鉄砲: 491 Terms and Phrases

• 鉄砲
• gun
• wooden pole that wrestlers strike in practice (practise)
• fugu
• Teppou
• Guns

• 鉄砲組
• Teppo gumi (gun squad)

• 鉄砲塚
• Teppoudzuka

• 鉄砲町
• Teppouchou
• Teppoumachi

• 鉄砲島
• Teppoujima

• 鉄砲丁
• Teppouchiyou

• 鉄砲場
• Teppouba

• 鉄砲沢
• Teppouzawa

• 鉄砲池
• Teppouike

• 鉄砲山
• Teppouyama

• 鉄砲垣
• Teppo-gaki

• 鉄砲宿
• Teppoujuku

• 鉄砲岩
• Teppouiwa

• 鉄砲水
• flash flood
• freshet
• river flash flood
• debacle

• 鉄砲座
• gunmakers guild

• 鉄砲弾
• gunshot
• bullet
• lost (truant) messenger
• bull's-eye

• 鉄砲魚
• archerfish (any fish of family Toxotidae, esp. the banded archerfish, Toxotes jaculatrix)

• 鉄砲虫
• longhorn beetle grub

• 鉄砲玉
• gunshot
• bullet
• lost (truant) messenger
• bull's-eye

• 紙鉄砲
• popgun
• origami popgun

• 水鉄砲
• water pistol
• squirt gun
• water gun

• 鉄砲岳
• Teppoudake

• 豆鉄砲
• peashooter
• Pea shooter (toy)

• 肘鉄砲
• shot of the elbow
• rejection
• rebuff

• 無鉄砲
• rash
• reckless
• temerity
• Muteppo

• 大鉄砲
• Odeppo (Japanese artillery)

• 鉄砲方
• Teppokata

• 鉄砲伝来
• Introduction of Firearms into Japan

• 鉄砲町駅
• Teppouchou Station (st)

• 鉄砲石川
• Teppouishigawa

• 鉄砲尾根
• Teppouone

• ひじ鉄砲
• rebuff
• snub

• 無鉄砲な
• foolhardy
• harum-scarum
• rough-and-tumble

• 鉄砲風呂
• bath with a metal pipe

• 雀の鉄砲
• shortawn foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis)

• 鉄砲百合
• Easter lily

• 鉄砲和え
• salad of minced Welsh onions, seafood, and vinegared miso

• 加納鉄砲
• Kanouteppou

• 鉄砲渡し
• Teppo watashi (handing over of a gun)

• 闇夜に鉄砲
• aimless attempt
• shot in the dark

• 鉄砲の記述
• Historical Description of Guns

• 鉄砲伝来碑
• Teppoudenraihi

• 保戸野鉄砲
• Hodonoteppou

• 剣付き鉄砲
• fixed bayonet

• 大聖寺鉄砲
• Daishoujiteppou

• 鉄砲ノ沢川
• Teppounosawagawa

• 加納鉄砲町
• Kanouteppouchou

• 寺池鉄砲町
• Teraiketeppoumachi

• 宇治鉄砲場
• Ujiteppouba

• 鉄砲磨同心
• Teppomigaki doshin

• 鉄砲方同心
• Teppogata doshin

• 鉄砲方与力
• Teppogata yoriki

• 鉄砲鍛冶屋
• a Gunsmith

• 闇夜の鉄砲
• aimless attempt
• shot in the dark

• 鉄砲伝来諸説
• Various Theories on the Introduction of Firearms into Japan

• 保戸野鉄砲町
• Hodonoteppoumachi

• 肘鉄砲を喰う
• give/get the cold shoulder

• 無鉄砲(な)
• reckless

• 肘鉄砲を食う
• meet with a rebuff

• 大聖寺鉄砲町
• Daishoujiteppoumachi

• 鉄砲伝来紀功碑
• Teppoudenraikikouhi

• ひどく無鉄砲な
• bold as a blind Bayard

• 矢でも鉄砲でも
• whatever may happen

• 肘鉄砲を食らわす
• give someone the air

• 刀鍛冶、鉄砲鍛冶。
• Sword smithery and Gun smithery

• 種子島への鉄砲伝来
• The Introduction of firearms into Tanegashima Island, Japan

• 無鉄砲な青年時代を送る
• had a harum-scarum youth

• 鳩が豆鉄砲を食ったよう
• like a pigeon who's been shot by a peashooter (i.e. wide-eyed in shock)

• 急いで、無鉄砲な態度で
• in a hasty and foolhardy manner

• あいつは無鉄砲な男だ。
• He is a daredevil.

• 中島鉄砲火薬店を開業。
• He opened his own shop, 'Nakajima Gun and Gunpowder.'

• 織田軍の鉄砲数と三段撃ち
• Oda's 3,000 Teppo and Sandan-uchi

• ひいては刀・鉄砲を表す。
• The word eventually came to represent swords and guns.

• 砂押御鉄砲薬蔵の南の山。
• Sunaoshi is the mountain located on the south, storing guns and their ammunition.

• 下手な鉄砲も数打てば当たる
• Even a poor shot will hit the mark, if he tries often enough.

• 信玄は鉄砲も重視していた。
• Shingen placed importance in guns.

• 矢でも鉄砲でも持ってこい。
• Let them all come.

• 鉄砲御用人、鉄砲御側衆とも。
• It was also called teppo goyounin or teppo osobashu.

• ワサビ入りを「鉄砲巻き」とも。
• With wasabi added, it is also called 'teppo-maki.'

• ポンと音をさせるおもちゃの鉄砲
• plaything consisting of a toy gun that makes a popping sound

• 彼は鉄砲玉のように飛び出した。
• He dashed out like a bullet.

• この通達は「一、鉄砲の所持禁止。
• The first article of the notice was a ban on the ownership of guns.

• 500石 - 鉄砲1、鑓3但持鑓共
• 500 koku - one Muskets, and three Spears including spear owned by horse soldier

• 鳩が豆鉄砲を食らったような顔をする
• (taken by surprise) look dumbfounded

• 危険であるか無鉄砲な何かをする挑戦
• a challenge to do something dangerous or foolhardy

• また、再び鉄砲洲で講義をおこなう。
• Yukichi taught in Tepposhu again.

• 500石 - 鉄砲1丁、鑓3本持鑓共
• 500 koku - one Musket, three Spears including spear owned by Mounted Warrior

• あらゆるところで威勢の良い無鉄砲な人
• dashing harum-scarum all over the place

• 鉄砲の研究、整備および修理を行った。
• It was a post to study, maintain and repair guns.

• 度胸と無鉄砲さを示す、または必要とする
• showing or requiring courage and contempt of danger

• 乱暴に、無鉄砲にまたは破壊的に行動する
• act violently, recklessly, or destructively

• 無鉄砲で子供の時から損ばかりしている。
• Because of my recklessness, I have been playing a losing game since childhood.

• 鉄砲玉に当たるも当たらぬもみな運命だ。
• Every bullet has its billet.

• - 相撲、チャンバラ、銀玉鉄砲、水鉄砲
• Sumo (Japanese-style wrestling), sword fighting, silver bullet gun, and water pistol

• 鉄火 - 鍛冶によって作られる鉄砲、刀。
• Tekka - guns and swords produced by smithery

• 射場については鉄砲の練習場の意味もある。
• The word shaba also includes the meaning of practice field for guns.

• 鉄砲を持ってものを食うという法はない。」
• We don't need guns to eat.'

• （特に車の運転が）無鉄砲でいいかげんな人
• someone who is reckless or irresponsible (especially in driving vehicles)

• 鉄火 - 鉄砲の銃弾や刀が火花を散らす様。
• Tekka - sparks flying through the air from swords and bullets from guns.

• 鉄砲伝来と共に時計などの機械が入ってきた。
• When a harquebus came to Japan, mechanisms, such as that of a watch, also came.

• 文禄の役には、鉄砲大将として海渡している。
• In the Bunroku campaign, he crossed the sea as the major captain of the gun unit.

• 持筒組と持弓組があり、前者は鉄砲隊である。
• Mochigumi was composed of firearms unit and shooting arrows unit.

• 国臣は足軽鉄砲頭小金丸彦六の養子になった。
• Kuniomi was adopted by Hikoroku KOGANEMARU, head of the ashigaru artillery.

• また、国産第1号と伝わる鉄砲が存在している。
• They also have a gun handed down as the first domestic gun.

• 鉄砲方（てっぽうかた）は、江戸幕府の役職名。
• Teppokata was one of the posts of Edo bakufu.

• 幕府所蔵の鉄砲の全てを磨くことを役職とした。
• The duty was to polish all the guns in possession of bakufu.

• 鉄砲の妙手20人を連れ、関ヶ原の戦いに参戦。
• It participated in the Battle of Sekigahara with 20 gun experts.

• 警察は鉄砲の指紋とドアの指紋とを見くらべた。
• The police compared the fingerprints on the gun with those on the door.

• 鉄砲を撃ち込まれた先鋒は打ち破られてしまう。
• The vanguard was defeated with guns.

• 弓は鉄砲が広まるまで、投射兵器の主力であった。
• Until the spread of guns, bows and arrows were the principal power among the shooting weapons.

• 二代軍兵衛家は代々土浦で同藩の鉄砲指南をした。
• The second-generation Gunbe family had been in charge of teaching the gunnery in the domain of Tsuchiura over generations.

• その後各地に「地域おこし」の鉄砲隊が誕生した。
• After that, musket troops were established in various areas for the purpose of 'community development.'

• 「鉄砲渡し」の最初は勘平が笠で顔を隠している。
• Kanpei hides his face with an umbrella in the opening scene of 'Teppo watashi.'

• 「鉄砲と弾丸（たま）をここへ置いてください。」
• Please leave your guns and ammunition here.

• これも親譲りの無鉄砲が祟（たた）ったのである。
• This too was a blunder due to hereditary recklessness.

• 鉄砲鍛冶屋 (マスケット銃 %amount%)
• A Gunsmith (%amount% Muskets)

• 根来衆には一定量の鉄砲があったと思われている。
• It is believed that Negoroshu had a certain amount of guns.

• 稲富筒：稲富祐直の仕様に基づいて製作された鉄砲。
• Inatomi gun: It refers to guns made on the basis of specifications provided by Sukenao INATOMI.

• 他人を不快にさせ困惑させる無鉄砲で悪意のある行為
• reckless or malicious behavior that causes discomfort or annoyance in others

• 怖がった動物の無鉄砲な頭からの突進（馬または牛）
• a wild headlong rush of frightened animals (horses or cattle)

• 凶器　鉄砲、刀剣その他人を殺傷するに足るべき物件
• Articles such as weapons,guns and knives etc. with sufficient capability to kill or injure humans.

• 1000石 - 鉄砲2、鑓5但持鑓共、弓1、騎馬1
• 1000 koku - two Muskets, five Spears including spears owned by horse soldiers, one Bow, one Horse Soldier

• 鉄砲を三つ撃てばこうした怪音がやむという説もある。
• It is also said that firing three shots will make this mysterious sound stop.

• 鉄砲が戦闘形式を一変させ、天下統一への道を開いた。
• Firearms drastically changed the form of battle, and opened the road to the unification of the whole country.

• 『因幡志』によれば高家は鉄砲の名手であったという。
• The 'Inabashi' (History Book of Inaba Province) says Takaie was a great gun shooter.

• ハイジャック犯から銃を押収しようするほど無鉄砲である
• foolhardy enough to try to seize the gun from the hijacker

• 当時の鉄砲はマッチロック式であり、火縄銃と呼ばれた。
• The guns of this time were matchlock type and called hinawaju (matchlock gun).

• 鉄砲場見廻役は、地元の村々の名主などから任命された。
• The patrolmen of the firing range were assigned by the head of the local village, etc.

• 鉄砲現物のほか、その製造技術や射撃法なども伝わった。
• Not only were actual guns introduced, but also manufacturing technology and shooting skills.

• 後に鉄砲の質・量双方の増加により主力を鉄砲に譲った。
• Later, the principal power was transferred to the guns because of both improved quality and increase in the quantity of guns.

• 長篠の戦いでは旗差物の識別と鉄砲隊の指揮官を兼任する。
• In the Battle of Nagashino, he served as both the flag identifier and the commander of the gun squad.

• ベテラン鉄砲鍛冶屋は道具からマスケット銃を生産します。
• The Master Gunsmith uses tools to produce muskets.

• 相手は鉄砲を撃ちかけてきたが抜刀してこれを討ち取った。
• When the burglar attempted to shoot them, they drew their swords and killed him.

• 鉄砲洲稲荷橋湊神社 → 鉄砲洲より稲荷橋と湊神社を望む
• Teppozu Inaribashi Minatojinja: Looking at Inari-bashi Bridge and Minato-jinja Shrine from Teppozu

• 御目見以下の鉄砲方与力、鉄砲方同心、鉄砲磨同心がいた。
• It had teppogata yoriki, teppogata doshin, teppomigaki doshin who were lower than omemi.

• この5人の武将以外の部隊の鉄砲の数には言及されていない。
• It remains silent as to the number of teppo supplied to the other units.

• 1000石 - 鉄砲2丁、弓1張、鑓5本持鑓共、馬上1騎
• 1000 koku - two Muskets, one Bow, five Spears including spears owned by Mounted Warriors, one Mounted Warrior

• 石のほか藁鉄砲（藁束を硬く縛ったもの）を使う地方もある。
• In some regions, a straw gun (a bundle of straws tied up) is used instead of a stone.

• 恐らく他の武将からも鉄砲隊供出は行われたものと思われる。
• It is likely that other busho also provided teppo units.

• 明治時代に入り11代目当主以降は鉄砲鍛冶を廃業している。
• After entering the Meiji era, under the 11th head of the family, the family withdrew from the gun making business

• 本姓は辻村で、国友の鉄砲師は職務上「国友」姓を名乗った。
• His original name was TSUJIMURA, but teppo smith in the Kunitomo region had to use the name, 'KUNITOMO'.

• 無鉄砲で向こう見ずな振る舞いによって明らかにされた大胆さ
• boldness as manifested in rash and daredevil behavior

• 今考えるとこれも親譲りの無鉄砲から起（おこ）った失策だ。
• When I think of it now, it was a blunder due to my hereditary recklessness.

• 明治17年（1884年）、”鉄砲火薬売買人”免許を取得。
• In 1884, he was licensed as a 'gun and gunpowder trader.'

• 鉄砲大頭役所使番、2月後に中番、次いで勘定所給仕となる。
• He became tsukaiban (a person responsible for order and patrol in the battlefield) of Jutegumi, and chuban two month later, and subsequently he was promoted to kyuji (server) of kanjosho (finance ministry).

• 似通っている点としては優秀な鉄砲集団、傭兵集団であった。
• As what Saikashu and Negoroshu had in common, they were both excellent gun forces and mercenary forces.

• そして、鉄砲隊や士大将の護衛といった防御任務へと転換した。
• Their tasks shifted to protective ones, such as defending of the gun-bearing troops and samurai daisho.

• しかしこれも城方の弓・鉄砲の反撃にあって多数の討死を出す。
• However, they were countered by the shooting from castle with bows and guns and many of them were killed in the battle.

• だが城兵も鉄砲によって防戦し、寄手の損害も大きく撤退した。
• But the castle soldiers also fought with guns and the besiegers were greatly damaged and withdrew.

• 2000石 - 鉄砲3丁、弓2張、鑓10本持鑓共、馬上3騎
• 2000 koku - three Muskets, two Bows, ten Spears including spears owned by mounted warriors, three mounted Warriors

• 3000石 - 鉄砲5、鑓15但持鑓共、弓3、騎馬4、旗1
• 3000 koku - five Muskets, fifteen Spears including spears owned by horse soldies, three Bows, four Horse Soldiers, one Banner

• 4000石 - 鉄砲6、鑓20但持鑓共、弓4、騎馬6、旗1
• 4000 koku - six Muskets, twenty Spears including spears owned by horse soldies, four Bows, six Horse Soldiers, one Banner

• その用途によって矢狭間・鉄砲狭間・大砲狭間などと呼ばれた。
• They were divided into oillet, teppo sama (loophole to fire a gun), taiho sama (loophole to fire a cannon) and so on according to their use.

• 新聞紙などを用いる作品（帽子、ミット、紙鉄砲など）もある。
• Newspapers are used for some models (a hat, a mitt and a paper gun).

• 鉄砲渡しの千崎も（物語には書かれないが）切腹自殺で終える。
• SENZAKI of Teppo watashi also commits seppuku (though this is not depicted in the story).

• 実際左翼では山県が、右翼では土屋が鉄砲により討死している。
• Yamagata was shot down in the left wing and so was Tsuchiya in the right.

• その後、指揮官は鉄砲大将や長柄大将などと呼ばれる様になった。
• Later, the commander was called teppo taisho, nagae (spear) taisho, and so on.

• 2000石 - 鉄砲3、鑓5（15?）但持鑓共、弓2、騎馬3
• 2000 koku - three Muskets, five (or fifteen?) Spears including spears owned by horse soldies, two Bows, three Horse Soldiers

• 国友村で年寄脇（年寄の次席）を勤める御用鉄砲鍛冶の家の一つ。
• One of the gun smith families in Kunitomo village patronized by the government that had the rank of toshiyoriwaki (a hereditary rank given to gun smith families), which was one below toshiyori.

• 好奇心が強く、鉄砲が一般的でないころから火縄銃を用いていた。
• He was a man of a curious nature and had used matchlock guns even when they had not been so popular.

• 二人は鉄砲をはずし、帯皮を解いて、それを台の上に置きました。
• The two removed their guns and their ammunition belts and placed them on the table.

• しかし彼等の鉄砲は装弾してなかったと見えて、発砲しなかった。
• and their muskets seemed not to be loaded, for they never fired upon us,

• （また、これとは別に徳川家の鉄砲も考慮に入れる必要がある。）
• (It is also necessary to take into account the teppo used by the Tokugawa family).

• - ぱちんこ（スリングショット）、ゴム鉄砲、吹き矢、空気鉄砲
• Slingshot, rubber-band gun pistol, blowgun, and air gun

• 他に鉄砲組荷駄（人夫）がおり、合戦の緒戦において射撃戦を行う。
• Other than that, there were teppo gumi nida (provision transporters for the gun squad) (laborers), and they fought in the shoot-out at the beginning of the battle.

• 武器の所持（鉄砲を除く）やその稽古まで禁じるものではなかった。
• As can be seen above, they didn't ban the ownership of weapons (except guns) or the practice of weapons.

• そして鉄砲を取り出して、彼を脅かして自分も遁げようとしました。
• and I held up my gun to scare him off and let me get away.

• 合衆国では２億１６００万丁もの鉄砲類が、民間の手にあるという。
• In the U.S., as many as 216 million firearms are said to be in private hands.

• 1759年（宝暦9年）：人吉藩竹鉄砲事件（相良氏 - 人吉藩）
• 1759: Hitoyoshi Domain Bamboo Gun incident (Sagara clan; Hitoyoshi Domain)

• 鉄砲足軽と鉄砲足軽小頭（以上足軽）を鉄砲組頭（侍）が指揮する。
• Teppo gumi gashira (captain of the gun squad) (samurai) commanded the teppo ashigaru (foot soldiers carrying guns) and teppo ashigaru kogashira (junior captain of the teppo ashigaru) (both referred to as ashigaru).

• 史料の成立は時堯死後27年、鉄砲伝来から60年近く経ったである。
• The book was completed 27 years after Tokitada's death and almost 60 years after the transmission of guns itself.

• と諸説あり、鉄砲記の伝来年以前とするものもあり、はっきりしない。
• As mentioned above, there are various theories about the time of the introduction of guns into Japan such as some records saying it was before the introduction into Tanegashima Island, thus the precise time is not clear.

• 5000石 - 鉄砲10、鑓25但持鑓共、弓10、騎馬14、旗3
• 5000 koku - ten Muskets, twenty-five Spears including spears owned by horse soldies, ten Bows, fourteen Horse Soldiers, three Banners

• 慶安3年（1650年）鉄砲組番頭、知行3,000石の上士に累進。
• In 1650, he was promoted even higher to general manager of Teppo-gumi (a Group of musketeers), which was a joshi (a high-ranking samurai in the clan) being chigyo 3,000 koku.

• 徳川家創成期には弓・鉄砲足軽を編制した部隊として合戦に参加した。
• In the early Edo period, it participated in battles as a troop which organized yumi-ashigaru (foot soldiers fighting with bow) and teppo-ashigaru (foot soldiers fighting with firearms).

• 築地鉄砲洲にあった奥平家の中屋敷に住み込み、そこで蘭学を教えた。
• He lived in the secondary residence of the Okudaira family located in Tsukiji Tepposhu, and taught Rangaku there.

• 10000石 - 鉄砲20、鑓50但持鑓共、弓10、騎馬14、旗3
• 10000 koku - twenty Muskets, fifty Spears including spears owned by horse soldies, ten Bows, fourteen Horse Soldiers, three Banners

• 当時の織田家が鉄砲をどのくらい集めることができたかを考えてみたい。
• Let us consider how many teppo the Oda family could collect at the time.

• 彼は、無鉄砲な高潔の念から、薪のところに突き進もうとしていたのだ。
• who, in an instant of mad generosity, was about to rush upon the pyre.

• 彼が鉄砲を掃除していたら暴発し、もう少しで妻に当たるところだった。
• The gun went off while he was cleaning it, and the bullet almost struck his wife.

• 突然の昇進の発表で、彼、鳩が豆鉄砲を食らったような顔をしていたよ。
• He looked blank when he heard the announcement of his promotion.

• 砲術家で鉄砲製造技術に長けた井上正継を祖とする、外記流砲術を持つ。
• Masatsugu INOUE, a firearms specialist who was also skilled in gun manufacturing, was the founder of Geki-style of artillery (Geki is another name for Masatsugu).

• 4000石 - 鉄砲6丁、弓4張、鑓20本持鑓共、馬上6騎（旗2本）
• 4000 koku - six Muskets, four Bows, twenty Spears including spears owned by mounted warriors, six Mounted Warriors (two Banners)

• 3000石 - 鉄砲5丁、弓3張、鑓15本持鑓共、馬上4騎（旗1本）
• 3000 koku - five Muskets, three Bows, fifteen Spears including spears owned by Mounted Warriors, four Mounted Warriors (one Banner)

• 豊臣秀吉の鉄砲組頭として、小牧・長久手の戦いや小田原の役に従軍した。
• He took a part in campaigns of the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute and Odawara no eki (the Siege of Odawara) as the captain of the gun unit of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.

• 天正10年（1582年）：山崎の戦いに鉄砲隊を指揮して武功をたてる。
• 1582: He rendered distinguished military service taking command of a firearms troop in the Battle of Yamazaki.

• 翌年の有岡城攻め（有岡城の戦い）では、万見、菅屋らと鉄砲隊を率いる。
• When attacking on Arioka-jo Castle (the battle of Arioka-jo Castle) next year, he led a gun troop with Manmi and Sugaya.

• 鉄砲術が伝わっていたにしてはあまりにも鉄砲隊への対処が出来ていない。
• They were too unprepared for the troops bearing firearms as they did not know much about fire weapons art.

• また根来衆と通称される強力な僧兵武力を擁し、大量の鉄砲を装備していた。
• In addition, it held a strong military force of armed priests which were commonly called Negoro shu and equipped with a large amount of guns.

• 5000石 - 鉄砲10丁、弓5張、鑓25本持鑓共、馬上7騎（旗2本）
• 5000 koku - ten Muskets, five Bows, twenty-five Spears including spears owned by mounted warriors, seven Mounted Warriors (two Banners)

• 日本各地に鉄砲隊と称しイベント時に火縄銃で空砲をうつ団体が多数できた。
• Many groups appeared in various parts of Japan, that shot blanks using a hinawaju in the event, calling themselves musket troops.

• 鉄砲傭兵集団としてその名を知られた雑賀衆、根来衆の得意スタイルである。
• It was a special style of Saiga-shu and Negoro-shu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple), known as groups of gun mercenaries.

• 近世の城郭に建てられた矢や鉄砲を発射するための重層または単層の建造物。
• A multi story or single story building for firing arrows or guns which was constructed at an early modern castle.

• また、兼帯といって道中奉行・宗門改役・鉄砲改役など5つの役を兼任した。
• The officers in this post also took five additional posts (called Kentai), including Dochu-bugyo (the post in charge of road-related matters), shumon aratame-yaku (the post in charge of the persecution of Christians), and teppo-aratame (the post for monitoring and checking guns owned by ordinary people).

• 近江国国友（滋賀県長浜市国友町）の幕府の御用鉄砲鍛冶職の家に生まれた。
• He was born to a teppo (gun) smith family patronized by the Shogunate in Kunitomo of the Province of Omi (Kunitomo, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture).

• それは闇夜の鉄砲とでもいうべきものだったけど、記者の本能は正しかった。
• It was a random shot, and yet the reporter's instinct was right.

• 当時の軍隊には鉄砲の一斉射撃や速射に高い威嚇効果があった可能性が高い。
• It is highly likely that salvo and rapid firing had a great menacing effect on the army of the time.

• 『戦国鉄砲 傭兵隊』によると、雑賀衆同士が戦った可能性を示唆している。
• 'Sengoku Teppo Yoheitai' (Warring Guns - The Mercenary Force) introduces the possibility that the members of Saikashu fought each other.

• だが200挺の鉄砲や大鉄砲を有しており、抵抗は激しく武田軍を苦しめた。
• Equipped with 200 teppo and demi-cannons, it fiercely resisted and tormented the Takeda forces.

• 江戸時代には一つの備に二組の鉄砲組が配される様になり、足軽の主力となる。
• During the Edo period, there were two teppo gumi placed within one sonae, and they became the principal force of the foot soldiers.

• またその使用時には刀も鉄砲も火花を散らす事も鉄火を意味するようになった。
• It also came to mean swords and guns throwing off sparks in a battle.

• 海苔半枚で巻いた「細巻き」が本来であり、その形から「鉄砲」とも呼ばれた。
• The thin sushi roll wrapped by a half-size dried laver was the quintessential nori-maki and called 'teppo' (literally, gun) from its shape.

• 襖で仕切られた部屋3室と、虎の毛皮、女物の衣裳、鉄砲のセットが2つ必要。
• Three rooms divided by fusuma, two sets of tiger fur, female costumes and musket are required to play.

• 9歳で父に代わって藤兵衛と名乗り、17歳で鉄砲鍛治の年寄脇の職を継いだ。
• He succeeded the 'Tobei' name from his father at age 9, and at 17, he inherited the position of toshiyoriwaki.

• 親譲（おやゆず）りの無鉄砲（むてっぽう）で小供の時から損ばかりしている。
• Because of an hereditary recklessness, I have been playing always a losing game since my childhood.

• また島津軍が大量の鉄砲を防御に使用し、効果を挙げたことも大きな要因である。
• In addition, using a great amount of guns as defense to increase the strength of Shimazu army became a great factor contributing to victory.

• 戦国時代 (日本)、弓矢の達人と鉄砲の達人が相撃ち死したと言う伝承がある。
• There is a legend that an archery master and a gun master killed each other due to aiuchi in the Sengoku period (the period of Warring States).

• いずれも宗教上の問題以外に硝石、新式鉄砲等の貿易の利ざやがあったとされる。
• Whether those theories are true or not, each has an issue of profit brought about by trading of niter, new guns and so on in addition to religious issues.

• これにより阿久里は延宝6年（1678年）より赤穂藩の鉄砲州上屋敷へ移った。
• Therefore, Aguri moved into Tepposu kamiyashiki in Ako Domain in 1678.

• 江戸鉄砲洲に住み、幕末に肥後高瀬（熊本県玉名市）に移ったため高瀬藩とも言う。
• The family lived in the Cannon Sandbar in Edo and moved to Higo, Takase (Tamana City, Kumamoto Prefecture) in the end of Edo period, therefore they are also called as the Takase clan.

• 10000石 - 鉄砲20丁、弓10張、鑓50本持鑓共、馬上14騎（旗□本）
• 10000 koku - twenty Muskets, ten Bows, fifty Spears including spears owned by mounted warriors, fourteen Mounted Warriors (Banners)

• たとえば弓,鉄砲,石つぶてといった投射兵種、荷駄や黒鍬といった支援兵種など。
• They are, for example, soldiers using artillery including a bow, a gun, gravel, and supportsoldiers such as cargo handling and utility work.

• また、代官領に河内鋳物師ら吹屋（鍛冶屋）を集め、鉄砲や火薬製造にも携わった。
• In addition, Sokyu gathered Fukiya (blacksmiths) including casters in Kawachi Province within his territory, dealing with manufacture of guns and gunpowder.

• そして天文 (元号)23年（1554年）には、義国から鉄砲術の印可を受けた。
• And in 1554, he receive a certification of the art of fire weapons from Yoshikuni.

• また、根来鉄砲組師範で牛久藩主、山口重政は、正一の三男正武の最初の舅である。
• Additionally, Shigemasa YAMAGUCHI, the grand master of the Negoro Group of musketeers and the lord of the Ushiku domain, was the first father-in-law of Masakazu's third son, Masatake.

• 天文24年（1555年）の段階で鉄砲を300挺以上も所有していたと言われる。
• It is said that he owned more than 300 guns by 1555.

• 薬室から空の薬きょうを取り出してそれをイジェクターに押し出す鉄砲のメカニズム
• a mechanism in a firearm that pulls an empty shell case out of the chamber and passes it to the ejector

• 『戦国鉄砲　傭兵隊』によると根来衆経由で雑賀衆に持ち込まれたと思われている。
• According to 'Sengoku Teppo Yoheitai,' guns are believed to have been brought to Saikashu through Negoroshu.

• しかし、織田軍の鉄砲数と三段撃ちに記述されるように三段撃ちは実在が疑わしい。
• As has been mentioned in the section 'The Oda Force's 3,000 teppo and Sandan Uchi,' we do not know if the tactics was really employed.

• 実際、鉄砲隊とは名ばかりで、地役人や臨時の江戸詰め藩卒として動員されたりした。
• In reality, 'firearm unit' was merely a name, and the group was mobilized as locally-hired officers and low-ranking samurai from a domains working in Edo.
• In reality, it was a fusilier regiment in name alone and its members were mobilized to serve as local officials lower ranking samurai to work on an ad-hoc basis in Edo (now modern day Tokyo).

• 城兵は石・弓・鉄砲を放ちながら討って出て、寄手の先鋒細川勢と激戦を繰り広げた。
• The castle soldiers went out of the castle, throwing stones and shooting with bows and guns and fought with the Hosokawa troops, the vanguard of yosete.

• まず織田信長軍の鉄砲隊が有岡城に乱射し、次いで弓 (武器)隊が町屋を放火した。
• At first, musket troops of Nobunaga ODA fired at random at Arioka-jo Castle and shooting units set fire to townhouses.

• これに江戸時代に入ると日本独特と云われる大筒抱え打ちの業(大鉄砲)が加わった。
• In the Edo period, the art of underarm firing of Japanese artillery, which was unique to Japan, was included.

• 武田方が攻めてくる前提で陣城を築き鉄砲を大量に配置したことは理にかなっていた。
• It was logical that he built the field fortification where his army was based and deployed a large number of gunners, foreseeing the advancement of the Takeda force.

• 闇夜に鉄砲じゃあるまいし、そんな場当たり的なやり方でうまくいくとは思えないよ。
• That's just a shot in the dark. How do you think you'll succeed by just acting on the spur of the moment like that?

• キリスト教が伝来して信者を集め、鉄砲などの最新技術が瞬く間に全国へと普及した。
• Christianity was introduced, gathering devotees, and the newest technology, such as guns, spread around the country instantly.

• ただ、先述のように信長がこの合戦に大量の鉄砲を持ち込んだことは疑いようがない。
• As has been mentioned, however, there is no doubt that Nobunaga deployed a large number of teppo in the battle.

• うずくまる白い像を再び見上げると、自分の旅の無鉄砲さが一気に認識されてきました。
• `I looked up again at the crouching white shape, and the full temerity of my voyage came suddenly upon me.

• 起ったとおり、それは無鉄砲な行いであり、結局は皇帝は破滅することになりました。
• which, as it turned out, was a rash thing to do, and proved the emperor's ruin.

• 逆に武田軍はそれまで雑賀や根来のような鉄砲隊を主力とした軍隊と戦った経験はない。
• The Takeda force, on the other hand, had never fought with the armies like Zaiga and Negoro where teppo units played a central part.

• 鉄炮記（てっぽうき、鐵炮記)は、江戸時代のに成立した鉄砲伝来に関わる歴史書である。
• Teppoki (Gun Chronicle) is a history book concerning the transmission of guns to Japan, and was completed in 1606 during the Edo period.

• 楯板で厳重な防備が施され、大鉄砲や大砲など強力な武装が取り付けられるようになった。
• Strong shield boards and powerful weapons such as odeppo (big gun) and cannons came to be equipped on the battle ships.

• 装備は槍が主であるが、他にも弓や鉄砲などを奉公人に持たせる事で様々な武器を扱った。
• They were equipped mainly with spears, but other than that they handled various weapons by letting the servants carry guns and bows and arrows.

• 兵数において劣るものの、明智軍は当時の織田軍団では最も鉄砲運用に長けていたと言う。
• The Akechi army was said to be most skillful with guns among the ODA troops in those days, though it was inferior in number of soldiers.

• しかしこれらの鉄砲をどのようにして用意できたのか、現在に至り明確には解っていない。
• However, what made it possible for Negoroshu to supply these guns is still unclear today.

• 東京は、開港場ではないが、開市場として1869年築地鉄砲洲に外国人居留地を設けた。
• Tokyo was opened not as a port, but as a market; in 1869, a foreign settlement was established in Tsukiji Teppozu.

• 斐三郎はやがて明治政府に呼ばれ、日本軍の鉄砲製造などを含め科学方面の指導者となる。
• Ayasaburo was later called by the Meiji government and became a leader in the science field including manufacturing guns for Japanese army.

• しばしば鉄砲を有効に活用したとされる織田軍も、雑賀衆の鉄砲の技術と量には苦戦した。
• Although Oda's army was well-known for their effective use of guns, Saikashu's gun-handling skills and the amount of guns they possessed troubled the Oda's army.

• 種子島に鉄砲の製造法が伝来すると、根来衆に続いて雑賀衆もいち早く鉄砲を取り入れた。
• Saikashu, following the Negoroshu, adopted the use of guns as soon as the manufacturing of guns was introduced into Tanegashima.

• 根来・雑賀の鉄砲衆は、その質量両面において戦国時代随一の鉄砲隊だったと言ってよい。
• It can be said that the unit of gun fighters of Negoro and Saiga shu was the strongest both in quality and quantity in the Sengoku period.

• ここでも押し寄せる上方勢に城兵の鉄砲という図式は変わらず、寄手の負傷者は多数に上った。
• There was the same pattern where the castle soldiers shot the Kamigata army with guns, and many soldiers of yosete were injured.

• 近年の研究によって、戦場では、弓矢、鉄砲につぐ兵器として、盛んに使われたとされている。
• According to the recent research, next to a bow and allow and a firearm, the sling was considered to be frequently used.

• しかしながら、今では「鉄砲」というとワサビ入りのカンピョウ巻きのことを指す場合が多い。
• However, nowadays, the term 'teppo' is mostly used for indicating the kanpyo-maki with wasabi.

• 火縄銃（ひなわじゅう、英語：matchlock gun）は、初期の鉄砲の形態のひとつ。
• Hinawaju (English: matchlock gun) is one form of gun in early times.

• 深刻なけがや死を招くように意図されたものではなく、暴徒を離散させるように設計された鉄砲
• a firearm designed to disperse rioters rather than to inflict serious injury or death

• 鉄砲技術を算長が関西に持ち込んだ事によって、紀伊・堺市などは鉄砲の大量生産国となった。
• Because Kazunaga introduced gunnery to Kansai region, Kii Province, typically Sakai City, became a place of mass production of guns.

• 通説である鉄砲3000丁というのは小瀬甫庵本『信長記』や池田本『信長公記』が出典である。
• The standard account of the 3,000 teppo is based on 'Nobunagaki' (The Record of Nobunaga) by Hoan OZE and 'Shinchoko-ki' (Biography of Nobunaga ODA) owned by the Ikeda family.

• しかし、鉄砲を主力とする守戦を念頭に置いていたため、武田の騎馬隊を誘い込む狙いであった。
• Keeping in mind his strategy in which the teppo units would play a central role, he also attempted to decoy Takeda's cavalry into it.

• この改正に伴い、2008年、民俗技術として最初に「中津川の鉄砲堰製作技術」が選択された。
• Accompanying to the revision, 'Nakatsugawa technique to make a dam to convey wood' was selected first as a folk technology in 2008.

• 藤林宗源の系譜は片桐家の家臣で伝承され、江戸中期に大坂鉄砲組与力の本庄宗敬に伝授された。
• The style of Sogen FUJIBAYASHI was handed down among the retainers of the Katagiri family and in the mi-Edo period, it was passed to Sokei HONJO, yoriki (a police sergeant) to the Osaka Commissioner of Guns.

• 従来、『鉄炮記』の記述により日本への鉄砲伝来は1543年の種子島より始まるとされてきた。
• Traditionally, according to the descriptions of 'Teppoki' (a history book on the introduction of guns), the introduction of a gun to Japan began on Tanega-shima Island in 1543.

• 日本には1543年に種子島に鉄砲伝来したことから、種子島銃あるいは単に種子島と呼ばれた。
• In Japan it was introduced at Tanega-shima Island in 1543 and thus it was called a Tanegashima rifle or simply Tanegashima.

• 尚、この時上杉軍の大量の鉄砲が鳴り響く轟音を聞いただけで兵を退いたとされ、笑い者となる。
• Furthermore, he was also said in this battle to have made his army draw back upon hearing a large number of guns roar, then became a laughingstock.

• これに因んで、鉄砲は種子島銃とも呼ばれ、戦国時代 (日本)に大きな影響を及ぼす事になる。
• Based on that, firearms were called Tanegashima-ju (firearms of Tanegashima) and had major impact on the Sengoku period (period of warring states).

• このとき、好奇心旺盛な時尭は、鉄砲の威力を見て即座に2000両の大金を支払い二挺を購入。
• On this occasion, curious Tokitaka saw the power of firearm and immediately paid good money of 2,000 ryo (currency unit) for two firearms.

• 御人数ノ攻入ヲ待ツ處ニ、諸手ヨリツルヘ鉄砲ヲ懸ルヲ聞テ、扨ハ御人数ヲ引揚ラルト見エタリ。
• The troops seemed to have retreated because they learned there was gun troops as the Date army was approaching while Honjo waited for attack from Date.

• 優れた射手を養成すると共に鉄砲を有効的に用いた戦術を考案して優れた軍事集団へと成長する。
• Saikashu grew as an eminent military force by producing skilled shooters and designing tactics which made use of guns most efficiently.

• 根来衆の佐武伊賀守が天文18年（1549年）に鉄砲を習い始める、という記述が見受けられる。
• There is a description that a member of Negoroshu, Iganokami SATAKE, started to learn how to use a gun in 1549.

• 特に江戸から西方へつながる東海道沿いの関所では、女性と鉄砲の通行が厳しい制限を受けていた。
• Restrictions on allowing women and firearms to pass were strict, particularly at the barrier checkpoints along the Tokaido Road from Edo on westwards.

• 浅野内匠頭の母方の従兄弟に当たる美濃国大垣藩主戸田氏定も自ら鉄砲州上屋敷へ駆けつけてきた。
• The lord of Ogaki Domain in Mino Province Ujisada TODA, who was a maternal cousin of Asano Takumi no Kami, also came over to the Tepposhu Kamiyashiki.

• この部隊単位で考えれば、織田軍の鉄砲が1000丁であったとしても、相対的に相当な数である。
• Even if the Oda family had only 1,000 teppo, this figure can be regarded as significant in relation to the size of each army.

• 近年では商品を薄い紙で吊るし、水鉄砲を使いその紙紐を濡らして商品を落とすといった射的もある。
• Recently, some stalls hang the prizes on thin strips of paper and customers use water guns to soak the paper and make the prizes drop.

• 後に、祐秀の鉄砲術は、独自の工夫を重ねることによって、「稲富流砲術」として伝えられていった。
• Afterward, Sukehide's art of fire weapons was, along with original improvements brought by continuous efforts, handed down as 'INADOME Teppo-Jutsu' (INADOME's art of fire weapons).

• (騎馬武者に対する長槍による槍衾、鉄砲隊による射撃は双方とも馬を狙う事が肝要とされている)。
• (Aming at horses was considered very important in both Yaribusuma [a line of long spears held ready to attack] and shooting by musket troops against mounted warriors.)

• 本業の鉄砲のほか、「気炮」と呼ばれる蓄気ボンベ式の高性能空気銃や反射望遠鏡の開発で知られる。
• He was known as a teppo smith as well as a craftsman who developed high-performance air guns equipped with a bottle filled with accumulated air pressure called 'kiho' and reflecting telescopes.

• 案内してきた専門の鉄砲打ちも、ちょっとまごついて、どこかへ行ってしまったくらいの山奥でした。
• So deep, in fact, that even their hunter guide had gotten lost and wandered off.

• 現在、鉄砲の技術は長浜八幡宮の祭りに繰り出される曳山（山車）や長浜仏壇の金具に生かされている。
• Today firearm craftsmanship of Kunitomo is exhibited on the portable shrine used during festivals held by Nagahama Hachiman-gu Shrine as well as the metal fixtures adorning the Nagahama Butsudan altar.

• また、信長はこの合戦の直前、参陣しない細川幽斎や筒井順慶などへ鉄砲隊を供出するよう命じている。
• Just before this battle, Nobunaga moreover ordered Yusai HOSOKAWA and Junkei TSUTSUI who did not take part in the battle to provide teppo units for the battle.

• つまり、信長側は無防備に近い鉄砲隊を主力としてこれを守り、武田の騎馬隊を迎え撃つ戦術をとった。
• In other words, Nobunaga's military strategy was to protect the almost defenceless teppo units that functioned as his main force in the battle against the Takeda cavalry.

• この流の銃は独自の仕様により、近江国の国友丹波ならびにこの技術を受け継いだ鉄砲鍛冶に特注した。
• As the gun used by this school has unique specifications, special orders were placed with Kunitomo Tanba and the gun smiths who learned the techniques.

• 関西では、フグの持つ毒で当たることを転じて「テッポウ」（鉄砲）、これを短くした「テツ」と呼ぶ。
• In the Kansai region, fugu is called 'teppo' (literally, a gun) or 'tetsu' for short, as the sounds for the Japanese words for 'getting shot' and 'being poisoned by pufferfish poison' are the same.

• 朝鮮人が、厚遇を得る為になんらかで入手した鉄砲を持って日本軍の武将だと偽って投降したという説。
• A theory that a Korean surrendered pretending to be a Japanese commander holding a gun which somehow helped him to be treated well.

• 柔道二段、碁も素人二段、そのほか撞球、鉄砲、乗馬、ゴルフ、油絵など何をやっても抜きん出ていた。
• He had a second degree in judo and also a second degree in go (board game of capturing territory) as an amateur, as well as being highly skilled at billiards, gun shooting, horse riding, golf and oil painting.

• それなのに奴さんは、ボートを引っぱり出し、親じの一番いい鉄砲を持ち出して、打ちに出かけるんだ。
• The fellow would take the boat and my father's best gun and treat himself to little shooting trips.

• 将軍の弓 (武器)や火縄銃を持つ部隊と言う意味であるが、その実態は将軍直衛の弓･鉄砲隊である。
• Mochigumi literally means troops for carrying the arrows (weapons) and matchlock guns of a shogun, but in practice they were arrow and musket troops under shogun's direct orders.

• 26日払暁、狭い小道を進軍してきた天誅組に対して、高取藩兵は大砲と鉄砲を激しく撃ちかけて来た。
• At the dawn of October 8, the soldiers of Takatori Domain shot cannons and guns intensely to Tenchu-gumi which came forward marching on a small path.

• 井上左太夫貞高（幕府鉄砲方）と、江川太郎左衛門（当主）と、鉄砲場見廻役（地元住民）で運営した。
• It was managed by Sadayu Sadataka INOUE (the government official of Teppo Kata), Tarozaemon EGAWA (family head) and the patrolmen of the firing range (local residents).

• 祐秀は鉄砲術に優れ、当時、鉄砲名人とまで呼ばれた佐々木義国という人物から鉄砲術を学んだという。
• It has been said that Sukehide learned the art of fire weapons from a person called Yoshikuni SASAKI who was so excellent at the art of fire weapons as to be called Teppo-Meijin (Master in the art of fire weapons).

• また、今川殿の名代として、北条早雲が松平方の西三河の岩津城を攻撃した際に、四方鉄砲を放つとある。
• It also mentions that Soun HOJO shot guns from all directions when he invaded Matsudaira's Iwazu-jo Castle in West Mikawa Province as a representative of Imagawa clan.

• ただ、当時としては最大規模の鉄砲隊の投入、また騎馬隊を防ぐための馬防柵が活躍したのは事実である。
• Yet the fact remains that the then largest teppo units were deployed and the stockade was instrumental in warding off Takeda's cavalry.

• 天正3年（1575年）3月の長篠の戦いでは、前田利家、佐々成政、福富秀勝と共に鉄砲隊を指揮した。
• In April 1575, Masashige led the firearms troop together with Toshiie MAEDA, Narimasa SASSA, and Hidekatsu FUKUTOMI in the Battle of Nagashino.

• 特に足軽は訓練された槍・弓 (武器)・鉄砲の足軽隊が組織され主力軍として活躍するようになりった。
• Ashigaru troops in particular, who were trained with spears, bows and guns, were organized and became active as a main fighting force.

• 以後国友村は豊臣政権の時代まで鉄砲の産地として天下に知られ、中央の管理と庇護を受けることとなる。
• Since then Kunitomo village was known as an area that produced guns until the period of Toyotomi government, being managed and protected by the government.

• 田辺城攻めの際は城に向けては空砲を撃っていたらしく、俗に「谷の空鉄砲」という言葉が伝わっている。
• It looks like he fired blanks at the castle and, therefore, there is a saying 'tani no karadeppo (Tani's blank firing).'

• かつての雑賀衆は滅びた土豪勢力として帰農したり、各地に散らばって鉄砲の技術をもって大名に仕えた。
• Former members of Saikashu returned to farming or settled in other regions to serve daimyo (feudal lords) using their gun-handling ability.

• 8月下旬に四条堀川の米屋に鉄砲を持った強盗が押し入り、永倉、斎藤、平山、山野八十八ら5人が出動。
• In late August, a burglar carrying a gun broke into a rice store at Shijo-Horikawa, and five members of the Shinsengumi (Nagakura, Saito, Hirayama and Yasohachi YAMANO) were sent after him.

• 根来・雑賀の鉄砲もさることながら、一揆や寺社の体現する思想そのものが天下人への脅威だったのである。
• Not only the guns of Negoro and Saiga but also the idea itself which ikki, temples and shrines embodied was a threat against tenkabito.

• 足軽部隊は、槍組足軽、弓足軽、鉄砲足軽などに分類され、多くは集団で隊を編制して小頭の指揮に従った。
• Ashigaru units were divided into yarigumi-ashigaru (carrying spears), yumi-ashigaru (carrying bows and arrows), and teppo-ashigaru (carrying firearms), with multiple groups forming units led by a kogashira (a head of small ashigaru group).

• 本能寺は、早くから種子島に布教していたことから、鉄砲・火薬の入手につき戦国大名との関係が深かった。
• As Honno-ji Temple was early to disseminate its teachings to Tanegashima, it became deeply involved with the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period through the acquisition of guns and gunpowder.

• 長篠の戦いでも、日下部定好と共に大久保忠世の与力として、武田方の旗指物の識別や鉄砲隊の指揮を行う。
• In the Battle of Nagashino, he identified battle flags and commanded the gun squad on the Takeda side along with Sadayoshi KUSAKABE as a police sergeant for Tadayo OKUBO.

• 自ら種子島に渡り、領主・種子島時堯から一丁の種子島銃を買い、職人・芝辻清右衛門に鉄砲を複製させた。
• He traveled to Tanegashima Island and bought a Tanegashima rifle from the feudal lord Tokitaka TANEGASHIMA, and made Seiemon SHIBATSUJI, a craftsman, to reproduce the rifle (teppo).

• 三好方は久米田の戦いで雑賀衆および根来衆の鉄砲で三好義賢を失ったことから、雨を待っていたと伝わる。
• It is said that Miyoshi's army was waiting for the rain because Yoshitaka MIYOSHI was shot by Saikashu or Negoroshu in the battle of Kumeda.

• 本願寺はこれを迎え討つべく、淡輪（現大阪府岬町）でこの船団を小船で取り囲み、鉄砲や火矢で攻撃した。
• To counterattack it, Hongan-ji Temple encircled the fleet with small ships in Tannowa (now Misaki Cho, Osaka Prefecture) and attacked with guns and flaming arrows.

• 種子島氏に伝わる記録には、ポルトガル人により持ち込まれた鉄砲は明治の西南戦争の際に消失したとされる。
• According to a record of the Tanegashima clan, the guns brought by the Portuguese were lost during the Seinan War in the Meiji period.

• やがて鉄砲鍛冶が成立し、戦場における新兵器として火器が導入され、日本の天下統一を左右することになる。
• The gunsmith industry was then established and guns started to be used in the battlefield as a new weapon, even affecting the unification of Japan.

• つまり、大田は全体の正確な鉄砲数を把握していなかったといえ、1500丁は考えうる最低数の数といえる。
• This suggests that Ota did not capture the exact number of teppo, and 1,500 therefore is likely to be a minimum figure.

• 筒井・長谷川・堀勢ら一万五千人が進撃すると、城兵五百余が討って出て横合いから弓・鉄砲で奇襲を仕掛けた。
• When 15,000 troops of Tsutsui, Hasegawa and Hori attacked, more than 500 castle soldiers fought against them and took them in a surprise attack with bows and guns.

• 備中高松城は当時数少なかった低湿地を利用した平城（沼城、ぬまじろ）であり、鉄砲・騎馬戦法にも強かった。
• Bitchu Takamatsu-jo Castle was then one of the few hirajiro or numajiro (castles built on the level ground) which were based on swamps, and was suitable for firearms and cavalry operations.

• 第一陣が正面から渡河をするように突出すると、一条方は渡り終えたところに弓矢や鉄砲を浴びせんと後退した。
• When the first unit of the Chosogabe army advanced head-on into the river, the Ichijo army retreated in order to attack the enemy with arrows and bullets as they reached their side of the river.

• こうした例に「地筒・郡筒（じづつ・こうりづつ）」の鉄砲隊があり、これは無給に等しい「名誉職」であった。
• Examples of this include a regional regiment of unpaid/honorary fusiliers called 'Jizutsu and Korizutsu'.

• 武田家にかつて仕えていた経歴を重宝され情報官としての役割を担いつつ、特殊技能の鉄砲隊の指揮官も行った。
• He played the role of an intelligence officer as his career of previously serving the Takeda family was appreciated, while serving as commander of the gun squad by making use of his special skill.

• 無鉄砲にもこんなやつらと一緒に上陸したからには、せいぜいできることはやつらの相談を盗み聞きすることだ。
• that since I had been so foolhardy as to come ashore with these desperadoes, the least I could do was to overhear them at their councils,

• 彼は立ち上ったが、手にしたものを見ると、はなはだ珍稀（ちんき）な台尻のついた、一種の鉄砲のようである。
• He straightened himself then, and I saw that what he held in his hand was a sort of gun, with a curiously misshapen butt.

• 1843年、二条城詰め鉄砲奉行組同心・人見勝之丞（御家人10石3人扶持）の長男として京都市に生まれる。
• In 1843, he was born in Kyoto as the first son of Katsunojo HITOMI (a vassal with 10 Goku crop yield and an annual three-man rice stipend) who served in Nijo-jo Castle as a teppobugyogumi doshin (a constable in firearms section).

• ただ『花の慶次』で秀吉の回想に登場する若き頃の利家は、慶次のような無鉄砲なかぶき者として描かれている。
• However, the young Toshiie who appears in Hideyoshi's recollection in 'Hana no Keiji' is described as a reckless kabukimono just like Keiji.

• 鉄砲伝来は天文 (元号)12年（1543年）8月に鉄砲が種子島に我が国で初めて伝来したと思われている。
• It is believed that guns were first introduced to Tanegashima, Japan in September, 1543.

• 国友藤兵衛能當は、江戸時代まで鉄砲の生産地として栄えた江州国友村の鉄砲師、国友藤兵衛家の鍛冶銘である。
• Kunitomo Tobei Yoshimasa was the name of the smith, the Kunitomo Tobei family that produced teppo (gun) in Goshu Province which flourished as a place of teppo production until the Edo period.

• その他に旗～鉄砲組～長柄組～弓組～士大将～騎馬隊～小荷駄の例もある（後者から弓組を除いた備も存在する）。
• In addition, there was an example of banner, teppo gumi, nagae gumi, yumi gumi, samurai daisho, cavalry and konida (there also existed sonae in which the yumi gumi was omitted from the latter).

• 鉄砲組2…侍1人、奉公人4人、足軽36人、人夫11人、口取2人（計54人） 乗馬1頭、駄馬2頭（計3頭）
• Teppo gumi 2 - 1 samurai, 4 servants, 36 foot soldiers, 11 laborers, 2 kuchitori (total of 54), 1 cavalry horse and 2 packhorses (total of 3 horses).

• 大久保忠教の『三河物語』では、松平清康が、熊谷が城へ押し寄せた際に、四方鉄砲を打ち込むと記載されている。
• Tadataka OKUBO says in 'Mikawa Monogatari' that Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA shot guns from all directions when Sanenaga KUMAGAI's force surged the castle.

• 勘平は、「自分は猟師だがこういう場所では盗賊と間違われるのも無理はない」と言い、鉄砲を男に渡してしまう。
• Kanpei says, 'I am a hunter, but I can understand why you mistake me for a bandit in a place like this,' and he gives his gun to the man.

• 戦国時代以降、日本では近江国の国友、同じく日野、紀州の根来寺、和泉国の堺が鉄砲の主要生産地として栄えた。
• After the Sengoku period in Japan, Kunitomo and Hino in Omi Province, Negoro-ji Temple in Kishu Province and Sakai in Izumi Province flourished as major production areas for guns.

• 元亀2年の河窪信実に宛てた軍役定書でも騎馬3、鉄砲5、持鑓5、長刀5、長柄10、弓2、旗3となっている。
• The Military Conscription Decree addressed to Nobuzane KAWAKUBO in 1571 refers to 3 mounted warriors, 5 teppo, 5 spears, 5 naginata (long-handled swords), 10 pole weapons, 2 bows and 3 standards.

• 次に「鉄砲三段撃ち」であるが、これは映画『影武者 (映画)』のラストシーンにも登場した有名な戦法である。
• Sandan-uchi,' which appears in the last scene of the film 'Kagemusha' (Body Double), is a famous tactics.

• 天正3年（1575年）5月の長篠の戦いでは前田利家、野々村正成、福富秀勝、塙直政とともに鉄砲隊を率いた。
• In the Battle of Nagashino in May 1575, he led firearms troops with Toshiie MAEDA, Masanari NONOMURA, Hidekatsu FUKUTOMI, Naomasa BAN.

• 「城内より鉄砲を放つこと、平砂に胡麻を蒔くがごとし」という猛烈な射撃により、上方勢は多数の死傷者を出した。
• With such a heavy shooting that it was described as 'the shooting from the castle was like scattering of sesame on sand,' and many soldiers of the Kamigata army were killed.

• さらには足利将軍家にも献上されたことなどから、鉄砲製造技術は短期間のうちに複数のルートで本土に伝えられた。
• A matchlock gun was also presented to the Ashikaga shogunate around the same time, indicating that the technology of gun manufacturing was introduced into the mainland through several routes in a short period.

• 戦場における組討の技術（弓・鉄砲、槍、刀剣の間合いに続く格闘における技術。敵将の首を取ることも行われた。)
• The techniques of kumiuchi at a battleground: While making some space, fighters fought against the opponents with an arrow, a harquebus, a spear, or a sword, and then they used these techniques in a physical combat; by that means, they also cut off the head of the opponents' leader.

• 石井三之丞と申馬乗に 鉄砲之共ども御附被成 道を致警護無別条豊後へ送届武蔵親無二と申者に相渡申候由に御座候
• Upon his departure to Bungo, a horse-rider Sannojo ISHII and swordsmen armed with guns were ordered to protect Musashi on the way, however, nothing serious happened, and Musashi was sent to his father Muni in Bungo.

• 鉄砲の名手で、朝倉義景に仕官した際、一尺四方の的を25間（約45.5メートル）の距離から命中させたという。
• He was a skillful rifleman who, while serving Yoshikage ASAKURA, hit a 3cm square target from a distance of about 45.5 meters.

• 沼田延元は武蔵を門司城に保護、その後鉄砲隊により警護し豊後に住む武蔵の親である無二の所まで無事に送り届けた。
• Nobumoto NUMATA protected Musashi in Moji-jo Castle and later sent him to his father, Muni in Bungo, safely with guard armed with guns.

• また、当然信長としても鶴翼包囲を予見し、限られた数の鉄砲を両翼に集中的に配置していたと考えるのが自然である。
• Naturally, Nobunaga would have anticipated the two-flanking wings formation to concentrate gunners whose availability was limited on both wings.

• また、武田軍は朝から昼過ぎまで数時間にわたって鉄砲の射程内に留まり、ひたすら掃射を受けていたこともおかしい。
• It is also unlikely that the cavalry stayed within range of the teppo for several hours from morning to early afternoon and was subject to constant gun attacks.

• こうした例に熊本藩の「地筒・郡筒（じづつ・こうりづつ）」の鉄砲隊があり、これは無給に等しい「名誉職」であった。
• An example of this was the 'Jizutsu Korizutsu' firearm unit of Kumamoto Domain, which was essentially an unpaid honorary position.

• 内訳 鉄砲組1…侍1人、奉公人5人、足軽36人、人夫11人、口取2人（計55人） 乗馬1頭、駄馬2頭（計3頭）
• Breakdown of teppo gumi 1 - 1 samurai, 5 servants, 36 foot soldiers, 11 laborers, 2 kuchitori (total of 55), 1 cavalry horse and 2 packhorses (total of 3 horses).

• 厳密に言えば270年ほど前に日本には火薬は中国から輸入され原始的な鉄砲と呼ばれる銃は日本国内に存在はしていた。
• Strictly speaking, from around 270 years before that, Japan imported gunpowder from China and primitive guns called teppo (literally, an iron barrel) existed in Japan.

• 日本庭園に使用される主な竹垣は建仁寺垣、高麗垣、沼津垣、鉄砲袖垣、襖垣、鶯垣、四つ目垣、大徳寺垣、立会垣など。
• Major kinds of takegakis for use in Japanese gardens include Kennin-ji-gaki, Korai-gaki, Numazu-gaki, Tepposode-gaki, Fusuma-gaki, Uguisu-gaki, Yotsume-gaki, Daitoku-ji-gaki, and Tachiai-gaki.

• これらの知識が新しく登場した特長と弱点を併せ持つ鉄砲の運用に応用された成功したのは、まず間違いはないであろう。
• It is safe to say that this knowledge was applied to the operation using guns which had both newly emerging characteristics and weak points and it succeeded.

• 砲術の教授、鉄砲の製作、保存、修理を主な任務とし、イノシシやオオカミの打ち払い、火付や盗賊の逮捕にもあたった。
• The duties were instruction of gunnery, production, preservation and repair of guns as well as elimination of wild boars and wolves and to arrest robbers and arsonists.

• 『鉄炮記』の記述は詳細で、種子島への鉄砲伝来に関しての史料が他にないこともあり伝来説の根本史料として利用される。
• Both because the description given in the 'Teppoki' is very detailed and because no other historical record describing the transmission of guns on Tanegashima island exists, the Teppoki is used as the source document for the transmission theory.

• 行軍時における備の隊列は前述における旗～鉄砲組～長柄組～騎馬隊～士大将～弓組～小荷駄の順番で組まれたものがある。
• As mentioned before, sonae formation during a military march consisted of banner, teppo gumi, nagae gumi, cavalry, samurai daisho, yumi gumi and konida.

• 1575年長篠の戦いに織田、徳川軍が鉄砲の力を利用して武田軍を破ると1582年徳川軍は武田領の遠江、駿河を得た。
• When troops of Oda and Tokugawa defeated the troops of Takeda in the Battle of Nagashino in 1575 thanks to the power of guns, the troops of Tokugawa obtained Totomi and Suruga, which were territories of Takeda, in 1582.

• 孫一が歴史から名を消した後、豊臣家の鉄砲頭として孫一の兄弟とも子ともいわれる鈴木重朝の活躍が見られるようになる。
• After Magoichi's name disappeared from history, Shigetomo SUZUKI, who is said to have been either Magoichi's brother or son and served as a head of the artillery for the Toyotomi family as well, began to show active performance.

• 毎年、愛知県新城市の「長篠合戦のぼりまつり」において、米沢藩古式砲術保存会・長篠設楽原鉄砲隊と競演で演武を行う。
• Every year in the 'Nagashino Banner Festival' held in Shinshiro City, Aichi Prefecture, they conduct a demonstration of gunfire together with the Preservation Society of Traditional Gunnery of Yonezawa Domain and the Nagashino Shitaragahara Musket Corps.

• 鉄砲の伝来と共に戦場では使われなくなった武術の薙刀術のうち女薙刀が、明治末から大正にかけて女子の武道として発展。
• With a harquebus introduced in Japan, naginata wielding techniques became rarely used on the battlefield, but from the last days of the Meiji period to the Taisho period, they were partially revived as a martial art for women, and this was called 'onna naginata' (women's naginata).

• 勝山記の天文24年の項に「旭の要害（旭山城）へも武田晴信（武田信玄）公人数三千人（中略）鉄砲三百挺入候」とある。
• In the section for 1555 of Katsuyamaki (the chronology of Kai Province), it is stated that `Harunobu TAKEDA (Shingen TAKEDA) entered Asahiyama-jo Castle, the fort of Asahiyama, with 3000 kuren (officials) *snip* 300 guns.'

• 「鉄砲」とは日本においてはじめは火縄銃をさす言葉として使われ、後に小銃から大砲まで火器一般を意味する名称となった。
• In Japan, while the term 'teppo' was first used only for matchlock guns, the term later referred to general firearms including rifles and cannons.

• 日本の戦国時代から江戸時代においては備ひとつに対し、鉄砲組（20 - 50名）を1、2組配しているのが基本である。
• From the Sengoku period to the Edo period in Japan, for one troop, one or two group(s) of matchlock infantry (20 to 50 members) were positioned.

• 山口修弘は果敢に出撃してしたたかに前田勢に被害を与えたが前田勢の鉄砲隊の一斉射撃を受けて、やむなく城内に退却する。
• Nagahiro YMAMGUCHI valiantly made a sortie and did damage to the MAEDA force, but he was saluted with a volley from the gun squad of the MAEDA force and he was forced to retreat to the castle.

• 過去に織田軍も雑賀鉄砲隊との戦いで、雑賀軍が狙撃主を秘匿するために行った囮の空砲の速射で大混乱に陥ったことがある。
• In the battle with the Saiga teppo units, the Oda army was also thrown into a chaos by blanks rapidly fired by the enemy to hide their snipers.

• また、鉄砲の時間差を見越して断続的に攻撃を仕掛けたが、織田軍の時間ロスを減らした三段撃ちによって被害を拡大させた。
• Another explanation is that the Oda army's sandan-uchi which compensated for the teppo's slow reloading did greater damage to the Takeda forces which made intermittent attack, anticipating the delay in firing.

• 鉄砲製造の起源は、天文 (元号)13年（1544年）、将軍足利義晴より見本の銃を示され作ったのが始まりと伝えられる。
• Firearm production in Kunitomo is reputed to have begun in 1544 when samples were ordered by Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA.

• 『信長公記』では鉄砲奉行5人に指揮を取らせたとだけ書いてあり、具体的な戦法、つまり三段撃ちを行ったという記述はない。
• 'Shinchoko-ki' does not refer to a specific tactics, i.e., sandan-uchi although it mentions that five Teppo Bugyo (Commissioners) assumed command.

• 元亀元年（1570年）5月6日、杉谷善住坊という鉄砲の名手が信長を暗殺しようとしたことがあったが、未遂に終わっている。
• On June 19, 1570, a master of the gun named Zenjubo SUGITANI attempted to murder Nobunaga, but he failed.

• しかしその直前の慶安元年（1648年）8月20日、紀通は福知山城中にて鉄砲自殺して果て、稲葉氏も改易となったのである。
• However, Norimichi shot himself to death with a rifle within Fukuchiyama Castle on October 6, 1648 immediately before the order was carried out and the Inaba clan was dismissed from the post and replaced by someone else.

• 17世紀に松方和泉守が15歳で主命を受けて長崎に鉄砲製造の術を研究に行って以来、鉄砲製造を監督指導して禄を食んできた。
• Since after Izuminokami MATSUKATA at the age of 15 went to Nagasaki to learn the manufacturing of guns at the behest of the lord in the 17th century, the family had gotten salaries by supervising the gun manufacturing.

• また、鉄砲の重要性を早くから認識しており、日野城下に鉄砲職人を招聘している（従前の刀鍛冶を転職させたという説もある）。
• He recognized the importance of Teppo (gun) since early stage, and he invited a Teppo craftsman to the Hino castle town (there is another theory that he got a swordsmith to change the job).

• {{plural:|one=ベテラン鉄砲鍛冶屋|other=ベテラン鉄砲鍛冶屋|default=ベテラン鉄砲鍛冶屋}}
• {{plural:%number%|one=Master Gunsmith|other=Master Gunsmiths|default=Master Gunsmith}}

• 斡旋案に対し根来衆の間では賛否分かれたが、反対派は夜中に応其の宿舎に鉄砲を撃ちかけ、このため応其は急いで京都に向かった。
• Negoro shu brought on active debate over its pros and cons, but the opposing group shot down the lodgment of Ogo by gun during the night, and as a result, Ogo quickly went to Kyoto.

• 説としては、堺より外国から移入した、地元で作られた、当時は鉄砲作成技術はなく他の地域より職人を招いたなどが言われている。
• There are a variety of theories including that they imported the guns from abroad through Sakai region, that the guns were locally produced, and that craftsmen were invited from other areas as they did not have the technique of producing guns at the times.

• 船上での水葬の際、近藤自身も肩の鉄砲傷がひどく寝込んでいたが、別れを告げるべく正装し代表として追悼の言葉を読んだという。
• At the water burial held on the ship, Kondo is said to go out of the bed to be dressed up and read his message of condolences, although he was also shot and heavily wounded in the shoulder.

• だが鉄砲隊をある程度集中した部隊として機能させていれば、1度の射撃で部隊単位の戦力を大きく消耗させる事は不可能ではない。
• It would not have been impossible for single firing to do considerable damage to an army if the teppo units had been deployed reasonably intensively.

• 天正18年（1590年）の小田原攻めには六番隊として参陣し、左備えの大将となった堀秀政の指揮の元で鉄砲隊を供出し戦った。
• During the Battle of Odawara in 1590, he sent a firearm troop to the battle and also fought as a member of the sixth troop under the command of Hidemasa HORI who was General of the Left Army.

• 政宗は事件の時、狩りに出かけていたが急遽戻り、畠山一行を追跡し、父・輝宗もろとも鉄砲を放って一人も残さず殺害したという。
• When this incident occurred, Masamune was out in the field for hunting, but he rushed back to the castle and chased after the entourage of HATAKEYAMA, and shot everyone to death along with his father, Terumune.

• 足軽など軽輩の者は、町人地の外側に配されることも多く、現在に残る地名で、番町・弓之町・鉄砲町などがこれにあたることが多い。
• Keihaimono (low-ranked people) such as Ashigaru were placed on the outside of the townsmen district and current place names include Ban-cho, Yumino-cho, and Teppo-cho.

• 慶長20年（1615年）の大坂夏の陣では本多忠朝に属して出陣し、体に槍や鉄砲傷を4箇所も負う重傷を負ったが、武功を挙げた。
• When he went into battle at the time of the Osaka Natsu no Jin (Summer Siege of Osaka) in 1615 on the side of Tadatomo HONDA, he got military exploits in spite of the fact that he was seriously injured having as many as four wounds with spears and guns.

• おれは昨夜もおなじ上掩（うわおお）いを着て、鹿撃ち弾を二重籠（ご）めにした鉄砲を持って、夜のあけるまで見張っていたのだが、
• I watched again all last night in the same cover, gun in hand, double-charged with buckshot.

• だがその一方で、安土城の築城に延暦寺の職人を利用したり、根来寺の鉄砲を戦争に利用するなど、寺社勢力の高い技術力を活用もした。
• However, they used the advanced technological skills of the jisha seiryoku, for example craftsmen from Enryaku-ji Temple were used to build Azuchi-jo Castle, or rifles made by craftsmen from the Negoro-ji Temple were used in the battle.

• 出版社の欄外の解説には、この役は、1506年（永正3年）のことで、鉄砲はこのときないとして、『鉄炮記』の記述を支持している。
• The publisher comments that this battle was in 1506 and guns could not have been used at this time, supporting 'Teppoki'.

• また、諸隊に命じて毎夜三度(酉・戌・寅の刻)、鬨の声を挙げて鉄砲を放たせ、敵の不眠を誘っている（この鬨の声は京まで届いた）。
• Moreover, Ieyasu ordered troops to give a battle cry and shoot teppo (guns) three times every night at torino koku (about 17:00 -19:00)/ino koku (about 19:00 - 21:00)/torano koku (about 3:00-5:00) in order to prevent the enemies from sleeping (the battle cries reached as far as Kyoto).

• 鉄砲伝来まで弓矢は最有力の武器であったことから重んじられ、的中と矢の威力を高めるため、技術の発展と道具の改良がなされてきた。
• The bow and arrow was highly valued as the most prevailing weapon in Japan before the introduction of firearms, so technique had been developed and their equipment and strength of the arrow improved to improve the hitting ratio.

• 「サイカ」に関しては、確かに雑賀衆は、文禄・慶長の役にも参加しており、またかつて信長を苦しめた鉄砲隊で知られる土豪でもある。
• With regard to 'Saika', the Saika group indeed joined the Bunroku-Keicho War, and it was a local clan famous for the troops bearing firearms that once troubled Nobunaga.

• 築地鉄砲州（現在の明石町 (東京都中央区)）で諭吉と同居し諭吉が開いた蘭学塾「一小家塾」（後の慶應義塾）の第1期生となった。
• He lived with Yukichi in Teppozu, Tsukiji (present Akashi-cho, Chuo Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) and became the first member of 'a small private school' of Western studies (the predecessor of Keio Gijuku) opened by Yukichi.

• このため、織田軍の鉄砲隊が大活躍し、逆に武田軍は霧のために戦況を正しく把握することができず損害をいっそう拡大させたとされる。
• Thus Oda's teppo units were active while the Takeda army incurred more casualties because they could not assess the situation of the battle due to the fog.

• 物資を貯蔵した倉庫としての役割もあり、糒（ほしいい）を備蓄すれば干飯櫓で、旗指物ならば旗櫓、鉄砲なら鉄砲櫓という城もあった。
• As they also served as a storehouse, yagura where hoshiii (dried cooked rice, dry provisions) was stored might be called Hoshiii Yagura, where hatasashi-mono (battle flags) were stored might be called Hata Yagura, and where rifles were stored might be called Teppo Yagura.

• 「どんどん」とは見る間にどんどん焼け広がったさまとも、禁門の変に乗じて発生したことから鉄砲の音から名付けられたとも伝えられる。
• It is said that the word 'Dondon' comes from the appearance of the quickly spreading fire or the sound of gunfire because the fire broke out in the Kinmon Incident.

• 長篠の戦いの特筆すべき点として織田家は当時としては異例の鉄砲3000丁を用意し、新戦法三段撃ちを行ったとされるのが有名である。
• What is remarkable about the Battle of Nagashino is that the Oda family famously prepared 3,000 teppo, which was unusual at the time and employed a new tactics called 'sandan-uchi.'

• 藁鉄砲を使う事例により、東日本における10月10日 (旧暦)に行われる同様の行事、十日夜（とおかんや）との類似性が指摘できる。
• According to some cases using a straw gun, they may be associated with a similar event, tokanya (the night on the 10th day of October) held on October 10 in the east of Japan.

• 秀次は自身の馬廻も投入して二の丸に突入させ、城兵三百余を討ち取ってさらに本丸を攻めるが、またしても城兵の弓・鉄砲により阻まれた。
• Hidetsugu made his troops including umamawari (horse guards) attack the Ninomaru (second bailey), kill more than 300 castle soldiers and attack Honmaru (the keep of a castle), but they were prevented by the shooting with bows and guns of the castle soldiers again.

• 小牧・長久手の戦いから文禄・慶長の役にいたる秀吉の一連の戦役に参加した豊臣氏の鉄砲頭の中に、孫一を含め数人の鈴木姓の名が見える。
• Including Magoichi, several names capped by the surname 'Suzuki,' are found as heads of the artillery of the Toyotomi clan which served in the series of battles in which Hideyoshi took place, from the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute to the Bunroku-Keicho War.

• 「鉄砲組」は「歩兵隊」または「銃隊」へと改組され、これまでの和流砲術家達も洋式砲術を学びなおす等により和流砲術は消滅していった。
• The musket troops' were reorganized into 'the infantry corps' and 'the musket corps;' the Japanese-style gunnery disappeared as the expert gunners of the Japanese-style gunnery restudied the Western-style gunney.

• 人食い鬼のそばを通り、金貨のつまった袋をひとつ、腕の下に抱え込み、鉄砲玉のごとく、一目散に豆のつるのところまで走っていきました。
• and as he was passing the ogre he took one of the bags of gold under his arm, and off he pelters till he came to the beanstalk,

• 一例として弓組約10組と筒組（鉄砲組）約20組の計30組で、各組には組頭1騎、与力が10騎、同心が30から50人程配置されていた。
• For example, it had thirty groups in total, consisting of about ten groups of the Yumi (archery) troop and about twenty groups of matchlock infantry, with each group being stationed with one kumigashira (a head of the group), ten yoriki (police sergeants), and thirty to fifty doshin (police constables).

• 例として、戦国時代の甲斐武田家の事跡を基として書かれた軍学書である『甲陽軍鑑』には、「武芸四門とは弓鉄砲兵法馬是れ四なり」とある。
• It is described that 'there are 4 skills of martial arts; that are archery, gunnery, art of warfare, equestrian art' in 'Koyo Gunkan' (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family), which is a military science book written based on the achievements of the Takeda family in Kai Province in the Sengoku period.

• このような経緯から、将軍として諸大名から認められるようになり、織田信長や上杉謙信などは上洛して拝謁、大友義鎮は鉄砲を献上している。
• This is how he came to be recognized as the shogun by the various daimyo, and Nobunaga ODA and Kenshin UESUGI traveled to Kyoto to have an audience with him, while Yoshishige OTOMO presented some rifles to him.

• しかし、義弘の軍を追撃している際に義弘の軍の鉄砲隊が撃った銃弾が右肘関節（記述によっては右肩または左腕）に命中し、落馬してしまう。
• However, whilst in pursuit of Yoshihiro's army, he was shot in the right elbow (right shoulder or left arm depending on the source document) by Yoshihiro's musket troops, and fell from his horse.

• 早くから鉄砲に着目し、また根来衆を傭兵として雇ったりもしており、鉄砲を多数所有し鉄砲の扱いや軍事利用法などに長けていたと言われる。
• He took note of guns from early on, and sometimes hired Negoroshu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple); it is said he had a lot of guns and was aware of how to use a gun and usage for military purpose.

• 何人撃ち殺されても決して退かず、数を頼りに突撃を繰り返す大軍の前に、いかな精鋭の鉄砲衆といえども寡勢の紀州勢には抗する術はなかった。
• They never withdrew despite many soldiers who were shot, and repeated attacking with numbers, so that even the elite unit of gun fighters of the Kishu army could not oppose them with a smaller force.

• しかし、ひとつの曲輪が制圧されると、次の曲輪が射程に入ってしまうことが多く、中世の山城の曲輪は、鉄砲を用いた戦いに向いていなかった。
• However, kuruwas of yamajiros built in the middle ages were not suitable for a gun-shooting battle, because once a kuruwa is captured by the enemy, the next kuruwa often comes within the range of the enemy's fire.

• 鉄が赤く焼けている様や鍛冶仕事の火花でもあるが、そこから鍛冶の中でも神事や武士との繋がりが強い、刀鍛冶・鉄砲鍛冶を指すようになった。
• Tekka originally meant the state of red hot iron as well as sparks generated by the forging process, and it came to refer particularly to teppo kaji (gun smithery) and also to katana kaji (sword smithery), latter of which has been closely related to Shinto rituals and samurai warriors.

• その際に鉄砲で撃たれ重傷を負い知恩院で療養していたが、同年山崎の戦いで、光秀が豊臣秀吉に敗れ討ち死にした事を知ると、自害して果てた。
• He stayed at Chionin Temple to recuperate from the above incident because he had been seriously wounded by gunfire, but eventually he committed suicide in the same year when he came to know that Mitsuhide was defeated and killed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI during the Battle of Yamazaki.

• シルバーは二丁の鉄砲を、一丁は前に一丁は後ろにつけ、大きな短剣を腰に、四角いすその上着の一つのポケットに一つのピストルをいれていた。
• Silver had two guns slung about him--one before and one behind--besides the great cutlass at his waist and a pistol in each pocket of his square-tailed coat.

• このとき、片桐軍は大坂城から退去するとき、300人の兵が完全武装の上、鉄砲の火縄に点火するという物々しいものであったと言われている。
• It was reported that when the Katagiri brothers' army left, 300 stern soldiers were fully-armored and even made their harquebus ignited.

• 長篠の戦いでは酒井忠次の鳶ノ巣山奇襲隊に参戦し奮戦するがその時に武田軍から撃たれた鉄砲で負傷しその鉄砲玉が生涯、体内にあったという。
• In the Battle of Nagashino, he participated in the Tobinosuyama troop with Tadatsugu SAKAI and fought hard, but he got injured by the bullet shot by the Takeda army, and it is said that this bullet was inside his body throughout the rest of his life.

• しかし、幕府もこの風聞を信じて近隣の諸藩に出兵を命じたため、同年8月20日、紀通は福知山城にて鉄砲自殺して果て、稲葉氏は改易となった。
• The shogunate, however, took the rumor seriously, and ordered several neighboring domains to send troops, with the result that Norimichi committed shot himself dead in the Fukuchiyama-jo Castle on August 20, 1648, and the Inaba clan was punished by Kaieki (removal of samurai status and expropriation of territories).

• 土田家の祖先は近江国蒲生郡土田村の出身の侍・土田七大夫で、後に初代彦根藩主・井伊直政に仕官、鉄砲組頭を代々務めた家柄と伝えられている。
• It has been handed down that the ancestor of Tsuchida family was Shichdayu TSUCHIDA, a samurai (warrior) hailed from Tsuchida-mura, Gamo-gun, Omi Province, and the family later became a vassal of Naomasa II, the first lord of the Hikone Domain, and served as teppo-kumigashira (the head of gun troop) successively.

• さらに3月15日 (旧暦)（4月22日）に入った深夜頃から略奪を目的に町人が大勢群集して浅野家の鉄砲洲上屋敷裏口に乱入するようになる。
• On April 22, commoners gathered around at midnight for the purpose of plunder and broke into Asano's Tepposhu Kamiyashiki from the back door.

• 以上の内容を考慮して織田家が使用した鉄砲数が通説よりも少ない1000丁だったとみても、当時のことを考えれば十分に特筆すべき数ではある。
• Supposing, on the basis of this, that they used only 1,000 teppo as opposed to the standard figure, this is still a remarkable figure for the period.

• そして朝鮮軍に鉄砲を伝え日本軍と戦ったにもかかわらず、その後も朝鮮軍は安易に鉄砲隊の前に出て一斉射撃を浴びて壊滅させられたりしている。
• Moreover, although he transmitted guns to the Korean army and fought against the Japanese army, the Korean army stood in front of the troop bearing firearms without taking much caution and was therefore destroyed with fusillade.

• そして、鍛冶職人八板清定に命じて、鉄砲を分解させて調べさせ、鉄砲製造に成功する（もう一丁は島津氏を通して、征夷大将軍足利義晴に献上）。
• Then, he ordered Kiyosada YAITA, a smith, to disassemble the firearm to investigate and succeeded to manufacture the firearm (The other firearm was presented to Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'] through the Shimazu clan).

• 倭寇や女真族との紛争以外本格的な戦争経験がない朝鮮正規軍を、戦国時代 (日本)を経て大量の鉄砲を装備した日本軍が圧倒し連戦連勝を重ねた。
• The Korean regular force, which had never experienced a full-scale war except troubles with 'wako' (Japanese pirates) or the Joshin tribe, was overwhelmed and completely defeated by the Japanese military force, which was equipped with a large amount of guns after the Sengoku period (period of warring states).

• 鉄砲伝来（てっぽうでんらい）とは、15世紀にヨーロッパから東アジアへ火縄銃型の銃が伝わったこと、狭義には日本の種子島に伝来した事件を指す。
• The term 'Teppo Denrai' (introduction of firearms) generally refers to the introduction of matchlock guns from Europe into East Asia in the 15th century, and in a more limited sense it means the introduction of matchlock guns into Tanegashima Island, Japan.

• 天正6年（1578年）12月13日、尼ヶ崎近くの七松で荒木村重の一族郎党の婦女子122人を磔にし、鉄砲で次々と撃ち、槍・長刀で刺し殺した。
• On January 20, 1579, he crucified 122 women and children of the family and retainers of Murashige ARAKI at Nanamatsu near Amagasaki, and had them shot by gunfire one after another and also killed them by spears and long swords.

• 壮年時代はよく遊び、料亭に数日間も居続けたり、鉄砲打ちに出かけたりしたが、晩年は質素倹約を旨とし、趣味といえば盆栽と碁を嗜む程度であった。
• In the prime of his life he often played, visited Ryotei (fancy Japanese-style restaurants) for days at a time, and went out shooting, but in his later years he made it his concern to live a simple, frugal life, with interests such as bonsai (a dwarf miniature potted tree) and a game of Go.

• 日本において馬とは、刀剣や鉄砲と同じように兵器として扱われていたので、武士以外の身分（商人や農民）などは通常、乗馬することを禁止されていた。
• In the past, horses had been considered to be one of weapons, such as swords and guns, therefore, the people except for the bushi class, such as tradesmen and peasants, had been forbidden to ride horses.

• 国友藤兵衛重恭（くにとも とうべえしげゆき、1778年 - 1840年）は、近江国坂田郡国友村（現、滋賀県長浜市国友町）に生まれた鉄砲鍛冶。
• KUNITOMO Tobei Shigeyuki (born in 1778 and died in 1840) was a teppo smith born in Kunitomo village, Sakata-gun, Omi Province (present-day Kunitomo-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture).

• 直後に信長は小姓たちを呼び、鎌のような武器（薙刀術）を振り回しながら明智の兵達に対して応戦していたが、明智の鉄砲隊が放った弾が左肩に命中した。
• Immediately after that, Nobunaga called his pages and counterattacked warriors of the Akechi clan brandishing a sickle-like weapon (naginata (Japanese halberd) art), but he was shot his left shoulder by a bullet shot by the musket troops of the Akechi clan.

• 尚之助と離別した八重は「裁縫より鉄砲」と果敢に闘うが落城、「あすの夜はいづくの誰かながむらむ馴れにしみ空に残す月影」と城内の壁に簪で刻書した。
• After separated from Shonosuke, Yae fearlessly fought saying 'Gun more than sewing,' but finally surrendered the castle after engraving a poem 'Who would see the moon in my familiar sky tomorrow night?' on the castle wall using a Kanzashi (an ornamental hairpin).

• この少し後、自ら火薬の製法を学ぶなど鉄砲の導入に積極的だった将軍足利義輝の命令を受け、近江国国友村に庇護を与えて組織的に鉄砲を製造させている。
• After a while, he protected Kunitomo village in Omi Province and made people there produce guns systematically by order of Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, who was positive about bringing in guns and learned how to make gunpowder.

• これより6年後の天正9年（1581年）に定められた明智光秀家中の軍法によれば、一千石取りで軍役32人、そのうち鉄砲5挺を用意すべき旨定めている。
• The Akechi family's military code, set forth six years after the battle, in 1581, stipulates that a person with 1,000 koku should provide 32 people for military service of whom 5 should be gunners.

• 「○○大将」「○○奉行」「組頭」「番頭」「物頭」（○○には士、侍、足軽、鉄砲、槍、弓等が入る）…備の指揮官やその指揮下にある各部隊の指揮官を指す。
• Such and such daisho' (general), 'such and such bugyo,' 'kumigashira' (captain), 'ban gashira' (head of a group) 'mono gashira' (military commander) ('such and such' is replaced by samurai, samurai, ashigaru, teppo, yari, yumi, and so on) refer to commanders of the sonae or the captains of various troops under the commanders.

• 根来のみは織田信長・豊臣秀吉による紀州攻めの影響で安土桃山時代期以降衰退したが、国友・日野・堺はその後も鉄砲の生産地として栄え、高い技術力を誇った。
• Only Negoro-ji Temple declined after the Azuchi-Momoyama period because of the influence of Siege of Kishu by Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, but even after that, Kunitomo, Hino and Sakai flourished as production areas for guns and they were proud of their high technical capabilities.

• これに対していったん民家に退いた水兵数人が拳銃を取り出し、それを見た滝が「鉄砲、鉄砲」と叫んだのを発砲命令と受け取った藩兵が発砲、銃撃戦に発展した。
• After this, several sailors once retreated into a private house and took out their pistols, and TAKI, seeing their pistols, shouted'Pistols, pistols,'so that his men mistakenly took his shout for an order to fire and a gunfight was started.

• 元禄14年（1701年）3月14日に赤穂藩主浅野長矩が高家・吉良義央に刃傷沙汰に及んだときには、赤穂藩の鉄砲洲屋敷へ赴いて騒動の取り静めにあたっている。
• When Naganori ASANO, the lord of the Ako Domain, had an affair involving bloodshed against Yoshinaka KIRA, a privileged family under the Tokugawa shogunate, on April 21, 1701, he went to the residence of the Ako Domain in Teppozu to settle the commotion.

• 江戸幕府成立時、徳川氏直参の足軽を全て同心としたため、忍者を祖先とする伊賀同心、甲賀同心、鉄砲組の百人組、郷士の八王子千人同心等、様々な同心職ができた。
• Since all the foot soldiers of the Tokugawa clan's immediate retainers became doshin when the Edo bakufu was established, various sorts of doshin were made; for example, Iga doshin and Koka doshin descended from ninja, a one-hundred matchlock infantry unit, Hachioji thousand doshin of country samurai, and so on.

• 仮に鉄砲を自前で作成していたとしても、雑賀には鉄砲の材料となる鉄、真鍮、黒色火薬の材料となる硝石が生産されておらず、入手経路等を示す資料は解っていない。
• Even if they manufactured guns for themselves, iron and brass which guns are made from and saltpeter which black gunpowder is made from are not produced in Saika, and there is no material to suggest the source of their supply and others.

• これに対し豊臣方は近接する徳川方に激しく銃撃し、竹束のみの時は一手に付き300から500人の死傷者が出たが、相手が築山・土塁を築くと鉄砲の効果は激減する。
• In response, the Toyotomi side fired furiously at the approaching Tokugawa side; attacks with teppo (guns) killed or injured 300 to 500 enemies per one battle when they were guarded only with taketaba (bamboo shields against firearms), but guns lost effects greatly when they built tsukiyama (artificial hills)/dorui (earthen walls).

• 且元を討とうとする大野親子の一味が鉄砲で追われた後、ただ一騎でやってきた且元は、夜明け前の淀川の堤で遠く大阪城をながめ感慨にふけりながら、木村重成を待つ。
• After a member in the group of the father and son of the Ono is driven away with a gun, Katsumoto who goes to the bank of the Yodo-gawa River alone before dawn stares at Osaka-jo castle in the distance with emotion as he waits for Shigenari KIMURA.

• また吉政の母すなわち国友与左衛門（宮部継潤家臣)の姉は宮部村と三川村にほど近い坂田郡国友村（当時有数の鉄砲の生産地。現在の長浜市国友町)の出身などである。
• Moreover, his mother, i.e. an older sister of Yozaemon KUNITOMO (a vassal of Keijun MIYABE) is said to have been from Kunitomo Village, Sakata District (a leading gun producing district at that time, present-day Kunitomo Town, Nagahama City) near Miyabe Village and Mikawa Village.

• 「山県隊はさんざん鉄砲に撃たれてほうほうの体で退却し、次に二番手、三番手と次々と新手を繰り出すが、それもまた過半数が鉄砲の餌食になった（要約）」とされる。
• The Yamagata army were shot and retreated, followed by a second and a third army, most of whom were shot down by the teppo (a gist).'

• 狐は咄嗟に藪の中に逃げ込んだが、慌てたために井戸に落ち、命を落としてしまった（別説では猟師に鉄砲で撃たれた、または自ら死期を悟って別れの茶会を開いたともいう）。
• The fox escaped instantaneously into the bush, but it was too frantic to see the destination and so fell into a well to death (according to other theories, the fox was shot by a hunter with a gun or held the farewell tea ceremony by predicting his own death).

• 関ヶ原の戦い本戦においては、最初は西軍有利に進み、左近も自ら陣頭に立ち奮戦するが黒田長政の鉄砲隊に横合いから銃撃され負傷、一時撤退する（この時、死亡したとも）。
• In the final battle of the Battle of Sekigahara, the 'western' army was the first to gain an advantage and Sakon took the lead and fought bravely, but he was shot from the flank by Nagamasa KURODA's firearm unit and made a temporary retreat (it is also said that he died at this time).

• もっとも、先述した様に侍は自弁である為、軍装に関してはかなりの自由裁量が認められており、弓・鉄砲又は槍の替わりに薙刀を武家奉公人に持たす事で様々な武器を扱った。
• However, since each samurai paid his own expences during the military service as mentioned before, the war outfit was almost left to the discretion of individuals; each samurai used various arms such as a bow, a gun, a spear or even a Japanese halberd carried by Buke hokonin.

• 唯一多門院日記に伝聞として「鉄の船なり。鉄砲通らぬ用意敷儀なり」との記載があることが、同時代の資料において船体に鉄の装甲を施した船であると解釈できる部分である。
• Tamonin nikki diary alone reported it as 'an iron ship that no bullets of a gun can pass through', which part can be interpreted that it was a ship whose hull was iron-covered in the light ofdocuments of the same period.

• しかし、長篠合戦に参戦した織田軍の兵力を通説に従って3万、また先述のように参戦しない武将にも鉄砲隊を供出させた史実を考えれば、数千挺ほど用意出来た可能性はある。
• However, the Oda family could have acquired a few thousand teppo, if we take the standard number of 30,000 men deployed by the family, and if we recall the historical fact that they ordered the non-participating busho to provide teppo.

• 若い頃、南蛮人が持ってきた鉄砲が試し撃ちの際に暴発して弟が手に怪我をしたが、その時に進んだ西洋医学による応急処置を見た宗麟は西洋の技術に感銘を受けたといわれる。
• It was said that Sorin was impressed with Western medical technology when seeing the advanced emergency treatment of Western medicine when his younger brother was injured by accidental firing from a teppo (gun) introduced by a southern barbarian in its trial shooting in his early years.

• 鉄砲は高価で貴重な兵器であったため､軍役として鉄砲を用意するよう義務付けられるのはある程度大身の者であることを考慮すると、この軍役率はそのまま参考にはならない。
• This rate cannot be taken at face value because only men of significantly high rank could have been obliged to provide for military service teppo which were expensive and rare at the time.

• また、素手で鉄砲や刀などの武器に対抗するという発想そのものが非現実的であり、このような動機に基づいて琉球士族が空手の鍛錬に励んだとは考えられない、との指摘もある。
• Also, some critics point out that the idea that an unarmed person counterattacks weapons such as guns and swords is unrealistic in the first place, and that it is unlikely that the warrior class in the Ryukyu Kingdom practiced karate based on such an unrealistic reason.

• 『信長公記』には、「武田騎馬隊が押し寄せた時、鉄砲の一斉射撃で大半が打ち倒されて、あっという間に軍兵がいなくなった」という鉄砲の打撃力を示す、恐ろしい描写がある。
• 'Shinchoko-ki' contains the frightening description that 'when Takeda's cavalry surged, most of the soldiers were shot and disappeared in a moment,' which suggests the destructive power of the teppo.

• 戦国時代は粗悪な数打物の大量生産を招来したが、一方で原料を生産する鉄鋼業は国内におけるたたら技術の進歩、南蛮貿易による鉄砲の伝来によって急速な進歩を遂げる事になる。
• The Sengoku period (period of warring states) gave rise to mass production of inferior Kazu-uchi mono (mass products), but on the other hand, the steel industry which produced the material made a rapid advance in Tatara (bellows) technology and with the arrival of guns by trading with Westerners.

• 謙信と他大名との鉄砲、弓、馬などの軍事編成の比はさほど差異はなく、戦術的にも大きな違いはないが、上杉軍は敵と敵のぶつかりあい、直接戦闘では圧倒的な強さを誇っていた。
• When comparing Kenshin and other daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), in a military organization such as teppo (gun), bows, horses and so on there was only a small difference, and not much difference in strategies, but the Uesugi army was proud of their own overwhelming strength in direct combats with enemies.

• また、史学的な研究の進展によって、日本への鉄砲伝来は東南アジア交易に従事した倭寇勢力によって、短い間に西日本各地へ同時多発的に起こったとする説が有力視されてきている。
• With the advance of historical study, the most likely theory is now that the introduction of guns into Japan simultaneously took place at various places in southwestern Japan during a short period by wako (Japanese pirates) involved in trade with Southeast Asia.

• 信繁を討った松平忠直隊鉄砲組頭西尾宗次は信繁を討ったときを誇張して報告した為に、家康は宗次の「信繁を討ち取った」という報告を真に受けようとしなかったとも言われている。
• Munetsugu NISHIO, the captain of the Tadanao MATSUDAIRA gun unit reported the scene when he killed Shigonobu so exaggeratedly that Ieyasu is said not to have taken Munetsugu's report that he killed Shigenobu to be true.

• ところが私たちは、一つ兵士たちを、彼等の持っている鉄砲でなぐりつけ、もう一つは、その部下たちを惨酷（ざんこく）にも殺ろす間、その側に立っていなければならないのだった。
• It was one thing to knock the soldiers over with their muskets in their hands, and it was another to stand by while men were being killed in cold blood.

• 6日夜、伊達の国見山本陣に、上杉景勝家臣藤田能登家士斉藤兵部が、伊達・信夫の百姓等4千人を伴い内通してきた他、直江山城守鉄砲頭極楽寺内匠が伊達成実に協力を申し出てきた。
• On October 6 at night, Hyobe SAITO (斉藤兵部), a retainer of Noto FUJITA who was a vassal of Kagekatsu UESUGI visited the Date's headquarters in Mt. Kunimi with about 4,000 peasants and others from Date and Shinobu Districts to hold secret communication, and Takumi Gokurakuji (極楽寺内匠), the head of the artillery for Yamashiro no kami (governor of Yamashiro Province) NAOE offered Shigesane DATE his cooperation.

• 国友（くにとも）は、戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代末期まで「堺市」と並び称せられた鉄砲生産地、近江国坂田郡国友村（現、滋賀県長浜市国友町）及び工人の「国友鍛冶」を指す語。
• The word 'Kunitomo' referred to Kunitomo Village in Sakata County, Omi Province (present-day Kunitomo-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture), which was renowned for its production of firearms along with Sakai City during the Warring States period through to the end of the Edo period, and also to gunsmiths who worked in Kunitomo Village (called 'Kunitomo Kaji' in Japanese).

• 通説では、当時最新兵器であった鉄砲を3000丁も用意、さらに新戦法の三段撃ちを実行した織田軍を前に、当時最強と呼ばれた武田の騎馬隊は成すすべも無く殲滅させられたとされる。
• A standard theory is that Takeda's cavalry which was regarded as the most powerful at that time was overwhelmingly defeated by the Oda forces which were equipped with 3,000 then state-of-art teppo (matchlock guns), and which employed a new tactics of 'sandan-uchi' (in which the gunners were arranged in three lines).

• しかし籠城の策と決すると、信繁は大坂城の弱点であった三の丸南側、玉造口外に真田丸と呼ばれる土作りの出城（三日月形）を築き、鉄砲隊を用いて徳川方を挑発し先方隊に大打撃をあたえた。
• However, when the siege was decided Nobushige built a (crescent-shaped) branch castle made of dirt called the Sanada-maru (Sanada Barbican) outside Tamatsukuriguchi and the south of Sannomaru (outer part of the castle) which was the weak point of the Osaka-jo Castle, and provoked the Tokugawa side using troops with firearms, and gave the advance party a black eye.

• 藩翰譜；新井白石著の菅沼氏の項で、武田信玄が、三河国野田城を攻囲中、城中から聞こえる笛の音に惹かれてやってきたところを、鉄砲に狙撃され負傷したという俗説があると記載されている。
• In the section of the Suganuma clan of the Hankanpu (Genealogy of the Protectors of the Shogunate) written by Hakuseki ARAI, a common saying that Shingen was shot and was injured when approaching the sound of a flute which he heard from inside the Noda-jo Castle, in MIkawa Province when Shinge encircled the castle, is described.

• 寛文7年8月11日 (旧暦)（1667年9月28日）、浅野長友の長男として江戸鉄砲州（現東京都中央区明石町）にある浅野家上屋敷（現在聖路加国際病院がある場所）において生まれる。
• He was born on September 28, 1667, as the eldest son of Nagatomo ASANO in the kamiyashiki of the Asano family (current St. Luke's international hospital) in Edo Tepposu (current Akashi-cho, Chuo Ward, Tokyo).

• この事件は、輝宗が自分とともに義継を撃てと命じたとの説や追跡してきた政宗の軍勢がすでに鉄砲で武装していたことから、政宗の父殺しの陰謀だったとする説など発生原因も含めて諸説ある。
• As for this incident, there are various theories regarding the causes and consequences; Terumune ordered Masamune to shoot Yoshitsugu together with him; or it was a plot of Masamune to kill his father, judging from the fact that the troops of Masamune coming after the group of Hatakeyama was prepared with guns.

• 雑賀衆のほかの土豪たちと同様、鉄砲伝来から間もない早い時期に鉄砲を使った戦術を取り入れ、16世紀の半ばには鉄砲で武装したある程度の規模の傭兵的集団として活動していたようである。
• Same as the other local clans of Saigashu, the clan adopted guns in its fighting tactics shortly after the arrival of guns to Japan, and by the mid-16th century the clan seems to have been active as a certain sized mercenary force equipped with guns.

• 元亀元年1570年の俗に言う金ヶ崎の退き口では、梁田広正・中条将艦らと共に、僅かな兵力である馬廻り衆を率いて、成政も殿の軍に参加し、鉄砲隊を用いて秀吉軍を救援し活躍したとされる。
• On the so called Kanegazaki no nokiguchi (withdrawal from Kanegazaki) in 1570, it is said that Narimasa also participated in the army of the lord, leading a few armed forces of horse guards with Hiromasa YANADA and Masakane CHUJYO and worked to support Hideyoshi using firearms troop.

• より具体的には「長篠の戦いの緒戦で、武田軍は家老山県昌景を一番手として織田陣営を攻め立てたに対し、織田軍の足軽は身を隠したままひたすら鉄砲を撃ち、誰一人前に出ることはなかった。」
• More specifically, 'when the Takeda army led by Karo (chief retainer) Masakage YAMAGATA attacked the Oda side at the start of the Battle of Nagashino, the ashigaru (common foot soldiers) of the Oda army, none of whom stepped forward and who hid themselves, kept shooting the teppo.'

• また、この毛利氏との戦闘の中で宗麟は宣教師に鉄砲に用いる火薬の原料である硝石の輸入を要請し、その理由として自分はキリスト教を保護する者であり毛利氏はキリスト教を弾圧する者である。
• In addition, in the battle with the Mori clan, Sorin requested the missionary to import saltpeter, the raw material of gunpowder used in guns, for he was the person to protect Christianity and the Mori clan was the clan to suppress.

• 大田牛一の『信長公記』では、決戦に使用された鉄砲数に関しては「千挺計」（約1000丁）、鳶ヶ巣山攻撃の別働隊が「五百挺」と書いてあり（計約1500丁）、3000丁とは書かれてない。
• 'Shinchoko-ki' by Gyuichi OTA does not mention 3,000 teppo but it does mention that '千挺計' (about 1,000 teppo) were used in the main battle and '五百挺' (500 teppo) were used by the detachment force in the Battle on Mt. Tobigasu (making a total of about 1,500).

• 一説には大筒3門の他、大鉄砲を多数備え、船体に厚さ3mmの鉄板を鋲で貼り付けた長さ12～13間（21.8ｍ～23.6ｍ）、幅7間（12.7ｍ）の1500石積みの巨船といわれている。
• One theory says that it was a huge ship of 139 cubic meters in loading capacity with 21.8 to 23.6m in length and 12.7m in width, equipped with three ozutsu (Japanese artilleries) and many odeppo (big guns) and the surface of the body was tacked with iron plates 3mm in thickness.

• 織田・徳川方の3000丁という量の鉄砲、さらに鉄砲隊を3つに分け、鉄砲の弾込めによるタイムロスをなくす三段撃ち戦法で、最強と呼ばれた武田の騎馬隊を破ったというのが有名な通説である。
• A standard and well-known explanation is that Takeda's cavalry, known as the most powerful, was defeated by the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces which employed as many as 3,000 teppo in the 'sandan-uchi' tactics in which the gunners were arranged in three lines to compensate for the teppo's slow reloading.

• 大名などの主君から給人へ課せられる軍役は「馬上○騎、弓○張、鉄砲○挺、鑓○本、旗○本」といった具合であったが、これに小荷駄隊や下人などの人夫もあわせた総人数が規定されることもあった。
• The military services imposed on the middle and lower ranking samurai who offered military services to the lord by lords such as the territorial lords were defined by 'the number of Mounted Warriors, the number of Bows, the number of Muskets, the number of Spears, and the number of Banners,' to which manpower including the numbers of such laborers as caravan of men and animals carrying supplies and low ranked people was sometimes additionally defined.

• 戦国時代(日本)に種子島へ鉄砲（火縄銃）が伝来された史実を領主である種子島久時が、父種子島時堯の鉄砲入手とその製法確立の過程を薩摩国大竜寺の和尚である南浦文之に編纂させたものである。
• The book is based on the account given by Hisatoki TANEGASHIMA, a local lord, concerning the historical fact of the transmission of guns (specifically, arquebuses) to Japan on Tanegashima island during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), describing how Hisatoki's father Tokitaka TANEGASHIMA had acquired guns and established his gun manufacturing process; this account was edited by the abbot of Satsuma Province's Dairyu-ji Temple, Bunshi Nanpo.

• ただ、実際には、刀や脇差の上納と没収が名目上で展開されたのみで、祭祀に用いる武具や害獣駆除のための鉄砲などは所持を許可されるなど、刀狩の展開後も農村には大量の武器が存在したままだった。
• Actually, however, the katanagari edict developed as a means to deliver or confiscate swords and short swords, while arms used for religious ceremonies and muskets for getting rid of noxious beasts were still allowed, leaving a great deal of weapons in the villages even after the execution of the katanagari edict.

• 1576年の第一次木津川口の戦いで毛利水軍・村上水軍の使用する焙烙火矢の前に大敗したため、織田信長が九鬼嘉隆に命じ、大筒・大鉄砲を装備し、焙烙が効かない鉄甲船6隻を伊勢国で建造させた。
• Since Nobunaga ODA suffered a major defeat in the first battle of Kizugawaguchi due to the horokuhiya (cooking-pot fire arrows) used by the Mori navy and the Murakami navy, he ordered Yoshitaka KUKI to build six bombproof armored warships equipped with ozutsu (a kind of cannon) and odeppo (Japanese hand culverin) in Ise Province.

• また本所屋敷は当初鉄砲州上屋敷から運び出した品を収納していたが、それも随時運び出して、3月22日 (旧暦)（4月27日）には安井彦右衛門から加藤泰恒（伊予国 大洲藩主）に引き渡された。
• Although the residence in Honjo was initially used to store Asano's belongings removed from the Tepposhu Kamiyashiki, it was handed over from Hikoemon YASUI to Yasutsune KATO (the lord of Ozu Domain in Iyo Province) on April 27 after the goods were transported to somewhere else.

• 『鉄炮記』は鉄砲伝来を記す唯一資料であるが、江戸時代の慶長年間（1606年）に種子島氏が鉄砲伝来を記念して記させたもので、歴史学においては、その記述を無条件に信用するわけにはいかない。
• Although 'Teppoki' is the only historical material recording the introduction of firearms into Japan, we should be careful of reading it as a historical record because it was compiled by the Tanegashima clan in Keicho era (1606) to commemorate the introduction of firearms into Tanegashima Island.

• 織田方が川を渡ろうとすると人馬が足を取られて前進できず、また川を越えた者も湿地帯で動きが鈍っている所に、頭上から25人ずつが二列横隊を組んで間断なく鉄砲で狙い撃ち、さらに弓隊が射立てた。
• While some of the Oda army could not move in the river and others who crossed the river could not progress quickly in the marsh, two rows of 25 soldiers each shot them with guns without interruption and furthermore, other units shot them with bows.

• 九鬼嘉隆指揮の織田水軍は、石山本願寺支援のため大坂湾に入った毛利水軍と木津川口で海戦となり、織田軍の6隻の鉄甲船に搭載された大筒・大鉄砲の火力の前に毛利水軍・村上水軍600隻は惨敗した。
• The Oda navy led by Yoshitaka KUKI encountered the Mori navy which entered into Osaka Bay to support Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and had a naval battle with them, then 600 ships of the Mori navy and the Murakami navy suffered a crushing defeat before the power of ozutsu and odeppo loaded onto the Oda navy's six armored warships.

• 慶長7年（1602年）2月1日に、おそらくは長年の家康に対する奉公による過労と島津義弘の軍を追撃していた際に義弘の軍の鉄砲隊が撃った銃弾による鉄砲傷が癒えないまま、破傷風が元で死去した。
• Naomasa died on March 24, 1602, probably from overwork in serving Ieyasu for many years, and tetanus caused by the bullet wound he received from Yoshihiro's musket troops while chasing his army.

• これまで足軽は戦闘の主役ではなかったが、戦国時代 (日本)を迎え集団戦が本格化・大規模化していくと、訓練された槍・弓 (武器)・鉄砲の足軽隊が組織され備の主要な部隊として活躍するようになる。
• Ashigaru had not yet been utilized as the main element of battle forces but as they became more well organized and increased in number during the Sengoku period (Japan), they were given training and ashigaru units bearing spears, bows (weapons) and guns were created, going on to form the backbones of armies.

• 日本の合戦では戦闘時、上級武士の指揮下に少人数ずつの銃手（鉄砲足軽）が組織化されて、この戦闘単位ごとに勲功を競うといった運用形態をとっていたこともあり、個々の銃手の命中率が重要視されたのである。
• At the time of a battle in Japan, gunners (teppo-ashigaru, foot soldiers fighting with firearms) were organized in small groups under the command of high-ranking warriors, and these units vied for exploits of war, therefore accuracy rate of individual gunners was of high concern.

• 豊臣家に対し融和策をとる徳川家も戦の準備は怠らず、攻城兵器として国友鍛冶に大鉄砲・大筒の製作を命じ、他にも石火矢の鋳造、イギリスやオランダに対し青銅砲・焔硝・鉛（砲弾の材料）の注文を行っている。
• The Tokugawa family that chose a policy of reconciliation toward Toyotomi clan, but at the same time did not hesitate to prepare for war, ordered Kunitomo kaji (smithy in Kunitomo) to produce either odeppo (Japanese artilleries)/ozutsu (Japanese artilleries) as weapons for attacking a castle, and to cast ishibiya (Japanese artilleries) and ordered bronze artilleries/gunpowder/lead (materials of cannonballs) from England and Holland.

• 石山合戦の際に討伐に4年もかかった件については相手に鉄砲が多く力攻めが無理であり調略のきかない本願寺勢であること、海上封鎖ができず海から本願寺に兵糧を運びこめたことを考えれば致し方ないといえる。
• The four years it took for subjugation in the Ishiyama War was never too long when we consider that a forcible attack could not be carried out because the enemy owned many guns, that stratagems were ineffective on the army of Hongan-ji Temple, and that the enemy could carry army provisions into Hongan-ji Temple from the sea, which could not be blockaded.

• その理由として、戦国期においては鎧武者による射撃に適さないことや鉄砲狭間からの射掛けにおいて邪魔であるという用兵上の事情、泰平期においては流儀による形態・射法の継承による硬直化等が指摘されている。
• As for the reason, it is pointed out that it was not appropriate for armored warriors to shoot during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), that it was cumbersome to shoot from gun crenels in tactics, and during peaceful periods the form and style of shooting was inherited through tradition and were rigidified.

• 虎拳（とらけん）は、襖をしめて、左右の部屋で、虎・女物・鉄砲のいずれかを身につけて待ち、襖を開くと、虎女（和藤内（＝鄭成功）の母）鉄砲（和藤内あるいは加藤清正）虎という三すくみで勝負がつく拳遊び。
• Toraken is a game played in three Japanese rooms divided by closed Fusuma (Japanese sliding door) where people choose to wear or hand a tiger costume, women's clothes (implying Torajo, literally, a tiger woman, the mother of Watonai, another name of Seiko TEI - Zheng Chenggong or musket - implying Watonai or Kiyomasa KATO) and wait until the fusuma is opened, and they run off to decide who wins.

• 5月20日 (旧暦)夜、酒井忠次率いる東三河衆の他、織田軍・金森長近などの与力、また鉄砲500丁を持たせた計約3000名という連合軍の大部隊（『信長公記』によると約4000名）が、密かに豊川を渡河。
• During the night of July 18, the great allied forces, comprising the Migashimikawa army under Tadatsugu SAKAI, the yoriki (assistants to commanders) including Nagachika KANAMORI of the Oda force, and approximately 3,000 (or 4,000 men according to 'The Shinchoko-ki') with 500 teppo, crossed Toyo-gawa River in secret.

• これを「入鉄砲出女」と言うが、江戸在住の大名の妻が密かに領国へ帰国することと、江戸での軍事活動を可能にする江戸方面への鉄砲の流入の2つが、幕府によって厳重に規制されたのである（童謡「通りゃんせ」）。
• These were collectively known as the restriction on 'letting in guns and letting out women,' referring to the severe limitations placed by the bakufu on two things, namely the ability of the wives of daimyo stationed in Edo to return in secret to their own territories, and the influx of guns into the Edo region, the latter of which might render military action against the bakufu feasible (In a children's song, 'Toryanse' [Ain't gettin' by!].)

• 徳川氏に仕えることとなったのは、長男の柳生厳勝は久秀配下として筒井順慶と戦ったとき、鉄砲により戦傷を負い、次男の柳生久斎と三男の柳生徳斎は僧侶となり、四男の柳生宗章は中村一氏に仕官していたからである。
• Munetoshi's first son Yoshikatsu YAGYU had served Hisahide and in the battle against Junkei TSUTSUI, he had been shot and badly injured; the second son Kyusai YAGYU and the third son Tokusai YAGYU had become priests; and the fourth son Muneaki YAGYU had served Kazuuji NAKAMURA; so when Ieyasu requested Munetoshi to become an instructor, only Munenori happened to be available for serving the Tokugawa clan.

• しかし、最終的には数で勝る徳川軍に追い詰められ、ついに四天王寺近くの安居神社（大阪市天王寺区）の境内で、味方の傷ついた兵士を看病していたところを襲われ、越前松平勢鉄砲組の西尾仁左衛門にその首を授けた。
• Eventually, however, they were closed in by Tokugawa's army, which was more numerous, and finally he was attacked at Yasui-jinja Shrine near Shitenno-ji Temple (Tennoji Ward, Osaka City) when he was taking care of injured warriors and gave up his head to Nizaemon NISHIO, who belonged to the matchlock infantry of Echizen Matsudaira's army.

• 天文23年（1554年）には大友氏から鉄砲と火薬の秘伝書（『鉄放薬方并調合次第』）を手に入れたり、永禄3年（1560年）にはガスパル・ヴィレラにキリスト教の布教を許すなど、新しい物に目敏かったようだ。
• In 1554, Yoshiteru got rifles and a secret recipe for making gunpowder called 'Teppokusurikata narabini chogo shidai' from the Otomo clan, and in 1560, he allowed Gaspar Vilela to preach Christianity, and these facts illustrate that he had a great interest in new things.

• 鉄砲による損害に関しては「三段撃ちこそ無かったものの、1000丁という大量の鉄砲の一斉掃射による轟音によって武田の馬が冷静さを失い、騎馬隊を大混乱に陥れたのではないか」とする説がある（井沢元彦ほか）。
• Concerning the damage done by the teppo, some scholars (such as Motohiko IZAWA) have suggested that 'although the sandan-uchi tactics was not carried out, the horses of the Takeda cavalry were upset when 1,000 teppo were fired at the same time and brought it into great confusion.'

• が、永禄11年（1568年）、宇喜多直家に主力の重臣である宇垣与右衛門を謀殺され、さらに直家の調略により虎倉城主の伊賀久隆に寝返られ、同年7月、宇喜多勢に金川城を攻撃され元輝は伊賀久隆の鉄砲隊により討死。
• In 1568, however, Yoemon UGAKI, his important senior vassal, was killed by Naoie UKITA, and Hisataka IGA, the lord of Kogura-jo Castle, went over to the other side by Naoie's plot, and in August in the same year, Kanagawa-jo Castle was attacked by the Ukita's forces, and Mototeru was killed by the firearms troop of Hisataka IGA.

• 日本の合戦は中世の弓や近世の鉄砲などといった遠距離兵器が主体であり、中距離での戦いは槍などで闘ったあと、短刀や鎧通しで頸動脈を切るための組み打ちで終結するため、日本刀は槍の補助として使われる事が多かった。
• Battles in Japan had mainly long-distance weapons including bows in the middle age and guns in the modern age, and as for a middle-distance fight, after fighting with Yari (spears), they ended up wrestling to cut the carotid artery by Tanto (short sword) or Yoroidoshi (knife going through armor), so Japanese swords were usually used as assistance for Yari.

• ついで、同年12月13日辰刻（午前九時頃）に尼崎城の近く、織田信忠が陣をはっていた七つ松に有岡城の本丸にいた人質が護送され、97本の磔柱を建て家臣の妻子122名に死の晴着をつけ、鉄砲で殺害されたようである。
• Around nine o'clock in the morning on January 9, 1580, hostages in honmaru of Arioka-jo Castle were sent to Nanatsumatsu where Nobutada ODA had taken up a position and 97 crosses were erected and 122 wives and children of subordinates were made to wear festive dress and killed with guns.

• 国友 一貫斎（くにとも いっかんさい、九代目国友 藤兵衛（- とうべえ） 安永7年10月3日 (旧暦)（1778年11月21日） - 天保11年12月3日 (旧暦)（1840年12月26日））は鉄砲鍛冶師、発明家。
• Ikkansai KUNITOMO (November 21, 1778 - December 26, 1840), the ninth Tobei KUNITOMO, was a gun (teppo in Japanese) smith and an inventor.

• 天正元年（1573年）9月の一乗谷城の戦い、天正2年（1574年）7月の長島一向一揆、天正3年（1575年）5月の長篠の戦いなどでは佐々成政、野々村正成、福富秀勝、塙直政らと共に鉄砲奉行としての参戦が確認されている。
• In the cases of battles like the Battle of Ichijodani-jo Castle in October of 1573, Nagashima Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Nagashima) in August of 1574, and the Battle of Nagashino in June of 1575, it has been verified that Toshiie took part in these wars as a teppo bugyo (commander of the firearms troop) along with Narimasa SASSA, Masanari NONOMURA, HIdekatsu FUKUTOMI, Naomasa BAN and others.

• 日本へは原始的な火器は倭寇などにより鉄砲伝来以前に持ち込まれていたとする宇田川武久らの説もあるが、『鉄炮記』に記されているのはにポルトガル人により種子島へ鉄砲（火縄銃）が持ち込まれたとする事件（鉄砲伝来）を意味する。
• Another theory, advanced by Takehisa UDAGAWA and others, holds that before the arrival of guns in Japan, primitive firearms had already been introduced into by wako (Japanese pirates) and other people, but the 'Teppoki' provides an account of how firearms (arquebuses) were brought to Tanegashima Island in 1543 by Portuguese sailors ('introduction of guns into Japan').

• 王子はそれから、大理石（だいりせき）をしきつめた大ろうかを通って、かいだんの上まで行って、番兵のつめているへやにはいりますと、番兵らは鉄砲（てっぽう）を肩にのせてならんだまま、ありったけの高いびきをかいてねていました。
• He then crossed a court paved with marble, went up the stairs, and came into the guard chamber, where guards were standing in their ranks, with their muskets upon their shoulders, and snoring with all their might.

• 同乗していたポルトガル人（「牟良叔舎」、「喜利志多佗孟太」）が火縄銃を所持しており、鉄砲の実演を行い種子島島主である種子島恵時・種子島時尭親子がそのうち2挺を購入して研究を重ね、刀鍛冶の八板金兵衛に命じて複製を研究させる。
• Two Portuguese onboard (probably Francisco Zeimot and Antonio da Motta) had matchlock guns and gave a demonstration for Masatoki TANEGASHIMA and his son Tokitaka TANEGASHIMA, who purchased two of them and ordered Kinbei YAITA, a swordsmith, to investigate and replicate them.

• おれみたような無鉄砲（むてっぽう）なものをつらまえて、生徒の模範（もはん）になれの、一校の師表（しひょう）と仰（あお）がれなくてはいかんの、学問以外に個人の徳化を及（およ）ぼさなくては教育者になれないの、と無暗に法外な注文をする。
• He expected that I should make myself an example to the students, should become an object of admiration for the whole school or should exert my moral influence, besides teaching technical knowledge in order to become a real educator, or something ridiculously high-sounding.

• 九州や中国地方の戦国大名から、やがて天下統一事業を推進していた尾張国の織田信長が1575年（天正3年）に武田氏との長篠の戦いをはじめとする戦で、鉄砲を有効活用したとされ、鉄砲が戦争における主力兵器として活用される軍事革命が起こる。
• The use of guns spread from the Kyushu and Chugoku regions to the eastern part of Japan, and Nobunaga ODA of Owari Province, who was promoting the unification of Japan, strategically used guns in battles including the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, opening the new era of military technology in which firearms became the main weapon in battle.

• また、鉄砲が広まった後も天候に関係なく無音で射て、速射性に優れ安価である事、鉄砲と異なり弭槍（弓の先端に槍の穂を付け、緊急時に槍とするもの）で近距離でもある程度は対抗できるといった理由があるため、数を減らしながらも用いられ続けた。
• Furthermore, even after the spread of guns, bows and arrows remained in use even with a decrease in number, because arrows could be shot soundlessly regardless of the weather, and they could be shot quickly, and they were inexpensive, and furthermore, unlike the guns, hazuyari (the blade of a spear was attached to the tip of the bow, turning it into a spear in acute situations) could be used, to a certain degree, to fight even in short-range battles.

• 戦国時代 (日本)中頃には鉄砲の登場により弓は戦場の一線から退くが、実戦から離れても弓術は武術としての地位は変わることなく、時代を経た泰平の江戸時代の世においても弓術は武士の武術 (日本)として、また心身鍛錬の道として依然人気は高かった。
• Around the middle of the Sengoku Period (inJapan), the introduction of firearms retired bows and arrows from actual fighting in battlefields, but Kyujutsu kept the same status as a martial art even after departing the actual fighting, and remained popular as a martial art for Samurai and a way to discipline the mind and body in the peaceful Edo Period.

• 天正元年（1573年）8月に越中国と加賀国の国境にある朝日山城を攻めた際に、一向一揆による鉄砲の乱射を受けて謙信は一時撤退を命じたが、吉江景資の子・与次だけは弾が飛び交う中で奮戦して撤退しようとしなかったため、謙信は与次を陣内に拘禁した。
• Kenshin ordered a temporarily withdrawal due to random shooting by an uprising of Ikko sect followers while attacking Asahiyama-jo Castle at the border between Ecchu Province and Kaga Province in September 1573, he demanded Yoji, the son of Kagesuke YOSHIE, to remain in custody within the camp as he fought bravely in a flurry of bullets and did not withdraw as ordered.

• 『鉄炮記』によれば、種子島への鉄砲伝来は天文 (元号)12年8月25日 (旧暦)（ユリウス暦1543年9月23日）の出来事で、大隅国（鹿児島県）種子島西之浦湾に漂着した中国船に乗っていた「五峰」と名乗る明の儒生が西村織部と筆談で通訳を行う。
• According to 'Teppoki' (a history book on the introduction of guns), firearms were first brought to Tanegashima Island on October 3, 1543 by a Chinese ship tossed ashore on Nishinoura Bay of Tanegashima Island, Osumi Province (Kagoshima Prefecture) and a Confucian scholar from Ming onboard, who identified himself as Goho, worked as a translator for Oribe NISHIMURA by using written messages.

• 中世にも町屋 (商家)などと共に建てられており、近世、鉄砲の伝来の影響により城郭にも防火・防弾のために漆喰大壁の技術が用いられ、30cm以上の分厚い壁を多用したことで安土桃山時代後期から江戸期前後の櫓や天守などの防御施設は土蔵造りとなった。
• They were also built in the Middle Ages together with tradesmen's houses (merchant's houses), and in modern times, with the arrival of firearms, lime plaster stud wall techniques were also used on castles for fire-proofing and bullet-proofing, and mud walls over 30 centimeters thick as Dozo-zukuri style were extensively used on defensive structures such as guard towers and turrets keep from the late Azuchi-Momoyama period to around the Edo period.

• 宗茂が文禄・慶長の役で不在の間、豊臣秀吉は誾千代を言葉巧みに名護屋城に呼び寄せ手込めにしようとしたが、それを察知した誾千代はお付きの女中に鉄砲を構えさせて護衛させ、また自らも武装をして乗り込んだ為、それに恐れをなした秀吉は手も足も出なかったとされる。
• It is said that Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI cajoled Ginchiyo into coming in the Nagoya-jo Castle to assault her while Muneshige was away due to the Bunroku-Keicho War, but she scented that and got into the Castle guarded by her maids-in-waiting with guns, herself also armed, and thereby, Hideyoshi could not do anything in terror.

• 二人の若い紳士（しんし）が、すっかりイギリスの兵隊のかたちをして、ぴかぴかする鉄砲（てっぽう）をかついで、白熊（しろくま）のような犬を二疋（ひき）つれて、だいぶ山奥（やまおく）の、木の葉のかさかさしたとこを、こんなことを云（い）いながら、あるいておりました。
• Once there were two young gentlemen deep in the mountains, among the dry leaves. They were dressed just like British soldiers and carried shiny guns.With them were two dogs that looked like polar bears. One of them said something like this:

• 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽身分のものだけでは不十分なケースが多々見られ、こうした場合、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設することがあった。
• At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and its domains were forced to eliminate their 'matchlock infantry' armed with matchlocks and to form a 'musket infantry' or 'musket unit' armed with Western style firearms, however, the number of ashigaru (common foot soldiers) was sometimes not enough to form these infantries or units and, in these cases, new members were recruited to create a musket infantry similar to the ashigaru troops in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

• ただし、内戦状態が解消して安定状態がもたらされた江戸時代には、表向き禁止された百姓の一揆が結成され、それによる権益要求の示威活動（強訴）が行われても、一揆側で真に戦闘時に威力を発揮する鉄砲や弓矢といった飛び道具の持ち出しは自粛されるなど、一定の妥協が成立していた。
• In the Edo period after civil wars had ended and the nation was stabilized, although the peasants formed ikki in spite of the ostensible prohibition and held demonstrations (goso) to demand their rights, a certain compromise had been reached, and those on the side of the ikki refrained from using such long range weapons as muskets and bows which were most effective in battle.

• 「備」「衆」「隊」「組」「勢」「手」…本稿に於ける最小戦術単位としての意味以外にそれらを複数有する部隊又はそれらの数え方を指す（例：織田勢、井伊隊、雑賀衆、先備三手など）事やそれ以下の各兵科単位の部隊又はそれらの数え方を指す（例：槍組、鉄砲衆、弓隊、大番六備など）事などがある。
• Other than meaning the smallest unit of military tactics in this paper, 'sonae,' 'shu,' 'tai,' 'kumi,' 'zei' and 'te,' may refer to units that contain multiples of such or the way such things are counted (for example, Oda zei (Oda forces), Ii tai (Ii troops), Saiga shu (gun troop), senbi sante (three vans of an army), and so on), or they may refer to troops of each unit of military branch below such or the way such things are counted (for example, yari gumi (spear fighter unit), teppo shu (gun fighter unit), yumi tai (the arrow-shooting unit), 大番六備).

• 帰蝶を信長に嫁がせた後の聖徳寺（現在の愛知県一宮市（旧尾西市）冨田）で会見した際、「うつけ者」と評されていた信長が多数の鉄砲を護衛に装備させ正装で訪れたことに大変驚き、斎藤利政は信長を見込むと同時に、「我が子たちはあのうつけ（信長）の馬をつなぐようになる」と述べたと信長公記にある。
• According to 'Shincho Koki' (biography of Nobunaga ODA), Toshimasa (Dosan) was very surprised when he met Nobunaga at Shotoku-ji Temple (present-day Tomida, Ichinomiya City (former Nishio City), Aichi Prefecture) after Kicho married Nobunaga, because even though Nobunaga was known as empty-headed he showed up formally dressed and he had his guards equipped with many rifles; Toshimasa SAITO (Dosan) anticipated a bright future for Nobunaga and said, 'My sons will be tying that empty-headed man's (Nobunanga's) horse.'

• 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽隊は既に整理され事実上消滅し、残りも最低定員で末端役人や治安警備担当に振り分けられていたため、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設した。
• At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu and the domains abolished the 'firearm units' which bore matchlock guns and there was a growing need to form western-style infantry units and musket units, but due to the fact that the preexisting ashigaru units had already been disbanded and had virtually disappeared, with those remaining serving as low-level officials and security police, new personnel was recruited and infantry units resembling the ashigaru units of the Sengoku period were created.

• 鉄砲の伝来は、初期の火縄銃の形式が東南アジアの加圧式火鋏を持った鳥銃に似ている事や東南アジアにおいても先行して火縄銃が使われていた事などから、種子島への鉄砲伝来に代表されるようなヨーロッパ経由でなく倭寇などの密貿易によって東南アジア方面から持ち込まれたとする説がある（宇田川武久説）。
• Based on the facts that the mechanism of early matchlock guns is similar to that of the choju (guns for bird hunting) of Southeast Asia with a pressurized serpentine arm and the use of matchlock guns in Southeast Asia preceded to use in Japan, some researchers (such as Takehisa UDAGAWA) argue that matchlock guns were introduced into Japan not via Europe, as typified by the introduction of firearms to Tanegashima Island, but through illicit trades with Southeast Asia by wako.

• 『鉄炮記』には「天文 (元号)癸卯」（1543年）と記されているが、一方でポルトガル側の史料には鉄砲の伝来を記さないものや、イエズス会の『日本教会史』には1542年（天文11年）の出来事、フェルナン・メンデス・ピントの『東洋遍歴記』には1545年（天文14年）の出来事であると記されているなど年代には諸説が存在する。
• While 'Teppoki' records firearms that were introduced into Japan in 1543, several theories about the date exist including some materials from the Portuguese side do not even cover the event and 'Nihon Kyokai Shi' (História Da Igreja Do Japão) compiled by the Society of Jesus mentions that it was in 1542 and the 'Toyo Henreki Ki' (Peregrinacao) by Fernão Mendes Pinto states that it was in 1545.

• こうした自検断権の裏づけとなる軍事警察力の保証としての武器の保有も、建前上は刀狩以降放棄した形式をとり、百姓身分の者は身分表象としての帯刀を放棄することでそれを示していたが、実際は個々の村には膨大な数の刀槍、鉄砲が神仏への献納物、あるいは害獣駆除の名目で備蓄されており、明治維新以降も国家権力はあからさまにこれに手をつけられない状態であった。
• After the Sword Hunt, keeping arms that supported the right to judge criminal cases as a safeguard military police power had the form of waiving the right and people in a farming rank showed their waiver by not wearing a sword, their rank symbol, but actually an individual community had big stockpiles of swords, spears, and guns under the pretext of dedicating things to Shinto and Buddhist deities or the extermination of harmful animals and the governmental powers could not openly touch them even after the Meiji Restoration.

• 浅野内匠頭の弟であり、兄の養子に入っていた浅野長広は刃傷発生を知ると即刻伝奏屋敷（現在の東京都千代田区丸の内1-4日本工業倶楽部）から鉄砲州の上屋敷（現在の東京都中央区 (東京都)明石町 (東京都中央区)聖路加国際病院）に駆けつけたが、浅野内匠頭の正室の阿久里（後の瑤泉院）から上野介の生死について問われても答えられないほど狼狽していたといわれる。
• It is said that when Nagahiro ASANO, who was a brother of Asano Takumi no Kami and his adopted son, rushed from the residence for imperial envoys (current location of Japan Industrial Club at 1-4 Marunouchi, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo) to the Tepposhu Kamiyashiki (one of the residences granted to the feudal lord) (current location of St. Luke's International Hospital in Akashi-cho, Chuo Ward, Tokyo) as soon as he received the news about the attack, he was in such panic and unable to answer any question from Asano Takumi no Kami's wife Aguri (later known as Yozenin) about Kozuke no suke's survival.

• 渡辺家はもともと徳川家康の家来で「槍の半蔵」の異名を取った渡辺守綱（天文 (元号)11年(1542年) - 元和 (日本)6年(1620年)）の末裔であるが、鉄砲にも興味を持ち、その鋳造に用いる火を起こすのに青松葉を使ったとか、知行地から年貢を受け取るとき、青松葉を俵に挿して数えた、などという逸話が多いことから「青松葉の渡辺」といわれていたらしい。
• The Watanabe family was originally a descendant of Moritsuna WATANABE (1542 - 1620), whose imyo (another name) was 'Hanzo of Spear' and was a retainer of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and there were many anecdotes such as that the family was also interested in teppo (gun) and aomatsuba (blue pine needle) was used for starting a fire to cast it or that when taking nengu (land tax) from chigyo-chi (territory) they were counted with aomatsuba inserted in the bales, which is why they were called 'WATANABE of aomatsuba.'

• 3月16日 (旧暦)（4月23日）中に家財の積み出し作業も終わって赤穂藩士は全員鉄砲州の上屋敷から引き払い、申の刻（午後4時頃）には広島藩兵たちも引き上げて、戸田氏定がひとまずの管理者となったが、3月17日 (旧暦)（4月24日）には同屋敷は新しい主となった出羽国新庄藩主戸沢正誠に引き渡され、さらに3月22日 (旧暦)（4月27日）には小浜藩主酒井忠囿の屋敷となった。
• When they finished removing Asano's belongings on April 23 and retainers of Ako Domain as well as Hiroshima Domain left the Tepposhu Kamiyashiki by 4 p.m., Ujisada TODA became a temporal manager until it was handed over to the lord of Shinjo Domain, Dewa Province Masanobu TOZAWA on April 24, and it then became the residence for the lord of Obama Domain Tadasono SAKAI on April 27.

• 一方、100石から200石程度の小禄の旗本は、小十人の番士、納戸、勘定、代官、広敷、祐筆、同朋頭、甲府勤番支配頭、火之番組頭、学問所勤番組頭、徒（徒士）目付の組頭、数寄屋頭、賄頭、蔵奉行、金奉行、林奉行、普請方下奉行、畳奉行、材木石奉行、具足奉行、弓矢槍奉行、吹上奉行、膳奉行、書物奉行、鉄砲玉薬奉行、寺社奉行吟味物調役、勘定吟味改役、川船改役をはじめとする諸役職についた。
• On the other hand, the governmental posts assumed by the Hatamoto with a small salary of around 100 koku to 200 koku included the following: a member of Kojunin-ban (Kojunin group), Nando, Kanjo, daikan (local governor), hiroshiki (inner apartment supply officer for Edo-jo Castle), Yuhitsu, Doho-gashira, Kofukinban-shihaigashira, Hinoban-kumigashira, Gakumonshokinban-kumigashira, Kumigashira of Kachi-metsuke, Sukiya-gashira, makanai-gashira (chief of cooks), Kura-bugyo, Kane-bugyo, Hayashi-bugyo, Fushinkata-shitabugyo, Tatami-bugyo, Zaimokuishi-bugyo, Gusoku-bugyo, Yumiyayari-bugyo, Fukiage-bugyo, Zen-bugyo, Shomotsu-bugyo, Teppodamayaku-bugyo, Jisha-bugyo-ginmimonoshirabeyaku, Kanjo-Ginmi-aratame yaku (inspector of the documents inspected by assistant minister of treasury) and Kawabune-aratameyaku.

• 例えば、留守居・大番頭は5000石を基準としてそれ以下に1000俵、書院番頭・小姓番組頭は3000石以下に1000俵、大目付・町奉行・勘定奉行は3000石以下に700俵、百人組頭は3000石以下に500俵、作事奉行・普請奉行・槍奉行・持弓筒頭は2000石以下に300俵、先手頭・新番頭は1500石以下に300俵、留守居番・目付・使番・書院番組頭・小姓組組頭・徒頭・小十人頭は1000石以下に300俵、鉄砲方は1000石以下に200俵などの決まりがあった。
• For example, there was the regulation that for rusui and oban gashira, 5000 koku was set as the standard and a person whose chigyo was below this was given 1000 hyo; shoinban gashira and koshobangumi gashira whose chigyo were below 3000 koku were given 1000 hyo; ometsuke, machi bugyo, and kanjo bugyo (commissioners of finance) whose chigyo were below 3000 koku were given 700 hyo; hyakuningumi kashira whose chigyo was below 3000 koku were given 500 hyo; sakuji bugyo, fushin bugyo, yari bugyo, and mochiyumitsutsu gashira whose chigyo were below 2000 koku were given 300 hyo; sakite gashira and shinban gashira whose chigyo were below 1500 koku were given 300 hyo; rusuiban, metsuke, tukaiban, shoinban kumigashira, koshogumi kumigashira, kachi gashira, and kojunin gashira whose chigyo were below 1000 koku were given 300 hyo and teppogata (officer handling firearms) whose chigyo were below 1000 were given 200 hyo.

• 東西それぞれに与力20騎と同心50人が付いていたが、享保年間から元文年間にかけて訴訟の受付と市中警備を担当する番方、闕所された財物の処分を入札監督などを担当する闕所方、制札や各種証明書の発給や宗門改・鉄砲改・浪人改を行う証文方、建築の届出・確認や道路管理などの都市計画を行う新家方、奉行所内外の監察業務を行う目付（後に新家方を統合して目付方とも）、奉行所内の会計・公的な入札業務及び天領の年貢収納を行う勘定方、一般の刑事・行政を扱う公事方、鴨川の管理を行う川方といった担当部門に分離されてそこに与力・同心が配置されるようになる。
• During the Kyoho and Genbun era, 20 yoriki (a police sergeant) and 50 doshin (a police constable), who used to serve for each of the East and West Magistrates, came to be dispatched to separate divisions such as Ban-kata responsible for lawsuit registration and city guard, Kessho-gata responsible for bidding and managing confisticated properties, Shomon-gata responsible for issuing paper bills and various certificates as well as checking the religion, gun-owning and ronin status, Niinomi-gata responsible for urban development including construction registration and checking as well as road management, Metsuke responsible for auditing the Magistrate both internally and externally (later merged with Niinomi-gata to be collectively called Metsuke-gata), Kanjo-gata responsible for the Magistrate's accounting, official bidding and collecting land taxes from the shogunate demesne, Kuji-kata responsible for general criminal investigation and administration, and Kawa-gata responsible for management of the Kamo-gawa River.

• その理由として、江戸時代に入って徳川綱吉によって諸国鉄砲改めによる百姓の狩猟及び銃の原則所持禁止、銃器の移動制限がなされたことや、鎖国の影響による技術進歩の停滞という通説、フリントロック式は火縄式に比べ強力なバネが装着されており、撃鉄作動時の衝撃が大きく、引金を引いてから一瞬遅れて装薬に着火する機構のため銃身がぶれ、火縄銃に比べ命中率が悪く「一発必中」を好む日本人から嫌われたらしいことのほかに、日本では良質の火打石が産出せず大量生産ができなかったこと、またおそらくはすべての武術と同じく鉄炮術も一種の競技的な要素を含んで流派形式で継承されたため、その結果必然的に器具類の改変は避けられた、という要素も大きかった。
• The reasons for this follow; in the Edo period Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA prohibited hunting and the possession of a gun by farmers in principle; that the transfer of a gun was limited; that, commonly believed, the technological advance of guns stagnated from the influence of the exclusion of foreigners (national isolation); that a flintlock gun (flintlock system) had a stronger spring than a hinawaju and when the gunlock operating the impact was big and after trigger was pulled, the ignition mechanism for the explosive charge momentarily wavered and the accuracy of fire was bad and thus Japanese who liked to 'ippatsu hicchu' (hit with one shot), disliked the flintlock gun; that good quality flints could not be found in Japan and could not be mass-produced; and that, as a big factor, the art of gun was inherited probably in the form of a school-style gun for competitions like all the martial arts and as a result, the improvement of the weapon was necessarily avoided.