銅: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 銅
- copper
- money
- metal
- Akagane
- Dou
- Dousaki
- Cu
- cuprous
- Bronze
- 贖銅
- Shokudo (penalty charges)
- 銅直
- Douchoku
- Dounao
- Doubeta
- 銅像
- bronze statue
- The statue
- Statues
- Bronze Statues
- Bronze sculpture
- Bronze sculptures
- 銅鍋
- copper saucepan
- copper pot
- 銅鐸
- bell-shaped bronze vessel of Yayoi period
- Bronze bell
- Dotaku
- Dōtaku
- 銅牌
- bronze medal
- copper medal
- 銅箔
- copper foil (used in copper plating)
- copper layer (of printed circuits)
- 銅線
- copper line
- copper wire
- 銅版
- copper plate
- copperplate
- 銅賞
- bronze (third-place) prize
- 銅色
- bronze or copper (color, colour)
- 銅板
- sheet copper
- copper plate
- copper sheet
- 分銅
- weight
- counterweight
- Fundou
- Bundou
- Weights
- sash weight
- 白銅
- nickel and copper alloy
- Masumi
- Cupronickel
- 銅矛
- bronze hoko
- bronze halberd
- bronze spearhead
- 銅鉾
- bronze hoko
- bronze halberd
- bronze spearhead
- 銅釉
- copper glaze (pottery)
- 銅山
- copper mine
- Douzan
- Douyama
- Copper extraction techniques
- Copper mines
- 和銅
- Wadou era (708.1.11-715.9.2)
- Wadō (era)
- 金銅
- gilt bronze
- gilt copper
- Kanadou
- Kanedou
- Kindou
- Kondou
- 響銅
- copper alloy with traces of silver, lead, or tin
- 銅鏡
- bronze mirror
- A bronze mirror
- 赤銅
- hakudo (gold-copper alloy, usu. with a blue patina)
- Shakudou
- Sekidou
- 銅損
- copper loss
- ohmic loss
- 銅管
- copper pipe
- copper tube
- 燗銅壷
- Kandoko Copper Sake Warmer
- 銅鳥居
- Kanenotorii
- Kanenotorii Gate
- 銅相場
- market price of copper
- 銅版画
- copperplate engraving
- etching
- 銅婚式
- bronze wedding (anniversary)
- 硫酸銅
- copper sulfate
- blue stone
- blue vitriol
- copper sulfats
- copper sulphate
- 酸化銅
- copper oxide (i.e. cuprous oxide, cupric oxide)
- 胡銅器
- copper alloy with traces of silver, lead, or tin
- 輝銅鉱
- vitreous copper
- copper glance
- chalcocite
- Chalcoite
- 黄銅鉱
- copper pyrites
- fool's gold
- chalcopyrite
- 銅酵母
- copper yeast
- copper-enriched yeast
- 赤銅鉱
- cuprite
- red copper
- red copper ore
- 燐青銅
- phosphor bronze
- phosphor bronze
- 別子銅山
- The Besshidozan copper mine
- Besshi copper mine
- 採銅所駅
- Saidousho Station (st)
- 金銅和夫
- Kondou Kazuo (h) (1928.2.16-)
- 真銅孝三
- Shindou Kouzou (1931.2-)
- 黄銅ろう
- brass brazing filler
- 銅鑼焼き
- Japanese dessert consisting of two slices of kasutera (sponge cake) with red bean jam in between
- 銅器時代
- Copper Age (period in which metal tools started to be used alongside stone tools)
- Chalcolithic
- 銅標準液
- Copperstandardsolution
- 銅 削状
- Copper,standard,shavings
- 金銅宝塔
- Kondo Hoto (two storey pagoda made of copper)
- 銅パイプ
- copper pipe
- copper tube
- 止水銅板
- water stopping copper
- ニッケル銅
- cupronickel (alloy of approximately 80% copper and 20% nickel)
- 百円白銅貨
- The 100-yen cupronickel coin
- リン銅ろう
- phosphor bronze brazing filler
- オキシン銅
- oxine-Cu
- oxine copper
- 銅めっき法
- copper electroplating method
- 塩化銅処理
- copper chloride treatment
- 従来型銅線
- existing copper line
- 含銅・鉄泉
- Cupriferous and ferruginous springs
- クロム銅線
- chromium-copper wire
- 硫酸銅処理
- copper sulfate treatment
- 袈裟襷文銅鐸
- Buddhist stole-like pattern dotaku
- Kesadasukimon dotaku (ritual bell with crossed band design)
- 三菱伸銅工場
- Mitsubishishindou Factory
- 三宝伸銅工場
- Sanpoushindou Factory
- 住軽伸銅工場
- Sumikeishindou Factory
- 西ノ京銅駝町
- Nishinokyoudoudachou
- 銅陵長江大橋
- Douryouchoukouoohashi
- 銅鉦ぶいぶい
- cupreous chafer (scarabaeid beetle, Anomala cuprea)
- 伊能忠敬銅像
- Inoutadatakadouzou
- 銅 電解粉末
- Copper,powder,electrolytic
- ナフテン酸銅
- Copper(Ⅱ)naphthenate
- 金銅装犀角刀子
- Gilt copper decorated knife with a rhinoceros horn handle
- 棚田嘉十郎銅像
- Kajuro TANADA bronze statue
- 突線流水文銅鐸
- Raised-line running water-like pattern dotaku
- 銅ヶ峠トンネル
- Dougatouge tunnel
- 東郷平八郎銅像
- Tougouheihachiroudouzou
- 北ノ新地分銅丁
- Kitanoshinchifundouchou
- 銅アンモニア法
- cuprous ammoniacal process
- 銅メッキブラシ
- copper plated brush
- 銅結合タンパク質
- copper-binding protein
- 分銅(ふんどう)
- Fundo (counterweight) patterns
- 金銅透彫舎利容器
- Gilt copper sukashi-bori (openwork carving) vessel for Buddha's bones
- 金銅金具である。
- Metal fittings are made of gold and silver.
- 白文で印材は銅。
- Hakubun-style and copper material were used.
- 突線袈裟襷文銅鐸
- Raised-line Buddhist stole-like pattern dotaku
- 大岩山出土銅鐸群
- Dotaku of Mt. Oiwa
- アルミニウム青銅
- aluminium bronzes
- 硫化銅((Ⅰ))
- Copper(Ⅰ)sulfide
- 硫化銅((Ⅱ))
- Copper(Ⅱ)sulfide
- 銅アンモニア溶液
- cupri-ammonium solution
- 銅合金と銅覆鋼線
- copper alloys and copper-covered steels
- 銅造仏頭(興福寺)
- Bronze Head of Buddha: enshrined in Kofuku-ji Temple
- 金具は金銅の蝶鳥。
- Metal fittings were butterflies and birds of gilt bronze.
- 銅フェナントロリン
- copper phenanthroline
- 銅像が立てられた。
- A bronze statue was built.
- 雪中行軍遭難者銅像
- Secchuukougunsounanshadouzou
- アドミラルティ黄銅
- admiralty brass
- アドミラリティ黄銅
- admiralty metal
- government bronze
- 金物は金銅である。
- Metal used is gilt bronze.
- 塩基性サリチル酸銅
- Basic copper salicylate
- 信仰対象としての銅鏡
- Bronze mirror as a religious object
- 桜ヶ丘出土銅鐸銅戈群
- Dotaku and doka (bronze dagger-axe) of Sakuragaoka
- テルル化銅((Ⅰ))
- Copper(Ⅰ)telluride
- テルル化銅((Ⅱ))
- Copper(Ⅱ)telluride
- セレン化銅((Ⅱ))
- Copper(Ⅱ)selenide
- セレン化銅((Ⅰ))
- Copper(Ⅰ)selenide
- 水酸化銅(( Ⅱ))
- Copper(Ⅱ)hydroxide
- 黄銅管(なめらかな)
- smooth brass pipe
- 像高28m、青銅製。
- It is twenty-eight meters in height and made of bronze.
- 銅及び鉄を含む温泉。
- Cupriferous and ferruginous springs are hot springs that contain copper and iron.
- 金銅蓮華形磬(けい)
- Gilt Bronze Lotus Kei (Buddhist ritual gong)
- 金属としての十円青銅貨
- Ten-yen Bronze Coins as Metal
- 寛永通寳銅一文銭:1厘
- Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen coin: 1 ri
- 稀に黄銅や赤銅がある。
- The color of brass or brown is rare.
- 銅鐸文化圏と銅矛文化圏
- Dotaku cultural area and dohoko cultural area
- 加茂岩倉遺跡出土銅鐸群
- Dotaku of the Kamo-Iwakura Ruins
- テルル化銅(( Ⅰ))
- Copper(Ⅰ)telluride
- セレン化銅(( Ⅰ))
- Copper(Ⅰ)selenide
- セレン化銅(( Ⅱ))
- Copper(Ⅱ)selenide
- テルル化銅(( Ⅱ))
- Copper(Ⅱ)telluride
- フタル酸銅(( Ⅱ))
- Copper(Ⅱ)phthalate
- 安息香酸銅(( Ⅱ))
- Copper(Ⅱ)benzoate
- 銅造聖観音立像(薬師寺)
- The bronze standing statue of Sho-Kannon (another name for Guze Kannon): enshrined in Yakushi-ji Temple
- 和銅元年 元明天皇の御製
- 708: The poem written by Empress Genmei
- 和銅元年戊申 天皇の御製
- A preface to the following waka goes: a poem composed by the Empress in 708.
- アルミ(ニウム)青銅鋳物
- aluminium bronze casting
- カドミウム銅カラム還元法
- cadmium-copper column method
- cadmium-copper column reduction method
- 酢酸銅((Ⅱ))一水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)acetatemonohydrate
- オレイン酸銅(( Ⅱ))
- Copper(Ⅱ)oleate
- 硝酸銅((Ⅱ))三水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)nitratetrihydrate
- ぎ酸銅((Ⅱ))四水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)formatetetrahydrate
- 銅造釈迦如来倚像(深大寺)
- The bronze izo (statue that is seated on a stool or pedestal usually with both legs pendent) of Shaka Nyorai (the Historical Buddha): enshrined in Jindai-ji Temple
- 銅造釈迦如来坐像(蟹満寺)
- The bronze seated statue of Shaka Nyorai: enshrined in Kaniman-ji Temple
- 金銅宝塔及び納置品(壇塔)
- Gilt copper hoto (literally, treasure pagoda) and stored articles (danto)
- 前期金銅宝塔と同形式の塔。
- A pagoda in the same style as above-mentioned gilt copper hoto.
- 全米:金、世界選手権:銅。
- U.S. Figure Skating Championships: Gold; the World Championships: Bronze.
- 日本式最古の銅鐸とされる。
- The dotaku are considered as the Japanese style's oldest dotaku.
- チオシアン酸銅(( Ⅰ))
- Copper(Ⅰ)thiocyanate
- よう化銅((Ⅰ))〔第一〕
- Copper(Ⅰ)iodide
- 臭化銅(( Ⅰ))〔第一〕
- Copper(Ⅰ)bromide
- ほうふっ化銅((Ⅱ))溶液
- Copper(Ⅱ)borofluoridesolution
- 臭化銅(( Ⅱ))〔第二〕
- Copper(Ⅱ)bromide
- 塩化銅(( Ⅱ))〔第二〕
- Copper(Ⅱ)chloride
- 塩化銅(( Ⅰ))〔第一〕
- Copper(Ⅰ)chloride
- 銅水溶性塩(錯塩を除く。)
- copper salts (water-soluble, except complex salts)
- 1948年:一円黄銅貨発行。
- 1948: One-yen brass coin was issued.
- その他寛永通寳銅一文銭:4文
- Other Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen coin: 4 mon
- - 武蔵国から銅を献上する。
- Copper presented by Musashi Province to Imperial Court
- 火鉢に置く銅壷と区別される。
- It differs from 'Doko' copper warmers that are placed over a brazier.
- 金銅舎利塔(伝亀山天皇勅封)
- Gilt copper bussharito (stupa) (As legend goes, the Emperor Kameyama donated it.)
- アセチルアセトン銅((Ⅱ))
- Acetylacetonecopper(Ⅱ)
- 硫酸銅((Ⅱ), ), 無水
- Copper(Ⅱ)sulfate,anhydrous
- 酒石酸銅(( Ⅱ))二水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)tartratedihydrate
- シアン化銅((Ⅰ))〔第一〕
- Copper(Ⅰ)cyanide
- りん酸銅((Ⅱ) n 水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)phosphaten-hydrate
- ふっ化銅(( Ⅱ))二水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)fluoridedihydrate
- よう化銅(( Ⅰ))〔第一〕
- Copper(Ⅰ)iodide
- 大阪府羽曳野市 野中寺 金銅
- A statue of Maitreya: at Yachu-ji Temple, Habikino City, Osaka Prefecture; gilt bronze statue
- 鉄刀・鉄剣・銅鏃などの武器類
- Weapons including iron swords, iron swords of sharpened two edges and copper arrowhead
- 寛永通寳銅一文銭:10~12文
- Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen coin: 10 - 12 mon
- 高村光雲作の日蓮の銅像がある。
- The temple has a bronze statue of Nichiren created by Koun TAKAMURA.
- 金銅舎利塔(伝叡尊於伊勢感得)
- Gilt copper bussharito (stupa) (As legend goes, Eison obtained it in Ise.)
- 硫酸銅((Ⅱ))五水和物 粉末
- Copper(Ⅱ)sulfatepentahydrate,powder
- シアン化銅(( Ⅰ))〔第一〕
- Copper(Ⅰ)cyanide
- 銅造阿閦如来立像 - 奈良時代
- Bronze standing statue of Ashuku Nyorai, from the Nara period
- 青系 - 緑青、群青(藍銅鉱)
- The blue pigments: Rokusho (Patina, malachite, an inorganic green pigment) and gunjo (ultramarine, deep blue sea color, or Lapis lazuli)
- 和同開珎 708年(和銅元年)
- Wado-kaichin, in 708.
- 墓誌は金銅製で銘文は以下の通り
- The epitaphs were made of gilt bronze, and the inscriptions were as follows.
- 1967年:現行百円白銅貨発行。
- 1967: Current 100-yen cupronickel coin was issued.
- 和銅5年(712年) 出羽国設置
- In 712, Dewa Province was established.
- ピロりん酸銅(( Ⅱ))二水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)pyrophosphatedihydrate
- 塩化銅((Ⅱ))二水和物〔第二〕
- Copper(Ⅱ)chloridedihydrate
- 塩基性炭酸銅(( Ⅱ))一水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)carbonatemonohydrate
- 銅造千手観音坐像 - 鎌倉時代。
- Bronze seated statue of Senju Kannon: Kamakura period
- 金銅千躰阿弥陀懸仏(かけぼとけ)
- Gilt Bronze Thousand Images of Amida Buddha, a hanging plate (金銅千躰阿弥陀懸仏)
- 金銅春日鹿御正体(みしょうたい)
- Gilt Bronze True Figure of the Sacred Deer of Kasuga
- 金銅五鈷鈴(胎蔵界四仏種子あり)
- Gilt-bronze Five-pronged Vajra Bell (four symbols of Buddha in Mandala)
- 緑青:銅の酸化で生じる緑色の粉末。
- Verdigris (copper rust): A pigment in green powder created by the oxidation of copper.
- 伏姫と八房の銅像(千葉県南房総市)
- Bronze statue of Princess Fuse and Yatsufusa (Minami Boso City, Chiba Prefecture)
- 材質は主に銅で、アンチモンを含む。
- Mostly the material was copper including antimony.
- 1M(2N) 硫酸銅((Ⅱ))溶液
- 1M(2N)Copper(Ⅱ)sulfatesolution
- ステアリン酸銅(( Ⅱ))〔第二〕
- Copper(Ⅱ)stearate
- スルファミン酸銅((Ⅱ))二水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)sulfamatedihydrate
- 塩化銅(( Ⅱ))二水和物〔第二〕
- Copper(Ⅱ)chloridedihydrate
- 銅造釈迦如来坐像 - 平安時代前期
- Bronze seated statue of Shaka Nyorai, from the early Heian period
- 銅造大威徳明王像 - 平安時代後期
- Bronze statue of Daiitoku Myoo, from the late Heian period
- 東京都台東区 東京国立博物館 金銅
- A statue of Maitreya: at Tokyo National Museum, Taito-ku Ward, Tokyo; gilt bronze statue
- 銅壷をいれて湯を沸かすこともある。
- They are sometimes used to boil water using doko (copper containers).
- 金銅透彫尾長鳥唐草文華鬘(けまん)
- Gilt Bronze Fretwork of Two Long Tailed Birds and Arabesque, a hanging plate
- 銅造釈迦三尊像(法隆寺金堂、止利作)
- The bronze Shaka triad statue: enshrined in the Kondo (Main Hall) of Horyu-ji Temple, and made by Tori Busshi
- 710年(和銅3)平城京に遷都する。
- In 710, the capital was moved to Heijo-kyo.
- 和銅元年(708年)頃 出羽柵設置。
- In around 708, the Dewa stockade was constructed.
- 雑分は銅、鉛、イリジウムなどである。
- Miscellaneous metals consist of copper, lead and iridium.
- 素材は、熱伝導性が高い銅を使用する。
- The unit is made of copper which conducts heat well.
- 銅造菩薩立像(中国・五胡十六国時代)
- Dozo Bosatsu Ryu Zo (a standing statue of Dozo Bosatsu) (the Wuhu Shiliuguo period of China)
- 銅造観音菩薩立像(法隆寺、夢違観音像)
- The bronze standing statue of Kannon Bosatsu: enshrined in Horyu-ji Temple, and commonly called 'Yume-Chigai Kannon' (literally, Dream-Changing Kannon)
- 佐渡金山、生野銀山、石見銀山、別子銅山
- Sado Gold Mine, Ikuno Silver Mine, Iwami Silver Mine, and Besshi Copper Mine
- この分銅は「両」を基本単位としている。
- The basic weight unit of the fundo was 'ryo.'
- 7日、足尾銅山は全山で操業を停止した。
- On 7, Ashio Copper Mine stopped operations in every mountains.
- 重さは、鉄や青銅の鏃に匹敵するという。
- Their weights were equivalent to the weight of the arrowheads made from iron or bronze.
- 金銀の換わりに銅を輸出することとした。
- They decided to export copper instead of gold and silver.
- 青銅器は大陸から北部九州に伝えられた。
- Bronze-ware was introduced from the continent to northern Kyushu.
- スルファミン酸銅(( Ⅱ)) 二水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)sulfamatedihydrate
- 塩化銅(( Ⅱ))アンモニウム二水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)ammoniumchloridedihydrate
- くえん酸銅((Ⅱ) 2 . 5 水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)citrate2.5-water
- 銅無関禅師骨蔵器(東京国立博物館寄託)
- 銅無関禅師骨蔵器 (housed in the Tokyo National Museum)
- ベトナムなどには日本の銅銭も輸出された。
- Japanese copper coins were also exported to Vietnam.
- 710年(和銅3年)に平城京へ遷都した。
- In 710, the court was moved to Heijokyo (present-day Nara).
- 島根県加茂岩倉遺跡出土銅鐸(文化庁保管)
- The excavated bronze bells of Kamo Iwakura Ruins in Shimane Prefecture (under the care of the Agency for Cultural Affairs)
- 足尾銅山鉱毒事件、官営八幡製鉄所操業開始
- The Ashio Copper Mine Mineral Pollution Incident occurred and the operation of the state-owned Yahata Iron Factory commenced.
- 金銅密教法具 一具(2004年重文指定)
- One set of gilt copper mikkyo hogu (The Buddhist instruments of esoteric Buddhism) (Designated in 2004 as an important cultural property)
- 足尾銅山鉱毒事件と表記される場合も多い。
- Ashio Kodoku Jiken (Ashio Mining Pollution) is often referred to as Ashio Dozan Kodoku Jiken (Ashio copper mine Mining Pollution).
- シアン化カリウム銅(( Ⅰ))
- Copper(Ⅰ)potassiumcyanide
- 銅剣を模して作られた木製の柄頭なども出土
- Furthermore, some wooden pieces of sword's grip end imitating a copper-made sword have been discovered.
- 銅鏡34面出土、その内に直弧文鏡がある。
- 34 copper millers, including chokkomon-kyo millers (mirrors with a chokkomon design), were unearthed.
- 明石焼きにおいては基本的に銅製を用いる。
- When you make Akashi-yaki, a device with a copper body is basically used.
- 多くが良質の青銅製で深みのある地色を出す。
- Most are made of high quality bronze, and a deep color of the ground appears.
- 四天王立像(銅造3、木造1)(四王堂安置)
- Standing statues of Shitenno (three copper statues and one wooden statue) (enshrined in Shitendo)
- 710年(和銅3)藤原京から平城京へ遷都。
- 710: The capital was moved from Fujiwara-kyo to Heijo-kyo.
- 要も金銅の蝶鳥とすることは横目扇に等しい。
- The pivot was butterflies and birds of gilt bronze, as in cross-grained fans.
- 711年(和銅4)諸司に律令を励行させる。
- In 711, shoshi was ordered to enforce Ritsuryo rigorously.
- 日本はこの時代に銅と銀の主輸出国となった。
- During this age, Japan became the main country exporting copper and silver products.
- また、万年通宝(銅貨)10枚分に相当した。
- The currency was also equivalent of 10 coins of Mannen-tsuho (copper coin).
- 銅鏡(どうきょう)は、銅合金製の鏡である。
- Bronze mirror is made of bronze alloy.
- 卑弥呼にはその後も何回か銅鏡が下賜された。
- Later, as well, Himiko was given bronze mirrors several times.
- それぞれの銅鐸は2世紀代に盛んに創られた。
- For both types, many were produced in the second century.
- M/10(0.2N) 硫酸銅((Ⅱ))溶液
- M
- 10(0.2N)Copper(Ⅱ)sulfatesolution
- 大韓民国ソウル特別市 国立中央博物館 金銅
- A statue of Maitreya: at National Museum of Korea, Seoul Special City, Republic of Korea; gilt bronze statue
- また日本人は朝鮮銅貨を運輸することができる。
- Also Japanese people can carry Korean copper coins.
- 銅製で、重量は5.5匁(約20.6グラム)。
- It was made of copper and weighed 5.5 monme (about 20.6 grams).
- 他に、主殿寮や採銅所の管理などを行っていた。
- In addition, the Ozuki clan managed Tonomoryo (Imperial Palace Keeper's Bureau) and the copper mines.
- フタロシアニン銅(( ααααα - 型))
- Phthalocyaninecopper(ααααα-form)
- フタロシアニン銅(( βββββ - 型))
- Phthalocyaninecopper(βββββ-form)
- 材料は檜と樟、漆塗装、金銅の金具を施してある。
- It is made of hinoki cypress and camphor tree, lacquered, with metal fittings of gilt bronze.
- 歴史的にも石瓦や銅瓦等と付けられ用られている。
- The names such as stone roof tile and copper tile were used in the history.
- 地霊を鎮めるために銅器を埋納した風習という説。
- The fourth theory is that the bronze wares were customarily buried to appease ground spirits.
- M/100(0.02N) 硫酸銅((Ⅱ))溶液
- M
- 100(0.02N)Copper(Ⅱ)sulfatesolution
- 5M/100(0.1N) 硫酸銅((Ⅱ))溶液
- 5M
- 100(0.1N)Copper(Ⅱ)sulfatesolution
- 銅造阿弥陀如来及び脇侍像 2躯 - 奈良時代。
- A bronze statue of Amida Nyorai and two kyoji, from the Nara period
- この用途の場合、刃に銅合金を用いることもある。
- Copper alloy may be used on the blade for this purpose.
- 和太鼓・ホラガイの他にも梵鐘や銅鑼などを用いた。
- Besides the Japanese taiko drums and conch shells, bonsho (temple bells) and gongs were used.
- これまでに出土した銅鐸は全国で約500個である。
- About 500 dotaku have ever been excavated all over Japan.
- しゅう酸銅(( Ⅱ))〔第二〕0 . 5 水和物
- Copper(Ⅱ)oxalatehemihydrate
- 青銅製が多いが、小型のものにはまれに鉄製もある。
- Many are made from bronze, but some small-sized bells are rarely made from iron.
- チャッパ、銅鉢(どうばち)、銅拍子(どびょうし)
- Chappa, Dobachi, Dobyoshi
- 岩群青:藍銅鉱を粉末にしたもので、紫青色を呈する。
- Iwagunjo: A pigment made from pulverized azurite, which has a purplish blue color.
- 材質は、銅製の他、鉄、精鉄、真鍮製のものがあった。
- Copper was a common material, but iron, refined iron and brass were also used available.
- 法隆寺金堂本尊銅造釈迦三尊像(623年)が代表作。
- His representative work is the bronze statues of Shaka Sanzon (Shakyamuni triads) made in 623 which is the honzon (principal object of worship) of the Horyu-ji Temple's Kondo (the Golden Pavilion).
- - 硫黄、銅などの鉱物、扇子、刀剣、漆器や屏風ほか
- Minerals such as sulfur and copper, fans, swords, lacquer ware, folding screen and others
- 現在の大仏(石造)は二代目で、初代は青銅製だった。
- The present Daibutsu (built of stone) is the second generation and the first generation was built of bronze.
- かつては銅または錫製、近年ではアルミ製の物もある。
- Chirori was made of copper or tin in the past and in recent years there are chirori made of aluminum.
- 兄・友忠と共に銅工・鋳物の技に優れていたとされる。
- It is believed that he and his brother Tomotada excelled in working with copper and cast metal.
- 金銅金錍(こんどうこんぺい) - 金錍は仏具の一種
- Gilt Bronze Konpei (Konpei is one of the articles used in a Buddhist altar)
- 鉦は、たらい型で、青銅器と同じく銅と錫の合金である。
- Sho, which is tub-shape, is made from mixed metal of copper and tin, the same as bronzeware.
- 規定品位は銀80%(一割二分引き)、銅20%である。
- Stipulated grade was 80% of silver (12% minus) and 20% of copper.
- 規定品位は銀80%(一割二分引き)、銅20%である。
- The karat by regulation was 80% by silver (discounted by 12%) and 20% by bronze..
- The regulated karat was 80% by silver (12% discount) and 20% by bronze.
- この大型化した銅鐸には、近畿式と三遠式の二種がある。
- These bigger dotaku have two types: the Kinki type and the Sanen type.
- 古和同と新和同は成分が違い、古和同はほぼ純銅である。
- The composition of Kowado coins was different from that of Shinwado coins, as Kowado coins were made of almost pure copper.
- 別表第一第二百七十二号に掲げる第一種指定化学物質 銅
- The Class I Designated Chemical Substance listed in (cclxxii) of Appended Table 1: copper
- 内部に水瓶(すいびょう)形の銅製舎利容器5基を納める。
- It contains five suibyo (water jar)-shaped copper container for remains inside.
- 足尾銅山暴動事件、あしおどうざんぼうどうじけん、とも。
- It is also called the Ashio Copper Mine Riot.
- 古代エジプトにおいても、青銅製の鏡を用いた事例がある。
- In ancient Egypt, there were the cases that bronze mirrors were used.
- 中国では早くから銅銭による貨幣統一政策が採られていた。
- In China a unified monetary policy based on copper coinage had been implemented since earlier times.
- 一方、銅鐸は出現当初から祭祀に用いられたと考えられる。
- On the other hand, dotaku is believed to be a tool for rituals from the time of emergence.
- 壊れた大仏の銅は寛永通宝の鋳造に用いられたといわれる。
- The copper from the ruined Great Buddha is said to have been used in the casting of Kanei Tsuho (coins).
- 本体は鉄の鋳物製が多く見られるが、銅製を好む人もいる。
- The main body is mostly made of cast iron, but some people prefer a copper body.
- バスドラム、銅鑼、トライアングルを演奏する際に用いる。
- Beaters are used to play bass drums, dora, and triangles.
- 上部の仏龕の内壁には金銅打ち出し千仏像が貼り付けてある。
- Thousand Buddha images are pasted on the inner walls of the altar on the upper part by the repousse work of gilt bronze.
- また金銅もしくは銀で製し、毛彫りをほどこしたものもある。
- Some yusurutsuki were made with gilt bronze or silver, and carved.
- その際、檜扇も白銅の飾り金具を使い白糸で綴った物を使う。
- In such situation, they used hiogi with decorative nickel fixtures and white biding strings.
- ただし、発見の地は銅像よりも数キロ青森よりの場所である。
- However, the actual place he was found is several kilometers closer to Aomori than the statue.
- 青銅器は当初武器として、その後は祭祀具として用いられた。
- Bronze ware was originally used as a weapon and was later used as a religious service accessories.
- 壁上には軍中の法度書を掲げ、また太鼓、銅鑼などを掛けた。
- A document of hatto (law, ban) was attached on the wall, and a drum and a gong were also placed on the wall.
- 銅鐸を埋納したことの理由については以下のように諸説ある。
- There are various theories about the reasons for the burial as below.
- 中型を削ってできた空洞がそのまま完成像の銅の厚みになる。
- The space created by shaving the surface of the inside mold would become the direct thickness of the copper for the completed statue.
- 平安時代ごろ、酒を燗するときに用いた銅製または鉄製の鍋。
- Kannabe is a copper or iron pan used for warming sake used during the Heian Period.
- このため、大量に溶解して銅材とし、両替を拒んだのである。
- That is why people refused exchanging old money, and rather preferred to melt them down into copper products.
- ベーターレゾルシン酸鉛又はサリチル酸鉛の鉛―銅のキレート
- Chelate of beta lead resorcinate or lead-copper lead salicylate
- 銅座・朝鮮人参座・真鍮座などの座を設け、専売制を実施した。
- He also established monopolistic trade association (za) such as the copper guild, the the ginseng guild, and the brass guild.
- 刀剣、槍、鎧、扇、屏風などの工芸品、硫黄、銅などの鉱産物。
- Handicrafts such as swords, spears, armor, fans and folding screens as well as mineral products such as sulfur and copper.
- 710年(和銅3年)1月7日 (旧暦) 従五位下 (27)
- January 7, 710: Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) (27)
- 和銅8年(715年)2月25日に、息子達が皇孫待遇になる。
- On April 7, 715, her sons became imperial descendants.
- 以後、大阪に居住し、代々銅商を営み「泉屋」の家号を用いた。
- Thereafter, the Sumitomo Family lived in Osaka and ran a business as copper merchants for generations using the name 'Senoku.'
- 雑分はほとんどが銅であるが、少量の鉛、ビスマスなどを含む。
- Most of the miscellaneous part was bronze, but small amount of lead and bismuth was included as well.
- Most part of the miscellaneous was bronze, but also included a small amount of lead, bismuth, and so on.
- 一方、銅鐸の生産は近畿地方などで行われたと考えられている。
- On the other hand, dotaku was manufactured in the Kinki region.
- 「今より以後、必ず銅銭を用いよ。銀銭を用いることなかれ」。
- 'Copper coins had to be used from now on and; thus, the use of silver coins would be forbidden.'
- 「銅造盧舎那仏坐像」の名で彫刻部門の国宝に指定されている。
- The statue has been designated as a national treasure, specific to the sculpture section in the name of 'Dozo Rushana-butsu zazo' (the bronze seated statue of the Birushana Buddha).
- たとえば、奈良県長谷寺所蔵の銅板法華説相図(国宝)である。
- An example of this is Bronze Plaque Hokke-Sesso-Zu (literally, 'a picture of Buddha preaching Hokkekyo engraved on a bronze plaque') (a national treasure), possessed by Hase-dera Temple in Nara Prefecture.
- 昔の鏡は青銅製の丸形で、神事などに用いられるものであった。
- In the old days, mirrors were circular and made of bronze, and were used in Shinto rituals and so forth.
- 銅レーザー発振器であって、平均出力が二〇ワットを超えるもの
- Copper laser oscillators the average output of which exceeds 20 watts
- 青銅器には銅剣、銅鉾、銅戈(どうか)、銅鐸、銅鏡などがある。
- In the category of bronze ware, there were bronze swords, bronze pikes, bronze dagger-axes, bronze bells, bronze mirrors, and so on.
- 「元明天皇御宇和銅己酉五月二十六日、安雅皇女薨二杉坂駅一。」
- On July 11, 709, during the reign of the Empress Genmei, the Princess Aga died at Sugisaka Station.'
- 銅像の場所は馬立場付近で、第二露営地と第三露営地の間である。
- The location of the statue is near Umatateba, between the second camping ground and the third camping ground.
- このとき炊飯用の銅釜を持たされた兵士が一番悲惨だったという。
- It is said the soldiers assigned to carry copper cookers were most miserable.
- 銅鐸はさらに大型化するが、3世紀になると突然造られなくなる。
- After this, dotaku still got bigger but disappeared in the third century.
- 1972年、群馬県は、米の汚染は足尾銅山の鉱毒が原因と断定。
- In 1972, Gunma Prefecture concluded the polluted rice crops were due to the mining pollution from the Ashio copper mine
- なお、日本での銅の史料上の記述は和銅元年(708年)が初見。
- In Japan, a historical record of copper first appeared in 708 (the first year of Wado, meaning 'Japanese copper').
- このうち、時代を象徴する代表的遺物と目されるのは銅鐸であろう。
- Of all, the most symbolic, typical bronze ware of the period is supposed to be the bronze bell.
- 結果、「銅にしては高いが銀にしては安い」価値で交易されていた。
- As a result, the copper of Japan was exchanged at 'a high rate for copper, but low rate for silver.'
- '銅鐵の鍋釜の破損を修補す、ふいごを携え来たりて即時に之為す。
- 'Ikakeya repairs the holes or cracks of iron or copper pots and rice cookers, and he carries his bellows and repairs them immediately.
- 福岡市博多区の東公園に銅像が建てられている(1904年完成)。
- The Cloistered Emperor's bronze statue was built in Higashi (East) Park in Hakata Ward, Fukuoka City (Completed in 1904).
- 秦の官印は文字は公式文字とされた小篆で白文、印材は銅であった。
- The kanin in the Qin Dynasty used small seal script, the official script, in hakubun-style and were made of copper.
- 713年(和銅6)度量・調庸・義倉等に関する五条の事を定める。
- In 713, five articles were established concerning scales and measures, choyo and giso (stockpiling warehouses).
- 1973年までに足尾の銅は掘りつくされて閉山、公害は減少した。
- Ashio's copper mines were depleted by 1973 and closed, causing the pollution to decrease.
- 扶桑略記によれば、711年(和銅4)に宮が焼けたとされている。
- According to Fuso ryakki (A Short History of Japan), the palace was burned down in 711.
- それゆえ、和同開珎の「和同」を元号の「和銅」とは無関係である。
- Therefore, letters 'Wado' written on Wado-kaichin had no relationship with 'Wado' (Japanese copper) used as the name of the era.
- 永楽銭という用語は、明代に輸入された銅貨一般を差す場合もある。
- The term Eiraku-sen is sometimes applied to all copper coins imported at the time of the Ming dynasty.
- 良質の銅銭で有ったため江戸初期まで基本貨幣として使われていた。
- The quality of the copper coins was good, and these coins were used as a key currency until the early Edo period.
- フィラメントが銅又は銅合金以外のマトリックスに埋めこまれたもの
- Those the filaments of which are embedded in a matrix other than copper or copper alloy
- 彼は、造幣局の鎔銅担当技師として招聘され、後に局長顧問を兼ねた。
- He was invited as a specialist of melting copper methods and worked at the Mint Bureau and later appointed as an adviser to the chief of the Mint Bureau.
- 710年(和銅3年)の興福寺における春日大社は最も早い例である。
- The relationship between Kofuku-ji Temple and Kasugataisha Shrine in 710 was the oldest example.
- すなわち、伍両(ごりょう)の分銅と釣合う丁銀は銀50匁と表した。
- That is, chogin balanced with 5 ryo of the counterweights was said as 50 monme of silver.
- すなわち、肆兩(しりょう)の分銅と釣合う丁銀は銀40匁と表した。
- In other words, when chogin (the silver coin used as the currency by weight) was balanced with 4 ryo of fundo, the chogin's currency value was equivalent to 40 monme of silver.
- 円形の輪に3本または4本の足が付いた鉄や真鍮、銅製の架台である。
- Gotoku is a stand made of either iron, brass or copper, and is consisted of a ring and three or four legs attached to it.
- 日本からは銅や工芸品が、朝鮮からは木綿や朝鮮人参が送られていた。
- In those days, copper products and handicrafts from Japan and cotton materials and Asian ginseng from Korea were traded.
- 万葉集にも「白銅鏡」(まそかがみ)が多くの歌に詠み込まれている。
- Maso kagami (bronze mirror) was written in a lot of poems of Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
- 銀行の地図記号は江戸時代の両替商で用いられた分銅の形に由来する。
- The map symbol for the bank is drawn from the shape of a counterbalance used by the money changer in the Edo period.
- 銅鐸(どうたく)とは、弥生時代に製造された釣鐘型の青銅器のこと。
- Dotaku are hanging bell-shaped bronze wares produced during the Yayoi period.
- 下半分は銀で見える部分には赤銅に金象嵌を施した華麗な物もあった。
- Also, splendid products made of silver for the lower half and copper with gold-encrustation for the visible part, were produced.
- 銅剣等も武器としての本来の用途から離れ、祭器化したものと思われる。
- Other bronze ware, including the bronze sword, seems to have lost its original use as a weapon and to have become an implement for Shinto rituals.
- 金銅金具の下に玉虫の羽を入れてあるが、現在では殆ど無くなっている。
- Although wings of tamamushi (jewel beetle) had been pasted below the gilt bronze metals, most of them are lost today.
- 熱源の炭火を内蔵する銅製の徳利湯煎器を燗銅壷(かんどうこ)という。
- The piece of equipment made of copper that uses a charcoal fire as a heat source to warm-up sake flasks is called a 'Kandoko.'
- 熱した酒を徳利に注ぐ酒燗器も普及したが燗銅壷とは構造が全く異なる。
- Sake warming machines that heat the sake before it is poured into the flasks have become common, but actual 'Kandoko' copper sake warmers are built completely differently.
- この貿易において、日本の銅は国内よりも非常に高値で明に輸出された。
- In this trade, the copper of Japan was exported to the Ming at an extremely higher price than the domestic price.
- そのため青銅器は銅鐸など祭祀・宗教用途に用いられるに留まっている。
- Therefore, the Japanese people would have limited use for bronze ware: such as Bronze bells for Saishi (religious service) and other religious practices.
- 鋳型は表裏2枚つくられ、これを合わせて縛り漏斗から鎔銅を流し込む。
- A pair of molds, which were made for each side of coins, were bound together, and melted copper was poured between them with the use of an infundibulum.
- 最古級の銅鐸は、縦文様帯と横文様帯を持つ四区袈裟襷文で飾っている。
- The oldest dotaku are decorated with the four-section Buddhist stole-like pattern with vertical pattern lines and horizontal pattern lines.
- 焼く際には「巻き焼き鍋」と呼ばれる銅製の四角い鍋を使うことが多い。
- For frying, a box-shaped copper pan called 'makiyakinabe' is often used.
- また、政府は713年(和銅3年)には諸国に「風土記」の編纂を命じた。
- In 713, the government ordered to each provision to edit 'Fudoki.'
- また芙蓉の校定した『古銅印彙』などは収録のすべてが糸印の印影である。
- Collections in 'Kodo Ini' that Fuyo specified the original condition by comparing with other writings are entirely impressions of seal of itoin.
- その形も少し「丸み」ができるように「分銅状」の形にしたりsしている。
- Also, the shape of the apron is modified into that of a sash weight in order to round off the apron.
- この新の時代にだけ造られた銅貨が日本の弥生時代の古墳から発見された。
- Copper coins produced only in this era were found in a Yayoi period tumulus.
- 和銅5年(712年)、出羽郡は出羽国に昇格し、出羽柵が国府とされた。
- In 712, Ideha gun was promoted to Dewa Province, with Dewa no Ki being its provincial capital.
- しかし大奥は表・中奥御殿とは切り離されており、銅塀で仕切られていた。
- However, O-oku was separated from Omote and Nakaoku palaces by a copper wall.
- それらの影響は考えられるが、その後日本の銅鐸は日本で独自に発達した。
- Japanese dotaku can probably have been affected by these bells, but they developed individually after being brought to Japan.
- しかし、大阪府東奈良遺跡から出土した小銅鐸の鈕の断面形が円形である。
- However, small dotaku excavated in the Higashinara Ruins in Osaka Prefecture have a crown with a round cross-section.
- 銅製や石造のものをしばしば見るが、木造の塔でこの形式のものは少ない。
- They were usually made of copper or stone; few were made of wood.
- 弾頭素材、外皮が銅製(フルメタルジャケット)であったかどうかは不明。
- It is unclear about the bullet material and whether the projectile was a full metal jacket or not.
- この古墳からは1882年(明治14年)に約30数面の銅鏡が出土した。
- In 1882, over 30 bronze mirrors were excavated from this tumulus.
- 元来は銅板で作られていたが、江戸時代以降は紙が用いられることが多い。
- Originally, it was a strip made of copper, however, during and after the Edo period, paper was usually used.
- 236本の銅鏃、50本の石鏃、鉄弓1本、鉄製矢5本が見つかっている。
- 236 copper arrowheads, 50 stone arrowheads, an iron bow, and five iron arrows were also found there.
- 黒光りする銅板の上に金銀鍍金の雲龍文の金物を鋲(びょう)で留めている。
- Iron mongery goods of Unryumon coated with gold and silver are tacked down on the copper plate gleaming black.
- 711年(和銅4年)2月2日 (旧暦) 馬寮監(めりょうげん)(28)
- February 2, 711: Meryogen (Chief of the Bureau of Horses) (28)
- 天鏡閣 (福島県猪苗代町に現存する元別邸、庭に銅像が建てられている。)
- Tenkyo-kaku Residence (This former villa exist in Inawashiro-machi, Fukushima Prefecture, there is a statue in the garden.)
- 青磁茶碗(酸化還元によって発色を決め、辰砂の銅で赤くしたものもある。)
- Seiji chawan (celadon-ware) (colors are generated by oxidation-reduction and some of them are colored in red by copper of cinnabar.)
- 文字は金文で多くの場合白文(陰刻)、印材は金属製、その多くは銅である。
- The characters on seals are colored gold and are usually in hakubun-style (incised character), and the seal material is metal, mostly copper.
- この坩堝(るつぼ)は、銅を混ぜた合金を作るのに使われたといわれている。
- It is said that these crucibles were used to create mixed metal containing copper.
- 711年(和銅4年)には、流通を促進するために蓄銭叙位令が発布された。
- Chikusen-joirei (an ordinance to ordain a court rank to someone who saved a certain amount of money) was issued in 711 in order to promote the circulation of the currency.
- 銅壷(どうこ)とは、火鉢の中に置き、湯を沸かし燗酒をつくる民具である。
- Doko' are utensils used to heat water and warm sake by placing on braziers.
- 和太鼓(膜鳴楽器)や銅鑼(体鳴楽器)などの打楽器を演奏する際に用いる。
- Bachi are used to play percussion instruments such as Wadaiko drums (membranophone) or dora (gongs) (idiophone).
- 見返りとして、日本からは銀、銅、銅銭、硫黄、刀などの工芸品が輸出された。
- In exchange, crafts such as silver, copper, copper coins, sulfur, and swords were exported from Japan.
- 黒漆に金蒔絵と螺鈿を施した壇であり、框と束は金銅の薄板でおおわれている。
- It is a black-lacquered platform with kinmakie (gold lacquer) and raden, and its kamachi (a frame) with a short support is covered in a thin gilt bronze plate.
- 歴代銅で鋳造されたが、1868年(明治初年)小曽根乾堂製作の石印だった。
- Gyoji had traditionally been cast from copper but the one made in 1868 by Kendo KOZONE was made from stone.
- 711年(和銅4年) - 秦伊呂具によって深草稲荷神社が創建されるという
- 711: HATA no Irogu is said to have founded Fukakusa Inari-jinja Shrine.
- 1494年には金・朱紅の公貿易禁止、1498年には銅の公貿易も禁止する。
- In 1494 they prohibited the public trade of gold and shubeni and in 1498 they prohibited the public trade of copper.
- 日本の近世では、大名などの婚礼の嫁入り道具として銅鏡などが残されている。
- Tools such as bronze mirror have remained as bride's household articles for marriage ceremony of feudal lords and others in recent times in Japan.
- 日本においては、弥生時代から古墳時代の遺跡で多くの銅鏡が発掘されている。
- In Japan, a lot of bronze mirrors have been excavated from the remains of Yayoi through Tumulus periods.
- 和銅年間には、勅命によって三関国の国守に仗(武官)2人が配備されている。
- During the Wado era, due to an imperial command, two guards (military officers) were deployed for Kokushu of the Sangen provinces.
- 715年(和銅8)五月、逃亡三ヶ月以上の浮浪人に、逃亡地で調庸を課する。
- In May 715, choyo was levied on vagrants who had been running from their duties for more than three months at the place to which they had fled.
- 4月3日、県は毛里田地区の土壌汚染についても足尾銅山の鉱毒が原因と断定。
- On April 3, the prefecture concluded the contaminated soil in Morita area was also due to the mining pollution from the Ashio copper mine.
- 宗祖日蓮の随身仏と言われる金銅立像釈尊が立像堂(りゅうぞうどう)に有る。
- There is a gilt bronze standing statue of Shakyamuni in Ryuzo-do Hall, which is said to be 随身仏 of the founder of the religious sect, Nichiren.
- バスドラムと銅鑼では、通常、棒の先に球状のフェルトを付けたものを用いる。
- For bass drums and dora, sticks with round felt on the tip are normally used.
- 乾元大宝が発行されたあと、朝廷の弱体化もあり、銅銭は発行されなくなった。
- No copper coins followed after Kangen-taiho, partly due to weakening power and dignity of the Imperial Courts.
- 両替商で用いられた分銅は両が基本単位であり、匁は補助的な単位となっている。
- The money-exchange business used the ryo as the basic unit of the balance weights, with using the monme as a supplementary unit.
- 主に駿府城の蓄財としての分銅銀、丁銀を鋳造することが目的であったとされる。
- The objective is believed to be the minting of silver ingots and chogin silver that had been stored in Sunpu Castle.
- 銅と鉄の品質は世界最高で、その武器は最も鋭く、紙の技術は並ぶ国がなかった。
- The quality of copper and iron were the best in the world, and weapons made out of those materials were very sharp while Japan also stood unrivaled in the art of paper products.
- 墓に銅鏡を副葬するという風習は、古墳時代にも引き継がれて、全国に広まった。
- The practice of burying bronze mirrors together in a grave was handed down in Tumulus period and spread throughout the country.
- このように同一国内で金貨、銀貨、および銅貨がすべて無制限通用を認められた。
- Thus, gold, silver and copper coins were allowed to freely circulate within a country.
- そこで銭相場の抑制および銅地金の不足解消を目的に十文銭の鋳造が建議された。
- Under this condition, minting of jumonsen (coin issued in 1708) was suggested to compensate for the shortage of bronze and control of currency.
- また、朝鮮半島には、朝鮮銅鐸と言われる文字も絵もない小型のものが出土する。
- In the Korean Peninsula, small bells without any letters and paintings, which are called Korean dotaku, have been discovered.
- 紀元前2世紀後半頃40センチを超す大型銅鐸が現れ、流水文が採用されている。
- Big dotaku exceeding 40 centimeters with the running water-type patterns appeared in the late second century B.C.
- 宋銭(そうせん)とは、中国・北宋代に鋳造された貨幣である銅銭のことである。
- Sung currency is copper coins which were minted in China during the Baisong period.
- 和銅銭にちかい大きな中国銭を薄く小さな銭に変造するのはたやすいことである。
- It was not difficult to alter such large-size Chinese coins as Wadosen (Japanese copper coins) into thin and small-size coins to be used in Japan.
- 『三貨図彙』によると流通用の銅銭も鋳造されたと言われるが、詳細は不明である。
- According to the 'Sankazui,' bronze coins were cast for use as a currency but details are not known.
- いずれも金銅製で、その形については、神代紀の火須勢理命の故事にちなむという。
- The both are gilt bronze-made and those shapes are said to be associated with a tale of Hosuseri no mikoto (a Japanese ancient god who was born in flame) that appears in Jindaiki (Records of period of gods).
- 一方で、私鋳銭禁止令が和同開珎鋳造と同じ和銅元年(708年)に出されている。
- On the other hand, Shichusen kinshi rei (the ban on counterfeiting money) was issued on 708, the same year as that of the manufacture of Wado Kaichin.
- 工事着工後の1年4か月後の和銅3年(710年)3月には平城遷都が決行された。
- In April 710, 16 months after the commencement of construction work, transfer of the capital to Heijokyo was conducted.
- 銅または真鍮製の寛永通宝は、明治維新以後も貨幣としての効力が認められ続けた。
- Kanei-tsuho which was made of copper or brass continued to be recognized as a currency around the period of the Meiji Restoration.
- 江戸時代の1両は分銅の実測によると37.46から37.47グラム程度である。
- By an actual measured value of the fundo, 1 ryo in the Edo period was around 37.46 to 37.47 grams.
- 杖の回数と同じ斤量の銅を納めることで罪を回避すること(贖銅)も可能であった。
- It was also possible to avoid punishment by paying copper coins weighing the equivalent to the number of strokes of the cane (shokudo, or atonement by copper).
- 平安時代になると実刑を回避する手段ばかりではなく、銅を請求する事例も増えた。
- In the Heian period, it was not only the mean to avoid imprisonment, but in more cases copper was demanded.
- また、誰でもが銅鏡を所有出来るのではなく、有力者や司祭者などに限られていた。
- However, not everybody but only the powerful and priests were allowed to own it.
- これは、銅鏡を棺の中に入れて死者と共に埋めるという倭人特有の習俗とみられる。
- It is believed to be particular manners of people in ancient Japan that bronze mirrors were buried together with the dead in a coffin.
- 青銅製の鉦鼓が「架」にかけて使用されるのに対し、木鉦は通常おいて使用される。
- While bronze shoko are hung from a stand when in use, wooden sho are placed on the floor.
- 舎利孔からは金銅製の舎利容器(銅壺、佐波理蓋鋺合子)が完全な形で発見された。
- From the reliquary hall under this stone foundation for the central pillar, a gold-plated copper container was found in a complete, original condition (a copper jar, named as 'Saharinofuta Magarigosu').
- もともとの本尊仏像は、13世紀に盗難にあい、現在は仮に金銅観音像を納めてある。
- The original Buddha statue of honzon (principal object of worship at a temple) was stolen in the thirteenth century; today, a bronze Kannon-zo (statue of the Kannon) is enshrined temporarily.
- 現代の燗銅壷は熱源をガス燃料に変え、筐体は錆に強いステンレス鋼で作られている。
- Modern day sake flask warmers have changed to using gas as the heat source and being made of rust resistant stainless steel.
- また、剣術併伝の鎖鎌術で薙鎌に鎖分銅を付け鎖鎌としたものを使用する流派もある。
- There are also schools which use 'kusarigama' (a chain-sickle) which consists of nagikama with a chain weight, in the art of kusarigama of the combined swordplay.
- 美努王(みぬおう、生年不詳 - 和銅元年(708年)5月)は、飛鳥時代の皇族。
- Minu no Okimi (year of birth unknown - May, 708) was one of the Imperial family members of the Asuka period.
- 事件後、銅山側は全従業員をいったん解雇し、身元の明らかなものだけを再雇用した。
- After the riot, the operator of the mine once fired every worker, and rehired only those who could be identified.
- 新和同は銅銭しか見つかっていないことから、銀銭廃止後に発行されたと考えられる。
- Shinwado coins are thought to have been issued after the silver coins were discontinued since only the copper Shinwado coins could be found.
- 東京国立博物館所蔵の2口のうちの1口は高さ135センチの日本最大の銅鐸である。
- One of two possessed by the Tokyo National Museum is 135 centimeters in height, the biggest dotaku in Japan.
- - ‐尾根の斜面から銅剣358本、銅矛(どうほこ)16本、銅鐸6口が出土した。
- 358 doken, 16 dohoko and 6 dotaku were excavated from a roof slope.
- 一度はずした外型をふたたび組み合わせ、外型と中型のすき間に溶けた銅を流し込む。
- The once removed outside mold was put together again, and melted copper was poured into the space between the inside and outside molds.
- 奈良時代の和銅年間に始まったとする説もあるが、天平元年(729年)が有力である。
- While some believe that Kinomidokyo dates back to the Wado era (from 708 to 715) of the Nara period, it is generally agreed that it began in 729.
- 川中島の戦いを描いた絵画や銅像では、謙信(政虎)が行人包みの僧体に描かれている。
- In the pictures or bronze statues depicting the Battle of Kawanakajima, Kenshin (Masatora) was depicted as a priest wearing Gyoninzutsumi (priest attire worn in battles).
- 712年(和銅5年)の古事記のなかで神武天皇に鯨肉が献上されたという記述がある。
- In Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters), it is described that whale meat was presented to Emperor Jimmu in 712.
- 4月、「東京平和博覧会」開催(松本芳翠が金牌、大野百錬が銀牌、佐分移山が銅牌)。
- April: 'Tokyo Memorial Peace Exhibition' was held (the gold medal was awarded to Hosui MATSUMOTO, the silver medal to Hyakuren ONO and the copper medal to Izan SABURI).
- そこで幕府は全国の銅山から産出される銅を、大坂の大坂銅吹所に集め厳しく管理した。
- Then, bakufu collected bronze produced at copper mines across the nation at Osaka Cupellating Place and controled it with strict care.
- 中国の銅鈴が起源とされるが、日本で出土する形状に類似するものは見つかっていない。
- Dotaku is said to have originated from Chinese copper bells but no similar shape has been found in Japan.
- 銅鐸は、紀元前2世紀から2世紀の約400年間にわたって作り用いられた祭器である。
- Dotaku are ritual utensils produced and used over about 400 years, between the second century B.C. and the second century.
- その後、4月以降の追加調査では、さらに不良品やカス、鋳型、溶銅などが発見された。
- Subsequently in the additional survey after April, also defects, refuse, mold and molten copper were found.
- ただし、現在、古銭収集目的で取引されている和銅銭には贋作が多いので注意を要する。
- A large number of Wado-sen Coins traded now for ancient coin collections are counterfeit; therefore, cautions have to be taken.
- 銅山の採掘と銅銭の鋳造のは国家の経営により、鋳銭監・鋳銭院という役所で行われた。
- The mining of copper mines and minting of copper coins were nationally owned and they were conducted at the government offices, such as jusenkan and jusenin.
- 文字の未だ定まっていない時代に、任命書に代えて鏡ではなく銅鐸を授与したという説。
- The fifth is that dotaku were used as an appointment letter instead of mirrors in the times when characters were not established yet.
- 6月には地鎮祭が行われ、大仏殿と銅製の大仏は慶長17年(1612年)に完成した。
- The ground-breaking ceremony was performed in July, and the Daibutsuden and the Great Buddha made from copper were completed in 1612.
- 灰を入れる炉、又は“おとし”と呼ばれる部分は、銅板により作られていることも多い。
- The hearth, or 'otoshi,' where the ash is placed is often made of copper plate.
- なお、経を納める容器には、銅筒のほか陶器製の壺や甕、竹製、石製の容器も用いられた。
- To contain sutra, a ceramic crock, an earthenware pot, a bamboo or stone container were used as well as a bronze case.
- 江戸時代の一貫は分銅の実測によれば3.746~3.747キログラム(kg)である。
- By weighing fundo (counterweight used in currency exchange), we know that 1 kan in the Edo period was set at 3.746 to 3.747 kilograms.
- 要には補強・装飾の目的で金・銀・白銅などで作ったチョウや鳥の形の飾り金具を被せた。
- The pivot was enforced and decorated with decorative metal fixtures in the forms of butterflies or birds made of gold, silver, or nickel.
- 住友理兵衛友以の孫にあたる住友友芳の代には、元禄4年に伊予の別子銅山の開堀に着手。
- Excavation at the Besshidozan copper mine in Iyo was started in the 4th year of Genroku, which was during the lifetime of Tomoyoshi SUMITOMO, a grandchild of Riemon Tomomochi SUMITOMO.
- 和銅2年(709年) 蝦夷が良民を害し、巨勢麻呂、佐伯石湯、紀諸人らが征討に出発。
- In 709, when the Emishi harmed freemen with their own lands, Kosemaro, SAEKI no Iwayu, KI no Morohito and others were dispatched to subjugate them.
- おかげで学生らが団体で連日、鉱毒被害地や足尾銅山の見学をするなど、世論は沸騰した。
- People showed strong interest in this problem and groups of students visited the poisoned area and the Ashio Mine.
- 銀錠と銅銭の交換を専門に行う銭荘・銀楼などと呼ばれる両替商も出現するようになった。
- Money changers, known as 銭荘 (Qian-zhuang) or 銀楼, who specialized in exchange between silver sycee and copper coins appeared.
- 竣工が銅山の閉山後だったこともあり、水質検査では異常な値はあまり検出されていない。
- Probably because the completion of construction was after the closure of the mines, abnormal values in the water quality tests have not been often detected.
- 仏教における鉦鼓は、単に鉦(かね・しょう)とも称され、金属(青銅)製のものを言う。
- The shoko in Buddhism is simply called kane or sho, and is made of a metal such as bronze.
- 大阪・野中寺の金銅像(重文)が「弥勒菩薩」という銘文をもつ最古の半跏思惟像である。
- The gold-and-bronze statue of Yachu-ji Temple in Osaka (an important cultural property) is the oldest hanka-shiyui image having the inscription 'Miroku Bosatsu.'
- その場合は小石が湿気を含んでいると銅板がさびてしまうので、灰だけを入れた方がよい。
- In that case, only ash should be used because wet pebbles may cause the copper to rust.
- 日本各地の酸化銅鉱山では深刻な資源の枯渇にさらされており、銅の価値は上がっていた。
- All copper oxide mines located around Japan had drastic fear of the depletion of resources, which caused a raise in the value of copper.
- 京都証券取引所への単独上場企業は、互応化学工業と京都ホテルと三谷伸銅3社だけだった。
- Only three companies were listed solely on the Kyoto stock exchange: Goo chemical, Kyoto hotel, and Mitani Shindo.
- 量目は一匁四分(5.2グラム)、規定品位は銅68%、亜鉛24%、鉛など8%であった。
- Ryome (a weighed value) was one monme and four bu (5.2grams), and the specified composition was 68% of copper, 24% of zinc, and 8% of lead and so on.
- 有栖川宮記念公園 (東京都港区 (東京都)にある別邸跡。兄・熾仁親王の銅像がある。)
- The Arisugawa no Miya Memorial Park (the place where there used to be a villa located in Minato Ward, Tokyo and there is a stutue of his older brother, Imperial Prince Taruhito.)
- この銅貨には「貨泉」という篆書体の文字が鋳込まれていたので貨泉(かせん)と呼ばれる。
- With the tensho-tai (seal-engraving style of writing Chinese characters) style Chinese characters of 貨泉 cast in it, this copper coin was called 貨泉 (kasen).
- 砂張(さはり):銅を主とする合金であるが、特に東南アジア系統の製品を指すことがある。
- Sahari: Refers to mainly copper mixed metals, but sometimes refers especially to Southeast Asian group products.
- 和銅年間以降は「芳野」と表記され、天武系王朝の故地として聖武天皇もたびたび行幸した。
- From and after the Wado era (708-715), Yoshino was written as '芳野' and the Emperor Shomu often made imperial visits as a place of connection for the dynasty of Tenmu line.
- それに対し宗氏は、それまでは外交交渉のため使用していた特送船を使って銅の輸出を図る。
- Against this movement, the So clan tried to export copper by shipping it over by tokusosen which had been used only for diplomatic negotiations until then.
- 同年6月には別子銅山でも暴動が起きているが、足尾暴動事件が飛び火したものといわれる。
- In June on the same year, a riot occurred in Besshi Copper Mine, and it is said to had been spilled over from Ashio Riot.
- このように、大型の青銅器は出現当初をのぞいてほとんどが祭祀に用いられるものであった。
- In these manners, most of large bronze ware were used for rituals, except for the time of emergence.
- 当時銅は日本の主要輸出品のひとつであり、全国の産出量の1/4は足尾銅山が占めていた。
- At that time, copper was one of Japan's major exports with 1/4 of the national output coming from Ashio copper mine.
- しかし、土地柄、銅山との商取引で生計を立てている者が多く、運動は盛り上がらなかった。
- However, many were making a living through business with the copper mine and the movement never gained significant support.
- 水質基準は経済企画庁の提案による銅0.06ppmという値で、1968年に決定された。
- In 1968 the water-quality standard was resolved, and as for copper, they fixed it at 0.06ppm by the suggestion of the Ministry of Economic Planning.
- 上代の日本刀(つるぎ)とは、刀剣のうち両刃のものをさすが、まず青銅製のものが現れた。
- Tsurugi, a Japanese sword in the early Japanese period, mainly Nara period, refers to a double-edged sword, and the first Tsurugi were made of bronze.
- 同郡では製銅が盛んだったようで、金属生産と巨人という出雲国の例との共通点もみられる。
- It seems that copper was produced actively in Taka County, and the fact is similar to the one in Izumo Province as the two places produced metal and had the legend of the giant.
- こうして、民間での、政府が発行する銅銭への信頼は失墜してしまい、使用されなくなった。
- Thus, copper coins issued by the government had lost the trust of the people and ceased to be used in the market.
- 土器以外の出土品としては青銅器、鉄器などの金属器、石製品、骨角製品、貝製品などがある。
- Besides pottery, there exist other excavated articles as well, such as metal artifacts (bronze ware, ironware, and others), stone objects, bone and antler objects, and shell objects.
- それ以前に北宋の段階で交子が発行されて国内経済は銅銭と紙幣の二本立て構造になっていた。
- In the Northern Sung Dynasty era before that, bills called koshi were issued, causing both copper coins and paper money to be used in the domestic economy of the dynasty.
- 藤原仲麻呂の乱平定を祈願して孝謙上皇(称徳天皇)が造立した金銅四天王像を安置している。
- Gilt copper statues of Shitenno (the four guardian kings) which were built by the Retired Empress Koken (Empress Shotoku) invoking suppression of rebellion by FUJIWARA no Nakamaro have been enshrined.
- 一品に叙せられた最初の例は和銅8年(715年)に叙せられた穂積親王と氷高内親王である。
- The Imperial Prince Hozumi and the Imperial Princess were the first case to be conferred as Ippon in 715.
- 古来より「銅壷の水は腐らない」と言われるが、これは銅イオンの殺菌作用によるものである。
- Since the days of yore it has been said that water in 'Doko' heating units never goes bad; however, this is because of the sterilizing effect of the copper ions.
- 国家の分裂や慢性的な銅銭不足によって金銀や絹などの軽貨が代用貨幣として用いられていた。
- However, the partition of the nation and the chronic shortage of copper led to the usage of light coins including gold, silver or silk as substitutes.
- 明和4年(1767年)より長崎で主に貿易専用に銅銭が鋳造されたが質は悪いものであった。
- Copper coins were minted especially for international trade in Nagasaki after 1767, but their quality was poor.
- 現在の安居院は中金堂の位置にあり、鞍作止利作とされる金銅仏・飛鳥大仏が安置されている。
- The site of the main kondo is now occupied by the Ango-in Hall, which houses the Kondo-butsu or Asuka Daibutsu (a gilt bronze statue of Buddha in a sitting position), believed to have been made by KURATSUKURI no Tori.
- 魏から親魏倭王の仮の金印と銅鏡100枚を与えられる(『三国志』では同二年(238年))。
- She was given an improvised gold seal of Shingi Wao and 100 bronze mirrors by the King of Wei (according to 'Sanguo Zhi,' this occurred in 238).
- 明国内においても銀と紙幣を機軸とする通貨体系に移行して銅銭鋳造の必然性が失われていった。
- In Ming, as the currency system based upon using both silver and paper money was established, the necessity of minting copper coins became lost.
- 乳鉢坊(にゅうばちぼう)とは、芝居の鳴り物に使う銅盤が変化して生まれた日本の妖怪である。
- Nyubachibo (literally, mortar [a bowl-shaped vessel] bonze) is one of Japanese yokai (ghosts, spirits and monsters) that was transmuted from a copper disk (cymbal) used as a musical instrument for theatrical performance.
- 1147年 平清盛は祇園闘乱事件がきっかけで、鳥羽法皇より30斤の贖銅を命ぜられている。
- In 1147, TAIRA no Kiyomori was ordered by the Cloistered Emperor Toba to pay 30 kin of copper due to the Gion Brawling Incident.
- 当初幕府は銅の産出が次第に増加するものと見込んでいたが、産出のピークは元禄年間であった。
- At the beginning, bakufu expected that production of copper increased gradually, but its peak was in Genroku era.
- 1892年の古在由直らによる調査結果によれば、鉱毒の主成分は銅の化合物、亜酸化鉄、硫酸。
- According to the survey by Yoshinao KOZAI and others in 1892, the main mineral poison consisted of compounds of copper, iron oxide and sulfuric acid.
- どら焼きの名は一般に、形が打楽器の銅鑼(どら)に似ることからついたという説が有力である。
- The prevailing theory on the origin of the name Dora-yaki is because the shape is similar to a percussion instrument or Chinese gong called a Dora.
- 石櫃(附 銅骨蔵器、錫外筒、石櫃、金銅経筒、須恵器合子)(石櫃以外は東京国立博物館寄託)
- A cist (tsuketari 銅骨蔵器, 錫外筒, cist, gold and bronze sutra case, unglazed (ceramic) ware) (housed in the Tokyo National Museum, except for the cist)
- また「贖銅(罰金)」にもちいられた銅や砂金、銀なども秤量貨幣の一種と見なすことができる。
- Copper, gold dust, silver, and others which were used as 'Shokudo (penalty charges)' may be regarded as a kind of Hyoryo kahei (currency valued by weight.)
- 日本においては、室町時代に銅銭97枚をもって100枚とみなす商慣習があったと言われている。
- In Japan, it is said that there was a business custom with which 97 copper coins were considered as 100 coins in the Muromachi period.
- 一方、日本国内の銀産出量が激減したため、銀輸出が禁止され、銅や金が主要輸出品目に変わった。
- At the same time, since the amount of silver produced in Japan was sharply decreased, the export of silver was prohibited and instead copper and gold became Japan's major export products.
- 708年に武蔵国秩父(黒谷)より和銅が献じられたので、和銅に改元し、和同開珎を鋳造させた。
- As wado (Japanese copper) was offered from Chichibu (Kuroya) in Musashi Province in 708, the Empress changed the name of an era into Wado and ordered the minting of Wado-kaichin coins.
- 米、小麦、豆類、綿花、タバコ、石油、石炭、銅、錫、鉛、亜鉛、タングステン、ニッケル、金、銀
- Rice, flour, beans, tobacco, oil, coal, copper, tin, lead, zinc, tungsten, nickel, gold and silver.
- 卑弥呼に下賜された銅鏡は100枚だが、それをはるかに超える数の三角縁神獣鏡が出土している。
- Though 100 bronze mirrors were given to Himiko as an imperial grant, many more Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were discovered.
- 青銅器も大陸から移入されたが、古代オリエント地域などと違って鉄器使用の年代と隔たりがない。
- Bronze ware was introduced to Japan from the continent (Asian continent), but unlike other ancient Oriental regions the inception of iron ware usage was closer to the introduction of bronze ware.
- 和銅元年(708年)に不動穀制度が導入された折に、対になる概念として「動用」が導入された。
- In 708, when the system of fudokoku (staples for an emergency, stored in fudoso) was introduced, the opposite idea of 'doyo' was also introduced.
- 1896年には群馬県議会が足尾銅山の操業停止を求める議決(『鉱毒ノ儀ニ付建議』)を行った。
- In 1896, Gunma Prefectural Assembly decided to demand Ashio copper mine to close down operations ('The Proposal for the Issue of the Mining Pollution').
- 律令法において罰金を課する贖銅制度が存在していたが、律令法が衰退して刑罰が緩やかになった。
- The Ritsuryo law established the Shokudo (penalty charges which was paid with copper coins) system to impose punishment and for collection of penal fines, but later the Ritsuryo law enforcement power revoked, resulting in less strict penal punishments.
- 日本からは銅や硫黄などの鉱物や周防国など西国で産した木材、日本刀などの工芸品が輸出された。
- Minerals such as copper and sulfur, lumber produced in western pars of Japan including Suo Province and handicrafts including Japanese swords were exported from Japan.
- 三葉文を透彫りした金銅・銀製の帯金具は、河北省定県のものが最も古く、2世紀に出現している。
- The oldest gold and copper, or silver belt fittings provided with sanyo-mon design relief appeared in the second or the third century in Ding County, Hebei Province.
- 鍋や銚子を直火にかけて燗をつけていたが、文化年間には、銅製または錫製のチロリで燗をつけた。
- They used to warm sake with a pan or sake decanter over direct heat, but in the Bunka era, copper or tin made chirori (a metal container for heating sake) was used.
- そのため、銅銭の実際の価値が公定の価格以上に上昇して経済的に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- Thus, the actual value of the copper coin became higher than the official value and it had a major impact on the economy.
- その結果、銅銭使用を忌避させることとなり、一時的ながら畿内での貨幣流通そのものを衰退させた。
- As a result, people avoided using copper coins, causing the circulation of money in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) decline temporarily.
- 朝鮮側は朝鮮銅貨である常平銭を日本人が使用することを禁じようとしたが、日本側に押し切られた。
- Korea tried to prohibit use of the Korean copper coin called Sangpyeong Tongbo by Japanese people, but it failed because of opposition from Japan.
- 江戸時代前後には屋根の軽量化を図るために銅や鉛の金属で作られた瓦(金属瓦)も用いられ始めた。
- Around the Edo period, metal tiles made of such as copper and lead have started to be used to reduce the roof weight.
- 本作品は高さ約90センチの金銅(銅に金メッキ)製の塔だが、木造建築の外観を忠実に模している。
- This work is a gilt copper pagoda approximately 90 cm high and the appearance of wooden structure has been exactly copied.
- 708年(和銅元年)、秩父郡(ちちぶのこおり)で和銅(精錬の必要の無い自然銅)が発見された。
- Japanese copper, a domestic type that doesn't need refining, was found in the Chichibu district in the year 708.
- 長崎における貿易では金、銀、銅が日本から輸出され、また中国に対しては海産品も輸出されている。
- Trade in Nagasaki included, gold, silver and copper products that were exported from Japan, and marine products that were also exported to China.
- 鉱毒調査委員会が銅山に設置を命じた鉱毒沈殿池が決壊し、再び鉱毒が下流に流れて被害を及ぼした。
- Peasants suffered another serious damages from the massive slugs released from the burst of the sedimentation pond built by the Ashio Copper Mine Survey Committee.
- この記述から、銅鏡は邪馬台国の所在地を決定づける手掛かりになるのではないかと期待されている。
- It is expected that bronze mirror will be the clue to determine the location of Yamataikoku Kingdom with this description.
- 平形銅剣をのぞくほとんどの武器形青銅器はこれらの遺跡群で集中的に生産されたと考えられている。
- Most weapon type bronze ware were intensively manufactured in these sites, except for the flat bronze sword.
- 1887年に発掘され、鉄轡や鉄製馬具の破片、銅鏡、勾玉など、400点余りの副葬品が発見された。
- This kofun was excavated in 1887, and more than four hundred funerary goods such as pieces of iron bits and iron harnesses, bronze mirrors, and magadama comma-shaped bead were discovered.
- 江戸時代に銅銭96枚(=96文)の束をもって銭100文と見なした慣習も短陌の一つと見なされる。
- The custom with which a bundle of 96 copper coins (equal to 96 mon [an old currency unit in Japan]) was considered as 100 coins in the Edo period is regarded as one of tanhaku.
- 奈良時代初期の713年(和銅6)に、元明天皇は、令制国毎に「風土記」という地誌の編纂を命じた。
- In 713, the early Nara period, Emperor Genmyo ordered the compilation of regional gazetteers or topography called 'Fudoki' for each ryosei province.
- 幕府は、江戸時代中期以降に、米・箔(金箔・銀箔など)・石灰・高麗人参・銅などの専売を実施した。
- In the middle of the Edo period, the bakufu practiced the monopolization of rice, foil (gold foil, silver foil, etc.), lime, Korean ginseng, copper, and others.
- 神社は基本的に木の屋根(杮葺、檜皮葺)とするが、近世になると銅板葺きも用いられるようになった。
- In principle, roofing material in shrine construction is wood (wood strip roofing or cedar bark roofing); later on, in the modern era, copper sheeting became a material of choice.
- 天竜寺船、勘合貿易により中国との往来は絶えることはなく、銅銭が大量輸入され、唐物が珍重された。
- Since the coming from and going to China were never discontinued due to Tenryuji-bune (Heavenly Dragon Ship) and the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty), a large amount of copper coins were imported, and karamono (things imported from China) were highly esteemed.
- 出土した青銅器には復元できなかった幹があるので、そこにもう一羽の鳥があるのかもしれないという。
- Since some trunks in the unearthed bronze ware were not restored, another bird might have been there.
- これは、実質上の通貨の切り上げになると同時に銅銭を多く取り扱う大商人に有利な制度として定着した。
- This meant actual revaluation of currency and at the same time, it became established as a favorable system for merchant princes who handled a great number of copper coins.
- 清に先立つ明では、銅銭使用を禁じ、紙幣に切り替えていたが、清代になってから銭貨の使用が復活した。
- In the Ming Dynasty prior to the Qing Dynasty, the use of copper coins was prohibited, and copper coins were replaced by paper money, but in the Qing Dynasty, the use of coins was revived.
- 三味線と「お囃子」(前述の4種の楽器)だけでなく、さらに大太鼓や鉦、銅鑼なども加えて演奏される。
- Odaiko (large drums), bells and dora (gongs) are played together with Shamisen and ohayashi (the four instruments described earlier).
- 銅銭の他に、背に漢数字を鋳込んだ「番銭」と呼ばれる銀銭が存在し、これは水戸市の鋳造ともいわれる。
- Other than copper coins, there are silver coins called 'Bansen,' which have Chinese characters to express numbers incused on the back, and they are said to have been minted by Mito City.
- 鎖分銅は一度投げてしまうと投げた鎖を巻き取り再度振り回して攻撃態勢が整うまで非常に時間がかかる。
- Once a chain weight is thrown, it takes a very long time to retrieve the thrown chain and brandish the chain again to be ready for the next attack.
- 近代の作品は2001年(平成13年)に鋳造家・鈴木長吉の「銅鷲置物」が指定されたのが最初である。
- Ornament of a Bronze Eagle' by the caster Chokichi SUZUKI was the first to be designated as a modern masterpiece in 2001.
- 当時の精錬法では利用できる銅資源が限られていたため、原材料の銅の生産量が年々低下したためである。
- One of reasons for the above was that usable materials by the then-current technology of copper refinery, was limited to certain resources, so that production of such usable copper resources continued to decrease year by year.
- 古くから開口していたが、発掘調査で金銅花形座金具、馬具、鉄製武器、農耕 具、玉類が出土している。
- It was opened since early times, and from excavation and research, gilt bronze parts of flower-shaped seats, harnesses, iron arms, farming tools, and beads were found.
- 小堀遠州の用命を受けた際に「宗全」の銅印をもらったことから、以後九代まで作品に宗全印を捺用した。
- Sozen the third was given a bronze seal of '宗全' (Sozen) when he received the order from Enshu KOBORI, and the family put that Sozen seal on their works until the ninth generation.
- 全国で稲荷神の本社である京都の伏見稲荷神社の神が降りた日が和銅4年のこの日であったとされている。
- Throughout Japan, it is believed that the deity of Fushimi Inari-jinja Shrine in Kyoto, the headquarters of the Inari-sha shrines, descended on this day in 711.
- 中世日朝貿易は制限貿易であり、朝鮮王朝から図書と呼ばれる銅製印章を受けた者のみ通交が許されていた。
- The medieval Japan-Korea trade was limited trade, and only the recipients of copper seals called toso (tosho in Japanese) were allowed to have diplomatic relations with the Yi dynasty.
- 江戸時代には「古銅印」・「古鋳印」と呼ばれ、俗称では「干支印」・「紐印」・「博多印」とも呼ばれた。
- In the Edo period, it was called 'kodoin,' or 'kochu-in,' and also called as common names 'eto-in,' 'ju-in,' or 'Hakata-in.'
- 日本において青銅製の武器の作成が開始されたのは、出土品から見て早くても紀元1世紀以降とされている。
- Judging from excavated articles, the production of bronze swords in Japan is believed to have started in the 1st century at the earliest.
- この段階の武器形青銅器は墓に副葬されることが一般的で、個人の所有物として使われていたことがわかる。
- Weapon type bronze ware at that time was usually buried as burial goods, which indicate that they were used as the property of the individual.
- 次に砂地に鋳型である母銭を複数押し付け、さらに鎔銅の流れる湯道をつけ、これを焼いて鋳型が作られる。
- Next, matrix coins, which would serve as a mold, were pressed onto the sand, routes in which melted copper would flow were made on the sand, and then the sand was burned and made into a mold.
- 更に明和2年(1765年)以後には小額の銅銭鋳造の業務を銀座_(歴史)と分担して行うようになった。
- Furthermore, after 1765, the operation of casting small amounts of copper coins was shared by kin-za and gin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) (see the article of gin-za [history]).
- 最終的に、銅山に全く依存していない数軒のみが賠償を受けることに成功したが、逆に町内の分断を招いた。
- In the end, only a few of them, who had not done any business with the copper mine, managed to get compensation, however it led to division in the town.
- また、女性が銅鏡台に供えた鏡餅を開く事を「初顔」を祝うといい、二十日(はつか)にかける縁語とした。
- Also, the event of kagamibiraki carried out by a woman using a kagamimochi offered before a bronze-mirrored dressing table is called a celebration of 'hatsukao (the first face),' and this word is an engo (word associated) with the word 'hatsuka,' meaning the twentieth day.
- 銅製の経筒には、円形の筒のほか、六角形や八角形の筒もあり、さらに石製の外容器をともなう場合があった。
- Bronze cases included circle cases, hexagonal cases, octagon cases, and some cases came with another external container.
- 714年(和銅7年)これを漢風に改め、四神において南方を守護するとされる朱雀の名を冠したものとした。
- In 714, the gate system was revised into the Chinese style with the south gate being named Suzaku (a Vermilion Bird and a god said to rule over the southern heavens), which was one of the shijin (four gods said to rule over the four directions) that was believed to protect the south.
- この間明からは永楽通宝や繊維製品が、日本からは銅などの鉱物資源、漆器や屏風などの工芸品が行きかった。
- During this period Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming Dynasty) and textile products from Ming and mineral resources such as copper and handicraft such as lacquer wares and folding screens from Japan were traded.
- 弥生時代の道具類を材質から分類すると、大きく石器、木器・青銅器・鉄器・土器などに分けることができる。
- Tools used in the Yayoi period can be divided into materials, such as; stoneware, woodenware, bronze-ware, ironware, and earthenware.
- また、北部九州では、前期から中期にかけて銅剣・銅戈・石剣・石戈の切っ先が棺内から出土することが多い。
- Moreover, the tip of bronze swords, doka (bronze halberds for ritual), stone swords, and stone halberds are often excavated from a coffin of the early to the middle Yayoi period in northern Kyushu.
- 奈良時代中期の文献でさえ初めての通貨発行を和同開珎が出された708年(和銅元年)と記述していること。
- Even literature from the mid Nara period described that the first currency that as issued was Wado-kaichin in 708.
- (さらに中国地方を「銅剣文化圏」としてこれを加え、三つの文化圏が対立しあっていたとする説もあった。)
- (There was even a theory that three cultural areas confronted, including Chugoku region as 'the doken cultural area.')
- 宝冠、首飾、臂釧(ひせん)、腕釧(わんせん)などの装身具を付け、これらは銅製透かし彫りの別製とする。
- It is adorned with a crown, necklace, upper arm bracelet, and bracelet, etc., all of which are especially made of copper by openwork carving.
- 延喜通宝や最後の乾元大宝は、銅銭ではなく鉛銭であると言われるほど鉛の含有量が高いものが多く存在する。
- Many coins of Engi-tsuho and the last Kangen-taiho contained so much lead that they were called lead coins instead of copper ones.
- 前期古墳の副葬品の典型的組合せ、つまり、銅鏡や玉類、剣や刀などの武器類をセットにしていることである。
- It is a typical combination of burial goods of the early tumuli, which is characterized by making bronze mirrors, gems and weapons including Ken (sword of sharpened two edges) and Katana (a sword) as a set.
- なおこの一円黄銅貨は戦後発行であるが、素材金属価格の高騰により鋳つぶしされる危険があるため、失効した。
- This one-yen brass coin was issued after the war, but because there was a risk that the coins may be melted due to an increase in price for the raw metal, production was ceased.
- この分銅は江戸時代を通じて後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、それ以外のものの製作および使用は禁止された。
- The Shirobei GOTO family was exclusively permitted to produce the balance weights throughout the Edo period while other balance weights were prohibited to be produced or used.
- 甲の前楯に麻の葉繋ぎ文が施され、金泥盛り上げ彩色や銅製金具などと相まって鎌倉後期の趣向がよく現れている
- A taste in the late Kamakura period is seen clearly on this statue in the following way: An inter-twined asa no ha pattern is provided on the front shield of the armor, colors are provided by thickly adding kindei on the surface, and copper fittings are also used.
- 古くは、平瓦、丸瓦、役瓦の形に造られた木の形に銅や鉛の薄い板を貼り付け粘土瓦と同じような方法で葺いた。
- In ancient times, a thin copper or lead plate was put on a wooden form in a shape of a flat tile, concave tile or yakugawara tile (roof tiles with a special purpose), and this tile was laid on a roof in the same manner as a clay tile.
- この理由としては、中国の歴史上慢性的とも言えた銅の不足の他に、日本の銅には銀が少なからず含有していた。
- The reason for this discrepancy was that China had been chronically suffering from copper shortage since the beginning of its history, as well as the copper imported from Japan contained silver in no small measure.
- 当時の日朝貿易における日本側の輸出品は胡椒・丹木・朱紅・銅・金等であり、朝鮮側の輸出品は綿布であった。
- In the trade between Japan and Korea of those days, Japan exported pepper, tanboku (sacred tree), shubeni (scarlet pigment), copper, and gold, while Korea exported cotton cloth.
- 米、小麦、砂糖、木材、タバコ、麻、ポプラ、石炭、鉄鋼、銅、鉛、硫黄、クローム、モリブデン、金、マンガン
- Rice, flour, sugar, wood, tobacco, linen, poplar, coal, iron, steel, copper, lead, sulphur, chrome, molybdenum, gold and manganese.
- 雄略朝の大連・物部目の後裔を称する石上麻呂には朝臣の姓が与えられて、西暦708年(和銅元年)に左大臣。
- ISONOKAMI no Maro, who called himself a descendant of MONONOBE no Me (who was Omuraji in the era of the Emperor Yuryaku), was given the kabane of Ason and was promoted to Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) in 708.
- 1975年11月18日和解が成立し、古河鉱業は銅などによる鉱毒被害を認め、2億3500万円を支払った。
- It was settled on November 18, 1975, and Furukawa Mining admitted their fault on the damage by the copper and so on and paid 235 million yen.
- 溶銅の量から、実に9000枚以上が鋳造されたと推定され、本格的な鋳造がされていたことが明らかになった。
- From the amount of molten copper, it was assumed that more than 9,000 coins were casted and it became clear that full-scale casting was done.
- 経典は紙に写経された紙本経である場合が多いが、粘土板や銅版、礫石、瓦、貝殻などが用いられることもある。
- Scriptures were mostly copied onto paper, but occasionally onto clay tablets, copper plates, small stones, root tiles, or shells.
- 秋田県大仙市豊川の水神社所蔵『線刻千手観音等鏡像』は11世紀に鏡面に線刻が施されたとみられる銅鏡である。
- 'Senkoku Senju Kannon tokyozo mirror' possessed by Sui-jinja Shrine in Toyokawa, Daisen City, Akita Prefecture is a bronze mirror on which line engraving seemed to be made in the 11th century.
- しかし、領地内に大きな鉱山をもたなかったことから、根本的な解決方法である良質の銅銭発行が行われなかった。
- However, although issuing high-quality copper coins could lead to a fundamental solution of the problem, he could not do it because he didn't have a large mine in his territory.
- 708年2月に催鋳銭司がおかれ、同年5月にははやくも和同開珎の銀銭、同じく8月には銅銭が発行されている。
- In February 708, a Saijusenshi (A Ryoge no kan in charge of administering coinage) was appointed and in May the same year, silver coins of Wado Kaichin were issued with copper coins coming in August.
- 弥生時代中期前半以降、銅剣・銅矛・銅戈などの武器形青銅器は、徐々に太く作られるようになったと理解できる。
- In and after the first half of the middle of the Yayoi period, manufactured weapon type bronze ware such as bronze swords, doka (bronze halberd for ritual) and bronze halberds gradually increased in thickness.
- 現存する最大は、144センチ、45キログラムに達する(滋賀県野洲市野洲町大岩山1881年出土1号銅鐸)。
- The biggest in existence is 144 centimeters in height and 45 kilograms in weight (No. 1 dotaku excavated in Mt. Oiwa in Yasu Cho, Yasu City, Shiga Prefecture in 1881).
- 和同開珎(わどうかいちん、わどうかいほう)は、708年(和銅元年)に、日本で鋳造・発行された銭貨である。
- Wado-kaichin (can be called Wado-kaiho) was the coin minted and issued in Japan in 708.
- あまり注目される事が無いが頂上からの出土が無いことは銅鐸の用途や信仰的位置を考える上で重要と考えられる。
- No excavation from the top of the hill is probably an important clue to revealing the purpose of dotaku and their religious status although this fact gets less attention.
- 材質は銅製、貨幣価値は1文として通用したが、日本では天正年間より永楽通宝1枚が鐚銭4文分と等価とされた。
- The coins were made of copper and circulated as a value of 1 mon (a unit name and value of small money at the time); however, in Japan one Eiraku-tsuho coin was valued at 4 mons of Bitasen (low quality coins with surfaces worn away) from the Tensho years.
- 風土記編纂が命じられたのが和銅6年(713年)であるため、原本は遅くとも8世紀中にはできていたと思われる。
- Because Fudoki (the description of regional climate, culture, etc.) was compiled by imperial order in around 713, it seems that the original text came into existence during the middle of eighth century at the latest.
- 材料の銅を輸入に頼らざるを得なかった朝鮮としては、日本によって国外に銅が流出する危惧を抱いていたのである。
- As Korea relied on the import of copper, the material of currency, they worried that copper would flow out of Korea to Japan.
- 印籠の普及期である江戸時代初期には、この根付として、銅製の糸印(いといん)が多く使用されたと言われている。
- In the early Edo period when inro became widespread, as netsuke, apparently itoin (copper seals imported from China around the 16th century) were often used.
- これらの伝説にちなみ、大江山の山麓にあった廃坑となった銅鉱山跡に1993年日本の鬼の交流博物館が作られた。
- The Japan Ogre Exchange Museum was built on the site of an abandoned copper mine at the foot of Mt. Oe in 1993 after these legends.
- 和銅元年(708年)、県犬養三千代が元明天皇から橘宿禰(たちばなのすくね)の氏姓を賜ったことを淵源とする。
- The clan's origin dated back to 708, when Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo was granted Shisei (clan and hereditary title) of TACHIBANA no Sukune by the Emperor Genmei.
- そして蘇我理右衛門(業祖)の長子理兵衛友以(住友友以)を養子に迎えたことが、住友家と銅との出会いであった。
- The eldest son of Riemon SOGA (the founder of a business), Riemon Tomomochi (Tomomochi SUMITOMO) was adopted by the Sumitomo Family, which turned out to be an encounter of the Sumitomo Family with copper.
- 慶長通宝(けいちょうつうほう)は、慶長11年(1606年)に江戸幕府によって発行された銅銭(異説もある)。
- The Keicho Tsuho was a copper coin issued by the Edo Shognate in 1606. (different theories exist.)
- 後藤伍長は銅像のほか、現在青森県道40号青森田代十和田線の路上に「後藤伍長発見の地」という板が立っている。
- Other than the bronze statue of Corporal Goto, there stands a plate which reads, 'This is the place where Corporal Goto was found.', on the current Aomori Prefectural Highway 40, Aomori Tashiro Towada Line.
- 710年(和銅3)に平城京に遷都されるまで持統・文武・元明の三天皇が居住した16年間、日本の首都であった。
- Fujiwara-kyo was the Imperial capital of Japan for 16 years for the reigns of Empress Jito, Emperor Monmu, and Empress Genmei until its capital was relocated to Heijo-kyo in 710.
- 708年5月には銀貨が発行され、7月には銅貨の鋳造が始まり、8月に発行されたことが続日本紀に記されている。
- The Shoku Nihongi (Chronciles of Japan, continued) mentioned that Wado-kaichin, made of silver, were issued in May 708, the minting of the copper Wado-kaichin coins began in July of the same year, and the copper coins were issued in August of that same year.
- 政府は、こののちも銅銭の鋳造をつづけ、10世紀の乾元大宝まで12回にわたり国家的に銭貨の鋳造はおこなわれた。
- The government continued to manufacture copper coins and, until the issue of the new currency Kengen Taiho in the tenth century, as many as 12 rounds of production were carried out.
- 使用される金属の種類は金、銀、銅、鉄、錫、亜鉛、またはそれらの合金など多様で、鍍金や象嵌を施したものもある。
- A wide variety of metals are used for kiseru, such as gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, zinc and alloy of those metals, and some kiseru are plated with gold or marquetry-inlaid.
- 通説では、文禄の役の際に日本軍が朝鮮から略奪した銅版活字によって慶長勅版本が刊行されたのがその嚆矢とされる。
- In a commonly accepted view, Kokatsuji-bon originated from Keicho Chokuhan-bon, published by imperial order using copper types that the Japanese army had plundered from Korea during the Bunroku campaign.
- 室町時代の『百鬼夜行絵巻』にも同じような銅盤状の妖怪が描かれているので、これがモデルになったという説がある。
- Since a similar copper disk (or cymbal) yokai was depicted in 'Hyakki Yagyo Emaki' (The 'Night Parade of One Hundred Demons' Picture Scroll) in the Muromachi period, some believe that Nyubachibo was modeled on it.
- (和同開珎等の銅銭でさえ周防国(山口県山口市鋳銭司・下関市長府安養寺町)等の西日本で多くが鋳造されていた。)
- (Most copper coins including Wado-kaichin were produced in western Japan such as Suo Province [Suzenji, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Anyoji-cho, Chofu, Shimonoseki City]).
- 中期後半までに青銅器の生産は福岡県福岡市那珂・比恵遺跡群や春日市須玖遺跡群などで集中的に行われるようになる。
- By the latter half of middle period, bronze ware was intensively manufactured in Nakai and Hie sites at Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture and in Suku sites in Kasuga City.
- 鎖鎌(くさりがま)とは、草刈り鎌に鎖分銅を取付けた様な形をした武器で、農耕具を武器として発展させた物である。
- Kusarigama (a chain and a sickle) is a weapon that has a form like a kama (a sickle) for cutting grass attached to a chain weight and it was developed as a weapon from a farming tool.
- 作例としては、奈良の法隆寺金堂、京都の蟹満寺の銅像、奈良の室生寺金堂、京都の大報恩寺の木像などが著名である。
- For example, the bronze statues at Horyu-ji Temple Kondo in Nara and at Kaniman-ji Temple in Kyoto are famous, as are the wooden figures of Muroo-ji Temple Kondo in Nara and Daihoon-ji Temple in Kyoto.
- また、和銅元年(708年)には越後国に出羽郡が設けられていることから、この前後の設置であろうと推測されている。
- In addition, the fact that Ideha (another name for Dewa) gun was established in 708 suggests that it was located around this time period.
- 律令制で定められた五罪(笞罪・杖罪・徒罪・流罪・死罪 (律令法))について、銅を納めることで刑罰を免じられた。
- The five punishments (whipping, flogging, imprisonment, deportation, and capital punishment [Ritsuryo law]) stipulated in the ritsuryo system could be dispensed with by paying copper
- これに対して、短陌を用いずに銅銭100枚をもって支払うことを中国では「足銭」、日本では「長銭」・「調陌」と呼ぶ。
- A payment made with 100 copper coins instead of tanhaku is called '足銭' in Chinese and 'chosen' (長銭) or 'chohaku' (調陌) in Japanese.
- 常是極印役により極印打ちが行われ、さらに焼鈍しが行われた後、梅酢に漬けられ、表面の銅を溶解して銀色が整えられた。
- The coins were stamped with the jouze-gokuinyaku hallmark, annealed, immersed in plum vinegar, and any lead on the surface was dissolved to refine the silver color.
- 仏像は前代に流行した金銅仏、乾漆造、塑造などが影をひそめて木造が主流となり、一木造で、着衣が波打つ翻波式が特徴。
- Regarding Buddha statues, Buddha statues made of copper coated with gold, Kanshitsuzo (a method of making a Buddha statue, which is made of canvas and Japanese lacquer, and inside of the statue is cavity) and molded statues became less popular and the majority became wooden statues, with characteristic Ichibokuzukuri (a method of making a Buddha statue from one piece of wood) and Honba-shiki (rippling style), where the clothing has undulating waves.
- 前述の通り、1635年、江戸幕府は史上最大の安宅船である安宅丸を建造し、鉄甲船と同様の考えから銅板を貼っている。
- As mentioned above, the Edo bakufu built the Atake Maru, the largest Atake-bune in history which was covered with copper plates based on the same idea as a tekkosen.
- ただ過渡期的には同時期隣接地域にて、ほぼ平行して石器と貴重で高価な青銅器などが併用されていた様子もうかがわれる。
- It was observed that transitionally stone tools were used together with precious and expensive bronze wares and others at the same time and in neighboring areas.
- なお、当時用いられた分銅の質量単位は「両」であったが、小判の通貨単位との混同を避けるため「両」は用いられなかった。
- At that time, the mass unit for the fundo (counterweight) was called 'ryo' but it was also the unit for oval gold coins so, to avoid any confusion, the 'ryo' unit was not used in weighing Chogin.
- 鳥山石燕 の「画図百器徒然袋」では、銅盤を頭にかぶった人のような姿で、瓢箪の妖怪である瓢箪小僧と共に描かれている。
- Sekien TORIYAMA's 'Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro' (The Illustrated Bag of One Hundred Random Demons; the term 'hyakki' in its title is a pun on the usual hyakki, replacing the character for demon which is written as '鬼' in Japanese with a character for vessel written as '器,' and sure enough, most of the yokais shown in this book are tsukumogami) portrays the Nyubachibo in a human-like figure wearing a copper disk (or cymbal) on the head, along with a Hyotan-kozo (a calabash or bottle-gourd boy) which is a specter of bottle gourds.
- 1500年に朝鮮に訪れた宗氏の使者は11万5千斤の銅を持ち込むが、朝鮮王朝は三分の一を買い取り残りを持ち帰らせる。
- The envoy of the So clan who visited Korea in 1500 brought 115 thousand kins (69,000kg) of copper, but the Korean Dynasty purchased only one third of the total amount and told the envoy to take the rest back to Japan.
- 北部九州を中心とする地域では銅矛や銅剣・銅戈などの武器形青銅器が、一方畿内を中心とする地域では銅鐸がよく知られる。
- Weapon type bronze ware such as bronze halberd, doka (bronze halberd for rituals) and bronze swords are well known in the northern Kyushu region, and dotaku (a bell-shaped bronze vessel) is known from the Kinai region.
- そのお礼に小麦粉を水で溶いて薄く伸ばしたものを熱した銅鑼に引き、丸く焼いた生地であんこを包み、振舞ったことが起源。
- To show his gratitude, he mixed flour and water, spread it thinly over a hot Chinese gong and used the round baked cake to wrap bean paste and this was the origin of Dorayaki.
- 敵との間合いに応じて、投げれば手裏剣のようにも、振り回せば分銅鎖のようにも、手突き槍としても小刀としても使用された。
- Depending on the proximity of the opponent, uchine could be thrown like a shuriken, wielded like a Kusarifundo (a traditional Japanese chain weapon), or thrust like a spear or knife.
- 和銅6年(713年)4月3日に丹波国の北部、加佐郡、与謝郡、丹波郡、竹野郡、熊野郡の5郡を割いて、丹後国が置かれた。
- The five districts of Kasa-gun, Yosa-gun, Tamba-gun, Takeno-gun and Kumano-gun in the north of Tanba Province were separated from the province on April 3, 713, and thereby formed Tango Province.
- 銅鏡は各時代に製作されたが、歴史・考古学用語としては中国、朝鮮、日本の遺跡から発掘される青銅製の鏡を指すことが多い。
- Although it was made in various periods, as a historical and archaeological term, it often refers to the bronze mirror excavated from the remains in China, Korea and Japan.
- - ‐滋賀県野洲市小篠原大岩山から1881年(明治14年)に14口、1962年(昭和37年)に10口出土した銅鐸群。
- In Mt. Oiwa in Koshinohara, Yasu City, Shiga Prefecture, 14 dotaku were excavated in 1881 and 10 dotaku in 1962.
- 青銅製の大仏で、高さは現在のものとあまり変わらなかったと思われる(初代大仏の画像などが存在しないため、詳細は不明)。
- It seems that it was made by bronze and as high as the present one (For the lack of image of the first Daibutsu, details are unclear).
- 平家納経を納めた経箱「金銀荘雲龍文銅製経箱」は、厳島神社の社宝として伝わった12世紀後半の作で、国宝に指定されている。
- A box called 'Kingin sounryumon dosei kyobako' (金銀荘雲龍文銅製経箱) is a kyobako that contained Heike-nokyo, and it was created and handed down to Itsukushima-jinja Shrine as a treasures of the shrine in the latter half of the 12th century; it is designated as a national treasure.
- 当時の日本で貨幣経済の中心をなした宋・元・明などの銅銭(永楽銭など)、絹、羅、紗などの織物、生糸、薬材、書画、工芸品。
- Copper coins (such as Eiraku-sen) of Sung, Yuan and Ming which were the basis of money economy in Japan, textile such as silk, lightweight fabric and gauze, raw silk thread, medicine, calligraphic works/ paintings and handicrafts.
- 銅製で、直径0.9寸(約2.7センチメートル)、規定量目は9分(約3.375グラム)と、初期の寛永通宝より軽めである。
- It was made of copper, approx. 2.7 centimeters in diameter, and its prescribed weight was approx. 3.375 grams, which was lighter than that of the early Kanei-tsuho (coins).
- 和歌の世界でも、和銅年間から天平年間にかけて山上憶良、山部赤人、大伴家持、大伴坂上郎女らの歌人があいついであらわれた。
- In the world of Waka, many poets such as YAMANOUE no Okura, YAMABE no Akahito, OTOMO no Yakamochi and OTOMO no Sakanoue no Iratsume appeared one after another from the Wado to Tenpyo era.
- 政府はさらにその流通をめざして和銅4年(711年)10月に一定量の銭を蓄えた者に位階を与えるとする蓄銭叙位令を発した。
- In November 711, in an attempt to promote its circulation, the government issued the Chikusen joirei which gave Ikai (Court rank) to persons who saved up a specified amount of coins.
- 平絹白地の袴の上に、赤系統の地色に小鳥を散らした尻長の紗の袍を着て、手には銅拍子(小型のシンバルのような道具)を持つ。
- Dancers wear plain silk white hakama (loose-legged pleated trousers) and long-tailed, red-colored silk gauzy outer robes with a scattered pattern of little birds, holding Dobyoshi (two circular cymbals made of copper or iron) in their hands.
- その後、夕張炭鉱から足尾銅山にやってきた南助松は、永岡と協力し、1906年12月5日、大日本労働至誠会足尾支部を結成。
- Later on, Sukematsu MINAMI who came to Ashio Copper Mine from Yubari Cole Mine cooperated with Nagaoka, and they set up Dainihon Rodo Shiseikai, Ashio branch on December 5, 1906.
- また分銅については、寛文元年(1661年)に世襲的特権を与えられた彫金を本職とする、後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許された。
- The family of Shirobei GOTO whose profession was metal carving and who was granted a hereditary privilege in 1661 was the only authorized maker of the counterbalances.
- 足尾鉱毒事件(あしおこうどくじけん)は、19世紀から20世紀の栃木県、群馬県の渡良瀬川周辺で起きた足尾銅山の公害事件。
- Ashio Mining Pollution was a pollution incident which occurred at Ashio copper mine located around Watarase-gawa River in Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
- しかし、遺跡ごとに用途・保管方法や埋納の事情は異なっていたと考えられるため、すべての銅鐸を一律に論じる事は危険である。
- However, it is dangerous to discuss all dotaku in a single uniform way because the purpose, the storage method and conditions of burial probably varied depending on the sites.
- - 重要文化財、滋賀県立安土城考古博物館、東京国立博物館、辰馬考古資料館、野洲市立歴史民俗資料館(銅鐸博物館)ほか所蔵
- Important Cultural Property, possessed by the Shiga Prefectural Azuchi Castle Archaeological Museum, the Tokyo National Museum, the Tatsu-uma Collection of Fine Arts, Yasushiritsu Rekishi Minzoku Shiryokan (the Yasu City History and Folklore Museum) (the Dotaku Museum) and others
- 2006年に日本銅センターが行った実験によって銅イオンの殺虫効果が確認されたが、なるべく新しい硬貨を使う方がいいという。
- An experiment carried out by the Japan Copper Center in 2006 proved the pesticidal effect of copper ion, and according to the experiment, new coins are more effective.
- 文献上で最初に登場する繍仏は西暦605年日本書紀に「飛鳥寺に安置する銅・繍の丈六の仏像をそれぞれ造らせる」と記載がある。
- The first appearance of shubutsu in historical documents is in the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), where it's recorded that in A.D. 605 'a bronze Buddha statue and an embroidered image of Buddha - both about 4.8 meters in size, due to be placed in Asuka-dera Temple - were made.'
- 同じく開港場にて日本の貨幣使用が認められている点も西欧の対日条約と同じであるが、それらでは銅貨の輸出は認められていない。
- The use of Japanese currency at the cities with open ports was permitted in the treaties between Japan and the countries in Western Europe, where the export of copper coins was not allowed, however.
- このほかに鋤先などの農具やヤリガンナなどの工具、鏃などの小型武器などもみられるが、大型の青銅器に比べて非常に少量である。
- There are very few, but some smaller bronze ware were also excavated, such as the tip of a spade used as farming equipment, a Japanese-style plane with long handle as a tool, and an arrowhead as smaller weapon.
- 回転鍋(その形から銅鑼と呼ばれる)を熱しながら、金平糖の核となるケシ粒(現在はザラメ糖が用いられることが多い)を入れる。
- While keeping the rotating pan (referred to as dora, the Chinese gong after its shape) over a flame, add poppy seeds, which are often substituted by granulated sugar at present, that will become the core of konpeito.
- やはり一枚板で、高さ2.7m幅1m厚さ約8.5cmの大きさで、下部に唄ばい金銅の飾り金具を打ち上部に連子窓を設けている。
- They are also made from solid timber, 2.7 m high, 1 m wide and about 8.5 cm thick, with kazari-kanagu (decorative metal fittings) of gilt bronze bai (a circular nail head cover placed over a nail to attach a non-penetrating tie beam to a pillar) on the under side and setting renjimado (a window with vertical or horizontal wooden laths or bamboo are lined up at given intervals) on the upper side.
- 江戸時代に入ると江戸幕府が慶長11年(1606年)に独自の銅銭慶長通宝を鋳造して2年後には永楽銭の流通禁止令がだされた。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) began casting their own copper coins (called Keicho-tsuho) in the year 1606 of the Edo period; two years later, the bakufu issued an ordinance prohibiting the distribution of Eiraku-sen.
- 安政4年(1857年)11月には江戸東大工町で四文銭の鋳造が始まり、規定品位が銅65%、亜鉛15%、鉛など20%となった。
- In December 1857, the minting of four-mon coin started in Higashidaiku-cho, Edo, and the specified composition was changed to 65% of copper, 15% of zinc, and 20% of lead and so on.
- このときのものは規定品位が銅75%、亜鉛15%、鉛など10%へ変更となり、赤みを帯びることから赤銭(あかせん)と呼ばれる。
- The specified composition of coins minted at this time was changed to 75% of copper, 15% of zinc, and 10% of lead and so on, and the coin was called Aka-sen (literally, 'red coin') because of reddish coin.
- 1981年9月7日に足尾町の中才浄水場から排出された排水から、基準値の2倍、協定値の3倍の銅が検出されたというものがある。
- On September 7, 1981, twice the standard level of copper and three times the value of the agreement level of copper was detected from wastewater discharged from the Nakasai water treatment plant in Ashio-machi.
- 寒天を用いて粒餡を四角く固めたものの各面に、小麦粉を水でゆるく溶いた生地を付けながら、熱した銅板上で一面ずつ焼いてつくる。
- To make kakukintsuba, first, make rectangular solid gel cakes with tsubuan and agar solution, coat one side of the tsubuan cake with thin batter made of flour and water at a time, sear the coated side on the hot copper griddle immediately and repeat the coating and searing process until all sides have been done.
- 国宝 1件、国の重要文化財 9件を含む所蔵品は、中国の殷(商)から清まで各時代の青銅器、仏像、書画、陶磁器など多彩である。
- The collection has many different kinds of art works, including one national treasure, nine national important cultural properties, bronze pieces, Buddha statues, paintings, calligraphy, porcelains and ceramics.
- 元や明ではすでに銅銭の信用が低下しており、貿易を独占するような権門や大商人たちはこれを安い元手できわめて容易に入手していた。
- In the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, the credibility of copper coins had been degraded, and the influential families and the merchants engaging in large-scale trade who monopolized oversea trade could get these coins by selling inexpensive things and quite easily.
- 糸印(いといん)とは、明代の中国で造られ、戦国時代 (日本)から桃山時代までに日本にもたらされた、鋳銅製の印章のことである。
- Itoin is a copper seal made in China in Ming Dynasty and brought into Japan over the Sengoku period (period of warring states) and the Momoyama period.
- この来日の際には、幕府に朝鮮国王直筆の親書、銅鏡が進呈され、また使節団が神君とされる大権現家康が眠る日光東照宮を参拝をした。
- The envoy that came to Japan in this occasion presented to the bakufu a message written directly by the King of Korea and bronze mirrors, and visited Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine where daigongen (Great Avatar) Ieyasu, considered having been Shinkun (a god-like head of Japan), was buried.
- 鉄板では海水によって腐食するため長期の運用は不可能であり、そのため銅板に換えたと考えられ、鉄甲船からの順当な発展型と言える。
- Iron plates would become eroded so easily by sea water that they were unfit for a long-term use, therefore, they were substituted by copper plates, which can be said to have made a reasonable development from a tekkosen.
- 以後、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- And thereafter, Shirobei GOTO family was only allowed to produce fundo (counterweight) used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of fundo was prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- 日本の冠の起源がいつかは明らかではないが、古墳時代には、すでに金、銀、金銅などから成る冠や冠帽(帽子状の冠)が着用されていた。
- It is unclear when the custom of Japanese Court caps began, but it is confirmed that people already used kanbo (cap-shaped crowns) made of metals such as gold, silver, and gilt bronze in the Kofun (tumulus) period.
- 当時の日本では、粗銅の中に、金・銀などが含まれていることが知られておらず、また金や銀を分離するその精錬技術も未知のものだった。
- At that time it wasn't known in Japan that gold, silver and the like were contained in crude copper, nor was the refining technique for separating gold and silver known.
- 北部九州や山陰、四国地方などに主に分布する銅矛や銅剣、銅戈などは、前期末に製品が持ち込まれるとともに、すぐに生産も開始された。
- Bronze halberd, doka (bronze halberd for rituals), and bronze swords distributed mainly in northern Kyushu, Sanin and the Shikoku region were introduced at the end of early period and manufacturing started right after that.
- これ以降の時代は、国策である銅の増産に協力しない者は非国民であるという主張がされるようになり、鉱毒反対運動は一時下火になった。
- After that, people came to say that persons who did not cooperate with the copper production were betrayers of the country, because the increase production was demanded as a national policy, therefore the movement against the mining pollution temporarily subsided.
- 北九州にある幾つもの神社が神幸に加わり、古宮八幡宮から神道となる銅鏡が奉納されるなど、北部九州の神社が一体となって行なわれる。
- Several shrines in Northern Kyushu come together to participate in the procession, with the holy bronze mirror in which the god is thought to reside being offered by Komiya Hachiman-gu Shrine.
- 銅鐸は後世の釣鐘を扁平に圧しつぶしたような器形で、その祖形は朝鮮半島にあったと推定されるが、日本で独自に発達をとげた銅器である。
- The bronze bell is in the shape of a flattened-out-temple-bell (temple bell itself appeared later in Japan), and the bronze bell is supposed to have had its prototype in the Korean Peninsula, but it developed uniquely in Japan.
- 弥生時代の出土品に、鞘らしきものの痕跡をとどめる青銅剣があることから、既に何らかの刀剣外装の文化があったと思われるが詳細は不明。
- From the bronze swords with remnants of what appear to be scabbards excavated in the Yayoi section, there seems to have been some kind of sword mounting culture in the Yayoi period, but details are unknown.
- キリシタン版はキリシタン追放と共におわり、同時代に持ち込まれた李朝の銅活字が古活字版の起源となりその後の整版文化の祖にもなった。
- Kirishitan-ban ended along with the expulsion of Christians, and the copper type of Yi Dynasty brought in the same period became an origin of the old edition and also an origin of the subsequent woodcut printing culture.
- 蓄銭叙位令(ちくせんじょいれい)は、和銅4年(711年)10月に、銭の流通を促進するためと、政府への環流を計って施行された法令。
- 'Chikusen-joirei' was an ordinance which took effect in October 711 in order to promote circulation of money and attempt to circulation to the government.
- さらに寛永通寳についても公鋳銭を鋳写した鉄銭および鉛分を多く含む銅銭などが古くから密鋳され、彷鋳銭(ぼうちゅうせん)と呼ばれる。
- Furthermore, regarding Kanei Tsuho, iron Tessen coins which were imitations of regular Kanei Tsuho coins and copper coins containing much lead were made for a long time, and these coins are called Bouchusen.
- 銅鐸が発見された記録は、『扶桑略記』の天智天皇7年、近江国志賀郡に崇福寺を建立するのに際して発見された記述が最古であろうという。
- The record of discovery of dotaku can possibly track back to the description in 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Brief History of Japan) saying it was found during the construction of Sofuku-ji Temple in Shiga District in Omi Province in the seventh year of Emperor Tenchi's reign.
- さらに西欧の近代鉱山技術を導入した結果、足尾銅山は日本最大の鉱山となり、年間生産量数千トンをかぞえる東アジア一の銅の産地となる。
- As a result of the introduction of Western modern mining technology, Ashio copper mine became Japan's largest copper producer and became the largest in East Asia which produced thousands of tons annually.
- 銅鏡のうちの変形方格規矩神鏡は、紐の周りを方形に区画した中に十二支の漢字が、文字とは解読できないほど文様化したものになっている。
- On henkei hokaku kiku shin kyo mirrors of the millers, the area around the handle of the miller is divided into square portions, and a Chinese character corresponding to each of the 12 signs of the Chinese zodiac was designed there in a pattern that is almost impossible to recognize the character.
- その中でも明の永楽帝の時代に永楽 (明)9年(1411年)から作られた銅銭永楽通宝(永楽銭)が、室町時代中期に大量に輸入された。
- Among them, the copper coin Eiraku-tsuho (Eiraku-sen) minted from 1411 in the reign of the Ming dynasty's Emperor Yongle were imported on a massive scale in the middle of the Muromachi period.
- 江戸時代を通じた銅一文銭の総鋳造高は知る由も無いが、明治時代の大蔵省による流通高の調査では2,114,246,283枚としている。
- There is no way of finding the total amount of one-mon copper coins minted through the Edo period, but the survey on the amount of circulated coins which was conducted by the Ministry of Finance in the Meiji period revealed that 2,114,246,283 coins were circulated in total.
- 足尾暴動事件(あしおぼうどうじけん)は、1907年2月4日から2月7日まで、足尾銅山の坑夫らが、鉱山施設などを破壊、放火した事件。
- The 'Ashio Riot' was an event occurred from February 4, 1907 to February 7, that mine workers in Ashio Copper Mine destroyed and set fire to the facilities in the mine.
- この丁銀は銀に銅を加えた合金を鋳造した平たい「なまこ」型の銀塊に「常是」、「寳」の文字および「大黒像」の極印が打たれたものである。
- This chogin was a flat 'namako' type silver mass where silver and bronze were mixed, upon which hallmark of 'joze', 'ho' and Daikokuzo' were inscribed.
- この光背は銅造で高さ226cmあり、破損が激しいが、全面に線刻で多くの仏菩薩の像が表わされており、奈良時代の制作と考えられている。
- The halo, made of bronze, 226 cm high, carries the images of many Bosatsu Buddha carved on its surface although it is heavily damaged, and is considered to have been made in the Nara period.
- 技術的に困難であった砂張(さはり:銅・錫・鉛の合金)の製法を発見して多くの名品を残しており、歴代の中でも鋳物の名人として知られる。
- Joeki found a formula for making an alloy of copper, tin and lead which was technically very difficult, and among the successive heads of the Nakagawa family, he was recognized as the master of cast metal who left numerous fine works.
- また智恵光院通出水通下ルの京都市出水老人デイサービスセンターの北向かい(分銅町)に加藤清正寄贈という庭石も残るがこれも確証はない。
- In addition, there remains a garden stone supposedly contributed by Kiyomasa KATO in Bundo-cho, to the north of Kyoto City, Demizu, Day Service Center in Chiekoin-dori, Demizu-dori, Sagaru, but there is also no evidence to show that it is a remnant of Jurakudai.
- これにより大坂城に蓄えられていた分銅の内、二千枚(約330キログラム)分銅17個、千枚(約165キログラム)分銅11個が消費された。
- For its mintage, the Toyotomi family consumed seventeen Nisenmai-fundo (columnar block of gold weighing 330kg) and eleven Senmai-fundo (columnar block of gold weighing 165kg) which had been stored in Osaka-jo Castle.
- そこには、胡粉、白鑞(しろめ)、銅鉄、絲綿紅、蘇芳は大目を用い、金銀、水晶、青木香、ラピスラズリ、緑青、陶器は小目を用いる、とある。
- And the article says that ome (the weight standard that set 200 monme equal to 1 kin) was used for weighing powdered calcium carbonate, a lump of pewter, copper, and iron, floss silk red (絲綿紅), and sappan wood red, and it also says that kome (the weight standard smaller than the usual one) was used for weighing gold, silver, crystal, Radix Aristolochiae (a kind of herbal medicine), lapis lazuli, malachite, and pottery.
- 年号不明であるが北西部を但馬国、その後、和銅6年(713年)4月3日に北部5郡を丹後国として分離し、後世まで長く続く領域が定まった。
- Although the date is unknown, at some point the north-west area separated off as Tajima Province, and after that, five districts in north separated as Tango Province on April 3, 713, establishing boundaries that would last long after.
- 唐に倣い、貨幣制度を整えるため、また、ちょうど平城京遷都の直前だったため、遷都の経費を、銅地金と貨幣価値との差額で補う目的もあった。
- Wado-kaichin was issued in order to establish the currency system like the one in the Tang Dynasty and also to cover the expenses used to move the capital to Heijo by the difference in the value between the bullion and currency value.
- このため、鎖鎌術を伝授する流派では、鎖分銅をかわされた場合の戦闘を考慮した(鎌の部分を利用した)接近戦戦闘法を繰り返し稽古している。
- For this reason, pupils in schools teaching the art of the kusarigama repeatedly practice a close quarters combat style (utilizing the portion of kama) that takes into account situations in which the opponent has managed to dodge the chain weight.
- 現在知られる経塚の最古は、藤原道長が外面に願文を書き、なかに紺紙金字経を収めた銅製の経筒を大和国の金峰山山頂に埋納した例とされている。
- The oldest kyozuka that is known today is believed to be the one on the top of Mt. Kinpo in Yamato Province, in which a bronze sutra case with ganmon (prayer) inscribed on the outside by FUJIWARA no Michinaga that contained Konshi-kinji-kyo (sutras in gold on dark-blue paper) was buried.
- これに遅れること35年後の徳川家光の時代、寛永13年(1636年)に江戸幕府が一文銅銭、寛永通寳を本格的に鋳造に乗り出すことになった。
- After 35 years, in 1636, the shogunate began to officially mint one-mon copper coins and Kanei-tsuho coins at the time of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
- 尚この雑分中の鉛の含有率は2~3%と慶長銀と比較して高くなっており、南蛮吹による銀銅吹分けに伴いかなりの鉛が残存したものと考えられる。
- The lead contained in this miscellaneous was 2 to 3%, which means that its containment was larger than keicho-gin, and a large amount of lead must have remained by cupellating method to seperate silver and bronze, a nanban (Western Europe) -style cupellating method.
- しかし、北部九州ほど青銅器生産の証拠が集中して発見される遺跡は未だ見つかっておらず、その生産体制や流通体制などには未解明の部分が多い。
- However sites with concentrated evidence of bronze ware manufacturing, such as those in northern Kyushu, have not yet been found and its manufacturing and distribution system remain unsolved.
- これに代表される金銅仏のほか、乾漆造や塑像が主流であり、金像銀像、石仏も制作され、専仏、押出仏の制作も盛んで、制作技法が多様であった。
- Beside such gilt bronze statues as the Great Buddha at Todai-ji Temple, various methods of producing Buddhist images were used, including the most popular kanshitsuzo (dry lacquer wooden statues) and sozo (earthen images), as well as gold or silver images, stone statues and also molded or extruded clay forms.
- かつての東南アジア方面(ベトナム等、しかし現在は不明)の銅鼓も日ごろ地中に埋めてあり、祭りの時や葬儀の時取り出して使用していたという。
- It is said that in previous times in the southern east Asia area (Vietnam and others, but unknown now), bronze drums were usually buried and, picked up and used in the case of ceremonies and funerals.
- 1885年(明治18年)に所有者が植樹の際に穴を掘ったところ後方部にあった竪穴式石室につきあたり、銅鏡ほか多数の副葬品が出土している。
- When having been dug a hole to the earth to plant a tree in 1885, the owner of the site hit a vertical style stone chamber and lots of grave goods in addition to copper millers were unearthed from there.
- たとえば10枚の10円玉を新10円一枚に取り替えられるとすれば、旧10円は1円の価値でしかなくなるので銅にしたほうが得、という理屈だ。
- Suppose, for example, 10 coins of the old ten-yen currency could be changed into 1 new ten-yen coin, the value of the old ten-yen coin becomes only one tenth, which means melted copper ingots may have more value than the new copper coins.
- ウランチタン合金又はタングステン合金であって、そのマトリックスが鉄、ニッケル又は銅のもののうち、次のイからニまでのすべてに該当するもの
- Among uranium-titanium alloys or tungsten alloys whose matrix is of iron, nickel or copper, those that fall under all of the following (a) through (d)
- 現存長68センチメートルほどの鉄刀の佩裏(はきうら)に「戊辰(ぼしん)年五月□」の銅象嵌(どうぞうがん)で刻まれている文字が見つかった。
- On the inside of the iron blade whose actual total length was about 68 cm, letters inlaid with copper, '戊辰年五月□,' (in May 608) were found.
- 表現主義映画「カリガリ博士」公開、「借地法・借家法」「メートル法」公布、「大日本蹴球協会」(現・日本サッカー協会)創立、「足尾銅山争議」
- Release of an expressionism movie 'Come Back, Dr. Caligari,' proclamation of 'Land Lease and House Lease Act' and of the metric system, foundation of 'Dainihon Shukyu Kyokai' (Japan Football Association) (present Japan Football Association), and 'Ashio Copper Mine Mineral Pollution Incident'
- 彼らは紀元前350年頃、日本に到着し、水田稲作の知識、銅武器と銅鐸の技術、ろくろで造られ、乾燥炉で焼かれた陶磁器の制作技術をもたらした。
- Yayoi men arrived in Japan around 350 B.C., and they introduced knowledge of wet-paddy rice cultivation, skills with copper arms and dptaku (a bell-shaped bronze vessel), and creative skills with ceramics that were made on the wheel and burnt in a dried burner.
- そのため、四文銭を銅銭に復帰することとしたが、産出量の絶対的不足から生じた銅地金の高騰などから量目を減じた銅四文銭を発行することになった。
- Thus, shimonsen was changed to the original bronze coin, however, the price of copper rose due to a lack of production, so shisenmon coin was made with less copper.
- 和銅発見の地、埼玉県秩父市黒谷に鎮座する「和銅の聖神社」には、元明天皇御下賜の和銅製の蜈蚣(むかで)雌雄一対が御神宝として納められている。
- Wado no Hijiri-jinja Shrine' in Kuroya, Chichibu City, Saitama Prefecture, known as the place where wado (Japanese copper) was first discovered, has a pair of male and female centipedes made of Japanese copper which were presented by Empress Genmei and have been enshrined as a votive offering to Shinto gods.
- 青銅器の鋳型は、列島での初現期にあたる弥生時代前期末~中期前半期のものは主に佐賀県佐賀市から小城市にかけての佐賀平野南西部に多く見られる。
- Many of the molds for bronze ware in its time of emergence, around the end of the early Yayoi period to the first half of the middle Yayoi period, were found mainly in south west part of the Saga plain, around Saga City, and Ogi City, Saga Prefecture.
- このほかに金銭の開基勝宝、銀銭の太平元宝なども試鋳しているが(760年)、これらは銅銭とは異なり、広く流通したものではなかったようである。
- Beside the above, gold coins named Kaiki-shoho and silver coins named Taihei-genpo were cast on a trial basis in 760 AD, but they failed to circulate as widely as the copper coins.
- 銅鑼焼き、ドラ焼きとも書かれる)は、通常、やや膨らんだ円盤状のカステラ生地(または小さめのパンケーキ)二枚に、餡を挟み込んだ和菓子である。
- Dorayaki is a Japanese cake usually made with two slightly raised round castella cakes (or small pancakes) with azuki bean paste in the middle.
- 中世の倭館交易では日本側は銅、硫黄、金を輸出したが、南方物産である赤色染料のスオウ、コショウなどのスパイス類も琉球経由などで朝鮮に転売した。
- In the Medieval Period wakan trade, Japan exported copper, sulfur, and gold, and also resold the products of the south seas like sappanwood, a red dye, and spices like pepper to Korea via the Ryukyu Islands.
- 一方銅鐸も半島から伝わったと考えられるが、持ち込まれた製品と列島で作られた製品とは形態にやや差があり、列島での生産開始過程はよくわからない。
- On the other hand, although dotaku is thought to have been introduced from the Korean Peninsula, there was a difference in forms of introduced and manufactured products, and the process of manufacturing in Japan Archipelago is not known.
- また元禄年間を過ぎた頃から銅の産出に陰りが見え始め、輸出用の御用銅が不足し始めたことも鋳銭事業に対する幕府の管理体制を強化させた一因である。
- After the Genroku era (from 1688 to 1703) production of copper began to decline and the bakufu was running out of copper for export, which was one of the reasons the bakufu strengthened the control of mintage.
- 同年10月31日、下野新聞が前年ごろから足尾の木が枯れ始めていることを報じ、これら2つが足尾銅山と公害を結びつける最初期の報道と考えられる。
- On October 31 of the same year, Shimotsuke Shinbun (newspaper) reported that trees in Ashio area had been dying since about the previous year; and those two articles are considered to have been the first reports linking the Ashio copper mine and the pollution.
- 皇朝十二銭(こうちょうじゅうにせん)とは、708年(和銅元年)から963年(応和3年)にかけて、日本で鋳造された12種類の銅貨の総称である。
- 'Kocho-Junisen' is a collective term for twelve kinds of copper coins cast in Japan during the period from 708 AD to 963 AD.
- これらの特色は朝鮮半島の三国時代の金銅仏にもみられるものであり、善光寺の秘仏本尊がかなり古い時代に朝鮮半島から渡来した像である可能性は高い。
- These features are commonly seen in the kondo-butsu statues (gilt bronze Buddhist statues of the Three Kingdoms period of the Korean Peninsula); it is highly likely that the hibutsu of Zenko-ji Temple came over to Japan from the peninsula in quite ancient times.
- 真空蒸留用の塔に用いることができるように設計した充てん物であって、化学的にぬれ性を改善する処理を行った燐青銅製のもののうち、メッシュ状のもの
- Among filling materials designed to be usable in a vacuum distillation column, and phosphorus bronze subjected to a process that chemically improves wettability, those that are mesh-shaped
- 唐代以後、中国王朝が発行する銅銭は高い信用価値をもって通用されて日本をはじめとする周辺諸国においても自国通貨に代わって用いられるようになった。
- Since the period of the Tang Dynasty, copper coins issued by the Chinese dynasty were prevailed with high creditworthiness, so Japan and other neighboring countries started using them instead of the local currency.
- 長屋王は慶雲元年(704年)正四位に直叙され、和銅2年(709年)従三位宮内省、同3年式部卿、霊亀2年(716年)には正三位に叙せられている。
- Prince Nagaya was appointed to Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank) directly without following the order in 704, Jusani (Junior Third Rank) Kunaisho (Ministry of the Sovereign's Household) in 709, Shikibukyo (Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial) in 710 and Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) in 716.
- これが世界最大級の産銅量を誇る鉱山に成長し、重要な輸出品として日本を支えることとなると共に約280年にもわたって住友の重要な事業の柱となった。
- This developed into a mine that boasted the world's greatest copper production, supporting Japan as an important export item and serving as the major Sumitomo business for approximately 280 years.
- 三角縁神獣鏡(さんかくぶちしんじゅうきょう・さんかくえんしんじゅうきょう)は、銅鏡の形式の一種で、縁部の断面形状が三角形状となった大型神獣鏡。
- Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror/Sankakuen Shinjukyo Mirror is a kind of bronze mirror and large mirror engraving divine beasts with a triangular-rim in its cross-section.
- 当時、本位貨幣という概念は無かったものの、金銀銅の三貨もいずれもが事実上の本位貨幣としての価値をもって流通し、それぞれが変動相場で取引された。
- Although there was no notion of standard money at the time, each of the three coins, gold, silver and copper, was circulated with a value of nominal standard money, and was traded at floating exchange rates.
- また、すでに鳴らす事を放棄した設計であるにも関わらず、長期間「鳴らす」銅鐸の「延命」の工夫であるはずの内面突帯が増加(三重化)された物もある。
- However, some have an additional inside raised-area (three-line type), which can be considered as a device for prolonged use for 'ringing' although they were not designed to ring a sound any more.
- しかしながらその時代には律令体制が崩壊しており、銭貨鋳造を行う役所も技術も廃れていた事から、中国から銅銭を輸入してそれを国内で流通させていた。
- However, because the Ritsuryo system had already collapsed at the time and the technology to mint coins as well as the office in charge fell into disuse, Japan had to import copper coins from China to distribute domestically.
- 水干・緋袴・白足袋の装いに身を包んだ巫女が太鼓や笛、銅拍子などの囃子にあわせて鈴・扇・笹・榊・幣など依り代となる採物を手にした巫女が舞い踊る。
- The shrine maidens clad in suikan (everyday garments worn by commoners in ancient Japan), hibakama (scarlet Japanese pants for men) and shirotabi (white Japanese socks), and grasping various torimono (hand-held divine items) such as suzu (bells), oogi (folding fans), sasa (dwarf bamboos), sakaki (branches of a kind of divine wood) and nusa (symbols of divinity made of cloth or paper and hung on a stick) that are regarded as yorishiro (objects representative of a divine spirit), perform mikomai dances in harmony with a hayashi (an orchestra of Japanese instruments) that includes drums, flutes, dobyoshi (two circular cymbals made of copper or iron) and other instruments.
- それ以下のものは精錬し直して、最上位の一割入れとし、規定の割合に銅を組み合わせて秤量し取組みが行われ箱に入れ封印し、銀見役から常是手代へ引き継ぐ
- Others were refined again and reclassified as top-quality ichiwari-ire, mixing the silver with lead in the statutory proportion, weighed, stored in boxes, sealed and handed from the silver inspector (ginmiyaku) to the jouze-tedai (assistant manager).
- この期間中、猿ヶ辻の邸宅は京都御所拡張のために召し上げられ、幟仁親王は現在の京都市立銅駝美術工芸高等学校の場所にあった宮家の夷川別邸に転居した。
- During this period, the residence near the Saru-ga-tsuji Crossroads was confiscated in order to expand the Kyoto Imperial Palace, and Imperial Prince Takahito had to move to the family's secondary residence called the Ebisugawa Villa, whose site is currently used for Kyoto City Dohda Senior High School of Arts.
- 嘉休の姉婿にあたる銅師で、涅槃宗の信徒であり、空禅(政友)の檀家であった蘇我理右衛門は、空禅が還俗して「富士屋」を開く際、物心両面で政友を助けた。
- Riemon Soga, who was the husband of Kakyu's elder sister and a dealer in copper who believed in the Nehan-shu sect and was a Buddhist parishioner of Ku-zen (Masatomo), gave Masatomo material and mental support when Masatomo returned to the secular life and opened 'Fujiya.'
- 銅の不純物は「銅気」(どうけ)、鉛分は「鑞気」(ろうけ)と呼ばれ精錬の過程で可能な限り除かれ、またイリジウムが多いと硬く加工しにくいものとなった。
- Impurity of copper is called 'douke', lead 'rouke', removing during the casting as best, and having much iridium made it difficult to cast.
- ただし、当時は原因が分かっておらず、これを8月12日に最初に報じた朝野新聞も、足尾銅山が原因かもしれないというような、あいまいな書き方をしている。
- However, at that time the cause was unclear; and in Choya Shinbun, the newspaper that first reported the incident on August 12, reported ambiguously that Ashio copper mine may have caused it.
- 小説やドラマ等での表現により、鎖部分が数mある様なイメージがあるが、実際にはそれ程長い鎖分銅を取付けた物は存在せず、せいぜい1.5~2m位である。
- Kusarigama has a image that the portion of chain is several meters in length according to the expression in a novel or drama, but in practice there is no such kusarigama with several meters of chain weight attached and the actual length of chain is as much as 1.5 to 2 meters.
- 畿内を中心に出土する銅鐸、北九州を中心に出土する銅矛、出雲地方特有の形式をもつ銅剣が同一遺跡から、しかも大量に出土したという点で学術的価値が高い。
- They are academically valued in that dotaku mainly excavated in Kinai region, dohoko mainly excavated in northern Kyushu, and doken with a style unique to Izumo district were discovered in one site and also in large numbers.
- 『日本書紀』によると、仏教が伝来したのは飛鳥時代、552年(欽明天皇13年)に百済の聖明王から釈迦如来の金銅像と経論他が贈られた時だとされている。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' (The Chronicles of Japan), Buddhism was introduced during the Asuka period when, in 552, King Seong of Baekje sent a gilt bronze statue of Buddha, sutras and other items.
- 仏教における祭壇で、黄金の光背を放つ金色燦然とした金銅仏が安置され、きらびやかに彩られた欄間などの装飾によつて、空間全体が極楽浄土を暗示している。
- On a Buddhist alter, a gilt bronze statue of the Buddha with shining golden halo is placed and the ornaments such as ranma (a wooden panel used as a decorative transom above paper-covered sliding doors) are gorgeously and brightly decorated, and as a result, the total space suggests gokuraku jodo (the Pure Land of Amida Buddha).
- さらに、前述したように、当時の精錬技術では、自然銅のなかでも大量に存在する硫化銅は利用できず、銅酸化物と呼ばれる限られた鉱石しか利用できなかった。
- Furthermore, as mentioned above, native copper ores used by then-current refining technology were limited to cuprate only and the abundant reserves of copper sulfide under the ground could not be used.
- これは金色の仏像をまつり、相輪(そうりん)に九重の銅槃(どうばん)を垂らした二重の楼閣を中心として、二層の回廊をめぐらし3千人を収容できたという。
- It is said that the building enshrined a golden statue of Buddha and could accommodate 3,000 people, with two layers of kairo (a long-roofed, portico-like passage connecting two buildings) that surrounded a two-storied tower with a nine-tier 銅槃 (doban) hanging from a sorin at the top.
- そのため、唐代末期以後に銅銭の穴に紐をとおして纏めた束一差しに一定枚数があればそれをもって100枚と見なすという短陌の慣習が形成されるようになった。
- In this way, the custom of tanhaku, in which a bundle of a certain number of copper coins held together by a piece of string was considered to be 100 coins, became established from around the end of the Tang Dynasty.
- このような経済の発展は、院内銀山などの鉱山開発が進んで金・銀・銅が大量に生産され、それと引き替えに海外の物資が大量に日本に入り込んだためでもあった。
- Such economic development was resulted from production of gold, silver and copper in large amount due to mine development such as Innai Silver Mine, and a lot of foreign goods were imported to Japan in exchange for gold and so on.
- 元明天皇即位の翌年にあたる708年(慶雲5年)正月、武蔵国が銅を献上したのを機に「和銅」と改元され、翌2月には、貨幣の鋳造と都城の建設が開始された。
- In January 708 which was the year after the enthronement of the Empress Genmei, the name of the era was changed to 'Wado' (literally, 'Japanese copper') after the presentation of copper from Musashi Province and, in February next year, production of coins and construction of the capital commenced.
- 一説には毬が羽に変化したのは、紐や羽のついた分銅を蹴る武術や舞や遊びが中国から伝わり、日本の毬杖と渾然一体となり現在の羽根突きになったとも言われる。
- One theory says that the reason why Gi was replaced by Hane was that the martial art, dance or game of kicking a laced or fletched weight was imported from China, and was blended together with Gi-Cho in Japan, and then present-day Hanetsuki was formed.
- 『日本書紀』683年の記事に「今より以後、必ず銅銭を用いよ。銀銭を用いることなかれ。」とあり、富本銭以前に流通していた銀銭ではないかと考える説もある。
- There is a view that Mumon-ginsen coins were silver coins circulated before Fuhonsen coins, because in 'the Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) it says in 683, 'Do not use silver coins but use bronze coins hereafter.'
- だが、慶長13年(1608年)に永楽通宝の使用を禁ずる法令が幕府から出されている事から、永楽通宝に代わる然るべき銅銭が存在したと考えるのが妥当である。
- However, considering the act enacted by the government in 1608 that banned the use of the Eiraku Tsuho coins, it is reasonable to think that other appropriate copper coins would have existed.
- 悦んだ魏の皇帝(景初2年だとすると曹叡、景初3年だとすると曹芳)は女王を親魏倭王とし、金印紫綬を授けるとともに銅鏡100枚を含む莫大な下賜品を与えた。
- The Emperor of Wei (Cao Rui [Emperor Ming] if it was in 238 and Cao Fang in 239), who was pleased with this, conferred the title of the ruler of Wa (Japan) upon Queen Himiko and endowed her the Gold Seal with Purple Ribbon, as well as enormous gifts including 100 bronze mirrors.
- 寛永3年(1626年)、水戸市の豪商である佐藤新助が銭貨の不足を理由に銅銭の鋳造を幕府および水戸藩に願い出て、許可されたのが寛永通寳の始まりであった。
- Kanei Tsuho was born when Shinsuke SATO, a wealthy merchant in Mito City, asked the bakufu and the Mito Domain for permission to mint copper coins due to a short supply of coins in 1626, and was granted such permission.
- 刑罰(財産法)としての過料は明治2年(1869年)に明治政府が定めた『新律綱領』によって一旦廃止されて旧律令法の贖銅制度に基づく罰金制度に変更された。
- Karyo as a penal punishment (punishment by seizing assets) was abolished once by 'Shinritsu Koryo' (Outline of the New Criminal Code) issued by the Meiji government in 1869 and changed to a penal fine system based on the Shokudo system of the old Ritsuryo law.
- 和銅3年(710年)に遷都された平城京には、海草類を売る「にぎめだな」、海苔やコンブを佃煮のように加工したものを売る「もはだな」という市場が存在した。
- In Heijyo-kyo, where the capital of Japan was located in 710, there were a market called 'nigimedana' where seaweeds were sold and a market called 'mohadana' where processed nori and kelp like tsukudani were sold.
- 和銅元年11月25日、元明天皇の大嘗祭に際して、天武天皇治世期から永く仕えてきた三千代の功績が称えられ、橘の浮かんだ杯とともに橘宿禰の氏姓が賜与された。
- On January 14, 709, when Daijosai (the first ceremonial offering of the rice) by the newly-enthroned Emperor Genmei was held, Michiyo was given Shisei (clan and hereditary title) of TACHIBANA no Sukune, accompanying with a cup in which a flower of mandarin orange was floating on sake, praising her distinguished service for a long time since the Emperor Tenmu's era.
- 『三国志』のいわゆる「魏志倭人伝」によると、西暦239年に邪馬台国の女王卑弥呼が魏に遣使をした際、帝から「親魏倭王」金印と銅鏡百枚などを授かったという。
- According to so-called Gishiwajinden (The History of the Wei Dynasty) in Sangokushi (Annals of the Three Kingdoms), when Princess Himiko of Yamataikoku Kingdom dispatched envoys to Gi in 239, she was given from Emperor a golden stamp 'Shingi Wao' (the title of the king of Wa (Japan)) and a hundred of bronze mirrors.
- 713年(和銅6年)には大隅国が設置され当時律令制導入の先進地であった豊前国から5000人を移住させ指導に当たらせるなど支配体制がさらに強化されている。
- Upon the establishment of Osumi Province in 713, 5,000 people were immigrated from Buzen Province, where the ritsuryo system was well adopted, to instruct the people there and further reinforce the ruling system.
- 712年(和銅5年)にできたとされる『古事記』は、宮廷に伝わる「帝紀」「旧辞」をもとに天武天皇が稗田阿礼によみならわせた内容を太安万侶が筆録したものである。
- The 'Kojiki,' which is believed to have been completed in 712, was a record of histories which the Emperor Tenmu ordered HIETA no Are to memorize based on 'Teiki' (records of Emperor's family tree) and 'Kyuji' (a record of stories current at court) and recorded by O no Yasumaro.
- 当時、足尾銅山は、足尾鉱毒事件で命令された鉱毒防止費用などが負担となり、鉱山労働者の賃金は安く、しかも、労働条件は過酷なもので、労働者の不満は高まっていた。
- At that time in the Ashio Copper Mine, mine workers' complaints were mounting because of their low wages due to the cost for prevention of mineral pollution which was ordered in Ashio Mineral Pollution Incident and their poor working conditions.
- この吹替えは、より高品位の銀貨への復帰であるため、市場から回収された低品位の元禄丁銀および宝永丁銀から灰吹銀および精銅を分離する、銀銅吹分けが必要であった。
- This reminting was a return to the silver coin at higher karat, and a method of spliting silver and broze in cupellating was needed to seperate cupellated silver and refined bronze in genroku-chogin and hoei-chogin at lower karat which were collected from market.
- 仏教はインドに起源を持ち、アジア各地に広まった宗教であるが、梵鐘に関してはその祖形をインドに求めることは困難であり、中国古代の青銅器にその源流が求められる。
- Although Buddhism is a religion that originated in India and has expanded throughout Asia, the origins of Bonsho are hardly found in India but in ancient Chinese bronze ware.
- 銅銭の公鋳の再開は、皇朝十二銭の600年以上後の1608年(慶長13年)に鋳造された慶長通宝あるいは1627年(寛永4年)の寛永通宝鋳造まで待つこととなる。
- Resumption to use official copper currencies cast by the government happened more than 600 years after the period of Kocho-Junisen, when Keicho-tsuho and Kanei-tsuho appeared in the market in 1608 and in 1627, respectively.
- 扉の表面に出た釘頭を隠す為に、饅頭型の木製漆塗りの飾りを付け、扉全体の変形を防止するため金銅八双金具(装飾と補強を兼ねた建築金具の一種)を、取り付けている。
- In order to hide the nail head on the surface of the door, the lacquered wooden decoration of manju-gata (style of bun with bean-jam filling) are attached and the kondo-hasso kanagu (literally, 'gilt-bronzed twin eights metalwork') (a kind of fixing bracket for decoration and reinforcement) are attached in order to prevent deformation of the door as a whole.
- この銅銭の品質の違いによる価値のばらつきは問題になっており、戦国時代 (日本)には戦国大名が良銭と悪銭の区別を禁ずる撰銭令を発出することもしばしば見られた。
- As the difference in the value of the copper coins became a problem, the sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period often issued ordinances called Erizenirei, which banned differentiating the good coins and bad coins.
- 青銅で造られた十円硬貨は、ソース (調味料)、酢、醤油、レモン汁、洗剤等に浸すと、表面の金属酸化物や汚れが溶出したり脱落して一見未使用硬貨のような光沢を放つ。
- Ten-yen coins are made of bronze, and as such, when immersed in Worcestershire sauce, vinegar, soy sauce, lemon juice, or even detergent, the metal oxide and dirt on the surface is eluted or dissolved, and the coins look shiny as though they had never been used.
- この相場を元に新貨条例制定後の旧銅貨の通用価値が規定され、一圓は一両と等価となり、一両=10000文という基準から、これらの銭貨は以下の様な通用価格となった。
- The value of the old copper coin after the establishment of New Currency Regulation was set based on this market price; one yen became equivalent to one ryo; furthermore, using the standard rate of one ryo = 10000 mon, the currency rates of the coins became the following:
- 伴は『比古婆衣』で日本書紀改刪説を唱え、『長等の山風』でこの説を根拠に据えて即位説を論じ、和銅7年の『日本書紀』には大友天皇の元年が立てられていたと推測した。
- Ban advocated a Chronicles of Japan falsifying theory in 'Hikobae' (Essays on Study of Historical Artefacts), and based on this theory he argued the enthronement theory in 'Nagara no Yamakaze,' supposing that the first year of Emperor Otomo was established in 'Chronicles of Japan' in 714.
- 伴信友が唱えた日本書紀改刪説は、和銅7年(714年)に『日本書紀』はいったん完成しており、通常言われる養老4年(720年)はそれを改刪(改定)したものとする。
- The Chronicles of Japan falsifying theory advocated by Nobutomo BAN says that Chronicles of Japan was actually completed in 714 and falsified (revised) in 720, which was generally believed as the year of completion.
- 1945年、終戦となり、言論・集会への弾圧が行われなくなると、翌1946年、群馬県東部の渡良瀬川流域の農民が集まり、足尾銅山精錬所移転期成同盟会が結成された。
- In 1945 World War II ended, and there were no longer controls on speeches and meetings, and in the following year, the peasants of the Watarase-gawa valley of the eastern Gunma Prefecture gathered and formed the Union for Relocation of Ashio copper mine Refinery.
- 一例として、京都市の東寺の「弘法市」の際、「笹屋伊織」が販売する銅鑼焼きが挙げられるが、棒状に伸ばした餡にバームクーヘン状に小麦粉の生地を重ね焼くものである。
- One example is the Dorayaki sold by 'Sasaya Iori' at 'Kobo-ichi Fair' at To-ji Temple, Kyoto City, which has bean paste drawn into a stick shape and surrounded with Baum kuchen.
- ただし、善光寺には秘仏本尊を模して作られたとされる「お前立ち像」(銅造、鎌倉時代作、重要文化財)があり、この像を通じて、秘仏本尊の像容を推測することができる。
- However, Zenko-ji Temple made a copy of the hibutsu called 'omaedachi-zo' (an important cultural property built in the Kamakura period, made of bronze), through which people can imagine what the hibutsu looks like.
- この禁令は社寺などに出されていることから見ても、朝廷が反対できないよう、銅灯篭など「国家安泰を祈願するため」の仏具に事寄せて溶解する方式が取られたのであろう。
- This Kin-hasen Rei was promulgated toward shrines and temples, who used to melt copper coins to produce, for example, Buddhist alter articles such as hanging copper lanterns 'made to pray for national peace and security,' and therefore, to whom the Imperial Court could hardly complain against their illegal acts.
- 興利倭船の担い手は平常は漁を行なっているような庶民であり、使送船のように胡椒・丹木・銅のような高価な物資を取り扱うことは出来ず、塩や魚をもって米穀に替えていた。
- Also the operators of Koriwasen were citizens who usually lived on fishing; therefore, since the operators could not trade in such expensive commodities as pepper, tanboku, and copper, they exchanged salt and fish with rice.
- 現在の栃木県日光市足尾地区では江戸時代から銅が産出していたが、江戸時代前期をピークとして産出量はいったん低下し、幕末にはほとんど廃山の状態となって国有化された。
- In the present Ashio district, Nikko City, Tochigi Prefecture, copper mines had been mined since the Edo period; after reaching its peak in the early Edo period, the output kept declining, and by the end of the Edo period, the mines were almost abandoned and nationalized.
- かつては遺跡が発掘される事自体が少なく、青銅器の出土量も少なかったため、銅矛は主に北九州周辺、銅鐸は近畿から東海地方にかけての地域で出土するという偏りがあった。
- Because ruins were less often excavated and neither were bronze wares before, there used to a biased distribution where dohoko were found mainly around northern Kyushu while dotaku were discovered in the area between Kinki and Tokai region.
- しかし銅を20%含有する、より品位の低い慶長銀により決済しなければならないというものは、外国人にとって甚だ迷惑なものであり、上銀に精錬し直さなければならなかった。
- However, foreign traders found the Keicho silver, containing 20% lead and lower in quality, extremely troublesome because it required refining into quality silver.
- こうした大量の銅は、宗氏が新たに入手したものではなく、朝鮮王朝が交易の制限を強化していく中、対馬・博多において大量に過剰在庫となって溜まっていたものと考えられる。
- This large amount of copper was not mined by the So clan, and it is thought that a large amount of copper had been accumulated as excess stock in Tsushima and Hakata due to the trade restrictions imposed by the Korean Dynasty.
- 万治2年(1659年)、幕府は寛永通寳の輸出を禁止したため、長崎市中島銭座では貿易取引専用に中国の銭貨を模した銅銭を鋳造し、その一連の銭貨は長崎貿易銭と呼ばれる。
- As the bakufu prohibited Kanei Tsuho from being exported in 1659, zeniza in Nakajima, Nagasaki City minted copper coins imitating Chinese coins only for the purpose of international trade, and those coins were called Nagasaki Boeki-sen.
- この時代は、1891年刊行の吾妻村 (栃木県)民らによる鉱毒の記録集『足尾銅山鉱毒・渡良瀬川沿岸事情』を発刊直後に発売禁止にするなど、言論封殺が主な対策であった。
- During this period, the major part of these measures was restrictions of speech and of the press, such as banning the publication immediately after issuance of a record of the mining pollution 'Ashio Dozan Kodoku, Watarase-gawa-engan Jijo' (Ashio copper mine Mining Pollution, Status of Watarase-gawa River) published in 1891 by the residents of Azuma Village (Tochigi Prefecture).
- 『続日本紀』には、和銅6年、大和宇波郷のひとが長岡野において発見した記事があり、『日本記略』には、弘仁12年、播磨国で掘り出され、「阿育王塔鐸」とよばれたとある。
- 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) says that a dotaku was found in Nagaokano by one from 宇波 Village in Yamato Province in 713 and 'Nihon Kiryaku' (Outlines of the Annals of Japan) states a dotaku was excavated and called 'Totaku of Ashoka the Great' in Harima Province in 821.
- 鋳造品では、中尊寺円乗院所蔵品として神仏習合思想を端的に示す『金銅釈迦如来像御正体』(重要文化財)、金色堂内陣長押に掛けられた『金銅華鬘』(国宝。金色院蔵)がある。
- 'Kondo Shaka Nyorai zo mishotai' (an important cultural property) possessed by Chuson-ji Temple Enjo-in that partly represents the thoughts of syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism and 'Kondo-Keman' (a national treasure, possessed by Konjiki-in Temple) are some of the casting products.
- 後を追うようなかたちで直武は藩の「源内手、産物他所取次役」ないし「銅山方産物取立役(吟味役)」に抜擢され、12月1日に角館より江戸へ出立して源内のところに寄寓した。
- Soon afterwards, Naotake was promoted to 'product agent under Gennai' and 'collector (selector) of copper mine products,' and he departed from Kakunodate for Edo on January 12, 1774 and lodged with Gennai.
- この分銅は「両」を基本単位としており、「匁」は補助単位であるが、秤量銀貨の通貨単位は、小判の通貨単位の「両」との混同を避ける意味から「匁」および「貫」が用いられた。
- For these counterweights, 'ryo' was used as a base unit and 'monme' a secondly, while 'monme' and 'kan' were used for the currency unit for Hyoryo ginka, to avoid being mixed up with 'ryo,' the currency unit for koban.
- 元文4年(1738年)には銭相場の高値是正および材料の銅の供給不足などから、江戸深川十万坪、仙台石巻、江戸本所 (墨田区)押上などの銭座で鉄一文銭の鋳造が始まった。
- In 1739, the minting of one-mon iron coin started at zeniza located in Jumantsubo of Fukagawa in Edo, Ishinomaki of Sendai, Oshiage of Honjo (Sumida Ward) in Edo, and so on, due to correction of high market price of currency and short supply of materials.
- 縄文中期中葉以降、関東地方や中部地方では打製石斧の数量が爆発的に増加するが、形状は短冊形、撥形、分銅形のものが多く、これらは垂直に打ち下ろす「斧」には向いていない。
- After the middle of the middle Jomon period the number of chipped stone axes increased explosively in the Kanto and Chubu regions; many of these assumed the reed, plectrum or counterweight shapes, and not suitable for 'axes' that were vertically brought down.
- また近代以降は大寄せの茶会の普及によって、本来草体である小間の格式が上がってしまい、真体である唐銅の花生や唐物茶入を好んで小間に用いるという逆転現象も発生している。
- In addition, a koma (a small tea room) originally supposed to be sotai (simple) became ceremonial during the modern age due to the spread of large-scaled tea ceremonies, and a reversal phenomenon occurred, where people love to use shintai (true) utensils such as a karakane (Chinese copper) flower vase and karamono tea leaf container in a koma.
- 五〇〇ナノメートル超六〇〇ナノメートル未満の波長範囲で用いるように設計した金属蒸気レーザー発振器(銅レーザー発振器に限る。)であって、平均出力が四〇ワット以上のもの
- Metal vapor laser oscillators (limited to copper laser oscillators) designed for use within a wavelength range exceeding 500 nanometers and less than 600 nanometers, with an average output of 40 watts or more
- この年(和銅元年)、遷都を主導した藤原不比等は正二位、右大臣に進み、不比等の後妻、県犬養三千代は女帝の大嘗祭において杯に浮かぶタチバナとともに「橘宿禰」の姓を賜った。
- In this year (708), FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who led the transfer of the capital, was promoted to Shonii Udaijin (Senior Second Rank, Chief of the Imperial Japanese Council of State) and his second wife, Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo, was given the family name of 'Tachibana no Sukune' together with a tachibana (mandarin orange) floating in a cup on the occasion of Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly enthroned Empress).
- 由来としている「銭1貫分の大きさ」と言う説は、ほぼ4キログラム分の銅貨と同じ大きさと言う意味で(同書では、1貫分の銭は1,000文か960文としている)、無理がある。
- A theory that it originated from 'being equivalent to a clump of one-kan coins in size' is unreasonable in the sense of being almost equivalent to a clump of four-kilograms of copper coins in size (this book says that one kan of coins was equivalent to 1,000 or 960 mon).
- 理右衛門は、明人の白水からその精錬方法を学ぶと、その技術を秘伝としてたが、この「南蛮吹き」のおかげで、住友家は粗銅から銀を取り出して、膨大な利益を上げるようになった。
- Riemon learned from Hakusui of Minjin the refining method and kept it secret, and thanks to the Nanban-fuki copper refining method the Sumitomo Family gained enormous profit by extracting silver from crude copper.
- その代表は山中定次郎の山中商会・繭山松太郎の龍泉堂・大倉喜八郎の大倉集古館であり、彼等は書画骨董・青銅器・磁器・書籍といったものを中国から購入し欧米に販売していった。
- Their representatives were Yamanaka Trading Co., Ltd. of Sadajiro YAMANAKA, Ryusendo of Matsutaro MAYUYAMA, the Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts of Kihachiro OKURA, and they bought antique calligraphic work and paints, bronze ware, porcelain and books from China to sell to Europe and the United States.
- 五代十国の一つである後漢_(五代)の宰相であった王章 (五代)は、77枚をもって銅銭100枚として見なす事を公的に許すようになり、宋 (王朝)以後の王朝でも採用された。
- Osho (王章) (Five Dynasties period) who was the prime minister of the Later Han Dynasty (Five Dynasties period), one of Godai-Jikkoku (Wudai Shiguo) period, officially permitted to consider 77 copper coins equal to 100 and it was also adopted in the dynasties after the Sung.
- 銭貨の原型である母銭は、手彫りにより製作された彫母銭を原型とし、彫母銭→錫母銭→銅母銭→通用銭という順で鋳写される工程が採られ、均質な銭貨が大量生産されるようになった。
- A matrix coin, which was a prototype of a coin, was made by using a hand-carved matrix coin, and mass production of homogeneous coins was made possible by the process of transcriptive molding from a carved matrix coin to a tin matrix coin, then to a copper matrix coin, and then to a coin in currency.
- ただし、古河鉱業側は、銅の被害のみを認め、カドミウムについては認めなかった(農民側も、調停申請にはあえてカドミウム問題は提示せずに早期解決を目指したという理由もある)。
- However, Furukawa Mining acknowledged their fault only on the damages by copper but not by cadmium (the peasants did not complicate the issue by mentioning cadmium in order to reach a faster resolution.)
- また、銅鉱一つ発見されただけで元号を改めるほどの国家的事件と捉えられていた当時において大量の銅原料を確保する事は困難であり、流通量もそれほど多くなかったとの見方もある。
- Moreover, there is a belief that it was difficult to secure a large amount of raw copper for minting coins at the time as the discovery of only one copper mine became a national event; furthermore, there is an opinion that the amount of coins circulated was not much.
- 建国当初の宋通元宝にはじまり、歴代の改元のたびに、その年号をつけた新銭を鋳造したため、太平通宝・淳化元宝・至道元宝・咸平元宝・景徳元宝・祥符元宝といった銅銭が見られる。
- Starting with Song Yan Tong Bao, which was minted around the founding days, every time they changed the name of an era, they minted new coins with its name, which resulted in the variations of copper coins such as Tai Ping Tong Bao, Chun Hua Tong Bao, Zhi Dao Yuan Bao, Xian Ping Yuan Bao, Jing De Yuan Bao and Xiang Fu Yuan Bao.
- 秀吉の子豊臣秀頼が遺志を継ぎ、片桐且元を中心に今度は銅製で大仏の再建を行ったが、慶長7年(1602年)11月、鋳物師の過失による仏像が融解して出火し、大仏殿は炎上した。
- Hideyori TOYOTOMI, who was the son of Hideyoshi, succeeded his father and attempted the reconstruction of Great Buddha in copper with Katsumoto KATAGIRI as the leader, but the Buddhist statue melt due to an error by the caster and Daibutsuden was caught in a blaze in December 1602.
- 新安沈船から引き揚げられた遺物には白磁、青磁の天目茶碗などおよそ1万8000点におよぶ陶磁器や、約25トン・800万枚もの銅貨、そして346点もの積荷木簡が含まれていた。
- Relics (of the past) pulled up from the wrecked ship included 18,000 ceramic ware items including white and celadon porcelains and tenmoku tea bowls, 8 million copper coins weighing 25 tons, and 346 pieces of tsumini mokkan (narrow, long, and thin pieces of wood strung together that were used to write names of trading items on).
- 寛文5年(1665年)に度量衡の「衡」が統一され、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- In 1665, the Japanese weight units were standardized, and thereafter, Shirobei GOTO and his descendants monopolized the right to produce counterweights used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of counterweights were prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- 柄や鞘には金銅製の筒金や、模様を打ち出した金銅または銀の薄板、金線や銀線などが多様され、出土品でありながら今尚その輝きを残していて、制作当時のきらびやかな様を想像させる。
- The hilts and scabbards fitted with abundant decorations including gilt-bronze rings, embossed gilt bronze/silver sheets, and gold and silver lines still remained their glitter despite their artifact nature, conveying luxurious atmosphere at the time they were created.
- 熾仁親王の薨去後、大山巌・山県有朋・西郷従道などが親王の銅像を建立することを提唱し、陸海軍人や一般から資金を募り東京・三宅坂の参謀本部の正門前に親王の騎馬像が建立された。
- After Imperial Prince taruhito passed away, Iwao Oyama, Aritomo YAMAGATA and Tsugumichi SAIGO suggested to build a statue of him, they collected the donations from soldiers, sailors, and ordinary people, the Prince's statue on horseback was built in front of the main gate of the staff office in Miyakezaka, Tokyo.
- 更に『続日本紀』の和銅2年7月1日 (旧暦)(ユリウス暦709年8月10日)の条に出羽柵に武器を運搬したとの記載があることから、その時点には出羽柵が存在したことがわかる。
- Additionally, since an article dated August 14, 709 of 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) records that weapons were transported to Dewa no Ki, it is suggested that Dewa no Ki had existed by then.
- 最初に原料である金属すなわち、銅、錫、鉛、および白目または白鑞(しろめ)(アンチモンまたはビスマスなど)を規定量秤りとり取組みが行われ、坩堝で鎔解されて合金がつくられる。
- First, the prescribed amount of raw materials, that is, copper, tin, lead and shirome (antimony or bismuth), was measured, dissolved in crucibles and made into alloy.
- 太秦に移転してからは大曽根辰保監督による『花の生涯』、渋谷実監督の『青銅の基督』、小林正樹監督の、『切腹』などが撮影されたが映画産業の斜陽化により、1965年に閉鎖された。
- Since it was transferred to Uzumasa, films such as 'Hana no shogai' (the life of flowers) directed by Tatsuyasu OSONE, 'Seido no kirisuto' (the bronze Christ) directed by Minoru SHIBUYA, and 'Seppuku' directed by Masaki KOBAYASHI had been produced, however the film industry went into its twilight years and it was finally closed down in 1965.
- 銅鏡は宝器として珍重され、後期になって副葬され始めるようになった後漢鏡は、不老長寿への祈りを込めた文が刻まれ、その鏡を持った人は長寿や子孫の繁栄が約されるというものだった。
- While it was a highly appreciated treasure equipment, mirrors of the Later Han, which came to be buried together with others in the late Yayoi period, had the engraved prayer for perpetual youth and longevity, meaning those who had got the mirror were guaranteed for longevity and fertility.
- 元和通宝(げんなつうほう)は、元和 (日本)元年(1615年)もしくは2年(1616年)頃に鋳造されたとされる、江戸時代の元号を用いた銅銭であり、寛永通宝以前のものである。
- Genna Tsuho is a copper coin named after an era in the Edo period, which is thought to have been minted in around the first or second year of the Genna era (1615 or 1616) in Japan, and it is older than the Kanei Tsuho coin.
- 特に「聞く銅鐸」の紋様の不鮮明さは埋納時から発掘までの土中での経年劣化ではなく、磨く等の行為によるものとされており(佐原真)、祭りの度に繰り返し掘り出し磨かれたためという。
- Especially, unclearness of the patterns on the 'dotaku to hear,' which is thought to have been created due to a treatment such as polishing, not due to degradation over time in the ground from a burial through to an excavation, possibly shows that they were repeatedly dug out and polished every time a ceremony was held (Makoto SAHARA).
- 中国における作例としては、東京・根津美術館所蔵の銅造釈迦如来・多宝如来並坐像は、中国・北魏の「太和13年」(489年)の銘があり、制作年代の判明する基準作として貴重である。
- Regarding examples made in China, there is a pair of seated bronze statues of Shaka Nyorai and Taho Nyorai owned by Nezu Museum in Tokyo, which has an inscription of 'Taiwa 13' (in 489) of the Northern Wei Dynasty in China and this is valuable as a criterion which identifies the age of the work.
- 茶席においては主客より詰まで順次取り回し、八寸が出てのち亭主が同席して杯事がなされ、菓子ののち中立ちとなり、客はいったん待合へ退き銅鑼の合図で再び席入りするのが本来である。
- During a tea party, after the dishes go around from the guest of honor to the last guest and hassun is served, the host joins the guests and a drinking party starts, and after eating the sweets there is a break time when the guests leave to go to the reception room, and then return to where they were at the signal of a gong.
- 平安時代以降、鏡面に仏像を線彫りにして信仰礼拝の対象とした「鏡像」(きょうぞう)が盛んに製作され、これは後に銅板に半肉彫りの彫像を取り付けた「懸仏」(かけぼとけ)に発展した。
- After the Heian period, many 'kyo-zos' (mirror images), which were made as the object for religious pray by engraving lines of Buddha on the mirror, were produced, and later they developed into Kakebotoke (hanging plaque Buddha) which were bronze plates with an image made by hannikubori engraving method.
- 1897年、鉱毒被害地の農民が大挙して東京に陳情(当時の表現では押出し)を行うなど、世論が高まると、同年3月、政府は足尾銅山鉱毒調査委員会を設置し、数度の鉱毒予防令を出した。
- In 1897 large numbers of peasants from the affected area went to Tokyo to protest (called 'Oshidashi', protest) and the general verdict on the company and government became negative, then, in March of the same year, the government established the Research Committee of Ashio copper mine Mining Pollution and issued several acts for preventing mining pollution.
- そしてこの偏りが絶対であったうちは中京以西の列島を二分する「銅鐸文化圏」と「銅矛文化圏」の存在によるものであると捉えられ、仮定としてではなく真剣に論じられていた時代があった。
- When this biased distribution was still predominant, the theory that the island from Chukyo to the west was divided into two parts, 'the dotaku cultural area' and 'the dohoko cultural area,' was not treated as a hypothesis and seriously discussed.
- この時代の銅鏡の中には、中国大陸の年号が銘されている紀年鏡が13枚のうち12枚が含まれており、出土した古墳やその他の副葬品が製造された年代を推定するための参考資料とされている。
- Because twelve out of thirteen Kinen mirrors, which were with the name of an era of China, were included in bronze mirrors produced in this period, these mirrors were used as references to estimate the era when the excavated tumulus or other burial goods were produced.
- この寳永通寳は量目二匁五分程度すなわち寛永通寳2枚半程度の銅銭であり、また金銭の計算に不便であったことなどから市場での評判はすこぶる悪く、両替商も苦情を申し立てる始末であった。
- This kaneitsukan was a copper coin whose weighted value was 2.5 monme, that was 2 pieces and a half of kaneitsukan, and it was inconvenient for calculation of money, which means that it had a bad reputation where money changer complained.
- このとき幕府は銭貨の質の管理および、需要が逼迫していた銅の統制を強めていた関係上から、銭の背面に鋳造地を示す文字を鋳出させたり、また面文に特徴を持たせて鋳銭地の明確化を図った。
- The bakufu tried to specify the location of mintage by making letters indicating the location of mintage cast on the back side of coins and by making letters on coins different according to the location of mintage, for the purpose of maintaining the quality of coins and strengthening copper regulation, which was in urgent demand.
- 正式の指定名称は「美濃稲葉郡山田寺塔心礎納置銅壼 1合 附塔心礎」であり、塔心礎は「銅壺」の「附」(つけたり)として国の重要文化財に指定された(考古資料、昭和36年2月指定)。
- The official property name of these remains is 'Mino Inaba District, Sanden-ji Temple stone foundation remain for the central pillar of a pagoda with a set of copper pot placed with in the reliquary' and the stone foundation for the central pillar of a pagoda was also designated for a National Important Cultural Property as the 'Tsuketari' (the accompaniment) to the 'Dohtsubo' (a copper pot, designated in 1961 according to archaeological references).
- その内、銀製帯具は、江蘇省宜興(ぎこう)県西晋墓その他の六朝期の古墳から出土した銅製帯具と極めて類似点が高い江南からもたらされたものか、その影響を受けたものあった可能性が高い。
- Of them, the silver belt fittings significantly resemble copper belt fittings unearthed from tumuli in the six-dynasty period, including the Western Jin tomb in Yixing County, Jiangsu Province, and they are quite likely to have been brought from Konan (Jiāngnán) or to have been affected by those from Konan.
- 石包丁は比較的何処にでもある材料から製作可能であったため、初期の稲作文化においては広く利用されたが、後に加工性に優れ丈夫で鋭い切れ味を持つ青銅器や鉄器の伝播にも伴い廃れていった。
- Because ishi-bocho was able to be made of materials that were found everywhere comparatively, it was used widely in the early stage of rice cultivation culture; however, later on as bronze ware or ironware that permitted various processes with firmness and sharpness spread, it began to be obsolete.
- 藤原京から平城京への遷都は707年(慶雲4)に審議が始まり、708年(和銅元)には元明天皇により遷都の詔(都というものは「百官の府であり、四海の人々が集まるところ」)が出された。
- The discussion on the transfer of the capital from Fujiwara-kyo to Heijo-kyo began in 707, and in 708 Empress Genmei issued an edict of the transfer, which stated that the capital was 'the center of government offices and the place where people of the world gather.'
- 現在の埼玉県秩父市黒谷にある和銅遺跡から、和銅(にきあかがね、純度が高く精錬を必要としない自然銅)が産出した事を記念して、「和銅」に改元するとともに、和同開珎が作られたとされる。
- In order to commemorate the discovery of Wado (a high purity copper which does not require any refining) in the Wado, presently known as Kuroya, Chichibu City, Saitama Prefecture, the name of the era was changed to 'the Wado era' and also Wado-kaichin was created.
- 足尾銅山による鉱毒被害が増大すると、衆議院議員田中正造の主導の下、1896年10月4日、群馬県邑楽郡渡瀬村 (群馬県)(現館林市)にある雲龍寺に、栃木・群馬両県鉱毒事務所がおかれた。
- As the mining pollution damage caused by the Ashio copper mine became serious, Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives, set up a mining damage office for both Ibaragi and Gunma Prefecture on October 4, 1896 at Unryu-ji Temple in Watase Village, Oura County, Gunma Prefecture (the present Tatebayashi City, Gunma Prefecture.)
- 出現当初の銅剣や銅矛など武器形青銅器は、所有者の威儀を示す象徴的なものであると同時に、刃が研ぎ澄まされていたことなどから実際に戦闘に使われる実用武器としても使われていた可能性が高い。
- Weapon type bronze ware bronze swords and bronze halberds were a dignity symbol of the owner at the time of emergence, and it is possible that they were used as actual weapons, as its edge was sharpened.
- しかし精錬時の燃料による排煙や、精製時に発生する鉱毒ガス(主成分は二酸化硫黄)、排水に含まれる鉱毒(主成分は銅イオンなどの金属イオン)は、付近の環境に多大な被害をもたらすこととなる。
- Ironically the smoke from the refining process, mineral poison gas generated during purification (mainly sulphur dioxide) and mineral poison contained in the waste water (mainly metal ions such as copper ions) caused great environmental damage.
- 加えて経済発展により銭不足も目立ち始めたため、勘定奉行の荻原重秀は銅一文銭についても量目を減ずることとし、量目がこれまでの一匁(3.7グラム)程度から八分(3.0グラム)程度となった。
- In addition, since a shortage of coins became remarkable due to economic development, Shigehide OGIWARA, kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), decided to also decrease ryome (a weighed value) of one-mon copper coin, and the ryome decreased from about one monme (equivalent to 3.7 grams) in the past to about eight bu (equivalent to 3.0 grams).
- しかしながら、交易で生計を立てている対馬と、胡椒・丹木・銅などの輸入を対馬に全面的に依存している朝鮮王朝の双方は折り合いを付ける必要に迫られ、1512年、壬申約条により和解が成立した。
- However, people in Tsushima who made their living from trade and the Korean Dynasty, who was totally dependent on imports from Tsushima for pepper, tanboku and copper, were obliged to get along with each other, and in 1512 they agreed on a settlement under the Jinshin Yakujo (visitor regulations which were established by the Korean Dynasty).
- 特に、戦国時代初期にあっては、勘合貿易および一種の密貿易である私貿易といった日明間の貿易によって、明から舶来品だけでなく大量の銅銭の導入を図り、貨幣経済の確立をなしとげる段階にあった。
- In particular, the beginning of the Sengoku Period was a stage in which money economy was established, through trade between Japan and Ming such as the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and private trade, which was a kind of smuggling, by introducing from the Ming, not only import articles but also a large quantity of copper coins.
- 小判および分金が生粋金(純金)および花降銀(純銀)の合金で銅は不純物程度でしか含まれないのに対し、大判では3%程度の銅が意図的に加えられ、黄金色を演出させ審美性を持たせているとされる。
- Koban and Bukin were made of mixed metal of pure gold and pure silver, and the amount of contained copper was at impurity level; whereas, about 3% of copper were intentionally added to Oban in order to have the color of gold to make it more aesthetic.
- 実際には万力鎖術で用いられる様に数十cm程垂らした鎖をクルクルと回転させて勢いをつけた上で直線的に投げつけるスリングによる投石に近い攻撃方法が取られる(分銅を持って投ずる流派もある)。
- In practice, a method of attack is adopted in which a suspended chain of several dozen centimeters is rotated to gain momentum and then kusarigama is thrown linearly and it is like a method used in the art of manriki-gusari which is similar to stone throwing using a sling (in some schools, one holds the chain weight and throws it).
- 仲介役の坂本臣等の祖である根臣が、大草香皇子の「お受けする」との返答に付けた押木玉鬘(おしきのたまかつら:金銅冠?)を横取りするために、天皇に「大草香皇子は拒否した」と偽りの讒言をする。
- The agent Ne no Omi (the ancestor of Sakamoto no Omi) made a false remark to the Emperor, saying that the Imperial Prince Okusaka refused the order, in order to pocket the Oshiki no Tamakatsura Crown (made of gold and copper?) that the Imperial Prince Okusaka had trusted to Ne no Omi to show his acceptance.
- しかし、710年(和銅3)に遷都された時には、内裏と大極殿、その他の官舎が整備された程度と考えられており、寺院や邸宅は、山城国の長岡京に遷都するまで、段階的に造営されていったと思われる。
- However, when it was relocated in 710, it is believed that the construction of only a few facilities such as the Imperial Palace, Daigokuden (the central building) and official residences were completed, and other facilities like the temple and residence were being constructed step by step until the capital was transferred to Nagaoka-kyo in Yamashiro Province.
- 8世紀初めには、慶雲4年(707年)、和銅元年(708年)、養老元年(717年)と、百日以内に出頭すれば亡命山沢の罪を赦すという詔が出たが、それは大赦の一部で唐の詔を引き写したものである。
- In the early 8th century, edicts were issued in 707, 708 and 717 stipulating that an offense of a mountain valley exile would be condoned if the offender handed oneself in within 100 days, but they were part of amnesty and a copy of edicts in Tang Dynasty China.
- 奈良盆地を指す令制国の名称が、三野が美濃国、尾治が尾張国などと好字をもって二字の国名に統一されたのと同じく、和銅初年(701年)には「倭国」を「大倭国」と書くようになったと考えられている。
- The name of ryoseikoku (province) that indicated the Nara Basin was considered to be changed from '倭国' to '大倭国' in 701 in the same way as 三野 was changed to 美濃国 and 尾治 was changed to 尾張国 by using koji (letters signified good meaning and often used for person's name or place name).
- この時代の刀剣の多くは朽損しているが、島根県安来市のかわらけ谷出土の金銅装環頭大刀は、奇跡的に優れた保存状態にあり、黄金色の柄をもち刀身さえも古代の輝きを今に伝える稀有な例として有名である。
- Although most swords of this period are corroded and damaged, Kanto Tachi with gold and bronze fittings excavated from Kawarake Valley in Yasugi City, Shimane Prefecture is miraculously in good preservation, and is famous as a rare case to pass the shine from the ancient days to the present with its golden Tsuka (handle) as well as the body of blade.
- 殷・周時代から制作されている「鐘」(しょう)という青銅器が梵鐘の源流と推定されているが、この「鐘」は全体に小型で、その断面形状は後世の梵鐘のような円形ではなく、杏仁形(アーモンド形)である。
- The bronze ware 'Sho,' produced during the Yin and Zhou periods, are thought to be the origins of Bonsho, but generally the size of 'Sho' is small and the cross-section is not a circle as found in Bonsho of later times but it is almond-shaped.
- 100gあたりの栄養素は334キロカロリー、水分20.2g、タンパク質69.2g、脂質4.3g、ナトリウム890mg、銅9.90mg、カリウム1100mg、亜鉛5.4mg、リン1100mg。
- Per 100g: 334 kilo calories, water 20.2 g, protein 69.2 g, fat 4.3 g, sodium 890 mg, copper 9.90 mg, kalium 1100 mg, zinc 5.4 mg and phosphorous 1100 mg.
- 安政年間から引換回収された寛永通寳一文銅銭2,114,246,283枚の内、1,420,200,000枚を文久永寳に改鋳したとされ、文久永寳の総鋳造高は891,515,631枚との記録もある。
- Among the 2,114,246,283 Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen coins recalled, 1,420,200,000 were recast as Bunkyu-eiho coin; also, according to a record, the total number of Bunkyu-eiho coins cast was 891,515,631.
- 明治時代の造幣局 (日本)の分析では銀0.060%、銅83.107%、鉛11.227%、スズ3.217%、鉄0.269%、アンチモン0.489%、ヒ素1.500%、硫黄0.387%となっている。
- According to the analysis made by Japan Mint in the Meiji period, the composition of the coin was 0.060% silver, 83.107% bronze, 11.227% lead, 3.217% tin, 0.269% iron, 0.489% antimony, 1.500% arsenic, and 0.387% sulfur.
- 豊臣家に対し融和策をとる徳川家も戦の準備は怠らず、攻城兵器として国友鍛冶に大鉄砲・大筒の製作を命じ、他にも石火矢の鋳造、イギリスやオランダに対し青銅砲・焔硝・鉛(砲弾の材料)の注文を行っている。
- The Tokugawa family that chose a policy of reconciliation toward Toyotomi clan, but at the same time did not hesitate to prepare for war, ordered Kunitomo kaji (smithy in Kunitomo) to produce either odeppo (Japanese artilleries)/ozutsu (Japanese artilleries) as weapons for attacking a castle, and to cast ishibiya (Japanese artilleries) and ordered bronze artilleries/gunpowder/lead (materials of cannonballs) from England and Holland.
- また、不思議な事に左手の手首から先の骨がいくら探しても見つからず、増上寺にある和宮の銅像も左手は不自然に隠れている事から、彼女が生前、何らかの理由で左手を欠損していたのではないかという説がある。
- There is a mystery in that there was no bones from the left hand found, also there was a statue of Kazunomiya and her left hand is hidden in an unnatural way, there is a legend that she lost her left hand for some reason, when she was alive.
- しかし、当時銭貨を鋳造していなかった日本では貨幣経済の発達に伴い、大量の銅銭を必要とし、また「唐物」と呼ばれる陶磁器を初めとした中国の文物の需要も依然旺盛で、貿易船の必要性が減ずることはなかった。
- However the necessity for the trading vessels never faded because the development of money economy required a large quantity of copper coins in Japan, where coins were not cast in those days, and because the demands for Chinese products of culture including ceramic ware, pottery, and chinaware called 'karamono' (things imported from China) were still intense.
- また『今昔物語』に登場する話では、東三条殿の庭園に怪しい太った五位が夜な夜な姿を見せるので、親王が怪しんで陰陽師に占わせると東南の隅から銅の提(ひさげ)が現れ、以後五位は姿を見せなくなったという。
- In addition, the story in 'Konjaku monogatari' (Tales of Times Now Past) told that a suspicious fat night heron appeared every night in the garden of Higashi sanjo dono, so the Prince called a yin-yang diviner, and a copper hisage (a Japanese sake bottle) appeared from the corner of south-east, then the night heron never appeared again.
- 住友家と精銅とは、切っても切り離せないものがあるが、その端緒となったのは、理右衛門が、天正19年、泉州堺浦に来た明人の白水から「南蛮吹き」と称される粗銅から銀を分離する精錬法を学んだことに始まる。
- The Sumitomo Family is closely connected with copper refining, which began in the year 19 of Tensho when Riemon learned the refining method used to separate silver from crude copper, which was called the 'Nanban-fuki copper refining method' by Hakusui of Minjin (from Min), who had come to Senshu-Sakaiura.
- 『続日本紀』和銅元年正月(708年) の詔に「亡命山澤。挾藏禁書。百日不首。復罪如初。」とありこの時期にはヤマト王権の「正規のイデオロギー(日本書紀)」と相反する書物が残っていたことを示している。
- The imperial decree on New year's day in 708 of 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) contains the description 'A man who run away to the countryside with the banned book will be panished as notified at first if he does not turn himself in' which shows that documents inconsistent with 'the legitimate ideology (Nihonshoki)' of Yamato kingship remained during this period.
- この他、鉄・銅・真鍮などの金属や石炭、繰綿(綿花から綿実を除去したもの)・木綿・生糸などの衣料原料、青莚(せいえん・あおむしろ、シチトウで作る畳)、茶・タバコなどの嗜好品も対象となる場合もあった。
- In addition, the objects of monopolization also included such metals as iron, copper, brass, coal, clothing materials such as deseeded cotton (cotton wool with its seeds removed), cotton, and raw silk, Seien (blue mat, mate made from cyperus), goods of taste such as tea and tobacco.
- 使い手の技量によっては千差万別に使い分ける事が出来る優れた武器ではあるが、反面操り方が難しく、初心者では鎖分銅を自らの体に打ち付けてしまう可能性も高いので、かなりの鍛錬が必要とされる武器でもある。
- Kusarigama is a good weapon which can be used in various ways depending on the skill of the user, but on the other hand, the handling of kusarigama is difficult and a beginner is likely to hit his own body with the chain weight and thus kusarigama is a weapon requiring intensive training.
- 仏教では、法華宗・日蓮宗の団扇太鼓以外では太鼓を使うことはあまり見られず打楽器としてはもっぱら木魚(法華宗・日蓮宗では木柾)と鈴が使われるが、大規模な行事には銅鑼や鉦鼓などと一緒に太鼓が用いられる。
- In Buddhism, the Japanese drum is not so often seen to be used except for the round fan drum in the Hokke and Nichiren Sects; as far as percussion instruments are concerned, the mokugyo (a fish-shaped small wooden gong) and the bell are exclusively used (the Hokke and Nichiren sects, however, use mokusho (a round small wooden gong) instead of mokugyo), nevertheless for a large-scale event, the Japanese drum is used with the metallic gongs and metallic drums.
- また石見銀山を始めとして、生野銀山、因幡銀山、多田銀山、対馬銀山など多くの銀山が西日本に偏在し、また大坂銅吹所における荒銅からの絞銀(しぼりぎん)による灰吹銀の供給が潤沢であったこともその要因である。
- Another reason is that there were some silver mines including Ikuno Silver Mine, Inaba Silver Mine, Tada Silver Mine and Tsushima Silver Mine as well as Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine in western Japan, and there was an abundant supply of cupellated silver produced by shiborigin (kind of silver) from rough bronze at Osaka Bronze Production.
- 律令期に皇朝十二銭が発行された目的としては、唐の開元通宝を手本とし、貨幣制度を整えるため、また、平城京遷都に必要となる莫大な経費を、銅地金本来の価値と貨幣価値との差額で賄うためということが挙げられる。
- Kocho-Junisen are considered to have been issued for the purpose of setting Japan's currency system in order by modeling the example of the Kaigen-tsuho of the Tang dynasty of China and also for the purpose of raising funds to cover huge costs required for transferring the national capital to Heijo with margins of profit from the value of currency and the original value of copper material.
- 少なくとも数億枚は発行が確認されている銭が、いくら経済発展があるとはいえなかなか回収できず、品位を下げざるをえなかったのは、破銭(銭を溶かして銅地金として利用する行為)が広く行われたためと理解される。
- It is now understood that, no matter how the economy had developed at that time, people then carried out extensively the hasen (to melt coins to use as a raw material) so that at least a few thousand million pieces of issued coins could hardly be retrieved and the remaining coins were compelled to degraded values.
- 強盗(がんどう)若しくは龕灯(がんどう)と呼ぶ携帯型の照明器具の仕組みは不燃性の材料を用い、一般的には銅版やブリキ板等の金属板を丸めた円筒台形の筐体をもち、筐体の中にはろうそく立てと反射鏡が入っている。
- The device included in the portable lighting apparatus called 'Gando' is made up of nonflammable materials--in general, a cylindrical trapezoid chassis produced by rolling a metal plate such as copper or tin, and a candle holder and a reflecting mirror both of which are placed inside the chassis.
- 石は身分によって種類が決まっていて、奈良時代には五位以上は金銀(もちろんめっきであろう)、六位以下は烏油帯(銅に黒漆をかける)を使用したが、高官は唐の影響を受けて次第に様々な材質を使用するようになった。
- The types of stones were determined by social status; gold or silver plating was used for those of goi (Fifth Rank) and higher, a black lacquered sash (black lacquered copper) was used for rokui (Sixth Rank), and officers used a range of materials according to their exposure to Chinese influences.
- 今日の住友家の基礎、住友財閥の出発点は、この住友友芳が開発した別子銅山によって築き上げられたものであると言ってよく、事実、住友家の歴史の中では、この四世吉左衛門友芳をもって、「住友家中興の祖」としている。
- The foundation of today's Sumitomo Family, or the starting point of Sumitomo Zaibatsu, can be said to have been built by the Besshidozan copper mine that Tomoyoshi SUMITOMO developed; and in fact, in the history of the Sumitomo Family, the fourth-generation kichizaemon Tomoyoshi is considered to be the 'restorer of the Sumitomo Family.'
- 完成に近いものの周囲には、鋳型や鋳棹、溶銅が流れ込む道筋である湯道や、鋳造時に銭の周囲にはみ出した溶銅である鋳張りなどが残っており、仕上げ段階に至っていないことから、不良品として廃棄されたものと考えられる。
- In the surrounding area of the nearly-completed coins, mold, izao (ways where copper run into), runner of molten copper, and ibari which is stray copper at casting were remained, by which those incomplete ones are considered as bad ones to be discarded.
- だが中国の銅の生産能力は決して高いとは言えない上に、経済の急速な発展から銅銭の需要が銅銭発行量を上回るペースで高まったために、結果的には市中に流通する銅銭が慢性的に不足すると言う銭荒現象が生じるようになった。
- However, since Chinese copper production capacity was not high enough and a demand for copper coins increased at a pace surpassing the amount of copper coins issued due to rapid economic development, a phenomenon called senko that the quantity of circulating copper coins was chronically short occurred.
- それに対し、714年(和銅7年)に紀清人・三宅藤麻呂に国史を撰集させ、舎人親王が中心となって神代から持統天皇までの歴史を編集、720年(養老4年)に撰上されたのが『日本紀(日本書紀)』30巻・系図1巻である。
- In contrast, for the 'Nihongi (Nihon Shoki),' composed of 30 volumes and a roll of genealogical chart, compiled and offered to the emperor in 720, KI no Kiyohito and MIYAKE no Fujimaro in 714 selected accounts from provincial historical literature from the mythological age to the Empress Jito, and then Imperial Prince Toneri and his assistants edited the work.
- ちなみに、投擲する方法以外にも、近距離では分銅術として使用する方法や、石を紐で縛ったものを大量に用意しておくことで次々に投げつける方法、また、現在で言うハンマー投げように大きなものを投げつける方法などもある。
- Besides slinging, there are other techniques such as the fundo jutsu (use of the weight [fundo] to attack an opponent's body or weapon) for the short distance, throwing many prepared stones tied up with strings one after another, and throwing a big stuff like a modern hammer throwing style.
- 古代中国製の銅鏡には、神像と動物文を鋳出した神獣鏡が多く、その他、背面の文様によって「方格規矩鏡(ほうかくきくきょう)」「海獣葡萄鏡」「内行花文鏡(ないこうかもんきょう)」などさまざまな形式に分類されている。
- A lot of divine beasts mirrors having deities' images and animal designs can be found in the bronze mirrors made in ancient China, and other mirrors are classified into various types such as Hokakukikukyo Mirror (designs of ruler and compass), Kaiju Budo Kyo Mirror (designs of animals and grapes) and Naiko Kamonkyo Mirror (semicircle designs) according to their designs on the reverse.
- 現存するのは主に鉄製や金銅製のものであるが、有機質材料が併用されていた可能性が指摘されており、近年は弥生時代終末期の遺跡から木製や革製、植物繊維を編んで漆を塗ったものなどさまざまな有機質材料の短甲も出土している。
- The Tanko existing now are mainly made of iron or gilt bronze, however, some pointed out that it is possible organic material was also used to make them and various Tanko made of organic material such as wood, leather and knitted plant fiber with lacquer on it were unearthed from the remains of the late Yayoi period in recent years.
- 奈良時代を中心に盛んに造られた、いわゆる小金銅仏のなかには、頭上に阿弥陀化仏を有することから、明かに観音像であるとわかるものが多いが、これらについても通常「聖観音」とは言わず、単に「観音(菩薩)像」と言っている。
- Among the so-called Small Gilt Bronze Buddhist Statues, which were widely made mainly during the Nara period, many statues are clearly recognized as Kannon statues because of placing a Kebutsu of Amida Nyorai on the head, but these are usually just called 'Kannon (Bosatsu) statues' instead of 'Sho Kannon' as well.
- 吉野から出土した、国宝の「鋳銅刻画蔵王権現像」(東京・西新井大師総持寺蔵)は、銅板に線刻で蔵王権現などの諸仏を表わしたもので、長保3年(1001)銘があり、この頃までには蔵王権現の図像も確立していたことがわかる。
- Bronze Plaque with Line-engraved Zao Gongen' (in Soji-ji Temple of Nishiarai-taishi Shrine, Tokyo Prefecture) (National Treasure) which was excavated at Yoshino, is a bronze plaque with line-engraved Buddhas including Zao Gongen and has an inscription of 1001, so that it is suggested that the iconography of Zao Gongen had been established before around this time.
- 中国長江文明では、三星堆遺跡から出土した青銅器(青銅神樹と呼ばれる)には木に止まる太陽を模した9羽の鳥があり、上古神話では鳥は8羽が既に死んでおり現在の太陽は最後の1羽だが既に瀕死であるという(故に供物を捧げた)。
- The bronze ware (called seidoshinju) unearthed from Sanseitai-iseki Remains in the region of Chinese Chang Jiang Culture has nine birds representing suns perching on a tree, and according to ancient mythology, the eight birds were already dead and the last bird which represented the current sun was almost dead (offerings were already made).
- 奈良時代(ならじだい、710年-794年)は広義には710年(和銅3年)に元明天皇が平城京に都を移してから、794年(延暦13年)に桓武天皇によって平安京に都が移されるまでの84年間を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Nara period was a period in Japan's history which, broadly speaking, lasted 84 years from 710 when the Empress Genmei transferred the capital to Heijokyo to 794 when the Emperor Kanmu transferred the capital to Heiankyo.
- 第十三号イに該当する芳香族ポリイミドの製品(フィルム、シート、テープ又はリボン状のものに限る。)であって、次のいずれかに該当するもの(銅を被覆若しくはラミネートしたものであって、電子回路のプリント基板用のものを除く。)
- Aromatic polyimide products that fall under item (iii), (a) (limited to films, sheets, tapes or ribbon shaped ones) and that fall under any of the following (excluding those that are copper coated or laminated and are for printed boards of electronic circuits)
- 和銅7年(714年)には首皇子の元服が行われて正式に立太子されるも病弱であったことと皇親勢力と外戚である藤原氏との対立もあり、即位は先延ばしにされ文武天皇の妹である元正天皇が「中継ぎの中継ぎ」として皇位を継ぐことになった。
- In 714, genpuku (a ceremony held to celebrate one's coming of age) was held for Prince Obito, and he was invested as crown prince, but due to his poor health and a conflict between pro-imperial forces and the Fujiwara clan, who were maternally related to the Imperial family, his enthronement was postponed and the Empress Gensho, younger sister of the Emperor Monmu, succeeded to the Imperial Throne as 'an interim empress for the interim emperor'.
- 細見亮市は「世界最高の美術品は日本の藤原時代の仏画だ」「自分は金属工芸からこの道に入ったのでものの形の厳しさと甘さがわかる」と主張していたといい、事実、コレクションのなかでも仏教絵画や仏具、銅鏡などの金工品は傑出している。
- It is said that Ryoichi HOSOMI claimed that 'Buddhist paintings of Fujiwara Period Japan are the greatest in the world,' and 'Because I learned about metal crafts before collecting works of art, I can tell superior from things of inferior design,' and certainly those Buddhist paintings, and metal works, such as Buddhist altar fittings and Dokyo (bronze mirrors), within his collection are outstanding.
- 慶長13年(1608年)(慶長11年との説も有り確定的でない)大坂高麗橋東一丁目両替町に設立された銀座は、主に生野銀山および石見銀山からの灰吹銀および大坂銅吹所における粗銅からの絞銀を集積して京都の銀座に送る役割を果たした。
- The ginza located in Ryogaecho, Koraibashi-higashi 1-chome, Osaka, was established in 1608 (or 1606, according to another report) for the purpose of gathering cupellated silver from Ikuno and Iwami silver mines and silver extracted from silver ore at the Osaka Dobukijo refinery and sending them to the ginza in Kyoto.
- 鉄火と似たような「あかがね」や「赤鉄」という言葉があるが、あかがね(銅・赤金)は、銅や赤銅(しゃくどう)や、赤味掛かった金色をした合金の意味であり、赤鉄(せきてつ)は酸化第二鉄(Fe2O3) のことであり、いわゆる赤錆のこと。
- Although there are words 'akagane' and 'sekitetsu,' which are similar to tekka, akagane means copper or an alloy with reddish gold color, and sekitetsu is ferric oxide (Fe2O3), or so-called red rust.
- これは、昭和15年、日本紀元2600年の祝典が行われた年であったが、また住友では、別子銅山の開抗250年にあたる年で、歴代の住友家当主や旧住友本社幹部物故者の霊を祭るため、長谷部鋭吉の設計によって典雅な持仏堂として建立された。
- The year 1940 was the one in which the celebration of the 2,600th anniversary of the founding of the Japanese nation was held, but this year was also the 250th anniversary of the opening of the Besshidozan copper mine; and to enshrine the souls of the deceased successive Sumitomo family heads and the deceased executive officers of the old Sumitomo Honsha this shrine was designed by Eikichi HASEBE and built as a refined space where the tablets of the above-mentioned deceased people are enshrined.
- 当時仏教受容の先頭を切ったのは蘇我稲目であり、百済の聖王が日本の朝廷の伝えてきた金銅釈迦像・経典若干卷のうちの仏像を小墾田(おはりだ)の家に安置し、さらに向原(むくはら)の家を清めて向原寺(こうげんじ)とした(『日本書紀』)。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the introduction of Buddhism into Japan was spearheaded by SOGA no Iname, who enshrined a gilt bronze statue of Shakyamuni that had been presented, together with some sutras, to the Imperial court by King Seong of Baekje, in his house at Oharida and purified his house in Mukuhara, converting it into Kogen-ji Temple.
- つまり、弥生時代の個々の村落を統合する新しい支配者が現れる等して人々がより大きな集団を構成する際に、それまでのそれぞれの共同体の祭儀から専制的権力者の祭儀への変化が起き、各々の村落で使われていた銅鐸を埋納したというものである。
- It means that when larger groups of people were organized by a new ruler that integrated individual villages of the Yayoi period, changes occurred in the ceremonial style from one of each community to one of a man with absolute power, leading to burial of dotaku that had been used in each village.
- なお、現在東京国立博物館が所蔵する埴輪武装男子立像は群馬県太田市、同じく東京国立博物館が所蔵する肥後江田船山古墳出土品は熊本県玉名郡、五島美術館が所蔵する日向国西都原古墳出土金銅馬具類は宮崎県西都市でそれぞれ出土したものである。
- Note however that the Haniwa (terra-cotta figurine) standing statue of an armed male currently owned by Tokyo National Museum was excavated from a site in the city of Ota in Gunma Prefecture, while the items excavated from the Higo Eta Funayama Tumulus, also owned by Tokyo National Museum, were excavated from a site in Tamana-gun in Kumamoto Prefecture, and finally the gilt bronze harness excavated from the Hyuga Province Saitobaru Tumulus, now owned by the Gotoh Art Museum, was excavated from Saito City in Miyazaki Prefecture.
- こうした保全地域に該当した場合には、その地域ごとに、屋根の形状が「切妻、寄棟、入母屋であること。」、屋根の葺き方が「日本瓦又は銅板で」あること、屋根の勾配の比率が一定以上一定以下であること、かなり具体的な規制に服することになる。
- When designated as one of these preservation zones, the area is subject to quite specific regulations: the shapes of roofs must 'be the kirizuma (gable-style), the yosemune (hip-style), or the irimoya (combination of the kirizuma and the yosemune)'; the roofs must be covered 'with either Japanese roof tiles or copper sheets;' and the ratio of the angle of roofs must fall between a specified range.
- 東北地方は度重なる冷害、飢饉にあえいだ一方で鉱山が多く金属資源は潤沢であったことから、幕末期に盛岡藩および久保田藩を中心に銀判および當百文銅銭および鉛銭など、数多くの貨幣が密鋳されたが、幕府には既にそれを取り締まる力はなかった。
- The Tohoku region suffered from cold-weather damage by the cold-weather and famine repeatedly, but on the other hand, there were many mines in the region and metal resources were abundant, so at the end of the Edo period, the Morioka Domain and the Kubota Domain secretly minted many coins of silver, copper, and lead without a permission from the bakufu because the bakufu no longer had enough power to control these activities.
- 一般的な操法として、右手に鎖、左手に鎌を持ち、敵の頭部・顔面・脛・小手の部分を狙って分銅を打ち付けたり、敵の武器を鎖で叩き落したり、敵の手首や足に鎖を絡めさせたりしながら、敵の動きを封じた後左手に持った鎌刃で斬りつけ止めを刺す。
- As a general art of handling, a person holds a chain in his right hand and kama in his left hand to take aim at the enemy's head, face, shank and forearm to hit with the weight, use the chain to knock off the enemy's weapon, entangle the chain with the enemy's wrist or leg while containing the movements of the enemy and then slashing the enemy with a blade of kama held in the left hand to kill him.
- また、クエン酸を主成分とする梅酢は器具や人体の傷口の消毒の他、金属のめっきやはんだ付け、青銅器・鉄器の酸化皮膜処理(酸化銅(II)および酸化鉄(II):酸化第一鉄による『黒留め』と呼ばれる酸化皮膜による防錆処理)のためにも用いられた。
- Umesu, which contains citric acid as the main component, was used for metal plating and soldering and the oxidation coating treatment of bronze and iron ware (copper oxide (II) and iron oxide (II), an anti-rust treatment using an oxide film made of ferrous oxide called 'kurodome'), in addition to the sterilization of tools and bodily wounds.
- その慣習は戦国時代 (日本)初期の永正2年(1505年)の室町幕府による撰銭令の中において、(銅銭96枚を100文とすることを前提として)100文の1/3を32文として換算する規定が見られ、こうした慣行を九六銭(くろくせん)とも呼んだ。
- This custom is found in the ban on use of poor-quality currency issued by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the early Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), 1505, saying (on the assumption that 96 cooper coins is considered as 100 mon) all figures must be converted at 32 mon to one third of 100 mon, and such a custom was also called kurokusen ('ku' means 9, 'roku' means 6 and 'sen' means money).
- 10年後の寛永13年(1636年)、足尾銅山などからの銅の産出が増大したことを受け、幕府が本格的に寛永通寳の鋳造を司ることになり、このとき設置された銭座は江戸浅草橋場、芝 (東京都港区)網縄手および近江国坂本 (大津市)の3座であった。
- Ten years after, in 1636, it was decided that the bakufu carried on a full-scale operation of mintage of Kanei Tsuho as a result of an increase in production of copper from copper mines including Ashio Copper Mine, and three zeniza were established; Hashiba in Asakusa, Edo, Tsuna-nawate in Shiba (Minato Ward, Tokyo) and Sakamoto in Omi Province (Otsu City).
- 小麦粉・鶏卵・砂糖を水で溶いて作った生地を円形のくぼみのある鉄または銅製の焼き型に流し込んで餡(小豆あんが多いが、白餡やカスタードクリームなどのものもある)をのせ、その上にさらに生地を流し入れるか、別の型で焼いておいた同型の生地をのせて
- The way to cook imagawa-yaki is to pour batter made of flour, eggs, sugar and water in round molds made of iron or copper, drop sweet bean paste (red bean paste is very popular, but white bean paste and custard cream are available) into each batter-filled mold and cover this with batter or cover each filled mold with another pastry of the same shape baked in another mold.
- 和銅元年8月10日_(旧暦)の太政官符で、正税である稲穀の貯蔵と不動倉設置が奨励され、国衙・郡衙に設置された正倉に貯蔵され、それが満載となると、国司・郡司による検封作業を経て封印されて不動倉とされると、その中に入った稲穀は不動穀とされた。
- On September 2, 708, the storage of rice in the husk, which was shozei (rice tax), and putting it in fudoso were encouraged in the official documents of the Daijokan, Grand Council of State; afterwards, rice in the husk was stored in shoso (warehouse placed in the provincial government office compounds); when the warehouse became full, the provincial governor and the local officer examined and sealed it; after the sealing was completed, the warehouse was made fudoso and the rice in the husk kept in the fudoso was made fudokoku.
- 元明朝においても国制改革はさらに加速し、和銅元年(708年)には、初の流通貨幣である和同開珎の発行、および長安の造形に倣った本格的都城となる平城京遷都の詔が発せられた(平城京は長安と同じく大極殿を北端に置く。実際の遷都は2年後の和銅3年)。
- During the reign of Empress Genmei, the national reform further accelerated, and in 708, the first currency Wado-kaichin was issued and an imperial decree to announce the transferring of the capital to Heijo-kyo, which was the full-scale capital modeled after Changan, was issued. (As in Changan, Daigokuden in Heijo-kyo was located at the northernmost part. The transfer of the capital was realized two years later in 710.)
- 富本銭が発掘された地層から、700年以前に建立された寺の瓦や、687年を示す「丁亥年」と書かれた木簡が出土しており、また『日本書紀』の683年(天武天皇12年)の記事に「今より以後、必ず銅銭を用いよ。銀銭を用いることなかれ」との記述がある。
- From the stratum from which Fuhonsen coin was excavated, roof tile of a temple constructed before 700 and mokkan (a long and narrow wood plate written with a brush) marked 'Yin Fire Pig year' indicating the year 687 were excavated; furthermore in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) in 683 it was written 'Use copper coins from now on and do not use silver coins any more.'
- また、宋代には鉄銭も鋳造された(辺境部である四川省・陝西省において、遼・西夏への銅の流出を防止するために、銅銭の所有・使用一切を禁じられて代わりに鉄銭が強制的に流通させられたため)が、一般的には、圧倒的に多い銅銭のことを指して宋銭と呼んでいる。
- Although iron coins were also minted during the period of the Sung Dynasty (in marginal areas such as the Sichuan Province and the Shan Xi Province, the possession and use of copper coins were totally banned to prevent copper from going out to the Liao Dynasty and Xi Xia, and instead, people were forced to use iron coins), generally, Sung currency means copper coins which were the overwhelming majority.
- 和銅元年8月10日_(旧暦)の太政官符で、稲穀の貯蔵と不動倉設置が奨励されて以来、毎年備蓄が行われて、約30年近く後天平年間田租収入の30年分余りの(田地からの年間収穫量とほぼ同一)の貯蔵が存在していたことが現存する各令制国の正税帳から推測できる。
- Since the storage of rice in the husk and the placement of Fudoso warehouse were encouraged in the Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) on September 2, 708, storage of rice in the husk had been carried out year after year nearly 30 years; existing records of rice tax suggest that there existed the storage approximately the same quantity of crop yields of more than 30 years from the rice field tax during the Tenpyo era.
- 土器や石器と違い、住居跡からの出土はほとんど無く、また銅剣や銅矛など他の銅製品と異なり、墓からの副葬品としての出土例は一度もないため(弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓の周濠部からの出土は一例ある)、個人の持ち物ではなく、村落共同体全体の所有物であったとされている。
- Also, unlike earthwares and stone tools, few dotaku were excavated from dwelling sites and, unlike other copper items such as doken (bronze swords) and dohoko (bronze pikes), no dotaku used as burial goods in tombs were discovered (One example exists of excavation at a groove surrounding the grave mound in the Yayoi period.), which indicates that dotaku were not private belongings but property of village communities.
- その一方で「富国」を推進する大蔵省(大隈重信・井上馨・渋沢栄一ら)に深い不信感を抱いていたため、正院や他の省庁との財政を巡る対立で井上・渋沢が辞任に追い込まれた際にもこれを止めなかった(井上の場合には尾去沢鉱山尾去沢銅山事件を巡る疑惑もあったとしても)。
- At the same time, he had deep distrust toward Ministry of Finance (led by Shigenobu OKUMA, Kaoru INOUE, Eichi SHIBUSAWA and others), that promoted 'fukoku (rich country),' and did not stop letting INOUE and SHIBUSAWA resign at their crisis of being forced to step down when they were opposed to the Central State Council and government offices over financial affairs (INOUE was also looked at suspiciously due to his involvement in the scandal of Osarizawa copper mine).
- 「守貞漫稿」には食品以外にもほうき、花、風鈴、銅の器、もぐさ、暦、筆墨、樽、おけ、たき付け用の木くず、ざる、蚊帳、草履、みのかさ、植木、小太鼓、シャボン玉、金魚、鈴虫・松虫などの昆虫、錦鯉など日用品や子供のおもちゃ、果てはペットを商う振売も紹介されている。
- In addition to the food peddlers, the 'Morisadamanko' introduces other furiuri dealing with daily necessities including brooms, flowers, wind bells, copper containers, moxa, calendars, ink, barrels, tubs, kindling woodchips, baskets, mosquito nets, sandals, straw raincoats and hats, garden trees, small drums, soap bubbles, gold fish, insects such as bell cricket and pine cricket, varicolored golden carps as well as children's toys, and on top of that, pet peddlers are introduced.
- このため輸出用の御用銅は不足し、また慶長小判慶長丁銀から元禄小判元禄丁銀および宝永小判宝永丁銀への吹き替えによる金銀貨の品位低下および経済発展による銭貨不足から銭相場の高騰を招き、元禄年間終盤から宝永年間初頭にかけて、一両=3,700文前後をつけるに至った。
- Therefore, the copper for export was in short supply, and lowering of karat of gold and silver coin caused by reminting from keichokoban-keichochogin to genrokukoban-genrokuchogin and hoeikoban-hoeichogin as well as short supply of currency as a result of economic development caused appreciation of currency where 1 ryo(unit of currency) fluctuated around 3,700 mon (unit of currency) from the end of genroku era to the beginning of hoei era.
- 銅鐸はその形状ゆえ、初期の小型の物は鈕の内側に紐などを通して吊るし、舞上面に開けられた穴から木や石、鹿角製の「舌(ぜつ)」を垂らして胴体部分か、あるいは「舌」そのものを揺らし、内部で胴体部分の内面突帯と接触させる事で鳴らされたと考えられる(西洋の鐘と同じ)。
- From the shape, it is thought that early small dotaku had a string or others hanging from a crown and a 'tongue (clapper)' made of wood, stone or a deer horn dangling inside the body through the top hole, and that it was rung when the tongue touches a raised-area on the inside wall of the body by swinging the body or the 'tongue' itself (same mechanism as in Western bells).
- しかし、発掘される遺跡の増加に伴い当然のことながら青銅器の出土例も増え、「銅鐸文化圏」の地域で銅矛や銅剣が、「銅矛文化圏」内で銅鐸が出土するといったこと(特に有名な例が吉野ヶ里での出土)が多くなり、この仮説は成り立たなくなり次第に論じられる事は少なくなった。
- However, the more cases of excavation of bronze wares there were naturally along with increased excavations of ruins, the more situations where dohoko and doken were found in 'the dotaku cultural area' and where dotaku were discovered in 'the dohoko cultural area' (well-known example: the Yoshinogari Ruins) there were, which proved the hypothesis was not true as it was less and less often discussed.
- さらに正徳4年以降、江戸亀戸、佐渡国相川町、江戸深川_(江東区)十万坪、大坂難波、仙台、淀鳥羽 (洛外)横大路、江戸小梅、下総国猿江、紀伊国宇津、伏見、下野国日光市、秋田阿仁銅山、石巻、相模国藤沢市、大坂高津、下野足尾などに銭座が設けられ、寛永通寳が鋳造された。
- Furthermore, after 1714, zeniza were established to mint Kanei Tsuho in Kameido (Edo), Aikawa-cho (Sado Province), Juman-tsubo (hundred thousand tsubo) in Fukagawa, Edo (Koto Ward), Nanba (Osaka), Sendai, Yodo Toba Yokooji (Outskirt of Kyoto), Koume (Edo), Sarue (Shimousa Province), Uzu (Kii Province), Fushimi, Nikko City (Shimotsuke Province), Ani Copper Mine in Akita, Ishinomaki, Fujisawa City (Sagami Province), Kozu (Osaka) and Ashio (Shimotsuke Province).
- また、仮に需要があったとしてもそもそも銅の生産量が絶対的に少なかった当時の日本では実物貨幣に代わるだけの銅銭の製造は始めから困難であった(銅鉱の発見を機に元号を「和銅」と改めてしまう程当時銅は貴重であり、また後述のように時代が下るにつれて急速に品質が悪化している)。
- Also, even if there had been enough demand, the volume of copper production had been absolutely small, which made it impossible, from the beginning, to supply sufficient copper coins and substitute material money then-current in Japan (copper was so precious then in Japan that its era was renamed 'Wado (literally, Japanese copper),' upon discovery of copper ore mines, and, as described afterward, the quality of copper coins had rapidly deteriorated as time went on.)
- これらの内、鉄銭は明治6年(1873年)12月25日に、天保通寳は明治24年(1891年)末をもって通用停止となったが、文久永寳などの銅銭は昭和28年(1953年)末の「小額通貨の整理及び支払金の端数計算に関する法律」により廃貨措置がとられるまで法的に通用力を有した。
- Among these coins, Tetsusen coin was abolished on December 25, 1873, and Tenpo Tsuho coin in 1891, however, bronze coins such as Bunkyu eiho coins were still legally valid until they were demonetarized by the enactment of the 'Small Currency Disposition and Fractional Rounding in Payments Act' (Shogaku tsuka no seiri oyobi shiharaikin no hasukeisan ni kan suru horitsu).
- 元明天皇(げんめいてんのう、皇極天皇7年(661年) - 養老5年12月7日 (旧暦)(721年12月29日))は、奈良時代初代天皇で第43代の天皇で女帝(在位:慶雲4年7月17日 (旧暦)(707年8月18日) - 和銅8年9月2日 (旧暦)(715年10月3日))。
- Empress Genmei (also known as Empress Genmyo) (661 – December 29, 721) was the first tenno (emperor) in the Nara period and the forty-third tenno (empress regnant) who reigned from August 18, 707 – October 3, 715).
- 白鳳文化(はくほうぶんか)とは、645年(大化元年)の大化の改新から710年(和銅3年)の平城京遷都までの飛鳥時代に華咲いたおおらかな文化であり、法隆寺の建築・仏像などによって代表される飛鳥文化と、東大寺の仏像、唐招提寺の建築などによって代表される天平文化との中間に位置する。
- Hakuho culture is a magnanimous culture which flourished between the Taika Reforms in 645 and the relocation of Heijo-kyo capital in 710, falling between the Asuka culture represented by the architecture and Buddha statues of Horyu-ji Temple and the Tenpyo culture represented by Buddha statues of Todai-ji Temple and buildings of Toshodai-ji Temple.
- 、徳川秀忠が幕府御船手頭向井忠勝に建造させた史上最大級の安宅船「安宅丸」は、総櫓及び船体の総てに防火・防蝕を目的とした銅板貼りが施されていた事が幕府の公式な記録から確認されており、1635年当時、軍船の表面に金属板を貼るという発想が存在していた事そのものは疑いがたい事実と言えよう。
- From the official bakufu documents it is confirmed that the 'Atake Maru', the largest Ataka bune in history, which Hidetada TOKUGAWA ordered Tadakatsu MUKAI, the chief of the bakufu navy to build, had all oars and the whole hull covered with copper plates for the prevention of fire and erosion, which proves a definite fact that an idea of covering the surface of a warship existed in 1635.
- 邪馬台国の女王、卑弥呼は魏に遣使していたとされ、中国の歴史書『三国志 (歴史書)』「魏志倭人伝」には239年(景初3年)魏 (三国)の皇帝が卑弥呼に銅鏡百枚を下賜したとする記述があることから、三角縁神獣鏡がその鏡であり、魏、または朝鮮半島の楽浪郡・帯方郡の製作であるとする説がある。
- Based on the story that the princess of Yamatai-Koku kingdom, Himiko was considered to be dispatched to the Wei dynasty and according to a description in the Chinese history book 'Sangokushi' (Three Kingdom Saga - history book) 'Gishiwajinden' (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty') that in 239 the Emperor of the Wei dynasty (Three Kingdoms) gave a hundred bronze mirrors as an imperial grant to Himiko, there is the theory that Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was the said mirror and it was produced in the Wei dynasty or Rakuro County or Taiho County (ancient counties that existed in the northern Korean Peninsula) in the Korean Peninsula.
- 鎖鎌の形態としては、鎌の柄尻に鎖分銅の付いた物が一般的に知られているが、流派によっては片手でも使える様に鎌の頭端部に鎖分銅を取付けたもの、『大鎖鎌』(又は薙鎖鎌)と称する柄の部分が4尺(約120cm)のもの、7尺の八重鎌(薙鎌)に鎖をつけた八重鎖鎌など様々な形の物が確認されている。
- As a form of kusarigama, one having a chain weight at the bottom end of a handle of kama is generally known, but depending on schools, various forms of kusarigama have been confirmed, such as one having a chain weight at the top end of kama so that it may be used with one hand, one having a 4 shaku (about 120cm) length of a handle which is referred to as 'dai-kusarigama (big kusarigama)' (or nagi-kusarigama), and yae-kusarigama which is a 7 shaku (about 210cm) length of yaegama (nagikama) (sickle-weapon) with a chain.
- 既指定物件は近畿地方に集中しており、近畿以外の地区に所在するものは神奈川・高徳院の銅造阿弥陀如来坐像(鎌倉大仏)、東京・大倉集古館の木造普賢菩薩騎象像(本来どこの寺院にあったものか不明)、岩手・中尊寺の金色堂堂内諸像及天蓋、福島・勝常寺の木造薬師三尊像、大分・臼杵市所有の臼杵磨崖仏がある。
- Most of the aforementioned sculptures designated national treasures are concentrated in the Kinki (Kansai) region, but there are some sculptures located outside the Kinki region, including the bronze seated statue of Amitabha Tathagata in Kotokuin Temple in Kanagawa (the Big Buddha of Kamakura), the wooden statue of Samantabhadra (Fugen Bosatsu in Japanese) riding an elephant in the Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts in Tokyo (it is not known at which temple this statue originally resided), the statues and the canopy in the Golden Hall of Chuson-ji Temple in Iwate, the three wooden statues that comprise the Yakushi Triad housed in Shojo-ji Temple in Fukushima, and the Usuki Magaibutsu (the stone-cliff Buddha) owned by the city of Usuki in Oita.
- これは鈕の下部及び側面に紐で長期間吊るされた事による「擦れ」と考えられる痕跡や、内部の突帯に舌が当たった為にできたと思われる凹みの形での損傷が確認される銅鐸があるためであり、梵鐘のように胴体部の外面を叩く事でできたと考えられる痕跡のある物はないため、そのように鳴らしたような再現図は誤りである。
- This can be guessed because some dotaku have marks of 'abrasion'on lower and side areas of the crown due to prolonged use for hanging a string, or marks of damage (dent) on the inside raised-area due to contact of the tongue, and therefore, a reproduced image of dotaku where they are rung by hitting the outer surface of the body like Buddhist temple bells is wrong because no such marks are found.
- 光仁天皇(こうにんてんのう、和銅2年10月13日 (旧暦)(709年11月18日) - 天応 (日本)元年12月23日 (旧暦)(782年1月11日))は、第49代天皇(在位:宝亀元年10月1日 (旧暦)(770年10月23日) - 天応 (日本)元年4月3日 (旧暦)(781年4月30日))。
- Emperor Konin (November 22, 709 - January 15, 782) was the 49th Emperor who reigned from October 27, 770 to May 4, 781.
- 同調査会の結論は「作物に被害を与える銅分は、予防工事前の残留分で現業によるものは少ないとして古河鉱業の責任を解除した」(由井正臣『田中正造』)ものだったが、実際、1903年10月には「被害地の稲は豊作」になり、田中正造も「被害地豊作の実況」と題する演説をして歩いた(『田中正造全集・別巻』477頁)。
- The committee concluded 'as for the copper which damages crops, there are the residues flowed before the preventive construction, however in the current operation, the flowing poison is a little, so the government exonerates Furukawa Mining from blame' (Masaomi YUI 'Tanaka Shozo'), and in fact, in October of 1903, 'the damaged area had a good crop of rice' and Shozo TANAKA also gave lectures at many places setting the title of the lecture as 'the real circumstances of the rich harvest in the damaged area' ('the complete works of Shozo TANAKA' page 477 of the 'supplementary volume').
- また、分国後の丹波国が丹後国に対して「丹前国」とされなかったのは、分国当時(和銅6年)の分国の原則が、それ以前の同等な国の分割(吉備を備前、備中、備後とするような分割)とは異なり、母国から一部を割いて、分割された側に別の新国名を付ける形(備前から美作が分国するような形)がとられていた為であると考えられる。
- Additionally, the reason that Tanba Province after the separation was not named 'Tanzen Province' after Tango Province would be that, unlike the previous principles of splitting a province evenly (e.g., the split of Kibi into Bizen, Bichu and Bingo), in the principles used for its separation (713) a portion of the original province was separated and only the portion was given a new name (e.g., the separation of Mimasaka from Bizen).
- 元禄から宝永にかけての小判および丁銀の改鋳以降、品位が低下し通貨量が増大した金銀貨に対し銭相場が高騰し、また別子銅山からの銅の産出が増大したことを受け、元禄13年(1700年)3月から宝永5年(1708年)1月にかけては京都糸割符人により七条に銭座が設けられ、薄肉小型の寛永通寳が鋳造され、同年の2月からは宝永通宝が鋳造された。
- Because the value of copper coins rose against that of gold and silver coins, whose quality level had decreased and whose circulation had increased since the remintage of koban (oval gold coin) and Chogin (collective term for silver), and also because Besshidozan Copper Mine started to produce more copper, zeniza was established in Shichijo by members of itowappu nakama (the thread tally union) in Kyoto from April 1700 to January 1708 to mint a thin and small type of Kanei Tsuho, and Hoei Tsuho after February 1708.
- 隅田八幡神社旧蔵の国宝「隅田八幡神社人物画像鏡」の銘文に『癸未年八月日十大王年男弟王在意柴沙加宮時斯麻念長寿遣開中費直穢人今州利二人等取白上同二百旱作此竟』「癸未の年八月十日、男弟王が意柴沙加の宮にいます時、斯麻が長寿を念じて河内直、穢人今州利の二人らを遣わして白上銅二百旱を取ってこの鏡を作る」(判読・解釈には諸説あり)とある。
- The inscription on 'Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror', a national treasure, once possessed by Sudahachiman-jinja Shrine says '癸未年八月日十大王年男弟王在意柴沙加宮時斯麻念長寿遣開中費直穢人今州利二人等取白上同二百旱作此竟' 'On August 10, year of Yin Water Sheep, when Otonokimi lived in Oshisaka no Miya Palace, Shima sent KAWACHI no Atai and AYAHITO Imasuri to make a mirror with 200 kan of high-quality copper to pray for his health.' (There are various theories as to the decipher and interpretation).
- また安政年間頃から寛永通寳銅一文銭、鉄一文銭、および真鍮四文銭などの通用において額面からの乖離が著しくなり、文久永宝の発行に至り相場は混乱し、文久2年(1862年)12月に幕府は改めて天保通寳を100文で通用させるよう通達を出したが、実際に100文銭としての通用は困難との申し出もあり、幕府は慶応元年(1865年)閏5月に、鉄一文銭=1文および天保通寳=100文の基準に対し以下のような増歩通用を認めざるを得なくなった。
- Furthermore, under the significant deviations from the face value since around Ansei era (1854 to 1859) in circulating the Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen (copper Kanei-tsuho equivalent to one mon), the tetsu ichimonsen coins, and the shinchu shimonsen coins, and so on, the issuance of Bunkyu-eiho (a coin first minted in Bunkyu era [1854 to 1859]) brought the disorder of the exchange market; therefore in January 1863, the bakufu reordered to fix the rate of the Tenpo-tsuho by 100 mon, however, by reports that this rate was impossible and others, in June 1865, the Edo bakufu had to accept to circulate it by the fair market price not by the face value as follows with the standard of the tetsu ichimonsen coin equivalent to one mon and the Tenpo-tsuho equivalent to 100 mon:
- 元文元年には深川十万坪、淀鳥羽 (洛外)横大路、京都伏見区、元文2年には江戸亀戸、江戸本所小梅(背面に「小」字)、下野国日光市、紀伊国宇津、元文3年(1737年)には秋田阿仁銅山、元文4年(1738年)には深川平田新田、相模国藤沢市、相模吉田島、寛保元年(1741年)には大坂高津(「元」字)、下野足尾(「足」字)、長崎一ノ瀬(「一」字)、明和4年(1767年)には肥前国長崎市(「長」字)、など各地に銭座が設置された。
- Zeniza was established in various places such as Jumantsubo of Fukagawa and Yokooji of Yodo-Toba (Rakugai (outskirts of Kyoto)) in 1736, Kameido in Edo and Honjo-Koume in Edo (coin marked with a letter of '小' on the reverse side), Nikko City in Shimotsuke Province and Uzu in Kii Province in 1737, Anidozan Copper mine, Akita Prefecture in 1738, Hirata-Shinden of Fukagawa, Fujisawa City, Sagami Province and Yoshidajima, Sagami Province in 1739, Takatsu, Osaka (coin marked with a letter of '元'), Ashio, Shimotsuke Province (coin marked with a letter of '足') and Ichinose, Nagasaki (coin marked with a letter of '一') in 1741, Nagasaki City, Hizen Province (coin marked with a letter of '長') in 1767 and so on.
- エキシ マーレーザー発振器、銅レーザー発振器、金レーザー発振器、ナトリウムレーザー発振器、バリウムレーザー発振器、一酸化炭素レーザー発振器、二酸化炭素 レーザー発振器、ふっ化水素レーザー発振器、ふっ化重水素レーザー発振器、酸素からの励起移動によって励起するように設計したよう素レーザー発振器、クリプトンイオンレーザー発振器、アルゴンイオンレーザー発振器又は窒素レーザー発振器以外のガスレーザー発振器であって、次のいずれかに該当するもの
- Excimer laser oscillators, copper laser oscillators, metal laser oscillators, sodium laser oscillators, barium laser oscillators, carbon monoxide laser oscillators, carbon dioxide laser oscillators, hydrogen fluoride laser oscillators, deuterium fluoride oscillators, and laser oscillators designed to be excited by excitation transfer from oxygen, krypton ion laser oscillators, argon laser oscillators and gas laser oscillators other nitrogen laser oscillators which fall under any of the following
- この条以下において「鉱物」とは、金鉱、銀鉱、銅鉱、鉛鉱、そう鉛鉱、す ず鉱、アンチモニー鉱、水銀鉱、亜鉛鉱、鉄鉱、硫化鉄鉱、クローム鉄鉱、マンガン鉱、タングステン鉱、モリブデン鉱、ひ鉱、ニツケル鉱、コバルト鉱、ウラ ン鉱、トリウム鉱、りん鉱、黒鉛、石炭、亜炭、石油、アスフアルト、可燃性天然ガス、硫黄、石こう、重晶石、明ばん石、ほたる石、石綿、石灰石、ドロマイ ト、けい石、長石、ろう石、滑石、耐火粘土(ゼーゲルコーン番号三十一以上の耐火度を有するものに限る。以下同じ。)及び砂鉱(砂金、砂鉄、砂すずその他 ちゆう積鉱床をなす金属鉱をいう。以下同じ。)をいう。
- The term 'mineral' as used in the following Articles of this Act shall mean gold ore, silver ore, copper ore, lead ore, bismuth ore, tin ore, antimony ore, mercury ore, zinc ore, iron ore, iron sulfide ore, chrome iron ore, manganese ore, tungsten ore, molybdenum ore, arsenic ore, nickel ore, cobalt ore, uranium ore, thorium ore, phosphate ore, graphite, coal, lignite, oil, asphalt, combustible natural gas, sulfur, gypsum, barites, alunite, fluorine, asbestos, limestone, dolomite, silica, feldspar, agalmatolite, talc, fireclay (limited to those that have fire resistance of Seger cone number 31 or higher; the same shall apply hereinafter), and placer (alluvial gold, iron sand, stream tin and other metallic ores that constitute alluvial deposits; the same shall apply herein after).