配: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 人民支配
- The control over people
- 国衙支配
- The control over kokuga
- 国人支配
- The control over kokujin
- ご心配なく
- don't worry
- never mind
- do not worry
- 荘園公領支配
- The control over shoen (manor) and koryo (public land)
- 旧第二配水池
- Former second service reservoir
- 旧第一配水池
- Former first service reservoir
- 初演時の配役
- Casting at the initial performance
- Casting at the Premiere
- Casting at the first performance
- Cast of the first performance
- Cast for premiere
- Actors in the opening
- Actors in the first-time performance of the play
- Roles at the first performance
- Casting in the premier
- The cast for the first play
- The cast of the premiere
- Casting for the first performance
- Casting in the first performance
- Cast in the first performance
- Casts at the debut performance
- Casts at the time of the first performance
- 藤原氏の支配の成立
- Establishment of the rule by the Fujiwara clan
- 核外移行シグナル配列
- nuclear export sequence
- 安倍氏による天文道支配
- The Abe Family's Monopoly over Tenmondo
- 阿波は細川氏が支配した。
- The Hosokawa clan governed Awa.
- 企業支配または経営発言力
- The power to control the business or influence management
- 婚嫁ノ年月日及配偶者ノ名
- Date of marriage and the name of spouse.
- どちらも実質的な配流である。
- Both of the cases were exile in a practical sense.
- 九州支配と外交の役目を果たす。
- This office was effectively utilized for ruling the Kyushu area as well as for diplomacy.
- 子や弟も相模国他へ配流された。
- His children and younger brothers were also exiled to Sagami Province or other places.
- 「高野七砦」の配置は以下の通り。
- The arrangement of 'Koya seven forts' was as follows.
- 乱後、上皇の配流に伴い廃止された。
- After the Jokyu War, the group was dissolved when the Retired Emperor was sent to exile.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行という。
- Such unified control was called ichien chigyo.
- 百姓門徒については荒木が支配すること。
- Peasant followers (believers) of Hongan-ji Temple should be governed by ARAKI.
- 織田氏の継嗣問題及び領地再分配会議である。
- The purpose was to discuss the matter of a successor and the redistribution of territories of the Oda clan.
- 軽大娘皇女を伊予国に配流(→衣通姫伝説)。
- Karu no oiratsume was exiled to Iyo Province (see Sotoori-hime legend)
- これにより成立した支配体制を王朝国家という。
- The control system established in this way was called a dynastic nation.
- 戦国大名は、領国内に一元的な支配を及ぼした。
- Sengoku daimyo governed their own territory in an integrated fashion.
- その支配・経営は国家権力に強く依存していた。
- The governance and management of Shoki Shoen was strongly dependent on the national authority.
- 吉良氏は三河国の支配を目指す徳川家康と対立。
- The Kira clan opposed to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was aiming to become the ruler of Mikawa Province.
- このとき土地支配の基礎となったのが名田である。
- In this process, myoden became the basis of the administration of the land.
- 名田を基礎とする支配・収取体制を名体制という。
- The governance and tax collection system based on a myoden is called myo-taisei (the local tax management system based on rice fields).
- 配下の武将もこれに従い金子城の志気は高まった。
- The busho under the Kaneko clan also followed this decision, and the morale of the people at Kaneko-jo Castle was heightened as a result.
- しかし大衆はあくまで成親の配流を求めて譲らず。
- However, the daishu were strictly demanding Narichika's exile.
- 牛久藩は、山口氏の支配で明治時代にまで至った。
- The Ushiku Domain, under the reign of the Yamaguchi clan, continued until the initial stage of the Meiji period.
- が、1597年、突然改易され備前国配流となる。
- In 1597, however, he was suddenly dismissed and exiled to Bizen Province.
- 後白河院の真の狙いは国衙支配の回復であったろう。
- Presumably, the real purpose of Goshirakawa-in was to recover the ruling on kokuga.
- 守護は一国全体の領域的な支配を確立したのである。
- Shugos established the territorial governance of the whole of one province.
- 山家藩は、明治時代まで谷氏13代の支配が続いた。
- The Yamaga Domain was controlled by the Tani family until its thirteenth generation during the Meiji period.
- 当時は女王が支配し、南シナ海交易の要港であった。
- Ruled by a queen at that time, the Patani Kingdom was the location of an important trading port in the South China Sea.
- 海上の土豪たちに領主の支配に服することを命じた。
- And he ordered the local clans on the sea to be put under the control of the local lords.
- 守護大名はこれを利用して領国支配の浸透に努めた。
- The Shugo daimyo made use of these taxes to spread their dominion over their territories.
- さらに父和義も奥州に下向し、棟義の支配を助けた。
- His father Kazuyoshi also moved to Oshu and helped Muneyoshi's governance.
- - 伊達氏支配時代には家臣の大枝氏が居城とした。
- When the Date clan ruled over Date County, the Oe clan, a vassal of the Date clan, resided in the Castle.
- 足音はするし、気配も感じるが、その姿は見えない。
- You will hear its footsteps and also feel its existence, but cannot see it.
- これら陣形は基本的に備以上の部隊配置に反映される。
- Basically, these battle formations were reflected in the positioning of troops above sonae.
- 同時に封建された貴族は君主の名目的な支配下に入る。
- At the same time, the authorized nobility falls under the control of the monarchy.
- 出羽国庄内地方は大宝寺大宝寺氏が代々支配していた。
- The Daihoji Muto clan had ruled the Shonai district of Dewa Province for generations.
- 同年…頼朝が侍所を設置する(武士支配機構の成立)。
- The same year - Yoritomo established Samurai-dokoro (the establishment of samurai governing system).
- 太田氏の江戸城はやがて後北条氏の支配下に置かれる。
- The Ota clan's Edo-jo Castle was put under the rule of the Gohojo clan later.
- (特に男女間の関係への第三者的関与での)配慮の欠如
- Lack of consideration (especially in the involvement by a third person in a relationship between a man and woman)
- したがって、その配置も戦況に伴い頻繁に変更を行った。
- Therefore, their positioning was altered often depending on the battle conditions.
- 武田氏の滅亡により甲斐・信濃は織田家臣に分配される。
- As the Takeda clan was ruined, Kai and Shinano were distributed to vassals of the Oda clan.
- 町人地は、侍町の外側に配された商人や職人の町である。
- The townsmen district was located outside of the Samurai towns and was the town for merchants and craftsmen.
- 有岡城の城兵はただちに各砦へ配置し臨戦態勢を整えた。
- Soldiers of Arioka-jo Castle were posted immediately to each fort to prepare for battles.
- 租を納めねばならず、律令支配体制から脱却していない。
- Land taxes applied to the reclaimed fields, indicating that they were still under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 旧摠見寺境内地を調査し当初の伽羅配置を明らかにする。
- In 1994, the original arrangement of Buddhist temples became clear after investigating the precincts of Soken-ji Temple.
- 後に室町幕府によって京都の土倉は幕府の支配下に入る。
- Afterward, the Muromachi bakufu put the doso in Kyoto under its administration.
- 翌年には諸国の陰陽師を支配・免許の権限が与えられた。
- The following year, Yasutomi was given the authority to control and license the Onmyoji throughout various districts.
- 「故郷のことが心配でも帰ることがおできにならない。」
- Though he worries about his home, he cannot return.'
- “国家権力と結び、国家の保護・支配下におかれた仏教。'
- This is the Buddhism that was connected to national power and was put under national protection and control.
- そのため幕府が度々諸大名に配下の徹底管理を命じている。
- The bakufu often ordered feudal lords to thoroughly supervise samurai under their command.
- 宮内省被管の官奴司に官奴婢とともに配されて使役された。
- They were enslaved along with kunuhi by the kannushi attached to the Imperial Household Department.
- 南腹の斜面に曲輪を展開、家臣や国人領主の屋敷を配した。
- The Kuruwa was laid out on the mountain slope facing south, and they built the residences for the retainers and the Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords).
- しかし、明に服属する朝鮮に要求に応じる気配はなかった。
- However, the Joseon Dynasty, which had been a tributary nation to Ming, would not follow his order.
- 平時忠が配流となり、子孫が上時国氏、下時国氏を興した。
- TAIRA no Tokitada was banished to this place and his descendants founded the KAMITOKIKUNI clan and the SHIMOTOKIKUNI clan.
- そのときも彼らはクジ引で河副庄配分の場所を決めている。
- They chose the place of distribution of Kawasoe no Sho Residence by lottery at that time as well.
- 以後、稲葉氏の支配によって明治時代を迎えることとなる。
- The Yodo Domain entered the Meiji period under the rule of the Inaba clan.
- 京都府もやはり天皇支配を周知すべく告諭を行なっている。
- In Kyoto Prefecture, they also announced the imperial reign.
- 日本では、史学界で階級闘争史観が支配的だった時代がある。
- In scientific field of Japanese historical research, a view based on the history of class struggle was once predominant.
- 6世紀以前は、各々の豪族が土地と民衆を直接支配していた。
- Before the sixth century, each gozoku (local ruling family) directly governed the land and the people.
- 島津義弘は泗川新城を背に強固な陣を張り、伏兵を配置した。
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU formed a strong battle formation with the New Sacheon Waeseong at its back and positioned ambush soldiers.
- 主に院司が受領に任じられて任国に下って知行国を支配した。
- Officials of the retired emperor's office were usually appointed to zuryo then travelled down to the province and took control of it.
- 鎌倉時代において、幕府は惣領制を御家人支配の基盤とした。
- The Soryo system (the eldest son system as the succession of the head of the family) was made as a base to rule over gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) by bakufu during the Kamakura period.
- 屯田(みた)は、大王 (ヤマト王権)の直接支配する田地。
- Mita were fields that the Daio (Yamato kingdom) directly controlled.
- 8月、莵田の地を支配する兄猾(えうかし)と弟猾を呼んだ。
- In August, Iwarehikono Mikoto called Eukashi and Otokashi who ruled the land of Uda.
- 更に、幸徳井家が持っていた南都陰陽師の支配権も没収した。
- Furthermore, Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO confiscated the right to contol the Nanto Onmyoji from the KOTOKUI family.
- 石橋塩松氏は京都扶持衆として鎌倉府の奥州支配に対抗した。
- As Kyoto-fuchishu (a corps of special support troops in Kyoto), the Ishibashi Shionomatsu clan was opposed to the ruling of the Oshu region by the Kamakura-fu (Kamakura government)
- 江戸時代の約270年に渡って日本の支配層として君臨した。
- They formed the ruling class which controlled Japan for the duration of the Edo period: approximately 270 years,
- 合戦に際して行軍隊形から敵との戦闘に備え、各隊を配置する。
- Each squad was positioned in the marching formation in preparation for a battle against the enemy.
- このため、気圧配置によって砂塵は東以外の方向にも流される。
- Therefore, dust can be moved in directions other than east, depending on the pressure pattern.
- ここに至り、勧農権は現地の実効支配を意味するようになった。
- At this stage, the right of kanno meant the practical governance over local regions.
- しかし、楠木正成の配下になり河内に残った一族も少なくない。
- However, there were also a quite a few members who remained in Kawachi under the control of Masashige KUSUNOKI.
- 忠真は各外城の防御を厚くし一族や家臣を配置し守りを固めた。
- Tadazane strengthened each outer castle, in which he positioned his family and vassals to increase the defenses.
- 永正4年(1507年)、政元は澄之を推す配下に暗殺される。
- In 1507, Masamoto was assassinated by a vassal supporting Sumiyuki.
- 10世紀初頭の朱雀期になって初めて個別人身支配が放棄された。
- The principle of people-based governance was finally abandoned in the Suzaku era, early 10th century.
- 本寮は、北寮・中寮・南寮の三棟がE字型に並ぶ配置をしている。
- The dormitory consists of three buildings, the north building, the center building and the south building, and they are placed in an E-shape.
- 町割りは城を中心に、侍町、足軽町、町人、寺町などが配された。
- The town distribution centered on the castle and had town districts for Samurai, Ashigaru (common foot soldier), townsmen, and temples.
- こうした戦国大名による強固な領国支配体制を大名領国制という。
- Such strong control by sengoku daimyo over their own territory is called a daimyo-ryogoku system (the system in which daimyos control feudal domains).
- 田堵は、免田を中心に田地を開発し、領域的な土地支配を進めた。
- Tatos developed rice fields centering on menden and went ahead with territorial land governance.
- まず幕府軍は正成の配下の平野将監らが守る上赤坂城へ向かった。
- First, the bakufu army headed for Kami-Akasaka-jo Castle, which was being defended by the Masashige vassal Shogen HIRANO.
- 天正19年(1591年)、秀吉は配下武将に出兵軍役を命じた。
- In 1591, Hideyoshi ordered his subordinate warlords to gather their troops for military service.
- この地を支配する長髄彦が軍衆を集めて孔舎衛坂で戦いになった。
- Nagasunehiko who ruled this area gathered his force and started the war in Kusaezaka.
- 「神の代」に属す日本の支配者33人がリストアップされている。
- It has a list of 33 Japanese rulers thought to have existed during the ages of gods.
- また有能な弟たちを各所に配置し、大きくなった勢力を統治した。
- And he posted his capable brothers in various places to administer his extended power.
- 平野七名家は江戸時代は幕府の代官となり5万石を支配地とする。
- Durint the Edo Period, Hirano Shichimyo family became daikan (local governor) of the Bakufu, and controlled the fief yielding 50 thousand koku of rice.
- その農地の所有権・支配権を握ることが支配階級の生命線であった。
- To own and to take control of agricultural lands was the lifeline for the ruling class.
- こうした戦国大名による地域国家内の支配体制を大名領国制という。
- Such a governing system by sengoku daimyo within a regional state is called the daimyo-ryogoku system (the system where daimyos control feudal domains).
- This territory control system employed by daimyo in the sengoku period is called the daimyo-ryogoku system.
- こうした支配・権利関係は、大きく2種類に区分することができた。
- These dominant, right-related relationships were roughly divided into two types.
- なお、城の北側には玄宮園・楽々園という大名庭園が配されている。
- In addition, on the north side of the castle, Daimyo Garden called Genkyu-en Garden and Rakuraku-en Garden are placed.
- 地侍たちは一揆の結束を武器に、守護の支配を排して自治を行った。
- Jizamurai got rid of the control of Shugo and built autonomy by a bond of ikki.
- その一方で、本所の配下になることを忌避する百姓神主も存在した。
- There also were hyakusho priests who refused to serve under honjo.
- 配流の話はいつの間にかうやむやとなり、解官も形ばかりであった。
- The exile ended up unsettled, and the removal was a mere formality.
- そこで荘園領主は現地の名主と結びついて一円支配の確立に努めた。
- Under such circumstances, lords of Shoen strived for the establishment of ichien-shihai (complete rule over people and land of Shoen) in collusion with local myoshu (owner of the rice fields).
- 浅野氏が紀伊国を支配していた頃は、一族の浅野知近が領していた。
- Tomochika ASANO ruled Kii Province while it was under the control of the Asano clan.
- 地方の支配体制を明確にするために地方の行政組織づくりが進んだ。
- In order to enforce the domination of rural areas, in which he started establishing administration organizations.
- 1つは、いずれも領主による所領支配を表していたとする考えである。
- One is that each of them indicated territorial control by a ryoshu.
- 平氏政権は人事や荘園の多くを掌握し、恩賞を差配する地位についた。
- The Taira regime took control of many appointments and manors, thereby acquiring the position that enabled them to manage reward grants.
- 時行勢は逃げる直義を駿河国手越河原で撃破し、鎌倉を一時支配した。
- Tokiyuki's force defeated Naoyoshi at Tegoshigawara, Suruga Province and occupied Kamakura for a while.
- 史の支配の及ぶ土地と人間の総体を指して「コオリ」と呼んだらしい。
- It appears to be the case that land and people under the control of a shi (clerk) was collectively called a 'kori.'
- これらの意見により、廟議は忠重を伊予国に配流し、清弘を投獄した。
- Based on these opinions, byogi (ministerial meeting held at the Imperial Court) decided Tadashige's banishment to Iyo Province and Kiyohiro's imprisonment.
- トンガを支配する王朝もまた、神話に繋がる万世一系の王朝とされる。
- The Tongan dynasty is also unbroken and has lasted since mythological ages.
- 譜代家臣の数の少なさは浅井氏の近江支配には大きな問題点であった。
- The scarce number of the hereditary vassals was, therefore, a serious problem for the Azai clan ruling ruling over Omi Province.
- 古河公方足利成氏によって上総国の支配を認められて同国を支配した。
- He was allowed to rule Kazusa Province by Kogakubo (descendants of one of the Ashikaga families that held the office of Kanto region administrator) Toshishige ASHIKAGA.
- その結果、律令制の人別支配への回帰は完全に放棄されることとなった。
- As a result, the attempt to go back to the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system was utterly-abandoned.
- こうして朝廷は人別支配から土地を通じた支配へと大きく方向転換した。
- In this way, the Imperial Court radically changed its system from ruling over people to governing through land.
- 口分田を班給する代わりに租税を賦課するという支配体制をとっていた。
- The government had a ruling system that imposed tax on people who received hankyu (allotment) of Kubunden.
- 律令制の個別人身支配が弛緩していくと、在地社会の階層分化が進んだ。
- As the control of individual persons in the ritsuryo-code-based system became weak, the hierarchical level of local societies advanced.
- 毛利元就による中国支配への契機となった厳島の戦いもこの時期である。
- The Battle of Itsukushima that triggered Motonari MORI's governance of the Chugoku region occurred around this time.
- 11世紀以降の土地・民衆支配は、荘園と公領の2本の柱によっていた。
- The governance of the land and people after the eleventh century consisted of the two: the shoen and koryo.
- 一方、在地領主・富豪・有力百姓らが新たな支配層として台頭していた。
- Meanwhile, resident landholders, rich people, influential farmers and others had gained power as the new ruling class.
- このように、惣村は支配者側との交渉を通じて各種権利を獲得していく。
- Thus, the soson acquired various rights through negotiation with their rulers.
- 動機は、朝鮮出兵への反発とも、秀吉の支配に対する反発ともいわれる。
- His motivation was said to be his objection to the Korean invasion and/or against the Hideyoshi's rule.
- こうした急速な近世的支配に対する反動が土豪一揆という形で噴出した。
- A reaction against such a rapid rule of recent times brew out in the form of the riot of a powerful local clan.
- 最終的に勝頼は昌幸よりも、一族の信茂が支配する岩殿行きを決意する。
- Finally, Katsuyori rejected Masayuki's proposal and chose to go to Iwadono, which was ruled by Nobushige, a member of his own clan.
- 要の金具は表に蝶、裏に鳥を配することが多いが、一方が梅の例も多い。
- The metal fittings of the pivot usually have a butterfly on the surface and a bird on the back, but not a few such fittings have Japanese plums on one side.
- 前出の鯨食ラボ社では、配食産業や病院食などでの利用を検討している。
- Whale Labo, LLC described above is investigating use of whale meat in the cooked meal delivery industry and in hospital meals
- 都市ガスの配管において、使用者の敷地内のガス設備を供給内管と言う。
- In city gas pipework gas equipment in the user's site is called an internal gas supply pipe.
- 猫の習性に合わせて外を出歩かせれば野良猫と交配し、雑種が生まれた。
- Cats which were allowed to walk around outside according to their habits mated with alley cats and hybrids were born.
- 9月には笠置山が陥落し、後醍醐天皇は捕らえられて隠岐へ配流とされた。
- In September, the army on Mt. Kasagi surrendered, and Emperor Godaigo was captured and was banished to one of the Oki islands.
- 朝廷が求めていた東国における国衙支配の回復は宣旨の前段にて示された。
- The recovery of the ruling on kokuga in Togoku which had been demanded by the Imperial Court was presented in the first part of the decree.
- こうした権利の広がりによって、土地や民衆の私的支配が開始されていく。
- By the spread of these rights, the private governance of the land and people started.
- 本家と領家のうち、荘園を実効支配する領主を本所(ほんじょ)と呼んだ。
- Among honke and ryoke, the lord of shoen who effectively controlled shoen was called honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor).
- 本家・領家のうち、荘園の実効支配権を持つ者が本所(ほんじょ)である。
- Among the honke and ryoke, the lords of a manor that had effective dominion over the shoen, were called honjo.
- ついには唐をも朝鮮半島から排除して,朝鮮半島の統一的支配を確立する。
- The Silla Kingdom also eliminated the Tang Dynasty from the Korean peninsula finally, ensuring the unified domination over the Korean peninsula.
- その長たる藩師が死去した場合、その子や配下の有力者がこれを継承した。
- When the hanshi, the head of the organization, died his son or a powerful person under him succeeded.
- また豪族の配下の人々に受け入れられ易かったのだろうと考えられている。
- It might be also easy to be accepted by people under the local ruling family.
- これにより、頼朝は東海・東山両道の支配権を間接的ではあるが獲得した。
- It was through this that Yoritomo indirectly secured power over Tokai-do and Tosan-do.
- 朝廷は、義仲に配慮して北陸道は除いたものの、頼朝の要求をほぼ認めた。
- The Imperial Court capitulated to the majority of Yoritomo's requests with the exception of Hokuriku-do out of consideration for Yoshinaka.
- 頼綱政権は、この機関を通じて西国の荘園・公領への支配を強めていった。
- The Yoritsuna administration came to strengthen the governance of shoen and public territories in Saigoku through this institution.
- 9体の阿弥陀如来像を横一列に配置するため横に細長い形状となっている。
- It is elongated sideways in order to put nine statues of Amida Nyorai in line.
- 承久3年(1221年)承久の乱で、夫後鳥羽上皇が隠岐島に配流となる。
- Her husband, the Retired Emperor Gotoba, was exiled to Oki Islands after the Jokyu Disturbance in 1221.
- その為、朝廷は奥州藤原氏を信頼し、彼らの事実上の奥州支配を容認した。
- Because of this, the Imperial Court trusted the Oshu Fujiwara clan and permitted them actual control over the Oshu region.
- 室町時代後期には紋を定位置に配し生地は麻として直垂に次ぐ礼装とされた。
- In the late Muromachi period, Daimon was made of linen with its pattern on a fixed position and was considered as the second formal wear, following Hitatare.
- このことから、国衙支配の回復が重要な外交カードになっていたと指摘する。
- Therefore, the recovery of the ruling on kokuga played an important role as a diplomatic card.
- 室町期守護は、守護請を通じて国内の荘園・国衙領への支配を強めていった。
- In the Muromachi period, Shugo strengthened the control over shoen and Kokugaryo in the country through Shugouke.
- 本家・領家のうち、荘園の実効支配権を持つ者を本所(ほんじょ)と呼んだ。
- Specifically, the honke and ryoke who had effective dominion of shoen were called Honjo.
- Among honke and ryoke, the families that had effective dominion over shoen were called honjo (proprietors or guarantors of a manor).
- 高砂 当時ゼーランディア城を拠点にオランダ人が支配していた台湾である。
- Taiwan was ruled by the Dutch, who had their base at Fort Zeelandia, and was called Paiwan at the time,
- '足軽隊を出した後、武藤宗右衛門やその配下の者どもが敵陣に駆け入った。
- 'After sending out ashigarutai (foot soldier units), Soemon MUTO and his subordinates rushed into the enemy line.
- また、忠棟は秀吉から直接命令を受け、検地後の知行配分の責任者となった。
- Tadamune received direct orders from Hideyoshi and became the manager for the enfeoffment distribution after the survey.
- 24日、後白河はやむを得ず、成親解官と備中国配流、政友の禁獄を認めた。
- On January 19th, Goshirakawa reluctantly allowed Narichika's dismissal and exile to Bicchu Province as well as the detention of Masatomo.
- 故に国人が配下の庶家や土豪の意向を無視することはできなかったのである。
- Kokujin were therefore unable to neglect the intentions of their branch families and Dogo.
- 鎌倉殿が御家人の所領支配を保障し、又は新たな土地給与を行うことを言う。
- The Kamakura-dono guaranteed the governance of territories by gokenin and supplied them with new land.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、東国を中心に地頭請が行われ始めた。
- Such centralized ruling of lands refers to ichien chigyo (monistic ruling), and establishment of the jitouke system (the contract system where the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) started in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).
- 江戸時代には一つの備に二組の鉄砲組が配される様になり、足軽の主力となる。
- During the Edo period, there were two teppo gumi placed within one sonae, and they became the principal force of the foot soldiers.
- 同時に移動時・戦地における物資の入手や管理、分配についても責任を負った。
- At the same time, they were also responsible for obtaining, managing and distributing the goods during transfers and at the battleground.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の戦国大名は、守護大名以上に、地域支配を強めていった。
- Sengoku-daimyo during the Sengoku period strengthened the regional governance more than shugo-daimyo did.
- 関東方面:滝川一益を方面軍総司令官として、与力に森長可や川尻秀隆を配属。
- Kanto region: Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Nagayoshi MORI and Hidetaka KAWAJIRI were assigned as yoriki.
- 陸続きの部分に三の丸を配し、二の丸・北の丸・本丸が琵琶湖に突出していた。
- While the Sannomaru (outer part of the castle) was situated inland, the Ninomaru (second bailey), the Kita-no-maru (north compartment of the castle), and the Honmaru (the keep of a castle) were built over and into the water.
- 中国王朝でおこなわれた封建制は君主が貴族に領域支配を名目的に認める制度。
- In the Hoken system operated under Chinese dynasties, a monarchy nominally authorizes the nobility to rule the domain.
- 行朝は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍に属し敗れ改易され、新宮氏の紀伊支配も終焉した。
- Yukitomo fought on the side of the western force in the Battle of Sekigahara but was defeated and punished by being deprived of samurai rank and properties, and the rule by the Shingu clan ended.
- 以降は紀伊は秀吉の直轄地となり、代官増田長盛が大和郡山から支配を行った。
- After that, the Kii Province became a directly controlled land of Hideyoshi and a local governor Nagamori MASUDA ruled it from the office at Yamatokoriyama.
- 2月1日、成親配流と時忠・信範召還を認めるという内意が山上に伝えられた。
- On February 25, an intention approving both exile of Narichika and recall of Tokitada and Nobunori was conveyed to the Enryaku-ji Temple.
- 要するに天王寺苧座は越後-畿内間の青苧流通を完全に支配していたのである。
- In short, Tennoji so-za monopolized the distribution network of aoso from Echigo Province to the 'Kinai region' (the five provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
- ただし、支配階層には皇族・華族・士族の称号が付与され、戸籍に明記された。
- Exceptionally, the ruling classes were granted titles of kozoku (the Imperial Family), kazoku (the peerage), and shizoku (samurai family) which they put on their family register.
- 吉田家が全国の神社の大部分を支配するようになると白川家の権威は衰退した。
- As the Yoshida family exerted influence over most shrines in Japan, the authority of the Shirakawa family declined.
- 無実を訴えるため絶食して淡路国に配流の途中、河内国高瀬橋付近で憤死した。
- He fasted to plead his innocence, but he ended up dying in a fit of anger or indignation around Takase-bashi Bridge, Kawachi Province, on the way to be exiled to Awaji Province.
- 1873年には、同様に配流先で歿した崇徳天皇を祀る白峯神宮に合祀された。
- In 1873, Emperor Junnin was enshrined in Shiramine Jingu shrine sacred to the memory of Emperor Sutoku who died in the place of exile like Emperor Junnin.
- また、道鏡は失脚して下野国に配流され、彼女が禁じた墾田私有は再開された。
- Dokyo fell from the power and was expelled to Shimotsuke Province, and the private ownership of newly cultivated land, which Empress Shotoku had prohibited, was resumed.
- その際には、なるべく公平かつ廉価に配分されるよう努めるものとされている。
- It is said that the guidance should be given to make the transactions as impartially as possible and to make the price as low as possible.
- しかし、鎌倉幕府が各地に配置した地頭は、在庁官人の支配範囲へ侵出していく。
- However, jito (management post of shoen or public domain) located in various regions by the Kamakura bakufu began to penetrate the dominion of zaichokanjin.
- その中で、様々な主体が担っていた所領支配は、武士の手中へと収まっていった。
- In such a trend, territorial control, having been carried out by persons in various social statuses, became conducted by samurai alone.
- しかし、個別人身支配と郡司の首長権が崩壊すると両制度とも機能しなくなった。
- However, these systems became non-functional after the people-based governance system and chieftaincy of gunji collapsed.
- 鎌倉時代には、守護・地頭による荘園支配権の簒奪(さんだつ)が目立ち始めた。
- During the Kamakura period, the dominion of shoens began to be usurped frequently by shugo (provincial constable) or jito (manager and lord of manor).
- また人民の支配も彼らを通じて行うことに高い効率性を見出していったのである。
- They also found it very efficient to rule the people through the tato.
- 一つの権利主体として、支配者に対し権利の要求を行うことがしばしば見られた。
- They often demanded their rights from rulers as one group.
- 生産力の高い濃尾平野を早い時期に統一的に支配できたことが大きな要因である。
- The main factor for this is that he succeeded in bringing the productive Nobi Plain under a unified rule.
- そして南北朝時代 (日本)以後には守護が令制国の支配権を得るようになった。
- Then, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Shugo came to take control of the provinces.
- しかし、この時代の兵力は、基本的に配下の農民をかき集めて武器を持たせる程度
- However, military power during this period was just for the purpose of gathering farmers under their control and make them hold onto weapons.
- 質の高い漢文体で書かれ、記事には出典を明らかにし、考証にも気を配っている。
- It is written in splendid kanbun form and has historical authenticity to some extent because the sources of articles are definite.
- 律令に従えば后位は天皇との血縁・配偶関係に基づいて下記のように定められた。
- According to Ritsuryo (the Legal Codes), Koi which was based on the blood or marriage relationship to Emperor, was established as following.
- 親王妃、王妃 (皇族)は親王、王の配偶者となることをもって、皇族とされる。
- The spouses of the princes become princesses (imperial family) as Imperial Family members upon marriage.
- 武田氏の混乱に乗じて一時甲斐を実効支配した跡部氏は小笠原氏の一族とされる。
- The Atobe clan which temporally had effective control of Kai in the confusion of the Takeda clan is considered as a family of the Ogasawara clan.
- この六巻の序列をいかように配置するのかについては、従来二説が唱えられてきた。
- As for the order for these six volumes, two opinions have emerged so far.
- 当時の軍隊は農民が多く、食料の配給や戦地での掠奪目的の自主的参加が見られた。
- Many of the troops in those periods were farmers, who voluntarily participated for food supplies or for the purpose of looting on battle fields.
- 宣旨の発布と同時に、頼朝は配流前の官位である従五位下右兵衛権佐に叙せられた。
- At the time of proclamation of the decree, Yoritomo was raised to Uhyoe no Gon no suke (provisional assistant captain of the Right Division of Middle Palace Guards) of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), which had been his former official court rank before hairu (banishment).
- また、本家・領家のうち、荘園の実効支配権を持つ者を本所(ほんじょ)と呼んだ。
- And among ryoke and honke, the ones who had the right of effective dominion were called honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor).
- 彼らは、自分の支配地域における課税を行うための資料として土地の調査を行った。
- Some such daimyo began to conduct land surveys, which provided the data they needed in order to set up systems of taxation within their own domains.
- そのため、惣村は支配者の信頼に応えるため、年貢納入の確実な履行に努めていた。
- To prove worthy of such trust, the soson tried to ensure the execution of the nengu payment.
- 北陸方面:柴田勝家を方面軍総司令官として、与力に前田利家や佐々成政らを配属。
- Hokuriku region: Katsuie SHIBATA was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Toshiie MAEDA and Narimasa SASSA were assigned as yoriki (mounted warrior belonging to a general in the Sengoku period).
- 1585年(1583年ともいわれる)には甲斐宗運やその配下の田代宗傳が死去。
- In 1585 (or 1583), Soun KAI and his subordinate Soden TASHIRO died.
- 以降、田染荘は、宇佐神宮の神官の子孫が田染氏を名乗り、支配することとなった。
- The descendents of the priest of Usa-jingu Shrine subsequently became the 'Tashibu clan' and controlled Tashibu Manor.
- それは、清涼殿における儀式の際の配置を彩色付の図を付して解説したものである。
- It illustrates the arrangements of rites in Seiryoden with colored pictures.
- 幕府はその惣領と御恩・奉公による主従関係を結び、間接的には庶子をも支配した。
- The soryo made a master and servant relationship with bakufu through favor and service, and indirectly ruled over illegitimate children.
- 高倉流は自由度が高く、松にツバキ、松や梅や鶴などの祝いの図柄を適宜按配する。
- Takakura school allowed more flexibility; designs of celebration such as pine tree, camellia, Japanese plum, and cranes were placed appropriately.
- 大正天皇臨終の際、貞明皇后の配慮によって枕辺で別れを告げたという逸話を残す。
- For example, there was an anecdote that Ms. Naruko YANAGIHARA was able to say farewell to the Emperor Taisho (her son) in his last moment, at his bedside, this was because of her making an arrangement through the Empress Teimei.
- 当主は京に滞在していることが多いため、支配は守護代に委任せざるをえなかった。
- As the family head frequently stayed in Kyoto, he could not help but entrusting Shugodai (Deputy military governor) with the ruling matters.
- そのため、債権債務関係が1回限りで、配分額の多い富籤という方法が案出された。
- Therefore tomikuji which had only one timedebts and credits relationship with a large sum of dividend was developed.
- そこへ本蔵の妻戸無瀬と娘小浪が出てきて、殿の奥方までも知っていると心配する。
- Then, Honzo's wife, Tonase, and his daughter, Konami, appear and they worry that the master's wife already knows about it.
- 由良之助はもう一人の家老斧九太夫と金の分配のことで対立し、九太夫は立ち去る。
- Yuranosuke confronts another chief retainer, Kudayu ONO, regarding the distribution of money, and Kudayu leaves the scene.
- また、他の温泉地では源泉を配合したり、高温蒸気を用いて製造したケースもある。
- Confectioners of other towns of hot springs also tried blending water of spring's source, and someone tried making it by using high temperature steam of hot springs.
- 受領の恣意的支配が抑制されたため、国司苛政上訴も沈静化した、とする評価である。
- Therefore the post-war evaluation is that the disappearance of Kokushi kasei joso was because Zuryo's arbitrary administration had been controlled.
- これらは、土地の支配関係を明らかにし、武士以外の武装権を剥奪するものであった。
- These measures were to clearly define the relation of land holding and to deprive the citizens other than samurai of the right to bear arms.
- 代々の支配者たちは、社会構造を固定することにより帝国経済の維持を図っていった。
- Successive rulers tried to maintain the imperial economy by fixing the social structure.
- このような経緯を経て、次第に地頭が荘園・公領への支配を強めていくこととなった。
- Through these processes, jitos gradually strengthened their dominance over shoen and koryo.
- こうして形成された荘園支配体系の中で実効的な支配権を得たものが本所と呼ばれた。
- In the shoen governing system formed in this way, the lords who had effective dominion over the shoen were called honjo.
- これは江戸幕府による支配が安定し、経済制度の整備が進められた事を反映している。
- This reflects the situation that the rule by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) became steady and the economic system was established and expanded.
- 大和国の興福寺や近江国の日吉大社も多数の座を支配下に置いたことで知られていた。
- The Kofuku-ji Temple in Yamato Province and the Hiyoshi-taisha Shrine in Omi Province were also known to have placed many za under their controls.
- 当初は会社敷地内で石炭による火力発電を行い、直流による近距離低圧配電を行った。
- At that time, coal-fired thermal power was generated within the company premises, and short-distance, low-voltage power distribution, operated on direct current, was carried out.
- 中国方面:羽柴秀吉を方面軍総司令官として、与力に黒田孝高や蜂須賀正勝らを配属。
- Chugoku region: Hideyoshi HASHIBA was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Yoshikata KURODA and Masakatsu HACHISUKA were assigned as yoriki.
- また各地に蔵入地(政府直轄地)を設定して遠隔支配するような仕組みを整えている。
- Hideyoshi also established 'kurairechi' (the land directly controlled by the government) in various places and formed a system of remote control.
- 一般市民の身分制度は士農工商と呼ばれる階級制であり、武士が民衆を支配していた。
- The class system of common people was the hierarchy of soldiers (samurai), farmers, artisans, and merchants, called shinokosho, and the samurai controlled the others.
- 安田元久らの学説では「武士」と「兵」の違いは「領地」の支配形態にもとめられた。
- The academic theories by Motohisa YASUDA sought the difference between 'bushi' and 'tsuwamono' as the ruling formation of the 'estate'
- 奄美市笠利町蒲生崎(奄美大島)、有盛により蒲生佐衛門が源氏警戒のため配された。
- Gamo-zaki, Kasari-cho, Amami City (Amami-Oshima Island); Gamozaemon was posted here by Arimori in preparation for the possible attack by the Minamoto clan.
- 3代執権北条泰時は御成敗式目を制定し、幕府の御家人支配をゆるぎないものにした。
- The third regent Yasutoki HOJO adopted the Goseibai-shikimoku (the code of conduct for samurai) to strengthen the bakufu's control over the gokenin.
- 『十二月往来』に代表される1年12ヶ月の月単位に配列して書簡の文例を示したもの。
- The second group consists of those like 'Junigetsu Orai,' which have an assortment of example sentences for letters arranged according to the 12 months of the year.
- こうして国内支配に大きな権限を有する国司、すなわち受領層が出現することとなった。
- As a result, kokushi who had great authority in the governance of provinces, namely zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), appeared.
- 宗氏は当初恒居倭を掌握しておらず、自身の支配下にある対馬への送還に熱心であった。
- At the beginning, since the So clan did not have a command of kokyowa, they actively sent kokyowa back to Tsushima, which was the place under the control of the clan.
- 室町時代には、守護の権限が強化され、守護による荘園・公領支配への介入が増加した。
- During the Muromachi period the authority of the shugo (provincial constable) was strengthened, and the intervention by the shugo in the governance of the manor and public land increased.
- 江戸時代は征夷大将軍徳川氏を中心として、武士階級が支配していた封建社会であった。
- The Edo period was a feudal society where the soldier class (samurai) ruled with the barbarian-quelling generalissimo, or the shogun, the Tokugawa clan as the central figure.
- ややもすれば、国人の配下が幕府や守護に願い出て国人として自立を図ることもあった。
- In some cases, subordinates of Kokujin became independent Kokujin by appealing to the bakufu or the Shugo.
- 具体的には支配者層が在地社会において直接把握の対象とした社会階層が百姓とされた。
- Specifically, the social class directly ruled by the ruling class in the local societies was referred to as a hyakusho.
- この私的政権は、朝廷から承認されることによって、支配権の正統性を獲得していった。
- The private government acquired legitimacy of its right of control by gaining approval from the Imperial Court.
- 764年(天平宝字8年)藤原仲麻呂の乱で連座の罪に問われ、壱岐国に配流となった。
- He was accused of complicity in the revolt of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and was exiled to Iki Province in 764.
- その他の全ての配役も、少佐自身が事実上の指令として出したもので、次の通りだった。
- Casting of other actors, which the major effectively instructed himself, was as follows.
- 中世を通して、所領支配を指して知行・領知・領掌・進止などと呼ぶ慣習は続いていった。
- The custom of calling territorial control as chigyo, ryochi, ryosho, or shinshi continued throughout the medieval period.
- そのため、政府は土地(公田)を収取の基礎単位とする支配体制を構築するようになった。
- Therefore the government established a governance system with a tax collection basic unit according to land (or koden, a field administered directly by a ruler).
- 武士化した荘官は、次第に領家を軽視するようになり、領家の支配権は蚕食されていった。
- Gradually, these armed shokan had come to disregard ryoke, encroaching their dominion.
- また、支配者である守護の家臣の国外退去を要求した土一揆も見られた(播磨の国一揆)。
- A peasants' uprising demanding the deportation of a vassal of Shugo, who was a ruler, also occurred in Harima Province.
- 本丸部分で発掘された遺構は、礎石の規模や配列から推察して、邸宅遺構の可能性が強い。
- There is a strong possibility that, inferring from the scale and placement of the foundation stones, the remnant excavated in the hon maru (the keep of a castle) area is a residential remnant.
- このように敗戦後の初期には支配層は五箇条の御誓文は民主主義の原理であると主張した。
- As the example above, shortly after the war, the ruling class claimed that Charter Oath of Five Articles was the principle of democracy.
- 699年に三野城・稲積城が築かれ、律令国家は軍事力を背景とした支配を進めはじめる。
- In 699, Mino-jo Castle and Inazumi-jo Castle were constructed and ritsuryo kokka began to apply control backed by military force.
- 事実上の支配があって、その支配を法的に保証するのが土地証文、と考えるべきだとする。
- He further discusses that it should be understood that there was a de facto domination and an act and a deed for land to legally guarantee the domination.
- その威光を背景に対外勢力の侵略を防いだり、自らの支配権の正当化が図られたのである。
- In this case, they protected themselves from outside enemies or justified their ruling authority based on their positions.
- 荘園制において荘園領主が土地・人民を支配するための基本台帳としての役目を果たした。
- They functioned as residents' ledgers in order for the shoen owners to manage their lands and people.
- その後、丹波は秀吉の支配下となり、福知山には杉原家次、小野木重次(公郷)らが入る。
- Tanba Province was then under the control of Hideyoshi, and Ietsugu SUGIHARA and Shigetsugu ONOGI (Court Noble) took over Fukuchiyama.
- 「相模の野に燃え立つ火の中で、わたしの心配をしてくださった貴方」という意味である。
- This poem means: 'You who were worried about me when we were surrounded by the flaming fire in the fields of Sagami.'
- しかし、裏づけとなる根拠はなく、むしろ猶子師房の立場を配慮したためとする説もある。
- However, such view is not supported by reliable evidence and some assert that he did so out of consideration for his adopted son Morofusa rather than for the above reason.
- 中世の武士とは異なり、土地の所有と支配にはさほどこだわらない集団であったとされる。
- Unlike the samurai (warriors) of the Medieval (Kamakura and Muromachi) period, they are thought to have been groups of soldiers who were not particularly concerned about possessing and ruling of land.
- 経済力を獲得した一般百姓は、名田を購入するなどし、名主の支配から次第に逃れていった。
- Having accumulated considerable wealth, these peasants purchased myoden and other properties, thereby gradually achieving freedom from the control of myoshu farmers.
- いずれも守護の支配を受けていた反面、その独立性をある程度、守護から認められてもいた。
- While all of the unions were controlled by shugo on the one hand, they were allowed to be independent to some extent on the other hand.
- しかし上述したように必ずしも国人層・百姓層などを厳格に支配していたわけではなかった。
- However, as mentioned above, the shugo-ryogoku system did not always control strictly the kokujin stratum and the peasant stratum.
- 国衙を掌握した守護は、国衙行政の基礎資料である大田文による領国支配を行うようになる。
- Shugo that had controlled the kokuga governed their territories on the basis of Ota bumi (cadastre), a basic material for the kokuga government.
- 領主は所領に対して支配権を行使することで、年貢・公事・夫役といった収益を得ていった。
- Ryoshu came to acquire incomes of nengu (land tax), kuji (public duties) and buyaku (labor service) through execution of the right to control areas he managed.
- これに対し、朝廷は追捕官符を国衙へ発給し、さらに各国へ押領使を配置する対策をとった。
- For this, the imperial court issued tsuibu kanpu to the kokuga and took the measure of placing Oryoshi in each province as well.
- 近世にはいると刀狩りによる名主層の否定など、農地に対する重層支配が否定されていった。
- In the early-modern times, the stratified ruling over agricultural land was negated, as exemplified by the rejection of Nanushi (village headman) hierarchy by Sword hunt (to confiscate the weapons of the enemies of the new regime in order to secure the position of a new ruler).
- そして彼らを説得し、田堵負名として国衙支配に組み込んだ功労者が実は藤原純友であった。
- The largest contributor of having incorporated them into the control of kokuga as Tato fumyo was FUJIWARA no Sumitomo.
- 室町幕府では、幕府のお膝元である山城国が有力守護の支配下に入る事を望んでいなかった。
- The Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) did not wish Yamashiro Province, which had been put under the direct jurisdiction of the government, to be taken over by and to be put under the direct control of an influential feudal lord.
- また当時朝鮮を訪れていた日本の地方支配者(大名)使節の接遇方法も詳細に記されている。
- It also records details of how envoys from Japanese regional rulers (daimyo) which visited Joseon were received.
- 戦時統制により、1941年(昭和16年)に発送電部門と配電部門の出資命令が出された。
- Under government control during World War II, the contribution from the electric power generation and transmission department and the electric power distribution department was ordered in 1941.
- 二重目以上の窓はすべて華頭窓を配し、最上階には実用でない外廻り縁と高欄を付けている。
- For all windows in the second and third layers, kato-mado (foliate-top window) are arranged, and in the top layer ornamental sotomawaribuchi (long and rod-like dressed lumber put in the part of ceiling surface and wall surface meeting) and koran (banister) are attached.
- そうした分国支配の一環として、領国内の武士・領民を規制するために分国法が定められた。
- As part of control over one county, Bunkokuho was established to control warriors and farmers within its county.
- 1868年(慶応4年)閏4月28日 (旧暦)、旧久美浜支配地を統括する久美浜県が発足
- June 18, 1868: Kumihama Prefecture was established to rule the former Kumihama dominated area.
- この結果、次第に他家の学生を圧迫して、藤原氏による官界支配を強化する原動力となった。
- As a result, these students oppressed the students of other families and became the motive power to strengthen Fujiwara clan's reign over the bureaucracy.
- 一般に「荘園領主」と呼ばれる階層は複数の職の体系による重層的支配の下に成立している。
- A class called 'lord of the manor' was established on the basis of stratified ruling structures composed of Shiki systems (Shiki is a unit or an agency of sharing revenues and rights commended by landowners or name holders in Shoen system).
- 山科流では一般に紅梅と竹を右に寄せて描き、左側に流水を配する図柄が多い(篋底秘記)。
- In the general design of Yamashina school, Kobai (the rose plum) and bamboo trees were placed on the right and running water on the right (Kyotei hiki).
- 古河公方家の祖である鎌倉公方家は、足利尊氏の子の足利基氏以来代々関東を支配していた。
- The Kamakura-kubo family, who were the forefathers of Koga-kubo, ruled the Kanto region for generations from the era of Motouji ASHIKAGA, who was the son of Takauji ASHIKAGA.
- 政康は東軍によって伊勢北半国守護に任じられ、伊勢の支配を巡って北畠教具と戦っている。
- Masayasu was assigned to serve as Hankoku Shugo in the northern part of Ise Province by the East squad, and fought against Noritomo KITABATAKE over the ruling of Ise Province.
- 室町期には守護による一円支配(守護領国制)が強まっていき、名主の権限は弱まっていった。
- During the Muromachi period, shugo (military governors of provinces) gradually established control over different regions (known as shugo ryogoku system), thereby weakening the authority of myoshu.
- 10世紀前期ごろから、人民百姓を戸籍・計帳により把握する律令制的な人別支配が崩壊した。
- Around the former half of the 10th century, the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system was destructed in which people and farmers were controlled with family register and keicho (the yearly tax registers).
- しかし、それらを実際に支えていたのは現地で人民支配・租税収取にあたる地方行政であった。
- In reality, however, this system was supported by local administrative bodies which were in charge of ruling people/collecting tax in each region.
- さらに、鎌倉時代前期には、受領支配が有名無実化したため、受領の解由状も消滅していった。
- Furthermore, in the first half of the Kamakura period, control by zuryo became existent in name only and geyujo for zuryo went out of existence as well.
- 日本では、8世紀初頭以来、律令に基づいた土地支配・租税収取が政府によって行われてきた。
- In Japan, land had been controlled by the government under the ritsuryo legal codes in order to collect land taxes since the early eighth century.
- こうして恩賞を差配する地位につくことでその権力を強固なものとし、諸国の武士を支配した。
- They thus strengthened their power and ruled over the samurai in the provinces.
- さらに、寺町は、城下町の外郭に配されて広い寺院が建ち並び、都市防衛強化の一翼を担った。
- The Teramachi was located at the outer rim of the jokamachi and spacious temples formed part of the city defenses.
- 上記の本所から転じて中世後期(室町時代)には座の支配権者も本所と呼ばれるようになった。
- Deriving from the above meaning of honjo, a person who assumed control over za (trade association) also came to be called honjo during the later medieval period (the Muromachi period).
- 一定の領地と観念的に結びついた爵位が授与されるが、それが土地支配権を伴うとは限らない。
- Peerage which conceptually linked to a certain domain was given, but that did not necessarily involve the right of control over the land.
- 1868年(慶応4年)4月19日 (旧暦)、旧生野代官支配地を統治する府中裁判所が設置
- May 11, 1868: The Fuchu Court was established to rule the land formally dominated by the Ikuno magistrate's office.
- May 11, 1868: Fuchu Court was established to rule the area formerly dominated by Ikuno magistrate's office.
- 艶福家の夫によく仕え、庶子の教育にも目を配り「賢夫人」としての名声が生前より高かった。
- As she was tolerant with her husband who had affairs and she even looked after education of his illegitimate children, she was well reputed to be a wise wife.
- これらの天皇は実在せず後に創作された架空のものだとする考えが戦後史学界で支配的である。
- It is widely accepted among scholars in the post-war period that these emperors did not in fact exist but are imaginary characters created at later times.
- この大和の国を、隅々まで治めている、全てを支配しているこの私から、名をも家をも名乗ろう
- I myself will tell you who I am, where I am from, although I govern this Yamato Province and the whole of this world.
- 詮高は庶子を新領に配置し、それらは居館の地名から「滴石御所」、「猪去御所」と呼ばれる。
- Akitaka assigned his illegitimate children to new territories and they were referred to as 'Shizukuishi-gosho' and 'Isari-gosho' deriving from the names of the places they inhabited.
- 一時期は築城郡の本城城を拠点として、宇佐、筑城、下毛、仲津、田川など各郡に庶家を配す。
- Based in the Honjo-jo Castle in Tsuigi District for a while, he allocated branch families to districts such as Usa, Chikujo, Shimoge, Nakatsu and Tagawa.
- 初演時の配役は、勘平が市川團十郎 (7代目)、おかるは尾上菊五郎 (3代目)であった。
- In the first play, the leading roles were performed by Danjuro ICHIKAWA VII as Kanpei and Kikugoro ONOE III as Okaru.
- 室町時代になると、守護に強力な権限が付与され、国衙は守護の支配下に置かれることとなった。
- During the Muromachi period, the strong authority was assigned to shugo (local military commander) and kokuga were put under the governance of shugo.
- 江戸時代になっても、太閤検地による村落支配体制はほぼそのまま継承され、村請制がとられた。
- The control system of villages based on the Taiko kenchi and the murauke system was continued throughout the Edo period.
- 四国方面:信長の三男・織田信孝を方面軍総司令官として、与力に丹羽長秀や蜂屋頼隆らを配属。
- Shikoku region: Nobutaka ODA, the third son of Nobunaga, was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Nagahide NIWA and Yoritaka HACHIYA were assigned as yoriki.
- 畿内方面:明智光秀を方面軍総司令官として、与力に細川藤孝・細川忠興父子や筒井順慶を配属。
- Kinai region: Mitsuhide AKECHI was appointed as commander in chief on the region, and Fujitaka HOSOKAWA and his son, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, and Junkei TSUTSUI were assigned as yoriki.
- また、豊臣秀吉と徳川家康はそれぞれ譜代筆頭の石田三成と井伊直政を、この地に配置している。
- Also, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA placed their fudai hitto (chief vassal) Mitsunari ISHIDA and Naomasa Ii in this place respectively.
- ただし、全国の主要金山・銀山を支配していたため、財政的には豊臣氏が徳川氏を圧倒していた。
- However, as the Toyotomi clan owned the major gold and silver mines, they financially overpowered the Tokugawa clan.
- 文治2年(1186年)に鎌倉幕府は地頭として惟宗忠久(島津忠久)を差し向けて支配させた。
- In 1186, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed Tadahisa KOREMUNE (Tadahisa SHIMAZU) to administer the manor as jito (manager and lord of manor).
- 家数人馬改帳とともに封建領主が土地・人民を支配するための基本台帳としての役目を果たした。
- Along with 'iekazu jinba aratame-cho' (the survey register made per village in the Edo period on the number of houses, people, horses, and others), kenchi-cho functioned as the basic register for the feudal lord to rule the land and the people.
- また幕府や本所の支配に従わない悪党や海賊などの横行によって荘園・公領からの収入も滞った。
- The Shogunate's revenue from the shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and koryo (an imperial demesne) decreased because of rampancy of akuto (a villain in the medieval times) and pirates who did not obey the control of the government and honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a manor)
- 赤松氏(あかまつし)は、鎌倉時代末期から安土桃山時代にかけて播磨国を支配した大名である。
- The Akamatsu clan was a daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), who ruled the Harima Province during the late Kamakura to Azuchi-Momoyama periods.
- 永享元年(1429年)に播磨の土一揆が発生するなど、その支配力に次第に翳りが見え始める。
- Including the occurrence of the peasant uprising in 1429 in Harima Province, the dominance of the clan started to fade gradually.
- 神祇管領長上を自称し、これ以降は神祇官・白川家を押しのけ神社支配を強めていくこととなる。
- Kanetomo called himself Jingikanryochojo, and after that, Kanetomo increased his control on shrines pushing away Jingikan, the Shirakawa family.
- 尊氏の意向で下野国・上野国・越後国守護職を務め、北関東での支配的地位を磐石なものとした。
- On Takauji's wish, he served as Shugoshoku (Provincial Constable) of Shimotsuke Province, Kazusa Province and Echigo Province and built a solid dominant position in the Northern Kanto region.
- 守護の人民支配は、段銭・棟別銭や守護役などの課役を国内一律に賦課することによって行われた。
- Shugo controlled people nationwide by uniformly imposing taxes and duties such as tan-sen and munabechi-sen as well as shugo-yaku (service duty under shugo) on them.
- 一方で、守護支配下に入ることを嫌い、独自性を持った国人として存続を図った旧在庁官人もいた。
- On the other hand, to avoid becoming under the control of shugo, some old zaichokanjin tried to struggle to maintain an independent existence as kokujin.
- 支配階層を武士として、それ以外の農民、職人、商人はその下に入る階層として厳密に区別された。
- The social class in Japan was precisely divided into four classes, putting the samurai at the top as the ruling class and farmers, craftsmen, and merchants into lower classes in order to put them under the samurai class.
- 一方、家臣を城下に集中させれば、それ以外の者が武力をもつことは安定した支配への脅威となる。
- On the other hand, if the lords gathered their vassals and had them live around the castles, the citizens' armament besides their soldiers would be a threat to the lords.
- これらによって守護は、各地の荘園・国衙領の下地進止権(土地支配権)を主張し、獲得していく。
- Thereby, requesting the right to appropriate the land (called Shitaji-shinshi-ken or Tochi-shihai-ken [land ruling right]) of the shoen and the territories of kokuga nationwide, shugo gradually attained land.
- それに伴い豪族の土地・民衆支配は否定され、中央政府による統一的な土地・民衆支配が実現した。
- By this, the gozokus' government over the land and people were denied and the unitary government over the land and people by the central government was established.
- その中で、支配層は農民を育成するため、年貢による収奪だけでなく、様々な勧農施策を実施した。
- Meanwhile, the ruling class not only exploited farmers by nengu, but also implemented several measures of kanno to cultivate farmers.
- 惣村が支配者や近隣の対立する惣村へ要求活動を行うときは、強い連帯、すなわち一揆を結成した。
- When making a request to a ruler or a neighboring rival soson, the soson achieved strong solidarity or, in other words, an uprising.
- 信長は京都支配を重要視し、村井貞勝を京都所司代として、朝廷に対する交渉や監視を任せている。
- Nobunaga placed importance on the rule of Kyoto, and appointed Sadakatsu MURAI as the Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy) for negotiation and surveillance.
- 両者の争いは決定的になり、荒木村重は織田信長軍に備えるため、下記のように広範囲に配置した。
- War between the parties became decisive and Murashiga ARAKI posted in a wide range as follows:
- 室町時代中期の時点でも守護畠山氏の紀伊支配は寺社勢力の協力なしには成り立たない状況だった。
- Even in the middle of the Muromachi period, the Hatakeyama clan, who was Shugo (provincial constable), could not control Kii Province without cooperation of temple and shrine powers.
- ここに寺社勢力は消滅し、惣国一揆は潰え、圧倒的な武家の軍事力による一元支配の近世が始まる。
- This was the end of the temple and shrine powers and sokoku ikki and the beginning of the recent times when overwhelming military force of samurai family unified the governance.
- しかも葛城氏は、大王家の支配から相対的に自立しうる私的な軍事的・経済的基盤を維持していた。
- The Katsuraki clan also had their own military and economic foundation that allowed them to be independent from the control of the Okimi (great king) family.
- この場合けがの心配が少なく、壊れてもすぐに作り直せるので、小学校の行事などでよく使われる。
- In this case, there is less risk of injury and even when a sword is broken it's easy to fix damages, therefore it is often used for events of elementary schools.
- 知行(ちぎょう)とは、日本の中世・近世において、領主が行使した所領支配権を意味する歴史概念。
- Chigyo is a history-related concept indicating a territory-controlling right executed by territorial lords during the medieval period and early-modern times in Japan.
- 京極氏は支配下にあった国人の浅井氏によって実権を奪われ、以後は浅井氏と六角氏の争いが続いた。
- The Kyogoku clan was robbed of real power by the Azai clan, that was a kokujin under its Kyogoku's control and then struggles between the Azai clan and the Rokkaku clan continued.
- 守護が荘園領主から年貢徴収を請け負う守護請も活発に行われ始め、守護による荘園支配が強まった。
- Shugouke, where shugos undertook the collection of nengu from lords of shoen, started to be done actively and shugos' governance of shoens was strengthened.
- また、本所が支配した土地を「本所」と称することもあり、日本各地の本所地名の由来となっている。
- Besides, some places governed by the honjo were also called 'Honjo,' and this is the reason why there are places named Honjo throughout Japan.
- さらに同年、越前・加賀国で信長に反逆した一向宗徒を根絶やしにし、同地を支配下に置くに至った。
- In the same year, Nobunaga also eradicated the Ikko sect followers who rebelled against him in the Echizen and Kaga Provinces to take control of the area.
- 8月、堺奉行の松井友閑配下の足軽32人が山内に入り、荒木残党の捜索と称して乱暴狼藉を働いた。
- In September, the 32 foot soldiers of Yukan MATSUI, who was Sakai bugyo (magistrate of around Sakai), entered Sannai and started acts of violence and assault in the name of a search for the remnants of the Araki clan.
- 分割相続とは言っても、惣領はその一族の庶子に対してある程度の支配権は持っていると見なされる。
- Although it was called a divided succession, soryo had some level of control toward that illegitimate child of a clan.
- しかし、このような強権的な支配では各地域の動きは抑えられず、次第に矛盾が大きくなっていった。
- However, such an despotic governance could not suppress the movements in various areas and the conflicts became increasingly larger.
- 義仲は入京した同盟軍の武将を周辺に配置して、自らは中心地である九重(左京)の守護を担当した。
- Placing busho (military commanders) of the allied troops that had entered the capital on the outskirts of the capital, Yoshinaka took charge of guarding Kokonoe (Sakyo), the central area.
- 寺社の境内の境界や一円支配が確立した荘園の排他的権利の及ぶ範囲を示す境界線として立てられた。
- It was put up in order to show a boundary of the precincts of temples/shrines or that of the land where shoen (manor), which accomplished ichienshihai (complete rule over the land), could exert its exclusive right.
- 関ヶ原後、家康は豊臣氏の牽制と畿内支配の拠点という両点から、焼失した伏見城の再建に乗り出す。
- After the Sekigahara Battle, Ieyasu launched a reconstruction of Fushimi-jo Castle which had been burnt to the ground, for the dual purpose of restraining the Toyotomi clan and providing a base for the control of territories in the vicinity of the capital which were under direct imperial rule.
- ところが、寛永20年11月11日 (1643年12月21日)に突如甲斐国天目山に配流される。
- However, on December 21, 1643, he was suddenly exiled to Tenmoku-zan Mountain of Kai Province.
- 少なくとも亮政の頃には国人層による連合制的な面が強く、代を経るごとに支配体制が強化している。
- During the Sukemasa's reign at least, the political situation was influenced by the Kokujin (local samurais) union-tinged regime; the controlling system of the Azai clan was gradually strengthened along with the generations.
- 旧主の斯波義敏が越前守護職を回復せんと、朝倉氏の越前実効支配について幕府に異議を申し立てる。
- The former lord of the province, Yoshitoshi SHIBA brought to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) an objection about the Asakura clan's effective control over Echizen Province, in order to recover the post of Shugo (military governor) of Echizen Province.
- 守護領国制は、それまでの武家の支配体制に比べると、一円的な支配を進めたという点で画期的だった。
- The shugo-ryogoku system was epoch-making in that it promoted comprehensive control, compared with the conventional ruling system under samurai families.
- 御恩の具体的な内容は、主人が従者の所領支配を保障すること、又は新たな土地給与を行うことである。
- Specifically, goon indicated that a master guaranteed control of an area by his servant or that a master awarded an area newly to his servant.
- そうした過程の中で、知行国支配の拠点であった国衙が守護の支配下に置かれると、知行国は消滅した。
- When kokuga (provincial government offices), which was the core site of controlling a chigyo-koku province, became placed under control of the Shugo in such a process, the chigyo-koku province became extinct.
- しかし、頼朝の回答は荘園領有権の回復に言及しているのみであり、国衙支配の回復には触れていない。
- However, Yoritomo's reply referred to nothing but territorial rights for shoen and did not touch on the recovery of the ruling on kokuga.
- 地頭は、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていった。
- Jito abolished the traditional stratified land ruling relationships and preferred centralized land ruling.
- しかし、戦乱を経て地方に荘園や国衙領という枠を超えた一円に支配権を確立する戦国大名が成長する。
- But eventually there arose the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), who by weathering countless wars and riots were able to establish their total authority over all the land within their domains, thereby rendering the system of public and private estates obsolete.
- 紀伊国では高野山・根来寺・熊野三山などの寺社勢力の力が強く、守護畠山氏の支配力は限定的だった。
- In the Kii Province, the power of temples and shrines, such as Koyasan, Negoro-ji Temple, Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano-Hongu-Taisha Shrine, Kumano-Hayatama-Taisha Shrine and Kumano-Nachi-Taisha Shrine) and so on, was strong and power to control shugo, the Hatakeyama clan, was limited.
- 名田は、多様な支配形態を内包する荘園公領制において、基礎的な支配・収取単位として機能し続けた。
- The myoden always functioned as a basic unit of governance and tax collection in the shoen-koryo system, which included various forms of ruling.
- しかし、室町時代には守護領国制の進展にともなって、名田はゆるやかに守護の支配下へ組み込まれた。
- As the shugo-ryogoku system (the system of domination by a governor) grew in the Muromachi period, however, the myoden fields were gradually integrated into the government of shugo (a provincial governor).
- 一円進止(いちえんしんし)、一円管領(いちえんかんれい)、一円支配(いちえんしはい)ともいう。
- It is also called ichien shinshi, ichien kanrei, or ichien shihai.
- しかし、鎌倉後期ごろから室町前期にかけて、名(みょう)システムによる支配体型が崩壊していった。
- However, the ruling structure based on the myo (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) system deteriorated from the late Kamakura period to the early Muromachi period.
- 元木泰雄は、頼朝の実効支配地は南関東周辺のみであり、宣旨の効力はさほど発揮されなかったとする。
- Yasuo MOTOKI insists that the decree was not so effective because Yoritomo's effectively dominated areas were limited to around the south Kantou area.
- 豊臣秀吉の命により中村一氏が1585年(天正13年)、甲賀郡の支配の拠点として築き、入城した。
- Under the orders of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Kazuuji NAKAMURA built the castle as the headquarters from which to rule the Koka-gun district, and became the lord of the castle in 1585.
- 山背国造・山代国造(やましろのくにのみやつこ・やましろこくぞう)は山城国南西部を支配した国造。
- Yamashiro no Kuni no Miyatsuko (also known as Yamashiro Kokuzo, written as 山背国造 or 山代国造) was a kuninomiyatsuko (provincial governor) who ruled the south-west part of Yamashiro Province.
- 領土の支配体制は各大名の規模によってかなり異なるが、ほぼ幕府の支配機構体制に準ずる形をとった。
- Ruling system in a fief differed significantly according to the scale of each daimyo, but followed the central ruling organization system of the shogunate government.
- 布施屋内の救護・宿泊施設では食料の配給、けがや病気の手当て、宿泊などのサービスが行われていた。
- Relief stations and lodging facilities in Fuseya provided such services as food distribution, lodging and treatment for injuries and illnesses.
- その中で次第に家臣団が支配下の領主群から、大名家の奉公集団への性格を強めることになっていった。
- Under these circumstances, the nature of Kashindan changed from a group of ryoshu (feudal lords) to a group of employees serving a daimyo family.
- 同年…頼朝が朝廷から守護・地頭の設置を認められる(文治の勅許:軍事・警察・土地支配権の確立)。
- The same year - Yoritomo received approval from the Imperial Court to appoint Shugo and Jito (the Bunji imperial sanction: the establishment of the military, police and control of lands).
- 1183年(寿永2年) -頼朝が寿永二年十月宣旨により朝廷から間接的に土地支配権を認められる。
- 1183 - Yoritomo was approved to have the control of lands indirectly by Imperial Court according to Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji.
- 山背国においては桂川中流域、鴨川 (淀川水系)下流域を支配下におき、その発展に大きく寄与した。
- In Yamashiro Province, the family that ruled the middle reach of the Katsura-gawa River and the lower reach of the Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system) greatly contributed to the improvement of these regions.
- また反対に憲法を定めず法令によらずして被支配者層を介せず統治するのが前近代的な専制政治である。
- On the contrary, pre-modern autocracy is meant to rule a nation without establishing a constitution, following laws, and considering subjects.
- 中央政権の支配も関東以南ほど強くは及んでいなかったが律令制の時代には陸奥国と出羽国が置かれた。
- Although the central government had less control there than in the south of the Kanto region, it set up Mutsu and Dewa Provinces in the area during the era ruled under the ritsuryo system.
- しかし、後には長男で奥州家に養子に出した細川忠興(三斎)とともに織田信長の配下として活躍した。
- However, later he was actively involved as a vassal of Nobunaga ODA with his first son Tadaoki HOSOKAWA (Sansai), who was put up for adoption to the Oshu family.
- 鎌倉時代になると、大内一族は周防の国衙在庁を完全に支配下に置き、実質的な周防の支配者となった。
- In the Kamakura period, the Ouchi family completely subjected the local officials of kokuga zaicho (provincial government offices) in Suo Province to its rule, and became a substantial ruler of Suo Province.
- 千葉県の香取神宮では12月7日に団碁(だんき)祭が執り行われ、祭典後参拝客にだんごが配られる。
- On every December 7, Katori-jingu Shrine of Chiba Prefecture holds Danki Festival and hands out dango to the visitors after the festival.
- これは当時考えられる最高の配役といえるもので、バワーズは非常に肥えた眼を持っていたことになる。
- This can be considered as the best casting at the time, and this indicates that Bowers had a good eye for kabuki.
- 8世紀末から9世紀初頭の桓武天皇による諸改革も上記のような律令制支配の維持強化を目的としていた。
- The reforms carried out by Emperor Kanmu from the late eighth century to the early ninth century also aimed at the above mentioned maintenance and enhancement of the Ritsuryo system domination.
- 律令国家体制は、中央集権的な政治機構に立脚し、個別人身支配を人民支配・租税収取の原則としていた。
- Based on the centralized political structure, Ritsuryo system's basic philosophy for ruling people/collecting tax was the people-based governance.
- 更に実際に鎮圧にあたった守護大名配下の武士の中にも長年の京都滞在に伴い生活が逼迫するものがいた。
- Besides, some of the samurai who were under the command of shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords as provincial constables) and actually suppressed uprisings fell into financial difficulty due to their longtime stay in Kyoto.
- 更に奥州支配を進める伊達氏によって佐竹義重 (十八代当主)は南北両方面での戦いを余儀なくされた。
- In addition, Yoshishige SATAKE (the eighteenth family head) was forced by the Date clan, that had been expanding its governance in Oshu, to fight both in the north and south sides.
- 本所は、荘園の実効支配権を有しており、荘園の運営に当たって、独自の裁判権を行使するようになった。
- The honjo, which had maintained effective dominion over the shoen, came to exercise its own jurisdiction over the management of the shoen.
- 嵯峨上皇による大家父長的支配のもと30年近く政治は安定し、皇位継承に関する紛争は起こらなかった。
- Under the great patriarchal authority-styled command executed by the Retired Emperor Saga, politics enjoyed steadiness for nearly 30 years without dispute concerning the Imperial succession.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名による一円支配が強まり、惣村の自治権が次第に奪われていった。
- In the Sengoku period (the Warring States period), the governance of entire region by the warring lords became stronger, and gradually the soson's autonomy was usurped.
- 秦の始皇帝は中国を統一すると全国全てを郡と県に分け、中国全土を完全な中央集権的郡県制で支配した。
- After unifying China, Shikotei, the first Qin Emperor, divided the state into gun and ken, and ruled the whole state with the completely centralized system of gun and ken.
- 犬上郡のみならず近江支配の重要拠点であり、16世紀の末には石田三成が居城としたことでも知られる。
- It was a key strongpoint that controlled not only Inukami County but all of Omi Province, and is famous for being the seat of power of the daimyo Mitsunari ISHIDA at the end of the sixteenth century.
- 家康の関東入国に従って代官頭(関東郡代の前身)となり、徳川氏の関東領国支配の中心的役割を担った。
- When Ieyasu entered the Kanto region, Tadatsugu followed him to become daikangashira (head of Edo-period prefectural governorship (magistrate, bailiff)), the predecessor of Kanto gundai (a magistrate of the Kanto region), playing a leading role in Tokugawa's rule of their Kanto territory.
- 大名配置についても、大坂の周辺に譜代の大名を置き、徳川家康を関東に移すなど外様は辺境に置かれた。
- Hideyoshi placed 'fudai daimyo' (a daimyo in hereditary vassalage to the Toyotomi clan) near Osaka, while placing 'tozama daimyo' (nonhereditary feudal lord) in remote regions such as shifting Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to the Kanto region.
- 前将軍義稙の養子・足利義維(義晴の弟)を擁する晴元・元長は堺に進出し、京の支配を行う(堺公方)。
- With Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA, the former shogun Yoshitane's adopted son and a younger brother of Yoshiharu on their side, Harumoto and Motonaga advanced to Sakai and governed the capital (Sakaikubo [the municipal government based in Sakai City]).
- 龍郷町今井崎(奄美大島)、行盛により今井権田大夫が源氏警戒のため配された、今井権現が建っている。
- Imaizaki, Ryugo-cho (Amami-Oshima Island); Imai Gongen, at which Gondadaibu IMAI was posted by Yukimori in preparation for possible attack by the Minamoto clan, is located here.
- こうした所領には御家人が守護・地頭として宛がわれてその軍事力を背景に強力な支配体制が構築された。
- To those shoryo, gokenin (personal retainers of the shogun) were appointed as shugo (protectors, or military governors) or jito (stewards), and a strong system of government was constructed based on their military forces.
- 南朝 (日本)を正統とする現在では、隠岐に配流となっていた期間も後醍醐天皇の即位は継続している。
- Since the Southern Court (Japan) is now considered to have orthodoxy, the enthronement of Emperor Godaigo was effective when he was exiled to Oki.
- そうすることで軍事指揮権を公的に行使することが認められ、それが奥州藤原氏の支配原理となっていた。
- In this way, the Oshu-Fujiwara clan gained permission to officially command its forces, which was the ruling principle of the Oshu Fujiwara clan.
- 荘官に任ぜられた義重は新田氏を称し、新田荘と八幡荘を中心に息子たちを配して、支配体制を確立する。
- Yoshishige who was appointed to a shokan (an officer governing shoen [manor]) called himself the Nitta clan, and established a ruling system by deploying his sons centered in Nitta no sho estate and Yawata no sho estate.
- しかし、それより大きいのは当時の中央政府の地方支配原理にあわせた奥州支配を進めたことと思われる。
- However, it is believed that it happened more likely due to the attitude of the Oshu Fujiwara clan that it tried to move forward the ruling of the Oshu region according to the principal of local control of the central government.
- 彼はこぎながら、いずれ義経が都に復帰したおりには、この海の支配をわたしにまかせてくださいと頼む。
- While rowing the boat, the fisherman asks Benkei to help him be put in charge of this stretch of the sea when Yoshitsune returns to power at some future time.
- 風が吹くと沖の白波が立つ、ではないがその龍田山を越えて、夜道をあの人が一人でいくのが心配だなあ。
- When the wind blows white waves can be seen out at sea (robbers strike on Mt. Tatsuta-yama), I worry that you travel alone at night.
- この時点で俘囚3人が陣営に来て、雄物川以北を朝廷の直接支配が及ばない「己地」となすことを要求した。
- At that point three Ifu visited the base of the imperial forces and demanded that the regions to the north of the Omono-gawa River be out of the direct influence from the Imperial Court and be called 'kochi (己地).'
- しかし、15世紀末から社会体制の流動化が顕著になると、より強固な支配体制を領国に布く必要が生じた。
- With the social system becoming remarkably unstable in the end of the 15th century, it became necessary to apply stricter control system to territories.
- しかしその支配が地域的であったことや鐚銭を排除しようとする民衆が多く、満足な結果は得られなかった。
- However, since the control was local and many of the general public wanted to eliminate Bitasen (low-quality coins whose surfaces were worn away), the results were not satisfactory.
- 自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた(職権留保付寄進)。
- Then, these kaihatsu ryoshu paid a certain amount of tax to the zuryo while holding the right to control those donated lands as shokan, or officers governing shoen (donation while retaining authority).
- 国司は、中央から天皇のミコトモチ(御言持)として交替で赴任し、郡司を指揮して国内の支配に当たった。
- Kokushi were appointed from central government on an alternate basis as mikotomochi (a court official dispatched to a provincial post by imperial order) of the emperor, and were responsible for governing the province by serving as commanders of gunji (district managers).
- このような事情と、幕府の支配体制が一応の完成を見たことから、慶安4年、幕府は末期養子の禁を解いた。
- For the circumstance described above, and together with the fact that the control system of the shogunate was considered complete and secure for the time being, in 1651, the shogunate lifted the ban on Matsugo yoshi.
- これは被支配者である農民による階級闘争の結果、支配層から土地所有権を奪取したと評価するものである。
- In this view, they think peasants, who had been unilaterally controlled by rulers, captured land ownership from the rulers as a result of a class struggle.
- このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現していく者が現れたのである。
- As described above, some jito acquired both shitaji and jobun to realize ichien control of shoryo (territories).
- それにより、社会の中で支配する階層(支配者)と支配される階層(被支配者、臣民)の分化が生じてきた。
- This custom resulted in a distinct differentiation between the class of rulers and those who were ruled, their subjects.
- これらの現象は地上にある国家やその支配者(国王・皇帝・天皇)に重大な影響を与えると考えられてきた。
- These phenomena were thought to significantly influence nations on earth and their rulers (kings and emperors).
- 武家政権の長は自己の軍事力によって政権を獲得して、封建制度的な土地所有と法律による支配を実施した。
- The head of the military government gained the administrative power by his own military force and governed according to feudalism land ownership and law.
- こうして荘官、郡司、郷司、保司の資格のもと、武士が在地領主として国内百姓の支配を行う形が確立する。
- Consequently, there emerged an established scheme in which with the qualifications of shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji, samurai dominated local hyakusho as a resident landlord.
- 直務(じきむ)とは、荘園領主(本所・領家)が荘務権を直接執行して荘園の直接支配(所務)を行うこと。
- Jikimu refers to immediate dominance of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) by the lord of the manor (honjo [the administrative headquarters of a shoen] and ryoke [virtual proprietor of manor]), executing Shomuken (the authority of the jurisdiction and the administration of Shoen).
- すぐに高清は亮政と和睦し江北へと戻るが、これを境に江北の支配権は浅井氏に奪われたと考えられている。
- Soon Takakiyo was reconciled with Koremasa and came back to Gohoku, but it is considered that at this time the power to contol Gohoku was usurped by the Azai clan.
- 延喜諸陵式には「奈良山東陵」とあり、兆域は「東西三町南北五町」とし、守戸五烟を配し、遠陵に列した。
- According to Engi shoryo-shiki (codes and procedures on national rites for mausoleums), the name of the mausoleum was 'Narayama no higashi no misasagi' (literally, Mt. Nara east mausoleum), the graveyard size being '3-cho (approximately 327.3 meters wide) in an east-west direction, and 5-cho (approximately 545.5 meters long) in a north-south direction,' which was provided with five Shuko households (the term Shuko refers to grave keepers) and the mausoleum was counted as an Enryo (a mausoleum of emperor or empress distantly related to the present Emperor).
- 頼時の三男・安倍宗任、五男・安倍正任はそれぞれ、伊予国(のちに筑前国の宗像)、肥後国に配流された。
- ABE no Muneto who was the third son of Yoritoki, and ABE no Masato who was the fifth son of Yoritoki, were exiled to Iyo Province (later to Munakata, Chikuzen Province) and Higo Province, respectively.
- 決戦を挑むも一蹴され、あるものは本国阿波へ逃れ、あるものは信長の配下となって存続するしかなかった。
- Miyoshi clan challenged Oda to a decisive battle but lost easily, and some of the clan fled to their home ground Awa, and others had to go on as the vassals of Nobunaga.
- 過去には蜜柑なども一緒に各家から出たため、子供一人当たり4、50個の蜜柑を分配されることもあった。
- In the past, as mandarin oranges and other stuffs were also offered by each house, 40 to 50 mandarin oranges were distributed to each child.
- 力弥に恋心を抱く小浪は母の配慮もあって、口上の受取役となるがぼうっとみとれてしまい返事もできない。
- The mother tries to make Konami, who is in love with Rikiya, receive the message, but Konami cannot even say a word because she is rapt in fascination.
- こうした社会情勢の中で、従前、名主の支配・管理下で生産に従事していた一般百姓が経済力をつけていった。
- Under these social conditions, ordinary peasants, who had been engaged in farming under the rule and control of myoshu farmers, gradually gained economic power.
- まず輸送部門に関しては、はじめは廻船を差配する廻船問屋という稼業が酒屋とは別個に存在し営業していた。
- First, concerning the transportation sector, Kaisen donya (wholesaler in port), not sakaya, controlled cargo-vessels initially.
- 守護による国衙支配は、特に東国で顕著であり、15世紀初頭までに守護による国衙掌握がほぼ完了していた。
- Shugo's control over kokuga was so remarkable in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) that shugo had almost finished gaining control over the kokuga by the beginning of the 15th century.
- 地頭たちは荘園・公領において、勧農の実施などを通じて自らの支配を拡大し、領主との紛争が多く発生した。
- Jito enhanced their ruling power at shoen/koryo through their activities of encouraging agriculture and as a result, disputes with the lords of shoen frequently occurred.
- また、国衙の機能を実質的に吸収し、国衙の支配する公領(郡・郷・保など)を自らの支配下へと組み込んだ。
- They practically absorbed the functions of kokuga and subjected koryo (gun, go, ho) governed by kokuga to their control.
- 「職」(しき)とは、元来土地支配上の職務のことであるが、職権に伴う一定の収益権限も「職」と呼ばれた。
- Shiki' originally meant the duty concerning land ruling, but a certain amount of authority on earnings associated with shiki authority was also called 'shiki.'
- こうした支配体制を改変する動きは、1040年代を中心とする11世紀中期になって非常に顕著に見られる。
- These reforms of governing structure were actively implemented in the mid-11th century, especially around 1040s.
- ヤマト政権は、地方の大首長を国造などに任命し、政治的支配をそのまま認める形で、全国的に支配していた。
- The Yamato Dynasty appointed local leaders as kuni no miyatsuko, and controlled all of the provinces via such political control.
- 守護領国制(しゅごりょうごくせい)とは、室町時代の守護大名による一円的な領国支配体制を指す歴史概念。
- The shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo [a provincial military governor] dominates a territory) is a historical concept indicating a comprehensive control system of a territory by the shugo-daimyo (shugo that became daimyo, Japanese feudal lords) in the Muromachi period.
- 勧農(かんのう)とは、主として支配者が農業を振興・奨励するために実施する行為全般を指す日本史の用語。
- Kanno is a general term in the history of Japan for the overall acts by which the rulers typically promoted and encouraged agriculture.
- 土豪(どごう)とは、広義には広域を支配する領主や在地の大豪族に対して、特定の「土地の小豪族」をさす。
- In a broad sense, dogo refers to 'specific small local clans' as opposed to large regional clans which control wide territories.
- 六角高頼軍は、山内政綱、伊庭貞隆、伊庭行隆を観音寺城やその支城、周辺の砦に配置し、交戦状態になった。
- Takayori ROKKAKU deployed Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI, Sadataka IBA and Yukitaka IBA to Kannonji-jo Castle, the subsidiary castles and surrounding fortresses to resist.
- 各重に千鳥破風、切妻破風、唐破風、入母屋破風を詰め込んだように配置しており、変化に富む表情を見せる。
- In each layer, chidori hafu (dormer and plover gable), kirizuma hafu (gable on the ridge roof), kara hafu (undulating gable) and irimoya hafu (gable of the half-hipped roof) are arranged as if they were packed, and the arrangement shows a variety of appearances.
- 仏教は、幕府の宗教政策の一貫として民衆支配の方策として用いられたために(檀家制度)一概に不振だった。
- Buddhism was not so popular in general because it was used by the shogunate government as a ruling measure of people (the parishioner system) as a part of religious policies.
- これに対し根来・雑賀衆は沢・積善寺・畠中城・千石堀などの泉南諸城に合計九千余の兵を配置して迎撃した。
- Against this, Negoro and Saiga shu lined up more than 9,000 soldiers in total at some castles of Sennan such as Sawa, Shakuzenji, Hatanakajo and Sengokubori.
- これに対して朝廷も、僧位・僧官の昇進権を媒介に上級僧侶を組織して、宗教界への支配を強化しようとした。
- On the other hand, the Imperial Court tried to organize the upper-ranked Buddhist monks through the promotion to Soi (rank of Buddhist priests) and Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by the Imperial Court) to strengthen their control over the religious world.
- そこで荘園領主が直接あるいは自己の直臣より任命した代官(直務代官)を派遣して現地を直接支配を行った。
- Then, the lord of the manor sent a local governor (jikimu daikan), who was assigned directly or by his own great vassal, and held direct rule for the site.
- しかし、公家一党の支配確立を目指す、後醍醐天皇の政治が様々な混乱を呼ぶとともに武家の不満が集積した。
- However, Emperor Godaigo's policy which aimed at political primacy of the Court nobles caused various confusion, resulting in the accumulation of discontent among samurai families.
- 大治5年(1130年)に義清の嫡男清光の乱暴が原因で父子は常陸を追放され、甲斐国へ配流されたという。
- It is said that Yoshikiyo and his eldest son Kiyomitsu were banished from Hitachi to Kai Province in 1130 due to Kiyimitsu's violence.
- 橘奈良麻呂の乱では、天皇に担ぎ出されようとした為、配流に処されそうになったが、特赦により免罪される。
- In the revolt of TACHIBANA no Naramaro, he was about to be put up for Emperor, due to which he was on the point of being exiled, however he was acquitted under an amnesty.
- また、信玄・勝頼期でも当主以外の武田一族の文書や家臣団関係の文書、在地支配に関する文書などは少ない。
- Further, few documents written in the Shingen/Katsuyori era mentioned Takeda families other than the head family, vassals, or ruling of the land.
- 伝統的な豪族層が支配する北関東から武蔵国の国府を通って、鎌倉に抜ける鎌倉街道はしばしば戦場になった。
- A frequent battleground was the Kamakura Kaido Road stretching from the northern Kanto, where traditional powerful families ruled, to Kamakura via the provincial capital of Musashi Province.
- 助六はその侍に喧嘩を売ろうとするが、驚いたことにその侍は、兄弟を心配してやってきた母の満江であった。
- Sukeroku tries to provoke a quarrel with the warrior, but to his surprise, the warrior is his mother Manko who came because she was anxious about her sons.
- また東国も、美濃国以東の東海・東山道は源頼朝政権の勢力下におさめられ、北陸道は源義仲の支配下にあった。
- Likewise, in Togoku, the Tokaido and the Tosando areas located east of Mino Province had been put under the influence of the Minamoto no Yoritomo government, and the Hokurikudo was under the control of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
- 特に戦国時代においては、自給自足体制の崩壊とともに支配階層の貨幣に対する需要が高まった事から普及する。
- Especially during the Sengoku period, the system of kandaka became more widespread, since the demand for money increased as a result of the collapse of the self-sufficient structure of society.
- こうした荘官、領家、本家と重層的になった土地支配の構造において、各主体の保有する権利を「職」と呼んだ。
- In the structure of stratified land ruling by shokan, ryoke and honke, the right held by each subject is called 'shiki.'
- 先代(北条氏)と後代(足利氏)との間にあって、一時的に鎌倉を支配したことから中先代の乱と呼ばれている。
- It is called the Nakasendai War based on the fact that Tokiyuki HOJO temporarily occupied Kamakura during the period between the former administration (Hojo clan) and the subsequent administration (Ashikaga clan).
- 安土桃山時代に実施された太閤検地により、一つの土地に対する重層的な支配・権利関係がほぼ全て解消された。
- As a result of the Taiko kenchi (the nationwide land survey done by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) carried out in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, the complicated pattern of control and rights over the land were almost entirely dissolved.
- これにより、まず国衙の支配する公田が、名田または名(みょう)と呼ばれる支配・収取単位へと再編成された。
- At first this reorganized koden administered by kokuga (a provincial government office) into a governance and tax collection unit called myoden or myo.
- また、支配者からの一定の検断権を排除(拒否)する代わりに、惣村独自の検断権を行使する必要も生じていた。
- Moreover, in order to refuse a certain right to judge criminal cases of the rulers, people of the soson needed to exercise their own.
- この後、山城も大きく進化していき、一線防備でなく曲輪の配置や形状に工夫が見られて拠点防備になっていく。
- Later, mountain castles advanced and their defense systems also changed, from the single defense line to Kuruwa related defense after they altered the shape and disposition of Kuruwa.
- やがて、菅原・大江氏の分掌支配が確立するにつれて、氏族ごとに所属する曹が固定されるようになっていった。
- As the division of duties was established between the Sugawara clan and the Oe clan, the so to belong was fixed for each clan.
- 更に永正の乱によって長尾氏が守護上杉氏を完全に傀儡化すると、青苧座に対しても支配を及ぼすようになった。
- And after the Eisho War, the Nagao clan made the Uesugi clan (the Shugo of Echigo Province) its puppet, and it also began to exert its control over aoso-za.
- あるものはこの日本で用いられている黒い漆塗りの窓が配された白壁であり、これが絶妙な美しさを持っている。
- One floor had Japan's traditional white plaster wall with black lacquered windows, which created exquisite beauty.
- 代わって、常陸国土浦藩から朽木稙昌が3万2000石で入り、以後、朽木氏13代の支配で藩政は安定化した。
- After Tanemasa KUTSUKI took over the domain with 32,000 koku from the Tsuchiura Domain in Hitachi Province, the Kutsuki clan ruled for 13 generations, stabilizing the domain administration.
- ただし、在地レベルでは公家側の経済的支配権が、現地の武士(地頭)らに侵食されるケースが現れ始めていた。
- In local areas, however, some cases where the rights of the kuge side to financial control were encroached by local samurai (jito) (manager and lord of manor) began to appear.
- 回り終えたところでグループ毎に漁業協同組合、または船頭の自宅、親戚などにて、貰ったお餅などを分配する。
- After going-door-to-door, they gather group by group at the fisheries cooperative association or the house of Nanori-sendo boatman or their relatives and distribute the rice cakes and other stuffs they received.
- しかし、9世紀前期までには、百姓の逃亡・浮浪が著しく増大し、律令制の人別支配は根幹から動揺し始めていた。
- However, by the first half of the ninth century, the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system began to crumble from the ground up because a significant increase in the number of farmers escaping or going missing.
- 職の体系(しきのたいけい)とは、日本の歴史上、中世日本における、重層的土地支配構造を指し示す用語である。
- The shiki system is the term to indicate the stratified ruling structure in medieval Japan.
- このような領家の持つ、荘園領主としての支配権や地子、公事等の収益権(作合(さくあい))を領家職といった。
- These rights to profit from ryoke (sakuai or each shiki's share of collected taxes) such as the right to control, collect jishi, and impose labor services as shoen ryoshu (lord of the manor) were called ryoke shiki (economic rights as a lord of the manor).
- その後毛利氏は豊臣氏の配下となり四国征伐、九州征伐、小田原の役などで活躍し、毛利輝元が五大老に就任する。
- After that, the Mori clan became a subordinate of the Toyotomi clan and was actively involved in the Conquest of Shikoku, the Conquest of Kyushu and the Siege of Odawara, and Terumoto MORI assumed a position of as a member of Gotairo (Council of Five Elders).
- それは、根本私領だけでなく、郡司としての自分の支配、取り分を固定化しようとする行為と考えると解しやすい。
- This is easy to understand if considered as an action to stabilize not only their original private land but also their domination and share as gunji.
- 22日、法住寺殿で再度の公卿議定が開かれ、延暦寺の要求する成親配流、時忠・信範召還について話し合われた。
- On the 16th, another Kugyo-gijo was held in the Hojuji-dono Palace to discuss the exile of Narichika and recall of Tokitada and Nobunori, demanded by Enryaku-ji Temple.
- また、相互に一揆の盟約を結んで団結して、領主の支配に対して大きな抵抗力を持つ存在ともなっていたのである。
- They also possessed a large quantity of arms, and multiple soson were united to form an ikki league which would resist the lord of the land.
- その時代に中国を支配した唐王朝に湯沐邑はなかったので、日本の「湯沐邑」は漢代の制度からとったと思われる。
- Because the Tang Dynasty, which conquered China at the age, had no Tomokuyu, Japanese 'Tomokuyu' seems to have been introduced from a system in the age of the Han dynasty.
- しかし忠政の死後、嫡男水野信元は、尾張において台頭した織田信秀と同盟を結んで今川氏支配下の松平氏と反目。
- However, after the death of Tadamasa, Nobumoto MIZUNO, an eldest legitimate son, formed an alliance with Nobuhide ODA, who was gaining power in the Owari Province and rebelled against the Matsudaira clan that was under the control of the Imagawa clan.
- 江戸時代264年にわたって、日本の実質上の君主・支配者として武家社会を含む日本社会全体の頂点に君臨した。
- Over a period of 264 years during the Edo period, it topped the whole of the Japanese society, which included the samurai world, practically as the monarch and ruler of Japan.
- しかし、信隆の死後に里見義堯が信隆の後を継いだ真里谷信政を攻め滅ぼして真里谷氏を支配下に収めるのである。
- After Nobutaka's death, however, Yoshitaka SATOMI attacked and destroyed Nobutaka's successor Nobumasa MARIYA and put the Mariya clan under his control.
- この結果、蔵人所は勿論のこと、図書寮や主水司、内蔵寮などの地下官人は出納の支配下に置かれることになった。
- Consequently, the lower ranking officials not only in the Bureau of Archives, but also in the Bureau of the Library, Water Office, Palace Storehouse Bureau were placed under the control of suino.
- しかし、四国に渡り阿波を中心とする分国支配を堅持することにより敵対勢力を退け、やがて中央政界に復帰した。
- However, he repulsed the enemy forces by traveling to Shikoku and steadfastly maintaining the provincial control centering on Awa, and soon returned to the national political arena.
- しかし、早くも8世紀後期頃から百姓の偽籍・浮浪・逃亡が見られ始め、個別人身支配体制にほころびが生じていた。
- However, as early as from late 8th century, the regime of people-based governance started to fray at the edges as the case of peasants' false registration, vagrancy and escape increased.
- 公営田の導入は、人別課税を基本とした律令制支配から土地課税を重視した支配への転換を示す最初期の例であった。
- The introduction of Kueiden was one example of the early changes in which the Ritsuryo system, the individual-based ruling system, turned into a land-based ruling system.
- それぞれの職の保有する取り分を作合(さくあい)といい、このような重層的な土地支配体系を「職の体系」という。
- The share that each shiki had for taxes was called sakuai, and the stratified land ruling like this is called the 'shiki system.'
- 西讃岐は守護代の香川氏が毛利氏などと結んで当初は三好氏と対立するが、善通寺合戦後、三好氏の支配下に入った。
- In western Sanuki, the Kagawa clan, which was shugodai, opposed in cooperation with the Mori clan, the Miyoshi clan at first, but after the Zentsuji War, entered under control of the Miyoshi clan.
- そのため、支配者(幕府、大名、旗本ら)は百姓の逃散を厳しく禁ずるとともに、移住も原則として認めなかった。
- Therefore, the rulers (bakufu [feudal government headed by a shogun], feudal lords and direct vassals of the shogun) strictly forbade the chosan and generally did not recognize migration.
- 反対に支配者側も惣村の了解が得られない限り、勝手に惣村への法令・規制を発布できない状況も生まれていた。
- Moreover, rulers could no longer issue a statute and regulation for a soson without consent.
- 室町時代には出雲国を支配していた山名氏の傘下に入り、1391年には出雲守護山名満幸に従って明徳の乱に出陣。
- During the Muromachi period, the Misawa clan became affiliated with the Yamana clan, then ruler of Izumo Province, and accompanied Mitsuyuki YAMANA, who was a provincial constable of Izumo Province, to fight in the Meitoku War in 1391.
- 守護の支配さえ名目に過ぎなかったのがいきなり豊臣秀長領、次いで秀吉直轄領となり、天正検地や刀狩が行われた。
- Although it had been ruled by Shugo in name only, it suddenly became the land of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI and the directly controlled land of Hideyoshi next, and the land survey in the Tensho era and Sword hunt (to confiscate the weapons of the enemies of the new regime in order to secure the position of a new ruler) were implemented.
- 鎌倉時代後期になると、宇佐神宮による支配が緩み、一時は小田原氏などの関東の御家人が領有するところとなった。
- In the latter half of the Kamakura period, control by Usa-jingu Shrine was relaxed and the area temporarily came into the possession of Kanto region gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) such as the Odawara clan.
- こうした歴史学の影響で百姓はすなわち農民であり、封建的遺制のもとで収奪される被支配民という概念が生まれた。
- Due to such history, an idea emerged that hyakusho were peasants and ruled people who were exploited under the feudal system.
- この事件に隣国下野国の住人藤原秀郷も荷担していたのか、朝廷は下野国衙に秀郷とその党18人の配流を命令する。
- The imperial court ordered the kokuga of Shimonotsuke Province to exile FUJIWARA no Hidesato and eighteen of his party since FUJIWARA no Hidesato, who was the junin (cultivation manor lord) of neighboring province of Shimonotsuke Province may have participated in the assassination.
- ただし、現実的には荘園を寄進した者あるいは荘園支配の実務を行った荘官の中には在庁官人を兼ねる者も多かった。
- Nevertheless, as a matter of practice, among donators of Shoen or officers called shokan who practically administered Shoen, many served concurrently as zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
- 本所法(ほんじょほう)とは、本所が自己が持つ荘園を支配するために荘務権の一環として制定・行使した法のこと。
- Honjo low was enacted and enforced by honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) for the purpose of ruling over their privately owned Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) as part of their Shomuken (the authority of the jurisdiction and the administration of Shoen).
- 大王家とも比肩し得る雄であった葛城氏は、雄略とその配下の軍事力の前に、完全に潰え去ることとなったのである。
- The Katsuraki clan, which used to be so virile as to have comparable strength as the Okimi family, finally lost their power with this incident.
- 従来、安倍氏を東北地方の在地の土豪と捉え、前九年の役を中央による辺境支配への反乱と見る解釈が主流であった。
- It has hitherto been the mainstream to recognize the Abe clan as a local Dogo (powerful family) in the Tohoku region, and to interpret Zen Kunen no Eki (the Earlier Nine Years' War) as a rebellion against the domination over the remote regions by the central government.
- 南北朝時代には駿河国守護今川氏と対立していたが、やがて今川氏が遠江国の守護職を得るとその支配下に置かれる。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Ii clan was in rivalry with Suruga no kuni shugo (provincial constable of Suruga Province) Imagawa clan, but eventually, the Ii clan was put under the control of the Imagawa clan after the Imagawa clan was appointed to the position of shugo of Totomi Province.
- 1613年、守綱は尾張徳川家に配属されて三河国加茂郡 (三河国)寺部(愛知県豊田市)に1万4千石を領した。
- In 1613, Moritsuna was assigned to the Owari-Tokugawa family and received the territory of 14,000 koku crop yields in Terabe, Kamo County, Mikawa Province (present-day Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture).
- 発祥の地ともいわれる伊香保温泉では源泉をイメージする色を与えるために、源泉や湯の花を配合したこともあった。
- In the past, in Ikaho-onsen hot springs which has been called the birthplace of Onsen-manju, the water of the spring's source and the mineral deposits of the hot springs (resembling flowers) were used for adding the unique color which reminded of spring's source to the manju.
- そして、室町期守護は 守護大名という立場へと成長していき、国内に守護領国制と呼ばれる支配体制を布いていった。
- Thus, in the Muromachi period, the Shugo grew into the status of Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), and a ruling system called Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor) was instituted.
- ただし、この当時、領主が行使し得た支配権は決して一様ではなく、領主の地位・身分などによって大きな差があった。
- However, the control right that a ryoshu could execute was not necessarily the same, being largely different depending upon rank and social status.
- 明治維新を迎えると、国家近代化の中で、武士による土地・収取支配は廃止され、知行の概念も消滅することとなった。
- During the Meiji period, the control of land and of collecting taxes by samurai was abolished in the trend of modernizing the nation, and the concept of chigyo disappeared.
- 国司は、中央政府から支配権限の委任を受けた代わりに、当該国から中央への租税納入を負担しなければならなかった。
- In return for being given governing authority by the central government, kokushi were obliged to pay tax to the central government.
- この場合、郷司は郷司職、保司は保司職と呼ばれ、実際の現地支配において荘園と公領の区別は外見上ほぼなくなった。
- In this case, Goji were called Goshi shiki (sub district headships) and Hoji were called Hoshi shiki (executive officer of an Imperial demesne), and the difference between the shoen and koryo on actual local land ruling apparently almost disappeared.
- もしくは、それらが何らかの主張のもと既成の支配体制に対して武力行使を含む抵抗運動を展開している状態を指した。
- Ikki also referred to a state in which the uncertified military forces would carry out a resistance movement, including the use of armed forces, against the existing regime based on a claim.
- そして関ヶ原の戦後処理により、豊臣氏は摂津国・河内国・和泉国の3カ国、65万石を支配する一大名へと転落した。
- The post-war reorganization degraded the Toyotomi clan down to one feudal lord who owned three Provinces, the Settsu, Kawachi and Izumi provinces, with 650,000 koku (approximately 117 million liters of crop yield).
- 幕府により大名の大幅な配置換えが実施された江戸時代は、同時に日本中で活発な文化交流が行われた時代でもあった。
- The Edo period when the shogunate government implemented a drastic relocation of feudal lords (daimyo) was also an era of active cultural exchange throughout Japan.
- しかし支配への抵抗も強く、特に720年には7年前に新設された大隅国の国守陽侯麻呂が殺害される事件が起こった。
- However, resistance against such control was also strong and in 720, YAKO no Maro, the Governor of Osumi Province established seven years previously, was killed.
- 紀伊国の新宮地方には新宮姓を名乗る一族が存在し、南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)まで支配を続けた。
- Families that had the Shingu family name in the Shingu district of Ki Province ruled the area from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.
- 守護所の固定化によって守護の居館を中心に重臣の居館が配置され、その周辺に市場や寺社などが集まるようになった。
- Due to fixation of Shugosho, the residences of chief retainers were located centered around the residence of Shugo, then markets and temples and shrines gathered around them.
- しかし4日には藤原邦綱が兼実邸を訪れて「成親配流の宣下はいまだになく、また変わるのではないか」と語っている。
- However, FUJIWARA no Kunitsuna visited the residence of FUJIWARA no Kanezane on the 28th and conveyed that the 'imperial proclamation of Narichika's exile is not issued yet; the decision may be changed again.'
- 近江源氏と呼ばれた佐々木氏の四家に分かれた家のうちの一つで、鎌倉時代より守護として南近江一帯を支配していた。
- The Rokkaku clan is one of four branch families of the Sasaki clan called Omi-Genji (Omi Gen clan), and had ruled the entire area of Minami Omi as the shugo (guard) since the Kamakura era.
- 皇族(こうぞく)とは、時代や国によって定義が異なるが一般的に皇帝、天皇の親族の内、男系の血族及びその配偶者。
- The definition of an imperial family depends on the historical timeframe and the country concerned, but in general it refers to the emperor's male family members and their spouses.
- 安東氏(あんどうし)は、日本の中世に本州日本海側最北端の陸奥国津軽地方から出羽国秋田郡の一帯を支配した武家。
- The Ando (安東) clan was a samurai family, which ruled extensively from Tsugaru region of Mutsu Province, situated in the northernmost region on the Japan Sea side of Honshu to the Akita Country of Dewa Province, during the medieval Japan.
- だが、寛文10年(1670年)に土御門泰福が陰陽頭の地位のみならず、全国の陰陽師・声聞師の支配権を主張した。
- In 1670, Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO insisted on not only acquiring the position of Onmyo no kami, but also the right to rule the Onmyoji and the Shomonji throughout Japan.
- 店によって塩と砂糖の配合は千差万別でそれがその店の特徴となっているが、酢は概ね米2升につき2合くらいである。
- The amount of salt and of sugar to be added depends on each sushi shop, but the amount of vinegar is around 360 ml for around 3.6 liters of rice.
- 以後、守護は国内の所領紛争へ介入する権限を獲得することとなり、次第に国内の荘園・国衙領への支配を強めていった。
- Since then, the Shugo acquired the right to intervene in disputes over territory within their province and gradually increased their domination over shoen (manor) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- この雑色人が在地支配層と連携し、国司・受領層と対抗したことが国司苛政上訴として現れたとする見解も出されている。
- In other opinions, Kokushi kasei joso appeared as the evidence that these Zoshikinin worked with local influential persons to counter the Kokushi and Zuryo class.
- それと同時に、国衙領と在庁官人の所領を支配下に入れ、自らの直轄地 - 守護領(しゅごりょう)を形成していった。
- At the same time, dominating the territories of kokuga and those of the zaichokanjin, shugo formed direct control territory called shugo-ryo (shugo's territory).
- しかし15世紀に入ると、徐々に守護請の実施や在庁官人の被官化を通じて、守護による国衙の実効支配が進んでいった。
- However, through the implementation of 'shugo-uke' and 'Hikanization' of zaichokanjin, shugo came to control the kokuga effectively in the beginning of the 15th century.
- 後者には異論も出されているが、この見解に従えば、中世期の支配・収取のあり方をより具体的に理解することができる。
- Opinions denying the latter were proposed, but according to the latter opinion, the state of the national control and tax-collecting systems during the medieval period could be understood more concretely.
- そしてついに、鎌倉期の地頭請と同様に、守護が一定額の年貢納入と荘園支配を請け負う守護請が行われるようになった。
- Eventually, Shugouke was introduced, and under the system similar to Jitouke in the Kamakura period, Shugo shouldered the responsibility for paying a fixed amount of land tax and managing shoen.
- 朱雀期以降、律令制的人別支配を前提とする班田収授が実施されていないことなどが、この政策転回の存在を示している。
- This policy change was proven by the fact that the government ceased to conduct handen shuju (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land), whose premise was people-based governance under the Ritsuryo system, since the Suzaku era.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、一円内の年貢を地頭が荘園領主や国司に対して請け負う地頭請が行われ始めた。
- Such a monistical land ruling was called Ichien chigyo (monistical ruling), and the Jitouke that jito undertook to collect nengu in place of shoenryoshu (lord of manor) or kokushi began.
- まず、公田を支配していた国衙が、当時台頭しつつあった田堵と連携して、土地を収取単位とする支配体制を築き始めた。
- First, the kokuga (provincial government office) that governed public fields, together with the 'tato' who were rapidly gaining power, established a control system of imposing and collecting taxes based on land units.
- この時代に全国的に国造・県主を配置したとは考えがたく、記事そのものは『日本書紀』の潤色であると考えられている。
- It is difficult to contemplate that kuni no miyatsuko and agatanushi were stationed throughout the entire country during this peirod, and these references are thought to be rhetorical flourishes of 'Nihonshoki.'
- これによって座の特定は否認されたが、反対に領主と結びついた特定の御用商人による支配が確立するきっかけとなった。
- As a result of this, privileges of za were denied, but this triggered the establishment of the control of specific goyo-shonin (chartered merchants) tied to feudal lords.
- 領主の経済生活は、自らが保有する直営地からの収入と、支配下におく農奴からの義務的な貢納によって支えられていた。
- The economical life of the lord consisted of the revenue from the directly managed land of his possession and the obligatory tributes from the subject serfs.
- 本文は「日本国紀」、「琉球国紀」、「朝聘応接紀」に分かれ、それぞれの歴史、地理、支配者、言語などを詳細に記す。
- The main body of the book consists of 'Nihonkoku-ki' (chronicle of Japan), 'Ryukyukoku-ki' (chronicle of the Ryukyu Kingdom) and 'Chohei Osetsu-ki' (chronicle of the Joseon envoy's reception), each of which records details of history, geography, rulers and language.
- その後の南条氏は行松氏を背後から支援する形で西伯耆における毛利氏支配に揺さぶりをかける行動を行うようになった。
- Subsequently, the Nanjo clan began to make actions to affect Mori's domination over the west Hoki by backing up the Yukimatsu clan from behind.
- 豊臣氏の所領(蔵入地)も、全国合わせて222万石と、家康が関東で支配していた250万石に及ばない石高であった。
- The Toyotomi clan's territory (directly-controlled land) was 2,220,000 koku in total and was less than Ieyasu's territory in the Kanto region, which was 2,500,000 koku.
- 秀吉はまず播磨国に進出し、小寺氏・屋塩赤松氏・龍野赤松氏を服従させ、反抗する佐用赤松氏を滅ぼし、支配を固めた。
- First, Hideyoshi broke into Harima, reducing the Kodera clan, the Akamatsu clan in Okishio, and the Akamatsu clan in Tatsuno to obedience, and destroyed the opposing Akamatsu clan in Sayo, to consolidate its dominance.
- 一つは信長・秀吉の天下統一事業に代表される、強大な権力者を頂点とする中央集権体制、いわば「タテの支配」である。
- One was the centralized administrative framework in which an enormously powerful person was at the top such as Nobunaga and Hideyoshi's project to unify the country, what was called 'a vertical control.'
- 1180年(治承4年) - 頼朝が平家追討のため配流先の伊豆国で挙兵する(頼朝と在地武士との主従関係の成立)。
- 1180 - Yoritomo rose an army in Izu Province, to which he had been exiled, in order to seek and destroy the Taira clan (the master-servant relationship between Yoritomo and local samurai was established).
- 朝廷の威信は文字どおり地に落ち、幕府は朝廷監視のために六波羅探題を置き、朝廷に対する支配力を強めることとなる。
- The prestige of the Imperial Court was in tatters and the bakufu appointed Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) to monitor the Imperial Court and strengthened its governance over the Imperial Court.
- しかし、栗隈王の二人の子、三野王(美努王)と武家王が側にいて剣を佩き、退く気配がなかったため、恐れて断念した。
- However, Minu no Okimi and Takeie no Okimi, the two sons of Kurikuma no Okimi were standing close to their father with their swords ready to fight back, so Saeki gave up his plot for fear of being defeated.
- 国司や領主などの支配層は、田堵負名による名田経営を強化するために、現地での支配権・管理権を次第に付与していった。
- The ruling class, including territorial governors and manorial lords, granted tato farmers various rights to rule and manage land in villages in order to strengthen the myoden system supported by these farmers.
- それに伴い、民衆に対する司法権・警察権の行使(検断沙汰)も支配者である荘園・国衙領領主や地頭武士に限られていた。
- Therefore, only the rulers, such as the lord of a manor and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and the lord-of-a-manor samurai, could exercise the jurisdiction and police powers (criminal cases) to the general public.
- 多くの武将は三好康長に仕えていた家臣であるが、豊臣秀吉が人選して甥で後継者候補の豊臣秀次の配下にしたものである。
- Although most of members of Wakae Hachinin-shu were originally military commanders who served Yasunaga MIYOSHI as his retainers, they came to serve Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI, who was a prospective successor of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, personally chosen by Hideyoshi himself.
- 藩鎮の総数は50を超え、首都長安・副都洛陽の周辺部を除いた全ての地域が藩鎮の支配下に置かれるようになるのである。
- The total number of hanchin amounted to more than 50, and all the districts except for the areas around the capital Changan and the sub-capital Luoyang were placed under hanchin's control.
- さらに大友氏の重鎮立花道雪の死により大友氏の支配が緩んだ筑後国の諸国人衆も傘下に収め、九州統一を目前にしていた。
- Having also conquered the territories of local lords in Chikugo Province, where the domination by the Otomo clan had weakened as the result of the death of Dosetsu TACHIBANA, a powerful leader of the Otomo clan, the Shimazu clan was just about to establish its rule over the entire island of Kyushu.
- これによって体制は国衙が支配する公領と荘園が対等な権利主体として境界設定などで抗争する後期王朝国家へと変化する。
- The system was thereby changed to the late dynastic nation-state in which koryo (an Imperial demesne) dominated by kokuga and shoen as equal actors of right struggled in border settings and the like.
- その後、執権職は貞時に代わって北条氏支流の4人が次々に受け継いだが、貞時は得宗として幕府を実質的に支配し続けた。
- After this, when Sadatoki left the position of Shikken (regent), he was succeeded by four men from the branch line of the Hojo clan in succession; Sadatoki himself retained the position of Tokuso (patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), however, which means that he held the real power to control the bakufu.
- 更に室町幕府が荘園の一円支配を認める権限を獲得したことで却ってその代行者である守護の荘園への介入の口実を作った。
- In addition, the Kamakura bakufu acquired the right to approve the domination over the whole region of Shoen, which rather allowed provincial constables to intervene into Shoen as the representatives of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 戦場では主君の前駆をなし、平時は城内の護衛(徒士組)や中間管理職的な行政職(目付、勘定奉行の配下など)に従事した。
- At the battle field, they fought as the forerunners of their lords and in peaceful time, they served as the guards (Kachi-gumi (Kachi teams)) of castles or engaged in administrative jobs (metsuke (police)) or subordinates of kanjo-bugyo (commissioner of finance) as middle class managers.
- そのため、宗氏は通交権益の知行化を通じて有力庶家の掌握や地侍の被官化を行い、領国支配を推し進めていた(宗氏領国)。
- Therefore, the So clan established their dominance over the territory by obtaining the revenue arose from the trade with Korea in order to have a command of influential families and place local samurai under the clan's order (this is called the Territory of the So clan).
- こうした租税制度は、古代の戸籍制度・計帳の整備や国郡里(郷)制といった緻密な人民支配システムに大きく依存していた。
- Such a taxation system greatly depended on systems which closely controlled the populace, such as the ancient systems used to maintain the koseki (household registers) and keicho (yearly tax registers), as well as the Koku-gun-ri (-go) system (an administrative system used to divide lands and regions).
- 室町時代末期、日朝・日明貿易の実権が大名に移り、力を蓄えさせたと共に、室町幕府の支配の正当性が薄れる結果になった。
- Towards the end of the Muromachi period, the real power of the trade between Japan and Korea and that between Japan and the Ming moved to daimyo, making daimyo gain power and making weaker the validity of the control by the Muromachi bakufu.
- 越後国を上杉(長尾)氏、加賀国を一向一揆、能登国を畠山氏、越前国を朝倉氏、越中国を神保氏、椎名氏らが支配していた。
- The Echigo Province was governed by the Uesugi (Nagao) clan, the Kaga Province by ikko ikki (the uprising of Ikko sect followers), the Noto Province by the Hatakeyama clan, the Echizen Province by the Asakura clan, and the Ecchu Province by the Jinbo clan, Shiina clan and so on.
- このようにして、平安中期ごろには、富豪層による地域支配が徐々に拡がり始めていき、これが中世の萌芽へつながっていく。
- Thus, the regional rule by the rich stratum gradually extended in around the mid Heian period, which led to their prosperity in medieval Japan.
- 江戸時代になると社会が安定し、支配層となった武士は儒教精神に基づく穏健な支配、すなわち仁政を指向するようになった。
- During the Edo period the society was stabilized, bushis as a ruling class aimed to moderate governance according to the spirit of Confucius, that is, governance by humanity and justice.
- しかし覇者の性格については定説がなく、あらたに台頭した後進地域の指導者あるいは異民族支配者であるとする見方もある。
- However, there is no established view on the nature of Hasha, and according to one theory, Hasha means a local leader or an ethnic ruler.
- 徳川家康は武士の支配構造の基本として重農政策を選んだため、支配者階級である武士階級は、その収入を米に依存していた。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA implemented the physiocratic policy on which the ruling structure of samurai was establised, so the samurai class, namely the ruling class, depended upon rice for their income.
- 名主百姓はさらに小百姓、小作人、間人(もうと)といった領内下層民に対する支配権である名主職を有し、これを世襲した。
- Nanushi hyakusho also had myoshu-shiki, which were the rights to dominate local lower-class people, such as hyakusho who owned little plow land, tenant farmers, and moto (new comers in a community), and the myoshu-shiki was transferred by heredity.
- 元寇で恩賞地配分の対象とされたため細分化され、南北朝時代 (日本)には名前だけを残して荘園としての実態は失われた。
- Kanzaki Manor was divided up to provide land plots which were granted as rewards during the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and by the Northern and Southern Courts period had lost all status as a manor - existing in name only.
- なお、鎌倉幕府は、ある一時期をもって成立したと見るのではなく、徐々に数段階を経て成立したとする見解が支配的である。
- Kamakura bakufu is not considered to have been established at one specific time, rather it is the dominant view that the bakufu was gradually established in several stages.
- 配流先は巨摩郡市河荘(山梨県市川三郷町、旧市川大門町)のであるとされているが、現在の昭和町西条とも考えられている。
- It is believed that the place where they settled was Ichikawa-sho, Koma-gun (Ichikawamisato-cho, formerly Ichikawadaimon-cho, Yamanashi Prefecture), but it could be the current Saijo, Showa-cho.
- 受領は、自らの判断で国内支配することが許されたため、郡司・田堵・負名・百姓層から苛烈な収奪をすることが可能となった。
- The Zuryo was entitled to control over his own province at their own discretion, allowing them to collect taxes strictly from Gunji (local magistrates), Tato, Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and farmers.
- 田堵負名には、在地領主の支配下で名田経営する者もいたが、田堵負名自身が在地領主として現地支配・管理する者も多かった。
- Although some of these tato fumyo farmers managed myoden land under the rule of local territorial lords, many of them ruled land as territorial lords themselves.
- また彼らは古代以来の首長層に替わって、出挙を通じて公民を隷属下に収めていき、地方の人民支配の主体ともなりつつあった。
- Also, they took the place of the ruling-class since ancient times, forced the public into a servile position through suikyo (land lease at interest) and became dominant local governors of the people.
- しかし、鎌倉時代後期頃から、主に地頭によって、重層的な関係を解消し、一元的な支配体系が指向されるようになっていった。
- Around the latter half of the Kamakura period, the multi-tiered relationship disappeared mainly due to the appearance of jito, and it was oriented so as to introduce a unified control system.
- ここに、律令国家体制期が終わり、土地課税を基本原則とする新たな支配体制、すなわち王朝国家体制が出現することとなった。
- At that time, the system of the nation under the Ritsuryo codes ceased to exist and the new regime which adopted the principle of tax on land, namely Dynastic polity, was established.
- 従前の軍事制度は、個別人身支配を前提とする軍団 (古代日本)及び地方有力者(郡司層)に依存する健児を柱としていた。、
- The pillars of the former military system were corps (ancient Japan), whose premise was people-based governance, and the kondei system (regular soldiers guarding kokubu (ancient provincial offices) or sekisho (checking station)), which was dependent on locally influential people (gunji).
- 地頭たちは荘園・公領において、勧農の実施などを通じて自らの支配を拡大していったため、荘園領主との紛争が多く発生した。
- The jitos operated the kanno (encouragement of agriculture) in shoen and koryo and expanded their dominance and so many disputes with the lords of shoens happened.
- 鎌倉時代、地頭は、荘園公領支配への進出を積極的に展開したが、特に下地の支配権(下地進止権という)の獲得に力を注いだ。
- During the Kamakura period, jito made an aggressive attempt to control soen and koryo, and in particular, they focused on acquisition of the right to control shitaji (shitaji-shinshi ken - the right to appropriate land).
- 信長が明智光秀に本能寺で襲われたのが、それを如実に示しているように、信長は配下の家臣に兵力を与えすぎていたのである。
- As clearly shown by the fact that Nobunaga was raided by Mitsuhide AKECHI at Honno-ji Temple, Nobunaga gave too much military force to his vassals.
- 四分の一勾配(水平距離4m行って1m高くなる≒14度)という急傾斜で、上の田から下の田までの標高差は100mもある。
- They are on a very steep slope with a gradient of 1/4 (a one-meter elevation per four meters of horizontal length; about 14 degrees) and the difference of elevation between the highest rice field and the lowest one is no less than 100 m.
- 神職:江戸時代においては、吉田家と白川家(伯家)が本所として全国の神社・神職を配下にしようと争奪しあう状況にあった。
- Shinto priest: In the Edo period, the Yoshida family and the Shirakawa family (Hakke) competed as honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) to gain shrines and Shinto priests across the country.
- 室町時代以後になると、守護大名や戦国大名あるいはその配下の国人によって動員され、軍夫・陣夫・人夫などとして奉仕した。
- After the Muromachi period, shugo daimyo (Japanese provincial military governors who later became daimyo, Japanese feudal lords), Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) or their subordinates would recruit for these duties, putting private soldiers, servicemen or laborers into service.
- 承久3年(1221年)の承久の乱の結果、父の後鳥羽上皇らが配流されると、親王もこれに連座して備前国児島へと流された。
- When his father, the Retired Emperor Gotoba, was exiled after the Jokyu War in 1221, the Imperial Prince was implicated in this to be exiled to Kojima in Bizen Province.
- その長政は美濃国を支配して勢いに乗る織田信長と同盟を結び、信長の妹・お市の方を妻として迎えて、浅井氏の安泰を図った。
- Nagamasa concluded an alliance with Nobunaga ODA, who was gaining his force by gripping the control over Mino Province at that time, and married Oichi no kata, Nobunaga's younger sister, to ensure the peace and security of the Azai clan.
- また、明治40年(1907年)には全華族に対して華族の世襲を禁止するという意見書を配り、谷干城と激しい論争になった。
- Furthermore, in 1907, he distributed a paper to urge the prohibition against the succession of the kazoku status to all kazoku, at a result, a considerable debate aouse between him and Takeki TANI.
- 政元は畠山尚順を河内で破り、和泉に攻め入り支配を回復したが、そののち和泉下守護家がその地位を保つことはできなかった。
- Masamoto defeated Hisanobu HAYAKEYAMA in Kawachi and invaded Izumi to recover the control, but the Shugo family of lower Izumi Province could not maintain the status after that.
- 内店では主に持ち帰りや配達ですしを売ったが、「御膳」と書かれた看板をあげた店は、店内の座敷で食事のできるお店である。
- While uchi-mise mainly offered takeout sushi or delivered sushi, the ones with a sign 'Gozen' (literally, meal) displayed on the door allowed people to have lunch in zashiki (a Japanese style guest room with tatami flooring) on the premises.
- このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現し、在地領主としての性格を強めていく者が現れた。
- Accordingly, some of the jito achieved ichien shihai (complete ruling) of their territory by obtaining the right to both shitaji and jobun and started to take on the character of zaich-ryoshu (local lord).
- しかし1436年の送還により宗氏の支配下にない者達が一掃され、以降三浦は宗氏の派遣する三浦代官の支配するところとなる。
- However, after the residents who were not under the control of the So clan were cleaned up from Sanpo by the repatriation of 1436, the Sanpo Daikan (local governor in Sanpo) dispatched by the So clan began to govern this area.
- そして江戸時代中期、3代将軍徳川家光が死去した後、幕府の武断政治から文治政治への転換は武力による支配の終焉ともいえる。
- And, then, in the middle stage of the Edo Period after the death of the third shogun, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, a conversion by the bakufu from a ruling backed with military force to a ruling by a civilian government can be deemed as the end of governance by force.
- 荘園の所有を巡る紛争が発生しても、それを裁定しうる機関が存在しないため、実力を有する者が支配するようになったのである。
- Even if the disputes over the ownership of shoens happened, there did not exist the authority which could settle them, and thus those who had the power came to govern the shoens.
- 平安時代中期ごろに律令制が崩壊し、荘園・国衙領を支配単位とする体制が確立していくと、勧農の内容も次第に変質していった。
- Around the middle of the Heian period, the ritsuryo governmental system collapsed, a system whereby shoen and kokuga region were governing units was established and the contents of kanno gradually changed.
- 1493年(明応2年)には自ら自治を放棄する集会を開き惣国は解体され、新しい守護の伊勢貞陸の支配下に入ることになった。
- In 1493, the sokoku held a meeting to abandon its autonomy and the organization was dismantled; the community was then put under the rule of Sadamichi ISE, a newly appointed shugo.
- また、秀吉は関白の立場を明確に示す形になり、いわば、天下統一は惣無事令で成り立ち、豊臣政権の支配原理となったのである。
- It also worked to show the status of Hideyoshi as Kanpaku (the chief adviser to the Emperor); that is to say, sobuji-rei enabled Hideyoshi's project of Tenkatoitsu (the unification of the whole country), and it also acted as the principle of control for the Toyotomi administration.
- 光秀は山崎の戦いで討たれ、織田家後継者及び遺領の配分を決定することを目的に、尾張国清洲城(愛知県清須市)で開催された。
- As Mitsuhide was killed during the Battle of Yamasaki, the conference was held at Kiyosu-jo Castle in Owari Province (Kiyosu City, Aichi Prefecture) for the purpose of deciding who should succeed the Oda family and how to distribute properties inherited from Nobunaga.
- ただ、大名は支配土地を自由自在に支配できたわけではなく、幕府からは大目付が発する監察使にその行政を監視規制されていた。
- However, daimyo was not allowed to administer the fief at their own will, and put under the surveillance of inspectors who were sent by the chief inspector in Edo (ometsuke).
- 検注目録(けんちゅうもくろく)は、検注帳の明細にあたる文書で荘園領主の元で保管されて土地支配や徴税の際の参考にされた。
- Kenchu mokuroku was an accounting document in the kenchucho which was kept by the manor owners for the purpose of governing their lands and imposing taxes.
- 守護・地頭には、兵糧米の徴収権、在庁官人の支配権などが与えられ、これは頼朝政権が全国的に在地支配を拡げる契機となった。
- Shugo and Jito were given the power of collection for provisions of rice for the army and the control of Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) and so on, which was the opportunity for Yoritomo administration to expand control over local lands across Japan.
- そして、「い」「ろ」などそれぞれの部のなかを天地・時節・草木など部門別(門)に分類して用語を配列する形式をとっている。
- Under thus created iroha divisions (Bu), such as 'i,' 'ro' and so on, there were semantic subdivisions (Mon), such as tenchi (the world), jisetsu (seasons), kusaki (vegetation) and so on.
- 荘務(しょうむ)とは、荘園内部の勧農・検断・徴税など、在地における実際の支配・管理を行うこと、またはその権限を持つ者。
- Shomu refers to the actual practice of control and administration over kanno (encouragement of agriculture), trials, and the collection of taxes within shoen (the manor); it also refers to the individuals who were authorized to practice shomu.
- 但し、細川氏は領国支配政策として分郡守護代制を布いていることから、内藤氏が丹波一国を支配していたかどうかは不明である。
- However, because the Hosokawa clan used the Shugo system, a county-by-county ruling system, as the governing system for its territory, it is uncertain whether the Naito clan ruled the whole of Tanba.
- 「皇后」の称号はもともと、中国の歴代王朝が掲げた政治的世界観の下での世界全体の支配者天子(皇帝)の正妃の呼称であった。
- Initially, the title 'empress' was addressed to the legally wedded wives of the emperor under the political view of the world set up by the past Chinese dynasties.
- 具体的には天皇を中心にその配偶者である皇后、先代の天皇の未亡人である皇太后、先々代の天皇の未亡人である太皇太后を含む。
- More specifically, it is composed of the Emperor, his consort, the Empress, the widowed consort of the previous Emperor, the Empress Dowager, and the widowed consort of the Emperor before the previous one, the Grand Empress Dowager.
- 院政時代全国の在地支配層は、こぞって中央の有力者に荘園を寄進してその庇護を受け、院の武者として勢力を拡大しようとした。
- All the families belonging to the local ruling class in Japan in the Insei period (the period of the government by a retired emperor) tried to extend their influence as warriors of the retired emperors, receiving the protection from those powerful figures in the center by donating them their estates.
- このため亮政は、越前国の朝倉氏と同盟を結び、その支援のもとに定頼の攻勢を押し返して北近江の支配力を高めていくのである。
- Therefore, Sukemasa built an alliance with the Asakura clan in Echizen Province, and he fought back against Sadayori's offensive with the support from the Asakura clan, and gradually enhanced his dominance over the Kita Omi, the northern territory of Omi Province.
- 結果的にその後も出納平田家による蔵人方(約60家)支配はそのまま継続され、両局と同様に朝廷儀式における実務を担当した。
- Even after the order of the Imperial court was reestablished, the Suino Hirata family kept control over about sixty families of the lower ranking officials at the Bureau of Archives, and remained in charge of the administration of the Imperial ceremonies as 'kyokumu' and 'kanmu.'
- これは、長年「両局」「地下官人之棟梁」と称せられ、地下官人の支配を一手に引き受けてきた押小路家・壬生家の反感を招いた。
- Those treatment provoked antipathy of the Oshinokoji family and the Mibu family, both of which controlled over the lower ranking court officials, being called 'the two major offices' and 'the heads of the lower ranking officials' for a long period.
- 戦後は、以下のような事情の影響を受けて、褌の使用人口は大幅に減少して、年配者が使用する過去の下着のような存在となった。
- After the war, the number of the fundoshi users decreased considerably, and fundoshi was reduced to something like an out-of-date undergarment that only elderly men wore, under the influence of following circumstances.
- 日頃から治兵衛の責任感の無さを知っていた五左衛門は直筆の起請があっても尚治兵衛を疑い、おさんを心配して紙屋に来たのだ。
- Even though Jihe himself wrote the vows, Gozaemon who knew Jihe's usual irresponsibility was still skeptical of Jihe, and came to KAMIYA in dread of Osan.
- かならず幕前で、「口上人形」と呼ばれる操り人形による「役人替名」(やくにん かえな)、つまり配役を説明する口上がある。
- An announcement called 'yakunin kaena,' which means an explanation of casting by a puppet called 'kojo ningyo,' is always made in front of the curtain.
- 免税特権を獲得した荘園は領域が統合される一円化の措置などを通じて拡大する傾向を示し、国衙が支配する国衙領を蚕食し始めた。
- The manors, acquired tax exemption privilege, started enlarging their territories through the unification of their territorial control and encroaching on the kokugaryo territories controlled by kokuga.
- 土地課税を重視する考えは9世紀前期の藤原冬嗣執政期の頃から存在していたが、個別人身支配の原則を覆すまでには至らなかった。
- Although the idea of emphasizing tax on land existed in the era when FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu was in power during the first half of the 9th century, it stopped short of reversing the principle of people-based governance.
- 個人を課税対象として把握する個別人身支配において、偽籍・逃亡が頻発すると課税対象である個人を把握することはできなくなる。
- Under the principle of people-based governance, the government imposes tax on individuals, but it becomes impossible to grasp the name of taxable people if the case of false registration and/or escape occurs frequently.
- 最終的には太閤検地により、土地には直接の耕作者の権利しか認められなくなり、以前までの重層的支配構造は名実共に解消された。
- Eventually, by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi), only the right of direct cultivator was admitted to the land, and the previous stratified ruling structure disappeared both in name and reality.
- 名田(みょうでん)は、日本の平安時代中期から中世を通じて見られる、荘園公領制における支配・収取(徴税)の基礎単位である。
- The term 'myoden' (rice field lot manage by a nominal holder) refers to a basic unit of the governance and (tax) collection in the shoen-koryo system (the system of public lands and private estates), and this existed from the mid-Heian period, throughout the Middle Ages in Japan.
- これにより、文引制と合わせ対馬島内諸勢力の通交は宗氏本宗家の支配するところとなり、宗氏の領国支配が強化されることになる。
- This treaty, coupled with the Bunin (a pass issued by the So clan to enter the Korean Dynasties) system, effectively enabled the head family of the So clan to control trading among the powers within Tsushima island, strengthening territorial rule by the So clan.
- そのため、開発領主の多くは、中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ荘園を寄進することで、荘園の支配権・管理権を確保するようになった。
- Consequently, many Kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to retain their dominion and the right to manage shoen by donating their shoen to the powerful central nobility, temples, and shrines.
- This made many kaihatsu-ryoshu donate their shoen to dominant nobles, temples or shrines in central capital in order to secure the dominion and the management rights over the shoen.
- 戦国時代後期から江戸時代初期の大名が編成した水軍においては、安宅船と呼ばれる数十人から数百人が乗り組む巨船が配備された。
- From the late Sengoku period to the early Edo period, huge ships called Atake-bune that carried dozens of or hundreds of crew on board, were built and deployed.
- 新宮氏(しんぐうし)は、鎌倉時代~室町時代初期にかけて陸奥国(後の岩代国)耶麻郡新宮荘(福島県喜多方市)を支配した氏族。
- The Shingu clan ruled Shingu-sho, Yama-gun (present-day Kitakata City, Fukushima Prefecture), Mutsu Province (later Iwashiro no kuni) from the Kamakura period to the early part of the Muromachi period.
- 秀吉は自身が任命する領主が領地の隅々まで直接支配を行う体制を目指し、その障害となる住民による地域自治を破壊したのである。
- Hideyoshi aimed to establish the framework that the lord he assigned directory controlled all parts of the territory and destroyed local government by people which could prevent it.
- 室町幕府が京都の支配権を確立するにつれて朝廷の徴収代理から、財政基盤の弱かった幕府独自の土倉への課税を行うようになった。
- As the Muromachi bakufu was establishing authority in Kyoto, deputy collecting officials of the Imperial court took on the task of imposing independent taxes on doso for the bakufu that had a weak financial base.
- 彼らもまた、小さい単位ながら、農民を支配する側の荘園下級役職者であると同時に、小規模ながら、その「村郷」の領主であった。
- They were also the estate owners of that 'village' at the same time they were lower ranking officers of Shoen that ruled over peasants despite being in a small scale unit.
- この時代には各地から青苧購入のために訪れる諸国の船に対しても課税を行って越後-畿内間の青苧流通の支配権を獲得していった。
- During his reign, he imposed the tax on the merchants who came by sea to Echigo Province from other provinces for aoso, thereby gaining control over the distribution network of aoso from Echigo Province to the Kinai region.
- 類義語として家道・家業が挙げられるが、家職には国家などの公権力からの特権の承認と支配、それに対する奉仕という要素がある。
- Similar terms are Kado, Kagyo, but Kashoku has the national or official approval and control of the privilege and had an aspect of voluntary work for the authority.
- しかし、翌年以降は、盛暑の時期のために各種の行事催行が困難であることに配慮し、2か月後の10月31日を天長節祝日とした。
- However, considering the difficulties of holding various events due to the heat of the season, since 1914, tencho setsu celebration began to be held on October 31.
- これに怒った道鏡は清麻呂を因幡員外介として左遷し、さらに称徳天皇は清麻呂を除名し大隅国へ配流した(宇佐八幡宮神託事件)。
- Dokyo got angry about his report and relegated Kiyomaro as Inaba no ingainoge and Emperor Shotoku expulsed him to Osumi Province (plot of Usa Hachiman-gu oracle).
- 通政の甥・細川通薫(通重)が備中支配の回復を試みるが、中国地方に勢力を伸ばした毛利氏の客将となり、子孫は長州藩に仕えた。
- A nephew of Michimasa, Michitada (Michishige) HOSOKAWA tried to regain the control of Bicchu, but he became a guest commander of the Mori clan that extended the power in the Chugoku region, and his descendants served the Choshu clan.
- が、8世紀後期ごろから租税負担を回避するために逃亡・浮浪する百姓らが増加していくなど、律令制支配に行き詰まりが生じていた。
- However, from the latter eighth century, more farmers began to leave their land to become wanderers in order to avoid paying tax and the ritsuryo system was confronted with some change.
- このとき、領主が行使した支配権は、知行(ちぎょう)・領知(りょうち)・領掌(りょうしょう)・進止(しんし)などと呼ばれた。
- The control right that ryoshu executed here was called chigyo, ryochi, ryoshu, or shinshi.
- 被官国人らへの軍役について見ると、本領分・給分ごとに課せられた例も散見され、国人支配がまだ一元化していなかったことを表す。
- Concerning the military service assigned to the vassalized kokujin, there were several cases that the service was imposed considering the scale of territory and kyubun (bonus), which suggests that the control over the kokujin had not yet been unified.
- 広範な権限を与えられた国司は、現地の有力者を登用したり、代理人(目代という)を派遣したりして、現地支配を行うようになった。
- Given wide-ranging rights, kokushi came to control his assigned province through the local powerful persons he employed or his deputy (called mokudai) that he sent to the province.
- 在地の地頭・国人・荘官らには、守護の被官となる者もおり、荘園領主の支配権(荘務権)は守護に侵害される傾向にあったのである。
- Some local jito, kokujin (local samurai) and shokan (an officer governing shoen) were hired as low-level bureaucrats by Shugo, and the lords' authority (hegemony over estates) was vulnerable to violation.
- 頼朝に対して、東国における荘園・公領からの官物・年貢納入を保証させると同時に、頼朝による東国支配権を公認したものとされる。
- It is believed that the decree officially recognized the dominion of Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo as well as made him guarantee the payment of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and nengu (land tax) from shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and koryo (an Imperial demesne) in the Togoku.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立に従い、主に東国の武士は鎌倉幕府に奉公する、御家人となり地頭に補任され、所領の支配権が鎌倉幕府に保証された。
- By the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun), in most cases samurai in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) became gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) to serve Kamakura bakufu and were appointed jito with their rights to rule their shoryo (territory) guaranteed by Kamakura bakufu.
- 足軽など軽輩の者は、町人地の外側に配されることも多く、現在に残る地名で、番町・弓之町・鉄砲町などがこれにあたることが多い。
- Keihaimono (low-ranked people) such as Ashigaru were placed on the outside of the townsmen district and current place names include Ban-cho, Yumino-cho, and Teppo-cho.
- 領地(demesne:領主の直轄地)は、領主により直接支配された地区であり、領主の一族・郎党の利益のための収奪が行われた。
- The demesne (the land of the direct rule of the lords) were the areas directly-governed by the lords and deprivation was done for the sake of the lords' families or the roto (retainers).
- 618年、隋に変わって中国を統一した唐は、大帝国をきずき、東アジアに広大な領域を支配して周辺諸地域に大きな影響をあたえた。
- The Tang Dynasty, who took over from the Sui Dynasty and unified China in 618, built a large empire and controlled a vast territory in East Asia, exerting a strong influence on the neighboring areas.
- 佐藤進一は1965 年の『南北朝の動乱』 の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
- Shinichi SATO firmly stated in 'A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts' published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'
- だが、足利義満の時代に室町幕府が京都市中の支配権を完全に掌握すると、検非違使は事実上廃止されて地奉行に権限が一本化された。
- But once the Muromachi bakufu took total control of the city of Kyoto in Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's day, the post of kebiishi was virtually abolished and the authority was granted to jibugyo exclusively.
- 牛久藩を12代にわたって支配した山口氏は、戦国時代 (日本)の西国大名では最強と呼ばれた名門・大内氏の系統と言われている。
- The Yamaguchi clan, who had ruled the Ushiku Domain for twelve generations, was allegedly descended from the distinguished Ouchi clan, arguably the strongest specimen of Saigoku Daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in western Japan) of the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- 皇室行事は神道に則って行われる為、1947年の憲法改正以後初となる昭和天皇の大喪の際には政教分離の原則への配慮がなされた。
- Since Imperial ceremonies are held according to Shinto rules, the separation of religion and politics was taken into consideration when they performed the funeral ceremony for Emperor Showa, which was the first national funeral ceremony after the revision of the Constitution in 1947.
- 紫宸殿の南庭には東に桜、西に橘が植えられており、それぞれの近くに左近衛府と右近衛が配陣したため、左近桜、右近橘と称される。
- A cherry tree planted on the east side and a mandarin orange tree planted on the west side in the southern garden of the Shishin-den Hall are called Sakon no Sakura and Ukon no Tachibana, respectively because Sakonefu (Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) and Ukonefu (Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) were deployed near each tree.
- 戦後、尊氏は対立関係にあった新田義貞の所領を勝手に没収し、建武政権では恩賞方が行う恩賞として分配するなど自立の意思を示した。
- After the battle, Takauji showed his will of independence by confiscating the territory of Yoshisada NITTA who was against him without permission and distributing it as onsho (reward grants) which was granted by Onshokata (office to do desk works of Onsho award) in the Kenmu government.
- 本所(ほんじょ)は、日本荘園の荘園領主である本家および領家のうち、荘務を行う権限、すなわち荘園の実効支配権を有した者をいう。
- Among honke and ryoke, both of which are the lords of the manor of Nihon-shoen (manor in medieval Japan), honjo was the lord that had the right to assert Shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in shoen), or in other words, had the effective dominion over the shoen.
- そして前田利家や金森長近ら旧織田家臣を自分の配下として組み込んだ秀吉は、信長の事実上の後継者としての地位を確立するに至った。
- After having old vassals of the Oda clan, including Toshiie MAEDA and Nagachika KANAMORI work under him, Hideyoshi made himself the actual successor to Nobunaga.
- 朱印状を携帯する日本船は当時日本と外交関係があったポルトガル、オランダ船や東南アジア諸国の支配者の保護を受けることができた。
- Japanese ships that carried Shuinjo (shogunate trade license) were protected by Portugal and Dutch ships and the rulers of Southeast Asian countries that had diplomatic relations with Japan at the time.
- 戦国中期頃から核家族の存在が確認されはじめ、客や遊侠といった誠実関係を中心とした支配-被支配の関係が見出されるようになった。
- Nuclear families were confirmed in the middle of the Zhangguo period and rulers and subjects relations base on sincere relationships such as Ke and Youxia.
- 中世の土地支配権は近世のような「一つの土地に一人の領主」は確立されておらず、その支配体系も近世のものよりずっと複雑であった。
- Sway over lands in the middle ages had not been evolved to 'one lord in one land' as in the Early-Modern period yet, and the swaying system was much more complicated than that of the Early-Modern ages.
- ただし、一介の小国人に過ぎなかった浅井氏による江北支配も順調ではなく、なおしばらくは京極氏を名目上の守護と仰ぐ時代が続いた。
- However, the contol of Gohoku by the Azai, who were merely a small country clan, was not stable, and for some time after that the Kyogoku clan became respected as the ostensible Shugo (military governor) and continued.
- 義元の跡を継いだ今川氏真の代には、三河国岡崎城での徳川家康自立などが支配領国の動揺を招き、臣従国人たちの今川離反を誘発する。
- In the generation of Ujizane IMAGAWA who succeeded Yoshimoto, independence of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Okazaki-jo Castle of Mikawa Province affected the territories governed by Ujizane and induced estrangement of vassals from Imagawa.
- この時期、荘園や公領を支配・収取の単位とする体制、すなわち荘園公領制が確立したが、名主は荘園公領制の基盤を支える階層といえた。
- A system composed of manors and government territories as basic units of administration and taxation, known as the manorial public territory system (called shoen koryo sei in Japanese), was established during this period, with myoshu farmers forming the basis of the system.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名による強固な領国支配(大名領国制)が布かれるようになり、一層、名主の権限は薄まっていった。
- During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) established absolute control over their regions (known as daimyo ryogoku system), causing a further weakening of the authority of myoshu.
- その結果、刈田狼藉取締権・使節遵行権・半済給付権・闕所地処分権・段銭徴収権などを得た守護は、国内に領域的な支配を及ぼしていく。
- As a result, the Shugo who acquired the following rights came to control the province territorially: the right to control Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the right to send a delegate for executing the bakufu's order, the right to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund, the right to confiscate land property from criminals or if it is left derelict, and the right to collect temporary special tax levied on arable land.
- 1332年(元弘2年/正慶元年)3月、日野俊基や北畠具行、先に流罪となっていた日野資朝らを斬罪とし、後醍醐を隠岐島へ配流した。
- In March, 1332, the bakufu beheaded Toshimoto HINO and Tomoyuki KITABATAKE as well as Suketomo HINO, who had been in exile, and exiled Godaigo to Okino-shima island.
- そのため、潅漑用水を開発したり、自らの私営田を一般百姓に耕作させるなどの勧農行為をとおして、在地に対する支配力を強めていった。
- For this reason, they developed an irrigation plan and strengthened the governance over the local regions through the kanno acts which made ordinary farmers cultivate their own private rice fields and so on.
- そうした中で、百姓らは、水利配分や水路・道路の修築、境界紛争・戦乱や盗賊からの自衛などを契機として地縁的な結合を強めていった。
- Under those circumstances the peasants strengthened their territorial connections through the distribution of water supplies, the construction and repair of channels and roads, and self-defense from border conflicts, wars and robbers.
- また、農業用水の配分調整や水路・道路の普請(修築)、大川での渡し船の運営など、日常生活に必要な事柄も主体的に取り組んでいった。
- The soson also worked voluntarily on matters that were necessary for daily life, such as adjustments in the distribution of agricultural water, the construction or repair of channels and roads, the operation of the ferry at Okawa, etc.
- 約束期間に突入しても対策は全く進んでおらず、2007年の排出量は前年比で2.4%の増加となっていて、減少に転じる気配すらない。
- While having gone into the commitment period, effective measures have not been taken at all and the emissions amount in 2007 is larger by 2.4% than that of the previous year and does not seem to decrease at all.
- 5世紀末ごろから徐々に大和王権の影響が浸透していたが、大宝律令が施行された時点でも依然として律令制的支配の及ばない地域だった。
- Since around the end of the fifth century, influence of the Yamato (ancient Japanese) sovereignty gradually penetrated, but it was an area which the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) could not cover even after the enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code).
- 天正元年(1573年)9月に浅井氏が滅亡すると、秀吉は浅井郡・坂田郡の支配権を与えられ、本拠地として長浜城 (近江国)を築城。
- After the AZAI clan was destroyed in October 1573, Hideyoshi, who was given control of Azai County and Sakata County, built Nagahama-jo Castle in Omi Province as his base.
- 鈴木孫一・土橋若大夫・粟村三郎大夫ら七名は連署して誓紙を差し出し、信長が大坂表での事態に配慮を加えることを条件に降伏を誓った。
- The seven persons such as Magoichi SUZUKI, Wakatayu DOBASHI (土橋若大夫) and Saburotayu AWAMURA (粟村三郎大夫) submitted a cosignatory written oath to Nobunaga, by which they swore to surrender on the condition that Nobunaga would consider the situation in Osaka.
- また、統一以前の時期にはまだ政権による地方支配が完成されておらず、実際の検地内容を反映しているか問題が残されている場合がある。
- Before the standardized form was established, the central regime had yet to bring all local provinces under control, so in some cases, it was doubtful whether the register was based on the survey result.
- 「御恩」には所領支配を保障する本領安堵(ほんりょうあんど)と新たな土地給与である新恩給与(しんおんきゅうよ)の2種類があった。
- Favors consisted of both honryo-ando (acknowledgment of inherited estates) and shinon-kyuyo (the granting new domains).
- 平安末期における地方官人と荘園との対立に端を発する事件は、荘園を国衙の支配下に置こうと企てた官人が配流となることで幕を閉じた。
- The incident stemmed from the confrontation between local officials and shoen in the late Heian period ended with banishment of official who attempted to place shoen under the rule of kokuga.
- また、座同士の連携なども盛んに行われ、生産地の座と消費地の座が連携したり、大都市の座が地方の座を支配したりすることが行われた。
- Za also actively cooperated with each other; for example, a za in a production area cooperated with another za in a consumption area, and moreover, a za in a big city controlled another za in a local area.
- また、早期に頼朝の下に参陣した山名氏と里見氏はそれぞれ独立した御家人とされ、新田氏本宗家の支配から独立して行動するようになる。
- In addition, the Yamana clan and the Satomi clan who had earlier joined in the camp under Yoritomo were recognized as an independent gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) respectively, and came to act independently from the control of the head family of the Nitta clan.
- 地頭は、下地中分や地頭請などを通じて、下地進止権を手中に収めるのみならず、上分の支配権(上分知行という)も徐々に簒奪していった。
- Through Shitaji chubun and Jito-uke, jito obtained not only Shitaji shinshi ken but also the right to control jobun (also called jobun chigyo) gradually.
- 地方行政にあたる国司は、郡司・富豪層に着目し、従来の個別人身支配の代わりに郡司・富豪層の在地経営を通じた支配へと転換していった。
- Kokushi (provincial governors) in charge of local administration focused attention on gunji (district managers) and the rich and powerful class, and changed management of the province to control through local management by gunji (district managers) and persons in the rich and powerful class.
- 11・12世紀ごろには城塞の建設に伴っての家門形成が顕著であり、このころ形成された多くの家門の名が支配地や城塞を起源としている。
- In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many families were formed with the establishment of castles; the names of the families that formed during this period were derived from their territorial lands or castles.
- 一向一揆はその後も上杉氏、朝倉氏などと抗争を繰り返し、朝倉氏滅亡後は越前をも支配するが、織田信長との石山戦争に敗れ、殲滅された。
- Even after that, ikko ikki repeated struggles with the Uesugi clan, Asakura clan and so on and, after the Asakura clan was ruined, it controlled Echizen also, but, they were defeated and annihilated by Nobunaga in the Ishiyama War.
- これらは、本来、農民による生産を促進・拡大を意図したものだったが、一方では、支配者にとって租税収入を確保するという側面もあった。
- These were originally intended to promote and enhance production of farmers, and also ensued tax collection for the rulers.
- 戦国時代に入り、戦国大名による一円支配が強化されるに従って、惣村の自治的性格が薄まっていき、土一揆の発生も次第に減少していった。
- The Sengoku period was one in which, along with the strengthening of governance of the entire region by the warring lords, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was weakened, and gradually the occurrence of peasants' uprisings decreased.
- しかし1571年(元亀2年)2月に磯野は降伏し、代わって織田氏配下の丹羽長秀が入城し、近江国犬上郡および若狭国支配の拠点とした。
- But in the second month of 1571, the Isono clan surrendered, and Nagahide NIWA, a vassal of the Oda clan, occupied the castle, taking the place of the Asai clan, controlling Inukami County Omi Province as well as Wakasa Province from there.
- 幕府の各大名の支配方法として、参勤交代と御手伝いの義務のほか、将軍の娘をもらったり息子を養嗣子としたり、お金を貸し与えたりした。
- The shogunate government controlled feudal lords (daimyo) by various means, such as the alternate-year residence system in Edo (sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, but in another occasion through the marriage with a daughter of the shogun or adoption of a son of the shogun and loaning.
- 本能寺の変後、清洲会議で長浜の支配権を獲得した柴田勝家の甥の柴田勝豊が入城するも、まもなく勝家と対立した秀吉に攻められ落城した。
- After the incident at Honno-ji Temple, Katsutoyo SHIBATA, a nephew of Katsuie SHIBATA who gained the right to rule Nagahama at the Kiyosu Meeting, became the lord of the castle, but was attacked by Hideyoshi who clashed with Katsuie, and had to abandon the castle.
- そしてもう一方に、加賀一向一揆や紀伊雑賀などの惣国一揆を代表とする大名の支配を排した地域自治体制、いわば「ヨコの連帯」があった。
- Another was the local government framework which eliminated the daimyo's rule such as the Kaga Ikko ikki Revolt and sokoku ikki including Kii Saiga, what was called 'a sideways solidarity.'
- また一面では、本来太田城を守る存在であった水を使って城を攻めることで、水をも支配する自らの権力を誇示しようとしたとも考えられる。
- In another aspect, it can be also thought that he tried to show his power which could also control water by attacking Ota-jo Castle with water which had fundamentally guarded the castle.
- この結果、守護大名をはじめとする各地の武士によって自己の所領の全一的支配が確立され、その影響は室町幕府の御料所にも及んでいった。
- As a result, each of the bushi throughout Japan including shugo daimyo (great feudal lord) established an integral rule over his own shoryo, which influenced the goryosho of the Muromachi bakufu.
- しかし、実際には奉行のうち最低1名は御内人から選ばれており、得宗及び執権による支配が鎌倉市中にまで浸透していたと考えられている。
- However, in reality, at least one bugyo was selected from Miuchibito (private vassals of the Tokuso, the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), and it is considered that control by the Tokuso and the regent spread even to the city of Kamakura.
- 法皇の遺産はその遺詔によって彼女と円助法親王(後嵯峨院の庶長子)が処分することとなり、彼女や子女に遺産が分配されることになった。
- According to his imperial will, she and the Priestly Imperial Prince Enjo (Emperor Gosaga's illegitimate first son) should inherit the Cloistered Emperor's property divided between her and his children.
- 特に出羽北部には荘園が存在せず、公領制一色の世界であったため、どの程度まで奥州藤原氏の支配が及んだかは疑問であるとする説がある。
- Especially in the northern part of Dewa Province, there were no shoen but only koryo (public lands), so some people say it cannot be asserted that the Oshu Fujiwara clan extended its power this far in the region.
- 戦国時代には越前支配のみならず、隣国若狭国、近江国にも進攻し、領土を広げたが、尾張国の織田信長と対立し、1573年、滅ぼされた。
- During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the clan not only established the dominance in Echizen Province, but also extended its territory over the neighboring provinces, Wakasa and Omi, but the confrontation with Nobunaga ODA of Owari Province led the clan to fall in 1573.
- 守護は、それまで国司が管轄していた国衙行政・国衙領支配にも侵出していき、国衙の在庁官人を被官(家臣)とした(これを被官化という)。
- Shugo started to expand their influence on the kokuga government as well as control over the kokuga's territories, compelling zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) to obey as the hikan (low-level bureaucrat, namely vassal), which was called 'Hikanization.'
- 分割された土地については、両者互いに完全支配を認め合ったので、地頭は自分側の土地については、法的にも完全な領主となることとなった。
- As both parties involved in Shitaji chubun agreed to mutually respect the other party's open-end right to rule the divided land, jito became the legal and perfect owner of their land.
- またはそのために盟約、契約を結んで、政治的共同体を結成した集団及び、これを基盤とした既成の支配体制に対する武力行使を含む抵抗運動。
- 'Ikki' can also refer to a group of people that form a political community by entering into an alliance or a contract to achieve an objective and to a resistance movement (which may employ armed force) formed by a group in opposition to the established government.
- 会合衆である納屋衆による合議制の元、自治を行い、都市全体に濠を巡らし、牢人を傭兵として雇うなど、戦国大名による支配も拒絶していた。
- Under the council system by nayashu (wealthy merchants who led autonomous organizations in cities), who were egoshu (members of council), it established autonomy and refused control by sengoku daimyo by surrounding the whole city with a moat and employing ronin as mercenary.
- フューダリズム(Feudalism)とは歴史学において中世ヨーロッパ社会特有の支配形態を指した用語であり、「封建制」と訳出される。
- Feudalism is a historical term referring to the system of government unique to medieval European society, and is translated as 'Hoken System.'
- 朱印船(しゅいんせん)は、16世紀末から17世紀初頭にかけて日本の支配者の朱印状(海外渡航許可証)を得て海外交易を行った船を言う。
- The Shuinsen was a ship that carried out foreign trade by receiving the Shuinjo (the permit to travel to foreign countries) of the Japanese ruler between the end of the sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.
- 新宮行栄の代で堀内氏(新宮堀内家)との抗争に敗れ、その後、新宮は堀内氏が支配したが、堀内氏善の子が新宮姓を称し新宮行朝と名乗った。
- In the generation of Yukihide SHINGU, they were defeated in struggles with the Horinouchi clan (Shingu Horinouchi family); subsequently the Horinouchi clan ruled the Shingu clan, but a son of Ujiyoshi HORINOUCHI used the Shingu family name and gave himself the name Yukitomo SHINGU.
- 丹後国、丹波国、但馬国、播磨国、美作国5ヶ国の久美浜代官所、生野奉行支配地および但馬、丹波の旗本領の926ヶ村23万石を管轄した。
- It had control over the Kumihama and Ikuno magistrate's office-dominated land in the five provinces of Tango, Tanba, Tajima, Harima and Mimasaka, and Hatamoto domain in Tajima and Tanba, which amounted to 926 villages and 230,000 koku.
- 紀伊一国は豊臣秀長領となり、秀長は紀伊湊に吉川平介、日高入山に青木一矩、粉河に藤堂高虎、田辺に杉若無心、新宮に堀内氏善を配置した。
- The Kii Province became the territory of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI and he arranged Heisuke KIKKAWA at Kiiminato, Kazunori AOKI at Hidakanyuyama (日高入山), Takatora TODO at Kokawa, Mushin SUGIWAKA at Tanabe and Ujiyoshi HORINOUCHI at Shingu.
- 分国法には、先行武家法である御成敗式目および建武式目の影響が見られるが、一方では、自らの分国支配の実情を反映した内容となっている。
- Bunkokuho was influenced by Goseibai Shikimoku and Kenmu Shikimoku while its contents reflected the actual conditions of control over one county.
- 成親が召還され、事件処理に当たった時忠・信範が「奏事不実(奏上に事実でない点があった)」(『百錬抄』)の罪により解官・配流される。
- Narichika was recalled and, TAIRA no Tokitada and TAIRA no Nobunori, who were in charge of the case, were dismissed and exiled for 'reporting untrue to the Emperor' ('Hyakuren sho - History book from the Kamakura period).
- 特に京都の土倉は延暦寺及びその傘下であった祇園社の支配を受けていたため、両者からの徴税を度々受けた他、朝廷からも臨時徴税を受けた。
- Due to the fact that doso in Kyoto were under the control of Gion-sha Shrine, which was affiliated with Enryaku-ji Temple, they were often taxed by both and also subject to extraordinary taxation by the Imperial court.
- これを機に鎌倉幕府は非御家人への軍事指揮権も獲得したほか、西国での支配権が強化され、北条一門が鎮西探題、長門探題として派遣された。
- The Kamakura bakufu used this opportunity to take command of higokenin (non-vassals) and strengthen their control over Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) where members of the Hojo clan were dispatched as Chinzei tandai (military governor of Kyushu) and Nagato tandai (Shogunal deputies in Nagato (in present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture).
- しかし受領による国内支配の強化への妥協と見る説と、郡司層が旧来の権利を失った代替として越訴権が与えられたとする見解が提出されている。
- However, some have suggested it was accepted as a compromise measure against Zuryo's growing control over entire Japan, while others have suggested that the Gunji class (local magistrates) was given the right to direct appeals in exchange for their lost conventional rights.
- 守護は大田文に基づいて、国衙領・荘園への支配を強化することが可能となり、ひいては荘園公領制の解体・崩壊が一層進んでいくこととなった。
- The Ota bumi enabled shugo to strengthen the control over the territories of kokuga and the shoen, which resulted in the further dissolution and collapse of the shoen-koryo-sei (the system of public lands and private estates).
- これに対して日本の切捨御免には支配階層である武士の名誉と威厳を守る事によって武士を頂点とした当時の社会秩序が防衛されると考えられた。
- On the other hand, it was considered that helping to protect warriors' honor and dignity by Japanese Kirisutegomen kept the social order, of which warriors were at the top.
- つぎに自由貴族においても官職や位階、領地を基盤として家門形成が進み、中世盛期には下級貴族や都市の支配階級においても家門が形成された。
- In the world of noblemen, a family formation developed based on government positions, court ranks and territorial lands; during the prime of the medieval ages, families were formed among lower-ranking nobles and the ruling class in cities.
- 頼朝が本宣旨で目的としたのは、東国支配権の確立よりも、義仲に優越して京武者や地域的軍事権力の担い手を組織化することだったとしている。
- What Yoritomo aimed at with this decree was to organize the samurai in the imperial capital and the bearers of regional military authority to keep superior position to Yoshinaka rather than to establish dominion over Togoku, according to MOTOKI.
- 尊氏は鎌倉において、乱の鎮圧に付き従った将士に勝手に恩賞を分配したり、建武政権の上洛命令を無視したりするなど、建武政権から離反する。
- In Kamakura, Takauji gave onsho (reward grants), at his discretion, to those who followed him in the battle of suppressing the war, ignored the Kenmu Government's order to return to Kyoto and became alienated from the Kenmu government.
- そのため、2つ目の見解、すなわち荘園公領制における支配・収取(徴税)の基礎単位とする見方が広範な支持を得ており、支配的となっている。
- This makes the other opinion more dominant, and many researchers support this idea that a myoden was a basic unit of governance and tax collection in the shoen-koryo system.
- 孫一は事前に信長に連絡して内諾を受けており、織田信張とその配下の和泉衆・根来衆の応援を得て土橋氏の粟村(現和歌山市)の居館を攻めた。
- Before that, Magoichi received an informal consent from Nobunaga and attacked the residence of the Dobashi clan at Awamura (Wakayama City at present), helped by Nobuharu ODA and his followers Izumi shu and Negoro shu.
- その後政府は蝦夷の首長を郡司に任命して部族集団の間接的な支配を行い、また個別に服属してきた者は俘囚として諸国に移民させられたりした。
- Later, the government appointed the chief of Ezo as a gunji (region manager) in order to indirectly control tribal groups, and forced people individually picked out for subjugation to migrate to other countries as fushu (barbarians).
- 後に主流となった頼信の嫡流が東国の武士団を支配下に置いて武家の棟梁としての地位を固め、源頼朝の代に鎌倉幕府を開き武家政権を確立した。
- The direct descendants of Yorinobu, who later became the mainstream, solidified their position as the head of the samurai family with the eastern samurai groups under their control, and in the era of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, they founded the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and established the samurai government.
- 一方、経清(亘理権大夫)以来代々の所領地曰理郷(亘理郡)も清綱(亘理権十郎)の没落とともに頼朝の幕僚・千葉胤盛の支配する所となった。
- Meanwhile, Watari Go (Watari County), which the Oshu Fujiwara clan had controlled for generations since FUJIWARA no Tsunekiyo (Gon no daibu [a provisional master] of the Watari region), was put under the rule of Tanemori CHIBA, a staff officer of Yoritomo, after the fall of Kiyotsuna (Gonjuro WATARI).
- 更に元禄2年(1699年)には幸徳井友信に圧力をかけて、土御門家のみを陰陽道宗家として幸徳井家はその配下となることを誓約させられた。
- Moreover, he pressured Tomonobu KOTOKUI to swear the KOTOKUI family's allegence to the TSUCHIMIKADO family, and to recognize the TSUCHIMIKADO family solely as the Soke of the Onmyodo,
- 伊達郡が伊達政宗から上杉景勝の支配に変わった後の1600年の伊達氏と上杉氏の戦では、梁川城を攻めるために伊達政宗が大枝城に布陣した。
- In the war of 1600 fought between the Date clan and the Uesugi clan, after the rule over the Date County was handed over from Masamune DATE to Kagekatsu UESUGI, Masamune DATE stationed in the Oeda Castle before attacking the Yanagawa Castle.
- 室町期の守護は、半済などを通じて、鎌倉期の地頭以上に土地支配の一円化を実施していき、守護領国制の形成と守護の守護大名化が進んでいった。
- Through hanzei (the system in the Muromachi period where the Muromachi bakufu allowed shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military funds), shugo in the Muromachi period realized wider and stronger ichien control of lands than jito of the Kamakura period, and as a result, the Shugo-Ryogoku system (the system wherein a shugo dominates a manor) was established and shugo became shugo daimyo (military governors).
- そして地頭は、下地中分や地頭請などを通じて、下地進止権を手中に収めるのみならず、上分の支配権(上分知行という)も徐々に簒奪していった。
- Jito, then, through shitaji chubun (physical division of the land) and jitouke (the contract system wherein the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs), not only acquired the shitaji-shinshi ken but also gradually took the right to control jobun (jobun chigyo (right to control the profit)).
- 遂に院政期には権力者による合格者の枠配分や大学寮への成功 (任官)(財政支援)によって任官や合格が決まるなどの例も見られるようになる。
- Eventually, during the Insei period (period of cloistered imperial rule), it became more common that influential people arranged the allocation of successful applicants, or that job appointment or success in an entrance exam was decided by applicants' offering of jogo (bribes for appointment) to Daigaku-ryo.
- 当初は朝鮮は戦後には支配下に繰り入れられるべき領土であり、日本の国内戦同様に非戦闘員である民衆は保護の対象であり殺戮は禁止されていた。
- At the beginning, it was understood that Korea was a territory that should be included in the territories under control of Japan and, same as a war in Japan, common people who were noncombatants should be the object of protection and it was prohibited to kill them.
- 元亀2年(1571年)9月比叡山焼き討ちの後、宇佐山城の城主であった明智光秀に対して、織田信長は滋賀郡の支配を命じ坂本城を築城させた。
- In September, 1571 Nobunaga ODA ordered Mitsuhide AKECHI, who had been the lord of Usayama-jo Castle, to govern Shiga County and to build Sakamoto-jo Castle.
- 生野代官所支配地を中心に分離運動が高まり、1869年(明治2年)、但馬(但馬北部の一部除く)、播磨、美作3ヶ国を生野県として分離した。
- As separatist movements was mounted in places dominated by the Ikuno magistrate's office, three provinces of Tajima (except for a part of northern Tajima), Harima and Mimasaka were separated from Kumihama Prefecture and formed Ikuno Prefecture in 1869.
- この時の頼朝政権の在地支配は、まだ従来の権門勢家による支配に優越した訳ではなく、地頭の設置も平氏の旧領(平家没官領)に限定されていた。
- The control of local lands by the Yoritomo administration during this time did not excel the traditional control by the great and powerful and the appointment of Jito was limited to territories once held by the Taira clan (Heike Mokkanryo (Land rights confiscated by Kamakura bakufu from the Taira family)).
- 任命当初は守護代を派遣していたが、後に7代武田信時の時代に元寇に備えて安芸国に佐東銀山城を築き本格的な領土支配に乗り出すようになった。
- The clan initially dispatched shugodai, but the seventh head Nobutoki TAKEDA constructed the Sato Kanayama-jo Castle in Aki Province to prepare for Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) and started to rule the territory in earnest.
- なお、小型捕鯨業では、伝統的に捕鯨従事者への一種の現物支給として鯨肉分配がされる習慣があり、現在でも一部でそうした利用が継続している。
- In the small-scale whaling business, it has been traditional custom that whale meat is allotted to each worker engaged in hunting whales as a kind of material compensation, and use of the meat through such custom is still existing in some areas.
- 国司・荘園領主などの支配層から見れば、名主は支配される側、すなわち被支配者だったが、一般百姓らから見れば名主は現地における支配者だった。
- From the viewpoint of the ruling class, including territorial governors and manorial lords, they were part of the ruled class, while from the viewpoint of ordinary peasants, they were themselves rulers in village communities.
- もう1つは、中世史料を詳細に検討した結果、進止の語が土地支配を意味するのに対し、知行の語は土地からの収益処分を指すものとした見解である。
- The other is as follows; As a result of detailed investigations of historical materials concerning the medieval period, it is considered that the term of shinshi indicated land control, but that of chigyo the right of obtaining profits from land.
- これによって、公家社会においては家領の単独相続への移行と「家」そのものの安堵を行う権限を有した治天の君による公家支配の拡大につながった。
- For the noble families of the court, this led to the single succession of an estate; moreover, it expanded the authority of the chiten no kimi, who had the power to stabilize a 'family' and thereby control the court nobles.
- 田堵と名田は荘園単位、また公領では郡・郷・保単位で把握され、荘園領主に任命された荘官、国衙に任命された郡司、郷司、保司らの支配を受けた。
- The tato farmers and the myoden fields were administered on a manor basis and supervised by a shokan (a manor officer) appointed as the lord of the manor, while the Imperial demesnes were administered on a gun (district), go (village), or ho (settlement) basis, and gunji (a district officer), goji (a village officer), and hoji (a public land officer) supervised respective lands.
- 支配単位である荘園や公領(郷・保など)の範囲で、複数の惣村がさらに結合する惣荘(そうしょう)・惣郷(そうごう)が形成されることもあった。
- Within range of the manor or public land (Go, Ho, etc.) which was a governing unit, sosho (the autonomous village community) and sogo (a village community), which were formed by unifying more than one soson, sometimes appeared.
- 幕府は江戸、大阪、京都に町奉行・所司代を置き重要視したが、その他伊豆国・日田市・長崎市・新潟県・飛騨国や重要鉱山に代官を配置し支配した。
- The shogunate government regarded Edo, Osaka and Kyoto as important, and established town magistrates (machi bugyo) and local governors (shoshidai), while governed Izu Province, Hita City, Nagasaki City, Niigata Prefecture, Hida Province and primary mines by placing administrative officials (daikan).
- それより前の1346年(貞和2)にも、上松浦の何人かの武士が、度々足利方について戦った恩賞として、肥前国河副庄の配分をうけたことがある。
- Several bushi of Kamimatsuura received the Kawasoe no Sho Residence of Hizen Province in 1346 for a reward for fighting along side the Ashikaga several times.
- 鏡面にタガネで千手観音の立像と侍立する眷属を彫り、背面には中央に宝相華文、四方に蝶や鳥を配した図柄の八稜鏡であり、国宝に指定されている。
- It is a hachiryokyo (eight-lobed bronze mirror) and designated as a national treasure; the standing statue of Senju Kannon with kenzoku (one's family and relations) are carved with tagane (chisel) on the mirror side, and on the back side of the mirror, Hosoge-mon (flower motif) is carved in the center as well as butterflies and birds in four directions.
- 従来、律令体制と連動してきた尾張国の猿投窯が、11世紀以後、購買層を支配者層から庶民層へとうつし、実用的な無釉の山茶碗の生産を開始した。
- The Sanage kilns of Owari Province had been linking to the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and after the 11th century, there was a change in buyers, from the ruling class to the common people class, and unglazed Yamajawan (bowl) began to be manufactured.
- ただし、負所の荘園領主は不作の年でも一定の得分を確保する特権を有する代わりに得分そのものが反別一斗程度と低く、下地支配権を持たなかった。
- However, while the lords of such Shoen had the privilege to gain a pre-fixed profit even in the year of poor harvest, such pre-fixed profit was low, itto (about 18L) per tan (an area), and they didn't have shitaji-shihaiken (the right to rule the land).
- その後、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代を通し津軽十三湊を本拠地とし栄えたと言われるが、十三湊を支配した時期については諸説あり確定していない。
- Afterwards, the Ando clan is said to have been prosperous placing its home base in Tosaminato, Tsugaru Province through the time from the late Kamakura period to the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts, however, the period of time in which the clan was dominating Tosaminato can not be precisely determined because of various estimates.
- またこれ以外にも身近な棒状の道具として、手に持ったりくわえたりした煙管を振るなどの動作で配下に対して、指し棒のように指示を出したりした。
- Furthermore, as a familiar rod-like tool, a boss waves the kiseru held or put in his mouth like a stick to give directions to his subordinates.
- しかし、戦国大名による一円支配が伸展するにつれて、惣村の自治権も剥奪されていき、惣掟も消滅するか、自治色を薄めた内容へと変質していった。
- However, as Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) started to rule the entire region, the autonomy of the soson was divested, and the autonomy of the so-okite thinned out or disappeared.
- また、『入明諸要例』では同次遣明船について500~2500石の船が門司、富田、上関、柳井、尾道、鞆、田島、因島、牛窓に配されたとしている。
- According to 'Nyumin shoyorei,' ships of 500 to 2500 goku were on standby at Moji, Tomita, Kamiseki, Yanai, Onomichi, Tomo, Tajima, Innoshima and Ushimado respectively for the same fleet of Kenminsen.
- 荘園に対する収税についても守護使不入を勝ち得た荘園には介入の余地がなく、非合法で横領する他はこれらを支配下に組み入れることは困難であった。
- In terms of tax collection as well, taxes could not be collected from Shoen after they obtained the right of Shugoshi funyu (a right to reject the entrance of a Shugo) and they had no way to collect money without embezzling illegally.
- 10月9日、後白河は頼朝を本位に復して赦免、14日には寿永二年十月宣旨を下して、東海・東山両道諸国の事実上の支配権を与える(『百錬抄』)。
- Goshirakawa pardoned Yoritomo by reinstating him in his previous position on November 2, and gave Yoritomo the virtual right to rule the provinces along Tokai-do Road and Tosan-do Road by issuing Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (the imperial decree issued to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo) on November 7 ('Hyakuren sho').
- だが、正安2年(1300年)には得宗北条貞時の御内人5名が越訴を担当するように命じられるなど、越訴を含めた得宗の訴訟権限支配が模索された。
- However, Tokuso tried to control lawsuits including direct appeals; for example, five Miuchibito (private vassals) of Tokuso Sadatoki HOJO were ordered to take charge to a direct appeal in 1300.
- 漢字文化圏以外の国家であっても、一地域・一民族の君主であるにとどまる王の上位に位置し、複数の地域・民族を支配する君主が存在する場合がある。
- Even in nations that do not use Chinese characters, there are cases where a monarch who reigns over several regions or nations is superior to a king who reigns over only one region or one nation.
- 『保暦間記』によると北条義時の頃、安藤五郎が東夷地の支配として置かれたとされ、『諏訪大明神絵詞』では安藤太が蝦夷管領となったとされている。
- According to 'Horyakukanki' (A History Book of the 14th century in Japan), around the era of Yoshitoki HOJO, Goro ANDO was assigned to the eastern Ezo to control the region, and according to 'Suwa Daimyojin Ekotoba,' Andota was appointed to Ezo kanrei (a shogunal deputy in Ezo).
- 武庫山(いまの六甲山)から風が吹き降り、船がだんだん沖合いに流されていくので、従者がこの船にはあやかしがついているのではないかと心配する。
- As the wind blows down from Mukoyama (present-day Mt. Rokko) and their boat is being swept further out from shore, a retainer worries that the boat has been possessed by a monster.
- 9世紀後期~10世紀にかけて、政府は従前から実施してきた人別支配を改め、収取の対象となる土地そのものに対する支配・収取体制を確立していった。
- From the late 9th to 10th century, the government gradually replaced the traditional system of direct rule over individual farmers with a system of rule and taxation of land, which became the source of taxation.
- こうした状況を受け、政府は、従前の個別人身支配に代わって租税収取を確保するための新たな支配体制を構築するため、大きな方針転換を迫られていた。
- Under such circumstances, the government was pressed to build up a new regime, in lieu of the then existing people-based governance, which enabled it to secure tax revenue.
- 荘園領主・知行国主らは収入を確保するため、地頭に一定額の年貢納入を義務づける代わりに現地の荘園・公領の支配を任せる地頭請を行うようになった。
- Lord of the manor and chigyo-kokushu introduced Jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito (manager and lord of manor) to manage his manor and pay the customs) in order to secure income by obliging a jito to pay a fixed amount of land tax in exchange for entrusting him with the management of the local shoen and koryo.
- 家門の創設に当たっては王位や官職、あるいは一定の支配権の獲得、領地の取得、城塞や館の建設など歴史的な事件となりうる行為をもっておこなわれる。
- In establishing a kamon (family), a deed that can be considered a historical incident is necessary: ascension to the throne, obtaining a government post or a certain mastermanship, or a territorial land or building such as a castle or a manor.
- 本家(ほんけ)は、日本の荘園における重層的土地支配構造(荘園公領制、職の体系を参照)上、最上位に位置づけられる土地の名義上の所有権者である。
- Honke is a nominal owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Japanese Shoen (refer to the Shiki system in the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) section).
- これにより、まず当時の先進地域だった畿内において、民衆が連帯組織=一揆を形成して、支配者(幕府や守護など)へ政治的な要求を行うようになった。
- In the wake of the change, the masses in the Kinai region (the provinces in the vicinity of the capital which were under direct Imperial rule), which was an advanced area of those days, began to form solidarity organizations (called ikki in Japanese) to make a political appeal to their rulers such as the bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and their shugo (provincial constables).
- 国人領主も同様であり一門や庶家、配下の土豪層とは主君と家来というよりは緩やかな同盟関係に近く、国人領主の存在は主君というより盟主に近かった。
- In the case of Kokujin ryoshu, their relationship with clan members, branch families and Dogo under their rule was similar to an alliance, rather than a relationship of master and vassal; in this sense, Kokujin ryoshu were more akin to leaders rather than masters.
- 更に領主権力の許可が必要とされる鉱山労働や鯨などの捕獲など領主が支配する山野河海から何らかの利益を得た者にからも冥加を徴収するようになった。
- Further, they imposed Myoga on people who gained profit from business that required a license from the domain, such as mine workers, as well as people who gained profit from mountains/fields/rivers/seas that were under the rule of the lords, such as whale fishermen.
- 基本的な構造としては、毎年の恒例行事を1月から12月まで月ごとに配列した「恒例」と臨時に発生する行事について記した「臨時」に分けられている。
- Basically, the structure is divided into two parts: 'Annual' where annual events per month were lined up from January to December and 'Temporary' where descriptions are given about the events that took place on a temporary basis.
- 11世紀中頃以後、不入の権 (日本)の拡大とともに一円支配が確立され、荘園内に居住するものは全て荘民として荘園領主に帰属されることになった。
- After the middle of the 11th century, together with the expansion of Funyu rights (Japan), Ichien shihai (reigning of whole regions) became established and all those who lived within a shoen were under the rule of the shoen landowner as shomin.
- また信濃十六牧の筆頭とされる「望月の牧」を支配した望月氏の支流は、飼養牧のあった甲賀の地で甲賀五十三家(甲賀流忍者)筆頭の近江望月氏となる。
- Also, the offshoot of the Mochizuki clan which ruled 'Mochizukinomaki', a Maki thought to have been the head of Juroku (one of the Noh drama masks which features a boy) Maki, became Omimochizuki clan, the head of Koga Gojyusanke (Koga 53 families)(Koga ninja families).
- 泰福は天和3年(1683年)、全国の陰陽師の支配・任免を土御門家の独占とすることに成功して後に土御門神道を創設して土御門家は全盛期を迎える。
- Yasutomi successfully took control of all ruling, appointment and dismissal of Onmyoji all over the country under the control of Tsuchimikado family, and later founded the Tsuchimikado Shinto (Shinto of Tsuchimikado school); it was the Tsuchimikado family's heyday.
- 8世紀後期頃から始まった古代の戸籍制度の崩壊は、平安時代に入っても止まらず、平安時代中期には、国家による直接の人民支配はもはや不可能になった。
- The collapse of the ancient family registration that had begun in the end 8th century did not stop in the early Heian period and the direct control of people by the central government became impossible in the mid Heian period.
- このような百姓内の階層分離が進んでいく中で、政府による律令制的支配は徐々に弛緩していき、戸籍・計帳の作成や班田などが実施されなくなっていった。
- As such a class division furthered among the population of peasants, the governmental control based upon the ritsuryo system gradually relaxed, and the bureaucratic procedures such as the household registers (koseki), the yearly tax registers (handen), and allotting of cultivation fields (handen) were no longer carried out.
- 名主は領主・地頭から名田の耕作を請け負いながら、屋敷を構え、下人や所従などの下層農民を支配し、屋敷近くに佃(つくだ)と呼ばれる良田を所有した。
- Myoshus built their houses, governed low-ranking farmers such as genin (servants who served to their masters as slaves) or shoju (retainers) and so on and owned good rice fields called tsukuda (directly-managed rice fields by a lord or an officer of shoen) near their houses, undertaking the cultivation of myoden from local lords and jitos.
- しかし、鎌倉時代に入り、地頭が荘園・公領支配に進出してくると、現地の地頭(又はその代官)に年貢徴収を請け負わせる地頭請が行われるようになった。
- However, after entering into the Kamakura period, as jito (manager and lord of manor) extended their control over the shoen and koryo (an Imperial demesne), jitouke, which awarded the local jito (or the deputy) the contract to collect the nengu, came to be put into practice.
- 1つは、土地や百姓らから産み出される収益(年貢・公事など)の上分(じょうぶん)であり、もう1つは、支配する土地そのものの下地(したじ)である。
- One was called jobun, which was the profit (from nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties)) generated from land or by farmers, and the other was called shitaji, which was the land under control.
- 特に明徳4年(1393年)には幕府は土倉に対して年間6,000貫文の納付と引き換えに寺社等が持つ一切の支配権を否定して臨時課役の否認を認めた。
- Particularly in 1393 when, in return for an annual payment of 6,000 kanmon paid by doso to the bakufu, all control rights held by temples and shrines were negated and special taxes were repudiated.
- 配下に京都守護職の松平容保、京都所司代の松平定敬らを従え、江戸の幕閣達から独立した動きをみせ、 在京幕府勢力の指導的役割を果たす存在となった。
- He gained vassals such as Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto), and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy), and he worked independently from the cabinet officials of the Shogunate in Edo and took the leadership role in the bakufu forces stationed in Kyoto.
- これは、幕府や藩などの媒介なしに、天皇の下にある中央政府が直接に土地と人民を支配し、統治権(立法権・行政権・司法権)を行使することを意味する。
- This meant that the central government, on behalf of the emperor, could directly rule land and people, and exercise ruling powers (legislative power, executive power, and judicial power).
- 室町時代の守護大名は国ごとあるいは郡ごとの一円支配だったのに対し、秀吉は太閤蔵入地を設定して大名の支配を郷村単位の支配としたことに意義がある。
- While 'shugo daimyo' (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) during the Muromachi period reigned over a whole region or province, Hideyoshi established the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi and made the area that each feudal lord could reign 'goson' (a self-governing village).
- 目的地を知り居場所を突き止められると、銀座にいた彼の周りに警官が20~30メートルおきに配置されてしまい、これ以上散策が出来なくなり終了した。
- After locating his whereabouts, the agency placed police officers around the Crown Prince at intervals of 20-30 meters, with the result that they could no longer wander about Ginza.
- ただし、砂糖を効かせ過ぎると甘い餡をかけた時にはくどい味に、甘くない味付けにした場合にはそれと相反する味になってしまうので、配慮が必要である。
- However, putting sweet an (paste or thick sauce or jam for adding to main foods) to sweetened mochi makes too much sweet dango; non-sweetened an doesn't match sweetened mochi; therefore, the quantity of the sugar is very important.
- 個別人身支配の基礎となっていたのは戸籍・計帳であったが、上記の状況は、もはや戸籍・計帳による人民支配租税収取が限界を迎えていたことを示している。
- Although family registration and keicho were the foundation of people-based governance, the above situation clearly demonstrated the limitation of people-based governance/tax collection that relied on family registration and keicho.
- 酒屋の若い店員が各家庭に御用聞きといって、その日に必要な食料や日用品を注文を聞いて回り、あとから宅配するというサービスも一般的に行なわれていた。
- The so-called goyokiki service was provided generally in which a young shop attendant at a sakaya circulated its customers' houses, receiving orders of food and daily necessities for the day, and delivered them to the customers' houses later.
- こうした変化に対応できた守護もしくは守護を放伐した守護代・国人らは、守護不入権などを否認して強力かつ一元的に領国を支配する戦国大名へと成長した。
- Denying various disadvantageous terms such as the right of shugo-funyu, shugo that had successfully coped with these changes, as well as shugo-dai and kokujin that had ousted shugo, grew into Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period [period of warring states]) controlling their territories strongly and uniformly.
- 水軍を用意できなかった新田軍は、本陣を二本松(和田岬と会下山の中間)に置き、和田岬にも脇屋義助・大館氏明などの軍勢を配置して水軍の上陸に備えた。
- Nitta's army was unable to raise a navy, so established its headquarters in Nihonmatsu (between Wadamisaki and Egenoyama) and also deployed the forces of Yoshisuke WAKIYA and Ujiaki ODACHI in Wadamisaki in preparation for the naval landing.
- 惣村は、原則としては荘園・公領領主や地頭・守護などによって支配される建前であったが、これら支配者の規制を唯々諾々として受け入れていた訳ではない。
- Although soson was technically governed by the lord of a manor and Imperial estate or shugo and jito (military governor and estate steward), the people of soson had not necessarily accepted the control of these rulers obediently.
- 北宋末の政和年間には限田法を行い、一品100頃(けい)~九品10頃以上の田地を所有する官戸に対して額外所有分に応じて差役と科配を課すこととした。
- The Zhenghe era at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty saw the enactment of a land ownership restriction which imposed mandatory labor and additional taxes on guanhu who owned in land in excess of between one 100-qing (approximately 666 ha) plot and nine 10-qing (approximately 66 ha) plots.
- 義平は変装して平清盛一族(平家)の支配する京都に密かに潜入し、京都に潜む父義朝のかつての郎党と共に清盛暗殺を企てるが失敗し捕らえられて殺される。
- Yoshihira in disguise sneaked into Kyoto which was ruled by the family of TAIRA no Kiyomori (Taira clan) and tried to assassinate Kiyomori with the help of the former followers of his father Yoshitomo hidden in Kyoto, but he failed, and was captured and killed.
- 逆に守護大名の段階において領国の一円支配を一応は完成させていた武田氏や今川氏、新興の外来勢力である後北条氏・里見氏には見られない現象でもあった。
- By contrast, this phenomenon was not seen in the Takeda and Imagawa clans, which had achieved ichien shihai (integrated rule over whole territory) when they were still in the stage of Shugo daimyo; nor was it seen in the Gohojo and Satomi clans which were a newly emerged foreign power.
- 雑役免田は定免田化されると給主の権利が強まり、官物の不輸や国使入部を拒否する不入権を獲得することで、給主の一円支配を認めた荘園に転化していった。
- The Jyomenden of Zoeki Menden strengthened the rights of the Kyunushi and led to the Funyuken (right to refusal of entry of Kokushi), or exemption of tax, changing into the overall control of the Kyunushu of Shoen.
- 一方神社では社家が荘園を分割支配して安定した収入確保を図ろうとするが、次第に自己の家領として私物化して場合によっては第三者に譲渡する例も現れた。
- On the other hand, in the shrines, shake (hereditary priest at a shrine) divided and ruled the shoen to secure stable income, but gradually privatized the shoen as its own karei (hereditary land), even sold the shoen to the others in some cases.
- 現代日本では転じて天皇以外の男性皇族の配偶者に対して用いられている(例皇太子妃・親王妃)が、本項目では本来の意味である后妃身分について解説する。
- In modern age, Hi is used for all spouses for male imperial family except Emperor (like Kotaishi hi [crown princess] and shinno hi [imperial princess]), but this section explains an original usage of empress's title.
- 8世紀から本格的に開始した日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳によって人民百姓を把握し、口分田を班給する代わりに租庸調を租税として収取する支配体制であった。
- The Ritsuryo system of Japan, which was officially inaugurated in the eighth century, was an administrative system based on the control over people and farmers by koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and the collection of land tax by Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), which was imposed in exchange for hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
- 朝廷は租税収入を確保するために、諸国の国衙領を名田という単位へ分割し、在地の富豪層(田堵)へ名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる支配体制へと移行した。
- To ensure yields of tax, the Imperial Court introduced a new ruling system where Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in provinces were divided into units of myoden (rice field lots in charge of nominal holders) so that land lords of the wealthy class (Tato (cultivators)) undertook the management of myoden and land tax payment.
- なお、中世の法慣習では、支配権を有する領主や地頭などが検断権を持つこととされていたが、支配される側の惣村が検断権を持っていた点に大きな特徴がある。
- A major feature was that the laws and customs of the medieval period specified that a lord or a Jito who had the right to rule should have the right of kendan, but the soson under control had such a right.
- 領地再分配では、次男・織田信雄は尾張国を、3男・信孝は美濃国を相続し、信長の4男で秀吉の養子である羽柴秀勝は明智光秀の旧領である丹波国を相続した。
- As the conclusion to the issue of territory redistribution, Nobukatsu ODA inherited Owari Province as the second son, and Nobutaka inherited Mino Province as the third son, while HideKatsu HASHIBA, the fourth son of Nobunaga as well as the adopted son of Hideyoshi, inherited Tanba Province, which had been the territory of Mitsuhide AKECHI.
- 秀吉上陸を察知した島津軍は北部九州を半ば放棄、島津氏の支配が表面的な占領軍政に過ぎなかったこともあり、瞬く間に島津氏の支配している城を陥落させる。
- Upon sensing the landing of Hideyoshi, Shimazu's army almost abandoned northern Kyushu, and Hideyoshi captured castles ruled by the Shimazu clan instantly, partly because the rule by the Shimazu clan was nothing more than a formal rule by occupation forces.
- そして西の麻生津口と北の学文路口を特に重視して、麻生津口に南蓮上院弁仙(遊佐信教の子)、学文路口に花王院快応(畠山昭高の子)を大将として配置した。
- It especially emphasized on the west Ouzu guchi and the north Kamuro guchi and allocated Bensen of Nanrenjo-in Temple (a son of Nobunori YUSA) at Ouzu guchi and Kaio of Kao-in Temple (a son of Akitaka HATAKEYAMA) at Kamuro guchi as a commander.
- 一方でそれら守護や国人の支配権は無条件に強固になったわけではなく、被官が他の守護に寝返ったり、他の国人と一揆を結んで守護の干渉を防ぐこともあった。
- On the other hand, strengthening the ruling power of a Shugo or Kokujin was not necessarily accomplished smoothly, due to vassals often changing loyalty to other Shugo or rebelled against a Shugo in an alliance with another Kokujin.
- そして、両特権の拡大によって、荘園における土地・人民の私的支配はいっそう強まり、荘園を整理しようとする国司と荘園領主とのあいだでも対立が深まった。
- Consequently, due to the expansion of the two privileges, private dominance of land and people in shoen further grew, and the confrontation between kokushi who tried to reorganize shoen and lords of shoen intensified.
- 今後実用化されるであろうある新しい治療法(薬剤)に関しても、費用がかかるため、保険で認められるかどうかわからないといった心配も一部でなされている。
- New treatments (pharmaceuticals) that will likely be put to practical use in future require significant expense, and there is concern about whether or not these will be recognized by the insurance industry.
- 承久の乱で後鳥羽院と4人の孫(土御門天皇、順徳天皇、雅成親王、頼仁親王)が配流となった後も、後堀河天皇(守貞親王の皇子)の祖母として京都に留まる。
- She remained at Kyoto as the grandmother of the Emperor Gohorikawa (a prince of Imperial Prince Morisada) even after Gotobain and his four grandchildren (Emperor Gotsuchimikado, Emperor Juntoku, Imperial Prince Masanari and Imperial Prince Yorihito) were banished in the wake of the Jokyu War.
- 配下の男子20数人しか持たない段階の大海人皇子が、挙兵発覚の危険を冒して駅鈴を求めさせたのは、高坂王の無為とともに多くの学者の不審を買う点である。
- The act of Prince Oama who took up arms when he only had two dozen followers, to send envoys to call for Takasaka no Okimi to hand over ekirei cast discredit on many scholars as well as emphasized Takasaka no Okimi's idleness.
- やがて吉田城 (三河国)を失陥、三河の支配権も喪失すると、同盟関係の武田氏からも侮られて、三国同盟の一方的破棄から武田氏による駿河侵攻に晒される。
- Soon he lost Yoshida-jo Castle (Mikawa Province) and lost the dominion of Mikawa, he was disregarded by the Takeda clan to which he allied, the tripartite alliance was renounced unilaterally, and Suruga was in danger of invasion by the Takeda clan.
- また、個別人身支配を受けるべき個々の民は、かつてのように地域首長層の末裔たる郡司の首長権への精神的服従意識によって統率された存在ではなくなっていた。
- Further, individuals who were supposed to be subject to people-based governance were no more the people who were led by mental obedience consciousness to the chieftaincy of Gunji, the descendants of the chiefs of village communities.
- 日本国における古代・中世の荘園や荘園公領制下の村落の領主である権門勢家や在地の地頭たちは、その領域 (国家)を明確にして支配の正統性を主張していた。
- In the ancient and medieval periods of Japan, shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or feudal loads of the villages under the system of public lands and private estates, such as the great and powerful or the local jito (manager and lord of manor) set bounds on their territories (states) and insisted the justice of their domination over such territories.
- しかし、史料から見る実際の名田は、あくまで領主が支配しており、田堵や名主らは領主への租税納付機関として働いていたに過ぎないことが明らかとなっている。
- Historical materials clearly show, however, that the myoden fields were actually governed by lords, and tato and myoshu just functioned as a tax payment agency for lords.
- ただ、現実には百姓層の階層分化が著しく進んでおり律令制的な人別支配はもはや不可能な段階に至っていたため、延喜の治は必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
- However, in reality, Engi no chi was not necessarily successful as the rank differentiation of the farmer class was significantly accelerated so, the rule over people based on the Ritsuryo system had reached the stage no longer being possible.
- 開発領主は国衙よりも権威のある中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ開発田地を寄進して(寄進型荘園)、国衙の圧力を断ち切ることで支配権・管理権を確保していった。
- Therefore, kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to secure their dominion and management rights by donating their developed fields to major central nobility, temples, and shrines, that were more powerful than kokuga, to eliminate the pressure from kokuga (those shoen were specifically categorized as donated shoen).
- 抜け道もいくつか存在し、薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球を通じた中国、東南アジアとの仲介貿易、松前藩を介したアイヌ・ロシアとの交易などがおこなわれていた。
- There were several loopholes, for example, intermediary trade with China and Southeast Asia through Ryukyu under the control of Satsuma Domain and trade with Ainu and Russia through the Matsumae Domain.
- また、妃が設置されなくなると、「妃」という言葉自体は一般男性皇族の配偶者に対する称号として用いられることが行われ、現在の皇室典範にも継承されている。
- After the position of Hi disappeared, a word 'Hi' was used as a title for the spouse of male imperial family and it is included in the modern Imperial House Act.
- 畿内(摂津、河内、大和、丹波国、山城国、和泉国)や四国(阿波、讃岐国、淡路国)合わせて9ヶ国と播磨、伊予、土佐の一部を支配する大大名にまで成長した。
- And he grew to be a daidaimyo (daimyo having a greater stipend) to govern, in total, nine provinces Kinki region (Settsu, Kawachi, Yamato, Tanba Province, Yamashiro Province, Izumi Province) and Shikoku (Awa, Sanuki Province, Awaji Province), including part of Harima, Iyo and Tosa.
- などから、この元慶の乱は事実上蝦夷側の要求が通り、雄物川以北は蝦夷側の支配する地区となり、朝廷が手を出せなくなってしまったのではないかとする人もいる。
- For these reasons, some even assume that in the Gangyo War the request of the Emishi side was practically granted, and that the Emishi took over the reins of the region to the north of the Omono-gawa River, which even the Imperial Court could no longer touch.
- この土地支配の単位を名田と呼ぶが、この頃、郡司、土着国司などを出自とする田堵と呼ばれた富豪層は、名の経営を請け負い、負名と呼ばれるようになっていった。
- The unit of the medieval land ruling is called myoden (rice field lots in the charge of a nominal holder), and at that period the wealthy class called Tato (cultivators) that came from gunji (local magistrates) and native provincial governors undertook the management of myo and came to be called Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field).
- そうなると、人民一人ひとりを収取(課税・徴税)単位としていた人別支配はもはや不可能となり、政府や支配層にとって別の支配体制を構築する必要が生じていた。
- Under such circumstances, controlling each member of the community by imposing and collecting taxes was no longer possible, and the government and the ruling class were becoming aware of the necessity for a new control system.
- 城下に入ると幹線道路の両脇に家屋を隙間なく配置させることで城を見え難くして、道を鍵形に曲げたり袋小路を設けるなどすることで、城への到達距離を延長した。
- Within the joka, houses were located on both sides of the main route to make it hard to see the castle and made the distance to the castle longer by making many bends in the roads and dead-ends.
- つまり、鎌倉期の地頭は、在地領主として勧農を実施することで、現地の実効支配権をも主張したのであり、このようにして地頭による荘園侵略が行われたのである。
- That is, jito during the Kamakura period insisted on their effective authority by practicing the kanno as local landlords and in this way the jito's invasion of the shoens was completed.
- 時代が経過すると名による支配体制が崩れて、多くの一般百姓(地下人じげにん)が経済的に自立していったため、これらの地下人も惣村の構成員に加わっていった。
- With the change of the times, since the governing system by myo collapsed and many general peasants (jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility)) attained economic self-sufficiency, such jigenin came to be recognized as members of soson.
- こうして兵力と補給に余裕が出てきたことにより朝鮮南部の支配を既定事実とするため、朝鮮南部へ布陣した諸将を動員して第二次晋州城攻防戦で晋州城を攻略した。
- Thus, as they could gain some leeway both in troop strength and supplies, in order to control southern Korea an established fact, commanders camped in southern Korea were called up to attack Jinju Castle (the second Siege of Jinju).
- これは農民が領主が支配する田畑で労働行為(耕作)を行って年貢を納める代償として領主からの庇護を受けるという関係をその他の領民に拡大したものとも言える。
- In a sense, the above was modeled after the relation between lords and farmers under which farmers worked at farmlands (cultivation) that were under the rule of lords and pay nengu while being protected by the lords.
- 更にその中で上位の者は領主や地侍としての地位を獲得して荘園領主の支配から脱却したり、荘園内外にて独自の経営地及び独自の小作関係の形成を行うようになる。
- Further, there were those of the upper-class who attained the position as a landlord or a jizamurai (local samurai) which enabled them to break away from the rule of the manor owners and to establish their own business managing and renting their lands to local peasants.
- 寛喜3年(1231年)、土御門上皇が配流先の阿波国で崩御すると、麗子は自身の封戸、年官、年爵を辞して隠遁し、寛元元年(1243年)、59歳で崩御した。
- When Retired Emperor Tsuchimikado passed away in Awa Province, where he was exiled in 1231, Reishi abdicated fuko (a vassal household allotted to a courtier, shrines and temples), nenkan (a right granted as a stipend to members of the Imperial Family - including the emperor, consorts of the emperor, some Court nobles, and so forth to nominate a person for a certain government post conferred to them on the occasion of annually installing them as government officials), nenshaku (a right granted as a stipend to a retired emperor, the mother of the Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager, the Empress, etc., to nominate a person for a certain rank conferred to them on the occasion of the annual conferment of a rank) and retired; she passed away at the age of fifty nine years old in 1243.
- 別名とは、田堵負名を含む在地領主層に対して、名田よりも遥かに広域で、未墾地や山野を含む領域の支配を認める代わりに、一定の官物納入を義務づけるものである。
- The bechimyo was the system in which the central government put local lords including tato fumyo under a obligation to pay a certain amount of kanmotsu instead of admitting their domination over the area that was far more vast than myoden and included uncultivated lands, fields and mountains.
- イタリアの都市国家では支配階層であり貴族層の権力伸張を抑える手段として用いられ、続いて女性の発言力増加を危惧してこれを抑圧するための手段として出された。
- Italian city-states used this kind of law as a means to restrain the extension of power of the nobles who were then the ruling class and to suppress the increasing influence of women, which was becoming a concern of the country.
- 荘園領主は、現地の有力農民(田堵など)を名主に任じ、荘園の現地経営を安定させると同時に、直属の預所を現地へ派遣するなどして、荘園支配の強化維持に努めた。
- Shoen owners appointed the local leading farmers (such as tato who managed the rice fields in shoen or kokuga domain) as myoshu (the class entrusted to manage myoden, rice field as a basic unit for tax levying), sent the direct subordinate azukari dokoro (appointed local shoen manager) to the local region as well as stabilized the local management of shoen and they did their best to strengthen and maintain the governance of shoen.
- 明治から昭和の初めまでは、明治初期からの代々の家族が全て同じ戸籍に記され、4代くらいに渡って兄弟姉妹、配偶者、其々の子供、子孫ら家族全てが記されていた。
- From the Meiji period to the early Showa period, families through successive generations were recorded in the same family register, including all the brothers, sisters, spouses, their children and grandchildren of those families over about four generations.
- こうした大規模な土木工事が可能になったということは、技術の発達とともに、多くの労働力を使えるだけの権力をもち、広範囲に支配を広げた王権の成立を意味する。
- The fact that such large-scale public works were possible implies the development of work skills and the establishment of the royal authority which not only had the power to mobilize a large workforce but also the control over a wide-ranging area.
- そのため既存の勢力(武田氏・上杉氏等)のように、その軍団を構成する多数の国人・地侍の意向に配慮する必要もなく、独裁的に政治・軍事を展開することができた。
- Therefore, unlike existing powers (Takeda clan, Uesugi clan etc.), they were able to take political or military actions autocratically with no need to consider the wishes of the many local or provincial samurai who formed the army.
- これは覇者とよばれる盟主的国家によってほかの封建国家に誠実関係を築くものであるが、従来の封建関係以上に強力な支配-被支配を生み出すものと考えられている。
- In the political system, a leading state called Hasha (hegemony) builds sincere relationships with other Hoken states, which is thought to produce more rigid rulers-and-subjects relations than that of conventional Hoken relations.
- 1523年には惟長父子に堅志田城を奪われ甲佐町・砥用町・中山も支配下におかれるが1543年に堅志田城を奪還し、30年に及ぶ内部分裂に事実上終止符を打つ。
- In 1523, Koretoyo lost control of Katashida-jo Castle to Korenaga and his son, and they even took over control of Kosa Town, Tomochi Town, and Nakayama; however, Koretoyo regained control over the castle in 1543, finally ending the internal conflicts that had continued for 30 years.
- この場合、おおよそ古代の奴隷制が生産力の進歩によって覆され、領主が生産者である農民を農奴として支配するようになったと解釈される社会経済制度のことを示す。
- In this case, it means the socio-political system considered to have been established after the overturn of ancient slavery with the improvement of productivity, under which feudal lords ruled productive peasants as serfs.
- 「国の兵共」が、「譜第図」や「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載されるということ自体が、彼らが国衙支配下の開発領主達の中で特種な存在であったことを物語っている。
- The fact that 'soldiers of the province' was recorded in registers such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (a list of warriors) said that they had a special existence among the kaihatsu-ryoshu under the Kokuga rule.
- 中には土佐の一条氏(土佐一条氏)のように、荘園領主である中央貴族が荘園支配を維持するため、荘園へ下向し、そのまま土着して戦国大名となってしまった例もある。
- Among them, like the Tosa Ichijo clan, some central aristocrats who were the lords of shoen went to the shoen to maintain the governance of shoen and were indigenized there to become Sengoku-daimyo.
- 中世前期(平安時代~鎌倉時代)までは、民衆(百姓など)を規制する法令は、律令・公家法・本所法・武家法など支配者により定められたものしか存在していなかった。
- Before the early medieval period (from the Heian to Kamakura periods), the general public (peasants etc.) were regulated only by the laws established by rulers, such as the Ritsuryo codes, court noble law, honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law, and samurai law.
- そのため、仮に信長配下の大名の謀反により信長が倒されても、信長傘下でもっとも大勢力をもつ織田家の当主が生き残っていれば、政権が維持できる構造になっていた。
- Under the system, the Oda clan was supposed to be able to stay in power as long as the head of Oda clan having the largest military force survived, even if Nobunaga was killed in a rebellion raised by his vassals.
- その後、信長は伊勢国の北畠具教、河内国の三好義継、大和国の松永久秀ら、畿内における諸大名をことごとく支配下に置き、畿内に一大勢力圏を築くに至ったのである。
- After that, Nobunaga subjugated all daimyos (Japanese feudal lord) in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) such as Tomonori KITABATAKE of Ise Province, Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI of Kawachi Province and Hisahide MATSUNAGA of Yamato Province, and gained control over the majority of the Kinai region.
- この幽閉劇は、毛利氏による旧尼子家臣団への締め付けと出雲国の支配強化が狙いであり、三沢氏同様、旧尼子家臣団でもあった三刀屋久扶も追放の憂き目にあっている。
- This dramatic confinement was designed by the Mori clan to increase its pressure on the retainers of the old Amago clan and strengthen its lordship over Izumo Province, such that Hisasuke MITOYA who had been a member of the old Amago's retainer group also suffered exile in the same manner as those of the Misawa clan.
- 嘉応の強訴(かおうのごうそ)は、嘉応元年(1169年)12月23日 (旧暦)、延暦寺の大衆 (仏教)が尾張国知行国主・藤原成親の配流を求めて起こした強訴。
- Kao no goso refers a direct petition by Enryaku-ji Temple's daishu (residing monks) demanding the proprietor of the Owari Province FUJIWARA no Narichika into exile on January 18, 1170.
- 12世紀に入る頃から、荘園領主である寺社は経営安定化のために雑役免系荘園の一円支配を目指し、寺田・神田などの封戸と同様に官物徴収権も獲得するようになった。
- From the beginning of the twelfth century, some of temples/shrines, the lord of shoen, began to seek ichienshihai (complete rule of the land) of Zoyakumen kei shoen and eventually obtained the right to collect kanmotsu as with the case of fuko (lands allotted to temples/shrines) called jiden (land allotted to temples) or shinden (land allotted to shrines).
- 「妃」とは元々は「つま(妻)」と同義であったが、中国では後に天子の配偶者への貴称として用いられ、唐の律令制を導入した日本でもこれを採用したと見られている。
- Hi' originally had same meaning as 'Tsuma' (wife), but later Hi was used as a title of emperor's spouse in China and this was adopted in Japan since the ritsuryo system was introduced from Tang.
- 幕府が学問に儒学の朱子学を採用したことから、覇者である徳川家より「みかど」が正当な支配者であるという尊王論が水戸徳川家(水戸藩)を中心として盛んになった。
- Because the Bakufu chose Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) as the academic subject to be studied, Sonnoron (Imperialism), which placed 'Mikado' (the Emperor) as the legitimate ruler rather than a hegemon of the Tokugawa clan, became popular among people such as the Mito-Tokugawa family (Mito Domain).
- 大日本帝国憲法の解釈は、当初、東京大学教授・穂積八束らによる天皇主権説が支配的で、藩閥官僚による専制的な支配構造(いわゆる超然主義)を理論の面から支えた。
- For the interpretation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the imperial sovereignty theory suggested by Yatsuka HOZUMI, a professor of the University of Tokyo, was dominating and theoretically supported the autocratic ruling structure (what is called the doctrine of superiority) by domain clique bureaucrat.
- この制度上、その支配する収益権のある土地自体を、土地や百姓らから産み出される収益(年貢・公事など)を指す上分(じょうぶん)に対して、下地(したじ)と呼んだ。
- Under this system, lands from which proceeds (nengu (tribute) and kuji (public service) etc) were gained were called shitaji while the proceeds which were gained from lands/peasants were called jobun.
- かかる危機に直面した国衙行政と中央財政を再建させるために、院宮王臣家と富豪層の関係を断ち切るとともに、国司へ大幅な支配権限を委譲する改革が行われたのである。
- In the reformation to reestablish the kokuga administration and the finance of the central government, the relationships between Ingu oshinke and rich and powerful persons was broken and much of the control right was transferred to kokushi.
- 郡司・富豪層は、土地耕作を経営し納税を請け負う田堵負名として国衙支配に組み込まれ、また、各「所」に配属されて在庁官人として国衙行政の一翼を担うようになった。
- Gunji and rich and powerful persons were built in the kokuga control system as Tato fumyo who managed farm operations and collected tax, and in addition, were affiliated with 'the sho' and came to play some roles in the kokuga administration.
- 国内支配に大幅な権限を有した受領と、名経営や私領経営などを通じて経済力をつけてきた郡司・田堵負名層との間には、次第に経済的・政治的矛盾が生じるようになった。
- Gradually, economical and political contradiction became serious between zuryo, who had big authority for ruling provinces, and gunji/tato fumyo class, who had economic power gained through the management of myoden or private estates.
- 支配体制のいまだ確立していない江戸時代初期には特に顕著で、幕府の成立から三代征夷大将軍徳川家光の治下にかけて、嗣子がないために取り潰される大名家が続出した。
- During the early Edo period when the control system had not been established yet, especially the period between the foundation of the bakufu and the regime of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, many daimyo families became extinct due to the lack of an heir.
- 在地領主は、平安中期~後期を通じて、名田経営により富を蓄積し、周辺田地や開発墾田を集積するとともに、それらの田地内の一般百姓を支配下に置こうと指向していた。
- During the middle and late of the Heian period, the local landlords accumulated fortunes by the management of myoden, amassed neighboring or cultivated rice fields, and aimed to govern ordinary farmers in these rice fields.
- しかし、鎌倉後期ごろになると、地頭が荘園・公領支配へ進出していったことにより、名を中心とした生活経済は急速に姿を消していき、従来の荘園公領制が変質し始めた。
- However, in the late Kamakura period, since Jito (a manager and lord of the manor) moved into the governance of the manor and public land, the livelihood and economy that had been dependent on the myo rapidly disappeared, and the conventional shoen koryo sei began to change.
- 明は日本と国交を結ばないまま滅亡し、明に代わって中国を支配するようになった清は、すでに日本が鎖国を取ったため貿易は行うが、正式な国交を持とうとはしなかった。
- Ming was ruined without having diplomatic relations with Japan and Qing, which began to control China after Ming, because Japan adopted a national isolation policy, conducted only trade, but had no official diplomatic relations.
- 一方、朝鮮の両班階層(支配層)の間では明の援軍のおかげにより朝鮮は滅亡を免れたのだという意識(「再造之恩」)が強調され、明への恩義を重視する思想が広まった。
- On the other hand, among yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea) (ruling class) of Korea, understanding that Korea could narrowly avoid ruin thanks to reinforcements from Ming ('再造之恩') was underscored and the thought to attach importance to gratitude towards Ming spread widely.
- 尊卑文脈によれば、有光~四代目の世代(鎌倉前期)の頃に、陸奥石川氏は一族・庶流の分立を進め、城・館を築き石川庄の村々に一族の地頭を配置していったと思われる。
- According to Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble, during the period of the generations from Arimitsu to the fourth head of the clan (the early Kamakura period), the Mutsu Ishikawa clan seemed to have promoted separation of the clan and the illegitimate lineage, have built castles and residents and have posted managers and lords of the manors of the clan in hamlets in the Ishikawa village.
- 一揆の際には農村側に立って先導するような百姓側の代表としての意識の強いものと、支配機構の末端をになう下級官吏の面が強く一揆などの際に標的となる場合もあった。
- Some headmen (nanushi or shoya) had a strong sense of being a representative of the peasants, who led riots on farmers' side, while others became a target in uprisings because of their being the rank and file of the government in direct contact with the public.
- その中でも伊勢平氏は平氏政権樹立の過程で各地の知行国や荘園を獲得して経済的基盤を形成し、最盛期には30ヶ国以上の知行国と500ヶ所以上の荘園を支配していた。
- Among others, the Ise Heishi formed its economic foundation by receiving chigyokoku and shoen throughout Japan in the process of establishing the Taira administration, which culminated in ruling of thirty or more chigyokoku and 500 or more shoen.
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡から南北朝分立に至る動乱と西園寺本家断絶の混乱の中で、西園寺家庶家の西園寺公良が宇和郡に入り、在地の土豪を支配下に組み入れて領国支配を開始する。
- Amid the agitated situation from the fall of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to the separation of the Northern and Southern Courts and the chaos caused by the discontinuance of the Saionji family, Kimiyoshi SAIONJI, of a branch family of the Saionji family entered Uwa Country, and put the local clans under his control then began to rule over the territory.
- さらに戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名による一円支配の強化とともに名田の解体が急激に進み、最終的には安土桃山時代の太閤検地によって、名田は完全に消滅した。
- In the Sengoku period (the period of warring states in Japan), the collapse of the myoden system rapidly proceeded accompanying the enhancement of the unified government by Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period), and eventually, it completely disappeared due to the taiko-kenchi (cadastral surveys instituted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- 一円知行(いちえんちぎょう)とは、日本の中世で使用された用語で、荘園公領制の重層的に入り組んだ支配・権利関係の中で、ある者が一元的に土地を支配することを指す。
- Ichien Chigyo was a term used during the Japanese Middle Ages to mean that a particular individual has integrated control over lands in complicated and multi-layered relationships of dominance and rights of the Shoen Koryo (public lands and private estates) system.
- 真田氏はその後豊臣政権に臣従しており、上田合戦に至るまでの諸勢力との外交や数カ郡を支配する勢力拡大は、真田氏が小領主から大名化していく過程であると指摘される。
- The Sanada clan later served the Toyotomi government, and it is indicated that diplomatic relations with various influences and expansion of power to control several districts was the process of the Sanada clan growing from a small feudal lord to daimyo (major territorial lord).
- 源義親の子である塩谷頼純が大治 (日本)5年(1130年)頃、下野国塩谷郡に下り塩谷荘司として塩谷姓を創始したのがはじまりで、塩谷荘三十三郷三万八千町を支配。
- In or around 1130, Yorizumi SHIONOYA, a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, went down Shioya County, Shimotsuke Province, adopted the name SHIONOYA and governed SHIONOYA manor, with its thirty-three go thirty-eight thousand cho.
- 在家を下人・所従と同様の従属民とする見方もあるが、在家の位置づけは地域によって異なっている上に、実際に領主の人格的支配が在家にまで及んでいたとする記録はない。
- Zaike could be categorized as slaves similar to genin (the base) and shoju (followers); but, zaike was considered differently in each region, and besides, there was no record indicating that ryoshu in fact controlled zaike.
- この新制の審議手続と法文配列が以後の先例とされたことが、約200年後の九条兼実の日記『玉葉』建久元年11月1日条に記された手続の様子から知ることが可能である。
- It is possible to learn that the procedure for discussion in connection with this shinsei and arrangement of provisions of the law were made a precedent for issuance of the subsequent shinsei, from the description of the procedure in an article dated November 1, 1190 of 'Gyokuyo,' the diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane about two hundred years later.
- 山城新伍が語った所によれば、当初は勝が武田信玄と影武者を、勝の実兄の若山富三郎が信玄の弟武田信廉役を演じる案があったという(実際の兄弟関係を逆転させた配役)。
- According to Shingo YAMASHIRO, Katsu was originally supposed to play the roles of Shingen TAKEDA and his body double, and his older brother Tomisaburo WAKAYAMA was to play the role of Shingen's younger brother Nobukado TAKEDA (the opposite of their true ages).
- 15世紀後期、応仁の乱から明応の政変にかけて、幕府の支配体制が流動化していくと、守護代や有力国人が守護に代わって、領国支配の実権を握る例も見られるようになった。
- With unrest spreading over the ruling system of the bakufu in the period of the Onin War to the Meio Coup in the late 15th century, some shugo-dai and influential kokujin held real power in ruling the territories instead of shugo.
- こうした支配体制を名体制(みょうたいせい)または王朝体制(おうちょうたいせい)などというが、これにより、国司は一定の租税収入を確保することができるようになった。
- Such a control system was called myotaisei or ochotaisei, and with this system, kokushi able to secure a certain amount of tax income.
- また、荘園領主・国司と請負契約を結び、収入の中から領主・国司へ年貢納入する一方で、実質的に荘園・国衙領を支配していく守護請(しゅごうけ)も行われるようになった。
- Moreover, making a contract with the landholders of shoen and the kokushi (provincial governors) to pay them nengu from income, shugo virtually dominated the shoen and the territories of kokuga, which were called 'shugo-uke' (the work undertaken by shugo).
- この頃、個別人身支配から土地課税への転換に伴って、従来からあった租庸調・正税・雑徭・交易物などの税目が消え、新たに官物・臨時雑役などといった税目が出現していた。
- In the wake of the transition from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, former taxes, such as Soyocho, shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse), zoyo (irregular corvee) and trading goods, were abolished and new items of taxation, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and rinji zoyaku (general term for odd-job tasks), were introduced.
- そのほかにも、地球温暖化により内陸部の降水量減少や気圧配置の変化が引き起こされ、それらが乾燥化や強風の増加をもたらして、黄砂の増加に関係しているとの考えもある。
- In addition, there is also another theory that global warming has been related to an increase in kosa in the following way: Global warming has caused the amount of rainfall in the inner land to decrease and has also caused the atmospheric pressure patterns to change, consequently expanding dry area and increasing the occurrence of strong winds.
- 戦国末期には宗族組織はほとんど崩壊あるいは変質していたため、諸侯は支配地の住民を宗族に基づいて支配するのではなく、個別人身的な支配関係を構築していったとされる。
- By the end of the Zhangguo period, Sozoku organizations collapsed or changed their nature, therefore, lords started to build rulers-and-subjects relations with people in their domain individually instead of ruling them based on Sozoku.
- 安定な状態を、確実なものにしようと、荘園の寄進を行うが、その段階で、自分の直接支配地だけでなく、郷の単位ぐらいに、周辺の公領も切り取って規模を拡大して立荘する。
- A donation of shoen was made to secure its stable state, and on this occasion, the area of the shoen was defined by inclusion of not only their regions of direct influence but also nearby public land cut off by about a village unit to increase the area.
- そして、実際には「封建王」的存在として朝廷すら支配していた徳川将軍でさえ、将軍宣下と上洛参内の時には天皇を「王」、将軍を「覇者」とする秩序に従っていたのである。
- Moreover, Tokugawa Shogun, who existed as 'feudal king' and even controlled the Imperial Court, however, followed the order calling himself 'supreme ruler' and the Emperor 'king' when he paid a visit to the Imperial Palace.
- 朝用分(ちょうようぶん・朝要分)とは、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)が兵粮と財政収入確保のために自己の支配下の寺社領地などに臨時にかけた課税のこと。
- Choyobun refers to the taxation that the Southern Court temporarily imposed on the territories of temples and shrines under their control in order to secure provisions and revenue during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- こうして、名実ともに東国の支配権を確立していった頼朝は、1184年、行政を担当する公文所(後の政所)と司法を担当する問注所を置いて、政権の実態を形成していった。
- Thus Yoritomo established the right of government over Togoku in reality and in name, and in 1184 he set up the Kumonjo (later Mandokoro) in charge of administration and Monchujo in charge of justice to form actual government.
- その象徴的な出来事がハーグ密使事件であり、朝鮮に対する日本の支配を排除するため、その不合理を国際社会に訴えたが、これが頓挫した上、日本との関係をより悪化させた。
- One symbolic episode is the Hague Secret Emissary Affair, in which Korea tried to exclude Japanese rule by demonstrating its illegitimacy to the international community, but the trial failed and the Korea-Japan relationship deteriorated.
- そのため、軍団兵士制を支えてきた戸籍制度を維持する必要性も低下していき、9世紀初頭以降、律令制の基盤となっていた戸籍を通じた個別人身支配が急速に形骸化していった。
- Therefore, the necessity of maintaining the family registration system having supported the gundan-soldier system diminished, and the control of individual persons through the family register, which constituted the base of the ritsuryo-code-based nation, rapidly became a dead letter in early ninth century.
- そのため、配下の柴田や明智などの大名が、毛利や上杉などの信長に臣従していない大名より大きな兵力をもっていても組織としては問題がなく、むしろ合理的であったと言える。
- Therefore, there was no problem with the organization and it was actually rational that his vassals, such as Shibata and Akechi, had larger military forces than that of such daimyo as Mori and Uesugi who did not serve under Nobunaga.
- 特に「南都北嶺」と並び称された南都興福寺と比叡山延暦寺は強訴の常連で、傘下の春日・日吉神人は春日の神木・日吉の神輿を奉じて入京し、朝廷に国司の解任・配流を迫った。
- Especially, Nanto Kofuku-ji Temple and Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, which were praised as 'Nanto-Hokurei' (the South capital and the North mountain), were frequenters of the direct petition; Jinin of Kasuga and Hiyoshi, which were under jurisdiction of the temples, entered Kyoto, serving their mikoshi (portable shrine carried in festivals), and urged the Imperial Court to dismiss or exile Kokushi.
- さらに同年、今度は三船プロ製作・東宝配給による、三船敏郎、勝新太郎、石原裕次郎、中村錦之助、浅丘ルリ子の5大スター共演映画『待ち伏せ』(1970年 稲垣浩監督)。
- In the same year as 'Zatoichi to Yojinbo', the film 'Machibuse' (Ambush) was released (1970, produced by Mifune Production, distributed by Toho and directed by Hiroshi INAGAKI), co-starring the five big-stars Toshiro MIFUNE, Shintaro KATSU, Yujiro ISHIHARA, Kinnosuke NAKAMURA and Ruriko ASAOKA.
- 江戸幕府は改易、減封によって生じた空白地を天領(直轄地)にし、親藩・譜代大名を新たに配置して、外様大名を遠隔地に転封するなどして幕府権力の絶対優位を確立していった。
- The Edo shogunate gradually established its domination by turning territories that were left unoccupied as a result of kaieki or genpo into shogunate territories and by allocating these territories to the relatives and hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa family and transferring feudal lords unrelated to the family to remote territories.
- しかし、その後北部では家康に従う依田信蕃が戦死し、武田旧臣で、一時は織田政権に臣従した真田昌幸が新たに築城した上田城に拠り、上杉氏の援助を得て徳川氏の支配を拒んだ。
- Subsequently, however, Nobushige YODA, who was on Ieyasu's side, was killed in battle in the northern region, and Masayuki SANADA, a former vassal of Takeda who had also served under Nobunaga ODA, resided in the newly built Ueda-jo Castle, resisting the rule of the Tokugawa clan with the support of the Uesugi clan.
- 更に江戸時代の土御門泰福の時代には賀茂氏宗家の断絶後、賀茂氏庶流の幸徳井家と争っていた暦道の地位も奪って、安倍氏流土御門家による陰陽寮支配が確立されることとなった。
- Later in the Edo period, at the time of Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO, the soke (the head family or house) of the Kamo clan died out and the Abe clan took the position of rekido, over which they had fought with the Kotokui Family, a branch family of the Kamo Clan; in this way, they established the dominance of the Abe Clan's Tsuchimikado family in the Onmyoryo.
- 院と延暦寺の対立・抗争、延暦寺攻撃に消極的な平氏という構図は、安元3年(1177年)4月13日、延暦寺が加賀守・藤原師高の配流を求めて起こした強訴でも繰り返される。
- The pattern (confrontation and dispute between the cloister government and Enryaku-ji Temple and the Taira clan who did not wish to attack Enryaku-ji-Temple) repeated on May 19, 1177 at a direct petition by the Enryaku-ji Temple's daishu demanding the exile of Kaga no kami FUJIWARA no Morotaka.
- それは家と家との政略結婚というよりは個人的であり、配偶者の父、祖父はじぶんの父、祖父にも準ずる、義理の兄弟は兄弟に準ずるという範囲で理解していれば大きくは違わない。
- It was not a political marriage between families, but was for a private purpose, and it did not differ greatly from thinking that a father and grandfather of a partner was at a similar level as one's own father or grandfather, and brother-in-law was at the same level as brothers.
- 幕府が政治的に影響力を及ぼすことができたのは、当初は将軍任国である関東と将軍所領のみであったが、次第にその範囲は拡大し、承久の乱で全国的な支配権を確立するに至った。
- The regions over which the Kamakura Bakufu could exert a political influence were at first only the ningoku (place of appointment) of shogun, which was the Kanto region and the territories of the shogun, but gradually the regions expanded and after the Jokyu War, nationwide sovereignty was established.
- 丹波国は古くより京都の出入口に当たる地理的条件から各時代の権力者から重要視され、播磨や大和などと並んで鎌倉時代の六波羅探題や江戸時代の京都所司代などの支配を受けた。
- Since ancient times, authorities have regarded Tanba as an important area due to its geographic situation as one of the entrances to Kyoto, so Tanba was, just like Harima and Yamato provinces, under control of the Rokuhara Tandai in the Kamakura period and the Kyoto Shoshidai in the Edo period.
- 明治時代以降、文明開化と共にやって来た西洋種がもてはやされ、戸外で飼われ自然に交雑するネコの特性とも相まって、これらのネコと日本猫の交配が進んだ結果、雑種が増えた。
- After the Meiji period Western breeds that came with civilization and enlightenment became popular, and combined with peculiarity of cats that were kept outside and naturally crossbred as well as development of mating between these cats and Japanese cats caused hybrids to increase.
- 地方自治体が指定できる地域地区のひとつで、調和均整のとれた建築美を保っている地区において、その美観を守るために、建築物の配置、構造などが、建築制限などを行える地区。
- It is one of local areas which can be designated by local governments and is an area where building restrictions can be imposed on the layouts and structures, etc. of buildings in order to conserve the beauty in the places maintaining harmonious, well-balanced architectural beauty.
- 9世紀後期に至って律令制的な人民支配・租税収取に限界が生じたため、10世紀初頭より、地方政治への大幅な統治委任や個別人身支配から土地課税原則への方針転換が進められた。
- As the limitation of people-based governance/tax collection under the Ritsuryo system became clear in the late 9th century, policy changes, such as substantial delegation of authority to local administrative bodies and the switch from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, were implemented in early 10th century.
- 国人となった在庁官人は、その多くが守護の被官に組み込まれ、在庁官人の管理していた国衙領は守護の支配する守護領へ再編成されていき、守護領国制の確立へとつながっていった。
- Many zaichokanjin who became kokujin were incorporated into the bureaucracy of shugo, kokuga regions managed by zaichokanjin were reorganized into the shugo regions governed by shugo and led to the establishment of shugo ryokoku sei (governmental system by shugo).
- また、安芸国の小早川氏、伊予国の越智氏や河野氏、三浦半島の三浦氏、津軽地方の安東氏などは、陸の武士であると同時に支配下の沿海土豪からなる水軍を擁した海賊衆でもあった。
- And the Kobayakawa clan in Aki Province, the Ochi and Kono clan in Iyo Province, the Miura clan in the Miura Peninsula and Ando clan in Tsugaru region were not only samurai on land, but also Kaizoku shu (pirates) that held suigun navies made up of coastal local ruling clans.
- やがて田染荘は九州に2万町歩を超す荘園を有する屈指の荘園主であった宇佐神宮に支配されるようになり、宇佐神宮の「本御荘十八箇所」と呼ばれる荘園のひとつとして重視された。
- Tashibu Manor eventually came under the control of Usa-jingu Shrine which possessed manors of more than 20,000 hectares in Kyushu, and was a valued as one of the manors known as 'Hongosho Juhakkasho' (lit. the 18 real manors).
- 源義朝が相馬御厨を寄進しえたということは、単なる書類上のことだけではなくて、現地での徴税の請負の意味をもっていた以上、事実上の在地支配を離れて可能であったはずはない。
- He also discusses that since the fact that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo could donate Soma-mikuriya, it was not just a piece of paper and indicated a contract for the local collection of tax, and the donation could not have been made independently from the de facto land ruling.
- しかし、平安時代に入ると、譲位による皇位継承の複雑化に伴い、天皇の交代に伴う后位の引き上げや政治的な背景による后位の決定が恒常化し、天皇の血縁や配偶関係は無視された。
- However, once the Heian period started, the blood or marriage relationship with Emperor was ignored due to the complicated succession to the Imperial Throne caused by the abdication of several Emperors, which constantly led to elevate the lower position of a woman to 'Koi' in the changing of Emperor and also to appoint who was 'Koi' on the grounds of political background.
- しかし将門は、敵対勢力への対応に忙殺されて翌年には討たれているためその政治目的は不明瞭であるが、独自に諸国受領などの文武百官を任命するなど支配機構の確立も行っている。
- However, Masakado was busy dealing with the enemy forces and he was avenged the following year so the political aim is unclear but he established the ruling organization by assigning Bunbu Hyakkan such as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) in various districts in his own accord.
- 昭和維新を標榜した一連の変革運動でも、君民一体の思想から、天皇による直接支配こそ社会の閉塞をうちやぶるものであり、「君側の奸」がそれを妨げているという主張がなされた。
- In a series of transformative movements which shaped the Showa Restoration, activists insisted from the viewpoint that the Emperor was the symbol of the unity of people, Emperor's direct reign of Japan could open a closed society, but 'Wily vassals surrounding the Emperor' caused criticism against it.
- 伝承によると、村上源氏・源季房(季方とも)が播磨国佐用荘に配流され、後裔の宇野則景の嗣子家範が赤松村地頭代官となったことから赤松氏を称した(真偽不明)と言われている。
- According to a legend, Murakami Genji (Minamoto clan) MINAMOTO no Suefusa (or Suekata) was deported to Sayo-so (estate) in Harima Province, and when Ienori, the heir of Norikage UNO who was the descendant of Suefusa (or Sukekata) became the Jito-daikan (deputy jito [estate steward]) in Akamatsu-mura Village, Ienori began to proclaim 'the Akamatsu clan' (Dubious authenticity.)
- 日本の税体系は,10世紀頃の籍帳支配崩壊に伴う公地公民制の崩壊をうけて,課税が個別的人身賦課方式から土地賦課方式へ転換されるまで,人頭税を財源の中心とするものであった。
- Jintozei (primitive taxes which were imposed individually) were the core financial resources in the tax system of Japan until around the 10th century, when the taxation system was converted from an individual tax imposition system to a land tax imposition system: this conversion was triggered by the collapse of the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens, after the managing system based on the family register and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) had collapsed.
- 殷を方国の連盟の盟主と見る場合、封建された国はより殷の支配の強い国々であったと考えられ、したがって殷代には同族や直接支配下にあった部族の有力者が封建されたと考えられる。
- If the Yin were the leaders of the Hokoku league of countries, those granted countries must have been strongly controlled by the Yin, therefore, in the Yin period, the sovereignty over the country should have been given by the Zhou Dynasty to the same families and clans directly under control.
- 幕府は守護大名庶家や足利氏譜代から奉公衆を編成し、在京奉公を課したが、一方で守護大名は国内の在地領主(国人)に対する支配を強め、その所領に応じた軍役を課すようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu formed the military guard of the shogunate from branch families of the territorial lords as provincial constable and hereditary vassals of Ashikaga clan and imposed service in Kyoto on them; on the other hand, the territorial lords as provincial constable tightened control over the local lords in their provinces and imposed military services on them according to their territories.
- 複数の郡、荘園にまたがる広大な領地を知行する「豪族的領主」は、その下に郡や別府の郷、そして荘園、更にその下の村郷に支配が及び、それぞれの段階が小規模な「武士団」である。
- The 'gozoku-style lord' that owned a great estate that spanned over multiple counties and manors also ruled over counties, villages of beppu, manors and villages under it and each step consisted of small 'bushidan.'
- この養和の出兵ならびに寿永の出兵は義仲討伐という名目ではなくあくまでも北陸反乱勢力の討伐であり、北陸反乱諸勢力も養和の出兵の頃から義仲の配下にいたわけではないのである。
- The Yowa no Hokuriku syuppei (the dispatch of troops to Hokuriku region in the Yowa period) and the dispatch of troops in the Juei period were not to find and kill Yoshinaka but to find and kill the rebel forces in Hokuriku, and the rebel forces in Hokuriku were not under Yoshinaka's command from the time when troops were dispatched to Hokuriku.
- 殿上人が食する「殿上の椀飯」は折敷に据えた飯器・汁器・盤(佐良)・窪器・箸を載せ、折櫃の中に笥に盛った菜、外居(行器)に入れた菓子、小折敷の上に載せた瓶子と杯を配した。
- Tenjo no oban' eaten by the tenjobito had a rice bowl, soup bowl, plate, small dish and chopsticks on a Oshiki (tray with folded edges) with Sai (side dishes) in Ke(dishes) inside a Oribitsu, Kashi (sweets) in a Hokai (wooden lidded container) and Heishi (sake serving cup) and hai (drinking cup) were placed on a small Oshiki.
- 1431年に丹波守護代である香西元資が罷免されると、細川氏の被官である内藤信承が守護代に就任、入国した内藤氏は船井郡八木に根拠を構えたことから内藤氏の丹波支配が始まる。
- When Motosuke KOZAI, the shugodai of Tanba, was dismissed in 1431, Nobusuke NAITO, a direct vassal of the Hosokawa clan, became the shugodai, and the Naito clan then set up a base in the Funai district Yagi and began to rule Tanba
- 当初は同業の問屋による私的な集団であり、江戸幕府は当初は楽市楽座路線を継承した商業政策を方針としており、こうした組織が流通機構を支配して幕府に対する脅威になる事を恐れた。
- Originally, it was a private group consisting of peer warehouse merchants and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) feared that this kind of organization would control the distribution system and pose a threat to them because the Edo bakufu adopted the commercial policy inherited the course of rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) at first.
- しかし、この記事が、ヤマト王権において、服属させた周辺の豪族を県主として把握し、県主によって支配される領域を県(アガタ)と呼んでいたことを伝えていると考えることはできる。
- However, it can be thought that these articles refer to the fact that, during the Yamato Dynasty, powerful families of areas loyal to the court were controlled by being appointed agatanushi and that the areas ruled by agatanushi were called agata.
- 負名を通して、田堵と他の百姓との間に債務関係が発生するようになり、これによって田堵は他の百姓への私的支配を強めるようになるとともに、名田経営者として専門性を高めていった。
- The fumyo caused debtor-creditor relations between tato farmers and other peasants, and this allowed the tato to become powerful enough for unofficial governance over other peasants and to increase their special skills of myoden management.
- 当時、「一円」の語は、一元的または完全を意味しており、一円的に支配されている土地を一円地(いちえんち)・一円領(いちえんりょう)・一円荘(いちえんのしょう)などと呼んだ。
- The term 'ichien' at the time meant entirety or completeness, and lands that were under ichien control were called ichienchi (ichien land), ichienryo (ichien territory), or ichien no sho (ichien manor).
- 続いて行われた検地・刀狩も、その目的には兵農分離、すなわち体制の一部として天下人に従う武士と、単なる被支配者である農民とに国人・地侍を分離し、解体することが含まれていた。
- The following land survey and Sword Hunt included the aims of heinobunri, that is, the separation and dissolution of kokujin and jizamurai into the warrior class who followed tenkabito as a part of the framework and the farmers who were merely ruled.
- だが、永禄3年(1560年)に浅井賢政の六角氏との断交を機に京極高吉が復権を画策して六角氏と結んで挙兵を企てるが失敗して江北を追われ、京極氏の江北支配は完全に幕を閉じた。
- However, Takayoshi raised an army being in alliance with the Rokkaku clan when Katamasa AZAI broke the relationship with the Rokkaku clan, but in vain, whereby Takayoshi was expelled from Gohoku, and the Gohoku control by the Kyogoku clan completely ended.
- 縁戚関係にある北畠親房とともに、東北地方支配を目的に、義良親王(後村上天皇)を長とし、親房の子の北畠顕家を陸奥国に任じて補佐させる形の陸奥将軍府設置を進言して実現させる。
- He and Akiie KITABATAKE, his relative, advised the emperor on the establishment of Mutsu Shogunfu (local institution of the Kenmu government) with Imperial Prince Norinaga (later Emperor Gomurakami) as a head assigning Akiie KITABATAKE, a child of Chikafusa to Mutsu Province to assist Norinaga with the intention of ruling the Tohoku region.
- 6代将軍の足利義教の頃には将軍家の「弓馬師範」としての地位を確立し、以後的始め、馬始めなど幕府の公式儀礼をしばしば差配し、当時における武家の有職故実の中心的存在となった。
- In the period of the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, it established the position of 'the master of kyuba' of the shogun family and often managed the official ceremonies of bakufu such as Mato-hajime and Uma-hajime (first horse riding in beginning of year) as the key player of yusoku kojitsu of samurai families around that time.
- 室町幕府第3代征夷大将軍となった足利義満は太政大臣に昇り、更に治天の君の持つ政治的権限を手中にして永徳期以後は自らの手で家門・家領一括安堵を行って公家社会を支配下に置いた。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Muromachi shogun, became Grand Minister with the political authority of a chiten no kimi; after the Eitoku period, he independently approved families and their estates en bloc, and exercised control over the court nobles.
- 自領が公領に収公されることを防ぐため、その土地を荘園として受領層に寄進し、自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた(職権留保付寄進)。
- And in order to avoid one's domain being confiscated into Koryo (an Imperial demesne), they donated their land as shoen (manor in medieval Japan) to Juryoso (career provincial class) and paid a certain amount of tax to Juryoso, maintaining effective dominion on the land as shokan (an officer governing shoen), which is called contribution with reserving authority.
- その改革は、地方官(国司)へ租税収取や軍事などの権限を大幅に委譲するというもので、国司は中央へ確実に租税を上納する代わりに、自由かつ強力に国内を支配する権利を得たのである。
- The reform involved transferring a great part of the power to impose and collect taxes as well as the military power to the local officials (kokushi); in return for the secure payment of taxes to the central government, the kokushi gained the freedom to govern the province at his will.
- 当時の太政官日誌は都市の書店で一般に発売されていたが、各農村にまで配布されておらず、一般国民に対しては、キリスト教の禁止など幕府の旧来の政策を踏襲する五榜の掲示が出された。
- At that time Daijokan nittshi was available at urban book stores, but not distributed in the rural areas yet and to the general public Gobo no keiji (five edict boards) taking over traditional policies of bakufu such as a ban of Christianity was posted.
- 分国とは中世における一国単位の知行を指す語であり、知行国に始まる概念であるが、室町時代中期以降に守護大名や国人一揆による一国単位の領国化が進み、分国支配が形成されていった。
- Bunkoku is a term for lordship (chigyo) over one county in the middle ages and was originated from chigyo-koku, which developed into the control of one county by shugo daimyo or kokujin.
- 各卸売市場への配分は過去の消費実績などを基に水産庁や有識者による検討で決定され、その後も公的性格を有する産品として農林水産省総合食料局流通課による指導の下で取引されている。
- The allotment to each wholesale market is determined through investigations by the Fisheries Agency and experts concerned, based on past consumption data, and even actual transactions, after the allotment, are made under guidance of Commerce and Marketing Division Ministry of Agriculture, General Food Policy Bureau, Forestry and Fisheries.
- 戦後、日本史研究の進展に伴い、律令支配を原則としていた奈良期-平安前期と、律令を必ずしも支配原則としなくなった平安中期・後期とを別個の時代ととらえる考えが主流を占めていった。
- With the study of Japanese history progressed after the War, the view which regards Nara/early Heian period, during which the Ritsuryo system was the basis of governance, and mid-Heian/late Heian period, during which the Ritsuryo system was not necessarily the basis of governance, as separate periods became dominant.
- また一方では、王朝国家と呼ぶべき政治実態は、鎌倉幕府成立後の朝廷にも見られるとして、13世紀の朝廷による支配体制も王朝国家体制期に含める意見(佐藤進一,1983など)もある。
- On the other hand, some people assert that the ruling system adopted by the Imperial court in 13th century should be included in the Dynastic polity period on the ground that the regime which should be regarded as the Dynastic polity was seen after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Shinichi SATO, 1983 etc).
- 秀吉没後、徳川家康は関ヶ原の戦いに勝利して、諸大名の有無を言わさず配置換えを行い、大坂の役で豊臣氏を滅ぼし、徳川氏一統が日本の実質的支配者とすることを諸大名に徹底確認させた。
- After Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA won the Battle of Sekigahara, carried out the change of daimyo's territories autocratically, subverted the Toyotomi clan in Osaka no Eki (the Siege of Osaka) and made all daimyo acknowledge and confirm that the Tokugawa clan became the virtual ruler of Japan.
- すなわち公的負担が荘園という権門勢家の家政機関からの出費によっても担われたため、この支配形態を荘園公領制というべき体制であったとする網野善彦の説が現在一般的認識となっている。
- That is, the public burden was eased by the expenditure of the shoen which was the domestic governing institution of the great and powerful, and now the theory by Yoshihiko AMINO is a common view that this governing form should be called shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- そして天正15年(1587年)には九州を席捲しつつあった薩摩国の島津義久を惣無事令に違反したとして討ち秀吉の前に遂に屈服させ(九州平定)、西国は完全に豊臣氏の支配下に入った。
- In 1587, Hideyoshi attacked and captured Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, who was going to control Kyushu, by condemning him for having broken 'Ou Sobujirei' (peace edict for Ou region) (the subjugation of Kyushu), which meant the western part of Japan was completely under Hideyoshi's control.
- 戦国時代_(日本)に入ると、下剋上による守護大名の没落に伴う新興勢力、あるいは逆に領内支配の確立して守護領国制を脱却した旧守護大名による戦国大名が新たな支配者として浮上する。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the emerging power resulted from the fall of Shugo daimyo (feudal lords) along with gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite), or on the other hand, Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) from old Shugo daimyo, who sloughed off the Shugo-ryogoku system (system that a Shugo dominates a manor) and established the government of the domain appeared as new rulers.
- 嘉靖34年(日本の弘治 (日本)2年/1556年)に琉球を経由して日本の豊後国に入国したが、当時同国を支配していた大友氏に捕えられて臼杵市の海蔵寺龍宝庵に幽閉されてしまった。
- In 1556, Cheng Shun-kung came over to Japan through ryukyu and entered Bungo Province, where he was arrested by the Otomo clan, the ruler of the province in those days, and confined in Ryuho-an of Kaizo-ji Temple, Usuki City.
- ただし、天皇の正妃「大后」として律令制以前からの歴史を有する皇后とは違い、妃は後宮職員令に定められた「後宮の職員」の職務として天皇の配偶者の役割を果たすものと考えられている。
- Unlike Okisaki (an Empress) who is a lawful wife of Emperor and has long history before the ritsuryo system introduced, Hi was considered as 'a employee of Kokyu palace' who fulfills a role as Emperor's spouse provided in Gokushikiinryo (後宮職員令) (The Administrative Code of Kokyu palace).
- 一方で出羽国に奥州合戦後も御家人として在地支配を許された豪族が多いことから、在地領主の家人化が進んだ陸奥国と押領使としての軍事指揮権に留まった出羽国の差を指摘する見解もある。
- On the other hand, based on the fact that there were many local ruling families which were empowered to rule their local lands as gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) in Dewa Province even after the battle of Oshu, some point out the difference in the influence of the Oshu Fujiwara clan between Mutsu and Dewa Provinces—local lords in Mutsu Province had been vassalized by the Oshu Fujiwara family, while it was merely allowed military command as Oryoshi in Dewa Province.
- 源平の間を揺れ動いたことで頼朝の疑念を招き、隆直への恩賞は守護に任じられた少弐氏や大友氏・島津氏に遠く及ばず、逆に多くの関東系御家人を本拠地周囲に配置され、その牽制を受けた。
- His inconstancy between the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan caused Yoritomo's distrust, and he was granted a reward far less than those of the Shoni clan, the Otomo clan and the Shimazu clan, which were appointed Shugo (provincial governors), and on the contrary, Takanao came to be checked by the gokenin from Kanto provinces, who were placed around his home base.
- これについて空海は、天の巻に付された総序において「配巻軸於六合、懸不朽於兩曜、名曰秘府論。(巻軸を六合に配し、不朽を両曜に懸け、名づけて秘府論という)」とその意図を述べている。
- Kukai's intention was, as he wrote in the general introduction appended to the volume of Heaven, 'the volumes are titled after the universe and because they are so everlasting as the sun and the moon are, they are collectively called hifuron (important theory).'
- 唐後半から在地の地主や有力者が行政事務の末端を引き受け重要な役割をになうようになり 形勢戸と呼ばれ官戸と併せて官戸形勢戸あるいは形勢官戸として地域社会における支配勢力となった。
- In the latter part of the Tang Dynasty, resident landowners and people of influence who came to undertake important roles in administrative affairs were called xingshihu (rich local families), and the role combined with guanhu to form the position of 'guanhu xinhshihu' or' xingshihu guanhu' who governed regional communities.
- 朝廷が班田制と戸籍制度を基礎にした人民の人別支配を放棄し、名田経営を請け負う田堵負名を通じた間接支配への移行により律令制が解体していく過程で、この身分制も次第に有名無実化した。
- As the imperial court was no longer able to maintain control over the population based on the land allotment system and the family registration system and depended more and more on indirect means of control through rich families (called 'tato fumyo' in Japanese) who were subcontracted for the management of farmland, the Ritsuryo system gradually collapsed and the status system itself was reduced to a nominal existence.
- だが、南北朝時代 (日本)を経て、室町幕府が京都を支配して朝廷・院庁の政治機能を吸収するようになると、形骸化していくようになり、有職故実の学問として命脈を保つに過ぎなくなった。
- However, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi bakufu dominated Kyoto and took over the government function of the Imperial Court and Innocho, and Myohodo became a mere name and survived only as a study of historical precedents.
- また、衆徒・神人とよばれる俗人を多数配下において大人口を誇り、経済・学問・工芸活動などが盛んだった寺社周辺は、近年の日本歴史学で「境内都市」と呼ばれる一大メガロポリスであった。
- The temples had many laypeople called Shuto, Jinin who made up large megalopolises surrounding temples with high economical, learning and craft-making activity called 'Keidai toshi' (temple city) in recent Japanese history studies.
- 三河守を受領する前の家康の官位は蔵人佐という低いものであったが、三河統一を成し遂げ名実とともに三河の支配者となった時点で、三河守受領のために必要な位階を家康は持っていなかった。
- Prior to the posting as Governor of Mikawa Province, Ieyasu's official rank was a lowly kurandonosuke (assistant official of kurodo) however, although he accomplished the unification of Mikawa, at the time he became the virtual ruler of Mikawa, Ieyasu lacked the necessary rank to be posted as Governor of Mikawa.
- 奈良時代初期は、律令に基づいて中央政府による土地・民衆支配が実施されていたが、人口や財政需要の増加に伴い、722年、国家収入を増やすため政府において大規模な開墾計画が策定された。
- During the early Nara period, the land and people were governed by the central government based on the Ritsuryo system, but in 722, with the increase in population and financial demands, a large scale land development program was formulated to increase the national income by the government.
- 宗族制度がいつごろ活期を迎えたかについては定説がないが、春秋あるいは戦国初期のころには原始共同体が完全に解体され、邑を中心として貴族支配が確立されていたとする見方が一般的である。
- There is no accepted theory on when the Sozoku system reached its zenith, but the generally accepted view is that the system broke down in the Chunqiu or Zhangguo period and rule by nobility was established with Mura at its core.
- 平安時代には武士の支配を法的に保証するのは荘園領主たる「領家」「本所」であり、開発領主たちはその所領を孜々として寄進し、名簿(みょうぼ)を奉って子弟を近侍させ、猟官活動を行った。
- During the Heian period, the lord of the manor called 'ryoke' or 'honjo' legally warranted samurai the control over the manor; on the other hand, the local notables who actually developed the land did office-seeking by assiduously contributing their territory, offering a certificate given to the leader with the retainer's name on it and had his sons be retainers.
- 更に、戸田芳実は石母田正や安田元久らの、武士階級は農村から権門など古代階級を打ち破る階級として生まれるとする見解に対して、武士は初めから農民と対立する支配者側であったと主張する。
- In addition, Yoshimi TODA argued that bushi was on the ruling side in opposition to the peasants from the start in contrast to the argument by Tadashi ISHIMODA and Motohisa YASUDA stating that the bushi class formed by breaking free from ancient social class of peasants as influential families.
- また、左記はあくまで単年の排出量で比較した話であり、累積排出量で比べればその差は歴然としているため、その事にも配慮してEUなどの工業先進国は率先して京都議定書を締結したものである。
- And the above descriptions comes from the comparison in a single year emission amount and if compared in accumulated emission amounts, the difference will be obviously bigger; therefore, industrially developed countries such as EU and the like took the lead in ratification of the Kyoto Protocol.
- 同様に公家の最高位と言える摂関においても藤原北家九条流更にその中の御堂流によって世襲的に継承され、藤氏長者の地位やそれに付随する勧学院・殿下渡領なども独占的に支配するようになった。
- In the same way, the highest position for the aristocrats, Sekkan, was hereditarily passed among the Mido branch within the Fujiwara clan, Northern house, Kujo branch and this branch monopolized the position as the chief of the Toshi and associated Kangakuin and denka no watari-ryo (the land which the Fujiwara family hereditarily succeeded).
- 後に源氏の分家である足利家は室町幕府を開き、武士の勢力の伸張と天皇家の権威・権力の衰退にも助けられ、15代240年にわたり征夷大将軍として日本に君臨し、外交、内政、軍事を差配した。
- Later the Ashikaga family, a branch family of the Minamoto clan established Muromachi bakufu, and partly because of the expansion of the power of bushi (warriors) and the decline of the authority and power of the Emperor, reigned over Japan as Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and conducted foreign affairs, domestic administration, and military affairs over 15 generations for 240 years.
- 証如の子、第11代顕如のとき、事実上、自立した大名権力となっていた本願寺教団は、畿内に進出し、宗教勢力から領主権力を奪って統一支配を確立しようとする織田信長と対立することとなった。
- At the period of the eleventh generation, Kennyo, who was a child of Shonyo, the Honganji Buddhist sect that became a virtually independent feudal lordship, expanded its influence into Kinai, which led to the confrontation with Nobunaga ODA, who tried to establish unified control by seizing seigniory from the religious power.
- 公家のうち、上流貴族は荘園寄進を受けて本家として荘園支配を行うことにより、また中流貴族は上流貴族や大寺社から預所などに任命されて荘園管理権を得ることにより、経済的基盤を築いていた。
- Among the kuge, the upper nobles were building up their financial basis by ruling a shoen estate as honke (a head family), gaining the commendation of shoen, and middle-class nobles were doing so by gaining the right to manage shoen, as they were appointed to azukaridokoro (a deputy of 'shoen' manor lord) by upper nobles or main temples and shrines, and so on
- 一方で鎌倉中期から橘氏の支配を離れた出羽男鹿半島が北条氏の所領となり、安東氏がその地頭代となったのではないかとする説もあり、宗家とは別の安東一族の海を通じた広がりが推定されている。
- On the other hand, there is an assumption that as the Oga Peninsula of Dewa Province became the Hojo clan's territory after the Tachibana clan lost its control over the peninsula in the mid-Kamakura period, the Ando clan took the position of jitodai (provisional jito) of the territory, and supposes the existence of a branch Ando family, other than the head family, which had an extensive influence over the marine area.
- 荘園公領制では、本家-領家-荘官・地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- Under the stratified land ruling structure of shoen koryo sei, the right to rule lands/peasants and the right to the proceeds of lands were very complicated because these were entangled in a multi-layered way, as seen in the structure of honke (official/nominal owner of shoen (manor)) - ryoke (lord of shoen) - shokan/jito (officer of governing shoen/manager of shoen).
- 徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられたのは1603年だが、美術史上の区分では、大坂の役で豊臣氏が滅亡し、江戸幕府の支配体制が確立した1615年を桃山時代と江戸時代の区切りとすることが多い。
- Though it was in A.D. 1603 when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians), the boundary between the Momoyama period and the Edo period is commonly thought to have been in A.D. 1615, when the Toyotomi clan fell in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka) and the ruling system of the Edo bakufu was established.
- 一方で15世紀後半以降、畠山氏の分裂と抗争が長期間続いたことが大きく響き、また複数の強力な寺社勢力の存在もあって、武家勢力の中から紀伊一国を支配する戦国大名が成長することはなかった。
- On the other hand, the split and conflicts among the Hatakeyama clan had lasted for a long time after the latter part of the 15th century, and there were some strong temple and shrine powers, so that any samurai powers could not grow up to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who controlled the whole Kii Province.
- 延暦寺は、配下においていた八坂神社が京の鴨川の東側に大きな境内(領地)を持っていたこと、興福寺は大和国一国の荘園のほとんどを領して中世を通してその経済力で京に大きな支配力を及ぼした。
- The Enryaku-ji Temple owned a large keidai (land) on the east side of the Kamo-gawa River in Kyoto through Yasaka-jinja Shrine that was under the control of Enryaku-ji Temple, and Kofuku-ji Temple owned most of the shoen (manor in medieval Japan) in Yamato Province; they had a large influence on Kyoto through their economic power throughout the middle ages.
- しかし、下国家はなおもかつての勢力圏の支配の意欲を捨てておらず、東海将軍を称して内外に出羽、陸奥北部から蝦夷にかけての支配圏を誇示しようとした(これには否定的見解も出されている。)。
- However, Shimonokuni family still did not give up the attempt to continue controlling where was once its sphere of influence, and tried to display the controlling range from the northern Mutsu Province to Ezo, by proclaiming itself Tokai Shogun (general of Tokai) within and outside the territory (About this, there are some contradictions).
- また、国王の土地に対する支配権が確立され、バラモンやクシャトリヤに土地を与えることが行われるようになり、彼らはダーサと呼ばれる従属民などを用いて大土地所有者としての地位を確保してきた。
- And the king's governance of the land was established and the land could be given to Brahman or Ksatriya and they secured the status of large land holders by using the subservient people called Dasa.
- 院宮分国制(いんぐうぶんこくせい)とは、太上天皇や女院、中宮、斎宮などに除目の際に特定の令制国の受領を推挙する権利を与え、そこから経済的利益の配分を受けることで俸禄の代わりとする制度。
- Ingubunkokusei was a system of granting the right to recommend a provincial governor to a specific province to retired emperors, nyoin (women bestowed with the title 'in' (usually the empress, imperial princesses, etc.)), second consorts to the emperor, and imperial princesses serving at the Ise Shrine at the time of their appointment, and in return they would receive the financial profits of the provinces in place of a salary.
- その一方で半済令を盾に所領を占拠してその年貢収入の全てを握っていた武家に対してもその半分の支配権が公に認められた代わりに残り半分に相当する年貢を必ず本所に供出する義務を負う事となった。
- Samurai families who had occupied territories and monopolized income from nengu, on the other hand, were obliged to contribute half of their income to the honjo without question in exchange for official approval of their supremacy over the remaining half of their territories.
- この時、住友家総理人広瀬宰平と大阪本店支配人伊庭貞剛は、友親の妻・登久に14代目吉左衛門を襲名させる一方、友忠の妹・満寿の婿養子として清華家の徳大寺隆麿を迎え、住友家の命脈をつないだ。
- At that time the sorinin of the Sumitomo Family, Saihei HIROSE, and the manager of the Osaka main office, Teigo IBA, decided that Tomochika's wife Toku would succeed to the name of the fourteenth-generation Kichizaemon on one hand and that Takamaro TOKUDAIJI, from the Seiga Family, would be adopted as son-in-law to marry Tomotada's younger sister Masu, whereby the bloodline of the Sumitomo Family could be successfully maintained.
- 日本の歴史上の領主はヨーロッパの農奴制における領主のように無制限に所領の土地と人民を私有財産として所有したのではなく、徴税権・支配権にかかわる一定の権利義務の体系を所持した存在であった。
- Territorial lords in Japanese history were not like those under the serf system in Europe who owned the land and people in his or her territory as his or her private property without any restrictions, but possessed a system of certain rights and responsibilities concerning tax-collecting and territory-control.
- 土豪とは広義には、広域を支配する領主や在地の大豪族に対して、特定の「土地の小豪族」、その地域の「在地の小豪族」という意味もあり、その場合は、地侍の主筋になる在地領主も含まれるからである。
- It is because, compared to Ryoshu and large Gozoku (powerful families) who govern wide regions, Dogo in a broader sense has a meaning of 'small Gozoku specific in the regions,' in which case Dogo includes Zaichi Ryoshu, the lord of the manors of Ji-zamurai.
- 時連には5人の兄がおり、長兄・猪苗代経連は猪苗代氏、次兄・広盛は北田氏、三兄・盛義は金上氏、四兄・蘆名光盛は蘆名氏、五兄・盛時は加納氏の祖となり、それぞれの子孫は会津各地を分割支配した。
- Tokitsura had five elder brothers, among whom the eldest brother Tsunetsura INAWASHIRO originated the Inawashiro clan; the second elder brother, Hiromori originated the Kitada clan; the third elder brother, Moriyoshi, originated the Kanakami clan; the fourth elder brother, Mitsumori ASHINA, originated the Ashina clan; and the fifth elder brother, Moritoki, originated the Kano clan; their descendants divided the Aizu region and ruled the area.
- なお、真の統治者が将軍ではなく天皇である事を知らしめるため、当時、九州鎮撫総監が“将軍はいろいろ変わったが、天子様は変わらず血統も絶えずに存在する”という趣旨の文書を民衆に配布している。
- To announce to the nation that the real ruler was not a shogun but an emperor, the Kyushu general office director of suppression circulated a document stating 'We had so many different Shoguns but the Emperor is still there without his blood line cut'.
- 中世期の特徴は、土地の支配権および収益権をめぐって、中央貴族や有力寺社、在地領主・地頭・名主など様々な主体が入り組みながら重層的な権利関係を形成している点にあった(これを職の体系という)。
- A feature of the medieval period was that, concerning land-controlling rights and tax-collecting rights, persons in various social statuses, such as nobles in Kyoto, powerful temples and shrines, local ryoshu, jito and nanushi, were related with each other and formed multi-tiered right oriented relationships (this structure called shiki-no-taikei (literally, a job system)).
- 名体制を確立するため、現地支配に当たる国司の筆頭者の権限強化が求められるようになり、10世紀中頃には租税収取・軍事警察などの分野で中央政府から現地赴任筆頭国司への大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
- As strengthening the authority of the head of kokushi, who were responsible for local administration, was required in order to maintain the above system, a big transfer of authority from the central government to the head of kokushi was made in the mid-10th century concerning tax collection and military police.
- それに対し、対馬は山がちで耕地が少なく土地を通じた領国支配は困難であった。そのため、宗氏は通交権益の知行化を通じて有力庶家の掌握や地侍の被官化を行い、領国支配を推し進めていた(宗氏領国)。
- On the other side, Tsushima was a mountainous country with small arable land, so it was difficult to govern the territory only with taxes imposed on the land.
- 楽市・楽座(らくいち・らくざ)は、日本の近世(16世紀から18世紀ごろまで)において織田信長、豊臣秀吉の織豊政権や各地の戦国大名などにより城下町などの支配地の市場で行われた経済政策である。
- Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) was an economic policy implemented in the markets of government controlled areas such as castle towns by the Shokuho government (the government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) during the early modern period (16th century to 18th century) in Japan.
- しかし、9世紀・10世紀ごろになると、律令制を支えていた人民把握システム(古代の戸籍制度・計帳の作成や班田収授法の実施など)が次第に弛緩していき、人別的な人民支配が存続できなくなっていた。
- In the ninth and the tenth centuries, however, the citizen management system (including the ancient family registration system, the creation of the yearly tax registers, and the implementation of the law of periodic reallocations of rice fields) which supported the ritsuryo system began to collapse, so that the governance on a single-person basis became difficult to maintain.
- 書生は書の良し悪しによって優越が判定され、『説文解字』の理解など字体などについての知識も求められた唐の制度よりも簡素化されており、試験に及第して内記などの書記的な官職に配されたようである。
- It appears that the superiority of a shosei's calligraphy would be judged based on its quality, that the curriculum was simpler than the system of Tang Dynasty China which demanded knowledge of disciplines such as 'Shuowen Jiezi' and the formation of characters, and that students who passed examinations were placed in clerical government posts such as that of naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs).
- 「牧」が「武者=騎馬武者」の拠点であり、優良な「牧」のほとんどが官牧・御牧であった時、院庁の御厩別当は、多くの武士団を公的に支配下に置き、更には私的にも従属させてゆく重要なポストであった。
- The 'maki' was the base of 'Musha (warrior)=a mounted warrior' (busha=cavalry busha) and the high quality 'maki' was mainly for the pasture of court officers or imperial court Kanboku (state-owned stock farm) and Mimaki that Mimaya-Betto of in no cho had the important post of publicly putting many bushidan under its control as well as sending them for private matters.
- これに替わって平安時代中期以後に不輸の権 (日本)などを獲得した寄進地系荘園を経営基盤として現地に預所を派遣するとともに、現地の有力者や農民を荘官・名主に任命して国衙からの支配に対抗した。
- Replacing the systems, after the mid Heian period, the government dispatched azukari dokoro (estate custodian) to the local estates based on shoen that consisted of donated lands that had been granted Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) or the like as a business foundation, and also appointed the local magnate or influential farmer to shokan (estate officer) or myoshu (local landowner and cultivator) to oppose the rule of kokuga (provincial government office).
- 公式の編年誌にこれほどの手がかりが見いだされることは、6世紀までの日本で、王朝が次々と交代したか、いくつもの王朝が異なる地方を同時期に並列して支配していたことを示唆しているのかもしれない。
- Given that many evidences are found in official chronicles, it is said that until the 6th century, Japanese dynasties were changed so often, or that many dynasties existed at the same time and ruled different areas respectively.
- また、理研コンツェルンは理化学研究所の活動資金調達のために成立したユニークなコンツェルンであり、同族支配が行なわれず、「農村工業化」などを打ち出して新潟県柏崎市などで地方の工業化につとめた。
- The RIKEN conglomerate, however, was a unique Konzern established in order to procure capital for the activities of RIKEN (a major natural-science research institute in Japan); it was not managed by members of a single family but instead worked out a policy of 'industrialization of rural areas' and strived for that purpose in rural areas such as that of Kashiwazaki City, Niigata Prefecture.
- 国人領主制(こくじんりょうしゅせい)とは、中世後期の日本(南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代・戦国時代 (日本))の体制を、直接農民層を支配していた国人領主の動向から把握すべきであるとする考え。
- Kokujin-ryoshu sei was a thesis concerning the structure of Japan during the late medieval period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi period, and the Sengoku period - period of warring states) -- accordingly, the structure should be comprehended through research of movement of kokujin-ryoshu (local samurai lords) who directly ruled the farmers.
- 幕府は朝廷と一体になって、国家鎮護に当たることとし、西国の警固を再強化するとともに、それまで幕府の支配の及ばなかった朝廷側の支配地、本所一円地からの人員・兵粮の調達が認められるようになった。
- The bakufu collaborated with Imperial Court for the defense of the nation and, in addition to refortifying the Saigoku's defenses, it also received permission to procure personnel and military supplies from the Imperial Court's territories which had previously been outside of the bakufu's control.
- 室町時代に最初の最盛期を迎えたが、やがて天童氏など同族内の争いが絶えず起こったために衰退し、最上義定の頃の1514年(永正11)には伊達氏と長谷堂城で戦って敗北し、一時は伊達氏の配下になる。
- Although it reached the high watermark in the Muromachi period, it came to decline due to frequent inter-clan conflicts, such as one with the Tendo clan, and Yoshisada MOGAMI was defeated by the Date clan in the battle of Hasedo-jo Castle in 1514 and became under control of the Date clan temporarily.
- 旧来のチャンバラが、演劇性のある一種の「なりきり遊び」であったのに対し、スポーツチャンバラではルールが存在し、また使用する道具も指定され、打撃によって怪我をしないよう配慮された物を使用する。
- While the original chanbara was a kind of theatrical 'make-believe play,' sports chanbara has rules and specific equipments with consideration to prevent injury by being beaten.
- また現地の港湾からの流通に対する独占的権利を確立して港湾支配を確立したものの、逆に特権によって他者の流通を妨げる存在に成長したために楽市楽座政策によって座とともに解体に追い込まれたものもある。
- There were also some Toimaru which monopolized the rights over the transport business in ports, and there were even some which, under the policy of the 'rakuichi-rakuza' (Free Market, Free Guilds), were forced to dissolve their business and guild that had become far too powerful for the smooth and fair operations of transportation business in the ports.
- 県(アガタ)と県(コホリ)との違いは、前者が在地首長の支配力に依存し、間接的に地方を把握するものであったのに対し、後者は直接的に地方の把握・支配の体系を作り出そうとしていたところにあるだろう。
- The difference between agata and kohori may be that the former depends on the control of a local head and managed indirectly, whereas the latter was part of an organization that attempted direct management and control.
- ManorismやSeigneurialismの語は、それぞれ、農村において代々相続される伝統的な支配地域を表すmanors、seigneuries(日本語では荘園と訳される)に由来している。
- The words 'manorism' or 'seigneurialism' respectively originate from the words 'manors' or 'seigneuries' (they are translated into 'shoen' in Japanese) which express the traditionally dominated region by heredity in villages.
- しかし、11世紀に荘園公領制が成立すると、多くの武士は荘司、郡司、郷司、保司に任命され、荘園、または公領の郡、郷、保を確固たる所領とするようになっていき、田堵負名を自らの支配下に置いていった。
- Once the shoen-koryo system was established in the 11th century, however, many samurai were appointed shoji (also known as shokan), gunji, goji, or hoji, and they began to own some manors or the Imperial demesnes such as gun, go, and ho as their settled territories and to have tato and fumyo under their control.
- 結果的に延喜の治は律令制復活の最後の試みとなり、次代の朱雀天皇および藤原忠平の治世から、律令制支配は完全に放棄されることとなり、新たな支配体制王朝国家体制の構築・充実が進展していったのである。
- As the result, Engi no chi was the last trial conducted to bring back the Ritsuryo system, and this ruling system was completely abandoned during the reign of the next emperor, Emperor Suzaku, and FUJIWARA no Tadahira and the establishment and reinforcement of a new system, i.e. the Imperial Court, state was starting to develop.
- そのため、事前に予測可能な現象は予報を出してこの日に国家行事などを行う事を避け、突発的な現象に対しては、天文現象を観測してその意味を占いによって解釈して支配者に報告して対策を練る必要があった。
- Therefore, advance warning was given for predictable phenomena, so that these days could be avoided when holding national events, while unforeseen incidents needed to be observed, interpreted by divination and reported to the rulers so that they could respond appropriately.
- 『日葡辞書』では寄親は「ある主君の家中とか、その他の所とかにおいて、ある者が頼り、よりすがる相手の人」、寄子は「他人を頼り、その庇護のもとにある者。あるいは他の配下にある者」と解説されている。
- 'Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Japan' (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary published 1603-1604) explains that Yorioya was 'a person that a certain person depended upon and clung to in a certain lord's Kachu (family-related communities which existed in the late Muromachi period and the Azuchi-Momoyama period) or in other places' and that Yoriko was ' a person dependent on and under the patronage of others, or a person under control of others.'
- 実際には「温羅」とはそれまで吉備国を支配していた旧勢力に製鉄技術を供与していた渡来人もしくは地来の豪族であり、旧勢力に義理立てするために吉備津彦(ひいてはヤマト王権)と戦ったと言う見方がある。
- There is a theory that 'Ura' was actually toraijin (immigrants, mainly from China and Korea), who had been giving steel manufacturing techniques to the former rulers of Kibi Province, or local ruling families, and out of loyalty to the former rulers, they fought against Kibitsuhiko (or Yamato rule).
- こうして、駿河国・遠江国・三河国の3ヶ国を支配する上に尾張国の一部を有するなど、今川氏の最盛期を築くまでに至った義元ではあったが、1560年に桶狭間の戦いで織田信長に本陣を襲撃され、敗死した。
- Yoshimoto governed three provinces: Suruga, Totomi and Mikawa and occupied part of Owari Province, and the Imagawa clan reached the zenith, but he was killed by Nobunaga ODA by the attack to his headquarters in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560.
- こうした守護の動きに対し、荘園領主らも幕府から守護使不入権の承認を得るなどの対応を取ったが、荘園領主らの大部分は京都に在住しており、遠方にある荘園へ強い支配力を及ぼすことはほとんど困難であった。
- Trying to deal with these trends, the lords of manors obtained the right of non-entry of Shugo, but it was almost impossible for them to exert strong influence on the distant shoen because most of them lived in Kyoto.
- この死亡帳は、「去年7月」から「今年6月」までの一年間について、秋田城の支配領域(秋田郡周辺)の民について記載したもので、当時の出羽国国府(9世紀初頭に移転)に清書したものを提出したと考えられる。
- This Shibocho described citizens in the area (around Akita County) controlled by Akita-jo Castle for one year from 'July of the previous year' to 'June of this year,' and was considered to be a transcript submitted to the provincial office of Dewa Province at that time (transferred in early ninth century).
- この概念が登場した背景として、1970年代以降、王朝国家論を巡る議論の中で、在地の農民層から武士が生まれて貴族の荘園支配を打倒していったとするそれまでの解釈への批判が強まったことがあげられている。
- One of the commonly understood reasons for the rise of this concept was the increasing criticism in the 1970's and onwards of the conventional understanding that local farmers were the foundation of the samurais who overthrew shoen (manors in medieval Japan) control by aristocrats.
- 紀伝体の史書で、本紀(帝王)73巻、列伝(后妃・皇子・皇女を最初に置き、群臣はほぼ年代順に配列、時に逆臣伝・孝子伝といった分類も見られる)170巻、志・表154巻、全397巻226冊(目録5巻)。
- The history book is written about events and consists of the 397 volumes with 226 books, and the first seventy three volumes are honki (about the emperors), next 170 volumes are retsuden (retsuden describes empresses, prince and princesses and courts chronologically while it is sometimes classified as gyakushinden or koshiden) and the last 154 volumes are shi and hyo (five catalogues).
- 祭祀を行う天皇の負担が大きいため、昭和40年代から50年代には昭和天皇の高齢化による負担軽減のため、2009年には今上天皇の健康への配慮、負担軽減のため、祭祀の簡略化や調整が計画、実施されている。
- Since a ritual imposes a heavy burden on the emperor, plans of simplification and modification of rituals have been sometimes made and implemented for some purposes; for example, it had been done between 1965 and 1985 to reduce the Emperor Showa's work in consideration of his age, and it was done in 2009 to reduce the present Emperor's work, taking his health condition into consideration.
- 反乱は拡大して秋田城下の12村(上津野、火内、榲淵、野代、河北、腋本、方口、大河、堤、姉刀、方上、焼岡)が夷俘の支配に落ち、出羽北部ではわずか3村(添河、覇別、助川)の俘囚だけが出羽国に属していた。
- The rebellion spread, and the 12 villages near Akita-jo Castle (Kazuno, Hinai, Sugibuchi, Noshiro, Kawakita, Wakimoto, Katakuchi, Okawa, Tsutsumi, Aneto, Katagami and Yakeoka) were occupied by the Ifu; in northern Dewa only the Fushu (assimilated Emishi) in the three villages of Soekawa, Habetsu and Sukekawa belonged to Dewa Province.
- 勧農は非常に広い概念を有する語であり、例えば、潅漑用水の整備・維持、種子・農料の貸与・給付(出挙もこれに含まれる)、耕地の配分、農業労働力の組織編成、荒廃地の開発、税率の上下調整などが含まれていた。
- Kanno is a term covering very wide-ranging concepts, it included the maintenance of irrigation facilities, lend-lease and benefit of seeds and agriculture fees ('suikyo,' land lease at interest was also included), the allocation of farm lands, the organization of the agricultural labor, the development of denuded lands, the up-down adjustment of the tax rate, and so on.
- 中世の荘園公領制では、本家-領家-開発領主-荘官-地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- As seen in relationships among honke (head family), ryoke (lord of the manor), kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notable who developed the land), shokan (officer governing shoen), and jito (manager and lord of manor), dominance relationships involving lands and farmers and also relationships involving rights such as land and profit were related to each other in multiple ways; therefore, the Shoen Koryo system of the Middle Ages was extremely complicated.
- そして武士は京の貴族から生まれた、つまり騎馬と弓箭を中心とした武芸が、奈良・平安時代を通じて、支配階級である都の貴族とその周辺に面々と受け継がれ、それが中世の武士に引き継がれたと言うことを強調した。
- In addition, he stressed that bushi originated from aristocrats in Kyo (Kyoto), and martial arts that centered mostly around cavalry and archery passed down through aristocrats of the ruling class and their surrounding members during the Nara and Heian periods down to the medieval bushi.
- 当初は民部省に貢進された後で各官司に配分されたが、10世紀に入ると民部省を関与させずに特定の官司に対して特定の国が舂米を直接貢進する形式に替わり、各官司の財政が独立採算制に変わっていく一因となった。
- Originally, it was tithed to the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) and then distributed to the various Kanji (government official), but in the tenth century, the Minbusho did not intervene, but each province directly tithed shomai to a given Kanji and this became one of the factors that led to each Kanji becoming responsible for their individual finances.
- それは樹齢30年ごろから多く花粉を飛ばす早生品種ではなく、樹齢50年ごろから多く花粉を飛ばす晩生品種といわれており、それが真実であれば関東以西ではヒノキのみならずスギ花粉もさらに増加する心配がある。
- It is said that this is not an early season cultivar that disperses pollen from around the age of 30 years but a late season cultivar that disperses pollen from around age 50 years and, if this is true, then there is a concern that pollen from not only Japanese cypress trees but also from Japanese cedar trees will increase in the west of the Kanto region.
- 応仁の乱に際しては義敏も義廉も領国に下ってその一円支配を目指すものの、遠江国を今川氏に、越前国を朝倉氏に奪われて領国の大半を失い、尾張国で義敏の子孫が守護代の織田氏に推戴されて存続するのみとなった。
- During the Onin War, Yoshitoshi and Yoshikado went down to their own territories to reign the whole region; however, the Shiba clan lost most of its own territories after Totomi Province was captured by the Imagawa clan and Echizen Province by the Asakura clan, and only a descendant of Yoshitoshi remained in Owari Province as recommended by the Oda clan, which was Shugodai.
- 水野は、6、7世紀には大王一人が君臨する体制ではなく、大王を含めた支配グループが共同あるいは分業で統治する体制があったと想定し、天智天皇はこのような大王(天皇)のあり方を変えようとしたのだと考えた。
- MIZUNO supposed that in the 6th and 7th century, there was a ruling system in which the country was not reigned by only one Okimi (great king) but was ruled by a group of rulers including Okimi, based on the division of domains, and that Emperor Tenchi tried to change such a function of Okimi (emperor).
- この背景には、大学制度の範を唐の制度に求めたものの、儒教による国家統治の原則が確立していた唐とは違い、仏教や古来からの神道が儒教と並立した日本の支配階層においては、儒教理念が唐よりも重視されなかった。
- The reason is that although Daigaku-ryo was modeled on the university system in Tang Dynasty China, unlike in Tang Dynasty China where the rule that a nation should be governed based on Confucianism was already established, in Japan Confucianism coexisted with Buddhism and traditional Shintoism, and the ruling classes in Japan did not pay heed to the philosophy of Confucianism as much as those in the Tang Dynasty did.
- その後の多田荘は、多田源氏の庶流や累代の家人たちによって構成される多田院御家人によって在地支配がなされ、多田源氏直系の子孫は多田氏や能勢氏などとなったとされるが、その詳しい動向は明確でなくなっている。
- After that, Tada Manor was ruled directly by the Tada-In gokenin, a group consisting of collateral branches of the Tada-Genji or retainers that had served the Tada-Genji for generations, while direct descendants of the Tada-Genji apparently broke away to form new clans such as the Tada clan and Nose clan; however, further details concerning these developments are no longer known.
- 四道将軍の説話は単なる神話ではなく、豊城入彦命の派遣やヤマトタケル伝説などとも関連する王族による国家平定説話の一部であり、初期ヤマト王権による支配権が地方へ伸展する様子を示唆しているとする見解がある。
- According to one explanation, the story of Shido-shogun is not merely a myth but a part of a narrative of conquest of a country by members of the royal family associated with the dispatch of Toyokiirihikono-mikoto and the legend of Yamato Takeru, thus suggesting how the royal power of the early Yamato dynasty had expanded its hegemony.
- 膝下の近江国の兵に加えて嫡男織田信忠率いる尾張国・美濃国の軍勢、織田信雄・織田信孝・織田信包配下の伊勢国の軍勢、さらに畿内と越前国・若狭国・丹後国・丹波国・播磨国の兵も合流して13日に京都を出発した。
- He left Kyoto on the 12th with not only the soldiers in Omi Province which he directly ruled but also the troops of Owari and Mino Provinces led by his legitimate son Nobutada ODA, the troops of Ise Province ruled by Nobukatsu ODA, Nobutaka ODA and Nobukane ODA, and the soldiers of the Kinai region, Echizen, Wakasa, Tango, Tanba and Harima Provinces.
- 徳川氏に仕えることとなったのは、長男の柳生厳勝は久秀配下として筒井順慶と戦ったとき、鉄砲により戦傷を負い、次男の柳生久斎と三男の柳生徳斎は僧侶となり、四男の柳生宗章は中村一氏に仕官していたからである。
- Munetoshi's first son Yoshikatsu YAGYU had served Hisahide and in the battle against Junkei TSUTSUI, he had been shot and badly injured; the second son Kyusai YAGYU and the third son Tokusai YAGYU had become priests; and the fourth son Muneaki YAGYU had served Kazuuji NAKAMURA; so when Ieyasu requested Munetoshi to become an instructor, only Munenori happened to be available for serving the Tokugawa clan.
- 磯野員昌を磯野氏本拠の磯野山城ではなく、元は小川氏の居城で百々内蔵助戦死後の佐和山城に置き、浅見氏の居城であった山本山城に阿閉氏を配した天文年間以降には支城在番制に近いものを構想していた様子も伺える。
- According to the fact that after the Tenmon era, the clan assigned Kazumasa ISONO to Sawayama-jo Castle, which was originally the home castle of the Ogawa clan, and after Naikuranosuke DODO (the castle lord at that time) died in battle, instead of his home base Isonoyama-jo Castle, and the Atsuji clan to the Yamamotoyama-jo Castle, which was the headquarters of the Asami clan, it can be thought that the Azai clan was planning a kind of 'rotating stationary system of branch castles.'
- 一方、西国では承平 (日本)年間(930年代)に瀬戸内海で海賊行為が頻発し(「承平南海賊」)、936年(承平6)、追捕南海道使に任命された紀淑人とその配下の藤原純友らによる説得が功を奏し、海賊が投降した。
- On the other hand, piracy occurred frequently in the Seto Inland Sea in the Johei era (in Japan) (in the 980s) ('Joheinankaizoku' [literally, pirates in the southern area in the Johei era]), and in 936, KI no Yoshito, who was appointed Tsuibu Nankai Doshi (the officer to capture criminals in the southern area), and FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, his subordinate, succeeded in convincing the pirates to submit themselves to surrender.
- 日本の領主の封建制は「税の徴収権」に過ぎず(参照→職の体系)、つまり西欧に見られるような領地の私有と領民への農奴としての隷属的支配権は存在しなかったので、本当の意味の封建制は存在しなかったとする説もある。
- There is a view that the Hoken system in its true sense did not exist in Japan, because the Hoken system of feudal lords was just 'the right to collect taxes' (see Shiki system), and there was no private ownership of land and rights of control over the people as serfs in the domain, which were commonly seen in the West.
- 源満仲は、安和の変などの印象から、藤原氏本流に臣従していたイメージが強いが、天皇を始めとして臣、公卿などに必要に応じて起用されていた、つまり支配階級全体に奉仕する傭兵部隊としての色彩がここから感じられる。
- There was an impression that MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka served under the main branch of the Fujiwara clan since the Anna Incident, but it could be interpreted from this that mercenary army that served all ranked ruling people was mobilized as needed by the emperor, minister, and kugyo (court noble).
- 商人や職人に自由に利潤追求を許せば、その経済力によって支配階級が脅かされ、農民が重労働である農業を嫌って商工に転身する事により穀物の生産が減少して飢饉が発生し、ひいては社会秩序が崩壊すると考えたのである。
- The thought was that if merchants and artisans were allowed to freely pursuit profits, their wealth would threaten the ruling class and farmers would give up the hard labor of agriculture start new careers as sho or ko, decreasing agricultural output, leading to famine, and resulting in the collapse of the social order.
- 各地の大名によって城下町等に布告されたが、なかでも織田信長は、自分自身が美濃国・加納、近江国・安土町、近江国・金森 (守山市)に楽市・楽座令を布いただけでなく支配下の諸大名に伝達され、各城下町で実施された。
- Rakuichi-rakuza were proclaimed by daimyo throughout Japan, and these included not only those proclaimed by Nobunaga ODA himself in Kano, Mino Province; Azuchi-cho, Omi Province; and Kanamori, Omi Province (Moriyama City); but the practice was also conveyed to all daimyo under his control and rakuichi-rakuza came to be established in various castle towns.
- イングランドで1086年に編纂された統計大鑑ドームズデイ・ブックに残された記録から推計してみると、国王が直接支配した荘園は全体の17%を占め、さらに大きな割合(4分の1以上)を主教職や修道院が保有していた。
- Estimated from the records remaining in the great statistical survey book Domesday Book edited in 1086 in England, the shoens which the king directly dominated occupied 17 % and the larger ratio (more than one-fourth) was owned by bishops or monasteries.
- これらの支配力は単に一都市に限らず、京都所司代は山城国・丹波国・近江国など、大阪町奉行は西日本諸国の天領の采配がそれぞれ許されるなど、管轄地の諸大名を監察する役目もあった(京都所司代は朝廷も監視していた)。
- This shogunate agency grasped control of not merely to the appointed city, but also of the surrounding areas, so the governor of Kyoto (Kyoto Shoshidai) controlled Yamashiro Province, Tanba Province, Omi Province and so on (as well as put the imperial court under its surveillance, and the town magistrate of Osaka (Osaka machi-bugyo) was allowed to manage the shogunate demesne in the western Japan.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の皇室衰微期に多くの地下官人が没落し、織豊政権による平和回復によって地下官人の不足を補うために両局が替わりになる地下官人を取立て強力な支配関係を結び、場合によっては金銭的な動きも存在した。
- When the Imperial Court was losing authority during the Sengoku Period (Japan), a large number of the lower ranking officials lost jobs; when peace was restored under the control of Nobunaga ODA and then Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the offices of 'kyokumu' and 'kanmu' recruited the lower ranking court officials due to shortages and formed a strong master-servant relationship with them even by using money in some cases.
- 古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法などによる律令制的な人別支配の維持が困難となっていた当時、国司は公田を名田という単位へ再編するとともに、有力農民層(田堵という)へ名田の経営と名田からの租税徴収を請け負わせていった。
- At that time, it became difficult to maintain control over each person like in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), based on a family registration system and Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land), and therefore, kokushi (provincial governors) reorganized Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and came to entrust the work of managing myoden and collecting taxes from there to powerful farmers (called tato).
- しかし、室町時代に入ると、室町幕府は守護に対して刈田狼藉取締権をはじめ、使節遵行権・半済給付権・闕所地処分権・段銭徴収権など、国内の荘園・公領へ統治的・経済的支配を及ぼしうる様々な権限を付与するようになった。
- But early in the Muromachi period, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) granted various authorities to Shugo, which would enable them to exert a range of administrative and economic influences on shoen and koryo in the country, such as the right to control Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the right to enforce the bakufu judicial decisions in land disputes (Shisetsu jungyo), the right to permit hanzei (half payment of tax), the right to confiscate property from criminals or if it is left derelict, the right to collect tansen (a tax on arable land).
- 河内祥輔は東国独立論の存在を否定(平広常の個人的意見でしかないと)する立場から、頼朝の立場を平家政権の支配からの独立とそれに代わる朝廷との関係構築を求めて、一貫して後白河法皇との直接交渉を望んだ点を重視する。
- From the standpoint that denies the existence of the argument about the independence of the Togoku region (and regards it as only a personal opinion of TAIRA no Hirotsune), Shosuke KOUCHI focuses on the fact that Yoritomo consistently desired to negotiate directly with the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa seeking independence from the ruling of the Heike government and the relationship building with the Imperial Court in lieu thereof.
- 山城の特徴として、居住に便利なように山麓に居館を設け、山上付近に戦闘、防備施設があるのが一般的だが、観音寺城は山麓全体に分譲地、もしくは団地のような居住性の高い曲輪が配されている点が他の山城とは大きく異なる。
- Unlike the usual characteristics of Japanese mountain castles, in which they had residences at the foot of mountains for their convenience and had facilities for combat and defense on mountaintops, the Kannonji-jo Castle had Kuruwa, which were like areas for residential complexes, comfortable to live in, throughout the entire area of the foot of the mountain, which is the biggest difference between other mountain castles in Japan.
- 「本所」とは複数ある職のうち、荘園内において荘務すなわち、司法・行政・警察活動を行う権限を有して法的支配を行使した者を指す(領家・本家の別称としての「本所」という語も存在するが、本来の意味での使用ではない)。
- Among a variety of shiki, 'Honjo' exercised legal control over Shoen with the authority to carry out Shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in Shoen) or judicial, administrative and police activities (The word, 'Honjo' is also used when referring to Ryoke and Honke, but it is not the original meaning of the word.).
- また、領内に比叡山が存在することもあって、室町時代を通じてその支配は安定せず、六角満綱、六角持綱父子は家臣の反乱により自害に追いやられ、それを継いだ六角久頼は京極氏との対立の末、心労により自害して果てている。
- Partly because Mt. Hiei-zan was within the territory, the regional rule had not been stabilized during the Muromachi era, and Mitsutsuna ROKKAKU and his son Mochitsuna ROKKAKU were forced to commit suicide due to the vassals' rebellion; thereafter, Hisayori ROKKAKU, who had inherited Mitsutsuna and Mochitsuna, committed suicide due to the strain of grief after the conflict with the Kyogoku clan.
- こうして与えられた支配権・管理権は一様ではなく、名田の規模・態様によってさまざまな形態をとっていたが、いずれにせよ田堵負名は、国司・領主に認められた権限を背景に、現地において百姓らへの支配を強めていったのである。
- Although these rights to rule and manage land varied greatly depending on the size and arrangement of myoden land, tato fumyo farmers succeeded in strengthening their control over peasants in many villages by using the authority recognized by their own rulers.
- 嘉靖36年(日本の永禄元年/1558年)、大友氏の使僧とともに寧波に送り返されたものの、既に楊宜は趙文華・胡宗憲らによって失脚させられており、却って捕えられて四川省に配流されて7年間にわたって牢に押し込められた。
- When Cheng Shun-kung returned to Ningpo, China together with an envoy monk of the Otomo clan, 楊宜 had already lost his position by 趙文華 and 胡宗憲 -- On the contrary, Cheng Shun-kung was arrested and exiled to Sichuan and imprisoned there for seven years.
- それは、国衙が支配する土地(公田)を名田(みょうでん)という単位に再編し、当時、経済力をつけていた田堵と呼ばれる富豪層(有力百姓層)に名田経営を請け負わせることで、租税収入を確保する体制(名体制という。)であった。
- The government established the system of rule (known as myo taisei) aimed at ensuring the collection of tax revenues by reorganizing government land (public farmland) into units called myoden and by hiring influential farmers called tato, who had accumulated considerable wealth during the period, to manage the myoden.
- また、楽市楽座政策をもって彼の先進性と見なす向きもあるが、戦国期に畿内を中心とした土地を大規模な範囲で支配出来たのは信長が最初であるという事情もあり、むしろ経済史の流れに沿っている側面も強いことに注意が必要である。
- The rakuichi-rakuza policy is considered to demonstrate Nobunaga's progressive outlook but there is also the fact that he was the first to achieve wide-reaching territorial control centered around the Kinki region during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), and it is necessary to note that the phenomenon was very important part of economic history.
- 高地では農民の自由が保たれるようになっていた(特に畜産は労働の集約化が弱まったため、農奴の奉仕を必要としなくなっていった)が、他方、ヨーロッパの幾つかの地域では、最も圧政的な荘園支配と呼ばれるような状況も見られた。
- In highlands the freedom of farmers was preserved (especially in livestock raising, the labor intensity was weakened and so the service of serfs was not needed), but on the other hand, the most oppressive governance of shoens was also seen in several areas in Europe.
- しかし、延喜年間になると諸国の国衙はそれまでの国内公田(口分田・乗田など)の直接支配から、その公田を名(みょう)という単位に分割し、それぞれの名の経営を当時「富豪の輩」と呼ばれていた田堵に請け負わせる体制に移行した。
- In the Engi era, however, kokuga in various provinces shifted the system from the conventional direct control over koden (field administered directly by a ruler, such as kubunden or joden) in the territory to a new system in which the koden was divided into units called myo, and the administration of each myo was contracted out to tato that was called 'rich class' in those days.
- 9世紀末~10世紀初年に醍醐天皇及び藤原時平が主導した律令制復活の最後の試みである延喜の治が失敗に終わると、次代の朱雀天皇及び藤原忠平は、個別人身支配を基調とする体制から土地課税基調の体制へと大きな政策転回を行った。
- When the Engi no chi (Reign of the Emperor Daigo), the last attempt for reviving the Ritsuryo system led by the Emperor Daigo and FUJIWARA no Tokihira during the period from the end of the 9th century to the early 10th century, ended in failure, the emperor Suzaku, his successor, and FUJIWARA no Tadahira made a bold policy change from the principle of people-based governance to that of tax on land.
- 当時、農民層を直接支配していたのは、地頭・荘官などの階層から在地の領主として成長していった国人領主層であり、彼らが守護大名の被官となることでその軍事力を支え、室町幕府や守護大名の動向を規定していったとするものである。
- It asserted that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who had been raised from the classes of jito (manager and lord of manor) or shokan (an officer governing manor) to the local lord, that directly ruled the farmers class in those days, and that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who, by becoming low-level bureaucrat of the shugo daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), supported their military power and came to define the movement of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the shugo daimyo.
- だが、江戸時代に入ると、主君である征夷大将軍あるいは大名への土地支配権力の集中や藩中央と家臣の年貢米売却の競合による米価下落に伴う換金収入減少など財政上の都合から、地方知行を止めて蔵米知行に切り替える場合が増加した。
- During the early Edo period, however, more and more lords gave up Jigatachigyo in favor of Kuramaichigyo; this was due to land ruling power being concentrated in the hands of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'); it was also due to financial reasons, such as a decrease in income as a consequence of rice falling in price caused by competition between domains and vassals in annual rice tax sales.
- このように、土地資本を基盤とする反面、土地所有者ではない支配者層という独自な立場に立たされた武士の生活の安定と、安定成長政策とは必ずしも上手く融合できずに、金融引き締め的な経済圧迫政策がを打ち出されて不況が慢性化した。
- As noted above, while the economy was founded on land capital, samurai soldiers as the ruling class have no land ownership, and this peculiar situation made it almost impossible to secure a steady livelihood of samurai in harmony with the national stable growth polity, so that the tight monetary policy lying hard on the economy resulted in chronic recession.
- さらに出雲国の尼子経久、周防国の大内義興、備前国の浦上村宗らの圧迫を受けるようになり、次第に領土を奪われて、政豊の子・山名誠豊の時代には、誠豊が但馬、山名豊時の孫・山名誠通が因幡をかろうじて支配するという状態に陥った。
- Furthermore, the oppression of the Yamana clan by the Tsunehisa AMAGO in the Izumo Province, Yoshioki OUCHI in the Suo Province and Muramune URAGAMI in the Bizen Province began; the only territories they managed to govern were Tanba, during the generation of Nobutoyo YAMANA, the son of Masatoyo, and Inaba, during the generation of his grandson, Nobumichi.
- いわゆる古史古伝の竹内文書などに使用されている神代文字も「上代には8母音あったはずなのに、なぜか5母音のままで上代の仮名遣いに配慮していない」ということから、そうした仮名遣いの区別がなくなった後世の偽書として否定した。
- They criticized Jindai-moji (written language claimed to have existed before the introduction of Chinese characters) used in the so-called Koshi Koden (unofficial ancient documents) including Takeuchi-monjo (alleged record of the lineage of ancient gods and a dynasty preceding Emperor Jinmu) for 'having only five vowels and not adopting the ancient Kana usage of eight vowels' and denied it as having been forged in a later era when such distinction of Kana usage had disappeared.
- 九州制覇を目指す島津義久は、天正14年(1586年)に入ると豊後侵攻 (島津氏)を開始し、12月には戸次川の戦いで豊臣・大友連合軍を撃破し、大友義統は島津氏の勢威を恐れて豊前国に逃亡し、豊後はほぼ島津氏の支配下に入った。
- Aiming to conquer Kyushu, Yoshihisa SHIMAZU launched an invasion of Bungo in 1586 and defeated the Toyotomi and Otomo allies in the Battle of Hetsugigawa in January 1587, on which occasion Yoshimune OTOMO fled to Buzen Province in fear of the power of the Shimazu clan, virtually leaving Bungo in control of the Shimazu clan.
- 8月26日、鎌倉に義経から信兼の子息3人を宿所に呼び寄せて誅した事、信兼が出羽国国司を解官されたとの報告が届き、9月9日、信兼以下平氏家人の京都における所有地を、義経の支配とするよう頼朝から書状が出された(『吾妻鏡』)。
- A report from Yoshitsune stating that he had summoned Nobukane's three sons to his accommodation and killed them and that Nobukane had been dismissed from Dewa no kuni Kokushi (the governor of Dewa Province) reached Kamakura on October 9, and on October 22 a letter was sent out from Yoritomoto to put the land of Nobukane and the men of the Taira clan in Kyoto under Yoshitsune's control ('Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East)).
- これらの史料から安東氏は、鎌倉中期頃から陸奥に広範囲の所領を有した北条氏宗家(得宗)の被官(御内人)として蝦夷の統括者(蝦夷沙汰代官職)に任ぜられ、北条氏を通じて鎌倉幕府の支配下に組み込まれていったものと考えられている。
- Based on these historical materials, it is thought that the Ando clan was appointed to the administrator of Ezo (Ezosata daikan [local governor]) as a hikan (bureaucrat) (Miuchibito) of the head family of Hojo clan (Tokuso [the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan]), which had an extensive territory in Mutsu Province from the mid-Kamakura period, and then through the Hojo clan, the Ando clan came to be controlled under the Kanamura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 先の襲津彦伝承に見たような対朝鮮外交を通して、葛城地方に定住することになった多くの渡来系集団が、葛城氏の配下で鍛冶生産(武器・武具などの金属器)を始めとする様々な手工業に従事し、葛城氏の経済力の強化に貢献したとみられる。
- Through the diplomacy that Sotsuhiko had with Korea as described above, it is likely that number of immigrant groups that have been settled in the Katsuraki region contributed in stregthening Katsuraki clan's economic power by being engaged in handycrafts such as smithery (arms and weapons) under the control of the Katsuraki clan.
- 1923年に兵庫県加東郡社町(現:加東市)の兵庫県立農事試験場(現:兵庫県立農林水産技術総合センター)で「山田穂」「矮性渡船」を人工交配させて誕生し、1928年に酒造米生産地(現酒米試験地)で産地適応性の試験が行われた。
- It was created by artificially hybridizing 'Yamada Ear' and 'Dwarf Watashibune' at Hyogo Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station (now Hyogo Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Technology General Center) in Yashiro Town, Kato County, Hyogo Prefecture (present-day Kato City) in 1923, and its adaptability to the production areas was tested in sake rice production regions (presently, sake rice testing areas) in 1928.
- 室町・戦国時代 (日本)の混乱時代、農業生産高は爆発的に増加したが、各地にモザイクのように存在する割拠勢力はそれぞれ消長を繰り返し、また支配下にも多くの自立領主がいるため、自領の実質総農業生産高を把握するのも困難であった。
- In the tumultuous years of the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), there was a tremendous increase in agricultural production, but because all Japan had become a jigsaw puzzle made up of nodes of local authority who went through an endless cycle of prosperity and decline, and because the period also saw many feudal lords begin to declare their independence, it became extremely difficult to keep track of the true total agricultural productivity even on the land within one's own jurisdiction.
- これは、先に徳川・北条間で結ばれた和議の条件に、信濃は徳川が、上野は北条がそれぞれ支配するという内容が盛り込まれていたことによるが、信濃の他に上野の沼田市にも領地を持つ昌幸が、自領が失われることを恐れたためといわれている。
- This was because the conditions of the pacification between Tokugawa and Hojo included an article that Tokugawa should rule Shinano and Hojo should rule Kozuke, and it is also said to be because Masayuki--who had territories in Numata City, in Kozuke, in addition to Shinano--was afraid of losing his own territory there.
- この体制は尊皇攘夷・長州藩への対抗を通じて形成され、八月十八日の政変以降、尊皇攘夷派が退潮し、さらに公武合体論に基づく有力諸侯による参預会議が崩壊したのち、王政復古の大号令による倒幕派クーデタまでの京都政界をほぼ支配した。
- At first the group had been formed to counter the group of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the Choshu clan; after the Sonno Joi group had been purged by the August 18 Coup (the Bunkyu Coup of 1863), the powerful lords including the three of the Ichikaiso Government participated in the Sanyo-kaigi (the Councilor Council in the Court) which had been set up so that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Imperial Court cooperate on dealing with impending matters; although the Sanyo-kaigi was unraveled soon, the three politicians had maintained their power and dominated over the politics in Kyoto until the Overthrow of the Shogunate and the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule (1867).
- 大名の多くが「所領没収」で姿を消し、全国の要所は直轄領(天領)として大名を置かず、多数の親藩大名に大領を持たせ、その合間に外様大名を配置し、譜代大名には小領と中央政治に関与する権利を与えるという絶妙の分割統治策を実施した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate carried out a clever policies of dividing and ruling that many former feudal loads were forced to ruin by the enactment of 'confiscation of territories,' and that the places of strategic importance across Japan were set under the direct control of shogunate (shogunal demesne) avoiding influence of feudal loads (daimyo), who were classified into three groups, namely 'family daimyo' (a feudal load of a Tokugawa family branch or affiliation) with large territories, 'hereditary vassal daimyo' with small territories and the rights to participate in the state administration, and 'outside' daimyo (a feudal load who was not a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa family) with the territories inserted between domains of 'family daimyo.'
- 幕府による地頭に対する土地支配権の安堵によって、現地支配の場で見受けられた荘園の国司に対する不安定な法的地位が安定したことにより、地頭は、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていった。
- By the fact that the jito's rights to control local land ruling were guaranteed by the bakufu and the unstable legal status of jito to kokushi seen in the scenes of local land ruling were stabilized, the jito tried to dissolve the existing relationship with the stratified land ruling, and came to direct the monistical land ruling.
- 領主(実際には領主の家政機関である政所・公文所)が作成する算用状は、支配状・下行状・納下状などと呼ばれ、個々の荘園の荘園の年貢の収納状況からその年の収支見通しを立てて支配(下行(げぎょう))の方針を支持するために用いられた。
- The sanyojo drawn up by the ryoshu (practically, ryoshu's general administrative body, mandokoro - administrative board, and kumonjo - administrative office) was called shihai jo, gegyo jo, noge jo, and used for estimating revenue and expenditure for the year based on collection of nengu from the shoen and supporting the management (gegyo) policy.
- これは朝廷の権威が失墜して、禁中並公家諸法度などによって朝廷にすら支配権を及ぼして「公儀」の体制と「封建王」的な地位を獲得した徳川将軍家でさえ、その支配の正統性は天皇による将軍宣下に依存しなければならなかったことを意味する。
- It means that even the Tokugawa shogun family, who eclipsed Imperial Court's authority, exerted control over Imperial Court by the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles) etc., and gained the structure of 'kogi' (shogunate) and the position of 'feudal king,' had to rely on the appointment by the Emperor in order to legitimate their dominion.
- 戦後初期の第一線の中世史の研究者が「武士」を問題とするとき、その対象は鎌倉幕府成立の基盤としてとらえられた「武士団」であり、それが中世的な在地支配の形態とセットで、「中世の成立」と不可分なものとして研究されてきた経緯がある。
- The front running historian specialized in medieval history immediately after World War II considered 'bushi' as 'bushidan' when studying 'bushi' since bushidan formed the basis of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and paired it with the form of medieval estate control as something crucial for the 'formation of the medieval era.'
- また武家階級という新たな社会層も、自らの後進のために、学問を身につけるための施設、学校の整備に配慮するようになり、鎌倉時代には北条実時が金沢称名寺 (横浜市)(現、神奈川県横浜市金沢区)に金沢文庫を設置し、多くの文書を収集した。
- A new stratum of society, the bushi class arms, also came to make arrangements for schools, being facilities where their juniors could learn; in the Kamakura period, Sanetoki HOJYO established the Kanazawa Library at Kanazawa Shomyo-ji Temple, (Yokohama City; present-day Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture), and collected numerous documents.
- 荘園は度重なる寄進によって重層的な支配構造となっていたが、実際に直接あるいは雑掌などを派遣して、荘園内の在地勢力(荘官及び荘民)に対して諸権限を行使しえたのは荘務権を持っている職の体系であり、本来本所とは荘務権を持つ職を指した。
- Shoen was often placed under the complicated control system due to repeated donations; the honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a private estate) originally referred to the individuals who held the shomuken, and those who were in the position to hold the shomuken could administer various authorities against the local power within shoen, such as shokan (an officer governing shoen) and shomin (people of the manor), by personally going to the shoen himself or by sending a zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) there.
- 下地中分(したじちゅうぶん)とは、日本の中世日本に使用された用語で、荘園公領制下の重層的に入り組んだ支配・権利関係の中で、それぞれの主体が一元的に土地を支配すること(一円知行)を目的にして行われた、土地の分割を指し示す用語である。
- Shitaji chubun is a term which was used in medieval Japan and it means the division of the land implemented, under the situation where the ruling system of or rights to the land were entangled in a multi-layered way under shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), with the aim of achieving the unified land ruling system (Ichien chigyo).
- 彼は、その論拠として総序の末尾、先述の「配巻軸於六合…」の前に「総有一十五種類、謂聲譜、調聲、八種韻、四聲論、十七勢、十四例、六義、十體、八階、六志、二十九種對、文三十種病累、十種疾、論文意、論對属等、是也」と見えることを挙げる。
- As the ground of his thesis, he mentioned there was a phrase at the end of the general introduction 'the theory is classified into 115 categories, I think, as follows; seifu (tones), chosho (a leading part of sutra sentences), 8 in (八種韻, 8 rhymes), 4 seiron (四聲論, 4 tone methods), 17 sei (十七勢, 17 powers), 14 rei (十四例, 14 examples), 6 gi (六義, 6 doctrines), 10 tei (十體, 10 formats), 8 kai (八階, 8 grades), 6 shi (六志, 6 wills), and 29 tai (二十九種對, 29 replies), 30 contents of peirui (文三十種病累, 30 contents of disease related),10 shitsu (十種疾, 10 disease), meanings of articles, rontaizoku (論對属, attached articles), and so on' before the phrase of 'the volumes are titled after the universe …' mentioned above.
- 『高野春秋編年輯録』によると、10月2日に堀秀政が根来に着陣したのを皮切りに、総大将織田信孝以下岡田重孝、松山庄五郎らが紀ノ川筋に布陣、大和口には筒井順慶・定次父子を配し、高野七口を塞いで総勢十三万七千二百二十余人に達したとされる。
- According to 'Koya Shunju Hennen Shuroku' (The Springs and Falls of Mt. Koya), the number of Nobunaga's army reached more than 137,220 in total, led by the general commander Nobutaka ODA with the troops of Shigetaka OKADA, Shogoro MATSUYAMA and others along the Kino-kawa River, Junkei TSUTSUI and his son Sadatsugu at Yamato guchi, and blocking Koya nanakuchi (seven gates of Koyasan), starting from Hidemasa HORI's arrival at Negoro on November 18.
- 例えば、明応7年(1498年)、越後国守護上杉房能は、越後国内において守護使不入の主張を認めない事を宣言し、永正年間には駿河国守護今川氏親が幕府の許可を得ずに遠江国守護斯波氏を追って同国を支配して守護使不入地に対しても検地を行った。
- In 1498, for example, Fusayoshi UESUGI, the Governor of Echigo Province, declared that he would not approve to claim shugoshi funyu within Echigo Province, and during the Eisho era (1504-1521) Ujichika IMAGAWA, the Governor of Suruga Province, expelled the Shiba clan, the Governor of Totomi Province, without permission of the bakufu, ruled the province, and conducted a land survey even in the territories specified as shugoshi funyuchi.
- こうした状況の中で、12世紀~13世紀ごろになると、荘園領主や国衙、さらにこれらから在地支配を任された武士も田堵の力を認めざるを得なくなり、田堵に名田の永代保有権を付与する代わりに、年貢・公事の納付請負を確約させるようになっていった。
- Under such circumstances, around the 12th and the 13th centuries, lords of manors, kokuga, and samurai warriors who were appointed as the local supervisors by lords or kokuga had to recognize the tato's influence, and they gave the tato permanent tenure of myoden in exchange for the firm land tax payment and the undertaking of public duties.
- 当初は宮中儀礼において必要に応じて定められた地位であったが、後に皇女の優遇のために置かれるようになり、天皇と配偶関係にない皇女が准母・皇后として冊立された例も多い(これを准母立后と称し、このように后となった内親王を尊称皇后とも呼ぶ)。
- At first junbo was the status which was named accordingly in court ceremony, later it was put to give good treatment to imperial princesses, and there were many examples that imperial princesses who were not married to the emperor were named as a junbo and empress (it is called junbo-rikko [investiture of junbo and empress], and an imperial princess who became an empress in this way is also called a Sonsho kogo [honorific empress who is not a wife of the emperor]).
- 学問の神として広く崇敬を受けていた天神様の菅原道真としての姿を見せたこと、また三つ子を貴族に仕える舎人として配置し庶民にも政治の混乱が及ぶ様を描いたこと、そして劇的な展開を備えた本作は大きな評判を呼び、義太夫狂言の人気を大いに高めた。
- This work and Gidayu Kyogen (Kabuki adaptations of puppet plays) received great popularity by showing the greatly worshipped academic god Tenjin in the form of SUGAWARA no Michizane, and having the story told from the point of view of a servant of a nobles with triplets to show the influence of political turmoil to the public, and having the theatrical like turn of events.
- 日本軍に大きく後れを取った李氏朝鮮であったが、釜山を基点として支配領域を広げていた日本軍後方部隊のうち、海岸移動を行っていた船団に対して李舜臣率いる朝鮮水軍が4月と5月の二回の出撃で積極的に攻撃を加え、備えのない日本船団は被害を受けた。
- Although Yi Dynasty Korea had been beaten by the Japanese army, the Korean navy headed by Yi Sun-sin attacked, twice in May and June, actively fleet of ships that had been moving along the coast among troops at the rear of the Japanese army that had been expanding the area under its control based at Busan, and the Japanese fleet of ships that had not prepared for the damages suffered.
- 周の時代には中国的な封建制度は活期を迎えたと考えられており、各地に邑を基盤とした血族共同体が広汎に現れ、周はこれらと実際に血縁関係をむすんだり、封建的な関係をむすぶことによって擬制的に血縁関係をつくりだし、支配下に置いたと考えられている。
- It is considered that the Chinese Hoken system was at its peak in the Zhou period, and blood relative communities based on Mura (large village) broadly emerged in many places, and Zhou formed fictitious blood relations to control them by making actual blood relations or feudalistic relations with them.
- 現在では社会経済史的視点からの研究や戦国大名武田氏の権力構造の解明、家臣団の個別研究のほか、財政や治水事業、軍事や外交、交通や都市問題、商職人支配や郷村支配、宗教など各分野における実証的研究や民俗学的アプローチなど研究の地平が広っている。
- At present, empirical as well as ethnological studies are being conducted on various themes, including socio-economic history, power structure of the Sengoku daimyo Takeda clan, individual study of vassals, finance, flood prevention projects, military and foreign affairs, urban problem, ruling of merchants/craftsmen, ruling of villages and religion etc.
- スポーツチャンバラの原点はごっこ遊びとしてのチャンバラと、護身術としての棒術の延長にあり、適度な長さの棒で相手を打ち据える(試合で使用する器具は中空の軟質素材であるため怪我の心配が無く、また顔には専用の軽量な防具をつける)というものである。
- The origin of sports chanbara is an extension of make-believe game chanbara as well as art of defense using a stick as a weapon, in which an appropriate length stick is used to beat an opponent (hollow soft material stick is used for game, so there is no concern about injury and also special lightweight protective gear is put on face).
- これは、鎌倉殿による地頭に対する土地支配権の承認(安堵)が荘園の持つ不安定な法的地位を改善したために、地頭側が、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、下地進止権の獲得を通じた一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていったためと考えられている。
- The background behind the above is considered to be the fact that jito began to pursue the unified ruling of land by annulling the multi-layered land ruling system and obtaining Shitaji shinshi ken (the right to shitaji) since the legal status of shoen became stable thanks to the Kamakura Bakufu's authorization of jito's right to rule the land (ando).
- また江戸時代には、対外的には長崎出島での中国・オランダとの交流と対馬藩を介しての李氏朝鮮との交流以外は外国との交流を禁止する鎖国政策を採った(ただし、実際には薩摩に支配された琉球による対明・清交易や渡島半島の松前氏による北方交易が存在した)。
- In the Edo period, as a foreign policy, the shogunate government adopted the national seclusion policy which banned interactions with foreign countries other than those with China and the Netherlands in Dejima island in Nagasaki and Yi Dynasty of Korea through the Tsushima Domain, (although actually Ryukyu under the control of the Satsuma Domain commerced with Ming and Qing, and the Matsumae clan in Oshima Peninsula traded with the Ainu).
- 例えば、後に佐竹義宗が強引に相馬御厨全域を支配したとき、その『源義宗寄進状』には「常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉、是背法令、大非常之上、大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也」と、上総介常澄、千葉介常胤、が共に反抗していることが伺える。
- For example, when Yoshimune SATAKE aggressively dominated the entire region of Soma-mikuriya later, he stated in 'MINAMOTO no Yoshimune's letter of donation' that '常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉,是背法令,大非常之上,大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也,' indicating that Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi and Chiba no suke Tsunetane both rebelled.
- ところが、時代が下ると、名田を経営する百姓身分に属する一般の田堵負名の中からも、自らが経営請負をする名田の属する荘園公領を所領とする武士に、軍役を申し出て武士身分の一角に食い込み、名田の支配権を確固としたものにして所領としていこうとする動きが生じた。
- However, in later periods, some ordinary farmers called tato and fumyo who managed myoden began to attempt to make inroads into the samurai class by offering military service for samurai who governed manors or Imperial demesnes containing the myoden managed by the tato or fumyo, so that they could consolidate their hold over their myoden to own it as their territories.
- 家元制度は家学宗家の権威を高める一方で家元である宗家当主は門人を免許の発給を通じて家学を支配していく役目に転化していったため、勿論家元に相応しい技能を有した宗家当主も存在したものの、それに相応しい能力を有しない継承者の隠蔽の役割も果たすことになった。
- While the iemoto system enhanced the authority of the head family of the iemoto, because the role of the family head changed into the one ruling kagaku through issuing a license to the pupils, the family head also assumed the role in hiding the successor who was not competent even though some family heads themselves were not competent to the iemoto.
- しかし8世紀末以降、律令による編戸制、班田収授法による公民支配が次第に弛緩していくのと並行して郡司層による民の支配と編成の機構は崩壊し、新たに富豪と呼ばれる土着国司子弟、郡司、有力農民らが出挙によって多くの公民を私的隷属関係の下に置く関係が成立していく。
- However, after the late eighth century, as henko-sei (the organization of the people) by the Ritsuryo and domination over the citizens by Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) gradually loosened, the mechanism of domination and organization of people by the gunji class collapsed, and there were established relations in which children of native kokushi who were newly called the rich and powerful class, gunji, influential farmers and other people turned many citizens into their private slaves by suiko (government loans made to peasants).
- 津田は記紀の成立過程に関して初めて本格的な文献批判を行い、神話学、民俗学の成果を援用しつつ、神武天皇は弥生時代の何らかの事実を反映したものではなく、主として皇室が日本を支配するいわれを説明するために述作された日本神話の一部として理解すべきであると断じた。
- TSUDA was the first person who criticized literature regarding the process of coming into existence of the kojiki and Nihonshoki in earnest, and concluded that the Japanes had to understand that description concerning Emperor Jimmu did not reflect any fact in the Yayoi period, but were mostly written as part of Japanese Mythology in order to justify the ruling of Japan by the Imperial Family, taking advantage of mythology and folklore.
- 鎌倉幕府において初めての成文法形式の武家法である御成敗式目が定められ、以後室町幕府の建武式目、戦国大名の分国法、江戸幕府の武家諸法度及び諸藩の藩法に継承され、武家政権における日本全国の支配及び地方政権における領国内の封建体制と地域秩序の維持の基本となった。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was the first government to enforce the bukeho in the form of statutory law, the Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), which was inherited by the Kenmu Code enforced by Muromachi bakufu, the bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) enforced by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period, and the Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) as well as the hanpo (code for regional domains) enforced during the time of the Edo bakufu; the bukeho thus became the prototype of codes for the military government to control the nation and for the regional administrations to maintain the feudal system and the regional order within their domains.
- 近世の山科流は極彩色で縁取りした金の源氏雲を描き(金は泥絵具・箔ともに例がある。山科流の女子用は雲に金銀を用いるが、横目扇は金一色)、飛鶴2羽と大松を描き、松の根元の丘には笹を描き、左に群青色の水を配し、水には銀泥で観世水(波)を描き、なかに緑色の亀を描く。
- Fans of Yamashina school in the early-modern times had a picture as follows: gold Genjigumo (floating clouds) with brilliant-colored frames (both pigments made from earth materials and foil were used for gold; gold and silver were used for girl's fan of Yamashina school but only gold was used for cross-grained fans); two flying cranes and a big pine tree; bamboo grass on the hill at the bottom of the pine tree; ultramarine water on the left; in the water there were Kanzemizu (whirling waves) drawn with silver paint; and a green turtle.
- 陰陽寮の役人が退いた後に中務省を代表して輔が天皇に奏上を行い、具注暦は天皇に奏進され、頒暦は天皇と太政官の連絡を掌る少納言が受領して大臣の元に届けられ、大臣から弁官を通じて各官司・国府に配布され、不足の場合には上級官司・国府が書写して下級官司・郡司などに送付した。
- When officials of the Onmyoryo leave the court, the suke makes a presentation before the emperor on behalf of the Ministry of Central Affairs, the guchureki is presented to the emperor, the hanreki is distributed to the Shonagon who manages communications between the Emperor and the Daijokan, then it is sent to each minister, then distributed by ministers to each government officials and kokufu via benkan and, if the number of copies are not enough, highly-ranked kanshi or kokufu transcribes it and sends it to low-ranked kanshi or gunji (district official).
- 室町幕府は寺社領及び公家領を「寺社本所領」と呼び、特に地頭やその他預所が置かれていない本所の一円支配領を本所一円支配地と呼んだ(なお、「寺社本所領」の初出は観応2年/正平 (日本)6年(1351年)の幕府法令とされている。また、国衙領を寺社本所領に加えた用法もある)。
- The Muromachi bakufu called the jisharyo and the kugeryo collectively as 'jisha honjoryo', and called especially the land, throughout of which was ruled by the bakufu and neither jito (steward) nor azukari dokoro (estate custodian) was placed, as honjo ichien shihaichi (honjo throughout ruled land) (It was considered that the term 'jisha honjoryo' first appeared in the laws and regulations of the bakufu in 1351. The kokugaryo was included in the jisha honjoryo in some cases.)
- とくに1927(昭和2)年歌舞伎座での八代目澤村訥子襲名披露狂言では、七代目中車の光秀、十五代目市村羽左衛門の十次郎、七代目澤村宗十郎の初菊、六代目尾上梅幸の操、二代目市川左團次の久吉、四代目澤村源之助の皐月、訥子の正清という最高の配役で、訥子が感激して泣いたという。
- Especially in 1972, in the name taking ceremony Kyogen theater for Tosshi SAWAMURA the eighth at the Kabukiza theater, it provided the best casting such as, Chusya the seventh as Mitsuhide, Uzaemon ICHIMURA the fifteenth as Jujiro,Sojuro SAWAMURA the seventh as Hatsugiku,Baiko ONOE the sixth as Misao,Sadanji ICHIKAWA the second as Hisayoshi, Gennosuke SAWAMURA the sixth as Satsuki, and Tosshi as Masakiyo that moved Tosshi to tears.
- 中世において成立した収取体制においては、雑役系の公事・夫役は名田を収取単位として租税の賦課が行われていたが、名田が十分に確立されていない地域や供御人・神人など荘園・公領の支配体系に属しない人々(主に非農業民)から公事・夫役を収取するために在家を単位として賦課したのである。
- Under the tax collection system established in the Medieval period taxes relating to public duties and labor services, which were kinds of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks), were assessed for myoden (rice field lots) as a collection unit; on the other hand, taxes relating to public duties and labor services were collected in regions where myoden had not sufficiently established or from people who did not belong to the ruling system of shoen (manor) and koryo (mainly non-cultivators) (mostly non-farmer), such as kugonin (groups of producer-merchants) or jinin (shrine dependents) by assessing for zaike as a collection unit.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名の一円支配が進み、自検断は表向き次第に消滅もしくは縮小していったが、江戸時代以降も村や町(ちょう)といった公認共同体は事実上それに近い自治権を、あたかも自検断権を放棄しているかのごとき建前に立った、政権との妥協と黙認の上に、保持し続けた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), ichien shihai (rule the whole territory) by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was developed in the Sengoku period and officially Jikendan seemed to disappear and become reduced, however, after the Edo period, authorized communities such as villages and towns (cho) virtually kept possession of their autonomy similar to Jikendan under the compromise and tolerance of the government, standing on the premise that as if they waived their right to judge criminal cases.
- また、上総権介常澄の子で上総広常の弟に相馬九郎常清がおり、源義朝の寄進した旧来の相馬御厨(北相馬)と、千葉常胤が寄進したときに追加され、かつ千葉氏庶流の名字の地の多い南相馬とが、それぞれ分割支配されて、上総権介常澄の子・相馬九郎常清が源義朝支配地を管理していた可能性もある。
- Further, there was Kuro Tsunekiyo SOMA, who was a son of Kazusa no gon no suke (provisional assistant governor of Kazusa Province) Tsunezumi and a younger brother of Hirotsune KAZUSA, and there is a possibility that the old Soma-mikuriya (Kitasoma [northern Soma]), which was donated by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, and Minamisoma (southern Soma), which was added when Tsunetane CHIBA made the donation and included many regions with surnames of branch families of the Chiba clan, were separately dominated, and that Kazusa no gon no suke Tsunezumi's son Kuro Tsunekiyo SOMA administered MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo's regions of influence.
- 「条」とは、郡・郷よりさらに小さい規模の領域を示す単位であり、郡規模あるいはそれ以上の範囲に領域支配を展開する他の東国有力武士団である三浦氏・千葉氏・小山氏・秩父氏などは、どれも何代か前から多くの有力な一族を各地に分派させているが、北条氏にはそうした一族が少しもみられない。
- A 'jo' is a unit of area smaller than a 'gun' (county) or 'go' (village), and unlike other major armed groups in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) who ruled territories of 'gun' or larger area (e.g. the Miura, Chiba, Koyama and Chichibu clans) and had been scattering their powerful branch families across Togoku since generations before, the Hojo clan did not have any such branch families.
- ただし、その支配は荘園公領制の範疇におけるものであり、他の権門との協調を掲げる鎌倉幕府の所領よりも地方にある御家人の所領の方が武士による所領の独占的支配の傾向が早く出現するものの、この時代には上級の所職を占める公家・寺社や現地の国衙からの影響力を完全に排除するには至らなかった。
- The rule of the gokenin remained subject to the shoen koryosei system; therefore, although samurai's monopolistic control of the shoryo was liable to appear earlier in the local shoryo of the gokenin than the shoryo of the Kamakura bakufu, which stated the policy of having gokenin in harmony with the other powerful houses, influences of the court nobles, temples, and shrines, which occupied higher various shiki, and the local kokuga cannot be completely removed during this period.
- だが、荘園公領制が解体する14世紀に入ると、生産力の上昇や農民層の抵抗、更に荘園内部でも上級層の没落と下級層の上昇などが発生し、更にその中で上位の者は領主や地侍としての地位を獲得して荘園領主の支配から脱却したり、荘園内外にて独自の経営地及び独自の小作関係の形成を行うようになる。
- However, during the fourteenth century, many factors, such as the improvement of productivity, the resistance of the class of peasants, and the downfall of the upper-class together with the advancement of the lower-class, contributed to the demise of the shoen-koryo sei. Further, there were those of the upper-class who attained the position as a landlord or a jizamurai (local samurai) which enabled them to break away from the rule of the manor owners and to establish their own business managing and renting their lands to local peasants.
- 鎌倉幕府は元寇に伴う対外的危機を通じて、一円支配が確立した本所領の住人を動員することには成功したが、それでも検断権などを本所領に対しては及ぼすことが出来ず、却って寺社興行法などで御家人の権利よりも寺社領の権限を保護する政策を取って神仏の加護よる対外危機の克服を期待する有様であった。
- The Kamakura bakufu succeeded in calling the residents in the honjoryo, in which the bakufu established a ruling throughout the land, to arms through the external crisis accompanying Genko (Mongol Invasion), but still cannot exercise kendanken (provincial policing authority) and so forth on the honjoryo -- On the contrary, the bakufu prayed for divine protection and expected god and Buddha to support the bakufu to overcome the external crisis, and took a policy to protect not the right of the gokenin (the top of the warrior-class hierarchy) but the right of the jisharyo by issuing the jishakogyoho (Shrine restoration policy).
- この法令によって意図されたものとしては、今後の室町幕府の土地に関する基本的原則と所領訴訟に対する姿勢が確立して、結果的には守護領国制が事実上公認されたこと、半済から守られることとなった天皇家や摂関家との関係を強化して後年の義満による朝廷・院政支配への道を開いたことの意味の方が大きいと言える。
- Among the goals in the enactment of this law, the following points can be regarded as more significant than others: First, the basic principles of administration of territories and the basic approach toward litigation over territories were established by the Muromachi bakufu, resulting in the de facto recognition of the Shugo-ryogoku system; second, the relationships with the Imperial family and Sekkan-ke, both of which were exempt from hanzei by this law, were strengthened, clearing the way for Yoshimitsu to rule over the Imperial Court and the Retired Emperor in later years.
- すなわち「八宗九宗」の中にキリシタンを加えているのも含め、イエズス会を本願寺や金剛峯寺と同様に、信仰の保護と所領の給付と引換に秀吉による政治的支配に服属させる意図があったと考えられており、歴史学者の安野眞幸は「キリスト教のイデオロギーと秀吉政権の統一思想との衝突」が原因ではなかったかと述べている。
- That is, including Christians in the addition of 'eight schools and nine schools,' it was probably intended to place the Society of Jesus under Hideyoshi's political dominance in exchange for protection of faith and grant of a domain as in the case of Hongan-ji Temple and Kongobuji Temple, and Historian Masaki ANNO said that the cause could be 'a conflict between the Christian ideology and the unification concept of the Hideyoshi regime.'
- この理由については、従来幕府による朝廷権力の掣肘であるとする見解が主流であったが、近年では亀山が西園寺実兼との不和に加え、霜月騒動で失脚した安達泰盛と親しかった事や、「新制」に対し熱心であった態度が東国のみならず全国へ実効支配を広げようとする得宗勢力の不審を呼んだのではないかとする説が有力となっている。
- Conventionally, it was believed in general that interference in the authority of the imperial court from the bakufu resulted in the above circumstances; but recently it is widely believed that, in addition to the friction between Kameyama and Sanekane SAIONJI, Kameyama's intimacy with Yasumori ADACHI who fell during the Shimotsuki Incident, as well as his ambition for 'Shinsei' (law reconstitution) produced suspiciousness among the Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) family who aimed to control not only the eastern part, but the entire country.
- そもそも、これらの歴史的事件を評価するときに念頭に置いておかなければならないのは、受領層に対して闘争を行った百姓層とは決して受領の収奪にあえぐ零細な農民などではなく、隷属民や私兵を多数擁して地域支配や産業において莫大な利権を持ち、国衙と負名契約を結んでいた、農業など諸産業の大規模経営者であったということである。
- In evaluating these historical events, we should keep in mind that the farmer class refers not to poor farmers suffering from heavy taxes Zuryo collected but to large-scale managers of agriculture and other industries who had vested rights in the local community and industries with many subordinate people and private solders and had a contract with kokuga over fumyo.
- これに対して南インドでは伝統的な村落共同体の影響が強いために、農民の従来通りの土地所有を前提としてより緩やかなライーヤトワーリー制が導入されたものの、5-6割の地租の前に未納を理由とした官の没収もしくは納税のための借金のかたに領主・地主層からなる金融業者の差押を経て北インドと同様の土地支配体制が広がっていった。
- In contrast to this, the influence of the village community was strong in the south of India and though the more loose Raiyatowari system was introduced there on the premise of traditional farmers' landownership, the lands were confiscated by government officials because of non-payment of 50 to 60 percent of land tax, or the lands were seized by money brokers who consisted of the lords and landowners because of tax payments for debts and through these, the land government system spread as in the north of India.
- 基準年を1990年に設定したのはロシアの批准を促すことなどにも配慮されたという国際政治の現場にありがちな話を指摘する向きや、「産業界を中心に世界有数の環境対策を施してきた日本が6%もの高水準を求められている」といった論調により、「この議定書が締結・発効に至る過程で政治的に歪められている」とする意見が散見される。
- An opinion saying 'the Protocol was politically biased in the process of ratification and effectuation' is heard here and there along with the following views: setting 1990 as the reference year was to give time to Russia for ratification, which is quite a political consideration; Japan has implemented world's leading environmental measures particularly in the industry, but is required for a high reduction level of 6%.
- 財閥(ざいばつ)とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社(持株会社)が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社(子会社)に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
- The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.
- ずっと後のことではあるが、推古天皇32年(624年)、馬子が葛城県(馬子の本居(ウブスナ)とされる)の支配権を望んだ時、女帝は、「あなたは私の叔父ではあるが、だからといって、公の土地を私人に譲ってしまっては、後世の人には私が愚かな女だといわれ、一方であなたも、不忠だと謗られよう」と言って、この要求を拒絶したという。
- It is said that, long afterward in 624, when Umako hoped for the right to rule Katsuragi-ken Prefecture (which is said to be Umako's birthplace), she refused this demand by saying that 'even though you are my uncle, if I donate a public land to a private person, the future generation will call me a foolish woman and, on the other hand, they will criticize you as being disloyal.'
- 後に「武士」として登場する、関東の開発領主達の11世紀末までの状況がどうだったかといえば、当時はその所領支配は、郡司、郷司などの公的な職の体系を媒介として、開墾を行い、村落を形成することを課題としはじめた頃であり、領地支配、あるいはその拡大において、隣接する開発領主との抗争が日常化するほどの飽和点にはまだ至ってはいない。
- The situation of kaihatsu-ryoshu in the Kanto region that later appeared as 'bushi' in the late eleventh century used soryo ruling through gunji, goji, and other public duties to start cultivating and forming villages and was not up to a saturated level to quarrel constantly with neighboring kaihatsu-ryoshu over the ruling and expansion of manors.
- そのため、室町幕府は応安の半済令を定めて寺社本所領の下地中分を強行する代わりに一切の押領を認めない(ただし、禁裏御料・殿下渡領・本所一円支配地は半済そのものも否認する)姿勢を取ったが、戦国時代 (日本)になるとそれも有名無実化して直務支配下にあった一部例外を除いたほとんどの寺社本所領は戦国大名や国人に奪われていくことになる。
- To cope with this situation, the Muromachi bakufu took the attitude of rejecting all the cases of embezzlement by forcing shitaji chubun (physical division of the shoen) on the jisha honjoryo by promulgating oan no hanzeirei (half-tax decrees in the oan era) (but, even the half-tax measure was rejected for kinri goryo, denka watariryo, and honjo ichien shihaichi); however, during the Sengoku period (warring states period), the decree became in name only and most part of the jisha honjoryo except for the land under the direct rule was deprived by sengoku daimyo (local chieftain of warring province) and kokujin (leading local warrior).
- 鎌倉末期から南北朝時代における安東氏の支配領域は、安藤宗季(上記の季久とする説が有力)による譲り状や安藤師季に対する北畠顕家安堵状によると、陸奥国鼻和郡絹家島、尻引郷、行野辺郷、蝦夷の沙汰、糠部郡宇曾利郷、中浜御牧、湊、津軽西浜以下の地頭御代官職となっており、現在の青森県地方のうち八戸近辺を除く沿岸部のほとんどと推定されている。
- It is supposed that, the Ando clan's territory during the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts consisted of the major part of the coastal regions except for the vicinity of current Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture, according to the documents such as a letter of concession by Munenori ANDO (the widely-accepted theory is that it was the same person as the above mentioned Suehisa) and Akiie KITABATAKE's certificate for the land directed to Morosue ANDO, in which it is mentioned that the clan was in charge of Jitoondaikan (deputy military governor) in Kinuka-jima, Shirihiki-go and Ikunobe-go, Ezo no sata of Hanawa County, Mutsu Province and in Usori-go, Nakahama-mimaki and Minato Tsugaru-nishihama of Nukabe County, Mutsu Province, and others.
- ただし、寺院と神社では支配の傾向に違いがあり、寺院では荘園領主としての権限が複数の職の体系に分割されずに一元的な支配が行われるか、寺院本体とそこに属する院家の間で分割され、他者の参入を防ごうとしたが、14世紀になると武士による侵略に晒されたために、寺院周辺の荘園における直務支配を強化して確実に加地子得分の確保を目指すようになった。
- The state of rule differed between the temple and shrine -- In the temples, the right of shoen ryoshu (estate proprietor) was not divided into multiple positions in a system and the estate was put under centralized control, or alternatively, the right was divided between the main temple and inge (temple next in rank of monzeki that had imperial connections), that belonged to the main temple, to prevent an invasion from outside; but in fourteenth century, as the temples were exposed to invasions of bushi, the temples enhanced its direct rule in the shoen near the precinct of the temple to secure its kajishi (additional tax).
- これによって一見すると守護大名の領域に治外法権地域が生まれる事になり、室町幕府の支配系統に障害が生じたかのように見られるが、実態はそれとは反対で守護領国制の強化によって守護大名による領国一円支配を阻止してその勢力拡大を抑制するとともに、特権を受けた御家人層は幕府権力への依存を強めてこの権利を維持しようと図り、幕府にとっては守護大名に対抗するための政治的・経済的・軍事的な基盤を支える支持の形成に効果があった。
- Although this could have apparently produced a chigaihoken (extraterritoriality) area in the domains of shugo daimyo and seems to have caused an obstacle in ruling systems of the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, contrary to that, by tightening of the shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo dominates a manor), it prevented shugo daimyo from executing ryogoku ichien shihai (ruling the whole region of the territory) and suppressed expansion of his power, and at the same time, the privileged gokenin class tried to maintain this privilege by increasing dependence on the bakufu powers, which helped the bakufu form support for political, economic, and military bases to confront the shugo daimyo.
- また、小笠原氏の内部においても内紛が絶えず、幕府の後ろ盾を得た信濃小笠原氏の小笠原政康(長秀の弟)が一時支配権を確立しそうになったが、嘉吉元年(1441年)の嘉吉の乱で将軍足利義教が暗殺され、後ろ盾を失った政康が死去すると、信濃小笠原氏は長秀の子の小笠原持長(府中家)と政康の子の小笠原宗康、小笠原光康(松尾家)との間で内紛が再発し、さらに松尾家は宗康の系統(鈴岡家)と光康の系統(松尾家)に分裂、三家に分かれて抗争することとなる。
- Also while there were constant conflicts inside the Ogasawara clan, Masayasu OGASAWARA (a younger brother of Nagahide) of the Shinano-Ogasawara clan, who had support from bakufu, almost established control temporally at one time, but in 1441 after Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA was murdered at Kakitsu War and Masayasu who lost the support died, the Shinano-Ogasawara clan had an internal conflict again among a three party - a son of Nagahide, Mochinaga OGASAWARA (Fuchu family) and a son of Masayasu, Muneyasu OGASAWARA and Mitsuyasu OGASAWARA (Matsuo family) - and furthermore the Matsuo family had a conflict splitting into three including the line of Muneyasu (Suzuoka family) and the line of Mitsuyasu (Matsuo family).
- 更に『兵範記』には久寿元年(1154年)の省試が、予め関白藤原忠通・左大臣藤原頼長・崇徳天皇、そして式部省・大学寮幹部の間で入分(合格)者の枠を配分した後に試験が実施された事実を記しているのである(大幅に時代が下るが、試験が全く形骸化した15世紀に書かれた『桂林遺芳抄』によれば、宣旨分(天皇)2・院御分(上皇・法皇)1・殿下分(摂政・関白)1・省官分(式部大輔・少輔)3・両博士分(文章博士2名)2・判儒分(試験官)3の入分枠が定められていたという)。
- Furthermore, 'Heihanki' (diary of TAIRA no Nobunori) tells that in the shoshi exams in 1154, certain numbers of seats had been allotted to Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Tadamichi, Sadaijin (minister of the left) FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, the Emperor Sutoku, shikibusho and leaders of the daigakuryo beforehand, and they held the exams (a few centuries later, according to 'Keirinihosho' from the 15th century, the seats were allotted as follows: two for Senji (emperor), one for 院御 (the retired Emperor and the Cloistered Emperor), one for Denka (sessho and kanpaku), three for Shokan (Shikibu no taifu and Shikibu shoyu), two for two hakese (monjo hakese) and three for 判儒 (examiners)).
- その後の裁判例においては、第二の見解に立つものが続いたが、最高裁平成20年4月15日第二小法廷決定(事件番号平成19(あ)839)は、本判決について、「警察官による人の容ぼう等の撮影が、現に犯罪が行われ又は行われた後間がないと認められる場合のほかは許されないという趣旨まで判示したものではない」と述べた上で、公道上及びパチンコ店内において被告人の容ぼう等をビデオ撮影した捜査活動を適法と判断しており、少なくとも裁判例においては、第二の見解が支配的になったといえる。
- In subsequent cases, judgments proceeded from the second opinion, but Decision of the Second Petty Bench of the Supreme Court dated on April 15, 2008 (case number 2007 (A) No. 839) stated 'it does not go so far as to mean, as argued by the accused, that photographing of a person's appearance, etc. by police officials should not be permitted except in cases where it is found that the crime is currently being committed or has just been committed' and 'videotaping operations such as videotaping the defendant's appearance, etc. on the public road and in the pachinko parlor can be recognized as legal Investigation activities', which means that the second opinion has been dominant, at least in precedents.
- この追放令が出た背景には諸説あり、秀吉が有馬の女性を連れてくるように命令した際にキリシタンであることを理由に住民が拒否し秀吉が激怒したとも、九州征伐に向かった秀吉の目の前で、当時の日本イエズス会準管区長でもあったコエリョがスペイン艦隊が自分の指揮下にあるごとく誇示した事が原因とも、九州の有馬氏や大村氏などのキリシタン大名が寺社仏閣を破壊すると同時に、僧侶にも迫害を加えたり教会へ莫大な寄進を行っていた事が理由とも、また織田信長から継承した旧来の寺社領を解体して統一政権の支配下におく政策をイエズス会領である長崎にも適用しようとしてイエズス会側が従わなかったとも、宣教師の一部が人身売買(日本人を奴隷商品として国外へ売り払う)を行っていた事が原因とも言われている。
- There are various theories about the issuing of this Expelling edict and the cause could be that Hideyoshi was furious at the residents rejecting his order to bring a woman of Arima because she was Christian, that Coelho, Vice-Provincial of the Society of Jesus in Japan at that time boasted as if the Spanish Armada was under his command in front of Hideyoshi during the expedition to Kyusyu, that the Christian feudal lords such as ARIMA and OMURA in Kyushu destroyed shrines and temples as well as persecuted monks and made huge donations to the churches, and that the Society of Jesus did not obey when he tried to apply the policy to Nagasaki, the domain of the Society, they dissolved the old domains of temples and shrines inherited from Nobunaga ODA and place them under a unified regime, and that some of the missionaries conducted human trafficking (selling the Japanese to outside Japan as slaves).