達: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- お達し
- notice or order handed down from above
- announcement
- notification
- 伊達の三傑
- Sanketsu (Three Outstanding People) of DATE
- 女流文学の発達
- Flowering of literature by women writers
- 伊達氏の「洞」
- Utsuro' of the Date clan
- 拝島大師達磨市
- Haijima-daishi Daruma Market
- 伊達騒動の概要
- Summary of Date Sodo
- 百人一首の歌人達
- Poets selected for 'Ogura Hyakunin Isshu'
- 3位:仙台藩伊達氏
- The third rank: The Date clan in Sendai Domain
- 大蔵大臣 山本達雄
- Minister of Finance: Tatsuo YAMAMOTO
- 伊達政宗 - 梵天丸
- Masamune DATE - Bontenmaru
- 太政官布告・太政官達
- Dajokan Fukoku and Dajokan Tasshi
- 安達を殺せと命じる。
- Takatoki ordered to kill ADACHI.
- - 敏達天皇即位する。
- Emperor Bitatsu accedes to throne
- 第1次鎖国令の再通達。
- A directive was made to renew the first National Isolation Edict.
- 現在の会長は木村尚達。
- The current president is Shotatsu KIMURA.
- 達磨図(山梨・向嶽寺)
- Daruma-zu (Kogaku-ji Temple, Yamanashi)
- 官報を発行するとした達。
- Publication of Official Gazettes was proclaimed.
- だるま女・中国奥地の達者
- Daruma woman (a woman without arms and legs) or those who live in the inland of China and do everything well even with no arms and legs.
- 映画『虎の尾を踏む男達』
- Film 'The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail'
- アルコール関連神経発達障害
- alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
- 3月6日には揖斐川に到達。
- On March 6, 1582, Nobunaga arrived at the Ibi-gawa River.
- 堀達也(第五代北海道知事)
- Tatsuya HORI (Fifth governor of Hokkaido)
- そして伊達家に平和が戻る。
- Thus the peace was restored for the Date family.
- 伊達兵庫(江戸後期、遊女)
- Datehyogo (Late Edo Period; Worn by yujo)
- なかでも仏教美術は発達した。
- Buddhist art was an area which displayed particular progress.
- 敏達天皇(おさだのおおきみ)
- Emperor Bidatsu (Osada no Okimi)
- 初音の鼓に使われた狐達の子。
- Children of the foxes that had been used to make the Hatsune no tsuzumi.
- 関ヶ原合戦以降の伊達政宗の侵略
- Invasion of Masamune DATE after the Battle of Sekigahara
- 登山道の到達の目安を示す単位。
- The unit of rough indication for accession in a route of the climb.
- - 敏達天皇の孫(曾孫とも)。
- A grandchild of Emperor Bidatsu (there is another theory that he was a great-grandchild).
- 演目は「伊達娘恋緋鹿子」など。
- Its program includes 'Date Musume Koi No Higanoko' (The Greengrocer's Daughter).
- 葛西氏滅亡後、伊達家臣となった者
- After the decline of the KASAI clan, those who became retainers of the DATE clan
- 陸奥将軍府(福島県伊達郡霊山町)
- The General's Outpost in Mutsu (in the Ryozen machi, in Date gun of modern-day Fukushima Pref.)
- それだけに腕達者な脇役が演じる。
- For that reason, skilled supporting actors play this role.
- よくまぁおぬしぁ 達者でいたなぁ
- How could you survive.
- 近頃川原の達引(お俊伝兵衛、堀川)
- Chikagoro Kawarano Tatehiki (Oshun Denbe, Horikawa)
- 静岡県伊豆市の土肥達磨寺のだるま。
- The Goshiki Gankake Daruma doll is a doll of Doi Daruma-dera Temple in Izu city, Shizuoka Prefecture.
- 上記のうち特に日本で発達したもの。
- Of those mentioned above, those developed in Japan is especially described here.
- 7月23日時点で4165名に達する。
- The number of solders reached 4,165 as of July 23.
- 人口に対する死亡率は22%に達した。
- The mortality rate reached 22% of its population.
- 明治18年太政官達第69号と内閣職権
- The 1885 Daijokan tasshi no. 69 and the Naikaku-shokken
- 軍隊は食料などの物資を現地調達する。
- Military forces got food and other necessaries by self-subsistence in the field.
- 仕切り線ができたことにより発達した。
- The spread of the use of starting lines developed this style.
- 又其次八畳敷唐之儒者達をかゝせられた。
- In the next eight-mat Japanese room, there was a painting of Confucians in Tang Dynasty China.
- 同時に伊達領に出兵して各地を攻略した。
- At the same time, by sending troops to Date's territory, Yoshiaki captured a portion of his territory.
- 俵屋宗達:『風神雷神図屏風』(建仁寺)
- Sotatsu TAWARAYA: 'Fujin Raijin-zu byobu' (The folding screens of Wind God and Thunder God) owned by Kennin-ji Temple
- このように荘園が次第に発達していった。
- In this way, shoen was gradually formed.
- 徳川家達 従一位大勲位公爵・貴族院議長
- Iesato TOKUGAWA: juichii, (Junior First Court Rank) supreme order, Duke, president of Kizokuin (the House of Peers)
- 安達時景は飯山に逃亡したが殺害された。
- Tokikage ADACHI escaped to Iiyama, but he was killed there.
- 鋳銭高が目標に達すると銭座は解散した。
- When the sufficient number of coins was produced, zeniza was dissolved.
- 古写本で30種、板本で200種に達する。
- There are about 30 kinds of koshabon (old manuscripts) and 200 kinds of itahon (books bound in Japanese style) for Teikin Orai.
- 軍は11月中旬までに伊勢へ到達している。
- The troops arrived at Ise by the middle of November.
- 官報の発行(明治16年太政官達第27号)
- Publication of Official Gazette (Dajokan Tasshi No. 27 of 1883)
- 府県官職制(明治11年太政官達第45号)
- Fukenkan shokusei (Personnel System of Prefectural Officials, Dajokan tasshi [proclamation by the Grand Council of State] No. 45 of 1878)
- 稽古場及び弟子達を「清風社中」と称した。
- He called his training room and his disciples 'Seifu shachu' (Seifu troupe).
- 女達は目を覚ますなよと言い捨てて消える。
- The women disappear, telling him not to wake up.
- 隣国との和睦も達成して信濃侵攻を開始する。
- He also succeeded to make peace with neighboring countries and began invading into Shinano.
- また食料も自己調達しなければならなかった。
- In addition, they also had to pay for their own meals during the trip.
- 上記2つの内容を諸藩に廻達せよという副書。
- The mitchoku had a rider which demanded to deliver the above two contents to other domains.
- 彼女達の教育は姉貴分に当たる遊女が行った。
- They were educated by their mentor courtesans.
- 彼らは足利義稙達を一旦は丹波国に逃亡させた。
- They once made Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and his people flee to Tanba province.
- 姫路城にいた家臣達は、救出作戦を練っていた。
- His subordinates in Himeji-jo Castle were devising a rescue project.
- 戦費のほとんどは戦時国債によって調達された。
- The war was funded almost exclusively by issuing wartime bonds.
- 原田宗輔(仙台藩家老。伊達騒動の中心人物)。
- Munesuke HARADA (A Karo officer of the Sendai domain. The central figure in Date Sodo [the Date family disturbance].)
- 前者の例としては大名や遠国奉行への命令伝達。
- As the example of the former, there is the Rensho Hosho which was used when roju conveyed the shogun's order to daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and ongoku-bugyo (the commissioners placed at the demesnes of the Tokugawa shogunate).
- これを完全に達成したのは韓国併合以降である。
- It was after the annexation of Korea that the treaty between Japan and England was terminated.
- 九州では泰盛の子安達盛宗が岩門合戦で敗死した。
- In Kyushu region, Morimune ADACHI, son of Yasumori died during the battle of Iwato.
- 公家の間では食礼式や料理の流派が発達していた。
- Among kuge (court nobles), schools concerning eating etiquette and cooking methods developed.
- 砂塵嵐(沙塵暴)は時に猛烈に発達することがある。
- A sandstorm (shachenbao) may sometimes grow quite strong.
- 大勲位菊花大綬章(及び副章)の製式を規定した達。
- A Tasshi defining the design of the badge and the star for the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum.
- 現行法令として有効と解される太政官布告・太政官達
- Dajokan Fukoku and Tasshi which are interpreted to be currently in effect
- 貴族達においては2つの特徴的な目録が作成される。
- Two types of notable mokuroku were made by court nobles.
- これ以降、数多く伊達騒動ものの狂言が上演される。
- After that, many Kabuki plays about Date Sodo were performed.
- 「もし、そうすれば、俺はこの江戸中の達師の恥、」
- If I did not go, I would be mocked as a disgrace to all people in Edo.
- 主水司は水・氷の調達および粥の調理をつかさどった。
- Shusuishi delivered water and ice, and made rice gruel.
- その史実については、伊達騒動その他関連項目を参照。
- As for its historical facts, refer to Date Sodo and other relevant sections.
- 天ぷら、麦茶などの屋台による町人の料理が発達した。
- Yatai (street stall)-based dishes for townspeople, such as tenpura (Japanese deep-fried dishes) and mugicha (barley tea), developed.
- そして関東の後北条氏、奥州の伊達氏へと矛先を移した。
- He turned his fire on the Gohojo clan in Kanto and the Date clan in Oshu (Northern Honshu, the region encompassing Mutsu and Dewa provinces).
- また、周辺には探題に仕えた武士達の邸宅も設置された。
- In addition, residences of warriors who served tandai were constructed around tandai.
- どの道を通って誰に下達するつもりなのか」と抗弁した。
- By what means, and to whom, then, do you intend to convey your will?'
- 残った者達もその身分は大抵、郷士・奉公人格であった。
- The remaining personnel's social status was usually that of goshi (country samurai) or servants.
- 天狗党一行は中山道を進み美濃鵜沼宿付近まで到達する。
- Tenguto members moved through Nakasen-do Road and arrived around Unumajuku, Mino Province.
- 満25歳に達した公爵・侯爵は、自動的に議員となった。
- When princes and marquis reached 25 years of age, they automatically became councilors.
- 日露戦争の戦費調達のため、塩に課税する案が出された。
- In order to collect funding for the Russo-Japanese War, tax on salt was considered.
- 中央にいた者達は親類衆以外でも生還している者が多い。
- Besides Katsuyori's relatives, many survived in the central force.
- 町内の若者達が番町皿屋敷へお菊の幽霊見物に出かける。
- Young folks in a neighborhood go to Bancho Sarayashiki to see Okiku's ghost.
- 『黒手組曲輪達引』(くろてぐみ くるわの たてひき)
- 'Kurotegumi Kuruwa no Tatehiki'
- 上方から発生し朱子学、自然科学、古典研究が発達した。
- The cluture started in Kamigata and it developed Neo-Confucianism, natural science, and classical study.
- 三つ子の妻達には、夫の名に因んだ名がつけられている。
- Wives of the triplets had names that referred to the names of their husbands.
- 武家執奏は施行状を発給して将軍に伝達する(公家施行)。
- The bukeshisso issued a shigyojo (letter conveying orders from the head to the subjects) and conveyed it to the Shogun (kuge shigyo).
- そのための原料調達などの必要経費は正税から捻出された。
- The necessary expenses for the production, such as material costs, were subsidized by shozei (rice tax stored in warehouses of provincial offices).
- 天正17年(1589年)、秀吉は奥州伊達政宗を降した。
- Hideyoshi defeated Masamune DATE in Oshu (Northern Honshu, the region encompassing Mutsu and Dewa Provinces) in 1589.
- 浮遊運動をする砂は風に乗って移動し、遠くまで到達する。
- The floating sand moves on the wind, reaching far away places.
- 元禄年間以降、町人の手になる江戸料理が発達しはじめる。
- Starting in the Genroku era, Edo dishes by townspeople began being developed.
- 11月4日、源義経の軍が布和の関(不破関)にまで達した。
- On December 26, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's army reached Fuwa no seki (Fuwa-no-seki checking station).
- また大量の貨幣を運ぶのを避けるため、手形取引も発達した。
- Bill account also spread with convenience to avoid carrying a large amount of coins.
- だが、国司・荘園領主達の反発が強く、翌年には撤回された。
- Resistance among provincial governors and the lords of shoen was fierce, however, so the following year this authority was revoked.
- However, he faced strong opposition from Kokushi (provincial governor) and lords of the manor and this right was taken back in the following year.
- 日本画では俵屋宗達が、たらし込みの手法とともに使用した。
- In Japanese-style painting, Sotatsu TAWARAYA used the technique as well as the technique of tarashikomi (a technique in which colors are dripped or brushed into wet ink).
- 両国橋で赤穂浪士達と遭遇したが、大石には同道を断られた。
- However, he was refused to join the party by Oishi when he bumped into the Ako Roshi in Ryogokubashi.
- 刑の成文法として律が発達し、令はその補完的規範であった。
- Lu developed as the statutory law of Xing, and Li was its supplemental norm.
- 各施策の目標達成度を常に測り、新たな戦略を構築して行く。
- Each program is continuously monitored to ensure it meets its goals and new strategies are developed.
- いじめの官女は、腕の達者な脇役が演じることになっている。
- A bullying court lady should be played by a skilled supporting actor.
- その不安定さは平家のクーデター以降いよいよピークに達する。
- The insecurity reached its peak after a coup d'état by Taira clan.
- 代表例としては高田藩の越後騒動や、仙台藩の伊達騒動がある。
- Representative examples included the Echigo riot by the Takada clan and the Date riot by the Sendai clan.
- 訴人(原告)からの訴状を問注所が受理し、引付衆へ進達する。
- The Monchujo (the court of justice) accepted a complaint from the sonin (plaintiff) and delivered it to the hikitsukeshu.
- 一方、氏姓のほかに、同時に発達したのが字(あざな)である。
- Meanwhile, besides clan name and hereditary titles, Azana also developed at the same time.
- 大名身分に喧嘩両成敗の適用は伊達村和の事例ぐらいしかない。
- The only case Kenka Ryoseibai was used for someone of feudal lord rank was Murayori DATE.
- 部隊ごとに差はあるにしても一部隊の人数は2千人に達しない。
- It follows that each army would have had less than 2,000, making allowances for individual differences.
- これは徳川家により特許された御用達町人による組織であった。
- That was an organization of commoners who were granted license from the Tokugawa family.
- (本人達がそれに気付いたのは2001年になってからである)
- (It was not until the year 2001 that they finally realized that fact)
- また本阿弥光悦や俵屋宗達などの芸術家も独自の印を用いている。
- Also, artists like Koetsu HONAMI and Sotatsu TAWARAYA used their own seals.
- 商船の到着が大宰府に通達され、大宰府から朝廷へ急使が向かう。
- After the arrival of a merchant vessel was announced to the Dazaifu, officers in the Dazaifu ordered a courier to head for the Imperial Court.
- そのため、幕府で要職を占めるのは将軍家の譜代家臣達であった。
- Therefore, the important posts in the bakufu were occupied by shogun family's hereditary vassals.
- だが、洞の形態をもっとも特徴的に示しているのが伊達氏である。
- The form of Utsuro is observed most characteristically in the Date clan.
- これにより砂塵は発生地の東側の地域への到達が多い傾向にある。
- Therefore, it is likely that kosa reaches areas to the east of the place where it has originated.
- 浅野家のお出入り商人で赤穂浪士達の武器を調達したといわれる。
- As a merchant regularly he visited the Asano family, and is said to have prepared arms for the Ako roshi.
- 大勲位菊花大綬章及副章製式ノ件(明治10年太政官達第97号)
- Design of Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (Dajokan Tasshi No. 97 of 1847)
- また、官僚を学力で登用する科挙と呼ばれる登用試験が発達する。
- An imperial examination system called Kakyo (Keju in Chinese) for appointing officials based on their academic abilities was developed.
- - 幕府からの禁制や通達事項などをしるした高札を掲げた場所。
- Places to put up a notice board on which bans and notifications from bakufu were written.
- 入り口が幾つもあっても、最終的に到達する場所は、一つである。
- Even if there are more than one gates, you eventually get to one single destination.
- 弟子達に稽古をつけるときは、興奮のあまり手が出ることもある。
- When training his pupils, he sometimes gets so excited that he hits them.
- 目標とする温度である1300℃に達するには約1日ほどかかる。
- It takes about one day to reach the target temperature of 1300 ℃.
- 温度管理は職人の勘によって行われるが、かなりの練達を要する。
- Controlling the temperature is entrusted to the intuition of craftsman, which is quite a skilled job.
- 同時期に発達した版画技術により花体の図が広く全国に普及した。
- Thanks to the development of wood prints technique, paintings of the school's flower arrangement spread throughout the nation.
- 殺人鬼と化した新助は通りかかった縮屋の仲間達をも手にかける。
- Having become a bloodthirsty killer, Shinsuke kills his colleagues at Chizimiya who happen to pass by..
- 忠臣の筆頭である伊達宗重は兵部・甲斐らの悪行を幕府に訴える。
- Muneshige DATE, the head of loyal retainers, complained about the wrongdoings of Kai and Hyobu (common name of Munekatsu DATE) to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- しかし、義稙達は次第に勢力を盛り返し、京に再度迫りつつあった。
- However, Yoshitane and his people gradually regained power and were getting around the capital again.
- 近世期の合理的・実証的歴史認識の一つの到達点が富永仲基である。
- The peak of the rational and fact-based recognition of history in the early-modern times was reached by Nakamoto TOMINAGA..
- 伊達政宗15歳(1581年、相馬義胤 (十六代当主)との戦い)
- Masamune DATE, aged 15 (1581, Battle with Yoshitane SOMA (the 16th family head))
- 「自分達の土地は自分達で守るという有力な農民が出てきました。」
- Powerful farmers that protected their own lands began to appear.'
- 1660年の伊達綱宗の押込は幕府の承認と監督のもとで行われた。
- The confinement of Tsunamune DATE in 1660 was carried out under the approval and supervision of the shogunate government.
- 日本側大使は大蔵卿伊達宗城、清側大使は直隷総督李鴻章であった。
- The commander-in-chief of Japan was a Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury), Munenari DATE, and that of Qing was a Governor General of Zhili, Li Hung Chang,.
- モシ遅滞ニ及ブベキノ儀有ラバ、奉行所ニ達シソノ旨ヲ受クベキ事。
- If a dispute happens, report to the magistrate's office and seek direction.
- 1872年には官営鉄道や汽船が発足し、国内の交通網が発達した。
- The domestic transportation system were developed due to the inauguration of the government-owned railway and steamship in 1872.
- 猩々人形が子供達を追いかけ、大きな赤い手でお尻を叩こうとする。
- In the festival, the Shojo chases after children and slaps them on the behind with his big hands.
- 「男伊達の無尽のかけ捨て、ついに引けを取ったことのねえ男だ。」
- I have limitlessly spent my heroic spirits and have never been beaten by anyone.'
- 突如現れた機巧童子達に翻弄され、その存在に強く興味を引かれる。
- He is tossed around by the Karakuri-doji robots that have suddenly appeared in the city and grows strongly interested in their existence.
- 戦前は盛んだった玉子巻きや伊達巻きのすしは近年廃れてきている。
- Tamago-maki (vinergared rice rolled up in a thick slice of egg omelet with various ingredients in the center) and date-maki (a rolled omelet mixed with fish paste) were popular in the prewar era, but they are becoming less popular recently.
- すると、「水野の家来だ!たたきしめろ!」と子分達は大騒ぎした。
- His followers clamor excitedly against his visit and shout, 'A Mizuno's vassal is coming! Drive him out!'
- 『敦盛』(あつもり)は、能の演目のひとつで、二番目物、公達物。
- 'Atsumori' is the title of a Noh program, which belongs to the category of nibanme-mono (second-category play) and the subcategory of Kindachi mono (play featuring a courtier).
- 特にカプロン酸エチルの生成量がきょうかい7号の4倍にも達する。
- Among others, it produces 4 times as much ethyl caproate as kyokai No. 7.
- 10年8月3日 (旧暦)(1567年8月3日) - 伊達政宗誕生
- August 3, 1567: The birth of Masamune DATE.
- 中世には朝鮮半島や大陸との交易で栄え、日本海交易が発達していた。
- During the Medieval Period, these Sanshin-shichiso flourished through trading with the Korean Peninsula and the Chinese continent when the Japan Sea Trade was active.
- ただしそこに到達するまでは厳しい生存競争に勝ち抜く必要があった。
- But they needed to win the struggle for survival to reach the status.
- 1665年(寛文5年):伊達騒動(寛文事件、伊達氏 - 仙台藩)
- 1665: Date feud (Kanbun incident; Date clan; Sendai Domain)
- 現に、討死した将兵の多くは両翼にいた者達(譜代、先方衆)である。
- In fact, many of the shohei (officers and soldiers) killed in the battle were deployed in the two wings and (some were fudai (hereditary) vassals and others were among the senkatashu (vanguard)).
- 江戸時代に発達した武士階級の家父長制的な家族制度を基にしている。
- This was based on paternalistic family system which was developed in Edo Period among samurai society.
- 勝の降板により、『乱』の主演が内定していた仲代達矢が起用された。
- After Katsu left, Tatsuya NAKADAI, who had unofficially been chosen to play the lead character in 'Ran,' was hired for Katsu's role.
- こうして、変幻自在に使用できる臨機応変の武器へと発達していった。
- Thus, the uchine developed into a weapon with a wide range of usage according to circumstances.
- この茶屋染の技法が発達して友禅の発明につながったという説もある。
- One theory has it that the Chayazome technique developed into the invention of Yuzen.
- 豆腐、ゆばなどの細やかな味を生かすために薄味の料理法が発達した。
- Cooking methods for lightly-flavored dishes developed to make the best use of delicate tastes of tofu and yuba.
- 料紙・墨・筆などは図書寮、朱沙は蔵人所、軸は木工寮などが調達した。
- Writing paper, ink and brushes were supplied by Zushoryo, shusa by Kurododokoro, and shafts by Mokuryo.
- また金子氏を慕う領民達も決起し毛利軍にゲリラを仕掛けたと思われる。
- It seems that the village people in the territory, who adored their lord, even engaged in guerrilla warfare against the troops of the Mori clan.
- 三沢為虎の息子・三沢為基が長府藩を出奔して、仙台藩伊達氏に仕えた。
- Tamemoto MISAWA, a son of Tametora MISAWA, vanished from the Chofu Domain to be retained by the Date clan of Sendai Domain.
- それに秋田城司による年来の苛政が重なり、夷俘の不満は頂点に達した。
- In addition to this disaster, years of misrule by the lord of Akita-jo Castle had brought the Ifu's frustration to the boiling point.
- また、江戸幕府も将軍の意思の伝達する文書として、御内書を継承した。
- The Edo bakufu inherited the Gonaisho as a document to inform people of the shogun's intentions.
- 一方、最も近い発生源である中国東北地方のものは最短半日で到達する。
- On the other hand, the kosa produced in the northeastern part of China, the nearest kosa-producing place reaches Korea only in half a day.
- 回転運動をする砂は発生地周辺のみに到達し、移動する砂丘を構成する。
- The rotating sand of a kosa cannot move far from the place where the kosa originates, and constitutes a moving sand dune.
- これに激怒した守旧派の兵士達は倉庫係を暴行した後、倉庫に監禁した。
- This made soldiers of the Conservative Party furious, and they assaulted the warehouse keepers, shutting them in the warehouse.
- かつては、大人達が行い、それによって死亡者・負傷者が続出していた。
- In the past, adults did ishi-gassen and it resulted in a number of dead and injured one after another.
- 須恵器生産は蝦夷に対峙する城柵の設置にともなって東北地方に達した。
- Production of Sueki reached Tohoku area along with building of an official defense site to confront Ezo (northerners).
- 造寺・造仏の技術者は主として朝鮮からの渡来人やその子孫達であった。
- Craftsmen engaged in the construction of Buddhist temples and statures in Japan were mainly settlers from Korea and their descendants.
- 高崎市内にある達磨寺 (高崎市)で毎年1月6日~7日に開催される。
- The Shorin-zan Nanakusa Festival is held every year on January 6 and 7 at Daruma-ji Temple in Takasaki City.
- 藩士たちはこの通達に驚き反発して虎三郎のもとへと押しかけ抗議した。
- The retainers of Nagaoka domain were amazed to have heard his notification, and rushed to Torasaburo's place and protested.
- 本作をはじめとする伊達騒動ものは基本的にこの筋書きを踏襲している。
- The plays about Date Sodo, including this play, basically follow this story.
- また現在でも宝くじとして公共の普請のための資金調達にもなっている。
- Also it remains as takarakuji presently which collects money for public mutual aids.
- その直後から加賀国・能登国・若狭国の北陸豪族達が反乱活動を開始する。
- Immediately afterwards, powerful families in the Hokuriku region (including Kaga Province, Noto Province and Wakasa Province) began to rebel.
- さらに旗下の国人達の離反が続出したので、1518年、周防に帰国した。
- Moreover, because many Kokujin (local samurai) seceded from him, he returned to Suo in 1518.
- 7月26日に第9歩兵旅団(旅団長大島義昌少将)にその旨が伝達される。
- On July 26, the ninth infantry Brigade (headed by major general Yoshimasa OSHIMA) was informed of the request.
- 頼朝没後も御教書は鎌倉幕府の公的意思を通達する手段として用いられた。
- After the death of Yoritomo, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) used Migyosho as the method for passing on information of official intentions.
- その達成のための保障となる武装は当然であったことを忘れてはならない。
- Therefore, it isn't surprising that they prepared arms in order to secure their execution of such powers.
- 勲章、記章、褒章等の授与及び伝達式例(昭和38年7月12日閣議決定)
- Consuetudinary of the Conferment Ceremony and the Award Ceremony of decoration, badge, medal, and the like (Cabinet approval on July 12, 1963)
- 弥生時代の北部九州では、朝鮮半島起源の磨製石鏃と磨製石剣が発達した。
- In Yayoi period, in northern part of Kyushu, flint arrowhead and stone sword of ground stone tools which originated in the Korean Peninsula were developed.
- つまり、東国などの初期世代の武士とほぼ同じ立場の者達だったのである。
- Their status was almost equal to that of the early generation Samurai in Togoku.
- 1900年 アメリカ本土への日系移民の数が初めて年間1万人に達する。
- In 1900, for the first time in history, the number of Japanese immigrants to the U.S. mainland reached 10,000 a year.
- 1660年(万治3年):伊達騒動(綱宗隠居事件、伊達氏 - 仙台藩)
- 1660: Date feud (Tsunamune retirement incident; Date clan; Sendai Domain)
- それらの影響は考えられるが、その後日本の銅鐸は日本で独自に発達した。
- Japanese dotaku can probably have been affected by these bells, but they developed individually after being brought to Japan.
- 弘安合戦、安達泰盛の乱、秋田城介(あきたじょうのすけ)の乱ともいう。
- This incident is also called the Battle of Koan, the Yasumori ADACHI war or the Jonosuke AKITA war.
- 居城ノ隍塁・石壁以下敗壊ノ時ハ、奉行所二達シ、其ノ旨ヲ受クベキナリ。
- If the moat or stone walls of a daimyo's castle are dilapidated and need to be fixed, they must report to the magistrate's office and get permission.
- これを、違う目的に到達できる別々の道がある、と考えるのは誤りである。
- It is wrong to think there are different paths leading to different destinations.
- 明治の初め、伊勢国の茶道達が千家の宗匠を招き、大神宮献茶会を催した。
- At the beginning of the Meiji era, tea masters in Ise Province held a tea ceremony exhibition at Ise-jingu Shrine inviting the sojo (headmaster) of the Sen family.
- ここで姉妹は実は自分達がその昔の姉妹の霊であると打ち明け、平座する。
- Here the sisters sit down comfortably, confiding that they are in fact the spirits of the sisters of the past.
- そして、北条泰時・安達景盛・島津忠久らが任じられている(『吾妻鏡』)。
- And Yasutoki HOJO, Kagemori ADACHI, Tadahisa SHIMAZU and others were appointed ('Azuma Kagami' - The Mirror of the East).
- 手工業では綿織物が発達し、伝統的な絹織物では高級品の西陣織が作られた。
- In the handicraft industry, production of cotton fabrics was developed, while luxury Nishijin brocades were made in the traditional textile manufacture of silk products.
- だが発端である荒木残党の引き渡しについては最後まで合意に達しなかった。
- But they did not reach an agreement on the handover of the remnants of the Araki clan which had triggered the conflict.
- その後、貴族文化は中国的な要素が薄まり、日本独自の発達をとげていった。
- Later, Chinese elements in the noble culture faded, upon which a uniquely Japanese culture emerged.
- 永井直達(なおたつ)〔従五位下、日向守〕大和新庄藩主・永井直圓の長男。
- Naotatsu NAGAI (Jugoinoge, Hyuga no kami), the oldest son of Naomitsu NAGAI who was the clan of Yamato-Shinjo Domain.
- 満25歳に達した伯爵・子爵・男爵のうちから、同爵の者の互選で選ばれた。
- They were elected by men of the same rank when they reached 25 years of age.
- 1697年(元禄10年):伊達騒動(綱村隠居事件、伊達氏 - 仙台藩)
- 1697: Date feud (Tsunamura retirement incident; Date clan; Sendai Domain)
- 発行当初は、真鍮四文銭の代わりに差支えなく通用するよう通達が出された。
- At first, the government ordered people to circulate Bunkyu-eiho coins as a substitute for shinchu shimonsen coin.
- そのため、幕府幹部達もさほど重要な法令とは受け止めていなかったようだ。
- Therefore, executives in the Shogunate seemed not to view this law as important.
- 老中奉書(ろうじゅう ほうしょ)は、江戸時代の老中が発給する伝達文書。
- Roju Hosho was the official document issued by roju (a senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) in the Edo period.
- 洋菓子や中華菓子(月餅)の影響を受けて明治時代以降に発達したとされる。
- Influenced by western confectionery and Chinese sweets (moon cakes), it was developed after the Meiji period.
- 国内旅行は鉄道の発達で国内の移動が容易となり次第に活発になっていった。
- The development of railroads made domestic travel easier, which gradually promoted travelling by Japanese people.
- 後にはそこから発達して、着流しにあわせる服飾の一種としても用いられた。
- Later it also began to be worn decoratively to match a casual kimono.
- しかし、特に8代藩主松浦誠信は17歳で皆伝を受けるほどの達人であった。
- However, the eighth lord of the domain, Sanenobu MATSURA, was so talented that his proficiency was certified at the age of 17.
- 飾り結びは、中国から伝わった結びをもとに日本で発達した伝統工芸である。
- Kazarimusubi is a traditional craft which was originally learned from China and was developed in Japan.
- 表門では仇討に意気込む息子力弥ら家臣達が険悪な雰囲気で立ち騒いでいる。
- At the front gate, his son Rikiya and other vassals, who are worked up about the revenge, are enraged and making a commotion.
- 禅寺の食のタブーを克服するため調理技術が発達し、出汁の概念が生まれた。
- Cooking techniques to overcome taboos on meals at Zen temples developed, and the concept of soup stock was generated.
- 当時の日本軍の常備兵力20万人に対して、総動員兵力は109万人に達した。
- Japan mobilized approximately 1.09 million soldiers, which far exceeded its standing army of 200,000 soldiers.
- 特に、会所が最も発達した室町時代については、節を設けて詳しく解説したい。
- The following is a detailed explanation of the Kaisho during the Muromachi period, which is when they were developed the most.
- 浪士達は切腹の作法を知らず、前日に教えられた上で切腹したといわれている。
- It is said that they committed seppuku after learning their manners a few days ago, as they had not known any.
- 家中がそろったところで、急報を末席家老大野知房が藩士達に読んで聞かせた。
- When all the feudal retainers gathered around, lower rank chief retainer Tomofusa ONO read out the urgent message.
- 堀部安兵衛は早速これを江戸急進派の同志達に伝えるべく江戸へ戻っていった。
- Yasubei HORIBE immediately returned to Edo to tell this news to the Edo radicals.
- もはや米作収入に依存する財政は矛盾を解消できない段階に到達しつつあった。
- This shows that the Edo bakufu then became unable to resolve its financial contradictions if it continued depending on rice harvest.
- このため、称徳天皇後の皇位は誰が継ぐのかが貴族達の最大の関心事となった。
- Therefore, the person who would succeed the Empress Shotoku and ascend the Imperial Throne was the biggest subject of concern for the court nobles.
- また、お祈りするときには、南無達磨娑婆訶(なむだもそわか)と三回唱える。
- In praying, 'namu-damo-sowaka' is recited three times.
- 細川三斎は利休七哲に数えられるほどの達人であり、家中には門人が多くいた。
- Sansai HOSOKAWA was a master of tea ceremony and listed one of the seven disciples of Rikyu, and he had many disciples in his school.
- 折しも浪人の安達三郎が自らの母を襲った高時の愛犬を打ち殺したと聞き激怒。
- He was outraged when he heard that a ronin(masterless samurai), Saburo ADACHI killed Takatoki's favorite dog that had attacked Saburo's mother.
- 室町時代に入ると宮中の料理は武家の間にも採り入れられ、食礼式が発達した。
- Entering the Muromachi period, dishes served in the Imperial court became eaten by samurai as well, developing eating etiquette.
- 参戦した隊士達には原田左之助の20両を筆頭に、会津藩から恩賞が与えられた。
- The members in the battle were given reward grants from the Aizu Clan, including Sanosuke HARADA who was given 20 ryo (current unit).
- 具体的には租税の量を計算し、それが規定の量に達しているか監査するのである。
- In concrete terms, it was to calculate the volume of tax revenues and audit whether or not it reached the defined volume.
- しかしながら、その細かさから到達する量自体はそれほど多くないとされている。
- However, it is said that they are so minute that their total amount would not be large.
- このように、実際に一揆の盟約によって秩序が達成されていた中世後期があった。
- As such, in the later middle ages the social order was actually secured based on the league of ikki.
- 従って、官田においても、民田の場合と同じく小作制(地主佃戸制)が発達した。
- Accordingly, the tenant famer system (landlord-tenant farmer system) developed with kanden as well as with private estates.
- 江戸期の三井家の丁稚の場合暖簾分けまで到達できるのは三百人に一人であった。
- In the Edo period, only one in every 300 decchi in the Mitsui family could get to the level of sharing the goodwill.
- 延岡に進出した薩軍はここに出張本営を設け、弾薬製造、募兵、物資調達をした。
- The Satsuma army that had advanced to Nobeoka established a temporary headquarters there, manufactured ammunition, recruited soldiers, and procured necessary goods.
- 先住民とは交流ができなかったらしく、12月17日に遭難者達は集落から逃走。
- The abductees apparently could not communicate with the aborigines, for they escaped from the village on December 17.
- 黒鍬(くろくわ)は戦国時代 (日本)や江戸時代に土木作業を行う者達を指す。
- Kurokuwa (黒鍬) (a construction worker) refers to people engaged in civil engineering in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) and Edo period.
- しかし、水がほとんど流れない為に汚物が溜まり、衛生状態は限界に達していた。
- However, waste piled up causing the water to almost stop flowing, and it became very unsanitary.
- 主人公達が映画館で見るのが『用心棒』であり1シーンがそのまま使われている。
- However, in the movie the hero and heroine watch 'Yojinbo' in a cinema, and a scene from 'Yojinbo' is directly employed in the movie.
- かつては、大人達がこれに参加していたが、負傷や死亡も相次いでいたとのこと。
- Some time ago, adults joined this festival but accidental injury or death were repeated.
- 精進料理 - 禅寺などの寺で、外来者をもてなすための料理法として発達した。
- Shojin-ryori dishes: developed as dishes for entertaining guests at temples
- そのため、伝奏が将軍に対して直接天皇・上皇の意向を伝達するのが慣例となった。
- Therefore, it became customary for the tenso to directly relay the intention of the emperor or retired emperor.
- 菅野季親・菅野季長は漏刻ではなく、年筮の達人として漏刻博士となったとされる。
- It is generally believed that 菅野季親 and 菅野季長were appointed as Rokoku Hakase as a master of nenzei (yearly predications), not rokoku.
- 途中、田中愿蔵が別働隊を組織して栃木、真鍋などに送り、資金調達を図るも失敗。
- On their way, Genzo TANAKA organized other groups of army and sent them to Tochigi and Manabe with the aim of raising funds but resulted in vain.
- 兵站線(前線と根拠地の間の道)の長い武田軍は、兵糧の調達に苦しんだとされる。
- It is said that Takeda's forces with a longer logistic routes (the road between the battle line and the military base site) were excruciated for procuring food.
- 江戸時代以降は五街道を初めとする交通網が発達し、参詣が以前より容易となった。
- After the Edo period, Go-kaido Roads (five highways) and other traffic networks were developed to make pilgrimage easier than before.
- また、だるまの顔の元となった達磨も、眠らずに9年間修行したと伝えられている。
- Also it is said that Bodhidarma who is the origin of Daruma's face underwent training without sleeping for nine years.
- 一方、同じ武家でも平清盛の代に急速に公家化した平家の子弟は「公達」といった。
- On the other hand, the sons of the Taira clan, which was also a samurai family but rapidly changed into court nobles in TAIRA no Kiyomori's times, were called 'Kindachi'.
- 甲斐一味は綱宗の後を継いだ伊達綱村の毒殺を図るが、忠臣たちによって防がれる。
- The group of Kai (common name of Munekatsu HARADA) attempted to poison Tsunamura DATE who had succeeded Tsunamune's position, but loyal retainers prevented it.
- すなわち、秀吉の刀狩令によって惣村の完全なる武装解除が達成されたわけではない。
- In other words, Hideyoshi's katanagari edict could not completely disarm soson.
- 室町時代になると惣の発達により、徳政令を求める土一揆、徳政一揆などが頻発した。
- With the spread of So (so village) in the Muromachi period, peasant uprisings and Tokusei uprisings demanding an Tokuseirei increased.
- 三浦のうち最も大きなもので、1494年の在住日本人人口は2,500人に達した。
- This was the biggest wakan in Sanpo with 2,500 Japanese residents as of 1494.
- 不用物品等払下ノトキ其管庁所属ノ官吏入札禁止ノ件(明治8年太政官達第152号)
- Prohibition of Bids on Disposed Governmental Property by Government Official in Charge (Dajokan Tasshi No. 152 of 1845)
- 大久保が京都市中で大和錦と紅白の緞子を調達し、半分を京都薩摩藩邸で密造させた。
- OKUBO got Yamato-nishiki type silk and red and white damask silk in Kyoto City and had one of a pair of the banners made secretly at the residence of the Satsuma clan in Kyoto.
- 吉備地方の首長の埋葬儀礼に使われた特殊器台・特殊壺が発達した筒形の埴輪をいう。
- The cylindrical Haniwa are developed from ceremonial vessel stand and ceremonial jar used in the burial rituals of a chief of Kibi region.
- 文治元年(1185年)には9ヵ国に達したが、源実朝の時代には4ヵ国に減少する。
- In 1185, the number of Kanto Gobunkoku reached the highest at 9, although the number of Kanto Gobunkoku decreased to 4 during the reign of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, the third and last shogun of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 寛文3年5月(1665年)の武家諸法度の公布とともに殉死の禁が口頭伝達された。
- In 1665, the prohibition of performing junshi was notified orally with the proclamation of Buke Shohatto (Laws Governing Military Households).
- 絵双六(えすごろく、双六)というのは、盤双六の影響を受けて発達した遊戯である。
- The picture Sugoroku (双六) was a game that was developed with the board Sugoroku influence.
- 持ち場に戻れと怒鳴る武時めがけて、愛想を尽かした味方達の中から無数の矢が飛ぶ。
- Hundreds of arrows were shot at Taketoki, yelling to get back to the position, by his own men who gave up on him.
- そしてのそ戦乱の危機を領主達が、逃れられないものとして受け入れた時期とも言える。
- This was the same period when lords began to accept the turmoil or war as something that they could not escape from.
- 更に弘安7年(1284年)には、安達泰盛主導の武家新制である弘安新制が出された。
- Furthermore, Koan shinsei (new law issued in the Koan period), which was the Buke shinsei led by Yasumori ADACHI, was promulgated in 1284.
- 平安時代、我々が一般に「武士」と認識している者達は「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれた。
- People we considered as 'bushi' were called 'tsuwamono' during the Heian period.
- また、一連の論文で小坂は、陰陽師達が使っていた六壬神課の三伝の復元も行っている。
- In a string of his monograph, Kosaka also restored Sanden of Rikujinshinka used by Onmyoji.
- 「一、吉良上野介家臣達で戦わなかった者は侍とは認められないので斬罪に処すべき。」
- 3, Kira Kozuke no Suke's retainers who did not participate in the battle cannot be acknowledge as samurai and thus should be sentenced to decapitation.
- 敏達陵古墳(びだつりょうこふん、全長100メートル未満、大王陵最後の前方後円墳)
- Bidatsu ryo Tumulus (Bidatsu ryo Kofun: The total length is less than 100 meters: The last keyhole-shaped tomb mound of Okimi ryo)
- 日本政府は、その目的を達するため、軍略上必要の地点を臨検収用することができる事。
- The Japanese government shall be allowed to expropriate some points of land in Korea, if they are necessary for the Japanese government's strategy in order to achieve their aims.
- これに対して政務に関与できない他家、特に若い公家達の間で不満が高まりつつあった。
- The other families that were not allowed to participate in the affairs of state, particularly young court nobles, were becoming more and more dissatisfied.
- 中世に入ると荘園領主や公家・武士・僧侶達によって多くの目録が作られるようになる。
- In medieval times, many mokuroku were drawn up by the lords of shoen (manors), court nobles, samurai and Buddhist monks.
- この意識が非常に高揚して、「侠」あるいは「遊侠」という境地に達するものも現れた。
- Some of them took this ideal to such a level that they reached the position of '侠' ('kyo) in Japanese; 'xia' in Chinese) or '遊侠' (yukyo in Japanese; 'youxia' in Chinese, meaning knight errant).
- カツオ、マグロが少ないので、日本海中央のサバ延縄漁業以外に遠洋漁業が発達しない。
- Due to the fact that there are not many bonito or tuna, deep-sea fishing except for mackerel longline fishing in the central area of the Sea of Japan has not developed.
- 流祖平岩勘七親好が伊達政宗の命によって牛尾豊前守に入門して一流を立てたとされる。
- It is said that Kanshichi Chikayoshi HIRAIWA established this school after entering a school of Buzen no kami (the Governor of Buzen Province) Ushio by order of Masamune DATE.
- 種々の代替製品が存在することや、資材調達が難しい状況から、生産量は限定的である。
- Due to various alternative products and the difficult situation in which to procure materials, magemono are produced in limited amounts.
- また、近年は急速冷凍の技術が発達したことにより「刺身」として供されることも多い。
- As quick freezing technology has been developed in recent years, whale meat is often served as 'sashimi' (fresh slices of raw meat).
- 伊達地方の養蚕関係用具 2,530点(福島県 伊達市) 2008年3月13日登録
- Sericulture tools of Date region: 2,530 items (Date City, Fukushima Prefecture) registration date: March 13, 2008
- 上方には北前船により日本海の海産物がもたらされ、北海道産の昆布の利用が発達した。
- Marine products were brought to kamigata by kitamae-bune (cargo ships that sailed the Japan Sea during the Edo period), and use of konbu from Hokkaido developed there.
- また、新制が出されると、鎌倉幕府や有力寺社にも使者が派遣されて直接通達が行われた。
- Upon issuance of each shinsei, it was directly notified by an envoy who was accredited to the Kamakura bakufu and dominant temples and shrines.
- さらに淡路国の菅達長の水軍も加わり、18日には水陸から岸和田・泉大津市を脅かした。
- In addition, the navy of Michinaga KAN in Awaji Province also joined the army, so that they threatened the area of Kishiwada and Izumiotsu Cities from sea and land on April 28.
- しかし、商品経済の発達による社会各層での貧富の拡大とそれに伴う身分制の流動化した。
- However, as commodity economy advanced, disparity in wealth had enlarged in each of the social classes, making the social status system fluid.
- この令旨を伝達する使者には、熊野に隠れ住んでいた源行家(源為義の子)が起用された。
- MINAMOTO no Yukiie (MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi's son), who had been living in hiding in Kumano, was made the messenger entrusted to transmit this princely command.
- 上句と下句を連ねていく和歌である連歌は鎌倉時代から発達し、室町時代に最盛を迎える。
- Renga poetry, a form of waka where the first and last stanzas of the poem are linked together, had been growing in popularity beginning in the Kamakura period, but in the Muromachi period it entered a golden age.
- これは貴族色が強まった義満晩年の政策に反感を抱く武士達の不満に応えたものであった。
- These measures were in response to the discontent felt by many warriors toward the policies, which heavily favored the nobility, enacted by Yoshimitsu in his final years.
- そのため、通信使の来朝は農民達にとっては臨時に重い負担を強いられるものでもあった。
- Therefore, the visit of Tsushinshi to Japan forced farmers to bear a heavy burden additionally.
- 軍資金を調達に出ていた藤本鉄石が合流して出発、国境の千早峠を越えて大和国へ入った。
- Tenchu-gumi departed after it was joined by Tesseki FUJIMOTO who had been raising war funds, and after passing Chihaya Pass, the border, the group entered Yamato Province.
- 北条顕時や安達氏など霜月騒動で没落を余儀なくされた勢力も徐々に幕府中枢に復帰した。
- Vigorous vassals such as Akitoki HOJO and the Adachi clan who were forced to give in the Shimotsuki Incident gradually came back to the center of the bakufu.
- 条約改正が達成されるのは日露戦争において日本の国際的地位が高まった後のことである。
- It is after Japan's international status was elavated due to the Russo-Japanese War that the revision of the treaties was accomplished.
- 極く初期の頃を除けばその発達は書と同じく文人の手中にあったといっても過言ではない。
- It is no exaggeration to say that except very early days, the development of Tenkokue was promoted by Bunjin in a similar way that calligraphic works were developed by Bunjin.
- 調査報告にあたっても報告は書面で認め、先輩御庭番達の校閲を経てから報告が行われた。
- The investigation reports were made in writing and were reviewed by senior oniwaban before submission.
- 今日では輸送技術の発達により、極端な例を挙げれば山里などでも寿司屋が存在している。
- Now with the development of transportation technology, there are sushi restaurants even in the mountains, for example.
- 江戸時代中期には、輪違い大根に代表される「見立て」という飾り包丁の技法が発達した。
- In the middle of the Edo period, the technique of using kitchen knives, called 'mitate,' to make foodstuffs look like other things, as typically seen in daikon chains, developed.
- 有職料理 - 平安時代の貴族の社交儀礼の中で発達した大饗料理の流れをくむ料理様式。
- Yusoku-ryori dishes: Their style belonged to the line of the dishes for grand banquets that developed based on the codes of honor among nobles during the Heian period
- また、京都議定書目標達成計画で、それぞれの温暖化対策要素ごとに削減目標を定めている。
- And in the goal achievement plan of Kyoto Protocol, the reduction targets are decided for each factor of measures against global warming.
- スギ花粉症が社会問題化したころである1982年の飛散量は1965年の約4倍に達した。
- Airborne pollen levels in 1982 when Japanese cedar pollen allergy became recognized as a social problem were approximately 400% of 1965 levels.
- 一連の攻防により、秀次勢の死傷者はわずか半時(約一時間)の間に千余人に達したという。
- It is said that more than 1,000 soldiers of the Hidetsugu troops were killed or injured in only about one hour through a set of offense and defense.
- 城郭建築が発達し、権力のシンボル的な天守閣が築かれ、御殿は華麗な障壁画で装飾された。
- This period saw the development of castle architecture, so feudal lords constructed tenshukaku (the keep or tower) as the symbol of their power, and goten (the palace) was decorated with gorgeous shoheki-ga (paintings on walls, byobu (folding screen), and fusuma (sliding door)).
- 山手の織田勢は信達から風吹峠を越えて根来に進み、紀ノ川を渡って東側から雑賀に迫った。
- The Oda army of the mountain side went to Negoro over the Kazefuki Pass from Shidachi, crossed the Kino-kawa River and faced Saiga from the east side.
- 室町時代は惣村の成立や都市の発達により庶民が文化の担い手になってくる時代でもあった。
- The Muromachi period can be described as the era in which, thanks to the establishment of the soson (peasant villages) and the development and growth of urban areas, the cultural mantle passed to commoners.
- 近代史学の発達とともに、律令の研究はその解釈にとどまらず、多方面にわたって深化した。
- With the development of studies in modern history, research on ritsuryo deepened in various directions beyond interpretation.
- 日本などに飛来する黄砂の粒子は非常に細かいため、肺の末端にまで到達するとされている。
- The sizes of sand grains of the kosa flying to Japan are so minute that it is said that the grains reach the ends of lungs.
- 政友会の幹部達はこの「違勅」の論理に困惑したが、西園寺の決意は揺らぐことが無かった。
- Senior members of the RSP were puzzled with this logic of 'violation of the edict,' but Saionji's decision was firm.
- その為金鵄勲章叙勲者達は名誉と年金の復活を求めて「金鵄連盟」をつくり、運動を始めた。
- Consequently, recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite banded together, forming the 'League of the Golden Kite' to seek reinstatement of the Orders' honors and annual pensions.
- 囲いの外に出して土木作業をさせると「公儀の御人足だ」と称して周辺の百姓達を困らせる。
- When they were made to do construction work outside the walls, they annoyed peasants by calling themselves 'laborers for the Shogunate.'
- 伊達政宗の功臣のうち,特に功績の大きかった3人,片倉景綱・伊達成実・茂庭綱元を指す。
- refers to Kagetsuna KATAKURA, Shigezane DATE, and Tsunamoto MONIWA, the three men of the meritorious retainers of Masamune DATE who made the greatest achievements.
- また、機関紙『労働世界』を発行するなどし、1899年には会員が5700人にも達した。
- In addition, it published the labor movement's journal 'Rodo sekai' (Labor world), and the number of its members reached 5700 in 1899.
- この点については65年に国交を回復した韓国と日本との間においても合意に達していない。
- South Korea and Japan, which resumed diplomatic relations in 1965, have not reached an agreement on this point.
- 1640年には江戸城の工事が最終的に完成し、江戸の都市建設はひとつの終着点に達した。
- The reconstruction of the Edo Castle was completed in 1640, marking one end point in the urban development of Edo.
- また、出生地主義国のアメリカで生まれた子は自動的にアメリカ国籍になった子供達も指す。
- Also it refers to the children who automatically became U.S. citizens because they were born in the U.S., which has adopted the principle of birthright citizenship.
- 宣旨(せんじ)は、律令期以降の日本において天皇・太政官の命令を伝達する文書の形式名。
- Senji refers to the formal name of the documents to transmit orders of the emperor and Dajokan (Grand Council of State) in Japan in and after the period of ritsuryo system (the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- それに、商品経済の発達により現代の旅行ガイドブックや旅行記に相当する本も発売された。
- Also the development of commodity economy led to the appearance of what is equivalent to today's travel guidebooks and accounts.
- やがて衣笠元信達小寺の家臣によって鉄山一味は討たれ、姫路城は無事、則職の元に返った。
- Before long, Tetsuzan and his followers were destroyed by Odera's vassals such as Motonobu KINUGASA, and Himeji-jo Castle was safely returned to Norimoto.
- 日本の折り紙は下記のように他から伝わったものではなく独自に発達したもののようである。
- Japanese origami seemed to have developed on its own, was not introduced by others as described below.
- 舶来物であること、素焼きという素朴さが文人達の心を捕らえて、珍重されるようになった。
- The fact that ryoro was a foreign goods and simplicity of bisque (fired pottery) moved literati's heart and became prized.
- その後表千家9代了々斎(皓々斎宗也の兄)が没したため、達蔵が表千家10代を継承した。
- After that, since the ninth generation head of the Omotesenke, Ryoryosai (an older brother of Kokosai Soya) passed away, Tatsuzo succeeded him as the tenth generation head of the Omotesenke school.
- しかし種々の難問があったことや所期の目的を達成したことからすぐに解散の声明を発した。
- However, because various difficult problems existed and initial purposes were achieved, the announcement about dissolving the body was issued.
- そのように、調理技術は未発達で、貴族達は食べる料理に自ら塩や酢などで調味をしていた。
- In this way, cooking methods did not develop well and nobles seasoned their dishes with salt and/or vinegar by themselves.
- 京都議定書により約束した割当量を超えて排出した(削減目標を達成できなかった)場合には、
- In the case of exceeding the emissions allowance prescribed by the Kyoto Protocol (the reduction target has not been achieved), the following mesures are taken.
- すると一条家への義を感じる土豪がつぎつぎと参陣し、その兵力はたちまち3500に達した。
- Then the local clans who felt indebted to the Ichijo clan joined the army one after another, and the number of troops rose to 3,500 quickly.
- 同日根来衆と合流して18日に泉佐野市、22日には志立(信達・現泉南市)に本陣を移した。
- On the same day Negoro shu joined the army and Nobunaga moved the headquarter of the army to Izumisano City on the 17th and to Shidachi (Sennan City at present) on the 21st.
- しかし江戸へ帰った後も堀部達は吉良への仇討ち計画を進め、内蔵助に江戸下向を迫り続ける。
- However, even after they moved back to Edo, they continued working out the plan to avenge Kira and kept asking Kuranosuke to come down to Edo.
- 慶長6年4月26日、伊達政宗は、上杉領に侵攻するも、上杉勢の必死の抵抗の前に敗走する。
- Although Masamune DATE invaded the Uesugi's territory on April 26, 1601, he was routed by the desperate resistance from the Uesugi forces.
- 宣命体は、漢字仮名交じり文の源泉となった文体で、かなの発達史上、大変重要な文書である。
- Senmyotai is a literary style which became the origin of a composition written in kanji and kana (the Japanese syllabary), so it is a very important document for the history of development of kana.
- そのうえ、日本では冷凍設備が未発達であったことから赤肉はほとんど利用されず廃棄された。
- In addition, because refrigeration facilities were not developed well in Japan, most of the red whale meat was not used and dumped.
- 周辺諸氏と友好を保ち伊達氏に対抗したり、織田信長に使者を送るなど積極的な政策を打ち出す。
- Moritaka hammered out positive policies including trying to cope with the Date clan by maintaining friendly relations with adjacent clans and sending an envoy to Nobunaga ODA.
- これにより、奥州で伊達氏と並び称される奥州を代表する有力大名にまでのし上がったのである。
- Then, the family rose to a status rivaling that of an influential feudal lord representing Oshu (Northern Honshu, the region encompassing Mutsu and Dewa provinces) who was almost as powerful as the Date clan.
- 長い戦いにより多くの兵士と金銭が失われたが、結局藩鎮抑制の目標を達成したとは言いがたい。
- Many soldiers and money were lost because of the long war, but in the end, it is difficult to say that the goal of bringing hanchin under control was accomplished.
- かれらは、年貢を滞りなく収めるようにするだけでなく、施政者の命令を下達する役目もあった。
- They not only played a role in collecting land taxes from peasants without delay, but also acted to passing on order of the government.
- 肥前の名護屋には徳川家康、前田利家、上杉景勝、伊達政宗ら兵十余万の予備軍団を待機させた。
- A reserve army of more than 100,000 soldiers, including those of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Toshiie MAEDA, Kagekatsu UESUGI and Masamune DATE, were on standby in Nagoya, in Hizen Province.
- 室町中期ごろ、商品経済の発達や農業生産の向上、惣結合の強化などに伴い社会情勢が変化した。
- In the middle of the Muromachi period, the social situation changed according to the development of a commodity economy, the improvement of agricultural production, the consolidation of so (peasants' self-governing association), and the like.
- 室町時代前後、商品経済の発達に伴って貨幣の流通が著しく増えて税の銭納化も進められていた。
- Around the Muromachi period, increasingly more money became circulated corresponding to progress in commodity economy, and use of money for paying taxes was promoted.
- そこで、同詔によって、解由状の発行と式部省への提出を再徹底することが通達されたのである。
- Therefore, this mikotonori was issued to remind officers that they were responsible for issuing a geyujo and for submitting it to the Shikibu-sho.
- 日本で黄砂観測日数が増える年は、中国東北部で低気圧が発達しやすく、西風が強い傾向にある。
- In the years when the number of days when kosa was observed in Japan increased, there was a tendency that low pressure was likely to be generated in the northeastern part of China and western wind was strong.
- そしてキリスト教徒と日本の旧来の宗教の信者達との間に憎悪と対立を深めていくことになった。
- In this way, hatred and opposition sprang up between those who believed in Christianity and those who professed faith in the older Japanese religions.
- これが幕末の開国以後日本が急速に自主的な近代化を達成しえた基盤のひとつになったといえる。
- This became the basis of Japan's rapid and independent attainment of modernization after the Bakufu opened the country during the end of Edo period.
- 台命を受けた御庭番は家筋の長老をはじめとする先輩御庭番達に調査内容について相談していた。
- The oniwaban who had received a mission from the bakufu, discussed the investigation content with the patriarch of their family and the senior oniwaban.
- この学校は士族によって建てられた学校であるが、一定の学力に達した庶民の入学も許可された。
- Although this school was founded by warrior class, children of the common people, who reached the certain academic ability, were allowed to enter the school.
- 薄く破れやすいが墨引が良く、虫に対して丈夫なために書画に用いる紙として文人達に愛された。
- Although it is very thin, its spread of sumi ink is good and is strong against insect, so that many literati loved it, as paper used for calligraphic works and paintings.
- 討ち入りの武器を調達していた天川屋義平の店に捕手が来て、討ち入りの計画を白状しろと迫る。
- Pursuers come to the store of Gihei AMAKAWAYA, who is preparing arms for the raid, and they press him to confess the plan of the raid.
- 一方、権威が落ちた貴族達は大饗料理を作る余裕が無くなり、大饗料理は有職料理に姿を変えた。
- On the other hand, nobles who lost authority could not afford to serve dishes for grand banquets, and these dishes were altered into Yusoku ryori dishes (dishes prepared for the royal court).
- 主唱者であり、貴族院議員でもあった美濃部達吉は、反論の演説をするも攻撃の声は止まなかった。
- An advocator of the emperor organ theory, Tatsukichi MINOBE made a speech to refute Kikuchi's claim, but it could not stop the blame on him.
- また、この目的を達するための具体的なスローガンとして「富国強兵」「殖産興業」が頻用された。
- Also, 'Fukoku Kyohei' (enriching the country, strengthening the military) and 'Shokusan Kogyo' (encouragement of new industry) were often used as specific slogans in order to achieve this goal.
- だが、室町期以前のような家来達が所領に在住する地方領主制では、召集するのに時間が掛かった。
- However, in the system in the Muromachi period or before where the retainers lived in their territory, it took a long time for daimyo to call out their retainers.
- 惣荘や惣郷は、百姓の団結・自立の傾向が強く、かつ最も惣村が発達していた畿内に多く出現した。
- In sosho and sogo, the peasants had a high tendency toward unity and self-reliance, and a number of sosho and sogo appeared in the Kinai region where the soson were most developed.
- また、村民の法令遵守・上意下達・人別支配・土地の管理などの支配に関わる諸業務を下請けした。
- Also, they subcontracted various business concerning the control over the village's residents: Horei junshu (compliance with laws and ordinances), Joikatatsu (conveying the will of the governing to the governed), Ninbetsu shihai (census-taking control), and land management.
- 「一、内匠頭家臣達は真の忠義者であるので、このままお預りにしておき、いずれは赦免すべき。」
- 2, Retainers of Takumi no Kami should be confined and later forgiven since they are true loyal retainers.
- 調達のために官人雑任として水部(もいとりべ)官人雑色人として水戸(もいとりこ)が置かれた。
- For delivery Moitoribe was put as Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) and Moitoriko as Zoshiki (low-level functionary government official).
- まず、執筆者は交通手段の発達による西洋文明の伝播を「文明は猶麻疹の流行の如し」と表現する。
- First of all, the writer expressed that due to the development of transportation, fast-spreading Western civilization 'is like a pandemic of measles.'
- 政府は戦費調達のため不換紙幣を乱発し(→国立銀行 (明治))、インフレーションが発生した。
- To procure the war cost, the government issued lots of inconvertible paper currency (refer to the national bank (in the Meiji period)), causing inflation.
- 当時最新鋭の銃であるが、国内では専用弾薬の調達が困難で、戦局に影響を与えることはなかった。
- This type of gun was state-of-the-art at the time, but it did not make a significant impact as it was hard for the bakufu to get the bullets specific to the rifles.
- しかし、そこに伊達な雰囲気を漂わせた新田(しんでん)の卯之助(仲代達矢)が帰郷して...。
- However SHINDEN no Unosuke returns to the village with the air of a dandy.
- 遊女達は全国から集められており、訛りを隠すために「~ありんす」など独特の言葉を使っていた。
- Courtesans in the pleasure quarter were brought from all over the country and they used a special language (such as '-arinsu' used at the end of a sentence) to mask their original accent.
- 他方陸軍は7月の大本営通達を受けて、第三軍は旅順攻囲戦の第一回総攻撃を8月19日に開始した。
- On August 19th, the IJA Third Army under the directives of Imperial headquarters initiated its first all-out seige of Lushun.
- しかしながら、幕末の海軍創生期には、水夫達のかなりの人員が水軍の伝統ある地方の出身であった。
- However, during the period of the navies' creation, a large number of sailors were from regions that had the tradition of a suigun navy.
- この際に参加出来たのは公卿全般ではなく、上皇・法皇が認めた特定の公卿並びに院近臣達であった。
- Not all court nobles were allowed to join the decision-making processes, and only specific court nobles and In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) could join.
- この時代、農業技術が著しく発達し、二毛作や鉄製農具の普及により、農業生産が飛躍的に増加した。
- At this time, the techniques of agriculture remarkably developed and with the spread of a two-crop system and iron farming equipments, the agricultural production also dramatically increased.
- 以仁王敗死の直後から、以仁王への同調者らによって令旨が各地に雌伏する河内源氏へと伝達された。
- Immediately after the death of Prince Mochihito, his sympathizers passed on his call to Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) members lying in wait across the country.
- 応永32年(1425年)には洛中洛外の酒屋の数は342軒に達していたことが記録に残っている。
- A record shows that there were 342 sakaya inside and outside Kyoto in 1425.
- それが極致に達したのが、慶安4年(1651年)に起きた慶安の変、いわゆる由井正雪の乱である。
- The most telling example of such a case was the Keian Incident of 1651, or so-called the Incident of Shosetsu YUI.
- その活動は16世紀から17世紀にかけての南蛮貿易によるヨーロッパ諸国との貿易で頂点に達する。
- Its activities reached the peak in the trade with European countries in 16th and 17th centuries
- 薩摩士族兵達の苛烈な白刃突撃や白兵戦を見て、日本軍は白兵戦を重視するに至ったとの意見もある。
- There is an opinion that, seeing the sight that soldiers from warrior class in Satsuma furiously rushed in with swords and waged hand-to-hand fights with swords, the Japanese army became to place importance on hand-to-hand fights.
- 加賀騒動、福岡藩黒田騒動、伊達騒動の三大お家騒動などではこれらの原因がいくつも複合していた。
- The feuds that broke out in the Kaga, Fukuoka and Date domains had the combination of a number of such causes.
- 一方で、この思想を基本とする保守派知識人達は戦後世代から「オールドリベラリスト」と呼ばれる。
- The conservative intellectuals that uphold this idea are called 'old liberalists' by postwar generations of researchers.
- また美濃部達吉は天皇機関説を提唱し、国家が統治権の主体であるべきと主張し政党内閣を支持した。
- In addition, Tatsukichi MINOBE proposed the 'Emperor-as-organ' theory, arguing that the nation should be the body holding sovereignty, and supported cabinet formation by political parties.
- 主君が討ち死にしたり、敗戦により腹を切った場合、家来達が後を追って、討ち死にしたり切腹した。
- When a master was died on a battlefield or cut his abdomen after the defeat of a war, his retainers also died on the battlefield or committed seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) to follow the master.
- また、富山湾沖から水深1,000mにも達する富山深海長谷が約500kmにわたって延びている。
- Off the coast of the Toyama Bay, the Toyama Deep-Sea Channel with as deep as 1,000 meters in water depth stretches approximately 500 kilometers in length.
- 彼は一応主人公であるが、不死の超人であるため物事を達観し、表舞台にはほとんど出ようとしない。
- He is the protagonist, but he has a sense of detachment because he is an immortal superman, and he hardly ever appears in the limelight.
- 女房お梶との二人暮らしで、男伊達「忍ぶの惣太」と名乗って葛飾十右衛門と傾城花子を争っている。
- He only lives with his wife Okaji and calling himself otokodate (one who seeks to right wrongs) 'Shinobu no Sota,' he has been fighting with Juemon KATSUSHIKA over keisei (courtesan with high dignity and literacy) Hanako.
- そこで、何とか百両を調達して仇討ちの一味に加わろうと、薩摩源五兵衛と名を変えて金策している。
- Kazuemon changed his name to Gengobe SATSUMA and tried hard to gather 100 ryo to be allowed joining the group of the avengers.
- 安徳帝を義経に預けた平家方は、典侍の局を初めとする女官達、そして最後に知盛が入水して果てる。
- The Taira clan entrusts Antoku-Tei to Yoshitsune, and court ladies of the clan including Naishi no suke no tsubone drown themselves and finally Tomonori also drowns himself.
- 日本画(障壁画):狩野派(狩野探幽)、琳派(俵屋宗達、尾形光琳)、酒井抱一、土佐派(土佐光起)
- Japanese-style painting (pictures on partitions): Kano school (Tanyu KANO), Rinpa school (Sotatsu TAWARAYA and Korin OGATA), Hoitsu SAKAI, and Tosa school (Mitsuki TOSA)
- 地震被害が著しかったのは網野町、加悦町、岩滝町、峰山町で、家屋倒壊率は70%~90%に達した。
- In Amino-cho, Kaya-cho, Iwataki-cho and Mineyama-cho, where the damage was particularly severe, the ratio of collapsed buildings reached 70%~90%.
- 御家人の心は次第に幕府から離れていくようになり、御家人達武士全体の不満がくすぶる結果となった。
- Consequently, the hearts of the gokenin gradually began to drift further and further away from the bakufu; these actions by the Tokuso provoked a smoldering dissatisfaction among the gokenin and among all warriors.
- これらの運動は、戦前の日本において、完全な女性参政権の獲得と言う大目標の達成には至らなかった。
- Yet in prewar Japan, these campaigns were unable to reach their primary goal of acquiring women's suffrage.
- 1984年『ベスト・キッド』の空手の達人ミスター・ミヤギ役でアカデミー助演男優賞にノミネート。
- In 1984, he was nominated for the Best Supporting Actor Academy Award for his performance of Mr. Miyagi, a karate master in 'the Karate Kid.'
- ノモンハン事件ソ連軍の8月攻勢時のソ連兵達の方が銃剣による伝統的白兵戦を挑んだ事で有名である。
- On the other hand, it is famous that the Soviet soldiers challenged the Japanese soldiers to traditional hand-to-hand fights in the August attack in the Nomonhan incident.
- 切腹の場で藩士達は自らの腸を掴み出し、居並ぶフランス水兵に次々と投げつけるという行為を行った。
- At the moment of seppuku, the retainers grabbed their own intestine out and threw it to the French sailors who watched them being executed.
- これに対し、私学校徒達は中原尚雄等の大量帰郷を不審に思い、その目的を聞き出すべく警戒していた。
- The students of Shigakko were suspicious about the homecoming of such a large number of police officers including Naoo NAKAHARA, and on the watch to query their true purpose.
- 屯倉の経営は、古墳の発達と関係しており、概観すると5世紀を境に前期屯倉と後期屯倉に分けられる。
- The management method of Miyake progressed along with the development of tumulus, and its history is generally divided into earlier and later periods around the 5th Century A.D.
- これらはお家乗っ取りをたくらむ家老原田宗輔と黒幕である伊達宗勝ら一味の仕掛けによるものだった。
- It was a trap by planned by the group of Munesuke HARADA, chief retainer plotting to usurp the headship, and Munekatsu DATE who was behind the scenes.
- 『伽蘿先代萩』(めいぼく せんだいはぎ)は、伊達騒動を題材とした人形浄瑠璃および歌舞伎の演目。
- 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi' (The Disputed Succession of the Date Family) is a play for Ningyo Joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) and Kabuki, based on Date Sodo (the Date family disturbance).
- すなわち、「オーナー制度」はオプション取引にあたり、農村の副収入増加とリスクヘッジを達成できる。
- That is, an 'owner system' is an option transaction in which, for farm families, secondary income is increased and risk hedge is achieved.
- 更に奥州支配を進める伊達氏によって佐竹義重 (十八代当主)は南北両方面での戦いを余儀なくされた。
- In addition, Yoshishige SATAKE (the eighteenth family head) was forced by the Date clan, that had been expanding its governance in Oshu, to fight both in the north and south sides.
- 農業生産力の向上や手工業の独立は市場を成立させ、都市や交通の要地とされる場所では市場が発達した。
- Increased agricultural production and the growing independence of artisans caused markets to spring up and expand in places ideally situated for commerce between or within cities.
- 特に明応の政変による幕府内部の混乱は幕府有力者達による山城国人衆への切り崩し工作となって現れた。
- The disorder within the bakufu brought by the Coup of Meio prompted the bakufu leaders to wipe out the local samurais of Yamashiro Province.
- 甲賀の地が信長を経て豊臣秀吉の支配下に入ると、甲賀忍者達は家康の監視活動を主な任務に命じられる。
- When the land of Koka went under control of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI by way of Nobunaga, Koka Ninja began to be ordered a monitoring activity on Ieyasu as main mission.
- また平和が長く続いたことで国内が一体化すると共に産業や金融も発達し、これも近代化の基盤となった。
- Moreover, the unification within the country realized by long-lasting peace, as well as the development of industry and finance, was also a basis of its modernization.
- 憲実は戦後に子達と共に出家し政務から引退し、憲実の実弟の上杉清方(上条清方)が管領代行となった。
- Norizane became a priest along with his children after the war to retire from government affairs, while his younger brother Kiyokata UESUGI (Kiyokata JOJO) became an acting Kanto Kanrei.
- 母親として厩戸を愛しつつも、厩戸の超常的な力を怖れ、他の子供達のように接することが出来ずに悩む。
- Although she loved Prince Umayado, she was afraid of his supernatural power and agonized that she couldn't treat him like other children.
- 交通が発達するまでは、消費地に近い、製品の原料となる粘土、燃料、水が豊富な場所が立地に選ばれた。
- Before the development of transport systems, Noborigama was constructed near to where the ware would be sold or in places abundant in the raw materials of clay, fuel and water.
- ここで老夫婦は自分達は高砂・住吉の松の精である事を打ち明け、小舟に乗り追風をはらんで消えて行く。
- Here the elderly couple reveal that they are spirits of pine trees in Takasago and Suminoe, and they get on a small boat and disappear, their sail filled with the tailwind.
- 鰹節や昆布で出汁をとる技術が高度に発達し、砂糖の普及により、甘い和菓子が食べられるようになった。
- The technique to generate soup stock based upon dried bonito or konbu (a kind of kelp) progressed, and as sugar became used widely, sweet Japanese confectionery became available.
- 9歳の高時の補佐役に、平頼綱の一族の長崎円喜(長崎円喜)と、安達一族の生き残りの安達時顕が就いた。
- Enki NAGASAKI of TAIRA no Yoritsuna's family and Tokiaki ADACHI, a survivor of the Adachi family were appointed as assistants to the nine-year-old Takatoki.
- 日本人患者が多いスギ花粉症に対しては、花粉の飛散状況について大衆に周知するシステムが発達している。
- A system has been developed to make pollen dispersal information widely available for the many Japanese sufferers of the condition.
- 三沢氏の血は亀田藩岩城氏、宇和島藩伊達氏にも流れており、出雲三沢氏の母系の子孫は奥州でも繁栄した。
- The Misawa clan was related by blood to the Iwaki clan of the Kameda Domain and the Date clan of the Uwajima Domain, while matrilineal descendants of the Izumo Misawa clan also thrived in Oshu (Northern Honshu, the region encompassing Mutsu and Dewa Provinces).
- やがて、豊臣秀吉が惣無事令を発すると、北条氏政は奥州の伊達政宗・三河の徳川家康と同盟して対抗する。
- Later, when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI issued sobuji rei (peace edicts), Uji masa HOJO resisted in alliance with Masamune DATE in Oshu and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Mikawa.
- また、1522年伊達稙宗が奥州探題・大崎氏らを差し置いて陸奥守護職に就くなど下克上の芽は見られる。
- Also, a sprout of gekokujo could be seen in the fact that Tanemune DATE assumed the position of Mutsu shugoshiki (provincial constables of the Mutsu Province) in 1522 over the head of the Osaki clan (in the post of Oshu Tandai (supervisors for the civil government and military affairs in Mutsu Province)) and his son.
- 1926年6月29日、岡田良平文部大臣はこの事件を受けて学生・生徒による社会科学研究の禁止を通達。
- In June 29, 1926, in light of this affair, Ryohei OKADA who was the Minister of Education issued prohibition against the study of Social Science by students.
- よって郡長は国・府県の出先機関として町村の戸長を通じて中央の行政命令を下達する機関に過ぎなかった。
- Therefore, the function of Guncho was nothing but a regional office of the national or prefectural government, sending down an administrative order from the central government through the Kocho (an officer responsible for administrative affairs.) of towns and villages.
- 『元史』「日本伝」は元側の記録であり、自分達で矢が尽きたと記録しているため信憑性は高いと見られる。
- The Yuan Dynasty itself recorded in 'Nihon Den' of 'Genshi' that arrows had run short, and therefore it is considered highly reliable.
- 日本映画史に残る大スター達を擁し、さらに他社専属やフリーの高峰秀子、鶴田浩二、岸惠子らも出演する。
- Daiei held top starts in Japanese motion picture history, and also produced films in which actors and actresses who were either freelance or under contract with other film companies, such as Hideko TAKAMINE, Koji TSURUTA and Keiko KISHI, appeared.
- 正統派は久原を総裁に任命し、革新派は旧昭和会のうち望月圭介・山崎達之輔ら政友会出身者を合流させた。
- The orthodoxy faction appointed Kuhara to the president and the reformists invited Keisuke MOCHIZUKI and Tatsunosuke YAMAZAKI from the former Showa Party who had originally belonged to the Seiyu Party.
- こうして伊勢に旅立った者は、伊勢滞在時に大抵、自分達の集落を担当している御師のお世話になっていた。
- Those who set out for Ise against such a background usually stayed with onshi who covered the pilgrim's village, during his/her stay in Ise.
- 仙台伊達家の第三代当主・伊達綱宗は吉原の高尾太夫に魂を奪われ、廓での遊蕩にふけり、隠居させられる。
- Tsunamune DATE, the third head of the Date family in Sendai, became crazy for Takao-dayu (a courtesan) in Yoshiwara and indulged himself in pleasure at the red-light district so that he was forced to retire.
- 本膳料理 - 室町時代から武家の饗応料理として発達したもので、江戸時代には本式の日本料理とされた。
- Honzen-ryori dishes: Developed as dishes for entertaining samurai starting in the Muromachi period, and said to be formal nihon-ryori dishes during the Edo period.
- スギに10年ほど遅れて植林が広まったヒノキも、スギ同様に花粉生産力が強まった樹齢に次々と達している。
- As is the case with Japanese cedar trees, Japanese cypress trees which were widely planted around 10 years later than Japanese cedar trees are also gradually reaching an age at which they have a high pollen producing capacity.
- 最後には及川重秀(光村の子孫)や及川信次(頼家の子)のように、伊達氏や南部氏の家臣となるものも出た。
- Eventually, some of them became retainers of the DATE and NANBU clans, like Shigehide OIKAWA (an offspring of Mitsumura) or Nobutsugu OIKAWA (a son of Yoriie).
- 小早川隆景は、勇猛果敢に戦い武士の意気を示し討ち死にした武将達を称えて野々市原に千人塚を建て弔った。
- Takakage KOBAYAKAWA honored the military commanders (busho), who had fought so bravely and died on the battlefield, showing the spirit of samurai, and gave them a cordial burial by constructing a memorial mound for 1,000 commanders (senninzuka) at Nonoichihara.
- しかし、詫び証文を書いたことが水口藩主の耳に達せば、事と次第によれば公用方の断罪も逃れられなくなる。
- If the signed apology were to become known to the lord of the Minakuchi domain, Koyokata would be doomed to be convicted according to the circumstances.
- これにたいして日本では宦官は置かれずに宮人とも呼ばれる女官が発達して女性達によって秩序が維持された。
- In contrast, the court ladies, also called Kyujin, were developed to maintain the internal order of the Kokyu palaces instead of the castrated eunuches in Japan.
- 片岡源五右衛門、礒貝十郎左衛門、田中貞四郎ら浅野内匠頭の寵愛を受けた側近達も同様に仇討ちを主張した。
- People who called for revenge also included Gengoemon KATAOKA, Jurozaemon ISOGAI, and Sadashiro TANAKA, who worked very closely for Asano Takumi no Kami and received a lot of favors from him.
- 国有財産の払い下げにおいて、その監督官庁に所属する公務員(簡単に言えば監督庁職員)の入札を禁じた達。
- Public employees belonging to a government office (i.e. personnel of the office) which plans to scrap its property are prohibited to take part in bidding for those national properties to be disposed.
- だが信雄の企みはいち早く伊賀の人々の耳に届き、放たれた忍者達の奇襲によって信雄は大敗を喫してしまう。
- But Nobuo's plot reached Iga people's ears so soon, and Nobuo was driven into a huge defeat by released Ninja's surprise attack.
- いわゆる地方三新法の一つとして、1878年7月22日、太政官布告・太政官達第17号として制定された。
- This law, one of the so-called three new bills related to the local government system, was enacted as Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi (Edict or Proclamation of the Grand Council of State) No. 17 in July 22, 1878.
- その鋳造高に対する3%を分一銀(ぶいちぎん)として銀座が受け取り、残りを上納する御用達形式があった。
- 3% of the mint volume was granted to the ginza as its share (buichi-gin) and the rest shipped to the shogunate.
- 明治維新後に刀の携帯が禁止されたので、護身用にと鉄扇ないし重量のある鉄の煙管を持ち歩く武士達もいた。
- Some samurai carried iron fans or heavy iron kiseru for self-defense because wearing swords was prohibited after the Meiji Restoration.
- 木魚達磨(もくぎょだるま)は、鳥山石燕による妖怪画集『百器徒然袋』にある日本の妖怪で、木魚の付喪神。
- Mokugyo-daruma is a Japanese specter included in a specter art collection book entitled 'Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro' by Sekien TORIYAMA and is the Tsukumo-gami of a Mokugyo (wooden fish, temple block).
- そして書道に関する各種の刊行物が多量に発行されたこともあって、書道の普及、発達が著しい時代であった。
- As a variety of publications about calligraphy were made available in large quantities, calligraphy became increasingly more popular and developed considerably as well during this period.
- 糸印は根付の起源として有力で、舶載された糸印を帯に提げるうちに日本独自の根付が発達したとものとする。
- Itoin is reliable as the origin of netsuke, and it is assumed that Japanese original netsuke has been developed with the shipped itoin hung on an obi.
- 欧米から学んだ会社制度が発達し、制度上は個人商店であった私企業が発展、世界に向けて大規模化していく。
- The company system learned from the western countries was growing, and private companies, which were only privately-run stores in a system, developed on a large scale and carried out overseas expansion.
- 北西季節風下、日本海上で発生した対流雲が次々と日本海沿岸に達すると時雨があり、雲が去るとまた晴れる。
- Under north-west seasonal winds, convective clouds emerging on Japan Sea continually came to the coast and shigure happens, and the clouds disappear and the sky breaks into sunshine again.
- 道化役の伴内は腕達者な俳優が受け持つが、幹部級も御馳走(特別出演)で演じることも多く客席を喜ばせる。
- Bannai is performed by actors with great skill, and sometimes the very highest ranked actors make a special appearance in this role ('gochiso' in Japanese), which is a pleasant surprise for the audience.
- 会席料理は富裕な町人を客とした料亭で生まれ、酒と料理そのものを楽しむ格式張らない料理として発達した。
- Kaiseki (会席)-ryori dishes were generated in restaurants where guests were rich townspeople, and developed as rather informal dishes for enjoying sake and dishes themselves.
- これによって、寺社と雑役免田及びその耕作者の間に一定の関係が生じ、荘園として発達する素地が形成された。
- As a result, a constant relationship was created between temples/shrines and Zoyakumenden/farmers and such relationships became the seed of the development of shoen.
- 中国では、早くより目録学の考え方が発達しており、日本にも奈良時代以前の段階に伝来したと考えられている。
- Bibliography developed in ancient China, and it is thought that it was brought to Japan prior to the Nara Period.
- 彼らの多くは、似たような状況下に置かれた農民達に同情的な者も多く、一揆側に寝返る者が現れる始末だった。
- Many of such samurai were sympathetic to peasants who lived in the similar conditions, and eventually, some of them even went over to the side of ikki.
- なぜならば、幽斎は歌道の達人だっただけではなく、足利義昭時代から公家とも親密な関係にあったからである。
- It was because Yusai had been not only a master of tanka poetry but also a familiar person among the court nobles since the period of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
- 凶党を捕縛した後は、国衙の検非違使が尋問にあたり、捜査経緯をまとめた報告書を受領から太政官へ進達した。
- After gangsters were captured, the kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) at the kokuga interrogated the criminals, and zuryo sent to Daijokan a report describing how the criminal investigation was conducted.
- 段銭・棟別銭とは、元来、朝廷・幕府が臨時経費の調達のため、守護に命じて国内に均一に賦課する租税だった。
- Tan-sen and munabechi-sen were originally accounted among land taxes uniformly imposed on people nationwide, which were collected by shugo under the instruction of the Imperial Court and bakufu aiming at raising extra money.
- この時の神出鬼没のゲリラ戦やその高い戦闘力の印象が、甲賀武士達を全国に知らしめることになったのである。
- The name of Koga warriors became well-known throughout the country because their elusive and effective guerrilla warfare and high combat ability in this battle were so impressive.
- ただ、効力が存続しているか否か解釈が分かれるものもあるため、掲載されている布告・達には若干違いがある。
- The Fukoku and Tasshi listed by the two databases above are not the same, due to different interpretations as to which are still in effect and which are not.
- そのため日本は造船・航海技術の発達が見られるまで、文字通り孤島となって近隣地域と隔絶されることになる。
- Therefore, Japan came to be a group of solitary islands literally separated from neighboring areas until it developed the art of ship-building and navigation.
- 篆刻は最も後発の文人技芸といえるが、これは中国社会の経済的な興隆・産業の発達・技術革新と無縁ではない。
- Tenkoku can be said to be the latest art of Bunjin, which is not unrelated with economic prosperity, development of industries and technological innovation in the Chinese society.
- 幕府はあわてて文化10年(1827年)にふたたび文化8年以前どおりに無株者の酒造りを許す旨を示達した。
- In 1827, the bakufu hurriedly issued an order to again allow mukabumono to brew sake as it had before 1825.
- 姫路藩は文政3年(1820年)、姫路城下の綿町に切手会所を開設し、掛屋、用達に藩札の取り扱いを命じた。
- The domain opened a kitte-kaisyo (exchanger of kitte [merchandising certificates]) in Wata-machi near Himeji-jo Castle in 1820, and ordered a kakeya and a yotashi (merchant who assisted officials) to manage han bills.
- この事件判決で司法の独立を達成したことにより、まだ曖昧だった大日本帝国憲法の三権分立の意識が広まった。
- Tsuda's trial case became the first example of the independence of the judiciary, and it raised people's awareness of separation of powers stated in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan which used to be ambiguous in meaning.
- しかし、殉死者の家族が加増を受けたり栄達したケースは皆無であり、「商腹」は歴史的事実ではないとされる。
- However, it is thought that 'shobara' is not a historic fact because there is no case in which the family of the person who performed junshi got an increase in stipend.
- 明治22年 (1889) 10月、桐座『伊達競阿國歌舞伎』の鶴千代で二代目坂東八十助を襲名して初舞台。
- He made his debut under the name Yasosuke BANDO II in October 1889 as Tsuruchiyo in the Kiri-za Theater production of 'Date Kurabe Okuni Kabuki.'
- 茶筅酒(ちゃせんざけ)の場: 白太夫に名を改めた三つ子の父の70歳の祝いに、三つ子とその妻達が集まる。
- Chasen Zake (literally, tea whisk sake) Act: The triplets and their wives gathered to celebrate their father who turned 70 years old, and changed his name to Shiratayu.
- 信長のように異様な姿をして遊びまわる若者達は自らを「傾き者」と称して、衣装や振る舞いの奇抜さを競った。
- Young men who lived in idleness wearing peculiar clothes like those of Nobunaga called themselves 'kabukimono' (the eccentric), and they competed each other the eccentricity of their costumes and performances.
- 大石内蔵助はそのことを不憫に思い、討ち入りの後、寺坂吉右衛門を伝達役として生き延びさせたといわれている。
- Kuranosuke OISHI thought this was unfortunate and was said to let Kichiemon TERASAKA be the messenger and survive after the raid.
- 当時の中国では印刷術が発達し、日本でも「摺本(すりほん)」と称して好学の人びとが中国の印刷本を珍重した。
- The printing technique was developed in those days in China, and also in Japan, educated people preferentially used published books calling them 'surihon' (printed book).
- しかし、秀長麾下の藤堂高虎が500名と宇喜多秀家麾下の戸川達安の手勢で継潤の救援に向かい、島津軍を翻弄。
- But Takatora TODO's force with 500 soldiers under Hidenaga's command and Tatsuyasu TOGAWA's force under Hideie UKITA's command went off to relieve Keijun, which buffeted the Shimazu army.
- 特に後北条氏は北条氏政の切腹に至り、伊達政宗、南部晴政、最上義光らを帰順させる事に繋がった(奥羽仕置)。
- Especially in the case of the Gohojo clan, it led to seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) of Ujimasa HOJO, and it also caused Masamune DATE, Harumasa NANBU, and Yoshiaki MOGAMI to return to their allegiance to Hideyoshi (Ou shioki or the punishment of Ou).
- この時代は、農業生産力が向上するとともに、地域国家内の流通が発達し、各地に都市が急速に形成されていった。
- During this period, the power to produce agricultural products increased, then these products became circulated more actively within each regional nation, and urban areas were rapidly formed in various parts of Japan.
- 応仁の乱での京都の荒廃を機に地方伝播し、惣村や都市の発達により成長していた庶民にも文化が浸透していった。
- Taking advantage of the fact that the capital, Kyoto, lay in ruins as a result of Onin War, culture began to spread out into the provinces, and even disseminated down to the commoners, who had been advancing socially thanks to the development and growth of soson (peasant villages) and new urban areas in the provinces.
- 鎌倉時代ごろから貨幣経済が発達していくと、それまでの稲の出挙ではなく、金銭の出挙が行われるようになった。
- With the development of a monetary economy since around the Kamakura period, Suiko came to be implemented by using money, instead of the conventional Suiko implemented by using rice.
- 公文式施行以前に公布された太政官布告・太政官達は、以後に成立した法令に反しない限り、その効力を保有する。
- Any Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi issued prior to the establishment of Kobun-shiki system remains valid unless it contradicts a law promulgated afterwards.
- 江戸時代の始まりは南蛮貿易の終わりと重なり、ヨーロッパ人との経済的、宗教的に交易がある程度の域に達した。
- The beginning of the Edo period overlapped the end of trade with Spain and Portugal, and in this period the economic and religious relationship with Europeans arrived at certain extent.
- そしてそのまま太政官符にて諸国に直接通達する(官物免除は従来通り、民部省符を合わせて発給する)とされた。
- Furthermore, Daijokan was commissioned to notify each country of the taxation by Daijokan-pu (official documents from Daijokan to local governments) directly (however, approval of the application for exemption from Kanmotsu remained as it was, issued with Minbusho-fu (official documents from Minbu-sho to local governments)).
- 文化8年(1825年)、幕府は一転して酒株制度を旧来どおり復活させる旨を通達し、無株者の酒造りを禁じた。
- In 1825, the bakufu suddenly changed its policy and announced the restoration of old sakekabu system, thereby banning mukabumono from producing sake.
- 現存する最大は、144センチ、45キログラムに達する(滋賀県野洲市野洲町大岩山1881年出土1号銅鐸)。
- The biggest in existence is 144 centimeters in height and 45 kilograms in weight (No. 1 dotaku excavated in Mt. Oiwa in Yasu Cho, Yasu City, Shiga Prefecture in 1881).
- 太政官達第69号により太政官制を廃止し、代わりに創設された内閣制に基づいて成立した日本最初の内閣である。
- It was the first Japanese Cabinet based on the cabinet system founded after abolishing the System of Departments of State by Dajokan tasshi (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) number 69.
- ガス灯は電球の発達によって廃れていったが、現在もモニュメントとして照明にガス灯を使用している地域がある。
- Although gas lights became out of use as light bulbs developed, they are still used for monumental illumination in some regions.
- 剣術の達人であり、近隣住民にも慕われている「喧嘩安兵衛」こと中山安兵衛ではあったが、仕官も働きもしない。
- Although being skilled in swordplay and loved by his neighbors, Yasube NAKAYAMA, better known as 'Fighting Yasube,' neither serves his master nor work.
- これによって勘当を解いてもらおうと、女房お六を小万と名乗る深川芸者をさせて、百両の調達しようとしている。
- Since he wanted his father's forgiveness, he made his wife Oroku work as a geisha named Koman in Fukagawa (in Edo, present Tokyo) to prepare 100 ryo.
- この一方で、奈良時代から発達してきた修験道も、両宗の密教の影響を強く受け、独自の発達を遂げることとなった。
- On the other hand, Shugendo (mountain asceticism-shamanism), which had developed from the Nara period, was also strongly influenced by the esoteric Buddhism of both sects and was evolving independently.
- このため、土倉や寺院と言った一揆の標的となりそうな者達は自ら自衛のための兵士を雇ってこれを防ぐ他なかった。
- Therefore, probable targets of ikki such as doso and temples had to hire samurai for their own protection.
- 当初、問注所は訴訟に対する裁判事務は行わず、武家棟梁である源頼朝へ訴訟事案を進達することを任務としていた。
- In the beginning, the Monchu-dokoro did not handle the judicial administration pertaining to lawsuits, but simply conveyed to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the head of samurais, the details of lawsuits.
- 水車はその百年以上も前に、「徒然草」(第五十一段)に記されており、当時には農民達の手で取り付けられていた。
- As described in 'Tsurezuregusa' (Essays in Idleness) (in the 51st section) written 100 or more years ago, water wheels were built and used by farmers themselves at that time.
- 儒家的隠逸とは儒教的な倫理を基盤とし、隠逸そのものは目的を達成するための手段としているところに特徴がある。
- The recluse of Confucianists are characterized by being based on the ethic of Confucianism and using recluses as means to realize their goals.
- 徳川家達(第4代議長)、近衛文麿(第5代議長)、徳川圀順(第7代議長)、徳川家正(第8代議長)などが所属。
- Members were Iesato TOKUGAWA (fourth chairman), Fumimaro KONOE (fifth chairman), Kuniyuki TOKUGAWA (seventh chairman), Iemasa TOKUGAWA (eighth chairman), etc.
- なお元禄以降の貨幣吹替えの際、回収された旧貨幣を吹元とする場合の取り扱いは御用達形式に準じるものであった。
- The official minting method was adopted for the reminting of recovered older silver coins at currency changes that took place in the Genroku Period and thereafter.
- (しかし御庭番達は「他人はもとより親兄弟と雖も職務上の秘密を漏らさない」旨の誓紙を就任時に提出していた)。
- (However, they submitted an oath stated 'I hereby agree not to leak any confidential information during my duties to any third parties including my family' when they became the oniwaban.
- 暇つぶしに好きな碁を楽しもうかと、同じ宿にいた老人と碁を打っていると、なぜか碁の腕前がめきめきと上達した。
- Thinking that he ought to kill time enjoying his igo that he liked, he played igo with an old man who was staying in the same inn, and as he did so, his skill remarkably progressed for some reason.
- 覗き見ると、生まれたばかりの赤ん坊のような者が踊っており、しかもどんどん数を増し、遂には数百人にも達した。
- When he peeked into the next room, he found someone like newly-born baby dancing and its number was multiplying enormously until it reached several hundred in the end.
- 幕切れの世話だんまりは、男伊達の美しい姿と粗末な按摩の姿になまめかしい遊女が動く錦絵のような味わいがある。
- Sewa Danmari (a wordless pantomime) at the end of the scene, in which you can see the beautiful otokodate, plainly-dressed masseur and seductive movements of prostitute, has the appeal similar to Nishikie (colored woodblock print).
- 鎌倉時代に治天の君・天皇の勅裁は関東申次を経由して鎌倉幕府あるいはその出先機関である六波羅探題に伝達された。
- During the Kamakura period the imperial messages of Chiten no kimi or from the emperor were sent to the Kamakura bakufu or Rokuhara tandai (the bakufu's regional office) through Kanto moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with the bakufu).
- (逆に当該役人は朝廷や院庁からの幕府への申入れ(公家施行)を受け取って将軍に伝達する立場になる場合もある)。
- (Conversely, sometimes the official acted as the messenger to receive the message [kuge shigyo] from the Imperial Court or In no cho [Retired Emperor's Office], and convey the messages to the Shogun.)
- これは、義務達成を難しいと考え、しかも緑被率の比較的高い国である日本、カナダが主張し、採用されたものである。
- Japan and Canada, who thought it difficult to achieve the goal of obligation and whose green coverage ratio is relatively high, insisted the adoption and eventually approved.
- さらに徳川家康も天下人を目指して、伊達政宗らと無断婚姻を行なうなど、豊臣政権は次第に衰退の兆しを見せてゆく。
- In addition, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA aimed to be 'tenkabito' (a person becoming the ruler of the country) and entered an unauthorized marriage with Masamune DATE; thus, showing signs of the TOYOTOMI government's decline.
- また、室町時代には伊勢詣や西国33ヵ所など寺社参りが流行し、応仁の乱の戦火などは各種都市の発達をもたらした。
- Moreover, during the Muromachi period the pilgrimage to the Grand Shrine at Ise, as well as the pilgrimage to the Thirty-Three Temples in Kinki with a statue of Avalokitesvara, were very much in vogue, and combined with the construction opportunities afforded by the fighting and conflagrations of the Onin War, this contributed to the growth and development of a wide variety of urban areas.
- 荘園公領制の弱体化と惣村の発達に伴い、沙汰人は惣村とのつながりを強めていき、惣村の指導者となることもあった。
- Along with the weakening of shoen koryo sei and the development of the soson, the satanin strengthened the relationship with the soson and sometimes became a leader of the soson.
- 1885年(明治18年)、新しい国家運営の制度である合議体の内閣が定められた(明治18年太政官達第69号)。
- In 1885 the government created a new system to manage the nation: a Cabinet as a collegiate body (as stipulated in the 1885 Daijokan tasshi no. 69).
- この時代には朝鮮人による合法的民族運動が盛り上がり、朝鮮文学の発展や大都市における大衆文化の発達が見られた。
- In this period, legal racial movement by the Koreans became active, and development of Korean literature and that of popular culture in big cities were seen.
- その上、野菜を下品な食べ物と見下して摂取せず、珍しい食べ物を食べる事で貴族達は自分達の権威を見せ付けていた。
- In addition, nobles despised vegetables as vulgar foodstuffs and did not eat them, and they showed off their authority by eating rare food.
- 「応徳涅槃図」とも称され、釈迦がいっさいの煩悩がことごとく消滅した涅槃の境地に達したようすを描いたものである。
- It is also referred to as 'Otoku Nehan-zu Painting,' which described the scene that Shaka reached the stage of nirvana where all Bonno (earthly desires) were entirely gone.
- 1589年、奥州統一を目指す伊達政宗に摺上原の戦いで大敗した蘆名義広は常陸国に逃走し、ここに蘆名氏は没落する。
- In 1589, Yoshihiro ASHINA was soundly defeated in the Battle of Sekigahara by Masamune DATA, who strived to unify the Oshu region, and fled to Hitachi Province, bringing an end to the Ashina clan.
- 同期の江戸は、人口100万人前後に達しており、日本最大の消費都市であるばかりでなく、世界最大の都市でもあった。
- At the same time, Edo, whose population reached around one million, was not only the biggest consumer city in Japan, but also the biggest city in the world.
- 更には太閤検地、刀狩、身分統制令、貨幣統一を達成して、これまで各地ばらばらであった日本の全てを一つにまとめた。
- In addition, he achieved taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi), katanagari (disarmament of farmers), social status regulation edict, unification of currency, unifying everything in Japan which were different region by region.
- 兼通は自身の子弟を公卿に昇進させてその世襲化を図ったが、息子達を公卿に任じ終えた直後に病死したために挫折した。
- Kanemichi promoted his sons to court nobles and attempted to make their positions hereditary, but failed due to his death from an illness soon after appointing them as court nobles.
- 太政大臣左右大臣参議各省卿ノ職制ヲ廃シ内閣総理大臣及各省諸大臣ヲ置キ内閣ヲ組織ス(明治18年太政官達第69号)
- The government posts of High Chancellor, the Ministers of the Left and Right, the Councillors and the Lords of each Ministry shall be abolished, and the posts of Prime Minister and the Ministers of each ministry, whom together shall form the Cabinet, shall be established (the 1885 Daijokan tasshi no. 69).
- いわゆる『部落解体』を行い中央集権体制を作ろうとしたが、地方におけるまとまりが強く達成することができなかった。
- It was meant to establish the centralized administrative framework through the so-called 'hamlet demise,' which was not accomplished due to a strong connection local communities had.
- 愛知県の朝日遺跡は、弥生時代中期の集落であり、環濠集落のなかでも最も防御施設の発達した集落として知られている。
- The moat settlement discovered at Asahi site in Aichi Prefecture is an example from the Middle Yayoi period, and is known for having consisted of some of the most advanced defensive facilities.
- 笹井が自ら経営する賃貸物件の土地建物を売却して調達した2万円を経理部長の田丸に渡し、全従業員の年末賞与とした。
- Sasai delivered 20,000 yen, which he secured by selling the land and building he owned for rental business, to the accounting manager Tamaru, and this money was used for the year end bonus for employees.
- 本作の題材となった伊達騒動は、万治・寛文年間、1660年から1671年にかけて仙台伊達家に起こった紛争をいう。
- Date Sodo, the theme of this play, is a dispute that arose among the Date family from 1660 to 1671, during the Manji and Kanbun eras.
- 舞いながら悲しみが最高潮に達したとき、侍女夕霧が立ち上がり、伝言をきいてきた体(てい)で、以下のように言った。
- When her feelings of desolation reach a peak during the dancing, the maid Yugiri stands up to pass a message to her that she has just received, and says as follows.
- 戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代において戦国武将達が己の位置・武威などを誇示する為に備の旗や自身の周りに置く印。
- From the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) through the Edo period, Japanese military commanders attached this type of symbols to their camp flags or they placed the symbols around themselves in order that they could show their positions and/or their majesties.
- 仮に達成できなかった場合、2013年以降の削減目標にペナルティが上乗せされるなどの罰則の適用を受けることになる。
- If the goal is not achieved, the country is expected to be punished, for instance, a penalty is imposed to be added on the reduction target after 2013.
- 一方、範頼軍は兵糧と兵船の調達に成功して九州に渡り、同地の平氏方を葦屋浦の戦いで破り、平氏軍の背後の遮断に成功。
- Noriyori's army, on the other hand, having succeeded in being supplied with provisions and warships, crossed over into Kyushu and defeated the Taira forces of that region in the battle of Ashiyaura, and successfully cut off the main Taira clan's army from behind.
- そして龍馬は額を斬られた(この他、浪士達が二人を斬る前に名刺を渡してから斬ったという説などいろいろな説がある)。
- At this time Ryoma had his forehead slashed (there are other theories, one saying that the assassins gave their name cards before attacking.)
- 朝鮮半島とタクラマカン砂漠は5,000km以上離れており、長距離運搬される条件が整った時にしか砂塵は到達しない。
- The Korean peninsula is far apart more than 5,000 km from the Takla Makan Desert, and the kosa originated in the desert can reach the peninsula only when a condition enabling the carriage of it for a long distance is met.
- 日本経済の発達に伴い交易量が増大した結果、朝鮮王朝はこうした負担に耐えられなくなり、交易の制限を図るようになる。
- Since the number of trade transactions increased because of the development of the Japanese economy, the Korean Dynasty was no longer able to manage such financial burdens, and they finally began to restrict the trading activities.
- 租(そ)は、税(ぜい)と並んで、国家維持に必要な財政を調達するために、政府が徴収する財物・サービスのことである。
- So as well as Zei are the goods and services that the government collect to ensure public finance for the nation.
- 天下統一の時期にふさわしく、城郭建築が発達し、権力のシンボル的な天守閣が築かれ、御殿は華麗な障壁画で装飾された。
- During this period, castle architecture was developed; castle towers were built as a symbolic representation of power and splendid paintings were drawn on partitions to represent the era of unification of the country.
- その後、甲賀の地が織田信長を経て豊臣秀吉の支配下に入ると、甲賀武士達は徳川家康の監視活動を主な任務に命じられる。
- After the Koka region fell under the control of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI from Nobunaga ODA, the Koga warriors were mainly missioned to spy on Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- ただちに内蔵助はじめ重臣達に会見を申し込んで吉良上野介への仇討ちを主張したが、大石らからは以下のように諭された。
- Although they asked to see Kuranosuke and other chief retainers as soon as they arrived and suggested the revenge against Kira Kozuke no Suke, he responded by saying as follows.
- 挙兵時は尊皇攘夷の旗印の下に集った志士達であったが、身内虐待の情報による動揺は藤田らも抑えることができなかった。
- Those patriots gathered under the emblem on flag of Sonnno Joi when the army was raised, but they, even Fujita and other core members, could not help feeling disturbed about their family being abused.
- 慶長6年2月7日、政宗は伊達郡へ侵攻したが、本庄繁長・満長、宮代砦の守将八内図書の厳しい防戦によって撃退された。
- On February 7, 1601, Masamune invaded Date District but was driven back by the tough defense of Shigenaga and Mitsunaga (満長) HONJO, and Zusho YAUCHI (八内図書), a defense general of the Miyashiro-toride Fortress.
- しかし、事件処理に当たった外戚の安達泰盛の勢力が肥大化し、御内人の平頼綱らとの対立が深まったとも指摘されている。
- However, it is noted as Yasumori ADACHI, a maternal relative, who addressed this incident, grew too powerful, his confrontation with TAIRA no Yoritsuna, Miuchibito (private vassal of the Tokuso) became graver.
- さらに遅れて真田信繁、毛利勝永ら12,000の兵が到着し、真田隊が伊達政宗隊の先鋒片倉重長隊の進軍を押し止めた。
- Still later, 12,000 soldiers including Nobushige SANADA, Katsunaga MORI and others arrived, and Sanada troop prevented Shigenaga KATAKURA troop, the spearhead of Masamune DATE troop from advancing.
- この他、中央と地方の情報伝達を遅滞なく行うための交通制度(駅伝制)なども、律令制を構成する制度として採用された。
- Other systems, including a transportation system called Ekidensei for conveying information between the capital and local regions without delay, were also adopted to form the Ritsuryo system.
- 武田の赤備えを支えた山県隊の旧臣達も直政に付けられ、これにあやかって直政も自分の部隊を赤備えとして編成している。
- The old retainers of Sankentai (the troop of Sanken) which had supported Takeda's Akazonae were also allotted to Naomasa, so he organized his own troop as Akazonae taking advantage of the benefit.
- 明治期には、幕切れに鱶七に絡んだ後トンボを切る演出があって、腕達者な役者は裾の長い緋色の袴を美しく捌いて見せた。
- In the Meiji period, there was a scene, before the curtain fell, where she flipped after picking a fight with Fukashichi, and then a skilled actress beautifully swings her long red Hakama (skirt).
- しかし土地柄辰巳芸者のお得意客の多くは人情に厚い粋な職人達でその好みが辰巳芸者の身なりや考え方に反映されている。
- Most of the regular customers of Tatsumi Geisha were heartful and fashionable artisans who were typical in Fukagawa, so their tastes affected the style and manner of Tatsumi Geisha.
- 神祇信仰においては従来それほど顕著でなかった二極対立の考え方が発達し、清浄とケガレの二極が強調されるようになった。
- The view of bipolar confrontation between purity and muck, which had not been very notable formerly for Jingi belief, developed and was emphasized.
- 兄戦死の報を受けた勝正もまた単身本陣へ突入し、不意をついて本庄繁長に斬りかかったが逆に繁長と側近達に討ち取られた。
- When Katsumasa was informed of his brother's death, he also charged the opponent's headquarters alone and made a surprise attack on Shigenaga HONJO with his sword; but he was killed by Shigenaga and his close retainers.
- 足利義満が南北朝合一を達成し幕府権力を絶大にしたものの、義満急死後は大名合議制に戻り相対的に将軍の権力も低下した。
- Although Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA had succeeded in unifying the two courts and solidifying the central power and authority of the bakufu, after his sudden death, the country returned to the old oligarchic daimyo system, and the power of the Shogun waned by comparison.
- 文末に「仰旨如此」、「者依仰執達如件」、「由被仰下候」など、文意が主の意思である事を強調した文言が付けられている。
- At the end of one of these documents, a phrase emphasizing that a letter was written in accordance with the intention of a master was added, such as, 'The statements above were made by him/her.'
- 寄宿料は「京都大学における学生納付金に関する規程(平成16年達示第63号)」により、月額400円と定められている。
- Monthly boarding fee is 400 yen based on 'Regulation on the payments of the students of Kyoto University (Instruction No. 63 issued in 2006).'
- 工事やイベントで一時的に営業をやめた屋台が同じところで営業を再開しようとしたのを住民達から阻止されたケースがある。
- Thus, there were cases of local residents resisting the return of businesses to their prior location, after vendors left temporally due to construction or a special event.
- ただし、天正以前の16世紀中頃には三彩や交趾焼などの技術を持った中国人陶工およびその後継者達が製陶を開始していた。
- Before the Tensho era, however, Chinese potters and their successors, who had techniques such as sansai (a three-color glazed pottery technique) and the Cochin ware technique, had already started manufacturing pottery during the middle of the 16th century.
- なお往復する水の流れがある程度以上速くなると、山の後ろにできる渦が、砂紋の発達に重要な役割を果たすといわれている。
- Waves coming up and down above a certain speed are said to form the whirlpool behind the ridges, thus playing an important role in developing the samon.
- 長兵衛は、「行かないで」と嘆く女房やわが子、子分達、そして、急を聞いて駆け付けた唐犬らの説得にも耳を貸さなかった。
- His wife, children, following and Token, who rushes to him after knowing the incident, shout, 'Don't go there!' and persuade him out of going, but he turns a deaf ear to them.
- かぶき者たちは、一方で乱暴・狼藉を働く無法者として嫌われつつ、一方ではその男伊達な生き方が共感と賞賛を得てもいた。
- On one hand, Kabuki-mono were hated as violent outlaws committing assaults, but on the other hand, they were praised and sympathized with their lifestyle as chivalrous men.
- だが、それは前述のように反対の経路によって幕府側の要望を治天の君もしくは天皇へと伝達する役目を果たすことにもなった。
- It, conversely, also meant, as is mentioned above, to convey the bakufu's request to Chiten no kimi or Emperor through the opposite route.
- 嘉吉の乱で取り潰された守護大名赤松氏の再興を願う赤松家遺臣達(石見太郎、丹生屋帯刀、上月満吉など)は、この点に着目。
- The former retainers of the shugo daimyo (military governor) Akamatsu clan which had been broken in the Kakitsu disturbance (Taro IWAMI, Tatewaki NYUNOYA, Mitsuyoshi KOZUKI, and so forth) who were determined to reestablish the clan noticed the fact.
- 確かな南朝方と呼べるのは阿蘇惟直ぐらいで、その他のほとんどはもともと日和見、もしくはむしろ尊氏よりの武将達であった。
- Korenao ASO was the only one clearly on the side of the Southern Court while the other warriors were opportunistic or on the side of Takauji.
- 彼らは、生産基盤となる動産を集積し、安定経営を達成した富豪層の保護、隷属関係よって統率された存在に変質を遂げていた。
- Instead, they had already changed into the subordinates of wealthy peasants, who had hoarded movables necessary for farming and had achieved sustainable management.
- 中島飛行機は第二次世界大戦中に急速に発達した財閥で、軍用機の生産から鉱山・貿易・水産などの非飛行機部門にも進出した。
- Nakajima Airplane was a zaibatsu that grew rapidly during World War II and later expanded its business from military aircraft production to non-aircraft businesses such as mining, trade and commercial fishing.
- それらによると孔子は諸国を漫遊する旅に琴を携えて歌の伴奏としおり、子游や顔回ら弟子達も琴を愛用していたことがわかる。
- These literary works showed that Confucius carried a Kin when traveling around the country and sang to its accompaniment, and that his disciples such as Shiyu and Gankai also used it habitually.
- またこの頃、北海道の人口は徴兵制で兵士を集めることが可能な水準に達しつつあり、第7師団 (日本軍)創設につながった。
- And also about that time the population of Hokkaido was reaching a level at which it was possible to recruit soldiers under the conscription system, which led to the foundation of the Dainana Shidan (Seventh Division).
- 1世紀頃には高さが60センチに達し、さらに大型化が進み、2世紀には1メートルを超え、最終的には134センチに達する。
- Around the first century, dotaku with 60 centimeters in height were started to be produced and, further getting bigger, they exceeded 1 meter in the second century and then finally reached 134 centimeters.
- 禅秀の死の翌年にはその旧領であった上総国において上総本一揆と呼ばれる旧臣である国人達を中心とした一揆が発生している。
- In the year after Zenshu's death, the uprising called 'Kazusa no Hanikki' led by his former retainers, the local lords, broke out in Kazusa Province, one of Zenshu's feudal estates.
- 顧客である公家や商家と隣接し発達した京漆器は薄く繊細で気品高いデザインをもち、他産地の漆器に比して極端に高価である。
- Having developed side-by-side with court nobles and mercantile houses who are its customers, Kyo-shikki is extremely expensive compared with lacquerware produced in the other areas, with a design which is thin, delicate and elegant.
- 内店では主に持ち帰りや配達ですしを売ったが、「御膳」と書かれた看板をあげた店は、店内の座敷で食事のできるお店である。
- While uchi-mise mainly offered takeout sushi or delivered sushi, the ones with a sign 'Gozen' (literally, meal) displayed on the door allowed people to have lunch in zashiki (a Japanese style guest room with tatami flooring) on the premises.
- 大陸の文人に近づくことを目標とした日本の文人達は、煎茶道具の中でもとりわけ文人趣味の象徴といえるこの道具を寵愛した。
- Japanese literati, who adored continental literati and made it as their goal to live like them, particularly loved this tool among the utensils for Senchado, since it could be regarded as a symbol of the literati culture.
- この申し入れに、マキノは考え込んだが、笹井末三郎が撮影所用地を調達して励まし、マキノはついに新会社設立の決意をした。
- After racking out his brain over the proposal, Makino finally made up his mind to establish a new company since Suesaburo SASAI encouraged him by providing a land for studio.
- 伊達騒動を扱った最初の歌舞伎狂言は、正徳 (日本)3年(1713年)正月江戸市村座で上演された「泰平女今川」である。
- The first Kabuki play based on Date Sodo was 'Taihei Onna Imagawa' first performed in the new year of 1713 at Ichimura-za Theater in Edo.
- 戦意を喪失し、無策の武将達に苛立った武時は、轟く雷鳴を聞いて森の老婆のことを思い出し、一人蜘蛛手の森へ馬を走らせる。
- Taketoki, frustrated with the commanders who lost their spirit and had no plan, remembered the old woman in the forest when roaring thunders called it back, and rode to Kumode no Mori alone.
- 関東では汁物や煮物にも濃口醤油を利用し、冷めても味を損じない濃い味付けが行われ、折り詰などの土産料理として発達した。
- In the Kanto region, strong soy sauce was used as seasoning even for shiru-mono dishes (soup dishes) and nimono (boiled and seasoned foods) so that the tastes of these dishes could be enjoyed even when they became cold, and dishes using such seasoning developed as souvenir dishes, for example, in the form of box lunches.
- 精進料理の影響により、大豆加工の技術や野菜料理の技法が大きく発達し、のちの日本料理の方向性を決定づけることになった。
- Affected by shojin-ryori dishes, the technique to process soybeans and to cook vegetables developed greatly, determining the direction of later progress in nihon-ryori dishes.
- こうした風潮は江戸時代前期まで慣習法として継続されるが、文治政治への転換の中で儒学者達からの批判を受けることとなった。
- This tide remained as the common law up to the early part of the Edo period; and when the government changed its policy to bunjiseiji (civil government), it was criticized by Confucians.
- 中期は縄文時代特有の造形がピークに達する時期で、土器、土偶ともに装飾過多とも思えるほどのダイナミックな造形が見られる。
- The art and design unique to the Jomon period reached its peak in its middle stage, when the earthen vessels, as well as earthen figurines, became so dynamic in its design as to look too decorative.
- それらに対抗する為の軍事的共同形態的な結び付きが強く、目的が達成される、あるいは脅威が去った際には国一揆は解体される。
- Alliances made in an uprising were tight-knit like a military partnership aiming at countering the interference, and they dissolved when the goal was achieved or when the threat disappeared.
- 韓国政府の推定によれば、黄砂の諸影響による同国での経済損失は、年間およそ3兆 - 5兆大韓民国ウォンにも達するという。
- According to an estimate by the South Korean government, the yearly economic loss due to kosa amounts to three to five trillion won.
- しかし1436年の送還により宗氏の支配下にない者達が一掃され、以降三浦は宗氏の派遣する三浦代官の支配するところとなる。
- However, after the residents who were not under the control of the So clan were cleaned up from Sanpo by the repatriation of 1436, the Sanpo Daikan (local governor in Sanpo) dispatched by the So clan began to govern this area.
- 北京市では粒子の直径がおよそ4 - 20μm、発生後3 - 4日経って到達する日本では4μm前後という調査結果がある。
- An investigation found that the diameters of sand grains falling in Beijing are roughly 4 to 20 μm, and those falling in Japan three to four days later are around 4 μm.
- 一揆(いっき)とは、日本において何らかの理由により心を共にした共同体が心と行動を一つにして目的を達成しようとすること。
- The term 'ikki' refers to an attempt made by a community in Japan to achieve an objective when members of the community that share the same sentiment work closely together for a certain reason.
- 安土桃山時代に入り大坂が発達し、京都も長らく分離していた上京と下京の宅地が繋がって30万人規模に成長したと考えられる。
- It is considered that in the Azuchi-Momoyama Period, Osaka began to develop, while Kyoto, where the two separated dwelling areas, Kamigyo and Shimogyo, were unified through the gradual development of the contiguous area in between, had grown into a city of some 300,000 people.
- また、王宮たる昌徳宮に難を逃れていた、閔妃の実の甥で別技軍教練所長だった閔泳翊に重傷を負わせ、開化派高官達も殺害した。
- They also badly injured Min Yeong-ik, a biological nephew of Queen Min and the head of the Byeolgigun training center, who had taken shelter in the Changdeokgung palace, and killed several high-ranking Progressive Party officials.
- しかし単にサイズのみで分類するときは、大薙刀(大きなものは3mにも達する)と小薙刀(元来の種で1m前後)の2種類のみ。
- However, when they are simply classified based on size, there are only two types; onaginata (can be up to three meters long) and konaginata (around one meter long).
- 北朝(朝廷)に設けられた役職の1つで将軍からの武家執奏を取次、反対に治天の君・天皇の意向を将軍に伝達する役目を果たした。
- And the other is that it is a post set in the Northern Court (the Imperial Court) that relayed the bukeshisso from the shogun and vice versa, played the role of conveying the intention of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and the emperor to the shogun.
- 第26代昭光は天正18年(1590年)、豊臣秀吉による小田原攻めに参陣しない伊達政宗を憚って自らも援軍の派兵を見送った。
- In 1590, Akimitsu, the twenty-sixth head of the family, postponed sending the reinforcements to the Invasion of Odawara headed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, as he was afraid of Masamune DATE who did not participate in the invasion.
- 古賀達也は『海部氏勘注系図』とは別の高良大社に残る「高良記」系図にある二十一代目の「天造日女命」を卑弥呼と同定している。
- Apart from 'A Family Tree of the Amabe Family,' Tatsuya KOGA identified the 21st generation, 'Ametsukuru Hime Mikoto,' in the 'Record of Kora,' which was left in Kora Taisha Shrine with Himiko.
- 全国統一を達成した秀吉は、文禄元年(1592年)、明の征服を目指して、全国諸大名に李氏朝鮮への出兵を命じた(文禄の役)。
- In 1592 (the first year in the Bunroku era), Hideyoshi, who had unified the nation, ordered 'daimyo' (feudal lords) all over the country to dispatch troops to the Joseon Dynasty (Korea) in order to conquer Ming (the Bunroku War).
- 下は庶民から上は大名クラスの領主達に至るまで、ほとんど全ての階層が、自ら同等な階層の者と考える者同士で一揆契約を結んだ。
- In that society, people of nearly every level, from the commoners to the feudal lords in the daimyo (territorial lord) class signed contracts of ikki with others whom they considered to be of the same level.
- 右衛門七は、母妹達をつれて母の実家がある陸奥国白河藩へ向かったが、荒井関所を女人手形不携行のため、通してもらえなかった。
- Emoshichi took his mother and young sister to make their way to his mother's hometown in Shirakawa Domain, Mutsu Province; however, since they did not carry the pass which was required for women to pass a barrier, they were unable to go through Arai checkpoint.
- 高橋多一郎ら脱藩した水戸浪士達は長岡(現・茨城県東茨城郡茨城町)に集結し、同志・農民など数百人がこれに賛同して合流した。
- The roshi (masterless samurai) of the Mito Domain such as Taichiro TAKAHASHI gathered at Nagaoka (present Ibaraki machi, Higashiibaraki-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture) and several hundreds of comrades and farmers joined them.
- しかし、高位者の子孫には一定以上の位階に叙位する制度(蔭位の制)を設けるなど、当初からその目的は達成困難なものであった。
- However, it was not easy to attain this goal from the beginning because some systems, such as Oni no sei (the automatic promotion of people at the age of 21, whose parents were from Imperial Prince down to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents were higher than the third rank), were set up to give priority to the descendants of men of high rank to get promotion easily.
- 縁切寺(えんきりでら)とは、女性の側からの離婚が困難であった当時、そこに駆け込むことによって離婚が達成される尼寺である。
- The divorce temple was a convent, which was a safehouse for women seeking a divorce in those days when women had no right to obtain a divorce from their husbands; once a wife fled into there, she can obtain a divorce from her husband.
- 律令は魏晋南北朝時代に発達し、7世紀~8世紀の隋唐期には最盛期を迎え、当時の日本や朝鮮諸国(特に新羅)へも影響を与えた。
- Luli was developed during the Wei-Jin/Southern and Northern Dynasty period, reaching its zenith in Sui Dynasty from the seventh to eighth century, and had an influence on Japan and the kingdoms of Korea (especially Silla) at the time.
- また、5月9日、一ノ瀬の鵬翼隊三番中隊は官軍の襲来に苦戦しつつも材木村まで到達し、材木村の薩軍と共に塁の奪還に成功した。
- On May 9, the 3rd company of the Hoyoku-tai troop at Ichinose reached Zaimoku Village through a bitter fight against a raid by the government army, and succeeded in regaining the fort in cooperation with the Satsuma army in Zaimoku Village.
- また、築城技術でも火縄銃の性能を活かした横矢掛かり(これ自体はすでに存在していた)などが発達し、赤穂城などに応用された。
- And as for technique of castle construction, battlement for a flank attack (it had already existed), exploiting the performance of hinawaju, developed and they were applied to Ako-jo Castle.
- 第25代石川晴光は、永禄6年(1563年)、伊達晴宗の四男小二郎(後に石川昭光と改名)を養子に受け、家督を譲って隠居した。
- In 1563, Harumitsu ISHIKAWA, the twenty-fifth head of the family, adopted Kojiro (later, he was renamed Akimitsu ISHIKAWA), the fourth son of Harumune DATE and handed over the head of the family to him and retired.
- 民衆は無秩序に食料を求めて朝鮮・明軍・日本軍を襲い、食料調達が不足した日本軍・明軍・朝鮮軍は朝鮮民衆から現地徴発を行った。
- Common people attacked the troops of Korea, Ming and Japan disorderly looking for food and the latter, which suffered short supply of food, conducted local procurement from common people of Korea.
- 清盛一族と同様に、建春門院の兄・平時忠一族も栄達し、両平氏から全盛期には10数名の公卿、殿上人30数名を輩出するに至った。
- Together with Kiyomori's family, Kenshunmonin's older brother, TAIRA no Tokitada's family was also successful, and at its peak, there were more than 10 members of court nobles and more than 30 officials from both Taira clans.
- この点を踏まえて占術研究家の松岡秀達は、六壬神課の解説から始めて『占事略决』の解説に至る著述を松岡2007として上梓した。
- In view of the above, divination researcher Hidetatsu MATSUOKA published his book as 'Abe no Seimei 'Senji ryakketsu' Shokai,' in which he explained Rikujinshinka as well as 'Senji ryakketsu.'
- 乱後も洞に残った伊達氏の一門や家臣は曾孫の伊達政宗によって仙台藩家臣団として強い主従関係に基づく再編成を受ける事となった。
- Families and vassals of the Date clan who remained in the Utsuro even after the war were reorganized by Tanemune's great-grandson Masamune DATE into a group of vassals in the Sendai Domain, supported by the strict relationship between lord and vassal.
- 明治期の日本が急速に近代化を達成できた要因のひとつに、寺子屋が庶民に高い教育水準をもたらしていた背景をあげることができる。
- One of the factors that led to the rapid modernization of Japan in the Meiji period was the high educational standards that Terakoya had provided the ordinary citizens.
- 幕府の中でも文筆や礼儀に通じた家柄の御家人である長井氏・二階堂氏・安達氏などといった特定の家の人物が選ばれる事が多かった。
- The toshi was very often selected from specific families of shogunal retainers well versed in the literary art and in imperial protocol, such as the Nagai, Nikaido and Adachi clans.
- 1885年(明治18年)12月22日、明治18年太政官達第69号および内閣職権を定めて太政官制を廃止し、内閣制を創設する。
- On December 22, 1885, with the No.69 Dajokan tasshi (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) of 1885 and by establishing the authorities of the Cabinet, the system of Daijokan was abolished and the Cabinet system was created.
- なお、統治規模は但馬国最大の藩である出石藩よりも大きく、江戸時代初期は5万2千石、江戸時代末期には8万2千石に達していた。
- Furthermore, the scale under administration was larger than the area ruled by the Izushi Domain, which was the largest domain in Tajima Province, and during the initial years of the Edo period, the area totaled to 52,000 koku (an unit of assessed crop yields of the land [1 koku: about 180 liter], which was also used to express the size of the land) and at the end of the Edo period to 82,000 koku.
- 旧来地域の様々な問題を自治的に解決してきた町村を否定して、代わりに中央の命令の伝達と施行しかしない機関を設けたからである。
- It is because the government undervalued the villages and towns which had resolved various regional issues autonomously for a long period of time, but instead established an administrative body which did nothing but relay and enforce the orders of the central government.
- 7代皓々斎宗也が没した際に次男達蔵が残されていたが、前年生まれたばかりのため後見人として関宗厳を養子に迎え8代宗利とした。
- When the seventh generation head of the Hisada family, Kokosai Soya, passed away, he was survived by his second son, Tatsuzo; however, because his son had been born only the previous year, Muneyoshi SEKI (関宗厳) was adopted as his guardian, and became the eighth generation Munetoshi.
- 録音や活動写真そして印刷技術などの発達による新しいメディアの出現もあり、文化・情報の伝播がいっそう促進された時代でもある。
- The propagation of culture and information was further promoted in this period, which was partially due to the introduction of new media along with the development of technologies in the fields of audio recording, moving-pictures and printing.
- しかし細川澄元達の戦意はなおも衰えず、細川澄元方の細川政賢を主将として丹波と山城国との要衝である船岡山に陣取り防戦を試みた。
- Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and his people did not lose the will to fight; they attempted a turf war at Mt. Funaoka, which was a strategic point in Tanba and Yamashiro Province, with Masataka HOSOKAWA, who was in their side, as a captain.
- 両者は相容れないものであり、信長・秀吉が天下統一を達成するためには、どうしてもこれら惣国一揆を屈服させなければならなかった。
- These conflicted with each other and Nobunaga and Hideyoshi had to suppress these sokoku ikki in order to achieve the unification of the country.
- 国際市場で日本外債は急騰し、第2次から第4次の外債発行により、合計で10億円超の資金を調達した(当時の国家予算は約7億円)。
- Japanese foreign bond spiked on the international market, and Japan raised over 1 billion Yen in funds between the second and fourth issuance (To put the amount raised by foreign bonds into relative perspective, the amount raised was greater than the Japan's GDP, which was 700 million Yen).
- 「大索(おおあなくり)」「盗索(ぬすびとあなくり)」と呼ばれ「武勇に堪えたる五位巳下」として天慶勲功者の子孫達が招集された。
- The descendants of those who did distinguished services and called Oanakuri,' 'Nusubitoanakuri' and '五位巳下 that show courage in battle' were summoned.
- さらに、1352年、守護が軍費調達の名目で荘園・公領からの年貢の半分を徴発する半済を、近江・美濃・尾張3国に限定して認めた。
- Furthermore in 1352, the bakufu admitted that only three provinces of Omi, Mino and Owari had hanzei (the system in the Muromachi period where the Muromachi bakufu allowed Shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military funds).
- また、韓国に到達する黄砂の「発生から飛来までの経過日数」と「飛来時に黄砂が分布する平均高度」を調べた韓国気象庁の資料がある。
- Concerning the kosa arriving in South Korea, the South Korean meteorological agency investigated 'the number of days between the occurrence of kosa and its arrival in Korea' and 'the average heights of the arriving kosa.'
- 伊達政宗以降、武家官位としての陸奥守の職は伊達家当主・仙台藩主に与えられるのが慣例となり、代々伊達氏が世襲し幕末まで続いた。
- Since Masamune DATE it became customary that the position of Mutsu no kami as an official court title for samurai was granted to the family head of the Date family or the lord of the Sendai Domain, that is, the position was taken over by the Date clan by heredity till the end of Edo period.
- 藤原秀衡の死後、奥州藤原氏は源頼朝に討たれ、鎌倉幕府が成立すると、陸奥守は北条氏や安達氏など有力御家人が務める栄職とされた。
- After FUJIWARA no Hidehira died, Oshu-Fujiwara was defeated by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and when Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established, Mutsu no kami became the honorable position served by senior vassals such as the Hojo clan or the Adachi clan.
- 入れ替わった段階をいつととらえるかによって説の内容は異なるが、いずれの説もアカデミズムによって検討される段階に達していない。
- Opinions differ as to when the imposter took over, but none of these theories have been tested academically.
- 延享3年(1746年)には預かり地が9万石近くに達し、第8代藩主・織田長教の代になると9万3430石を任されるようになった。
- In 1746 the land of custody reached nearly 90,000 koku; in the time of the eighth lord, Naganori ODA, he was asked to manage the land of 93,430 koku.
- 中央と地方の情報伝達を迅速・円滑に行うために駅伝制が実施され、この駅伝制の下で、中央と国内各地を結ぶ道路網が整備されていた。
- A transportation system was established for quickly and smoothly transferring information between the central and local governments, and based on the transportation system, a road system was developed.
- これらの者達は、武田氏が信濃に侵攻を始めた当初は村上義清に従っていたが、村上氏の勢力が衰退すると武田氏に応じる者が出始める。
- These persons followed Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI when the Takeda clan started invading Shinano, but some of them started coming under the Takeda clan when the power of the Murakami clan declined.
- 死者30名、負傷者10名に及び、これをきっかけに大きな衝突が起こり、将軍御所が延焼、午後4時頃に合戦は安達方の敗北となった。
- This attack left 30 people dead and 10 people injured triggering a big conflict which resulted in fire to spread to the shogun's palace and the Adachi's party was defeated by 4 pm.
- 廃刀令(はいとうれい)とは、3月28日に発せられた大禮服竝ニ軍人警察官吏等制服著用ノ外帶刀禁止の太政官布告・太政官達の略称。
- Haitorei (decree banning the wearing of swords) was an abbreviated expression of the edict titled 'Taireifuku narabini gunjin keisatsukanri to seifuku chakuyo no hoka taito kinshi' (decree banning the wearing of swords except for full-dress uniform wearers, military men and police officers) issued by the Grand Council of State on March 28.
- 小判師達は小判座(こばんざ)と総称され、後藤宗家が居住していた本石町の金座役宅の周辺に施設を構えてその支配下に置かれていた。
- Koban-shi were collectively called koban za and they had facilities around the official residence of kin-za in Hongoku-cho where the head family of the Goto family lived and they were under the control of the family.
- また投石技術でこの技術に熟達した者を印地打ち、印地撃ち(印字打ち、印字撃ち)と呼び、また、印地使い(印地遣い)等とも呼んだ。
- In the slinging techniques, those who mastered the skill were called 'Inji uchi' or 'Inji zukai' (a slinger).
- わが命を犠牲にしてまで子の栄達を願う母の行動を主筋に、法華経による女人成仏などの宗教性も加味した人気のある能のひとつである。
- It is one of the more popular Noh plays with the main plot about a mother who wishes for her son's success even at the cost of her own life, with added religious elements such as Nyonin Jobutsu (attainment of enlightenment by a woman) through Hokke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra).
- こうした中で、御内人のトップである内管領が次第に権力を持ち始め、弘安期には内管領の平頼綱と有力御家人の安達泰盛が拮抗していた。
- Meanwhile, the Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family), who was the top of the Miuchibito, gradually began to gain power, and during the Koan period Uchi-Kanrei TAIRA no Yoritsuna and a senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI became opposed to one another.
- 信州から関東にかけての官牧、御牧の管理者、京の貴族の荘園の荘官として下向した者達がそこを基盤に周辺の開発を行うケースもあった。
- The kanboku from the Shinshu to Kanto regions, managers of mimaki, and those that went to the country side as the shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor) of shoen of Kyoto aristocrats made it as their base and cultivated the surrounding area.
- またロシアに勝利したことは、列強諸国の日本に対する評価を高め、明治維新以来の課題であった不平等条約改正の達成に大きく寄与した。
- Japan's victory over Russia raised the repute of Japan among the great powers and greatly contributed to Japan's objective to revise the unequal treaties which had been a priority issue for the Japanese government since the Meiji Restoration.
- しかし、江戸幕府の国防政策により大きな船が作ることが出来なかったため、樽廻船による日本沿海を周回する物資流通が大きく発達した。
- However, since the national defense policy of the shogunate government prohibited the shipbuilding of large vessels, the distribution of goods by taru-kaisen (cargo ships) circulating along the coast of Japan developed significantly.
- 貨幣経済の浸透や庶民の成長による地方都市の発達、遠隔地の商品流通や年貢輸送のために街道が整備され、地方文化の交流も活発になる。
- Due to the dissemination of the money-based economy and (economic) growth among the commoners, provincial cities also began to develop, and the highways were maintained to boost circulation of goods and trade in remote areas and facilitate the collection of the annual taxes, which led to lively cultural exchanges in rural culture.
- 公営田制の主要な目的は、百姓らから直接、調・庸を徴収することを廃し、交易によって調・庸を調達することにあったと評価されている。
- It is evaluated that the major aim of Kueiden was to abolish collecting Cho or Yo directly from farmers and to gain Cho and Yo by commerce.
- 卒業試験試問を受験し、その試験結果が8割に達すれば式部省が実施する進士・明法・明経・算・秀才 (科挙)のいずれかの試験を受け、
- Daigaku-ryo students had to take graduation examinations, and if they achieved a mark of 80 percentages, they then had to take one of the following examinations given by the Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies): Sinshi (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test), Myobo (law), Myogyo (the study of classic Confucian writings), San (mathematics), or Shusai (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test).
- しかし、文人達はこれらの芸を飽くまで自らが文雅を楽しむための余技として捉え、他者から職業的な営みと見られることを極度に嫌った。
- However, Bunjin regarded these arts as an avocation for them to enjoy elegance and absolutely hated this to be seen as a profession.
- 薙刀は通常柄の長さは7尺、刃は1尺程度であり、日本刀に柄をつけたものから発達したため、鍔があり、柄の断面も楕円形を呈している。
- The naginata usually has a 212.1cm long shaft and 30.3cm long blade, and since it was developed from a Japanese style sword by attaching a shaft, it remains some characteristics of a sword like a handguard and an oval-shaped cross-section of a shaft.
- 9月には、外務権少丞吉岡弘毅を釜山広域市に遣り、明治5年1月には、宗義達を外務大丞に任じ、9月には、外務大丞花房義質を派した。
- In September, the government sent Gaimu-shojo (Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Koki YOSHIOKA to Busan, and in February 1872, they appointed Yoshiakira SO as Gaimu-taijo (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), and then, they sent Gaimu-taijo Yoshimoto HANABUSA to Korea in September.
- 上代特殊仮名遣が用いられていた当時はまだ「かな」が発達していなかったため、これを表現する仮名文字はヤ行のエを除いて存在しない。
- At the time Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai was used, 'Kana' (Hiragana and Katakana, phonetic Japanese syllabaries) had not been developed yet so that only Kana character representing Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai is エ with the consonant y (ye).
- 「伊達競阿国戯場」は、騒動の舞台を細川氏・山名氏が争う応仁記の世界にとり、累伝説を脚色した累・与右衛門の物語と併せて劇化した。
- The play 'Date Kurabe Okuni Kabuki' was set in the world of Onin-ki (The Records of the Onin War), where the Hosokawa clan and Yamana clan fought each other, and also adopted the story of Kasane and Yoemon, dramatizing the legend of Kasane.
- 銅鐸は後世の釣鐘を扁平に圧しつぶしたような器形で、その祖形は朝鮮半島にあったと推定されるが、日本で独自に発達をとげた銅器である。
- The bronze bell is in the shape of a flattened-out-temple-bell (temple bell itself appeared later in Japan), and the bronze bell is supposed to have had its prototype in the Korean Peninsula, but it developed uniquely in Japan.
- 高野山は真言宗の本山として延暦寺と並ぶ信仰の中心であると共に、全国に散在する寺領の合計は17万石に達する紀伊の一大勢力であった。
- The Koyasan Temple was the center of belief as the head temple of the Shingon sect as well as the Enryaku-ji Temple and a big power in the Kii Province which had 170,000 koku (approximately 30.6 million liters of crop yield) of scattered jiryo (temple estate) all over the country.
- 政治の中枢を藤原氏と源氏が占有し始めたこの時期、栄達の望みがない中下流貴族らは地方官(受領)や特定官庁への補任をきそって求めた。
- During this period, when the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan started to occupy the political nucleus, the middle and lower class nobles who had no hope for fame, competed for assignments in the local official (Zuryo, the head of the provincial governors) or specific bureaucrats.
- しかし、このように大人数の乱行が発覚しないわけはなく、慶長14年(1609年)7月、後陽成帝の耳に達し、逆鱗に触れることとなる。
- However, it was impossible to keep such sexual relations secret among so many persons, and in July and August 1609 information on the fact reached the ears of Emperor Goyozei to his vehement wrath.
- 1542年には伊達稙宗父子が家督の位置付けを巡って争いを起こし、血縁関係にある奥羽諸大名を巻き込んだ大乱(天文の乱)へ発展した。
- In 1542, Tanemune DATE and his son began conflicts with respect to the reigns of the family and it developed into a great uprising involving many daimyo in the Ou Region that had blood relationships (Tenbun Turbulence).
- 地子の割当を受けた令制国では、公田から賃租された地子稲を財源として沽価に基づいて絹や鉄などを調達して中央の太政官厨家に送付した。
- Governors of provinces that were required to submit a land tax quota would use rice collected from koden as a financial resource in order to purchase silk or iron based on koka (selling prices) and sent it to the Daijokan chuke (manager of the kitchen of the Great Council of State) in the central government.
- この事は近世大名としての伊達氏・仙台藩にとっては一種の後枷となり、伊達騒動・戊辰戦争に至るまで様々な問題も引き起こす事になった。
- Later on, these circumstances became a source of trouble for the Kinsei daimyo of the Date clan and the Sendai Domain, and caused various problems including the Date riot and the Boshin War.
- 観応の擾乱(かんのうのじょうらん)は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1350年-1352年の観応年間に頂点に達した室町幕府内の権力闘争。
- The Kanno Disturbance was a power struggle within the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) that reached its height during the Kanno era from 1350 to 1352 of the Northern and Southern Court period.
- 「一、内匠頭には少々存念があったようなので、その意を家臣が達するためにやむをえずに大勢で示し合わせた場合は徒党とは言いがたい。」
- 1, It seems that Takumi no Kami held some grudge, and for his retainers to get together just to fulfill his will cannot be considered a faction.
- 結果として鎮圧側につくことでこれらの目的を達成しようとする者が雪崩的に増加し、叛乱的な条件闘争を図った側を圧倒して乱は終結した。
- There was a great increase in the number of Samurai working with the Imperial army; the Samurai that sided with the rebels were outnumbered, thus putting an end to the conflict.
- 江戸幕府が市場の米を買い上げ貯蔵して米価の引き上げを促すとともに、諸藩や江戸・大坂の有力商人達にも強制的に同様の措置を行わせた。
- The Edo Shogunate purchased rice from the market and stored it away to regulate rice prices, and required all the domains and influential merchants in Edo and Osaka to do the same..
- しかしながら、友軍の川尻突入を見て、機逸すべからずと考え、兵を分けて、自ら撰抜隊を率いて熊本城目指して突入し、遂に城下に達した。
- At the sight of the troops on his side charging into Kawajiri, YAMAKAWA made a snap decision that he must not miss the opportunity, divided his soldiers and led the pick of the troops by himself and rushed towards Kumamoto Castle, and entered the castle town.
- 流通経済の発達で国内の水運がさかんになると、荘園からの年貢減少に苦しむ大寺社ではその維持のために船から関銭を徴収することとした。
- With the development of distribution economy, water transport became active and large temples and shrines, which suffered from the decrease of nengu (land tax) from shoen, tried to collect sekisen (toll) from the ships to maintain the income.
- このように乙巳の変後も、倉麻呂の息子達がなお政治の中心的立場にとどまり、相次ぐ政争で衰退しながらもしばらくは連子の系統が続いた。
- Kuramaro's sons remained in the center of politics even after the Isshi Incident, and maintained Murajiko's lineage even as their influence was whittled down through successive political struggles.
- 特にこの二人は2巻以降も(本人達が一番自覚が無いにもかかわらず)それぞれの話の方向性を決定付けるキーパーソンとして登場し続ける。
- Especially these two, from book 2 onwards, keep reappearing as key persons who would set the course of each story (though they are the ones most unaware of that fact).
- これよりも結びつきが低い(恩給は与えず、有事の時に指揮・被指揮の関係に入る)「指南・被指南」制度を採った伊達氏や結城氏の例もある。
- The weaker relationship of 'instructor-pupil' (Onkyu was not provided for and the leader-follower relationship was formed in times of emergency), for example, was adopted by the Date clan and the Yuki clan.
- 1346年に私年号「白鹿2年」を用いて越前国司中院良定から得江九郎頼員へ当てられたものである。(得江文書・白鹿二年行貞奉執達状)。
- The letter was sent from Yoshisada NAKANOIN (the provincial governor of Echizen Province) to Kuro Yorikazu TOKUE in A.D. 1346 (or the second year of 'Hakuroku,' which was used as the name of the era in Hokuriku Chotei), and the letter is now called 'Tokue Monjo' (the Tokue Family's Documents), or 'Hakuroku ninen Yukisada Hoshittatsujo' (The Commendation of the Emperor, conveyed by Yukisada in the second year of Hakuroku).
- その調達方法については諸説あるものの、租や正税・地子交易を用いた現地における調達や雑徭による製作によって入手したと考えられている。
- There are various theories regarding collection method; collection at the local area using So, Shozei (rice tax) and Jishi trade (trade between tax [rice] and specialty goods), and labor for production with Zoyo are considered possibilities.
- これによって、博士職を世襲する家以外から文章博士が登用される事は無くなり、博士達はそれぞれの家に家塾を設けて教育するようになった。
- Following this, the cases in which monjo hakase were recruited from other families than those which inherited positions of hakase died out and each hakase established their own government-backed school operated by themselves at their homes, providing education.
- 当時、欧米列強の支配下にあり、後に独立した国々の指導者達の回顧録に下記のような、植民地時代における感慨の記録が数多く見受けられる。
- Many of the memoirs written by the leaders of countries formerly colonized by western countries refer to the Russo-Japanese War with great excitement.
- 明治3年(1870年)新政府の早期実現を望む藩士達により、廃城の太政官布告が出された翌日より天守以下の建物の解体・移築が行われた。
- In 1870, on the day after the Dajokan Fukoku (Decrees of the Cabinet) which ordered demolition of castles, the feudal retainers of the domain who wanted a quick change of government tore down the castle, including the tenshu.
- これは平城天皇が病弱でその子供達も幼かった事を考えて嫡流相続による皇位継承を困難と見た父・桓武天皇の意向があったともいわれている。
- It is said that this was the will of their father Emperor Kanmu, who believed a hereditary imperial succession would be difficult, considering Emperor Heizei's being in poor health and his children still being young.
- しかし、当時の経済の実態は農村工業の発達と新興商人が都市でも地方でも台頭したことによって、株仲間の独占はむしろ形骸化しつつあった。
- But, in reality, the monopoly by kabunakama was losing substance due to the development of rural industry and the rise of emerging merchants both in urban and rural areas.
- 内陸部にあって陸上流通の拠点の1であるとともに、若狭湾から琵琶湖や淀川など経る内水系流通経路にあって両替商などの金融業も発達した。
- The city functioned as a commodities' distributing center by land due to its inland location, and enjoyed the growth of the financial industry, such as the money changers, taking advantage of the river routes connecting from Wakasa Bay to Lake Biwa and Yodogawa River.
- 太政官布告、太政官達は、いずれも、明治時代初期に最高官庁として設置された太政官明治維新の太政官によって公布された法令の形式である。
- Both the Dajokan Fukoku and the Dajokan Tasshi were a form of law during the early Meiji period, promulgated by the supreme government office called Dajokan (Grand Council of State), which was newly established after the Meiji Restoration.
- そこで友達である松本吉三郎(現存する河内音頭の会である岩井会6代目・岩井梅吉の父親、現在は九代目)が河内音頭の平節に歌詞をつけた。
- Then, his friend, Kichisaburo MATSUMOTO (father of Umekichi IWAI who was the sixth leader of the existing society for Kawachi ondo, Iwai-kai, that now has the ninth leader) wrote the words for the plain melody of Kawachi ondo.
- 示達が伝わると、地方、とくに北国諸藩では酒を造っても値段が高くて売れなくなることを酒屋が警戒して米を買わなくなり、米価が急落した。
- After the order was thus transmitted, rice prices plummeted in the provinces, especially in domains in northern regions, because breweries stopped buying rice; Breweries were afraid that the sake they brewed would no longer sell well because of its resulting higher price.
- 宋 (王朝)以後、「聖人、学んで至るべし」と言われるように読書・修養によって人欲を取り除いた後に到達すべき目標とされるようになる。
- After the Song Dynasty, becoming a sage became a goal for people to reach by removing desire through reading and self-cultivation, as can be seen in the phrase 'one should study in order to become a sage.'
- なお、銅鐸を「鳴らす」段階にあってはこの内面突帯の摩滅を軽減するため、この内面突帯を二本に増やした物が銅鐸の発達と共に増えていく。
- Since creating a rising, belt-like pattern inside a dotaku reduced the abrasion caused when it was rung, the use of two lines forming rising patterns became an increasingly common style as development of the dotaku continued.
- また、594年(推古2)に仏教興隆の詔が下されたのを受けて諸臣連達が、天皇と自己の祖先一族のために競って私寺(氏寺)を造り始めた。
- In 594, following the issue of an imperial decree promoting Buddhism, many powerful clans competed to build private temples (known as uji-dera) for the Emperor and their ancestors.
- 観光ボランティアガイド組織は、企業や行政のように、ある一つの目的(ミッション)とそれを達成するためのルール・執行組織が明確でない。
- As they differ from business or administrative bodies, tourism volunteer guide organizations do not have a definite objective (mission) or rules and procedures in place to achieve this mission.
- ほかには、市川左團次 (3代目)、市川團蔵 (8代目)、嵐吉三郎 (7代目)、尾上菊次郎 (4代目)など腕達者な脇役が印象に残る。
- Skillful supporting actors such as Sadanji ICHIKAWA (the third), Danzo ICHIKAWA (the eighth), Kichisaburo ARASHI (the seventh), Kikujiro ONOE (the fourth), and others were impressive.
- 土井家は河内、摂津の農民に借金があり、農民達は上知と同時に借金が踏み倒されるのではと恐れ、土井家に繰り返し上知反対の強訴が発生した。
- The DOI family had borrowed money from farmers in the provinces of Kawachi and Settsu, and the farmers, fearing that the family might repudiate its debt at the time of confiscation of territories, repeatedly petitioned the DOI family directly for opposition to the confiscation.
- しかし、陪臣(徳島本藩の家臣)である稲田氏の家臣は卒族とされた事に稲田氏の家臣は納得できず、自分達の士族編入を徳島本藩に訴えかけた。
- However, the vassals of the Inada clan, as baishin (indirect vassals), did not agree with allowing themselves to be relegated to sotsuzoku rank (low-ranking samurai), and requested the Tokushima Honpan to incorporate their rank into warrior class.
- 農業生産力の発達と流通の拡大によって、百姓身分の層の中からも、加地子収取権を買い取り集め、日常的営農から解放される層が広範に生まれる。
- Kajishi (land rent) shutokuken (right to collect land rent) was bought and gathered from even a peasant class with the development of the circulation and expansion of farm production power, and there was a wide range of classes born with the release from everyday farming.
- 明治維新の諸改革は、新たな制度で生じた矛盾をいくらか孕みながらも、おおむね成功を収め、短期間で立憲制度を達成し、富国強兵が推進された。
- The reforms of the Meiji Restoration were more or less successful and the Japanese government established the constitutional government and promoted Fukoku Kyohei (enriching the country and strengthening the military) although there were some contradictions in these reforms.
- 鎌倉時代以後、朝廷財政の衰微と荘園の拡大、交通の発達によって、内裏や寺社の修繕のために一定の通行料を取る関所が設置されるようになった。
- After the Kamakura Period, due to the decline of the Imperial Court's finance, expansion of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and progress in transportation, checkpoints were set up to take certain tolls to help in the repair of the Imperial Palace, temples and shrines.
- しかし、室町時代後半になると管領などが発給する御教書が減少するかわりに御内書が増大し、将軍の意思を直接通達する書状として公文書化する。
- During the late Muromachi period, however, Gonaisho were increasingly issued in place of Migyosho issued by kanrei (shogunal deputy), and its nature became more of a quasi-official document used by the shogun to directly inform people of his intentions.
- 特に畿内では国人の独立志向が非常に高く、山城や丹波などで、守護(細川氏)が数十年をかけても国人層の被官化を達成できない事例も見られた。
- Especially, kokujin in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) had quite a strong inclination for independence, which was exemplified by the case that the shugo (the Hosokawa clan) failed to achieve the 'Hikanization' of kokujin in Yamashiro Province, Tamba Province and other provinces despite having spent several decades.
- 韓国気象庁によれば、韓国に飛来する黄砂は内モンゴル、ゴビ砂漠、黄土高原などを中心に発生し、発生からおよそ1日 - 8日かけて到達する。
- According to South Korea's weather agency, the kosa coming to Korea is produced mostly in Inner Mongolia, the Gobi Desert, or the Loess Plateau, and reaches Korea in around one to eight days after it is produced in these areas.
- 公式令 (律令法)には官司は15日ごとに作成・伝達された公文書及び草案をまとめて保管するとともにその所蔵目録作成が義務付けられていた。
- According to the official ritsuryo code, government officials were obliged to keep official documents and drafts and prepare corresponding mokuroku every 15 days.
- 一説には、最盛時には9千名にも達したとされるが、途中逃げ帰るものも多く、5日午後に柏崎に到着した時には4~6千名ほどであったとされる。
- It is said that the number of people reached 9,000 at its peak, but eventually about 4,000-6,000 people reached Kashiwazaki City on the afternoon of 5th as many people had left on their way.
- 上杉との合戦で度々敗軍したこと、福島・梁川城を攻めとれなかったことを無念に思った伊達政宗は、慶長6年4月16日再び白石城から出撃した。
- Masamune DATE, who felt chagrined at the repeated loss of battles against Uesugi and failure in capturing the Yanagawa-jo Castle, made a sally from the Shiraishi-jo Castle again on April 16, 1601.
- なお、公式文書などでは、幕府が直接行う買い上げは「かいまい」、商人達に強制的に行わせるものは「かわせまい」と呼称させて区別されている。
- In the official documents, when the government purchased rice it was referred to as 'Kai-mai', while rice purchases by merchants was referred as 'Kawase-mai'.
- 明治期、中国からの留学生が増加の一途を辿るが、そうした学生達にもこの明治期の陽明学熱が伝わり、陽明学が中国でも再評価されるようになる。
- During the Meiji period, as an increasing number of students came from China to study in Japan, the enthusiasm of the Japanese people for studying Yomeigaku infected these Chinese students so that Yomeigaku began to be re-evaluated in China.
- 当時の国際慣習を知らない明治政府は、この出兵の際に清国への通達をせず、また清国内に権益を持つ列強に対しての通達・根回しを行わなかった。
- The Meiji Government with no knowledge of international customs at that time not only hadn't notified Qing before dispatching troops but neither informed the great powers with interests in Qing nor laid the groundwork.
- 2月24日、外国事務局総督山階宮晃親王は、大阪鎮台外国事務兼務伊達宗城を伴ってフランス艦に行き、謝意を表し、償金15万ドルを交付した。
- On March 17, Imperial Prince Yamashinanomiya Akira, governor-general of foreign affairs, together with Munenari DATE, an official of Osaka garrison and foreign affairs, visited the French warship to apologize for the incident and paid the compensation of 150 thousand dollars.
- インターネットの普及などにもよって情報伝達の速度はいっそう上昇し、以前では考えられなかった速度で技術開発が進められるようになっている。
- Thanks to the spread of the Internet, the speed of communication became faster and technical development has proceeded at an unprecedented speed.
- 仏教の「食事の味を論じてはならない」という文言の解釈が変わり、禅寺では料理や食事も修行の一環とみなされるようになり精進料理が発達した。
- The interpretation of the sentence of 'It should not be discussed whether the taste of a meal is good or not' was altered, and cooking and eating a meal at Zen temples became considered a religious practice, causing shojin-ryori dishes to develop.
- 敏達天皇の皇子難波皇子の裔の1人である美努王の妻県犬養三千代が、橘氏朝臣の賜姓された事によって子息である橘諸兄・橘佐為も橘姓を名乗った。
- Minu no Okimi, a descendant of Prince Naniwa, who was Emperor Bidatsu's son, had a wife named Agata no Inukai no Michiyo, who was bestowed the ason surname of 'Tachibana,' and her sons, Tachibana no Moroe and Tachibana no Sai, continued to use the Tachibana family name.
- それに先立つ9世紀には、地方においては国衙と在地の郡司・豪族・富裕層、あるいは前任国司の子弟などを含む王臣子孫達との武力衝突が多発する。
- Previously, there were frequent martial conflicts between the kokuga (provincial government offices), rich clans, and social classes, or posterity of a vassal including servants of previously assigned governors during the ninth century.
- 平成8年(1996年)頃から、教育現場において、当時の文部省の指導で、日章旗(日の丸)の掲揚と同時に『君が代』の斉唱の通達が強化される。
- Since around 1996, in the field of education, under guidance by the Ministry of Education at that time, the instruction for the chorus reading of 'Kimigayo' together with raising of the Japanese (rising sun) flag (hinomaru) were strengthened.
- この乱の過程で、伊達晴宗は国人一揆との契約関係を再確認することで、他の奥羽諸大名に先駆けて戦国大名としての体制を確立することに成功した。
- In the process of this turbulence, Harumune DATE succeeded to firmly establish the system as a sengoku daimyo by reconfirming the contract relationship with kokujin ikki (rising of kokujin) in the run up to other daimyo in the Ou Region.
- 戦乱といえば、15世紀前半から南部氏が仙北・鹿角に出兵(この鹿角争奪戦は永禄頃まで続く)、伊達氏の河北地方への侵食など領地争いが目立つ。
- With respect to wars, disputes over territories are prominent as seen in sending troops by the Nanbu clan to Senboku and Kazuno since the first half of the fifteenth century (this war over Kazuno continued until around Eiroku Era) and invasion into the Kahoku region by the Date clan.
- 平家の総帥宗盛も嫡男の平清宗と入水するが、命を惜しんで浮かび上がり水練が達者なために泳ぎ回っていたところを義経軍に捕らえられてしまった。
- Munemori, the supreme commander of the Taira clan, and his eldest son and heir Kiyomune both tried to drown themselves, but they held their lives too dear and floated back to the surface; being skilled swimmers, they survived to be captured by Yoshitsune's forces.
- 下文が訴訟の判決、裁許状など効力が永久的になる正式文書であるのに対し、御教書は通達や緊急の命令などで、文書としての格は劣るものとされた。
- As a Migyosho was a notice or emergency order, its status as a document was inferior to a Kudashibumi (a document issued by a superior or office), which was an official document and effective indefinitely as a court ruling, license proof, etc.
- 運営費や食料・物資の調達法は、自ら墾田を持つもの、官吏の扶持を割くもの、出挙としてイネを貸し付け利子で運営するものなどさまざまであった。
- There were diverse methods of raising funds for the operation, securing food and other supplies for a Fuseya, such as owning newly cultivated land, setting aside stipends called fuchi that were attached to official services, and loaning out rice plants at interest in the form of suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries).
- しかし、京都から来た幕府軍を徳川慶喜が率いていることを知り、慶喜に差し出した嘆願書の受け取りも拒否されて、自分達の志が潰えたことを悟る。
- However, when they learned that the army of bakufu from Kyoto was led by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA and their petition was not accepted, they realized that their wish will never come true.
- しかし、江戸時代には、たとえば「仙台藩士」とはほとんど言わず、公的には松平陸奥守家来(伊達家は将軍家より松平姓を賜っていた)と称された。
- However, for instance, retainers of the governor in Mutsu Province were rarely called 'Sendai Hanshi' in the Edo period, and they were officially called 'Matsudaira Mutsu no kami no Kerai' (retainers of the governor of Mutsu Province) (the Date family was given the cognomen of 'Matsudaira' by the shogun family.)
- 貸し手の商人達から見れば大名貸は一種の不良債権であり返って来る見込みは薄くても名目上は資産として認められ、また社会的な地位ともなりえた。
- From the standpoint of merchants who lent money, daimyo-gashi was the nominal assets and the basis of their social status in spite of the fact that they were a kind of bad loan and their collectability was low.
- 明治以降、日本での馬術は、伝統の馬術を廃して西洋馬術を主に、大日本帝国陸軍(陸軍騎兵学校を参照)において導入し発達したという経緯がある。
- In the Meiji era, the Japanese Imperial Army (refer to 'the Military Equestrian School of Japan') discarded the Japanese traditional equestrianism, adopted mainly the European equestrianism, and developed it.
- 日本も長期戦には耐えうる経済発展を達成していなかったので、外相小村寿太郎は米大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトに仲介を頼み、講和に持ち込んだ。
- As Japan was not yet economically developed enough to adequately sustain a long drawn-out war, Foreign Minister Jutaro KOBAYASHI began negotiations for the peace treaty under the mediation of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
- 敏達天皇の頃、尾張国阿育知郡片輪里(現・愛知県名古屋市中区 (名古屋市)古渡町付近)のある農家に、落雷と共に子供の姿の雷神が落ちてきた。
- During the reign by Emperor Bidatsu, Raijin (God of Lightning) having the appearance of a child fell down with lightning on a certain farmhouse in Ayuchi no kori, Ayuchi no kori, Owari Province (near present-day Furuwatari-cho, Naka Ward, Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture).
- また翌年の慶長6年、島津家では一向宗禁止令が出され(義久、義弘、忠恒の連名による正式な通達として)、その後の「かくれ念仏」の原因となった。
- The next year in 1601, the Shimazu family issued a ban on the Ikko sect (a formal notice with the names of Yoshihisa, Yoshihiro and Tadatsune), and ultimately this became the cause of the later 'hidden chanting.'
- 戦争遂行には膨大な物資の輸入が不可欠であり、日本銀行副総裁高橋是清は日本の勝算を低く見積もる当時の国際世論の下で戦費調達に非常に苦心した。
- It was critical to import a vast amount of resources to carry out war, and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI, the Deputy Governor of the Bank of Japan had difficulty in raising such funds because international opinion underestimated the prospects of a Japanese victory.
- 醤油を除き、中国から伝わっていた要素で、室町時代の商工業発達によって普及した(醤油の普及はやや遅れ、関西では江戸時代初期、江戸では中期)。
- With the exception of soy sauce (which had not widely proliferated throughout western Japan until the early Edo period nor spread into Edo itself until the mid-Edo period), these were items that had been introduced from China and then disseminated thanks to the commercial and industrial growth seen during the Muromachi period.
- 1940年11月の西園寺の死後は内大臣が重臣会議を招集して、重臣達に対して後継総理大臣の選定などを諮問する形式へと変更されることになった。
- In November 1940, after the death of SAIONJI, the form of the conferences was transformed in such a way that a naidaijin convened a meeting and inquired senior statesmen about the selection of a succeeding Prime Minister.
- 広義の内閣官制には、1885年(明治18年)に制定され、内閣制度を初めて定めた明治18年太政官布告・太政官達第69号や、内閣職権を含める。
- The broadest sense of Naikaku-kansei includes the 1885 Dajokan Fukoku (a decree issued by the Grand Council of State) and Dajokan tasshi (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) no. 69, which were the first regulations governing the Cabinet system, and it also includes the Naikaku-shokken (Official powers of the Cabinet).
- 3月5日 (旧暦)(4月1日)、吉田忠左衛門(200石加東郡郡代)と近松勘六(馬廻250石)がこの決定を江戸の同志達に伝えるべく下向した。
- On April 1, Chuzaemon YOSHIDA (administrator of Kato district, 200 koku) and Kanroku CHIKAMATSU (bodyguard, 250 koku) went down to Edo to tell this decision to their comrades.
- 明代になり流通の発達したことでこの柔らかい印材が容易に入手できるようになると、文彭らの努力もあってようやく篆刻が文人の余技として広まった。
- After the development of distribution in the Ming period made this soft material of seal more accessible, Tenkoku finally came to be popularized as an avocation of Bunjin, partly because of efforts of PENG Wen.
- キリスト教に入信した大名とその配下達の中には、宣教師たちの意見を聞き入れ領地内の寺院や神社を破壊したり焼き払うなどの行動を取った者もいた。
- Among those who became Christians, some daimyo and their retainers took heed of the missionaries' views and chose to burn or knock down temples and shrines in their territory.
- この記述が事実だとすると、9月10日の戦いで両軍共に全軍の2割に達する戦死者を出しながら、なおも長期間戦いを続けていたことになってしまう。
- However, if this description was true, it becomes that, although both forces had lost as many as 20% of them in the battle on October 18, they continued fighting further for a long period of time.
- 大派王(敏達天皇の皇子)は、群卿が朝廷に出仕することを怠っているので今後は鐘を合図に出仕させることにしようと建議したが蝦夷はこれを拒んだ。
- Although Prince Oha (a son of Emperor Bindatsu) made a suggestion of ringing a bell as a sign for the officials to come out to serve the Imperial Court since they were neglecting their duties, this idea was refused by Emishi.
- 当時、悪党と呼ばれる新興勢力が現れ、寺社の強訴が相次いでいたが、長崎高綱・安達時顕が支える得宗政権は、これらの動きに高圧的な姿勢で対処した。
- In those days, local outlaws known as Akuto emerged as a powerful force, and one after another of the temples and shrines began to appeal directly to the bakufu for help; however, the Tokuso administration, which was supported by Takatsuna NAGASAKI and Tokiaki ADACHI, responded to these appeals in a high-handed manner.
- 産業の未発達な発展途上国と比較して、人口一人当たりの温室効果排出量を議論するのはナンセンスであり、明らかに日本にとって不利な規定となっている
- It is nonsense to discuss the per capita emission amount of greenhouse gases of Japan by comparison with that of a developing country whose industry is immature, accordingly, the present regulations are unfair to Japan.
- なお、蘆名家の一門であった針生氏は蘆名家滅亡後に伊達氏に仕え、この系統は延宝4年(1676年)に仙台藩主・伊達綱村の命により蘆名に改姓した。
- Incidentally, after the extinction of the Ashina clan, the Hariu family which was a branch of the Ashina family served the Date clan, and in 1676, had their family name changed to Ashina under orders of Tsunamura DATE, the lord of Sendai Domain.
- こうして、日本の出征大名達は朝鮮を退去して日本へ帰国し、豊臣秀吉の画策した明遠征、朝鮮征服計画は成功に至らぬまま、秀吉の死によって終結した。
- Thus, the daimyo that went to war from Japan withdrew and returned to Japan and the expedition to Ming and the conquest of Korea intended by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI was not achieved and was ended by Hideyoshi's death.
- 日本の美術は、縄文時代を例外として、常に外国(近世以前はおもに中国、近代以降はおもに西洋)の影響を強く受けつつ、独自の様式を発達させてきた。
- Japanese art has developed its peculiar style always - except for the Jomon period - under the great influence of other countries - mainly that of China before the early modern ages, and that of Western countries after the modern age.
- 伊達稙宗は婚姻や養子縁組を通じて蘆名氏・最上氏・田村氏・白河結城氏・岩城氏・相馬氏などの洞を包括して更に大きな洞を形成しようとしたのである。
- Tanemune DATE sought to organize an even larger Utsuro by integrating the Ashina clan, the Mogami clan, the Tamura clan, the Shirakawa Yuki clan, the Iwaki clan and the Soma clan through marriage and/or adoption.
- ほどなくして、宮古島に首里から20名の警官が来島し、旧王朝以来の島役場「在番仮屋」を訪れて、在番代表の仲村親雲朝諒に、以下のように伝達した。
- Shortly afterwards, 20 police officers came from Shuri to Miyako Island, visited the island office 'Zaiban kaiya' and informed the representative of Zaiban, 仲村親雲朝諒, of the following.
- しかし天皇機関説を唱えた美濃部達吉は、「長い梅雨が明けて、かすかながらも日光を望むことができたような気持ち」と、この運動を高く評価している。
- Tatsukichi MINOBE, an advocate of the emperor-as-organ theory, however, valued the second Kensei Yogo Undo highly, and commented 'you feel as though you were finally beginning to see a shaft of sunlight after the long rainy season.'
- 当時は貨幣鋳造技術が未発達であり、土木工事などの賃金の支払いで小額貨幣が大量に必要になったときに、これらの私札が発行されたと考えられている。
- At that time, coin-casting technology was not well-developed, so private bills are assumed to have been issued when a large amount of low denomination coins were needed for purposes such as payment of workers on construction projects.
- 版籍奉還は次の廃藩置県までの過渡的措置であるが、当時藩に対する明治政府の権力は脆弱で、諸藩への命令も強制力のない太政官達で行うしかなかった。
- The return of lands and people to the Emperor is a transitory measure until Haihan-chiken, but the Meiji government's authority over the han was weak at the time so orders to each han had to be made by Dajokan tasshi (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) which did not have binding power.
- この台湾銀行を通して日本資本が大量に台湾に投下され、台湾の資本主義が発達したと共に、更に台湾より中国や東南アジアへの資金が投資されていった。
- Through the Bank of Taiwan, a large amount of Japanese capital was put into Taiwan, which economic policy contributed to the development of capitalism in Taiwan, and further investment in China and the Southeast Asian countries from Taiwan.
- 8代執権北条時宗の死後、有力御家人の安達泰盛と、内管領の平頼綱が対立し、頼綱方の先制攻撃を受けた泰盛とその一族・与党が滅ぼされた事件である。
- After the death of the eighth regent Tokimune HOJO, the senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI and TAIRA no Yoritsune, Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family [the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan]) opposed each other and Yasumori, his family, and his party were destroyed in this incident in which Yoritsuna's party made the preemptive attack.
- これは、食糧増産を目的として新たに百万町歩の農地を開墾する、という余りにも壮大な計画だった(当時の農地全体でも百万町歩に達していなかった)。
- This was such an enormous project which aimed to newly cultivate a million hectares of agricultural land for increasing food supply (Even the total fields in those days had not reached one million hectares).
- また、17~18世紀にかけて、“なごみ感”プラス“洒落”・“エスプリ”・“伊達心”等が付け加えられ、近代の進化した根付が完成されたのである。
- Also, from 17th and 18th centuries, a range of new designs - comfortable or funny, witty or elegant - contributed to the completion of the modern and advanced netsuke.
- 20世紀に入ると合成染料の発達により、烏梅はほとんど生産されなくなったため、月ヶ瀬梅林は観光資源として利用や食用の青梅の栽培に軸足を移した。
- In the 20th century, as development of synthesized dyes reduced the production of Ubai to next to nil, Tsukigase Bairin shifted its focus to tourism and the production of plums for consumption.
- なお1980年代のバブル景気の頃よりは、鮮魚から活魚などのような活きたまま輸送する技術も発達、こういった活魚市場の末端を寿司屋が担っている。
- From the bubble economy of the 1980s, with the development of transportation, fresh fish or live fish could be transported and sushi restaurants are situated next to such live fish markets.
- もう1つの「武家執奏」の意味として、北朝の勅裁である治天の君の院宣や親政時における天皇の勅旨を室町幕府に伝達する役目を担う公家のことを指した。
- Bukeshisso,' taking the other meaning, indicated the court noble who was in charge of conveying Chiten no kimi's inzen (decree from the retired Emperor) which was the imperial decision by the Northern Court or the emperor's Imperial order at the time of direct imperial rule to the Muromachi bakufu.
- その三浦氏が、1247年(宝治元)の宝治合戦で、安達氏・北条氏に滅亡させられたとき、一族の佐原盛時は北条氏について、後に三浦氏の惣領となった。
- When that Miura clan was defeated by the Adachi and Hojo clans during the Battle of Hoji in 1247, Moritoki SAHARA of the clan stood on the side of Hojo clan and later became the soryo of the Miura clan.
- 配下に京都守護職の松平容保、京都所司代の松平定敬らを従え、江戸の幕閣達から独立した動きをみせ、 在京幕府勢力の指導的役割を果たす存在となった。
- He gained vassals such as Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto), and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy), and he worked independently from the cabinet officials of the Shogunate in Edo and took the leadership role in the bakufu forces stationed in Kyoto.
- 平安時代には、まず小規模な免税農地からなる免田寄人型荘園が発達し、その後、皇室や摂関家・大寺社など権力者へ寄進する寄進地系荘園が主流を占めた。
- During the Heian period, the tax-exempt shoen estates which consisted of small scale farmlands developed first and later the donated-type of shoen (manor) became mainstream, which was donated to powerful people such as the Imperial Family, sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), main temples, shrines, and so on.
- その後、武家政治によって摂関政治は完全に消滅したかに見えたが、摂政・関白職は存続していたため、武士達は権力の拠所として摂関家を大いに利用した。
- Later, the regency seems to have disappeared due to military rule, although warriors took advantage of the regent's house as a foundation of power because the posts of regent and chancellor still remained.
- 1788年(天明8年)に公家の中山愛親らが幕府に通達すると、老中松平定信は皇位についていない人間に皇号を贈るのは先例の無い事態として反対する。
- In 1788, when court nobles, including Naruchika NAKAYAMA, notified the Bakufu about the situation, Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, the Shogun's councilor, opposed it as an unprecedented case of providing the imperial title to a person who had not ascended to the imperial throne.
- そこで「延久の荘園整理令」では従来の荘園整理令よりも強固に実行するためにそれまで地方諸国の国司達に依存していた職務を全て中央で行うようにした。
- Therefore, in the 'Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei,' for a more solid execution compared to traditional Shoen Seiri-rei, all duties that depended upon the kokushi in provinces were performed centrally.
- 明代の官田の税は民間の小作料よりは低かったが、それでも例えば蘇州府では1畝当たりの平均税率がその4割にも達し、官倉への輸送費用も自弁であった。
- The tax on kanden in the Ming period was lower than private farm rent, but in Suzhou Prefecture, for example, the average tax rate per ridge was 40% of it and the cost of transportation to government warehouses was paid by themselves.
- 一方、仙台藩主伊達政宗など、宗義成を支持する大名もおり、彼らは、戦国時代が完全に終ったことを印象付けるために、この事件を利用する方向で動いた。
- On the other hand, Masamune DATE, who was the lord of the Sendai Domain, and some other daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) supported Yoshinari SO, and they attempted to take advantage of this incident to convey the impression that the Sengoku Period came to the end completely.
- しかしこの方法では、全国一律公平の租税を徴収する目的は達しがたく、また、の改租結果から、目標の租税額が確保できそうにないことが明らかとなった。
- However, it became clear that it was difficult for the government to reach the goal of collecting land tax uniformly and fairly throughout the country and that the result of the land-tax reform of 1874 made the government know that it was difficult for the government to secure the amount of land tax it had aimed at.
- 奴婢は、一般的に職業の選択の自由、家族を持つ自由、居住の自由などが制限されており、一定の年齢に達したり、その他の条件で解放される場合もあった。
- Nuhi generally received restrictions on freedoms to choose an occupation, to have a family and to choose where to live, and was sometimes emancipated at a certain age or under some conditions.
- 両軍入り乱れ、伊達政宗と岡左内が川中で太刀打ちを行うほどの大激戦になったが、上杉方はしだいに追い崩されて敗走、散々になり福島城へ逃げて行った。
- The both armies were jumbled and the battle was so fierce that Masamune DATE and Sanai OKA fought face-to-face with each other in the river, but the Uesugi forces were destroyed and ran away to the Fukushima-jo Castle.
- 老臣溝井六郎は秀吉に対して異心のないことを闡明することを主張するが、秀吉軍が迫る中で賛同する者はなく、ついに伊達家に仕えることを余儀なくされた。
- A senior vassal Rokuro MIZOI insisted on Akimitsu's clear assertion that he bear no treacherous intentions against Hideyoshi, but nobody agree to that opinion; and at last, they were obliged to serve the Date family.
- セルゲイ・ヴィッテ首相は、戦争によって負けることはないにせよロシアが疲弊することを恐れ、戦争回避論を展開したが、これは皇帝達によって退けられた。
- Prime Minister Sergei Witte expressed opposition to the war in the fear that though Russia would not lose, it would could exhaust the country; However, his assertions were rejected by the Emperor and others.
- また、流通経済が発達しなかったため銀などの貨幣による売買が成立せず自給自足が基本の朝鮮民とは物々交換などで食料の調達を行わなければならなかった。
- In addition, as distribution economy had not developed, selling and buying using currency such as silver did not exist and procurement of food had to be conducted by barter exchange with Korean people who had been living by self-sufficient economy.
- 甲賀武士達は山中でその地の利を生かしてさまざまな奇襲をかけ、また時には夜陰に義尚の本陣に迫って火や煙を放つなど、さんざん幕府軍を苦しめたという。
- It is said that Koga warriors took a geographical advantage in the mountains to make various surprise attacks against the bakufu army and tormented them by using fire and smoke on Yoshihisa's headquarters during the night.
- 一方、白石口を担当することになった伊達政宗は急ぎ京都を発ち、相馬領を経由して帰国し、7月12日に名取郡北目城へ入り、ここを上杉攻めの拠点とした。
- On the other hand, Masamune DATE in charge of Shiraishi-guchi quickly left Kyoto to return to his domain by way of the Soma territory and entered the Kitame-jo Castle in Natori District to establish his base for attacking Uesugi.
- 彼らは親の世代の早世などによって保持する位階の上昇の機会を逸して京の貴族社会から脱落し、武功の勲功認定によって失地回復を図っていた者達であった。
- They had fallen out of aristocratic society in Kyoto because the early deaths of their parents had caused them to miss opportunitues for promotion, and they were trying to restore their status by making the Imperial Court recognize their military exploits as honourable deeds.
- 慶長10年(1605年)正月に家康が、つづいて2月 (旧暦)に秀忠が伊達政宗ら奥羽の大名を加え10万とも16万ともいわれる大軍を率いて上洛した。
- On New Year's Day of 1605 Ieyasu visited Kyoto, followed by by Hidetada in February (the old calendar) with a large force of an estimated about 100,000 and 160,000 retainers including daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) in Ou such as Masamune DATE.
- 良港の有無・鉱山の有無・江戸までの参勤交代の距離、商業の発達に伴う税の徴収などを総合的に判断しないと、諸藩の実際の実力は、把握できないと云える。
- It can be said that in order to understand the actual power of domains, comprehensive judgment is required based on whether there are good ports or mines, the distance of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo), tax collection according to the development of commerce, and so on.
- このような中、北海道移住への気運が高まるのであるが、その資金については自費移住ということであり、それを賄うだけの資金調達ができるはずもなかった。
- For these reasons, there was an increasing momentum among people to move in to Hokkaido, but there was no way to raise funds as they had to move at their own expense.
- 戦国大名が軍事力の裾野として組織していった甲斐国武田氏の「軍役衆」、伊達氏の「名懸衆」、毛利氏の「一戸衆」「一所衆」などはみなその類のものである。
- Gunekishu' (military service people) of the Takeda clan in Kai Province, 'Nakakeshu' of the Date clan, 'Ikkoshu' of the Mori clan were the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period that formed the outskirts of the military power.
- 岩倉、議定・中山忠能、外国官知事・伊達宗城らをともない、警護の長州藩、土佐藩、備前藩、大洲藩の4藩の兵隊を含め、その総数は3,300人にも及んだ。
- In the company of Iwakura, the Gitei Tadayasu NAKAYAMA, the governor of foreign affairs, Munenari DATE, and others, along with the army of the four clans of Choshu, Tosa, Bizen, and Ozu, a total of 3,300 people visited Tokyo.
- 彼らは京都において、長州藩藩士桂小五郎、久坂玄瑞、その他京都に集う志士達と交流を重ねるうちに尊皇攘夷の志をますます堅固なものとして行ったのである。
- In Kyoto, they came to have a firmer conviction of Sonno Joi as they exchanged opinions with other patriots such as feudal retainer of Choshu Domain Kogoro KATSURA and Genzui KUSAKA.
- ちなみに、二十六聖人のうち、フランシスコ会会員とされているのは、スペインのアルカンタラのペテロが改革を起こした「アルカンタラ派」の会員達であった。
- The Franciscan members in the Twenty-six martyrs were the members of 'the Alcantara group,' one of whom, a Spanish man, St. Peter of Alcantara, arose a reform.
- そこで旧幕府軍において資金調達を担当していた会計奉行の榎本道章と、副総裁の松平太郎は、貨幣を偽造してばら撒き、「脱走金」の悪名を流すことになった。
- So, Michiaki ENOMOTO, Accounting Bugyo who had ever been in charge of fund raising at the Old Bakufu, and Taro MATSUDAIRA, Vice-President, counterfeited money for circulation, and they became notorious for 'Deserter's money' for this reason,
- 開拓使貫属は、開拓使に所属するが士族の身分を失わずに開拓に従事する者であり、身分が保障されるうえ移住に関しても資金調達の心配が無くなる身分である。
- Kanzoku of the Hokkaido Development Commission referred to a person who belonged to the Commission to be engaged in reclamation work but did not have to give up his or her social status as a warrior class and even given necessary funds for relocation.
- 通常に現地の日本語学校へ進み、ビデオデッキ、インターネット、マンガやアニメといったメディアの発達によりアメリカに住みながらも日本と同じ感性で育つ。
- They usually go to local Japanese schools and are brought up as if they were in Japan thanks to the advancement of media such as VCRs, the Internet, comics, and anime.
- 後日、明治天皇自らが神戸港のロシア軍艦を訪問するとした際に、「拉致されてしまう」と進言する重臣達の反対を振り切って療養中のニコライを再び見舞った。
- Later, when Emperor Meiji visited a Russian warship in Kobe harbor, he paid a visit to Nicholas again, ignoring protests from some senior statesmen that he might be taken hostage.
- 仏教の影響ゆえに獣肉の利用は比較的発達しておらず、乳製品をほとんど使わず、これらのたんぱく源の代用として大豆加工品が好まれる、といった特徴をもつ。
- Due to influence of Buddhism, use of animal food has not been developed well, almost no dairy products are used, and soybean-processed products are favored for taking in protein.
- 姦通が表沙汰になった際の女敵討は武士にとっては義務であったが、たとえ達成しても名誉にはならないため、表沙汰にせずに内々で示談にするケースも多かった。
- Megatakiuchi was the duty of a samurai once the adultery came to light, but since it did no one any great credit even when Megatakiuchi was achieved, such cases were often settled in private without being made public.
- 太政官布告(だじょうかんふこく)・太政官達(だじょうかんたっし)とは、ともに太政官明治維新の太政官によって公布された明治時代初期の法令の形式である。
- Both the Dajokan Fukoku and the Dajokan Tasshi were a form of law promulgated by the Dajokan (Grand Council of State) during the early Meiji period.
- 建国当初の鋳造高は、年間70,000貫ほどであったが、次第に増鋳されて行き、神宗朝(1067年 - 1085年)には、6,000,000貫に達した。
- Although mint output at the founding days was 70,000 kan annually, it grew gradually and at the time of the Shenzong Dynasty (1067 to 1085) it reached 6,000,000 kan.
- これに激怒した原や他の閣僚達の抗議を受けた渡辺が孤立するに至って伊藤は辞任を表明、5月10日から班列であった西園寺公望枢密院議長が臨時首相を務めた。
- WATANABE was isolated by protest of HARA and other Cabinet members who were furious about this, which led ITO to announce his resignation, and from May 10 the Chairman of the Privy Council, Kinmochi SAIONJI who was a minister without official announcement served as the temporary prime minister.
- いっぽう、幼少時に鎌倉へ下向し、執権北条家の傀儡となっていた4代将軍・藤原頼経も成年に達し、自ら政権を握る意志を持ち、反執権勢力の糾合を図っていた。
- Meanwhile, the 4th shogun, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, who had left the capital for Kamakura in his early years, and worked as a puppet of the regent HOJO family, came of age, and wanted to hold the reigns of government, trying to organize the anti-regent power.
- 『保暦間記』によると、頼綱は泰盛の子安達宗景が源頼朝の落胤であると称して源氏に改姓し、謀反を起こして将軍になろうとしている、と貞時に讒言したという。
- According to 'Horyakukanki' (A History Book of the 14 century in Japan), Yoritsuna gave Sadatoki a slanderous account of Mumekage Adachi, a son of Yasumori, saying that he was claiming himself as an illegitimate child of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and changed his family name to the Minamoto clan to become shogun by raising a rebellion.
- 1352年(文和元)、観応の擾乱における軍事兵粮の調達を目的に、国内の荘園・国衙領から年貢の半分を徴収することのできる半済の権利が守護に与えられた。
- In 1352, the shugo were given the right of hanzei to collect half the customs from the manor and the Kokuga's territory within the province, in order to secure military provisions for the Kanno-no-Joran (turmoil of the Kanno).
- 水田土壌は粘土質、地形は山間または盆地となっており、なかでも、東西に開けた中山間の谷あいや盆地では、夏季の気温の日較差は10℃以上に達する所である。
- The cultivation is carried out in the mountain areas or basins where the paddy soil is argilliferous, particularly in the valleys and basins between medium-sized mountains with their eastern and western sides wide and open, where the day temperature difference during the summer is more than 10ºC.
- 第二は日本人にヨーロッパのキリスト教世界を見聞・体験させ、帰国後にその栄光、偉大さを少年達自ら語らせることにより、布教に役立てたいということであった。
- Second, have the Japanese see, hear, and experience the Christian world in Europe so that the boys could tell of its glory and greatness after returning to Japan, which would be useful for propagation.
- 城下に入ると幹線道路の両脇に家屋を隙間なく配置させることで城を見え難くして、道を鍵形に曲げたり袋小路を設けるなどすることで、城への到達距離を延長した。
- Within the joka, houses were located on both sides of the main route to make it hard to see the castle and made the distance to the castle longer by making many bends in the roads and dead-ends.
- 義時、北条泰時、北条時房、大江広元、三浦義村、安達景盛らによる軍議が開かれ、箱根・足柄山で徹底抗戦をする慎重論に対し、広元は京への積極的な出撃を主張。
- A war council consisting of Yoshitoki, Yasutoki HOJO, Tokifusa HOJO, Hiromoto OE, Yoshimura MIURA, Kagemori ADACHI, and others was convened, and in response to the cautious view that they hold out to the bitter end at Hakone and at Mt. Ashigara, Hiromoto advocated that they sally forth for a preemptive strike on the capital.
- すなわち小野篁、菅原清正、春澄善縄、島田忠臣、都良香、紀長谷雄などの英才秀才が集まり、空前未曾有の盛況を呈し、菅原道真においてその極に達したと言える。
- As a result, the department attracted legions of gifted and talented persons such as ONO no Takamura, SUGAWARA no Kiyomasa, HARUZUMI no Yoshitada, SHIMADA no Tadaomi, MIYAKO no Yoshika, and KI no Haseo while welcoming an unparalleled boom, and it can be said that the department reached its peak with the appearance of SUGARAWA no Michizane.
- また歴史学の世界では、文書目録は当時の政治経済などの情報伝達のあり方を、図書目録は当時の学術水準や書籍流通の状況を知る上において貴重な史料となりえる。
- In the world of historical science, bunsho mokuroku (lists of documents) are highly valued as tools to study the distribution of political and economical information at any one time, and tosho mokuroku (lists of books) are valued in understanding where books have been distributed.
- 軍用手票(ぐんようしゅひょう)とは、戦争時において占領地もしくは勢力下にて軍隊が現地からの物資調達及びその他の支払いのために発行される擬似紙幣である。
- Gunyoshuhyo is pseudo currency issued during wars for military forces to pay for commodities and other necessaries in its occupying areas or areas under their control.
- その後、日露戦争の戦費調達のために明治37年(1904年)に収納から製造販売および葉煙草ならびに製品の輸入移入に至るまでことごとく専売の対象を広げた。
- After that, in 1904, the targets of monopolization were widened from storage and manufacture and sales to import and transport of leaf tobacco and products, in order to collect funding for the Russo-Japanese War.
- このため政府は、、に内務省及び大蔵省の両省間に地租改正事務局を設置し、これを中心として改租を強力に進めるよう方針転換した(明治8年太政官達第38号)。
- For this reason, the government founded the Land Tax Bureau between the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Finace in1875 and changed its policy to moving agressively for advancing the land-tax reform centering on the newly created Land Tax Reform Bureau (No. 32 of the Transmittal of Dajokan [Grand Council of State] of 1875).
- 男性中心の武家社会に浸透した「真田紐」や「三分紐」は武具や刀剣の飾り等に盛んに用いられ、武士達の美的センスと伊達男ぶりを示すアイテムのひとつとされた。
- Sanada-himo braid' and 'Sanbu-himo braid' which had spread into the male-centered samurai society were extensively used for decoration, etc. of arms and swords and were considered one of items demonstrating samurai's sense of beauty and dandyism.
- 左への払い(掠)と異なり、肉を引き裂いて、金刀が骨まで達するように、力を入れてじっくりと右に払い、特に払い終わりは「掠」よりも力を入れて三角形を作る。
- Unlike '掠' (ryaku) which is hidari harai, as if a sword tears up flesh and reaches bones, move the brush steadily rightward with stress and especially draw a triangle at the end with more pressure than '掠'.
- 古くは仏教の祈祷と混同されて用いられた例もある(『日本書紀』敏達天皇6年条)が、本格的な導入の初出は『日本書紀』にある持統天皇5年(691年)条である。
- There are examples from ancient times of a sort of proto-jugonshi, who used spells containing elements of Buddhist prayers mixed in (see for instance the section on the year 577 in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan)), but full-blown jugonshi do not appear in the written record until the section of the 'Nihonshoki' describing the year 691).
- これにより花粉症を含めたアレルギー対策に関する予算が急激に増加し、2002年度のアレルギー関連予算は7年前の27倍に達する73億7200万円にもなった。
- As a result, the budget allocated for countermeasures against allergies including pollinosis has increased drastically, and the allergy related budget for 2002 reached 7.372 billion yen, which was 27 times more than that of the seven years before.
- 「国の兵共」が、「譜第図」や「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載されるということ自体が、彼らが国衙支配下の開発領主達の中で特種な存在であったことを物語っている。
- The fact that 'soldiers of the province' was recorded in registers such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (a list of warriors) said that they had a special existence among the kaihatsu-ryoshu under the Kokuga rule.
- 「私達は一個の人間として貴方を見る時、同情に耐えません」で始まるこの質問状は、当時学生であった中岡哲郎(のち大阪市立大学教授)の執筆によるものであった。
- This open letter, which started with the phrase 'When we look at you as an individual human being, we cannot help but feel compassion,' was written by a student, Tetsuro Nakaoka (he later became a professor of Osaka City University).
- こうした大規模な土木工事が可能になったということは、技術の発達とともに、多くの労働力を使えるだけの権力をもち、広範囲に支配を広げた王権の成立を意味する。
- The fact that such large-scale public works were possible implies the development of work skills and the establishment of the royal authority which not only had the power to mobilize a large workforce but also the control over a wide-ranging area.
- 朝廷の側に立ち、反乱側に立った自らと同じ原初の武士達を倒して同乱の鎮圧に勲功のあった者の家系は、承平天慶勲功者、すなわち正当なる武芸の家系と認識された。
- Warriors who took the side of the Court and fought against those in the same social class in order to suppress the war, were recognized as performing a deed of valor and thus were also considered as being a proper warrior line.
- そのため、当時の人々、特に晴明に占いを依頼できるような堂上家の人達がどのような暮らしをしていたか、どのようなことに関心をもっていたかを知ることができる。
- From such descriptions, we can gather the ways of living of people at the time, especially those of nobilities' family who were the client of Seimei, as well as the subjects they were interested in.
- これは連帯責任・相互監察・相互扶助の単位であり、領主はこの組織を利用して治安維持・村(町)の中の争議の解決・年貢の確保・法令の伝達周知の徹底をはかった。
- This was the unit for collective responsibility, mutual monitoring, and mutual aid, and the feudal lord operated these organizations for law and order, resolving conflicts in the village (town), collecting land tax, and notifying everyone of acts.
- 安達泰盛は幕府創設以来の有力御家人安達氏の一族で、北条氏得宗家の外戚として執権北条時宗を支え、越訴、御恩奉行などの重職を歴任した幕政の中心人物であった。
- Yasumori ADACHI was a member of the Adachi clan, the senior vassals since the Kamakura government was established, and he supported the regent Tokimune HOJO as a maternal relative of the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan, and was a key figure experienced in important positions like an Ossobugyo (temporary position in charge of retrials and accepting appeals in Kamakura bakufu) and Goon bugyo (commissioner in charge of issuing the deed of rewards.)
- 安達氏の基盤である上野国・武蔵国の御家人の被害は多く、武蔵では武藤少卿左衛門、遠江国では安達宗顕、常陸国では安達重景、信濃国では伴野彦二郎らが自害した。
- The damage to the Gokenin in Kozuke Province and Musashi Province, the Adachi clan's bases, was huge, for example, Shokyozaemon Muto (武藤少卿左衛門) in Musashi, Muneaki ADACHI (安達宗顕) in Totomo province, Shigekage ADACHI in Hitachi province and Hikojiro BANNO in Shinano province committed suicide.
- 武田氏滅亡後、本能寺の変の混乱を経て甲斐国は徳川家康によって平定されるが、その折に武田家の旧臣達を配属されたのが徳川四天王にも数えられる井伊直政である。
- After Takeda clan ruined, Kai Province was conquered by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA by way of the disorder of Honnoji Incident, at the time, the old retainers of the Takeda Family were alloted to Naomasa II, counted one of the Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Tokugawa Ieyasu).
- 上述の通りだるまは、何らかの祈願が達成すると目入れをするが、だるまは縁起物、拝むものとしての側面を持っているために、仏像と同じく「開眼」する必要がある。
- As mentioned above, a purchaser paints in an eye of a daruma doll after the fulfillment of some special wish; however, daruma dolls are charms and objects of worship that require 'eyes-opening' (spiritual awakening) in the same manner as Buddhist images.
- (『信長公記』では「関東八州の御警固」「東国の儀御取次」、『伊達治家記録』では「東国奉行」、『甫庵信長記』と『武家事記』では「関東管領」と呼称されている。
- (In 'Shinchoko-ki' (Biography of Nobunaga ODA), the post was called 'Kanto-hasshu no gokeigo' (post guarding eight provinces in the Kanto region), or 'Togoku-no-gi otoritsugi' (agency post concerning matters related to the eastern part of Japan, particular Kanto region), in 'Date jika kiroku' (historical record of the Sendai clan), the post was called 'Togoku bugyo' (magistrate in the eastern part of Japan), and in 'Hoan Nobunaga-ki'(Biography of Nobunaga ODA written by Hoan OZE) and 'Buke-jiki' (record about samurai family), the post was called 'Kanto Kanrei.'
- 文治4年(1188年)、奥州藤原氏攻めの為に白河関に到った頼朝は、石川の地にある川辺八幡宮に戦勝祈願を行い、三日間の滞在後に伊達郡厚樫山の戦場に向かった。
- In 1188, when Yoritomo advanced to the Shirakawa Barrier to attack the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, he visited the Kawabe Hachiman-gu Shrine in the land of Ishikawa and prayed for a victory, and after three days' stay, headed for the battlefield of Mt. Atsukashi in Date-gun County.
- しかしながら、高額貨幣は、東日本は金貨(小判)が、西日本は銀貨(丁銀)が流通の基本となっており、その相場も日々変動したため、両替商などの金融業を発達した。
- However, in the eastern Japan gold coins (koban) were circulated as large denomination coins, while in the western Japan, silver coins (chogin), and the exchange rate fluctuated on a daily basis, the financial industry including money brokers developed.
- そして、近世城下町発展の最大の功労者は織田信長で、本格的な兵農分離を意図し武士を城下に集住させるとともに、市街に楽市楽座を設けて商工業の発達を活発にした。
- The most important person in relation to the development of jokamachi in the early-modern times was Nobunaga ODA, and with the idea of serious heinobunri in mind, he gathered bushi (warriors) near his castle and established Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) in the city areas to stimulate the development of commerce and trade.
- 内蔵寮の職掌は大蔵省より宮廷運営のために送付された金銀絹などをはじめとする天皇家の財産管理・宝物の保管・官人への下賜・調達など天皇家関係の出納事務である。
- The official duties of the Kuraryo are accounting duties related to the Emperor's family such as managing the Emperor's family fortune which included gold, silver and silk sent by the Ministry of Finance for running the court, the keeping of treasures, grants to courtiers, and procurement.
- 幕府は大目付永井尚志が長州代表を尋問して処分案を確定させ、老中小笠原長行を全権に内容を伝達して最後通牒を行うが、長州は回答を引き延ばして迎撃の準備を行う。
- Naoyuki NAGAI, Ometsuke (chief inspector) of the bakufu, interrogated the representative of Choshu to determine the sanctions, and appointed Nagamichi OGASAWARA as the plenipotentiary to deliver the ultimatum to Choshu, but the Choshu side postponed the reply to prepare for engaging the enemy.
- 大宝律令の施行は、660年代の百済復興戦争での敗戦以降、積み重ねられてきた古代国家建設事業が一つの到達点に至ったことを表す古代史上の画期的な事件であった。
- The enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo was an epoch-making event in the ancient history, which showed that a project of constructing an ancient nation which had been continued after the defeat in the war for the restoration of Baekje in the 660s, reached one of the goals.
- ただし、アルコール健康医学協会によると、アルコール度数5%の奈良漬けの場合、約60切れ(約400g)もの量を食べなければ基準値に達しないということである。
- However, according to the Health and Medicine of Alcohol Association, it would take approximately 60 narazuke (about 400 grams) with an alcohol content of 5% to reach the legal alcohol limit.
- しかし、越訴頭人は初代の頭人が金沢実時・安達泰盛であったように引付衆の中でも執権・連署を除く上首(最上位)もしくはそれに次ぐ御家人が任じられる慣例があった。
- However, among Hikitsukeshu, particularly joshu (the head) or second-tier vassal, except regency and rensho (assistant to regents), were customarily appointed as ossotonin; for example, the first ossotonin were Sanetoki KANEZAWA and Yasumori ADACHI.
- これを契機に北面武士の規模は急激に膨張し、元永元年(1118年)延暦寺の強訴を防ぐため賀茂河原に派遣された部隊だけで「千余人」に達したという(『中右記』)。
- From this point onwards, the number of Hokumen no Bushi grew quickly and it was said that the number of troops sent to defend the Kamo Kawara from the monks of Enryaku-ji Temple in 1118 numbered 'around 1,000 or so' ('Chuyuki' (Diary of a court official)).
- 1271年(文永8年)12月に長時の子北条義宗が北方として赴任し、六波羅評定衆の安達頼景が所領を没収されるなど、反鎌倉派の動きを封殺する措置が行われている。
- When Yoshimune HOJO, Nagatoki's son, took the post of Kitakata in January, 1272, he took measures to control the movements of the anti-Kamakura group, such as the confiscation of the shoryo (territory) of Yorikage ADACHI, who was a Rokuhara hyojoshu (a member of Council of State).
- 日系企業がアメリカ進出し始めた1970年代後半から現在にいたるまで、アメリカへ転勤により移住した駐在員家庭や現地留学、移民した人の子供達(例:マシ・オカ)。
- It refers to the children of those who lived or have been living in the U.S. because of a family member's job transfer, who studied in the U.S., or who immigrated to the U.S. since the late 1970s, when Japanese companies started penetrating the U.S. market (Ex. Masi OKA, a Japanese American actor).
- その中で使い古された具足を身に付けている者達を発見し、「あの者らは甲州からの家臣団であろう」と言い、確認が取れると「あれこそが本来の赤備え」と言ったという。
- Ieyasu is said to have told, discovering some warriors in worn-out armor among them, like 'Those warriors should be the vassals from Koshu.', and after the confirmation, 'That is a real Akazonae.'
- 更に高山義三京都市長や大達茂雄文部大臣が学校封鎖を「暴力革命」と非難して、当時の政治課題とされていた「教育2法案」の早期成立を訴えたために事態は益々混乱した。
- Furthermore, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor of Kyoto City, and Shigeo ODACHI, the Minister of Education condemned the blockage of the school as a 'Violent revolution' and required the early establishment of the 'Two Education Laws' that made the situation more confused.
- 第6代藩主・堀田正敦は陸奥国仙台藩主・伊達宗村 (仙台藩主)の八男であり、その経緯から若年寄、湯島聖堂再建の副奉行、『寛政重修諸家譜』などの編纂を務めている。
- The sixth lord of the domain, Masaatsu HOTTA, was the eighth son of Munemura DATE, the lord of the Sendai Domain in Mutsu Province, and due to such relationship, Masaatsu took positions as wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu, Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and fuku-bugyo (vice magistrate) for reconstruction of Yushima Seido (Sacred Hall at Yushima), and also engaged in compilation of 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu' (genealogies of vassals in the Edo bakufu).
- 王陽明自身は「天理を存し人欲を去る」という朱子学的な側面を捨てきってはいなかったが、下で述べるように、その弟子達は人欲を自然なものとして肯定していくのである。
- Wang Yangming did not completely deny the concept close to Shushigaku that 'awareness of the heavenly principal expels human desires', but his disciples gradually began approving these desires as natural.
- 大黒柱の看板スター達を相次いで失い、大型の新人スターも輩出できず、映画産業全体の斜陽やテレビ界の発展にも圧され、大映映画の観客数の落ち込みがさらに深刻になる。
- With its top box office earners leaving in rapid succession, no big stars emerging to take their place, and the motion picture industry itself losing its luster in the face of the dynamic growth of the TV industry, the decline in its moviegoing audience was further exacerbated.
- 千利休・織部の茶風に桃山時代の気風を取り入れた「綺麗さび」と呼ばれる茶風に達し、3代将軍徳川家光の茶道師範を務めた他、諸大名、公卿、僧侶などに茶道を指導した。
- He created the style of tea called 'kirei-sabi' (pure elegance), which fused the spirit of the Momoyama period with SEN no Rikyu and Oribe styles of tea ceremony; he became the tea master for the third shogun, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, and instructed many daimyo (feudal lords), nobles and Buddhist monks in the tea ceremony.
- これは、当時の文化先進地である西国において石垣を多用した築城が発達し、また東国においては、築城に適した石材の採取が困難であり、土塁の使用が多かったためとされる。
- It is understood that this is because castle construction using stone walls was developed in Saigoku which was culturally advanced area at that time and in Togoku, it was difficult to obtain stone materials which were suitable for castle building and therefore, dorui (earthen walls) were often used.
- 幕府の役所の下役で一代限り雇用名目の者達のうち、与力は本来は寄騎、つまり戦のたびに臨時の主従関係を結ぶ武士に由来する騎馬戦士身分で「侍」、同心は「徒士」である。
- Among those who worked under the bakufu's office and were nominally hired only in one generation, the '与力' (yoriki, a police sergeant) was originally '寄騎' (yoriki, lower-ranked samurai), that is, they were in the class of cavalry warriors who came from the bushi who established a temporal master-subordinate relationship every time war happened and were 'samurai,' and doshin (a police constable) were 'kachi.'
- 569年(欽明30)の春正月に、詔で吉備国の白猪屯倉(しらいのみやけ)では、年齢が十歳あまりに達しているのに、籍に漏れているために賦課を免ぜられている者が多い。
- In the spring of 569, an edict stated that many people were exempt from paying taxes even if they were older than ten years old because they were not listed in the family register in Shirai no Miyake, Kibi Province.
- かつてはそれぞれ孤立していた地方農村にも、鉄道の発達や自動車の出現による人々の移動や物資の流通増加にともない、このような都市の状況がいち早く伝わるようになった。
- Even in rural agricultural communities, which used to be isolated before, the situations in cities were quickly passed around by the movement of people and the increased distribution of goods along with the development of railways and introduction of automobiles.
- その後は治天の君に近侍する伝奏が直接自分達の上司でもある将軍・足利義満に伝達し、義満もしくは奉行などの幕府役人の意向も伝奏を経由して治天の君・天皇に取り次がれた。
- After that, the tenso who served the Chiten no kimi directly conveyed the messages to the shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who was his superior, and the intention of Yoshimitsu or the bakufu officials including bugyo (magistrate) was in return relayed to Chiten no kimi or the Emperor through the tenso.
- 国司は封戸物・正税物の調達に苦しみ、やむを得ず国内の土地に便補所(べんぽしょ、便宜上それに当てる場所)を設定して、そこから上がる官物で肩代わりさせるようになった。
- The Kokushi (officers of local government) struggled to collect Fukomotsu and Shozeimotsu and had to set Benbojo (places that were designated for convenience) within their province and used the crops collected in these fields to pay the taxes.
- その特種な存在であった千葉氏や、鎌倉権五郎景正の一族ら、辺境軍事貴族の子孫達が絡む、例えば大庭御厨の事件にしても、武士同士の戦乱とはほど遠い小競り合いにすぎない。
- It was just a small fight, far from a quarrel, between samurai in the case of the Chiba clan of a special existence, the clan of Gongoro kagemasa KAMAKURA, descendants of frontier military aristocracy, and even in the incident of Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch).
- また大久保達はこれ以降、政治の実権を握る事になったが、いわゆる「征韓論」に対しては大久保らも、交渉決裂に際して朝鮮半島での武力行使の方針自体には反対ではなかった。
- Okubo and other leaders, who held power after this event, also were not against Seikanron and the policy of executing military power in the Korean Peninsula after a breakdown in negotiations.
- 日本美術の流れを理解するには、常に中国や朝鮮半島の美術史と対比して考えねばならず、日本の美術が日本人のみの手によって自律的に発達したものと考えることは誤りである。
- Therefore, in order to understand the trend of Japanese art, it should always be compared with the art history of China and Korea, and if you think Japanese developed their art all by themselves, it is wrong.
- また、九州の大友氏、関東の後北条氏、東北の伊達氏などは信長に恭順する姿勢を見せており、このまま順調にいけば、織田政権による天下統一はほぼ達成されるとみられていた。
- The Otomo clan in Kyushu, the Gohojo clan in Kanto, and the Date clan in Tohoku also signaled their allegiance, so the Oda Government was expected to unify the whole country if things went well.
- 鎌倉時代後期になると、幕府が直接両使を派遣することに代えて、守護に施行状で下達し、守護が使節を選定し遵行状に基づき遵行を実施するようなケースも見られるようになる。
- In the late Kamakura period, some cases emerged in which the Bakufu, instead of sending ryoshi directly, sent shigyojo (a letter conveying orders from the head to the subjects) to a Shugo, who in turn selected an envoy and carried out this procedure based on the shigyojo.
- 陸奥へ達した朝廷軍は、蝦夷側の首領阿弖流爲の根拠地である胆沢の入り口にあたる衣川村に軍を駐屯させて日を重ねていたが、5月末に桓武天皇の叱責を受けて行動を起こした。
- The Imperial army reached Mutsu Province and spent several days staying in Koromogawa Village at the entrance of the Isawa where the chieftain Aterui of the Emishi side was based, then after the Emperor Kanmu's reprimand, it took action at the end of June.
- しかし、明治時代になって旧街道が廃れ、鉄道網が発達してくると、徒歩や牛馬による交通が減少し、旅籠も廃業に追い込まれたり、駅前に移転するところが相次ぐようになった。
- However, as kyu-kaido (old road) fell into disuse and network of railroads developed in the Meiji period, transportation on foot or by cow or horse decreased and as a result hatago have been driven out of business or relocated in front of the station one after another.
- また、Bocquetは、Coleman-McGheeの元ギネス世界記録38回を達成するためには、秒速12メートルの速度と、毎秒14回転が必要であると算出している。
- Bocquet has calculated that it requires a speed of 12 m/s and spinning at 14 revolutions per second to achieve 38 skips, the former Guinness world record set by Coleman-McGhee.
- しかし「音容兼美」と言われるほど美しい声と優れた美貌であったため、兵達が見惚れて士気が上がらず、敵に侮られるのを恐れ、必ず獰猛な仮面をかぶって出陣したと言うもの。
- However, since Changgong GAO had such a golden voice and was so handsome that people described him as 'Onyo Kenbi' (having both an excellent voice and looks), he wore a fierce mask in every battle so that the enemy would not look down on his soldiers, who might otherwise be demoralized due to their fascination with him.
- なお、林野庁ではこの削減を達成するために、例えば間伐tree thinningについては平成19〜24年の 6年間に 330万ヘクタール で実施することとしている。
- For example, Forestry Agency has announced that tree thinning will be carried out in three million and three hundred thousand hectares in six years from 2007 to 2012 to achieve the reduction target.
- 公武合体派の一橋慶喜、京都守護職松平容保(会津藩主)、松平春嶽(前福井藩主)、山内容堂(前土佐藩主)、伊達宗城(前宇和島藩主)、島津久光らによる参与会議が成立する。
- Then an advisory council was formed by Keiki HITOTSUBASHI, who supported Kobu gattai, Katamori MATSUDAIRA (Head of the Aizu clan), who was the Military Commissioner of Kyoto, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA (former Head of the Fukui clan), Yodo YAMAUCHI (former Head of the Tosa clan), Munenari DATE (former Head of the Uwajima clan) and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU.
- 飛散量の増加の原因は、戦後、建材および治水・治山の目的で全国に広くスギが植林され、それらが1960年代後半より花粉生産力の強い樹齢30年程度に達し始めたためである。
- The reason for the increase in airborne pollen levels is the widespread Japanese cedar afforestation that took place throughout Japan after the Second World War in order to provide building materials as well as for the purposes of flood control and forest conservation, and it was in the latter half of the 1960s that these trees began to reach the age of 30 years when they have the greatest pollen producing capacity.
- これによって一族の財産や地位の分散を最小限に止め、血筋の尊貴さと正当性を有する嫡流は氏族の栄達を成し遂げ得る存在であり、庶流とも官位などの面で大きな差がつけられた。
- This minimized the risk of dispersing their fortunes and ranks; chakuryu, who held nobility and legitimacy of blood, were those who could advance the status of their clans and were greatly favored over the shoryu in terms of official ranks, for example.
- 城将の鳥居元忠とその兵達が予想外の奮戦を見せ、また包囲軍の内部にも三成らに強制的に西軍として与させられた者がおり、戦意が上がらなったなどの要因があったためとされる。
- The reasons for this include the facts that Mototada TORII, the commander-in-chief, and his troop fought back unexpectedly against the attacking force and that the besieging army had some soldiers who had been forced to join the western army by Mitsunari and some other people and thus had little will to fight.
- 森博達は1999年の『日本書紀の謎を解く』において、「十七条憲法の漢文の日本的特徴(和習)から7世紀とは考えられず、『日本書紀』編纂とともに創作されたもの」とした。
- Hiromichi MORI commented in 'Nihon shoki no nazo o toku' (Solving the Enigma of the Chronicles of Japan) published in 1999 as follows: 'Considering the grammatical deviations affected by Japanese (washu) in the kanbun (Chinese classics) used in The 17-Article Constitution, it is unlikely that the Constitution was established in the seventh century, and it was created at the time when the 'Nihonshoki' was compiled.'
- もしこの目的が達成できない状況にあるとき、たとえば官位に就いてもその道がないとき、または道はあっても官位に就けないときは自らの意思で隠逸すべきであると説かれている。
- It describes that when one is in the situation in which he can not realize this goal, for example, he has no way even if he takes an official position or he can not take an official position even if he has a way, he should become a recluse of his own will.
- 農業生産の向上や商工業及び交通の発達によって貨幣流通が盛んになるにつれて広く行われるようになり、室町時代には最初から銭納を想定した公事に対してもこの名称が用いられた。
- It was widespread, as money became circulating more rapidly due to agricultural production increase, and development of commerce, industry, and transportation; and in the Muromachi period, this name was also applied to kuji which was decided to be paid by money from the beginning.
- 翌天正16年(1588年)1月、最上家の本家にあたり正室の実家でもある大崎氏の内紛に伊達政宗が武力介入すると(大崎合戦)、義光は政宗を討つべく大崎領に援軍を派遣した。
- When Masamune DATE intervened in an internal disturbance of the Osaki clan by using force, which is called the Battle of Osaki in January and February 1588, since the Osaki family was the head house of the Mogami family as well as the family home of Yoshiaki's lawful wife, Yoshiaki sent reinforcements to Osaki's territory.
- しかし、実際の取扱いとしては、その後もそのような区別が厳密にされていたとは言い難く、一般国民を拘束する内容を持つものであっても太政官達の形式により定めたものもあった。
- Yet the rule was apparently not strictly applied, as in practice the Dajokan Tasshi form was still used to promulgate binding regulations intended for the public.
- 古文書の部に分類されている物件には厳密な意味での「文書」(特定の発信元と宛て先があり、何らかの目的を達するために作成するもの)だけではなく、日記などの記録類をも含む。
- The items classified as Ancient Documents are not strictly speaking limited to 'letter documents' (which notably are those documents written to have both a sender and an addressee, and with some kind of specific goal or purpose in mind), but also include diaries and other kinds of documents of record.
- これに対し美濃部達吉は、著書『憲法講話』において上記植民地の見解をふまえ「凡て殖民地には憲法は施行せられないと解するのが正当な解釈である」として政府の解釈を否定した。
- On the other hand, with regard to the above assumption about colonies, Tatsukichi MINOBE denied the interpretation of the government, stating that it was legitimate to interpret that the Constitution should not be enforced to all colonies,' in his book 'the Lecture of the Constitution.'
- 大晦日の夜、志摩の国漁協波切支所にて複数の名のり船頭と中学生以下子供達が集まり、伊勢音頭を歌って行事が始まる(この時の伊勢音頭は当地にアレンジされているものである)。
- On the night of New Year's Eve, several Nanori-sendo boatmen and children of junior high school students and younger gather in the Namikiri branch of the Shimano-kuni fisheries cooperative association and the event starts with the Ise Dance song (the song played at the moment is the one arranged locally).
- ヨーロッパの馬術は古代ギリシアで発達し、クセノポンの著作は現存する最古の馬術書として知られているが、近代馬術はルネサンス期のイタリアでクセノポンの再評価から始まった。
- The European equestrianism had been originally developed in ancient Greece; a work by Xenophon is known as the oldest equestrian textbook; the modern equestrianism was developed in the Renaissance of Italy through appreciating Xenophon's work.
- これは地方の領主達にとって負担も確かに大きいものの、一方で「ハレ」の場であり、中央の勢力とのコネクションを得る為にもと意気込み、それがまた「武士身分の獲得」ともなった。
- While it proved to be a heavy burden for district lords, it was the place of 'hare' (the non-ordinary space and time of ceremonies), and they were eager to obtain power and connections of the central government, and also attain the 'establishment of samurai social status.'
- 慶長2年(1597年)の作戦目標は全羅道及び忠清道を成敗することで、目標の達成後は城塞(倭城)を築城し、城の在番担当を定め、それ以外の軍は帰国する計画が定められていた。
- In 1597, the aim of the campaign was to demolish Jeolla-do and Chungcheo-do, and after attaining that objective the plan was to build fortresses (Japanese castles) and choose residents for them, whereupon the rest of the army would return to Japan.
- 除目の儀をひそかに覗う、五節舞で五節の帳台の戸を開いて舞姫を見るなどの失態、諸朝議に遅参し、または不参し、あるいはまた文書の奏達に失錯を演じたものにたいしておこなわれた。
- Peeping during the Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials), opening the Gosechi chodai and looking at the Gosechi princesses at the Gosechi no mai Dance (dance performance as part of a harvest festival), being late or absent from various chogi (ceremony at Imperial Court), or making mistakes when officially relaying documents were all activities that led to Meshikome.
- この火災で東は河原町・木屋町・大和大路まで、北は上御霊神社・鞍馬口通・今宮御旅所まで、西は智恵光院通・大宮通・千本通まで、南は東本願寺西本願寺両本願寺・六条通まで達した。
- The fire spread to Kawaramachi, Kiyamachi and Yamatooji-dori Street in the east; Kamigoryo-jinja Shrine, Kuramaguchi-dori Street and Imamiya otabisho in the north; Chiekoin-dori Street, Omiya-dori Street and Senbon-dori Street in the west; and both Higashi Hongan-ji Temple and Nishi Hongan-ji Temple and Rokujo-dori Street in the south.
- 同年4月9日、摂津国の主だった国衆達は細川高国方につき、また大内義興軍が接近しつつある情勢を不利と読んだ細川澄元や三好之長は、自らの屋敷に火を放ち再び近江国に落ち延びた。
- On May 18, 1508, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI realized the disadvantage of having a band of kunishu (local samurai) who ruled Settsu Province take the side of Takakuni HOSOKAWA and also of the army of Yoshioki OUCHI close at hand, set fire to their residence and fled to Omi Province again.
- そこで義尚は本陣を栗太郡に位置する鈎の安養寺へ移し、甲賀城を攻めてこれを落城させるのだが、脱出した六角父子は配下の甲賀武士達に命じ、山中でゲリラを展開して頑強に抵抗した。
- Then, Yoshihisa moved the headquarter to Magari no Anyo-ji Temple located in Kurita-gun County and attacked the Koka-jo Castle, and the Koka-jo Castle fell, but the father and the son Rokkaku escaped and ordered the Koga warriors who followed them to resist adamantly against Ashikaga by guerrilla warfare in the mountains.
- 2009年(平成21年)5月現在、現行法令としての効力を有すると解される太政官布告・太政官達は、法令データ提供システムには11件、日本法令索引には10件が掲載されている。
- As of May 2009, there are 11 Dajokan Fukoku and Tasshi listed as currently effective on the Japan Laws and Regulations Data Service System (法令データ提供システム), or 10 according to the Japan Laws and Regulations Index (日本法令索引).
- 1911年(明治44年)、第二次桂太郎内閣の外相小村寿太郎は日米修好通商条約を改訂した日米通商航海条約に関税自主権を盛り込んだ修正条項に調印、ここに条約改正が達成された。
- In 1911, the Foreign Minister of the second Taro KATSURA Cabinet, Jutaro KOMURA signed the modification provisions which included tariff autonomy in the American-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, a revised version of the American-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce, and thus the revision of the treaty was completed.
- ただ、これらは明治6年5月8日の太政官布達第154号による官等表改正で軍隊における階級呼称一覧として引き続き用いられ、西欧近代軍の階級呼称を和訳する際にも当てはめられた。
- However, these were continuously used as the title of military ranks established by the Dajokan Futatsu No. 154 issued on May 8, 1873 as well as for the Japanese translation of the title of military ranks of Western Modern army.
- 憲法学者の美濃部達吉、植民政策学者の新渡戸稲造、矢内原忠雄など社会科学者は概ね植民地であると見なしていたが、歴史学者の田保橋潔や思想家の北一輝などは植民地ではないとした。
- Tatsukichi MINOBE, a scholar of constitutional law, and Inazo NITOBE, a scholar of colonial policies, as well as social scientists such as Tadao YANAIHARA generally considered it as a colony, while Kiyoshi TABOBASHI, a historian, Ikki KITA, a thinker, and others did not.
- 西郷軍では篠原が編成の責任者となり、桐野が軍需品の収集調達、村田新八が兵器の調達整理、永山弥一郎が新兵教練、池上が募兵をそれぞれ担当し、12日頃に一応の準備が整えられた。
- In Saigo's army, SHINOHARA became responsible for troop formation, KIRINO became in charge of logistics, Shinpachi MURATA in charge of supply and maintenance of arms, Yaichiro NAGAYAMA in charge of recruit training, and IKEGAMI in charge of recruiting, then, around February 12, the army was mostly prepared.
- 遠国御用のたびに立ち寄ることになる京都、大坂には、毎回御用を命ぜられた御庭番が立ち寄る御用達町人が御庭番の隠密調査を支援するための一種の現地スタッフとして配置されていた。
- In Kyoto and Osaka where the oniwaban often visited on the ongokugoyo trip, the purveyors were stationed as the local staff to support the secretive investigation by the oniwaban.
- 金座成立以後、後藤家は御金改役(ごきんあらためやく)として本石町の役宅において金貨の鑑定と検印のみを行い、実際の鋳造は小判師(こばんし)などと呼ばれる職人達が行っていた。
- After the establishment of kin-za, the Goto family only worked for appraising and approving of gold coins as Gokin Aratame-yaku (inspector of gold coins) at the official residence in Hongoku-cho and actual casting was performed by workmen called koban-shi.
- そのような永続的な衝突を可能にしたほど経済が急速に質量ともに発達していき、それまでの無名の庶民が様々な形で成功を収めることができる経済成長期であったことが時代を支えていた。
- This period was supported by the fact that it was a period of economic growth in which nameless average persons could achieve success in various forms thanks to rapid quantitative and qualitative developments which enabled such endlessly repeated quarrels.
- 朝廷と幕府の緊張はしだいに高まり、後鳥羽上皇は討幕の意志を固めたが、土御門天皇はこれに反対し、摂政近衛家実やその父近衛基通をはじめ多くの公卿達も反対、または消極的であった。
- Tension between the Court and the shogunate gradually escalated, and the retired Emperor Gotoba's intention to strike down the shogunate hardened, but Emperor Tsuchimikado opposed this plan, as did many of the Court nobles, including the regent Iezane KONOE and his father, Motomichi KONOE, and many nobles opposed the plan or supported it only halfheartedly.
- 芸者妲妃の小万 実は神谷召使お六 神谷の家人の娘であるお六は、父に勘当された三五郎と夫婦となり、三五郎の勘当を解いてもらうため、百両の金子を調達するために、芸者をしている。
- Geisha, Dakki no Koman (in fact a servant of the Kamiya family, Oroku's disguise): a daughter of a retainer of the Kamiya family, Oroku married Mitsugoro who had been disowned by his father, and worked as a geisha to gain 100 ryo so that Mitugoro's father could forgive his son.
- 初代鴈治郎には中村梅玉 (2代目)や市川中車 (7代目)が、二代目鴈治郎には片岡仁左衛門 (13代目)、現藤十郎には市村羽左衛門 (17代目)など腕達者な役者がつきあった。
- Great actors played such supporting roles like Baigyoku NAKAMURA the second and Chusha ICHIKAWA the seventh for Ganjiro the first, Nizaemon KATAOKA the 13th for Ganjiro the second, and Uzaemon ICHIMURA the 17th for present-day Tojuro.
- 椀飯には「殿上の椀飯」と「所々の椀飯」があり、必要な場合にその都度所管の殿上人数名に分担して調達させていたが、あくまでも公式な行事部分とは一線を画した弁当・軽食の類であった。
- Oban was classified into 'Tenjo no oban' and 'Shosho no oba' and this was gathered by the several designated tenjobito (high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) when necessary, but these were bento (packed meals)/light snacks that were considered separate from the official ceremony.
- ただし、極端な場合には持ち合わせの財産が債権額に達しないことを理由として一般的には差し押さえの対象にはならないと考えられていたウシやウマ、妻子などを差し押さえる場合もあった。
- In extreme cases, however, cows, horses, wives and children, not considered to be subject to seizure in general, were occasionally attached for the alleged reason that the property on hand of a debtor was short of the amount of credit.
- また、明軍と李氏朝鮮との交渉により鴨緑江より朝鮮側の兵糧供給は李氏朝鮮側の調達及び輸送と取り決められたため、自軍と政府の維持も含めて李氏朝鮮は民衆から過酷な食料調達を行った。
- As it was decided in negotiations between the armies of Ming and Yi Dynasty Korea thet, with respect to supply of provisions to the area on the Korea side from the Yalu River, Yi Dynasty Korea was responsible for procurement and transportation, Yi Dynasty Korea cruelly conducted confiscation of goods and services from common people including maintenance of both their own army and the government.
- 降って治承4年(1180年)に源頼政が以仁王と語らって挙兵した際には、決起を促す諸国の源氏の一群の中に親治とその子達の名前が見え、なおも国内に一勢力を保っていたことが窺える。
- In 1180, MINAMOTO no Yorimasa and Prince Mochihito joined forces and raised an army; the names of Chikaharu and his sons appeared among the group of the Minamoto clan that encouraged insurrection in many districts, and this shows that Yamato-Genji still maintained their power within the province.
- 同じころ幕府でも安達泰盛が主導する徳政が行われており、亀山と泰盛とのあいだには文化交流など個人的なつながりもあることから、公武両徳政には密接な連関があるものと考えられている。
- At the same time, the bakufu had political reforms led by Yasumori ADACHI, it is thought that there was a close relationship between virtuous governments in both Imperial and Military courts due to the fact that there were cultural exchanges at the individual level between Kameyama and Yasumori.
- 『忠臣蔵』などの芝居に由来する通説では、院使饗応役の伊達左京亮が黄金100枚、狩野探幽の絵などを吉良上野介へ進物をしたのに対して、潔癖な浅野内匠頭は鰹節2本しか贈らなかった。
- According to a popular theory originated in the play 'Chushingura,' Sakyonosuke DATE, who was in charge of attending to Inshi (a messenger from the Retired Emperor), sent 100 pieces of gold and Tanyu KANO's paintings to Kira Kozuke no Suke, whereas he sent two dried bonito to Asano Takumi no Kami, since he was known to be scrupulous.
- 翌1886年(明治19年)2月26日には、法令の効力や形式を定式化するため、公文式 (勅令)(明治19年勅令第1号)が制定され、太政官布告・太政官達という法形式は廃止された。
- The Kobun-shiki (official style) Chokurei (Imperial Ordinance) No. 1 of February 26, 1886 was promulgated to formalize the validity and style of laws, and abolish the usage of Dajokan Fukoku and Tasshi styles of law.
- この合戦(「松川合戦」「宮代表合戦」)に関しては、伊達家と上杉家は双方で戦果を強調しており、また時期を巡っても研究者の間でも、慶長5年10月説、慶長6年4月説、混合説がある。
- Both the Date family and the Uesugi family emphasize their accomplishments in the battle ('the Battle of Matsukawa' 'the Battle of Miyashiro Omote'), and there are various theories on the date of the battle such as October, 1600 and April, 1601, or a combined theory.
- 他者との比較を通じて文明/野蛮の差異を計測し、その差異を埋める/広げるという欲望を喚起することによって富国強兵を達成しようとする思想構造が列強諸国にも、非列強諸国にもあった。
- Both powerful and non powerful countries shared a mindset to accomplish fortifying their country by measuring the difference between being civilized and barbarian by comparison, and inciting a desire to minimize or expand the difference.
- また、学制の整備によって宣教政策の目的が達成されるとの観点から、政府は教部省の存在自体を懐疑的に捉える結末となり、上記の混乱によって既存の宗教勢力は右往左往することとなった。
- In addition, the Meiji government considered that the establishment of the educational system throughout Japan could satisfy the purpose of national edification at the same time and thus became skeptical of Kyobusho, and these inconsistencies made the existing religious groups rush around in confusion.
- 鎌倉幕府は5代執権北条時頼没後その嫡男北条時宗が若年のため傍系の6代北条長時、ついで7代北条政村が執政し、これを漸く成年に達した連署の北条時宗らが補佐する体制が敷かれていた。
- In Kamakura bakufu, after the death of the fifth regent Tokiyori HOJO, whose heir Tokimune HOJO was too young, Nagatoki HOJO from a branch line became the sixth regent, who was succeeded by the seventh regent Masamura HOJO, and then Tokimune HOJO finally reached the age of manhood and supported Masamura as rensho (assistant to regents).
- しかし、現代において中国で生産される物には粗製濫造品が増え、一方の国産品は煎茶道愛好家の需要や好みを満足させるレベルに達しておらず、入手が非常に困難な道具の一つとなっている。
- Although today, since the Teiran baskets produced by China are increasingly inferior in quality while those produced in Japan have not reached the level of satisfying demands and tastes of Senchado fanciers, good Teiran is one of the tools rarely available in markets.
- 大国ロシアに対して戦勝を記録したことは、諸外国にも反響を与えたが、嘉永年間以来の黒船の衝撃と、その後目指した西欧列強に並ぶ近代国家づくりの目標は一応達成されたとする説もある。
- Japan's victory over the major power Russia made an impact abroad but there was an opinion that its objective to develop itself to become a modern nation comparable to Western powerful countries after the earth-shattering visit by Kurofune during the Kaei era (1848-1854) was at least accomplished.
- 元寇防衛に働いた九州御家人の恩賞・訴訟を判定するため、安達泰盛は九州に合議制の奉行(鎮西談議所)を置いていたが、頼綱はそれに代えて、得宗派で固めた新機関(鎮西探題)を設置した。
- Yasumori ADACHI established the magistrate's office of council system (Chinzeidangisho (magistrate's office of Kyushu region)) in Kyushu to judge Onsho (reward grants) and lawsuits for Kyushu gokenin who had worked for the defense of Japan against Mongol invasion attempts, but Yoritsuna, instead of this, founded a new institution (Chinzei tandai (office of the military governor of Kyushu)) which was managed only by the Tokuso party.
- 春になると、表土を覆った積雪が融け、高気圧の勢力が弱まる代わりに偏西風が強まり、低気圧が発達しながら通過するなどして風が強い日が増えるため、黄砂の発生も増えると考えられている。
- It is considered that kosa occurs more frequently in spring by the following conditions: Melting snow on the topsoil, being stronger westerlies by weaker high pressures, increasing windy days by passing of developing low pressure, and so on.
- 壬申約条において通交に制限を加えられたのは、宗氏のように朝鮮王朝にとって陪臣に当たる者達であり、朝鮮王朝と同格である日本国王(室町幕府)の使節の通交を制限するものではなかった。
- The Jinshin Yakujo imposed trading restrictions on parties who were considered equivalent to vassals of the Korean Dynasty such as the So clan, and this treaty did not intend to restrict relations with the king of Japan (the Muromachi bakufu), who had the same rank as the Korean Dynasty.
- 頼綱が有力御家人の安達泰盛を霜月騒動で滅ぼして恐怖政治を敷いたり、北条高時の時代に長崎高綱(円喜)・長崎高資父子が専横を極めたように、内管領には執権や得宗を凌駕する者も現れた。
- There appeared some Uchi-kanrei whose political power overshadowed the regents and the Tokuso family; for example, Yoritsuna destroyed Yasumori ADACHI, a senior vassal, in the Shimotsuki Incident and unleashed a reign of terror, or Takatsuna (Enki) NAGASAKI and his son Takasuke NAGASAKI ruled with tyranny in the time of Takatoki HOJO.
- 松方は進歩党からは大隈の外務大臣 (日本)以外の入閣は認めなかったものの、内閣書記官長・内閣法制局長官、更に当時勅任官であった参事官の一部を進歩党系から出すことで合意に達した。
- MATSUKATA did not accept the Progressive Party members joining the Cabinet, except for OKUMA as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan), but agreed to select the General secretary of the Cabinet, the director of Cabinet Legislation Bureau, as well as some counsellors who were appointed by the Emperor at the time from the Progressive Party side.
- 一例をあげると、明治3年9月18日の太政官布達第604号で兵部省に設けられた「将・佐・尉・曹」(陸海軍大将から陸海軍權曹長の11等級)は律令制下の武官にはみられない序列である。
- For example, the military ranks of 'sho, sa, i, so' (11 ranks from Rikukaigun taisho [general of Army and Navy]) to Rikukaigun gon no socho [Deputy Sergeant Major of Army and Navy]) which were established at Hyobusho (Ministry of Military) by Dajokan Futatsu (promulgate of Grand Council of State) No. 604 issued on October 12, 1870, were not seen in the military system of Ritsuryo system.
- また、記録によれば、一万数千の首の内、偽首を取られるなど殺害された民衆が数多くおり、生き残ったものの奴隷狩りに遭った者の数は大人から年端の行かぬ子供まで数千人に達したとされる。
- According to documents, among ten and some thousands of beheaded people, many ordinary people were included who were murdered for nisekubi (false head) and the number of people who survived but were captured as slaves reached as many as thousands from adults to young children.
- 1981年には森博達が「唐代北方音と上代日本語の母音評価」でエ段以外の甲乙に差があることを認める7母音説を発表するとともに、唐代北方音と切韻を利用した具体的音価の推定を試みた。
- In 1981 Hiromichi MORI, in his 'The Northern Dialect of the Tang Dynasty and the Phonetic Value of the Vowels in Old Japanese', published a theory of seven vowels, recognizing the distinction between the A- and B-types other than those with the vowel of エ (e), and tried to presume concrete sounds using the northern dialect of the Tang dynasty and phonetically arranged dictionary of ancient Chinese characters.
- 小荷駄の規模は遠征か防衛か、移動時・戦地における現地調達(収奪、買い上げ)の容易さ、動員兵力の規模、要員として動員される領民の状態など様々な要素を鑑みた結果、決定され編成される。
- The size of konida was decided and organized as a result of weighing various factors such as whether the battle was an expedition or a defense, ease of delivering the goods during transfer as well as at the battleground (either by confiscation or by purchase), size of the mobilized army, condition of the people of the domain mobilized as troop members.
- さらに574年(敏達天皇3)十月の条に、大臣(おおおみ)の蘇我馬子(そがのうまこ)を吉備に遣わし、白猪屯倉と田部とを増益して、その田部の名籍を膽津に授けたとある(『日本書紀』)。
- Furthermore, according to an article from October 574, SOGA no Umako, O-omi, was sent to Kibi in order to increase profits from Shirai no Miyake and tabe, and a Meiseki (a card showing official rank, name and age) of the tabe was granted to Itsu ('Nihonshoki').
- 愛宕の計画に加わっていた久留米藩士達も当然、本国の同志や彼らの庇護下にあった大楽と連絡を取り合っていたことから、愛宕・外山・久留米藩及び大楽による三角同盟が形成されることとなった。
- Since the Kurume retainers taking part in Otagi's plan were naturally in contact with the members in their domain and Dairaku under their shelter, a triangle alliance among Otagi, Toyama, Kurume clan, and Dairaku was formed.
- これに伴い、戦国大名にとっては、戦国時代から始まるとして世界遺産にも指定された石見銀山に代表されるように、領内にある金山・銀山の運営が、軍資金の調達のために戦略的な重要性を増した。
- As a result, for sengoku daimyo, operation of gold and silver mines in the territory increased their strategic importance as a means to raise war funds as represented by Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine which was designated a World Heritage as commenced in the Sengoku Period.
- 東勝寺に篭った北条一族と家臣は、『太平記』によれば、長崎高重、摂津道準から順にそれぞれ腹を切り、最後に北条高時、安達時顕と自害したという。(他に北条基時、長崎高資、北条貞顕など)。
- Taiheiki said all members of the Hojo clan and their vassals shut themselves up in Tosho-ji Temple and committed suicide by disembowelment (harakiri) in turn, from Takashige NAGASAKI and Dojun SETTSU, and in the end, Takatoki HOJO and Tokiaki ADACHI; also, Mototoki HOJO, Takasuke NAGASAKI, Sadaaki HOJO committed suicide on this occasion.
- 慶長5年(1600年)6月6日、大坂城西出丸において軍議が招集され、家康・秀忠が白河口、佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)が仙道口、伊達政宗が白石口、前田利長・堀秀治が越後口と布陣が決定した。
- On June 6, 1600, a war council was convened in the Nishi-demaru (defense strongpoint) of the Osaka-jo Castle and it was determined that Ieyasu and Ietada would take up their position at Shirakawa-guchi Gate, Yoshinobu SATAKE (Ukyo no daibu [Master of the Western Capital Offices]) at Sendo-guchi Gate, Masamune DATE at Shiraishi-guchi Gate, and Toshinaga MAEDA and Hideharu HORI at Echigo-guchi Gate.
- しかし宋代の学者からすると、これら訓詁の学者は、六経(五経)に込められた聖人(孔子など)の本旨を正しく理解できておらず、改めて聖人の本旨を理解する試みが必要であるとの認識に達した。
- Song Dynasty scholars thought that Kunkogaku scholars did not correctly understand the true aim of the sages (such as Confucius) contained in the Six Classics (or the Five Classics) and they therefore believed it was necessary to attempt to understand the spirit of the sages from the beginning.
- 「砲第五号 砲兵支廠鹿児島属廠設置之スナイトル弾薬器械其廠ヘ備附其廠ニ於テ製作可致此旨相達候事但入費之儀ハ其廠額金之内ヲ以取計 追而不足之節可申出事 十年一月八日 陸軍卿山県有朋」
- 砲第五号 砲兵支廠鹿児島属廠設置之スナイトル弾薬器械其廠ヘ備附其廠ニ於テ製作可致此旨相達候事但入費之儀ハ其廠額金之内ヲ以取計 追而不足之節可申出事 十年一月八日 陸軍卿山県有朋'
- 一方、幕府創設以来の御家人達にとって、一段身分が低く、あくまでも北条家の家臣に過ぎない内管領・御内人が権勢を振るう事への反発は強く、それら外様御家人層の多くが泰盛方に加わっていた。
- On the other hand, Gokenins since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu were offended by Uchi-Kanrei and Miuchibito since Uchi-kanreia holding the reins of power despite they were of lower ranks than Gokenin and, as a result, most of tozama gokenin (nonhereditary lower-ranking vassal in the Kamakura period) joined Yasumori's party.
- そのような時に芸者に入れ揚げる身持ち放埓は、盗まれた御用金百両を調達して義士の一味に加えられるよう謀っていることを敵方に知られないようにする計略であると、源五兵衛は八右衛門に諭す。
- At such a crisis of the ex-master's family, Gengobe seemed to have been losing himself in playing with a geisha; however, he at last explains to Hachiemon that his such stupid behavior has been the disguise for deceiving the enemies, in fact, he has been secretly trying to prepare 100 ryo for the stolen money and to be allowed to join the group of the loyal avengers by offering the money.
- 荘園制の発達と公地公民制の解体の過程で荘園領主は自己の政治力を背景として国役や臨時雑役などを免除させることで寄作者を自己の荘園内に移住させて荘園内に取り込もうとした(名体制の成立)。
- During the process of the development of the shoen system and the demise of Kochi-komin sei (the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens), the shoen owners, by utilizing their political influence, endeavored to secure the cultivators as residents of their own shoen by entitling them to the exemptions of the public duties or the temporary odd-job duties; such a process is known as the establishment of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land).
- 弘仁元年(810年)の薬子の変をきっかけに蔵人所が設置されると、従来は後宮の内侍司を通して伝えられていた天皇の勅旨の太政官への伝達が、次第に蔵人所の職事によって行われるようになった。
- When the kurodo dokoro was founded after the Kusuko Incident in 810, the shikiji at the kurodo dokoro gradually assumed the role of conveying the imperial edict to the Daijokan -- the order had conventionally been conveyed by naishishi (also referred to as naishi no tsukasa; messengers from the palace attendants) at kokyu (the women's quarters of the Imperial Palace).
- 戦争が開始され、日本軍・明軍・朝鮮軍による現地調達による食料消費と治安悪化のために農民が耕作を放棄することで流民が流民を生み、飢えた民衆は敵味方より略奪することで飢えを凌ごうとした。
- After the war began, because of the consumption of food locally procured by troops of Japan, Ming, and Korea and the deteriorated safety, farmers gave up cultivation and roaming people created further roaming people, and starved people tried to keep hunger at bay by robbing both from enemies and by obtaining favors.
- しかし上述の様に足軽の中には常時雇用される者もおり、そうした者達は実質的には何代も同じ主君に仕え、同時に武士の一員として遇されていた事から、傭兵と封建兵の中間に位置する存在と言える。
- However, as stated above, there were ashigaru who were employed full-time and would serve the same master for several generations, and there were also ashigaru who were treated as samurai, so it can be said that ashigaru occupied a status intermediate between those of mercenaries and feudal soldiers.
- こうした内乱で大きな働きをした平清盛は、武士の身分でありながら異例の栄達を遂げ(平清盛の実父が白河天皇だったためとする説もある)、仁安 (日本)2年(1167年)には太政大臣となる。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori was highly successful in quelling these rebellions and attained exceptional advancement even though he belonged to the warrior class (there are theories proposing that Emperor Shirakawa was TAIRA no Kiyomori's biological father), reaching the post of Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) in 1167.
- この乱を「洞の乱」とも呼ぶのはこの内乱に参加した伊達氏家臣は勿論、一般には外部の戦国大名と認識されている蘆名氏や最上氏・相馬氏などもこの乱の当時においては洞の一員であったからである。
- The reason why this internal war was also called 'The Utsuro War,' was because those who participated, the vassals of the Date clan as well as the Ashina, Mogami and Soma clans, who were generally regarded as independent Sengoku daimyo, were members of Date's Utsuro at the time of the war.
- この一連の改革が歴史家によって評価の対象にされたのは意外と遅く、幕末の紀州藩重臣であった伊達千広(陸奥宗光の実父)が『大勢三転考』を著して、初めて歴史的価値を見出したと言われている。
- It was unexpectedly late that this series of Reforms became the object of estimation by historians and it is said to be DATE Chihiro (natural father of MUTSU Munemitsu), a senior vassal of the Kishu Domain at the end of the Edo Period, who first discovered the historical value of the Reforms by writing 'Taisei-Santen-ko' (Three Stages in the Historical of Japan).
- レギュラー版は「高崎だるま」に似たプラスチック容器を用いているが、古いだるま弁当を再現した「復刻だるま弁当」は瀬戸物の眼光鋭い達磨の表情を描いた容器となっており、全く別の造形である。
- There are two totally different types of containers of Daruma Bento; the plastic containers, regular version, similar to a 'Takasaki Daruma doll' in shape and the containers made of china on which Daruma face with sharp eyes are depicted, called 'revived Daruma bento,' reproducing old Daruma bento.
- 祭礼時に祭、縁日、市(酉の市、だるま市、羽子板市、朝顔市)の境内、参道、門前町などで寺社との取り交わしにより神託を受け(熊手、達磨、羽子板、朝顔)などを売る(的屋と同じ)ものも多い。
- At rites and festivals, there are many tobishoku (same as tekiya [street vendors]) who sell rakes, daruma (Dharma dolls), hagoita (battledores) and morning glories in the precincts of shrines and temples holding festivals, fairs and markets (Tori no ichi [open-air market], Daruma-ichi [fair of Dharma dolls], Hagoita-ichi [battledore fair] and Asagao-ichi [Morning-glory fair]), and along the sando (approach to the temples) or in Monzen-machi (temple towns), after receiving the oracle by communicating with temples.
- そのために徳川家康をはじめ臣従した諸大名や石田三成・加藤清正ら譜代の家臣達に次々と官職を授けて本来は公家主体のものであった官位体系に組み込もうとした(武家関白制(ぶけかんぱくせい))。
- To achieve this, Hideyoshi continuously appointed vassal daimyo including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and hereditary retainers such as Mitsunari ISHIDA and Kiyomasa KATO to government posts, so that he could break into the system of official ranks originally awarded to court nobles (Buke Kanpaku sei).
- 律令体制下の軍団での組織形態は、国家の組織の中での公な上官と部下であるに対し、「武士団」は平安時代に「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれるた者達が私的に従える集団、またはその集団の結合体である。
- The organizational form of the army under the Ritsuryo system had an open senior officer and subordinate relationship while 'bushidan' was the group of people called 'tsuwamono' that served privately in the Heian period or was the combination of such groups.
- この屯倉がある程度発達・広域展開した段階で、屯倉を拠点として、直接的に地方を把握・管轄した単位が県(コホリ)であり、のちに律令制における郡(コホリ)へと発展していったと考えられている。
- When these miyake developed and expanded to a certain size, they became the bases of kohori (written as 県 in Chinese characters), which was a unit that the central government directly administered and controlled in local areas, and it is believed that they later developed into the kohori (written as 郡) of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 弘安の役後、幕府は元軍の再度の襲来に備えて御家人の統制を進めたが、文永の役に続き弘安の役においても十分な恩賞給与がなされなかったため、戦費で窮迫した御家人達は借金に苦しむようになった。
- After Koan no Eki, in order to prepare for the next attack by the Yuan army, bakufu tried to strengthen its control over the vassals, but the vassals came to live in debt because they did not receive sufficient rewards in Koan no Eki as well as Bunei no Eki.
- だが、後には一献料(いっこんりょう)とも呼ばれて、官職や訴訟における有利な判決と引き換えに謝礼として室町幕府や朝廷、守護大名、あるいはそれらに仕える役人達に対して献上される金品を指した。
- The reisen was later called the ikkonryo to indicate the gifts (money or goods) presented to the Muromachi bakufu, the Imperial Court, Shugo Daimyo, and the government officials working for them in exchange for receiving a government post or a favorable ruling in a lawsuit.
- 弥生時代前期末以降に発達する環濠集落は、濃尾平野以西の各地域に水稲農耕が定着した段階であり、その定着によって引き起こされた土地や水争いなどの村落間の戦いに備えて独自に成立したと見られる。
- Individual moat settlements were developed beyond the end of Early Yayoi period in preparation for conflicts between villages over the control of land and water, as wet-rice cultivation became established in various districts on the west side of the Nobi Plain.
- 明良洪範では殉死を真に主君への真の忠義から出た「義腹」、誰かが殉死するために自分も殉死しなければならないとする理屈に基づく「論腹」、殉死することで子孫の栄達を図る「商腹」に分類している。
- In Meiryo-kohan (historical records), junshi was classified into three types: 'gibara' was performed from true loyalty to one's master, 'ronbara' was the junshi based on the logic in which one thought that he has to commit junshi because other person performed junshi, and 'shobara' was committed for the purpose of wishing one's offspring's advancement in social status.
- 7人と言うのは後の語呂合わせである(ただし彼らが挙げたとされる手柄は勝利が確定した後の追撃戦によるもののみであり、一番手柄も大谷吉継、石田三成らの先駆衆と呼ばれる武士達に与えられている)。
- The number of 'seven' was a mere play on words made up in later years (However, the feats that were said to be theirs were performed only during the running battle after Hideyoshi's victory had been secured. The honor of launching the attack fell to a group of samurai called sakigakesyu [the vanguard], which included Yoshitsugu OTANI and Mitsunari ISHIDA).
- 毛利氏、島津氏、伊達氏、徳川氏、上杉氏ら100万石にならんとする大大名がいるが、秀吉生存中は彼らに執政権を与えず、石田氏や大谷氏ら自身の子飼い大名に近畿周辺の小禄に封じて政治をさせている。
- Although there were several 'Daidaimyo' (a feudal lord given a greater stipend) including the Mori, the Shimazu, the Date, the Tokugawa, and the Uesugi clans, who owned provinces almost one million-koku in size, Hideyoshi, while he was alive, didn't give them any authority to control the administration but instead had the feudal lords who were reared from an early age, such as the Ishida and the Otani clans, govern the country by making them live around the Kinki region and giving them a small stipend.
- 大和絵と呼ばれる日本的な絵画が発達し、仏教絵画、月次絵や四季絵と呼ばれた景物を描いた障屏画(山水屏風など)や壁画(平等院鳳凰堂扉絵など)が描かれたが仏教絵画を除いて少数しか現存していない。
- The Japanese style of painting called Yamato-e was developed and this produced Buddhist painting, painting of natural features on walls and folding screens called 'Tsukinami-no-e' and 'Shiki-e' (such as Senzui Byobu [folding screen with landscape picture]) and painting on walls (such as tobira-e [the frontispiece] of the Hoo-do Hall of Byodo-in Temple) but except Buddhist paintings, few paintings remain.
- これは本来伊達氏特有の現象ではなく、この地域の戦国大名家の洞は周辺部にある国人領主たちによる小規模な洞をいくつも包括していく中で自己の洞という形で大名領国を形成していったと考えられている。
- This was not particular to the Date clan, since Utsuro of the Sengoku daimyo families in this region are considered to have developed into daimyo ryokoku (territories ruled by daimyo) by integrating many small-sized Utsuro of Kokujin ryoshu in neighboring regions.
- ただ、低気圧が発達しながら移動するなどして、激しい風によって空気がかき混ぜられた場合は、日本上空で最大6 - 7km程度と、もっと高い高度にも高濃度の層ができて遠くまで運ばれることもある。
- However, when the air is churned by a strong wind, for example, by a movement of a growing low pressure, a high-density dust layer may be generated at a higher place, for example, a height of up to 6 to 7 km above the Japanese archipelago, moving the dust to far away places.
- 江戸幕府の組織としての黒鍬(組)も三河国松平氏時代からの譜代の黒鍬から構成されており、若年寄支配で小者・中間として江戸城内の修築作業や幕府から出される諸令伝達や草履取り等の雑務に従事した。
- Kurokuwa also indicated the unit of kurokuwa (construction workers) which was one of the organizations of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun,) consisting of kurokuwa who had been fudai (hereditary vassals) since the era of Matsudaira clan of Mikawa Province and were in charge of repairing work in the Edo-jo Castle, transmission of orders issued by the bakufu, miscellaneous affairs such as zoritori (sandal bearer, equivalent to a batman,) and whose status was komono (a lower servant) or chugen (a rank below common soldier) under the control of wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu).
- 幕府は朝廷と一体になって、国家鎮護に当たることとし、西国の警固を再強化するとともに、それまで幕府の支配の及ばなかった朝廷側の支配地、本所一円地からの人員・兵粮の調達が認められるようになった。
- The bakufu collaborated with Imperial Court for the defense of the nation and, in addition to refortifying the Saigoku's defenses, it also received permission to procure personnel and military supplies from the Imperial Court's territories which had previously been outside of the bakufu's control.
- 死者・行方不明者112人、負傷者386人、家畜・牛馬の死亡・行方不明約48万3千頭、4,600本の電柱が倒壊、被害を受けた耕地21万ヘクタール、森林被害18万ha、経済損失66億円に達した。
- In this case, the number of killed or missing persons reached 112, the number of injured persons 386, the number of killed or missing livestock, horses and cattle 483 thousand, the number of tumbled electric poles 4,600, the size of damaged farm land area 210 thousand hectares, the size of damaged forests 180 thousand hectares, and the total economic loss 6.6 billion yen.
- また、理研コンツェルンは理化学研究所の活動資金調達のために成立したユニークなコンツェルンであり、同族支配が行なわれず、「農村工業化」などを打ち出して新潟県柏崎市などで地方の工業化につとめた。
- The RIKEN conglomerate, however, was a unique Konzern established in order to procure capital for the activities of RIKEN (a major natural-science research institute in Japan); it was not managed by members of a single family but instead worked out a policy of 'industrialization of rural areas' and strived for that purpose in rural areas such as that of Kashiwazaki City, Niigata Prefecture.
- 主君である浅野内匠頭だけが切腹となり、吉良上野介に咎めがなかったのは「喧嘩」に反すると浅野家の家臣達が憤慨したと言われており、確かに江戸前期の刃傷事件には喧嘩両成敗の“判例”がいくつかある。
- The retainers of the Asano family became very angry claiming that the fact only their lord Asano Takumi no Kami committed seppuku and Kira Kosuke no Suke did not receive any punishment was against 'Kenka,' and there are, in fact, some 'judicial precedents' for affairs of sword fight based on Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel both parties are to blame) in the early Edo period
- このため、頼山陽の『日本外史』を含めて幕末期まで流布した慶長6年4月26日の「松川合戦」の内容と経緯と、『伊達治家記録』や伊達家文書が記録する慶長10年6日の「宮代表合戦」の内容を併記する。
- For that reason, this article includes both: the outline and details of 'the Battle of Matsukawa' on April 26, 1601 which was mentioned in 'Nihon Gaishi (history book on Japan)' written by Sanyo RAI and circulated up to the end of the Edo period, and the outline of 'the Battle of Miyashiro Omote' on 6th in 1605 which was recorded in 'Date chika kiroku (historical record of the Sendai clan)' and in the documents on the Date family.
- 平成11年(1999年)には広島県立世羅高等学校で卒業式当日に校長が自殺し、君が代斉唱や日章旗掲揚の文部省通達とそれに反対する日教組教職員との板挟みになっていたことが原因ではないかと言われた。
- In 1999, the principal of Hiroshima Prefectural SERA Senior High School committed suicide on the day of the commencement ceremony and it was rumored that the cause of this suicide was the fact that he had been caught in the middle of the instruction by the Ministry of Education chorus reading Kimigayo and raising the Japanese (rising sun) flag and opposing teachers who belonged to Nikkyoso.
- この問題はすなわち討ち入り後、泉岳寺にある長矩の墓に行くまでに突然姿を消した足軽寺坂吉右衛門が、逃亡者であるのか、それとも何らかの理由で同志達の許可を得たうえで離れた者であるのかの問題である。
- Effectively, the issue is whether the foot soldier Kichiemon TERASAKA who suddenly disappeared after a raid on the way to visit Naganori's grave in Sengaku-ji Temple, was a deserter or left his fellow soldiers with their permission for some reason.
- そのためヤマト(倭国)内の農業開発が停滞し、ヤマト王権とその傘下の豪族達の経済力・政治力が後退したと考えられており、6世紀前半までのヤマト王統の混乱はこの経済力・政治力の後退に起因するとされる。
- For this reason, it is thought that agricultural development in Yamato (Wakoku) remained stagnant, weakening the Yamato Kingdom and the ruling elite under their jurisdiction, a situation that existed until the beginning of the sixth century.
- それに替わって、俘囚を私兵として治安維持活動の実戦に参加したことのある受領経験者やその子弟で、中央の出世コースからはずれ、受領になりうる諸大夫層からも転落した者達が、地域紛争の鎮圧に登用された。
- Instead of this, people with zuryo experience or their children, who had participated in actual fighting or security duties using the barbarians as private armies and were off the career track of the central government and fell from the class of shodaibu who could become zuryo, were recruited to suppress regional conflicts.
- まず、唐に留学していた「入唐八僧」(「入唐八家」とも、最澄、空海、恵運、円行、常暁、宗叡、円仁、円珍)と呼ばれる僧侶達が帰国した際に持ち帰った書物などを記録した将来目録(請来目録)が作成された。
- The eight Buddhist monks who went to Tang called 'nitto hasso' (also called 'nitto hakke'), namely Saicho, Kukai, Eun, Engyo, Jogyo, Soei, Ennin and Enchin, made a catalogue of imported items (shorai mokuroku) in which they recorded the list of books which they brought back from Tang.
- 寄せ集めの軍勢である豊臣方は緊密な連絡を取ることができず、後藤基次隊2,800は単独で小松山に進出してしまい、伊達政宗、水野勝成ら2万以上の敵勢に集中攻撃を受け、奮戦するも壊滅、基次は討死した。
- The Toyotomi side was a jumble of army forces and unable to have close contacts; Mototsugu GOTO troop of 2,800 soldiers advanced to Komatsuyama in its single troop, which was given a concentrated attack by troops of more than 20,000 soldiers of Masamune DATE, Katsunari MIZUNO and others and the troop fought hard only to be destroyed and Mototsugu was killed.
- 一方政府は事件が広がったのは新聞が誇大に報道したためであるとし、8月7日に『高岡新報』を発禁処分にしたのをはじめ、8月14日には米騒動に関する一切の報道を禁じる記事差止命令を報道各社へ通達した。
- In contrast, the government insisted that the movements were spread since newspaper had reported them exaggeratedly, so they shut down 'Takaoka Shinpo' (newspaper) on August 7 and issued an injunction against articles about the rice riots to media organizations on August 14.
- 切れ味に関しては、江戸時代に町田長太夫という試し切りの達人が、6人の罪人の死体を積み重ねて童子切安綱を振り下ろすと、六つの死体を切断しただけではなく、刃が土台まで達した、という逸話が残っている。
- Speaking of the sharpness of the sword, a legend says that when a master of trial cutting called Chodayu MACHIDA in the Edo period brought down Dojigiri Yasutsuna onto the dead bodies of six criminals stacked one on top of another, it not only cut through the six bodies, but its blade reached the ground.
- しかし、当時銭貨を鋳造していなかった日本では貨幣経済の発達に伴い、大量の銅銭を必要とし、また「唐物」と呼ばれる陶磁器を初めとした中国の文物の需要も依然旺盛で、貿易船の必要性が減ずることはなかった。
- However the necessity for the trading vessels never faded because the development of money economy required a large quantity of copper coins in Japan, where coins were not cast in those days, and because the demands for Chinese products of culture including ceramic ware, pottery, and chinaware called 'karamono' (things imported from China) were still intense.
- 天下統一を達成した豊臣秀吉は日本人の海外交易を統制し、倭寇を禁圧する必要から、1592年に初めて朱印状を発行してマニラ、アユタヤ、パタニになどに派遣したとされるが、この時のことはあまり資料がない。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who achieved the unification of the whole country, regulated Japanese foreign trading by printing Shuinjo in 1592 in order to suppress wako and dispatched people to Manila, Ayutthaya, and Pattani but few documents exist concerning this period.
- 翌日、時頼の私邸に北条政村・北条実時・安達義景が集まり、頼経派御家人たちへの対応を協議したが、去就を曖昧にしていた大豪族三浦泰村の動きがまだ不明であったため、速やかな処断を行うことはできなかった。
- On the following day, Masamura HOJO, Sanetoki HOJO, and Yoshikage ADACHI came to Tokiyori's private residence, and discussed how to deal with the gokenin of Yoritsune's group, but they could not take prompt actions, because the movement of Yasumura MIURA, Daigozoku (a big local ruling family) who had not clarified his attitude was unknown.
- このままでは朝鮮の近代化はおぼつかないと感じた金玉均・朴泳孝・徐載弼らの開化派(独立党)人士らは福澤諭吉や大隈重信をはじめ一足先に近代化を果たした日本の政財界の代表者達に接触し、交流を深めてゆく。
- Members of the Korean Progressive group (Independent Party) such as Ok-gyun KIM, Yong-hyo PAK and Jae-pil SEO, who thought that modernization might not be attained if Korea stayed as it was, contacted Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Shigenobu OKUMA and some of the key people in the political and business world in Japan that succeeded in modernization earlier and deepened their friendship.
- 明治5年11月9日太政官布告337号(1872年)において「今般改暦之儀別紙詔書写の通り仰せ出され候條、此の旨相達し候事」と太陰暦を太陽暦に改めるにあたって、次のような「改暦詔書写」を掲げている。
- In the Dajokan fukoku (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) No. 337 (1872) published on November 9, 1872 at the occasion of changing the lunar calendar to the solar calendar, the following 'imperial edict to change the calendar system' was raised, saying 'Now the proposal for kaireki (changing of calendar) is described in the other document and the intention would be delivered.'
- 細川三斎(細川忠興)は利休七哲に数えられるほどの達人であるが、豊前国小倉藩で細川忠利に家督を譲ると、忠利は寛永2年(1625年)に円乗坊宗圓の婿である古市宗庵を細川家の茶道役として召し抱えている。
- Sansai HOSOKAWA, being such an excellent tea master that he was numbered among the Rikyu Shichitetsu (the seven disciples of SEN no Rikyu), transferred his family estate to Tadatoshi HOSOKAWA in the Kokura Domain, Buzen Province, and in 1625, Tadatoshi hired Soan FURUICHI, a son-in-law of Soin ENJOBO, as a sadoyaku (a tea-server sustaining Japanese tea ceremony) for the Hosokawa family.
- このままでは朝鮮の近代化はおぼつかないと感じた金玉均・朴泳孝・徐載弼らの開化派(独立党)人士らは、福澤諭吉や大隈重信をはじめ一足先に近代化を果たした日本の政財界の代表者達に接触し、交流を深めてゆく。
- Ok-gyun KIM, Yong-hyo PAK, and Jae-pil SEO of the Progressive Party (Independent Party), who had doubts about the modernization of Korea under this situation, reached the political and financial leaders of the early-modernized Japan, including Yukichi FUKUZAWA and Shigenobu OKUMA, and deepened exchanges with them.
- “松川合戦”の概要は、徳川幕府の奥儒者である成島司直により、幕末期の天保4年(1833)に『三河後風土記』を改撰した『改正三河後風土記』の第42巻に、「上杉伊達合戦の事」として詳細が記述されている。
- The detailed outline of 'the Battle of Matsukawa' is described as 'the battle between Uesugi and Date' in the volume 42 of the 'Kaisei Mikawago Fudoki,' the revision of 'Mikawago Fudoki (The Topographical Records of Mikawa Province)' by Motonao NARUSHIMA, an inner Confucian (teacher to a shogun) of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1833 of the late Edo period.
- 台湾出兵時に西郷従道が装備したガトリング砲も九州へ送られるなど、徴兵で構成された政府軍は精強な薩摩士族相手に戦うために、相当な意気込みを見せたが、一番肝心な歩兵銃の弾薬調達でトラブルが発生していた。
- The government army, which consisted of conscripts, was so enthusiastic about fighting against the powerful band of warrior class in Satsuma that it even sent the Gatling gun that had been equipped by Tsugumichi SAIGO for the Taiwan expedition to Kyushu but had a trouble in the essential matter of supplying ammunition for infantry rifle.
- これは天文道及び天文密奏が次第に実際の星の動きを見て占うという中国由来の上天思想的な解釈から日本独自に発達していった占いの技法である陰陽道的な解釈へと変化していく状況を示した事例であると考えられてる。
- That was considered to be an example of a transition of tenmondo and tenmon misso from the prediction originated from China, which was made according to the actual movement of stars based on 上天思想, to the divination based on Onmyodo, which was a divination technique originally developed in Japan.
- 2001年4月上旬に発生した黄砂は、同月15日にソルトレイクシティ、18日にはカナダからアリゾナ州にかけてのロッキー山脈、19日には五大湖付近でそれぞれ観測され、20日にはカナダ沖大西洋上空に達した。
- The kosa produced in the early April, 2001 reached Salt Lake City on April 15, the Rocky Mountains from Canada to the State of Arizona on April 18, around the Great Lakes on April 19, and over Atlantic Ocean off Canada on April 20.
- 当時土佐藩士として戦いに参加し、のちに宮内大臣や内閣書記官長などを歴任した田中光顕は、錦の御旗を知らしめただけで前線の幕府兵達が「このままでは朝敵になってしまう」と青ざめて退却する場面を目撃している。
- Mitsuaki TANAKA, who joined the war as a retainer of the Tosa clan and later became Minister of the Imperial Households and Secretary of the Cabinet, witnessed the white-faced soldiers of the Edo shogunate retreating at the sight of the Imperial standards in the battle fields, saying, 'We'd better stop fighting, otherwise we will become the enemy of the Emperor.'
- 「武州だるま」とも呼ばれ、江戸時代の享保年間(1716~1736年)に、間久里の「だる吉」という人形師が、従来あった「起き上がり小法師」という玩具に座禅を組んだ達磨大師を描いたのが起源といわれている。
- Also called 'Bushu Daruma', the Koshigaya Daruma doll is said to have originated from a toy, previously known as okiagari koboshi, on which a doll maker in Makuri, named 'Darukichi,' painted the face of Bodhidharma in meditation during the Kyoho era in the Edo period (1716~1736).
- 今日の多く個人主義の日に発達し、ニヒリストさへ輩出する時代に於ては特に緊要重大にして欠くべからず」という論が出され、これを機に南北朝のどちらの皇統が正統であるかを巡り帝国議会での政治論争にまで発展した。
- In these days of individualism, where even nihilists are appearing, this is a matter of great urgency and importance,' which led to a political debate in the Imperial Diet about whether the Southern or the Northern Court was legitimate.
- これに対して藩では藩札の発行や家臣の知行借り上げ、御用金の調達などによる藩政改革が試みられたが、あまり効果は無く、安政6年(1859年)には藩の借金は銀2693貫という莫大なものになったと言われている。
- In an effort to reform the financial difficulty, Shibamura Domain carried out some measures including issuing paper money to be used only within the domain, borrowing fief of vassals, raising money by collecting money from farmers and merchants; however no particular effect was gained, and it is said that in 1859 the debt of Shibamura Domain reached 2693 kan of silver.
- このように明朝に於いて確立した朱子学の権威は、明朝統治下のほぼ全域に亘り巨大な力を持つにいたったのだが、明朝政権下の中でも最も商業の発達していた江南には、明初期以来、朱子学と微妙な距離を置く人々がいた。
- Under the Ming Dynasty, in which it was first established, Shushigaku's influence became very strong in most regions, although in Jian Nang, the dynasty's most commercialized area, some people had kept a slight distance between themselves and Shushigaku since the early Ming period.
- しかし、あくまでも岩倉の意に沿ったというだけではなく、単にイギリスやフランスの事は自由民権派の人達が研究するだろうから、彼らが研究しないドイツを選んだ(末松謙澄充ての書簡など)という選択に過ぎなかった。
- However, it was not because of Iwakura's recommendation; instead, Ito thought that the supporters of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement would study about England and France styles, so he just chose what those supporter don't study (according to letters for Kencho SUEMATSU).
- 主な御内人は、長崎氏、紀氏、飯尾氏、安東氏 (曖昧さ回避)など累代の御内人の他、三浦氏、和田氏、安達氏など北条氏に排斥された元有力御家人一族の生き残りや北条氏支流など多岐に渡り、得宗家の威光がしのばれる。
- The main clans serving as Miuchibito included as diverse as successive generations, such as the Nagasaki clan, the Ki clan, the Inoo clan, and the Ando clan (historically clear ones), and the remainders of former Gokenin, who were purged by the Hojo clan, such as the Miura clan, the Wada clan, and the Adachi clan and minor branches of the Hojo family, which showed the political power of the Tokuso family.
- だが、一定の年齢に達すれば上の階層に上がる事ができる制度などもあり、穢れなどを理由に武士、百姓、町人などと隔絶した一種の身分外身分と言える扱いを受けた江戸時代の被差別民の身分ほど固定されたものではなかった。
- However there was a system in place which allowed them to rise to a higher status once they reached a certain age; therefore, their status was not as tightly fixed as those who were discriminated in the Edo period who were treated as a kind of outcast segregated from samurai, farmers, and townsmen for their filth.
- 各地の大名によって城下町等に布告されたが、なかでも織田信長は、自分自身が美濃国・加納、近江国・安土町、近江国・金森 (守山市)に楽市・楽座令を布いただけでなく支配下の諸大名に伝達され、各城下町で実施された。
- Rakuichi-rakuza were proclaimed by daimyo throughout Japan, and these included not only those proclaimed by Nobunaga ODA himself in Kano, Mino Province; Azuchi-cho, Omi Province; and Kanamori, Omi Province (Moriyama City); but the practice was also conveyed to all daimyo under his control and rakuichi-rakuza came to be established in various castle towns.
- また、子供達の関心を呼ぶために他地域の地理や風物・物産などを織り込んだ往来物も作られ、『日本国尽』・『都名所往来』・『浪花往来』・『中仙道往来』、そして明治維新期には『世界風俗往来』まで作成されるに至った。
- Furthermore, oraimono featuring geography, scenery, and produce of other regions were written to interest children, which include 'Nihonkunizukushi,' 'Miyakomeisho Orai' (Correspondence on Sights in Miyako (present-day Kyoto)), 'Naniwa Orai' (Letters On Sights of Naniwa (present-day Osaka)) and 'Nakasendo Orai,' and in the period of the Meiji Restoration, 'Sekaifuzoku Orai' was composed.
- 北条得宗家執事の平頼綱は、鎌倉幕府鎌倉幕府の執権一覧北条時宗が死去し、その子北条貞時が9代執権となった翌1285年(弘安8年)、政治路線で対立していた有力御家人安達泰盛や泰盛派の御家人を霜月騒動で討伐した。
- TAIRA no Yoritsuna, who was the steward of the Hojo Tokuso family (main branch of the Hojo family), avenged a senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI and other vassals of Yasumori's faction, with whom he had conflicts in political lines, in the Shimotsuki Incident in 1285, which was a year after Tokimune HOJO, who was one of the regents of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), died and Tokimune's son Sadatoki HOJO became the ninth regent.
- 文明開化は、江戸時代を通じて連綿と続いてきた封建制色濃い日本文化が鎖国などの事情で飽和状態に達していた所に、政治体制の刷新にも伴い流入した西洋文明によって発生した日本での西洋文明の吸収・取り込み現象である。
- The civilization and enlightenment is the phenomenon of absorption and intake of Western civilization flew into Japan in parallel with the renovation of political system, during the time when the strongly feudalistic Japanese culture that had been unbrokenly continued throughout the Edo period was coming to the limits due to the isolationism and the like.
- 作品が国宝に指定されている画家としては、日本人では雪舟、狩野正信、狩野永徳、長谷川等伯、俵屋宗達、尾形光琳、円山応挙、池大雅、与謝蕪村、渡辺崋山、浦上玉堂など、中国では梁楷、李迪、徽宗皇帝などが挙げられる。
- Of the painters who have created one or more paintings designated national treasures, Japanese painters include Sesshu, Masanobu KANO, Eitoku KANO, Tohaku HASEGAWA, Sotatsu TAWARAYA, Korin OGATA, Okyo MARUYAMA, IKE no Taiga, Buson YOSA, Kazan WATANABE, and Gyokudo URAGAMI, while Chinese painters include LIANG Kai, DI Li, and Emperor Huizong.
- 20世紀末頃よりは冷凍技術の発達にも伴い、鮮度や味の面ではやや劣るものの、適切に温度管理されれば保存や流通にも耐え、適切に解凍することで生に近い状態に出来る冷凍の食材が流通しており、その供給も安定している。
- With the development of freezing techniques from the late twentieth century frozen foods have been circulated and they can keep good and be circulated if their temperatures are properly managed and be served in a state as good as the raw ones if properly thawed, though a bit inferior in freshness or taste, and the supplies are stabilized.
- また、ヨーロッパやロシア、米国は、それぞれの国のエネルギー事情から、数値目標が達成可能かどうかや、経済に与える影響をあらかじめシミュレーションしていたが、日本は6%に対して、裏づけがないまま合意に至っている。
- Also, Europe, Russia and America had simulated previously whether or not the numerical goals could be achieved and the influence on the economy based on the energy situation of each country, but Japan agreed on 6% without deep consideration.
- 平将門の乱以降は、その平将門を滅ぼした天慶勲功者、藤原秀郷、平貞盛、平公雅、そして源経基の子孫達が、「朝家の爪牙」となっていったが、その彼らが兵(つわもの)として認識されるには、一定のプロセスが必要であった。
- After the war of TAIRA no Masakado, people who distinguishingly served in battle, FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Sadamori, TAIRA no Kinmasa, and the descendants of MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, became the 'choka no soga' after defeating TAIRA no Masakado, but a uniformed process was required for them to be considered tsuwamono.
- 一般に日本に火縄銃を伝えたのはポルトガル人とされており、欧州の銃がそのまま持ち込まれたと思われがちであるが、当時日本で南蛮人と呼ばれたポルトガル人達の多くは、実はポルトガル本国から直接渡来した者は少なかった。
- Although it is generally believed that the Portuguese introduced matchlocks to Japan and that the European-style ones were brought in as they were, most Portuguese called Nanban-jin (literally, southern barbarians) in Japan at that time were actually not directly from Portugal.
- 柏原城の開城に際して、織田軍と伊賀勢の間で和議が成立しており、伊賀勢の命は保証された(フィクションでは「徹底的な弾圧により数千人が処刑され、捜索の手から逃れた忍者達は全国に散った」と描かれているものが多い)。
- At the time of opening of Kashiwabara-jo Castle, Oda army and Iga force made a compromise to secure Iga people's lives (many fictional books described that thousands of people were killed by thorough oppression and Ninja who could escape from investigation dispersed all over the country).
- これは達磨が赤い衣を着ていたとされる事に由来するが、その他に、赤色には魔除けの効果があると信じられていた事や、疱瘡を引き起こす疱瘡神が、赤色を嫌うと信じられていた事からも由来しているのではないかとされている。
- This red coloring is derived from an old saying that Bodhidharma wore a red robe, but there are other sayings that the red color could dispel evil spirits, or that the god of smallpox who causes smallpox would hate the color of red.
- その後戦国時代 (日本)末期から江戸時代初期の宮本武蔵と争った吉岡清十郎、吉岡伝七郎を京八流吉岡道場の達人と伝承もあるが、当の吉岡一門が断絶しており、吉岡一門と武蔵の私闘自体、文献の信用性が薄く検証性が乏しい。
- There are also folklores that say Seijuro YOSHIOKA and Denshichiro YOSHIOKA, who fought Musashi MIYAMOTO from the final days of Sengoku Period (period of warring states) to the beginning of the Edo period were masters from the Kyohachiryu-school's Yoshioka-dojo hall, but it is not possible to determine the validity of such stories as the Yoshioka family and followers have become extinct and there are no trustworthy materials to give light on the conflicts between the Yoshioka group and Musashi.
- 大化前代からの家父長制家族の発達は、このような法を受用する基礎をつくったことは事実であるが、律令法は儒教の精神によって、親または家長の権力を強大にし、同時に女性の法的・社会的地位をいちじるしく低める作用をした。
- Development of the patriarchal authority family since the pre-Taika era did build a basis for accepting and applying such law, but in the Confucian spirit, ritsuryo law gave tremendous power to parents or the head of the family, while drastically lowering the legal and social status of women.
- それが叶わないとみるや今度は洲本を中心に淡路を徳島本藩から分藩独立させて稲田氏を藩主とする稲田藩(洲本藩)の設立を目指す(そうすれば自分達は士族になる)ようになり、明治新政府にも独立を働きかけていくようになる。
- When they found that would not be granted, in turn, they moved to spin off Awaji with Sumoto as its center from the Tokushima Honpan and aimed to establish the INADA Domain, of which the leader would be the INADA clan (so that they would become warrior class), and also worked on the new Meiji Government for their independence.
- 戦前までは徴兵検査を受けることで「成人男子に達した証」と社会的に認知されるようになっており、徴兵検査(陸軍身体検査規則)で褌の着用を指導していたことも、疑似「褌祝」として成人男子に越中褌が普及した背景があった。
- Until the end of the war, taking an examination to be drafted was regarded as a proof of becoming an adult man in the society, and people were encouraged to wear fundoshi at the examination (the regulations for physical examination of the army); and thus this helped Ecchu fundoshi to spread across the country, reminding people a 'fundoshi iwai', a rite to wear fundoshi as an adult man.
- この詔には、天平3年(731年)に解由制の徹底を通達したにも関わらず、後任の到着前に前任国司が帰京したり、後任が解由状を発給しないために前任が次の官職に任命されない、といった状況が発生していたことが記されている。
- This mikotonori included the description of the following situations: Although instructed to follow the geyu system thoroughly in 731, a former kokushi (provincial governor) at a province returned to Kyoto before his successor arrived at the province, and the former officer could not be appointed to the new position because his successor did not issue a geyujo.
- また軍を解散させると職を失った大量の兵士達が社会不安の要因となってしまうというものだが、征服した現地兵を次の戦争に投入することは元ではよく行われており、日本との戦いのときのみことさら強調すべきこととは考えにくい。
- It is also said that dissolving the army would cause social anxiety by producing numerous unemployed soldiers, but the Yuan Dynasty often sent local conquered soldiers to the next war and it could not be particularly emphasized only in the case of war with Japan.
- 更に応仁の乱以後になると、地方にあった公家や奉行衆の所領が戦国大名や国人達の押領を受けて収入が途絶え、礼銭収入無しでは日常生活も送れないほどの経済的苦境にも陥っていたため、禁令を出すこと自体が困難となってしまった。
- Since the Onin War, furthermore, Court nobles and the bugyoshu, whose shoryo in rural area were usurped by Daimyo in the Sengoku period and the kokujin (local samurai), lost their income and were too poor to sustain their lives without the income of the reisen, making it difficult to even issue a ban on the reisen.
- 西日本から関東地方に波及した二毛作の技術や牛馬耕、水車などを利用した灌漑施設の整備や肥料の発達などは生産力を向上させ、さらに農業技術の進歩で集約的・多角的な農業を行い、自立農民の成長を促して郷村制の成立をもたらす。
- New agricultural techniques were gradually introduced to the Kanto from western Japan, including irrigation techniques that utilized the planting of two crops a year, oxen and horses to plow, and water wheels, as well as increased production and use of manure fertilizer, leading to improved crop production; moreover, more concentrated and diverse agricultural efforts were launched thanks to advances in agricultural technology, which led to the development of a system of villages that spurred the growth of self-reliance among farmers.
- だが、戦国時代_(日本)に入り、幕府の権威は低下して下剋上によって幕府の力に依存せずに自力で領国を形成した戦国大名達はこの特権を否定し始めるとともに、自らの権限としてこれを付与あるいは剥奪を行うようになっていった。
- After the Sengoku Period, however, the authority of the bakufu declined and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who formed their own territories by winning gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) without dependence on the bakufu's power not only began to deny the privilege but also came to grant or despoil it as their own rights.
- したがって、太政官布告・達が対象が明治憲法下で法律事項とされる場合(天皇に立法権があるが、帝国議会の協賛を必要とする)には法律としての効力を有し、命令事項である場合は命令 (法律)としての効力を有するものとされた。
- Thus, Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi stipulating matters which should be stipulated by law (which should be legislated by the Emperor with the approval of the Imperial Diet) under the Meiji Constitution was interpreted to be valid as a law, while Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi stipulating matters which should be stipulated by an order was interpreted to be valid as an order.
- 明治時代に引換回収された天保通寳は5億8674万枚にも上り、これは金座および貨幣司が鋳造したものを1億枚以上も上回る数であり、かつ流通高のすべてが回収されたわけではないため、密鋳は2億枚程度に達したものと思われる。
- The Tenpo-tsuho coins immobilized and exchanged during the Meiji period totaled 586,740,000 which is 100 million more coins than those minted at the kin-za and the Kaheishi, and considering not all the Tenpo-tsuho coins were immobilized, the number of coins secretly minted is thought the be around 200 million.
- 大和朝廷に仕えた渡来人としては、秦氏、東漢氏、西文氏が代表的であり、他に鞍部村主司馬達等(止)(大唐漢人、継体天皇・敏達天皇)、鞍部多須奈(用明天皇)、鞍作止利仏師(推古天皇)、高向玄理、新漢人旻、鑑真などがいる。
- The leading Toraijin serving the Yamato Court were the Hata clan, the Yamatonoaya clan, the Kawachi no Fumi clan and the others were such as KURATSUKURI no Suguri Shibatatsuto (known as the Han race of Great Tang, Emperor Keitai, Emperor Bidatsu), KURATSUKURI no Suruna (Emperor Yomei), KURATSUKURI no Tori (Emperor Suiko) who served as busshi (sculptor of Buddhist Statues), TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro, Imakino Ayahitomin, and Ganjin.
- また緯度については天体観測からほぼ正確に測定できているものの、経度については測定に必要なクロノメーターの未発達などの理由により若干精度が劣り、北海道や九州南部などの辺縁部では実際の位置よりもやや東方向にずれている。
- Furthermore, while degrees of latitude are almost correctly measured on the basis of astronomical observation, degrees of longitude are less precise due to a lack of well-developed chronometers required for measurement, and lines of longitude deviate a little eastward from the actual position in marginal areas such as Hokkaido and the south Kyushu.
- 2つの絵巻は傍証にしか過ぎないが、武士団の蔓延はいつから、という問いに対しては、ちょうど12世紀に入ろうとする頃から、「保元の乱」、「平治の乱」を第一の節目として、更に源平の争乱においてピークに達したと見られている。
- Two picture scrolls were just circumstantial evidence, but the expansion of bushidan started around the time when entering twelfth century and 'Hogen Disturbance' and 'Heiji Disturbance' were the first phrase and reached the peak with the Genpei War if asked about when it started.
- 近年、若者層の視聴率が取りにくい事や現代劇に比べ制作費がかかる(時代考証、およびそのための資料引用に関する許諾、大道具・小道具等の制作や調達、ロケ地の確保やそれに伴う許諾、化粧・鬘・衣装等の製作費用や手間...等)。
- In recent years, viewer ratings among young people have dropped and production costs (such as checks for historical accuracy and licensing for the use of related data, production and procurement of sets and props, securing of locations and related licensing, plus costs and labour involved in makeup, wigs, costumes) have increased compared to contemporary dramas.
- 関ヶ原合戦後、伊達政宗は徳川家康からみだりに軍勢を動かすべからずとの命を受け、心ならずも岩手山城へ引き返したが、上杉領への侵略やみがたく、家康の下知をまたずに慶長5年10月6日、本庄繁長が立て籠もる福島城へ押し寄せた。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, Masamune DATE reluctantly returned to the Iwatesan-jo Castle because he was ordered by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA not to move his troops without permission, but he invaded the Fukushima-jo Castle held by Shigenaga HONJO on October 6, 1600 without waiting for command from Ieyasu because it was hard for him to give up the invasion to the Uesugi's territory.
- 教育者で思想家の新渡戸稲造など、文学・思想に大きな足跡を残したキリスト者達(新渡戸、内村鑑三、植村正久など)による異文化接合の形として顕われたのが、もう一つの「武士道」である(詳細は武田清子の「人間観の相克」を参照)。
- Another Bushido appeared as a combination of different cultures by Christians who left a major mark on literature and a way of thought including an educator and thinker Inazo NITOBE, Kanzo UCHIMURA and Masahisa UEMURA (refer to 'Ningenkan no Sokoku [Rivalry of human view]' written by Kiyoko TAKEDA for details).
- また、『宿無團七』などの上方狂言に挑戦したり、東大寺二月堂お水取りに取材した新作舞踊『達陀(だったん)』の初演、さらには『オセロ』『シラノ・ド・ベルジュラック』などの欧米演劇で新劇俳優と共演するなど芸域の広さを見せた。
- He also attempted Kamigata style Kyogen including 'Yadonashi Danshichi,' and performed the first performance of the new dance 'Dattan' at the Ceremony of Water and Fire at Nigatsudo Hall, Todaiji Temple, as well as performing with new theater actors in Western productions such as Othello and Cyrano De Bergerac, displaying the breadth of his talents.
- 貞観年間までに文章博士2名、文章生20名(うち文章得業生2名)、擬文章生20名(文章生の予備生)という構成となり、それでも学問が成就して文章博士になれば貴族に達するために志願者数が絶えず、そのために試験制度が導入された。
- Until the end of the Jogan era, the establishment was settled in two monjo hakase, 20 monjosho (including 2 monjo tokugosho) and 20 gimonjosho (the monjosho reserve); however, as people would be ranked as nobles when becoming monjo hakase with distinguished achievements in the study, the position was endlessly sought after, resulting in the introduction of an examination system.
- 江戸時代から日本唯一の対外貿易港であった長崎の居留地には、当初、多数の外国人が押しかけて繁栄したが、明治になると長崎居留地はそれほど発達せず、むしろ上海市を中心とする中国租界在住の欧米人の保養地として賑わうようになった。
- Nagasaki was the only port that had been open to international trading since the Edo period, and as such the settlement had flourished due to the large number of foreigners who had taken up unofficial residence there; beginning in the Meiji period, however, it saw comparatively little development, and indeed prospered more as a sort of health resort for foreigners living in Shanghai and other concessions in China rather than as a settlement in its own right.
- 朝廷は新たな公議政体を創設するため、徳川家一門の徳川慶勝と松平慶永、薩摩藩の島津久光、土佐藩の山内豊信、宇和島藩の伊達宗城、広島藩(安芸)の浅野長訓、肥前藩の鍋島直正、岡山藩の池田茂政(慶喜の実弟)ら諸藩に上洛を命じた。
- In order to create a new parliamentary regime, the Imperial Court ordered Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA and Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, members of the Tokugawa clan, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU of the Satsuma Domain, Toyoshige YAMAUCHI of the Tosa Domain, Munenari DATE of the Uwajima Domain, Nagamichi ASANO of the Hiroshima (Aki) Domain, Naomasa NABESHIMA of the Hizen Domain and Shigemasa IKEDA of the Okayama Domain (Yoshinobu's own brother) to come to Kyoto.
- 合戦においては、そのローコストさが非常に使いやすかったらしく(河原にいけば、簡単に石は確保出来た)また、熟達した兵士が使用した場合は弓よりも飛距離があった上、甲冑の上からでも衝撃が伝わったと言うことで、多用されたらしい。
- In the battle, the slinging was frequently used because it was low-cost (stones were always available at the riverside), the slings operated by skilled soldiers carried stones further than allows did, and the stone could damage the body even through the armor.
- 兵力の差は歴然で、少弐貞経が足利軍のために調達した装備は菊池軍の大宰府攻撃の際に焼失していたため、当初は宮方の菊池軍が優勢であったが、菊池軍に大量の裏切りが出たため戦況は逆転し、菊池軍は総崩れで敗走し、阿蘇惟直は戦死する。
- At first Kikuchi's forces on the Imperial side were superior because the Ashikaga forces were greatly outnumbered and the military equipment obtained by Sadatsune SHONI was destroyed by fire during the attack of Dazaifu; the situation, however, was reversed due to betrayal by many warriors in Kikuchi's forces: leading Kikuchi's forces to collapse and flee, and in the meantime, Korenao ASO died in battle.
- 慶応4年3月13日 (旧暦)(1868年4月5日)から明治元年10月18日 (旧暦)(1868年12月1日)までに出された太政官布告、神祇官事務局達、太政官達など一連の通達の総称)に基づき全国的に公的に行われたものを指す。
- This Ordinance meant collectively a series of notifications issued by the Meiji government between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, which included edicts of Daijokan (the Grand Council of State), and notifications of Jingikan (the Department of Worship) and Daijokan.
- これにより皇后や皇子を支持基盤にもつ蘇我氏が有利になり、また天皇が生前、「仏教を敬うように」といった詔があったこともあり、先代の敏達天皇の皇后(用明天皇の姉。後の推古天皇)の命により蘇我氏及び連合軍は物部守屋に攻め込んだ。
- This helped the Soga clan which was gaining strong support from the Empress and the Prince and, following the decree made by the Emperor while still alive asking to respect Buddhism, the Soga clan and the allied forces attacked Moriya as ordered by the Empress of the former Emperor Bidatsu (the older sister of the Emperor Yomei and later the Empress Suiko).
- 1566年永禄9年11月28日に月山富田城が開城し、尼子家が滅びた後、尼子家家臣である山中幸盛・立原久綱達が尼子家再興を目指すため、1568年、京都・東福寺に逃れていた新宮党の尼子誠久の子である尼子勝久を還俗させ、擁立した。
- After the Amago clan surrendered Gassantoda-jo Castle to the Mori clan November 28, 1566 and the Amago family fell, in order to reconstruct the Amago family, Yukimori YAMANAKA and Hisatsuna TACHIHARA, the past vassals of the family worked to let Katsuhisa AMAGO who was a son of Sanehisa AMAGO and a member of Shingu-to (party) returned to secular life from Tofuku-ji Temple in Kyoto backing him up in 1568.
- しかし、租税納入を怠った、あるいは規定額を達成できなかった受領は、受領功過定(ずりょうこうかさだめ)と呼ばれる人事評定によって厳しい審査・処分を受けていたのであり、受領を巨富が得られる官職と理解することに疑義も出されている。
- However, some people assert that the position of zuryo should not be understood as such a profitable one because they were also subject to severe penalty, according to the result of personnel evaluation called zuryo koka sadame, if they failed to pay taxes or failed to achieve a pre-determined amount.
- 反対派は土井利位を盟主に担いで上知令撤回と、水野忠邦の老中免職に動き出し、水野忠邦の主だった腹心達(町奉行鳥居耀蔵、勘定奉行榊原忠職)らも土井派に寝返り、鳥居に至っては忠邦の機密資料を残らず土井に流すという徹底ぶりであった。
- The opponents, appointing Toshitsura DOI as their leader, began to conspire revocation of Agechi-rei and dismissal of Tadakuni MIZUNO from Roju, and even Tadakuni's most trusted retainers (machi-bugyo (town magistrate) Yozo TORII and kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) Tadamoto SAKAKIBARA) revolted to DOI's side; TORII was so resolute that he passed all of Tadakuni's confidential materials to DOI.
- 施行を翌年に控えた1892年(明治25年)、法典論争はピークに達し、施行延期派は天皇制に絡めて日本の伝統を基にした論陣をはり個人主義的な施行断行派を批判し、施行断行派はフランス法的自然法思想と市民法理論をもって反論を加えた。
- In 1892, one year before the effectuation, the dispute over legal codes reached its peak: Seko-danko-ha Group, taking a firm stand on Japanese tradition related to the Emperor system, criticized individualistic Seko-enki-ha Group, while Seko-danko-ha Group put up an argument with the thought of French law-like natural law and the civil code theory.
- この条文の解釈や憲法全体の解釈運用にあたっては天皇主権(君権)を重んじる穂積八束や上杉慎吉ら君権学派(神権学派とも言う)と議会制を中心とした立憲主義を重んじる美濃部達吉や佐々木惣一ら立憲学派の二大学派に分かれて論じ合われた。
- The interpretation of this article and the interpretation and operation of the overall Constitution were divided and discussed by two large schools; one is the monarchism school, (also called the theocracy sect) led by Yatsuka HOZUMI, Shinkichi UESUGI, etc., who valued imperial sovereignty (monarchism) and the other was the constitutional school, led by Tatsukichi MINOBE, Soichi SASAKI, etc., who valued constitutionalism, with a focus on the parliament system.
- 従来の観光地と呼ばれる狭い地域だけが取り組んだ観光振興では目指す目的の達成に限界があるとされ、このことから広域の圏と呼ぶその地域の創意工夫を生かした主体的な取組を総合的かつ一体的に推進するため観光圏と呼ぶものを設定している。
- The conventional development of tourism addressed only by a narrow region called kanko-chi (tourist site) is said to pose limitations to the achievement of objectives, and therefore the areas called Kanko-ken are arranged to promote an individual approach exerting the originality and ingenuity of the area referred to as a 'wide area' in a comprehensive, integrated manner.
- また、都市部を中心に発達したお留守居茶屋などの料亭の料理は、酒を飲みながら料理を食べる形式で本膳や懐石のように作法にあまりとらわれないのが特徴であり、これを会席料理と称した(現在最も多く行われているのはこの会席料理である)。
- The dishes at restaurants developed centered on the urban areas, for example, 'rusui-jaya' teahouses where the domain's diplomatic officials were regulars, were eaten while drinking sake in eating styles not restricted as honzen or kaiseki (懐石), and these dishes were called kaiseki (会席)-ryori dishes (the dishes served mostly today).
- 1月30日(当時の感覚でいえば、「正月晦日」)の未明、賀茂川東側の宮川町団栗辻子(現在の京都市東山区宮川筋付近)の空家から出火、折からの強風に乗って南は五条通にまで達し、更に火の粉が鴨川対岸の寺町通に燃え移って洛中に飛び火した。
- In the early dawn of March 7 (January 30 in old lunar calendar which is a day called Shogatsu Misoka at the time), a fire broke out at an unoccupied house in Donguri no Zushi in Miyagawa Town on the eastern side of Kamo-gawa River (in the vicinity of modern-day Miyagawasuji, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City) and was carried south by strong winds to Gojo-dori Street while sparks also spread to Teramachi-dori Street on the opposite side of Kamo-gawa river and throughout central Kyoto.
- 三好氏の当主三好長慶の死後、後継者の三好義継は幼く、長慶の弟達もまたこの世を去っていたため、義継の後見役としてこの三名が台頭し、三好氏の重臣として同じく権勢を振るっていた松永久秀と共に足利義輝の謀殺(永禄の変)に携わるなどした。
- After Nagayoshi's death, the three men emerged as custodians of the successor Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI who was still a child and all of Nagayoshi's brothers were deceased and collaborated with Hisahide MATSUNAGA, another Miyoshi commander wielding similar power, in the assassination of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA (Eiroku no hen).
- 惣無事令に違反した北条氏政・北条氏直親子を、天正18年(1590年)、23万人の大兵力を動員して攻略(小田原攻め)、さらに東北の伊達政宗や最上義光らも秀吉に臣従することを誓い(奥州仕置)、ここに豊臣政権のもとに天下統一は成された。
- In 1590, Hideyoshi, with his tremendous military force of 230,000 soldiers, attacked and captured Ujimasa HOJO and his son, Ujinao, who had broken 'Ou Sobujirei' (Attack of Odawara), and Masamune DATE, Yoshiaki MOGAMI and others in Tohoku (the northeast) region pledged allegiance to Hideyoshi (Oshu Shioki (approach to punish the powerful warriors in the area of Oshu, to prevent them from strengthening their power)); and by this the whole country was unified under the Toyotomi government.
- 当時、全国的な争乱(観応の擾乱)が続いており、兵糧調達のため、激戦地であった近江国(守護:六角氏)・美濃国(守護:土岐頼康)・尾張国(守護:土岐頼康)の本所領(荘園)を対象として、その年の収穫に限り、守護に年貢半分の徴発を認めた。
- At that time, the government allowed provincial constables to requisition half of the taxes from the production of the year to obtain provisions in the midst of a nationwide disturbance (the Kanno Disturbance), aiming at the manors of the Province of Omi (provincial constable: Rokkaku clan), the Province of Mino (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) and the Province of Owari (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) all of which were the bloodiest battlefields in the disturbance.
- 自らも現場に居合わせたイギリス公使ハリー・パークスは激怒し、折しも兵庫開港を祝って集結していた各国艦船に緊急事態を通達、アメリカ海兵隊、イギリスの警備隊、フランスの水兵が備前藩兵を居留地外に追撃し、生田川の河原で撃ち合いとなった。
- English minister-counselor Harry PARKS, who happened to be at the site himself, got furious, announced the emergency to the foreign warships that were gathered to celebrate the opening of Hyogo port, then the U.S. Marine force, British guards, and French sailors chased the troops of the domain of Bizen out of the settlement and exchanged gunfire at the side of Ikutagawa-River.
- また仏教説話中にも取り入れられており、鎌倉時代の仏教説話集『沙石集』には、徳のない僧侶は深山に住む槌型の蛇に生まれ変わり、生前に口だけが達者で智慧の眼も信の手も戒めの足もなかったため、野槌は口だけがあって目や手足のない姿だとある。
- It is found in Buddhist stories; according to 'Shaseki-shu,' a collection of Buddhist stories compiled in the Kamakura period, a priest without virtue was born again as a hammer-shaped snake living deep in the mountains, and the priest had had a glib tongue while he had not have the eyes of the wisdom nor the hands of the piety nor the legs of the commandment, so Nozuchi he became had only a mouth and did not have eyes nor hands nor legs.
- 『高野春秋編年輯録』によると、10月2日に堀秀政が根来に着陣したのを皮切りに、総大将織田信孝以下岡田重孝、松山庄五郎らが紀ノ川筋に布陣、大和口には筒井順慶・定次父子を配し、高野七口を塞いで総勢十三万七千二百二十余人に達したとされる。
- According to 'Koya Shunju Hennen Shuroku' (The Springs and Falls of Mt. Koya), the number of Nobunaga's army reached more than 137,220 in total, led by the general commander Nobutaka ODA with the troops of Shigetaka OKADA, Shogoro MATSUYAMA and others along the Kino-kawa River, Junkei TSUTSUI and his son Sadatsugu at Yamato guchi, and blocking Koya nanakuchi (seven gates of Koyasan), starting from Hidemasa HORI's arrival at Negoro on November 18.
- 特に剣豪として江戸で名を馳せていた堀部武庸(馬廻役200石)、高田吉次の子孫であり槍の達人の高田郡兵衛(馬廻役200石)、堀部の剣の同門である奥田孫太夫 (武具奉行馬廻役150石)などが強硬に吉良上野介の首級をあげるべきと主張した。
- Especially Taketsune HORIBE (bodyguard, 200 koku), who was known to be a great swordsman in Edo, Yoshitsugu TAKATA's descendant Gunbe TAKATA, who was known for his spear skills (bodyguard, 200 koku), and Magodayu OKUDA (magistrate for arms and armor as well as a bodyguard, 150 koku), who came from the same sword school as Horibe, strongly suggested killing Kira Kozuke no Suke.
- ところが、今度は株持ち酒屋たちと彼らに政治献金を受けている幕閣たちの激しい抵抗が起こり、幕府はみたび文化11年(1828年)、無株者と休株の酒蔵、ならびにこれから新規に酒造りに参入しようと志す者は次の示達あるまで酒造りを禁ずるとした。
- But, this time facing fierce resistance from kabumochi breweries and cabinet officials of the Shobunate who received political donations from them, the bakufu issued the third order in 1828 to forbid mukabumono and yasumikabu breweries and those who were planning to start sake brewing business from brewing sake until the next order would be given.
- 絵巻の内容は、大江匡房の『江談抄』に記される物語と一致しており、遣唐使の吉備真備が在唐中に幽閉され、鬼(幽霊)となった安倍仲麻呂に導かれて、皇帝による『文選 (書物)』や囲碁による無理難題を解いて、遂に帰国を達成する、というものである。
- The contents of the picture scroll match the story marked down in 'Godansho,' written by OE no Masafusa, and the story is about KIBI no Makibi, a Japanese envoy sent to Tang Dynasty China, who succeeds in returning to Japan after being imprisoned during his visit to Tang by solving arduous tasks: 'Monzen' (Wen-hsuan, ancient Chinese poems) Igo (board game of capturing territory) and more set by the Emperor of Tang, with the guidance of his companion ABE no Nakamaro who passed away and became a ghost.
- また、10月から12月にかけて公武合体派の島津久光(薩摩藩主の父)、松平春嶽(前福井藩主)、伊達宗城(前宇和島藩主)、一橋慶喜、山内容堂(前土佐藩主)が上洛、松平容保とともに朝廷参与会議に任命され、朝廷の下での雄藩の国政参画が実現した。
- During the months from October to December (according to the old lunar calendar) the powerful lords agreeing to the political cooperation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court, such as Hisamitsu SHIMAZU (the father of the head of the Shimazu clan), Shungaku MATSUDAIRA (the former head of the Fukui clan), Munenari DATE (the former head of the Uwajima clan), Yodo YAMAUCHI (the former head of the Tosa clan), and Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI came to Kyoto one after another, and they were appointed as members of the Sanyo-kaigi with Katamori MATSUDAIRA, then the political cooperation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court began in the form in which the delegates of the Shogunate speak in the Imperial Court.
- こうした政策は公家政権では後嵯峨天皇・亀山天皇院政期、武家政権では北条時宗・北条貞時政権(安達泰盛補佐)期にあたる文永・弘安年間に最高潮に達し、いわゆる「弘安徳政」のもとで各種の神領興行が行われたほか、寺院に対しても同様の措置が見られた。
- The policy was culminated in the Bunei era and Koan era which corresponded to the period of the cloistered emperor's governments by Emperor Gosaga and Emperor Kameyama in the imperial court administration, and the period of the government led by Tokimune HOJO and the government led by Sadatoki HOJO (Yasumori ADACHI as an advisor), when various kinds of Shinryo Kogyo were conducted to shrines and similar policies were also conducted to the temples under the so-called 'Koan Tokusei.'
- その結果、大覚寺統傍流出身の後醍醐天皇子孫への皇位継承を認めないという結論に達したとき、これに反発した後醍醐天皇がこれを支持する公家と幕府に不満を抱く武士達の連携の動きが現われるのを見てクーデターを起こし、討幕運動へと発展する事になった。
- As a result, when the policy eventually reached the point of refusing to consider descendants of Emperor Godaigo, himself a scion of the Daikakuji lineage, as candidates for the throne, Emperor Godaigo was able to harness the long-festering resentment among warriors towards those who supported this policy--the nobility and the bakufu--and cooperate with them to launch a coup d'etat, which then developed into a full-scale rebellion against the bakufu.
- そして、この戦いに参加した五十三家の地侍達を「甲賀五十三家」と呼び(さらに五十三家の中で六角氏より感状を貰い重きを置かれた家を「甲賀二十一家」と称した)、甲賀の地が織田信長に席巻されるまでの間、六角氏の下で諜報活動に戦闘にと活躍していった。
- The 53 families of jizamurai (literally, soldiers of the land) that participated in this battle were called the '53 families of Koga' (among them, the families which received a letter of commendation from the Rokkaku clan for taking part in the battle and were valued were called the '21 families of Koga') and they were active in both intelligence and fighting activities under the Rokkaku clan until the Koka region was seized by Nobunaga ODA.
- 二幕目第一場(雪の下浜松屋の場)での女装の美男子、弁天小僧菊之助の名乗り(男であることを明かして彫り物を見せつける)、二幕目第三場「稲瀬川勢揃いの場」では「志らなみ」の字を染め抜いた番傘を差して男伊達の扮装に身を包んだ五人男の名乗りが名高い。
- Famous scenes are that a beautiful man dressed as a woman, Bentenkozo Kikugoro, made a speech (declaring that he was a man and showing a tattoo) in Scene One (Yukinoshita Hamamatsuya) of Act Two, and that Goninotoko (five men) who put up their bangasa (coarse oilpaper umbrella) with the letters of 'Shi-ra-na-mi' (志らなみ in Japanese) left undyed, and pretended to be otokodate (ones who seek to right wrongs) made a speech in Scene Three (Inasegawa seizoroi) of Act Two.
- なお、用紙は職事蔵人がいつ勅旨を受けても対応できるように、またあくまでも勅旨伝達は口頭であり口宣は覚書(メモ)として作成されるという性格により、製造が簡便である中古紙を再生した宿紙を用いるのが例とされ、後に書式の一環として定着するようになった。
- In order to make the shikiji, kurodo always prepared for the imperial order and because the imperial edict was entirely conveyed verbally and the kuzen was made just as a memorandum (memo), the custom was established using sheets of shukushi (also referred to as sukushi), which was simply made by recycling used paper -- That choice of paper formed a part of the document standards later on.
- 江戸時代末期・明治時代の開国による外交関係の樹立から大陸情勢への関係が不回避となると、当時の武将達が三韓征伐を想起したように、秀吉の朝鮮出兵もクローズ・アップされるようになり、大陸への進出は豊臣秀吉公の遺志を継ぐ行いだと考えるものも多くなった。
- When involvement in situations in the continent became inevitable as a result of the establishment of diplomatic relationships by opening Japan in the last days of the Edo and the Meiji periods, same as commanders at the time of war were reminded of sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), dispatch of troops by Hideyoshi came to be closed up and many came to consider advancing into the continent was conduct following Hideyoshi's wishes.
- そもそもの発端は、平将門の叔父達の「婿入り先」であって、それによって平将門の叔父達は関東、特に常陸国、上総国、下総国、武蔵国などに地盤を築いたと見られ、その「婿入り先」同士の利害対立が、平将門と叔父、従兄弟同士の抗争に結びついていった形跡がある。
- It originally started with the 'family the groom married into' uncles of the TAIRA no Masakado, and uncles of TAIRA no Masakado built a structure in Kanto region especially in Hitachi, Kazusa, Shimousa, and Musashi Provinces, and there was a trace that the conflict of interest between 'places where the grooms married' led to the struggle between TAIRA no Masakado, his uncle, and cousins.
- 無期徒刑が決定したことを知らせると「いかなる事態になるか判らない」旨の発言をしている(なお、これに対して青木が「自分は伊藤博文に言われて死刑にする事を約束しただけである」と述べたために、伊藤から嫌悪されて政治家としての栄達を絶たれる原因となる)。
- When Schaevitz knew that Tsuda was sentenced life imprisonment, he said 'he didn't know what would happen in retribution' (Aoki, who heard Schaevitz's remark, said 'he just had followed Hirobumi ITO who ordered him to promise Russia the death penalty,' and was banished from a political world by Ito).
- こうした中、儒教では利益の追求は欲望を生み出して人間を堕落の方向に向かわせると考えられ、商工業に携わること自体が本来の人間があるべき姿に反する行為として否定的に捉えられていたが、実際には貨幣経済や産業の発達により商人が経済の主導権を握るようになった。
- In Confucianism, it was thought that profit pursuing would lead to desires that would ultimately cause a human being to deteriorate and that activities of involved in commerce and industry themselves would be contrary to what a human being should be; nevertheless, under the above-mentioned circumstances, merchants took the initiative in an economy based on the development of a monetary economy and industry.
- 布告と達の区別については、当初から厳密な区別はなかったが、1873年(明治6年)には、各官庁及び官員に対する訓令としての意味を持つものを「太政官達」、全国一般へ布告すべきものを「太政官布告」として区別することを定めた(明治6年太政官布告第254号)。
- There had been no clear distinction made between the two types of law until 1873, when it was decided to release directives for government offices and their personnel under the name of 'Dajokan Tasshi,' and for the public under the name of 'Dajokan Fukoku' (Dajokan Fukoku No. 254 of 1873).
- このなかで、府県庁は地租改正事務局があらかじめ見当をつけた平均反収を絶対的な査定条件とし、申告額がこれに達しない場合は、農民が自らの労力と費用をかけて算定した地価を否定し強圧的に変更させたことから、伊勢暴動をはじめとした大規模な暴動が各地で頻発した。
- In this aggressive approach, each prefectural government made the average yield per tan that the Land Tax Reform Bureau figured out beforehand be the absolute condition of assessment and in case the reported amount was under the average tan that the Land Tax Reform Bureau figured out, each prefecture denied the reported value of the land, of which farmers assessed with their own labor and expenses and made the value of the land change forcibly; for this reason, including the Ise Revolt large scale riots erupted frequently in various places.
- これらは分轄相続によって、個々には弱小化してしまった小領主たる武士達が、他の勢力に飲み込まれないために、協力してまとまった勢力をつくりあげ、ひとつの武士団として戦に参加し、恩賞を得ようというものであり、「白旗一揆」や「桔梗一揆」はその旗印を名前とした。
- These small feudal bushi lords that weakened individually due to divided inheritance unified together to form a force that would not be pushed down by other forces, joined the battle as one bushidan to gain reward, and names of 'Shirahata Ikki' and 'Kikyo Ikki' came from the emblem on flags.
- 要約すると、「日本のように他国よりも資源に富み、勤勉な国民により産業が発達している国、つまり自給自足で豊かな国が、何も求めるものの無い外国人からの奸悪・貪婪・詐欺・戦争などから守るために、門戸を閉ざすのは適切で、そうするべきである」というものであった。
- The following is a summary of KAEMPFER's book: 'Japan enjoys having a developed industry due to having its own resources and a more diligent nation than other countries; in other words, Japan is rich for its self-sufficiency, and it is reasonable and recommendable for Japan to close the diplomatic door to protect itself from snares of wicked deeds, greed, fraud and wars laid by foreigners without resources.'
- しかし、その届出額は当時の歳入の倍に相当する7413万円(両)にも達して(しかもこの金額には後述の理由で天保年間(1830年~1843年)以前に発生した債務の大半が含まれていないものと考えられている)おり債務を引き受けた新政府にも財政的な余裕はなかった。
- The amount, however, reached 74.13 million yen (ryo), twice the government revenue at the time, and the new government couldn't afford to repay (in addition, the sum of debts which were made before the Tenpo era (1830 - 1843) was not included in this amount because of the reason mentioned below).
- のちに同法は廃止されたが、廃止理由は、東京都が首都でなくなったからではなく、あくまで同法の目的(首都の建設)が達成され、整備の対象を「首都」から「首都とその周辺地域」に広げるための発展的なものであり、後継の首都圏整備法とは連続性、一体性を有するものである。
- Although this law was abolished later, it was not because Tokyo ceased to be the capital, but because the objective of the law (construction of capital) was accomplished and it was necessary to expand the area of city improvement from the capital to the capital and its surrounding region; the succeeding law, 'national capital region improvement law,' has a continuity and unity with the abolished law.
- 現存する公文書や『令集解』における明法家の説からは、祭祀に使う特殊な陶器を除いた宮中及び官司で用いられる陶器類は調・年料雑器による貢納や正税交易(正税を用いた調達)によって賄われ、筥陶司は中央に集められた陶器の管理・出納業務のみを行っていたと考えられている。
- The theories of existing official documents or scholars of the law in 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) says that earthenwares, used in the Imperial Court or government officials except for special earthenwares used for rituals, were provided by tributes of cho (tributes) and nenryo zakki (ware paid as a tribute) or shozei koeki (provision by shozei [the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse]) and kyotoshi is considered to have only managed and done cashier job for earthenwares collected in the central government.
- ただ、前述した明治初期における国家意思形成の不統一性の問題や、規制対象を同じくする法令が何度も公布されたこともあり、布告・達が後の法令で明示的に廃止されなかった場合は、後に内容が矛盾する法令が制定されたとの解釈により効力を失ったのか否か疑義が生じたものもある。
- Because of the confusion within the early Meiji government as stated above which had led to many laws being issued for overlapping subjects, it was sometiimes doubtful whether Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi was deemed to cease to be effective due to establishment of a new contradicting law, in cases where such Fukoku or Tasshi had not been expressly abolished.
- スナイドル弾薬の調達を担当した陸軍省の西郷従道と原田一道は、大量の弾薬を調達すべく、海軍省から弾薬製造設備を借り受けたり、外国商人から空薬莢500万個の購入を計画したり、あるいは清国から弾薬を借り受けるなど、前線で戦う兵士達の火力を支える弾薬調達に東奔西走した。
- Tsugumichi SAIGO and Ichido HARADA of the Army Ministry, who were responsible for supplying Snider Ammunition, rushed about frantically busy supplying ammunition to support firepower of soldiers fighting in the front line by taking every possible measures like obtaining permission to use the facilities to produce ammunition from the Navy Ministry, planning to purchase 5 million empty cartridge cases from a foreign merchant, and borrowing ammunition from the Qing dynasty in order to supply a great deal of ammunition.
- 憲法学者・行政法学者であった美濃部達吉は、「法律上の意義に於ての殖民地」を「国家の統治区域の一部にして内地と原則として国法を異にし」たものと定義し、「朝鮮、台湾、樺太、関東州及南洋群島が此の意義において植民地なることは疑いを容れず」と述べている(『憲法撮要』)。
- Tatsukichi MINOBE, a scholar of constitutional law and administrative law, defined 'colonies in the legal aspect'as 'a part of the national territories where different state laws were adopted' and stated, 'it was positive that Korea, Taiwan, Sakhalin, the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Sea Islands were considered as colonies based on the above definition' ('Abstract of the Constitution').
- 御庭番に関する記述では、「御庭番は台命を受けるや直ちに幕府御用達呉服店に赴き秘密の部屋で変装し家族にも告げずに直ちに出発する」などとしたものをよく見かけるが、御庭番自身の談話や彼らの書き残した記録や幕府に残る公的記録から、これは伝説に過ぎないことがわかっている。
- The statements about oniwaban often say, 'As soon as the oniwaban received a mission, they went to a clothes shop owned by the bakufu, masqueraded as someone else in a secret room of the shop, and left Edo immediately with no notice to their family,' however, the oniwaban's writings and the bakufu's official records show that it was just a story.
- すなわち上記のマルクス史観的に捉えれば、 '百姓' というのは本来差別的な意味を内包する用法にもかかわらず、自分達の階級に対する対自的な把握手法として認識された場合、それは転換されたスティグマとして、他者に対するアイデンティティの示威としての意味を持つことになる。
- Specifically, in view of the Marxist history described above, although the term 'hyakusho' originally had a discriminatory meaning, when the term is recognized as self identification of his or her rank, it comes to have a meaning of demonstrating his or her identity to other people as a converted stigma.
- 島津家がこの泗川の戦いで明軍を撃退して味方の組織的な撤退を可能にしたこと、また直後の露梁海戦で小西軍の脱出を可能にした(その際に、朝鮮水軍大将李舜臣を討取った)という功績は五大老達から高く評価されており、島津家は文禄・慶長の役に参加した諸大名で唯一の加増に預かった。
- Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) highly regarded the fine deeds of the Shimazu family, who defeated the Ming army and permitted the systematic retreat of its allies and assisted an escape of the Konishi army in the Battle of Noryang (they killed Korean Marine General Yi Sun-sin in the process) which occurred soon after, and the Shimazu family was the only one that was awarded with the estate among various daimyo that participated in the Bunroku-Keicho War.
- 今日マウリッツは軍制改革の父と呼ばれているが、その功績は射撃法ではなく、それを達成する為の猛烈且つ間断なき訓練が、寄せ集め傭兵の集合体であった当時の軍隊を一種の帰属意識に基づく団結心を持った集団に変え得る予期外の効果を持つという事を発見したという点が評価されている。
- Today Maurice is called the father of the reformation of the military system, but his achievement lies not in the shooting method, but in the discovery that hard and incessant practices to attain a goal could change the armies in those days, which were aggregations of mercenaries, into a body whose members had a team spirit based on a sense of belonging and were effective beyond expectation, which was highly evaluated.
- 工場等からの排出量は割り当てられた目標を達成し斬減傾向にあるものの、運輸・業務(事業所等)・民生部門の増加が目立ち、特に自動車の氾濫により自家用乗用車については 2004年現在で +52.6% もの著しい増加を見せており、全国で見ても総排出量の 16% を占めている。
- The emissions amount from factories and so on has achieved the allotted target and is in decline, but the increase of emissions from transportation operations (in business and so on) and civilian sectors has been prominent, and in particular due to a huge increase of cars, the emissions from private cars dramatically increased by +52.6% as of 2004 and accounted for 16% in the total emissions amount nationwide.
- 一方、当時の公家社会では、公家達のほとんどが北朝方公家の末裔であったために(多くは家督を巡って南北に分裂した)北朝正統論が強く、柳原紀光ら公家出身の歴史家の多くが北朝正統論を支持した、また皇室も永く現皇統につながる北朝を正統と考えていたとされ祭祀もその方針で行われていた。
- On the other hand, most of the court nobles at that time were descended from court nobles of the Northern Court (many families divided into Southern and Northern based on the family head), and strongly supported the Northern Court legitimacy theory, together with many aristocratic historians such as Norimitsu YANAGIHARA, and the Imperial Line also considered the Northern Court as legitimate because it was directly connected to the current imperial line, so rituals were also conducted following those policies.
- 長崎の町年寄りは、元禄5年(1692年)および元禄7年(1694年)に、長崎では殺生禁止が徹底していないので今後は下々の者に至るまで遵守せよ、という内容の通達を出しているが、その通達の中でも、長崎にいる唐人とオランダ人については例外として豚や鶏などを食すことを認めていた。
- Since the prohibition on killing animals was not thorough enough, the ward head in Nagasaki issued a circular notice to preserve the law among ordinary people twice, in 1692 and 1694, but the notice made an exception of Chinese and Dutch residents who were allowed to eat chicken and pork.
- また実際に、長州藩では官軍に立場が転じると旧幕府側の人間を敵意をこめて「朝敵」と呼称した山県有朋や世良修蔵のような人物が見られ、鹿児島で起きた西南戦争において旧幕府側出身の抜刀隊員達は、賊軍の汚名を晴らすべく「戊辰の仇、戊辰の仇」と叫んで斬り込んでいったとする談話もある。
- Additionally, Aritomo YAMAGATA and Shuzo SERA called members of the former Shogunate 'choteki' with respect, when their domain switched to the Imperial forces; in the Seinan War in Kagoshima the batto-tai of the former Shogunate forces cut in with a sword, shouting 'Avenge for Boshin, avenge for Boshin.'
- しかし、伊達家には慶長5年(1600年)10月6日付中嶋左衛門宛伊達政宗書状、10月14日、10月19日付今井宗薫宛政宗書状、その戦功を賞する返書として10月24日付伊達政宗宛徳川家康書状が残されており、慶長5年10月6日に何らかの戦闘行為が行われたのは間違いないであろう。
- However, the Date family has kept Masamune DATE's letter to Saemon NAKAJIMA (中嶋左衛門) dated October 6, 1600, Masamune's letters to Sokun IMAI dated October 14 and 19, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's letter to Masamune DATE dated October 24 to praise him for his distinguished military act and therefore, there is no doubt that any battle took place on October 6, 1600.
- 翌慶応3年(1867年)薩摩藩の西郷・大久保利通らは政局の主導権を握るため雄藩連合を模索し、島津久光・松平春嶽・伊達宗徳・山内容堂(前土佐藩主)の上京を促して、兵庫開港および長州処分問題について徳川慶喜と協議させたが、慶喜の政治力が上回り、団結を欠いた四侯会議は無力化した。
- In 1867, Takamori SAIGO and Toshimichi OKUBO of Satsuma, who groped for the union of major domains to take the initiative in the political situation, urged Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Munee DATE and Yodo YAMANOUCH (the former lord of the Tosa domain) to come to Kyoto to discuss the port of Hyogo and the treatment of Choshu with Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, but the four great members, lacking solidarity, were overwhelmed by Yoshinobu's political smartness, and could not make a respectable showing.
- 『日本書紀』の皇極天皇元年(642年)7月12日 (旧暦)「乙亥 饗百濟使人大佐平智積等於朝 或本云 百濟使人大佐平智積及兒達率 闕名 恩率軍善乃命健兒相撲於翹岐前」にあるとおり百済の王族の使者をもてなすため、健児(こんでい・ちからひと)に相撲を取らせたことが書かれている。
- The 'Nihonshoki' states 'The emperor entertained ambassadors from Paekche including Chishaku TAISAHEI at the Imperial Court, and he told strong men to have sumo matches in front of Gyogi,' kondei (regular soldiers guarding kokubu (ancient provincial offices)) had sumo matches to entertain a royal envoy from Paekche on August 15, 642.
- 現代の多くの言語で日本を意味するJapan/Japon/Giappone/Yaponiyaなどの言葉は、一般にジパングが語源とされるが、ポルトガルが到達した16世紀頃の東南アジアで日本のことを中国語からの借用語でJapangと呼んでいたことに由来するという説など、異説もある。
- Many words for Japan in modern languages, such as Japan, Japon, Giappone, and Yaponiya, are generally derived from the word 'Zipangu,' but there are also different theories, including one theory holding that the origin of these words was that people in Southeast Asia called Japan Japang in a borrowed word from Chinese language around the 16th century, when Portuguese reached Southeast Asia.
- MAVO(柳瀬正夢、村山知義、尾形亀之助、大浦周蔵(1890年-1928年)、門脇晋郎で結成。他、岡田達夫(?-?)、加藤正雄(1898年-1987年)、高見沢路直(1899年-1989年)、戸田達雄(1904年-1988年)、矢橋公麿(1902年-1964年))1923年結成
- MAVO (formed by Masamu YANASE, Tomoyoshi MURAYAMA, Kamenosuke OGATA, Shuzo OURA [1890 - 1928], and Shinro KADOWAKI and also Tatsuo OKADA [dates unknown], Masao KATO [1898-1987], Michinao TAKAMIZAWA [1899 - 1989], Tatsuo TODA [1904 - 1988], and Kimimaro YABASHI [1902 - 1964]) was formed in 1923.
- 新井白石が吉良邸の隣人の旗本土屋主税から聞き取った話を室鳩巣が書き綴った『鳩巣小説』では、隣の吉良邸が騒がしくなったので外へ出て見た土屋が壁越しに声をかけたところ、片岡源五右衛門、原惣右衛門、小野寺十内と名乗った者が、吉良上野介を打ち取って本望を達したと言う声を聞いたとしている。
- According to 'Kyuso Shosetsu' (Kyuso's novel) by Kyuso MURO, which was written based on things Hakuseki ARAI heard through Kira's neighbor hatamoto Chikara TSUCHIYA, when he stepped outside and shouted with a wall between as it was getting noisy at his neighbor Kira's residence, he heard people say their names, Gengoro KATAOKA, Soemon HARA and Junai ONODERA, and that their long-cherished desire was satisfied by killing Kira Kozuke no Suke.
- 李氏朝鮮との国交問題が暗礁に乗り上げている中、朝鮮の宗主国である清との国交締結を優先にすべきとの考えから1870年7月27日(明治3年6月29日 (旧暦))柳原前光・花房義質を派遣して予備交渉を行い、次いで正規の大使として伊達が送られ、副使となった柳原とともに詰めの交渉を行った。
- While the issue on the diplomatic relations with Joseon Dynasty was stranded on a reef, Japan considered that the diplomatic relations with Qing which was a suzerain power of Korea should be concluded in priority to that, therefore, Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA and Yoshimoto HANABUSA were sent for the preliminary negotiations on July 27, 1870, followed by Date, a legitimate commander-in-chief, who led the negotiations to the final conclusions along with above mentioned Yanagiwara who had been appointed as a vice commander prior to it.
- 韓日併合の目的を達成した一進会は、その後、韓国統監府が朝鮮内の政治的混乱を収拾するために朝鮮の政治結社を全面的に禁止したため、解散費用15万円を与えられ、他の政治結社と同様に解散したが、一進会を率いた宋秉畯らは朝鮮総督府中枢院顧問となり合併後の朝鮮の政治にも大きく影響を与え続けた。
- After Isshinkai accomplished the annexation between Korea and Japan, Kankoku Tokan-fu (South Korea Protection Agency) entirely forbade making any political association in Korea in order to suppress the political confusion in Korea, so they were compelled to dismiss as the other political associations did in exchange of 150 thousand yen given as dissolution allowance, but Song Byung-joon and others who had been leading Isshinkai assumed office as adviser of Chusuin (a government office in Korea) of Chosen Sotoku-fu (Governor-General of Korea) and kept affecting on the Korean politics after the annexation.
- 国民皆兵を理念とはしたが、体格が基準に達しない者や病気の者などは除かれ、また制度の当初、「一家の主人たる者」や「家のあとを継ぐ者」、「嗣子並に承祖の孫」(承継者)、「代人料(270円)を支払った者」、「官省府県の役人、兵学寮生徒、官立学校生徒」、「養家に住む養子」は徴兵免除とされた。
- Though the idea was universal conscription, those who did not meet the physical standard or were ill were exempted, and the other exemptions included 'masters of the family,' 'heirs,' 'grandsons to succeed directly from their grandfather' (collectively successors,) 'those who had paid proxy fee (270 yen),' 'officials of central and local governments, students of military schools and public schools,' and 'adopted children living in their foster parents.'
- この結果法学部教官は、解決案により要求が達成されたとして辞表を撤回した残留組(中島玉吉、末広重雄、牧健二など)と、辞表を撤回せず解決案を拒否した辞職組に分裂し、前記6教授以外に恒藤恭(のちの大阪市立大学初代学長)および田村徳治の教授2名、助教授5名、専任講師以下8名が辞職という形で事件は決着した。
- As a result, law faculty staff became divided into those who decided that their demands had been reached by the solution and retracted their resignations and stayed (Tamakichi NAKAJIMA, Shigeo SUEHIRO, Kenji MAKI, etc.), and those who resigned because they did not retract their resignations and refused the solution, who were the aforementioned six professors, two professors, Kyo TSUNETO (later the first president of Osaka Prefectural University) and Tokuji TAMURA, five associate professors and eight lecturers and the incident was concluded.
- 吟醸酒の実現には酵母のみならず、精米技術の向上など多方面の研究を待たなければならなかったが、やがて1970年代には、日本酒醪(もろみ)造りの工程における温度管理の技術が飛躍的に発達し、協会系酵母協会7号や協会系酵母協会9号などの新しい酵母が実用化され、日本酒吟醸酒・純米吟醸酒などが出荷されはじめた。
- In order to produce ginjo-shu, improvements in various fields such as rice polishing and other technologies in addition to yeasts are required, and then in the 1970's, a breakthrough in temperature control technology in the Nihonshu moromi-zukuri (preparation of final mash) process and realization of new yeasts such as Sake yeast kyokai No.7 and Sake yeast kyokai No.9 enabled brewers to produce Nihonshu ginjo-shu and junmai (sake brewed with only rice, water, and koji without additives) ginjo-shu.
- 日本の達成が難しいと囁かれ始めた 2007年頃になって、京都議定書自体が欧米諸国による政治的な圧力であるという陰謀論(そもそも根拠が示されていない、既に支持を失った議論を蒸し返しているなどの理由により懐疑論にもなり得ていないもの)が、一部評論筋や個人の論評などで、にわかに唱えられはじめるようになった。
- Around 2007 when it was whispered that it seemed unlikely for Japan to achieve the goal, some critics or individuals began to claim a conspiracy theory that Kyoto Protocol itself was a political pressure from Western countries (it is a groundless theory and is far from even being skepticism because it is based on the issue which was once discussed and consequently lost its supporters).
- もう一つは、交流を禁止してしまったことで、ヨーロッパ(後にアメリカ合衆国も)で発達した産業革命による技術や文化を積極的に受け入れられなくなり、世界の潮流からとりのこされて科学文化が浸透せず(理系軽視)、ひいては太平洋戦争の敗戦の遠因ともなってしまった、とする和辻哲郎にみられるように否定的なものである。
- Another evaluation, typified by Tetsuro WATSUJI, argues that Japan fell behind the global current because of its inability to introduce technology and culture similar to what was being developed during the Industrial Revolution in Europe (later in the United States as well) due to its prohibition on exchanging with other countries; this not only resulted in the failure of Japan to make a scientific culture permeate throughout the nation (science courses were disregarded), but also became an underlying cause of defeat in the Pacific War.
- 大宰府の少弐資能(武藤資能)は蒙古国書(日本側では牒状と記録)と高麗王書状を受け取り、鎌倉幕府へ送達する(しかし、日本側からの返牒の気配がなかったためか、太宰府来着から七ヶ月後に潘阜は高麗へ帰還しており、高麗は同年10月には潘阜の遣使が不首尾に終わった旨を元朝宮廷側に潘阜ら自らが赴くなどして報告している)。
- Sukeyoshi SHONI (Sukeyoshi MUTO) of Dazai-fu received the letter from the Mongol Empire (letter and records according to Japanese materials) and the one from the king of Goryeo, and sent them to Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (however, Hanpu returned to Goryeo seven months after his arrival at Dazai-fu, possibly because Japan showed no intention to reply, and in October of the same year, Goryeo reported to the Yuan imperial court, by envoy Hanpu himself visiting there, that he had gained no fruit).
- しかし、18世紀の末頃から江戸幕府が蝦夷地の直接支配に乗り出し始めると次第に拡大し、東は1800年には野田追(のだおい、現八雲町)、1864年には同長万部(おしゃまんべ、現長万部町)など、後の胆振国山越郡にあたる地域に広がり、西では1865年に後の後志国小樽郡に相当する小樽内(おたるない、現小樽市)に達した。
- But from the end of 18th century, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) began to control directly the Ezo area, Wajinchi expanded gradually, and in the eastern area, the scope of Wajinchi reached Nodaoi (present Yakumo town) in 1800, and Oshamanbe (present Oshamanbe town, later Yamakoshi County, Iburi Province) in eastern area of Ezo in 1864, and within Otaru area corresponding to later Otaru County, Goshi Province (present Otaru City) in western area in 1865.
- 「ようよう立艶姿に伊達風流股立袴すそ高くたつたの川にあらねとも紅葉の顔に薄化粧浅黄羽織の紐きやしやに結ひとめたる恋の括り目は在原の業平もあんまりよそには御座んすまいやりたい金やりたい小指かはるなかはらし二世までとかはす枕ににくまれて浮世も後生も後の日も思ひの淵に身は沈むさてもさても見事な御器量てあるわいな」。
- Oh! Oh! How amorous his standing pose is, with his skirts kilted high in an elegant men's style, with his lightly made-up face having autumnal tint like crimson foliage, and with delicately tied braids of his drape of pale yellow, who must not be far from ARIWARA no Narihira, a typical man of handsome feature, alluring his fans to spend money and to lock their pinky fingers to his, while he desires no change forever until next generation, staying together in bed, playing a bad guy for pillows, sinking himself on the verge of thinking in this and another worlds in future days.
- また、片足を上げたり、屈んだりせずに着脱ができることや、靴やズボンを脱がずに下着を交換できることから、ヘルニアなどの腰痛に苦しむ人々に加えて、実用面でも、吸湿性が良いことから夏場に野外で作業をする人達や、着替えに場所や時間の制約がある人達の他に長時間着席を余儀なくされる業務を行う人達にも愛用されているようだ。
- What is more, Ecchu fundoshi seem to be used habitually not only by the people who suffer from lumbago such as a rupture because they can be put on and taken off without lifting one leg nor bending down, or because undergarments can be exchanged without taking off shoes nor trousers, but also, for the practical purpose, by the people who work outdoors in the summer because they are absorbent, by the people who are restricted about the place or the time to change their clothes, and also by the people who, while working, are obliged to be seated for a long time.
- 江南軍のほとんどが嘗ての南宋の兵であり、放っておけば社会不安の要因となる彼らを厄介払いする目的もあったと言われる杉山正明の一連の著作、『中国史3』P449など(山川出版社)(それを裏付けるように、モンゴルの司令官たちが乗った船は一隻も沈んでおらず、江南軍に従軍した兵士達の墓も旧南宋の領内では確認されていない)。
- According to a series of books written by Masaaki SUGIYAMA and page 449 of 'Chugokushi 3' (The History of China, Volume 3) (published by Yamakawa Shuppansha) says that a purpose for organizing most of the Southern Yangtze Army with soldiers from the former Southern Sung Dynasty was to get rid of them, and they would cause social anxiety if left alone (in fact, to support this idea, no ship in which Mongol commanders were on board sank, and tombs of the soldiers joined in the Southern Yangtze Army have not been found in the former territory of the Southern Sung Dynasty).
- この声明書の中で、「これまでの朝鮮の歴史の悲劇は自分達が招いたことであり、我が国の皇帝陛下と日本天皇陛下に懇願し、朝鮮人も日本人と同じ一等国民の待遇を享受して、政府と社会を発展させようではないか」と、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が新たに一つの政治機関を設立し、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が対等合邦して一つの大帝国を作るように求めた。
- In the statement, it says 'Tragedies in Korean history are our own fault, so we would like to plead to our Emperor and the Emperor of Japan to give Koreans the opportunity to enjoy the same treatment as the first class citizens of Japan. We ask the Japanese to develop our government and society' and suggest the Korean Empire and the Empire of Japan establish a new unified political body together and create a new empire by equal merger of both Empires.
- なお、資料によってはこの勅諭の末尾に「御名御璽」と表記しているものがあるが、この勅諭は明治天皇の署名(印刷物等に表記する場合は「御名」)のみで御璽を捺さずに陸海軍に直接下賜する形式を採った(軍内部には「明治15年陸軍省達乙第2号」として陸軍大臣から布達された)ため、印刷物の場合は「御名」のみ表記されるのが正確である。
- By the way, although some materials show this imperial rescript with letters of 'Onna (name) gyoji (imperial seal)' at the end, Emperor Meiji signed the rescript without putting gyoji ('Onna' was written on prints) and gave it directly to the Army and the Navy (It was notified by Minister of Army to the members of the Ministry as 'Meiji 15, Ministry of Army, Otsu No.2'), and therefore, to be exact only 'onna' was inscribed on prints.
- 足助氏はその後も御家人として存続したが、4代目惣領・足助重方とその子・足助親重は官位を有し昇殿をも許されるなど朝廷との繋がりは依然として深く、加えて一族の中には有力御家人安達氏との縁戚がおり、弘安8年(1285年)の霜月騒動で一族の足助重房が連座して滅ぼされたことなどから、次第に鎌倉幕府への不満を強めていくこととなる。
- After that, the Asuke clan survived as a vassal of the shogunate, but its relationship with the Imperial Court was still so close that the fourth head, Shigekata ASUKE, and his son Chikashige ASUKE had been given official rank and allowed to enter the denjo room in the palace; moreover, its dissatisfaction with the Kamakura bakufu increased because of problems such as the Shimotsuki Affair in 1285, in which Shigefusa ASUKE was involved and destroyed because, in the Asuke clan, there were relatives of the powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), Adachi clan.
- 後に「武士」として登場する、関東の開発領主達の11世紀末までの状況がどうだったかといえば、当時はその所領支配は、郡司、郷司などの公的な職の体系を媒介として、開墾を行い、村落を形成することを課題としはじめた頃であり、領地支配、あるいはその拡大において、隣接する開発領主との抗争が日常化するほどの飽和点にはまだ至ってはいない。
- The situation of kaihatsu-ryoshu in the Kanto region that later appeared as 'bushi' in the late eleventh century used soryo ruling through gunji, goji, and other public duties to start cultivating and forming villages and was not up to a saturated level to quarrel constantly with neighboring kaihatsu-ryoshu over the ruling and expansion of manors.
- 元禄14年2月4日 (旧暦)(1701年3月3日)、江戸下向が予定されていた東山天皇の勅使柳原資廉(前の大納言)、高野保春(前の中納言)ならびに霊元天皇の院使清閑寺熈定(前の権大納言)を接待するために江戸幕府は勅使饗応役として播磨国赤穂藩主の浅野長矩、院使饗応役として伊予国宇和島藩伊予吉田藩主の伊達村豊をそれぞれ任じた。
- On March 3, 1701, the Edo bakufu appointed the lord of Ako Domain in Harima Province, Naganori ASANO, and the lord of Yoshida and Uwajima Domain in Iyo Province, Muratoyo DATE, to attend to Emperor Higashiyama's messenger Sukekado YANAGIWARA (former Dainagon (chief councilor of state)) who was planning to go down to Edo, Yasuharu TAKANO (former Chunagon (vice-councilor of state)), and Emperor Reigen's Inshi (a messenger from the retired emperor) Hirosada SEIKANJI (former Gon Dainagon (provincial chief councilor of state)).
- 特に重要な作品として、安永6年(1777年)4月大坂中の芝居で上演された歌舞伎「伽羅先代萩」(奈河亀輔ほか作)と、翌安永7年(1778年)7月江戸中村座で上演された歌舞伎「伊達競阿国戯場」(桜田治助・笠縫専助合作)、さらに天明5年(1785年)江戸結城座で上演された人形浄瑠璃「伽羅先代萩」(松貫四ほか作)の3作が挙げられる。
- There were three particularly important plays among them: a Kabuki play 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi' (written by Kamesuke NAGAWA and others) performed during April 1777 at Naka no Shibai (the Naka-za Theater) in Osaka, Kabuki play 'Date Kurabe Okuni Kabuki' (Competition of the Date Clan in Okuni Kabuki) (written by a collaboration of Jisuke SAKURADA and Sensuke KASANUI) performed during July 1778 at the Nakamura-za Theater in Edo, and Ningyo Joruri play 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi' (written by Kanshi MATSU and others) performed during 1785 at the Yuki-za Theater in Edo.
- いっぽう幕権強化・雄藩連合などの様々な思惑を孕みつつ、文久3年12月に徳川慶喜・松平春嶽・松平容保・伊達宗城(宇和島藩主)・島津久光による参預会議が開催され、神奈川鎖港談判、長州藩の処置、大坂港の防備強化などの議題が話し合われたが、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜の非協力的態度に春嶽・久光らが反撥して帰国したため、早くも翌年3月には崩壊。
- Leaving various ideas, such as reinforcing the power of the bakufu, and the alliance of major clans, as they were, a council meeting was held on December 1863 by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Munenari DATE (the lord of Uwajima clan), and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU to discuss the condition of the port of Kanagawa, the treatment of the Choshu clan, and strengthening the defences of the port of Osaka, but it failed as early as in March 1864, when Shungaku and Hisamitsu became upset with Yoshino TOKUGAWA, a guardian of the shogun, who was not cooperative at all.
- 現在、大阪城天守閣で所蔵されている、自らも大坂の役に参戦した黒田長政が絵師を集めて描かせたとされる屏風絵「大坂夏の陣図屏風」の左半分には、徳川方の雑兵達が大坂城下の民衆に襲い掛かり、偽首を取る様子や略奪を働き身包みを剥がすところ、さらには川を渡って逃げる民衆に銃口を向ける光景、そして女性を強姦にする様子などが詳細に描かれている。
- At the left hand of painting of 'Osaka Natsu no Jinzu Byobu' (Folding screen with painting of Summer Sieze of Osaka) in the possession of the Tenshukaku (keep or tower) of Osaka-jo Castle, which Nagamasa KURODA who joined in the war ordered painters to make, there are detailed scenes that warriors of Tokugawa side assaulted the public in the town of Osaka-jo Castle, trying to get nisekubi (fake head as a proof to kill someone for awards), plundering and despoiling their possessions including clothes, shooting those who try to escape crossing over river, and raping women, and so on.
- 代表的な人物としては、千宗旦・金森宗和・小堀遠州の茶道、後水尾天皇・池坊専好の生け花、安楽庵策伝・三浦為春・松永貞徳・烏丸光広などの文学、石川丈山・林羅山・堀正意の儒学、沢庵宗彭・一糸文守・鈴木正三の禅、近衛信尹・松花堂昭乗・本阿弥光悦の寛永の三筆、角倉素庵・近衛信尋の書、俵屋宗達・狩野探幽の絵画、野々村仁清の陶芸などが挙げられる。
- Famous persons are SEN no Sotan/Sowa KANAMORI/Enshu KOBOI of tea ceremony, the Emperor Gomizunoo/Senko IKENOBO of flower arrangement, Sakuden ANRAKUAN/Tameharu MIURA/Teitoku MATSUNAGA/Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU of literature, Jozan ISHIKAWA/Razan HAYASHI/Seii HORI of Confucianism study, Soho TAKUAN/Monju ISSHI/Shosan SUZUKI of Zen, Nobutada KONOE/Shojo SHOKADO/Koetsu HONNAMI of Kanei no sanpitsu (the three masters of calligraphy in Kanei era), Soan SUMINOKURA/Nobuhiro KONOE of calligraphy, Sotatsu TAWARAYA/Tanyu KANO of paintings and Ninsei NONOMURA of ceramic art.
- 地球温暖化の地球温暖化の原因となる、温室効果ガスの一種である二酸化炭素 (CO2)、メタン (CH4)、亜酸化窒素 (N2O)、フロン類類 (HFCs)、フロン類類 (PFCs)、六フッ化硫黄(SF6) について、先進国における削減率を1990年を基準として各国別に定め、共同で約束期間内に目標値(削減目標参照)を達成することが定められた。
- As for the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), Fluorocarbons (HFCs, PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which are the causes of global warming, developed countries agreed to set reduction rates of emissions with respect to the 1990 levels respectively, and collaboratively aim to achieve the target rates within the committed period (see the reduction target).
- この時期、九州では依然として激戦が続いており、更に1,800万発の調達が必要と見積もられていたこともあって、大量の弾薬在庫が残されていたツンナール銃を九州に送る案が検討され、実際に和歌山(旧紀州藩)の臨時召集部隊は藩兵時代から使い慣れたツンナール銃装備のまま九州へ派遣されたほか、大阪鎮台の医歩兵など後方部隊もツンナール銃を装備して派遣されていた。
- As fierce battles were still fought in Kyushu in this period, the Army Ministry estimated further 18 million rounds of ammunition would be needed and examined a plan of sending Zundnadel guns to Kyushu because it had a great deal of stockpiles of ammunition for the gun; in fact, an emergency call-up troop in Wakayama (former Kishu Domain) was dispatched to Kyushu armed with Zundnadel gun, which they had used when they served for the domain, and a rear unit including medical soldiers in Osaka Garrison were also armed with Zundnadel guns and dispatched.
- 第一に、上記に掲げた太閤蔵入地約200万石、第二に、直轄領とした金山・銀山(佐渡国佐渡金山、石見国石見銀山、但馬国生野銀山)から上がる金銀の収益(金銀の収益を背景に、平安時代に発行された皇朝十二銭以来となる国内発行の貨幣(天正大判・天正通宝)を発行)、第三に、商業が発達した都市(大坂、堺、京都、伏見、長崎)を直轄地とすることから上がる収益であった。
- First, by gaining approximately two million koku from the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi; second, by gaining profits of gold and silver from gold and silver mines, which were part of Hideyoshi's directly controlled territories (Sado Gold Mine of Sado Province and Iwami Silver Mine of Iwami Province and Ikuno Silver Mine of Tajima Province) (Hideyoshi issued the new coins, 'Tensho-Oban' and 'Tensho Tsuho' after a long interval since 'Kocho-Junisen' (twelve coins casted in Japan) had been issued in the Heian period; third, gaining profits by directly controlling cities where commerce had developed (Osaka, Sakai, Kyoto, Fushimi and Nagasaki).
- この事件における外国人側被害に対して処罰が重すぎるのではないかとの声もあり、また、日本側としては滝の行為は、少なくとも「供割」への対処は武士として当然のものでもあったが、列強の強い要求の前に抗うことが出来ず、伊藤や五代才助(後の五代友厚)を通じた伊達宗城の期限ギリギリまでの助命嘆願もフランスのレオン・ロッシュをはじめとする公使投票の前に否決される。
- There were some opinions that the punishment for injuring foreigners was too severe, and from the Japanese viewpoint the act of TAKI was quite natural for a samurai, at least as a reaction to 'Tomowari,'but it was difficult to resist the strong demand of the powerful countries and the plea for saving TAKI made by Munenari DATE through ITO and Saisuke GODAI (later Tomoatsu GODAI) to the last minute of the deadline was rejected by the voting of Leon ROCHES of France and other minister-counselors'.
- 元来、半済とは「年貢の半分を納付する」という意味より百姓の年貢の半分を免除することを意味していたが、南北朝時代 (日本)頃から、守護が軍費・兵糧を現地調達するために、荘園・公領の年貢の半分を軍勢に預け置くことが、半済として行われ始め、1352年に最初の半済令が幕府から出された(なお、南北朝・室町時代においても年貢の半分免除の意味で「半済」という言葉が用いられる場合も存在しており注意を要する)。
- 'Hanzei' originally meant 'paying half of the tax' and thus meant, at that time, absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes; however, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Hanzei' was used to mean that half of the customs or taxes on the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were submitted to the troops in order for provincial constables to cover military expenditure and provisions locally, and the first hanzei law was enforced by the feudal government in 1352 (Note that 'Hanzei' was also used to mean absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes in the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period).
- また安政年間頃から寛永通寳銅一文銭、鉄一文銭、および真鍮四文銭などの通用において額面からの乖離が著しくなり、文久永宝の発行に至り相場は混乱し、文久2年(1862年)12月に幕府は改めて天保通寳を100文で通用させるよう通達を出したが、実際に100文銭としての通用は困難との申し出もあり、幕府は慶応元年(1865年)閏5月に、鉄一文銭=1文および天保通寳=100文の基準に対し以下のような増歩通用を認めざるを得なくなった。
- Furthermore, under the significant deviations from the face value since around Ansei era (1854 to 1859) in circulating the Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen (copper Kanei-tsuho equivalent to one mon), the tetsu ichimonsen coins, and the shinchu shimonsen coins, and so on, the issuance of Bunkyu-eiho (a coin first minted in Bunkyu era [1854 to 1859]) brought the disorder of the exchange market; therefore in January 1863, the bakufu reordered to fix the rate of the Tenpo-tsuho by 100 mon, however, by reports that this rate was impossible and others, in June 1865, the Edo bakufu had to accept to circulate it by the fair market price not by the face value as follows with the standard of the tetsu ichimonsen coin equivalent to one mon and the Tenpo-tsuho equivalent to 100 mon:
- 1420年の回礼使である宋希景は乞食が食物ではなく銭を欲しがるような貨幣経済の発達に対して驚きの声を上げた(その時の李氏朝鮮では、都市部で楮貨という紙幣が流通していた程度で、貨幣経済と呼ぶに足るものが成立しておらず、布・米を媒体とした物々交換が主であったため)といった記録が残っており、また、朝鮮で後に飢饉を救ったサツマイモ(宝暦度 1764年(宝暦14年))や揚水式水車など、日本から相応の文物を持ち帰っていたようである。
- A document records that Kiei SO (宋希景), a kaireishi (an officer sent to Japan responding to an envoy sent by Japan) sent to Japan in 1420, gave an exclamation of surprise about the highly progressed monetary economy that even a beggar wanted money instead of food (this was because, in Korea at that time, paper money called Choka was circulated only in urban areas, with no system that could be called a monetary economy established yet, and the economy was centered on barter trade based on the media of rice and cloth), and in addition, it is likely that the envoy from Korea brought back products of culture necessary for them, such as sweet potato that rescued Korean people from a famine in Korea in later years (1764) and water-pumping wheels.
- しかし、日本では新たに植林をする場所がほとんどない上、むしろ森林所有者の管理放棄(特に人工林)や、相続税支払いのために売却・宅地転用 を余儀なくされる山林や農地の増加、さらに生産緑地地区農地課税の扱いが異なる自治体を施行したり、保安林維持予算の縮減・林野庁職員の大幅減員を行うなど政府与党の政策はむしろ逆行しているため、このままでは当初見込まれた吸収量を達する可能性が薄いと考えられており、達成できるかどうかは微妙な情勢である。
- However in Japan, there is little land for newly tree planting, and the mountain forests and farmlands increase, in which management has been abandoned by the forest owners (especially artificial forests) and/or disposition or diversion to building lots has been inevitably done in order to complete the inheritance tax payment; furthermore, the policies of the ruling party put a clock back, such as the enforcement of autonomous bodies where the taxations on productive green area farmlands are differently dealt with, the reduction of budget for keeping conservation forests, the large reduction of the staff in Forestry Agency and so on; therefore, it is considered to be difficult to achieve the absorption target initially expected.
- 黒板勝美は大日本帝国海軍水路部の元暦2年3月24日(ユリウス暦で5月2日)の関門海峡の潮流の調査を元に、午前8時30分に西への潮流が東へ反転して、午前11時頃に8ノットに達し、午後3時頃に潮流は再び西へ反転することを明らかにし、合戦が行われた時間帯は『玉葉』の午の刻(12時ごろ)から申の刻(16時ごろ)が正しく合戦は午後に行われたとして、潮流が東向きだった時間帯は平氏が優勢で、反転して西向きになって形勢が逆転して源氏が優勢になったとした。
- Katsumi KUROITA, based on an investigation conducted by Tokyo Imperial University's naval hydrographic department into the tidal currents on May 2, 1185, proved that the westward tidal current in the Kanmon straits started flowing eastward at 8:30 in the morning, reaching a speed of eight knots by around 11 AM, and returned to flowing westward at around 3 in the afternoon; asserting that the times given in the 'Gyokuyo' for when the battle was fought (from noon to 4 PM) were correct and thus that the battle took place in the afternoon, he further stated that as long as the current was flowing east the Taira clan had the advantage, but after it switched back to flowing west, there was a reversal of fortunes and the Minamoto clan gained the upper hand.
- 松川の戦い(まつかわのたたかい)は、『改正三河後風土記』(第42巻:上杉・伊達合戦の事)、『常山紀談』(巻之16:伊達上杉陸奥国松川合戦の事 附永井善左衛門 岡左内が事)、『東国太平記』(巻第15:松川合戦政宗福島ノ城ヲ攻ムル事)、『会津陣物語』(第4巻:松川合戦に政宗、福島城を攻める事、井せて須田大炊介、政宗と逢隈川合戦(陣幕を切り取る)事)によれば、慶長6年(1601年)4月26日に、現在の福島県福島市の中心部で伊達政宗と上杉景勝麾下の本庄繁長・須田長義が戦った合戦だとされる。
- The Battle of Matsukawa is said to be the battle where Shigenaga HONJO and Nagayoshi SUDA under the command of Kagekatsu UESUGI fought against Masamune DATE in the central area of the present Fukushima City, Fukushima Prefecture on April 26, 1601, according to 'Kaisei Mikawago Fudoki (Foundation of the Tokugawa clan)' (Vol. 42: The battle between Uesugi and Date), 'Jozenkidan (a collection of anecdotes compiled in the Edo period)' (Vol. 16: The Battle of Matsukawa between Date and Uesugi in Mutsu Province with the episode of Zenzaemon NAGAI and Sanai OKA), 'Togoku Taiheiki (the battle chronicle on the eastern Japan)' (Vol. 15: Attack to the Fukushima-jo Castle by Masamune in the Battle of Matsukawa), 'Aizujin Monogatari (stories on the Battle in Aizu)' (Vol. 4: Attack to the Fukushima-jo Castle by Masamune in the Battle of Matsukawa and the episode of Oiinosuke SUDA cutting off the camp enclosure during the Battle of Abukuma-gawa River against Masamune).
- 16世紀第4四半期の時点で、安東氏上国家・湊家が秋田郡、南部氏三戸南部氏(盛岡南部氏)が糠部郡、奥州探題大崎氏が大崎地方、葛西氏が登米郡、羽州探題最上氏が最上地方・村山地方、伊達氏が信夫郡・伊達郡・置賜地方・刈田郡・柴田郡・宮城郡を、蘆名氏が会津・耶麻郡・大沼郡・河沼郡・蒲原郡・安積郡・岩瀬郡、二本松氏(畠山氏)が安達郡、田村氏が田村郡、陸奥石川氏・白河結城氏が白河郡、相馬氏が行方郡 (磐城国)・宇多郡・標葉郡、岩城氏が楢葉郡・岩城郡・磐前郡・菊田郡・多賀郡において安堵を実行した発給文書が残っている。
- There remain issued documents for approval of a landowner as of the forth quarter of the sixth century, Akita-gun for the Ando clan (Uekuni family and Minato family), Nukanobu region for the Nanbu clan (Sannohe Nanbu clan (or, Morioka Nanbu clan)), Osaki region of the Osaki clan which was Oshu Tandai, Tome-gun for the Kasai clan, Mogami and Murayama regions for the Mogami clan which was Ushu Tandai, Shinobu-gun, Date-gun, Okitama region, Katta-gun, Shibata-gun, and Miyagi-gun for the Date clan, Aizu Yama-gun, Onuma-gun, Kawanuma-gun, Kanbara-gun, Asaka-gun, and Iwase-gun for the Ashina clan, Adachi-gun for the Nihonmatsu clan (Hatakeyama clan), Tamura-gun for the Tamura clan, Shirakawa-gun for the Mutsu Ishikawa clan and Shirakawa Yuki clan, Namegata-gun (Iwaki Province), Uda-gun and Shineha-gun for the Soma clan, and Naraha-gun, Iwaki-gun, Iwasaki-gun, Kikuta-gun and Taga-gun for the Iwaki clan.
- 「参第二百六十号副 第三坤天式十壱号 至急局百二十三号 スナイトル弾製造器械砲兵支廠江御備附之義伺 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 但一日六千発製出之分 右砲兵本廠ニ備附之分砲兵支廠江送達同廠ニ於テ右弾製作致候様仕度御達案相添此段相伺候也 十年二月十三日 第三局長代理陸軍大佐福原實 陸軍卿代理 陸軍少輔大山巖殿 伺之通相達候事 二月十三日 砲兵本廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 右砲兵支廠江備附右弾製作可為致ニ付其廠在来之器械至急同廠江送達可取計此旨相達候事 砲兵支廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器」
- 参第二百六十号副 第三坤天式十壱号 至急局百二十三号 スナイトル弾製造器械砲兵支廠江御備附之義伺 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 但一日六千発製出之分 右砲兵本廠ニ備附之分砲兵支廠江送達同廠ニ於テ右弾製作致候様仕度御達案相添此段相伺候也 十年二月十三日 第三局長代理陸軍大佐福原實 陸軍卿代理 陸軍少輔大山巖殿 伺之通相達候事 二月十三日 砲兵本廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 右砲兵支廠江備附右弾製作可為致ニ付其廠在来之器械至急同廠江送達可取計此旨相達候事 砲兵支廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器'
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- 我輩がハイカラと云ふ言葉を書き始めた為めに、今日では大変に世間に行はれて居るが、此のハイカラと云ふ言葉を書いたのは、全く此のフルベツキ先生の話のピストルに対照させる為めで有ッた、即ち横浜毎日新聞に掲げたる当世人物評中に、「山縣有朋、鳥尾小弥太、谷干城などは保守主義の武断派、攘夷党の日本党、頑冥不霊なるチヨム髷党、ピストル党であるが、大隈重信、伊藤博文、西園寺公望等は進歩主義の文治派で、開国党の欧化党、胸襟闊達なるハイカラ党、ネクタイ党、コスメチツク党で有る」と書いたのが起因で、外のチヨム髷党、ピストル党、コスメチツク党、ネクタイ党などは少しも流行しなかッたが、唯此のハイカラと云ふ一語だけが、馬鹿に大流行を来した、今日では最早や我輩が発明したと云ふ事を知らずに用ひて居る者も多く、一の重要なる日本語となッて仕舞ふたが、然るに実は我輩が此のハイカ(p18/p19)ラと云ふことを書いた起因を申すと、全く此の時のフルベッキ先生の話を胸中に蓄えて居て、それを五六年の後に至って新聞の上に現はした結果で有る。
- The word haikara I began to write has been used very often today in our society and the reason I wrote this word is to contrast it with a pistol in Verbeck's story, that is to say, I wrote in my Tosei Personal Criticism in the Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun that 'Aritomo YAMAGATA, Koyata SHIMAO, Tateki TANI and so on belong to a conservative budanha (party of hawks), Nippon Party of Jyoiha (exclusionists sect), stubborn/unwise Party of hawks, Chiyomumage Party or Pistol Party, while Shigenobu OKUMA, Hirobumi ITO, Kinmochi SAIONJI and so on belong to a Liberal Party of doves, Oka (Westernization) Sect of Kaikoku (opening of Japan to western countries) party, free-spirited Haikara Party, Necktie Party or Cosmetic Party', which became the origin of the word haikara, and among them this word alone has become extremely popular, but today many people use it without knowing that I invented the word, which has become one important Japanese word, however, I originally wrote this word haikara (pp.18-19) in the newspaper five or six years after the interview with Mr.Verbeck.
- (大田南畝 「寛政十年戊午江戸人別」 『一話一言』 巻26 (1820年) 山下重民 「江戸市街統計一班」 『江戸会雑誌』 1冊(2号) pp. 18–26(1889年) 勝海舟 「江戸人口小記」「正徳ヨリ弘化迄江戸町数人口戸数」 『吹塵録』(1890年) 小宮山綏介 「府内の人口」 『江戸旧事考』 2巻 pp. 19–23(1891年) 『日本財政経済史料』 9巻 pp. 1210–1243(1922年) 柚木重三、堀江保蔵 「本邦人口表」 『経済史研究』 7号 pp. 188–210(1930年) 幸田成友 「江戸の町人の人口」 『社会経済学会誌』 8巻(1号) pp. 1–23(1938年) 鷹見安二郎 江戸の人口の研究」 『全国都市問題会議』 第7回1(本邦都市発達の動向と其の諸問題上) pp. 59–83(1940年) 高橋梵仙 『日本人口史之研究』 三友社(1941年) 関山直太郎 『近世日本の人口構造』 吉川弘文館(1958年) 南和男『幕末江戸社会の研究』 吉川弘文館(1978年)より作成。
- Sources: Nanbo OTA, 'Kansei 10 nen, Bogo, Edonin betsu' from vol. 26 of 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (1820); Shigetami YAMASHITA, 'Edo shigai Tokei Ippan' from vol.1 (pp. 18-26) of 'Edokai zasshi' (1889); Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Jinko Shoki' from 'Suijinroku' (1890); Yasusuke KOMIYAMA, 'Funai no Jinko' from vol. 2 (pp. 19–23) of 'Edo kyujiko' (1891) and vol. 9 (pp. 1210–1243) of 'Nihon Zaise Keizai Shiryo' (1922); Juzo YUZUKI and Yasuzo HORIE, 'Honpo jinko hyo' from vol. 7 (pp. 188–210) of 'Keizaishi Kenkyu' (1930); Shigetomo KODA, 'Edo no Chonin no Jinko' from vol. 8 (pp. 1–23) of 'Shakai Keizai gakkaishi' (1938); Yasujiro TAKAMI, 'Edo no Jinko no Kenkyu' from the 7th conference (pp. 59–83) of 'Zenkoku Toshi Mondai kaigi' (1940); Bonsen TAKAHASHI, 'Nihon Jinkoshi no Kenkyu' from Sanyusha publishing (1941), Naotaro SEKIYAMA, 'Kinsei Nihon no Jinko Kozo' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1958); Kazuo MINAMI, 'Bakumatsu Edo Shakai no Kenkyu' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1978).