mountain area south-east of the ward.
- 「西野東山」は区の南東端の山間部に位置する飛地である。
- Nishino Higashiyama' town is a detached town in the mountain area, at the south-east end of the ward.
- 1869年(明治2年) 大津〜海津間に汽船航路が開通。
- 1869: A steamer line was opened between Otsu and Kaizu.
- 五新線(阪本線) 市街地・山間部に廃線跡が残っている。
- Goshin Line (Sakamoto Line): The old tracks remain, unused, in the urban and mountainous areas.
- そのため、しとしととあまり強くない雨を長時間降らせる。
- Therefore, it causes gentle rain which is not strong to last for a long time period.
- 槨内の隙間には石灰を、石蓋をしてコンクリートで固めた。
- The empty spaces of the wooden box were filled with lime, and a stone cover placed, finally being shored up with concrete.
- 文永年間には下鴨社の築垣・犬防の修築費を課せられている。
- During the Bunei era, the costs of building fences and low lattices were imposed on Shimogamo-jinja Shrine.
- しかし、民衆の間では鐚銭を忌避する意識は根強く残存した。
- But there a deep-rooted consciousness existed among common people to avoid bitasen.
- 越前一向一揆におけるものが有名である(下間頼照を参照)。
- A well-known ikki within ikki occurred in the Echizen ikko ikki (religious riot) (see Raisho SHIMOTSUMA).
- 楠木軍は90日間にわたって幕府の大軍を相手に戦い抜いた。
- The Kusunoki army had fought through 90 days against the larger bakufu army.
- 天長年間に上総国、常陸国、上野国が親王任国に定められた。
- In the Tencho period (824 -834), Kazusa Province, Hitachi Province and Kozuke Province were assigned to shinno-ninkoku (see below).
- 豊臣秀吉の太閤検地によって、中間得分の収取が否定された。
- Due to the taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, collection of interim dividends was disapproved.
- 渡り中間に代表されるように、一時限りの奉公の場合が多い。
- Many served temporarily as watari-chugen (itinerant servants).
- 13代220年の間、本多氏の居城となり明治維新を迎えた。
- The Honda clan resided in it over 13 reigns or 220 years until the Meiji Restoration.
- 城内が混乱した間隙を縫って立花軍が二ノ丸までを占拠した。
- The Tachibana Army occupied the second keep of the castle taking advantage of the confusion inside the castle.
- 桓帝 (漢)と霊帝 (漢)の間(146年 - 189年)
- The Reigns of Emperor Huan (Han) and Emperor Ling (Han) (146-189)
- 女娘は父母と共に迎え、歓待の合間に人界と仙都の別を説く。
- The woman welcomed him along with her parents, and during the entertainment she told him the difference between the human world and an immortal land.
- 豊臣氏が大坂の陣で滅亡しているため、流通した期間は短い。
- Since the Toyotomi clan was extinguished at the Battle of Osaka, the coins were in circulation for only a short time.
- 明の嘉靖年間、中国の沿岸部は倭寇の襲撃を度々受けていた。
- During the Kangzi period (1521 - 1566) during the Ming dynasty, wako (Japanese pirates) repeatedly raided China's coasts.
- 金子城を落とした毛利軍は休む間もなく高尾城に向けて進軍。
- After destroying Kaneko-jo Castle, the troops of the Mori clan proceeded toward Takao-jo Castle without rest.
- また、佐久間盛政は逃亡するものの捕らえられて斬首された。
- Morimasa SAKUMA tried to run away but was captured and decapitated.
- 13町のうち3町は区の東方の山間部に位置する飛地である。
- Three towns among thirteen are detached towns in the eastern mountain areas.
- これにより京都の貴族の間に熊野詣が行われるようになった。
- The pilgrimage to Kumano Sanzan among court nobles came to be common in Kyoto after this.
- ここでは以下の資料間における町名の異同について列記する。
- Differences in the official town names among the reference materials are listed below.
- 北方の大原、鞍馬などの山間部を含んだ広大な面積を有する。
- It covers a vast area with the mountainous region in the north, including Ohara and Kurama.
- 以後、延暦寺などの寺社と幕府の間で激しい駆け引きが行わた。
- This was followed by intense bargaining between the bakufu and temples including Enryaku-ji Temple.
- その為、藩士=武士というのは間違いであるとすることがある。
- Therefore it may be said that hanshi are not necessarily samurai.
- だが楠木正成は、長期間の抗戦は不可能であると理解していた。
- Masashige KUSUNOKI, however, knew he couldn't afford a prolonged resistance.
- これらの身分は足軽より下の中間(ちゅうげん)待遇とされた。
- Those who belonged to these classes were treated as chugen class, lower than ashigaru.
- 商人は到着から通商までの3か月から半年間を鴻臚館内で滞在。
- The merchants were obliged to stay inside the Korokan for three to six months, from their arrival until commercial transactions.
- 天文年間には城下町・石寺も置かれ、楽市楽座が行われていた。
- The castle town, Ishidera, was constructed and there were Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) from 1532 to 1554.
- また、甲南部、杣谷を経て伊賀へとぬける間道伊賀街道が通る。
- There also is the Iga-kaido Road - a Kando (byroad) that passes through the Konan area and Somatani to Iga.
- 城内の人間は焼け死に、討って出た城兵はことごとく戦死した。
- The people in castle were burnt to death and all castle soldiers who went out of the castle for fighting were killed in the battle.
- (梅雨入りから8月末までで年間降水量を超える雨が降った。)
- (The amount of rainfall for the period from tsuyuiri until the end of August exceeded annual precipitation.)
- この期間のことを、梅雨の中休み(つゆのなかやすみ)と言う。
- Such period is called 'tsuyu no nakayasumi' (literally, 'break of tsuyu').
- 天長10(833)年に武蔵国多摩郡と入間郡の境界付近に開設。
- This Fuseya was established on the border of Tama-gun and Iruma-gun in Musashi Province in 833.
- 天保の改革の際に株仲間が一時廃止された際に冥加も免除された。
- Myoga was abolished when kabunakama was once abolished in the process of Tenpo Reform.
- 平安時代には近衛府が内裏及び大蔵・内蔵を夜間の警備を行った。
- During the Heian period, Konoe-fu (the agency to guard the Palace) guarded at night the Imperial Palace and Okura (financial department) and Uchikura (Inner Treasury)
- 鎌倉時代からは和気氏もこれに加わり、両家の間で争いが起きる。
- Subsequent to the Kamakura period, the Wake clan also became to succeed it, causing conflicts between the two families.
- この曲輪は、南西、西の中間、北東の3ヵ所の虎口を設けている。
- This Kuruwa has three Koguchi on its southwest, middle of the west, and northeast.
- また、門は夜の間厳重に閉じられ、城内外の行き来を制限された。
- The gates also were closed and heavily guarded at night and the foot traffic going in and out the castle was limited.
- 謙信死後の御館の乱では一族間で上杉景勝派と上杉景虎派と分裂。
- In the Odate War, after the death of Kenshin, the Uesugi clan split into the two groups of Kagekatsu UESUGI and Kagetora UESUGI.
- この間、秀吉の勢威を恐れて諸国の土豪は次々と降伏していった。
- During Hideyoshi's invasion, powerful local clans in various provinces yielded to Hideyoshi one after another in fear of Hideyoshi's power.
- 説話的な語り口で人生の断面が垣間見られる佳品で知られている。
- It is known as a good piece in which each stage of life is depicted in story-telling writing.
- 現在、「棚田」といえば「急傾斜の山間地の階段状棚田」を指す。
- At present 'Tanada' means 'rice fields arranged in a staircase pattern on a very steep slope on a mountain.'
- 梅雨の半ばには、一旦天気が回復する期間が出現することがある。
- In the middle of baiu, there is sometimes a period in which weather gets better.
- 配流の話はいつの間にかうやむやとなり、解官も形ばかりであった。
- The exile ended up unsettled, and the removal was a mere formality.
- また、応永・文安・長禄年間にも編纂が行われたと推定されている。
- Moreover, it is presumed that the law code had been compiled during Oei (1394 to 1427), Bunan (1444 to 1448), and the Choroku (1457 to 1461) era.
- 江戸時代後期の天明年間、天保年間には再び広域の一揆が多発する。
- In the Tenmei and Tenpo eras of the late Edo period, extensive ikki began to occur again.
- しかし、守護請が荘園・公領の減少をもたらしたことは間違いない。
- However, without a doubt the number of shoen and koryo decreased due to Shugouke.
- この戦いは、黒田孝高が約1年間投獄されていた事でも有名である。
- This war is also famous for the fact that Yoshitaka KURODA was imprisoned for approximately one year.
- その間、宇佐山城は坂本で森らを破った連合軍の猛攻を受けていた。
- Meanwhile, Usayama-jo Castle had been fiercely attacked by the allied forces that had previously defeated Yoshinari MORI's army in Sakamoto.
- (『梁書』では正始年間(240年 - 249年)に卑弥呼死亡)
- (According to the Book of the Liang Dynasty, Himiko passed away between 240 and 249)
- 平安時代に入ると、暦日と密接な方角禁忌が貴族の間で尊重された。
- During the Heian period, nobles seriously believed that there were taboo directions that varied from day to day.
- 貞観_(日本)年間には瀬戸内海の海賊鎮圧の命令が出されている。
- During the Jogan era (Japan) the order to suppress pirates in Seto Inland Sea was issued.
- 秀吉はその間に加藤清正らの九州の諸将を壱岐と対馬に待機させた。
- During this period, Hideyoshi had warlords in Kyushu, such as Kiyomasa KATO, be on standby in Iki and Tsushima islands.
- これにより盛政が賤ヶ岳砦を占拠するのも時間の問題かと思われた。
- As a result, it seemed to be only a matter of time until Morimasa occupied Shizugatake Fort.
- 観桜シーズンにはライトアップされるため、夜間観桜も可能である。
- It is lit up during the cherry blossom season, and is possible to view the cherry tree at night.
- 大原経由では、堀川北山から国道367号線を通り、約1時間程度。
- Via Ohara, it takes about one hour using National Route 367 from Horikawa Kitayama.
- しかし、近年は地球温暖化に伴う滑走可能期間の短縮傾向が著しい。
- However, these days, the available period when people can enjoy sliding become apparently shorter due to global warming.
- ただし、真夏の空気に包まれる期間が長い分、台風が襲来しやすい。
- As the period in which the region is covered by the real summer air is long, however, the region tends to have typhoons.
- なお、現在世間一般で言われている焙烙火矢は焙烙玉(後述)のこと。
- Horokuhiya is generally recognized today as the weapon called Horokudama (described below).
- 秋田蘭画は、君臣間の一種のサロン的雰囲気のなかで広まっていった。
- Akita Ranga became popular in a kind of salon atmosphere among the lords and vassals.
- 各県でもしきりに善行者を表彰し、民間の教化団体もまたおこなった。
- Prefectures frequently awarded persons for their good deeds, and private educational organizations also followed the awards.
- 史の支配の及ぶ土地と人間の総体を指して「コオリ」と呼んだらしい。
- It appears to be the case that land and people under the control of a shi (clerk) was collectively called a 'kori.'
- 40日間の公募期間で、一円硬貨だけで2,581点の応募があった。
- During the 40-day period of public appeal, there were 2,581 applications for the one-yen coin alone.
- 数日間攻防戦が続いたが、伊庭行隆は敗れ、4月1日城を明け渡した。
- After the battle for the castle, which continued for several days, Yukitaka IBA was defeated and yielded up the castle on April 1.
- 以後、岸和田勢と紀州勢との間で小競り合いが頻発するようになった。
- After that, the Kishiwada army and Kishu army frequently had skirmishes.
- 武家執奏は足利尊氏が将軍に補任された暦応年間から事例が見られる。
- Several cases of bukeshisso were seen during 1338 and 1341 when Takauji ASHIKAGA was appointed as shogun.
- ちなみにcedarはヒノキあるいはマツの仲間の針葉樹を意味する。
- Cedar is actually a conifer related to the Japanese cypress and pine trees.
- 本柱長さ八間、本柱ふとさ一尺五寸四方、六尺四方、一尺三寸四方木。
- This castle tower was sustained by 1.8 square meter space with five pillars; one main pillar with about 15m long and 45cm square meter cross section installed in the center, and other four sub-pillars with about 40cm square meter cross section installed in the each corner.
- 急カーブが連続し、峠道らしい勾配がある区間もあるが通行量は多い。
- The pass has many tight curves, and slopes typical of a pass, but it still has a lot of traffic.
- 時間帯によっては観光川下りの舟よりもラフトの方が多いこともある。
- In some time periods of a day, there are more rafting boats than the pleasure boats on the river.
- 「音羽南谷」は山間部に位置すると推定されるが、地図上にみえない。
- Otowa Minamitani town' is supposed to be a place in the mountains; however, it can not be seen on a map.
- この間、明治15年(1882年)には上京12組が同11組に編入。
- In the meantime, by 1882, Kamigyo kumi No.12 of was integrated into Kamigyo kumi No.11.
- 急カーブが連続する区間もあり、古くから在る道の線形を残している。
- It has series of tight curves and keeps old-time road alignments.
- - 地図にみえないが、「角川」には山間部に位置する無人町とある。
- According to 'Kadokawa,' it is a mountainous area where no one lives, although this is not shown on any map.
- According to 'Kadokawa,' it is a mountainous area inhabited, even though this is not shown on any map.
- 鞍馬経由では、堀川北山から国道477号線を通り、約1時間半程度。
- Via Kurama, it takes about one hour and half using National Route 477 from Horikawa Kitayama.
- 堂内向かって左の間に安置される,西大寺中興の祖・叡尊の肖像彫刻。
- It is an image sculpture of Eison, who was the restorer of Saidai-ji Temple, enshrined in a room on the observer's left.
- 鎌倉時代には荘園からの年貢を実際に運ぶ手間を省くために用いられた。
- In the Kamakura period, it was used to avoid the trouble of having to carry the nengu (annual tribute, land tax) from shoen.
- 少なくても室町幕府創設期の40年間以上は存続したと考えられている。
- It is thought that it lasted for at least forty years or more at the early stage of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 株仲間構成員の多くは、組合法人格を有さない組合に改組されていった。
- Many members of kabunakama were reorganized into non-juridical organizations.
- その結果、田堵負名と国司の間で紛争がしばしば見られるようになった。
- As a result, disputes between tato fumyo and kokushi became very common.
- 老練な昌幸はのらりくらりと返事を先延ばしにして、時間稼ぎに徹する。
- Experienced Masayuki put off his answer inefficiently to delay the inevitable.
- 民間においては、現在でも親しい仲などが集まり小規模で行われている。
- Among ordinary citizens, even now close associates gather to practice it on a small scale.
- 勾配は峠が近づくにつれて急になってくるが、それも短区間のみである。
- Closer to the pass, steeper the slopes become, but that is only for a short distance.
- この呼称は間もなく廃れたが西京味噌や西京漬はこの俗称が由来である。
- This alias disappeared after a while, but Saikyo Miso or Saikyozuke (Saikyo Pickles) originated from this alias.
- その間は畑になっていたといわれ、室町通でかろうじてつながっていた。
- It is said that fields were located between Kamigyo and Shimogyo, and the two parts were connected only by Muromachi-dori Street.
- 後に株仲間は再興されたが株仲間に対する冥加の賦課は行われなくなった。
- Though kabunakama was revived later, Myoga was no longer imposed on kabunakama.
- しかし成立間もない室町幕府は南北朝の動乱のなか財政的余裕はなかった。
- However the Muromachi Bakufu, which had just been established, did not have sufficient financial ability under the disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- 11世紀から12世紀にかけて、院宮分国制が有力貴族の間にも拡がった。
- In the era from the 11th century to the 12th century, powerful nobles introduced a system similar to the ingu bunkoku-sei system as well.
- 良房の妹藤原順子が仁明天皇の中宮となり、その間に文徳天皇が生まれた。
- FUJIWARA no Junshi, a younger sister of Yoshifusa, became the Chugu (the Empress) of the Emperor Ninmyo and bore the Emperor Montoku.
- 以後は旧領奪還を目指す石川氏と結城氏の間で激しい争いが繰り返された。
- Thereafter, fierce battles were repeated between the Ishikawa clan, which aimed to recover the former fief, and the Yuki clan.
- 彼の古墳研究のことは当時、日本人の間ではほとんど知られていなかった。
- However, his study was not known among Japanese at that time.
- 奇異に思ったが眠っている間に亀は比べることもなき美麗な婦人と為った。
- He felt it was strange, but while he was sleeping the turtle turned into the most beautiful woman he had ever seen,
- 一方、民間に対しては太閤検地や刀狩などを通じて家職への専念を求めた。
- On the other hand, the government reinforced Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and Katanagari (sword confiscation) on the public and asked it to devote itself to Kashoku.
- 一、黒船之儀ハ 商買之事候間格別候之条 年月を経諸事売買いたすへき事
- 1. The black ships are for commerce, and thereby they shall be treated differently and we shall buy and purchase various items over the years.
- これにより、頼朝は東海・東山両道の支配権を間接的ではあるが獲得した。
- It was through this that Yoritomo indirectly secured power over Tokai-do and Tosan-do.
- 毎年、一定期間(秋季)に、灯台記念日にちなんで内部が一般公開される。
- For a particular period of time in every fall season, the inside of the lighthouse is opened to the public on Lighthouse Day.
- 行政都市圏としてだけではなく、商業都市圏としての一面も垣間見られる。
- Thus we can see it has an aspect of not only administrative urban area but also commercial urban area.
- 菅坂峠(すがさかとうげ)とは京都府舞鶴市と綾部市の間にある峠である。
- Sugasaka-toge Pass is a mountain pass located between Maizuru City and Ayabe City in Kyoto Prefecture.
- - 期間限定3月下旬~11月下旬 鞆港と尾道港を結ぶ観光クルージング
- Limited to the period of late March to late November; sightseeing cruising between Tomo Harbor and Onomichi Harbor.
- だが、3時間以内に下山しなければならないという規則が定められている。
- There is a rule that one should go down the mountain within three hours.
- 実際の運用においては、養老年間に改訂が行われ、以下の規定が定められた。
- This regulation was, however, revised in the Yoro period, therefore a newly established regulation, which is mentioned below, was applied practically.
- 武士間で主従関係を結んで、ある武士が別の武士の郎党となることもあった。
- Sometimes a samurai created master to servant relationships among samurai and became another samurai's roto.
- ただし、この時期の記述は抄出であり、本格的な記述は嘉吉年間以後である。
- However, the record in this period was an extract version and full-blown descriptions was started after the Kakitsu Era (1141-1144).
- 723年(養老7)の三世一身法では、墾田は一定期間は私有が認められた。
- The Sanze-isshin Law (promoting reclamation) of 723 allowed private ownership of konden for a certain period.
- かつては、その怖ろしい描写が地獄を描いた絵巻だと長い間考えられてきた。
- The horrible description in this emakimono has been believed to be hell for a long time.
- 京都バス32番花背線の能見口下車、徒歩約3時間(約11キロメートル)。
- Route 32 of Kyoto Bus (the Hanase route): Get off at Nomi-guchi and walk for about three hours (approx. eleven kilometers).
- 裏白峠(うらじろとうげ)は滋賀県甲賀市と京都府宇治田原町の間にある峠。
- Urajiro-toge Pass is a pass located between Koga City in Shiga Prefecture and Ujitawara Town in Kyoto Prefecture.
- 『角川日本地名大辞典 26 京都府』では山間部に位置する無人町とする。
- According to the second volume of 'Kadokawa Nihon Chimei Daijiten No. 26 Kyoto-Fu' (Kadokawa dictionary of place-names of Japan, No.26 Kyoto Prefecture), they are mountainous areas uninhabited.
- 永禄3年(1560年)「桶狭間の戦い」に勝利した織田信長の臣下となる。
- Nobumoto became the vassal of Nobunaga ODA, who won in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560.
- そのため、国衙軍制をもって荘園・公領間紛争を制圧することはできなかった。
- Therefore, the kokuga forces system could not be used for suppressing conflicts between manors and koryo.
- 山間部の集落においては、平家の落人にまつわる伝承が残っていることが多い。
- In not a few communities in mountainous areas, episodes related to ochudo of the Taira family have been handed down for generations and still remain.
- 本書は醍醐天皇に侍医・権医博士として仕えた深根輔仁が延喜年間に編纂した。
- This dictionary was compiled by Sukehito FUKANE, who served Emperor Daigo as a court physician and Gon no ihakase (assistant professor of medicine), during 901 to 923.
- 中でも莫大な量を占めたのが刀剣で、年間3万~4万本輸出された年があった。
- Swords accounted for the large portion of export and their annual export sometimes reached to 30,000 to 40,000.
- 善行旌表(ぜんこうせいひょう)は、人の善行をほめて、広く世間に示すこと。
- Zenko Seihyo was a practice of awarding a person for a good conduct and announcing it in public.
- いずれにしても、ここに相馬御厨は別の人間から2重に寄進されたことになる。
- In any case, this shows the fact that donation of Soma-mikuriya by different persons occurred twice.
- 武士の作法として、名乗りが行われている間に攻撃することは許されなかった。
- Samurai propriety did not allow them to attack while nanori was taking place.
- 現に事情が変われば瞬く間に内部分裂が起こり、織田信長と対立して敗北した。
- In fact, a change in the circumstances triggered internal dissension, whereby the powers confronted Nobunaga ODA and they were defeated by him.
- しかし戦国時代になると領国間の紛争に伴う恒常的な臨戦態勢が必要となった。
- However, during the Sengoku Period, conflicts between territorial provinces made it necessary to be always prepared for a war.
- 正方形部の北東側の部分は北御門より大手御門までの間に御長屋になっていた。
- Onnagaya (long ridges consisting of dwelling units connected horizontally) continued from the Kitamikado to the Otte-mon Gate at the northeast part of the square shaped main area.
- (これには、9世紀末の寛平年間に既に廃止されていたとする見解も存在する)
- (In another opinion, the nuhi system had already been abolished in the Kanpyo era at the end of the ninth century.)
- この間、国民の間でも憲法改正論議は高まり、様々な憲法改正案が発表された。
- On the other hand, debate on constitutional amendment grew warm also among common people, and they published various revision proposals.
- これを契機に、世間では高野山攻めが行われるという噂が流布するようになる。
- After that, a rumor that Nobunaga would attack Koyasan was spread.
- 要するに天王寺苧座は越後-畿内間の青苧流通を完全に支配していたのである。
- In short, Tennoji so-za monopolized the distribution network of aoso from Echigo Province to the 'Kinai region' (the five provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
- 当時民間の娯楽として人気のあった猿楽は滑稽を主とした雑芸・歌曲であった。
- Sarugaku (form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries) which was mainly comical arts and songs, was popular as a public amusement.
- 京都バス10番比良線の葛川梅ノ木下車、徒歩約2時間(約7キロメートル)。
- Route 10 of Kyoto Bus (the Hira route): Get off at Katsuragawa Umenoki and walk for about two hours (approx. seven km).
- 1954年7月、笠間・安田の2大字を宇陀郡榛原町_(奈良県)に境界変更。
- In July, 1954, a boundary was changed and as a result, two 'Oaza' of Kasama and Yasuda belonged to Haibara-cho, Uda County (Nara Prefecture).
- 南朝も東晋の大元年間に襄陽を中心とする地域に僑州として雍州を置いていた。
- From 376 to 396 of Eastern Jin Dynasty, Nan-Dynasty also establishd Yong Zhou as Qianzhou in the area surrounding Xiangyang.
- ウンシュウミカンの生産地としても有名で、山間部では蜜柑の生産農家が多い。
- Sakurai is also famous as a place for producing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) and a lot of farms produce satsuma mandarin in the mountain area.
- そのため本人謹慎中は家人及び郎党など家来・仲間が証人を血眼になって探した。
- So, while the warrior himself stayed at home, his family, servants and fellows looked for a witness desperately.
- そのため、宮中における茶の接待には準備も含めて莫大な手間と費用がかかった。
- Consequently, it took enormous time and money to prepare tea services for the Imperial Court.
- しかし、民衆の間では鐚銭を忌避して撰銭をしようとする意識が根強く残存した。
- However, consciousness of avoiding bitasen coins and of carrying out the erizeni act was rooted strongly amongst the general public.
- つまり、すべての人に等しく教育を説き、理想の実現と人間平等の考え方である。
- Namely, it's a concept that explains the meaning of education to everyone, and it implies human equality and the realization of an ideal.
- 10世紀後期から両者間の対立が国司苛政上訴という形で顕在化するようになる。
- From the late 10th century, such contradictions became obvious in the form of Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against kokushi).
- 庸が年間20日の労役の義務であるのに対し40日の雑徭により庸が免除される。
- The yo was a part of the soyocho from which it was possible to be exempted; this annual mandatory 20 days of labor could be substituted with 40 days of the zatsuyo.
- この差異は、田堵負名とその時々の国司との間の折衝で生まれてきたものだった。
- This variation was a result of negotiation between tato fumyo and the then-current kokushi (provincial governors).
- しばしば表と裏が間違われやすいが、平等院鳳凰堂が書かれている側が表である。
- The obverse and reverse sides of the coin are often confused; the side on which the Hoo-do Hall of Byodoin Temple appears is the obverse side.
- 伊達綱村、伊達村和、伊達宗贇は、伊達綱村と三沢初子との間にできた子である。
- Tsunamura, Murayori, and Muneyoshi DATE were born to Tsunamune DATE and Hatsuko MISAWA.
- その間にさらに北上した日本の一番隊と三番隊は平壌を占領して進撃を停止した。
- In the mean time, the First and Third Divisions marched further to the north and occupied Pyongyang and suspended their marching.
- 北九州の覇権をかけた合戦であると同時に、大友・大内間の最大の戦闘となった。
- It was a battle for hegemony over northern Kyushu and the biggest battle between OTOMO and OUCHI.
- 四面に縁をめぐらした平面の形状および構造は鎌倉期以降の三間仏堂を思わせる。
- The shape and structure of the flat part with edges around reminds one of sangen Buddhist temples after the Kamakura period.
- このトンネル自体も(鉄道の)長等山トンネルと同様に全区間が大津市内にある。
- The whole length of this tunnel, like that of Nagarayama (railroad) tunnel, is in Otsu City.
- 阪急が5年間で経営から撤退した後は保津川遊船企業組合が経営にあたっている。
- After the Hankyu Corporation withdrew from the operation of the Hozu-gawa River trip in five years, the Hozugawa River Tour Boat Business Union took over the operation.
- 左京区北白川から、瓜生山と大文字山の間の山中越を経て、大津市の志賀に至る。
- Yamanakagoe, passing through between Mt. Uryu and Mt. Daimonji, runs from Kita-shirakawa, Sakyo Ward to Shiga, Otsu City.
- 京奈和自動車道(予定) 現在五條市内の区間は「五條道路」とも呼ばれている。
- Keinawa Expressway (scheduled): Currently, a section of the road within Gojo City is also called 'Gojo Road.'
- 中世に約500年間井伊谷の庄を治め、南北朝時代 (日本)は南朝方に属した。
- The Ii clan governed the Iinoyanosyo for approximately 500 years during the Middle Ages, and during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Ii clan belonged to the Southern Court.
- 幕府はその惣領と御恩・奉公による主従関係を結び、間接的には庶子をも支配した。
- The soryo made a master and servant relationship with bakufu through favor and service, and indirectly ruled over illegitimate children.
- 和平交渉は徳川家康によって委任を受けた対馬の宗氏と朝鮮当局の間で進められる。
- Peace talks were carried out between the So clan in Tsushima, who was entrusted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and the government of Korea.
- 基本的にその構造から追葬はできず、埋葬施設内に人が活動するような空間はない。
- Because of the structure, an added burial was impossible, and there was no space where people were able to move around.
- 嘉靖年間末期に自己の日本での体験や日本の実情を記した『日本一鑑』を撰述した。
- At the end of the Kangzi period, Cheng Shun-kung wrote his experiences in Japan and Japan's actual circumstances in 'Nihon Ikkan' (Japan One Model.)
- 一乗寺は播磨国北東の山間部に所在し、多くの堂塔が重要文化財に指定されている。
- Ichijo-ji Temple is located in mountains in the northeast of Harima Province, and many temple buildings have been designated as important cultural properties.
- 頼朝軍入京間近の報に力を得た院周辺では、融和派が逼塞し主戦派が台頭していた。
- The news that Yoritomo's army was about to enter the capital brightened up the Cloistered Emperor's court, where accommodationists fell into obscurity and the war party gained power.
- 具体的には民間には海外進出を禁じ、公的には貿易のルートを朝貢のみに限定した。
- To be specific, in private sectors advancing overseas was prohibited, and an official sector for the trading route was restricted only to choko (paying tribute to the court).
- 新規植林(Afforestation、過去50年間森林がなかった土地に植林)
- Afforestation (to plant trees newly in the land where there have not been forests in the past fifty years).
- 大阪が歴史の表舞台に登場するのには、難波京から石山本願寺まで空白期間がある。
- Osaka did not play a major part in the history between the era of Naniwa-kyo and Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple.
- この前線付近では雨が降り続くが、長雨の期間は各地域で1か月~2か月にもなる。
- It rains continuously in the vicinity of this front and the period for continual rain lasts for one to two months in each district.
- 長い間続いた南北朝時代 (日本)の中で兵糧確保のために出された半済令であった。
- The Hanzeirei was enforced in order to secure provisions for the army under the long-lasting conflict with the Northern and Southern Courts.
- これらの禅僧の往来の多くは、日元間を交易する商船に便乗することが都合良かった。
- It is convenient for many of these priests to come and go on board merchant ships that carried on trade between Japan and Yuan.
- その寄進状が残っていることから、そこからその間の事情が今に知られることになる。
- A letter of the donation remains, which makes the circumstances during that occasion known to us today.
- 「お」と「を」の間に音韻上の区別がなくなったのも11世紀末頃と考えられている。
- The phonological distinction between 'o' and 'wo' was considered to have faded out around the end of the 11th century.
- これに先立ち、京極軍3000は12時間かけて城下を焼き払い、町は荒野と化した。
- Before the battle, the 3000 soldiers of the Kyogoku Army burned away the castle town for 12 hours until the town changed into a barren field.
- 司農寺等の官庁に籍があり年間三番の交代制で1ヵ月ずつ勤務するたてまえであった。
- Individuals of this status would be registered at a government office such as the Court of the National Granaries (Sinong Si) and work three one month shifts per year.
- 彼女が眠るように命じ浦島子が目覚めると、不意の間に海中の大きな島に至っていた。
- She told Urashima no ko to sleep, and when he woke up, before he knew, they had arrived at a big island under the sea.
- 江戸から参加する役人は、往復各2日間を加えて、20日から1ヶ月間の出張となる。
- The government official participant from Edo needed from 20 days to one month, including two days each for the arrival and departure stages of the trip.
- 心柱が初層の天井裏で止まり、板床となるその上には中央方一間に仏壇を構えている。
- Its central pillar ends under the roof of the first-level pagoda, and on the wooden floor located over the roof, a Buddhist alter is put on a square whose side is ikken (appox. 1.8 m) in the center of the floor.
- 目標は、首都圏および京阪地区に飛来する花粉の発生源を10年間で半減させるもの。
- The project aims to halve the sources of pollen carried to the Tokyo area and the Kyoto-Osaka region within 10 years.
- 光格天皇の頃は朝廷権威の復興を望み、幕府との間に尊号一件が起こるなど折衝した。
- Around the time of Emperor Kokaku, the Imperial Court tried to regain its authority, and negotiations, such as the Songo Case (an effort by the emperor to give an honorary title), were conducted with the Shogunate.
- 昼間の登山だけでなく、ご来光を見るために涼しい夜間に登山することも盛んである。
- A lot of people climb it not only during daytime but also cool nighttime to pray to the rising sun from the summit of the mountain.
- なお、山間部の集落では過疎化が著しく、麓の市街地とは対照的な表情を見せている。
- Settlements in the mountain area have serious depopulation problems, which makes a contrast with the situation of downtowns at the foot of mountains.
- ところが、桶狭間の合戦で義元が討ち取られた後は、今川氏も徐々に衰退してしまう。
- However, the Imagawa clan's power gradually declined after Yoshimoto was killed at the Battle of Okehazama.
- そのため、平家は人口が少ないところや山間部や谷間など人がよりがたい所に里を築く。
- The Taira family constructed villages in inaccessible areas such as sparsely populated areas, mountain areas or ravines.
- 任期切れ間近の受領は、成績をあげるためにしばしば法令どおりの苛烈な収奪を行った。
- The zuryo whose terms of office were approaching the end was often engaged in relentless exploitative activities according to the law and regulations, to accomplish respectable achievements.
- しかしながら、荘園・公領間の紛争において、荘園側は凶党には当たらないこととされた
- However, in disputes between manors and koryo, it was decided that the manor side did not constitute gangsters.
- 奈良時代の和銅年間に始まったとする説もあるが、天平元年(729年)が有力である。
- While some believe that Kinomidokyo dates back to the Wado era (from 708 to 715) of the Nara period, it is generally agreed that it began in 729.
- しかし、その後の文禄・慶長の役によって日朝間が国交断絶となったために中断された。
- However, the diplomatic relations between the two nations were broken due to the Bunroku-Keicho War, and Chosen Tsushinshi ceased to come.
- したがって下記にある若党、中間、小者に分けた解説はあくまで参考程度の内容である。
- Therefore, the following description dividing them into wakato, chugen, and komono should be read only as a guide.
- また、名主は、百姓から徴収した中から加地子を中間得分として自らの収入としていた。
- Myoshu also collected kajishi (supplementary taxes) from peasants as their own income.
- 惣無事令(そうぶじれい)とは、豊臣秀吉が出した、大名間の私闘を禁じた法令である。
- Sobuji-rei was an edict that prohibited duels between daimyo (feudal lords), issued by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 蕪村が寄寓していた京都府宮津市の見性寺の欄間に張られていたものと伝えられている。
- Buson Yokai Emaki was said to be hung on a ranma (transom) of the Kensho-ji Temple in Miyazu City, Kyoto Prefecture where Buson resided.
- その後、忠恒は、野之美谷と志和地の間の森田に陣を築き、志和地城を兵糧攻めにした。
- Afterward, Tadatsune set camp in Morita between Nonomitani and Shiwachi, and laid siege to Shiwachi-jo Castle.
- 細川高国軍は、主力として鳥羽から鷺の森辺まで川沿いに隙間無く一文字に陣をしいた。
- The army of Takakuni HOSOKAWA deployed their main force in a line along the river from Toba to Saginomori leaving no space between soldieres.
- 7組程度に分かれ、各組が16日から25日間、4月上旬から7月中旬に断続的に行う。
- They were divided into about seven groups, and each group maneuvered intermittently from the beginning of April to mid-July for 16 to 25 days.
- また勾配も大変急であり、オートマ車でも1速に入れないと登るのが難しい区間もある。
- It also has pretty steep slopes with zones which is hard to climb for even automatic cars to shift into first gear.
- 同年、学区名に小学校名を付して「梅屋学区」「竹間学区」のように称するようになる。
- In the same year, the names of elementary schools were added to the names of the school districts to be referred to as 'Umeya school district' and 'Chikkan school district.'
- 勾配やカーブこそ急だが、標高が低く山道の区間が短いため、比較的緩やかな峠である。
- Despite sharp curves and slopes, it has a relatively moderate incline because it is at a low altitude and the mountain pass is short.
- 西日本旅客鉄道(JR西日本)・山陰本線(京都駅~園部駅間は嵯峨野線の愛称がある)
- The railway line running in the above towns is the Sanin Main Line (the line between Kyoto Station and Sonobe station is unofficially called Sagano Line) of West Japan Railway Company (JR West).
- 冬期は積雪状況によって広河原能見町から久多宮の町の間は通行止めとなる場合がある。
- In the winter, it sometimes happens that traffic is closed between Hirogawara Nomi-cho and Kuta Miyano-cho, depending on the amount of snow accumulated.
- バス:近畿日本鉄道近鉄吉野線下市口駅から奈良交通バスで約1時間「洞川温泉」下車。
- By bus: From Shimoichiguchi Station, Kintetsu Yoshino Line of Kinki Nippon Railway Company, about one hour ride by Nara Kotsu Bus, get off at 'Dorogawa onsen.'
- 新規取立の城主として雁間に詰め、大番頭や奏者番といった役職に就く機会が多かった。
- As the new castellan, memebers of this family worked at Kari no ma (room for castle-owning fudai daimyo newly assigned after the establishment of the Edo bakufu) and often assumed the positions such as Oban gashira and sojaban.
- このことから、経営基盤を失った大学寮と新たに当該地を得た穀倉院の間で対立が生じた。
- As a result, a conflict occurred between Daigaku-ryo, which lost its financial base, and Kokusoin, which obtained new territory.
- 近江商人の家訓として「買い手良し、世間良し、売り手良し」の「三方良し」が知られる。
- One of the family precepts of Omi shonin is known to be that of 'Sanpo yoshi' (benefit for all three sides), which teaches that in their business the merchant should take into consideration the benefits for the customer, society, and the vendor at the same time.
- 国人や農民が協力し、守護大名畠山氏の政治的影響力を排除し、以後8年間自治を行った。
- Local samurais and farmers cooperated to eliminate the political influence of the shugo daimyo (military governor) of the Hatakeyama clan, and functioned as self-governing community for the succeeding eight years.
- 10世紀初頭に成立し、11世紀中期ないし12世紀後期までの期間に存続したとされる。
- It is considered this polity was established in early 10th century and continued to exist until the mid-11th century or late 12th century.
- 株仲間(かぶなかま)とは、問屋などが一種の座を作り、カルテルを形成することである。
- Kabunakama was a type of guild formed as a cartel by warehouse merchants.
- また、地頭と荘園領主との間で作合を巡る争いの解決方策として下地中分が行われ始めた。
- In addition, as a solution to dissolve disputes over sakuai (share that each shiki had for taxes) between jito and shoenryoshu, Shitaji chubun (physical division of the land) was started.
- Also, shitaji chubun (physical division of land) started to take place as a solution to a conflict between jito and shoen ryoshu over sakuai.
- 会合衆の数は36人とされるが、文明 (日本)年間は10人と見える(『蔗軒日録』)。
- It is said that the number of Egoshu members was thirty-six, but there were ten during the Bunmei era (Japan) ('Shaken nichiroku').
- 根来寺は三日間燃え続け、空が赤く輝く様子が当時貝塚にあった本願寺から見えたという。
- It is said that Negoro-ji Temple had burnt for three days and that red shining sky could be seen at Hongan-ji Temple which was located in Kaizuka in those days.
- 初期農耕文化の時代であり、おおよそ紀元前3世紀から紀元後3世紀頃までの期間を指す。
- The Yayoi period falls under the age of the early agrarian culture, and ranged from about the third century B.C. to about the third century A.D.
- 延喜年間の阿蘇友成(宇治友成)以降は阿蘇神社の大宮司を世襲するようになったという。
- From the generation of ASO no Tomonari (UJI no Tomonari) who lived in the Engi era, the Aso clan inherited the position of daiguji (high priest of a great shrine) of Aso-jinja Shrine.
- 1990年以降、適切な森林施業(植栽、下刈、除伐・間伐等の行為)が行われている森林
- The forests which have been properly managed (grass establishment, weeding and brushing, improvement cutting, tree thinning and so on) since 1990.
- この制度では、百姓を村単位で、町人を町単位で把握し、両者の間に上下関係はなかった。
- According to this system, peasants were grouped by village, townsmen by town, with no difference between their ranks.
- 市西部は和歌山県橋本市にある南海高野線橋本駅・林間田園都市駅を利用することが多い。
- In the western part of the city, many people use Hashimoto Station, Rinkandenentoshi Station of the Nankai Koya Line located in Hashimoto City, Wakayama Prefecture.
- 「吉祥院嶋」を冠称する町名は、野間詰町(もと大字吉祥院)を含め当初10町であった。
- Initially 10 towns were prefixed by 'Kisshoin Shima,' including Nomazume-cho (the former Oaza Kisshoin).
- 明治元年(1868年)所領5万石のまま菊間藩に藩庁を移転した後、廃藩置県を迎える。
- After he moved the government building of domain to the Kikuma Domain, with the same amount of shoryo (territory), 50,000 koku in 1868, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was announced.
- しかし、京より遠い東国においては、朝廷や貴族間における調停などの調整は期待出来ない。
- However, Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) far away from Kyoto had less hope for settlement within the imperial court or among aristocrats.
- 延喜儀式(えんぎぎしき)は、平安時代前期延喜年間に編纂されたとされる儀式 (書物)。
- Engi Gishiki was one of Gishiki (Court rule and customs Books) considered to be compiled during the Engi era at the beginning of the Heian period.
- 藤原秀郷流の足利氏 (藤原氏)が領し、平安時代の仁安 (日本)年間には平氏が領する。
- It was originally owned by the Ashikaga clan of the FUJIWARA no Hidesato line and in the Ninan era (1166-1169) of the Heian period, it was owned by the Taira clan.
- この事を考えると、日本と朝鮮の間には相当の技術格差があったのではないかと考えられる。
- Considering this, it is supposed that there might have existed a significant difference between the technological level of Japan and that of Korea.
- 16世紀の日本とスペインの間には、国家間関係が本格化する以前から人の往来が見られた。
- People came and went between Japan and Spain in the 16th century before the state-to-state relations went into full swing.
- この間、部落問題研究所の東上高志たちが朝田らを建造物侵入と威力業務妨害の容疑で告訴。
- During this, Takashi TOJO and others from the Institute of Buraku Problem brought an accusation against Asada and others of burglary and forcible obstruction of business.
- 良民の半額に当たる口分田(40畝支給)の規定があり婚姻は同一身分間でのみ認められた。
- Regulations dictated that they were provided with state-distributed fields (koufentian) of 40-mu (approximately 26,666 m²), which was half the value of those allocated to members of the liangmin (lit. good citizen) upper class, and marriage was only recognized between individuals of the same social status.
- 一連の攻防により、秀次勢の死傷者はわずか半時(約一時間)の間に千余人に達したという。
- It is said that more than 1,000 soldiers of the Hidetsugu troops were killed or injured in only about one hour through a set of offense and defense.
- 万寿2年から高倉天皇の嘉応2年までの13代145年間を扱い、『続世継』ともよばれた。
- It covered 145 years for the 13 generations from 1025 to the reign of Emperor Takakura in 1170, and it was also called 'Shoku Yotsugi' (a sequel to the Tale of Yotsugi).
- 保安 (元号)年間(1120年-1125年)に藤原基俊が『新撰朗詠集』を著している。
- During the Hoan era (1120-1125), FUJIWARA no Mototoshi wrote 'Shinsen Roei Shu' (New Selection of Sung Poems).
- 世界各国で、米作を行っている山間地域には、ほぼ棚田のような耕作地を見ることができる。
- Cultivated fields very similar to Tanada can be seen in almost all the rice-cropping mountains around the world.
- 純玄は夫人との間に子がなかったので、陣中で五島家承統を早速にも決せねばならなかった。
- Because Sumiharu did not have any children with his wife, the successor of the Goto family had to be determined in camp.
- 14時に大垣を出た秀吉軍は木ノ本までの丘陵地帯を含む52kmを僅か5時間で移動した。
- Departing from Ogaki at 2 PM, the Hideyoshi army traveled the 52 kilometers to Kinomoto, including foothills, in a mere 5 hours.
- 現在でも難所の多い国道477号においても、百井別れと合わせて走行が難しい区間である。
- It is one of the difficult points to drive, along with Momoi-wakare curve, in the National Route 477 which still has many chokepoints today.
- 年間入場者は、ピークの1978年には約100万人近くいたが、その後は下降線を辿った。
- The number of annual visitor was approximately 1 million in its peak days in 1978, but the number kept declining since then.
- この間、明治21年には同年下京区に編入された旧愛宕郡の村域に下京33組が設定された。
- During this period, in 1888, Shimogyo kumi No. 33 was established in the village area of former Otagi County that was incorporated into Shimogyo Ward in the same year.
- アスファルトで舗装されてこそいるが、急勾配でなおかつ狭路な区間が連続する峠道である。
- Although it is paved with asphalt, the road of the pass has sharp slopes and series of narrow section.
- 1596年 慶長大地震(実際は文禄年間)、伏見城全壊するもすぐさま再建(木幡山城)。
- 1596: The 'Keicho no ojishin' (the big earthquake in the Keicho era) (in fact occurred in the Bunroku era), demolishing Fushimi-jo Castle, but the castle was rebuilt immediately (Kobatayama-jo Castle (木幡山城)).
- 経ヶ岬分屯基地は、航空自衛隊入間基地の分屯基地で、小規模な場外離着陸場をもっている。
- The Kyogamisaki Sub Base belongs to the Iruma Airbase of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force, and has a small landing field (airport).
- 1889年(明治22年) 大津〜長浜間の連絡汽船に代わる鉄道が完成、東海道本線開通。
- 1889: A railroad replacing the ferry boat between Otsu and Nagahama was opened, which made the Tokaido Main Line opened.
- 和銅年間以降は「芳野」と表記され、天武系王朝の故地として聖武天皇もたびたび行幸した。
- From and after the Wado era (708-715), Yoshino was written as '芳野' and the Emperor Shomu often made imperial visits as a place of connection for the dynasty of Tenmu line.
- 新羅との関係が特に緊張していた期間(758年-763年)には、ほぼ毎年使者が往来した。
- When there were strong tensions between Shiragi and Bokkai (from 758 to 763), envoys came and went almost every year.
- 弘仁儀式(こうにんぎしき)とは、平安時代初期弘仁年間に作られたとされた儀式 (書物)。
- Konin Gishiki was one of Gishiki (Court rules and customs Books) considered to be compiled during the Konin era at the beginning of the Heian period.
- 律令においては、年間20日の労役の義務があり、それを免れるために収める税が庸であった。
- Yo was the tax paid for evading the obligation to engage in 20 days labor service per year that was laid down in the Ritsuryo codes.
- 稷山の戦い(ショクサンのたたかい)は慶長の役において日本軍と明軍との間で戦われた戦闘。
- The Battle of Shokusan was fought between the Japanese army and the Ming army during the Keicho Campaign.
- だが、彼らが守りを固めていた和泉の前衛城砦群は、上方勢の攻撃開始から三日間で崩壊した。
- However, the vanguard castles and forts in Izumi Province which they guarded were destroyed in three days after the Kamigata army began to attack.
- 更に鎌倉時代以後には仮名暦・民間暦も登場した事によりその地位は大きく低下する事となる。
- After the Kamakura era, the status of rekido further declined through the advent of the Kana-goyomi calendar (a calendar written in the Japanese syllabaries, or kana) and the Minkan-reki calendar.
- しかし、長い期間のうちに何人もの人物によって加筆がなされたために、諸本の差異が大きい。
- However, the difference among shohon (transcription and published books) is large because improvement were made by many people over a long period of time.
- また、家制度の元で家業の維持が優先されたのも民間における家職の残滓と言える者であった。
- Under the influence of the Ie system, the maintenance of Kagyo continued to be prioritized among the public and this could be considered as a relic of Kashoku.
- 大永年間には長尾氏は越後苧座の頭人であった蔵田氏に青苧の公事徴収・流通統制権を認めた。
- During the Daiei era (A.D. 1521- 1528), the Nagao clan gave both the kuji collection right and the distribution control right of aoso to the Kurata clan, which was 'tonin' (the director) of Echigo so-za.
- その後間もない山崎の戦いで光秀を倒した羽柴秀吉が、信長旧臣中で大きな力を持つに至った。
- On the heels of that incident, Hideyoshi HASHIBA destroyed Mitsuhide in the Battle of Yamazaki, gaining even greater clout among Nobunaga's old retainers.
- 江戸時代初期に角倉了以により大堰川が開削され、丹波国地方と京都の間の水運が確保された。
- In the early Edo period, the Oi-gawa River was excavated by Ryoi SUMINOKURA and thus the water transportation system between the Tanba Province region and Kyoto was secured.
- 1601年(慶長6年) 徳川家康、大津城を廃城にして大津と瀬田の間に膳所城を造らせる。
- 1601: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA disposed of Otsu-jo Castle and had Zeze-jo Castle built between Otsu and Seta.
- 宣経は天文年間に周防国から宋学の第一人者・南村梅軒を招きいれ、土佐南学の基礎を築いた。
- Nobutsune invited the leading expert of Sogaku (Neo-Confucianism), Baikan MINAMIMURA, from Suo Province, and then established the foundation of Tosa Nangaku (neo-Confucianism learned in Tosa).
- しかし、武士の間では平氏からの恩賞給与に対する不満が多かれ少なかれ存在していたとされる。
- However, many samurai were more or less discontent with reward grants given by the Taira clan.
- また足軽の下位には士分の者に私的に雇用された中間、小者等と呼称された武家奉公人があった。
- Below the Ashigaru class were servants of a bushi family called Chugen (rank below common soldier), Komono (a lower servant) who were privately hired by Shibun.
- 戦国大名たちはこのような人間が出ないように工夫することも大名としての能力であるといえる。
- It can be said that the capability of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) was measured by their ability to prevent such people from fleeing.
- 一部は舂米(臼で搗いて脱穀した米)として、1月から8月30日までの間に、京へ運上された。
- A part of the rice was presented as tax to the capital in the style of shomai (rice made by pounding it in a mortar) during the period of January to August 30 (old calendar).
- 執筆期間は文明_(日本)12年(1480年)正月から大永2年(1522年)正月にわたる。
- The diary was written from February 1480 to February1522.
- 半世紀に満たない短い期間であるが、美術史上は特に絵画と建築において特記される時代である。
- Lasting for less than half a century, the Momoyama period is noteworthy in art history, especially in the fields of painting and architecture.
- 横穴式石室は、通路である羨道(せんどう)部と埋葬用の空間である玄室(げんしつ)部を持つ。
- Yokoana-shiki sekishitsu consists of a tunnel part as a passage (called sendo) and a room part for entombment (called genshitsu).
- 民間の憲法案も多数発表されたが、憲法起草の中心になった伊藤博文は以下のように述べている。
- Many common people published their own ideas for a constitution, but Hirobumi ITO who was a leading editor of the draft mentioned about them as follows;
- 6月5日 宮津湾で駆逐艦「初霜 (初春型駆逐艦)」を標的とした夜間爆撃訓練中、1機墜落。
- June 5: One plane crashed during night training using the destroyer Hatsushimo (Hatsuharu type destroyer) as the target in the Miyazu Bay.
- 中間に長い手事があり、三味線の技法も凝っており、複雑な転調と共に演奏の難しい曲とされる。
- This piece is considered a difficult piece of music with its complicated modulations, due to the shamisen's sophisticated technique for the long movement in the middle.
- 瞬く間に大勢力となった頼朝軍は、同年10月、先祖ゆかりの地である鎌倉へ入り本拠地とした。
- Yoritomo's army became a powerful force within a very short space of time and in October in the same year entered Kamakura - a place associated with his ancestors - and made it his headquarters.
- 湖西線の長等山トンネル(前述)の建設にともない、一部区間の改修や経路変更が行われている。
- With the construction of Nagarayama Tunnel (railway) on the Kosei Line (previously mentioned), some parts of the section were renovated and rerouted.
- ビルや中高層マンション、ホテルがたくさん立ち並び、これからも開発が進むことは間違いない。
- Moreover, there are many buildings, high-and medium-rise apartments and hotels lining both sides of the street, and it is certain that the development will continue to advance.
- 琵琶湖西縦貫道路の藤尾奥町ランプと皇子山ランプの間にある全長1,305mの道路トンネル。
- The Nagara Tunnel is a 1,305 m-long road tunnel constructed along the Biwako nishi jukan road between Fujio Okumachi and Ojiyama ramps.
- 福住からささやまの森公園、庫坂峠、舩坂山を経由して2時間半程度で山頂に着くことができる。
- From Fukusumi, it takes approximately two and an half hours to the top of the mountain by way of Sasayamanomori Park, Kosaka-toge Pass, and Mt. Funasaka.
- 冬の間、シベリアから中国大陸にかけての広範囲を、冷たく乾燥したシベリア気団が覆っている。
- During winter, a wide range from Siberia to China is covered by cold and dry Siberia air mass.
- 今川義元が尾張国の織田信長に敗れた桶狭間の戦いの際に井伊直盛は今川氏に従い討ち死にした。
- When Yoshimoto IMAGAWA was defeated by Nobunaga ODA of Owari Province in the Battle of Okehazama, Naomori II followed the Imagawa clan side and was killed in the battle.
- 死亡帳(しぼうちょう)とは古代の律令制度の下で、造籍と造籍の間に毎年作成される帳簿のこと。
- Shibocho refers to a register which was created annually between the times of having new family registers under the ancient Ritsuryo system.
- これらの鎮圧過程で延喜年間に軍制の改革が進められ、国衙の軍事動員に対する規制が緩和された。
- In this process of suppressing the war, the military system was reformed in the Engi (901 - 923) era, making less restrictive the regulation of kokuga mobilizing people for military purposes.
- そして事件後、作家野間宏は同学会宛にメッセージを寄せ、学生たちの「行動の正しさ」を讃えた。
- After the incident, novelist Hiroshi NOMA sent a message to the Dogakukai and acclaimed the 'right actions' of the students.
- 忠親は後白河院や源頼朝に重用され、日記の現存期間は平氏の興隆から全盛、滅亡の時期にあたる。
- Tadachika was given important posts by Goshirakawa-in (the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa) and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and the diary's existent period stretches from the Taira clan's rise, through its golden days, to its fall.
- これに対して朝鮮側は強硬に退去を要求し、日朝間の外交問題に発展、日本では征韓論が台頭した。
- In response, the Korean government adamantly demanded Japanese withdrawal, which subsequently escalated into a diplomatic problem between Japan and Korea, leading to the rise of Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) in Japan.
- とはいえ、民間主体の社倉の存在も決して少なくなく、昭和時代まで存在が確認できるものもある。
- Nonetheless, there were more than a few shaso warehouses under the initiative of the private sector, and it was confirmed that some shaso warehouses survived until the Showa Era.
- 元慶年間の初頭、干ばつにより全国的に飢饉に襲われ、各地で不動倉が開かれ、賑給が実施された。
- Early in the first year of the Gangyo era, drought caused famine nationwide, and consequently the fudoso (emergency grain storage) in many parts of the country was opened in order for the Imperial Court to provide food to the poor.
- だが、室町期以前のような家来達が所領に在住する地方領主制では、召集するのに時間が掛かった。
- However, in the system in the Muromachi period or before where the retainers lived in their territory, it took a long time for daimyo to call out their retainers.
- また、後白河法皇は平清盛とともに三十三間堂をつくり、その宝蔵には古今東西の宝物をおさめた。
- Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa had Sanjusangen-do Hall built with TAIRA no Kiyomori, and he stored treasures from the east and the west in the hozo there.
- 社会福祉のはしりとして紹介される場合がある(収容型施設のはしりであることには間違いない)。
- The Seyaku-in has occasionally been described as the beginning of social welfare and actually marked the establishment of housing facilities.
- 更に二条家に伝わる『二条押小路家門亭泉記』には二条良実が建長年間に相博したと記されている。
- Furthermore, it is written in 'Nijo Oshikoji Kamon Teisen-ki' passed down in the Nijo family that Yoshizane NIJO changed his residence during the Kencho era.
- 湊川の戦い後、比叡山に逃れた後醍醐天皇は京に入った足利尊氏との間で和議の交渉を進めていた。
- Defeated in the Battle of Minato-gawa River, Emperor Godaigo fled to Mt. Hiei and had negotiations for peace with Takauji ASHIKAGA who entered Kyoto.
- 天文 (日本)年間には甲斐国・信濃国など新興の青苧産地からの青苧にも苧公事を賦課している。
- During the Tenmon era (A.D. 1532 - 1555), so-kuji was imposed also on the growing aoso-producing areas, such as Kai Province (the present Yamanashi Prefecture) and Shinano Province (almost the same area as that covered by the present Nagano Prefecture).
- 百姓・町人の間での身分移動は比較的容易であり、武士の下層(足軽)との身分移動も多くあった。
- Status was relatively flexible between peasants and townsmen, with status mobility also existing between those classes and low-ranking samurai (ashigaru (foot soldier)).
- 宗氏と朝鮮王朝の間では孤草島釣魚禁約をもって朝鮮沿岸における日本人の漁場が制限されていた。
- The fishing area for Japanese in the Korean coastal zone was restricted by the Fishing Ban Treaty of Kokusa-to Island, which was agreed by the So clan and the Korean Dynasty.
- なお、トンネル自体は東海道本線(琵琶湖線)の逢坂山トンネルと同様に全区間が大津市内にある。
- The tunnel, and also the Osakayama Tunnel (Biwako Line), belong to Otsu City.
- 山頂直下を東海道新幹線のトンネルが通じており、逢坂山との山間部には京阪京津線が通じている。
- A tunnel for Tokaido Shinkansen (a Japanese bullet train line) passes directly under the mountain top and the Keihan Keishin Line runs between this mountain and Mt. Osaka.
- 現在の大阪市の中心部、旧淀川にかかる天満橋から天神橋 (大阪府)の間くらいの位置にあった。
- Watanabe no tsu located at the center of current Osaka City, between the Tenma-bashi Bridge and the Tenjin-bashi Bridge over Kyu-Yodo-gawa River.
- 大字吉祥院は昭和6年、「吉祥院」を冠称する32町と吉祥院嶋野間詰町の計33町に編成された。
- In 1931 Oaza Kisshoin was reorganized into 32 towns prefixed by 'Kisshoin' along with Kisshoin Shimanomazume-cho, making a total of 33 towns.
- この1年の間に、細川氏(京兆家)の家督は政元から澄之、澄元、高国とめまぐるしく入れ替わった。
- Within one year, the head of the Hosokawa clan (the Keicho family) changed chaotically from Masamoto to Sumiyuki, then to Sumimoto, and then again to Takakuni.
- 足軽以下は「軽輩」などと呼ばれ、士分とは見なされないため、両者の間には大きな境界線があった。
- Ashigaru and below were called 'Keihai' (a person of low rank) and were not considered Shibun, so there was a large difference between the two.
- 私的な交易は認めず、冊封体制と呼ばれる国家間の公式な朝貢貿易に限定しようとした(海禁政策)。
- It did not authorize private trading but attempted to authorize only the official international tribute trading called sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system) (Kaikin Policy [the policy to forbid private people to trade with foreign countries]).
- 幕府が派遣する使節には博多や堺市などの有力日本商人が随行し、その間で私的な貿易が行われていた
- Missions dispatched by the bakufu were accompanied by influential Japanese merchants from Hakata and Sakai City, and private trade was conducted among them.
- 実検のときは、大将とお目に掛ける者の間、大将の左方に奏者が居て、首をあげた者の名を披露する。
- When the viewing was taking place, located to the left of the commander between the commander and those individuals looking at him was a sosha (a person in charge of informing a shogun or daimyo of the name of visitors to the residence before a meeting) who announced the name of the person who severed the head.
- 明治維新後の1872年(明治5年)、再び株仲間は解散を命じられ、以降復活することはなかった。
- In 1872 after the Meiji Restoration, kabunakama were ordered to dissolve again and it has never had a resurgence since then.
- その結果、かえって流通の混乱を招き、水野失脚後の1851年、冥加金不要の問屋仲間として再興。
- As a result, it caused a distributional disruption and in 1851, after the fall of Mizuno, kabunakama were reestablished as toiyanakama (group of warehouse merchants) in which no render was needed.
- 公営田の耕作のため、年間6万人以上の百姓らが動員され、5人当たり1町の耕作が割り当てられた。
- Every year more than 60,000 farmers were made to cultivate Kueiden and one cho was allotted to five farmers.
- 郷安は慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いで加藤清正軍との戦いに間に合わず、切腹して果てた。
- Satoyasu was late for the Battle of Sekigahara against the army of Kiyomasa KATO in 1600, so he committed suicide by disembowelment.
- 789年には良賤間の通婚でできた子は良民とされる事になり、907年には奴婢制度が廃止された。
- In 789, it was ordained that children born between the Ryomin and the Senmin should become the Ryomin, and in 907, the nuhi system was abolished.
- 貞観 (日本)年間頃より大学寮の明経道などに倣って「医道」という呼称が定着するようになった。
- The name 'I-do' was modeled after 'Myogyo-do' (the study of Confucian classics) and others, and the name took root among the public around the Jogan era (A.D. 859 - A.D. 877).
- 最初に惣田数と年間可収租税総額を記載して、次に「除田」と「定田」のそれぞれの明細を列記した。
- In the first part, the total number of rice fields and the total amount of the annual tax to be imposed were written, and in the second part, the details of 'joden' (tax-free rice fields) and 'teiden' (taxable rice fields) were written.
- このように、院をはじめとする貴族社会と武士・庶民の間の文化交流にはかなりの広がりが見られた。
- Thus, cultural exchanges between noble society including In and samurai, the common people spread widely.
- 中尊寺に所在する、奥州藤原氏三代の栄華を示す方三間の阿弥陀堂建築であり、「光堂」とも称する。
- This is Amida-do Hall architecture at Chuson-ji Temple; a squared hall whose side is sangen in length that shows the glory of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan for three generations, and is also called 'Hikarido' (Hall of Light).
- その本堂(三十三間堂)に千一体の千手観音像を安置するとともに宝蔵には古今東西の宝物を納めた。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori placed 1,001statues of Senju Kannon in its main hall (Sanjusangen-do Hall), and stored his treasures from the east and west in its hozo.
- 近江国と山城国の国境を形成していたことから、逢坂山との山間は古くより交通の要所となっていた。
- Due to its being located at a boundary between Omi Province and Yamashiro Province, the area between this mountain and Mt. Osaka was a strategic point for transportation.
- 旧大和国の内で、奈良盆地に当たる場所を国中(くんなか)、山間部を山中(さんちゅう)とも呼ぶ。
- The place in the old Yamato Province which corresponds to Nara Basin is also called Kunnaka, and the sankanbu (mountain-ringed region) is also called Sanchu.
- 三宅御土居は、益田兼見により、室町時代の応永年間(1368〜75)年に築かれたといわれている。
- Miyake odoi was allegedly built between 1368 and 1375 by Kaneharu MIYAKE.
- 室町時代、1429年の正長の土一揆をはじめに多発し、このとき勢いが衰えるまでに時間がかかった。
- Tokusei uprisings frequently occurred during the Muromachi period beginning with the Shocho no doikki (peasant uprising of the Shocho era) in 1429 which took a long time to subside.
- 遣明船は遣唐使船と異なり、専用船を新造したわけではなく、国内の民間の廻船(商船)の借り入れた。
- Unlike the case of Kentoshisen (envoy ships dispatched to Tang, China), ships of Kenminsen were not the ones that were newly built for exclusive use but the rented private ships (merchant ships).
- 遣明船には博多や堺などの有力商人も同乗し、明政府の許可を得た商人との間で私貿易が行われていた。
- Powerful merchants in Hakata and Sakai, etc. also got on Kenminsen, carrying on private trades with merchants who had obtained permission from the Ming government.
- 上級領主も当然こうした動きに対抗し、鎌倉時代後期から室町時代にかけて、両者間の紛争が頻発した。
- Naturally the upper-class feudal lord confronted such a movement, and the dispute between them occurred frequently from the late Kamakura period to the Muromachi period.
- 実際には能島・因島村上水軍は本合戦に間に合わず、乃美・児玉水軍が功に焦って大敗したと思われる。
- Actually, it is considered that the Murakami navy of Noshima and Innoshima were too late for the battle and the Nomi navy and the Kodama navy made a decision in haste out of the wish be rewarded with merits, and suffered a major defeat.
- ※奉公人は侍に仕える武家奉公人、中間・人夫・口取は大名に仕える武家奉公人という位置付けになる。
- The servants were the samurai family servants of samurai, and chugen, laborers and kuchitori were samurai family servants of the daimyo.
- 膳所城は湖沿岸に建造された城であるため、時間を経ると波による浸食に悩まされ続けることとなった。
- Since Zeze-jo Castle was built on the lakeside, it later suffered water erosion consistently.
- 良賤間の通婚も次第に黙認されるようになり、中には賤民と結婚して租税を免れようとする者も現れた。
- Marriages between ryomin and senmin gradually became tolerated and some ryomin even sought to be exempted from taxes by marrying senmin.
- 火皿に盛った口薬(火薬)に間違って火種が接触しないように火皿を覆う蓋「火蓋(ひぶた)」がある。
- The flash pan has a cover called 'hibuta' so that gun powder would not be touched by a source of fire by mistake.
- その後も4月には佐久間安政が河内見山(錦部郡)に進出し、8月には見山城を築いて活動拠点とした。
- After that, Yasumasa SAKUMA moved to Miyama (Nishigori County) of Kawachi Province in May and had Miyama-jo Castle built as the headquarter in September.
- 弟子の高元岱を通じて榊原篁洲・池永一峰・細井広沢などの初期江戸派と呼ばれる人々の間に伝わった。
- Through his disciple Gentai KO, it was also spread among those people now known collectively as the early Edo school, such as Koshu SAKAKIBARA, Ippo IKENAGA and Kotaku HOSOI.
- 1183年(寿永2年) -頼朝が寿永二年十月宣旨により朝廷から間接的に土地支配権を認められる。
- 1183 - Yoritomo was approved to have the control of lands indirectly by Imperial Court according to Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji.
- 区の領域はその北方、高雄山、愛宕山 (京都市)などの山間部、さらに北の旧・京北町の区域も含む。
- The ward includes the mountainous areas such as Mt. Takao and Mt. Atago (Kyoto City), which is located north of the Uzumasa district, and also includes the area of the former Keihoku Town, which is located to the north.
- 京阪神では、アメリカ合衆国の例に倣ったインターアーバン(都市間電車)路線の建設が盛んとなった。
- In Keihanshin, construction of the interurban routes (inter-city trains) modeled after those of the United States of America has flourished.
- ただし、佐久間信盛失脚後水野忠政4男水野忠守が緒川、水野忠政9男水野忠重は刈谷の旧領に復した。
- However, after the downfall of Nobumori SAKUMA, Tadamori MIZUNO, the fourth son of Tadamasa MIZUNO, and Tadashige MIZUNO, the ninth son of Tadamasa, each moved back to Ogawa and Kariya, their former territories.
- 武器と戦闘様式から見ても、平安時代から鎌倉時代、鎌倉幕府の滅亡までの間ではそう大きな変化は無い。
- There were no big transformations of weapons and battle formations from the Heian to the Kamakura period and the fall of the Kamakura bakufu.
- それは一概に間違いではないが、口伝を基本としている平家の落人伝承が誤って認識される素ともなった。
- Though the above practice is not necessarily wrong, it sometimes gave rise to cases where oral traditions of Heike no Ochudo were mistakenly understood since they have been passed down orally.
- これを背景として、富豪百姓間相互の紛争もしくは国司と富豪百姓層間の紛争が目立つようになっていた。
- Under such circumstances, disputes among wealthy peasants or those between kokushi and wealthy peasants increased.
- 火縄銃は、世界的に見ても異常な速度で瞬く間に日本全土に普及し、戦国時代の戦闘の形態を一新させた。
- Use of matchlock guns spread at a high speed that was unusual compared even with world standards, and they became used throughout Japan in quite a short time, completely changing fighting styles during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- その後、1140年代までの約60年間に渡り、史料に残るだけでも約20数件の事例が検出されている。
- Since the first case, the number of appeals only found in historical documents rose to more than twenty over about sixty years until the 1140's.
- 日本列島はいまだ先史時代であり、この時代の歴史は同時代の中国の史書によって間接的に知るほかない。
- Japan was still in the prehistoric age at that time, so we can only know about the Japanese history of this period indirectly from the contemporary Chinese history books.
- これは後の明清交代期に於いて、清朝と明との間での朝鮮外交の針路に多大な影響を与えることとなった。
- During the later period in the shift from Ming to Quin, this made an important impact on the track of foreign diplomacy between the Quin Dynasty and Ming.
- しかし天正13年(1585年)、四国平定からわずか数週間後に豊臣秀吉の侵攻を受けて夢は終わった。
- His attempt, however, was interrupted by the invasion of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI merely a few weeks after he dominated Shikoku in 1585.
- ヒノキの開花期はスギより遅れるものの、やや重なるため、患者が症状を呈する期間も長引く傾向がある。
- Despite the fact that the anthesis of Japanese cypress trees is later than for Japanese cedar trees, they produce slightly more pollen which prolongs the duration for which patients exhibit symptoms.
- しかし、やがて阿蘇氏は惟歳・阿蘇惟家 父子と惟忠・阿蘇惟憲父子の間で当主の座を巡る争いが起こる。
- Later on, however, a fight over the position of the head of the clan started with Koretoshi ASO and his son Koreie opposing Koretada ASO and his son Korenori.
- それと同時に、嵐山高雄パークウェイへのアクセスも担う国道162号の中でも最も混雑する区間である。
- It also allows access to Arashiyama-Takao Parkway and is the busiest section of National Route 162.
- これらは、山間部などで、昭和6年の町名成立時において当該区域内に人家が存在しなかったものである。
- These are the towns in the mountain areas where no one was living when Yamashinacho Town was established in 1931.
- These were mountainous regions where is uninhabited when the Ukyo town was established in 1931.
- These were mountainous areas inhabited when the town's names were established in 1931.
- The reason is that when these towns were named in 1931, there were no houses since they were located in the mountainous regions.
- この工事によって巨椋池(大池)は、淀・一口(いもあらい)間の水路で宇治川とつながるのみとなった。
- After this, Ogura-ike Pond (Oike) was only left with a link to the Uji-gawa River in the channel between Yodo and Imoarai.
- つまり、わずか半世紀の間に涼州と雍州の領域がほぼ入れ替わるという珍妙な現象が起こったこととなる。
- That is, it resulted in a strange phenomenon that the area called Liang Zhou and the one called Yong Zhou had nearly been exchanged each other in only half a century.
- 近鉄大阪線の大和八木駅~耳成駅間の車中からは、そのほぼ完全な三角形の耳成山を眺めることができる。
- From the train of Kintetsu Osaka Line running between Yamato-Yagi Station and Miminashi Station, an almost perfectly triangle shaped Mt. Miminashi can be viewed.
- 後には民間の土倉が延暦寺を本所として山門公人(くにん)の身分を獲得してその庇護を受ける者を指した。
- In later years, it came to mean doso operated by common people under the protection of Enryaku-ji Temple by means of acquiring a position called Sanmonkunin, which was given to the servants whose honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a manor) was a temple.
- 田染荘の小崎地区には、国東半島の谷筋にあるため、狭隘な谷間に細かく区画された棚田が形成されている。
- Terraced rice-fields are narrowly arranged within the confined valley due to the presence of channels of the Kunisaki Peninsula in the Osaki area of Tashibu Manor.
- こうした名字のあり方は鎌倉時代の御家人級の、室町時代の国人級以上の上級武士の間で引き継がれていく。
- This pattern of forming surnames was taken over by high-ranking samurai warriors, that is, the gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogun) class samurai during the Kamakura period and the kokujin (local samurai) class or higher classes samurai during the Muromachi period.
- これに対して、地域の役所あるいは民間が主体で義倉と同様の事業を行ったものを社倉(しゃそう)と呼ぶ。
- On the other hand, both local government and the private sector engaged in business similar to Giso, and built warehouses known as Shaso.
- 開化天皇の同母兄で、娘は崇神天皇皇后の御間城姫命(みまきひめのみこと)、垂仁天皇の外祖父に当たる。
- He was an elder maternal-brother of Emperor Kaika and a maternal grandfather of Emperor Suinin, since his daughter Mimakihime no mikoto was an empress consort of Emperor Sujin.
- 以後、経顕が尊氏及びその代理と言える高師直・足利直義・足利義詮らとの間で朝幕交渉を行うことになる。
- After that, Tsuneaki started to negotiate with the Takauji or so called Takauji's deputy group of KO no Moronao, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, about the issues between the Imperial Court and the bakufu.
- しかし、棚田まで、あるいは棚田間に舗装された道路を通すことで、「小型」農業機械の導入は可能である。
- However, it is possible to introduce 'small' agricultural machines by building roads to or between rice terraces.
- 平安京と平城京の間に位置しており、古代、中世を通じて、水上交通の中継地として大きな役割を果たした。
- Ogura-ike Pond was located between Heian-Kyo and Heijo-Kyo, playing a major role as a stop over of waterway traffic from ancient times to the middle ages.
- 梅雨期間の終了発表のことを俗に梅雨明け宣言というが、気象庁の発表によって梅雨が明けるわけではない。
- Announcement of the end of the period of baiu is called tsuyuake sengen (declaration of tsuyuake), but baiu does not end because of the declaration by the Japan Meteorological Agency.
- しかし後に安倍貞任が朝廷と対立し、源頼義率いる討伐軍との間で前九年の役と呼ばれる戦いを繰り広げる。
- Later on however, ABE no Sadato came into conflict with the Imperial Court, and the Abe clan fought a series of battles called 'Zen Kunen no Eki' against the suppression forces headed by MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi.
- 明治元年(1868年)徳川家達の駿府藩入封に伴い、所領5万石の内2万3700石を菊間藩に移される。
- In 1868, when Iesato TOKUGAWA entered into a new domain, the Sunpu Domain, 23,700 koku of their 50,000 koku was moved to the Kikuma Domain.
- 例えば摂関家の礎を築いたといわれる藤原基経から、最盛期の藤原道長までの間を見るとそのことが良く解る。
- It could be interpreted easily by observing the period between FUJIWARA no Mototsune, who was said to have built the foundation of the regent family, to the golden age of FUJIWARA no Michinaga as an example.
- それ以上の期間にわたる戦闘の際には兵粮奉行が小荷駄隊を率いて領内から兵糧を輸送を行う事になっていた。
- During longer battles, a Hyoro Bugyo was in charge of leading a Konidatai (caravan of men and animals carrying supplies) to transport provisions from the domain.
- 一方で、勝者である大内義興も長期間在京する間に出雲国の尼子氏や武田氏などが不穏な動きを見せはじめる。
- As for Yoshioki OUCHI who won the battle, while he remained in Kyoto for a long time, there were disturbing trends in Izumo Province caused by the Amako clan, the Takeda clan, etc.
- 14世紀ごろから、百姓名は私的所有の対象とする観念が強まっていき、名主間で自由売買されるようになる。
- From the 14th century onwards, the concept that a hyakusho-myo could be private land increased, and the hyakusho-myo lands started to be traded at will among the myoshu people.
- 永禄3年(1560年)に織田信長は今川義元を桶狭間の戦いで破ると、その勢いをもって美濃国を制覇した。
- Nobunaga ODA beat Yoshimoto IMAGAWA in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, and with that momentum, he conquered Mino Province.
- 土地を媒介とした国王・領主・家臣の間の緩い主従関係により形成され、近世以降の絶対王政の中で消失した。
- It consisted of loose, land mediated relations of master to servant among king, feudal lord, and retainer, and disappeared under absolute monarchy in the early-modern times.
- 隣接する峠同様、非常に狭路であり、ヘアピンカーブの膨らみを利用して離合するしかないような区間も在る。
- Similar to the passes adjacent to it, Kyomi-toge Pass is a very narrow road with several spots where you can pass an oncoming car only at where the hair-pin curves are.
- 最もポピュラーなルートは奥るり渓方面からアプローチするもので、頂上まで1時間50分ほどが必要である。
- The most popular one is an approach from Okururikei River Valley, and it takes approximately one hour and fifty minutes to reach the mountain top.
- 唐代中期の長安に留学した空海が、帰国後、日本の弘仁年間(810年 - 823年)に完成させたとされる。
- It has been said that Kukai, who went to study in Changan in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, completed it in the Konin era (810 - 823) after he came back to Japan.
- なお、こうした風潮は商人間のみに留まらず、朝廷や幕府から庶民に至るまで広がっていったと考えられている。
- This trend is considered to have spread not only among merchants but also among the Imperial Court, bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and common people.
- この間に藤原北家の藤原良房が嵯峨上皇と皇太后橘嘉智子(檀林皇太后)の信任を得て急速に台頭し始めていた。
- Meanwhile, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa belonging to the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan began to gain power rapidly by winning the confidence of the Retired Emperor Saga and the Empress Dowager TACHIBANA no Kachiko (Empress Dowager Danrin).
- 織田政権は、京都に上洛して政権を確立してから、信長が死去する10数年間という短期間に勢力を拡大できた。
- The Oda government extended its power in such a short period of just 10 years, beginning with his going to Kyoto and the establishment of the Oda government and ending with his death.
- 実施してから向こう10年間、対象寺社の拝観者は窓口で大人50円、小人30円を拝観料にプラスして支払う。
- For ten years after the enforcement of the act, visitors to the temples and the shrines subject to the tax had to pay an additional fee of 50 yen (for adults) or 30 yen (for children) as the tax imposed on the entrance fee.
- これによって、寺社と雑役免田及びその耕作者の間に一定の関係が生じ、荘園として発達する素地が形成された。
- As a result, a constant relationship was created between temples/shrines and Zoyakumenden/farmers and such relationships became the seed of the development of shoen.
- 丁未約条(ていびやくじょう)とは、1547年に朝鮮王朝と対馬の宗氏の間で結ばれた来航者取締規則のこと。
- Teibi Yakujo were regulations relating to the control of visitors to Japan which were agreed between the Yi-Dynasty and the So clan in Tsushima in 1547.
- この間、昭和4年(1929年)、区の北部と東部の一部地域が分離され、新設の中京区、東山区に編入された。
- During this period, in 1929, some parts in the north and east were separated and incorporated into newly established Nakagyo Ward and Higashiyama Ward.
- 椥辻東山は地図にみえないが、「西野東山」「東野東山」と同様、区の南東端の山間部に位置すると推定される。
- Nagitsuji Higashiyama town is not seen on the map, but it, as well as 'Nishino Higashiyama' and 'Higashino Higashiyama,' are possibly located in the mountain area, at the south-east end of the ward.
- 大津と彦根の都市間対立もあり、明治24年と昭和11年の2度、大津と彦根で県庁の誘致合戦が起こっている。
- There has been an inter-city between Otsu and Hikone, and there were two bidding conflicts over Prefectural Government Office in 1891 and in 1936.
- 梅雨の期間はどの地方でも40日から50日前後と大差はないが、期間中の降水量は西や南に行くほど多くなる。
- There is no significant difference in the length of the period of baiu and it is around 40 to 50 days, but the amount of annual precipitation during the period is larger toward west and south.
- 梅雨期間中の5月に122mm、6月に2242mm、7月に2299mm、8月に1717mmの雨が降った。
- During the period of baiu, it rained 122 mm in May, 2,242 mm in June, 2,299 mm in July and 1,717 mm in August.
- 一方、梅雨期間中の晴れ間は梅雨晴れ(つゆばれ)または梅雨の晴れ間と呼ばれ、特に気温が高く、湿度も高い。
- On the other hand, sunny spells during the period of baiu is called 'tsuyubare' or 'tsuyu no harema,' and during such periods, the air temperature gets high and humidity is also high.
- 宗久は現地で平清盛の末孫という鶴冨姫という娘と知り合い、恋仲となり3年間の滞在の間に二人に子が授かった。
- At Shiiba-mura, Munehisa became acquainted with Tsurutomi-hime, who was believed to be the youngest grandchild of Taira no Kiyomori, fell in love with her and was blessed with two children while he was staying there for three years.
- つまり六壬神課は1刻 (2時間) の間は同じ四課三伝となるため、以下の場合への対処がそれぞれ必要となる。
- Namely, as the result of Rikujinshinka is same Shika Sanden during one koku (two hours), it is required to cope with the following events.
- 「小物成・運上は幕藩制初期からの租税で、冥加は株仲間結成をはじめとして後世に新たに賦課されたものである」
- 'While Komononari (miscellaneous tax) and Unjo existed since the early stage of shogunate system, Myoga was newly imposed later when kabunakama (merchant guild) was established.
- しかしながら、これは従来の饗応、待遇を全面的に変更するものであり、結果として日朝間の外交摩擦に発展する。
- However, the former ways of treating and entertaining the envoy were totally changed in the new system, resultantly leading to diplomatic conflicts between Japan and Korea.
- この城を秀吉は当初兵糧攻めで攻略する予定だったが、兵糧攻めでは時間がかかりすぎるために水攻めに変更した。
- At first, Hideyoshi intended to capture this castle by starvation tactics, but since it took too much time, he changed it to inundation tactics.
- 同時期に信長は佐久間信盛父子を大将に七、八万の軍勢を動員して再び雑賀を攻めたが、この時も制圧に失敗した。
- Around this time, Nobunaga mobilized 70,000 or 80,000 soldiers with the commanders of Nobumori SAKUMA and his son and attacked Saiga again, but he failed again at this time.
- この戦いののち、大友大内間の大規模な衝突はなくなり、和平が実現すると二国間での衝突自体もほぼなくなった。
- After the Seiba ga haru battle, there had not been such a big-scale battle between the Otomo clan and the Ouchi clan, and once they made peace, there had not been any clash between the clans.
- 白川が形成した扇状地には縄文時代の住居跡が遺されるなど、有史以前から人間が居住していたと考えられている。
- The alluvial fan formed by the Shira-kawa River is thought to have been inhabited by humans from the prehistoric age as evidenced by dwelling sites from the Jomon period remaining in the area.
- 「所管区域条例」には上京区に属する町として581町が挙げられており、上述の「577町」との間に差がある。
- 581 towns are mentioned in the 'Municipal Ordinance of Jurisdiction Districts' as those that belong to Kamigyo Ward, and there is a difference between the '577 towns' mentioned above.
- 駅と国道178号線の間に数軒の旅館、民宿がある程度でいわゆる温泉街ではなく、丹後地方の閑静な情緒がある。
- Having only several 'ryokan' (Japanese-style hotels) and tourist homes between Kitsu-onsen Station and the National Route 178, Kitsu-onsen Hot Spring is too small in size to be called a hot-spring resort, but has a calm atmosphere that is characteristic of Tango region.
- しかし、茶屋トンネル(L=390m)を含む約2kmバイパス道路の開通により、交通ネック区間が解消された。
- However, the traffic bottleneck was relieved after the opening of new bypass which was approximately 2km including Chaya Tunnel (390m in length).
- 登山途中、木々の合間から眺望が出来る箇所がいくつかあり同じく大和三山である畝傍山を傍観できる箇所もある。
- During the way to the mountaintop, a few spots have a view through trees, while there are spots where Mt. Unebi, one of the three Mountains of Yamato, can be viewed.
- ここは瀬戸内と京都の間の水運の拠点で、海上・河川の船の積替え場であり、淀川を南北に渡る渡し場でもあった。
- Watanabe no tsu used to be the center of water transportation system between Setouchi and Kyoto, the delivery platform of the sea and river, and also the ferry connecting the north and south side of Yodo-gawa River.
- これが偏西風に乗って東に進み、高気圧の間にできた低気圧とともに春の移り変わりやすい天候を作り出している。
- The migratory anticyclone is carried by the westerlies to the east and causes changeable spring weather together with the low-pressure system generated between high-pressure systems.
- それが修整され始めたのは比較的最近のことであるが、しかし研究者の間では40年近く昔から見直しが進んでいる。
- This argument was corrected recently, but researchers have been reexamining it among themselves from nearly forty years ago.
- もっとも代表的なものとして株仲間の結成時に領主から独占的な営業特権を認められた代償として納める冥加がある。
- The most well known example of Myoga was the one that was imposed by lords in for the exclusive business right of kabunakama.
- 本来は非公式の会合であり、意思決定も統裁合議制に則って行われていたが、次第に実質上の政策決定期間となった。
- Originally these meetings were informal in nature, and although decisions were made in accordance with the tosai-gogisei (a system under which the role of members was merely to advise the single individual vested with final decision-making power), the Jin no Sadame gradually became a de facto institution for government policy-making.
- 京都では正和年間に330件の土倉があり、近郊の嵯峨野や坂本_(大津市)にも多くの土倉があったとされている。
- It is said that, during the Showa period, there were 330 doso in Kyoto and a large number in the Sagano and Sakamoto (Otsu City) outskirts.
- 寺社から自立した土倉は幕府と結びつきながら、永享年間には土倉による座(土倉方一衆)が形成されるようになる。
- Doso, which gained independence from temples became associated with the bakufu and formed doso-za (doso guilds, 土倉方一衆).
- 近世では優秀な民間医が典医に登用されると同時に官位を与えられ、地下人の身分となるケースがほとんどを占めた。
- In the early modern times, in most cases, when a private doctor was employed by the Court, he was given an official court rank at the same time and became jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility).
- 江戸時代前期に当たる寛永年間から中期に当たる元禄年間にかけて、続々と江戸や大阪、京に出店するものが現れた。
- Ise shonin opened stores in Edo, Osaka, and Kyoto one after another during the Kanei and Genroku eras, namely from the early Edo period to the mid Edo period.
- 公営田(くえいでん)は、広義には、民間人が経営する私営田に対し、国家直営の田地を意味する日本史用語である。
- Kueiden, in a broad sense, is a term used in Japanese history and means lands directly managed by the government while Shieiden (Private land) was managed by private citizens.
- 背後を突かれた幕府軍は総崩れとなり鎌倉や切通しなどで大仏貞直、大仏宣政、本間泰宣、金沢貞将などは戦死した。
- Attacked from behind, the Kamakura bakufu forces suffered a total defeat, so Sadanao OSARAGI, Nobumasa OSARAGI, Yasunobu HONMA, Sadayuki KANESAWA were killed in the war at Kamakura on some slope there.
- しかし、民衆の間には、賎民に対する差別意識が根強く残り、平民の間から新平民との呼称が自然発生的に成立した。
- However, a sense of discrimination toward Senmin was prevalent among the people, and the name 'Shin-Heimin (new commoner)' was spontaneously established from Heimin (commoner).
- 明治維新後の陰陽寮の廃止とともに暦博士も廃止され、間もなく太陽暦への改暦によってその役目は終わる事になる。
- After the Meiji Restoration, along with the abolition of Onmyoryo (a government office that had jurisdiction over calendar preparation, astronomy, divination, etc.), the post of Reki Hakase was abolished, and soon the official calendar was changed to a solar calendar, signaling the end of the role of Reki Hakase.
- 日本の豊臣秀吉が主導する遠征軍と李氏朝鮮および明の軍との間で交渉を交えながら朝鮮半島を戦場にして戦われた。
- An expeditionary force from Japan headed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and military forces of the Yi Dynasty Korea and Ming fought each other on the Korean Peninsula carrying out intermittent negotiations in parallel.
- 信西入道(藤原通憲)が主導した保元年間の大内裏復興、朝儀再興の気運の下に製作が開始されたともいわれている。
- It is said that 'Nenchu-gyoji Emaki' started to be created during the Hogen era (1156-1158) led by Shinzei Nyudo (FUJIWARA no Michinori) under the mood of Dai-dairi (place of the Imperial Palace and government offices) revival and chogi (ceremony at Imperial Court) restoration.
- その間朝鮮王朝の圧政に苦しんでいた民衆は景福宮や奴婢の身分台帳を保管していた掌隷院などに放火し消失させた。
- During the battle, Korean people who had been suffering under their tyrannical dynasty burned the Gyeongbokgung Palace and changnye won, which kept the register of slaves, and turned them into ashes.
- しかし標高の割には急カーブが多く、見通しが悪いので峠区間は追い越し禁止であり、また減速帯が設けられている。
- However, it has many sharp blind curves in spite of the altitude, and it is non-passing zone with speed bumps around the pass.
- 近年、主に若年層の間で人気を集めているのがラフティング(コマーシャルラフティング)による保津川下りである。
- Currently, trips down the Hozu-gawa River by raft (Commercial Rafting) are becoming popular, mainly among the younger generations.
- 北部や山間部には豪雪地帯が広がり、なかでも県最北端の余呉町は近畿地方で唯一の特別豪雪地帯に指定されている。
- A snowy area spreads over the northern area and mountain areas, and 'Yogo-cho' located at the farthest north of the prefecture is counted as the only special snowy area in the Kinki region.
- しかし、成立間もない室町幕府は南朝との戦いにより財政的に逼迫した状況にあり、荘園・公領からの年貢も滞っていた
- However, the newly founded Muromachi bakufu was financially pressed from conducting the battle with the Southern Court, and the land tax from manor and Imperial estate was delayed.
- 現存する伝文によれば、記載時期は仁平元年(1151年)から建久5年(1194年)までの40年間あまりである。
- According to an existent document, it was written over the course of about 40 years, from 1151 to 1194.
- なお、菅家廊下という呼称は主に道真没後に菅原氏に学んだ人々やそれ以外の文人たちの間で用いられている例が多い。
- The name Kanke Roka was mostly used among those who studied from the Sugawara clan as well as other men of letters mainly after Michizane died.
- しかし、大名の中央集権化に伴い戦国中期頃から足軽間での兵科の分離や、騎馬武者も含めた各組ごと編成が行われた。
- However, as the power of daimyo became centralized from around the mid Sengoku Period, organization of various groups, including cavalrymen, took place, such as the separation of various military branches among the foot soldiers.
- 内訳…侍2人、奉公人5人、足軽16人、中間5人、人夫4人、口取1人(計33人) 乗馬1頭、駄馬1頭(計2頭)
- Breakdown - 2 samurai, 5 hokonin (servants), 16 foot soldiers, 5 chugen (soldiers one rank below common soldiers), 4 ninpu (laborers), 1 kuchitori (a person who leads the horse) (33 total), 1 cavalry horse and 1 packhorse (total of 2 horses).
- それぞれの行動に併せて別々の鳴物を鳴らした(鳴物の回数で区別するのは聞き間違いの恐れがあるので行われない)。
- Depending on the action to be taken a different instrument was sounded (the number of soundings was not used to distinguish the action because of the possibility of mishearing).
- 平安時代以前には、朝廷には造酒司(もしくは造酒寮)が、神社には酒殿が置かれて、民間では自家製造が主であった。
- In the Heian period or before it, miki no tsukasa or sake no tsukasa (written either 造酒司 or 造酒寮) (either indicating the office in charge of the imperial use of sake, sweet sake, or vinegar etc.) was placed in the Imperial Court, saka-dono (literally, a sake hall) was placed in shrines, and for private purposes, people manufactured sake by themselves.
- その陣容は、山手に根来衆と雑賀三組を先導役として佐久間信盛・羽柴秀吉・堀秀政・荒木村重・別所長治・別所重宗。
- The army of the mountain side consisted of Nobumori SAKUMA, Hideyoshi HASHIBA, Hidemasa HORI, Murashige ARAKI, Nagaharu BESSHO, Shigemune BESSHO with the spearhead army of Negoro shu and the Saiga three groups.
- その後、天正6年(1578年)から文禄3年(1594年)の期間に行われた増補を経て、現在の形になったらしい。
- The additions made between 1578 and 1594 resulted in its current form.
- その一方で、実際に取締りにあたる役人(検非違使・弾正台など)の間でも必ずしも徹底されていたわけではなかった。
- On the other hand, officials in charge of actual enforcement (including kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) and danjodai (Board of Censors)) were not necessarily familiarized with this shinsei.
- 通盛は越前国国府に入るが、越前・加賀の住人は従わず、9月6日水津にて反乱勢力と通盛との間に戦闘が行なわれる。
- Michimori entered the provincial capital of Echizen Province, but the residents of Echizen and Kaga did not obey him, and on October 22, a war broke out between the rebel forces and Michimori at Suizu.
- 武士下層と百姓上層との間にある程度の流動性があることに着目し、この階層を「身分的中間層」と呼ぶ考え方もある。
- Focusing on the mobility to some extent between low-ranking samurai and high-ranking peasants, such classes may be called 'middle-ranking class.'
- 菅坂バイパスの開通により、冬期の通行規制が飛躍的に緩和され、両都市間の交流が更に促進されることが期待される。
- Sugasaka Bypass is expected to promote exchanges between the two cities, by alleviating the conventional traffic regulations in winter drastically.
- 商業統計に見る小売業の年間商品販売額は府北部では最大であり、京都府下でも京都市、宇治市に次いで第3位である。
- From a viewpoint of commercial statistics, its annual sales of the retailers is the largest in the northern prefecture and the third in Kyoto Prefecture following to Kyoto City and Uji City.
- これらは、かつて水上交通路であった川筋をふくめて、近畿最大の大動脈である京阪間のほぼ全ての交通路が含まれる。
- These are almost all routes between Kyoto and Osaka, which can be called the biggest major transport artery in the Kinki region including rivers which were once water routes.
- 株仲間以外にも市中の空地に家を建築したり、川岸を水揚げ場として占有する場合の地子として冥加を納める例があった。
- Other than kabunakama, there were cases where Myoga was imposed on people who constructed houses in an open space inside town or those who used river banks for docking space.
- 貞観儀式(じょうがんぎしき)は、平安時代前期の貞観 (日本)年間に編纂されたとされる儀式 (書物)(儀式書)。
- Jogan gishiki is a book of ceremonies that is believed to have been compiled during the Jogan era (Japan) during the early Heian period (book) (book of ceremony).
- その後、約15年もの間、京都から持ち去られていた神璽の奪還成功を大いに認めた室町幕府は、赤松氏の再興を許した。
- Thereafter, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) admired their success in taking back the Shinji, which had been carried away from Kyoto for 15 years prior, and permitted them to reestablish the Akamatsu clan.
- 戸籍作成翌年の10月1日から11月1日までの間に、京又は国府の官司が帳簿を作成し、前回との異動状況を校勘する。
- From October 1 through November 1 (old calender) of the next year after the family register was made, the government official of the capital or kokufu (provincial office) made account books and revised the state of changes by comparing the newest account books with those of the previous.
- やがて杜氏の職業的先駆にあたる酒師(さかし)が民間で自分で酒を造り、売るところを酒屋というようになっていった。
- Then sake brewers called sakashi, who were predecessors of toji (sake brewing experts), came to manufacture and sell sake privately by themselves, and the place where such sake was sold came to be called sakaya.
- 承平 (日本)年間 (931年 - 938年)、勤子内親王の求めに応じて源順(みなもとのしたごう)が編纂した。
- In the Johei era (in Japan) (931 - 938), MINAMOTO no Shitago compiled it at a request of Imperial Princess Isoko.
- 勘合符の主な目的は、朝貢国と明との国家間の位置づけを明確にすること(中華思想)と公私船の区別を行うことである。
- The main purposes of Kangofu were to clarify the position between a tributary state and the Ming dynasty (Sinocentrism) and to distinguish official ships from private ones.
- 東寺・西寺の建立のため弘仁年間(810年 - 824年)に朱雀大路を跨いだ七条に東鴻臚館・西鴻臚館として移転。
- The Korokan was forced to move to the Shichi-jo Street (the seventh street) for constructing Toji and Saiji Temples during the Konin period (810-824), with the result that two guest houses were built on both sides of the Suzaku-oji Street, and named the Higashi-no-Korokan (east Korokan) and the Nishi-no-Korokan (west Korokan).
- 筑紫館と大宰府の間は約16キロメートルだが、そこを最大幅10メートルの側溝を完備した直線道路が敷設されていた。
- Tsukushi-no-murotsumi and the Dazaifu was connected by a straight road about 16 km long and was fully equipped with a roadside gutter which was at the maximum ten meters wide.
- このような、いわば世間に対する別天地である寺社の境内は、苦境にある人々のアジールとしての性格を持つようになる。
- The areas of temples and shrines which were a different world from the everyday world in such ways became an asylum for the people who were in trouble.
- 波多野稙通軍も行動を開始、丹波国を出国し翌大永7年(1527年)1月28日に野田城をわずか7日間で陥落させた。
- The army of Tanemichi HATANO began their operations, left Tanmba Province, and on February 28, 1527, took control of Nodajo Castle after no longer than seven days of military action.
- 元は武士団の統制などを目的として武士の間で成立した慣習法として成立、公家法・本所法に対するものとして発展した。
- Originally, the bukeho was administered by samurai themselves in order to discipline samurai groups, which then developed as a set of codes that function separately from the kugeho (laws issued by the imperial court) and the honjoho (laws issued by proprietors or guarantors of manor).
- また勾配は急であり、隣接する百井峠程ではないが、麓の百井別れや九十九折れなども含めて酷道と呼ばれる区間である。
- It is the steep slope zone called 'kokudo' (a deplorable road) including Momoi-wakare curve at the foot and Tsukumo-ore curve and so on.
- この集落の中を貫く街道は、いわゆる鯖街道の一つとされ、京都と若狭国の中間地であり、多くの旅人が行き来していた。
- The road running through this community was identified as what was known as one of Saba-kaido Roads situated midway between Kyoto and Wakasa Province where many travelers were seen coming and going.
- 標高800~900メートルの山間部に位置するため、夏は冷涼な気候であるのに対して冬は寒さが厳しく豪雪でもある。
- Since the area is mountainous, and has an altitude in the range of 800 m to 900 m, it is cool in the summer but very cold in the winter with lots of snow as well.
- 川端通の三条~塩小路間は、開通から日が浅く、以前は京阪本線が地上を走っていたため、川端通を交差点名に用いない。
- Because the section of Kawabata-dori Street between Sanjo and Shiokoji was recently opened to traffic, and the Keihan Main Line (now underground) had crossed the section before, Kawabata-dori Street cannot be used for the names of the intersections between the two streets.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)中期の貞和年間(1340年代後半)に幕府評定衆の中条挙房が頭人を務めていたと推定されている。
- It is presumed that Morofusa NAKAJO, a member of Bakufu hyojoshu (an organization of bakufu employing the council system), served as its chief in Jowa era in the period of Northern and Southern courts (Japan) (late 1340's).
- 文明本が最古であり、『下学集』が成立したらしき1444年から文明本の年記1474年までの間に、節用集は成立した。
- The oldest of these was the Bunmeibon, which fact indicates that setsuyoshu had been formed during the term from 1444, which was the estimated year of establishment of 'Kagaku-shu,' to 1474, which was the year of establishment of the Bunmeibon.
- 元暦2年(1185年)元旦に出現した赤気を巡って密奏を行った安倍季弘兄弟と他の安倍氏一族との間で論争が発生した。
- There was a dispute between the ABE no Suehiro brothers who performed the misso and the other members of the ABE clan over the sekki phenomenon (low-latitude aurora) observed on February 9, 1185.
- これに憤慨した被告人は、他のデモ隊員が持っていた旗竿を取り上げ、巡査の下あごを突き、全治1週間の傷害を負わせた。
- The defendant got angry and took the flag pole of a demonstration member and stabbed the police officer's lower jaw, causing an injury that would take one week to heal completely.
- そのため、室町時代以降の新興の中・下級武士たちの間では、再び名田を単位とした名字の名乗りが一般的になっていった。
- This made the surname forming based on myoden popular again among samurai warriors in the newly-rising middle and lower classes from the Muromachi period onwards.
- しかし、寺子屋によって実務的な教育が庶民の間に定着しており、明治初期における日本の識字率は世界最高水準にあった。
- However, practical education by Terakoya had been entrenched among the ordinary citizens and the literacy level of the Japanese in the beginning of the Meiji period was among the top in the world.
- 後半は、悲恋や離別、再会など人の出会いと歌を通した古い民間伝説が語られており、説話的要素の強い内容になっている。
- The latter half consists of old folklore including poems whose theme is an encounter with others through tragic love, separation, reunion and so on, having strong characteristics of narrative elements.
- 一方の尼子側は宇山久兼が私財をなげうって購入した兵糧を密かに間道から月山富田城に運び入れつつ、奮闘を続けていた。
- Meanwhile, the Amago side continued the battle by secretly carrying provisions Hisakane UYAMA had bought with his own money into Gassan Toda-jo Castle from a side road.
- 井上清 (歴史家)、藤谷俊雄ら研究所の多数派を占めていた共産党系理事らは朝田・奈良本の間でなされた合意を覆した。
- The Japanese Communist Party related executives including Kiyoshi INOUE (a historian) and Toshio FUJITANI, who accounted for the majority of the Institute reversed the agreement between Asada and Naramoto.
- また、「家」の成立が在地領主層の間でも見られるようになり、得分権を伴う「職」の親子間継承が行われるようになった。
- The establishment of 'Ie' was also seen among the resident landowner class and the parent-child inheritance of 'shoku (occupation)' accompanied by rights was commonplace.
- 治承・寿永の乱以前から北陸各地では、延暦寺の末寺である白山神社の衆徒・神人たちと国衙勢力との間に対立が見られた。
- In various locations in the Hokuriku region, the monk-soldiers and the jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) of Hakuzan-jinja Shrine, a branch shrine of Enryaku-ji Temple, had clashed with kokuga seiryoku (the force of the provincial headquarters) even before the Jisho-Juei War.
- 特に貴船側は20°以上の急勾配の上、ヘアピンカーブが連続する区間があり、大型車は1度で曲がりきれないこともある。
- Particularly on the side of Kibune, there is a spot where the hill is as steep as 20 degrees or more with successive sharp hairpin curves, where a large-sized vehicle cannot make a turn at the first try.
- 名主百姓はさらに小百姓、小作人、間人(もうと)といった領内下層民に対する支配権である名主職を有し、これを世襲した。
- Nanushi hyakusho also had myoshu-shiki, which were the rights to dominate local lower-class people, such as hyakusho who owned little plow land, tenant farmers, and moto (new comers in a community), and the myoshu-shiki was transferred by heredity.
- 原則的には場所の制約を受けず(質取行為では禁じられているアジール的空間や権力者の保護下でも)に請求が可能であった。
- In principle, the levy of a kojichi was not restricted by location and it was possible to claim it even in places with right of asylum or when the debtor was under the protection of authorities (these were regarded as extraterritorial areas in the case of Shichitori, which was the attachment of property of a third party living in the same area of a debtor in default).
- その収入額は明確ではないが、一説には当時の記録より嘉吉年間に月額200貫文が幕府に納付されていたと推定されている。
- The amount of revenue is not clear, but based on records of the time, it is estimated that 200 kanmon was paid to the bakufu every month during the Kakitsu Era (1141-1144).
- そのため、命令を伝える間に蔵人の誤りその他により天皇の出した命令と上卿が実際に受けた命令が食い違う可能性もあった。
- That was why an error made by the kurodo or something happened in the process of conveying the edict might have resulted in a discrepancy between the order issued by the emperor and the order practically received by the shokei.
- 戦場では主君の前駆をなし、平時は城内の護衛(徒士組)や中間管理職的な行政職(目付、勘定奉行の配下など)に従事した。
- At the battle field, they fought as the forerunners of their lords and in peaceful time, they served as the guards (Kachi-gumi (Kachi teams)) of castles or engaged in administrative jobs (metsuke (police)) or subordinates of kanjo-bugyo (commissioner of finance) as middle class managers.
- これにより文明 (日本)年間から約100年間続いた伯耆国内での戦国動乱の時代もようやく終わりを迎えることになった。
- This helped put to an end to the time of upheaval by warring states in the Hoki regions, which had lasted for about a hundred years since the Bunmei era (1469-1487).
- 佐武伊賀守は的場源四郎と共に小雑賀の城に籠城し、三十二日間にわたって守り抜き、太田城開城後に続いて開城したという。
- It is said that Iganokami SATAKE held a castle of Kozaika with Genshiro MATOBA, and continued to guard it for 32 days, finally surrendering after the surrender of Ota-jo Castle.
- 土地などの対象物件を一定期間に限って売却して代価を受け取り、契約期間満了後には自動的に売主に権利が戻る契約である。
- Under a nenki-uri contract, the thing being sold, be it land or something else, was sold to the buyer for a certain fixed interval in exchange for an agreed-upon price the seller would receive, and upon expiration of the length of time stipulated in the contract, the object would automatically revert to the control of the seller.
- (急傾斜)棚田ではこのような圃場整備や機械化は難しかったが、土木技術の進歩で大規模化に成功した山間地の棚田も多い。
- Unification of agricultural fields and mechanization as stated above were difficult in Tanada (on a steep slope), but many rice terraces in the mountains were successfully enlarged thanks to the development of civil engineering technology.
- 戦国時代(日本)には浅井氏の支城となり、元亀年間には浅井氏の家来である城主磯野員昌が織田信長らと激戦を繰り広げた。
- During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the castle fell under the control of the Asai clan; during the Genki era (1570-1573), the retainer of the Asai clan and lord of the castle, Kazumasa ISONO, began a fierce conflict with Nobunaga ODA.
- さらに柴田側の不破勝光・金森長近の軍勢も退却したため、佐久間盛政の軍を撃破した秀吉の軍勢は柴田勝家本隊に殺到した。
- After the armies of Katsumitsu FUWA and Nagachika KANAMORI on the Shibata side began to retreat as well, Hideyoshi's forces, which had earlier destroyed the army of Morimasa SAKUMA, rushed at the main force of Katsuie SHIBATA.
- 山体は主に堆積岩からなるが、比叡山と大文字山の間の京都府道・滋賀県道30号下鴨大津線付近では花崗岩が貫入している。
- Although the body of the mountains mainly consist of sedimentary rocks, granite intrusions can be found in areas around Kyoto and Shiga Prefectural Road 30 Shimogamo-Otsu Line between Mt. Hiei and Mt. Daimonji.
- 物資の確保を狙う朝廷側(後白河上皇)と、義仲に優越する必要に迫られていた頼朝側との間で、9月ごろから交渉が開始した。
- A negotiation began around September between the Imperial Court (the retired Emperor Goshirakawa) aiming at maintaining the supply of goods and Yoritomo under the necessity of predominating over Yoshinaka.
- 吉田分校(現在の総合人間学部キャンパス)の門前には縦3m・横2mに及ぶ「天皇へのお願い」と題された看板が立てられた。
- In front of a gate at the Yoshida branch school (campus of the Faculty of Integrated Human Studies), a signboard, whose size was three meters long and two meters wide, stating 'Our pleas to the Emperor' was put up.
- また禅宗に帰依していた幕府の有力者たちも、国家間の緊張関係にもかかわらず、元の高名な禅僧を招来することが多くなった。
- In addition, magnates of the bakufu, who embraced the Zen sect, increasingly invited distinguished Zen priests from Yuan to Japan despite the tense relationship between the countries.
- 鎌倉期になると低年齢化と在職期間の短縮が進み、19歳で就任・在職期間一ヶ月という例まで現れ、実態とはかけ離れていく。
- With the lowering in the age of becoming Sanji kentai holder as well as the shortening of terms in office became apparent during the Kamakura period, an extreme case occurred where a person became Sanji kentai holder at the age of nineteen and was in office for a month and Sanji kentai gradually became the one that didn't represent the actual situation.
- 中世の武士間の主従関係は、決して片務的なものではなく、主人・従者が相互に利益を与え合う互恵的な関係で成り立っていた。
- The master-servant relationships among samurai during the medieval period were not one-sided but were established based upon mutually beneficial ones in which benefits were not only given by a master and received by his servant, but also given by a servant and received by the master.
- 勘合符(かんごうふ)は日明貿易等に用いられた、明と朝貢国間の正式の来貢、通交船であることを証明する明が発行した割符。
- Kangofu was a tally or trading license issued by the Ming dynasty and used in trade, such as the Ming-Japanese trade, to confirm authorized tribute and trade ships between the Ming dynasty and a tributary state.
- にも関わらず、文禄年間に秀吉が行なった豊臣秀次とその一族に対する粛清は、豊臣一族の衰退を決定的なものとしたのである。
- Despite this, Hideyoshi purged Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI and his family during the Bunroku period, which made the decline of the Toyotomi clan conclusive.
- 戦功の証明として行われたはなそぎによってその後しばらくの間朝鮮に鼻のない人間が多く見られたということが知られている。
- This is known from the mutilation of a person's nose done as evidence of their military exploits, there were many persons in Korea who lost their noses for certain period after that.
- 天正14年8月、熊野から日高郡山地郷(現田辺市龍神村)にかけての山間部で一揆が起こり、吉川平介らによって鎮圧された。
- In September 1586, a riot broke out in the mountain area from Kumano and Sanjigo (山地郷) of Hidaka County (present Ryujin-mura, Tanabe City) and was suppressed by Heisuke YOSHIKAWA and so on.
- 嫡子の源義平などが奮戦し活躍するが、坂東にいる郎党を動員する時間がなく少数兵力のままで平清盛率いる伊勢平氏に敗れる。
- Samurai warriors including Yoshitomo's heir, MINAMOTO no Yoshihira fought bravely and distinguished themselves in the War, but there was not time to mobilize followers in Bando, and therefore they remained to be a small number of warriors and was finally defeated by Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) led by TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- 義江彰夫は同じ12世紀ながら、その初期と後期との間に地方の長者、すなわち開発領主の武装(武士団化)が進んだとしている。
- Akio YOSHIE interpreted that weapon preparation (bushidan formation) of local heads or cultivation lords developed between the early and later periods despite being the same twelfth century.
- 六国史に記録はないが平安時代の法令集『類聚三代格』に記録が残り、開設から4年間で1158人を救護したと伝えられている。
- Although there is no description about it in Rikkokushi, the facility was recorded in a law code during the Heian period called 'Ruiju sandai kaku' (Assorted regulations from Three Reigns), in which it is mentioned that it aided 1,158 people for four years after being established.
- 特に中国大陸の影響を受けて緑釉陶器が平安貴族たちの間で愛されており、畿内に設置された官工房では生産が追いつかなかった。
- Influenced in particular by the Chinese continent, ryokuyu toki was so popular among nobles during the Heian period that production in the government craft centers established in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) were unable to keep up with demand.
- 当時武田氏と今川氏は同盟していたため「敗因を間違えるとは考え難く、第三者が敗者から得た信頼できる情報に基づく」とした。
- Given the fact that the Takeda clan and the Imagawa clan were allied, he said, 'it would be hard to believe that they mistook the reason for the Imagawa's defeat, and this is based on a reliable source obtained from the losers by a third party.'
- 日中関係史において、元寇による関係悪化(13世紀)と日明貿易(15世紀)の間の時期をつなぐ、半官半民的な交易船である。
- In the history of the relationship between Japan and China, those vessels were semi-official trading ships that likened to the period when relations worsened due to the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan (13th century) and the period when Japan and the Ming dynasty in China started trade (15th century).
- 同時に鎖国を国是としていた当時の日本において、間接的にではあっても中国文化に触れることのできる数少ない機会でもあった。
- Japan at that time enforced the national isolation policy and therefore, the visit of Tsushinshi gave people a rare opportunity to know Chinese culture, though indirectly.
- そのため、後に朝鮮の民衆の中には日本を一番の侵略者としながらも、明軍に対しても第二の侵略者として評する人間も出てきた。
- Therefore, later, there were certain persons among Korean common people who, while naming Japan as the top invader, criticized the Ming army as the second invader.
- 単に間伐や植え替えを推進するということではなく、2割削減という具体的な数値目標を打ち出したことは画期的なことといえる。
- The project does not simply consist of promoting felling and transplantation, and the agreement of a concrete target value of reducing pollen levels by 20% was groundbreaking.
- ただし、山間地にあるため河川は上流であり、日照りが続くと水量が簡単に減ってしまって水田が干上がってしまう問題があった。
- But Tanada were in the mountains, and were often located upstream of a river; as a result, in the case of a long spell of dry weather, the amount of water quickly decreased and the rice paddies dried up.
- 最初は上洛時に、北条時政が任命され京都の御家人を統率、洛中の警護・裁判を行い、朝廷と幕府の間の連絡の任に当たっていた。
- He took command of gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) in Kyoto and engaged in guarding and judging activities in Kyoto as well as performing a liaison function between the Imperial Court and the bakufu.
- 僅かな時間で帰還した秀吉の大軍に驚いた佐久間盛政は同深夜に撤退を開始するものの、翌日の未明に秀吉らの大軍に強襲された。
- Amazed by the return of Hideyoshi's large force in such a short period of time, Morimasa SAKUMA started to retreat that midnight, but came under blistering attack from Hideyoshi's large force before dawn of the next day.
- 応永年間には政所執事代として史上に現れる者もおり、松田満秀・松田秀興・松田数秀らは奉行人の筆頭の公人奉行に任じられる。
- In the Oei era (1394-1427), there appeared a person in history as Mandokoro shitsujidai (deputy steward of the administration office), and Mitsuhide MATSUDA, Hideoki MATSUDA and Kazuhide MATSUDA were appointed as Kunin bugyo, the head of bugyonin (magistrates).
- 現存する記事は長治2年(1105年)から大治 (日本)4年(1129年)年までの25年間に及ぶが、欠落部分も少なくない。
- The existing article spans 25 years from 1105 to 1129, but many segments are missing.
- しかしながら、その注釈には内容的に見て間違ったものも含まれており、伝承が時代と共に劣化していった様子もまたうかがわれる。
- However, some of these notes are incorrect, indicating that the oral tradition deteriorated with the passing of time.
- 当時、国司交替に当たって手続きの不備や前任・後任の間の紛争が多発しており、国司交替の手続きを明確化する必要が生じていた。
- At that time, many problems concerned with the replacement of kokushi, such as 'the procedures that were used were inadequate' and disputes between a predecessor and the successor, were caused, making it necessary to clarify the procedures for replacing a kokushi.
- 多くは百姓の次男以下などが奉公したが、江戸など大都市では渡り中間のような屋敷を渡り歩く専門の奉公人を雇うことも多かった。
- Those who served as chugen were the second-oldest sons or younger brothers of peasants, but in big cities such as Edo, many were recruited as professional servants such as watari-chugen who served from residence to residence.
- 長州藩の山縣有朋や伊藤博文が資料などの記述で、足軽扱いされるのは本来の広く一般的に知られる中間と紛らわしいためであろう。
- The class of Aritomo YAMAGATA and Hirobumi ITO of the Choshu Domain is given as ashigaru in historical sources because the term special chugen would have been likely to be misleading and easily mixed up with widely and generally known chugen.
- そうした中で、中流貴族も上層へある程度昇進していた延喜・天暦期を理想の治世とする考えが中下流貴族の間に広まったのである。
- In these situation, the idea that viewed the Engi and Tenryaku eras as ideal reigns when even the middle class of noblemen could be promoted to higher level to some extent became popular among the middle lower class noblemen.
- 研究所は直ちに朝田らに抗議、間もなく朝田と、研究所理事長奈良本辰也の間でトップ会談がなされ、研究所の会館復帰が決まった。
- When the Institute immediately protested against Asada and others, in a short time, a summit meeting was held between Asada and Tatsuya NARAMOTO, the chief director of the Institute and they reached an agreement that the Institute would be returned to the Hall.
- 斡旋案に対し根来衆の間では賛否分かれたが、反対派は夜中に応其の宿舎に鉄砲を撃ちかけ、このため応其は急いで京都に向かった。
- Negoro shu brought on active debate over its pros and cons, but the opposing group shot down the lodgment of Ogo by gun during the night, and as a result, Ogo quickly went to Kyoto.
- この時代には各地から青苧購入のために訪れる諸国の船に対しても課税を行って越後-畿内間の青苧流通の支配権を獲得していった。
- During his reign, he imposed the tax on the merchants who came by sea to Echigo Province from other provinces for aoso, thereby gaining control over the distribution network of aoso from Echigo Province to the Kinai region.
- また、荘園と同様に商工業者・職能人の間でも荘園の寄人のように特定の権門の隷属下に入ってその庇護を受けた者も寄人と呼んだ。
- As with shoen, among merchants and craftsmen, people who belonged to a specific power structure and received protection were called yoriudo, similar to the yoriudo of shoen.
- 安土桃山時代に入ると、義政を「茶道の祖」として崇敬する風潮が茶人の間で生まれ、東山御物の茶器が重んじられるようになった。
- In the early Azuchi-Momoyama period, a trend to revere Yoshimasa as the 'founder of tea ceremony' started among the masters of tea ceremony, and the chaki of Higashiyama gyomotsu came to be valued.
- 一、万一敗色に相成り候とも、一年や半年に決して潰滅致し候と申す事はこれなき事に付き其間には必ず尽力の次第これあり候との事
- Article 3 : Even if worst comes to worst, the total destruction of the Choshu Domain would not come in a year, or at least half a year, so the Satsuma Domain shall make every effort to help Choshu during this period.
- 彦根城築城400年祭のイベントとして2007年9月1日~16日までの期間限定で佐和山一夜城復元プロジェクトが開催された。
- For a limited time only, from September 1-16, 2007, as one of the events celebrating the 400th anniversary of Hikone-jo Castle's construction, a project restoring Sawayama-jo Castle to its old appearance was held.
- 3月12日 (旧暦)(5月3日)、勝家は前田利家、佐久間盛政ら3万の軍勢を率いて近江国柳ヶ瀬に到着し、布陣を完了させた。
- On May 3, Katsuie arrived at Yanagase in Omi Province with his army of 30,000 men including Toshiie MAEDA and Morimasa SAKUMA, completing the deployment.
- 道路としては片側1車線が確保されているが、急勾配、急カーブの連続する区間であり、上記のバイパスの建設が急務となっている。
- The road over the pass is double lane, but because it has continuous steep slopes and tight curves it is imperative to build the bypass mentioned above.
- 建武_(日本)・暦応年間頃に備前において布教活動をしていた大覚(日像門人)に宗論を挑んで敗れた松田元喬がこれを保護した。
- After Mototaka MATSUDA challenged Daikaku (a disciple of Nichizo), who was doing missionary work in Bizen during Kenmu and Rekio era (1334-1341), on a religious debate and lost, and he protected this.
- これは百姓=農民=田舎者=ダサい奴という図式での、格好を重視する不良やヤクザの間でのあまり深い意味のない単なる悪口である。
- This is mere vilification without any serious meaning among juvenile delinquents and mafia who valued appearance, in the picture that hyakusho = peasants = country fellows = unfashionable people.
- この場合の家来には武士のみならず中間や下男下女などの武士以外の奉公人も含まれた(理論的には日雇いの奉公人も対象となった)。
- In this case, servants included not only warriors but also non-warrior servants such as Chugen, manservants, and maid servants (theoretically, servants included day workers).
- 以上のことから、本書の成立時期は、朱雀天皇朝と捉えることができるが、延喜年間(901年-923年)説や村上天皇朝説もある。
- From those described above, it can be considered that this document was complete in the era of Emperor Suzaku, but there are also other theories insisting that it was complete in the era of 901 - 923 or in the era of Emperor Murakami.
- 小形ながら頑丈無比の耐火耐震構造、さらに威厳を損ねぬよう荘厳重厚なデザインになるようにとの苦心の跡が垣間見えるようである。
- Hoan-den provides observers with a glimpse of the great efforts to attain a fire-proof and earthquake-proof structure with matchless strength despite its small size, as well as a design with solemnity and gravity so as not to damage dignity.
- 長寛勘文(ちょうかんかんもん、ちょうかんのかんもん)は、平安時代の長寛年間(1163年 - 1164年)に編纂された勘文。
- Chokan-kanmon (or Chokan no kanmon) was kanmon (written report for what the Imperial court requested) written in the Chokan era (1163 - 1164) during the Heian period.
- こうした事態の放置は公領の減少のみならず、荘園間の境相論を引き起こす一因となったため、荘園整理令などで度々寄人を規制した。
- This situation led to not only the reduction of koryo but also became a factor for boundary disputes between shoen, therefore yoriudo were regulated again and again by Manor Regulation Acts.
- 日本中世史と日本近世史の間で、1953年から1960年代にかけて日本封建制成立論争が展開した(太閤検地論争とも呼ばれる)。
- There was a controversy between medieval history and early-modern history on the establishment of the Hoken system in Japan from 1953 through the 1960's (it is also called the controversy of Taiko-kenchi (cadastral survey instituted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI)).
- 第二次大戦後には、東京大学に本拠を置く歴史学研究会の唯物史観を基にした時代区分法(東京学派)との間で激しい論争が行われた。
- After World War II, they fiercely debated with the Tokyo school that had a method of dividing the historical ages based on a materialist view of history by the Historical Science Society of Japan headquartered in Tokyo University.
- その他にも野迫川村全体で1707年(宝永4年)から慶応3年(1867年)までの160年間の間に32回の氏子駈の記録がある。
- In addition, according to it, there were 32 times of ujikogari (the collection of the shares) made in only Nosegawa Village for 160 years from 1707 to 1867.
- 国から政令指定都市の指定を受けており、東京特別区を含めて全国第7位の人口を有する(昼間人口では神戸市を抜き第6位となる)。
- Kyoto City, as designated by government ordinance, has the seventh-largest population of all the cities in Japan, including the special wards of Tokyo, and during the daytime the city boasts the sixth-largest population, surpassing that of Kobe City.
- 食器や生活用品を洗ったりする時に川に誤って流してしまったり山中に落としてしまったりで外部の人間にきづかれたりすることがある。
- The existence of kakurezato was accidentally noticed by outside people when the residents dropped tableware or other household utensils in the river while washing or in the mountains.
- 728年から811年までの間に14回(うち1回は渤海経由の遣唐使。このほか操舵手等の派遣が1回。)の使節が記録に残っている。
- It is recorded that between 728 and 811 the Kenbokkaishi was dispatched 14 times (one time dispatched as a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China via Bokkai, and one that was a dispatch of navigators).
- だが、弘仁年間に編纂されたのは、「内裏式」及び「内裏儀式」であり、「弘仁儀式」という題名の儀式は存在しなかったとされている。
- Nevertheless, it was considered that 'Dairi shiki' (Palace regulations) and 'Dairi Gishiki' (Book on outline of ceremonies) were compiled during the Konin era and the Gishiki titled 'Konin Gishiki' did not exist.
- そうしている間に、幕府軍が千早城に大軍を貼り付けにしながら落とせずにいるとの報に触発され、各地に倒幕の機運が広がっていった。
- Meanwhile, on receiving the news that, despite having been engaged in fighting to take Chihaya-jo Castle for such a long time, the bakufu army had yet to take control of it, the feeling that the time was ripe to overthrow the bakufu spread throughout the provinces of Japan.
- こちらが後の永業田の資源と考えられ、人間だけでなく牛も30畝の田地支給を受けていた(ただし4頭まで4年までという説もある)。
- It is considered that this was the origin of hereditary fields, and in addition to human beings, each head of cattle was also supplied a field of approx. 1.2 hectares (however, it is also said that these fields might have been supplied up to four heads of cattle for four years).
- 信長存命中は、この方面軍による機能がうまく作用して、各地で連戦連勝を重ねて、織田政権は短期間で領土を拡大することに成功した。
- While Nobunaga was alive, these regional armies worked well and won battle after battle in various places and contributed to the Oda government successfully extending their territory over a short period of time.
- 現在は松竹京都映画の構内に事務所を間借りし、作品契約の形態で、現在監督・プロデューサーを含む約60人のスタッフを抱えている。
- Now, they rent an office on the premises of the Shochiku Kyoto Eiga Co., Ltd. and have about 60 staff members including directors and producers on the basis of contract for each production.
- この報に接した織田信長は福富直勝、佐久間信盛を派遣し、更に同年11月3日に明智光秀、松井友閑、羽柴秀吉を有明城に向かわせた。
- Having received this news, Nobunaga ODA sent Naokatsu FUKUTOMI, Nobumori SAKUMA, and, on December 11, 1578, made Mitsuhide AKECHI, Yukan MATSUI and Hideyoshi HASHIBA to visit Ariake-jo Castle.
- 彼は、1872(明治5)年から1888(明治21)年の16年間の滞日中に、本務の余暇をみてはこつこつと古墳研究を進めていた。
- In the 16 years from 1872 to 1888 in Japan, Gowland gradually advanced his research of kofun in his spare time.
- 院政期には太上天皇や院近臣の間で熊野信仰が盛んであったことから、数年後に鳥羽天皇は院庁下文を発して国司の妨害や公租を禁じた。
- As Kumano belief was popular among the Retired Emperors and their close aides in the cloister government period, the Emperor Toba issued a few years later innocho kudashibumi (a letter issued by innocho, the retired Emperor's office) prohibiting the intervention of kokushi (provincial governor) as well as imposition of koso (public tax).
- 契約期間中に対象物件から見込まれる収益が売却代金及び利息の合計と見合う形での代価によって取引が行われていたと考えられている。
- It is believed that people would enter such contracts only after setting a sale price that included the anticipated earnings during the term of the contract from the thing being sold, as well as the corresponding interest from those earnings.
- この間、明治21年(1888年)には同年上京区・下京区に編入された愛宕郡の旧村の区域に上京34組及び下京33組が設定された。
- During this period, in 1888, Kamigyo kumi No. 34 and Shimogyo kumi No. 33 were established in the former village area of Otagi County that had been incorporated into Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward in the same year.
- 南及び西ほどこの傾向が強く、特に九州では、十数年に1回程度の割合で、この時期に一年分の降水量がわずか一週間で降ることもある。
- This tendency is stronger in the south and west, and especially in Kyushu, at the rate of once in ten-odd years, the amount of rainfall equal to that for a year rains in a week.
- 以上のように近代における小辺路は生活道路としての性格を持つ道であり、国道168号が五條・新宮間を全通するまで利用され続けた。
- As explained above, Kohechi was a community road in modern times, and continued to be used until National Highway 168 was constructed at the whole sections between Gojo and Shingu.
- が、1156年保元の乱後、旧主である義朝の父・源為義を殺さなければならない羽目になって義朝との間が不和になり、相模国に帰国。
- After the Hogen War in 1156, however, he ended up being forced to kill MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, Yoshitomo's father and the former lord, which made him fall out with Yoshitomo and go back to Sagami Province.
- 「どんどん」とは見る間にどんどん焼け広がったさまとも、禁門の変に乗じて発生したことから鉄砲の音から名付けられたとも伝えられる。
- It is said that the word 'Dondon' comes from the appearance of the quickly spreading fire or the sound of gunfire because the fire broke out in the Kinmon Incident.
- 寧波市の市舶司と日本商人との間のトラブルにより街が放火・掠奪される事件があり、間諜(スパイ)の容疑で雪村友梅が捕えられている。
- When trouble between Shihakushi and Japanese merchants triggered arson and looting on a street in Neiha City, Sesson Yubai was arrested and charged with being a spy.
- 日本の室町幕府と中国の明朝との間で行われた日明貿易(勘合貿易)は、室町初期の幕府3代将軍足利義満、明の建文帝の頃に開始された。
- The Japan-Ming trade (tally trade) between the Muromachi bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) in Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China began around the time when the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA of the early Muromachi bakufu governed Japan and Emperor Jianwen ruled China.
- 延喜年間に里倉負名体制は負名体制に移行し、公的租税としての正税及び公出挙に代わり官物として一括して土地に賦課する方式となった。
- After the Riso-fumyo system was switched to the Fumyo system (local tax manager system), the tax was comprehensively imposed on lands as Kanmotsu (tribute paid as taxes), instead of Shozei and Ku-Suiko, both of which were regarded as the official land taxes.
- 寛平から延喜の頃と考えられている「奴婢の廃止」より後の史料にわずかに用例が残っているものの、間もなく消滅したと考えられている。
- Though a few examples remain in the historical documents after 'the abolition of slavery,' which is thought to have occurred from the Kanpyo era to the Engi era, the class most likely disappeared shortly.
- 武家奉公人は若党、中間、小者などの呼称があるが、地域、藩、各武家によっても意味合いに差があり、厳密な区別はできるものではない。
- Buke hokonin also refers to a wakato (foot-man), chugen (the rank below common soldier), or komono, but these cannot be clearly discerned because their meaning varied by region, clan, or samurai family.
- 当時の私船(民間貿易)は、倭寇に代表される手荒い貿易方法で、元 (王朝)の衰退を惹起させる程のもので看過できないものであった。
- The private ships in those days (partaking in private foreign trade) as typified by the wako (Japanese pirates) carried out trade in such a rough way that it caused a weakening of the Yuan dynasty which could not be overlooked.
- 仏教によれば、人は死ぬと現世の行いにより、天 (仏教)、人間界、阿修羅、畜生、餓鬼、地獄の六道のいずれかを輪廻転生するという。
- According to Buddhism, human beings repeat their lives after death, in Rokudo (six posthumous worlds); heaven (Buddhism), Ningenkai (human world), Ashura, chikusho (Buddhist realm of beasts), or preta, hell.
- 後白河と義仲の間には緊迫した空気が流れ、義仲は義経の手勢が少数であれば入京を認めると妥協案を示した(『玉葉』11月16日条)。
- There was an intense atmosphere around Goshirakawa and Yoshinaka, and Yoshinaka suggested a compromise solution that if Yoshitsune's forces were small, he would allow them to enter the capital ('Gyokuyo,' entry of January 7, 1184).
- 約束期間に突入しても対策は全く進んでおらず、2007年の排出量は前年比で2.4%の増加となっていて、減少に転じる気配すらない。
- While having gone into the commitment period, effective measures have not been taken at all and the emissions amount in 2007 is larger by 2.4% than that of the previous year and does not seem to decrease at all.
- 京都議定書は国家間での排出量取引のみを定めているが、より効果的な温室効果ガスの削減が可能な国内での排出量取引も行われつつある。
- Although the Kyoto Protocol defines the emissions trading to be carried out only among countries, the tradings are being done domestically in individual countries where the emissions reduction can be realized more effectively.
- 会議では、信長の三男・織田信孝を推す柴田勝家と織田信忠の子である三法師(のちの織田秀信)を推す羽柴秀吉との間で激しく対立した。
- In the conference, there was an intense conflict between Katsuie SHIBATA, who fielded Nobutaka ODA, the third son of Nobunaga, and Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who backed Sanboshi (later Hidenobu ODA), the son of Nobutada ODA.
- 京都市が事実上京都府の政治経済の中心であり、中部と南部の中間点にあり、人口の55%をしめるので、4もしくは5をさす場合が多い。
- Because Kyoto City, the virtual center of the politic and economic, is located in the middle of the central and the southern part of the Prefecture and occupies 55 percent of the population, the Definition 4 or 5 is often used.
- 渡辺の名のルーツが消えるのに反対する運動が渡辺氏の末裔の間で起こり、結局丁目の後ろの番地の変わりに渡辺の名が残ることになった。
- There was a protest campaign by the descendants of the Watanabe clan against that the roots of the Watanabe clan to be disappeared, and eventually, the name of Watanabe remained in the address replacing the block number.
- しかし、本州と同じ時期に、年によっては、2週間くらい、主にオホーツク高気圧の勢力南下に伴うぐずつき肌寒い天気が続くことがある。
- In certain years, however, in the same period as Honshu, unsettled chilly weather caused mainly by force of Okhotsk anticyclone coming down to the south continues for around two weeks.
- 旧両町間を結ぶ道路などは、JR小浜線(天狗山トンネル)、農道若狭梅街道(若狭トンネル)、国道27号(倉見峠)の三つのみである。
- There are only three routes that connect Old Kaminaka-cho and Old Mikata-cho: the JR Obama Line (Tenguyama Tunnel), Wakasa Ume-kaido agricultural road (Wakasa Tunnel), National Route 27 (Kurami-toge Mountain Pass).
- その間、中央で直義の殺害に成功した尊氏は、斯波家兼を新たな奥州管領として派遣したため、この斯波家兼が奥州における最有力となる。
- Meanwhile, Takauji succeeded in killing Tadayoshi at the center of Japan, sent Iekane SHIBA as new Oshu Kanrei, thus Iekane SHIBA became the most influential person in Oshu.
- 衛府舎人は大粮米徴収権の既得権を有していたが、朝廷は延喜年間(900年代)に相次いで衛府舎人の既得権を剥奪する政策を打ち出した。
- Efutoneri had the right to collect tairomai (rice as food), but in the Engi era (in the 900s), the Imperial Court announced the key policies of depriving the Efutoneri of their vested rights one after another.
- 割符(さいふ/わっぷ)とは、中世日本において遠隔地間の金銭取引などの決済のために用いられた証紙で、日本における為替の元となった。
- Tally (saifu or wappu) was a certificate stamp used to settle money transactions between distant lands in medieval Japan, and it became the origin of currency exchange.
- このため、「間男7両2分」の賠償金を姦夫から取り立てたり、姦婦を離縁することで内々に事態の収拾を図るという例が多かったのである。
- Consequently, in many case, they saved the situation among themselves by collecting reparations known as 'maotoko seven ryo two bu' (compensation seven ryo two bu for adultery) from the adulterer, or divorcing the adulteress.
- 宮中の公式行事として確立したのは貞観 (日本)元年(859年)であるが、この頃には「四季御読経」として年間を通じて催されていた。
- Kinomidokyo was established as an official function of the Imperial Court in 859, but by this time it had already been held as a 'Shikinomidokyo' (seasonal reading of the Great Perfection of Insight Sutra) throughout the year.
- 通常4日ないし3日間の法会が開かれ、2日目に「引茶」という茶の接待が僧侶に対して行われ、3日目には僧侶同士の「論義」が行われる。
- A hoe (Buddhist mass) was usually held for three or four days; on the second day, the monks were entertained by a tea service called 'hikicha,' and on the third day rounds of debate were held called 'rongi.'
- 第一次木津川口の戦い(だいいちじきづがわぐちのたたかい)とは、1576年(天正4年)に毛利氏と織田氏との間に起こった戦いである。
- The First Battle of Kizukawaguchi refers to the battle between the Mori Clan and the Oda Clan in 1576.
- 合計…侍35人、奉公人112人、足軽141人、中間5人、人夫39人、口取22人(計354人) 乗馬32頭、駄馬22頭(計54頭)
- In total, there were 35 samurai, 112 servants, 141 foot soldiers, 5 chugen, 39 laborers, 22 kuchitori (total of 354), 32 cavalry horses and 22 packhorses (total of 54 horses).
- 大名間の領土紛争などは全て豊臣政権がその最高処理機関として処理にあたり、これに違反する大名には厳しい処分を下す事を宣言している。
- Conflicts concerning territories between daimyo were dealt with by the Toyotomi administration as a supreme arbitrator, and it was decreed that any daimyo who acts against the edict was to be severely punished.
- 1万年以上続いた縄文時代に比して、弥生時代は期間的には数百年にすぎないが、出土品の形式編年から前期・中期・後期に分けられている。
- In contrast to the Jomon period, which lasted more than ten millennia, the Yayoi period lasted only several hundred years, and the Yayoi period is classified, according to the style of the excavated articles, into three stages, that is, the early stage, the middle stage, and the late stage.
- 魚魯愚鈔(ぎょろぐしょう)は、除目に関する申文や大間書などの資料や『清涼記』・『西宮記』などの除目関係記事を集成した有職故実書。
- Gyorogusho was a book on the study of ancient courtly traditions and etiquette which compiled documents relating to the appointment to official positions such as moshibumi (letter of appointment) and omagaki (a list of candidates) as well as other related records such as 'Seiryoki' and 'Saikyuki.'
- 徳川家康自身は、五カ国領有時代から今川氏、武田氏の水軍を継承して向井正綱、小浜氏、千賀氏、間宮氏からなる徳川水軍を編成していた。
- As for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, he took over the Imagawa clan's and the Takeda clan's suigun from the period occupied by five countries and organized his own suigun consisting of Masatsuna MUKAI, the Obama clan, the Senga clan, and the Mamiya clan.
- 5月27日には柴田勝家らの北国勢の支援のために信越国境を越えて、春日山城を指呼の間に望む越後国の二本木(上越市)辺りまでに乱入。
- On May 27, 1582, Nagayoshi crossed the border between Shinano and Echigo Provinces to support the armies of northern provinces, including Katsuie SHIBATA's army, and invaded into the area around Nihongi (present-day Joetsu City) in Echigo Province, from where Kasugayama-jo Castle could be seen at a short distance.
- 京都と滋賀の間には昔から交通の大動脈である東海道が整備されており、加えて琵琶湖・淀川(瀬田川)の水路もあり、結びつきが強かった。
- The connection between Kyoto and Shiga has been strong because of Tokaido Road, the very important aorta-like road for transportation, which has been set through them since ancient times, in addition to the water route from Lake Biwa through the Yodo-gawa River (which is called as the Seta-gawa River in this area).
- なお、往古は、若宮大路のうち下馬四つ角から車大路四つ角の間の区間が琵琶状に歪曲していたことから、琵琶小路と呼ばれていたとされる。
- A segment of the Wakamiya-oji Street from the Shimouma crossing to the Kuruma oji crossing is said to have been named Biwa-koji Street because it was once curved like a biwa (Japanese lute).
- 一方、大阪市・京都市・神戸市の3市は、各々昼間人口が1を超えているため、各々が中心市となって都市圏を形成しているとも考えられる。
- more than 10% of its population commuting to a central city
- 梅雨の時期、特に長雨の場合は、日照時間が短いため、気温の上下(最高気温と最低気温の差、日較差)が小さく、肌寒く感じることがある。
- During the period of tsuyu, in particular in the case of long rain, as the hours of sunlight is short, the up and down of air temperature (difference between the highest and lowest air temperature in a day) is small and it is sometimes felt chilly.
- 伴という苗字の人偏は人を表し、右の半は上部の点を半の横線の間に移し、半の一番上の横線から飛び出た部分を消すと『伻』という字になる。
- The left-hand side of the Chinese character '伴' represents a person, and this Chinese character becomes '伻' (Hei) if the right-hand side is slightly modified.
- このような指示が度々出されたにも関わらず、命令が遵守されたのは直後のみで時間が経つにつれて都市でも農村でも違反するものが相次いだ。
- Although such ordinances were issued repeatedly, people strictly followed the rules only in the short period right after the issuances, and as time passed, lawbreakers appeared one after another both in cities and in the countryside.
- しかし、当時の経済の実態は農村工業の発達と新興商人が都市でも地方でも台頭したことによって、株仲間の独占はむしろ形骸化しつつあった。
- But, in reality, the monopoly by kabunakama was losing substance due to the development of rural industry and the rise of emerging merchants both in urban and rural areas.
- 多くの古墳は築かれてから長い時間が経過したため、上に木が生えている事が多いが、建造当時の木のない状態が多くの古墳の本来の姿である。
- Because such a long time has passed since their construction, most kofun have trees growing on them, but the true state of a kofun at the time of completion was without trees.
- こうして明治維新直後の危機は過ぎ去ったが、やがて各流派はお互いに排他的姿勢を見せるようになり、流派間の交流や共演は消滅していった。
- Thus, the crisis right after Meiji Restoration was over, but each school became increasingly exclusive and the exchanges between schools or joint performances vanished.
- 琵琶湖疏水の第1トンネル(長等山トンネル)は、大津市と京都市山科区の間にある全長2,436mのトンネルであり、長等山を貫いている。
- The First Tunnel (Nagarayama Tunnel) for the Lake Biwa Canal, a tunnel constructed between Otsu City and Yamashina Ward in Kyoto City, has the total length of 2,436 meters, passing through Mt. Nagara.
- 滅亡の危機に瀕した奥州吉良氏であるが、初代鎌倉公方の足利基氏から招かれた治家が上野国飽間郷に移住すると、徐々に勢力を回復し始める。
- Oshu Kira clan was on the verge of the extinction, but Haruie restored power gradually after Motouji ASHIKAGA of the first Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) invited him to relocate into Akima-go, Kozuke Province.
- また、同族として、旗本で美濃郡代(在任期間:天和 (日本)3年(1683年)~貞享2年(1685年))をつとめた甲斐庄正之がいる。
- Masayuki KAINOSHO is another person from the same family who served as a hatamoto and as a Minogundai (a magistrate of Mino region) from 1683 to 1885.
- 納付方法としては金貨による金建・銀貨による銀建及び必要に応じての両者の混合の場合があり、負担は仲間に入った各構成員が共同で負担した。
- Myoga was paid either in gold coin, silver coin or both if necessary, and the members of kabunakama jointly bore the cost.
- ただ、一概に藩士といっても、上士から下士まであり、また、厳密には武士以外にも足軽や中間といったいわゆる士分格ではない者も含まれてる。
- However Hanshi include all samurai ranging from Joshi (superior warriors) to Kashi (non-commissioned officers), and in a narrow sense, they also include those without samurai status such as ashigaru (common foot soldiers) and chugen (a rank below common soldiers).
- 地侍層は、戦国大名や国人領主から加地子(地代=中間得分)の徴収権を保証される代わりに、家臣となり、戦時には軍役を果たす義務を負った。
- Ji-zamurai undertook obligations of serving as a part of military at the time of war in return for the privilege to collect Kajishi (intermediate taxes) guaranteed by Sengoku Daimyo and Kokujin Ryoshu.
- また、ポルトガル商人に対しては生糸の独占的利益を得ていた為、これを削ぐことを目的として京都・堺・長崎の商人に糸割符仲間を結成させた。
- Against the Portuguese merchants who had exclusively gained profits from trade of raw silk, Ieyasu made merchants in Kyoto, in Sakai and in Nagasaki form itowappu nakama (the thread tally union) to diminish their profits.
- 定免法では、過去5年間、10年間または20年間の収穫高の平均から年貢率を決めるもので、豊凶に関わらず一定の年貢を納めることになった。
- In jomen ho, the ratio of land tax was determined based on the average crop in the past 5 years, 10 years or 20 years and a fixed land tax was imposed regardless of the crop situation.
- やがて酒屋は、酒屋万流(さかやばんりゅう)といわれるように、総合商社的な特徴を生かして日本国中に強力な民間ネットワークを築いていた。
- As there is the term of sakaya banryu, sakaya established before long a strong private network by effectively using its general trading house-like features.
- 比叡山に対する浅井・朝倉軍の退去要求、高野山に対する荒木残党引き渡し要求など、信長は敵方の人間を受け入れないよう寺社に対し要求した。
- Nobunaga requested temples and shrines not to accept his enemies, for example, he requested Mt. Hiei to make the Azai and Asakura forces withdraw and Mt. Koya to deliver the remnants of the Araki clan.
- この間、時宗は非常事態への迅速な対処を名目として、時間のかかる合議ではなく、一門や側近(御内人という)らと専断で政策決定していった。
- During this time, in the name of a rapid response to the emergency, Tokimune made policies at his own discretion with only clansmen and close aides (Miuchibito (private vassals of the tokuso)), bypassing the parliamentary system which took a lot of time.
- しかし片側1車線が整備された区間と1.0車線の離合不可能な狭路の区間が断続的に繰り返し、急勾配や急カーブが連続する峠道となっている。
- Although, it is a slap with series of steep hills and sharp curves that well maintained sections with double lane and narrow sections at 1.0-lane wide, where a vehicle cannot pass an oncoming car, continue intermittently.
- それゆえに幽霊がよく現れる場所、つまり「心霊スポット」としてよく知られ、地元住民やここを通行する人々の間で様々な伝説が語られてきた。
- Therefore, the pass was thought of as a haunted area, or a 'ghostly place', and the local public and the passersby created various legends.
- しかし、1560年、桶狭間の戦いで今川義元が討死すると、今川氏は衰退し、武田信玄の駿河攻略によって、駿府は焼討ちに遭い一時荒廃した。
- After Yoshimoto IMAGAWA died in war in the battle of Okehazama in 1560, Imagawa clan went into a decline, and then Sunpu was burnt and devastated for a certain time period by invasion by Shingen TAKEDA into Suruga.
- 同水泳場では、1980年より毎年7月末に鳥人間コンテスト選手権大会(読売テレビで放映。オンエアは毎年たいてい8月末)が行われている。
- Japan International Birdman Rally (aired by Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation every year, usually at the end of August.) has been held at the swimming beach every year in the end of July, since 1980.
- 特に武士間の主従関係においては利害が如実であり、不利な戦況にある武門の棟梁の下から去り、敵対勢力への鞍替えをしたり、背く場合もあった。
- As the relationship between master and vassal among samurai was highly dependent on interests, at times vassals would abandon a Bumon no toryo, if and when they came under an unfavorable situation due to a war and changed loyalty to the opponent.
- ここに至り、田堵負名層らによる対受領闘争(「凶党」行為)はほとんど見られなくなり、代わって荘園と公領間の相論・武力紛争が頻発し始めた。
- Then the conflicts in which persons of the Tato fumyo class fought against zuryo ('gangster'-like acts) almost ceased, and instead, disputes and armed conflicts between manors and Koryo (an Imperial demesne) began occurring frequently.
- こうした動きは、鎌倉時代になると一層顕著となり、鎌倉中期には荘園領主と在地領主との間で勧農権をめぐる相論(訴訟)が頻発するようになる。
- Such a move became more prominent during the Kamakura period and lawsuits over the right of kanno between shoen owners and local landlords occurred frequently during the middle of the Kamakura period.
- しかし、実際のところ歴史学者や仏教学者の間でも何をもって「国家仏教」と定義づけるのかについては統一した見解が出されているわけではない。
- However, historians and Buddhist scholars have not yet reached a united opinion regarding what would define 'National Buddhism.'
- 蓮華王院本堂(通称三十三間堂)は横に長く、千一体の千手観音像を安置したもので、阿弥陀堂ではないが大型化した九躰堂タイプと見なしてよい。
- Rengeo-in Temple Main Hall (commonly called Sanjusangen-do Hall) in which to put 1,001 statues of Senju Kannon (Thousand Armed Avalokiteshwara) elongated sideways, and it is not the Amida-do Hall, but it can be regarded as one in larger Kutai-do Hall types.
- 当時の民間の流行歌謡であり、白拍子という女性芸人(しばしば遊女を兼ねた)のうたう七五調四句を基調とする今様も貴族社会でもてはやされた。
- The imayo (popular style of song during the Heian period), a popular music among common people, which was based on the seven-and-five syllable meter and four phrases and sung by shirabyoshi, female entertainer (who was often a yujo [a prostitute]), was loved by the noble society.
- 受領は郡司・富豪層を出自とする田堵負名らに租税納入の責任を課していたが、税率や減免率などをめぐって受領と負名層の間には対立が生じていた。
- Zuryo entrusted tax collection work to Tato fumyo who came from gunji or the rich and powerful class, but often confronted them with tax rates or tax reduction rates.
- 市当局は掲示板の撤去を要求、組合との間で徹夜交渉がもたれ、11月12日の天皇の来訪1時間前に目につかない場所に移すことで妥協が成立した。
- The city authority requested it removed, and after a night-long negotiation with the union, a compromise was reached, only one hour before the Emperor's visit scheduled on November 12, that it would be moved to an out-of-sight place.
- 友愛会京都支部の支部長を務めた高山義三(たかやま ぎぞう、のちの京都市長)は、1年間志願兵として軍隊勤務に従事し、1920年に除隊した。
- Gizo TAKAYAMA (later the Mayor of Kyoto City), who worked as the manager of the Kyoto Branch of Yuai-kai, served in the army as a volunteer for one year and left the army in 1920.
- 一方、包囲側の明軍も最低でも数万以上と推測される大軍を長期間展開するだけの食糧は無かった上に、島津軍の奇襲によって食料庫を焼失している。
- On the other hand, Ming army with at least several ten thousand soldiers that surrounded the castle lacked food required to move the huge army and lost the food warehouse from the surprise attack of Shimazu army.
- 十六世紀中頃(戦国時代末期)、頼高の孫・及川頼家の時、同族間の内紛により主君葛西氏に領地を召し上げられてこの家系も没落し多くは帰農した。
- During the mid-sixteenth century (the late Sengoku period), in the time of Yoriie OIKAWA, a grandson of Yoritaka, they were deprived of the territory by his master, the KASAI clan; subsequently, the family line went to ruin and took up farming again.
- その後、21日に天皇と道長の間で最終的な協議が行われ、翌日新制に関する宣旨が下され、それに基づく太政官符が27日付で発給されたのである。
- Subsequently the final discussion was held between the Emperor and Michinaga on July 21, senji (imperial decree) about the shinsei was issued on the next day, and the Daijokanpu was issued on the basis of the senji as of July 27.
- 家族向けの中規模遊園地で、開業当時は数少ない遊園地で年間20万人近くの入場者があったが、その後は他の遊園地との競争が激化したため、低迷。
- It was a family-oriented mid-sized amusement park and received annual visitors around 200,000 just after its opening when there were few amusement parks around, however, the competition with other amusement parks became fierce later on and its business continued to stagnate.
- 平家一門の平資盛が、壇ノ浦の戦いから落ち延びて約3年間喜界島に潜伏し、弟の平有盛、いとこの平行盛と合流し、ともに奄美大島に来訪したという。
- It is said that after being defeated in the Battle of Dan no ura, Taira no Sukemori, a member of the Taira family, concealed himself on Kikai-jima Island for three years and thereafter came to Amami-Oshima Island along with his younger brother Taira no Arimori and his cousin Taira no Yukimori.
- この枡は、制定後間もなく全国的に流布し、その後は14世紀初頭に至るまで、数多い私枡のなかにあって、一定の権威をもった公定枡として機能した。
- Soon after it was designated, Senjimasu was put into circulation throughout the nation, and until the beginning of the fourteenth century it functioned as an official measure holding constant authority within many private measures.
- 「戸主高志公」(名を欠く)の戸では1年間に6名もの人が亡くなっているが、9世紀前半は日本古代史上でもまれにみる天変地異の続いた時代である。
- In Ko 'headed by KOSHI NO KIMI' (no given name), as many as six members died in one year, because the first half of the ninth century was a rare time in ancient Japanese history when natural disasters occurred continuously.
- 72時間連続の当直明け勤務など、労働基準法に違反する長時間労働を強いられている病院の医師が、待遇が改善されずに絶望して辞職することを指す。
- It refers to hospital doctors who, forced to work long hours which violate Labor Standards Law such as working continuous 72 hour shifts, despair at the lack of improvement in working conditions and resign.
- 主に人口の多い東日本から徴兵され、その間も税は免除される事はないため、農民にとっては重い負担であり、兵士の士気は低かったと考えられている。
- Because the soldiers, who were mainly drafted from eastern Japan which had a larger population, were not exempt from taxation during their service, they bore a heavy burden as farmers and it is thought that morale was low.
- このため、撰銭の完全なる解決は、江戸時代に江戸幕府が安定した品質の寛永通宝を発行し、私鋳銭を厳しく禁ずるようになるまでの長い時間を要した。
- Therefore, the problems concerned with the erizeni act did not dissolve for a long time until, in the Edo period, the Edo bakufu issued Kanei Tsuho coins with stable quality and severely prohibited minting coins privately.
- 実際、日本の僧尼令では僧尼が私寺を建立することは禁じたものの、その他の私寺に関しては平安時代の延暦年間の太政官符において初めて規制された。
- In fact, although Japanese Soni ryo prohibited erection of private temple by monks and nuns, other private temples were regulated for the first time by Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) in the Enryaku era of the Heian period.
- それまでは、名主職は代々相続される権利と認識されていたが、この頃から人々の間を移り変わる権利、すなわち遷代の職と認識されていったのである。
- In other words, myoshu rights, which had been inalienable and hereditary, were now regarded as being transferable or non-hereditary rights, whose ownership changed from one generation to the next.
- 藤姓塩谷氏は、約260年~300年間に渡り続くが、応永30年(1423年)8月9日、塩谷教綱の時、鎌倉公方足利持氏と結び、宇都宮氏に謀反。
- The SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family lasted for approximately 260 to 300 years, but on September 22, 1423, during the period of Noritsuna SHIONOYA, the family collaborated with Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo, and raised a rebellion against the UTSUNOMIYA clan.
- 憲法発布の勅語に「不磨ノ大典」とあったためか、1947年(昭和22年)の日本国憲法施行まで半世紀以上の間、一度も改正されることはなかった。
- Since the expression 'the constitution never worn thin' was used in the Imperial speech about the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Constitution had not been modified for more than 50 years until it was replaced by the Constitution of Japan in 1947.
- ただし、実際の公事銭徴収は名目別に行われ、都市の住民に対しては棟別銭・地子銭・間別銭など、市場に対しては市庭銭・座役銭の名目で徴収された。
- Kujisen was virtually collected for each title; therefore, for the city residents, taxes were collected by the titles of munebetsu sen (household tax), jishi sen (land tax), and mabechi sen (building and land tax), and for the market, taxes were collected by ichiba sen (marketplace tax), and zayaku sen (guild tax).
- ただし、日本では「士」は「侍」に置き換えられ、工と商に区別はなく一括して町人と認識されており、百姓(農)と「町人」との間に序列はなかった。
- In Japan, shi '士' (government official) was replaced with '侍' (samurai or warriors), ko (artisans) and sho (merchants) were collectively recognized as townsman without being differentiated, and no order existed between peasants (no) and the 'townsmen.'
- また、熊野詣それ自体の盛衰もあって、正確なルートが不明になっている区間があること、歴史的な変遷から生じた派生ルートの扱いなどの問題もある。
- In addition, with rise and decline in popularity of pilgrimages to Kumano Sanzan, adequate routes are left unclear in some districts, and how to treat the routes derived from historical changes is not fixed.
- 医業は盛清の3代目にあたる作右衛門教清が寛永年間(1624年から1643年)に起こし、爾来、分家新立によって石橋医家の繁栄がもたらされた。
- Sakuemon Norikiyo, the third generation of Morikiyo started medical practice during the Kanei era (1624 - 1643) and since then, with the new branch families established, the Ishibashi became successful as a doctor family.
- さらに鳩山文相との間で「滝川の処分は非常特別のものであり、教授の進退は文部省に対する総長の具状によるものとする」という「解決案」を提示した。
- He also submitted a 'solution' to Minister of Education Hatoyama that 'The punishment of Takiwgawa is an extraordinary case, and the suspension of professors is decided by the Dean with the guidance of the Ministry of Education.'
- 嘉吉条約(かきつじょうやく)とは、日本史での室町時代、1443年(日本暦嘉吉3年)に朝鮮王朝と対馬国の宗貞盛との間で結ばれた貿易協定である。
- Kakitsu Treaty was a trade agreement concluded between Korean Dynasties and Sadamori SO of Tsushima Province in 1443, the Muromachi period in Japan.
- 室町時代に入って間もなく1346年(貞和2)、室町幕府は守護による国内統治を安定させるため、刈田狼藉の検断権および使節遵行を守護へ付与した。
- In 1346, soon after the Muromachi period began, the Muromachi bakufu, aiming to stabilize the governing of the state by shugo, granted them the power of kendan and shisetsu jungyo (the authority to implement the bakufu's judgments on property ownership disputes).
- 「秋田塩谷系譜」では、塩谷義孝と塩谷義綱の間に塩谷時綱、塩谷冬綱、塩谷通綱という3人の当主がいたとするが、史実と合わないため実在が疑わしい。
- According to 'Family Tree of the Akita SHIONOYA Family,' there were the three family heads--Tokitsuna SHIONOYA, Fuyutsuna SHIONOYA and Michitsuna SHIONOYA--between Yoshitaka SHIONOYA and Yoshitsuna SHIONOYA, but it is contradictory to a historical fact and the existence of such individuals is doubtful.
- フェノロサや岡倉天心らは、政府から万国博出展のために「日本美術史」の解説を書いてほしいとの依頼を受け、短期間で日本の美術の通史を書き上げた。
- The Japanese government asked Ernest Fenollosa, Tenshin OKAKURA and others to write a guide of Japanese art history, which should be attached to the art works shown at the international exhibition, so they finished writing the complete history of Japanese art in a short period of time.
- 『武功夜話』では神吉城の攻城戦で城内の内通者であった神吉藤太夫は、荒木村重と旧知の間であったため、落城後羽柴秀吉は神吉藤太夫の助命を許した。
- According to 'Bukoyawa' (literally, 'evening tales on glory in war'), as Todayu KANKI, who was the betrayer from the inside of the castle in the siege warfare of the Kanki-jo Castle, was an old friend of Murashige ARAKI, Hideyoshi HASHIBA permitted to spare Todayu KANKI's life after the fall of the castle.
- 一般的な形式は「一間四面堂堂」と称される、方三間から五間の方形の堂で、中央の方一間に阿弥陀如来を安置し、その周囲に庇をめぐらすタイプである。
- The common type is a squared hall whose side ranges from sangen (approx. 5.4 meters) to goken (nine meters) in length, being called 'Ikken shimen do' (一間四面堂), that centrally contains a square hall whose side is ikken (approx. 5.8 meters) in length in which to put Amida Nyorai (Amitabha Tathagata).
- 土地の豪族岩城則道の夫人徳尼(藤原秀衡の妹)が夫の菩提を弔うため、永暦元年(1160年)に建立した阿弥陀堂で、単層、三間四方の宝形造である。
- It is the Amida-do Hall which Tokuama (the younger sister of FUJIWARA no Hidehira), the wife of Norimichi IWAKI who was from a gozoku (local ruling family), had built in 1160 to pray to Buddha for happiness of her late husband, and it is a one-storied, hogyo-zukuri style (conical roof with no horizontal ridge beam) squared hall whose side is sangen in length.
- 日本においては、金融機関から融資を受けられなかった社会的マイノリティー層においても、古くから現在に至るまで運用されている民間金融手法である。
- In Japan, it is a private financing method operating from ancient times up to the present even amongst social minority classes who could not get financing from financial institutions.
- その記録として「氏子駈帳」なる文書が残されており、1893年(明治26年)まで250年間に渡って計87冊・3万世帯に及ぶ記録が残されている。
- There remains a document which recorded their business; it is titled 'Ujikogaricho' and formed of 87 volumes in total, and it recorded about 30,000 households of kiji-shi for 250 years until 1893 (the year 26 of the Meiji era).
- 京阪神三都市間には複数の鉄道事業者が路線を敷設しており、サービスや沿線開発においてJRと私鉄、また私鉄同士による熾烈な競合区間となっている。
- Multiple railroad companies have laid lines in the three cities in Keihanshin, forming sections of railroad that would be competed over fiercely between JR and private railroad companies as well as among competing private companies, with respect to servicing and developing the areas along the railroads.
- その他の諸国の本所領については当分の間、本所の雑掌と預かり人(半済令によって所領を占拠している武家)が半分ずつに分割する(事実上の下地中分)。
- Territories in other various districts owned by honjo were divided in half between a honjo's zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) and an azukarinin (person left in charge of one's belongings, etc.) of a samurai family that had occupied the territory taking advantage of Hanzeirei (This could be virtually regarded as Shitaji chubun, which means a 'physical division of the land').
- 平城宮の朱雀門は1997年、考古学的研究と奈良県下の寺社に残る門を参考にして、五間三戸の二重門がかつての位置に等寸復元されている(平城宮跡)。
- Suzakumon Gate of the Heijo-Kyu Palace was restored in 1997 with a two-story structure, double roofs and a life-sized goken sanko (a gate where three of the five spaces between its columns are used as entrances); the restorations were based on gates that remain in temples in Nara prefecture (Heijo-Kyu palace ruin) and findings in archeological studies.
- これについて、桃裕行は遅くても弘仁・承和 (日本)年間に勧学院や学館院が創立されるに及んで、和気氏の大学別曹として確立したものと推測している。
- In response to the question, Hiroyuki MOMO (Japanese historian) inferred that the Kobunin had established as daigaku besso of the Wake clan at the latest when Kangakuin (daigaku besso of the Fujiwara clan) and Gakkanin (one of the daigaku besso) were founded around the Konin era (810 - 824) and the Jowa era (834 - 848).
- 特に明徳4年(1393年)には幕府は土倉に対して年間6,000貫文の納付と引き換えに寺社等が持つ一切の支配権を否定して臨時課役の否認を認めた。
- Particularly in 1393 when, in return for an annual payment of 6,000 kanmon paid by doso to the bakufu, all control rights held by temples and shrines were negated and special taxes were repudiated.
- また文化史的な時代区分として、主として宮廷を舞台として栄えた平安時代の国風文化を特に強調する場合、これがもっぱら行われた期間を指すこともある。
- When used to define a period of cultural history, it is also used to refer particularly to period of nationalistic culture of the Heian period which prospered mainly within the Imperial Court.
- 各地域の実情に合わせて、各名田ごとに異なる税率・税目などが設定されることがあり、これは「先例」として各国司と田堵負名の間で固定化しつつあった。
- There were instances in which the different tax rate and tax items were decided for each myoden depending on the local conditions; such cases came to be accepted as 'precedents' between the kokushi and the tato fumyo (cultivator/tax manager).
- 当初は足軽の主力であり、前線において長槍(当初は長さ二間、その後二間半から三間へと至る)を用いて足軽同士で突き、叩き合う攻撃任務を担っていた。
- At the beginning, they were the principal power of the foot soldiers, and their task was to attack the enemy foot soldiers with nagayari (at the beginning, they were two ken in length, then they later changed to two-and-a-half ken to three ken) by jabbing and hitting.
- 宝永年間や文化 (元号)年間に見られるように、酒屋たちが連帯して反対すると、幕府も一度出した法度でもあわててひっこめたりしているくらいである。
- The power was so great that, in the Hoei era (1704 - 1711) and in the Bunka era (1804 - 1818), the bakufu withdrew a law presented for approval, when the sakaya opposed it jointly.
- その後は、花隈城に一旦陸揚げした物資を神呪寺城、鷲林寺城や宝塚市の洞窟に一旦保管し、その後夜間に昆陽野を横切り有岡城に運ぶルートを使っていた。
- After that, goods which were landed to Hanakuma-jo Castle were stored in Kannoji-jo Castle, Jurinji-jo Castle and caves in Takarazuka and the route to carry to Arioka-jo Castle in the night by crossing Koyano.
- また、建長年間(貞応と正嘉の間の時期)に押小路烏丸殿の施設が存在したかも不明であり、少なくても二条良実が押小路烏丸殿の主であった可能性は低い。
- Furthermore, there is a question as to whether the buildings of Oshikoji Karasumadono residence actually existed during the Kencho era (the period between the Joo era and Shoka era), and as such, the possibility that Yoshizane NIJO was the lord of Oshikoji Karasumadono is small.
- 秀吉の刀狩は、百姓等のみならず寺社勢力の武器没収も意味しており、この結果として約五百年間続いた寺社勢力は日本の権力構造から消えることとなった。
- Hideyoshi's Katanagari (sword hunt) meant that not only from the farmers but also weapons owned by jisha seiryoku were collected and this led to the disappearance of jisha seiryoku from the power structure of Japan after 500 years of existence.
- 今日、歴史学上では初の武家政権及び武家政治の創始は平氏政権にあるとされるが、朝廷から独立した本格的な武家政権が鎌倉幕府であることは間違いない。
- Today, historians consider Taira clan government to have founded samurai government and politics but there is no doubt that the first full-fledged samurai government independent from the Imperial Court was the Kamakura Bakufu.
- 湖と山の間、5kmほどの狭い平地に立地する彦根は、中山道と北陸道(俗に北国街道と称)が合流し、水陸から京都に至る東日本と西日本の結節点である。
- Hikone, located in a narrow plain area stretching about five kilometers between a lake and a mountain, is the point where Eastern and Western Japan meet and two roads Nakasen-do Road and Hokuriku-do (commonly called Hokkoku-kaido Road) join together, and from this point the roads to Kyoto by land or water begins.
- また、書名に国号を冠することや論賛の是非について、立原と史館員の藤田幽谷の間で対立が発生し、江館と水館の党派的対立に発展している(史館動揺)。
- A conflict took place between TACHIHARA and a staff, FUJITA Yukoku over whether the name of Japan should be added to the title or whether criticism of historical events, to the last, and the conflict developed to become rivalry between the Mito and the Edo groups (disturbed Shokokan).
- 名前の由来は盆地であるこの地域の、峠と反対側の尾根から山際を眺めた際、この峠の尾根がV字に凹んでおり、これを狭間と呼んだとの伝承が残っている。
- According to lore, its name is derived from the fact that at one time, its ridge had a deep sag which was called 'Hazama' when it was viewed from the opposite ridge in the basin region.
- その割に、朝晩の通勤時間帯には、加佐地区と西舞鶴地区とを結ぶメイン道路である国道175号線が頻繁に渋滞するため、それを避けるための往来が多い。
- On the other hand, traffic jams occur frequently on National Route 175, the main road that connects Kasa and Nishi-Maizuru regions, resulting in many that try to avoid the route and use the road at the mountain pass instead.
- また、高野山から大股にかけてなど著しい破壊の見られる区間(現代)も若干あるものの、良好な状態の古道がまとまって残されている点も評価されている。
- Although there are several severely damaged parts of roads from Mt. Koya to Omata, it is highly evaluated that old roads with good conditions remain.
- この間の1年間に弟の後亀山天皇への譲位が行われたと推定する事が出来、事跡に不明な点が多いとされる同天皇の活動について知る貴重な史料となっている。
- It is presumed that Emperor Chokei abdicated the throne to his younger brother Emperor Gokameyama during the same year, making this knowledge valuable historical material showing the activities of the Emperor with many unclear records.
- 水軍を用意できなかった新田軍は、本陣を二本松(和田岬と会下山の中間)に置き、和田岬にも脇屋義助・大館氏明などの軍勢を配置して水軍の上陸に備えた。
- Nitta's army was unable to raise a navy, so established its headquarters in Nihonmatsu (between Wadamisaki and Egenoyama) and also deployed the forces of Yoshisuke WAKIYA and Ujiaki ODACHI in Wadamisaki in preparation for the naval landing.
- 宿直の時間割は各官司の判官(太政官では少納言・弁官、八省では大丞・少丞、国司では掾がこれに相当する)が行い、毎日弁官に対してその名簿を提出した。
- The time table for Tonoi was made by jo (inspector (third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period) of each section (which were corresponding Shonagon (lesser councilor of state) and Benkan (officials of the dajokan) in Daijokan (Grand Council of State), Taijo (Senior Secretary) and Shojo (Junior Secretary) in Hassho (eight ministries and agencies), and jo (provincial governor) in local governments) and was submitted to Benkan every day.
- 北野神社とその周辺、さらにまた、多くの離宮が建てられた鳥羽 (洛外)周辺の京都南郊もまた淀川や淀川と結びついて新たな都市的空間となりつつあった。
- In Kitano-jinja Shrine, its vicinity and the southern suburb of Kyoto in the vicinity of Toba (suburb of Kyoto) where many detached palaces were built were becoming a new city with access to the Uji-gawa River or Yodo-gawa River.
- 北宋末の政和年間には限田法を行い、一品100頃(けい)~九品10頃以上の田地を所有する官戸に対して額外所有分に応じて差役と科配を課すこととした。
- The Zhenghe era at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty saw the enactment of a land ownership restriction which imposed mandatory labor and additional taxes on guanhu who owned in land in excess of between one 100-qing (approximately 666 ha) plot and nine 10-qing (approximately 66 ha) plots.
- これは文章博士が紀伝道成立以前からある官である事と「紀伝」を学ぶために設置された官職であった事実との間でバランスを取った結果とも考えられている。
- This can be understood as them trying to keep balance between the fact that monjo hakase existed before the establishment of kidendo and that they were the positions set for studying 'kiden.'
- 家康は光秀討伐の兵を熱田区(鳴海とも)まで進めていたが、光秀が中国地方から反転した羽柴秀吉により討たれたという報を聞くと間髪入れず浜松へ戻った。
- Ieyasu, who had advanced the punitive army against Mitsuhide to Atsuta Ward (also said to have been Narumi), returned to Hamamatsu as soon as he heard that Mitsuhide was killed by Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who had just returned from the Chugoku region.
- 梅雨の晴れ間のことを五月晴れ(さつきばれ)というが、この言葉は最近では「ごがつばれ」とも読んで新暦5月初旬のよく晴れた天候を指すことの方が多い。
- Sunny spells during baiu is called 'satsukibare' (literally, sunny spells in May), but, in recent years, it is more popular that this expression is read as 'gogatsubare' and means fine weather in the beginning of May by new calendar (solar calendar).
- つまり、本来その任にあたる検非違使とは別に、天皇から、武官以外には禁止されていた弓箭を帯びての招集を受け、その任務の間、馬寮より官馬が支給される。
- In other words, being apart from original Kebiishi duty, they were summoned wearing Kyusen (Bow and arrow) that was forbidden for others except for military officers and military horses were supplied by Meryo during their duty.
- 日本の諸将は全州で軍議を行い、右軍、中軍、左軍、水軍に別れ諸将の進撃路と制圧する地方の分担を行い、守備担当を決め全羅道・忠清道を瞬く間に占領した。
- Japanese commanders held a council of war in Jeonju and divided themselves into the Right, Middle, and Left groups and the Navy and allocated marching routes and districts to conquer, and determined which troops were in charge of defense and immediately occupied Jeolla Province after marching from Chungcheong.
- 天文学者の斎藤国治は、248年9月5日朝(日本時間。世界時では4日)に北部九州で皆既日食が起こったことを求め、これが卑弥呼の死に関係すると唱えた。
- Kuniji SAITO, an astronomer, claimed that a total eclipse of the sun over the northern part of Kyushu on the morning of September 5, 248 (according to Japan Standard Time; the 4th, according to Universal Time) had something to do with the death of Himiko.
- 八代荘(山梨県東八代郡笛吹市八代町)は、久安年間(1145年 - 1151年)に甲斐守藤原顕時が朝廷の承認を得て熊野本宮大社に寄進した荘園である。
- Yatsushiro no sho (Yatsushiro-cho, Fuefuki City, Higashiyatsushiro-gun, Yamanashi Prefecture) was shoen which FUJIWARA no Akitoki, the provincial governor of Kai Province, donated to Kumano-hongu-taisha Shrine in the Kyuan era (1145 - 1151) with the approval of the Imperial Court.
- その維持のため天王寺苧座は、本所である三条西家に対して通過時の苧公事の納入を免除して貰う替わりに年間150貫に及ぶ苧課役を三条西家に納入していた。
- To keep its monopoly, Tennoji so-za paid the tax in kind in an amount of as much as 562.5 kg annually to its honjo Sanjonishi family in exchange for the exemption from so-kuji that it paid when passing through the checkpoints.
- 契約が満了すれば、契約書なども不要となって廃棄されるため遺存している物が少ないが、契約期間は10年もしくは20年が多く、30年・50年の例もある。
- Since the actual documents of such contrasts became useless after their expiration, most of them were destroyed and consequently the surviving examples are very few, but it seems 10- or 20-year contracts were the most common, with a few examples of 30- or even 50-year contracts.
- 秀吉上陸を察知した島津軍は北部九州を半ば放棄、島津氏の支配が表面的な占領軍政に過ぎなかったこともあり、瞬く間に島津氏の支配している城を陥落させる。
- Upon sensing the landing of Hideyoshi, Shimazu's army almost abandoned northern Kyushu, and Hideyoshi captured castles ruled by the Shimazu clan instantly, partly because the rule by the Shimazu clan was nothing more than a formal rule by occupation forces.
- 地上天気図でみると、揚子江気団からできた高気圧と熱帯モンスーン気団からできた高気圧が南シナ海上でせめぎあい、その間に前線ができていることがわかる。
- By looking at surface weather chart, we can find that high-pressure system spawned by the Yangzi jiang air mass and the high-pressure system spawned by the tropical monsoon air mass are struggling with each other on the South China Sea and the front has been formed between them.
- 三浦氏の頼朝挙兵から宝治合戦での滅亡までの間の外戚についても、戦国大名の政略結婚とはまた違った、婚姻関係による共同行動、運命共同体がよく見てとれる。
- The allied activities and a group that shared same fate differed from the political marriage of the Sengoku Daimyo (daimyo of the Warring States Period) the maternal relatives of Miura clan from mobilization call of Yoritomo to its fall in Battle of Hoji could be seen.
- 後述の天龍寺船派遣(1342年)の際に日元間の貿易船が10年間途絶していたとあることから、この住吉社船が鎌倉時代における最後の寺社造営料唐船である。
- A record says that trading ships had been suspended for ten years before the Tenryu-ji zoeiryotosen mentioned later was dispatched in 1342, indicating that this Sumiyoshi-jinja zoeiryotosen was the last Jishazoeiryotosen during the Kamakura period.
- 藩の構成員(藩士)とは厳密には士分を持つものを指し、拡大解釈した場合でも足軽までを指したのであって、中間、小者は藩の構成員とはみなされていなかった。
- Domain constituents (retainers) strictly indicated those that had Shibun, and even in a wide definition may have included Ashigaru, but Chugen and Komono were never considered retainers.
- 中富川の戦い(なかとみがわのたたかい)は、1582年(天正10年)、四国統一を目指す土佐国の長宗我部元親と阿波国の十河存保との間で起きた一戦である。
- The Battle of the Nakatomi-gawa River, in 1582, was a battle between Motochika CHOSOKABE, a lord of Tosa Province, who intended to integrate the Shikoku region, and Masayasu SOGO, a lord of Awa Province.
- しかし、異文化間の戦争のため明・朝鮮の指揮官は民衆を巻き込んだ籠城に徹し、守将の降伏による無血開城よりも民衆を巻き込んだ落城を選ぶケースが多かった。
- As it was a war between different cultures, however, commanders of Ming and Korea devoted themselves to the tact of holding the castle involving common people and, in many cases, they chose the fall of the castle involving common people rather than bloodless surrender of a defense general.
- この政府案を元に国民の間で広く議論が行われ、4月10日には衆議院議員総選挙が行われた(もっとも、国民の最大の関心は、新憲法より生活の安定にあった)。
- People extensively discussed on the Draft on March 6, and the general election of members of the House of Representatives was held on April 10 (But people's actual greatest concern was their lifestyle stability, not the constitution.)
- 室町時代後期の文明年間に入ると、鳥羽の北側を「上鳥羽」(『東寺百合文書』所収「右馬寮田地売券」)、南側を「下鳥羽」(『実遠公記』)と呼ぶ例が現れる。
- In the Bunmei Era of the late Muromachi period, some examples appeared that the northern side of Toba was called 'Kamitoba' ('Umaryo denchi baiken' [a farmer's note for selling land of the horse office of the Right] in 'To-ji Hyakugo Monjo' [100 case documents, of the To-ji Temple]) and the southern side 'Shimotoba' (in 'Saneto Koki' [the record of Lord Saneto]).
- そして、快適な住環境創造を目的とする郊外住宅地の開発が、鉄道沿線である風光明媚な六甲山南斜面、いわゆる阪神間において進められた(阪神間モダニズム)。
- And the development of a suburban residential area for the purpose of creating comfortable living environment was promoted in the space between two railroads, the scenic southern slope of Mt. Rokko along these railways, (Hanshin-kan Modernism).
- 当地区の町のうち、醍醐一ノ切町、醍醐二ノ切町、醍醐三ノ切は区の東端、大津市、宇治市との境の山間部に位置しており、大津市方面からしかアクセスできない。
- Among the towns in this district, Daigo Ichinokiri-cho, Daigo Ninokiri-cho and Daigo Sannokiri are located at the east end of the district in the mountain region, which shares borders with Otsu City and Uji City and can be accessed only from Otsu City area.
- 本書の写本は、鎌倉時代の書写とされる九条家旧蔵本(現在は宮内庁書陵部所蔵)と、建武年間頃に抄出書写した金沢文庫旧蔵本(現在は尊経閣文庫所蔵)とがある。
- There are the following manuscripts of this document: One is the book that is said to have been copied in the Kamakura period and was formerly kept in the Kujo family (now kept in the Imperial Household Archives), and another is the book that was partially copied in around 1334 -1336 and was formerly kept in the Kanazawa Library (now kept in Sonkeikaku-bunko library).
- しかし慶長年間に入ると、藤原定家の『下官集』「嫌文字事」で示された定家仮名遣に従って、いろは44文字は「ゐゑお」を含む47文字とする節用集が登場した。
- As the Keicho era began, there appeared new setsuyoshu based on 47 characters of the iroha syllabary including 'ゐ' (wi), 'ゑ' (we) and 'を' (wo) instead of the former 44 iroha characters, following Teika Kanazukai (the distinction of using Kana in the same pronunciation) presented in the section of 'Imi Moji no koto' (嫌文字事, Awful things regarding characters) in 'Gekanshu' written by FUJIWARA no Teika (also known as FUJIWARA no Sadaie).
- さらに対立する村落間の紛争もしばしば自らの保有する武力によって解決され、村落ごとに高地に城砦を備え、また成員が戦闘訓練を受けていることも通例であった。
- Disputes (trouble) between conflicting rural communities were also settled by their own military power and it was usually the case that each community built fortresses at high altitudes and all members had combat training.
- 南蛮貿易(なんばんぼうえき)とは、日本の商人とスペイン、ポルトガルの商人(南蛮人)との間で16世紀半ばから17世紀初期にかけて行われていた貿易である。
- Nanbanboeki indicates trade that was carried on between merchants in Japan and those in Spain or Portugal during the era from around the middle of sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.
- 仏教の受容をめぐっては有力氏族である蘇我氏(崇仏派)と物部氏(排仏派)の間に対立があり、ついには武力抗争に突入するが、結果は崇仏派の蘇我氏が勝利した。
- Over the introduction of Buddhism, a conflict between the two influential clans, the Soga clan (pro-Buddhist) and the Mononobe clan (anti-Buddhist), escalated into an armed struggle, and it ended in the pro-Buddhist Soga clan's victory.
- 院政期から中世の前半にかけての数百年間、上級貴族から中・下級の官人あるいは出家した人びとによって、説話を集めて、説話集を編むという文学行為が流行する。
- During a couple of hundred years from the Insei period until the first half of the medieval period, collecting anecdotes from high-rank court nobles, government official in the middle and low rank, or priests, and compiling those anecdotes into a collection of anecdotes became popular.
- これらは、いずれも昭和6年(1931年)に編入された地区であり、山間部などで、昭和6年の町名成立時において当該区域内に人家が存在しなかったものである。
- The reason is that when they were incorporated into the ward and given names in 1931, there were no houses in these towns since they were located in the mountainous regions.
- 荘官、郡司、郷司、保司は荘園公領間の武力抗争に耐えうる人物が期待されるようになり、古来の郡司一族が失脚して武士がその任に当てられることが多くなっていく。
- Shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji were expected to be someone who could tolerate the armed conflicts between shoen and koryo, and there were increasing numbers of cases where the gunji families from the ancient times were overthrown and replaced by samurai to be appointed to the positions.
- 「私達は一個の人間として貴方を見る時、同情に耐えません」で始まるこの質問状は、当時学生であった中岡哲郎(のち大阪市立大学教授)の執筆によるものであった。
- This open letter, which started with the phrase 'When we look at you as an individual human being, we cannot help but feel compassion,' was written by a student, Tetsuro Nakaoka (he later became a professor of Osaka City University).
- 沢柳事件(さわやなぎじけん)は、1913年から翌1914年にかけて京都帝国大学(現京都大学)で起こった、総長(学長)と学部教授会との間の内紛事件である。
- The Sawayanagi incident was an internal conflict that occurred at Kyoto Imperial University (current Kyoto University) from 1913 to 1914 in which the president of the university confronted the faculty council.
- しかし、宗忠は単に「私記」と記してあった書が『清慎公記』と気づかずに、後日になって同書を譲ったとする顕仲と事実無根とする宗忠の間に紛争となったとされる。
- However, Munetada didn't recognize the book, simply titled 'Shiki,' as ''Seishinko-ki,'' and later there was a conflict between Akinaka who claimed he gave the book to Munetada, and Munetada who claimed he didn't receive it.
- しかし、平安時代に入ると、弘仁年間には議政官にも関わらず職封(封戸)が低かった参議に対して国守との兼務・遥任を認める例が慣例として現れた(参議兼国制)。
- However, entering the Heian period, the following custom began to be employed: When there was a Sangi (councilor) while being a legislator, was awarded with a small number of shikifu (or fuko) (families that the Sangi could control), he was appointed to kokushi as well, with his yonin approved, (called sangikenkokusei - literally, the system in which a Sangi was allowed to assume a kokushi as well).
- しかしこうして10世紀後期以降、受領と田堵負名層との間に紛争がしばしば見られるようになり、受領の施策に不満の田堵負名層が中央政府へ訴え出ることもあった。
- However, from the late 10th century and onwards, there were frequent conflicts between the zuryo and the tato fumyo, and in some cases, the tato fumyo appealed to the central government about measures taken by the zuryo.
- 田手畷の戦い (たてなわてのたたかい)は、享禄3年(1530年)、北九州の覇権をめぐり周防国の戦国大名大内氏と肥前国の戦国大名少弐氏との間で起きた戦い。
- The Battle of Tatenawate was a war that took place in 1530 over hegemony of Kitakyushu between two daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States): the Ouchi clan of Suo Province and Shoni clan of Hizen Province.
- しかし、この短い間にポルトガル人によって東南アジアに伝えられた欧州式の瞬発式火縄銃は現地で改良され、マラッカ式と呼ばれる様式の瞬発式火縄銃を生み出した。
- During the short period, however, the European-style instantaneous discharge matchlock introduced to Southeast Asia by the Portuguese was improved and the instantaneous discharge matchlock called Malacca-style was invented.
- 秀次は将来に不安を抱き、京都などで辻斬り(一般人を殺傷する事件、盲目の人間を故なく殺害したとされる)などを起こし「殺生関白」という悪名を広めたとされる。
- Hidetsugu, who was frightened for his own future, caused incidents of tsujikiri (killing ordinary people in the street to test a new sword; it is said that he killed a blind person without a reason) in Kyoto and other places, and the incidents labeled him as 'Sessho Kanpaku' (Killer-Kanpaku).
- そのことから、宝暦4年から7年(1754年-1757年)にかけて蕪村が丹後国宮津(現・京都府宮津市)で絵を修行していた間に描かれたものと推察されている。
- Based on that story, it is estimated that the Buson Yokai Emaki was painted during the period from 1754 to 1757, when Buson had been training as a painter in Miyazu, Tango Province (present Miyazu City, Kyoto Prefecture).
- が、それ以前については旗本時代以来の本拠が朽木にあったことから、その大名取立てから鹿沼領有までの11年間は江戸幕府における朽木藩が存在したとされている。
- However, as the family's base had been in Kutsuki from the time of hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it is thought that the Kutsuki Domain of the Edo bakufu existed during the eleven-year period after Tanetsuna became daimyo and before he gained Kanuma.
- なお、徳川家も秀吉と同じく大和四座を保護していたが、秀忠は大和四座を離れた猿楽師であった喜多七太夫長能に保護を与え、元和年間に喜多流の創設を認めている。
- As with Hideyoshi, the Tokugawa family protected Yamato-shiza, but Hidetada protected Kita Shichidayu Nagayoshi, sarugaku-shi who seceded from Yamato-shiza, and approved the establishment of the Kita school during the Genna era.
- 国内での単なる排出量削減を除く植林活動や、国外での活動、削減量の国家間取引など、温室効果ガスの削減をより容易にするための規定で、柔軟性措置とも呼ばれる。
- The term refers to provisions to ease the reduction of greenhouse gases such as tree planting activities, activities abroad, International Emissions Trading and so on, except for merely domestic activities of emissions reduction, and is also called flexibility mechanisms.
- 1946年(昭和21年)に銃砲刀剣類所持等取締法が施行され、民間人は狩猟用や射撃競技用以外の銃器類と、美術用以外の日本刀を所持することができなくなった。
- After the Firearm and Sword Control Law was enforced in 1946, civilians were prohibited from possessing firearms for use other than hunting and target shooting and Japanese swords for use other than works of art.
- 秀吉の軍勢が多く近江から離れたのを好機と見た勝家は部将・佐久間盛政の意見具申もあり、4月19日 (旧暦)(6月9日)、盛政に直ちに大岩山砦を攻撃させた。
- With the majority of Hideyoshi's forces gone from Omi Province, Katsuie, seeing the situation as an opportunity, accepted a proposal from commanding officer Morimasa SAKUMA to mount an immediate attack on Oiwayama Fort on June 9.
- 後世の横須賀線工事によるものであるが、「小町大路」の魚町橋と横須賀線三浦道踏切の間にある横断歩道から、再び東方向に名越方面に抜ける細い辻子が残っている。
- The discontinuation of the street was due to the construction work of the Yokosuka Line in modern times but there remains a narrow crossroad extending again east from the pedestrian bridge between Iomachi-bashi Bridge of the 'Komachi-oji street' and the crossing of the Miura-do Street with the Yokosuka Line and running toward Nagoe.
- 例としては、1990年(平成2年)2月は月の後半を中心に曇雨天続きで、東京での同・月間日照時間は僅か81時間しかならず、大暖冬を象徴するかのようだった。
- As an example, in February 1990, cloudy days continues centering on the latter half of the month and total hours of sunlight was only 81 hours symbolizing quite unusually warm winter.
- 近世に入ると、江戸幕府による寺院統制の影響もあって祠堂銭も下火となっていくが、なおも寺院・檀家間などで祠堂銭・名目金の貸付が行われる事も珍しくはなかった。
- As it became the early modern era, Shidosen began to fade out due to the Edo bakufu controlling the temples,However, but still Shidosen lending and loans between temples and supporters was not unusual.
- また一説には、友好使節のはずの朝鮮通信使が、当時の朝鮮人と日本人の間の文化の違いからかえって偏見を生み、のちの征韓論や韓国併合に繋がったとする考えがある。
- There is another view of considering that the Chosen Tsushinshi, which should come for friendly purpose, bore distorted views due to cultural differences between the Japanese and the Korean at that time, leading to Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) and the annexation of Korea in later years.
- 第二次木津川口の戦い(だいにじきづがわぐちのたたかい)は、天正6年11月6日 (旧暦)(1578年12月4日)に毛利氏と織田氏との間に起こった海戦である。
- The second battle of Kizugawaguchi was a naval battle between the Mori clan and the Oda clan that occurred on December 14, 1578.
- これによって、延喜・天暦期を特別に重視することなく、9世紀から11世紀までの期間を律令国家期から王朝国家期への移行期としてとらえる見解が通説となっている。
- Following this reappraisal, the view that the period from the 9th century to the 11th century was a transition period from the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes to a dynastic state system became commonly accepted, without focusing on the Engi and Tenryaku eras too much.
- 10月には徳川・北条の間で和睦が成立するが、その和睦条件として徳川傘下となっていた真田氏の上野国沼田市領と北条氏が制圧した信濃佐久郡を交換することとした。
- In October, Tokugawa and Hojo made peace, and as a condition for the peace, they decided to exchange Numata City, Kozuke Province of the Sanada clan and Saku County, Shinano Province conquered by the Hojo clan.
- 当時の土佐には半農半兵から一歩進んだ一領具足はあっても常備軍の制度はなかったから、短期間で多勢を揃え進軍してきた様に寡兵の一条方は仰天したと言われている。
- Although there was the system of Ichiryo gusoku in Tosa at that time, which allowed local cultivators to arm themselves, there was a standing army, and as such, when the Chosokabe clan advanced with a large army within a short time, the Ichijo clan with a small army was truly astounded.
- 文治4年(1188年)、奥州藤原氏攻めの為に白河関に到った頼朝は、石川の地にある川辺八幡宮に戦勝祈願を行い、三日間の滞在後に伊達郡厚樫山の戦場に向かった。
- In 1188, when Yoritomo advanced to the Shirakawa Barrier to attack the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, he visited the Kawabe Hachiman-gu Shrine in the land of Ishikawa and prayed for a victory, and after three days' stay, headed for the battlefield of Mt. Atsukashi in Date-gun County.
- その間、理髪の女房、童女、陪従、下仕などの介錯の女房以外は、同殿にはいることを許されず、蔵人頭もしくは行事蔵人のほかは戸外に伺うこともできない定めであった。
- During the preparation and performance, nobody other than the hairdressing women, the warawame, the beiju (attendant of the Emperor) and the attendant court ladies were allowed to enter the palace, and anyone other than the Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) or Gyoji no kurodo was not allowed to even approach the palace.
- 算用状(さんようじょう・散用状)とは、中世の荘園において、荘園領主と現地の荘官との間で交わされた個々の荘園の年貢・公事などに関する年間の収支決算報告のこと。
- Sanyojo (算用状 or 散用状) was the annual settlement of accounts for nengu (annual land tax) and kuji (miscellaneous tax) in each shoen (estate) exchanged between shoen ryoshu (the estate proprietary lord) and shokan (the estate manager) in the medieval shoen system.
- 国内支配に大幅な権限を有した受領と、名経営や私領経営などを通じて経済力をつけてきた郡司・田堵負名層との間には、次第に経済的・政治的矛盾が生じるようになった。
- Gradually, economical and political contradiction became serious between zuryo, who had big authority for ruling provinces, and gunji/tato fumyo class, who had economic power gained through the management of myoden or private estates.
- 元和 (日本)・寛永年間には、朱印船貿易をする船は従来より外航に用いられたジャンクやガレオン・さらには和船の特徴を引き継いだ、朱印船を主力とするようになる。
- In the Genna and Kanei eras (1615 - 1644), the shuinsen that inherited features of wasen in addition to those of the junks and galleons, which had been used for sailing over oceans, became used mostly for shuinsen-using trade.
- 一方、朝鮮の両班階層(支配層)の間では明の援軍のおかげにより朝鮮は滅亡を免れたのだという意識(「再造之恩」)が強調され、明への恩義を重視する思想が広まった。
- On the other hand, among yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea) (ruling class) of Korea, understanding that Korea could narrowly avoid ruin thanks to reinforcements from Ming ('再造之恩') was underscored and the thought to attach importance to gratitude towards Ming spread widely.
- こうした風習は民間にも広まり、年始に親類縁者や友人知人を招いて馳走することを「椀飯振舞」「節振舞」と呼び、これが転じて「大盤振舞」という言葉の語源となった。
- Such customs spread to the public and the act of inviting relatives and friends at the beginning of the year was called 'Oban burumai,' 'Sechi burumai,' and this is said to be the origin of 'Oban burumai (being generous).'
- 大阪湾の港も兵庫区や神崎 (尼崎市)、堺市が注目されるが、平安時代や鎌倉時代、室町時代の間も渡辺津がひきつづき淀川河口における港湾の機能を果たし続けていた。
- Although the seaports in Hyogo Ward, Kanzaki in Amagasaki City, and Sakai City attract attention in the Osaka Bay, Watanabe no tsu was continuously functioning as the seaport at the river mouth of the Yodo-gawa River through the Heian period, the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period.
- 東国から赴任した地頭が現地の開発領主や名主の上に位置した西日本を中心に、もう一つの解決手法として見られたのが、地頭と領主との間で下地を折半する下地中分である。
- Another measure, which was seen mainly in the western part of Japan where jito came from the eastern part of Japan were placed higher than local kaihatsu-ryoshu or myoshu (owner of rice field), was Shitaji chubun by which jito and the lord of shoen divided the land equally.
- しかし、長暦3年から寛治7年の間の文書は、全て女院号についての文書16通であり、それらは、本書の最古の写本が成立した保安2年までに増補されたと考えられている。
- On this point, it is considered that, because all of the documents between 1039 and 1093 are concerned with nyoingo (a title of respect given to close female relatives of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), they were augmented later in 1121 when the latest manuscript was completed.
- 類聚符宣抄(るいじゅうふせんしょう)は、天平9年(737年)から寛治7年(1093年)までの間の太政官符・宣旨・解状を、部目別に分類して編集した法令集である。
- Ruiju fusensho is a collection of official documents where Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State), imperial decrees and gebumi (reports to upper-class persons) from 737 to 1093 were classified and compiled.
- この間、(前記のプラカード学生の突出した行動を唯一の例外として)学生たちは天皇一行の出入りを遠巻きに合唱していただけで、特にこれを妨害する行動はとっていない。
- In the meantime, students (except for those who took radical action while carrying the above-mentioned placards) were singing together while looking across at the Emperor's party and didn't take any actions to hinder them.
- その後、千葉常胤と源義朝の間でどういう決着を見たのかは不明であるが、保元の乱では千葉常胤は源義朝の率いる関東の兵の中に、上総介常澄の子広常とともに名が見える。
- It is unknown how Tsunetane CHIBA and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo were settled thereafter, but Tsunetane CHIBA's name appears, together with Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi's son Hirotsune, in the Kanto forces led by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo in the Hogen War.
- 泗川は日本軍の策源地であった釜山広域市と日本軍最左翼の順天倭城・南海倭城の中間に位置する為、ここを落とされると西方にいる軍との連絡が分断される可能性があった。
- Since Sacheon City was located midway between Busan Metropolitan City of the supply base of the Japanese army and Suncheon Waeseong and Namhae Waeseong (Namhae Japanese Castle) at the extreme left wing of the Imperial Japanese Army, the communication with the army on the western side would be cut off if the city fell.
- この流れを伊豆多田氏と呼び、室町期には摂津と伊豆に領土を安堵されるが、永正年間(1504年 - 1520年)の将軍家家督争いで足利義稙側に付き没落したという。
- This lineage, referred to as the Izu-Tada clan, was authorized to own its lands in the Settsu and Izu provinces during the Muromachi period but is said to have been in decline in the Eisho era (A.D. 1504 - 1520) because it took the side of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA in the midst of the dispute over succession to the shogunate.
- あまり強くない雨が長く続くような梅雨を陰性の梅雨、雨が降るときは短期間に大量に降り、降らないときはすっきりと晴れるような梅雨を陽性の梅雨と表現することもある。
- Baiu in which not so strong rainfall continues for a long period of time is expressed as negative baiu and is baiu in which, if it rains, a large amount of rainfall occurs in a short time and, if not rains, sunny weather comes is expressed as positive baiu.
- 天慶年間(930年代末 - 940年代後葉)の承平天慶の乱は、寛平・延喜東国の乱および承平南海賊での勲功行賞が十分に行われなかったために発生したと解されている。
- It is considered that the Johei and Tengyo War in the Tengyo era (from the end of the 930s to the latter half of the 940s) occurred because conferment for distinguished services in the Kanbyo Engi Togoku War and Joheinankaizoku was not sufficient.
- 算用状(結解状)は、領主側と荘官側の間において遣り取りされる収支決算資料を指すため、領主側と荘官側の間で別箇の趣意を持った算用状(結解状)が作成される事となる。
- Since sanyojo (Kechigecho) were documents regarding the settlement of accounts exchanged between the ryoshu and the shokan sides, they respectively drew up sanyojo (kechigecho) for individual purposes.
- すなわち戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の方針により滝川は京大に復帰したが、他の「辞職組」教官らは復帰しなかった(ただし恒藤は戦後に兼任教官として短期間在任)。
- In other words, the GHQ allowed Takigawa to return to Kyoto University but other staff who resigned did not return (however, Tsuneto returned for a short period with a joint appointment in the post-war years).
- 日明間では、日字勘合(日字号勘合)と本字勘合があり、本字勘合(百道:本字一号~百号)を日本の遣明船が明の港(寧波)に持参し、明の所有する本字勘合底簿と照合する。
- Between Japan and the Ming dynasty, Nichiji Kango or Nichijigo Kango (a tally or a trading license with the Japanese letter of nichi [日]) and Honji Kango (a tally or a trading license with the Japanese letter of hon [本]) were used; to trade, a Honji Kango (of which there were one hundred copies: Honji Nos.1 to 100) was brought by the Japanese envoy ship to the seaport in Ming (Ningbo), and compared with the Honji Kango teibo that the Ming dynasty possessed.
- 更に従来の半済令が期限を「当年一作」、施行地域を「戦乱の国々」としていたのに対して、この法令では期限が「暫く(当分の間)」、施行地域を「諸国」と文面が改められた。
- Additionally, in contrast to the former series of Hanzeirei which defined their time frame as 'this year's crop' and enforced in areas deemed 'provinces in a state of war,' this law defined the time frame as 'for the time being' and the areas as 'various districts.'
- 所領給与・年紀法などの所謂「武家社会の道理」に関する部分については明記はされているものの、但書や細目、例外条項の形で触れられており、間接的に触れているに過ぎない。
- In shikimoku the section of so-called 'reason in the samurai society' regarding incomes from land taxes on shoryo (territory), Nenkiho (a legal principle for the statute of limitations on land in possession) and so force were clearly described, while only indirectly mentioned in the form of proviso, details, and article of exceptions.
- 将軍家々宰の伊勢貞親は8代将軍足利義政の信任を良いことに、管領家の一つ斯波氏のお家騒動に介入し斯波義敏と斯波義廉の間をとりなして私腹を肥やし、幕政を混乱に陥れた。
- Taking advantage of the trust placed in him by eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA's, shogun family steward Sadachika ISE filled his own pockets and plunged the bakufu into chaos by intervening the internal troubles of the Shiba clan among Kanrei families (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) and by mediating between Yoshitoshi SHIBA and Yoshikado SHIBA.
- そのため、幕府の公式文書では「来貢使」という用語は一切使われていないにも関わらず、民間では琉球使節と同様に一方的な従属関係を示す「来貢」という言葉が広まっていた。
- Therefore, although the term of Raikoshi (indicating a messenger with an article of tribute from a foreign country) was not used in any official documents, the term of Raiko (coming to pay tribute), which indicated an outright master-slave relationship, came to be used widely among the general public, as for envoys from Ryukyu.
- 広く一般的に知られる中間は上記どおりだが、藩に正式に採用されてる家(世襲で藩に仕え、苗字帯刀が許されてるもの)や幕末に特殊な事例に用いて採用されたりした物を指す。
- Widely and generally known chugen were as mentioned above, but this special type of chugen refers to those from families who served domains by heredity and had the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword during the Edo period, or those who were formally employed by domains or recruited for special occasions at the end of Edo period.
- 出発時の雄略天皇の代がいつなのか確定しがたいが、他の浦島伝説での共通点も踏まえ現世では館での3年より遙かに長い時間が流れていたと伝えられることは確実なようである。
- The date of his departure, in the reign of the Emperor Yuryaku, is not determined, but considering other Urashima legends, which have something in common, suggest that time of this world must had passed much faster than that of three years in the palace.
- その後も二国間はまだ交戦していたが、天文 (元号)7年(1538年)に室町幕府第12代将軍・足利義晴の仲介を受けて和睦し、結果、大内義隆による九州平定は頓挫した。
- Thereafter, the two camps still fought against each other, but in 1538, they finally made peace through the mediation of the twelfth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA -- As a result, the subjugation of northern Kyushu by Yoshitaka OUCHI met with a hitch.
- 都市圏の中心となるべき舞鶴市は高等学校等の教育機関が国立1校(舞鶴工業高等専門学校)、公立2校、私立1校と少ないため、統計上、昼間人口の吸収率は必ずしも高くない。
- Maizuru City, the center of the urban area, has a few educational institutes including high schools, that is only one national high school (Maizuru National College of Technology), two public schools, and one private school, and consequently the daytime population is not necessarily large in statistics.
- 後村上天皇の正平 (日本)年間から明徳の和約による北朝との合一直前まで何度か出され、紀伊国・和泉国・河内国など、南朝の勢力が強かった近畿地方南部を中心に適用された。
- Choyobun was imposed a few times from the Shohei era of Emperor Gomurakami until just before the unification with the North Court by the Meitoku Treaty, which was applied mainly in the southern part of the Kinki region where the South Court had influence, such as the Kii Province, Izumi Province and Kawachi Province.
- ところが、午後1時頃より愛宕山 (京都市)上空から黒雲が垂れ込めて平安京を覆いつくして雷雨が降り注ぎ、それから凡そ1時間半後に清涼殿の南西の第一柱に落雷が直撃した。
- Ironically, however, around one o'clock in the afternoon on that day, dark clouds lowered on Mt. Atago (Kyoto City) and overwhelmed Heiankyo along with a thunderstorm -- About an hour and a half later, a thunderbolt struck the first pillar at the southwest corner of the Seiryoden.
- 船岡山合戦(ふなおかやまがっせん)とは、永正8年(1511年)8月23日、将軍足利義稙を擁立する細川高国・大内義興と前将軍足利義澄を擁立する細川澄元との間でおきた。
- The Funaokayama-gassen (Battle at Mt. Funaoka) refers to a battle on September 25, 1511, between Takakuni HOSOKAWA along with OUCHI Yoshioki who supported shogun Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and Sumimoto HOSOKAWA who support former shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA.
- 平安中期ごろ、特に東国の発祥当初の武士層の間で、朝廷との関係において名乗る姓名とは別に、自らの所領(名:みょう)に通称名(字:あざな)を並べる通称が広まっていった。
- In the mid-Heian period, besides a full name used at the Imperial Court, the use of a pseudonym containing a domain name (myo) followed by a nickname (azana) became popular especially among early samurai warriors who were originally from the eastern provinces.
- 天保の改革で水野忠邦は株仲間による流通の独占がインフレーションの原因であるとして、1841年-1842年に掛け、冥加金の上納を停止させ、株仲間の大半の解散を命じた。
- In the Tenpo Reforms, Tadakuni MIZUNO ordered to stop the payment of render from 1841 through 1842 and dissolve most kabunakama, saying that the monopoly of the distribution system by kabunakama was the cause of inflation.
- 翌日、徳川方は近隣の小豪族で真田氏に味方した丸子氏(後、真田氏に臣従)の篭る丸子城を攻めるが、これも要害と頑強な抵抗に阻まれ攻略できず、以後20日間程対陣を続ける。
- The following day, Tokugawa's army attacked Maruko-jo Castle where a neighboring small local ruling family, the Maruko clan, (served Sanada clan later) who sided the Sanada clan was besieged, but again, they were blocked by a fort and robust resistance and kept the position for about twenty days.
- 元亀年間(1570年‐1573年)の織田信長と浅井長政の激しい戦いの拠点であり、信長の部将であった木下秀吉(のちの豊臣秀吉)が城番として守備していたことで知られる。
- It is known as the base of heavy fighting between Nobunaga ODA and Nagamasa AZAI from 1570 to 1573 and the place where Hideyoshi KINOSHITA (the future Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) defended as a guard when he was the commander of Nobunaga's corps.
- 荒木村重の逃亡はしばらくは伏せられていたが、織田信長の間者に知られるところとなり、同年9月12日に有岡城の攻城軍の半数を、織田信忠が総大将として尼崎城へ向かわした。
- Murashige ARAKI's escape was kept secret for a while, but it was found by a spy of Nobunaga ODA and, on October 12, 1579, a half of the troops around Arioka-jo Castle was sent to Amagasaki-jo Castle with Nobutada ODA as the commander in chief.
- なお、林野庁ではこの削減を達成するために、例えば間伐tree thinningについては平成19〜24年の 6年間に 330万ヘクタール で実施することとしている。
- For example, Forestry Agency has announced that tree thinning will be carried out in three million and three hundred thousand hectares in six years from 2007 to 2012 to achieve the reduction target.
- 薩長同盟 (さっちょうどうめい)は、江戸時代後期の慶応2年1月21日 (旧暦)(1866年3月7日)に幕末の薩摩藩と長州藩の間で締結された政治的、軍事的同盟である。
- Saccho Domei' refers to the political and military alliance concluded on March 7, 1866 in the last days of the Edo period between the Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain.
- また、八木町(亀岡市MA、市内局番40番台)と八木町以外の区域(園部MA、市内局番60、70番台)間相互通話は市外扱いになるため、市外局番(0771)が必要である。
- Any call between Yagi-cho (local number of 40s under the control of Kameoka City message area (MA)) and areas other than Yagi-cho (local number of 60s and 70s under the control of Sonobe message area (MA)) is classified as a long distance call, and the area code (0771) has to be dialed.
- 一方、西日本旅客鉄道や東海旅客鉄道、近畿日本鉄道が乗り入れる京都駅との間を直結する鉄道はなく、バスを利用するか京都市営地下鉄烏丸線と阪急京都線を乗り継ぐ必要がある。
- On the other hand, there is no connecting rail to Kyoto station where West Japan Railway Company (JR West), Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central), or Kinki Nippon Railway Company (Kintetsu Railway) are running, and there is a need to ride a bus or use Karasuma Line, Kyoto Municipal Subway and Hankyu Kyoto Line.
- 二上山 (奈良県・大阪府)の火山活動により火山岩屑が沈積し、その後の隆起によって凝灰岩が露出し、1500万年間の風化・浸食を経て奇岩群となった標高約150mの岩山。
- Volcanic detritus had been accumulated by volcanic activities of Mt. Nijo (Nara Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture) and later tuff appeared on the ground due to earth uplifting; since then the tuff has undergone weathering and erosion for 15 million years to become a crag at 150 meters in height having oddly-shaped rock outcrops.
- また、史学的な研究の進展によって、日本への鉄砲伝来は東南アジア交易に従事した倭寇勢力によって、短い間に西日本各地へ同時多発的に起こったとする説が有力視されてきている。
- With the advance of historical study, the most likely theory is now that the introduction of guns into Japan simultaneously took place at various places in southwestern Japan during a short period by wako (Japanese pirates) involved in trade with Southeast Asia.
- また、武家や民間に対してはそれぞれの家業への専念と維持、継承に努めさせることをそれぞれの家職とし、それを社会全体に徹底させることで身分統制・社会秩序維持の手段とした。
- In addition, for the buke and public, the government considered devotion and maintaining each family's Kagyo (family business) as their Kashoku and made this widespread throughout society to make this a method of controlling class and maintaining societal order.
- 弘文院設立の時期は『日本後紀』の散逸などにより不明であるが、広世に関する他の記事から延暦年間末期から大同 (日本)年間初頭(大同元年は806年)の設立と推定されている。
- It was impossible to know when the Kobunin was founded mainly because 'Nihon Koki' was scattered and ultimately lost; but from the other records of Hiroyo, it was estimated that the Kobunin was founded from the end of the Enryaku era (782 - 806) to the beginning of the Daido era (the first year of Daido was 806).
- しかしこの先例は、国司・田堵負名の間の個人的な約定であるともいえたため、新たに赴任した受領が前任者の先例を無視して、規定どおりの租税を田堵負名らに賦課することもあった。
- However, since such precedents could have been merely a personal agreements between the kokushi and tato fumyo, a new zuryo could ignore the precedent made by his predecessor to impose a prescribed tax to the tato fumyo.
- また、『西宮記』『扶桑略記』等の逸文から、宇多天皇践祚当日の仁和3年(887年)8月26日から譲位した寛平9年(897年)7月3日までの10年間に50余条が確認される。
- Also, the existence of more than 50 diaries in 10 years from September 21, 887 when the Emperor Uda to August 8, 897 were confirmed in itsubun (a composition previously existing but no longer remains) such as 'Saikyuki' (record of court practices and usage, written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki) and 'Fuso Ryakki (A Brief History of Japan).'
- 『八十翁疇昔物語』によれば、番町方の長坂血鑓九郎、須田久右衛門の屋敷と、牛込方の小栗半右衛門、間宮七郎兵衛、都築又右衛門などの屋敷とのあいだは、道幅100余間もあった。
- According to the story titled 'Hachijuo Mukashi Monogatari,' the road between the residences of Chiyarikuro NAGASAKA and Kyuemon SUDA in Bancho (the name of a place in the west of Chiyoda ward, Tokyo) and the residences of Hanemon OGURI, Shichirobe MAMIYA, and Mataemon TSUZUKI in Ushigome (residential area in the east of Shinjuku, Toyko) was more than 100 ken (181 m) in distance.
- 京都市交通局(市バス)・京阪京都交通・京都バス・京阪バス・阪急バス・西日本JRバスとの間では、従来より回数券の共通化を行っており、地下鉄割引券込みの物も販売されていた。
- The common commuter ticket has been utilized by Kyoto Municipal Transportation Bureau (City Bus), Keihan Kyoto Kotsu, Kyoto Bus Co., Ltd., Keihan Bus Co., Ltd., Hankyu Bus Co., Ltd. and West JR Bus Company, and bus tickets with discount subway coupons have been sold.
- 負名を通して、田堵と他の百姓との間に債務関係が発生するようになり、これによって田堵は他の百姓への私的支配を強めるようになるとともに、名田経営者として専門性を高めていった。
- The fumyo caused debtor-creditor relations between tato farmers and other peasants, and this allowed the tato to become powerful enough for unofficial governance over other peasants and to increase their special skills of myoden management.
- 12代金兵衛秀綱(天文15年(1546年) - 元和 (日本)4年(1618年)9月13日 (旧暦))の代になって徳川家康に属し、秀綱は慶長年間に鹿沼市で代官をつとめた。
- The 12th generation, Kinbei Hidetsuna (1546 to September 13, 1618 [old calendar]) was retained by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and became the daikan (local governor) of Kanuma City during the Keicho years.
- なお、戦力に自信のあった日本軍は上陸後も戦国の常識に従って何度も李氏朝鮮を交渉により服属させようと試みており、朝鮮の武力制圧が既定路線であるかのような認識は間違いである。
- The Japanese army, confident of their war potential, tried, even after their landing, to subjugate Yi Dynasty Korea by negotiation in accordance with common sense in the Warring States period and, therefore, it is wrong to conclude that subjugation of Korea by military power was the predetermined policy.
- 本書は逸文しか残っていないが、これらを蒐集すると、延喜20年(920年)正月14日条から、天暦7年(953年)2月23日条までの34年間に亙って記録されていることがわかる。
- The name of the diary derives from 'riho,' the Chinese equivalent of Shikibu, which was the highest position (Shikibukyo [Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial]) that Imperial Prince Sigeakira held in the court during his lifetime.
- これは当時天文道が特殊な技術と考えられ、その学術が親子間の相伝(家学)となり、朝廷も天文占術技術の維持を目的としてそれを許容したこと、官司請負制の定着によるところが大きい。
- There were reasons for this: first, as tenmondo was then considered to be a special skill and was only passed down among family members (hereditary learning), the Imperial Court allowed it in order to preserve divination techniques, and second, a hereditary government office system had been established.
- また、大江広元の舅であった多田仁綱が摂津源氏多田氏の出身と伝え、仁綱の娘は広元との間に大江親広(寒河江氏の祖)を儲けているが、仁綱の名は『尊卑分脈』等の系図に見えていない。
- It is also said that Noritsuna TADA, who was the father-in-law of OE no Hiromoto, was from the Tada clan of 'Settsu-Genji' (Minamoto clan), and that Noritsuna's daughter and Hiromoto had their child, OE no Chikahiro (the founder of the Sagae clan), but the Noritsuna name can't be found in the Tada clan's genealogy on 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' and other historical sources.
- 21日、義仲は松殿基房と連携して「世間の事松殿に申し合はせ、毎事沙汰を致すべし」(『玉葉』同日条)と命じ、22日、基房の子・松殿師家を内大臣・摂政とする傀儡政権を樹立した。
- On January 12, working with Motofusa MATSUDONO, Yoshinaka ordered a 'discussion on the issues of society with Matsudomo and take action' ('Gyokuyo,' entry of January 12, 1184), and on January 13, he established a puppet government under Moroie MATSUDONO, the son of Motofusa, as Naidaijin (minister of the center) and sessho (regent).
- ロート製薬、オムロン、積水ハウス総合住宅研究所などの民間研究施設ならびに、きっづ光科学館ふぉとん(日本原子力研究開発機構 関西光科学研究所)、ATR等の国の研究施設が立地。
- The area is home not only to private research facilities, such as Rohto Research Village Kyoto, Omron Corporation Keihanna Technology Innovation Center and Sekisui House Co., Ltd. Comprehensive Housing R & D Institute, but also national research facilities, such as the Kids' Science Museum of Photons operated by Kansai Photon Science Institute which belongs to Japan Atomic Energy Agency, and Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR).
- 推古天皇が崇峻5年(592年)の豊浦宮(とゆらのみや)での即位から持統天皇8年(694年)の藤原京への移転までの、約100年間を日本史時代区分表として飛鳥時代と称している。
- About 100 years, from when Emperor Suiko ascended the throne at Toyura no miya Imperial residence in 592, until when Emperor Jito transferred to Fujiwara-kyo (the Fujiwara Palace; the ancient capital of Fujiwara) in 694, was called the Asuka period in the Japanese historical period table.
- 従って現時点で明らかであるのは、平安時代の後期には延喜年間に編纂あるいは記録に由来を持つ『延喜儀式』という儀式(書物)が存在して、先例として重んじられていたということである。
- The only thing apparent at present was the Gishiki (Book) called 'Engi Gishiki' during the late Heian period which might have been compiled or the contents of which might have originated during the Engi era and were highly regarded as authority.
- だが、土倉役を巡る延暦寺との対立は引き続き、その後も延暦寺などが勝手に徴収を行い、幕府が禁令を出すという事態の繰り返しが100年近く経た文明_(日本)年間にも繰り返されている。
- A conflict over dosoyaku with the Enryaku-ji Temple continued for nearly a hundred years, and the state that Enryaku-ji Temple collected dosoyaku at their discretion and the bakufu issued the ban was occurred repeatedly even in Bunmei Era (1469-1487).
- 朝廷が班田制と戸籍制度を基礎にした人民の人別支配を放棄し、名田経営を請け負う田堵負名を通じた間接支配への移行により律令制が解体していく過程で、この身分制も次第に有名無実化した。
- As the imperial court was no longer able to maintain control over the population based on the land allotment system and the family registration system and depended more and more on indirect means of control through rich families (called 'tato fumyo' in Japanese) who were subcontracted for the management of farmland, the Ritsuryo system gradually collapsed and the status system itself was reduced to a nominal existence.
- ところが、12世紀末に鎌倉将軍の荘園・所領に相当する関東御領をはじめとする武家領と既存の公家領・寺社領、更に公領である国衙領の3者間の区別を必要とし、これを「本所領」と呼んだ。
- At the end of the twelfth century, however, three of the bukeryo including Kanto goryo (shogun's personal holdings) of the Kamakura shogun (general of the eastern pacification command in Kamakura), corresponding to shoen and shoryo, the existing kugeryo and jisharyo, and kokugaryo (provincial land) koryo (public land) needed to be distinguished from one another, and accordingly, they were called 'honjoryo.'
- (『東寺百合文書』さ所収応安3年(1370年)2月東寺陳述状には観応2年の東寺側と「勧修寺一品于時武家執奏(勧修寺経顕は応安3年当時従一位)」の間のやりとりが引用されている)。
- (In a letter of representation of March 1370 by To-ji Temple in 'Toji Hyakugo Monjo' [100 case documents of To-ji Temple], the words in the negotiations in 1351, between To-ji Temple and 'Kanshuji Ippon tokini bukeshisso' [Kanshuji, who was Ippon [First Order of an Imperial Prince] and Bukeshisso post at that time] [Tsuneaki KANSHUJI was Juichi [Junior First Rank] in 1370] were quoted.)
- 江戸時代の西日本は、藩の規模が小さく、沖積平野も狭いところが多かったため、藩経済の基盤の石高を増やすために山間地にまで田圃がつくられ、現在でいう(急傾斜)棚田が多くつくられた。
- In the Edo period, as many domains in western Japan were small and had narrow alluvial plains, they developed rice fields even in the mountains in order to increase Kokudaka (assessed yield) which was the economic base of the domain, and a large number of rice terraces (on steep slopes), which are called Tanada today, were developed.
- 上下線とも、大津京側の出口付近にあるカーブ(半径1,400m)の一部区間の制限速度は125km/h、上り線の山科側にあるカーブ(半径800m)の制限速度は115km/hである。
- On both of the westbound and eastbound tracks, the speed limit in the section within the curve with the radius 1,400 m near the exit on the Otsukyo side is 125 km/h, and the speed limit in the section within the curve with the radius 800 m of the westbound track on the Yamashiro side is 115 km/h.
- 西日本旅客鉄道湖西線の山科駅と大津京駅の間にある全長3,032mの鉄道トンネルで、山科側には3つの出口があるのに対し、途中で合流し大津京側の出口は1つとなる変形トンネルである。
- It is the railway tunnel constructed between Yamashina Station and Otsukyo Station on the JR West Kosei Line with the total length of 3,032 meters, having a special structure with three portals on the Yamashina side and one portal on the Otsukyo side and the tracks from the Yamashina side converged into one toward the Otsuryo side.
- 足軽には苗字帯刀を許されたものもおり、功績によっては徒士への昇格も許されていたが、中間以下にはそういったことが一切許可されないなど、この両者の間にもはっきりとした境界線があった。
- Some Ashigaru were allowed Myojitaito, and depending upon their achievements, some were allowed to rise to Kachi, but Chugen and below were never allowed such privileges and there was a clear boundary between these two as well.
- 更に『本朝書籍目録』に『弘仁儀式』と並んで記載されている『内裏式』及び『内裏儀式』と呼ばれる2種の儀式は伝存しており、なおかつその編纂年代が弘仁年間であったことが明記されている。
- Besides, two kinds of Gishiki called 'Dairi shiki' (Palace regulations) and 'Dairi Gishiki' (Book on outline of ceremonies) which were described together with 'Konin Gishiki' in 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' were extant and they stated that they were compiled in the Konin era.
- 現在の大阪府大阪市の中央区 (大阪市)と北区 (大阪市)に架かる天満橋から天神橋 (大阪府)の間、あるいは中央区高麗橋近辺、または中央区心斎橋筋の三津寺付近にあったと考えられる。
- There are three opinions surrounding the location of Korokan; the first opinion was the area lying between the present Tenma-bashi Bridge and Tenjin-bashi Bridge (Osaka) connecting Chuo Ward and Kita Ward (Osaka City), the second opinion was the area near the present Korai-bashi Bridge in Chuo Ward, and the last opinion was the area near Mitsu-tera Temple in the present Shinsaibashi-suji Street, Chuo Ward.
- 彼は、幕府開設から元禄までの間、長崎貿易の決済のために、金貨国内通貨量のうちの4分の1、銀貨は4分の3が失われたとし、長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にして、この法令を出した。
- He concluded that from the opening of the shogunate government in Edo to the Genroku era, a quarter of domestic gold currency and three quarters of domestic silver currency were lost due to the settlement of foreign trades in Nagasaki, and issued this regulation using the proposal of the Nagasaki magistrate Kiyosuke OOKA.
- 長等山トンネル(ながらやまトンネル)、長等トンネル(ながらトンネル)は、いずれも滋賀県大津市と京都府京都市山科区の間にある長等山(標高354メートル)に掘削されたトンネルである。
- Both Nagarayama Tunnel and Nagara Tunnel are tunnels dug through Mt. Nagara (354 m in height) between Otsu City in Shiga Prefecture and Yamashina Ward in Kyoto City of Kyoto Prefecture.
- 百姓、すなわち田堵負名層は公領に属する者と荘園に属する者に分かれ、荘園公領間の武力抗争の当事者となった結果、前期王朝国家に見られたような一国単位に結集する闘争形態は急速に消滅した。
- Hyakusho, i.e., the tato and fumyo class, was separated into hyakusho belonging to koryo and hyakusho belonging to shoen, and became parties of armed conflicts between shoen and koryo and as a result, the conflict forms observed in the early dynastic nation-state in which people gathered country by country disappeared rapidly.
- だが、10世紀中期に書かれたと考えられている源高明の『西宮記』には弘文院は既に荒廃に帰している事が記されていることから、道真の時代からそれ程時間を置かずに廃絶したと考えられている。
- From the description in 'Saikyuki' (record of court practices and usage written in Chinese style) written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki supposedly written in the mid tenth century that the Kobunin had been already ruined, it was estimated that the Kobunin was defunct shortly after the days of Michizane.
- また、少数であるがカバネを有しない白丁身分(庶民)の子弟であっても入学が許された例も存在している(天平年間に設置された文章生・明法生の採用規定に「白丁雑任の子」と規定されていた)。
- Also, although few in number, there were cases in which common children of hakucho (inferior servant) status, who did not have kabane, were allowed to enter Daigaku-ryo (Guidelines on recruitment of monjosho [students of literary studies] and myobosho [students of law studies], which were drawn up in the Tenpyo era [from 729 to 749], stated that 'children of hakucho and zonin' [lower-ranking government officials] were qualified).
- 庶民の間では、芸事や趣味の道が次第に洗練されたものになり始め、『風姿花伝』のように芸の道を人間の道と重ね合わせて修行のありようを考えるという視点も、この武家階級の時代の産物である。
- Among ordinary people, their accomplishments and hobbies began to be refined, and the following perspective was also a product of the era of the bushi class arms: they had the insight into practice by superposing their accomplishments on their lives as expressed in 'Fushikaden.'
- これにより、土地に対して重層的にあった中世的な中間権利である様々な職が否定され、耕作者は直接領主に納税することとなり、農村にいた中間搾取者としての武士はほぼ一掃されることとなった。
- As a result, the legitimacy of the positions of a great many medieval-period middleman tax collectors and the like were repudiated, since now cultivators were paying taxes directly to their local lords; at the agricultural village level, Hideyoshi's survey had eliminated nearly all the extortionist middleman warriors who lived off others' effort in one clean sweep.
- そして皮肉なことに越後の青苧が江戸時代元禄年間に没落した最大の理由は上杉氏の移封とともに青苧栽培技術が伝来された会津藩・米沢藩両藩産の青苧との競争に敗北した影響が大きかったという。
- And ironically, the aoso in Echigo Province is said to have gotten the finishing stroke during the Genroku era (A.D. 1688 - 1704) of the Edo period in the loss of the competition over aoso with the Aizu domain and the Yonezawa domain, into which the cultivation techniques of aoso were introduced when the Uesugi clan had its territory changed.
- 長秀率いる2000の軍勢は撤退を開始していた桑山重晴の軍勢とちょうど鉢合わせする形となるとそれと合流し、そのまま賤ヶ岳周辺の盛政の軍勢を撃破し間一髪の所で賤ヶ岳砦の確保に成功する。
- Encountering the army of Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, which had already started its retreat, 2,000 troops led by Nagahide joined with them to smash Morimasa's forces around Shizugatake, successfully securing Shizugatake Fort in the nick of time.
- 髙橋昌明は、1975年の『伊勢平氏の成立と展開』において、彼らが公的には諸衛府の官人、私的には高貴な貴族の「侍」、世間的には一種の傭兵隊長であったことを、資料に基づき詳細に明にした。
- 'The Establishment and Development of the Ise Taira Clan' (Taira Clan at Ise Province) published in 1975 by Masaaki TAKAHASHI who wrote in detail that they were low to middle class officials of hoefu (a collective name of soldiers in the Imperial Guard) in public, and were private 'samurai' of high class aristocrats and were a type of captain of mercenaries.
- その反面では、こうした寺社の世俗化をきらって特定の寺院に属さない「聖」や「上人」とよばれる民間布教者があらわれ、とくに浄土教の教えを京都の都はもとより地方へも広めていった時期である。
- On the other side, missionaries emerged who did not like the secularism of temples and shrines, did not belong to a particular temple or shrine and were called 'hijiri' (a saint) or 'shonin' (a high priest), and they brought the teachings of Jodo (Pure Land) sect to people from the capital, Kyoto through local regions.
- 倭館に居住することを許された日本人は、対馬藩から派遣された館主以下、代官(貿易担当官)、横目、書記官、通詞などの役職者やその使用人だけでなく、小間物屋、仕立屋、酒屋などの商人もいた。
- Other than the manager of the wakan dispatched by the Tsushima clan, among Japanese who were allowed to reside in the wakan were officers such as local governors (governors in charge of trading), Yokome (job title in samurai family, the job involves watching over officers), the secretary, translators; their respective employees; and also merchants like haberdashery shop owners, tailors, and liquor shop owners.
- 幕府側では北条泰家らを迎撃のために向かわせるが、入間川 (多摩川水系)と久米川(東京都東村山市)での合戦で敗退し、分倍河原の戦い (鎌倉時代)(東京都府中市 (東京都))でも敗れた。
- Yasuie HOJO and others were sent to intercept the rebel forces, but they were defeated in the battles at Iruma-gawa River (the Tama-gawa River system) and Kume-gawa River (in the present Higashimurayama City, Tokyo Prefecture) and they were also beat in the battle of Bubaigawara (fought in the present day Fuchu City, Tokyo Prefecture).
- 一方で15世紀後半以降、畠山氏の分裂と抗争が長期間続いたことが大きく響き、また複数の強力な寺社勢力の存在もあって、武家勢力の中から紀伊一国を支配する戦国大名が成長することはなかった。
- On the other hand, the split and conflicts among the Hatakeyama clan had lasted for a long time after the latter part of the 15th century, and there were some strong temple and shrine powers, so that any samurai powers could not grow up to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who controlled the whole Kii Province.
- 更に室町時代後期に壬生晴富が二条持通より、相博を行ったのは永仁年間であったとする話を聞いており(『晴富宿禰記』文明 (日本)10年3月9日条)、後伏見天皇が二条富小路殿にて即位した。
- Haretomi MIBU also heard from Mochimichi NIJO that the exchange of the residence occurred during Einin era (the April 20, 1478 entry of in 'Haretomi Sukune Ki'), and the Emperor Go-Fushimi was enthroned at the Tomikojidono residence.
- 不輸が認められるには、個々の田地ごとに申請を必要としていたが、出作が盛んになるとともに不輸地の一部に含めようとする荘園側とこれを阻止しようとする国司側の間で紛争が生じるようになった。
- For fuyu no ken to be recognized, it was necessary to apply for each rich field, but as desaku (an act in which farmers who live in a certain shoen cultivate lands of other)became common and the shoen side wished to include this as part of the land with fuyu no ken, a conflict arose with the Kokushi side, which wanted to stop this.
- 西国大名を接待に動員することで大名の勢力削減をおこない、一方で幕府の権威を示し、かつ大坂・江戸間の行列を圧縮することにより幕府の経費を節減できるという一石三鳥の効果を狙ったものである。
- This plan was aimed at producing the following three effects at the same time: Reducing the power of the lords in the west part of Japan through mobilizing them to attend to Tsushinshi, exhibiting the prestige of the bakufu, and reducing the cost burdened by the bakufu through canceling the procession between Osaka and Edo.
- 幕府の力がしだいに弱まるようになると有力寺社(相国寺、三十三間堂など)や有力守護大名(細川氏、大内氏など)が船主となり、これに博多や堺の商人、瀬戸内海の町、水夫が結びついて貿易を行った。
- With the power of bakufu gradually declining, influential temples/shrines (Shokoku-ji Temple, Sanjusangendo Temple etc) or influential shugo-daimyo (territorial lords as provincial constables) (the Hosokawa clan, the Ouchi clan etc.) became the shipowners and traded in corporation with merchants in Hakata and Sakai as well as sailors in the towns located in the coastal region of Seto Inland Sea.
- 江戸時代に至っては、京都や諸国の優秀な民間医が官位を与えられて典薬寮医師(御典医)に登用されるケースが多くなり、典薬大允以下の役職は、典医の中から技術の優劣や年功の長幼によって選ばれた。
- Leading up into the Edo period, there were many cases where the most outstanding private civilian doctors in Kyoto and the other provinces were given office and rank and appointed as Tenyakuryo physicians (goteni); candidates--both young and old--for official posts of Tenyaku Taijo (Senior Secretary of the Bureau of Medicine) rank or lower were chosen from among the teni (doctors) either due to their superior skills or due to a long record of distinguished service.
- 摂津職は、京に置かれ難波津を管理し、京と西国の間を上下する公使の検査などを本来の任務としたが、天武朝に難波が陪都(副都)とされ、また聖武朝にも難波宮が造営されると、その管理にも当たった。
- Settsu Shiki was situated in the capital and originally served to manage Naniwa no Tsu (Naniwa Port) as well as conduct inspections of envoys traveling between the capital and the west of the country, but later went on to conduct the administration of Naniwa which was made a baito (secondary capital city) during the Reign of Emperor Tenmu and Naniwanomiya Palace which was constructed during the reign of Emperor Shomu
- 京極軍は家臣赤尾伊豆守、山田大炊以下、奮戦し、7日間持ち堪えたが、9月13日 (旧暦)からは近くの長等山から大砲で砲撃を受け、砲弾は眼下に落ちるような勢いで天守その他の建築物を破壊した。
- Kyogoku Army including AKAO Izu no kami (Governor of Izu Province) and Oi YAMADA fought to defend the castle for seven days, but, on October 19, they were attacked with cannons from nearby Mt. Nagara and the cannonballs rained down on the keep and other buildings of the castle, destroying them.
- 織田方が川を渡ろうとすると人馬が足を取られて前進できず、また川を越えた者も湿地帯で動きが鈍っている所に、頭上から25人ずつが二列横隊を組んで間断なく鉄砲で狙い撃ち、さらに弓隊が射立てた。
- While some of the Oda army could not move in the river and others who crossed the river could not progress quickly in the marsh, two rows of 25 soldiers each shot them with guns without interruption and furthermore, other units shot them with bows.
- また、交差する東西の通りが、鴨川以東の短い区間にのみ存在する場合や鴨川以東で名称が変わる通りの場合は、単に「東西の通り名」のみ、または「東西の通り名+'の交差点'」で呼ばれることがある。
- If the crossing east-west street of an intersection exists only in a short section to the east of the Kamo-gawa River, or the street name changes to the east of the Kamo-gawa River, the name of the intersection is by either 'the name of the east-west street' or the combination of ''the intersection' of the name of the east-west street.'
- 藩学校が武士の師弟を教育し、寺子屋が庶民を対象として、読み書き算盤を教え、塾がその中間にあって武士も庶民も教えたという中で、郷学は教育内容の面では、それらとかなり重複する側面を持っていた。
- The young people of samurai families received education at domain-run schools, while the children of common people were taught the three R's; at private schools, which lay midway between the two, the children of samurai and ordinary people were taught; Gogaku had aspects that overlapped them in terms of educational content.
- また、株仲間には代金不払いなどの不正を行った仲買の情報を共有し、仲間内の商取引を一切停止するといった懲罰を加えることにより、幕府などの公権力の代わりに債権と契約履行を保証する役割があった。
- Also, kabunakama had a role to guarantee the recovery of debts and performance of contracts by sharing the information of brokers who committed an injustice like default in payment and imposing disciplinary actions such as suspension of trading among the group.
- 正徳5年(1715年)には藩主綱條により書名が裁定され、水館の主張する『皇朝新史』と江館の『大日本史』の間で論争があり後者に決定し、同年の光圀忌日には清書本(正徳本)が光圀廟に供えられた。
- Tsunaeda, the family head, chose 'Dai Nihonshi' by staff in Edo over 'Kochoshinshi' by those in Mito as the title in 1715 and offered the book in front of the grave of Mitsukuni on the anniversary of Mitsukuni's death during the year.
- 上述のとおり数片の断片であり、延暦9年(790年)6月に死亡した数人について死亡年月日(だいたい6月3日から8日の間)が判明できる程度であり、人名や年齢などは失われていて知ることができない。
- As stated above, the document was found in several fragments, which gave some information on the date of death (period approximately from July 23 to 28) for several people who deceased in July 790, and gave no information on their names, ages, and so on.
- 『早字二重鑑』(いろは順が二回繰り返される近代辞書に似た形式)、『急用間合即座引』(いろは順の次に語尾の仮名で分類)、『大成正字通』(いろは順、部門分類、濁音仮名の有無の三段階)などである。
- For example, there were 'Hayaji Niju Kagami' (in which the words were classified and subclassified in iroha order similar to modern dictionaries), 'Kyuyomaniai Sokuzabiki'(in which the words were classified in iroha order and subclassified by kana at the end of each word) and 'Taisei seijitsu' (in which the words were classified in three steps: In iroha order, by category and by presence or absence of the Japanese syllabary for voiced consonants).
- 大学別曹は一族単位で学生の学資・生活を保障してその官界進出を助ける制度であったから、安定した勉学環境を得た大学別曹を持つ氏族出身者とそれ以外の氏族との間で「格差」が生み出されるようになった。
- Daigaku-besso was the system in which a clan as a whole ensured financial aids for schooling and the livelihood of students (their relatives) and assisted them in advancing into bureaucracy, so it resulted in a 'disparity' between people from clans that, having Daigaku-besso, could offer a stable learning environment and people from other clans that could not.
- 日本政府においては、1990年度に「スギ花粉症に関する関係省庁担当者連絡会議」が設置され、1994年度より当時の科学技術庁によって数年間に渡る「スギ花粉症克服に向けた総合研究」が実施された。
- The Japanese government held the 'Japanese Cedar Pollinosis Liaison Conference for Concerned Government Agencies' in 1990 and since 1994 the Science and Technology Agency has conducted 'integrated research to overcome cedar pollinosis' over several years.
- 大阪市の周辺を見ると、京都市・神戸市・姫路市・和歌山市がそれぞれ中心機能を持って通勤・通学者を求心し、各々昼間人口が常住人口を越えているため、個別の都市圏を形成していると見なされている()。
- Since the cities of Kyoto, Kobe, Himeji and Wakayama, which surround Osaka, respectively function as a center and attract commuters going to work and school so that their daytime populations exceed their nighttime populations, they are taken to individually form metropolitan areas.
- 正房の子、正述は長崎奉行をつとめ、その正述の子、飛騨守正親は勘定奉行、江戸南町奉行<在任期間:延宝8年(1680年)8月30日~元禄3年(1690年)12月3日>などをつとめるなど活躍した。
- Masahusa's child, Masanobu served as a Nagasaki bugyo (Nagasaki magistrate) and his child, Masachika HIDANOKAMI served as kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) and Edo Minamimachi Bugyo (Magistrate) (served from August 30, 1680 to December 3, 1690).
- 県(アガタ)と県(コホリ)との違いは、前者が在地首長の支配力に依存し、間接的に地方を把握するものであったのに対し、後者は直接的に地方の把握・支配の体系を作り出そうとしていたところにあるだろう。
- The difference between agata and kohori may be that the former depends on the control of a local head and managed indirectly, whereas the latter was part of an organization that attempted direct management and control.
- 1966年から1980年にかけて、京都市左京区の「部落問題の中央センター」である文化厚生会館(府連書記局が設置されていた)の帰属を巡り、部落解放同盟京都府連合会と部落問題研究所の間で争われた。
- From 1966 to 1980, the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation and the Institute of Buraku Problem disputed over whether the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall belonged, which was regarded as 'the central center of Buraku problems' (where the Kyoto Federation's secretariat was located) in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.
- また、近隣間の些細なトラブルでさえ暴力によって解決される傾向にあった、そのため、秀吉は刀狩と並行して武器の使用による紛争の解決を全国的に禁止(喧嘩停止令)し、この施策は江戸幕府にも継承された。
- People would often resort to force to solve even trivial matters, and Hideyoshi addressed this by prohibiting any conflict resolution using weapons (kenka choji rei (edict prohibiting quarrel and fighting)) throughout the nation in parallel with katanagari edict, which was inherited by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- その何十年かの間に、畿内の領主の一般像が、武装せぬ存在から、武士と武具を常備し、屋敷の守りも固める鎌倉時代の御家人・地頭にも似た、あるいはその御家人の姿に変貌していったことを如実に物語っている。
- It truly depicted a common image of lords of the Kinai region transforming from the unarmed existence to the those armed with samurai and military tools within a span of several decades, and became a servant that was similar to gokenin and jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the manors into which the countryside was divided) that protected residences during Kamakura period.
- 平安時代初期には三礼学派・三伝学派という流れが成立して両者の間で論争が行われたが、平安時代中期以降は明経道そのものが儒教の専門家養成コースのような性格を持つようになって学術論争が沈滞していった。
- During the early Heian period, Myogyodo separated into the two schools called 'Sanraigaku' and 'Sandengaku' and debates took place between them; the arguments stagnated after the middle of the Heian period, however, once Myogyodo itself came to have the characteristics of a training course for becoming a professional on Confucianism.
- この流れの中で、それまで公田経営請負によって(つまり田堵・負名層となることで)武人としての経済基盤を与えられていたに過ぎなかった武士が、荘園と公領間の武力紛争の対処能力を期待されるようになった。
- Under the above trend, the ability of samurai, who had maintained their lives through the job of warriors under koden management contract (in other words, by becoming tato/fumyo), was increasingly expected in order to cope with the armed conflict between shoen and public land.
- そののち推古16年(608年)4月に隋煬帝の使者裴世清が来訪するにあたって、まず筑紫に滞在させ、その間に「高麗館(こまのむろつみ)の上に新館を造る」(『日本書紀』)ことで歓迎の準備を整えている。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' when 裴世清, an envoy of Emperor Yodai in the Sui dynasty, came to Japan in May and June in 608, and the government constructed a new building on the top of the Koma-no-murotsumi (Koma Lodge) for his visit, while having 裴世清 stay at Tsukushi.
- この年、全日本学生自治会総連合中央委員会は、「教授、職員学生の団結によって明るい学園を復興しよう」をスローガンとした「学園復興会議」を京都市の3大学を会場に5日間の予定で開催することを決定した。
- That year, the central committee of the Japan Students Autonomous Union planned to hold 'the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi' at three universities in Kyoto City for five days, with the slogan 'the Revival of Clean Universities by the Union of Professors, Staff, and Students.'
- 公賢の死去は延文5年(正平15年/1360年)であること、実弟で猶子となった洞院実守が奥書に公賢「老後」の著書であると記していることから、貞和3年以降の13年間のうちに書かれたと推定されている。
- In view of the fact that Kinkata died in 1360 and his younger brother and adopted son Sanemori TOIN wrote in the book's postscript that the book was written after Kinkata's 'retirement,' it is presumed that the book was written during the period thirteen years after 1347.
- そうした状況の中で、伊豆国に流罪となっていた源頼朝は、同年8月に挙兵し石橋山の戦いで敗れたが、逃亡先の安房国から上総・下総を行軍する間に、関東一円の平氏系の武士団(坂東平氏)らの支持を獲得した。
- It was to be in these circumstances that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who had been exiled to Izu Province raised an army in August of the same year was defeated in the Battle of Ishibashiyama but while marching from Awa Province, to which he had fled, to Kazusa Province and Shimousa Province, he gained the support of a Taira clan lineage samurai group (Bando-Heishi clan) active throughout the Kanto region.
- また福井県道・京都府道772号は福井県側に峠を越えてすぐ、京都府道・福井県道21号舞鶴野原港高浜線と重複し、福井県内で福井県道・京都府道772号の単独区間を走れる数少ないスポットともなっている。
- Since Fukui Prefectural Road and Kyoto Prefectural Road 772 becomes Kyoto Prefectural Road and Fukui Prefectural Road 21 Maizuru-Noharako-Takahama Line right at the foot of Fukui Prefecture side of the pass, Fukui Prefectural Road and Kyoto Prefectural Road 772 is quite short in Fukui Prefecture (only the section on the pass).
- この死亡帳は、「去年7月」から「今年6月」までの一年間について、秋田城の支配領域(秋田郡周辺)の民について記載したもので、当時の出羽国国府(9世紀初頭に移転)に清書したものを提出したと考えられる。
- This Shibocho described citizens in the area (around Akita County) controlled by Akita-jo Castle for one year from 'July of the previous year' to 'June of this year,' and was considered to be a transcript submitted to the provincial office of Dewa Province at that time (transferred in early ninth century).
- 定免の継続期間は享保13年3月の触書には5箇年、7箇年、10箇年、15箇年があるが、年期が終わると更に申請して年期を切り替え、従前の税額に増して定免を継続することができた(継年期(つぎねんき))。
- The furegaki (bakufu orders) issued in April 1728 said that the duration of the fixed tax rate was 5 years, 7 years, 10 years and 15 years, but the period of duration could be extended by application and the fixed tax rate continued in addition to the prior tax amount (it was called tsuginenki).
- 建武 (日本)2年(1335年)には蒲原津城を築城し、翌建武3年(1336年)には、池氏、河内氏、風間氏、於木氏、千屋氏、高梨氏らと島崎城に篭もり足利尊氏方の色部高長・加地影綱らと戦うが落城した。
- In 1335 he built Kanbaranotsu-jo Castle and, in 1336, based in Shimazaki-jo Castle, it fought along with the Ike clan, the Kawachi clan, the Kazama clan, the Ogi clan, the Chiya clan and the Takanashi clan against Takanaga IROBE and Kagetsuna KAJI on the part of Takauji ASHIKAGA's army, but the castle fell to the army.
- 応仁・文明の乱以後、松田数秀・松田長秀・松田清秀・松田晴秀らが政所寄人の筆頭である政所執事代に任じられ、飯尾氏・清氏らとともに幕府奉行人として永禄年間(1558~1570)に至るまで活動していた。
- After the Onin-Bunmei Wars, Kazuhide MATSUDA, Nagahide MATSUDA, Kiyohide MATSUDA and Haruhide MATSUDA were appointed as Mandokoro shitsujidai, the head of Mandokoro yoriudo (officers of the administration office), and they were active as bugyonin of the shogunate along with the Inoo clan and the Sei clan until the Eiroku era (1558-1570).
- 関東を意識しての話しとなるが、記録に残る開発領主となった武士らが、戦闘集団である「武士団」を組織したとき、それはかき集めた農民兵ではなく、また「傭兵」でもなく、領主間で私的に結ばれた戦闘集団である。
- When the bushi became kaihatsu-ryoshu and formed the 'bushidan' military group in the Kanto region, they were not peasant soldiers, 'mercenaries,' but a privately contracted fighting group of manor lords.
- それは、京の治安維持に必要な武力が、旧来の武官や、随身だけでは間に合わなくなり、平将門の乱での「朝家の爪牙」の役を果たした「兵の家」が、「家業」として、「武」を請け負いはじめるということでもあった。
- It was because the military force required to sustain peace in Kyoto was not enough with just a military officer and zuijin (a guard) from old, and the 'house of tsuwamono' that served as the 'choka no soga' during TAIRA no Masakado's War started to provide 'mu' as a 'family business.'
- 院宮給の成立については諸説あるが、三宮への年官は淳和天皇の頃に成立し、残りの三宮の年爵・院の年官・年爵も宇多上皇が院宮給のありかたについて触れた『寛平御遺誡』が成立した寛平年間には既に存在していた。
- Although there are various theories on when Ingu kyu was established, nenkan for Sannomiya came into existence during the era of Emperor Junna, while nenshaku for the Sannomiya, as well as nenkan and nenshaku for In, had already existed in the Kampyo era after 'Kampyo-Goyuikai/Kampyo-no-Goyuikai' (a group of precepts for governing) was established and the retired Emperor Uda mentioned what he thought should be the ingu kyu.
- 「現に犯罪が行われもしくは行われたのち間がないと認められる場合であって、しかも証拠保全の必要性及び緊急性があり、かつその撮影が一般的に許容される限度を超えない相当な方法を持って行われるときである。」
- In case that a crime is being committed or it does not seem long since a crime was committed, there is an urgent need for preservation of evidence, and the photographs have been taken by an appropriate method within a generally allowable limit.'
- しかしその後、京大の残留教官による説得に応じ京大に復帰する教官(黒田覚、佐伯千仭ら6名)が現れ、滝川および筋を通して復帰しなかった人々(宮本英雄、末川、恒藤、田村ら)との間に感情的なしこりを残した。
- However, some staff members answered the call from staff who stayed at Kyoto University and returned (six members such as Satoru KURODA and Chihiro SAEKI) and this led to estrangement with Takigawa and those who did not return under principle (Hideo MIYAMOTO, Suekawa, Tsuneto, Tamura, etc).
- 戦役以後、総じて朝鮮人の間では日本に対する敵意が生まれ、平和な貿易関係を望む対馬の宗氏も朝鮮王朝に強く警戒され、日本使節の上京は禁じられ、貿易に訪れた日本人も釜山に設けられた倭館に行動を制限された。
- After the war in general, among Korean people, hostility against Japan was generated and the So clan which wished a peaceful trade relationship took strong precautions, the visit of a Japanese diplomat to the capital was prohibited and Japanese people visited for the purpose of trading were also restricted in their activities and were forced to stay in Wakan (consular office) established in Busan.
- それでも政盛の孫の高梨政頼の頃まで独立性を保ってきたが、村上氏を撃破した甲斐国の武田信玄の侵攻を受け、弘治 (日本)年間(1555 - 1558)に本拠地中野郷から信越国境に近い飯山郷まで後退した。
- Until the time of Masayori TAKANASHI, a grandson of Masamori, the Takanashi clan remained independent, but Shingen TAKEDA, of Kai Province, who had destroyed the Murakami clan, invaded the land of the Takanashi clan and they retreated to the Iiyama area close to the boundary of Shinano and Echigo from Nakano, the base, between 1555 and 1558.
- 大韓民国においては、韓国人は銀行をさほど信用していないところがあるため、金銭を預ける際に利用するものとして、日本の頼母子講に相当する仲間内での契(ケイ)が存在しており、今なお利用する者は少なくない。
- In South Korea, there is Kei among associates which is equivalent to Tanomoshi-ko in Japan to use when depositing money because Koreans do not trust banks very much, and many people use Kei even now.
- 延久2年(1070年)から永久 (元号)2年(1114年)までの記録があるが、治暦年間(1065年-1068年)頃から記していたとも言われるが、京都大学文学部所蔵の自筆1巻を残し、ほとんどが散逸する。
- Although there are records from the diary from the year 1070 to 1114, it is likely that Tamefusa began writing it between 1065 and 1068; most of it has been scattered and lost except for volume one of his own writing, which is kept at the Faculty of Letters in Kyoto University.
- かくして長保元年令は同2年・3年・4年と3年間に3度にわたる規定の強化と再施行を経て長期にわたって効力を有し、長元3年(1030年)にも長保年間の一連の新制を再確認する過差を禁じる禁制が出されている。
- Thus Chohogannenrei remained effective for a long time, after being reinforced and reissued three times in three years from 1000 to 1002, and a ban on luxury which reconfirmed a series of shinsei in the Choho era was issued in 1030.
- 神別姓氏は、さらに、ニニギが天孫降臨した際に付き随った神々の子孫を「天神」とし、瓊瓊杵尊から3代の間に分かれた子孫を「天孫」とし、天孫降臨以前から土着していた神々の子孫を「地祇」として3分類している。
- The clans of Shinbetsu are further divided into three types: 'Tenjin,' descendants of gods that had come with Ninigi for tensonkorin (the descent to earth of the grandson of the sun goddess); 'Tenson' (the grandson of the sun goddess); descendants who branched out in three generations from Ninigi-no Mikoto; and 'Chigi,' descendants of gods that had been on earth since before tensonkorin.
- 無条件で輪廻転生できる聖職者のバラモンを頂点とし、厳しい条件(儀式)付きで輪廻転生できる多数の庶民が奴隷階級であり、両者の間に王族・平民(商人)の2階級があり、計4階級からカースト制度は成り立っている。
- The Brahman, a clergyman who can unconditionally perform Rinne Tensho, is on top, and many common people who can perform Rinne Tensho with strict conditions (rituals) are slaves; there are two classes between them, which are the Royal Family and the common people (merchants), and in total these four classes comprise the caste system.
- したがって、明治憲法に定められた改正手続きによって行われたのは便宜的・形式的なもので、実質的に日本国憲法は、改正ではなく「新たに制定」、両者の間の法的連続性は「実質的には無し」という解釈が取られている。
- So it meant that the constitutional amendment, which had been conducted following procedures defined by the Meiji Constitution (Constitution of the Empire of Japan), was merely expedient and perfunctory, and practically speaking, the Constitution of Japan was 'newly established,' not the amended version, and it had 'no substantial' legal continuity with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 一方、西国では承平 (日本)年間(930年代)に瀬戸内海で海賊行為が頻発し(「承平南海賊」)、936年(承平6)、追捕南海道使に任命された紀淑人とその配下の藤原純友らによる説得が功を奏し、海賊が投降した。
- On the other hand, piracy occurred frequently in the Seto Inland Sea in the Johei era (in Japan) (in the 980s) ('Joheinankaizoku' [literally, pirates in the southern area in the Johei era]), and in 936, KI no Yoshito, who was appointed Tsuibu Nankai Doshi (the officer to capture criminals in the southern area), and FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, his subordinate, succeeded in convincing the pirates to submit themselves to surrender.
- また、この直後に裏松固禅によって『大内裏図考證』が完成され、その研究に基づいて、古式に則った御所が再建されることになるが、同時に朝廷の動向が世間の注目を集めるようになり、尊号一件などの紛争の遠因となった。
- 'Daidairizukosho' (a historical investigation imperial palace images) was completed by Kozen URAMATSU soon after the incident and it was intended to rebuild the Imperial Palace according to its original appearance based on the study of this document but the drawing of public activity to the activity of the Imperial Court at this time became the underlying cause of disputes such as the Songo Incident.
- ただし、上級貴族の反発に加えて、入学年齢を17歳から引き下げたこと、更に学令で定められた9年間よりも短い4年間の就学を経た上での事実上の中退を認めたことから大学寮側からの反発もあり、812年に撤回された。
- The imperial decree, however, was withdrawn in 812 due to backlashes from Daigaku-ryo against a change in school entrance age from 17 years old to 10 years old and against the approval of de facto dropouts after four-year schooling, shorter than the dropout after the nine-year schooling specified by the provision of Gakuryo, as well as objections from high-ranking nobles.
- 1544年に発生した蛇梁倭変により、1512年に宗氏と朝鮮王朝の間で締結された壬申約条は破棄され、日本国王使(室町幕府使節)および大内氏・少弐氏の使節を除き、日本からの通交(外交を兼ねた貿易)は禁じられた。
- In the saryan wahen (Coup of Shinryo IWAYA) which occurred in 1544, the Jinshin Yakujo concluded between the So clan and the Yi-Dynasty in 1512 was denounced; thereafter, trading (trade concurrent with a diplomacy visit) from Japan was inhibited except for the King of Japan envoy (the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] envoy) and the envoys from the Ouchi clan and the Shoni clan.
- 観光シーズンになると積み残しが続出する状況も珍しくなく、慢性化している渋滞が更に悪化して所要時間が全く読めなくなる事から、鉄道各社線との乗り継ぎ利用でそれらのリスクを最小限に抑える利用方法を取る乗客もいる。
- During the tourist season, however, it is impossible to calculate the travel time by bus because buses often cannot carry all the people waiting at once and the chronic traffic jams get even worse, so some passengers minimize these risks by transferring to the trains of various railroad companies.
- 確かに国民皆兵性のような1戸(行政上の単位、平均30人ぐらい)から1名、年間60日の軍事訓練を受けるという段階では歩兵の比率が高そうに思えるが、騎兵部隊も確認され、軍事力の中核はそちらが担っていたようである。
- Certainly, there seemed to be a higher ratio of foot soldiers by looking at mandatory military service where one member of a family (average of around 30 members for the administrative unit) had to go for less that sixty days of military training and service, but it was the confirmed presence of cavalry that held the central military power.
- 箱根・竹ノ下の戦い(はこねたけのしたのたたかい)は、南北朝時代 (日本)の建武 (日本)2年(1335年)12月11日 (旧暦)(ユリウス暦1336年1月24日)に、足利尊氏勢と新田義貞勢の間で行われた合戦。
- The Battle of Hakone and Takenoshita was a battle between the Takauji ASHIKAGA forces and Yoshisada NITTA forces that broke out on February 1, 1336 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- ところが、水野をはじめとした幕府首脳は幕府権力の保護を受けた株仲間の弱体化や、商取引の制度的基礎になっていたという現実を理解出来なかったために、株仲間を解散させれば、全国的な流通網を動かせると考えたのである。
- However, Mizuno and other heads of the bakufu could not understand the fact that kabunakama got weak due to the protection by the power of bakufu and kabunakama was the institutional basic of trading and thought that they could control the national distribution network if kabunakama were dissolved.
- この間に上杉勢援軍との小競り合いや更なる増援の報に接し、家康は援軍(井伊直政(一部部隊は当初より参陣)、大須賀康高、松平康重の5000)を出すと共に一時撤退を下令、これを受け徳川軍は28日に上田より撤退した。
- During this time, upon skirmishes against reinforcements of the Uesugi Army and news of additional reinforcements, Ieyasu delivered reinforcements (5000 soldiers led by Naomasa II (some troops joined the battle from the beginning), Yasutaka OSUGA, and Yasushige MATSUDAIRA) while ordering a temporary retreat, and as a result, Tokugawa's army retreated from Ueda on October 21.
- 区内には内外の観光客が多く集まる著名社寺や観光地が多く、東福寺、泉涌寺、三十三間堂、智積院、京都国立博物館、妙法院、清水寺、六波羅蜜寺、建仁寺、高台寺、祇園地区、八坂神社、円山公園、知恩院、青蓮院などがある。
- There are prominent temples and sightseeing spots that attract many tourists from both inside and outside of Higashiyama Ward, including Tofuku-ji Temple, Senyu-ji Temple, Sanjusangendo Temple, Chishaku-in Temple, Kyoto National Museum, Myoho-in Temple, Kiyomizu-dera Temple, Rokuharamitsu-ji Temple, Kennin-ji Temple, Kodai-ji Temple, the Gion districts, Yasaka-jinja Shrine, Maruyama Park, Chion-in Temple, and Shoren-in Temple.
- 多紀元簡により発見された古写本の現時点の所在は不明であるが、多紀が寛政8年(1796年)に校訂を行って刊行し、6年後に民間にも出された版本が存在する他、古写本を影写した森立之の蔵本が台湾の故宮博物院に現存する。
- The present whereabouts of the old manuscript discovered by Genkan TAKI is unknown, but there still remains the version revised and issued by Taki in 1796, which was also published for the general public six years later, and the National Palace Museum in Taiwan has another version traced from the old manuscript and once possessed by Tatsuyuki MORI.
- 日本人が、仏は日本の神とは違う性質を持つと理解するにつれ、仏のもとに神と人間を同列に位置づけ、日本の神々も人間と同じように苦しみから逃れる事を願い、仏の救済を求め解脱を欲しているという認識がされるようになった。
- As Japanese people realized that the Buddha had a nature different from Japanese deities, they began to regard deities and human beings on the same level and thought that like human beings, Japanese deities also wish deliverance for salvation of the Buddha to end suffering.
- この方式の火縄銃は16世紀に南欧で生み出されたものの、ばねによって火縄を火皿にたたきつける激発機構は、すぐに火打石を火打ち金にたたきつけて火花を飛ばすフリントロック式銃を生み出し、ごく短い間しか使われなかった。
- This type of matchlock was invented in Southern Europe in the 16th century, but the firing mechanism which makes a match strike the flashpan by means of a spring action to the flintlock which produces a spark by striking steel with a flint, and was used only for a short period.
- 冬の間、本州付近を支配していた大陸高気圧の張り出しや、移動性高気圧の通り道が北に偏り、一方で、その北方高気圧の張り出しの南縁辺に沿って、冷湿な北東気流が吹いたり、本州南岸沿いに前線が停滞し易くなるために生ずる。
- This phenomenon occurs because of the fact that a front tends to become stationary along the southern shore of Honshu as expansion of continental anticyclone which was dominant during winter in the vicinity of Honshu or the path of the migratory anticyclone leans to the north, and on the other hand, cold and wet northeast airstream flows along southern edge of the expansion of anticyclone from the north.
- 嘉靖36年(日本の永禄元年/1558年)、大友氏の使僧とともに寧波に送り返されたものの、既に楊宜は趙文華・胡宗憲らによって失脚させられており、却って捕えられて四川省に配流されて7年間にわたって牢に押し込められた。
- When Cheng Shun-kung returned to Ningpo, China together with an envoy monk of the Otomo clan, 楊宜 had already lost his position by 趙文華 and 胡宗憲 -- On the contrary, Cheng Shun-kung was arrested and exiled to Sichuan and imprisoned there for seven years.
- その後新政から離反した尊氏が北朝 (日本)を立て、南北朝時代 (日本)となると、京都争奪戦が何度も行われる(南北朝分裂以後、南朝 (日本)による京都占領は4度行われたが、いずれも短期間で足利軍に撃退されている)。
- Takauji, who distanced himself from the restoration, subsequently established the Northern Court (Japan), and numerous battles for control of Kyoto broke out during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (following the division into the Northern Court and Southern Court, the Southern Court (Japan) occupied Kyoto on four occasions but was repelled by the Ashikaga army within a short space of time).
- 統計的に見て、赤道付近の太平洋中部~東部にかけて海水温が上昇・西部で低下するエルニーニョ現象が発生したときは、日本各地で梅雨入り・梅雨明け共に遅くなる傾向にあり、降水量は平年並み、日照時間は多めとなる傾向にある。
- From a statistical point of view, if El Nino in which the temperature of sea water increases in the middle and east Pacific Ocean and decreases in the west Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of the equator occurs, there is a tendency tsuyuiri and tsuyuake in Japan delay and the amount of rainfall stays as usual and the hours of sunlight increases.
- しかし、後醍醐天皇と足利尊氏との間に亀裂が生じ、南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると吉見頼直は北朝・足利方につき、備後国の国人に兵を送る様に要請したところから、源氏の一門として、一定の地位にあったのではないかといわれる。
- However, when a rift in the relationship between the Emperor Godaigo and Takauji ASHIKAGA developed into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Yoshinao YOSHIMI sided with the Northern Court Ashikaga clan and ordered kokujin (local lords) of the Bingo Province to dispatch their troops; this is the reason why he is believed to have been in a higher position as a Minamoto clan.
- 京大天皇事件(きょうだいてんのうじけん)は、1951年11月12日の昭和天皇の京都大学来学に際し、キャンパスに押しかけた多数の学生との間で混乱が生じ、京大の学生自治会である同学会に解散処分などが下された事件である。
- The Kyodai-Tenno incident was an incident in which disorder arose between the Emperor Showa who visited Kyoto University on November 12, 1951 and many students who gathered at the campus on that day, and Dogakukai, the student self-governing association of Kyoto University, was ordered to dissolve later.
- 尚、この上田合戦に連動して天正13年(1585年)9月から天正14年(1586年)5月まで間、沼田城にも北条氏が数回に渡って攻撃を仕掛けていたが、昌幸の叔父にあたる城代矢沢頼綱(矢沢頼康の父)が撃退に成功している。
- From October 1585 to June 1586, in conjunction with the Battle of Ueda, the Hojo clan attacked Numata-jo Castle several times, but Masayuki's uncle Jodai (the keeper of castle) Yoritsuna YAZAWA (father of Yoriyasu YAZAWA) succeeded to fight them off.
- 正税帳や平城宮跡から発掘された木簡などによって、天平年間にはシステムとして確立されていたこと、貢進は5斗(1俵)単位で行われたこと、ウマを用いて輸送する場合には1頭あたり3俵を運ぶと決められていたことが判明している。
- The Shozeicho and wooden tablets found from the Heijo site have shown that this was established as a system around the Tenpyo era and donations were made in units of 5 'to' (1 hyo/pyo), and it was determined that 3 hyo/pyo per head was to be transported if using a horse.
- 明は日本(幕府)に倭寇の取り締まりを求め、幕府も公船で貿易を行ない、私貿易を禁止すれば、既存の民間貿易の利得を幕府側で一手に引き受けることが可能になるという目論見から、勘合符を用いる貿易が推し進められることとなった。
- As the Ming dynasty required Japan (that is, the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) to crack down on the wako, the bakufu continued to trade using official ships and prohibited private foreign trade in the hope that they could exercise total control over existing profits from private foreign trade; thus, trade using Kangofu was implemented.
- しかし、延喜年間になると諸国の国衙はそれまでの国内公田(口分田・乗田など)の直接支配から、その公田を名(みょう)という単位に分割し、それぞれの名の経営を当時「富豪の輩」と呼ばれていた田堵に請け負わせる体制に移行した。
- In the Engi era, however, kokuga in various provinces shifted the system from the conventional direct control over koden (field administered directly by a ruler, such as kubunden or joden) in the territory to a new system in which the koden was divided into units called myo, and the administration of each myo was contracted out to tato that was called 'rich class' in those days.
- その後17世紀前半(江戸初期)にかけて、キリスト教の布教(キリシタン)と貿易(南蛮貿易)を通じて、日本とスペインの間には盛んな人物の往来が見られ、また衣食住を含む当時の日本の文化や世界観にも影響を与えた(南蛮文化)。
- From then till the first half of the 17th century (the early Edo period), people frequently came and went between Japan and Spain through propagation of Christianity (Christian) and trade (with Spain and Portugal), which had an impact on Japanese culture including housing, food and clothing, and its world view.
- また、農本主義的に思われている家康だが、実際には織田信長、豊臣秀吉と同時代の人間であり、また信長の徹底的な規制緩和による経済振興策をその目で見てきていることからも、成長重視の経済振興派であった可能性が指摘されている。
- Even though Ieyasu was believed to be an agricultural fundamentalist, it is pointed that Ieyasu was, in effect, likely to pursue the growth-oriented economic promotion because he actually lived in the same period as Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and witnessed Nobunaga's economic promotion policy by thorough deregulation.
- 京都市バス・京都バス(それぞれ一部路線除く)および地下鉄全線が乗り放題の「京都観光一日・二日乗車券」が発売されている(他にも市バス均一区間専用の一日乗車券、市外発の市内各線フリーきっぷ込みの割引きっぷ類などもあり)。
- Also available are the 'Kyoto Sightseeing One-Day and Two-Day Pass Cards,' which can be used for the City Bus and Kyoto Bus (excluding certain routes) and for all subway lines; and there are other kinds of tickets available, such as a one-day bus pass for the allocated zone of the city and discount tickets to the city with a one-day pass for all lines in the city.
- 穀倉院は唐の常平倉をモデルとして大同 (日本)年間に設置されたと言われている社会福祉施設の体裁を採っていたが、実際には早い時期より律令制の弛緩によって不足する内廷費用を捻出するための一種の「裏金」捻出の役割を担っていた。
- Although it is said that Kokumotsu-in was a kind of social welfare institution which was established in the Daido era (Japan) using Joheiso (Johei storehouse) of Tang Dynasty as a model, actually it assumed from the very beginning the role of generating slush money to finance naitei-hiyo (daily living and other expenses for the Imperial Family) which was deficient due to the decline of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 貞観年間までに文章博士2名、文章生20名(うち文章得業生2名)、擬文章生20名(文章生の予備生)という構成となり、それでも学問が成就して文章博士になれば貴族に達するために志願者数が絶えず、そのために試験制度が導入された。
- Until the end of the Jogan era, the establishment was settled in two monjo hakase, 20 monjosho (including 2 monjo tokugosho) and 20 gimonjosho (the monjosho reserve); however, as people would be ranked as nobles when becoming monjo hakase with distinguished achievements in the study, the position was endlessly sought after, resulting in the introduction of an examination system.
- 2005年、林野庁では、今後5年間に60万本の無花粉スギを植えるということを2005年に発表したが、1haあたり3,000本を植林すると考えればわずか200ヘクタールにすぎなかった(日本のスギ林は約453万ヘクタール)。
- In 2005, the Forestry Agency announced plans to plant 600,000 pollen-free cedar trees during the next five years but when it is considered that 1 hectare contains 3,000 trees, this is equivalent to a total of only 200 hectares (Japanese cedar tree forests occupy approximately 4,530,000 hectares in Japan).
- その他、1988年(昭和63年)、1991年(平成3年)、1992年(平成4年)、1995年(平成7年)、1999年(平成11年)と3月が比較的長いこと曇雨天が持続した影響で、月間日照時間は北日本除いてかなり少なかった。
- In 1988, 1991, 1992, 1995, and 1999 also, cloudy or rainy days continued rather long in March, hours of sunlight in the month was short excluding north Japan.
- また、塩谷義通については、義綱が家督を継いだのは天正2年(1574年)11月のことであり、義孝の死去から10年のブランクがあるため、正室の子である義綱が元服するまでの間、繋ぎ的に塩谷氏の当主であった可能性も指摘されている。
- As for Yoshimichi SHIONOYA, it is pointed out that, as it was in November 1574 that Yoshitsuna succeeded to the position of family head and there was an unknown period of ten years after the death of Yoshitaka, until Yoshitsuna, a lawful wife's son, went through genpuku, possibly Yoshimichi might have been the family head on a tentative basis.
- 大名の多くが「所領没収」で姿を消し、全国の要所は直轄領(天領)として大名を置かず、多数の親藩大名に大領を持たせ、その合間に外様大名を配置し、譜代大名には小領と中央政治に関与する権利を与えるという絶妙の分割統治策を実施した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate carried out a clever policies of dividing and ruling that many former feudal loads were forced to ruin by the enactment of 'confiscation of territories,' and that the places of strategic importance across Japan were set under the direct control of shogunate (shogunal demesne) avoiding influence of feudal loads (daimyo), who were classified into three groups, namely 'family daimyo' (a feudal load of a Tokugawa family branch or affiliation) with large territories, 'hereditary vassal daimyo' with small territories and the rights to participate in the state administration, and 'outside' daimyo (a feudal load who was not a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa family) with the territories inserted between domains of 'family daimyo.'
- 大内軍は間者を用いて大友軍の動きを調べ、動向を手の内にしたり、虚報を流して大友軍を翻弄したうえ、宇佐郡地頭の佐田氏の主、佐田朝泰の進言を容れ、佐田越えののち4月6日早朝、勢場ヶ原に抜け、大村山に籠もる大友軍の奇襲を図った。
- The Ouchi camp spied out the Otomo camp and embarrassed them, confused the Otomo camp by sending false reports to them -- Then, by taking the advice of Tomoyasu SADA, jito (Steward) in Usa-gun County and the head of the Sada clan, the Ouchi clan went over Sada, and in the early morning on May 28, 1534, went through to the Seiba ga haru field and made a surprise attack on the Otomo camp hidden in Mt. Omure.
- また、契約期間中に買主に違約があった場合には売主は本銭返と同じように直ちに買戻しが認められた(本銭弁償文言)をはじめ、売主の課役負担や抵当物件の処理、入質の設定、罪科文言などの多くの条件が契約を記した証文中に記されていた。
- Furthermore, most contracts had many provisos written into them that stipulated the wording of what constituted a crime or breach to ensure that if the buyer broke the agreement made with the buyer during the contract period, it would be recognized that the seller would immediately buy back whatever was sold, just as with a honsengaeshi (a land sale that had the seller buy the land back in such a situation; nenki-uri were also worded in such a way as to have sellers buy back whatever had been sold), and moreover, that the seller's obligations for labor (and the distribution of other assignments) as well as the collateral offered for the sale would be disposed of, and that those possessions which could be sold would be pawned.
- 『平家物語』で「三日平氏の乱」とされているが、本来3日間で鎮圧され「三日平氏の乱」と称されたのは、この20年後の元久元年(1204年)三日平氏の乱 (鎌倉時代)の事件であり、この1184年の平氏反乱は大規模なものであった。
- It was referred to as the 'Three-day War by the Taira Clan' in 'Heike Monogatari' (The tale of the Heike), but it was the incident of Three-day War by the Taira Clan (Kamakura period) in 1204, 20 years later, which was really suppressed in three days and was originally called 'Three-day War by the Taira Clan,' while this rebellion by the Taira clan in 1184 was a major one.
- これは、先に徳川・北条間で結ばれた和議の条件に、信濃は徳川が、上野は北条がそれぞれ支配するという内容が盛り込まれていたことによるが、信濃の他に上野の沼田市にも領地を持つ昌幸が、自領が失われることを恐れたためといわれている。
- This was because the conditions of the pacification between Tokugawa and Hojo included an article that Tokugawa should rule Shinano and Hojo should rule Kozuke, and it is also said to be because Masayuki--who had territories in Numata City, in Kozuke, in addition to Shinano--was afraid of losing his own territory there.
- また、大正には、西舞鶴駅-宮津駅間の鉄道敷設に際し、当初、この峠を経て由良川に出、川沿いに北上させる計画であったが、工事に困難を極め、現在のルート(北近畿タンゴ鉄道北近畿タンゴ鉄道宮津線西舞鶴駅~丹後神崎駅)に敷設された。
- In addition, there was a plan to build a rail road between Nishi-Maizuru and Miyazu Stations across the mountain pass by jutting out at the Yura-gawa River and running it north along the river, but construction proved difficult and it was constructed on the current route (Kitakinki Tango Railway Miyazu Line Nishi-Maizuru Station - Tango Kanzaki Station).
- しかし明治27年に勃発した日清戦争を契機に大阪は「東洋のマンチェスター」と呼ばれる日本最大の商工業都市に発展し、神戸は東洋最大の港湾都市へ飛躍するなど、再び日本における文化・経済の中心地となった(阪神間モダニズムも参照)。
- However, through the Sino-Japanese War which broke out in 1894, Osaka developed into the largest industrial and commercial city in Japan, called the 'Manchester of the East,' while Kobe had rapidly progressed to become the largest port city in the East, causing the cities to once more be the center of culture and economy in Japan (also refer to the Hanshin-kan Modernism).
- 更に藤原氏などの有力諸氏が自己の氏族に属する学生のために大学別曹を設置して生活を支援したことから、大学寮に替わって大学別曹の支援を受けた有力紙族の子弟と生活支援を失った他氏の学生の間に一種の「格差」が生じるようになっていった。
- Further, as influential clans like the Fujiwara clan started to support the students of the clan by establishing their own Daigaku-besso (academic facility for nobles), a kind of 'gap' was created between the students of influential clans who were supported by Daigaku-besso and students of other clans who lost the support of living.
- 刈田狼藉紛争とは、国内の武士・荘官などの間に起こった所領紛争に他ならず、刈田狼藉検断権を獲得したことによって、守護は国内の武士・荘官へ大きな影響を及ぼすことが可能となり、以後、室町期守護は国内武士・荘官の被官化を進めていった。
- Karita-rozeki disputes were just territory-related disputes occurring among warriors or shokan in a state; after shugo acquired the karita-rozeki related kendan power, they were able to have significant influence on warriors and shokan of the state, and afterward, shugo in the Muromachi period worked hard to vassalize warriors and shokan of the state.
- 慶長8年2月12日 (旧暦)(1603年3月24日)に徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられ江戸(現在の東京)に幕府が開かれた時を始まりとし、慶応3年10月14日 (旧暦)(1867年11月15日)に大政奉還するまでの264年間を指す。
- This period started at the time when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed shogun (a barbarian-quelling generalissimo) and settled the government in Edo (present Tokyo) on March 24, 1603, and lasted till the return of political power to the Emperor (taisei hokan) on November 15, 1867 for 264 years.
- 一方で、林野庁は花粉症対策の重点をスギの選択的な間伐に求めてきたが、2006年、花粉の抑制効果について誤解を招く発表をしていたことがマスコミの指摘により明らかになり、従来からの植え替えに消極的な姿勢に疑問が持たれることもあった。
- On the other hand, the Forestry Agency focused its pollinosis countermeasures on the selective felling Japanese cedar trees but in 2006 the media brought to light an announcement that caused misunderstanding regarding the suppressive effect on pollen, and there is doubt surrounding the passive stance toward conventional transplantation.
- ただ、全ルートの踏破には1000メートル級の峠3つを越えなければならず、一度山道に入ると長時間にわたって集落と行き合うことがないため本格的な登山の準備が必要で、冬季には積雪が見られるため、不用意なアプローチは危険と言われている。
- There are three passes having altitudes of over 1000 meters must be crossed and there are no communities for many hours after starting off, therefore full mountain climber's rig is required to travel the whole route, moreover snow falls in winter, so it is warned that this road is dangerous to carelessly try to travel on foot.
- 太政官符・太政官牒の発給には直接の担当者ではない少納言や外記が関与したり、天皇の御璽の請印などが必要とされたために、手続が煩雑でしかも間に儀礼的な文書授受や請印を求めるための儀礼が加わるなど、緊急時には対応が出来ないものであった。
- The daijokanpu or dajokancho was not fit for emergencies because shonagon and geki, who were not directly in charge of their issuance, were implicated, because the imperial stamp was needed for their issuance and because the procedures were complicated and often necessitated ceremonious events: exchange of documents, stamping etc.
- 更に応永7年(1400年)に信濃守護職小笠原長秀との間で行われた大塔合戦では、高梨氏や井上一族など北信濃衆は500騎を動員しており、この数は信濃国人衆の筆頭(信濃惣大将)である村上氏と同数で、東信濃の名族海野氏の300騎を上回る。
- In the Oto War between Nagahide OGASAWARA, the Shinano governor, and local lords in 1400, northern Shinano lords such as the Takanashi clan and the Inoue family gathered 500 warriors, while the Murakami clan gathered 500 warriors and the prominent Unno clan of eastern Shinano gathered only 300.
- 例えば、明応7年(1498年)、越後国守護上杉房能は、越後国内において守護使不入の主張を認めない事を宣言し、永正年間には駿河国守護今川氏親が幕府の許可を得ずに遠江国守護斯波氏を追って同国を支配して守護使不入地に対しても検地を行った。
- In 1498, for example, Fusayoshi UESUGI, the Governor of Echigo Province, declared that he would not approve to claim shugoshi funyu within Echigo Province, and during the Eisho era (1504-1521) Ujichika IMAGAWA, the Governor of Suruga Province, expelled the Shiba clan, the Governor of Totomi Province, without permission of the bakufu, ruled the province, and conducted a land survey even in the territories specified as shugoshi funyuchi.
- 大宝律令では『九章算術』・『六章』・『綴術』の基本の3書のうち1つから3問、それ以外の6書から各1問ずつの計9問を出題して6つ正解すれば及第としたが、3問出題される基本書からの出題を間違えた場合には他の8問が正解でも不合格とされた。
- In the Taiho Code, a total of nine questions were delivered, three from one of the three basic documents ('Kyushosanjutsu,' 'Rokusho' and 'Tenjutsu'), and one from each of the other six documents; students passed if they answered six correctly, but failed if they gave wrong answers to any of the three questions drawn from the basic documents, even if they had answered the other eight correctly.
- 江戸における嘉永年間(1850年頃)の就学率は70~86%といわれており、イギリスの主な工業都市で20~25%(1837年)、フランス1.4%(1793年)、ソビエト連邦20%(1920年、モスクワ)と、外国に比べ就学率が高かった。
- The percentage of children attending school was about 70 to 86 % in the Edo period around 1850s, and was higher compared to foreign countries such as 20 to 25% for major industrial cities in Britain (1837), 1.4% for France (1793) and 20% for the Soviet Union (1920, Moscow).
- 梅雨(ばいう、つゆ。黴雨とも)とは、北海道と小笠原諸島を除く日本、朝鮮半島南部、中華人民共和国の華南や華中の沿海部、および台湾など、東アジアの広範囲において見られる特有の気象で、5月から7月にかけて毎年巡って来る雨の多い期間のこと。
- Baiu (called also 'tsuyu' and written also as '黴雨' [meaning 'rain of molds']) is a rainy period from May to July every year which is typical meteorological phenomenon seen in a wide area covering Japan excluding Hokkaido and Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands), the southern part of Korean Peninsula, coastal area of People's Republic of China including south and center China and Taiwan.
- この状態は、平将門の乱(930-931年)から100年後の平忠常の乱(1028-1031年)においても変わらず、それが故に平忠常の乱は近隣数ヶ国が「亡国」となり、朝廷はその復興の為に4年間も官物を免除しなければならなかったほどである。
- This situation did not differ during TAIRA no Masakado's War (930-931) or in the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune (1028-1031) a hundred years later because several neighboring provinces became 'ruined provinces' after the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune and the imperial court had to exempt kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) for four years in order to recover.
- 日記終了の下限とされる天暦7年2月23日は、親王薨去の1年6ヶ月前(親王は天暦8年9月14日に薨去)であるため、その間の日記が存在しなかったとは考えがたい(同時代の公卿で親王の舅でもある藤原師輔は、薨去2日前まで日記を筆録している。)
- The earliest possible date for the diary's last entry is said to be April 14, 953; however, as this is a date one year and a half prior to the death Imperial Prince Shigeakira (the Imperial Prince passed away on October 18, 954), the possibility that which he did not make any entries in his diary during this period may be significantly low (Morosuke FUJIWARA, who was a court noble contemporary with Imperial Prince and also his farther-in-law, made entries in his diary until two days before his death).
- 勢場ヶ原の戦い/勢場ヶ原合戦(せいばがはるのたたかい/せいばがはるかっせん)とは、中国地方の大名大内義隆と豊後の大名大友義鑑との間で天文 (元号)3年(1534年)4月に、豊後大村山付近(現大分県杵築市山香町山浦近辺)で行われた合戦。
- Seiba ga haru no tatakai or Seiba ga haru kassen (Seiba ga haru Battle) was the battle fought between Daimyo (feudal lord) Yoshitaka OUCHI in the Chugoku District (western Honshu) and Daimyo Yoshiaki OTOMO in Bungo Province in May 1534 all over Mt. Omure in Bungo Province (present Yamaura, Yamaga-machi town, Kitsuki City, Oita Prefecture).
- なお、検地による石盛の修正があった場合、石盛の増加分を石盛出目(こくもりでめ)、減少分を石盛違引(こくもりちがいびき)と称し、土地の名目が上昇(畠→田)を石間出石(こくましゅっこく)、反対に下落(田→畠)を石間引(こくまびき)と称した。
- Furthermore, when Kokumori was to be revised in a land survey, an increase in Kokumori was called 'Kokumori-deme' and a decrease was called 'Kokumori-chigaibiki'; the term used when upgrading a piece of land (e.g.: from a field to a rice paddy) became called 'Kokuma-shukkoku' and downgrading (e.g.: from a rice paddy to a field) became called 'Kokuma-biki.'
- 一、伴天連其知恵之法を以 心さし次第に檀那を持候と被思召候へは 如右日域之仏法を相破事曲事候条 伴天連儀日本之地ニハおかされ間敷候間 今日より廿日之間に用意仕可帰国候 其中に下々伴天連に不謂族(儀の誤りか)申懸もの在之ハ 曲事たるへき事
- 1. The missionaries held temples' supporters with their wits as they desired and destroyed the Buddhist law, therefore, they should not be allowed in the land of Japan, and should prepare to leave and return to their country within twenty days from this day, and also those who harm the missionaries during this period shall be punished.
- こうした政策は公家政権では後嵯峨天皇・亀山天皇院政期、武家政権では北条時宗・北条貞時政権(安達泰盛補佐)期にあたる文永・弘安年間に最高潮に達し、いわゆる「弘安徳政」のもとで各種の神領興行が行われたほか、寺院に対しても同様の措置が見られた。
- The policy was culminated in the Bunei era and Koan era which corresponded to the period of the cloistered emperor's governments by Emperor Gosaga and Emperor Kameyama in the imperial court administration, and the period of the government led by Tokimune HOJO and the government led by Sadatoki HOJO (Yasumori ADACHI as an advisor), when various kinds of Shinryo Kogyo were conducted to shrines and similar policies were also conducted to the temples under the so-called 'Koan Tokusei.'
- また、同じく中部~東部で海水温が低下・西部で上昇するラニーニャ現象が発生したときは、沖縄で梅雨入りが遅めになるのを除き、日本の一部で梅雨入り・梅雨明けともに早くなる傾向にあり、降水量は一部を除き多め、日照時間はやや少なめとなる傾向にある。
- If La Nina in which the temperature of sea water decreases in the middle and east Pacific Ocean and increases in the west Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of the equator occurs, there is a tendency tsuyuiri and tsuyuake in certain part of Japan come earlier than usual except Okinawa where tsuyuiri is delayed and the amount of rainfall increases excluding certain part and the hours of sunlight decreases.
- 近年の年間観光客数は、松島が約370万人(奥松島や塩竈市などを含む松島全体では622万人)、宮島が約309万人(対岸も含めた廿日市市全体では562万人)、天橋立が約267万人(阿蘇海に面する宮津市と与謝野町の合計は約371万人)となっている。
- The annual number of visitors for sightseeing in recent years is approximately 3,700 thousands (6,220 thousands for total Matsushima including Okumatsushima, Shiogama and so on), approximately 3,090 thousands for Miyajima (5,620 thousands for total Hatsukaichi City including opposite shore) and approximately 2,670 thousands for Amanohashidate (approximately 3,710 thousands for the total of Miyazu City and Yosano-cho which face Aso-kai [inland sea]).
- 米国は国内世論の高まりなどを受けて協議に復帰したが、現在の枠組みに反発し条約改正を視野に交渉に臨む日本・米国・ロシア・オーストラリアなどと、既存の枠組みを進め先進国主導の削減を訴える EU などとの間の対立構造が形成されつつあると指摘されている。
- America has come back to the conference because of the upsurge of domestic public opinion, however, the following issue of conflict between America and other developed countries is pointed out: America, while objecting to the present framework, opposes to Japan, Russia, Australia and so on, which negotiate for the treaty revision, and also opposes to EU, which aims to promote the present framework and to reduce the emissions led by developed countries.
- この時革命を起こそうと考えた者の武装やヤクザの抗争の影響でより一層武器の取締りが厳しくなり、特に銃器関連を所持するには銃器にもよるが、数ヶ月期間の審査が必要であり、少なくとも暴力行為を前提に銃器を合法的に所持するのは日本では事実上不可能になった。
- Since those who planned revolutions bore arms and gangs (yakuza) started conflicts, the law was reinforced and a several month examination (the period depends on the kind of firearms) was required to possess a firearm-related weapon, making the legal possession of firearms for the purpose of violence virtually impossible in any event in Japan.
- こうした中、儒教では利益の追求は欲望を生み出して人間を堕落の方向に向かわせると考えられ、商工業に携わること自体が本来の人間があるべき姿に反する行為として否定的に捉えられていたが、実際には貨幣経済や産業の発達により商人が経済の主導権を握るようになった。
- In Confucianism, it was thought that profit pursuing would lead to desires that would ultimately cause a human being to deteriorate and that activities of involved in commerce and industry themselves would be contrary to what a human being should be; nevertheless, under the above-mentioned circumstances, merchants took the initiative in an economy based on the development of a monetary economy and industry.
- 東海道・山陽新幹線沿線からは、大阪市内や神戸市内と比べて関西地区の各空港との距離が離れている事(一番近い大阪国際空港でも1時間はかかる)や、京都駅にのぞみ (列車)をはじめ全ての列車が停車することから、新幹線が航空機に対して圧倒的に優位に立っている。
- From places along the Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen lines, the Shinkansen has a clear advantage over airplanes since, compared to Osaka City and Kobe City, Kyoto City is far away from airports in the Kansai area (at least an hour away from the nearest, Osaka International Airport) and every train (including the Nozomi) stops at Kyoto Station.
- 古くから名所として知られており、一例として百人一首の小式部内侍の歌「大江山 いく野の道の 遠ければ まだふみもみず 天橋立」が見られるほか、丹後国風土記には、イザナギが天に昇るためのはしごが、イザナギが寝ている間に倒れて天橋立になったとの記述がある。
- Since it has been famous from ancient times, examples can be found in literature, such as the poem by KOSHIKIBU no Naishi in the Hyakunin-isshu, 'By Mt. Oe the road to Ikuno is long, I have not yet seen Amanohashidate'; and in the Tango no Kuni Fudoki it is written that Izanagi had a ladder to climb to heaven, but it fell over while he was sleeping and became Amanohashidate.
- こうした形態は結城氏や佐竹氏、宇都宮氏、小田氏などに見られ、これらの大名間の外交交渉の文書・書簡を見ても「当洞」・「○○洞中」などの表現が見られる(なお、西国でも似たような構造を有した毛利氏の文書中にも「洞」の語が登場するが、特異な例と考えられている)。
- This sort of organization was established by such clans as the Satake clan, Utsunomiya clan and Oda clan, and the words '当洞' (todo) or 'OO 洞中' (OO dochu) were used in the documents and letters of diplomatic negotiations exchanged between daimyo (Although the daimyo of the Mori clan, who was the daimyo of the western region of Japan, had a similar organization and also used the character '洞' in their documents, it is considered to be an exceptional case).
- そこで、白石は、「対等」「簡素」「和親」を骨子として、まず待遇を簡素化し、対馬から江戸の間で宴席は下関市、鞆の浦、大坂、京都、名古屋、駿府の6ヶ所に限定し、他の宿所では食料の提供にとどめることとし、接待には通過する各藩の藩主が出向かずともよいことにした。
- Then Hakuseki simplified the treatment of the envoy as in the following based on 'Being equal,' 'Being simple,' and 'Being friendly:' For simplifying the treatment, banquets should be held at the six places of Shimonoseki City, Tomonoura, Osaka, Kyoto, Nagoya and Sunpu between Tsushima and Edo, only meals should be provided in other lodging places, and the lords of the domains where the envoy passed should not be required to go to meet the envoy.
- 小野篁の後裔といわれているが、安田元久は諸系図の精査や世代間の年数の計算、当時の国司の任命状況から見て後世の作為で、実際は在地の開発領主の末裔であろうと推測し、太田亮の『姓氏家系辞典』での所見である武蔵国造の末裔ではないかという見解を消極的に支持している。
- It is generally believed that the party were descendants of ONO no Takamura; however, Motohisa YASUDA carefully examined family trees, and calculated the number of years among generations, and studied appointments of kokushi (provincial governors) at that time, and consequently thought that this was contrived by later generations, and the party were actually descendants of kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land), and passively supported a view that the party may have been descendants of Musashinokuni-no-MIYATSUKO, which is a view found in the 'Seishi Kakei Jiten' (Dictionary of Family Names and Lineages in Japan) by Akira OTA.
- この主従関係は騎士道物語などのイメージから誠実で奉仕的な物と考えられがちだが、実際にはお互いの契約を前提とした現実的なもので、また両者の関係が双務的であった事もあり、主君が臣下の保護を怠ったりした場合は短期間で両者の関係が解消されるケースも珍しくなかった。
- This relationship of master and servant is often connected with the image of chivalric tales and seen as faithful and self-sacrificing, but it is in fact, a realistic relationship based on a mutual agreement, and the relationship was reciprocal and sometimes dissolved in shortly when the lord failed to protect his retainer.
- 江戸中期には、農村生活の疲弊が見られるようになったが、18世紀後期~19世紀前期(寛政期~文化文政期)ごろ、幕府は農村復興を大々的に進め、潅漑用水の整備や荒廃地の開発、そのための資金融資を実施するとともに、有能な者を代官に任命して長期間、同一職務にあたらせた。
- During the middle of the Edo period life in farming villages was exhausting, but during the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century (from Kansei era to Bunkabunsei era) the Edo bakufu began to drastically revive the farming villages, maintained irrigation facilities and developed denuded lands as well as made loans for them, appointed competent men as daikan (managing post instead of the landlord) and made him perform the same duties for a long time.
- 秀吉は、1月17日、寺沢志摩守を通じて玄雅に、「今度大明人蔚山取還之由注進付 而為後巻雖押出候敵引退之由 既に自此方も安芸中納言 増田右衛門 因幡但馬大和紀伊九鬼父子等可取立旨雖被仰付候右之分候間不及是非候 云々」の朱印状とともに、小袖一服、道服一服を与えた。
- On February 22, Hideyoshi sent Terasawa Shima-no-Kami to award Harumasa a letter bearing his seal, along with a kimoto with short sleeves and a set of formal clothes; the letter told Harumasa that 今度大明人蔚山取還之由注進付 而為後巻雖押出候敵引退之由 既に自此方も安芸中納言 増田右衛門 因幡但馬大和紀伊九鬼父子等可取立旨雖被仰付候右之分候間不及是非候 云々
- 西欧のフューダリズムで複数の契約関係や、短期間での契約破棄・変更がみられたのと同様、日本でも実際のところ戦国時代 (日本)まで主従関係は流動的なものであり、「二君にまみえず」という語に示されるような主君への強い忠誠が求められたのは、江戸時代に入ってからである。
- Similar to the Western feudalism, under which multiple contractual relationships and dissolution/alteration of contracts were seen, in Japan, the master-and-servant relationship was fluid and unshaken loyalty as shown in the saying ' A faithful retainer will never serve two masters' was not required until the Edo period.
- 美術史上の区分でも710年までを飛鳥時代とする場合もあるが、法隆寺が火災で炎上した(『日本書紀』による)670年、ないし天武天皇即位の673年あたりを始期として、以後平城遷都までの期間は「白鳳時代」または「奈良時代前期」として別の時代と見るのが通例となっている。
- Even from the perspective of art history, the period until 710 is occasionally deemed the Asuka period, but commonly, the period until 710 from 670 (the year 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) says Horyu-ji Temple burned down) -- or from around 673 (the year Emperor Tenmu ascended to the throne) -- is deemed another period (called the Hakuho period, or the Nara period's earlier half).
- ただし、これらの指摘は三代格式と対となる三代儀式の編纂あるいは存在が否定されたに過ぎず、格式の編纂も「儀式」の編纂も律令法の補完を目的として行われた事業であり、格式の編纂と単独事業として行われた内裏式や貞観儀式の編纂との間には、何らかの関連性があったと考えられている。
- The above indications, however, merely denied that the Sandai Gishiki corresponding to the Sandai Kyakushiki were neither compiled nor did they exist, and it was still accepted that both the compilation of Kyakushiki and the compilation of 'Gishiki' were projects taken for complementing the ritsuryo law and that compilation of the Kyakushiki had some relationship to the compilation of Dairi shiki and Jogan Gishiki each of which were a single project.
- この計画は「花粉の少ない森づくり」というプロジェクト名で、自然保護活動家として知られる作家のC.W.ニコル氏らが代表発起人となり、多摩地域のスギ林の伐採および花粉の少ない品種のスギや広葉樹への植え替えなどを50年計画で行い、今後10年間で花粉の量を2割削減するという。
- The project, which is named 'Kafun no Sukunai Morizukuri' (lit. The Creation of Low-Pollen Forests) and has conservationist and author C. W. NICOL serving as representative promoter, aims to fell Japanese cedar forests in the Tama area and transplant them with low-pollen Japanese cedar cultivars and broadleaf trees over a 50 year period as well as reduce pollen levels by 20% over the next 10 years.
- バテレン追放令は、既に豊臣秀吉が発令していたが、鎖国の直接的契機となったのは島原の乱で、キリスト教と一揆(中世の国人一揆と近世の百姓一揆の中間的な性格を持つもの)が結び付いたことにより、その鎮圧が困難であったため、キリスト教の危険性が強く認識されたためであると言われる。
- Although Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI promulgated the edict expelling the European missionaries before, the Shimabara Uprising is said to be the direct trigger for the national isolation policy for the reason that the combination of Christianity and the riot (the intermediate nature between an uprising of powerful local samurai in the medieval period and a peasant's revolt during the early-modern period) turned out to be so difficult to suppress that Christianity was strongly recognized as danderous.
- また、近年は関心の高まりを受けて第三者機関が認証する排出削減量 (VER Verified Emissions Reduction) が民間で取引されるようになったが(カーボンオフセット、グリーン電力証書などを参照)これらは一般に京都メカニズムの枠外で行われる取引である。
- Also with escalation in interest these days, the amount of emissions reduction verified by the third-party institution (VER: Verified Emissions Reduction) is being traded among private sectors (see Carbon Offset, Green Electricity Certificate and so on); note that these trades are made in general out of the framework of the Kyoto Mechanisms.
- 「つわもの」の語源は明らかではないが、竹内理三は、大槻文彦が『大言海』の中で「鍔物(つみはもの)の略にて、兵器、特に鍔(つば)あれば云うとぞ」と書かれていることを紹介しながら、9世紀頃までは武器を指した言葉であることは間違いがなく、10世紀頃から「武者」と同義になるとする。
- The origin of the word 'tsuwamono' is uncertain, but Rizo TAKEUCHI referred to it as 'the abbreviation of tsuwamono (guard) or a weapon mentioned especially when there is a tsuba (sword guard)' in 'Daigenkai' (literally, great sea of words, a Japanese dictionary) by Fumihiko OTSUKI, and applied to weapons until the ninth century without a doubt and became a synonym for 'busha' from the tenth century.
- 福岡県八女市の医師石橋正良宅に伝わる『石橋氏系図』によると、八女地方の石橋一族は、清和源氏の血を引く肥前出身の武士で豊後大友氏の門族である筑後国下田城主堤貞元の重臣石橋右衛門盛清(慶長6年没)が天正年間(1573年から1593年)に、筑後国生葉郡星野村に定住したのがはじまりである。
- According to the 'Ishibashi Clan Family Tree' handed down to Dr 石橋正良 of Yame City, Fukuoka Prefecture, the Ishibashi clan in the Yame region started when Uemon-morikiyo ISHIBASHI (died in 1601), a senior vassal of the lord of the Shimoda-jo Castle of the Chikugo Province 堤貞元 who was a Seiwa Genji-lined samurai from Hizen Province and a family member of the Otomo clan of the Bungo Province, settled in Hoshino-mura village, Ikuha County, Chikugo Province in a certain point of the Tensho era (1573 - 1593).
- しかしその実は、当時世界最高水準の複式簿記考案(中井源左衛門・日野商人)(小倉栄一郎『江州中井家帳合の法』)や、契約ホテルのはしりとも言える「大当番仲間」制度の創設(日野商人)、現在のチェーン店の考えに近い出店・枝店を積極的に開設するなど、徹底した合理化による流通革命だったと評価されている。
- In reality, however, they are now considered the pioneers who brought revolutionary changes to the distribution business by strictly pursuing the concept of streamlining, as seen in the examples of the invention of the double-entry system in bookkeeping by a merchant from Hino, Genzaemon NAKAI, which was at the highest level in the word at that time (according to Eiichi OGURA 'Goshu Nakai-ke chogo no ho' (bookkeeping method of the Nakai family in Omi Province)); the establishment of the system of 'Otoban nakama' by the merchants from Hino, which can said to be an early concept of the contracted hotel; and the expansion of the business by proactively opening branches, which is a similar concept to today's chain stores.
- 京都議定書第3条では、2008年から2012年までの期間中に、先進国全体の温室効果ガス6種の合計排出量を1990年に比べて少なくとも 5%削減することを目的と定め、続く第4条では、各締約国が二酸化炭素とそれに換算した他5種以下の排出量について、以下の割当量を超えないよう削減することを求めている。
- Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol states a target in which the total amount of emissions of the six greenhouse gases in the developed countries should be reduced by at least 5% compared to that of 1990 during the period of 2008 through 2012, and in Article 4 it is stated that the total amount of emissions of carbon dioxide and other five gases the amount of which is expressed in the equivalent value of carbon dioxide should be reduced so that the emissions does not exceed the following assigned target values.
- 光綱の子孫・及川光重は、下総国の結城氏の家臣となって下総に土着、その子孫・及川光房は白河結城氏の家臣となり奥州(福島県)にも所領を得た(喜多方市に「笈川村」という地名あり、あるいはこの頃の及川氏に関係あるやにも思われるが、この地名ができたのは承応年間以後のことでそれ以前は新国(にっくに)といった)。
- Mitsutsuna's offspring Mitsushige OIKAWA became a retainer of the Yuki clan in Shimousa Province and was localized in Shimousa, and Mitsushige's offspring Mitsufusa OIKAWA became a retainer of the Shirakawa Yuki clan and obtained territory in Oshu (Fukushima Prefecture) (there is the place name 'Oikawa village' in Kitakata City, which may suggest that there was a relationship with the Oikawa clan in those days, but the birth of the place name was after the Shoo era and previously it was called Nikkuni).
- 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ/SCAP)は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
- According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 実際に効力を持っていたと考えられている「儀式」としては、弘仁11年(820年)に嵯峨天皇に完成が上奏された「内裏式」とほぼ相前後して編纂された「内裏儀式」(前後関係については不明)があり、続いて貞観 (日本)年間に編纂された「貞観儀式」(「“儀式”」)、村上天皇の頃に作成された「新儀式」が知られている。
- As 'Gishiki' which might have been virtually effective, 'Dairi Gishiki' which was compiled almost simultaneously with 'Dairi shiki,' the completion of which was reported to Emperor Saga in 820 (it was unknown which of them was completed first), then 'Jogan Gishiki' ('Gishiki') which was compiled in the Jogan era, and 'Shingishiki' which was made during the tenure of Emperor Murakami, were known.
- 運行地域は、市バスが旧市街地中心で、京阪京都交通は西京区並びに亀岡市方面からの乗り入れ、京都バスが右京区嵯峨地区と左京区岩倉・鞍馬・大原地区、京阪バスが山科区と伏見区東部および比叡山方面、阪急バスが西京区(洛西ニュータウン)、西日本JRバスが旧京北町からの乗り入れとなっているが、一部競合区間が存在する。
- The City Bus operates mainly around the old urban area: Keihan Kyoto Kotsu from Nishikyo Ward and Kameoka City to the central area, the Kyoto Bus around the Saga area in Ukyo Ward and Iwakura, Kurama, Ohara area in Sakyo Ward, the Keihan Bus around Yamashina Ward, the east area of Fushimi Ward and Mt. Hiei-zan, the Hankyu Bus around Nishikyo Ward (Rakusai New Town), and the West JR Bus from former Keihoku-cho to the central area (some routes overlap).
- また、「文章道」の名も通称に過ぎなかったあるいはそうした名称すら無かったと言われている(そもそも大学寮において学科の名称が公式に採用されたのは、遥か後世の貞観_(日本)年間(明文化された初出を『貞観式』とする)説もあり、これを採用すれば「文章科」というものはあっても「文章道」は存在しなかったことになる)。
- In addition, there is a theory which claims that the name 'monjodo' was only a popular name or which even denies the existence of the name (in the first place, the names of subjects were officially adopted during the Jogan era (or clearly specified for the first time in 'Joganshiki Code'), which was much later than this time, and if this is true, there must have been 'monjo ka' but not 'monjodo').
- 通説によれば、延喜年間に延喜格式と並行して編纂が行われたとされ、『本朝法家目録文書』及び『本朝書籍目録』によれば、ともに10巻とし、前者には約90条の目録を掲げているが、『北山抄』・『江家次第』・『中右記』などにその逸文とされるものが記載されており、藤原俊憲の『貫首秘抄』でも職事が持つべき書として挙げている。
- It was commonly accepted that Engi Gishiki was compiled in parallel with Engi Kyakushiki during the Engi era -- According to 'Honcho hoke mokuroku monjo' (Catalogue of legalist documents in our country) and 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' (Catalogue of books in our country), Engi Gishiki and Engi Kyakushiki were in ten volumes respectively and ninety items were listed for the former; and such documents as 'Hokuzansho' (Manual of court rules and customs), 'Goke shidai' (Ritual Compendium by the House of Oe), and 'Chuyuki' (The Diary of the Minister of the Right, written by Munetada FUJIWARA) recorded the parts which was considered to be a surviving fragment of the former; and 'Kanju hisho' (also referred to as Kanzu hisho; Secret Notes by Head Chamberlain) written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori recommended the former as a must for Shikiji (Chamberlains).
- 編者・成立年代について、平安時代末期の保安 (元号)2年(1121年)、3年に書写された最古の写本(現宮内庁書陵部所蔵)が、小槻氏に永く秘蔵されていたことから、小槻氏によって編纂され、本書収録の最も新しい年次の文書が寛治7年正月19日の宣旨であるため、寛治7年から保安2年までの間に成立したと従来考えられてきた。
- Its oldest manuscript (now kept in the Imperial Household Archives) copied in 1121 to 1122, towards the end of the Heian period, was kept secretly by the Ozuki clan for a long time, with the latest document included there concerned with an imperial decree issued on 23 February, 1093, and therefore, it has been considered that the document was completed between 1093 and 1121.
- 湊川の戦い(みなとがわのたたかい)は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年7月4日((建武 (日本)3年)5月25日 (旧暦))に、摂津国湊川(現・兵庫県神戸市中央区_(神戸市)・兵庫区)で、九州から東上して来た足利尊氏・足利直義兄弟らの軍と、これを迎え撃った後醍醐天皇方の新田義貞・楠木正成の軍との間で行われた合戦である。
- The Battle of Minatogawa was fought on July 12, 1336 during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) in Minatogawa, Settsu Province (modern day Chuo Ward/Hyogo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture) between the forces of the brothers Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA who had traveled east from Kyushu and Yoshisada NITTA and Masashige KUSUNOKI who were loyal to Emperor Godaigo.
- 西園寺家の鳥羽の荘園は鳥羽荘と称されて、『管見記』によれば応仁の乱最中の文明 (日本)年間にも西園寺家の支配が確認でき、室町幕府官僚の大舘尚氏による『大舘常興日記』には大永5年(1527年)に行われていた西園寺家の鳥羽荘と久我家の久我荘の境相論についての覚書が残されているなど、戦国時代 (日本)まで同家の所領であった。
- The manor in Toba, called Toba no sho, was owned by the Saionji family as their shoryo (territory) until the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) as described in 'Kankenki' (The house diary of the Saionji family) which shows the manor was ruled by the Saionji family during the Onin War in Bunmei era (1469 to 1486), and in 'Odachi Joko Nikki' (The Diary of Joko ODACHI) written by Hisauji ODACHI, who was a bureaucrat of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which contains a memorandum regarding the dispute over the boundaries between the Saionji family's Toba no sho and the Koga family's Koga no sho (manor), and so on.
- 延宝4年(1676年)6月には神武天皇から後醍醐天皇までの本紀が清書され、天和 (日本)年間には『新撰紀伝』104巻として完成するが、光圀は南北朝合一の後亀山天皇期まで扱う必要性と内容上の不備を感じ、同年には彰孝館に総裁を置いて機構を改革し、新館を新築して史館員も増員させ、国史以外にも詩文集など編纂事業が拡大していった。
- Honki from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Daigo was written in June, 1676 and the book was completed as 'Shinsenkiden,' the 104 volumes, between 1681 and 1683 but Mitsukuni felt it was necessity to cover the reign of the Emperor Go-Kameyama and he was dissatisfied with its insufficient contents, so he reformed the compiling organization, created a post for president in Shokokan, built a new building, increased the number of staff and expanded its work to compiling collections of poems.
- 11-12世紀の間に、開発領主として発展していったことが豊富な資料で裏付けられる安芸国高田郡の藤原氏、但馬国温泉郷(ゆのごう)の平氏、伊賀国名張郡の丈部(はせつかべ)氏、下総国相馬御厨の千葉氏、その他の例をみても、彼らが当時の「武士の棟梁」と言われた軍事貴族と人格的な主従関係をもっていたと証明することは非常に困難とされる。
- It was hard to prove that the Fujiwara clan of Takata County, Aki Province, Taira clan of Yunogo, Tanba Province, Hasetsukabe clan of Nabari County, Iga Province, and Chiba clan of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch), Shimosa Province that developed as the kaihatsu-ryoshu between eleventh-twelfth century, and other examples proven by many historical manuscripts, had master and servant relationships with the military aristocrats called 'toryo of bushi' at that time.
- 『続日本後紀』嘉祥元年7月丙戌(29日)条(848年8月31日)に平安京内で落雷があり破損した建物の中に弘文院が含まれていること、仁和元年(885年)に菅原道真が弘文院を訪問した時に詠んだとされる漢詩(「秋夜宿弘文院」)が『菅家文章』に残されていることから、少なくても弘文院設置から80年間は存在していたものと考えられている。
- Since the entry for August 31, 848 in 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued) contains the description that lightning struck in Heiankyo and damaged some buildings, which included the Kobunin, and since a Chinese poem ('秋夜宿弘文院') supposedly composed by SUGAWARA no Michizane when he visited the Kobunin in 885 was contained in 'Kanke bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) in 885, it was estimated that the Kobunin had existed at least for 80 years after it was founded.
- ただし、寺院と神社では支配の傾向に違いがあり、寺院では荘園領主としての権限が複数の職の体系に分割されずに一元的な支配が行われるか、寺院本体とそこに属する院家の間で分割され、他者の参入を防ごうとしたが、14世紀になると武士による侵略に晒されたために、寺院周辺の荘園における直務支配を強化して確実に加地子得分の確保を目指すようになった。
- The state of rule differed between the temple and shrine -- In the temples, the right of shoen ryoshu (estate proprietor) was not divided into multiple positions in a system and the estate was put under centralized control, or alternatively, the right was divided between the main temple and inge (temple next in rank of monzeki that had imperial connections), that belonged to the main temple, to prevent an invasion from outside; but in fourteenth century, as the temples were exposed to invasions of bushi, the temples enhanced its direct rule in the shoen near the precinct of the temple to secure its kajishi (additional tax).
- 地球温暖化の地球温暖化の原因となる、温室効果ガスの一種である二酸化炭素 (CO2)、メタン (CH4)、亜酸化窒素 (N2O)、フロン類類 (HFCs)、フロン類類 (PFCs)、六フッ化硫黄(SF6) について、先進国における削減率を1990年を基準として各国別に定め、共同で約束期間内に目標値(削減目標参照)を達成することが定められた。
- As for the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), Fluorocarbons (HFCs, PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which are the causes of global warming, developed countries agreed to set reduction rates of emissions with respect to the 1990 levels respectively, and collaboratively aim to achieve the target rates within the committed period (see the reduction target).
- 初期に採用された作柄を基準に免を賦課する検見法(検見法にも主に江戸時代初期に行われた畝引検見取法と後に登場した有毛検見取法があり、畝引検見取法でも関東地方を中心とした段取畝引法と上方を中心とした厘取畝引法があった)と享保年間(関東では同7年・上方では9年)以後江戸幕府で採用されて各地に広まった一定期間の免(毛付免)を平均して算出したものを免として賦課する定免法があった。
- The Kemi-ho Method which assessed Men based on the yield, employed in the early Edo period (Kemi-ho is also divided into Sebiki Kemi, which was commonly employed in the early Edo period, and Arige Kemi which appeared later, and Sebiki Kemi is further divided into Dandori Sebiki, which was mainly employed in Kanto region, and Rindori Sebiki, which was common in Kyoto-Osaka area), and the Jomen-ho Method which assesses Men based on the average yield during a certain period, which was adopted by the Edo Shogunate and became wide spread after the Kyoho era.
- 将軍在任期間は、それぞれ藤原頼経が18年間(1226年 - 1244年)、藤原頼嗣が8年間(1244年 - 1252年)と比較的長期間ではあったものの、幼いころから成人するまでの期間で政治的な力も全くなく、幕府の実権は、北条氏が完全に掌握していたため将軍とは名ばかりの傀儡将軍だったが、特に藤原頼経は、傀儡であることを嫌ったがため北条氏によって煙たがられた不遇の将軍であった。
- FUJIWARA no Yoritsune assumed the role of shogun for eighteen years (1226-1244) and FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu for eight years (1244-1252), comparatively long periods, but from childhood until attaining manhood without any political power because the Hojo clan fully controlled the bakufu and the shoguns were just puppets, especially FUJIWARA no Yoritsune was an unfortunate shogun since he hated being a puppet and was a threat to the Hojo clan.
- これらのグループは、1924年10月に大同団結する(『三科(三科造形美術協会)』)も、間もなく1925年には瓦解し、1925年の『造形』(浅野、神原、岡本、矢部、吉田、吉邨、作野金之助、吉原義彦、斎藤敬治、飛鳥哲雄(1895年-1997年)、牧島貞一ら)、1926年の『単位三科』(中原、大浦、仲田定之助、岡村蚊象(山口文象、1902年-1978年)ら)といったグループの動きを経て、次第に次のとおり分裂していった。
- Although these groups united for a common purpose in October 1924 (as 'Sanka' [Sanka-Zokei-Bijutsu-kyokai]), they soon collapsed in 1925 and gradually split (as below) after the movements of the groups such as 'Zokei' (Asano, Kanbara, Okamoto, Yabe, Yoshida, Yoshimura, Kinnosuke SAKUNO, Yoshihiko YOSHIHARA, Keiji SAITO, Tetsuo ASUKA [1895 - 1997], Teiichi MAKISHIMA, and others) in 1925 and 'Tan-i Sanka' (Nakahara, Oura, Sadanosuke NAKATA, Bunzo OKAMURA [Bunzo YAMAGUCHI, 1902 - 1978], and others) in 1926.
- だが、実際に『延喜儀式』が朝廷の儀礼など用いられた事が確認できる記録が無く、逸文の初出も延喜年間より100年以上も経た『北山抄』であり、その後は院政期の書物に限られる事から、延喜年間に編纂されたものの『貞観儀式』(『儀式』)の部分的手直しに過ぎないとする説や、完成したが施行されなかったとする説、未完成に終わったとする説、更には延喜期の編纂ではなく11世紀までに成立した延喜期の儀礼に関する記録が儀式と看做された説などが諸説に分かれている。
- Yet, from the fact that there were no records to prove that 'Engi Gishiki' was practically used in formalities at the imperial court, that its surviving fragment first appeared in 'Hokuzansho' which was written more than one hundred years after the Engi era, and that it only appeared in documents during the period under the rule of Cloistered Emperors, some said that Engi Gishiki was compiled in the Engi era, but just as a partial improvement of 'Jogan Gishiki' ('Gishiki'), some said that it was completed, but did not come into use, some said that it was not completed, and some said that it was not compiled during the Engi era, but records on the formalities in the Engi era established until the eleventh century were considered to be Gishiki.
- 更に『兵範記』には久寿元年(1154年)の省試が、予め関白藤原忠通・左大臣藤原頼長・崇徳天皇、そして式部省・大学寮幹部の間で入分(合格)者の枠を配分した後に試験が実施された事実を記しているのである(大幅に時代が下るが、試験が全く形骸化した15世紀に書かれた『桂林遺芳抄』によれば、宣旨分(天皇)2・院御分(上皇・法皇)1・殿下分(摂政・関白)1・省官分(式部大輔・少輔)3・両博士分(文章博士2名)2・判儒分(試験官)3の入分枠が定められていたという)。
- Furthermore, 'Heihanki' (diary of TAIRA no Nobunori) tells that in the shoshi exams in 1154, certain numbers of seats had been allotted to Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Tadamichi, Sadaijin (minister of the left) FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, the Emperor Sutoku, shikibusho and leaders of the daigakuryo beforehand, and they held the exams (a few centuries later, according to 'Keirinihosho' from the 15th century, the seats were allotted as follows: two for Senji (emperor), one for 院御 (the retired Emperor and the Cloistered Emperor), one for Denka (sessho and kanpaku), three for Shokan (Shikibu no taifu and Shikibu shoyu), two for two hakese (monjo hakese) and three for 判儒 (examiners)).
- その後の裁判例においては、第二の見解に立つものが続いたが、最高裁平成20年4月15日第二小法廷決定(事件番号平成19(あ)839)は、本判決について、「警察官による人の容ぼう等の撮影が、現に犯罪が行われ又は行われた後間がないと認められる場合のほかは許されないという趣旨まで判示したものではない」と述べた上で、公道上及びパチンコ店内において被告人の容ぼう等をビデオ撮影した捜査活動を適法と判断しており、少なくとも裁判例においては、第二の見解が支配的になったといえる。
- In subsequent cases, judgments proceeded from the second opinion, but Decision of the Second Petty Bench of the Supreme Court dated on April 15, 2008 (case number 2007 (A) No. 839) stated 'it does not go so far as to mean, as argued by the accused, that photographing of a person's appearance, etc. by police officials should not be permitted except in cases where it is found that the crime is currently being committed or has just been committed' and 'videotaping operations such as videotaping the defendant's appearance, etc. on the public road and in the pachinko parlor can be recognized as legal Investigation activities', which means that the second opinion has been dominant, at least in precedents.
- 会場となった3大学は京都大学・同志社大学・立命館大学(当時の校地は鴨川 (淀川水系)西岸の広小路通 (京都市)に所在していた)各大学であったが、このうち京都大学では会場に予定されていた法経一番教室の使用を大学当局(服部峻治郎学長)が認めようとせず、警官隊導入により抗議する学生を排除するなどしていたため当局と学生自治会である同学会(1951年の京大天皇事件の結果解散をよぎなくされ、この年の初夏、学生による全学投票を経て再建されたばかりであった)との間には険悪な雰囲気が漂っていた。
- The chosen universities as places for the meetings were Kyoto University, Doshisha University and Ritsumeikan University (the then campus was located at Hirokoji-dori Street, the west shore of the Kamo-gawa River of Yodogawa River system in Kyoto City), however, Kyoto University authorities (President Shunjiro HATTORI) didn't permit the use of classroom number one of the faculty of law and economics, and called the police to remove protesting students, as a result, an explosive atmosphere remained between the authorities and the students, especially the students' association 'Dogakukai' of Kyoto University (although the Dogakukai had been forced to dissolve after the Kyodai Tenno Incident of 1951, in the early summer of 1953 it had just been reorganized by a vote in which all the students had been involved).
- ところが、石塚一石が『本朝書籍目録』の中にある弘仁儀式の篇目に「七月二十五日相撲儀」が含まれているのに対して、相撲節会の開催日が7月25日 (旧暦)に定められたのは、弘仁年間よりも70年も後の仁和年間であり、弘仁年間には7月7日 (旧暦)と定められていた事実(天長元年(弘仁15年/824年)の7月7日に平城上皇が崩御して同日が忌日となったために、従来この日を期日として定められていた宮中行事の期日が変更を余儀なくされた)を指摘し、更に篇目の中に弘仁式逸文に記載された日付と合致しない行事がある事実を指摘して、『弘仁儀式』は散逸したのではなく最初から存在しなかったとする見解を唱えた。
- Nevertheless, Kazushi ISHIZUKA advanced the view that the 'Konin Gishiki' did not exist from the beginning, by pointing out that although the table of contents of the Konin Gishiki in the 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' included 'Sumai no gi (the Rite of Sumo Wrestling) on July 25 (old calendar),' Sumai no Sechie (Festival of Wrestling) was fixed on July 25 (old calendar) in the Ninna era (885 - 889), about seventy years after the Konin era (810 - 824), and that the Sumai no gi was fixed on July 7 (old calendar) during the Konin era (since ex-emperor Heizei died on July 7 in the first year of the Tencho era (the fifteenth year of the Konin era, 824) and the date became the death day of emperor, the ceremonial functions at the imperial court which had been fixed, had to be fixed on another day), and by further pointing out that the table of contents includes the ceremonial functions, the dates of which did not match those described in a surviving fragment of the Konin shiki (Palace regulations of the Konin era).