進: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 10進
- decimal
- denary
- deciam
- 長期非進行者
- long-term nonprogressor
- elite controller
- elite suppressor
- 寄進地系荘園
- Donated-type of shoen (manor)
- 勧進帳読み上げ
- Reading out kanjincho
- 講談『安宅の勧進帳』
- Kodan storytelling 'Kanjincho in Ataka'
- 義朝と常胤の寄進の四至
- Shishi (the northern, southern, eastern, and western boundaries of a tract of land) of the donations of Yoshitomo and Tsunetane
- 開国後の大陸進出への影響
- Impact of the advance into the continent after opening of Japan
- 佐藤進一は、こう指摘する。
- Shinichi SATO points out as follows.
- これを寄進地系荘園という。
- These fields were called donated-type shoen.
- 多摩産材の消費も推進する。
- The plan also promotes the consumption of timber from the Tama area.
- 諸部将は会して進退を議した。
- The various leaders met in order to decide whether they should attack or retreat.
- 信長・信忠父子は伊那から進軍。
- Nobunaga and his son, Nobutada, marched from Ina.
- 自治と団結を進め、文化を作った。
- Emphasizing autonomy and unity, it developed its unique culture.
- 平基親(蔵人・右少弁・中宮大進)
- TAIRA no Motochika, who possessed the titles of Kurodo (Chamberlain), Ushoben (Lesser Controller of the Right), Chugu taijo (Senior Secretary in the Office of the Consort's Household).
- 『勧進帳』との違い、及びその背景
- Difference to 'Kanjincho' and its background
- その後数年間交渉が進展しなかった。
- The bilateral talks did not progress for several years.
- 上杉憲実が足利学校を再興、書物を寄進
- Norizane UESUGI restored the Ashikaga School and donated books.
- また、仏教の一般大衆化も推進された。
- Furthermore, great headway was made in simplifying Buddhism for the general public.
- その寄進の内容は、以下のようなもの。
- Details of the donation are as follows.
- 幕府側の主導で戦後処理が進められた。
- The misdeeds of the conflict were atoned for under the leadership of the bakufu faction.
- このとき、寄進を受けた者が領家である。
- Those who were donated shoen in this situation were called ryoke.
- Ryoke were the ones who received donations from kaihatsu ryoshu.
- 日本近海で対馬海流を横断して西進する。
- Ships crossed the Tsushima current in the sea near Japan and went westward.
- 得宗専制が進むと軽視されるようになる。
- It became neglected with the rise of Tokuso autocracy.
- 進物の場・文使いの場(足利館城外の場)
- Shinmotsu no ba (scene of offering a bribe), Fumizukai no ba (scene of a messenger) (Ashikaga-yakata jogai no ba (scene of the outside of Ashikaga mansion))
- いけばなの広報・普及促進(海外を含む)
- Publicity and popularization of ikebana (including overseas)
- 備の各隊を進退するために用いられるもの。
- They were used for advancing or retreating each sonae unit.
- 高階経仲(右衛門佐・春宮権大進・常陸介)
- TAKASHINA no Tsunenaka, who possessed the titles of Uemon no suke (provisional captain of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards), togu-gonnodaishin (official post of the affairs related to the imperial prince), and Hitachi no suke (the assistant governor of Hitachi Province).
- 宮方は京都に進撃してきた尊氏を撃破する。
- The Imperial forces defeated Takauji when he headed towards Kyoto.
- こうして武士の在地領主化が進行していった。
- In this way, more and more samurai became local lords.
- 蟻通七五三之進……1864年6月迄に脱走?
- Shimenoshin ARIDOSHI: Deserted the group by June 1864?
- 第5章 府民協働の推進(24 - 26条)
- Chapter 5: Promotion of cooperation between the Province and the residents (Article 24 to 26)
- 7月27日 飛神隊「義」部隊、岩国に進出。
- July 27: The 'Gi' unit of the Hishin Squadron advanced to Iwakuni.
- つまり、先進国全体の総排出量は変動しない。
- That is, the total emissions amount of the whole advanced countries does not fluctuate.
- 胡麻豆腐(ごまどうふ)は精進料理のひとつ。
- Goma-dofu is one of Shojin-ryori (vegetarian diet).
- そのため、有力寺社には荘園の寄進が集中した。
- Therefore many Shoen manors were contributed to dominant shrines or temples.
- Consequently, dominant temples or shrines had many manors donated.
- 国政改革推進のため、信西は平清盛を厚遇する。
- In order to ensure he could continue to make progress with his political reforms, Shinzei befriended TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- 平安時代に入ってからその状況は一層進展した。
- This tendency was exacerbated further during the Heian period.
- 村落社会の自立化が進み惣村が各地に成立した。
- Village communities became increasingly more independent, and soson (a communities consisting of peasants' self-governing associations) were established in various areas.
- 武者押し:武者が隊列を組んで進んで行くこと。
- Mushaoshi : Military warriors march in array.
- 奥州を平定し、凱旋する途上で神料を寄進した。
- Yoritomo suppressed Oshu, and visited the shrine on his triumphant return to offer a donation.
- 根拠法は市民農園整備促進法や特定農地貸付法。
- Such a system is prescribed in the Act on Promotion of Development of Community Farms and the Act on Special Provision of the Farmland Act, etc. in Relation to Lease of Specified Farmland.
- 佐藤進一は『南北朝の動乱』においてこう書いた。
- Shinichi SATO wrote in 'The Confusion of the Southern and Northern Imperial Courts' as follows.
- 学校法人立命館 教育文化事業部 歴史回廊推進室
- Historic Corridor Promotion Office, Department of Education and Culture, Gakko Hojin Ritsumeikan
- 豊臣秀吉が関白となって以降は兵農分離が進んだ。
- After Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI became a Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), a policy called heinobunri (separation of warrior class from the soil of its territory) was implemented.
- しかし、太政大臣藤原良房の進言で無罪となった。
- However, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, the Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), provided counsel and Genshin was set free.
- このため、乾燥化が進んでいると考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that dry land has expanded in these areas as well.
- そのため、その後は伊藤別荘で作業は進められた。
- So, after that, Ito's villa was used as a place for drafting.
- 重量は比較的軽く、上り坂でも進むことができる。
- It is relatively light-weight, and it can even go uphill.
- また独立した「奉安殿」の建築が進められていった。
- Furthermore, the separated premises of 'Hoan-den' were constructed.
- 石井進 (歴史学者)の図式の地方豪族軍に相当する
- It applies to a regional gozoku army of the diagram of Susumu ISHII (historian).
- このとき、寄進を受けた者を領家(りょうけ)という。
- The recipient of such donations was called ryoke (lord of the manor).
- 7月14日 飛神隊「忠」部隊、鹿屋航空基地に進出。
- July 14: The 'Chu' unit of the Hishin Squadron advanced to the Kanoya Air Base.
- しかし、これらの事変後明治政府は軍備拡大を進めた。
- However, the Mieji government promoted the buildup of military forces.
- ただし当初の一進会の党是は韓国の自主独立であった。
- However, the Iljinhoe's original party platform was to secure the independence and sovereignty of Korea.
- 宛所は「進上 御奉行所」と書かれることが殆どである。
- In many cases, it was addressed 'To obugyosho (an expression of respect relating to a magistrate's office).'
- 最初のうちは大友氏の内訌等もあり、島津氏優勢に進行。
- In the beginning, the Shimazu clan had the advantage with problems in the Otomo clan, etc.
- 関東進止所領 - 将軍が地頭を任免できる荘園・国衙領
- Kanto shinshishoryo - manors and kokugaryo for which the shogun possessed the power to appoint and dismiss Jito.
- 密貿易が恒常化し恒居倭と朝鮮人との間に癒着が進行する。
- Illegal trading became normalized, and collusive relationships between kokyowa and Korean people were accelerated.
- やがて、鎌倉時代が進むと、恩賞の概念はより多様化した。
- In the mid to late Kamakura period the concept of rewards became more diverse.
- 将軍は、行幸のときこれを訪問客に見せ、そして進上した。
- The shogun showed it to visitors before giving it away.
- そしてその進路に、真田父子が立て篭もる上田城があった。
- On the way was Ueda-jo Castle in which the father and son of the Sanada family were besieged.
- その後、同銃は改良を進めながら全軍に支給されていった。
- Improvements were made to the rifles, which were provided to the entire Army.
- のちに沿海州へ進撃し、ウラジオストックの攻略まで想定。
- The Japanese forces advance would then advance into the Russian Maritime Provinces and capture Vladivostok.
- また寺領として日向国国富荘などを寄進することを決めた。
- He also decided to contribute Kudomi no sho manor in Hyuga Province, and so on as jiryo (estate of temple).
- 2月6日、先鋒隊は伊那街道から信濃国に兵を進めている。
- On February 6, 1582, the spearheading unit invaded Shinano Province from the Ina-kaido Road.
- 「まことの山伏ならば『勧進帳』をもっているであろう。」
- If you are real yamabushi, you must have 'kanjincho'.'
- これまでの貴族世界から、のどかで庶民的な場で話が進む。
- Story slowly continued in a place of peasants unlike the aristocratic world as before.
- 後白河院は莫大な荘園を長講堂に寄進し長講堂領が確立する。
- Chokodo-ryo was established after the retired Emperor Goshirakawa donated vast numbers of shoen to the Chokodo.
- 発掘調査が進められており、現在井戸などが復元されている。
- Excavation and research are under way, and various items including a well have been restored.
- これは日本史と西欧史の共通点を強調する方向へ進でいった。
- Activities in this line progressed towards emphasizing points common to Japanese history and European history.
- 金子城を落とした毛利軍は休む間もなく高尾城に向けて進軍。
- After destroying Kaneko-jo Castle, the troops of the Mori clan proceeded toward Takao-jo Castle without rest.
- 永観2年(984年)には丹波康頼が『医心方』を撰進した。
- In 894, TANBA no Yasuyori wrote 'Ishinbo' (the oldest book on medicine of all remaining ones written by Japanese) and dedicated it to the emperor.
- 素人歌舞伎『義太夫勧進帳』 小松市の素人歌舞伎用の新作。
- Amateur Kabuki 'Gidayu (style of reciting dramatic narratives) Kanjincho': It is a new act of Amateur Kabuki in Komatsu City.
- 鎌倉極楽寺に賊が入り、頼朝公寄進の金子三千両が失われる。
- Robbers attack the Gokuraku-ji Temple in Kamakura, and take away 3,000 ryo (unit of mass and currency) of money that was donated by the shogun Yoritomo.
- 韓愈は大学に移転保存するよう進言したが、実現しなかった。
- HAN yu advised Da-xue to move it to preserve, however, it was not realized.
- 訴人(原告)からの訴状を問注所が受理し、引付衆へ進達する。
- The Monchujo (the court of justice) accepted a complaint from the sonin (plaintiff) and delivered it to the hikitsukeshu.
- 密告の功績により源満仲と藤原善時はそれぞれ位を進められた。
- For their loyalty in providing the tip-off, MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka and FUJIWARA no Yoshitoki were both promoted.
- 特に畿内では、有力寺社へ田地を寄進する動きが活発となった。
- Especially in the Kinai region, the rice-field donation to dominant temples and shrines became active.
- 陸軍はこれを村田銃と命名して全軍の小銃の切り替えを進めた。
- The Army named it the Murata rifle and they replaced conventional ones in the entire Army.
- 一方でこの事態は豪族層の神祇信仰離れを促進しかねなかった。
- On the other hand, this situation might have accelerated the separation of Jingi belief from local ruling families.
- 朝廷の大炊寮に貢進して京官官人の常食(月給)に充てられた。
- This was donated to the Oiryo (Bureau of Palace Kitchens under the Ministry of the Imperial Household) and used to pay the Kyokan kanjin's Jyoshoku (monthly salary).
- そして血気にはやり山を馳せ下り敵軍めがけて突進してしまう。
- And Ujinao impetuously ran down the mountain, charging the enemy.
- 由良之助たちは再び行進し、判官の墓所のある光明寺へ向かう。
- Yuranosuke and other members start to march again toward Komyo-ji temple where Hangan's tomb is located.
- 米を融かした液を丸ごと使い、麹・酵母を投入し発酵を進める。
- The liquid of melted rice is used entirely, to which malt and yeast are added to encourage fermentation.
- 貨幣経済の進展によって出現したのは利銭出挙だけではなかった。
- The development of the monetary economy produced not only the Risen-Suiko.
- 中には、高級貴族・有力寺社(権門勢家)へ寄進する者さえいた。
- Some of them even donated to high-ranking aristocrats and leading temples and shrines (kenmon seika, socially privileged family or group).
- 中央の有力貴族や有力寺社が荘園寄進を受けて領家となっていた。
- Powerful central nobility, temples, and shrines that were donated shoen became ryoke.
- 国司は調庸・封物を中央の朝廷へ運搬進納する義務を負っていた。
- Kokushi had the obligation of carrying and delivering, to the Imperial Court in the capital, choyo (tributes and labor) and fubutsu (products from fuko [the families supplied to each noble]).
- 田堵は、免田を中心に田地を開発し、領域的な土地支配を進めた。
- Tatos developed rice fields centering on menden and went ahead with territorial land governance.
- 7月19日 飛神隊「礼」部隊・「武」部隊、岩国飛行場に進出。
- July 19: The 'Rei' unit and the 'Bu' unit of the Hishin Squadron advanced to the Iwakuni Air Base.
- これを知った常胤も翌2月に再度伊勢神宮に寄進の意向を示した。
- After learning this, Tsunetane expressed again in March 1161 to the Ise-jingu Shrine his willingness to donate the land.
- 翌17日に信忠は平谷に陣を進め、さらに翌日には飯田まで侵攻。
- On February 17, 1582, Nobutada moved his own camp to Hiraya, and on the next day, invaded Iida.
- 代わりに、農地の小規模独立経営を推し進める政策が採られていく。
- Instead of that, a policy to facilitate small-scaled independent management over the agricultural land was adopted.
- そこで、彼らはその土地を荘園として受領層に寄進することとなる。
- Accordingly, they donated the lands to the Juryoso (career provincial official class) as shoen.
- 一時は上野国まで進んだが頼朝とは合流せずに北陸方面へ転進する。
- At one point, he progressed to Kozuke Province, but did not join Yoritomo and went towards the Hokuriku region.
- 大内軍は進軍し、豊前宇佐郡糸口原に布陣、大友方の出方を待った。
- The Ouchi army advanced, took up a position at Itoguchihara, Usa-gun County, Buzen, and waited to see how the Otomo side would react.
- しかし持っていた巻物を出し勧進帳と称して高らかに読みはじめる。
- However, he takes out a scroll he has with him, and starts to read it out loud pretending to be a kanjincho.
- 任命は位の低い官から始まり日を追って高官に進むのが順序であった。
- The appointment started from officials in lower ranks, and proceeded to higher ranks by the day.
- このように、次第に荘園公領制の解体が推し進められることとなった。
- The decomposition of Shoen Koryo Sei (system of court-owned lands and private manors) was thus steadily driven forward.
- この結果、源氏軍による東海道方面の進撃は一時中断することとなる。
- As a result, the progression of the Minamoto clan troops along the Tokai-do Road was halted for a while.
- 忠平は律令回帰路線に否定的であり、土地課税路線を推進していった。
- Tadahira was not in favor of a return to the Ritsuryo system, and promoted the land-based tax system.
- 東シナ海において黒潮で北に流される分を考慮し、一度南進している。
- Ships went south at the first stage in consideration of possibly being swept away to the North by the black current in the East China Sea.
- 海外情勢や中国の先進的な技術や仏教の経典等の収集が目的とされた。
- The main purposes of the missions were collecting information on overseas situations, advanced Chinese technology and Buddhist scriptures.
- 文明の進化に伴い、支配者と被支配者が分化したのもこの時期である。
- It was also in this period that rulers and the ruled diverged as the civilization evolved.
- 農業技術:農業器具の進歩、千歯こき・備中鍬、金肥料(干鰯、油粕)
- Agricultural technique: Upgrading of agricultural tools, comb-shaped hand thresher (Senbakoki) and Bicchu hoe, and purchased fertilizer (dried sardine and oil cake)
- さらに進撃して慶尚道、忠清道、京畿道の諸城は戦わずして攻略した。
- They advanced further, and castles in Gyeongsang-do, Chungcheong-do and Gyeonggi-do surrendered without fighting.
- なおこの能は、狂言方も終始劇の進行に参加する「能狂言方」である。
- This Noh is 'Noh kyogenkata (Noh farce act),' in which kyogenkata (comic actors) join the plot of the play from beginning to end.
- 1941年には、溝口健二監督と前進座の俳優らで映画化されている。
- In 1941 it became a movie by Director Kenji MIZOGUCHI and actors in the Zenshinza theatrical company.
- 宋代に士大夫によって多く描かれ、元末四大家の頃に様式化が進んだ。
- Many Bunjinga were painted by Shitaifu (Scholar-bureaucrats) during the period of Sung dynasty, and it began to be stylized around genmatsu shitaika (the four great painters, Kokobo, Gochin, Geiurin, and Omoku, that painted Chinese-style landscape painting and established Southern Song painting).
- 福沢諭吉も、皇室の永続性は近代化を推進する要素だと見なしていた。
- Yukichi FUKUZAWA also regarded imperial permanence as a factor for promoting Japan's modernization.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の戦国大名は、より一層の一円知行化を進展させた。
- During the Sengoku period (period of warring states), sengoku daimyo (daimyo - Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period) further developed ichien chigyo.
- 日本は通信使の一行をとおして先進学問と技術を学ぼうと懸命であった。
- Japan was keen to learn advanced science and technology through the Tsushinshi envoy.
- 中でも赤松則村は周辺の後醍醐方を糾合し京都へ進撃する勢いであった。
- Among others, Norimura AKAMATSU had great power to storm Kyoto by rallying the Godaigo armies.
- 律令制の個別人身支配が弛緩していくと、在地社会の階層分化が進んだ。
- As the control of individual persons in the ritsuryo-code-based system became weak, the hierarchical level of local societies advanced.
- そこで政府は新たな推進策として743年に墾田永年私財法を発布した。
- Then the government promulgated Konden einen shizai Law (a law allowing farmers who cleared new lands to own them permanently) as a new promotion program in 743.
- 丹波路を進む満幸の軍勢は26日には内野から三里の峯の堂に布陣する。
- Departing from Uchino, Mitsuyuki's army advancing on Tambaji reached Mune no do (a temple or a shrine where Emperor Seiwa is enshrined) in Misato by January 28, 1392, and they lined up themselves.
- 欧米の軍事的脅威を感じた日清両国は欧米からの武器輸入を進めていた。
- Both Japan and Qing had promoted importing weapons from European nations for fear of military threats of those countries.
- 続いて田沼政治を批判した松平定信がに登場し、寛政の改革を推進した。
- Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA who criticized Tanuma's politics subsequently appeared in 1787, and promoted the Kansei Reforms.
- 両者は揉み合いとなったが、デモ隊は進行を続け、木屋町通を右折した。
- They scuffled with each other, but the demonstration march continued to move and turned to the right to Kiyamachi Street.
- 小西行長と宗義調の子義智は、対朝鮮平和的計画進行を秀吉に献策した。
- Yukinaga KONISHI and the son of Yoshishige SO, Yoshitoshi, advised Hideyoshi to proceed with peaceful policies towards Korea.
- また、遊郭自体もの大衆化が進み、一般庶民が主な客層となっていった。
- Yukaku itself got popularized and the common people became its major customers.
- これに見るとおり、一円知行は中世後期から加速度的に進行したのである。
- As described above, ichien chigyo was exponentially developed from the end of the Middle Ages.
- こうして、加地子を得る権利は分化していき、売買や寄進の対象となった。
- Over time, the right to gain Kajishi was divided and became the object of sale or donation.
- また日本は朝鮮を文化の先進国と考え、使節を派遣するよう要請してきた。
- In addition, Japan requested Korea to send an envoy, considering Korea a culturally advanced nation.
- 1968年後期の寮自治会委員長として学生部封鎖や総長団交を推進した。
- He was the chairman of the dormitory council in the latter half of 1968 and spearheaded a blockade of the office of the student affairs department as well as negotiations with the president of the university.
- なお、南満州鉄道も多角化を推進した事から財閥の一つとする場合もある。
- Incidentally, South Manchuria Railways may be included in the zaibatsu due to the fact that it also promoted the diversification of its business.
- 密教や末法思想が広く信じられ、神仏習合が進み、寺院が多く建てられた。
- Esoteric Buddhism and Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) were believed widely, syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism advanced, and many temples were built.
- 762年(天平宝字6年)頃、淡海三船は歴代天皇の漢風諡号を撰進した。
- Around 762, OMI no Mifune selected and presented Chinese-style posthumous names for emperors in the past.
- 人形浄瑠璃『勧進帳』 歌舞伎作品をもとに明治28年(1895年)初演
- Ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) 'Kanjincho': It was performed based on the Kabuki piece for the first time in 1895.
- 歌舞伎『勧進帳』 天保11年(1840年)初演 歌舞伎十八番のひとつ
- Kabuki 'Kanjincho': It was performed for the first time in 1840, and it is one of the kabuki juhachiban (eighteen best plays of the Ichikawa family of kabuki actors).
- 幕府への寄進や寄付に応じ、足利将軍家の通り名である「義」の字を与えた。
- Depending on how much land or money the vassals donated to the Shogunate, they were granted the use of the character '義,' which the Ashikaga Shogunal family used as a part of their cognomens.
- 本宣旨を積極的に評価する立場には、佐藤進一・石母田正・石井進らがいる。
- Shinichi SATO, Tadashi ISHIMODA, Susumu ISHII and others take the standpoint that the decree deserves a positive assessment.
- その結果、調庸・封物京進を狙っていた群盗海賊は沈静化することとなった。
- As a result, the activities of robberies and piracy aiming at the choyo and fubutsu paying to Kyoto gradually became weaker.
- その同じ研究会で石井進 (歴史学者)も『院政期の国衙軍制』を発表する。
- Susumu ISHI (historian) also announced the 'kokuga forces system during the period of governance by the retired Emperor' in the same study group.
- 攻めあぐねた平氏の家人・藤原忠清は、知盛に河内国路への迂回を進言した。
- FUJIWARA no Tadakiyo, a retainer of the Taira disheartened by the Taira army's lack of progress, advised Tomomori to take the Kawachi province road in a detour.
- 11世紀ごろから、中央政府の有力者へ田地を寄進する動きが見られ始める。
- From around the eleventh century, the rice-field donation to the powerful men in the central government started.
- 闇夜の進軍のため各隊の連係は乱れがちで各個に京へ突入することになった。
- Because the army advanced in the moonless night the squads were uncoordinated, and they ended up entering Kyoto separately.
- 一方、屋内に避難していても砂の進入によって日常生活が難しいほどになる。
- Even if you escape into a house, intrusion of sand makes it almost impossible to conduct ordinary household activities.
- 更に全羅道を窺うも明軍の進出によって戦線は膠着し、長い休戦期に入った。
- Furthermore, although they tried to advance to Jeolla Province, the front got stuck and there was a long-lasting truce period.
- 有形・無形の進物などを贈る際に実物の代わりに品目などのみを記した文書。
- Documents that contain the name of an article which are handed to the recipient instead of the real article when presenting tangible or intangible gifts.
- 稷山に日本軍が進出すると明・朝鮮軍では漢江を防衛線として守りを固める。
- When the Japanese army headed toward Shokusan, the Ming-Korean army drew a defensive line at Han-gang and strengthened its defenses.
- 一方日本の右軍は稷山での戦闘の後、京畿道に入り安城・竹山まで進撃した。
- On the other hand, after the battle of Shokusan, the right army of Japan entered the Gyeonggi-do and invaded Anseong and Chuksan.
- この他に各官司及び諸国の国府向けに作成される頒暦166巻が奏進された。
- Besides that, 166 copies of hanreki to be distributed to the government official and the provinces were also presented.
- 鎌倉を脱出した高氏の嫡子である千寿王(足利義詮)と合流、鎌倉街道を進む。
- Joining up with the forces of Takauji's heir Senjuo (later, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA), Yoshisada's forces advanced on the Kamakura-kaido Road.
- 兵農分離が進み、武家として存在していても弱小の場合、土豪(狭義)と言う。
- As the separation of farmers and samurai took place, weaker samurai families came to be called 'dogo' (narrow sense).
- 新田軍は一族や周辺御家人を集めて兵を増やしつつ、利根川を越えて南進した。
- The Nitta army pushed southward across the Tonegawa River while increasing the number of soldiers by rallying the clan and neighboring gokenin.
- そうした不安定な状態を確実なものにしようと、開発領主は荘園の寄進を行う。
- The kaihatsu-ryoshu donated manors in order to stabilized that unstable condition.
- 1月20日、頼朝は近江にまで進出させていた範頼、義経に義仲追討を命じた。
- On January 20, Yoritomo ordered Noriyori and Yoshitsune, whom he had moved to Omi, to track down and kill Yoshinaka.
- 1999年から本格的な発掘調査が行われ、現在も発掘調査が進められている。
- Full-scale excavation which started in 1999 is in progress.
- 徳川軍は甲斐から諏訪道を北国街道に進み、上田盆地の国分寺付近に兵を展開。
- Tokugawa's army proceeded from Kai to Hokkoku Kaido Road through Suwa-do Road and deployed troops near Kokubun-ji Temple in the Ueda Basin.
- 3月1日から、左翼の第三軍と第二軍が奉天の側面から背後へ向けて前進した。
- From March 1st, the IJA Third Army and Second Army on the left wing advance to flank Russian positions in Fengtian.
- しかし、農民の墾田意欲は必ずしも向上せず、墾田も思いのほか進まなかった。
- However, it did not work as motivation for farmers to reclaim rice fields and thus it did not progress as expected.
- 万寿3年(1026年)に大宰大監の平季基が開発し、関白の藤原頼通に寄進。
- Shimazu Manor was developed in 1026 by Dazai no Daigen (director of the local government office in the Kyushu region) TAIRA no Suemoto and dedicated to Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Yorimichi.
- その領域は大治5年(1130年)の常重の寄進のときとほぼ同じと見られる。
- The area of the village is believed to be almost the same as that donated by Tsuneshige in 1130.
- いずれにしても、ここに相馬御厨は別の人間から2重に寄進されたことになる。
- In any case, this shows the fact that donation of Soma-mikuriya by different persons occurred twice.
- そして衆徒・神人が法螺貝の音とともに隊伍を組んで京都に向かって進発する。
- And monk-soldiers and jinin lined up and - with a trumpet shell roaring - marched off to Kyoto.
- 新田軍は一族や周辺豪族を集めて兵を増やしつつ、利根川を越えて武蔵国へ進む。
- Increasing the number of soldiers by absorbing gozoku (local ruling families) around the area and Yoshisada's own relatives, his forces advanced for Musashi Province crossing over the Tone-gawa River.
- 当時先進地域だった畿内において、惣掟の事例数・その内容が最も発展していた。
- In the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), which was an advanced region at that time, so-okite was most developed quantitatively as well as qualitatively.
- 位階昇進に必要な勤続年数を満たして任官の機会を待たせる施策がとられていた。
- The government had a policy that those courtiers would get a chance for appointments when they worked long enough for promotions.
- 桓武天皇は新王朝の創始を強く意識し、自らの主導による諸改革を進めていった。
- Emperor Kanmu was strongly aware of the start of the new dynasty and promoted various reformations.
- 氏清の軍勢3000騎は堺から、満幸の軍勢2000騎は丹波から京へ進軍した。
- 3000 cavalrymen of Ujikiyo's army advanced from Sakai, and 2000 cavalrymen of Mitsuyuki advanced from Tamba to Kyoto.
- そのため、徳川吉宗は幕府権力の再強化と財政再建(享保の改革)を推し進めた。
- Therefore, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA promoted the re-strengthening of the bakufu authority and financial reconstruction (Kyoho Reforms).
- 中練教程の搭乗員の教育を推進するため、予科練卒業生への実機練習を推進した。
- It promoted on-the-ground training of preparatory school graduates in order to educate mid-level airmen.
- ここで諸将は軍議を開き全羅道及び忠清道を平定するため各地へ分進していった。
- Here the various warriors held a meeting, and then separated in order to conquer Chilcheollyang and Chungcheong-do.
- 繁長は余勢を駆ってさらに兵を進めたが、東根で最上勢の猛反撃に遭い撤退した。
- Shigenaga advanced his troops further as he was spurred by his side's victory, but he was obliged to withdraw due to a fierce counter-offensive by the Mogami troops at Higashine.
- その間にさらに北上した日本の一番隊と三番隊は平壌を占領して進撃を停止した。
- In the mean time, the First and Third Divisions marched further to the north and occupied Pyongyang and suspended their marching.
- 公地公民制を唱える論者は、墾田の推進により律令制度の崩壊を早まったとする。
- The theorists who support the Kochi-komin System (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens) advocate that the promotion of konden accelerated the fall of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- また、守護の世襲化が進行したこともあり、守護所も固定される傾向が強まった。
- Also, Shugosho increasingly became fixed to one place according to the development of Shugo's hereditary succession.
- そこで、より権威のある皇族や摂関家へ領家から荘園寄進が行われることがあった。
- To cope with this situation, some ryoke would donate their shoen to more authoritative bodies like the Imperial family or Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents).
- For that reason, the ryoke sometimes donated the shoen to the Imperial family or Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), which had more authority than the ryoke.
- さらに釜山浦から東萊城、薺浦から熊川城へ攻め進むが反撃に会い攻撃は頓挫する。
- Subsequently, the troops at Pusanpo and the troops at Seiho went on to Torai-son (Torai Castle) and to Komogai-son (Komogai Castle) respectively, but their attacks failed due to the Korean Army's counter attacks.
- 新立荘園の停止、貨幣流通の促進、物価の公定などの新政策が次々に打ち出された。
- New political measures such as the termination of creating new private estates, promotion of circulation of coinage, public determination of selling prices, etc. were announced.
- 地球温暖化による降水量減少が原因で、先進国を中心とした世界全体に責任がある。
- It has been caused by a decrease in rainfall due to global warming, and the responsibility resides in advanced nations.
- 倭国内の諸勢力は国制整備を進めることで一致し、権力集中化が急速に進み始めた。
- Various powers in Wa consented to the reformation of national systems, accelerating the speed of centralizing power.
- また在地社会では悪党・惣村などが出現し、荘園公領制の変質化が急速に進行した。
- In the local societies, Akuto (persons against the established social control system in medieval times) and soson (communities consisting of peasants' self-governing associations) appeared in history, effectively and rapidly changing the shoen koryo sei.
- 具体的には民間には海外進出を禁じ、公的には貿易のルートを朝貢のみに限定した。
- To be specific, in private sectors advancing overseas was prohibited, and an official sector for the trading route was restricted only to choko (paying tribute to the court).
- その後、銃が後装式に進歩しても、軍用銃等にはメンテナンス用に添えられていた。
- Even after guns developed to adopt breech loading, a ramrod was kept with certain guns, such as those for military use, for maintenance purposes.
- 和平交渉は徳川家康によって委任を受けた対馬の宗氏と朝鮮当局の間で進められる。
- Peace talks were carried out between the So clan in Tsushima, who was entrusted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and the government of Korea.
- 多田庄は頼綱の時代(頼国の時代とも)に摂関家に寄進され、摂関家領荘園となる。
- The ownership of Tada Manors was donated to the regent family in the reign of Yoritsuna (as well as of Yorikuni), so that Tada Manors became the estates owned by the regent family.
- 午前の部の『勧進帳』とともに、團十郎、藤十郎の史上はじめての共演が実現した。
- Along with 'Kanjincho' performed in the morning, it was the first-ever joint appearance by Danjuro and Tojuro.
- 室町幕府の年中行事として、旧暦10月・上亥日に亥子祝い・玄猪餅進上があった。
- The Muromachi Shogunate celebrated its annual event of Inoko-iwai or Gencho-shinjo (a celebration of little wild boars by presenting Gencho mochi) on the first day of boar in October under old calendar.
- しかし、競技が進むにつれて、多くの札が読まれるので、この決まり字が変化する。
- However, as the game goes on and many cards have been taken away, these Kimariji will change.
- 出挙は元々、農業生産の推進・奨励、すなわち勧農の一つとして位置づけられていた。
- Suiko was originally regarded as a system to promote and encourage agricultural production, namely a kind of encouraging of agriculture.
- これは江戸幕府による支配が安定し、経済制度の整備が進められた事を反映している。
- This reflects the situation that the rule by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) became steady and the economic system was established and expanded.
- しかしながら、国司はその運搬進納を担う綱領に郡司・富豪層を任じるようになった。
- However, Kokushi came to assign gunji or persons in the rich and powerful class as the head persons responsible for the carriage and delivery.
- その国政改革を立案・推進したのが、後白河の側近である藤原通憲(信西)であった。
- The architect and driving force of these political reforms was Goshirakawa's right-hand man, FUJIWARA no Michinori (generally known as Shinzei).
- それと並行して、守護は領国内の武士(国人という。)の統制・支配も進めていった。
- In parallel with that, provincial constables began controlling and governing samurais (called Kokujin) in their own territories.
- 寄進により荘園は非常に増えたが、田地の約50%は公領(国衙領)として残存した。
- Shoens increased by the donations, but about 50 percent of the rice field remained as koryo (public lands) (kokugaryos).
- 12月29日夜、到着が遅れた氏清の軍勢は淀の中島に至り三隊に分かれて京に進撃。
- On the night of January 31, 1392, Ujikiyo's army, arriving late, reached Nakajima in Yodo, and they separated into three squads and marched into Kyoto.
- 毛利元就は尼子氏を裏切り大内氏についたため、尼子晴久が吉田郡山城へ向けて進軍。
- As Motonari MORI betrayed the Amako clan and joined the side of the Ouchi clan, Haruhisa AMAKO marched on Yoshida Koriyama-jo Castle.
- 甲斐国の武田氏・関東の北条氏と三国同盟(善徳寺の会盟)を結ぶとさらに西進した。
- After forming a tripartite alliance with the Takeda clan in the Kai Province and the Hojo clan in Kanto (Zentokuji no kaimei (literally, meeting for alliance in Zentoku-ji temple)), it proceeded westward.
- 進物として実際に金円を送る場合にも婉曲的言換えとして「目録」の語が用いられる。
- Even when giving a gift of money the term 'mokuroku' is used, despite the lack of a list of gifts.
- この混乱によってデモ隊は、4列縦隊を崩し、道路の中央部分を進行する形となった。
- In the confusion the demonstration march was not in fours and moved forward in the center of the street.
- 寄進に際して、開発領主は新領主から荘官に任じられるとともに、給田を与えられた。
- Upon donation, the development landholders were appointed as shokan by the new landholder and were given kyuden.
- そこで、開発領主らは開発所領を有力寺社や有力貴族へ寄進し、田地は荘園となった。
- Therefore the development landholders donated their kaihatsu shoryo to prominent temples, shrines or aristocrats and the rice fields became part of a shoen.
- その寄進状が残っていることから、そこからその間の事情が今に知られることになる。
- A letter of the donation remains, which makes the circumstances during that occasion known to us today.
- 依田信蕃は故郷の三沢小屋に退去し田中城は開城、2月21日には駿府城に進出した。
- Nobushige YODA who withdrew to his home, Misawakoya, surrendered Tanaka-jo Castle, and on February 21, 1582, he moved to Sunpu-jo Castle.
- そして、酒井忠次・奥平信昌に信州路を進ませる一方で自身は7月には甲斐へ入った。
- In July and August, having ordered Tadatsugu SAKAI and Nobumasa OKUDAIRA to advance along the Shinshu road, Ieyasu himself entered Kai.
- 事件後、藤原良房は大納言に昇進し、道康親王が皇太子に立てられた(後の文徳天皇)。
- After the incident, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa was promoted to the Dainagon, and the Imperial Prince Michiyasu became the crown prince (later, the Emperor Montoku).
- 荘園寄進時に、開発領主は寄進先の荘園領主から荘官に任じられることが多く見られた。
- In many cases, when donating shoen, kaihatsu-ryoshu were appointed as shokan (an officer governing shoen) by the lord of the manor to whom they donated it.
- 小荷駄を前進させることを目的としたため、小荷駄押(こにだおし)などとも呼ばれた。
- It was also called Konida-oshi (literally 'konida pusher') as its purpose was to carry konida forward.
- 資本力をもった酒屋が業界の垣根をこえて麹造りにも進出し、北野麹座は強く反発した。
- The Kitano koji za reacted strongly to the penetration of the koji malt production industry by Sakaya with financial power.
- 7世紀中ごろの大化の改新も権力集中化の動きの一つであり、一定の進展を見せている。
- The Taika Reforms in around the middle of the seventh century was such a move to strengthen powers, achieving a certain level of advancement.
- 他方で戦後は歴史の大衆化が進み、海音寺潮五郎や司馬遼太郎など歴史小説の流行した。
- On the other hand, history has become increasingly more popular after the war, and historical novels, for example, by Chogoro KAIONJI and by Ryotaro SHIBA, have been read widely.
- 焼失した東大寺の大仏と大仏殿、興福寺の堂宇や仏像はただちに再建計画が進められた。
- Immediately after the incident, the reconstruction project was launched for the Great Buddha and its hall of Todai-ji Temple, and for the temple buildings and Buddhist statues of Kofuku-ji Temple.
- 立命館大学の学生を先頭に行進し、京都市東山区の円山公園 (京都府)へと向かった。
- They marched with the students of Ritsumeikan University in the lead and went to Maruyama Park in Higashiyama Ward of Kyoto City, in Kyoto Prefecture.
- このときの利益を元に天龍寺の建設が進められ、康永2年(1343年)11月に竣工。
- Construction of Tenryu-ji Temple was started with the profits of the trade, and it was completed in November, 1343.
- 大学当局は大学から出ていく天皇のために進路を確保するべく警官隊を学内に導入した。
- The authority of the university asked for the dispatch of police force to the campus in order to secure the path for the Emperor's departure.
- 永暦 (日本)2年(1161年)正月日の佐竹義宗の寄進状には、以下のようにある。
- Yoshimune SATAKE's letter of donation dated February 1161 states as follows.
- しかし島津氏はこれを黙殺して九州統一戦を進めたため、秀吉は九州攻めに踏み切った。
- However, the Shimazu clan ignored the order and continued to fight battles in order to establish its rule over Kyushu, which made Hideyoshi decide to invade Kyushu.
- 当初、御家人らは訴訟の進行を歓迎したが、ほどなく独裁的な判決への反発が高まった。
- At first, gokenin welcomed the advancement of lawsuits, but a backlash against autocratic judgment soon emerged.
- 中央集権を進めるには各地に未だ残る大名領(藩)の存在をどうするかが問題であった。
- In order to establish a centralized administrative system, however, there still remained the problem surrounding the existence of daimyo (domains) territory throughout the nation.
- 『申楽談儀』に曲名が出ており『糺河原勧進猿楽記』には音阿弥による上演記録がある。
- The name of the play appears in the 'Sarugaku Dangi' (Talks about Sarugaku) and a performance by Onami was recorded in the 'Tadasugawara Kanjin Sarugaku-ki.'
- 日本では、鎌倉時代後期ごろから商品経済が急速に進展していき、貨幣の流通が普及した。
- In Japan, commodity economy progressed from around the latter half of the Kamakura period, and coins became circulated widely.
- 中世を通して、所領支配を指して知行・領知・領掌・進止などと呼ぶ慣習は続いていった。
- The custom of calling territorial control as chigyo, ryochi, ryosho, or shinshi continued throughout the medieval period.
- しかし鎖国政策が推し進められた結果、遠距離航行をする船舶の必要性は消滅していった。
- However, as a national isolation policy was promoted, the necessity of ships sailing over long distances disappeared.
- 「徳政」はその路線の上に推進された政策であり、神領興行はそうした政策の一つである。
- Benevolent rule' was a policy principle promoted along this line of thought, and Shinryo Kogyo was one of the policies based on that principle.
- その後の長期にわたる不況は失われた10年と呼ばれ、経済面での構造改革が進められた。
- The sluggish economy having long lasted after that was called the lost decade, and the economical structure was reformed.
- 2月28日に信長は淡輪に本陣を進め、同日中野城は織田方の誘降工作に応じて開城した。
- On March 27, Nobunaga progressed the headquarter of the army to Tannowa, and on the same day, Nakano-jo Castle surrendered, accepting the recommendation of surrender by the Oda side.
- 終戦後の残務処理は整然と進み、田結穣舞鶴鎮守府司令長官もその手際を絶賛したという。
- After-war administration was conducted smoothly and the chief of the Maizuru Rear Unit Headquarters, Minoru TAYUI, extended the highest praises.
- 19世紀に入ると、ヨーロッパの進んだ海軍力に対して清の水軍はほとんど無力であった。
- In the nineteenth century, the Qing's navy was almost useless against advanced navies of European nations.
- 1960年代前半、部落解放同盟中央は、共産党系幹部主導による運動が進められてきた。
- In the early 1960s, led by the Japanese Communist Party leaning executives, the Buraku Liberation League Headquarter was promoting movement.
- 室町時代以降も日本の武器製造技術は進歩し、その主要輸出先はオスマントルコであった。
- Japanese manufacturing technology of firearms continued to improve after the Muromachi period, and Ottoman Turks were a major importer of Japanese firearms.
- 699年に三野城・稲積城が築かれ、律令国家は軍事力を背景とした支配を進めはじめる。
- In 699, Mino-jo Castle and Inazumi-jo Castle were constructed and ritsuryo kokka began to apply control backed by military force.
- 東北地方では多賀城、出羽柵等が設置され、蝦夷征討と開発、入植が進められた(既述)。
- In the Tohoku region, Taga-jo Castle, Dewa no saku, etc. were established and the subjection of Ezo (indigenous inhabitants in eastern Japan), development, and implantation were carried out (as described above).
- 元来、朝廷や皇族の所有地であったものが寺院などに寄進されて荘園化されたものが多い。
- Many Ossho were the former territories of the Imperial Court or Imperial Family which became Shoen after being donated to temples etc.
- それぞれ固有の主題と新しい傾向をみせているとの評価もあり、近年見直しが進んでいる。
- On the other hand, there is a different opinion that each story has its own subject and a new tendency; their reputation has been reviewed in recent years.
- 富豪農民の寄進による既墾地系荘園の増加は、律令体制の財政基盤に深刻な動揺を与えた。
- The expansion of Kikonchi Kei Shoen due to donations from wealthy farmers created serious commotion on the financial base of the Ritsuryo system.
- が、安宅の関での勧進帳の読み上げはこの作品ではじめてみられ、作者の創作と思われる。
- But the scene of reading out kanjincho at the Ataka barrier was seen in this work for the first time, and this seems to be the writer's original.
- 浅草聖天町に住む破戒僧の法界坊は、釣鐘建立の勧進をしながらその浄財で暮らしている。
- A depraved priest Hokaibo who lives in Asakusa Shodencho Town makes his living with the money that he earns by seeking alms for erecting hanging bell.
- 富豪層も自らの私営田を院宮王臣家へ寄進して荘園とし、国衙への納税回避を図っていった。
- Persons in the rich and powerful class contributed their private land to Ingu oshinke as manors to avoid tax obligation to kokuga.
- 略奪した物資は、補償すべき損失や未進に充てられたり、自らの富として蓄積されたりした。
- The plundered goods were used as substitutes for the lost goods or undelivered goods for which they had to compensate, or were used for accumulating their wealth.
- しかし、乱の反省から朝廷は彼らを五位・六位といった受領級の中・下流貴族に昇進させた。
- However, reviewing why such a war occurred, the Imperial Court advanced their positions to middle or lower-class nobles, or the class of zuryo who were at the rank of Goi (Fifth Rank) or Rokui (Sixth Rank).
- 調庸・封物の損失や未進が発生した場合は、郡司・富豪が私的に補償する義務を負わされた。
- When choyo and/or fubutsu was lost or could not be delivered, the gunji or the rich and powerful person was obliged to make necessary private compensation.
- 9世紀から10世紀ごろにかけて、富豪百姓らによる私領(私営田)の形成が進んでいった。
- Forming of private land (shieiden (lands directly governed by powerful families)) had been accelerated by wealthy farmers from the 9th century to the 10th century.
- 政元はこれに反対するが、畠山氏の家督問題を解決させるため、義材は討伐軍を進発させた。
- Although Masamoto was against this request, Yoshiki marched off with a punitive force to settle the issue of the succession to the head of Hatakeyama clan.
- 良房は、政治権力の集中化も進めていき、そうした中で応天門の変(866年)が発生した。
- Yoshifusa promoted the concentration of political power, when the Otemon Incident happened (866).
- 元亀4年(1573年)1月頃から信玄が持病を悪化させたために武田軍の進軍は停滞する。
- However, Shingen's chronic disease worsened around February (January in old lunar calendar) in 1573, and Takeda's army stopped moving.
- また荘園公領制の進展に伴って各地の荘園を集積するなど、経済的な支配力も強めていった。
- He also put shoen in many places under his control with the development of shoen koryo sei.
- 山手の織田勢は信達から風吹峠を越えて根来に進み、紀ノ川を渡って東側から雑賀に迫った。
- The Oda army of the mountain side went to Negoro over the Kazefuki Pass from Shidachi, crossed the Kino-kawa River and faced Saiga from the east side.
- 翌文禄2年(1593年)1月、李如松率いる明軍4万3,000人余が平壌に進攻し奪還。
- In February during the next year (1593), the Ming Army of 43,000 soldiers headed by Li Ru-song attacked Pyongyang.
- バテレン追放令をだすなどキリスト教を禁ずる一方でヨーロッパとの交易は盛んに推進した。
- While he forbid Christianity, which was symbolized by 'Bateren Tsuihorei' (an edict expelling the European missionaries), he earnestly promoted commerce with Europe.
- 閏8月2日に上田城に攻め寄せた徳川方は、二の丸まで進むがここで反撃を受け撃退される。
- On September 25, Tokugawa's army was close to Ueno-jo Castle and proceeded to Ninomaru (second bailey), but met a counter attack and was beaten back.
- 進物目録や結納目録になると半折の折紙となり、出す対象によって用いる紙が異なっていた。
- Different paper was used depending on the purpose of the mokuroku, as seen from the fact that twice-folded paper was used in the case of shinmotsu mokuroku (list of gifts) and yuino mokuroku (list of engagement gifts).
- 後世の礼法においては転じて相手に進物・贈物をする際の目録の書札礼へと発展していった。
- Later, these were transformed into the epistolary etiquette (shosatsurei) of mokuroku that were used when giving gifts.
- 田沼時代のインフレを収めるため、質素倹約と風紀取り締まりを進め、超緊縮財政で臨んだ。
- In order to subside inflation beginning in the Tanuma government, Sadanobu implemented the policy of simple and frugal life, controled public morals, and administered on an ultra-austerity budget.
- 都議会内でも超党派の東京都議会花粉症対策推進議員連盟(会長・古賀俊昭)が結成された。
- The nonpartisan Tokyo Assembly Federation for the Promotion of Pollinosis Countermeasures (chairman: Toshiaki KOGA) was also formed within the Tokyo Assembly.
- 脚の馬腹との接触は人馬のコミュニケーションにおいて重要で、馬を推進させる方向に働く。
- The kyaku (the rider's legs) are important for the communication with the horse and managing the horse to go forward.
- 担保物件は貸与側の所有へと移転(質流れ)することとなり、富の集中・蓄積が進んでいった。
- Therefore, the collateral passed to the lenders, with the result that the concentration and accumulation of wealth advanced.
- だが後醍醐は、処分を免れた側近の日野俊基や真言宗密教の僧文観らと再び倒幕計画を進めた。
- Godaigo resumed his plan to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu with his close adviser Toshimoto HINO, who had been exempted from punishment, and a monk called Monkan from the Shingon-shu sect of Tantric Buddhism.
- 開発された田地では、所領田畠とその農民に対する強力な進止権が国衙より公的に与えられた。
- At developed farmlands, strong ruling rights were officially given to shoryo (territory) fields and their farmers by kokuga.
- ただし、文治元年(1185年)4月27日 (旧暦)に従二位に昇進する以前は奉書と呼ぶ。
- Documents issued by Yoritomo prior to his promotion to Junii (Junior Second Rank) on June 4, 1185, however, were called hosho.
- また、開発領主が直接権門層に荘園を寄進した場合、領家が存在せず本家のみの荘園となった。
- Note that, if kaihatsu ryoshu donated their shoen directly to influential families, these shoen would only have honke and no ryoke.
- そこで彼らは自らの荘園をさらに権門層に寄進し、保護を求める代わりに一定の税収を納めた。
- Hence, they donated their own lands to the Kenmonso (gateway-of-power class) and paid certain tax revenues to have them protect the lands.
- 鎌倉幕府も朝廷政治の現状を状況を批判的に見る立場から朝廷に対して「徳政」推進を求めた。
- From the stance of being critical of the Imperial Court's situation, the Kamakura bakufu requested the promotion of the 'Tokusei.'
- また、水質汚染や廃棄物によって土壌が汚染され、植物が枯れて乾燥化を進めている例もある。
- In some cases, the soil polluted due to contaminated water and waste has killed plants, expanding dry areas.
- この頃の日本列島人は縄文式土器を作り、早期以降定住化が進んでおもに竪穴式住居に住んだ。
- During this period, people in the Japanese islands made Jomon-style earthenware, and increasingly more people came to live in fixed places, mostly in pit dwellings.
- これにより既にこの時代には蝦夷の存在とその支配が進んでいた様子を確認することが出来る。
- From this Johyobun it can be confirmed that the presence of the Emishi and its rule went forward.
- だが、このような国家の水軍による積極的な海上進出は明清時代を通じてむしろ例外に属する。
- But the aggressive advancement onto the sea by the government was rather exceptional during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
- 陸上の荘園では開発領主が武芸をもって世業とするようになり、武士階層の成立が進んでいく。
- In shoen (manor in medieval Japan), as kaihatsu-ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) armed themselves and made it their profession, the establishment of the samurai class proceeded.
- 朝鮮との国交交渉が進展しない明治政府内で武力による開国を迫るいわゆる征韓論が台頭した。
- The so-called Seikanron (debate on the subjugation of Korea) supporting military pressure to force Korea to open the country emerged in the Meiji government whose diplomatic talks with Korea did not show any progress.
- ロシア軍は予備を投入し、第三軍はロシア軍の猛攻の前に崩壊寸前になりつつも前進を続けた。
- The Russian Army deploy reserve forces and wittle down the IJA Third Army with fierce resistence, but the Third Army continued to advance in spite of sustaining heavy casualities.
- それに応えるように雑密を身につけた遊行僧が現われ、神宮寺の建立を進めたのだと思われる。
- Yugyo-so (traveling monk) who learned Zo-mitsu (the Mixed Esoteric Buddhism) thought to appear to meet their demands and encourage building Jingu-ji Temple.
- 家職(かしょく)とは、家によって世襲された職務や職能、官職(及びその昇進次第)を指す。
- Kashoku was a hereditary job or position or official post (and progression pass).
- 真倉駅から国道を南西方向に約2km進むと参道入り口有り、そこより徒歩でおおよそ10分。
- The entrance of the approach is located about two kilometers southwest of Magura Station and it is about a ten-minute walk from there.
- 元の吾丘衍は477字、潘迪は386字を読み取っているが、以後も徐々に風化が進んでいる。
- WU Qiu-yan of Yuan read 477 characters and FAN You read 386 characters, however, thereafter, weathering was gradually advancing.
- 5月、上野へ帰った新田義貞は生品神社において挙兵し、東山道を西進して鎌倉進撃を開始した。
- In May, Yoshisada NITTA, who had already returned to Kozuke Province, raised his army in Ikushina-jinja Shrine, and his forces started to advance on Kamakura heading westward on Tosan-do Road.
- 源義国が源義家から伝えられた開発地を、安楽寿院(鳥羽上皇が建てた寺)に寄進(八条院領)。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni donated the developed land which he inherited from MINAMOTO no Yoshiie to Anrakujuin Temple (a temple constructed by the Retired Emperor Toba) (Hachijoin territory).
- 室町時代前後、商品経済の発達に伴って貨幣の流通が著しく増えて税の銭納化も進められていた。
- Around the Muromachi period, increasingly more money became circulated corresponding to progress in commodity economy, and use of money for paying taxes was promoted.
- 応仁の乱で京都が荒廃すると、公家や禅僧は地方に移り、学問や文化の地方波及や庶民化が進む。
- When Kyoto was reduced to ruins during the Onin War, nobles and Zen monks relocated to the countryside, further spreading scholarship and culture in the provinces and advancing commoner culture as well.
- 屋島の戦いの後も、瀬戸内海を中心に小規模な戦闘が続いて両者とも一進一退を繰り返していた。
- After the Battle of Yashima, skirmishes continued to occur in the Seto Inland Sea and the battle front went back and forth.
- 冬嗣・良房は墾田開発を促進し、土地課税にシフトすることで状況に対応しようとしたのである。
- Both Fuyutsugu and Yoshifusa tried to deal with the situation by taxing the land.
- 大気中を進むうちに、日光に含まれる紫外線によって、細菌の一部は死滅すると考えられている。
- It is considered that some of the bacteria in kosa are killed by ultraviolet rays included in sunlight.
- 平安前期には百姓階層の分化が一層進み、前代から引き続いた律令国家体制に限界が生じていた。
- In the first half of the Heian period, farmers became more hierarchical and the national system based on the Ritsuryo system that had continued from the previous period had reached its limit.
- 信玄後期には北進から南進へ方策転換し駿河侵攻を行い、尾張、三河の織田・徳川氏と対峙した。
- In the late stage of Shingen's time, the strategy was changed from advancing northward to advancing southward and he invaded into Suruga and confronted with the Oda and Tokugawa clans in Owari and Mikawa.
- が、羽柴秀吉は根来寺の泉南への進出を快く思わず、機会があれば討伐しようともくろんでいた。
- However, Hideyoshi HASHIBA did not feel good about Negoro-ji Temple's progress to the Sennan region and waited for an opportunity to put it down.
- 地震波初動の分布や地殻変動がはっきりと観測され、この地震を契機に地震学が大きく進展した。
- The distribution and the initial motion of the seismic wave as well as the movement in the Earth's crust was clearly observed during the Northern Tango Earthquake; and as a result, the field of seismology has greatly developed since.
- 明治の日本の朝鮮進出後には永正条約との言い換えが為されたものの、条約としての体裁はない。
- Even though the name was changed to the Eisho treaty after the Japanese invasion to Korea during the Meiji period, it was still not in an appropriate form of a treaty.
- 一方でこのような要望を取り入れるべく天台宗においても、円仁や円珍による密教受容が進んだ。
- Moreover, to meet the demand, esoteric Buddhism was also progressively accepted by Ennin and Enchin in the Tendai-shu sect.
- 本来、京官の給与は租庸調から支出されたが、庸調の未進が相次いで財源に事欠くようになった。
- Originally, the salary of Kyokan were paid from Soyocho, but yocho was not collected and income gradually dwindled.
- 8月12日、氏忠・氏勝勢10,000が家康の背後を襲うべく甲斐東部の郡内地方へ進撃した。
- On September 8, 10,000 soldiers led by Ujitada and Ujikatsu advanced to the Gunnai district in eastern Kai, in order to attack Ieyasu from behind.
- だが、10世紀に入ると丹波氏・和気氏両氏による家学化が進み、内薬司は典薬寮に統合された。
- In the 10th century, I-do became almost the hereditary learning of the Tanba clan and the Wake clan, and the Naiyakushi was integrated into the Tenyakuryo.
- 特に在地領主が名主化して百姓名の成立が進まなかった東国や九州で在家役が多く課されている。
- Particularly, in Togoku (eastern Japan) and Kyushu where zaichi ryoshu (local proprietors) became similar to Nanushi (village headmen) and Hyakusho-myo (smaller holdings of shoen held by ordinary peasants) were not established, many Zaikeyaku were levied.
- 紙に絵を描いてさいころを振って絵の上のマスの中にある駒を進めて上がりを目指すものである。
- On the picture drawn on paper, the players roll a dice to move pieces forward to the goal.
- これらによって守護は、各地の荘園・国衙領の下地進止権(土地支配権)を主張し、獲得していく。
- Thereby, requesting the right to appropriate the land (called Shitaji-shinshi-ken or Tochi-shihai-ken [land ruling right]) of the shoen and the territories of kokuga nationwide, shugo gradually attained land.
- この後、良房は昇進を重ね、ついに人臣最初の摂政・太政大臣にのぼり、藤原氏繁栄の基礎を築く。
- Then, after building up promotions, Yoshifusa finally achieved the position of the Sessho and Daijo-daijin (regent and grand minister of state) to become the first subject to be officially appointed to the post, laying the foundation of the Fujiwara clan's prosperity.
- したがって通信使は外交使節としてだけでなく、朝鮮の先進文化を日本に伝播する役割も果たした。
- Therefore, Tsushinshi played the role of introducing advanced culture in Korea to Japan, in addition to the mission as a diplomatic envoy.
- 地方の御家人が守護への補任により勢力を拡大させたり、中央政界に進出するきっかけをも作った。
- Assuring local gokenin as the position of shugo (provincial constable) led them become more powerful and extend their influence to the national politics.
- 9世紀中葉ごろから、郡司・富豪層が運搬する進納物資を略奪する群盗海賊の横行が目立ち始めた。
- Starting around the middle of the ninth century, robbers and pirates who plundered goods conveyed by the gunji or rich and powerful persons became rampant.
- これらの鎮圧過程で延喜年間に軍制の改革が進められ、国衙の軍事動員に対する規制が緩和された。
- In this process of suppressing the war, the military system was reformed in the Engi (901 - 923) era, making less restrictive the regulation of kokuga mobilizing people for military purposes.
- 院宮分国制は国家公認の制度であり、院宮分国からの上進官物は院宮家の収入とすることができた。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system was an official system of the nation, and Innomiya families were allowed to acquire, as their revenues, the kanmotsu dedicated by the ingu bunkoku provinces.
- 山名氏からの年貢はたびたび未進となり、1439年までに未進額は26000石にまで累積した。
- Nengu to be collected from the Yamana clan were often overdue, and by 1439 the amount in arrear accumulated to 26,000 koku.
- 地球温暖化や砂漠化の進行を考える上で、黄砂の発生頻度の変化は重要な視点の1つとされている。
- It is said that the occurrence frequency of kosa offers an important viewpoint for considering the advance of global warming and desertification.
- 併せて、天皇支配を具現化するために律令制の導入を進め、8世紀初頭の大宝律令制定に結実した。
- In addition, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based upon the ritsuryo code) was introduced to realize control by the Emperor, producing Taiho Ritsuryo (the Taiho Code) in the early eighth century.
- こうした仏教の影響を日本古来の信仰も受けて、本地垂迹説があらわれて神仏習合が進んでいった。
- Japanese traditional religion was influenced by Buddhism, Honji-suijaku setsu (theory of original reality and manifested traces) was introduced, leading to the Syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism.
- 前述のとおり小西行長は当初は李氏朝鮮、後には明との和平交渉を優先して平壌で北進を停止した。
- As described above, Yukinaga KONISHI put priority on peace talks with Yi Dynasty Korea, at first, and, then, with Ming and stopped any further movements north, stopping at Pyongyang.
- 続いて援護のために進出した加藤嘉明と九鬼嘉隆の水軍が李舜臣の泊地攻撃に耐えかねて後退する。
- Then, the navy headed by Yoshiakira KATO and Yoshitaka KUKI, that debouched to back up, retreated as they could not stand up against attacks on their mooring places by Yi Sun-sin.
- これに代わり、光仁天皇を擁立した藤原北家の藤原永手や藤原式家の藤原良継・百川らが躍進した。
- In place of him, FUJIWARA no Nagate from the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, FUJIWARA no Yoshitsugu and FUJIWARA no Momokawa from the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan made rapid progress.
- 千葉常重によって成立した相馬御厨は伊勢神宮に寄進されたが、藤原親通や源義朝から脅かされる。
- Soma-mikuriya, which was established by Tsuneshige CHIBA, was donated to the Ise-jingu Shrine but threatened by FUJIWARA no Chikamichi and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
- 政治的な中心である江戸に対し、古くからの文化的な中心地・先進地域を指す語として用いられた。
- Edo was the political center while Kamigata was the ancient cultural center or culturally developed area.
- 湊川の戦い後、比叡山に逃れた後醍醐天皇は京に入った足利尊氏との間で和議の交渉を進めていた。
- Defeated in the Battle of Minato-gawa River, Emperor Godaigo fled to Mt. Hiei and had negotiations for peace with Takauji ASHIKAGA who entered Kyoto.
- この話の内容は、能の『安宅』としてより、歌舞伎や人形浄瑠璃(文楽)の『勧進帳』として有名。
- This story is more famous as 'Kanjincho' in Kabuki or Ningyo joruri (also called bunraku) rather than as 'Ataka' in Noh play.
- 室町時代、東国では荘園領主の権限がかなり小さくなっていたため、名主職の形骸化が激しく進んだ。
- During the Muromachi period, manorial lords lost much of their control in eastern regions, causing myoshu rights to deteriorate considerably.
- しかし度を越した収奪が行われれば没落する農民が現れ富の寡占が進んで富農が出現するはずである。
- However, under extreme exploitation, some farmers would become ruined, which should lead to the concentration of wealth and the emergence of wealthy farmers.
- 戦前(1940年代以前)は平安時代を王朝政治の形骸化・地方政治の荒廃が進んだ時期と解釈した。
- Before the war (before the 1940's) the Heian period was interpreted as a period when dynasty government was becoming a mere shell or dead letter and local government was devastating.
- 更に建武の新政では諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化は急速に進んだ。
- Moreover, at the Kenmu Restoration honke shiki and ryoke shiki in various provinces were abolished and Kansha (shrines) kaiho (liberation) edict was issued, therefore the monistical ruling was rapidly advanced.
- この場合、国の上進官物は院宮家に納入され、受領の俸料・得分は知行国主へ納入されることとなる。
- In this case, the kanmotsu dedicated to the nation was delivered to the Innomiya family concerned and the salary and tax gained by the zuryo was paid to the chigyo-kokushu.
- この提案は吉田寮側の事情もあり一度は断られたが、学生センターはこの事案を実質水面下で進めた。
- Although the above proposal was once declined by Yoshida dormitory, the student center pressed forward with this case behind closed doors.
- 日本軍は公州において路を分かち加藤・太田の2隊は右方に進み燕岐郡を経て9月6日清州に到った。
- The Japanese army split at Gongju, and the two groups of Kato and Ota headed to the right, reaching Cheongju via Yeongi County on October 16.
- 図書助等は進んで稷山まで距離一里許の地に到り日の出と共に敵兵が山野に充満し近迫する様を見る。
- Zushonosuke advanced up to about 4 meters before Shokusan, whereupon it became evident that the enemy troops were starting to fill the mountain fields and were drawing closer at dawn.
- 翌8月、日本軍は右軍と左軍(及び水軍)の二隊に別れ慶尚道から全羅道に向かって進撃を開始した。
- During the next month, September, the Japanese army was separated into two groups, the Right group and Left group (and navy) and started marching from Gyeongsang Province to Jeolla Province.
- また、憲法取調局(翌年、制度取調局に改称)を設置するなど、憲法制定と議会開設の準備を進めた。
- And Ito established the constitution interrogation office (its name was changed into the political system interrogation office the next year) so as to prepare for a constitution and a national diet.
- これにより、経済力をつけたヤマト王権は鉄資源を求めて朝鮮半島へ経済的・軍事的に進出し始めた。
- Due to these societal changes, the Yamato Kingdom became economically stronger and began economic and military invasions of the Korean Peninsula in search of iron.
- 院政期は、治天の君による仏教保護政策などによって寺社の世俗化のおおいに進展した時期であった。
- The Insei period was the period when temples and shrines were becoming secular through Buddhism protection measures by Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power).
- やがて、浪合に進出していた信長の元に勝頼・信勝父子の首が届いたのは3月14日のことであった。
- It was March 14, 1582 when the heads of Katsuyori and his son, Nobukatsu, reached Nobunaga who had invaded Namiai.
- うごめくように見えた森の中では、則安の軍が森の木を切りそれを盾にしながら前進する姿があった。
- In the forest which seemed to be moving, the troops of Noriyasu were cutting trees in the forest to use them as shields while advancing.
- 一円進止(いちえんしんし)、一円管領(いちえんかんれい)、一円支配(いちえんしはい)ともいう。
- It is also called ichien shinshi, ichien kanrei, or ichien shihai.
- しかし、室町時代には守護領国制の進展にともなって、名田はゆるやかに守護の支配下へ組み込まれた。
- As the shugo-ryogoku system (the system of domination by a governor) grew in the Muromachi period, however, the myoden fields were gradually integrated into the government of shugo (a provincial governor).
- 守護領国制は、それまでの武家の支配体制に比べると、一円的な支配を進めたという点で画期的だった。
- The shugo-ryogoku system was epoch-making in that it promoted comprehensive control, compared with the conventional ruling system under samurai families.
- 織田氏重臣であった滝川一益は武田氏の討伐と関東進出への功績から、70万石もの所領を与えられた。
- Kazumasa TAKIGAWA, who was a great vassal of the Oda clan, was rewarded with a holding of 700,000 koku (approximately 126,000 cubic meters).
- 院宮王臣家は下級官人を家人化し,有力農民を保護することで、これらの私有地の集積を進めていった。
- Under these circumstances, the Engu oshinke accumulated these privately-owned lands by protecting influential peasants and turning lower-ranking government officials into their own subordinates.
- さらに、生産部門である蔵だけでなく、輸送・流通・販売・営業部門についても以下のように進出した。
- Furthermore, in addition to sake factories in the production sector, sakaya also advanced into the transportation, distribution, and sale sections as well, as described below:
- 地頭請所ではほぼ例外なく年貢の未進が発生しており、武士の荘園・公領侵出は一層進むこととなった。
- As jito ukedokoro with few exception were subjected to non-payment of land tax, samurai got more involved in shoen and koryo.
- 高田は青蓮院門跡家臣三宅瓦全や菊亭家家臣矢田期穏清斎父子、美作国庄屋立石公久らと密談を進めた。
- Takada had a secret meeting with Gazen MIYAKE who was the vassal of Shoren-in Monzeki Temple, Toshiyasu and Seisai YATA who were father and son and the vassals of the Kikutei family, Kimihisa TATEISHI who was the village headman of Mimasaka Province, and others.
- 神領興行令により武家や凡下(一般民衆)による諸職は排除される結果となり、神領一円知行が進んだ。
- Under Shinryo Kogyo-rei, samurai and bonge (commoners) were excluded from various shrine positions, and Shinryo ichien chigyo (unified proprietorship of shrine estates) became more prevalent.
- 旧幕府軍主力の幕府歩兵隊は鳥羽街道を進み、会津藩、桑名藩の藩兵、新選組などは伏見市街へ進んだ。
- The Shogunate infantry, the main force of the former Shogunate forces, advanced on the Toba-kaido Highway, while the Shinsengumi and the soldiers of the Aizu and Kuwana domains advanced to the urban area of Fushimi.
- 近年においては、各戦国大名がそれぞれ得意とし、特徴を持つ築城術を個々に扱った研究も進んでいる。
- In recent years, studies on individual castle building technology that each sengoku daimyo was specialized in and showed unique character has been advanced.
- 平安前期には、人民内部で少数の富豪層と大多数の貧困層(一般百姓層)へと階層の二極分化が進んだ。
- In the earlier part of the Heian period, people were divided into a few millionaires and a majority of poor people (common peasants).
- 一方で、産業育成と軍事力強化(富国強兵)を国策として推し進め、近代国家の建設は急速に進展した。
- In addition, the government promoted the fostering of industries and the strengthening of military power (so-called Fukoku-kyohei) as a national policy, forwarding the move to convert Japan into a modern state rapidly.
- その後も4月には佐久間安政が河内見山(錦部郡)に進出し、8月には見山城を築いて活動拠点とした。
- After that, Yasumasa SAKUMA moved to Miyama (Nishigori County) of Kawachi Province in May and had Miyama-jo Castle built as the headquarter in September.
- 9月7日未明、黒田長政は部将黒田図書助・栗山利安等をしてその先鋒の兵若干を領し先ず前進させた。
- Nagamasa KURODA sent some advance troops led by those including Zushonosuke KURODA and Toshiyasu KURIYAMA, early in the morning of October 17.
- これによりロシアはバルカン半島での南下政策を断念し、進出の矛先を極東地域に向けることになった。
- Consequently, Russia abandoned its southward expansion in the Balkan peninsula and shifted its direction towards expansion in the Far East.
- さらに第七条では日本が朝鮮沿岸の測量権を得て軍艦の周航など軍事的進出を容易にすることとなった。
- Furthermore, Article 7 allowed Japan to obtain a right to make a survey of coasts along Korea, facilitating Japan's military advances including the circulation of warships.
- 鎖国政策が実施される以前には、日本人の海外進出は著しく、東南アジアに多くの日本町が形成された。
- Before the seclusion policy was implemented, the Japanese had expanded remarkably overseas, with many Japanese towns found in Southeast Asia.
- 相馬郡司の地位と相馬郷を回復した常胤は、8月10日、改めて相馬郡(郷?)を伊勢神宮に寄進した。
- Having recovered the position of Soma gunji and the Soma-go village, Tsunetane donated the Soma-gun (presumably, Soma-go) village again to the Ise-jingu Shrine on September 24.
- ただし、国衙からの許可を受けやすく、既墾地系荘園や寄進地系荘園よりも広かったと考えられている。
- It is considered that the area of Zoyakumen kei shoen was bigger than that of Kikonchi kei shoen or Kishinchi kei shoen (shoen originated from donated land) because the certification of kokuga was easily obtained.
- こうした御家人や彼らから所領を買収・取得した武士・百姓らは悪党化し、社会変動を一層進展させた。
- These gokenin or samurai as well as the samurai and commoners who bought or acquired their land became akuto (a villain during the middle ages), further advancing social change.
- ただし、一部のメーカーで液化仕込みで得られた'かす'(液化粕)を使用した研究が進められている。
- However, some producers are now researching about the use of sake lees which are produced during the process of liquefaction.
- However, some manufacturers are advancing their research on products in which the 'dregs' (liquid lees) obtained in the liquefied preparation.
- However, some sake manufacturers has been investigating the 'lees' (sake lees produced by liquefaction) generated by sake brewing from liquefied-rice solution for use.
- 百枚の絵札を裏返して場におき、各参加者がそれを一枚ずつ取って表に向けていくことでゲームが進む。
- All the yomi-fuda are set reversed on the tatami and the players take turns revering one card at a time.
- この動きは、初期荘園から寄進地系荘園(内部リンク「荘園」を参照)への移行を如実に表すものである。
- This movement clearly demonstrates the shift from early stage shoen to kishinchikei shoen (shoen that were originally donated by developers for the purpose of tax-exemption etc.) (refer to internal link 'Shoen').
- 王朝国家体制論に大きな進展をもたらしたのは、坂本賞三(『日本王朝国家体制論』1972年)である。
- Shozo SAKAMOTO made a distinguished contribution to the progress of the Dynastic polity theory with his book 'The Theory of Japanese Dynastic Polity' (1972).
- 貴族社会の官職に依存していること、院政と連携して政策推進を行っていたこと、などがその理由である。
- The reason for this was because they relied upon the positions within the aristocracy, and governmental policies were in collaboration with the cloistered government.
- 大陸との貿易の推進を図る義満にとっても朝鮮と強いつながりを持つ義弘の存在は目障りなものになった。
- To Yoshimitsu, who was trying to plan how to proceed in forging trade links with mainland Asia, the existence of someone like Yoshihiro, possessing as he did such a strong bond with Korea, must have been quite obtrusive.
- 守護大名の権限強化と惣村・郷村の自立とによって、荘園は次第に解体への道を進んでいくこととなった。
- The shoens gradually collapsed with the aggrandizement of shugo-daimyo and the independence of sosons and gosons.
- 開発領主は中央の有力者や有力寺社へ田地を寄進し、寄進を受けた荘園領主は領家(りょうけ)と称した。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshu donated rice fields to the central powerful men or temples or shrines and the lords of shoen who received the donation were called ryoke.
- 平安末期には保元の乱・平治の乱両乱を経て武士が政治に進出していき、その結果、平氏政権が登場した。
- Through the two wars, the Hogen War and the Heiji War, near the end of the Heian period, samurai advanced into the political world, generating the Taira clan government.
- 更に奥州支配を進める伊達氏によって佐竹義重 (十八代当主)は南北両方面での戦いを余儀なくされた。
- In addition, Yoshishige SATAKE (the eighteenth family head) was forced by the Date clan, that had been expanding its governance in Oshu, to fight both in the north and south sides.
- 境内は貧富貴賎さまざまな人々が流入し、当時の寺社の文化的先進性と結びついて都市的な発展を遂げる。
- Various people including the rich and the poor or high and low social standing entered into temples and the area around temple developed into a city, tied with the spirit of cultural innovation of temples and shrines in those days.
- 峰山から前進した飛神隊は出撃する機会がないまま終戦を迎えたが、卒業生の一部は実際に出撃している。
- The Hishin Squadron which advanced from Mineyama never had the opportunity to rally before the war ended but some of the graduates did take part in battles.
- その後は、各車種にわたって標準型車両が制定され、雑多な少数形式の淘汰が推進されていくことになる。
- After that, standard train cars in each form of car were set up, and assorted small number of train cars began to be culled out.
- アメリカ合衆国はポーツマス条約の仲介によって漁夫の利を得、満洲に自らも進出することを企んでいた。
- The United States of America took advantage of its intermediary stance, and sought to advance its own ambitions in Manchuria.
- しかし、この事件を契機としてヤマト王権による朝鮮半島南部への進出活動が急速に衰えることとなった。
- However, due to this incident, the Yamato Kingdom rapidly lost influence in the southern Korean Peninsula.
- 藤原氏の氏神である春日大社は、神仏習合の進展により、氏寺である興福寺と一体のものとなっていった。
- Kasuga Taisha Shrine, the private deity of the Fujiwara clan was united with Kofuku-ji Temple, which is an uji-dera temple (temple built for praying for the clan's glory) of the Fujiwara clan, due to the development of syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism.
- 院政期に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、それ以外の氏族は排除されるようになり大学寮外に教育の場が移った。
- When the Kidendo became inherited as hereditary learning during the insei period (the period of the government by the retired Emperor), the clans other than those inherit Kidendo became excluded and the students were taught outside the Daigaku-ryo.
- 前将軍義稙の養子・足利義維(義晴の弟)を擁する晴元・元長は堺に進出し、京の支配を行う(堺公方)。
- With Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA, the former shogun Yoshitane's adopted son and a younger brother of Yoshiharu on their side, Harumoto and Motonaga advanced to Sakai and governed the capital (Sakaikubo [the municipal government based in Sakai City]).
- 秀吉は八代、水俣を経て島津方の予想を上回る速さで出水にまで進軍し、出水城主島津忠辰を降伏させた。
- Hideyoshi advanced to Izumi via Yatsushiro and Minamata faster than expected by the Shimazu side, and made Tadatoki SHIMAZU, the lord of Izumi-jo Castle, surrender.
- 近年は、文学分野での学術研究も進められ、江戸思想史研究の資料として利用されるようにもなっている。
- Today there is a lot of academic research on 'Hakkenden' in the field of literature and it has been utilized as material for research on the history of ideas during the Edo period.
- プライム(相手が進めない場所を6つ連続で作る)を作ることを「蒸す」といい、重要な戦術としていた。
- Making 'Prime' (to make six consecutive points, where the opponent cannot enter) was called 'steam' and it was regarded as an important strategy.
- なお、正成は和睦を進言した事で朝廷の不信を買い、この追討軍からは外され、国許での謹慎を命じられた。
- Masashige earned the distrust of the Imperial Court as a result of his advice to make peace and was removed from the force and placed under house arrest in his hometown.
- 石井進の国衙軍制論の図にある地方豪族軍の左衛門大夫平惟基、前上総介平忠常らはそうした存在であった。
- TAIRA no Koremoto with the title of Saemon no taifu (Master of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), and TAIRA no Tadatsune with the title of former Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province) held on to such an existence in the diagram of the kokuga forces system of Susumu ISHII.
- 戦国時代になると、守護大名に代わった戦国大名は、土地の一円知行をより進めていき、荘園制は崩壊した。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states) daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period who took over Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) further advanced Ichien chigyo, and the manorism collapsed.
- 自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた(職権留保付寄進)。
- Then, these kaihatsu ryoshu paid a certain amount of tax to the zuryo while holding the right to control those donated lands as shokan, or officers governing shoen (donation while retaining authority).
- 王朝国家体制の下では、受領は規定の租税を京進さえすれば、残余の租税を自らの収入とすることができた。
- Under the dynastic nation-state, as long as Zuryo paid the specified tax to Kyoto, they could take the rest of the tax as their own income.
- 一方、大楽の救援に駆けつけていた土佐藩の堀内誠之進は京都に逃れて同地の攘夷派志士の糾合を画策した。
- On the other hand, Seinoshin HORIUCHI from Tosa clan, who had come up to help Dairaku, escaped to Kyoto and planned to rally the patriots of the joi-ha there.
- このように、寄進により重層的な所有関係を伴う荘園を寄進地系荘園といい、領域的な広がりを持っていた。
- Like this, the shoen which had a multilayered ownership relationship by the donation was called the donated-type of shoen (manor) and had a territorial contiguity.
- 漢城においては明の経理楊鎬が9月朔日平壌より来り麻貴を促し、出でて日本軍の前進を阻止しようとした。
- At Hanseong, Keiri Yang Hao of Ming, who had arrived from Pyongyang on October 11, prompted Ma Gui to stop the invasion of the Japanese army.
- 我是を見、扨も不思議奇特 成物かなとおもひ、此鉄炮を一挺買て、関東へ持て下り、屋形氏綱公へ進上す。
- 'I was so surprised and impressed by the 'teppo' that I purchased one, and then took it back to the Kanto region and presented it to our lord, Ujitsuna HOJO.'
- 一方、現地の荘官側が作成する注進状と呼ばれ、その年の年貢納入状況について報告するために作成された。
- On the other hand, sanyojo drawn up by the local shokan side was called chushin jo, made for reporting the payment of nengu for the year.
- 千葉常胤はこれを回復し、再度伊勢神宮に寄進するが、平家政権になると、佐竹義宗に奪い取られてしまう。
- Tsunetane CHIBA recaptured Soma-mikuriya and donated it again to the Ise-jingu Shrine, but when the Heike government took over the regime, it was captured by Yoshimune SATAKE.
- 秀吉は翌4月17日 (旧暦)(6月7日)直ちに美濃に進軍するも、揖斐川の氾濫により大垣城に入った。
- Although Hideyoshi hastened back to Mino with his army the following day, June 7, flooding of the Ibi-gawa River forced him to enter Ogaki-jo Castle.
- このため大内氏や三好氏などは京に軍を進めることには成功したが、その覇権を維持することはできなかった。
- Because of this problem, the Ouchi clan and Miyoshi clan were able to move their army to Kyoto and attain the hegemony, but unable to maintain it.
- 続く江戸時代は、農業技術の進歩と新田開発の進展、幕府や藩の財政悪化などによりたびたび検地が行われた。
- In the Edo period, which followed on the heels of Hideyoshi's time, land surveys were occasionally conducted, either to take advantage of advances in agricultural techniques or the opening of new rice paddies, or because the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or the domain conducting the survey had fallen into difficult financial straits.
- 石井進は、本宣旨は頼朝に大きな行政権を与えたのであり、その実質上の効果は極めて大きかったとしている。
- According to Susumu ISHII, this decree gave Yoritomo huge executive power and its substantial effect was extremely profound.
- これにより、一円知行は地頭側からだけでなく荘官や領家が本所や地頭による干渉を排除する方向でも進んだ。
- By this, Ichien chigyo was carried out not only from the side of jito but also from the side of shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor)) and ryoke (a lord of manor) toward the direction that it would tend to remove interference from honjo (proprietor of guarantor of manor) and jito (manager and lord of manor).
- そのため、騎馬のまま突撃したり、下馬して武家奉公人と共に徒で突き進むといった状況に応じた行動を採る。
- Therefore, they responded either by attacking on horsebacks or by getting off the horses and advancing on foot with their samurai family servants, depending on the situation.
- 令旨によって熊野の勢力が二つに割れて争乱に発展したため、湛増が平氏に以仁王の謀反を注進したのである。
- Because the military forces of Kumano, upon receiving the command, split into two opposing camps and began rioting, Tanzo sent the Taira clan word of prince Mochihito's plot.
- 11月14日、義満は八幡まで進み、管領畠山基国と前管領斯波義将が率いる主力3万騎が和泉国へ発向した。
- By December 19, Yoshimitsu had advanced as far as Hachiman, where he met up with the main force of 30,000 riders, led by the kanrei Motokuni HATAKEYAMA and former kanrei Yoshimasa SHIBA, and then they all proceeded towards Izumi Province together.
- このことから坂本城には天守があり、作事が行われ翌12月頃には天守がかなり進捗していたと思われている。
- By this description, it is known that Sakamoto-jo Castle had a tenshu (main keep or tower of a castle), and it is considered that the construction of a tenshu was well under way by January 1573 after the construction of the Castle started.
- 当時ロシアは満州(中国東北部)への進出を狙っていたため、遼東半島が日本領になることに激しく反発した。
- In those days Russia aiming at expansion into Manchuria (north east of China) strongly opposed Japan's acquisition of the Liaodong Peninsula.
- 以後もアメリカは「門戸開放政策」を掲げて中国進出を意図したが、結局上手くいかず、対日感情が悪化する。
- The United State's efforts to expand their presence in China through the 'Open-door Policy' failed to bear fruit, and led to rising tensions with Japan.
- 大日本帝国 『清国ニ対スル宣戦ノ詔勅』では朝鮮の独立と改革の推進、東洋全局の平和などが唱われている。
- The imperial prescript of Empire of Japan advocates the cause to promote independence and reform of Korea and peace of the entire East.
- その骨子は輸入規制と商品の国産化推進であり、長崎に入る異国船の数と貿易額に制限を加えるものであった。
- The main points were import restrictions and promotion of domestic production, while limiting the number of foreign ships coming to Nagasaki and the amount of trade.
- また、町人階級の経済的躍進は、武士階級を困窮させる事になり、幾度も倹約令や徳政令が出される事になる。
- The economic development of the merchant class resulted in the impoverishment of the samurai, and laws regulating expenditures and debt cancellation orders were promulgated many times.
- 滝川一益は「進むも滝川、退くも滝川」といわれた戦術家で、調略の才も秀でていた当時屈指の武将であった。
- Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was one of the best commanders at that time who was praised as 'Takigawa is the best to advance, and Takigawa is the best to retreat,' with excellent talent for carrying out stratagem.
- そのため、743年(天平15年)、橘諸兄政権はさらなる墾田促進を目的とした墾田永年私財法を施行した。
- Therefore in 743, the government led by TACHIBANA no Moroe enforced Konden Einen Shizai Ho aiming to promote reclamation of rice fields.
- これに対して朝廷も、僧位・僧官の昇進権を媒介に上級僧侶を組織して、宗教界への支配を強化しようとした。
- On the other hand, the Imperial Court tried to organize the upper-ranked Buddhist monks through the promotion to Soi (rank of Buddhist priests) and Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by the Imperial Court) to strengthen their control over the religious world.
- 土佐藩などの主張で幕府が朝廷に政権を返上し、諸侯会議により幕政改革を推進する公議政体論が主張された。
- Following the opinion of clans such as Tosa, the Shogunate returned the ruling power to the Imperial Court, and the idea of giving political power to the council of representatives from various clans, which would reform the Shogunate system, was recommended.
- 勝頼を追う織田信忠は高遠城陥落の翌日、本陣を諏訪に進め、武田氏の庇護下にあった諏訪大社を焼き払った。
- To pursue Katsuyori, Nobutada ODA moved his army to Suwa on the day after the fall of Takato-jo Castle and burned down Suwa-taisha Shrine, which was under the protection of the Takeda clan.
- 肥後方面を秀吉が、日向方面を弟の豊臣秀長が率い、合わせて20万を数える圧倒的な物量と人員で進軍した。
- With Hideyoshi aiming for Higo and his brother Hidenaga TOYOTOMI aiming for Hyuga, Toyotomi's army advanced with an overwhelming amount of material and samurai, over 200,000 people in total.
- さらに学生によるデモ行進のシーンもあるが、実際には戦前のこの時期に学生デモが認められることはなかった。
- There is a scene involving a demonstration march by students, but a student demonstration in this pre-war period would not have actually been allowed.
- また、両チームにはチーム代表で解説や進行を担当する「頭」や、応援担当の「念人」が選出されることもある。
- In addition, there were cases where 'to,' who was in charge of commentary and direction for their team, and 'nennin,' whose job was to support their team, were selected.
- 凶党を捕縛した後は、国衙の検非違使が尋問にあたり、捜査経緯をまとめた報告書を受領から太政官へ進達した。
- After gangsters were captured, the kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) at the kokuga interrogated the criminals, and zuryo sent to Daijokan a report describing how the criminal investigation was conducted.
- よって、より権威のある院宮家、摂関家、大寺社等の権門層へ領家から領家職の一部を寄進することが行われた。
- For this reason, ryoke donated a part of ryoke shiki to more influential families such as the Innomiya family, Sekkan-ke, and major temples and shrines.
- だが、範頼軍は兵糧の不足と優勢な水軍を有する平氏軍の抵抗によって進軍が止まり、九州にも渡れなくなった。
- But Noriyori's army, lacking sufficient provisions and opposed by the Taira's superior naval might, was forced to halt its advance, and could not even cross into Kyushu.
- 戦国大名の元で大規模な新田開発や灌漑整備が進められ、築城技術で培われた土木技術が農業面でも応用された。
- Under sengoku daimyo, large-scale development of new fields and maintenance of irrigation were promoted utilizing civil engineering technology developed in castle building technology for agricultural purposes.
- この戦いの後、南条氏は再び西伯耆へ進出することは無くなり、史料上ではこれ以後の合戦は確認されていない。
- After this war, the Nanjo clan never entered the west Hoki again, and no battle occurred thereafter according to historical documents.
- 翌23日に上方勢の先鋒が雑賀荘に侵入し、24日には根来を発した秀吉も紀ノ川北岸を西進して雑賀に入った。
- On the following day, the 22nd, the vanguard of the Kamigata army invaded Saigaso and on the 23rd, Hideyoshi who came from Negoro entered Saiga by going west along the northern shore of Kino-kawa River.
- 筒井・長谷川・堀勢ら一万五千人が進撃すると、城兵五百余が討って出て横合いから弓・鉄砲で奇襲を仕掛けた。
- When 15,000 troops of Tsutsui, Hasegawa and Hori attacked, more than 500 castle soldiers fought against them and took them in a surprise attack with bows and guns.
- 一番隊(小西行長、他)、二番隊(加藤清正、他)、三番隊(黒田長政、他)を先鋒に三路に分かれて急進した。
- They made a rapid advance by dividing themselves into three ways having the First Division (Yukinaga KONISHI and others), the Second Division (Kiyomasa KATO and others) and the Third Division (Nagamasa KURODA and others) as spearheads.
- この後、山城も大きく進化していき、一線防備でなく曲輪の配置や形状に工夫が見られて拠点防備になっていく。
- Later, mountain castles advanced and their defense systems also changed, from the single defense line to Kuruwa related defense after they altered the shape and disposition of Kuruwa.
- 長重はその被官となり、1315年までに得宗家から円覚寺に再寄進されていることが記録として残されている。
- Historical records reveal that Nagashige became a retainer of the Tokuso family, and the land was again donated to Enkaku-ji Shrine by the family before 1315.
- だが、次第に年貢の未進・下地中分や半済の進行によって荘園からの収入が途絶える事態が生じるようになった。
- However, the revenues from shoen had gradually decreased because of the nonpayment of tribute, shitaji chubun (physical division of the land), and the introduction of hanzei (the system in the Muromachi period where the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] allowed military governors, or Shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund).
- 薩摩藩最高実力者島津久光は兵を率いて上洛し、尊皇攘夷派を取り締まり、朝廷に運動して公武合体を推進した。
- Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, the most powerful man of the Satsuma clan, led forces to Kyoto, suppressed the Sonnojoi group and promoted Kobu gattai by influencing the Imperial Court.
- 先進国は少ないコストで削減が可能となり、途上国は技術や資金の供与といった対価が望めるなどの効果がある。
- Developed countries can reduce the amount at a low cost and developing countries can get the provision of technology and money as a counter value.
- 兵農分離(へいのうぶんり)とは、安土桃山から江戸時代にかけて推し進められた武士階級以外の武装解除を指す。
- Heinobunri indicates the disarming of the classes pushed forward during the period from the Azuchi-Momoyama through Edo periods except for the samurai (warrior) class.
- 田堵負名は、名経営を国衙から委任される代わりに、官物・雑役などの租税・課役を国衙へ進納する義務を負った。
- Tato fumyo was under the obligation to distribute taxes and assignments, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) to the kokuga in exchange for holding a commission from the kokuga to administrate each myo.
- 新仏教の台頭に対抗して、旧仏教の側は念仏批判をし、戒律を重んじて、腐敗している旧仏教内部の革新を進めた。
- In their struggle to oppose the rise of these new sects, the old guard of Buddhism criticized the nenbutsu (prayer to Amida Buddha) and honored the traditional precepts, making progress in revitalizing the decaying edifice of old Buddhism from within.
- 冬嗣から基経まで、権門に有利な政策が実施されてきたが、宇多は権門抑制策そして小農民保護策を進めていった。
- Although policy which was advantageous for influential families had been conducted from Fuyutsugo to Mototsune, Emperor Uda promoted the control of such families and protected the peasants.
- 領地の安堵の手段はその地の郡司、郷司、国衙の在庁官人となるか、あるいは権門に荘園として寄進するかである。
- The method to maintain the estate was to become the Zaichokanjin of gunji, goji, kokuga of that estate, or to donate shoen to kenmon (an influential family).
- 新宮氏は新宮城_(陸奥国)を築城して居城とし、また、新宮熊野神社を厚く信仰して多くの寄進を行なっている。
- The Shingu clan built Shingu-jo Castle (Mutsu Province) and resided there, and had deep faith in Shingu Kumano-jinja Shrine and donated large amounts.
- 当時、立命館大学法学部の学生であった被告人は、デモ隊先頭集団の列外に立って行進し、デモ隊を誘導していた。
- The defendant was a student of Ritsumeikan University's Faculty of Law at that time and marched off the leading group of the demonstration to lead the demonstration march.
- なお、以上とは別に、興福寺や春日大社の領内で他者による侵奪や年貢の未進・横領が発生した際の慣習もあった。
- Incidentally, Kofuku-ji Temple and Kasuga-taisha Shrine had another custom, which was implemented when their manor was disseized by others, or their 'nengu' (land tax) was unpaid or embezzled.
- なお職業能力開発促進法により、酒造技能士資格を持っていないものが酒造技能士と称することは禁じられている。
- By Human Resources Development Promotion Act, it is prohibited that anyone except licensed brewers calls oneself a licensed brewer.
- 三代目澤村田之助をはじめ、澤村源之助 (4代目)、前進座の河原崎國太郎 (5代目)の当たり役でもあった。
- This was a role for which actors, not only Tanosuke SAWAMURA the third, but also Gennosuke SAWAMURA (the fourth) and Kunitaro KAWARASAKI (the fifth) from Zenshinza (the Zenshinza Company) gained a reputation.
- 荘園・公領内部で、百姓階層の経済力向上と均質化が進んだことで、百姓階層は名主を中心に団結するようになった。
- As the farming class improved its economic status and became more homogenized, peasants learned to act together led by myoshu farmers.
- 当初、問注所は訴訟に対する裁判事務は行わず、武家棟梁である源頼朝へ訴訟事案を進達することを任務としていた。
- In the beginning, the Monchu-dokoro did not handle the judicial administration pertaining to lawsuits, but simply conveyed to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the head of samurais, the details of lawsuits.
- しかしながら、1970年代末から1980年代にかけて下向井龍彦らによる研究・問題提起が積極的に進められた。
- However, in the period from around the end of the 1970s to 1980s, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and others actively promoted research and raised various issues from the latter viewpoint.
- それが修整され始めたのは比較的最近のことであるが、しかし研究者の間では40年近く昔から見直しが進んでいる。
- This argument was corrected recently, but researchers have been reexamining it among themselves from nearly forty years ago.
- しかしこれ以来山国隊は郷土の誇りとされ、山国神社の還幸祭と京都時代祭では山国隊姿の行進を見ることができる。
- But thereafter, the Yamagunitai became a source of local pride, which is why figures representing the Yamagunitai can still be seen in the processions for the Yamaguni Shrine Kankosai (festival of re-enshrinement) and in the Kyoto Jidai Matsuri (Kyoto's Festival of the Ages).
- また、4人の子息と義弟を公卿に昇進させ、嫡男の藤原道隆を内大臣に任じて関白の地位を譲ったところで死去した。
- Also, he promoted his four sons and brothers-in-law to court nobles, appointed his heir FUJIWARA no Michitaka to Great Minister of the Center and died immediately after he resigned the post of chancellor in favor of him.
- 農民の自立が進むと、それまで宮廷に属していた工人も解放されて自立し、手工業が一般的に行われ市場が成立する。
- As farmers made progress towards political independence, artisans also were freed from the control of the imperial court--which had dominated their livelihoods until this point--and achieved independence, leading to the general proliferation of handicrafts and the establishment of markets.
- 平安時代中期の貴族社会において、官職や職能が特定の家系に固定化していく「家業の継承」が急速に進展していた。
- In the society of the nobility of the middle Heian period, the trend of the 'succession of family business' rapidly became popular, and only specific families began to occupy certain government official posts or occupations.
- そのためには、技術開発を進め、専門家が指導を行って、砂漠化防止活動を長期間持続できるようにする必要がある。
- Therefore, it is necessary to develop the technologies needed for these measures and to guide people by specialists concerned, to make the activities for preventing desertification continue for a long period of time.
- しかし、継体天皇の登場によりヤマト王権による列島支配が強まり、一方、朝鮮半島への進出傾向は大きく後退した。
- However, after Emperor Keitai was introduced, control over the islands of Japan by Yamato sovereignty became stronger, but on the other hand, the trend of advancing to the Korean peninsular became considerably weak.
- その後、秀吉は4月10日に筑後国に侵攻し、4月16日には肥後国隈本(熊本)、4月17日には宇土に進軍する。
- Hideyoshi went on to invade Chikugo Province on May 17, and marched into Kumamoto in Higo Province on May 23, and into Udo on May 24.
- 10世紀後期の状況を示していると考えられている『西宮記』で御暦奏で進上される頒暦は120巻と記されている。
- According to the 'Seikyuki,' a book supposed to have described the court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette in the latter half of the 16th century, the number of copies of hanreki to be presented to the emperor was 120.
- ここでデモ隊は、上記許可条件を熟知していなかった被告人の誘導により、交差点の中央付近まで進行してしまった。
- But the defendant, who did not know fully about the condition of permission, led the demonstration march around the center of the intersection.
- このため同年4月、進退窮まった沢柳総長は辞職に追い込まれた(後任総長は山川健次郎東京帝大総長が兼任した)。
- Under such circumstances, the president of the university, Sawayanagi, was driven into a corner and was forced to resign from his post in April of the same year (Kenjiro YAMAKAWA, the president of Tokyo Imperial University, was concurrently appointed as a successor).
- また、11~12世紀の寄進型荘園のように、田地の不輸や寄作者の雑役免といった国家的諸権限の割譲もなかった。
- Furthermore, from the eleventh to twelfth century, cessation of state power, such as fuyu (tax exemptions) and zoyakumen (exception from all levies except regular land taxes) for contributors was not conducted on donated shoen (manors based on donation).
- そして、「大庭御厨の濫妨」の翌年の天養2年(1145年)3月、義朝は、その相馬郷を伊勢内宮外宮に寄進する。
- In April 1145, which was the year after 'the disturbance in the Obamikuriya estate,' Yoshitomo donated this Soma-go village to the Inner Shrine and the Outer Shrine of the Ise-jingu Shrine.
- 八代荘は甲斐国八代郡 (甲斐国)にあり、寄進を受けた時の熊野別当湛快は牓示を立てて社領であることを示した。
- Yatsushiro no sho was located in Yatsushiro-gun, Kai Province (Kai Province) and when it was donated, Kumano betto (a head Sinto priest) Tankai placed boji (signs placed at the border of territory) in order to clarify shrine's territory.
- ただし、現実的には荘園を寄進した者あるいは荘園支配の実務を行った荘官の中には在庁官人を兼ねる者も多かった。
- Nevertheless, as a matter of practice, among donators of Shoen or officers called shokan who practically administered Shoen, many served concurrently as zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
- この盤双六はゲームの進行に際して複雑な思考と同時にさいころの偶然性に頼る要素が大きく、賭博として行われた。
- The board Sugoroku was played as a gamble because the game highly depended on the chance of the rolled dices besides the complicated thoughts.
- しかし、8世紀中期に墾田永年私財法が施行されると、有力な大寺社は積極的に墾田を進めて、荘園を確保していった。
- However, during the middle era of the eighth century when Konden einen shizai Law (law allowing farmers who developed new arable land to own it permanently) was enforced, dominant temples and shrines actively developed arable land, acquiring shoen (manors) this way.
- 10世紀から11世紀にかけて、貴族社会において特定の家系が一つの官司を世襲する「官司の家業化」が急速に進展。
- From the 10th to the 11th century 'the hereditary governmental offices' which were transmitted among certain families in the aristocratic society developed rapidly.
- 寛治4年(1090年)、堀河天皇の仏神事興行政策の中で上下賀茂社に各600町ずつの荘園が寄進された中の一荘。
- Within the Buddhist and Shinto ritual performance plan by Emperor Horikawa, Kuragaki no Sho was part of the manor donated in 1090 to the Kamigamo-sha and Shimogamo-sha Shrines, each receiving an area of 595 hectares.
- なお、近年の研究では、荘園の職の体系についての理解としての「職権留保付寄進」という概念に疑問が呈されている。
- In addition, recent studies question the concept of 'contribution with reserving authority' as the understanding of the shiki system in shoen.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると、守護大名に代わった戦国大名は、土地の一円知行をより進めていき、荘園制は崩壊した。
- In the Sengoku period (period of Warring States), shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords as provincial constables) were replaced with sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) and the shoen system (manorialism) collapsed because sengoku daimyo further advanced ichien chigyo of lands.
- また、一切衆生の救済を強く志向し、ハンセン病救済事業や、非人救済、橋の架橋を行うなど社会事業を熱心に進めた。
- Moreover, they strengthened their will to work for the salvation of all living creatures, giving aid to those afflicted with leprosy and to hinin (literally 'non-humans,' members of the outcastes) and other bridge-building efforts, and thus increasing their zeal for social and humanitarian work.
- そこで政府は11世紀初頭ごろから地方分権的な国家体制改革を精力的に推進し、王朝国家と呼ばれる体制が成立した。
- Therefore, starting in the early eleventh century, the national government actively promoted the reformation of the national system through decentralization, establishing a system called a dynastic nation-state.
- 特に地方政治においては、国司へ大幅な行政権を委任する代わりに一定以上の租税進納を義務づける政治形態が進んだ。
- In regional politics, the Court delegated much administrative authority to Kokushi and in return, they bore the responsibility to pay taxes above a certain level to the government.
- 遣唐使は200年以上にわたり、当時の先進国であった唐の文化や制度、そして仏教の日本への伝播に大いに貢献した。
- The missions to Tang China were repeated for more than 200 years and this allowed Japan to adopt the cultures and institutions of the Tang Dynasty which was an advanced state, and considerably contributed to the introduction of Buddhism into Japan.
- 事実において、地方官において最下級の目 (国司)の子・春澄善縄が文章生から文章博士を経て参議に昇進している。
- As a matter of fact, HARUSUMI no Yoshitada, a son of a sakan (kokushi (provincial governors)), which was the lowest ranked local official, became monjosho and monjo hakase and then was promoted to sangi (councilor).
- 日本側 陸軍は第一軍で朝鮮半島へ上陸、鴨緑江を渡河しつつ、在朝鮮のロシア軍と第一会戦を交えた後に満洲へ進撃。
- Japanese-side: The army would land their First Army on the Korean Peninsula and climb northwards and engage occupying Russian forces and assault Manchuria by crossing the Oryokko River.
- 今度、尼崎・はなくま渡し進上申さず、歴々者ども妻子・兄弟を捨て、我身一人づつ助かるの由、前代未聞の仕立なり。
- Amagasaki-jo Castle and Hanakuma-jo Castle were not surrendered on that occasion and it was a case never heard before that well-known reputed samurai abandon their wives and children as well as brothers and saved only they themselves.
- またオホド王の登場以降、東北から南九州に及ぶ地域の統合が急速に進み、政治的な統一がなされたとする見解がある。
- Also, it can be seen that the regions between Tohoku and southern Kyushu rapidly consolidated and became politically unified after the time of King Ohodo.
- 教官の人事権を事実上教授会が掌握するという慣行を文相が承認したことで、学問の自由大学の自治は大きく前進した。
- As the Minister for Education approved a practice under which faculty councils held essential authority over personnel issues of professors, academic freedom as well as university autonomy became solid.
- 朝廷側も、国家鎮護の大寺院の系列とすることで諸国の神宮寺に対する求心力を維持できることから、これを推進した。
- The Imperial-Court promoted the movement to keep centripetal force of Jingu-ji Temples in various countries by joining Jingu-ji Temples to the main temples that were under national protection.
- 騒然とした雰囲気のなか、正午過ぎの午後1時20分天皇は自動車に乗って到着し、進講のため本部の会議室に入った。
- The Emperor arrived by car at 1:20 pm in an atmosphere of disquiet and entered a conference room in the headquarters in order to have a briefing.
- その不安定さは、平治の乱以降、いよいよ高まったというのが、その後の平家側佐竹義宗の相馬御厨寄進として現れる。
- The donation of Soma-mikuriya by Yoshimune SATAKE, who was on the side of the Taira family, thereafter indicates the increasing instability since the Heiji War.
- 傾斜度が20分の1(水平距離を20メートル進んで1メートル高くなる傾斜)以上の水田を「棚田」として認定する。
- Rice fields with a gradient of more than 1/20 (a slope which is elevated more than one meter per horizontal length of 20 meters) are recognized as 'Tanada.'
- この時、大和守源頼親の国守解任などを求めて木幡山大谷(現在の京都市伏見区)まで進んだ神木動座があったという。
- It says that in that year monk-soldiers and others advanced to Kohatayama Otani (in the present Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City), demanding that MINAMOTO no Yorichika, who occupied 'Yamoto no kami' (the governor of Yamato Province, which is today's Nara Prefecture), should be deprived of the position.
- 鎌倉政権は頼朝の弟源範頼に3万騎を率いさせて山陽道を進軍して九州に渡り平氏軍の背後を遮断する作戦を実行する。
- The political administration at Kamakura chose Yoritomo's younger brother MINAMOTO no Noriyori to lead 30,000 riders and advance along the Sanyodo Road, cross over into Kyushu, and adopt the strategy of blockading the Taira clan's army from the rear.
- そこに「加古川本蔵の首進上申す」と、虚無僧に変装した本蔵が現れ、由良之助父子の悪態をついてお石と争いになる。
- Honzo, disguised as a komuso (begging Zen priest), appears saying, 'I will give you the head of Honzo KAKOGAWA,' makes derogatory comments on Yuranosuke and his son, and he squabbles with Oishi.
- 大会で勝ち進むとこれを何試合も繰り返す(最大5~7試合)のでタフさが求められるため、敷居の低い競技ではない。
- If a player wins through a tournament, the player has to repeat several games (maximum of 5 to 7 games), therefore the player is required to be tough and for that it is not easy to participate in it casually.
- この時代は日本の文化全体が中国の強い影響を次第に脱して和風化が進んだ時代であり、仏画にもその傾向が見られる。
- That was the time when the culture in Japan as a whole gradually got away from the strong influence from China and Japanization made progress and this trend is seen in Buddhist paintings from this period.
- しかし15世紀に入ると、徐々に守護請の実施や在庁官人の被官化を通じて、守護による国衙の実効支配が進んでいった。
- However, through the implementation of 'shugo-uke' and 'Hikanization' of zaichokanjin, shugo came to control the kokuga effectively in the beginning of the 15th century.
- 室町時代に成立した軍記物語『太平記』によれば、義貞が海神に祈願すると潮が引き、新田勢は鎌倉に進入したとされる。
- The war chronicle 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) written in the Muromachi period said the forces of Nitta successfully entered Kamakura because the tide went out, in answer to Yoshisada's prayer to the sea-god.
- また、農業生産の向上は、手工業や広い範囲での流通を劇的に進展させ、さらに貨幣経済の普及をもたらすこととなった。
- An increase in agricultural production brought about not only dramatic progress in manual industry and commerce over a wide area but also the development of a monetary economy.
- 合戦では、足利直義を司令官とする陸上軍の主力は西国街道を進み、少弐頼尚は和田岬の新田軍に側面から攻撃をかけた。
- During the battle, the main line of the land army commanded by Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA proceeded along the Saigoku-kaido Road, and Yorihisa SHONI mounted an attack on the flanks of the Nitta forces in Wadamisaki.
- 一方で院宮王臣家や有力な寺社に荘園を寄進して国府の重税から逃れることで財政負担と朝廷からの干渉・介入を防いだ。
- Meanwhile, they evaded heavy taxes imposed by the Kokufu and prevented intervention by the Imperial Court by donating shoen (manor) to Ingu oshinke (a general term for Imperial families and nobilities) and influential temples and shrines.
- 事実、家康は7月18日の時点ではまだ江戸城にあり、7月21日になってようやく会津に向かって進軍を開始していた。
- In fact, Ieyasu was actually in Edo-jo Castle on July 18 and finally left for Aizu Domain with his army on July 21.
- なお、この項目においての荘園・公領とは、それぞれ荘園公領制の土台となった寄進地系荘園・国衙領を指すものとする。
- Note that the shoen and lands under the control of the koryo described here mean kishinchi-kei-shoen and Kokugaryo (provincial lands), which became the base of the Shoen-Koryo system.
- 平氏全盛の中、源氏の頼政は地味な立場であり続けたが、治承2年(1178年)に清盛の推挙により従三位に昇進した。
- While the power of the Taira clan was at its zenith, Yorimasa--a Minamoto--continued quietly to maintain his position, and in 1178, on Kiyomori's recommendation, he was promoted to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).
- 兼通は自身の子弟を公卿に昇進させてその世襲化を図ったが、息子達を公卿に任じ終えた直後に病死したために挫折した。
- Kanemichi promoted his sons to court nobles and attempted to make their positions hereditary, but failed due to his death from an illness soon after appointing them as court nobles.
- 兼家自身は天皇不在の内裏に深夜参入し、大急ぎで譲位の手続きを進めて翌朝には皇太子懐仁(一条天皇)を践祚させた。
- Kaneie himself arrived in the middle of the night at the Imperial Palace without its emperor to quickly do the administrative work necessary for abdication and the next morning, he had the Crown Prince Yasuhito (Emperor Ichijo) ascend to the throne.
- 一方で、乾燥化の進行よりも植林などの対策のほうがスピードが遅く、黄砂対策は実効性を現しにくいという見方もある。
- On the other hand, there is a view of considering that the speed of dry land expansion is higher than that of planting trees and it is not easy to make the effects of the measures taken against kosa visible.
- 知行国制は、荘園公領制の進展と軌を一にしたものであり、経済的利得権が権門勢家へ集中していったことを表している。
- Chigyo kokusei developed together with shoen koryosei, which means only the influential could derive economic profits.
- 秀吉はまず播磨国に進出し、小寺氏・屋塩赤松氏・龍野赤松氏を服従させ、反抗する佐用赤松氏を滅ぼし、支配を固めた。
- First, Hideyoshi broke into Harima, reducing the Kodera clan, the Akamatsu clan in Okishio, and the Akamatsu clan in Tatsuno to obedience, and destroyed the opposing Akamatsu clan in Sayo, to consolidate its dominance.
- 波多野・三好連合軍は、2月16日に京都に進軍、治安維持と宣撫工作に取り掛かったが、細川晴元の入京待ちとなった。
- The Hatano and Miyoshi allied forces marched into Kyoto on March 18 and started working on maintaining public order and pacification, and they had to wait for Harumoto HOSOKAWA to enter the capital before they could proceed with these activities.
- 両事変後、朝鮮において日本は経済的に進出し、90年代朝鮮の貿易で日本は輸出の90%以上、輸入の50%を占めた。
- Since the two incidents that occurred in korea, Japan had promoted an economic presence, and Japanese exports amounted to more than 90% and Japanese imports accounted for 50% in Korean trade during the 1890's.
- 8月24日-9月4日の遼陽会戦では、第二軍が南側から正面攻撃をかけ、第一軍が東側の山地を迂回し背後へ進撃した。
- In the Battle of Liaoyang from August 24th and September 4th, the IJA Second Army mounted a frontal attack from the south, and the IJA First Army circumscribed a mountainous area in the East and attacked the enemies flank.
- 当時、朝鮮は医学先進国であり、内科・外科・鍼・灸などを習得するために倭館に来るものが藩医、町医を問わず多かった。
- Since Korea was the pioneer in the medicine field at that time, a number of doctors, both town doctors and doctors working at a public clinic, came to wakan to study internal medicine, surgery, acupuncture, and moxibustion, and so on.
- 安土桃山時代には、日本各地はもとより東南アジア諸国との南蛮貿易に進出する酒屋もあらわれ、豪商として育っていった。
- In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, some sakaya advanced into trade with Spain and Portugal through eastern Asian nations as well as various places in Japan, growing into wealthy merchants.
- 調査が進むにつれ、思いの外大人数が関わっていることが判明し、すべてを死罪とすれば大混乱を生ずることが懸念された。
- Along with the progress of investigation, it turned out that an unexpectedly large number of persons were involved, and this gave rise to a fear that condemning all of them to death penalty might invite chaos.
- 逃走を開始した土佐藩士たちに、遅れて駆けつけた新井忠雄隊が追い討ちをかける形となり、新選組は有利に戦いを進めた。
- The group of Tadao ARAI arrived later and further attacked the Tosa retainers who started to run away, giving the advantage to Shinsengumi.
- 軍事貴族は確かに在地有力者との主従関係の構築を進めてきてはいたが、その存立基盤はやはり中央政界にあったのである。
- Although military aristocrats worked on establishment of subordinate-superior relationships with locally powerful individuals, the foundation of their existence was after all in central politics.
- この間に諏訪氏、滋野氏らは信濃国国衙を襲撃して国司(清原氏真人某)を自害させたあと、武蔵国へ入り鎌倉へ進軍する。
- In the meantime, the Suwa clan and the Shigeno clan attacked the provincial government office of Shinano Province, forced the governor (Kiyohara-shi Mahito Bo) to commit suicide, entered Musashi Province and advanced toward Kamakura.
- 元亀元年(1570年)に始まった石山合戦は本願寺の歴史優勢のうちに進み、織田信長は石山本願寺を攻めあぐねていた。
- In the Ishiyama War which began in 1570, the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple held onto the advantage and Nobunaga ODA had a tough time against it.
- 同じく9月には南原城から南下した後に西進した日本水軍の先鋒を三道水軍統制使に返り咲いた李舜臣が鳴梁海戦で破った。
- During October also, Yi Sun-sin, who returned to the Naval Commander of the Three Provinces, defeated the advancing Japanese navy, which at first moved to the south from the Namwon Castle and then moved west, in the Naval Battle at Meiryo.
- このほか、同年4月12日の布告では、諸藩に対して御誓文の趣旨に沿って人材抜擢などの改革を進めることを命じている。
- Other than those, on the declaration of April 12 in the same year it ordered domains to proceed with reform such as selection for talented people based on the purpose of Charter Oath.
- 『愚管抄』によると、北面下臈の平知康・大江公朝が「頼朝軍が上洛すれば義仲など恐れるに足りない」と進言したという。
- According to 'Gukansho' (Jottings of a Fool), hokumen gero (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) TAIRA no Tomoyasu and OE no Kintomo suggested that 'Yoshinaka will be unworthy of fear if Yoritomo enters the capital.'
- 都古流には、流祖より伝わる伝統の「生花」と床の間以外の現代空間に向けて生花を進化させた「新生花」が並立している。
- In Miyakokoryu, there are two styles side by side: 'seika', classical style passed down from ryuso, and 'shinseika' which is developed from seika for modern space.
- 尊氏は高師直らと博多を発ち、備後国鞆津を経て、四国で細川氏・土岐氏・河野氏らの率いる船隊と合流して海路を東進した。
- Takauji departed Hakata with KO no Moronao, passed through Tomonoura of Bingo Province, joined forces with fleets commanded by the Hosokawa clan, Toki clan and Kono clan, and proceeded east by sea.
- そのため、宗氏は通交権益の知行化を通じて有力庶家の掌握や地侍の被官化を行い、領国支配を推し進めていた(宗氏領国)。
- Therefore, the So clan established their dominance over the territory by obtaining the revenue arose from the trade with Korea in order to have a command of influential families and place local samurai under the clan's order (this is called the Territory of the So clan).
- もっとも信長は代わりに嫡男織田信忠の官位昇進の要望を出している事から朝廷の官位に全く関心がなかった訳ではなかった。
- This does not necessarily mean Nobunaga had no interest in the rank awarded by the Imperial Court, for he appealed to the court for the promotion of his eldest son and heir, Nobutada ODA, in rank instead of himself.
- 院政期には荘園の一円領域的な集積と国衙領(公領)の徴税単位化が進み、荘園公領制と呼ばれる体制へ移行することとなる。
- During the period of the Cloister Government, many shoen (manors in medieval Japan) were collected together and Kokugaryo formed into a tax unit, which led to the new system dubbed shoen koryo sei (the System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- その功、古を振るにも比類少なければ、酬賞無くてやは有るべき」という理由で仁安元年(1166年)に内大臣へ昇進した。
- This effort is unmatchable and should be rewarded' was the reason why he was promoted to Nai-daijin (Minister of the Interior) in 1166.
- 関東公方足利満兼は武蔵国府中から上野国足利荘(栃木県足利市)まで進軍するが、義弘敗死の報を聞いて鎌倉へ引き返した。
- Mitsukane ASHIKAGA, the kubo of the Kanto, had taken his army and marched from Fuchu in Musashi Province as far as the Ashikaga family's private estates in Shimotsuke Province (modern-day Ashikaga City in Tochigi Pref.), but when news of Yoshihiro's defeat and death reached him, he turned back to Kamakura.
- 半年が経過した8月、範頼軍は平氏軍を背後からつくため山陽道を進軍したが、長く延びた戦線を平行盛によって分断された。
- After 6 months, in August, Noriyori's troops were progressing along the Sanyo-do Road to attack the Taira clan from the back, but the line was stretched thin and was cut off by TAIRA no Yukimori.
- さらに領家から、皇族や摂関家などのより有力な貴族へ寄進されることもあり、最上位の荘園領主を本家(ほんけ)といった。
- And some ryokes donated to more powerful aristocrats such as Imperial Families or sekkan-ke and the highest ranking lord of shoen was called honke (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of shoen).
- 7世紀に入ると官僚制度、地方制度、法令制度などの整備が徐々に進んでいき、7世紀末~8世紀初頭には律令制が成立した。
- In the seventh century, the bureaucracy system, the local system, the statute system and so on were gradually streamlined and from the late seventh century to the early eighth century, the Ritsuryo system was established.
- 釜山周辺に布陣していた日本軍は7月16日漆川梁の海戦で朝鮮水軍を殲滅すると陸上でも全羅道を目指して進撃を開始する。
- The Japanese army, which was based near Busan, demolished the Korean navy in the Battle of Chilcheollyang on August 28 and, as for the land war, started its advance toward Jeolla-do.
- 室町時代を通じ、畠山氏は前述の通り寺社勢力との妥協を余儀なくされながらも、紀伊の領国化(守護領国制)を進めていた。
- During the Muromachi period, the Hatakeyama clan promoted the domination of Kii Province (Shugo-ryogoku system [the system that a Shugo dominates a manor]), although it was forced to compromise with temple and shrine powers as mentioned above.
- 日本軍の進撃が平壌に迫ると宣祖は遼東との国境である北端の平安道・義州へと逃亡し、冊封に基づいて明に救援を要請する。
- As the Japanese army marched close to Pyongyang, Sonjo fled to Uiju in Pyeongan Province located at the north end and on the border of Liaodong and asked Ming for help based on sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors).
- 朝鮮半島から暦法など中国の文物を移入するとともに豪族や民衆の系列化・組織化を漸次的に進めて内政面を強化していった。
- At the same time the Yamato Kingdom was importing Chinese culture, such as calendar making, from the Korean Peninsula, it was strengthening domestic administration by gradually organizing both the ruling elite and the common people.
- また佐藤進一はその戦闘様式の変化を、槍の登場と合わせて「悪党」や「溢者」を前身とする「武士」層の末広がりとされる。
- Furthermore, Shinichi SATO described that battle formation transformation as the last spread of the 'bushi' class that had 'akuto' (rebel or a villain in medieval times) and 'aburemono' (a good-for-nothing) as their predecessors.
- しかしその荘園寄進も、それだけで確実なものではないことは、この相馬御厨、そして大庭御厨の事件の中からも見てとれる。
- However, it is obvious from these affairs of Soma-mikuriya, and also affairs of Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch), such domination of shoen was not sufficient to ensure the guarantee.
- しかし覇者の性格については定説がなく、あらたに台頭した後進地域の指導者あるいは異民族支配者であるとする見方もある。
- However, there is no established view on the nature of Hasha, and according to one theory, Hasha means a local leader or an ethnic ruler.
- 4月16日 (旧暦)(6月6日)、一時秀吉に降伏していた織田信孝が滝川一益と結んで再び挙兵して岐阜城下へ進出した。
- On June 6, Nobutaka ODA, who had at one point surrendered to Hideyoshi, raised his army again, joining forces with Kazumasu TAKIGAWA and heading for the town of Gifu-jo Castle.
- 排出量取引、技術供与などによる削減については、近年、京都メカニズムなどのルールづくりが進められているところである。
- As for the reduction by emission trading and licensing of technology, rulemaking has recently been in process as in the Kyoto Mechanisms.
- 2月12日、本隊の信忠と一益がそれぞれ岐阜城と伊勢国長島城を出陣し、翌々日の2月14日には美濃岩村城に兵を進めた。
- On February 12, 1582, Nobutada (who led the main unit of the Oda army) and Kazumasu departed, respectively, from Gifu-jo Castle and from Nagashima-jo Castle in Ise Province, moving their troops to Iwamura-jo Castle in Mino two days later, on February 14.
- (急傾斜)棚田ではこのような圃場整備や機械化は難しかったが、土木技術の進歩で大規模化に成功した山間地の棚田も多い。
- Unification of agricultural fields and mechanization as stated above were difficult in Tanada (on a steep slope), but many rice terraces in the mountains were successfully enlarged thanks to the development of civil engineering technology.
- 明治政府は宮中と政府の分離を図るとともに既に流動化しつつあった身分規制の撤廃を進めて国民に職業選択の自由を認めた。
- The Meiji government tried to separate the court and government and proceeded in taking away the class restrictions that were already starting to become fluid and allowed the public to have the right to select an occupation.
- こうした動きとは別に、東京都による音頭とりによって、関東の8都県市では協調して花粉症対策を進めていくことになった。
- The example set by Tokyo has spurred on the implementation of pollinosis countermeasures by cooperation between Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Yokohama City, Kawasaki City, Chiba City and Saitama City.
- 鎌倉時代、地頭は、荘園公領支配への進出を積極的に展開したが、特に下地の支配権(下地進止権という)の獲得に力を注いだ。
- During the Kamakura period, jito made an aggressive attempt to control soen and koryo, and in particular, they focused on acquisition of the right to control shitaji (shitaji-shinshi ken - the right to appropriate land).
- 一方、西国では国衙領に権利を有する皇室・公家・寺社の影響が依然として強く、守護の国衙介入はさほど進展していなかった。
- On the other hand, in Saigoku (the western part of Japan, particularly Kyushu region, but ranging as far east as Kinki), the Imperial household, kuge (court nobles), and temples and shrines that had a title to the territories of kokuga had invariably maintained a strong influence, which restrained shugo from interfering in kokuga too much.
- 領家(りょうけ)は、日本の荘園において、荘園を開発した開発領主(かいほつりょうしゅ)から寄進を受けた荘園領主である。
- Ryoke is a term used in the context of Japanese shoen (manor in medieval Japan) to represent a lord of the shoen, donated by Kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land).
- 王朝国家体制への移行により、富豪層による調庸・封物の京進は廃され、国司(受領)による租税進納が行われるようになった。
- With the dynastic nation system starting, the system of rich and powerful persons' paying choyo and fubutsu to Kyoto was abolished, and kokushi (zuryo) came to convey tax to the central government.
- 一方、地方での「武士」の認定としては、戸田芳実や、石井進 (歴史学者) の国衙軍制論がこの問題に鋭く切り込んでいる。
- On the other hand, theory of the kokuga forces system of Yoshimi TODA and Susumu ISHII (historian) discussed in detail about the qualification of the 'bushi' in districts.
- 中島飛行機は第二次世界大戦中に急速に発達した財閥で、軍用機の生産から鉱山・貿易・水産などの非飛行機部門にも進出した。
- Nakajima Airplane was a zaibatsu that grew rapidly during World War II and later expanded its business from military aircraft production to non-aircraft businesses such as mining, trade and commercial fishing.
- 一方、三河の松平元康は織田信長の攻略戦に手勢を率いて支援を行いながら三河・遠江の平定を進めて名を徳川家康と改名した。
- On the other hand, Motoyasu MATSUDAIRA in Mikawa, while supporting Nobunaga ODA's battles with his own troops, subjugated Mikawa and Totomi and changed his name to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 甲斐の武田氏が今川氏を滅ぼし1573年に三方ヶ原の戦いで徳川、織田両軍を撃破するも信玄の死で武田軍の西進が頓挫した。
- Although the Takeda clan in Kai ruined the Imagawa clan and defeated troops of Tokugawa and Oda in the battle of Mikatagahara, its westward advance was stopped because of Shingen's death.
- 牛伯英は陳愚衷と兵を合わせ公州に駐屯していたが、日本軍が全州を発して大挙北進するのを聞くと蒼黄となり漢城に退却した。
- Gyu combined forces with Chin and stayed in Gongju; upon hearing that the Japanese army had left Jeonju and headed north, they became afraid and retreated to Hanseong.
- ロシアの軍事介入を極度に警戒した日本は農民軍の北進を恐れ朝鮮最西南端の海南さらに珍島まで追いつめて徹底的に殲滅した。
- Extremely cautious about a military intervention by Russia, Japan drove the armed peasants to Haenam and further to Chindo island to annihilate them totally out of fear of the expansion of armed peasant in the north.
- 毛利秀元は天安に在り稷山の戦急なるを聞き、乃ちその兵を率いてこれに赴援し先鋒の将宍戸元続・吉見広行等に先ず進ませた。
- Hidemoto MORI was at Cheonn, heard about the precarious situation at Shokusan and immediately rushed to support the battle at Shokusan with his army, ordered vanguards including Mototsugu SHISHIDO and Hiroyuki YOSHIMI to spearhead the attack.
- 豊臣氏にとってかわった徳川氏は海外進出に消極的で、大船建造の禁令を発して諸大名に本格的な軍艦を建造することを禁じた。
- The Tokugawa clan that took over the Toyotomi clan was passive about advancing overseas and issued an order to prohibit building full-dress battle ships for daimyo in Japan.
- 鎌倉期になると低年齢化と在職期間の短縮が進み、19歳で就任・在職期間一ヶ月という例まで現れ、実態とはかけ離れていく。
- With the lowering in the age of becoming Sanji kentai holder as well as the shortening of terms in office became apparent during the Kamakura period, an extreme case occurred where a person became Sanji kentai holder at the age of nineteen and was in office for a month and Sanji kentai gradually became the one that didn't represent the actual situation.
- しかし、荘園の寄進を受けて本家や領家となった大貴族(権門勢家)・大寺社などの荘園領主はみずからの政治権力を行使した。
- However, having been donated shoen, major aristocrats (the great and powerful) and major temples became honke (the owner of the highest-grade patches of land under the stratified land ruling) or ryoke (lords of the manors), and they exercised their political power as the lords of shoen.
- 9世紀~10世紀ごろに律令制の解体が進展していくと、百姓の中に他から田地を借りて耕作し、富を蓄積する富豪層が出現した。
- When the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on ritsuryo code) began to dissolve around the ninth-tenth century, some farmers amassed wealth by cultivating rice fields which they rented from others.
- ために戦乱後成立した日本の徳川幕府は先進文物を受け入れるために、対馬島主をとおして交渉を許可するように朝鮮に懇請した。
- Therefore, the Tokugawa shogunate, which was established after the war, needed to import advanced things and requested Korea to conduct negotiations with Japan through the head of the Tsushima island.
- このため、公家の官位昇進が完全に停滞し仮に大臣を任命しようにもその要件を満たした公卿がいないという有様となっていった。
- Consequently, advancement in official ranks among court nobles was hindered, and one could not find a court noble with a suitable official rank to serve as a minister when trying to appoint one.
- 関東公方足利満兼は1万騎余を率いて武蔵国府中市 (東京都)高安寺まで進んだが、関東管領上杉憲定に諌められて兵を止めた。
- Mitsukane ASHIKAGA, kubo (shogunal representative) of the Kanto, led about 10,000 men into Musashi Province, advancing as far as Koan-ji Temple in the city of Fuchu, but halted his advance after he was warned by the Kanrei of the Kanto, Norisada UESUGI not to continue.
- 応安の半済令により、守護は実質的に荘園・公領の半分を簒奪することとなり、荘園の解体が緩やかに進行していくこととなった。
- Based on the practice of the hanzei law of Oan, provincial constables disfranchised half of the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government virtually, thereby resulting in the gradual demise of manors.
- また、内モンゴル自治区などでは、過放牧や工業汚染によって乾燥化が進み、黄砂の新たな発生地になりつつあるといわれている。
- It is said that, in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and some other areas, excessive pasturing and industrial pollution have expanded dry areas, becoming kosa generating areas.
- 幕末から明治維新にかけて、文明史など西欧の近代歴史学が一気に流入したが、特に進歩史観・進化史観が日本で急速に広まった。
- During the era from around the end of the Edo period to the Meiji Restoration, modern European history, such as history of civilization, had been brought to Japan rapidly, and in particular, progressive views of history and evolutionary views of history had rapidly become well known.
- 義江彰夫は同じ12世紀ながら、その初期と後期との間に地方の長者、すなわち開発領主の武装(武士団化)が進んだとしている。
- Akio YOSHIE interpreted that weapon preparation (bushidan formation) of local heads or cultivation lords developed between the early and later periods despite being the same twelfth century.
- 巡査は駆けつけた署員に犯人の特徴を詳細に述べた後、直ちに進駐軍用救急車で病院に運ばれたが、同日午前3時5分に死亡した。
- After giving descriptions of the suspects to a police officer who ran to the scene, he was immediately taken to a hospital in an ambulance for the occupation forces but died at 3:05 that morning.
- 反戦歌の合唱は天皇が建物の中にいる最中ずっと続けられ、さらに学生が増えたため時計台前の群集は車の進路を塞ぐ形になった。
- As students continued to sing the antiwar song while the Emperor was in the building and the number of students increased further, a large group of people gathered in front of the clock tower and eventually blocked the Emperor's car.
- そして6年後の大治 (日本)5年(1130年)6月11日、所領の「相馬郡布施郷」を伊勢神宮に寄進し、その下司職となる。
- Six years later, he donated his shoryo (territory) 'Fuse-go village, Soma county' to the Ise-jingu Shrine on July 24, 1130, and became a local official to manage it.
- 江戸後期には彰孝館総裁の立原翠軒により、寛政11年(1799年)の光圀百年忌に備えた刊行のため、校訂作業が進められた。
- During the late Edo period, TACHIHARA Suiken, the president of Shokokan, promoted revising the book to publish it on the one hundredth anniversary of the death of Mitsukuni in 1799.
- 単に間伐や植え替えを推進するということではなく、2割削減という具体的な数値目標を打ち出したことは画期的なことといえる。
- The project does not simply consist of promoting felling and transplantation, and the agreement of a concrete target value of reducing pollen levels by 20% was groundbreaking.
- 菅丞相役の役者や太夫は、「天神さま」という信仰の対象であることもあって、舞台に立つ時は精進潔斎してこれを行なっている。
- Actors of Kanshojo and tayu was compared with the 'lord Tenjin' worship, and they performed after purifying oneself (religiously) by abstaining from eating meat.
- そうした中で、中流貴族も上層へある程度昇進していた延喜・天暦期を理想の治世とする考えが中下流貴族の間に広まったのである。
- In these situation, the idea that viewed the Engi and Tenryaku eras as ideal reigns when even the middle class of noblemen could be promoted to higher level to some extent became popular among the middle lower class noblemen.
- 荘園公領制の進展の中で、国司・荘園領主から認められた名田に対する諸権利は、名主職(みょうしゅしき)として確立していった。
- As the manorial public territory system developed, various rights over myoden land were officially acknowledged by territorial governors and manorial lords as myoshushiki (myoshu rights).
- そのため、開発領主の多くは、中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ荘園を寄進することで、荘園の支配権・管理権を確保するようになった。
- Consequently, many Kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to retain their dominion and the right to manage shoen by donating their shoen to the powerful central nobility, temples, and shrines.
- This made many kaihatsu-ryoshu donate their shoen to dominant nobles, temples or shrines in central capital in order to secure the dominion and the management rights over the shoen.
- 例えば石井進の国衙軍制論を発展させるとして、「国衙軍制」を中心に武士を論ずる下向井龍彦は「武士職能論」を激しく批判する。
- For example, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI who argued that bushi centered around 'the kokuga forces system' to develop 'the theory of the kokuga forces system' and greatly opposed 'the theory of samurai function' of Susumu ISHII.
- 大臣に昇進できたのは摂関家(中御門流・花山院流も含む)・村上源氏・閑院流に限られていて、清盛の昇進は未曾有のものだった。
- Only members of the line of regents (including the Naka no mikado branch, Kazanin branch), Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Kanin branch were allowed to be promoted to Daijin (Minister) so Kiyomori's promotion was unheard of.
- 後白河院政派の躍進に対する巻き返しとして、翌安元3年(1177年)正月の除目では平重盛が近衛府、平宗盛が右大将となった。
- As a counter move against the advancement of the Goshirakawa cloistered government group, TAIRA no Shigemori was appointed Konoefu (head of the inner palace guards) and TAIRA no Munemori was appointed Udaisho (head of the right palace guards) on the position assignment day of January 1177.
- 翌年(723年)には開墾推進政策の一環として三世一身法が発布され、期限付きではあるが開墾農地(墾田)の私有が認められた。
- In 723, as a part of the land cultivation promotion program, Sanze-isshin Law (a law allowing farmers who cleared new lands to own them for a period of three generations) was promulgated and the private ownership of newly cultivated land was approved though it had a time limit.
- 同20年(1592年)、大政所追善に当たって剃髪寺(のち青巌寺、現在の金剛峯寺)を建立した際に秀吉から一万石寄進された。
- In 1592 when Koyasan had the Teihatsu-ji Temple (later the Seigan-ji Temple, the present Kongobu-ji Temple) built at the time of the ceremony as a memorial of Omandokoro, it was donated 10,000 koku by Hideyoshi.
- 筒井勢などは傘下の大和衆・伊賀衆を合わせて八千人で戦闘に臨んだが、城兵の銃撃の前に死傷者は数千人に上り、進撃を阻まれた。
- Among the 8,000 soldiers of the Tsutsui troops including its followers Yamato shu and Iga shu, several thousand soldiers were killed or injured by the shooting of the castle soldiers and could not progress.
- さて、寄進の際に出される目録は相手が上位の身分者(寺社に鎮座する神仏を含む)であったため、相応の儀礼を伴うものとなった。
- Mokuroku given with a donation were required to have a certain degree of formality since the recipients were senior persons (including Buddha and other deities enshrined at temples and shrines).
- しかし、陸軍の旅順攻略参戦を頑なに拒む海軍の意向を受け、満洲軍総司令部の指示により旅順に向けて漸進を余儀なくさせられる。
- However, the Third Troops was forced to move gradually to Lushun under orders of the General Headquarters of the Japanese Army in Manchuria, which accepted the Navy's rejection of the participation of the Army in the capture of Lushun.
- 開発も最南部の遼東半島・遼西を除き進んでおらず、こうしたことも原因となって19世紀末のロシアの進出に対して対応が遅れた。
- With the exception of the southernmost areas in the Liaodong peninsula and Liaoxi, most of Manchuria was underdeveloped; Hence, the Qing could not mount a response to Russian expansionism at the end of the 19th century.
- なお、中宮・東宮には別途に陰陽寮からの奏進が行われ、更に准三宮にも同様の待遇が与えられる場合があった(『貞信公記抄』)。
- Besides that, calendar presentation was made separately to chugu and togu by Onmyoryo and similar treatment was sometimes given to junsangu (according to 'Teishin koki-sho Extract').
- なお、後年において不動穀の一部を中央に貢進させる年料租舂米の制が布かれた際には主として年料舂米負担国が対象とされている。
- When the Nenryososhomai system required part of the Fudokoku (emergency grain) to be tithed to the central government, the target of the system was mainly the Nenryoshomai provinces.
- このとき、領主が行使した支配権は、知行(ちぎょう)・領知(りょうち)・領掌(りょうしょう)・進止(しんし)などと呼ばれた。
- The control right that ryoshu executed here was called chigyo, ryochi, ryoshu, or shinshi.
- 大名の中で唯一、老中などの幕閣を占める前途を保証された譜代大名に対しては、所領の加増はもとより、役職の昇進も恩賞となった。
- Among daimyo, only fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), who were promised to become members of the cabinet of advisors such as roju (senior councillor), were given both additional territories and promotions as rewards.
- 調庸・封物を富豪層が京進することにより、院宮王臣家(皇族・有力貴族)は富豪層と結びつき、自らの収入たる封物の確保を図った。
- Because persons in the rich and powerful class paid carried choyo (national tax) and fubutsu (collected goods as tax) to Kyoto, Ingu oshinke (imperial families and powerful nobles) became related to these rich and powerful persons to secure the fubutsu that constituted their income.
- その石井進は1974年の『日本歴史第12 中世武士団』の中で、有名な国司軍と地方豪族軍のを行いながら、次ぎのように述べる。
- Susumu ISHI talked in 'Japanese History Volume 12, Armed Groups in the Medieval Period' published in 1974 about the famous army of the governor and local ruling families as follows:
- 佐藤進一は1965 年の『南北朝の動乱』 の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
- Shinichi SATO firmly stated in 'A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts' published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'
- 翌年9月9日(1586年10月21日)には秀吉は豊臣の姓を賜り、続いて後陽成天皇の即位に併せて太政大臣に昇進したのである。
- On October 21, 1586, Hideyoshi was granted the clan name of Toyotomi, and then, was elevated to Dajodaijin when Emperor Goyozei ascended the Imperial throne.
- 一方で、頼朝は、義仲に対する牽制として源範頼、源義経らに京都への進軍を命じて範頼・義経軍は11月初めには近江まで到着した。
- On the other hand, to hold Yoshinaka in check, Yoritomo sent MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune towards Kyoto and the Noriyori/Yoshitsune forces reached Omi Province in the beginning of November.
- 記録荘園券契所を設置して実効的な荘園整理を進める(延久の荘園整理令)など、当時の社会変動に伴う課題に自ら取り組んでいった。
- He coped with the challenges associated with social changes in those days such as promoting effective regulation of shoen by establishing the Kiroku shoen kenkeijo (office for the investigation of estate documents) (Enkyu Manor Regulation Acts).
- そこで佐藤進一、上横手雅敬、戸田芳実、高橋昌明らによってこれら在京の武士を武士の起源とする「職能」武士起源論が提唱された。
- And Shinichi SATO, Masataka UWAYOKOTE, Yoshimi TODA, Masaaki TAKAHASHI and others proposed the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function' that the bushi originally came from the bushi staying in Kyoto.
- だが、義詮の将軍就任後は父・尊氏生存中から進めてきた将軍親裁権強化の方針に合わせて将軍自身に宛先が変更されるようになった。
- However, after Yoshiakira assumed the position of shogun, the address was changed to the shogun himself in accordance with the bakufu's policy to reinforce the shogun's power, which had started to be taken when Yoshiakira's father Takauji was alive.
- そして検注の実施年月日と「注進如件」の書止を記し、荘園領主から派遣された検注使と在地の荘官、場合によっては地頭が連署した。
- It was carried out on the same date the kenchu was carried out and the established words 'chushin kudan no gotoshi' (the case is thus reported as above) as well as the signatures of the kenchushi (land surveyor) were dispatched by the manor owner, the local shokan (an officer entrusted with local management by the manor owner), and in some cases, jito (estate steward).
- 室町時代に入ると、貨幣経済が一層進展し、年貢の銭納または代銭納(銭貨による年貢納入)が畿内を中心に広く普及するようになった。
- In the Muromachi period, the monetary economy developed further, and the payment of the nengu by coins became widely spread mainly in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).
- この来日の際には、幕府に朝鮮国王直筆の親書、銅鏡が進呈され、また使節団が神君とされる大権現家康が眠る日光東照宮を参拝をした。
- The envoy that came to Japan in this occasion presented to the bakufu a message written directly by the King of Korea and bronze mirrors, and visited Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine where daigongen (Great Avatar) Ieyasu, considered having been Shinkun (a god-like head of Japan), was buried.
- 源頼朝の元で同じ御家人と呼ばれはしても、下川辺庄司行平、葛西御厨の葛西清重、畠山重忠などは、大規模寄進荘園の在地領主である。
- While being called gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) under MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, Shimokobe no SHOJI Yukihira, Kiyoshige KASAI of Kasai no Mikuriya, and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, were manor heads of donated shoen on a grand scale.
- 現在では歌舞伎や時代劇の「勧進帳」で富樫泰家が、「忠臣蔵」’松の廊下’のシーンで浅野長矩が着用している姿を見ることが出来る。
- At present, we can see Yasuie TOGASHI wearing Daimon in 'Kanjincho' (Kabuki (traditional performing art)) and Naganori ASANO wearing one during the scene of 'matsu no roka' (literally, a corridor of pine trees) in 'Chushingura' (period drama).
- 「徳政」はその路線の上に推進された政策であり、徳政令はそうした政策の一つである(徳政≠徳政令)という事を留意する必要がある。
- The 'Tokusei' (acts of Virtuous Government) was one of the policies that was promoted as part of this movement and it is necessary to understand that 'Tokusei' is not equivalent to the 'Tokuseirei' (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts).
- そもそも、唐風の文化を踏まえながらも日本の風土や生活感情である「国風(くにぶり)」を重視する傾向は奈良時代から進行していた。
- Already in Nara period, there were many considerations on Kuniburi, the Japan's own morals and feelings although respecting Chinese cultures.
- 遺骸を引き取りにきた同志は、藤堂平助・篠原泰之進・鈴木三樹三郎・服部武雄・毛内有之助・加納道之助・富山弥兵衛の7名であった。
- The seven Goryo Eji members who came to pick up the body were Heisuke TODO, Tainoshin SHINOHARA, Mikisaburo SUZUKI, Takeo HATTORI, Arinosuke MONAI, Michinosuke KANO, and Yahei TOYAMA.
- そのために、紀伝道発展の要素も絶たれて伝統を固守するだけの学問となり、その結果として文章博士の家による独占・家学化が進んだ。
- This cut off any possible development of kidendo and the subject became one in which only traditions were maintained, resulting in domination by certain monjo hakase families and making it their kagaku (hereditary learning).
- ところが高次は吉継が北陸から美濃国へと転進する最中に突如東軍に寝返り、手勢3000名を率いて大津城に籠城し防備を固め始めた。
- However, while Yoshitsugu was changing his course from the Hokuriku area to Mino Province, Takatsugu suddenly switched to the East side, led his 3,000 soldiers to Otsu-jo Castle and fortified the defenses there.
- この後日本は紆余曲折を経て度重なる条約締結により朝鮮王朝(大韓帝国)の保護国化と1910年朝鮮併合へ至る道を進むこととなる。
- Subsequently Japan made its way to creating the Korean Dynasty (The Korean Empire) a protected state and Annexation of Korea in 1910 through conclusions of treaties many times after complicated negotiations.
- 彼は、1872(明治5)年から1888(明治21)年の16年間の滞日中に、本務の余暇をみてはこつこつと古墳研究を進めていた。
- In the 16 years from 1872 to 1888 in Japan, Gowland gradually advanced his research of kofun in his spare time.
- しかし、富国強兵を目的とする近代国家建設を推進するためには、中央集権化による政府の地方支配強化は是非とも必要なことであった。
- However, the government desperately needed strong control over the provinces in order to develop the construction of modern state, to enrich the country and to strengthen the military.
- 文禄元年(1592年)4月12日、朝鮮に進撃した五島勢は4月14日一番隊の先鋒となって奮戦し、釜山広域市鎮城を即日攻略した。
- The Goto troops, which advanced on Korea on May 23, 1592, fought hard as the vanguard of the first division on May 25, and occupied Busan Metropolitan City castle on the same day.
- 肥料や農具などの改善や米の品種改良の進展などを背景として、畿内や山陽などで二毛作が拡がるなど、農業生産が著しく向上していった。
- With the development of new fertilizers and agricultural tools, along with the improvement of rice varieties through selective breeding, agricultural production increased remarkably as a result of various circumstances, such as the spread of double-cropping in Kinai and Sanyo regions.
- 卒業試験試問を受験し、その試験結果が8割に達すれば式部省が実施する進士・明法・明経・算・秀才 (科挙)のいずれかの試験を受け、
- Daigaku-ryo students had to take graduation examinations, and if they achieved a mark of 80 percentages, they then had to take one of the following examinations given by the Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies): Sinshi (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test), Myobo (law), Myogyo (the study of classic Confucian writings), San (mathematics), or Shusai (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test).
- 後段に現れる「沙汰」の意味するところについては様々な議論があるが、佐藤進一が提示した「国衙在庁指揮権」とする見解が有力である。
- Although there are a lot of arguments about 'sata' which appears in the latter part, a view presented by Shinichi SATO that it means 'the right to command the local officials of kokuga' is most convincing.
- 義貞は三河国矢作川、遠江国鷺坂、駿河国手越川原で迎撃に出た直義軍を打ち破り、伊豆国府(三島)を占領し、鎌倉へ着々と軍を進めた。
- Yoshisada defeated Tadayoshi's army which was ambushed in the Yahagi-gawa River, Mikawa Province, Sagisaka, Totomi Province and Tegoshigawara, Suruga Province, then occupied the kokufu (provincial office) of Izu (Mishima) and steadily moved his army forward to Kamakura.
- このように日本では本来の設置意義と違って朱子学を奉じた支配階層主導による設置も多く行われ、支配階層による義倉との混同が進んだ。
- Unlikely to the initial purpose of the establishment of Shaso, many Shaso warehouses were constructed at the initiative of the dominant class of people who were embracing the doctrines of Zhu Xi (Neo-Confucianism) in Japan and therefore, the mixture with giso warehouses constructed by the dominant class of people was spread.
- しかし朝廷はこの時、彼らの間の不満が乱の原因になったとの認識のもと、彼らを五位・六位といった受領級の中・下流貴族に昇進させた。
- The Imperial Court, based on their understanding that their discontent led to the outbreak of the war, promoted these individuals to low to middle class, fifth or sixth rank aristocratic zuryo.
- 同年、摂津国で勃発した野田城・福島城の戦いで織田軍主力が投入されている中、浅井氏・朝倉連合軍は信長の背後を突くべく進軍を開始。
- While Oda's main force was assigned to the Battle of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle which erupted in the Settsu Province in the same year, the Asai and Asakura allied forces started to advance towards Oda, aiming to attack his forces from behind.
- 16世紀後半になるとポルトガル船が日本に来航するようになって海外への関心が高まり、東南アジア方面にまで進出する日本人も現れた。
- Interests toward foreign nations grew at the end of sixteenth century when the Portuguese ships began to arrive in Japan, and there were some Japanese who advanced into the Southeast Asia.
- 事変後政治的に後退していた日本は竹添進一郎公使を10月30日漢城に帰任させ、済物浦条約の未払い分40万円の返上を申し出させた。
- Japan in political regression after the incident made Shinichiro TAKEZOE return to his post as minister to Korea in Hanseong on October 30 and he proposed to give up an unpaid 400,000 yen required in the Jemulpo Treaty.
- 補給路が途絶えた石山本願寺の戦力は幾分和らいだとみたのか、同年11月9日山城国と摂津国の国境にある大山崎町に5万兵で進軍した。
- Troops of the Oda clan might think that war capability of Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple somehow decreased because of blockage of supply route and, on December 17, 1578, a troop of 50,000 soldiers charged forward to Oyamazaki-cho located on the border of Yamashiro Province and Settsu Province.
- 天暦の治と呼ばれる改革を進められていた中で、下級官人の華美な服飾華美(過差)を規制・禁止して身分秩序の遵守を図るものであった。
- It was issued in the midst of the reformation called Tenryaku no chi (glorious Tenryaku rule) for the purpose of the regulation and the prohibition on extravagant magnificence or variance of clothing among lower-ranking government officials in order to strictly maintain the order of the social status.
- 領域と住民の全面的掌握を指向する寄進型荘園が、平安時代後期に全国的に成立すると、初期荘園もその中に組み込まれて解消していった。
- As donated shoen, which were oriented towards total control of the fields and residents, were established nationwide in the late Heian period, Shoki Shoen were incorporated into the system and eventually disappeared.
- 約束期間に突入しても対策は全く進んでおらず、2007年の排出量は前年比で2.4%の増加となっていて、減少に転じる気配すらない。
- While having gone into the commitment period, effective measures have not been taken at all and the emissions amount in 2007 is larger by 2.4% than that of the previous year and does not seem to decrease at all.
- この縦型精米機の出現によって、1930年代の精米技術は革新的な進歩を遂げ、ひいては1980年代の吟醸酒の大量生産を可能にした。
- With the arrival of this vertical type rice-milling machine, rice polishing technique innovatively advanced in the 1930s, which eventually brought the mass production of ginjoshu (high-quality sake brewed at low temperature from rice grains milled to 60% weight or less) in the 1980s.
- これらは、本来、農民による生産を促進・拡大を意図したものだったが、一方では、支配者にとって租税収入を確保するという側面もあった。
- These were originally intended to promote and enhance production of farmers, and also ensued tax collection for the rulers.
- その結果、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなり、次第に荘園公領制の解体が推し進められることとなった。
- As a result, the nature of ryoke shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and jito shiki at shoen/koryo changed substantially and the collapse of shoen koryo sei was prompted.
- 地頭は、下地中分や地頭請などを通じて、下地進止権を手中に収めるのみならず、上分の支配権(上分知行という)も徐々に簒奪していった。
- Through Shitaji chubun and Jito-uke, jito obtained not only Shitaji shinshi ken but also the right to control jobun (also called jobun chigyo) gradually.
- これは、律令の背景思想だった儒教に基づく政策であったが、園人の後に政権を握った藤原冬嗣は一変して墾田開発の促進を政策方針とした。
- This policy was based on Confucianism, a key idea of the Ritsuryo system, but FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu, who took over Sonohito, changed the policy drastically, making it policy to facilitate the development of reclaimed land.
- 信西は、自らの子・成憲と清盛の女(後の花山院兼雅室)の婚姻によって平氏一門との提携を世間に示し、改革は順調に進行するかに見えた。
- Shinzei arranged a marriage between his own son Narinori and Kiyomori's daughter (who later became the wife of Kanemasa KAZANIN), thereby showing society the strong partnership between his own family and the Taira clan,
- 似た制度は兵農未分離の時代にあって各戦国大名家にみられ、太閤検地の実施で兵農分離が進められるまで、各大名家の戦力の一部を担った。
- Similar systems were found in each of the domains of the territorial lords during the Warring States period, during the age when the warriors and the peasants were unseparated; the band of farmers contributed to the military forces of each of the territorial lords' families until the cadastral surveys instituted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI was enforced and warriors and peasants were separated.
- 日本の右軍は黄石山城を、左軍は南原市城を攻撃、たちまち二城を陥落させ全州市城に進むと、ここを守る明軍が逃走したため無血占領した。
- The Right group of Japan attacked Hwangsoksan Castle while the Left attacked Namwon Castle and they immediately took both castles in the assaults and advanced to and occupied without blood Jeonju Castle, because the Ming army that had been defending the castle fled when they came close to it.
- 寄進のための目録は鳥子紙の折紙を用いて端と中奥を折って三等分とし、更に同じ紙をもう一枚礼紙として添えて厚く包む厚礼を用いている。
- A mokuroku for donations was written on toneriko paper, which was then folded in three, and wrapped with another same sheet as a courtesy.
- 市役所訪問後、天皇が進講を受けるため来学することが予定されていた京都大学でも、前年1950年以降、学生運動が高揚に向かっていた。
- Beginning the previous year in 1950, the student movement was on the rise at Kyoto University which the Emperor was scheduled to visit after the City office in order to have a briefing.
- そして、常重から相馬郷・立花郷の両郷を官物に代わりに親通に進呈するという内容の新券(証文)を責め取って、自らの私領としてしまう。
- Chikamichi compelled Tsuneshige and acquired a deed stating that in place of kanmotsu, the Soma-go and Tachibana-go villages were offered to Chikamichi, thereby making the villages his private land.
- 世帯の兼業では子や孫に農業ノウハウが受け継がれないので、営農者の世代交代が進まず、営農の主体が高齢化し、最終的に営農放棄となる。
- In these cases farmers cannot pass on their agricultural know-how to their children or grandchildren, so no generation change in farming occurs, farmers grow older and at last they give up farming.
- 農業生物資源研究所はスギ花粉の抗原を含んだ「スギ花粉症緩和米」の開発を進めているが、厚労省は食品とは認められないなどとしている。
- The National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences has developed a rice cultivar for the treatment of Japanese cedar pollinosis which contains the Japanese cedar pollen antigen but the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare does not recognize this as a food product.
- 美術品の海外流出防止ということを第一義に、迅速に認定作業が進められたことも、特定分野に認定品が偏っていることの一因とされている。
- One of the reasons for such concentration of accreditation in some specific fields was that the accreditation work had been promptly conducted with the primary importance being given to the prevention of overseas outflow of art objects.
- 義貞は三島で軍を集結させると軍を二方面に分け、自らは搦め手軍を率いて箱根峠に進み、大手軍は実弟脇屋義助を大将に足柄峠へ進軍させる。
- Yoshisada gathered his army in Mishima and split them into two directions, then he led the rear force and headed for Hakone-toge Pass, meanwhile, his younger brother, Yoshisuke WAKIYA led the front force and headed for Ashigara-toge Pass.
- しかし服役中に結核と重度の精神障害が進行し、加古川刑務所から京都府立洛南病院に身柄を移され入院したが1956年3月7日に病死した。
- Hayashi's condition got worse as he developed tuberculosis and a serious mental disorder in prison, so he was transferred from Kakogawa Prison to Kyoto Prefectural Rakunan Hospital to be hospitalized for treatment, but died on March 7, 1956.
- 平城は予想外の事態に驚き、東国へ逃れて再起しようとしたが、嵯峨の派遣した軍隊に進路を遮られて挫折、すべての権力を放棄して出家した。
- Heizei was surprised at the turn of events and tried to make a comeback by escaping to the East Country, but was blocked by armed forces sent by Saga and defeated, he then relinquished all authority and became a priest.
- 1977年(昭和52年)の「竹本処分」強行を経て、沢田敏男総長時代には吉田寮など学生寮の閉鎖に向け「学生寮の正常化」政策を進めた。
- After forcing through 'Takemoto shobun' (dismissal of associate professor Takemoto) in 1977, the president Toshio SAWADA implemented the policy of 'normalization of student dormitories' with the aim of abolishing student dormitories including Yoshida dormitory.
- そこで元親の弟、香宗我部親泰や元親の嫡男、長宗我部信親は一気に勝瑞城を攻め落とそうと兵を進め一宮城 (阿波国)、夷山城を落とした。
- Chikayasu KOSOKABE, a younger brother of Motochika and Nobuchika CHOSOKABE, a legitimate child of Motochika put their troops forward to capture Shozui-jo Castle after seizing Ichinomiya-jo Castle (Awa Province) and Ebisuyama-jo Castle.
- そのため、軍艦数隻を朝鮮沿岸に派遣し海路を測量させて示威を行い交渉を有利に進めることとし、1875年軍艦雲揚、第二丁卯を派遣した。
- As a result the government dispatched the warships Unyo and Daini Teibo in 1875 and had them sound the sea to the coast of Korea aiming to gain an advantage by demonstrating its strength.
- 相馬御厨(そうまみくりや)は現在の茨城県取手市、守谷市、千葉県柏市、流山市、我孫子市のあたりにあった中世の荘園寄進地系荘園の一つ。
- Soma-mikuriya was one of the medieval shoen (manor in medieval Japan) holdings of the commendation type in areas that are today's Toride City and Moriya City, Ibaraki Prefecture, and Kashiwa City, Nagareyama City, and Abiko City, Chiba Prefecture.
- 締結した附属書I国(先進国、積極的に参加した諸国)の合計の二酸化炭素の1990年の排出量が、全附属書I国の合計の排出量の55%以上
- The total amount of carbon dioxide emissions of Annex I Parties which have signed the treaty (developed countries, cooperative countries with a positive stance) in 1990 accounts for equal to or more than 55% of the total amount of that of all Annex I Parties.
- 源義家の後を継いだ河内源氏四代の源義忠は京都に進出し、河内源氏の本拠地の石川荘は、義家の六男の源義時(陸奥六郎義時)が相続し守る。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitada who was in the fourth generation of Kawachi-Genji succeeded MINAMOTO no Yoshiie and went into Kyoto, and the Ishikawa manor, base of Kawachi-Genji was inherited and kept by the sixth son of Yoshiie, MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki (Mutsu no Rokuro Yoshitoki).
- 2006年5月、林野庁はそうした花粉源に関する地図を作成し、影響の大きいところから優先的に植え替えなどの対策を推進することを表明。
- In May 2006, The Forestry Agency declared that it would produce a map of pollen sources and implement measures such as transplantation with priority to those areas that are most greatly affected.
- 暫・鳴神などのような古様を残す直接的な荒事のほかに、助六・弁慶(勧進帳)のように写実性のなかに荒事の要素を溶けこませた作品もある。
- There are direct aragoto programs with an old style, such as Shibaraku and Narukami, while others include the essence of aragoto in a realistic story, such as Sukeroku and Benkei (Kanjincho).
- 守護は大田文に基づいて、国衙領・荘園への支配を強化することが可能となり、ひいては荘園公領制の解体・崩壊が一層進んでいくこととなった。
- The Ota bumi enabled shugo to strengthen the control over the territories of kokuga and the shoen, which resulted in the further dissolution and collapse of the shoen-koryo-sei (the system of public lands and private estates).
- 鎖国成立後は、京都・大阪・江戸の三都へ進出して大名貸や醸造業などを行ったり、蝦夷地(北海道)で場所請負人となったりするものもあった。
- After the isolation policy was reinforced by the government, some of them became daimyogashi (lending money to feudal lords with high interest) or brewers, while others became basho ukeoinin (merchants/traders working in designated areas on commission by samurai landlords) in Ezo (present-day Hokkaido).
- つぎに自由貴族においても官職や位階、領地を基盤として家門形成が進み、中世盛期には下級貴族や都市の支配階級においても家門が形成された。
- In the world of noblemen, a family formation developed based on government positions, court ranks and territorial lands; during the prime of the medieval ages, families were formed among lower-ranking nobles and the ruling class in cities.
- これに対して家臣の比喜多源二・安木劉太郎らは同情して、明治政府を倒して明治天皇を京都へ連れ帰って攘夷を断行するべきであると進言した。
- His vassals including Genji HIKITA and Ryutaro YASUKI, sympathized with him, and offered to overthrow the Meiji government, bring the Emperor Meiji back to Kyoto and force the expulsion of the foreigners.
- 中世日朝交易は、通交使節による進上と回賜、朝鮮王朝による公貿易、日朝双方の商人による私貿易の三つの形態が組み合わさったものであった。
- The medieval trade between Japan and Korea consisted of three trading styles: shinjo (courtesy visits with gifts) by trading envoys and kaishi (luxurious return gifts), the public trade by the Korean Dynasty, and private trade by Japanese and Korean merchants.
- カザフスタンでは、アラル海の例を見ると分かるように、農業政策の失敗により地下水や湖水をくみ上げすぎるなどして、土地の乾燥化が進んだ。
- In Kazakhstan, as known from the example in the Aral Sea, inappropriate agricultural policies caused underground water and wake water to be pumped excessively, expanding dry areas.
- 21世紀を迎え、グローバル化やインターネット社会の拡大なども相まって、戦後一貫して進んできた文化・生活の多様化が、一層進展している。
- The culture and lives have been diversified consistently since the end of the war, but entering the 21st century, they have further diversified together with globalization and the trend of society where the Internet has been used more and more widely.
- しかし、日本軍により全羅道西岸が制圧されると朝鮮水軍は制海権を失い、李舜臣も全羅道北端まで後退し、日本水軍は全羅道西岸まで進出した。
- However, the Korean navy lost naval supremacy after the west coast of Jeolla Province was conquered and Yi Sun-sin also retreated to the northern border of Jeolla Province and the Japanese navy advanced to the west coast of Jeolla Province.
- 松本豊胤によるとため池造成や水田経営を積極的に進めた豪族たちがその墓所である古墳を開発した地域を望む場所に造営していったとしている。
- According to Toyotane MATSUMOTO, gozoku (local ruling family) who constructed irrigation ponds and actively managed rice paddies, constructed their graves at places from where people can see the territory they developed.
- 16日になると、後白河は延暦寺や園城寺の協力をとりつけて僧兵や石投の浮浪民などをかき集め、堀や柵をめぐらせ法住寺殿の武装化を進めた。
- On January 7, 1184, Goshirakawa secured the cooperation of the Enryaku-ji and Onjo-ji Temples, gathering armed monks and stone-throwing rogues, and reinforced Hojuji-dono Palace by guarding it with a moat and fences.
- 所領安堵や武家官位のみならず、公家の官職任免などの人事や家門安堵、寺社に対する政策、勅撰和歌集の撰進など朝廷のあらゆる分野に及んだ。
- Bukeshisso came to cover not only shoryo ando (the act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) and bukekani (official court titles for samurai) but also almost all areas such as Court nobles' appointment and dismissal in the Imperial Court, kamon ando (providing authorization for family lineage), policies to temples and shrines and senshin (the dedicating of entitled documents and poetries) of Chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command).
- 衰退して廃れた事柄を本来の形に再興することを「興行」と称したが、諸事情から寺社の衰微が進んだ平安時代後期以後各種の興行法が出された。
- As the term 'kogyo' meant to restore something declined and became extinct to its original state, various kogyoho were promulgated after the late Heian period when temples had been further declined for various reasons.
- 打ち破って通ろうという強硬な意見に、弁慶は「この関を打ち破るのは簡単だが、のちの行程を考えて今は事をおこさないのが上策」と進言する。
- Against a strong opinion to break it through, Benkei advises, 'Though it is easy to break through this barrier, it is best not to make a scene now, thinking about the further travel.'
- この他、まほろば華酵母のトリフルオロロイシン(ロイシンアナログ (化学))耐性株である酢酸イソアミル高生産性酵母の開発が進んでいる。
- Another yeast under development is a high isoamyl-acetate-producing yeast, which is a trifluoroleucine (leucine analog)-resistant strain derived from Mahoroba Hana yeast.
- 米の品種改良や農業技術の進歩に伴い農作物(特に、江戸時代の税の柱であった米)の収穫量が増え、農民でも現金収入を得る事が容易になった。
- Improvement in rice varieties and development of agricultural technologies had increased crop yields (especially rice which was the mainstay of the tax in the Edo period) and made it easier for peasants to earn cash.
- そして地頭は、下地中分や地頭請などを通じて、下地進止権を手中に収めるのみならず、上分の支配権(上分知行という)も徐々に簒奪していった。
- Jito, then, through shitaji chubun (physical division of the land) and jitouke (the contract system wherein the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs), not only acquired the shitaji-shinshi ken but also gradually took the right to control jobun (jobun chigyo (right to control the profit)).
- 室町期の守護は、半済などを通じて、鎌倉期の地頭以上に土地支配の一円化を実施していき、守護領国制の形成と守護の守護大名化が進んでいった。
- Through hanzei (the system in the Muromachi period where the Muromachi bakufu allowed shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military funds), shugo in the Muromachi period realized wider and stronger ichien control of lands than jito of the Kamakura period, and as a result, the Shugo-Ryogoku system (the system wherein a shugo dominates a manor) was established and shugo became shugo daimyo (military governors).
- 天正5年(1577年)、織田軍の中国平定戦略を遂行すべく豊臣秀吉が播磨国姫路城に進出すると、幸盛たちは姫路城の更に西方の上月城に入城。
- In 1577, when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI advanced to Himeji-jo Castle in Harima Province to carry out the Oda army's strategy for subjugating the Chugoku district, Yukimori and his party entered Kozuki-jo Castle located to the west of Himeji-jo Castle.
- 平安時代末期、院政の進展に伴って内裏における陣定に代わって、上皇や法皇が自分の御所内において議定を行って重要な決定を行うようになった。
- At the end of the Heian period, with the development of government by a retired emperor, the abdicated emperor and cloistered emperor came to make important decisions after formulating agreements at their own residence, replacing the reign of the emperor at the Imperial Palace.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には戦国大名による一円知行が成立、荘園の形骸化はますます進み、最終的に豊臣秀吉の全国的な検地によって荘園は解体した。
- During the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), the Ichien chigyo (complete proprietorships) by the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period was realized and shoens lost substance increasingly and disappeared finally with the nationwide land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- この時期までに郡司・郷司・負名層が自ら墾田して領主となる開発領主が登場しており、彼らは自領を権門へ寄進することで権利を確保していった。
- By this time, Gunji (local magistrates), Goji (local government officials under the Ritsuryo system), Fumyo (tillers of public rice fields) developed new rice fields, owned these fields, and ensured their power by donating such fields to the influential.
- 武田氏の滅亡後、北信濃を任された森長可が本能寺の変により撤退、代わって上杉景勝が進出するのに伴って高梨氏は旧領に復帰することができた。
- After the downfall of the Takeda clan, Nagayoshi MORI, who had been placed in charge of northern Shinano, retreated due to the incident at Honno-ji, and the Takanashi clan retrieved the old manor once Kagekatsu UESUGI gained ground.
- なお、開城の攻略まで行動を共にしていた二番隊は鏡道へ進路を転じ、日本軍は北西部の平安道の平壌より北方と全羅道を除く朝鮮全土を制圧した。
- The Second Division, acting with them until the attack on Kaesong, switched their course to Hamgyong Province and the Japanese army occupied all of Korea excluding part of Pyeongan Province in the northwestern area to the north of Pyongyang and Jeolla Province.
- 海戦用の水軍や朝鮮沿岸を西進する作戦を持たなかった日本軍は、陸戦部隊や後方で輸送任務にあたっていた部隊から急遽水軍を編成して対抗した。
- The Japanese army that did not have a navy for fighting on the sea nor a plan to proceed to the west along the coast of Korea, they hastily organized a navy with troops for land combat and troops that had been engulfed in transportation in the rear to cope with the Korean navy.
- しかし小規模な路線が多く経営的には苦しく、1955年(昭和30年)頃から比叡山方面への進出をもくろむ京阪電気鉄道の傘下となっていった。
- However, managing many small-scale routes led to the financial difficulties for the company, from around 1955, many routes were sold to Keihan Electric Railway, which was planning to extend their business in the Mt. Hiei area.
- 明治維新の諸改革は、新たな制度で生じた矛盾をいくらか孕みながらも、おおむね成功を収め、短期間で立憲制度を達成し、富国強兵が推進された。
- The reforms of the Meiji Restoration were more or less successful and the Japanese government established the constitutional government and promoted Fukoku Kyohei (enriching the country and strengthening the military) although there were some contradictions in these reforms.
- 江戸幕府をはじめとした領主は、このような本百姓数の維持増加に努め、平和が続いたことによる社会の安定化によって耕地の開発も進んでいった。
- Feudal lords, exemplified by the Edo bakufu, made efforts to increase and maintain the number of such hon-byakusho, and as the peaceful period continued to realize social stability, cultivation of land was developed.
- 長可を追った後も引き続き信濃に進駐していた景勝は、御館の乱の影響もあってかかねてから北条に対して警戒心を露にし、合戦準備を進めていた。
- Kagekatsu, who was stationed in Shinano even after repelling Nagayoshi, displayed his wariness of Hojo, probably due to the influence of the Otate War, and was getting ready for battle.
- 家格に基づいて、1家もしくは少数の家の家督継承者の相対的に安定した家職及び官職昇進次第が保証された制度が公家社会各層において確立した。
- A system of relatively stable Kasho and position promotion path for the head of one or several families depending upon the family class became established as a system for every layer of the aristocracy.
- また、御館の乱を契機に武田とは交戦状態となっていた北条氏政(妹は勝頼夫人)も相模・伊豆・上野国から甲斐・信濃へ進軍することに決定した。
- Ujimasa HOJO (Katsuyori's brother-in-law), who had been fighting with the Takeda clan since the Otate Rebellion, also decided to send troops into Kai and Shinano Provinces from Sagami, Izu and Kozuke Provinces.
- 「融かした米→グルコース」への分解工程と「グルコース→エタノール」への発酵工程が同時進行しているので、単発酵ではなく並行複発酵である。
- It is considered the multiple parallel fermentation, and not the single fermentation, because the dissolving process, in which the melted rice is turned to glucose, and the fermentation process, in which glucose is turned to ethanol, are in progress at the same time.
- もう1つは、中世史料を詳細に検討した結果、進止の語が土地支配を意味するのに対し、知行の語は土地からの収益処分を指すものとした見解である。
- The other is as follows; As a result of detailed investigations of historical materials concerning the medieval period, it is considered that the term of shinshi indicated land control, but that of chigyo the right of obtaining profits from land.
- 平安時代後期に、在地領主が国衙などによる収公から荘園を守るため、中央の貴族や寺社へ寄進してその保護を求める寄進地系荘園が急速に増加した。
- In the late Heian period, there were rapidly growing numbers of donated manors, shoen donated to central nobles, temples or shrines by local lords asking for their protection of the shoen from shuko (confiscation) by kokuga (provincial government offices) and so on.
- 積極的な海外貿易推進者であった戦国大名の分国法「大内氏掟書」には自分への貢納銭は撰銭し、庶民は撰銭するななどと虫のいいことを記している。
- 'Ouchi-shi Okitegaki' (collections of laws and regulations established by the Ouchi clan), a bunkokuho (the law individual Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) enforced in their own territories) of a Sengoku daimyo who promoted oversea trade actively, includes the following rather selfish description: The erizeni act shall be carried out for the coins paid as taxes but it is not permitted for the general public to carry out the erizeni act.
- 義仲軍は、北陸宮を推戴しながら京都へ進軍して源行家、多田行綱(源行綱)、安田義定(源義定)らの多方面攻撃によって平氏の京都防衛線を破る。
- Yoshinaka's forces held Hokurokunomiya as their leader and progressed towards Kyoto and defeated the Kyoto protection line of the Taira clan with attacks from all directions by MINAMOTO no Yukiie, Yukitsuna TADA (MINAMOTO no Yukitsuna)and Yoshisada YASUDA (MIMAMOTO no Yoshisada).
- 10世紀中葉から後期にかけて、ある官職に伴う権限義務を特定の家系へ請け負わせる官司請負制が中央政界でも地方政治でも著しく進展していった。
- From the middle to the end of the 10th century, the government official contract system developed in the national political arena as well as in regional politics: specific family lines were given contracts to have authority and duties associated with certain government posts.
- 荘園や所領に関する荘園目録、所領目録、検注の結果を示す検注目録、耕作面積と人員を示す作田目録、年貢の進納状況を示す結解目録などがあった。
- Various mokuroku were drawn up, including shoen mokuroku and shoryo mokuroku which were related to manors and landholding, kenchu mokuroku which recorded the results of kenchu (land surveys), sakuden mokuroku which showed the area under cultivation and the number of workers, and ketsuge mokuroku which showed the status of the payment of nengu (land tax).
- 日本の戦況優勢を見て、東学党の系列から一進会が1904年に設立され、大衆層での親日的独立運動から、日本の支援を受けた合邦運動へ発展した。
- Recognizing that Japan had the upperhand in the war, the Iljinhoe was established from the Donghak Party in 1904, developing from a grass-roots pro-Japanese independence movement into an pro-annexation movement that received support from Japan.
- 太平洋戦争で日本が敗れて撤退すると、代わって進駐したソ連が満洲侵略に乗じて日本の残したインフラを持ち去り、旅順・大連の租借権を主張した。
- When Japan was defeated in the Pacific War and withdrew from Manchuria, the Soviet Union replaced the Japanese presence and stripped the region of the industrial infrastructure constructed by the Japanese, and claimed the concessions of Lushun and Dalian.
- 進講者の一人である瀧川幸辰(のち京大学長)によれば、この時天皇制廃止を記したプラカードを掲げた学生たちが正面玄関に殺到する行動があった。
- According to Yukitoki TAKIGAWA (he later became the president of Kyoto University), who was one of lecturers, students who were carrying a placard asserting the abolition of Imperial system rushed to the front entrance at this time.
- その後、族集団が解体し、庶民でも持つ家族名である '氏' と本来の '姓' の混同が進み、庶民でもほとんど姓を持つとされるようになった。
- Thereafter, the clan dissolved, and a 'family name,' which even common people had merged with the original 'surname' to end up with most of the common people having a surname.
- アルコール発酵が止まっていない日本酒醪を火入れせずに酵母が生きた状態で瓶詰めし、瓶内でさらに発酵を進めて炭酸ガスを瓶内に閉じ込める方法。
- Moromi of Japanese sake in which alcoholic fermentation has not yet been stopped, is bottled without being heated and in the state where the yeast in it is still alive and, thereby, the fermentation is further fermented in the bottle and carbon dioxide is confined within the bottle.
- これは、古代遺跡の木簡等の遺物出土例から推して、京進文書ではなく、地方の役所にとどめ置く公文書に特徴的な、「実用的」な記載様式とみられる。
- Guessing from unearthed relics from ancient remains such as mokkan and so on, it is considered that this Shibocho adopted a 'practical' description style which was characteristic of official documents retained in regional offices, not of documents sent to Kyoto.
- 地頭請によっても請け負った領主分の年貢等が未進となることが多かったため、領主側としても確実に一定の年貢を確保できる方式として広く行われた。
- As the case of non-payment of nengu by jito, who were obliged to pay to the lord of shoen, often occurred even under Jito-uke system, Shitaji chubun was widely used as a way by which the lord of shoen could secure a certain amount of nengu.
- 後にこの事を知った後土御門天皇より書写進上を命じられた親長が現在までの出来事を加筆して献上したのが、原本とされたものであったとされている。
- Emperor Gotsuchimikado, who later heard of this episode, ordered Chikanaga to give the copy to the Imperial Court, so he added descriptions until his time to present to the Emperor the copy of Kodaireki, which is said to have been the original edition.
- 亀山は、朝廷の訴訟処理機構の整備を進め、また公家社会の身分秩序を律する「弘安礼節(弘安書札礼)」を制定するなど、意欲的に政務に取り組んだ。
- Kameyama worked extensively to arrange a court management system within the Imperial court, and established 'Koanreisetsu' (Koan Shosatsurei) to maintain class order within the Imperial Court society.
- 同校では、かねてより一部教員による「平和教育」が「偏向教育」か否かを巡ってPTAなどにおいて保守的な父母と進歩的な父母の対立が生じていた。
- Through the school's PTA, the conservative parents and progressive parents had already had friction over 'Peace Education' by some teachers, making an issue whether it was 'Ideologically Prejudiced Education' or not.
- 日本軍は約2ヶ月で全羅道、忠清道を席巻し、京畿道への進出を果たすと、冬を前に朝鮮半島南岸に撤収し、各地に新たな城(倭城)の築城を開始する。
- Having conquered Jeolla Province, Chungcheong Province and advanced into Gyeonggi Province within about two months, the Japanese forces returned to the southern shore of the Korean Peninsula before winter and started the establishment of new castles (Japanese castles) in various places.
- 元禄時代の経済の急成長により、貨幣経済が農村にも浸透し、四木(桑・漆・檜・楮)・三草(紅花・藍・麻または木綿)など商品作物の栽培が進んだ。
- Thanks to the rapid growth of the economy in the Genroku era, the monetary economy spread to agricultural communities too, and the commercial crops such as mulberry, lacquer, hinoki cypress, paper mulberry, safflower, indigo, hemp and cotton began to be cultivated more and more.
- 年料舂米(ねんりょうしょうまい)とは、日本の律令制において、令制国より毎年一定量の白米を中央に貢進させる制度、またその舂米そのもののこと。
- Nenryoshomai was the term for the shomai itself or the system under the Ritsuryo system which required a designated amount of white rice from the provinces to be tithed to the central government every year.
- 祠堂銭(しどうせん)とは、故人の冥福を祈るために祠堂(御霊屋・持仏堂とも)の管理・修繕費用あるいは供養費用として寺院に寄進する金銭のこと。
- Shidosen were funds donated to temples for memorial services for the deceased and for the management and upkeep of shido (also known as mitamaya (a place where spirits are enshrined) or jibutsu-do hall).
- その後、義宗が伊勢神宮に供祭料を負担して寄進状の約束を果たしたことが評価され、長寛元年(1163年)に義宗の寄進を是とする宣旨が出された。
- Later, Yoshimune's donation of money for festivals to the Ise-jingu Shrine to fulfill the promise of the letter of donation was appreciated, and an imperial decree was issued in 1163 to approve Yoshimune's donation.
- その8都県市でのアンケートでは、市民が花粉症対策として行政にもっとも進めてほしいと考えているのはスギの伐採や枝打ちで、56.4%であった。
- In a survey conducted in the above four prefectures and four cities, 56.4% of citizens responded that the pollinosis countermeasure that they most wanted the administration to implement was the felling and pruning of Japanese cedar trees.
- しかしながら、平安中期から後期になると、ある官職を特定の家系が相伝する「官司の家職化」が進行していき、内官の解由状は次第に形骸化していった。
- However, in the middle to the latter half of the Heian period, the trend of an office position monopolized by members of a specific family progressed, making geyujo for naikan gradually ineffective.
- さらに鳩山文相との間で「滝川の処分は非常特別のものであり、教授の進退は文部省に対する総長の具状によるものとする」という「解決案」を提示した。
- He also submitted a 'solution' to Minister of Education Hatoyama that 'The punishment of Takiwgawa is an extraordinary case, and the suspension of professors is decided by the Dean with the guidance of the Ministry of Education.'
- さらに、細川定禅が海路を東進し生田神社の森(神戸市三宮、御影付近)から上陸すると、義貞は退路を絶たれる危険を感じて東走し、楠木軍は孤立する。
- Jozen HOSOKAWA proceeded east by sea and landed at the forest of Ikuta-jinja Shrine (Sannomiya and Mikage areas of Kobe City), causing Yoshisada to fear that his path of retreat may be cut off and flee eastward, leaving the Kusunoki army isolated.
- これについて佐藤進一は、前段の荘園公領回復令が本宣旨の主文であり、後段の頼朝への東国行政権委任令が付則の形態をとったであろうと推定している。
- Shinichi SATO assumes that the first part that is the order for the restoration of shoen and koryo is the main part of this decree, and the latter part that is the delegation of the authority on the Togoku region to Yoritomo is the additional clause.
- さらに言えば、武士身分の田堵負名は、自らの私営田を権門勢家(皇室・有力貴族・有力寺社)へ寄進して荘園とするとともに、荘官に任じられてもいた。
- In addition, some Tato fumyo with the samurai status donated their privately operated fields to kenmon seika (powerful houses and influential families) (Imperial families, powerful nobles, or powerful temples or shrines), making them manors and being appointed to shokan (the officers governing these manors).
- そのため、公家や寺院、奉公衆・奉行衆などの室町幕府官僚集団などは、段銭免除や京都の幕府倉奉行への直接納付(京済・直進)の特権を幕府から得た。
- This encouraged the court nobles, shrines and temples, and the bureaucratic groupings in the Muromachi bakufu, such as hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) and bugyoshu (group of magistrates), to acquire the privilege from the bakufu either to be exempted from tansen or to pay directly to the bakufu's magistrate in Kyoto, who was in charge of monetary and rice payment to the bakufu.
- つまり、その内関東進止領・関東御口入地には鎌倉幕府とは異なる荘園領主・国司が存在し、しかも彼らは荘官や郷司・保司の任命権は持たないのである。
- In other words, the Kanto shinshiryo (manors and provincial lands where the shogun of the Kamakura bakufu has the right to appoint/dismiss Jito) and Kanto gokunyuchi (manors and provincial lands where the shogun of the Kamakura bakufu has the right to recommend Jito) had Shoen-ryoshu and Kokushi who were different from those of the Kamakura bakufu and had no patronage of Shokan, Goji, or Hoji.
- これにより、まず当時の先進地域だった畿内において、民衆が連帯組織=一揆を形成して、支配者(幕府や守護など)へ政治的な要求を行うようになった。
- In the wake of the change, the masses in the Kinai region (the provinces in the vicinity of the capital which were under direct Imperial rule), which was an advanced area of those days, began to form solidarity organizations (called ikki in Japanese) to make a political appeal to their rulers such as the bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and their shugo (provincial constables).
- だが、徴税体制の中に依然として従来の名体制・職の体系を継承した部分も残されたものの、次第に大名主導による年貢などの負担の平均化が進められた。
- Although a part of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land) and the shiki system (system of occupation) was left in the taxation system, averaging of burdens such as tax progressed gradually led by daimyo.
- 幕府開設当初、江戸の地はひなびた場所であり、上方が文化の先進地域であったが、やがて諸国の人材が集まる江戸に美術の担い手が集まるようになった。
- When the Edo bakufu was founded, Edo was just a rural area, while Kamigata was the cultural front line, but before long, Edo began to attract artists, because Edo became the mecca of local talents in other fields as well.
- 御暦奏(ごりゃくそう)とは、近代以前において毎年11月1日 (旧暦)に陰陽寮から中務省を経由して天皇に対して翌年の暦が奏進される儀式のこと。
- Goryakuso is a ceremony conducted during pre-modern periods, in which a Year calendar is presented on every November first (old lunar calendar) by Onmyoryo to the Emperor via Nakatsukasasho.
- 戦後は稲作の大規模化・機械化が推し進められ、傾斜に合わせて様々な形をしていた圃場は、農業機械が導入し易い大型の長方形に統一されて整備された。
- As rice cultivation has become more massive and mechanized since the end of the World War II, agricultural fields, each of which used to be shaped differently according to the slope, were improved and unified into large rectangles in which it is easier to introduce farm machines.
- しかし、鎌倉時代に入り、地頭が荘園・公領支配に進出してくると、現地の地頭(又はその代官)に年貢徴収を請け負わせる地頭請が行われるようになった。
- However, after entering into the Kamakura period, as jito (manager and lord of manor) extended their control over the shoen and koryo (an Imperial demesne), jitouke, which awarded the local jito (or the deputy) the contract to collect the nengu, came to be put into practice.
- このような百姓内の階層分離が進んでいく中で、政府による律令制的支配は徐々に弛緩していき、戸籍・計帳の作成や班田などが実施されなくなっていった。
- As such a class division furthered among the population of peasants, the governmental control based upon the ritsuryo system gradually relaxed, and the bureaucratic procedures such as the household registers (koseki), the yearly tax registers (handen), and allotting of cultivation fields (handen) were no longer carried out.
- 平安時代には、まず小規模な免税農地からなる免田寄人型荘園が発達し、その後、皇室や摂関家・大寺社など権力者へ寄進する寄進地系荘園が主流を占めた。
- During the Heian period, the tax-exempt shoen estates which consisted of small scale farmlands developed first and later the donated-type of shoen (manor) became mainstream, which was donated to powerful people such as the Imperial Family, sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), main temples, shrines, and so on.
- ここに秀長の本隊が救援にきたが、状況を見た軍監の尾藤知宣は救援は不可能、島津の軍に当たるべからずと秀長に進言し、秀長は救援の中止を受け入れた。
- Then the main force of Hidenaga arrived to relieve the allies, but seeing the situation, Tomonobu BITO, who was a gungen (assistant deputy general), figured that relief was difficult and advised Hidenaga not to become engaged with the Shimazu army, to which Hidenaga followed.
- 石田三成、小西行長らによって進められていた明との講和は決裂し、慶長2年(1597年)には再び、朝鮮出兵が行なわれた(文禄・慶長の役慶長の役)。
- The peace treaty with Ming, which Mitsunari ISHIDA, Yukinaga KONISHI and others promoted, broke down, and in 1597 (the second year of the Keicho era), the second dispatch of troops to Korea was conducted (the Bunroku-Keicho War/ Keicho War).
- 伊藤内閣は6月15日、朝鮮の内政改革を日清共同で進める、清が拒否すれば日本単独で指導するという方針を閣議決定し清に通告し、清がこれを拒否した。
- On June 15, the Ito cabinet decided on its policy in the cabinet meeting that both Japan and Qing would jointly reform the internal system of Korea and, if Qing refused, Japan would solely undertake the instructions, and Qing refused when informed of the decision.
- 目録(もくろく)とは、物の所在を明確にする目的あるいは物の譲渡や寄進が行われる際に作成される品名や内容、数量などを書き並べて見やすくした文書。
- Mokuroku are documents that are made for the purpose of either clarifying the place where something is kept or showing the name, content and the number of articles that are to be assigned or donated.
- 鎌倉時代後期には、異国警固などの出費が増大しただけでなく、貨幣経済の浸透や分割相続制によって幕府を支える中小御家人の零細化・疲弊が進んでいた。
- In the late Kamakura period, middle and small classes of gokenin who supported the Shogunate not only had to increase their expenditures for military service in the Kyushu area to provide against the invasion of the Yuan Dynasty, but also became gradually insignificant and impoverished due to the penetration of the money economy and divided succession.
- 11世紀中期に見られた体制変化・社会変化は、当時徐々に一円化を進め、著しい増加を見せていた荘園に対抗するための国衙側(公領側)の対応策であった。
- The changes in the governing structure and society that occurred in the mid-11th century were countermeasures taken by kokuga side (public land side) in order to counter shoen (manor in medieval Japan), which were rapidly increasing at the time and proceeding with ichienka (realization of complete ownership).
- そのため、知行国からの上進官物は国家へ納付しなければならず、知行国主が獲得しえたのは(本来、受領の収入となるべき)受領の俸料・得分のみであった。
- Therefore, the kanmotsu dedicated by the chigyo-koku provinces had to be delivered to the nation, with only the salary and tax gained by the zuryo (which originally should be zuryo's won income) allowed to be acquired by chigyo-kokushu.
- 定信は寛政の改革によって幕藩体制の再建を進めていく中で、その思想的根幹である朱子学を保護して「寛政異学の禁」や「処士横断の禁」を打ち出していた。
- While Sadanobu was hastening a reformation of the shogunate system through the Kansei Reform, he also set out the 'Kansei Igaku no kin' (the ban of Kansei's illegitimate learning) and 'Shoshiodan no kin' (the ban of non-officer crossing) to protect the Shushi-gaku which was the root of the ideology.
- 荘園を構成する田畠は主に皇帝よりの恩賜地や墾田、質入や買入による購入、寄進、更には暴力を伴う強奪などの手法によって獲得されたものも含まれていた。
- The fields (of rice and other crops) which made up the shoens included the land from the Emperor, the new rice field, the land by purchase or by pawning or donation and also land acquired by robbery with violence and so on.
- 本来は正規外に中下級身分からの人材登用の役目を担っていた紀伝・文章生が貴族子弟によって独占されて、文章博士以下の世襲が進行するきっかけとなった。
- It triggered the monopoly of kiden no sho and monjosho, which played a role in recruiting talents from the middle- and low-classes through different processes from regular appointments, by sons of the nobles, resulting in their hereditary positions, monjo hakase and below.
- 元亀元年(1570年)、朝倉氏の南進に備えるべく、琵琶湖と北国街道の押さえを意図する織田信長に命じられた森可成によって、近江国滋賀郡に築かれた。
- Usayama-jo Castle was built by Yoshinari MORI in Shiga County, Omi Province in 1570 by order of Nobunaga ODA, who intended to take control of Lake Biwa and Hokkoku-kaido Road, bracing for the advance of the Asakura clan to the south.
- 目的は、「鴨川等の安心・安全で良好かつ快適な河川環境を実現するための施策を推進し、もって府民の誇りである鴨川等を後世に引き継ぐ」(前文)にある。
- Its purpose is 'to promote the policy to achieve a peaceful, safe, good and comfortable environment for Kamo-gawa River and other rivers, and to hand down provincial heritage Kamo-gawa River and other rivers to our descendants' (from the preamble).
- 渡来人(帰化人)は養蚕、機織り、陶磁器、建築などの先進技術や『論語』に代表される中国文化、文筆・出納などの実務技術をヤマト(倭国)へもたらした。
- These 'toraijin' (naturalized citizens) brought advanced technologies such as sericulture, weaving, ceramics, and architecture, as well as Chinese culture from the 'Analects of Confucius,' practical skills such as writing and accounting to Yamato (Wakoku).
- 更に当時の政情不安から信仰に救いを求めた人々からの金銭などの寄進が相次いだこと、同様の理由で防備が頑丈な寺院の倉庫に財物を預ける人々も多かった。
- In addition, due to political instability, a flurry of donations came in from people turning to religion and entrusting their properties to secure, well-built temple warehouses.
- にもかかわらず、長州、薩摩共に伝のある土佐藩脱藩の坂本龍馬や中岡慎太郎の斡旋により、主戦派の長州藩重臣である福永喜助宅において会談が進められた。
- Notwithstanding, the two clans held a conference at the residence of the Choshu Domain's senior retainer Kisuke FUKUNAGA (an advocate of the war against the bakufu), with the mediation of Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA, both of whom had left the Tosa Domain and had relationship with the Satsuma and Choshu domain.
- 光圀は元禄3年(1690年)に西山荘へ隠棲すると、国史以外の各種事業を停止して本紀の完成を促進させ、元禄10年には「百王本紀」として完成させる。
- Mitsukuni who secluded himself in Nishiyamaso in 1690 encouraged the staff to complete honki by stopping other enterprises than the Japanese history and 'Hyakuohonki' was completed in 1697.
- 家康は光秀討伐の兵を熱田区(鳴海とも)まで進めていたが、光秀が中国地方から反転した羽柴秀吉により討たれたという報を聞くと間髪入れず浜松へ戻った。
- Ieyasu, who had advanced the punitive army against Mitsuhide to Atsuta Ward (also said to have been Narumi), returned to Hamamatsu as soon as he heard that Mitsuhide was killed by Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who had just returned from the Chugoku region.
- 徳川時代に入ると、文化の東漸にともない次第に関東へも洗練された先進的な上方文化が移入され、化成期になって漸く江戸特有の文化が開花を見るに至った。
- Since the Edo period began, with spreading culture eastward, refined and developed Kamigata Bunka was also brought to Kanto gradually, and finally in the Kasei era the own culture of Edo flowered.
- 1930年代後半から1940年代前半にかけては、戦時体制により繊維・衣服の統制が極端に進み、さらに百貨店自体の売り上げが低迷した時期でもあった。
- From the latter half of 1930's until the first half of 1940's, fabrics and clothes were strictly controlled under wartime regime, and the sales of department stores were sluggish.
- 福原京(ふくはらきょう)は、平安時代末期の治承4年(1180年)、計画のみに終った和田京に続いて、平清盛の主導で造営が進められた日本の首都の通称。
- Fukuhara-kyo is the name of a capital city which TAIRA no Kiyomori wanted to establish and promoted after a plan to build Wada-kyo had ended in failure 1180 (towards the end of Heian period).
- ほとんど全ての守護請において、旱魃や洪水などを名目的な理由として年貢未進が毎年のように行われ、請所である荘園・公領は実質的な守護領となっていった。
- Under almost every Shugouke, there were non-payments of nengu every year on the pretext of droughts or floods, and shoen and koryo managed under ukedokoro virtually turned into Shugoryo (guardian's territory).
- もう一手は堺市を占領して堺政所松井友閑を追い払い、さらに26日には住吉郡や天王寺に進出して大坂城留守居の蜂須賀家政・生駒親正・黒田長政らと戦った。
- Another occupied Sakai City and exiled Yukan MATSUI, the government officer of Sakai, moved to Sumiyoshi County and Tennoji on the 6th and fought with rusui (caretaker or keeper) of Osaka-jo Castle such as Iemasa HACHISUKA, Chikamasa IKOMA and Nagamasa KURODA.
- 城主・森可成は近江に居た野府城主・織田信治、青地茂綱らと共に交通の要所である坂本 (大津市)を先に占領して街道を封鎖して連合軍の進軍妨害を試みる。
- Yoshinari MORI, the lord of Usayama-jo Castle, attempted to intercept the advance of the allied forces by preemptively conquering Sakamoto (Otsu City), a strategic point of transportation, to help blockade roads along with Nobuharu ODA, the lord of Nobu-jo Castle, and Shigetsuna AOCHI.
- 日本の諸将は全州で軍議を行い、右軍、中軍、左軍、水軍に別れ諸将の進撃路と制圧する地方の分担を行い、守備担当を決め全羅道・忠清道を瞬く間に占領した。
- Japanese commanders held a council of war in Jeonju and divided themselves into the Right, Middle, and Left groups and the Navy and allocated marching routes and districts to conquer, and determined which troops were in charge of defense and immediately occupied Jeolla Province after marching from Chungcheong.
- その後も一進一退の攻防が続いたが、応永27年(1420年)に蘆名盛政は新宮城_(陸奥国)を落とし、当主・新宮盛俊は戦死し、残党は越後に落ち延びた。
- Even after that, they fought back and forth at each other, but in 1420 Morimasa ASHINA conquered Shingu-jo Castle (Mutsu Province) and Moritoshi SHINGU, the lord of the castle, was killed in battle and the remainders (of the defeated party) escaped to Echigo.
- 仲麻呂は独裁的な権力を手中にし、傀儡(かいらい)として淳仁天皇を擁立し、みずからを唐風に恵美押勝と改名し、儒教を基本とする中国風の政治を推進した。
- Nakamaro used the Emperor Junnin as a puppet to obtain autocratic power, changed his name to EMI no Oshikatsu in the Tang style and promoted Chinese-style administration based on Confucianism.
- 八代荘(山梨県東八代郡笛吹市八代町)は、久安年間(1145年 - 1151年)に甲斐守藤原顕時が朝廷の承認を得て熊野本宮大社に寄進した荘園である。
- Yatsushiro no sho (Yatsushiro-cho, Fuefuki City, Higashiyatsushiro-gun, Yamanashi Prefecture) was shoen which FUJIWARA no Akitoki, the provincial governor of Kai Province, donated to Kumano-hongu-taisha Shrine in the Kyuan era (1145 - 1151) with the approval of the Imperial Court.
- ただ、現実には百姓層の階層分化が著しく進んでおり律令制的な人別支配はもはや不可能な段階に至っていたため、延喜の治は必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
- However, in reality, Engi no chi was not necessarily successful as the rank differentiation of the farmer class was significantly accelerated so, the rule over people based on the Ritsuryo system had reached the stage no longer being possible.
- 当時は摂関家が政治の上層を独占する摂関政治が展開し、中流・下流貴族は特定の官職を世襲してそれ以上の昇進が望めない、といった家職の固定化が進んでいた。
- At that time, the regency government that Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor) monopolized the highest level of political power was developed and the forming social standing and fixing family business and trade were undergoing so the nobility in the middle lower class only inherited a specific government post and could not ask any more promotion.
- 開発領主は国衙よりも権威のある中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ開発田地を寄進して(寄進型荘園)、国衙の圧力を断ち切ることで支配権・管理権を確保していった。
- Therefore, kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to secure their dominion and management rights by donating their developed fields to major central nobility, temples, and shrines, that were more powerful than kokuga, to eliminate the pressure from kokuga (those shoen were specifically categorized as donated shoen).
- しかしながら、1960年代に戸田芳実や石井進 (歴史学者)らによる国衙機構に関する研究が進展すると、武士の起源武装農民説はもはや成立し得なくなった。
- However, as research about the kokuga system was advanced by Yoshimi TODA and Susumu ISHII (each of them a historian) in the 1960s, it became impossible to consider that samurai originated in armed farmers.
- しかし時代が進むにつれ、天皇と濃密な姻戚関係を結んだ藤原氏一族のほか、源氏、橘氏、清原氏、菅原氏といった新興氏族が急速に上流貴族階層を占めていった。
- However as time went by, new clans including the Minamoto clan, the Tachibana clan, the Kiyohara clan, the Sugawara clan as well as the Fujiwara clan who established a deep matrimonial relation with the Emperor, started to rapidly occupy the upper noble class.
- 政府は国旗国歌の強制にはならないとしたが、日教組側は法を根拠とした強制が教育現場でされていると主張、斉唱・掲揚を推進する保守派との対立は続いてきた。
- Although the government said that it did not become a constraint of national flag and anthem, Nikkyoso asserted that constraint on the basis of law was carried out in the field of education and conflict with conservative groups which promoted the raising of the national flag and chorus reading of the national anthem.
- このような経済の発展は、院内銀山などの鉱山開発が進んで金・銀・銅が大量に生産され、それと引き替えに海外の物資が大量に日本に入り込んだためでもあった。
- Such economic development was resulted from production of gold, silver and copper in large amount due to mine development such as Innai Silver Mine, and a lot of foreign goods were imported to Japan in exchange for gold and so on.
- その立場からは、「人権が上位法の憲法典の形で明文で保障された」点に第一の意義があり、また内容としては当時においてはかなり先進的なものであったとする。
- In their views, the most important significance of the current constitution was that 'human rights were clearly stated in the constitution which was the superior law,' and contents of the constitution were thought to be highly advanced at the time.
- 徳川時代中期以降になると、文化の東漸にともない次第に関東へも洗練された先進的な上方文化が下り、化政期になって漸く江戸特有の文化が開花を見るに至った。
- Since the middle of the Tokugawa period, refined and advanced Kamigata culture spread gradually east and culture specific to Edo flowered in the Kasei era
- この帳簿は、すでに京進されている古代の戸籍制度に載せられていた人についてだけその死亡者名を提出するもので、造籍後に生まれた乳幼児については記載しない。
- This register was for submitting the name of a deceased person that had been already submitted to Kyoto and been recorded under the ancient family registration system, and had no descriptions about infants who had been born after having a new family register.
- こうして荘園を持つようになった受領層を領家と呼ぶが、領家と同階層の国司による荘園の収公が続いたため、これを防ぐため、更に権門層に寄進することとなった。
- Juryoso that thus came to hold shoen was called ryoke (a lord of the manor), and because confiscating shoen by kokushi (provincial governors) who belonged to the same hierarchy as ryoke continued, ryoke donated their land to the upper kenmon (an influential family) class.
- 信頼は保元2年(1157年)3月に右近権中将になると、10月に蔵人頭、翌年2月に参議・皇后宮権亮、8月に中納言、11月に検非違使別当と急速に昇進する。
- Nobuyori, after being made Ukon no gon no chujo (Provisional Middle Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) in March, 1157, he embarked on a meteoric rise, being promoted to Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) in October, and then in 1158 was named Sangi (councillor) and Kogo no miya gon no suke (Provisional Assistant Master of the Empress's Household) in February, then Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) in August, and finally Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) in November.
- 寄進荘園の乱立を防ぐため、天皇の代替わりごとにしばしば荘園整理令が発出されたが、荘園整理の事務は国司が行っており実効があがらない場合も少なくなかった。
- To prevent the upsurge of the donated shoens, the Manor Regulation Acts was promulgated each time the Emperor changed, but the office work for arranging shoens was done by kokushi and often became ineffective.
- これらは最恵国待遇により他の列強にも適用され、以後日本のみならずイギリスをはじめとする西欧列強の清への経済進出と領土分割がより加速されることになった。
- The most-favored-nation treatment forced China to approve other powers of similar conditions, which allowed not only Japan, but also Britain and other western powers to expand economically and divide the territory of Qing later among them.
- 家康は江戸城本城の拡張は一定程度に留める代わりに城下町の建設を進め、神田山を削り、日比谷入江を盛んに埋め立てて町を広げ、家臣と町民の家屋敷を配置した。
- Ieyasu prioritized the construction of the surrounding castletown over the expansion of the main castle enclosure by levelling Mt. Kado and reclaiming the Hibiya inlet to expand the habitable areas and build residences for vassals and townspeople.
- 不比等の娘藤原宮子を母とする聖武天皇が724年(神亀元年)ころから、不比等の子藤原武智麻呂、藤原房前、藤原宇合、藤原麻呂の藤原四兄弟が政界に進出した。
- From around 724, Emperor Shomu, whose mother was the daughter of Fuhito, FUJIWARA no Miyako, as well as four Fujiwara brothers and sons of Fuhito, FUJIWARA no Muchimaro, FUJIWARA no Fusasaki, FUJIWARA no Umakai and FUJIWARA no Maro appeared in the political world.
- これは、かつての寄進地が茨城県北相馬郡近辺であったものから、千葉県南相馬郡側に広がり、推定では、東西7km、南北20kmに及ぶ広大な地域となっている。
- While the land donated in the past was around the Kitasoma-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture, the area was extended toward the Minamisoma-gun, Chiba Prefecture, which was presumed to be a broad region of 7 km in the east and the west and 20 km in the north and the south.
- 藤原房前の出生譚や、藤原氏の女性が唐の后になったという伝説、海底に奪われた宝物をとりかえす海人の伝承、房前が志度寺に寄進したことなどを題材としている。
- Materials for this play include the story of the birth of FUJIWARA no Fusasaki, a legend that a lady from Fujiwara clan became the empress of Tang (China), the folklore about a diver retrieving a stolen treasure from the bottom of the sea and Fusasaki's donation to Shido-ji Temple.
- 中世の中期(鎌倉時代中期・後期)ごろから、商品流通の活発化とそれに伴う貨幣経済の進展が次第に顕著となっていくと、地子を貨幣で納入する事例が増えていった。
- From around the middle of the medieval period (the mid or late Kamakura period), as commercial distribution became more active and the money economy accompanied with it gradually became pronounced, more and more jishi was paid in money.
- また、平安時代末期はまだ開発の時代であり、兄弟がそれぞれの地で開拓を進め、国衙領において新たに名田を形つくる場合には、国衙との関係においては対等になる。
- In addition, the end of Heian period was still in the developmental period, and brothers cultivated their own territories and created new myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) in the Kokugaryo became equal to Kokuga.
- 清盛は院近臣の昇進の限界とされていた大納言となり女婿の基実を補佐していたが、基実が急死して後白河院政が復活すると「勲労久しく積もりて、社稷を安く全せり。
- Kiyomori was Dainagon (Chief councilor of state), which was considered the highest position attainable by a close aide of the cloistered government, and supported his son-in-law Motozane, but when Motozane suddenly passed away, the Goshirakawa cloistered government was revived and 'His past achievements are many and the State is peaceful and settled.
- 年料租舂米(ねんりょうそしょうまい)とは、平安時代に太政官符によって、令制国の租の稲穀を精米した白米を中央に貢進させる制度、またその舂米そのもののこと。
- Nenryososhomai was the term for the shomai (milled rice) itself or the system determined by Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) during the Heian period which required the raw grain collected as So in the provinces to be tithed to the central government as refined white rice
- その後、実際には佐竹義宗が前下総守藤原親通が持っていた新券(証文)を親通の次男・藤原親盛 (下総守)から入手したものであり、これに基づいた寄進であった。
- The fact was that Yoshimune SATAKE obtained a deed that the former Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi had, from Chikamichi's second son FUJIWARA no Chikamori, who was Shimosa no kami, and the donation was based on the deed.
- この場合、おおよそ古代の奴隷制が生産力の進歩によって覆され、領主が生産者である農民を農奴として支配するようになったと解釈される社会経済制度のことを示す。
- In this case, it means the socio-political system considered to have been established after the overturn of ancient slavery with the improvement of productivity, under which feudal lords ruled productive peasants as serfs.
- さらに秀吉の軍は美濃に進駐、稲葉一鉄などから人質を収めるとともに、12月20日 (旧暦)(1583年1月13日)には岐阜城にあった織田信孝を降伏させた。
- Hideyoshi's force then occupied Mino Province and took hostages from Ittetsu INABA and others, finally forcing Nobutaka ODA in Gifu-jo Castle to surrender on January 13, 1583.
- 信長が安土へ進出して「天下人」へと飛躍した1576年、豊臣秀吉が後北条氏を降伏させ全国統一の軍事活動が終了した1590年を戦国時代の終期とする考えもある。
- One view on the end of the Sengoku Period, it was 1576 in which Nobunaga launched at Azuchi and jumped to 'tenkabito (the ruler of the country),' and in another view, it was 1590 in which Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI made the Gohojo clan surrender, resulting in the completion of the military activities for the unification of the whole country.
- 当時の土佐には半農半兵から一歩進んだ一領具足はあっても常備軍の制度はなかったから、短期間で多勢を揃え進軍してきた様に寡兵の一条方は仰天したと言われている。
- Although there was the system of Ichiryo gusoku in Tosa at that time, which allowed local cultivators to arm themselves, there was a standing army, and as such, when the Chosokabe clan advanced with a large army within a short time, the Ichijo clan with a small army was truly astounded.
- 大関昇進後間もない栃錦清隆が、「ちゃんこだ」と言われて紙包みを押し付けられ、弁当か何かかと思ってみてみると100万円だったという逸話が、自伝の中に見える。
- According to the anecdote in the memoir of Kiyotaka TOCHINISHIKI, when he was told that 'it is chanko' and pushed to take a gift wrapped in paper just after promoted to ozeki (a sumo wrestler of the second highest rank), he opened the gift, thinking that it would be a bento box or something, but it was 1 million yen.
- しかし、鎌倉後期ごろになると、地頭が荘園・公領支配へ進出していったことにより、名を中心とした生活経済は急速に姿を消していき、従来の荘園公領制が変質し始めた。
- However, in the late Kamakura period, since Jito (a manager and lord of the manor) moved into the governance of the manor and public land, the livelihood and economy that had been dependent on the myo rapidly disappeared, and the conventional shoen koryo sei began to change.
- 行年とは男は生まれた年を寅年として、その後は年毎に十二支の順に従って進み、女性は生まれた年を申年としてその後は年毎に十二支の逆に進めて得られる十二支のこと。
- Gyonen is one of 12 signs of junishi obtained, in the case of men, by counting one year for one sign in order of junishi on the premise that their year of birth is the year of the tiger and in the case of women, obtained by counting one year for one sign in reverse order of junishi on the premise that their year of birth is the year of the monkey.
- 王朝国家論が唱えられ、史学的検証が進んでからは、以上に見るとおり、中央政府は積極的に社会実態に適合した統治体制(王朝国家体制)を構築していったとされている。
- As explained above, it is now contemplated, thanks to progress in the study of Dynastic polity and its historical verification, that the central government actively built up the governing structure which could adapt to changing social situation.
- この時期の清盛の出世について「当時の貴族社会の中では清盛を白河上皇の落胤とする説が信じられており、このことが清盛の異例の昇進に強く影響した」という説もある。
- Regarding the rapid progression of Kiyomori's career at this time, there is a hypothesis that 'many within the aristocracy believed the theory that Kiyomori was retired Emperor Shirakawa's illegitimate child and this led to his rapid promotion.'
- ただし万が一を考え、鎮撫使には特に剣術に優れた藩士を選んだ(大山綱良・奈良原繁・道島五郎兵衛・鈴木勇右衛門・鈴木昌之助・山口金之進・江夏仲左衛門・森岡善助。
- Just in case something should go wrong, he selected retainers with excellent swordsman skills in particular for the chinbushi (temporary provincial superintendent): Tsunayoshi OYAMA, Shigeru NARAHARA, Gorobe MICHIJIMA, Yuemon SUZUKI, Masanosuke SUZUKI, Kanenoshin YAMAGUCHI, Chuzaemon KOKA, and Zensuke MORIOKA.
- 寄進地系荘園は、延久の荘園整理令が発せられた11世紀後半から全国各地へ本格的に広まってゆき、平安時代末期にあたる12世紀中葉から後期にかけて最盛期を迎えた。
- The donated-type of shoen (manor) began to spread nationwide after the late eleventh century when Enkyu Manor Regulation Acts was promulgated and culminated from the middle of twelfth century, the late Heian period, to the late of twelfth century.
- 開発領主たちは、国司の寄人として在庁官人となって、地方行政へ進出するとともに、本所から下司・公文などといった荘官に任じられ、所領に関する権利の確保に努めた。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshus became zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) as yoriudo of kokushi and advanced to the local administration and were appointed to shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor)) such as geshi (a local official to manage a shoen estate), kumon (a local shoen official below the geshi in rank) and so on by honjo and tried to secure the rights on shoryo (territory).
- 奈良時代から漸次的に進んでいた文化の日本化が国風文化として結実し、平仮名・片仮名の使用が開始し、『源氏物語』・『枕草子』に代表される物語文学などが花開いた。
- The Japanization of culture that had gradually advanced from the Nara period produced a Japanese-style culture, using hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (another set of Japanese syllabary characters) started and narrative literature, typical examples being 'The Tale of Genji' and 'Makura no soshi' (the Pillow Book), flourished.
- 尊卑文脈によれば、有光~四代目の世代(鎌倉前期)の頃に、陸奥石川氏は一族・庶流の分立を進め、城・館を築き石川庄の村々に一族の地頭を配置していったと思われる。
- According to Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble, during the period of the generations from Arimitsu to the fourth head of the clan (the early Kamakura period), the Mutsu Ishikawa clan seemed to have promoted separation of the clan and the illegitimate lineage, have built castles and residents and have posted managers and lords of the manors of the clan in hamlets in the Ishikawa village.
- 日清戦争は明治維新後近代国家形成をめざす日本と1860年代から洋務運動による近代化を進める中国(清朝)との間で行われた、朝鮮等をめぐる両者の全面戦争である。
- The Japanese-Sino War was a total war over Korea between Japan, aiming at the creation of a modern state after the Meiji Restoration, and China (the quing dynasty), in the process of modernization since the Western Affairs Movement in the 1860's.
- 深川二軒茶屋では、源五兵衛の百両を巻き上げるために、賤ヶ谷伴右衛門に扮する勘九郎と、小万や菊野、小万の兄の役をする伊之助などが一芝居を打つ準備を進めている。
- In Niken-jaya Tea House (a nightclub for guiding customers to brothels) of Fukagawa, Banemon SHIZUGAYA (Kankuro's disguise), Koman, Kikuno, and Inosuke who is going to be pretend to be her brother, are planning to put on an act for cheating Gengobe out of the 100 ryo.
- さらに戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名による一円支配の強化とともに名田の解体が急激に進み、最終的には安土桃山時代の太閤検地によって、名田は完全に消滅した。
- In the Sengoku period (the period of warring states in Japan), the collapse of the myoden system rapidly proceeded accompanying the enhancement of the unified government by Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period), and eventually, it completely disappeared due to the taiko-kenchi (cadastral surveys instituted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- 大河内の教え子でのちに幸枝と結婚する人物として尾崎秀実をモデルにした野毛隆吉(藤田進が演じている)が登場するが、もちろん実在の尾崎はこの事件とは無関係である。
- Takakichi NOGE (played by Susumu FUJITA), who was Okochi's student and later marries Sachie was based on Hotsumi OZAKI, but of course the real Ozaki is unrelated to this incident.
- また、近代に入ると、荘園に関する学術的な研究の進展も見られ、1933年には『荘園志料』が編纂されたほか、石母田正らによる伊賀国黒田荘の研究は良く知られている。
- And in the modern era, the academic studies on shoens also progressed and 'Shoenshiryo' (Dictionary of manors in Japan edited by Masatake SHIMIZU) was edited in 1933 and the study on Kuroda no sho of Iga Province by Tadashi ISHIMODA and so on is well-known.
- しかし、1953年の4月29日に同校で起きた失火とその再建策を巡って同年12月5日に保守派の父母が進歩派教員の「偏向教育」を非難したことにより対立が激化した。
- However, the conflict intensified because on December 5, 1953, the conservative parents blamed 'Ideologically Prejudiced Education' by progressive teachers regarding an accidental fire occurred in the school on April 29 of the same year and its reconstruction plan.
- 遣唐使が中止された9世紀末以降、文化の和風化が進展し、漢字を元にして日本固有の文字である仮名が考案され、和歌や『源氏物語』に代表される物語文学が盛んになった。
- After the dispatch of the Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China was ended in the end of the ninth century, the Japanization of the culture advanced, so 'kana' (syllables peculiar to Japan) based on Chinese characters was created, and kana helped the spread of 'waka' (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and narrative literature exemplified by 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji).
- 小西軍の脱出が阻まれてていることが確認されると泗川から撤退してきた島津義弘の他、立花宗茂、寺沢広高、宗義智らの諸将は救援に向かうために水軍を編成して進撃した。
- After confirming the Konishi clan troops were obstructed, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, who had retreated from Sacheon, and other commanders such as Muneshige TACHIBANA, Hirotaka TERASAWA and Yoshitomo SO organized the naval troops and made an attack to rescue the Konishi clan troops.
- 貨幣経済の進展にともない、諸物価の基準であった米価は下落を続け(米価安の諸色高)、それを俸禄の単位としていた旗本・御家人の困窮が顕著なものとなったからである。
- This is due to the fact that along with the process of the monetary economy, the price of rice, which was used as a standard in pricing various commodities, kept falling (the general price rice in spite of the low price of rice), and it became obvious that shogunate direct retainers (hatamoto) and low-level vassal, whose salary was determined based on rice price, were hard up financially.
- 沢柳事件の経緯と結末により「大学自治の本山」とみなされた京大は、1930年代以降、戦時体制のもとで大学への統制を進めようとする勢力からは敵視されるようになる。
- Kyoto Imperial University, which was regarded as 'the center of university autonomy' thanks to the development and conclusion of the Sawayanagi incident, came to be regarded as an enemy by people who intended to place universities under the government's control under the wartime regime in 1930's.
- いずれにしても菅原清公が文章博士・大学頭であった時代は文章博士の地位が従来筆頭であった明経博士の上位に立った時期にあたり、その整備が大いに進んだとされている。
- In any event, in the days when SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi was Monjo hakase and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), the rank of the Monjo hakase exceeded Myogyo hakase (Doctor of Confucian classics), which had conventionally been the highest rank -- It was considered that the ranks among the instructors were largely settled during this period.
- 総勢3万余の大軍が瀬戸内海を渡り新居郡内の御代島・沢津(共に現新居浜市)の二手に分かれて上陸し現地の城を破り進軍、新居の総大将 金子元宅率いる金子城を目指す。
- Huge numbers of troops totaling more than 30,000, crossed the Seto Inland Sea and landed from two directions, at Miyoshima and Sawatsu in Nii County (both of them are situated in what is now Niihama City), and, after destroying the castles there, the troops proceeded to Kaneko-jo Castle, which was dominated by Motoie KANEKO, the commander general in Nii County.
- この移転頃から機構整備も積極的に進められ、たとえば812年には、鎮守府の定員が将軍1名、軍監(ぐんげん)1名、軍曹2名、医師・弩師(どし)各1名と定められた。
- After this relocation the institutional structure was proactively organized and, for example, in 812, the number of officials composing Chinju-fu was clearly specified; one shogun, one gungen (assistant deputy general), two sergeants, one doctor and one do-shi (commissioned officer of big bow).
- なお、やはり東京都が実験を進めていた、スギにマレイン酸ヒドラジドを注入することにより着花を抑制するとの計画は、材質に影響が出るなどのこともあって中止となった。
- Experiments in which Tokyo treated Japanese cedar trees with maleic hydrazide in order to inhibit flower development were discontinued due to effects on the quality of the timber.
- ただし都市化の進展と共に、遊廓の存在が問題になり、郊外などへ移転させられる事例もあった(例:東京大学の近くにあった根津遊郭が深川の洲崎パラダイスに移転、など)
- With the progress of urbanization, however, the existence of Yukaku was acknowledged as a problem and some red-light districts were forced to move to the suburbs, etc. (e.g. Nezu Yukaku near the University of Tokyo was transferred to Susaki Paradise, Fukagawa)
- 平安期の10世紀頃、大きな社会変化を背景として、朝廷は、徴税・軍事をもはや官司機構で担うのではなく、国司や富豪などへ請け負わせる官司請負制への転換を進めていた。
- Around the tenth century during the Heian period when a large social change occurred, the Imperial court abandoned the policy of entrusting tax-collecting affairs and military affairs solely to the central government system and promoted to entrust these affairs to kokushi (provincial governors) or rich persons, or, in other words, to introduce the kanshiukeoi-sei system.
- 史料によれば、平氏政権は支配地域の勢力を武士として系列化し、知行国・荘園に国守護人・地頭などといった従来あまり見られなかった職を置いて、半軍事的な支配を進めた。
- According to historical documents, the Taira clan administration organized the forces in areas under its control as bushi, and established positions such as Province bakufu officers and Jito in their fiefdom and shoen, and developed a semi-militaristic control.
- これは、当時の文化先進地である西国において石垣を多用した築城が発達し、また東国においては、築城に適した石材の採取が困難であり、土塁の使用が多かったためとされる。
- It is understood that this is because castle construction using stone walls was developed in Saigoku which was culturally advanced area at that time and in Togoku, it was difficult to obtain stone materials which were suitable for castle building and therefore, dorui (earthen walls) were often used.
- その理由は、『記紀』の成立過程に関する史料批判が進み、ヤマト王権内部における文字使用状況から推測すると、継体天皇以前の伝承に信用を置くことはできないためである。
- The reason for this is that, upon examining historical materials on the process of creating the Kiki, it was found that the methods for keeping records (particularly the use of letters under Yamato sovereignty) used before Emperor Keitai are not reliable.
- 被告人としては、交差点中央付近から左折して、予定通りの行進を行うつもりであったが、機動隊は、デモ隊がそのまま河原町通を南下するものと見てこれを阻止しようとした。
- The defendant was going to turn to the left around there and continue to march as planned, but the riot police thought that they were not going to turn and tried to stop them from going straight on Kawaramachi Street to the south.
- 安定な状態を、確実なものにしようと、荘園の寄進を行うが、その段階で、自分の直接支配地だけでなく、郷の単位ぐらいに、周辺の公領も切り取って規模を拡大して立荘する。
- A donation of shoen was made to secure its stable state, and on this occasion, the area of the shoen was defined by inclusion of not only their regions of direct influence but also nearby public land cut off by about a village unit to increase the area.
- 奈良時代和気広虫(出家して法均尼と号する)と弟の和気清麻呂が僧道鏡に対する宇佐八幡宮神託事件で功があって朝廷に進出し、藤野別真人から和気朝臣の氏姓が与えられた。
- In the Nara period, WAKE no Hiromushi (who adopted the name Hokin-ni after entering the priesthood) and his younger brother WAKE no Kiyomaro, who had made achievements in a plot by the Usa Hachiman-gu oracle against the Buddhist monk Dokyo, advanced to the Imperial court and were given the surname Wake Ason by Fujinowake no Mahito.
- 「聖武天皇最愛の夫人が建立せられた盧遮那仏の霊場(東大寺のこと)が絶えようとしていることを惜しみ、俊乗坊重源が諸国を勧進(寄付をつのること)してまわっている。」
- Feeling a regret that the sacred ground of Vairocana (which means Todai-ji Temple), which Emperor Shomu's beloved wife established, is to be ruined, Chogen SHUNJOBO visits various regions for kanjin (collecting contribution).'
- 日本の学者等によって、韓国のこのような教育が「文化先進国の朝鮮」と「文化劣等国の日本」という意識を韓国民に植え付け韓国起源説の根拠となっているとも指摘されている。
- It is pointed out by Scholars in Japan that such education in Korea has implanted in Korean minds the images of 'Korea, a culturally advanced nation' and 'Japan, a culturally inferior nation' and has formed the foundation of the theory that all of the culture in Japan originated in Korea.
- ここで、正成が後醍醐天皇に、状況が宮方に有利な今のうちに足利方と和睦する事を進言するが、後醍醐はこれを退け、義貞を総大将とする尊氏追討の軍を西国へ向けて派遣した。
- During this time, Masashige advised Emperor Godaigo that peace be made with the Ashikaga faction now that circumstances were beneficial for the imperial faction but the emperor rejected this and dispatched a force with Yoshisada as supreme commander westward to kill Takauji.
- 元々、地子は生産物地代の性格を持ち、その土地の生産物が地子として納入されていたが、中世後期ごろから貨幣経済が進展していくと、貨幣による地子の納入が増加していった。
- Originally, jishi had the characteristics of a tax payment in the form of products and the local products were brought in as jishi but jishi payment in money increased as the money economy gradually advanced from the late mid-period.
- 王朝国家体制期における中央政治機構や軍制・荘園政策・負名体制に関する研究は著しい進展を見せ、さらには王朝国家に代わる新たな古代-中世移行論が唱えられ始めてはいる。
- The study of central government organization, military systems, shoen policy, and local tax management systems during the Dynastic polity period has marked significant progress and another theory concerning the transition from the ancient times to the medieval age was proposed in lieu of the theory of Dynastic polity.
- もっとも時代が進んで社会が豊かになってくると消費生活の統制が困難となり、効果の低い奢侈禁止令が他度々出されては遵守が徹底されなというジレンマも抱えることとなった。
- However, as time went by and societies became richer and richer, it became harder to put people's consumption under control, resulting in a dilemma that many ineffective sumptuary laws were issued but not thoroughly observed.
- 寛平・延喜年間(9世紀末期-10世紀初期)になると、板東において、中央へ進納する官物を強奪するといった「群盗蜂起」が頻発した(しゅう馬の党・寛平・延喜東国の乱)。
- In the Kanbyo-Engi period (from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century), there were frequent 'outbreaks of banditry' (Shuba-no-to and Kanbyo-Engi-Togoku-no-ran (disturbances by banditry in Togoku during the period between Kanbyo and Engi)) in which Bando were robbed of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) to be offered to the central government.
- 砂や砂に付着した物質によって、土壌や海洋へミネラルが供給され、植物や植物プランクトンの生育を促進する作用もあり、黄砂に土壌を肥やす効果があることも指摘されている。
- Through sand and the substances stuck to sand, minerals are supplied to soil and sea and consequently the growth of plants and phytoplankton is advanced, and therefore, it is pointed out that kosa provides effects which enrich the quality of soil.
- その後、上杉謙信の支援を受けて一時的に所領を取り返したが、その後武田と長尾(上杉)の対立(川中島の戦い)の中で他の北信濃国人衆と共に上杉家の家臣化が進んでいった。
- After that, Kenshin UESUGI helped the Takanashi clan to get the manor back, but the Takanashi clan as well as other local lords in northern Shinano became retainers of the Uesugi family during the conflict between Takeda and Nagao (Uesugi) (Kawanakajima War).
- 後にこうした土地は雑役免としての実績を背景に寄進地系荘園として不輸の権 (日本)・不入の権 (日本)を獲得したり、荘園状態となった国衙領の構成単位となっていった。
- Against the background of the established fact of Zoyakumen, these lands later obtained fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption)/funyu no ken (the right to keep tax agents from entering the property) as kishinchi kei shorn (shoen originated from donated lands) or became the unit of kokugaryo, which was then consisted of many shoen.
- だが、朝鮮通信使が実際に書いた日記(日東壮遊歌 など)などの当時の資料を紐解くと、進んだ文化を持つ日本の繁栄ぶりが描写されており、韓国の教育とは相違が見受けられる。
- However, when reading documents concerning that time, for example, actual written diaries (such as Nittosoyuka), it is found that Japan was advanced culturally and was prosperous, showing differences between what is educated in Korea and reality.
- このため、朱印地・黒印地からの収益だけで寺社の経営が成り立った例はほとんどなく、多くは自ら開墾した土地、あるいは大名などから寄進された米や金銭で経営を維持していた。
- Under such circumstances, it was almost impossible to maintain the management of temples/shrines only by the revenues obtained from Shuinchi/Kokuinchi and many of temples/shrines managed to sustain themselves relying on revenues obtained from the lands reclaimed by themselves or rice/money donated by the daimyo.
- 更に予定では菊亭晴季の辞任を前提に秀吉を右大臣に昇進させ、二条昭実は1年程度の関白在任を経て近衛信輔に関白を譲り信輔は引き続き左大臣を兼ねる予定であったようである。
- It seems the plan was to promote Hideyoshi to Udaijin on the premise of Harusue KIKUTEI's yielding the position to him, to let Akizane NIJO serve as Kanpaku for a year and him relinquish the position to Nobusuke KONOE, and to let Nobusuke serve both as Sadaijin and Kanpaku.
- それと前後して、守護は半済、守護請等で、荘園領主等の権利をも侵食して行き、戦国時代 (日本)になると、守護大名に代わった戦国大名はさらに土地の一円知行を進めていく。
- Around the same time, provincial constables also encroached on other rights, including the power of Shoen-ryoshu using the systems of Hanzei and Shugo-uke, and from the start of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), Daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku Period who turned into Shugo Daimyo further promoted Ichien chigyo (complete proprietorship) of the lands.
- 理由は「主君であった信長は右大臣を極官として光秀に殺害されており、右大臣は縁起が悪いので出来るならば右大臣は避けて左大臣への昇進をお願いしたい」というものであった。
- That is to say, Hideyoshi hoped to be promoted to Sadaijin instead of Udaijin, if possible, because his master, Nobunaga, was killed by Mitsuhide with the title of Udaijin as his highest rank and thus serving as Udaijin would be a bad omen.
- これらは、当時としてはきわめて先進的な内容を含む現実的、合理的な政策であったが、賄賂政治を批判され、天明の大飢饉とも重なって百姓一揆や打ちこわしが激発して失脚した。
- Although these were realistic and rational policies including very advanced contents in those days, the criticism for prevalence of bribery and the frequent peasant revolts and destructive urban riots as well as the Tenmei Famine brought his downfall.
- しかし、中央集権化を進め、改革を全国的に網羅する必要があることから、藩の存在は邪魔となり、また藩側でも財政の逼迫が続いたことから自発的に廃藩を申し出る藩が相次いだ。
- Yet, the existence of domains hindered centralization and reform throughout the country, and many governors of domains voluntarily asked for the abolishment of the feudal domains because of their constant financial difficulties.
- 聖たちは、山林修行や諸国遊行を主としながらも造寺・造塔、写経、供養、鋳鐘、架橋や道路・港湾建設の勧進などの多彩な活動を通じて、民衆からの尊崇と支持を獲得していった。
- While the hijiri mainly underwent training in mountain forest, or wandered among various provinces, they obtained respect and support from common people, through various activities including building temples, pagodas, copying of a sutra, kuyo (a memorial service for the dead), casting bells, promoting the building of bridges, roads, and harbors.
- 9世紀後期に至って律令制的な人民支配・租税収取に限界が生じたため、10世紀初頭より、地方政治への大幅な統治委任や個別人身支配から土地課税原則への方針転換が進められた。
- As the limitation of people-based governance/tax collection under the Ritsuryo system became clear in the late 9th century, policy changes, such as substantial delegation of authority to local administrative bodies and the switch from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, were implemented in early 10th century.
- しかし、1970年代・1980年代頃から、史料に基づく実証的な研究が進んでいくと、平氏政権も鎌倉幕府に先立って武家政権的な性格を呈していたことが判明するようになった。
- However, when empirical research based on historical documents became popular during the 1970s and 1980s, it was discovered that the Taira clan administration had bushi government-like characteristics before the Kamakura bakufu.
- また、史学的な研究の進展によって、日本への鉄砲伝来は東南アジア交易に従事した倭寇勢力によって、短い間に西日本各地へ同時多発的に起こったとする説が有力視されてきている。
- With the advance of historical study, the most likely theory is now that the introduction of guns into Japan simultaneously took place at various places in southwestern Japan during a short period by wako (Japanese pirates) involved in trade with Southeast Asia.
- この年(和銅元年)、遷都を主導した藤原不比等は正二位、右大臣に進み、不比等の後妻、県犬養三千代は女帝の大嘗祭において杯に浮かぶタチバナとともに「橘宿禰」の姓を賜った。
- In this year (708), FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who led the transfer of the capital, was promoted to Shonii Udaijin (Senior Second Rank, Chief of the Imperial Japanese Council of State) and his second wife, Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo, was given the family name of 'Tachibana no Sukune' together with a tachibana (mandarin orange) floating in a cup on the occasion of Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly enthroned Empress).
- 源義朝が相馬御厨を寄進しえたということは、単なる書類上のことだけではなくて、現地での徴税の請負の意味をもっていた以上、事実上の在地支配を離れて可能であったはずはない。
- He also discusses that since the fact that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo could donate Soma-mikuriya, it was not just a piece of paper and indicated a contract for the local collection of tax, and the donation could not have been made independently from the de facto land ruling.
- それが何年分の未進というのかは不明だが、おそらくは、過去に遡ってのものであったろうといわれる(ただし、領地の囲い込みについては単純に善玉・悪玉とは出来ない面もある)。
- It is unknown for how many years the unpaid tributes were, but it is said to be probably retrospective (it should be noted, however, that there is an aspect that the enclosure of the estate cannot be simply judged as good or bad).
- そのため、『勧進帳』の「弁慶の主人を思う心に打たれ、自らが罪に問われる可能性を省みず義経一行を通した、情の厚い人物」という富樫像は『安宅』に付加されなかったのである。
- Therefore the image of Togashi in 'Kanjincho' as 'a compassionate person who was touched by Benkei's worship for his master and let Yoshitsune and his party pass without regard to the possibility that he would be subject to punishment' was not added to 'Ataka.'
- 中入りなしの一段ものだが、「安宅までの道行」「勧進帳読み上げ」「義経打擲(ちょうちゃく)」「難を逃れた主従の対話」「富樫が追ってきて酒宴になる」の五場にわけられよう。
- Although it is a one-act without intermission, it can be separated into five scenes; 'Trip to Ataka,' 'Reading out kanjincho,' 'Thrashing Yoshitsune,' 'Dialogue between the master and the servant getting out of trouble' and 'Feast after Togashi runs after them.'
- アメリカ人向けに寿司を提供する寿司屋は、1980年代以降、健康食として日本食が注目されるとともに、バブル景気に至る日本の経済的進出とも相まって、大きく店数を伸ばした。
- The number of sushi restaurants serving sushi for Americans largely increased when Japanese food attracted attention as healthy food and Japan economically advanced up until bubble economy.
- それでも秀吉は秀頼が成人するまで武家関白制を守るために慶長元年(1596年)に武家である徳川家康を内大臣に昇進させた以外は一切の関白・大臣の就任を認めようとしなかった。
- Nevertheless, except promoting Ieyasu TOKUGAWA from the samurai class to Naidaijin in 1596, Hideyoshi did not allow anyone to assume the position of Kanpaku or a minister until Hideyori became an adult in order to protect the Buke Kanpaku sei.
- そのため、方略策(国家戦略)を論じる秀才と時務策(政策一般)を論じる進士の受験者を育成するために文章博士、明法の受験者を育成するために明法博士が設置されたとされている。
- It is understood that, under such circumstances, monjo hakase was established to educate applicants to take examinations of shusai who would discuss horyakusaku (national strategy) and those of shinshi who would deal with jimusaku (general policies), and myobo hakase, to educate myobo applicants.
- また小早川隆景は忠清道方面から全羅道に侵入したが権慄の反撃によって進撃を阻まれ、直後に南下する明軍の攻撃に対応するために漢城へ転出したため、全羅道の制圧は進まなかった。
- Takakage KOBAYAKAWA invaded Jeolla Province from Chungcheong Province, but his advance was blocked off by a counterattack by Gwon Yul and, as he moved out immediately after that to Hancheng in order to cope with attack by the Ming army that moved down to the south, the attempt at conquering Jeolla Province did not progress.
- 先進諸国の中で唯一京都議定書から離脱しているアメリカ合衆国政府は、産業界の自己経済利益のみを追求する考え方に基づき取り組みを拒否しているとの非難を国内外から浴びている。
- The United States of America, the only non-party member of the Kyoto Protocol among the developed countries, is accused domestically and internationally of seeking only economical benefits of the U.S. industries and refusing to commit the duty.
- 中世社会では、信仰の形として刀を仏にささげる行為が一般化しており、鎌倉時代には執権北条泰時が鎌倉市中の僧侶の帯刀を禁じた際に、没収した刀を高徳院に寄進すると述べている。
- In the Japanese medieval society, an offering of sword to Buddha was generally accepted as an expression of belief such that when regent Yasutoki HOJO prohibited the Buddhist monks in the city of Kamakura from wearing swords in the Kamakura period, he declared that he would contribute the confiscated swords to Kotoku-in Temple.
- 4世紀後半からヤマト王権は、武器・農具の原料である鉄資源を求めて朝鮮半島への進出を開始したが、これを契機として朝鮮半島や中国の技術・文物が倭国へ多く流入することとなった。
- Starting in the latter half of the fourth century, the Yamato sovereignty began to advance into the Korean peninsula, seeking iron that was needed for making weapons and farm tools, causing many technologies and cultural products in the Korean peninsular and China to be introduced to Wa.
- つまり国歌の必要性は、まずなによりも、外交儀礼の場において軍楽隊が演奏するために生じるのであり、現在でも例えばスペイン国歌・国王行進曲のように、歌詞のない国歌も存在する。
- In other words, the necessity of a national anthem is generated by a military band on the occasion of extending diplomatic courtesy and, even today, there are national anthems that have no words like Spanish National Anthem, Marcha Real.
- そこに竹中重治が進み出て「その役目手前がつかまつる」として長浜城 (近江国)に向い、黒田長政を自分の領地である菩提山城に移動させ、そこで織田信長の命に逆らってかくまった。
- On that occasion, Shigeharu TAKENAKA stepped forward telling that he would do that job and went to Nagahama-jo Castle (Omi Province) and moved Nagamasa KURODA to Bodaisan-jo Castle in his territory and gave shelter to him there against Nobunaga ODA's order.
- 源義経主従が奥州に落ちる途中、安宅の関で関守にとめられ、弁慶がいつわりの勧進帳(寺院などの建立にあたって寄進を集めるための公認の趣意書)を読んでその場を逃れた逸話を描く。
- It depicts an anecdote that MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and his servants were stopped at the Ataka barrier station by a barrier keeper on the way they fled to the Oshu area, and Benkei read out a false kanjincho (a prospectus to gather donation for establishing a temple), which led them to get away from the situation.
- 彼らは、蓄積した富をもって、墾田開発・田地経営などの営田活動を進めたり、他の百姓への出挙を行ったりして、より一層、富を集積し、一般の零細な百姓層を隷属化して成長していった。
- With amassed wealth in hand, they further accumulated wealth by developing and managing additional land or subjected other petty farmers by lending rice seeds to them.
- そのため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵(有力農民)=開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力寺院(または有力神社)へ寄進することで、不輸の権を獲得しようとした。
- Therefore, Tato (powerful farmers), or the owners of newly developed arable land, who acquired large tracts arable land through development or buying land, donated their farmland to dominant temples (or dominant shrines) to obtain Fuyu no ken.
- また、本宣旨が対象とする地域範囲についても、佐藤進一や石井進 (歴史学者)らが東海道・東山道全域とするのに対し、上横手雅敬は遠江・信濃以東の13カ国に限定されていたとする。
- Moreover, while some historians, such as Shinichi SATO and Susumu ISHII consider the extent of the area subject to this decree as the whole area throughout Tokaido (an old Japanese geographical region that was situated along the southeastern edge of Honshu) and Tosando(an old Japanese geographical region that was situated along the central mountains of Honshu), Masataka UWAYOKOTE insists that it was limited to the thirteen provinces located eastward of Totomi Province and Shinano Province.
- 自領が公領に収公されることを防ぐため、その土地を荘園として受領層に寄進し、自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた(職権留保付寄進)。
- And in order to avoid one's domain being confiscated into Koryo (an Imperial demesne), they donated their land as shoen (manor in medieval Japan) to Juryoso (career provincial class) and paid a certain amount of tax to Juryoso, maintaining effective dominion on the land as shokan (an officer governing shoen), which is called contribution with reserving authority.
- 平安時代中葉の10世紀後期から11世紀以降、地方の開発領主らは法的根拠に欠けた自らの私有地(荘園)を、国衙の収公から逃れるため受領層(中央の有力貴族や有力寺社)に寄進した。
- Starting from the late 10th century or the 11th century, which was the middle of the Heian period, local kaihatsu ryoshu started to donate their private lands (shoen) that they illegally owned to the zuryo (provincial officers such as dominant nobilities, temples, and shrines in the capital) in order to escape from confiscation by the kokuga (provincial government offices).
- また清でも1860年代から漢人官僚曽国藩、李鴻章らによる近代化の試みとして洋務運動が展開され中国の伝統的な文化、制度を土台としながら軍事を中心として西洋技術の導入を進めた。
- Qing had also been introducing western technologies centering on military ones based on Chinese traditional culture; bureaucrats of the Han race including Zeng Guofan and Li Hung Chang promoted the Western Affairs Movement in an attempt to modernize China.
- だが、平安時代中期に官司請負制の進行とともに官職が一種の利権として認識されて世襲が進むと、こうした教官(博士)の地位を世襲する特定の氏族(「博士家」)が出現するようになる。
- However, in the midst of Heian period, as hereditary government office system developed and the government post, regarded as a kind of interest, became taken over by heredity, particular clans ('hakase family') that took up the post of instructors by heredity emerged.
- 検非違使別当・平時忠の「要求を聞き入れるなら速やかに受諾し、聞き入れないのなら武士を派遣して大衆を追い払うべきだ」という進言により、夜に入って法住寺殿で公卿議定が開かれた。
- After the proposal of Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) TAIRA no Tokitada, 'if the claim is accepted, accept it promptly, otherwise send samurai to expel the daishu,' Kugyo-gijo (meeting to form decisions by nobles) was held in the Hojuji-dono Palace at night.
- 分国とは中世における一国単位の知行を指す語であり、知行国に始まる概念であるが、室町時代中期以降に守護大名や国人一揆による一国単位の領国化が進み、分国支配が形成されていった。
- Bunkoku is a term for lordship (chigyo) over one county in the middle ages and was originated from chigyo-koku, which developed into the control of one county by shugo daimyo or kokujin.
- 強盗返は演技や演劇の進行を妨げることなく短時間で場面を切り換える手段として用いられ、歌舞伎では「どんでんどんでん」と鳴る大太鼓の音からどんでん返しの名で呼ばれることがある。
- Gando gaeshi is used for changing scenes in a small amount of time without impeding the progress of a performance or a play, and in Kabuki it is sometimes called 'donden gaeshi' after the sound of an odaiko (large drum) which is like 'Donden-Donden'.
- 江戸時代も中頃になると、品種改良や農業技術の進歩により、農家の中に現金収入を得られるものが増え、新たな知識や見聞、物品を求めて旅をしようと思い立つものが現れるようになった。
- In the middle of the Edo period, the variety of improvement and development of agricultural technologies led to an increase in the number of peasants who earned cash and gave rise to those who decided to go on a journey in search of new knowledge, experience, and products.
- 9世紀中期~10世紀頃になると、従来の律令制(編戸制・班田制など)による統治に限界が見られるようになり、中央政府は租税収入を確保するため、社会の実情に即した国制改革を進めた。
- From the mid 9th century to the 10th century, the conventional administration based on the ritsuryo system (such as henko-sei, the organization of the citizens, and handen-sei, the ritsuryo land-allotment system) faced its organizational limit, and the central government promoted a nation-wide reform of the system to reflect the actual social situations in order to maintain the level of the tax revenue.
- また一方では、王朝国家と呼ぶべき政治実態は、鎌倉幕府成立後の朝廷にも見られるとして、13世紀の朝廷による支配体制も王朝国家体制期に含める意見(佐藤進一,1983など)もある。
- On the other hand, some people assert that the ruling system adopted by the Imperial court in 13th century should be included in the Dynastic polity period on the ground that the regime which should be regarded as the Dynastic polity was seen after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Shinichi SATO, 1983 etc).
- 戦後、日本史研究の進展に伴い、律令支配を原則としていた奈良期-平安前期と、律令を必ずしも支配原則としなくなった平安中期・後期とを別個の時代ととらえる考えが主流を占めていった。
- With the study of Japanese history progressed after the War, the view which regards Nara/early Heian period, during which the Ritsuryo system was the basis of governance, and mid-Heian/late Heian period, during which the Ritsuryo system was not necessarily the basis of governance, as separate periods became dominant.
- 明治2年(1869年)に設立された薩摩藩軍楽隊の隊員に対し、イギリス公使館護衛隊歩兵大隊の軍楽隊長ジョン・ウィリアム・フェントンが国歌あるいは儀礼音楽を設けるべきと進言した。
- John William Fenton who was the military bandmaster for the infantry battalion of the convoy attached to the British Legation advised to the military band of the Satsuma Domain established in 1869 to prepare a national anthem or ceremonial music.
- 幕末には経済学者佐藤信淵は土地国有化と海外進出を行う絶対主義国家を論じ、吉田松陰は幽囚録で蝦夷地開拓とともにカムチャッカ半島、朝鮮、台湾、満州等への侵略統治論を展開していた。
- In the closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Nobuhiro SATO, an economist argued absolutism of nationalizing lands and finding ways into foreign countries, while Shoin YOSHIDA argued in his book titled yuin-roku (descriptions in prison) reclamation of Ezo and invasion for the control of such as the Kamchatkan Peninsula, Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria.
- 人口の増大は、江戸を東日本における大消費地とし、東日本各地の農村と結ばれた大市場、経済的先進地方である上方(近畿地方)と関東地方を結ぶ中継市場として、経済的な重要性も増した。
- Population growth in Edo turned the city into the consumption center of eastern japan, and faciliated its rise to economic prominence as a significant market that linked the farming villages of various regions of eastern Japan, and a hub market that linked the economically advanced Kamigata (Kinki region) and Kanto regions.
- 百選には、傾斜度が20分の1よりも急で、いかにも「棚田」と思えるような場所が選ばれており、日本古来からの営農法が受け継がれていると考えがちであるが、実際は機械化が進んでいる。
- The 100 best includes rice fields which look very like 'Tanada,' being located on a slope steeper than one twentieth, so it is expected that the Japanese traditional method of agricultural management is inherited in those rice fields, but actually mechanization is under way.
- 明治30年(1897年)戦死者贈位並叙位進階内則」では、将官は正四位以上、佐官は従五位から正四位の間、尉官は従五位から正五位の間、准士官、下士官、兵卒は従五位を贈るとされた。
- In the 'Senshisha zoi narabi joi shinkai naisoku' (Rules for conferring of court ranks to those who died in the war and investiture of promotion) that was enacted in 1897, it was stipulated that Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank) or higher was given to generals, ranks between Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) and Shoshii was given to field officers, ranks between Jugoi and Shogoi (Senior Fifth Rank) were given to officers below the rank of major, and Jugoi was given to under-officers, noncommissioned officers, and soldiers.
- また、二毛作の普及などを通じた経済力の伸張を受け、これまでより百姓の一箇所定住の傾向が強まり、百姓たちが連携して地頭や預所への年貢を未進しだしたことが原因とする説も有力である。
- There also is a weighty view asserting that the cause was the fact that the cases where peasants, who strengthened their economic power thanks to the spread of a two-crop system etc. and began to settle at one place, jointly refused to pay nengu to jito or azukedokoro (a deputy of the lord of shoen) increased.
- これは、この年に豊臣秀吉が内大臣に昇進した事をきっかけとした人事抗争であるが、結果的に当事者の二人を差し置いて秀吉が関白に就任する事になり、豊臣政権にとっては大きな画期となる。
- This was a personnel feud that had arisen from Hideyoshi HASHIBA's promotion to Naidaijin (Inner Minister) in the same year, but, as a matter of fact, Hideyoshi was appointed as Kanpaku before those two people; this marked a turning point for the establishment of the Toyotomi administration.
- ちなみに、宗茂は9月15日に大津城を開城させた後、軍勢を率いて草津市にまで進出していたが、そこで西軍の壊滅を知って大坂城に退却することを余儀なくされ、戦後に改易されてしまった。
- In fact, after Muneshige had made Takatsugu surrender Otsu-jo Castle on October 21, he and his troops advanced to Kusatsu city, where he knew of the defeat of the West squad and was forced to retreat to Osaka-jo Castle; because of this, after the battle he forfeited the rank of Samurai and his properties.
- 江戸の開発は、平安時代後期に武蔵国の秩父地方から出て川越市から入間川 (埼玉県)(現荒川 (関東))沿いに平野部へと進出してきた桓武平氏を称する秩父党の一族によって始められた。
- Edo was founded in the late Heian Period by a clan of the Chichibu party that claimed the name of Kanmu-Heishi (the Taira clan) who entered the plains along the Irumagawa River ((Saitama Prefecture) (Present-day Arakawa (Kanto)) from Kawagoe City from the Chichibu region of Musashi province.
- 図書寮で紙製造を扱っていた紙屋院は、原料貢進不足から新しい紙を漉くことが困難となり、宿紙を専門とするようになり図書寮が陰陽寮に暦に堪えうる料紙を支給することが困難になってきた。
- Kamiyain, who had been making paper in Toshoryo, had difficulty making paper because of the shortage of material, and therefore, began to make recycled paper called shukushi, and this made it difficult for Toshoryo to supply good quality paper for calendar to Onmyoryo.
- 更に院政期において公家社会が再編される中で官職昇進次第や極位極官が出自によって決定される傾向が強まっていくと、古代からの貴族諸氏は一門に分化して中世的な「家」へと変質していく。
- Furthermore, as the aristocratic society was restructured during the cloistered government, promotion path to official positions and the final achievable position/rank became determined more by birth, and the aristocratic clans from the ancient times differentiated into each mon and transformed into the 'Ie (family, house)' of the middle ages.
- それを踏まえた上で、ここでは在地領主の側から見ていくことにするが、しかしその、荘園寄進もそれだけでは確実なものではないことが、この相馬御厨、そして大庭御厨の事件の中に見てとれる。
- As this was already explained, we will begin to take the point of view of a local lord, but the incidents of this Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) and Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch) indicated that donation of manors did not always provide security.
- なお、明治維新の官制改革で一旦は廃止されたものの、伊藤博文が進めた「宮中と政府の分離」方針に則って、1884年に宮内省に属する機関として復活し、1947年の同省廃止まで存続した。
- Although this position was abolished with the government system reforms that took place during the Meiji Restoration, in conforming with the plan by Hirofumi ITO to 'separate the court and government,' it was reinstated as an institution within the Imperial Household Ministry in 1884 and continued until the ministry was abolished in 1947.
- 平安時代には武士の支配を法的に保証するのは荘園領主たる「領家」「本所」であり、開発領主たちはその所領を孜々として寄進し、名簿(みょうぼ)を奉って子弟を近侍させ、猟官活動を行った。
- During the Heian period, the lord of the manor called 'ryoke' or 'honjo' legally warranted samurai the control over the manor; on the other hand, the local notables who actually developed the land did office-seeking by assiduously contributing their territory, offering a certificate given to the leader with the retainer's name on it and had his sons be retainers.
- こうした中で6世紀末、幾つかの紛争に勝利した推古天皇、聖徳太子、蘇我馬子らは強固な政治基盤を築きあげ、冠位十二階や十七条憲法の制定など官僚制を柱とする王権の革新を積極的に進めた。
- At the end of the sixth century, Empress Suiko, Prince Shotoku, and SOGA no Umako, after emerging victorious from several conflicts, established firm political foundations and actively reformed the polity by basing it on bureaucratic systems such as Kan'i junikai (twelve cap rank system) and the Seventeen-Article Constitution.
- 江戸時代の学問の特徴としては、研究者個人の直感的、連想的な思考を軸とする中世的な発想で研究を進めるのではなく、文献などに基づき実証的に研究するという態度が現れたことが挙げられる。
- One of characteristics of studies in the Edo period was the appearance of the positivistic approachs based on written materials, which was different from those in the medieval times laying stress on the intuitional and associational thoughts of the researcher.
- 律令制において租庸調として中央に貢進されていた米が平安時代に滞るようになると、官司の大粮に宛がうために本来は不動穀に充てられる筈であった田租を中央に貢進したのが最初とされている。
- It began when the rice tithed to the central government as Soyocho under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) went into arrears in the Heian period, and Denso that was kept as Fudokoku (emergency grain) was tithed to the central government for use in food supplies for government officials.
- 今まで農業協同組合(金融部門)は、貸付残高を増やすために戸別の農業機械導入を進めていたが、貸付リスクの少ない共有化に貸付の方向を変えており、棚田の農業システムに変化が起きている。
- Previously agricultural cooperatives (financial sector) were encouraging the introduction of agricultural machines to individual households for the purpose of increasing the amount of loan outstanding, but they have begun to shift their lending to collective ownership of machines which accompanies less credit risk, and such a shift is bringing about a change in the agricultural system in connection with Tanada.
- 11世紀の侍階層出現の頃より現れて公家の家政機関に奉仕する役目を担うが、四位・五位へ昇進する諸大夫より下位に置かれて、基本的には六位に置かれていた(稀に五位に昇る者が存在した)。
- The position first appeared in around the 11th century when the samurai rank system was created, and it fulfilled the role of serving the household institution of court nobles, however, it ranked under Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) who would raise to Shii (Fourth Rank) or Goi (Fifth Rank), mainly placed at Rokui (Sixth Rank) (rarely, some rose to Goi).
- 義貞は播磨国の白旗城に篭城する足利方の赤松則村(円心)を攻めている間に時間を空費し、この間に尊氏は多々良浜の戦いで九州を制覇して体制を立て直すと、京都奪還をめざして東進をはじめた。
- Yoshisada wasted time during his assault on Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) of the Ashikaga faction who was held up within Shirahata-jo Castle of Harima Province, and during this time Takauji conquered Kyushu in the Battle of Tatarahama and regrouped before heading east with the aim of recapturing Kyoto.
- そして皮肉な事に荘園整理事務の中心的役割を果たしていた院(上皇・法皇)に対する開発領主からの寄進が相次ぐようになり、この自己矛盾によって荘園整理政策は破綻へ向かう事になるのである。
- And ironically, kaihatsu-ryoshus donated to the cloister (Retired Emperor and Cloistered Emperor) which played a central role of the office work for arranging shoens and this self-contradiction led to the breakdown of the policy for arranging shoens.
- また、上杉氏も謙信没後は養子の上杉景勝が継いだが、景勝は信長の敵ではなく、また御館の乱という御家騒動から勢力が減退したため、謙信死去により、信長の天下布武はさらに前進したといえる。
- After Kenshin's death, the Uesugi Clan was headed by his adopted son, Kagekatsu UESUGI, who was no threat to Nobunaga, and their power declined due to family trouble called the Otate War, therefore it can be said that the death of Kenshin facilitated Nobunaga's Tenka-fubu (a slogan meaning that the samurai rules the whole world).
- だが、後に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、紀伝道の教官が世襲を確かなものとするために自分の子弟を給料学生に推挙するようになり、試験を行う場合でも譜第の家以外からの受験が困難になっていった。
- Later, Kidendo became hereditary learning and instructors of Kidendo recommended their sons for Kyuryo gakusei in order to make heredity sure and as a result, it became difficult for the sons of families other than hereditary families to apply for the examination even though examinations were conducted.
- 但し、この事件以降平城天皇と仲成・薬子との結びつきはさらに強固なものとなったらしく、尚侍であった薬子の昇進を考慮して、事件の直後に尚侍の官位相当が従五位から従三位に引き上げられた。
- However, it seems that the relationship between Emperor Heijo and Nakanari/Kusuko became stronger and the court rank of Naishi no Kami (Principal Handmaid) was upgraded from Jugoi (Junior Fifth Grade) to Jusanmi (Junior Third Grade) soon after this incident taking into account the promotion of Kusuko, who was then Naishi no Kami.
- また、左記はあくまで単年の排出量で比較した話であり、累積排出量で比べればその差は歴然としているため、その事にも配慮してEUなどの工業先進国は率先して京都議定書を締結したものである。
- And the above descriptions comes from the comparison in a single year emission amount and if compared in accumulated emission amounts, the difference will be obviously bigger; therefore, industrially developed countries such as EU and the like took the lead in ratification of the Kyoto Protocol.
- 同志に弟の鈴木三樹三郎、篠原泰之進、藤堂平助、服部武雄、毛内有之助、富山弥兵衛、阿部十郎、内海次郎、加納鷲雄、中西昇、橋本皆助、清原清、新井忠雄、斎藤一(斎藤は新選組の間諜とも)。
- His comrades included his younger brother Mikisaburo SUZUKI, Tainoshin SHINOHARA, Heisuke TODO, Takeo HATTORI, Arinosuke MONAI, Yahei TOYAMA, Juro ABE, Jiro UTSUMI, Washio KANO, Noboru NAKANISHI, Kaisuke HASHIMOTO, Kiyoshi KIYOHARA, Tadao ARAI, Hajime SAITO (SAITO was allegedly a spy for Shinsengumi).
- 黒船から幕末にかけては、このような営業マンの持つ情報テリトリーと、押し寄せてきた欧米列強の商社マンとの人脈、廻船や早馬など強力な自家流通ルートを生かして、情報産業にも進出していった。
- In the era from the arrival of Kuro-fune (Japanese name for Perry's Fleet) to the end of the bakufu system, sakaya also advanced into information business by effectively using the information territory of these sales persons, human relations with trading company employees from western powers, and their own distribution routes.
- 11世紀中期から12世紀・13世紀初頭にかけて、荘園公領制の成立や院政・武家政治の登場などに対応した中世国家体制が漸進的に構築されていったため、この時期に王朝国家体制は終期を迎えた。
- As the medieval national polity, which corresponded to the establishment of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and the advent of cloister government/samurai government, was progressively built up during the period from the mid-11th century to the 12th century/early 13th century, the period of dynastic polity ended around that time.
- その一方で、鎌倉時代には地頭による侵食を受け、室町時代には守護(守護大名)によって蚕食されるなど、武士の進出に伴って次第に解体への道を進み、戦国時代 (日本)頃までにほぼ形骸化した。
- The system, however, was encroached on by Jito (lords of the manors) in the Kamakura period and by Shugo Daimyos (provincial constables) in the Muromachi period, and thus gradually dismantled in accordance with the rise of samurais and almost became a mere formality by the time of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).
- 応永5年(1398年)来日した朝鮮使節から義弘が莫大な進物を受け取っていたことを斯波義将らが「義弘は朝鮮から賄賂を受け取っている」と義満に讒言し、それが義弘に聞こえて激怒させている。
- When a Korean envoy arrived in Japan in 1398 and presented Yoshihiro with a vast number of gifts, Yoshimasa SHIBA slandered him to Yoshimitsu, saying 'Now Yoshihiro is accepting bribes from Korea,' and when Yoshihiro heard of this slander he was furious.
- また、黒色火薬の火力を推進力として利用した原始的なロケットのような兵器を指して言う場合もあり、その中には標的に着弾した時に焼き払ったり爆発するように燃焼物や火薬を仕込むものもあった。
- Horokuhiya also indicate other similar weapons, such as primitive rockets that used black gunpowder for propulsion and were sometimes loaded with burning materials and gun powder to burn down targets or explode on impact.
- もっとも、寄進系荘園の一般的形態は、自分の私領だけの寄進ではなく、その周辺の国衙領も切り取る(加納)形で行われるし、必ずしも在地領主の主導で行われた訳ではないことにも注意は必要である。
- The common form of donated manors did not just involve a private manor, but (Kano) a style that carved out Kokugaryo and was not under control of the local lord.
- 尊氏は鎌倉で直義を追い謀殺するが、南朝はこの機会に京と鎌倉を同時奪還する軍事的進攻を行い、北朝神器の接収、北朝の光厳・光明・崇光天皇三上皇と皇太子直仁親王の拉致を行い一統は破談となる。
- Takauji caught Takayoshi in Kamakura and killed him, but the Southern Court used this chance for military action to grab both Kyoto and Kamakura back, get the Northern Court Sacred Treasures, and kidnap the three retired Emperors Kogon, Komyo, Suko and the Crown Prince Naohito of the Northern Court, which led to peace talks being broken off.
- 加えて、有能な人材を民間から登用する際、一時的に足軽として藩に在籍させ、その後昇進させる等の、ステップとしての一面もあり、中世の無頼の輩は、近世では下級公務員的性格へと変化していった。
- In addition, the status also had the aspect of serving as a career stepping stone such as when capable individuals who were appointed from among ordinary citizens were temporarily be enrolled with the domain as ashigaru before their subsequent promotion, and what were once gangs of villains during the middle ages took on the identity of low-level public servants.
- ところがロシアは露清密約を結び、日本が手放した遼東半島の南端に位置する旅順・大連市を1898年に租借し、旅順に旅順艦隊(第一太平洋艦隊)を配置するなど、満洲への進出を押し進めていった。
- Russia, however, concluded a secret agreement with the Qing and obtained leases for the cities of Lushun and Dalian at the southern tip of the Liaodong peninsula which Japan was forced to return, and proceeded to expand its presence in Manchuria constructing a naval base in Lushun for the First Pacific Fleet (Lushun Fleet).
- 弘長元年10月3日 (旧暦)(1261年)、江戸氏の一族の一人であった地頭江戸長重が正嘉の飢饉による荒廃で経営ができなくなった江戸郷前島村(現在の東京駅周辺)を北条氏得宗家に寄進した。
- According to historical records, Nagashige EDO, who was a member of the Edo clan and held the post of jito (manager and lord of manor) donated Maeshima Village of Edo-go (Area around present-day Tokyo Station) to the Tokuso family in 1261, because the area became ruined and unmanageable due to famine.
- そのため、長屋王を中心とする朝廷は722年(養老6年)に百万町歩開墾計画を立て、計画遂行を期して723年(養老7年)には田地開墾を促進する三世一身法(さんぜいっしんのほう)を施行した。
- As a result, the Imperial Court lead by Prince Nagaya established a plan in 722 to reclaim a million hectares and, in order to ensure successful execution of the plan, enforced a law called Sanze Isshin no Ho in 723.
- 次第に本百姓の分家や隷属民の '自立' 化が進み、17世紀の半ば以降には、村請制村落が確立していき、(1)田畑や(2)家屋敷地を所持する高持百姓が本百姓であると観念されるようになった。
- Gradually, hon-byakusho was branched and subordinate people became 'independent,' and in the middle of the 17th century and thereafter, villages of the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) were established and a farmer called takamochi-byakusho (a person managing a farm by employing farm workers) who possessed (1) a field and (2) a house and land came to be recognized, as hon-byakusho.
- こうした環境下における進化の結果、前述のカリフォルニアロールを始めアメリカ独自で考案された寿司も多く出現し、地方都市のスーパーマーケットですら普通に寿司が売られるほどに一般化している。
- As a result of progress under such circumstances, many sushi invented uniquely in America, such as California rolls, appeared and even in supermarkets in local cities sushi is usually sold and popularized.
- また守護は、当初は国司の業務や地頭の権限への介入を禁じられていたが、応仁の乱以後の地方定住と権力の拡張の結果次第に領主化して室町後期には地方支配も進み、この頃の守護は守護大名と呼ばれる。
- At first, it was prohibited for shugo to intervene in the tasks of Kokushi and the authorities of Jito, however, as a result of settlement in local areas and expansion of authorities after the Onin War, they gradually became feudal lords and cemented their grip in local areas by the late Muromachi period; shugo in this period are especially called shugo-daimyo (Japanese territorial lords).
- 東京に入った愛宕主従は古賀・中村に誘われた秋田・久留米藩士や前述の堀内誠之進らと謀議を重ね、秋田藩内の同志に呼びかけて日光を占領し、更に東京に火を放って天皇を京都に連れ出す作戦を練った。
- Otagi and his men arrived in Tokyo, and repeatedly plotted together with Seinoshin HORIUCHI and retainers of the Akita and Kurume clans, who were called by Koga and Nakamura, to occupy Nikko with help from the members from the Akita clan, setting fire to Tokiyo and taking the emperor to Kyoto.
- 1761年(宝暦11年)に制定された「刑法草書」は「徒刑」(懲役刑)制度や保護観察制度、除墨制度を導入した進歩的な法体系であるが、その編纂は明律を参考にしたところが大きいと言われている。
- The 'Keiho sosho,' established in 1761, was a progressive legal system introducing the 'penal servitude' (imprisonment) system, probation system, and tattoo removal system, and is known to have largely consulted the Ming code compilation.
- ただし、秀才 (科挙)・進士を選考する際に文選_(書物)・爾雅から問題が出されていたことが、『令集解』の内容から判明しており、文学なども教育課程には組み込まれていたものと考えられている。
- Meanwhile, it is also thought that other subjects such as literature were incorporated into the education program, as it was revealed from the content of 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) that there were some questions from Wen Xuan (a book), as well as Erya, in examinations to appoint shusai (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test) (the Imperial Examination) and shinshi (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test).
- 織田方が川を渡ろうとすると人馬が足を取られて前進できず、また川を越えた者も湿地帯で動きが鈍っている所に、頭上から25人ずつが二列横隊を組んで間断なく鉄砲で狙い撃ち、さらに弓隊が射立てた。
- While some of the Oda army could not move in the river and others who crossed the river could not progress quickly in the marsh, two rows of 25 soldiers each shot them with guns without interruption and furthermore, other units shot them with bows.
- 『内裏式』や『貞観儀式』によれば、当日は天皇が紫宸殿に出御し、中務省の輔と丞が具注暦を載せた案(台)を担いだ陰陽頭・助及び頒暦を収めた櫃を担いだ陰陽允・属を率いて紫宸殿の庭中に進み出る。
- According to 'Dairishiki' (Ceremonial Book of the Court) and 'Jogan gishiki' (ceremony in the manner of Jogan period), on the day of the presentation of the calendar, the emperor arrives at the Shishinden, the Minister and Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs steps forward to the court of the Shishinden, followed by Onmyo no kami and suke shouldering a desk carrying the guchureki and by Onmyo no jo and zoku shouldering a chest containing the hanreki.
- 平穏な時代の訪れとともに武断的な家臣よりは文治的な家臣が重用されるようになったことに加え、安土桃山時代になされた兵農分離に加え江戸時代に俸禄制が主流になったことで武士の吏僚化が益々進んだ。
- As it became a peaceful period, samurai became increasingly bureaucratic, not only due to vassals being given important positions when they excelled in governance instead of in military affairs, but because of the heinobunri policy implemented in the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the adoption of the horoku system in the Edo period as well.
- それに対し、対馬は山がちで耕地が少なく土地を通じた領国支配は困難であった。そのため、宗氏は通交権益の知行化を通じて有力庶家の掌握や地侍の被官化を行い、領国支配を推し進めていた(宗氏領国)。
- On the other side, Tsushima was a mountainous country with small arable land, so it was difficult to govern the territory only with taxes imposed on the land.
- 更に建武の新政において元弘3年(1333年)、諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化が急速に進んだため、室町時代の法令には初発から寺社領、本所領、武家領の表現が現れる。
- Furthermore, under the Kenmu Restoration regime in 1333, as the positions of honke (nominal landowners) and ryoke (virtual landowners) of manors were abolished in various provinces and Kansha Kaihorei (Order to Release Officially Authorized Shrines) was issued, resulting in rapid progress of proprietorship unification, and such expressions as jisharyo (estates of temples or shrines), honsho ryo (estates of honsho) and bukeryo (estates of samurai families) began to be found in the initial forms of these orders of Muromachi period.
- 参勤交代は軍役であるから、大名は保有兵力である配下の武士を随員として大量に引き連れて江戸に出仕し、領地に引き上げねばならないため、移動の際に大名行列という大掛かりな行進を行う必要があった。
- Because sankin-kotai was a military service, daimyo had to move with a great number of their subordinate warriors, which traveling took the form of a large-scale march called daimyo-gyoretsu.
- これに替わって平安時代中期以後に不輸の権 (日本)などを獲得した寄進地系荘園を経営基盤として現地に預所を派遣するとともに、現地の有力者や農民を荘官・名主に任命して国衙からの支配に対抗した。
- Replacing the systems, after the mid Heian period, the government dispatched azukari dokoro (estate custodian) to the local estates based on shoen that consisted of donated lands that had been granted Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) or the like as a business foundation, and also appointed the local magnate or influential farmer to shokan (estate officer) or myoshu (local landowner and cultivator) to oppose the rule of kokuga (provincial government office).
- 大学別曹は一族単位で学生の学資・生活を保障してその官界進出を助ける制度であったから、安定した勉学環境を得た大学別曹を持つ氏族出身者とそれ以外の氏族との間で「格差」が生み出されるようになった。
- Daigaku-besso was the system in which a clan as a whole ensured financial aids for schooling and the livelihood of students (their relatives) and assisted them in advancing into bureaucracy, so it resulted in a 'disparity' between people from clans that, having Daigaku-besso, could offer a stable learning environment and people from other clans that could not.
- そのため、天皇は家臣を遣わして開城を勧めたが、幽斎にも武士としての面目があったためにこれを拒絶し、古今相伝の和歌集に証明状を添えて天皇や八条宮智仁親王(後陽成天皇の弟)に進呈するに留まった。
- Therefore, the Emperor sent a vassal to tell Yusai to surrender the castle, but Yusai refused because of his own personal honor as a samurai and gave the anthology of waka poems from ancient to modern times with the certificate to the Emperor and Imperial Prince Hachijonomiya Toshihito (younger brother of Emperor Goyozei).
- 司馬懿の提言で、長期にわたる抗争を繰り広げていた呉 (三国)・蜀それぞれの国境付近(淮河流域、関中)でも軍屯が展開され、これにより安定した食糧供給を維持した魏は、両国との争いを有利に進めた。
- With the suggestion of Sima Yi, Gunton were developed near the borders with the Go (Three States Period) (area along the Huai River) and Shu (Guanzhong), countries that they had long been in battle with, and Wei was able to have a stable supply of provisions, which was advantageous in fighting these two countries.
- このような改革には積極的に西洋文明の先進制度が取り入れられ、その過程で、「お雇い外国人」と呼ばれる外国人が、技術指導、教育分野、官制・軍制整備など様々な分野で雇用され、近代国家建設を助けた。
- The developed systems of western civilization were positively adopted in this reform, and in this process foreigners called 'Employed Foreigner' were hired in various areas including technical assistance, education, consolidation of the organization of the central government, and military systems, to help Japan build a modern state.
- また、貞観 (日本)2年(860年)には『孝経』の注釈書が大春日雄継の進言にて唐の李隆基御製の注釈書である『御注孝経(開元始注)』を採用する(ただし、孔安国については学習を妨げない)とした。
- In 860, 'Gyochu Kokyo' (Kaigan Shichu), an annotation text written by Ryuki LI was adopted for the annotation of 'Kokyo' by the advice of OKASUGA no Otsugu (however, the study of those of Ankoku KO were not restricted in any way).
- だが、その一方で坂上氏・中原氏による家学化が進んで明法博士の世襲が行われるようになり、中には後世の学者から見ても法解釈の誤りが明らかである拙劣な勘文を残す明法博士が現れるなどの問題もあった。
- On the other hand, there were problems caused by hereditary transfers of doctors of Myoho developed by Sakanoue and Nakahara clans, by which some doctors of Myoho made bad Kanmon response papers with apparently wrong interpretations of law, which future scholars could find.
- 荘園内での開発が進展するにともない、不輸の範囲や対象をめぐる開発領主と国司の対立がはげしくなると、荘園領主の権威を利用して国司の使者の立ち入りを認めない不入の権 (日本)を得る荘園が増えた。
- With the progress of developments in shoen, conflict between kaihatsu-ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) and kokushi intensified over the scope and the target of Fuyu (tax exemption), and more and more shoen acquired Funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering their property) so they could take advantage of refusing the entry by kokushi's envoy.
- 奥書によると、応永29年(1422年)に兼良が自分の子弟の教育のために書いたものとあり、また別に室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義量の求めに応じて、19才の兼良が何の書物も見ずに書いて進ったともある。
- According to the colophon, it was written by Kaneyoshi for his disciples in 1422, and also, it was written by nineteen-year-old Kaneyoshi at the request from Seii taishogun (Commander in chief) of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA, without referring to any book.
- ところが、室町時代になると、自立した百姓らによる自治村落(惣村)の形成が進み、こうした惣村では、惣内部や時には対立する他の惣との紛争解決の検断沙汰についてすら自ら検断権を行使するようになった。
- However, during the Muromachi period, self-governing communities (sosons) by independent peasants were formed and these communities started to exercise the right themselves against Kendan-sata to settle conflicts within the communities and sometimes even between communities.
- 結果的に延喜の治は律令制復活の最後の試みとなり、次代の朱雀天皇および藤原忠平の治世から、律令制支配は完全に放棄されることとなり、新たな支配体制王朝国家体制の構築・充実が進展していったのである。
- As the result, Engi no chi was the last trial conducted to bring back the Ritsuryo system, and this ruling system was completely abandoned during the reign of the next emperor, Emperor Suzaku, and FUJIWARA no Tadahira and the establishment and reinforcement of a new system, i.e. the Imperial Court, state was starting to develop.
- 反証可能性に至っていないもの、地球温暖化の進行程度の差を指摘するものなどが多く見られ、いずれの場合も化石燃料由来温室効果ガスの地球温暖化効果自体を否定する科学的根拠が示されているわけではない。
- There are many theories, some of which are not convincing and some of which point out the difference in degree of the progress of global warming; in summary, any of them does not show a scientific ground for denying the influence of global warning caused by greenhouse gases originated from fossil fuel.
- その一方、一般の御家人層では、異国警固番役や長門警固番役などの新たな負担を抱えるとともに、貨幣経済の普及に十分対応しきれず、分割相続による所領の細分化などもあり、急速に階層分化が進んでいった。
- On the other hand, common gokenin had to shoulder new burdens such as Ikokukeigobanyaku (military service imposed on gokenin in the Kyushu area by the bakufu in order to protect themselves against the invasion force of the Yuan dynasty) and Nagato keigoban (guards to protect Nagato Province against an invasion by a foreign country), which made it difficult for them to cope with the emerging monetary economy; moreover, their territories were broken up due to divided inheritance, so the social hierarchy rapidly diversified.
- 弁慶と富樫のやりとりの緊張感、勧進帳の読み上げの見事さ、一旦逃れられると思わせて足弱の山伏(実は義経)が見とがめられ、弁慶が思い切り主を杖で打つ場面、最期の酒宴の場の弁慶の舞など、見所が多い。
- There are a lot of highlights; the tension of the dialogue between Benkei and Togashi; the splendor of reading out kanjincho; the scene that a limping yamabushi (Yoshitsune in fact) is suspected when they pretend to get away, and Benkei hits his own master hard with a cane; Benkei's dance at the very last feast scene and so forth.
- 京都旭丘中学事件(きょうとあさひがおかちゅうがくじけん)とは、1953年4月29日-1954年6月1日にかけて発生した京都市立旭丘中学校の教育方針を巡る保守派と進歩派の教員・父母による対立事件。
- The Kyoto Asahigaoka Junior High School affair is a conflict that lasted from April 29, 1953 to June 1, 1954, between conservative and progressive parents/teachers over the education policy of Kyoto Municipal Asahigaoka Junior High school.
- しかし、今日のボードゲームやテレビゲームの中にさいころ(あるいは代用品としてルーレット)を用いてゲームを進行させる作品が多く存在しており、これらを双六の進化・発展した姿であると考える事も出来る。
- Still nowadays, there are many games, such as board games and video games that use dices (or a roulette, in place of dices) and they can be regarded as improved and evolved forms of the Sugoroku game.
- 院宮分国制とは、年限を限って、院宮家(太上天皇・女院・皇后・中宮・東宮など)に特定国の国守(または受領)を推薦する権利を与えるとともに、当該国から上進される官物を院宮家が収納するという制度である。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system is the system in which Innomiya families (the families of Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor), nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), Empress, chugu (the second consort of an emperor) and Togu (the Crown Prince)) were given the right to make a recommendation of kokushu (or zuryo (the head of the provincial governors)) of a specific province and were also allowed to get the kanmotsu dedicated by the province.
- 平氏は、西国の勢力を再編成して軍の再建を進め、瀬戸内沿岸で義仲軍を徐々に押しやり、寿永3年(1184年)1月に義仲が頼朝政権軍(源範頼・源義経軍)に滅ぼされる頃には福原を回復するまでに至っていた。
- The Taira clan reorganized the west forces and reestablished its troops, gradually pushing Yoshinaka away at the Setouchi seacoast, and by the time Yoshinaka was eliminated by the Yoritomo government troops (troops of MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune) in January 1184, they had recovered Fukuhara.
- 唐や宋の荘園には不輸不入の権限は存在しなかったものの、皇帝からの恩賜地は租税を減免され、官僚所有の荘園には免役特権が存在したため、農民が重い税負担から逃れるために荘園を官僚に寄進する例も見られた。
- The shoens during the Tang and Sung dynasty did not have the right of tax exemption and the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property, but the lands from the Emperor were exempt from taxation and the shoens owned by bureaucrats had the right of tax exemptions and so some farmers donated their shoens to the bureaucrats so as to escape from heavy tax burden.
- 朝鮮を属国としていた清との日清戦争に勝利し、朝鮮半島への影響力を排除したものの、中国への進出を目論むロシア、フランス、ドイツからの三国干渉によって、下関条約で割譲を受けた遼東半島は清に返還された。
- In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-'95, Japan defeated the Qing Dynasty, and removed its influence over its formal vassal Korea; However, in spite of the fact that the Liaodong Peninsula was ceded to Japan by the Qing under the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan was prompted to return Liaodong to the Qing under pressure from the Triple Intervention of Russia, France, and Germany that sought to secure their own ambitions in China.
- しかしその頃、時を同じくして船によって琵琶湖を渡っていた丹羽長秀が「一度坂本に戻るべし」という部下の反対にあうも機は今を置いて他に無いと判断し、進路を変更して海津への上陸を敢行した事で戦局は一変。
- However, Nagahide NIWA, who was then crossing Lake Biwa by boat, decided that now was the time; despite objections from his subordinates that he should return to Sakamoto for the present, Nagahide changed his course and ventured a landing on Kaizu, which decisively turned the tide of the battle.
- 初めは紀伊藩徳川光貞や加賀藩前田綱紀といった有力藩主とその周辺の学者によって行われたのをその嚆矢とするが、光貞の子・徳川吉宗が江戸幕府の第8代将軍になると、幕府内部でも研究が進められるようになった。
- Initially it was performed by powerful feudal lords such as Mitsusada TOKUGAWA of the Kii Domain, Tsunanori MAEDA of the Kaga Domain, and the scholars around them, but when Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the child of Mitsusada, became the eighth shogun of the Edo bakufu, research was performed in the bakufu as well.
- これに対して、進歩派の教員・父母と京都教職員組合が学校を封鎖して管理授業を行い、これに対して保守派の父母は市教委とともに公共施設を用いた補習授業を行って対抗したことで生徒までをも2分することになる。
- Against this action, the progressive teachers/parents and the Kyoto teachers' union blocked up the school to give custody classes while the conservatives parents and the Kyoto City Board of Education against the progressives gave supplementary classes in the public institution, dividing students into two sides.
- 当初は民部省に貢進された後で各官司に配分されたが、10世紀に入ると民部省を関与させずに特定の官司に対して特定の国が舂米を直接貢進する形式に替わり、各官司の財政が独立採算制に変わっていく一因となった。
- Originally, it was tithed to the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) and then distributed to the various Kanji (government official), but in the tenth century, the Minbusho did not intervene, but each province directly tithed shomai to a given Kanji and this became one of the factors that led to each Kanji becoming responsible for their individual finances.
- 前時代までの刀剣が、中国や朝鮮半島からの伝来品か、それらを模して国内で作られたものが多かったのに比べ、平安時代に入ると国風文化の進展に伴い、伝来品を下敷きとしつつも我国独自の様式が形作られていった。
- Whereas most of the swords before the Heian period were either imported from China or the Korean Peninsula, or modeled after them and domestically produced, swords in the Heian period and after saw development of styles original to Japan deriving from those imports.
- やがて、文章博士経験者が従来の明経博士経験者に代わって大学頭・侍読・式部大輔などの要職を独占して公卿に昇進する者も登場するようになり、明経道が管轄する儒学に関する事柄にも文章道が関与することもあった。
- Later, as those who experienced monjo hakase, instead of those who experienced myogyo hakase, began dominating important positions such as daigaku no kami, jidoku (imperial tutor) and shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial) and some were even promoted to kugyo, monjodo sometimes became involved in Confucianism, which was under myogyodo's control.
- 日本の右軍の主力毛利秀元(兵約25000)、加藤清正(兵約10000)、黒田長政(兵約5000)及び軍監太田一吉、竹中重利の五将は兵40000余人を率い8月29日全州を発して北進し9月初旬公州に至る。
- The five main groups of the right army of Japan, consisting of Hidemoto MORI (about 25,000 soldiers), Kiyomasa KATO (about 10,000 soldiers), Nagamasa KURODA (about 5,000 soldiers), Assistant Deputy General Kazuyoshi OTA and Shigetoshi TAKENAKA led about 40,000 soldiers and left Jeonju on October 10; they headed north, reaching Gongju in the middle of October.
- 信長からは丹波国を平定させた明智光秀の軍を送るとの返事を得たものの、1日も早く備中高松城を落城させよという厳しい命が下り、秀吉が不安と焦りに駆られていたころ、軍師・黒田官兵衛孝高が水攻めの策を進言した。
- While Nobunaga replied that he would send the troops of Mitsuhide AKECHI, who had subjugated Tanba Province, but gave strict orders to conquer Bitchu Takamatsu-jo Castle as soon as possible, Hideyoshi, alarmed and frustrated, heard his strategist Kanbei Yoshitaka KURODA offer an idea of using inundation tactics.
- そのような危険を冒してまで遣唐使たちは、多くの書籍やあるいはすぐれた織物や銀器・陶器・楽器などを数多く持ち帰り、また、唐の先進的な政治制度や国際色豊かな文化をもたらし、当時の日本に多大な影響をあたえた。
- Although such risks were involved, these envoys were incredibly influential to Japan at the time, by bringing back large numbers of books and high quality textiles, silverware, porcelain and musical instruments and also introducing advanced political systems and the international culture of Tang.
- 対外政策としては明に替わり日本がその中心になる華夷思想を打ち出し、ルソン・琉球国・高山国(当時、台湾に存在すると考えられていた国)・李氏朝鮮などに服属と朝貢を求める武威を背景にした強硬政策を推進している。
- In regards to diplomatic policy, Hideyoshi insisted 'Sinocentrism' in which Japan would be the center instead of Ming and based on military force, applied a hard-line policy that required Luzon, Ryukyukoku, Takasagun (the country believed to exist in Taiwan in those days), Joseon Dynasty and others to yield allegiance and bring tributes to Japan.
- 徳川政権もこの路線を継承、徹底させ、公家に対しては禁中並公家諸法度によって家職に付随する「諸家昇進之次第(官職昇進次第)」を再確認・保証するとともに、徳川将軍家自体が将軍職を家職とすることを明らかにした。
- The Tokugawa government followed and reinforced this approach and issued the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles) for the aristocracy and reconfirmed and guaranteed the promotion path accompanying Kashoku and made it clear that the Tokugawa shogun family itself would make the shogun position as its Kashoku.
- だが、慶長8年(1603年)、徳川家康は征夷大将軍となり江戸幕府を開設、続いて風説通りに家康は源氏長者・右大臣・秀頼には内大臣昇進があったものの、幼少であるという理由で関白は引き続き兼孝が務める事となった。
- In 1603, however, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA became Seii Taishogun and established the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and then, as it had been rumored, he was promoted to Genji Choja (the head of the Minamoto clan) and Udaijin while Hideyori was promoted only to Naidaijin and Kanetaka continued to serve as Kanpaku for the reason of Hideyori's being too young.
- 播磨をようやく再び平定した秀吉は但馬国、因幡国に進出し、山名豊国らを降参させ、山名氏の反織田氏勢力と結んだ毛利氏の吉川経家を鳥取城の戦いにおいて破り、弟の豊臣秀長や宮部継潤に命じ山陰地方の征伐を進めさせた。
- After finally conquering Harima again, Hideyoshi entered into Tajima Province and Inaba Province, and reduced Toyokuni YAMANA to obedience, beat Tsuneie KIKKAWA of the Mori clan at the Battle of Tottori-jo Castle, who was part of the anti-Oda forces led by the Yamana clan, and ordered his brother Hidenaga and Keijun MIYABE to conquer the Sanin region.
- こうした状況下で、朝廷は実情に適合した国政改革を進めていき(改革が最も進展したのは900年前後の寛平・延喜期)、地方行政の分野では、国司筆頭官(受領)に対して租税収取権・軍事権などの大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
- Under such a situation, the imperial court practically advanced national administration reform (the reform culminated during the Kanpyo and the Engi period around 900) and authority such as the right of tax collection, military affairs and so on were widely transferred to the leaders of kokushi (zuryo) in the local administration.
- しかし平安時代になるころから地域社会での階層分化が激しく進み、資本となる動産を蓄積し、安定経営を成し遂げた少数の富豪百姓が、経営が破綻して口分田を失った零細百姓層を隷属下に収めていく動きが激しくなっていった。
- However, starting from about the Heian period, the rank differentiation was developed dramatically in regional society, and actions by a small number of rich peasants, who had accumulated movable assets and achieved stable business to enslave poor peasants who had lost their kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) due to failed management became more popular.
- 相馬御厨も大庭御厨も、本所の伊勢神宮は必ずしも下司となった寄進主(開発領主)を保護出来きれなかった、自分の取り分が確保され、更には増えるのなら、下司職が、源義朝でも、千葉常胤でも構わなかったということである。
- That indicates that honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) Ise-jingu Shrine could not always protect donators, or kaihatsu-ryoshu, who became their local official, and rather, it did not matter to them whether the position of the local official was held by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo or Tsunetane CHIBA, as long as their share was guaranteed and, even more, increased.
- ロシアは閔妃を通じ売り払われた鍾城・鏡源の鉱山採掘権や朝鮮北部の森林伐採権、関税権などの国家基盤を取得し朝鮮半島での影響力を増したが、ロシアの進める南下政策に危機感を持っていた日本がこれらを買い戻し回復させた。
- Japan became alarmed when Russia enhanced its grip and influence over the Korean peninsula by acquiring vital state assets such as the mining rights in Chongsong and Gyeongwon sold off by Empress Myeongsong, timber rights in the north, and tariff rights, and purchased back and restored many of these.
- すでに天養2年(1145年)3月、義朝による寄進があったが、常胤は「親父常重契状」の通り、領主・荒木田神主正富(伊勢内宮神官)に供祭料を納め、加地子・下司職を常胤の子孫に相伝されることの新券を伊勢神宮へ奉じた。
- Although the donation was already made by Yoshitomo in April 1145, Tsunetane offered money for festivals to the feudal lord Masatomi of the Ise priest family, a Shinto priest of the Ise-naiku (inner shrine), in accordance with 'a deed of father Tsuneshige,' and offered the Ise-jingu Shrine a deed stating that kajishi and the position of a local official to manage a shoen estate would be inherited by his children and descendants.
- 明治28年(1895年)、「戦死者贈位並叙位ノ件」が制定されたのに伴い、功績抜群なる軍人が戦死した場合は生前の位階に関わらず従五位以上を贈るものとし、準ずるものは生前の位階を一級ないし二級特進させることとした。
- Since 'Senshisha zoi narabi joi no ken' (Matter for conferring and investiture of court ranks to those who died in the war) was enacted in 1895, when a military man with distinguished performance died in a war, Jugoi or higher was bestowed irrespective of the rank before his death, and those pursuant would receive an accelerated promotion by one or two ranks higher to the rank held before death.
- だが、奏進された新暦に対して、算博士や宿曜師などが異議を申し立てて、暦博士と改暦論争が始まる場合があり、場合によっては年が明けてから改暦(この場合はその年の暦の修正・変更のこと)が行われることも珍しくはなかった。
- But sometimes San hakase and Sukuyoshi protested a new calendar presented to the emperor and engaged in a dispute over amending the calendar and it was not uncommon to see the calendar amended (the new year calendar modified or changed) after the New Year Day.
- 西日本から関東地方に波及した二毛作の技術や牛馬耕、水車などを利用した灌漑施設の整備や肥料の発達などは生産力を向上させ、さらに農業技術の進歩で集約的・多角的な農業を行い、自立農民の成長を促して郷村制の成立をもたらす。
- New agricultural techniques were gradually introduced to the Kanto from western Japan, including irrigation techniques that utilized the planting of two crops a year, oxen and horses to plow, and water wheels, as well as increased production and use of manure fertilizer, leading to improved crop production; moreover, more concentrated and diverse agricultural efforts were launched thanks to advances in agricultural technology, which led to the development of a system of villages that spurred the growth of self-reliance among farmers.
- また、楽市楽座政策をもって彼の先進性と見なす向きもあるが、戦国期に畿内を中心とした土地を大規模な範囲で支配出来たのは信長が最初であるという事情もあり、むしろ経済史の流れに沿っている側面も強いことに注意が必要である。
- The rakuichi-rakuza policy is considered to demonstrate Nobunaga's progressive outlook but there is also the fact that he was the first to achieve wide-reaching territorial control centered around the Kinki region during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), and it is necessary to note that the phenomenon was very important part of economic history.
- 明は日本(幕府)に倭寇の取り締まりを求め、幕府も公船で貿易を行ない、私貿易を禁止すれば、既存の民間貿易の利得を幕府側で一手に引き受けることが可能になるという目論見から、勘合符を用いる貿易が推し進められることとなった。
- As the Ming dynasty required Japan (that is, the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) to crack down on the wako, the bakufu continued to trade using official ships and prohibited private foreign trade in the hope that they could exercise total control over existing profits from private foreign trade; thus, trade using Kangofu was implemented.
- 平正盛は、桓武平氏貞盛流の伊勢平氏に出自し、その父の正衡までは軍事貴族の中でもそれほど有力な一族ではなかったが、永長2年(1097年)伊賀国の所領を六条院(白河上皇の娘・郁芳門院の御堂)に寄進して鞆田荘を成立させた。
- TAIRA no Masamori was from the Sadamori branch of the Kanmu-Taira clan and his father, Masahira, was not such a powerful member among the warrior aristocracy, but donated his property in Iga Province in 1097 to the Rokujyo-in Temple (Retired Emperor Shirakawa's daughter, Ikuhomonin no Mido) and established Tomoda no sho.
- しかし、その形式が従来と違い文中に中国皇帝のみが使用する「皇」や「勅」の語があったことで、朝鮮側はそれらは朝鮮にたいし日本を上位におくととらえ、また近代化を進める日本を「仮洋夷」として警戒してその受け取りを拒否した。
- However, the Korean government refused to accept it saying that the note was written in a style that differed from the conventional one and containing words '皇' and '勅'--traditionally used only by Chinese emperors-- suggested that Japan was superior to Korea, and warning that Japan's modernization was based on 'a presumed doctrine of excluding western threats.'
- その後、院政期に入ると朔旦冬至の年に官務と局務に各3部ずつ、記録所に1部を進上することが慣例化された(大治 (日本)元年藤原宗忠『中右記』・永仁5年賀茂定清『永仁五年朔旦冬至記』・明徳3年中原師豊『大外記師豊記』)。
- Later, when insei period started, people made it rule to present three copies of the calendar to kanmu and kyokumu and one copy to kirokujo in the year of sakutan toji (according to 'Chuyuki' by FUJIWARA no Munetada in 1126, 'Einin gonen sakutan tojiki' by Kamo no Sadakiyo in 1297 and 'Daigeki morotoyoki' by Morotoyo NAKAHARA in 1392).
- 正税帳や平城宮跡から発掘された木簡などによって、天平年間にはシステムとして確立されていたこと、貢進は5斗(1俵)単位で行われたこと、ウマを用いて輸送する場合には1頭あたり3俵を運ぶと決められていたことが判明している。
- The Shozeicho and wooden tablets found from the Heijo site have shown that this was established as a system around the Tenpyo era and donations were made in units of 5 'to' (1 hyo/pyo), and it was determined that 3 hyo/pyo per head was to be transported if using a horse.
- 朝鮮王朝建国当初においては対馬以外の地域からも興利倭船が派遣されていたが、入港場の制限・行状所持の義務化・文引制の施行等、通交統制が進み通交経費の増加に伴い、対馬以外の地域から派遣される興利倭船は姿を消すことになる。
- Although Koriwasen were dispatched from regions other than Tsushima at the beginning of the Korea kingdom, as the regulation on the traffic progressed and traffic expenses increased such as restriction on the ports for Koriwasen to enter, requirement for Koriwa to bear gyojo, enforcement of bunin system (require all the passenger to bear passage permission issued by the So clan), Koriwasen dispatched from the region other than Tsushima gradually disappeared.
- 平清盛は、高倉天皇と平家一門の反対を押し切って遷都を強行したが、それは宋 (王朝)との貿易拡大によって海洋国家の樹立を目指したためともいわれ、都市整備が進めば平氏政権による「福原幕府」のようなものになったとも言われる。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori forced through his plan for the transfer of the capital, despite objections from Emperor Takakura and the Taira family, and it is said that he was aiming to establish a maritime state by expanding trade with the Sung (dynasty), and that if the city had been built, a powerful feudal government under the control of the Taira clan, a kind of 'Fukuhara Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)', would have been established.
- 先の藤原利仁も、平将門の祖父の平髙望も、あるいはそれ以前に関東進出を果たしていた嵯峨源氏も、そうした「群盗蜂起」に対する治安維持の為に、京の貴族社会の中で武勇に優れたものが下向し、治安維持に当たったものと見られている。
- FUJIWARA no Toshihito, who lived earlier, TAIRA no Takamochi, who was the grandfather of TAIRA no Masakado, and Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) that entered Kanto region even earlier than all of them sent one within the aristocratic society of Kyoto that excelled in martial arts to travel to districts to deal with the 'increase in robberies' for the sake of public peace.
- 室町時代は、3代征夷大将軍足利義満の時代の全盛を除いて戦乱と無秩序の時代であったが、鎌倉時代以前には見られない、出自不明の農民・商人層の社会進出を可能とし、日本史上、初めて人間の顔が見える人物を登場させた時代でもある。
- Aside from the golden age of prosperity reached under the third seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Muromachi period was fraught with wars and disorder, but on the other hand, not since before the Kamakura period had there been such opportunity for common people of obscure origins, farmers and tradesmen, to advance socially, and among all the eras of Japanese history, the Muromachi period was the first to produce notable people whose faces and lives appear in clear focus to later eyes.
- それに加えて、18世紀後半の産業革命によって欧米諸国は急速に近代化しており、それぞれの政治経済的事情から大航海時代の単なる「冒険」ではなく、自らの産業のために資源と市場を求めて世界各地に植民地獲得のための進出を始めた。
- In addition to the above, western countries modernized rapidly through industrial revolution in the latter half of the 18th century, and for their own political and economic reasons, started debouching into various places around the world to acquire their own colonies for the purpose of seeking resources and markets for their own industries, rather than for the simple purpose of 'adventure' during the Age of Geographical Discovery.
- このデモ行進は、京都市公安条例上の許可を得た上で行われたものであったが、京都市公安委員会は、本件デモ行進を許可するにあたって、『行進隊列は4列縦隊とすること』及び『車道の東側端を進行すること』という条件が付されていた。
- The demonstration march was held after obtaining permission of the Kyoto Prefecture Public Safety Commission, with the conditions that ''the marching shall be in fours'' and ''the marching shall proceed on the eastern side of the carriageway.''
- 律令国家・国衙の援助で広大な未開地を設定して開発する、自墾地系荘園(じこんちけいしょうえん)は地方に多く、すでに熟田化した墾田を買得・相博・譲与・寄進などで集積した、既墾地系荘園(きこんちけいしょうえん)は畿内に多い。
- There were many Jikonchi Kei Shoen in rural areas, in which vast wastelands were defined in order to develop the land with the aid of the Kokuga under the ritsuryo code, while, in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), there were many Kikonchi Ke Shoen, which were collected through purchase, exchange, transfer, and donation of well-cultivated rice fields called Konata.
- ただし、苗木供給体制の整備が進行中(少花粉スギの苗木供給を平成29年までに約1,100万本へ増強する計画)であること、森林所有者がスギ材価の低迷で伐採・植え替えに応じにくい環境にあることから、実行性はなお不透明である。
- However, its effectiveness is unclear as maintenance of the seedling supply system is ongoing (the plan is to increase the supply of low-pollen Japanese cedar seedlings to approximately 11 million by the year 2017) and forest owners find it difficult to consider felling or transplantation due to the low price of cedar wood.
- しかし、寿永2年(1183年)5月に源義仲の軍が北陸から一気に京へ進軍すると、義仲軍に主力を壊滅させられていた平氏は、ついに安徳天皇を伴って京を脱出し大宰府に下向するが、豊後の武士・緒方維栄に撃退され屋島にたどり着いた。
- However, in May 1183, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's troops swept into Kyoto from Hokuriku, and the Taira clan, whose main forces were crushed by Yoshinaka's troops, finally decided to escape Kyoto and headed towards Dazaifu accompanied by Emperor Antoku, but were repelled by Koreyoshi OGATA, a bushi of Bungo and landed on Yashima Island.
- 大韓帝国内でも李氏朝鮮による旧体制が維持されている状況では独自改革が難しいと判断した進歩会は日韓合邦を目指そうと鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
- The Shinpo-kai, which determined that the pursuit of reforms was difficult under systems of the former Yi Dynasty sought political union with Japan and voluntarily collaborated in support of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War; for instance, it reportedly deployed 50,000 people to construct railways.
- 朝貢を行った理由・背景は明確にはなっていないが、おそらく朝鮮半島南部諸国(任那・伽耶)に於ける利権争いへの参入を有利に進めるためであろうと考えられており、実際に中国史書には倭へ朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める内容を記している。
- Although the reasons for and the background to these tributes by Wakoku remain unclear, it is thought they may have been to provide an advantage in the competition over interests and rights in the kingdoms of the southern Korean Peninsula (the Gaya Confederacy) and in fact, Chinese sources mention Wakoku's hegemony over the southern Korean Peninsula.
- 大内軍は間者を用いて大友軍の動きを調べ、動向を手の内にしたり、虚報を流して大友軍を翻弄したうえ、宇佐郡地頭の佐田氏の主、佐田朝泰の進言を容れ、佐田越えののち4月6日早朝、勢場ヶ原に抜け、大村山に籠もる大友軍の奇襲を図った。
- The Ouchi camp spied out the Otomo camp and embarrassed them, confused the Otomo camp by sending false reports to them -- Then, by taking the advice of Tomoyasu SADA, jito (Steward) in Usa-gun County and the head of the Sada clan, the Ouchi clan went over Sada, and in the early morning on May 28, 1534, went through to the Seiba ga haru field and made a surprise attack on the Otomo camp hidden in Mt. Omure.
- しかも、それは半ば理想的な数字で、天慶4年の御暦奏には天皇の出御もない上に11巻しか奏進されず、正暦4年の御暦奏に至っては朔旦冬至にも関わらず、遂に頒暦の奏進が0巻で櫃の入場がないという事態となった(いずれも『本朝世紀』)。
- But this was a quasi-ideal number and in fact, in the goryakuso in 941, the emperor was not present and only eleven copies of the calendar were presented, and in the goryakuso during 993, Sakutantoji was not celebrated, no copies of the calendar was presented to the emperor and no chest arrived at the court (each according to 'Honcho seiki').
- 当初は田令の規定通り田租の一部が貢進されたが、田租を不動穀として備蓄する制度が始まると、国司による出納が許されていた動用倉正税の中から出挙が行われ、それによって得られた利息の一部を田租に替わって年料舂米にあてるようになった。
- Initially, part of Denso was donated as determined by the Denryo, but after the system for storing Denso as Fudokoku (staples for an emergency) started, Suiko (government loans, often seed rice) was taken from the Doyoso Shozei (movable resource) that was allowed to be taken out by the Kunishi, part of the interest earned from this was used instead of Denso to pay for Nenryoshomai.
- 刈田狼藉紛争とは、国内の武士・荘官などの間に起こった所領紛争に他ならず、刈田狼藉検断権を獲得したことによって、守護は国内の武士・荘官へ大きな影響を及ぼすことが可能となり、以後、室町期守護は国内武士・荘官の被官化を進めていった。
- Karita-rozeki disputes were just territory-related disputes occurring among warriors or shokan in a state; after shugo acquired the karita-rozeki related kendan power, they were able to have significant influence on warriors and shokan of the state, and afterward, shugo in the Muromachi period worked hard to vassalize warriors and shokan of the state.
- 奴隷は前時代の私奴婢・部曲の流れを汲み、唐代までは荘園内の労働において重要な役目を担っていたが、宋代になると佃戸による耕作の方が所有者・管理者の負担が軽く、次第に佃戸に切り替えられたり、奴隷の雇傭者化が進むことになっていった。
- Slaves were in the tradition of shinuhi (privately-owned slave) and buqu (a serf) and until the Tang dynasty they had played an important role in the labor service in shoens, but in the Sung dynasty the cultivation by denko cost less for the owners and the managers and gradually the labor was charged to denko and slaves progressively became employees.
- 現代では冷蔵庫など食品の保存に便利な装置や輸送面での技術的進歩によりあまり意識されない所ではあるが、かつては食材の鮮度保持や雑菌繁殖予防などで様々な工夫が行われ、その一部は今日ヅケと呼ばれる調理や味付けの技法に生き残っている。
- At one time various kinds of efforts were made for preserving freshness or preventing contamination and so on, but now they are not noticed because of convenient devices for keeping foods such as refrigerators or technical developments of transportation, a part of which remains in the cooking or seasoning technique called zuke (tuna preserved with soy sauce).
- 長らく上演が絶えていたが、1913年に市川左團次 (2代目)(平木白星作)、1933年に市川三升 (5代目)(山崎紫紅作)、1958年に前進座(平田兼三郎作)、1982年に尾上松緑 (2代目)(利倉幸一作)が復活上演している。
- Though the play was long out of performance, it was revived in 1913 by Sadanji ICHIKAWA (II) (written by Hakusei HIRAKI), in 1933 by Sansho ICHIKAWA (V) (written by Shiko YAMAZAKI), in 1958 by Zenshin-za Troupe (written by Kanesaburo HIRATA) and in 1982 by Shoroku ONOE (II) (written by Koichi TOSHIKURA).
- 1980年代以降の吟醸酒ブームを受けて、さらに少酸性酵母、高エステル生成酵母、リンゴ酸高生産性多酸酵母といった高い香りを出す酵母が多数つくられ、都道府県の管轄下にある研究センターや農業大学を中心として新たな酵母の開発が進んだ。
- In response to the ginjo-shu boom in the 1980's and later, many yeasts that yield a high aroma, such as low-acid-producing yeasts, high-ester-producing yeasts, and high-malic-acid-producing yeasts, were developed, and research institutes under prefectural governments and agricultural colleges promoted development of new types of yeasts.
- また武家階級という新たな社会層も、自らの後進のために、学問を身につけるための施設、学校の整備に配慮するようになり、鎌倉時代には北条実時が金沢称名寺 (横浜市)(現、神奈川県横浜市金沢区)に金沢文庫を設置し、多くの文書を収集した。
- A new stratum of society, the bushi class arms, also came to make arrangements for schools, being facilities where their juniors could learn; in the Kamakura period, Sanetoki HOJYO established the Kanazawa Library at Kanazawa Shomyo-ji Temple, (Yokohama City; present-day Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture), and collected numerous documents.
- 朝廷内部では天下人・秀吉を遇するには内大臣では不足であると考えられており、秀吉が右大臣を嫌って左大臣を望む以上、要求通りにするために現在の左大臣である近衛信輔を辞任させて秀吉を左大臣に昇進させる事は避けられないと考えられていた。
- Appointing Hideyoshi to Naidaijin was considered inside the Imperial Court to be unfit for him, the ruler of Japan, and accordingly, the court thought it inevitable to make Nobusuke KONOE resign from Sadaijin and to promote Hideyoshi to Sadaijin to meet his request as long as Hideyoshi hoped to assume the position of Sadaijin, not Udaijin.
- 京畿道まで進出した日本軍は、冬の訪れを前にして寒冷期の漢江渡河の困難さを鑑み、慶尚道から全羅道の沿岸部へ撤収し、文禄の役の際に築かれた城郭群域の外縁部(東は蔚山から西は順天市に至る範囲)に新たな城郭群を築いて久留の計を目指した。
- Before winter, taking into consideration the difficulty of crossing Han-gang during the cold season, the Japanese army, which advanced to Gyeonggi Province, retreated from Gyeongsang Province to the coastal area of Jeolla Province and tried to build a permanent camp by constructing a number of new castles on the outer border of the area of castles constructed during Bunroku war (ranging from Ulsan in the east to Suncheon-si in the west).
- 相馬御厨は在庁官人が在地領主に変貌していく過程で、国司や目代と激しく対立した事、在地領主層が脆弱な地位を守るために寄進を行った事、寄進による保護にも限界があり、鎌倉幕府の成立へとつながって行った事の例示としてよく取り上げられる。
- Soma-mikuriya is often raised as an exemplary case of: bitter struggles with kokushi (provincial governors) and mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) during the transformation of local officials to local lords; donation by the local lord classes to defend their vulnerable positions; and the limits of the protection by donation, which led to the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- しかし、あくまで国家の中心は朝廷であり、公家、寺家、そして武家の権門が相互補完しながら国家を形成していたとする黒田俊雄らの権門体制論、そうではなく西国の朝廷に対して東国に事実上の国家を樹立したとする佐藤進一らの東国国家論がある。
- However, there are the other theories, such as the argument on the governing structure of the powerful family by Toshio KURODA and his allies, which states that the center of the nation state was the Imperial Court and influential families such as kuge, families that own and reside in temples and samurai families complemented each other and formed the nation state, and the theory of the east state founded by Shinichi SATO and his allies, which says that, instead of the above, the nation state was established in fact in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) against Imperial Court in Saigoku (western part of Japan (especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)).
- 荘園は度重なる寄進によって重層的な支配構造となっていたが、実際に直接あるいは雑掌などを派遣して、荘園内の在地勢力(荘官及び荘民)に対して諸権限を行使しえたのは荘務権を持っている職の体系であり、本来本所とは荘務権を持つ職を指した。
- Shoen was often placed under the complicated control system due to repeated donations; the honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a private estate) originally referred to the individuals who held the shomuken, and those who were in the position to hold the shomuken could administer various authorities against the local power within shoen, such as shokan (an officer governing shoen) and shomin (people of the manor), by personally going to the shoen himself or by sending a zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) there.
- 中世日本(平安時代後期から室町時代・戦国時代 (日本))において存在していた被差別民が、中世社会の中でいかなる存在であったかについては、1980年代以降、網野善彦らによって急速に研究が進展しており、いまだその評価は確定していない。
- Research about the state of discriminated people who existed during medieval Japan (in the era from the latter half of the Heian period to the Muromachi period and the Sengoku Period - period of warring states in Japan) has rapidly progressed since the 1980s through efforts by Yoshihiko AMINO and others, but an evaluation has not been established yet.
- だが、平安時代後期から官司請負制のもとで官職の世襲化が進み、大学寮の教官も特定の氏族の世襲となって、教官たちは世襲の存続のために自己の子弟・一族や限られた門人に対してのみ限定して、大学寮外の自宅などで教授するという家学化が進んだ。
- However, from the latter half of the Heian period government posts were transferred by heredity, as were the instructors of Daigakuryo; in order to keep the heredity system, family education developed, in which the instructors taught only their sons or selected disciples outside Daigakuryo, for example, in their own houses.
- その結果、中央財政にも影響を与えるようになり、宋王朝では乾興 (宋)元年(1022年)に官僚荘園を30頃、将吏衙前荘園を15頃に制限する提案が出されたものの失敗し、その後限田免役法を行って免役の範囲や寄進に制約を課そうとしている。
- As a result, the finance of the central government was influenced by this and during the Sung dynasty in 1022, the proposition that the manors owned by a bureaucrat be limited to 30 and shorigozenmaeshoen to 15 was issued but it failed and later the regulations of tax exemptions were promulgated to impose the restrictions on the range of tax exemptions and the donations.
- 九州や中国地方の戦国大名から、やがて天下統一事業を推進していた尾張国の織田信長が1575年(天正3年)に武田氏との長篠の戦いをはじめとする戦で、鉄砲を有効活用したとされ、鉄砲が戦争における主力兵器として活用される軍事革命が起こる。
- The use of guns spread from the Kyushu and Chugoku regions to the eastern part of Japan, and Nobunaga ODA of Owari Province, who was promoting the unification of Japan, strategically used guns in battles including the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, opening the new era of military technology in which firearms became the main weapon in battle.
- 実際に国会質疑等でも取り上げられてはいるが、答弁はその場しのぎのごまかしを繰り返すばかりであり、大きな進展はない(こうしたことは林野庁の予算が少ないためであり、国が第一次産業を軽視しているのが根本的な原因との見方もないわけではない)。
- Diet discussions take place but lead only to repeated ad hoc piecemeal measures with no major progress made (there are those who consider the fundamental reasons of this to be the small budget allocated to the Forestry Agency and neglect of the nation's primary industry).
- このとき本多正信や徳川四天王の一人・榊原康政などは寡兵の真田氏を侮ることはせず、上田城を黙殺して西軍との主戦場(関ヶ原)に急ぐべきだと進言するが、土井利勝を始めとする戦場に疎い将が多かったこともあり、秀忠の決断を覆すことは出来なかった。
- At this time, Masanobu HONDA and one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and others proposed that they should not downgrade the outnumbered Sanada clan, but pass Ueda-jo castle in silence and hurry to the major battlefield against the Western Camp (Sekigahara), but because there were many generals who were unfamiliar with battlefields including Toshikatsu DOI, they could not reverse Hidetada's decision.
- このことから、義朝の行為は紛争の「調停」であったとする見方もあるが、その直後の千葉常胤の寄進状には「源義朝朝臣就于件常時男常澄之浮言、自常重之手、康治二年雖責取圧状之文」とあり、千葉常胤にとっては、源義朝もまた侵略者の一人であることが判る。
- Thus, there is a point of view that Yoshitomo's action was 'mediation' in the conflict, but since a deed of donation that was prepared by Tsunetane CHIBA immediately thereafter stated '源義朝朝臣就于件常時男常澄之浮言,自常重之手,康治二年雖責取圧状之文,' it can be inferred that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was also an invader for Tsunetane CHIBA.
- これは、鎌倉殿による地頭に対する土地支配権の承認(安堵)が荘園の持つ不安定な法的地位を改善したために、地頭側が、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、下地進止権の獲得を通じた一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていったためと考えられている。
- The background behind the above is considered to be the fact that jito began to pursue the unified ruling of land by annulling the multi-layered land ruling system and obtaining Shitaji shinshi ken (the right to shitaji) since the legal status of shoen became stable thanks to the Kamakura Bakufu's authorization of jito's right to rule the land (ando).
- 例えば、後に佐竹義宗が強引に相馬御厨全域を支配したとき、その『源義宗寄進状』には「常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉、是背法令、大非常之上、大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也」と、上総介常澄、千葉介常胤、が共に反抗していることが伺える。
- For example, when Yoshimune SATAKE aggressively dominated the entire region of Soma-mikuriya later, he stated in 'MINAMOTO no Yoshimune's letter of donation' that '常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉,是背法令,大非常之上,大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也,' indicating that Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi and Chiba no suke Tsunetane both rebelled.
- 第二次世界大戦後に研究が進むと、潜在的に不満を抱いていた中下流の文人貴族層による過大な評価であることが明らかとなり、またその時期の実際の政策も宇多天皇期及びその後の宇多上皇による事実上の院政下で行われたものの延長でしかないことが明らかになった。
- As further research was done after World War II, it became apparent that the eras were overrated by people in the literary nobility in the middle and lower classes who were potentially frustrated at the system of rule at the time, and the actual policies of that time were merely an extension of the ones by the Emperor Uda era and under Insei (rule by the retired emperor) of consecutive reign by Retired Emperor Uda.
- 関係史料が少ないため、平氏政権における国守護人・地頭の設置とそれに伴う支配の深化がどれほど進んでいたかは、必ずしも明らかとなっていないが、学界では、これら国守護人・地頭は、後の鎌倉幕府における守護・地頭の先駆的な存在だと考えるようになっている。
- It is not clear how large an influence the establishment by the Taira clan administration of Jito and Province officers had, or the amount of control they exerted because there are few related historical documents, but the academic field proposes that the Jito and Province officers were like a prototype for Shugo and Jito in the Kamakura bakufu.
- 江戸時代末期・明治時代の開国による外交関係の樹立から大陸情勢への関係が不回避となると、当時の武将達が三韓征伐を想起したように、秀吉の朝鮮出兵もクローズ・アップされるようになり、大陸への進出は豊臣秀吉公の遺志を継ぐ行いだと考えるものも多くなった。
- When involvement in situations in the continent became inevitable as a result of the establishment of diplomatic relationships by opening Japan in the last days of the Edo and the Meiji periods, same as commanders at the time of war were reminded of sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), dispatch of troops by Hideyoshi came to be closed up and many came to consider advancing into the continent was conduct following Hideyoshi's wishes.
- なお、「朱子学は憶測にもとづく虚妄の説にすぎない」と朱子学批判をおこなった荻生徂徠が頃に吉宗に提出した政治改革論『政談』には、徂徠の政治思想が具体的に示されており、これは日本思想史のなかで政治と宗教道徳の分離を推し進める画期的な著作でもあった。
- In addition, around 1726 a political reform theory, 'Discourse on Government' (Seidan) was submitted to Yoshimune by Sorai OGYU, who criticized the doctrines of Zhu Xi, saying that 'the doctrines of Zhu Xi was only a delusional theory based on speculations,' and this book not only demonstrated Sorai's political philosophy concretely but stood out as an epoch-making work in Japanese history of thought which promote the separation of politics from religious morals.
- 先述のように現実の社会矛盾が取り繕われ隠蔽されたなかで天皇が多額の公費により巡幸を行っていることを悲しむとともに、米軍占領下での再軍備や朝鮮戦争が進行していた当時の情勢を踏まえ、日本が戦争に巻き込まれそうになった時の対応などを問うものであった。
- In this letter, students expressed sadness for the Emperor's tour on the ground that it was done using a big amount of tax money while social problems were being glossed over and concealed, and based on the situation at the time where Japan's re-militarization was in progress under U.S. occupation and the Korean War was becoming serious, they asked about Japan's attitude if it was on the verge of being dragged into the war.
- 時計の進む速度は基本として一定なので、15日ごとに時計の文字盤をはめ変える方式(割駒式文字盤)のものと、昼用と夜用の2種類の天符(おもり)を使用し、昼と夜の境(明六つ、暮六つ)ごとにそれぞれが自動的に切り替わる方式のもの(二丁天符)が存在した。
- A clock runs at the constant speeds, so there were a method of replacing a clock face every 15 days (wari-koma dial) and a method of exchanging two kinds of tenpu (weights), one for day and the other for night (nicho-tenpu), automatically at the border between day and night (ake-mutsu [dawn], kure-mutsu [dusk]).
- 国衙軍制の可能性を指摘し、それが武士の起源に関係することを論じたものには、石井進『中世成立期軍制研究の一視点』(「史学雑誌」78編12号所載、1969年)や戸田芳実『国衙軍制の形成過程』(「中世の権力と民衆」所載、創元社、1970年)などがある。
- The papers that pointed out the possibility of the kokuga forces system and discussed the relation of the system to the origin of samurai include 'A viewpoint concerning research about the military system in the early medieval period' written by Susumu ISHII ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), No. 12, vol. 78, in 1969) and 'The process in which the kokuga forces system was formed' written by Yoshimi TODA (recorded in 'Power and the general public in the medieval period,' published by Sogensha, in 1970).
- 米国は国内世論の高まりなどを受けて協議に復帰したが、現在の枠組みに反発し条約改正を視野に交渉に臨む日本・米国・ロシア・オーストラリアなどと、既存の枠組みを進め先進国主導の削減を訴える EU などとの間の対立構造が形成されつつあると指摘されている。
- America has come back to the conference because of the upsurge of domestic public opinion, however, the following issue of conflict between America and other developed countries is pointed out: America, while objecting to the present framework, opposes to Japan, Russia, Australia and so on, which negotiate for the treaty revision, and also opposes to EU, which aims to promote the present framework and to reduce the emissions led by developed countries.
- 江戸幕府の鎖国政策の進展により、幕府公認の朱印船の海外渡航すら難しくなり、1633年老中奉書船以外の海外渡航や帰国を禁止する第1次鎖国令が発令され、1635年にはすべての日本人の海外渡航と帰国を禁止する第3次鎖国令が発令されて朱印船貿易は終末を迎えた。
- It became increasingly more difficult even for government-certified Shuinsen ships to travel to other countries due to the isolationist policy of the shogunate government; in 1633, the First Seclusion Order, which forbade all ships other that those carrying official letters of the shogunate government to visit or return from other countries, was issued; and in 1935, the Third Seclusion Order, which forbade all Japanese to travel to or return from other countries, was issued, bringing an end to Shuinsen trade.
- 久安2年(1146年)4月に、常胤はまず下総国衙から官物未進とされた分について「上品八丈絹参拾疋、下品七拾疋、縫衣拾弐領、砂金参拾弐両、藍摺布上品参拾段、中品五拾段、上馬弐疋、鞍置駄参拾疋」を納め、「其時国司以常胤可令知行郡務」と相馬郡司職を回復した。
- In May 1146, Tsunetane first paid the unpaid kanmotsu according to Shimosa no kokuga (local government of Shimosa), which was '30 hiki (one hiki is approx. 10.6m in length and approx. 34 cm in width) of high-quality silk cloths, 70 hiki of low-quality silk cloths, 12 ryo (an old unit of a weight) of clothes, 32 ryo of sakin (gold dust), 30 dan (an old unit of area) of high-quality printed textile dyed with various shades of indigo blue, 50 dan of high-quality medium-quality printed textile dyed with various shades of indigo blue, two horses, and 30 saddled horses,' and recovered '其時国司以常胤可令知行郡務' and the position of Soma gunji.
- しかし国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は、自領のように扱いはじめた国衙領を増やすため、天皇の代替わりに際して「新政」として発布された荘園整理令を根拠とし依然として収公を進めることが多く、領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースが多く見られた。
- Meanwhile, being granted a more powerful authority due to the contract system of kokushi (provincial governors), kokushi often executed confiscation on grounds of the Manor Regulation Act issued as a 'new policy' when the Emperor changed in order to increase kokugaryo (territories governed by the provincial government office) as their own territories; therefore, there were many cases that the authority of ryoke was insufficient to maintain Shoen ownership.
- まず規定の年貢高から当該年度の除分(免除されたもの)・損亡分(災害による損害)・未進分(未納のもの)を除き、続いて下用・所済・立用などと呼ばれる現地での必要経費を差し引き、更に回収された前年の未納分を足したものが、荘園領主の元に送られる清算納入量となる。
- The adjusted amount of nengu to be sent to the shoen ryoshu was calculated by subtracting the deduction (exemption), loss (damages caused by disaster), and arrearages (unpaid amount) for the year from the settled amount of nengu first, further subtracting the local necessary expenses called geyo (unpolished rice), shosei (nengu paid those other than shoen ryoshu), ruiyo (diversion), and adding the unpaid amount of nengu collected the previous year.
- 平安時代に書かれた『政事要略』によれば、天皇に対しては「御暦」として具注暦2巻と天皇のみに献上される七曜暦1巻(ただし、七曜暦は元日の朝賀の後で天皇に献上されるものであったため、元日に七曜暦のための御暦奏が行われた)、中宮と東宮に具注暦2巻が奏進される。
- According to the 'Seiji yoryaku' published in the Heian period, two copies of guchureki and one copy of shichiyoreki were presented to the emperor (the Goryakuso ceremony was conducted to on the New Year's Day for the shichiyoreki because it was presented after New Year's Felicitations to the emperor) and two copies of guchureki were presented to the chugu and togu.
- 薩長は、土佐藩、佐賀藩をも巻き込み、開国以来の違勅条約に対する反対論と外国人排撃を主張、実行に移そうとする「攘夷」を、国学の進展などにより江戸時代後期から広がっていた国家元首問題としての尊王論とを結びつけ、「尊皇攘夷」を旗頭に「倒幕」の世論を形成していった。
- Satsuma and Choshu domains, together with Tosa and Saga domains, advocated the 'anti-shogunate movement' based on the 'antiforeign imperialism' insisting that the treaties with the Western powers, which were concluded against the imperial order, should not be accepted in the first place and that foreigners should be expelled out of Japan, and placating those who were about to resort to force for the cause of exclusionism, these domains tried to unite exclusionism with the imperialism on the supremacy of the emperor.
- これは紀伝道教育が盛んであった当時の世相の反映であるが、その一方において、こうした行為は私的な師弟関係の形成と言う要素を含む事になり、菅原氏の学閥と反対する諸博士の学閥という対立抗争を生んだ他、大学寮制度の形骸化や家学の形成促進につながったと考えられている。
- It reflected the social conditions at the time when instruction on the Kidendo was widely offered; on the other hand, such an act was obliged to involve a private relationship between master and disciple -- It was considered that the latter fact introduced a conflict between the academic clique from the Sugawara clan and those from the hakase who opposed the Sugawara clan, and that the latter made the Daigaku-ryo system only in name and promoted the formation of hereditary learning.
- ただし、それは技能としての算術・数学であって、数学的思考や教養、感性が求められたものではなく、ましてや中国に見られたような高等数学が当時の日本社会で必要とされる場面は存在しなかったと考えられ、日本数学史が独自の進歩を見せるきっかけにはなりえなかったのである。
- However, this was arithmetic and mathematics as skill: mathematical thinking, cultivation, and sensibility were not sought after, and it seems that the advanced mathematics seen in China was not required by the Japanese society of that time, so this was not an opportunity for unique progress in the Japanese history of mathematics.
- 江戸中期には、農村生活の疲弊が見られるようになったが、18世紀後期~19世紀前期(寛政期~文化文政期)ごろ、幕府は農村復興を大々的に進め、潅漑用水の整備や荒廃地の開発、そのための資金融資を実施するとともに、有能な者を代官に任命して長期間、同一職務にあたらせた。
- During the middle of the Edo period life in farming villages was exhausting, but during the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century (from Kansei era to Bunkabunsei era) the Edo bakufu began to drastically revive the farming villages, maintained irrigation facilities and developed denuded lands as well as made loans for them, appointed competent men as daikan (managing post instead of the landlord) and made him perform the same duties for a long time.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- 秀吉は、1月17日、寺沢志摩守を通じて玄雅に、「今度大明人蔚山取還之由注進付 而為後巻雖押出候敵引退之由 既に自此方も安芸中納言 増田右衛門 因幡但馬大和紀伊九鬼父子等可取立旨雖被仰付候右之分候間不及是非候 云々」の朱印状とともに、小袖一服、道服一服を与えた。
- On February 22, Hideyoshi sent Terasawa Shima-no-Kami to award Harumasa a letter bearing his seal, along with a kimoto with short sleeves and a set of formal clothes; the letter told Harumasa that 今度大明人蔚山取還之由注進付 而為後巻雖押出候敵引退之由 既に自此方も安芸中納言 増田右衛門 因幡但馬大和紀伊九鬼父子等可取立旨雖被仰付候右之分候間不及是非候 云々
- 『吾妻鏡』によると、鎌倉幕府でも天文道に通じた陰陽師を京都から鎌倉へ招いて征夷大将軍に対して天文密奏を行わせたとされている(こうした場合、朝廷に対する密奏が不可能となるため、密奏宣旨は天文博士などへ昇進するための資格を得る以上の意味はなかったと考えられている)。
- According to 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East; a chronicle of the early history of the Kamakura Bakufu), the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) also invited Onmyoji who was well versed in tenmondo from Kyoto to Kamakura to constitute him the mission as the medium of tenmon misso to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (Since the misso could not have been available for the emperor in that situation, it was considered that the imperial decree of the misso meant no more than qualifying a person as tenmon hakase or the like.)
- それまでの新制は、従来から行われてきた法令の性格を残した「新しい禁制」としての新制に留まっていたのに対し、長保元年令は中世における新制公布の最大の動機である天人相関説に由来する攘災と政治再建のための「徳政」の推進という理念に基づいて定められた最初のものであった。
- While shinsei before Chohogannenrei were no more than a 'new ban' which retained characteristics of the former laws, Chohogannenrei was the first to be established based on the idea of promotion of 'virtuous rule' for eradicating disaster and rehabilitating politics, originating from tenjin sokansetsu (one of ancient Chinese views of the world and political thought, the theory that there is close relationship between human action or political affairs, personnel affairs, and natural phenomenon), which was the main motivation for issuing shinsei in the medieval period.
- また価値観の転換や中世史の研究の進歩で、足利尊氏の功績を評価したり、楠木正成は「悪党」としての性格が研究されるようになり、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政は宋学の影響で中華皇帝的な天皇独裁を目指す革新的なものであるなど、南北朝時代に関しても新たな認識がなされるようになった。
- Also, with changes in values and progress in medieval history research, new views regarding the Nanbokucho period such as re-evaluating the achievements of Takauji ASHIKAGA, researching aspects of Masanori KUSUNOKI as an 'Akuto' (rebel), and establishing that Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration was influenced by Sung-period neo-Cunfucianism and was revolutionary because he aimed for a dictatorship, like a Chinese emperor, have come forth.
- また、維新政府は西洋の諸制度を研究するため岩倉具視を正使、大久保利通・木戸孝允・伊藤博文らを副使とする岩倉使節団を欧米へ派遣するが、「留守政府」と呼ばれた日本残留組の西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らの手によって、次々と改革は進んでいった。
- Also, the restoration government dispatched the 'Iwakura Mission,' of which Tomomi IWAKURA was the chief envoy, and Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Hirobumi ITO were the vice envoys, to Europe and the United States, whereas the members of the 'Rusu-Seifu' (the temporary government while heads of the government were away) like Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Takato OKI, advanced many reforms one after another.
- 陰陽寮の役人が退いた後に中務省を代表して輔が天皇に奏上を行い、具注暦は天皇に奏進され、頒暦は天皇と太政官の連絡を掌る少納言が受領して大臣の元に届けられ、大臣から弁官を通じて各官司・国府に配布され、不足の場合には上級官司・国府が書写して下級官司・郡司などに送付した。
- When officials of the Onmyoryo leave the court, the suke makes a presentation before the emperor on behalf of the Ministry of Central Affairs, the guchureki is presented to the emperor, the hanreki is distributed to the Shonagon who manages communications between the Emperor and the Daijokan, then it is sent to each minister, then distributed by ministers to each government officials and kokufu via benkan and, if the number of copies are not enough, highly-ranked kanshi or kokufu transcribes it and sends it to low-ranked kanshi or gunji (district official).
- 近年では元横綱若乃花の花田勝が経営する株式会社ドリームアークが「Chanko Dining 若」というブランド名で全国規模どころか海外進出までをも果たし、さらには大相撲の懸賞の提供企業になるなどしており、2000年以降のこの業界では台風の目ともいえる存在になっている。
- In recent years, Dream Ark run by Masaru HANADA, the former yokozuna (sumo grand champion) Wakanohara succeeded in operating a chunko restaurant chain under the brand name of 'Chanko Dining Waka' on a nationwide scale as well as overseas, and have a presence as a influential in the industry since the year 2000 by offering sumo prize money.
- 9世紀~10世紀に律令制が崩壊した後も、神田には不輸の権(租税免除の権利)が認められていたため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵(有力農民)=開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力な神社(または有力寺院)へ寄進することで、不輸の権 (日本)を獲得しようとした。
- Since Fuyu no ken (the right to tax exemption) was granted to Shinden even after the collapse of the Ritsuryo System from the eighth to ninth century, Tato (dominant farmers or lords cultivating new rice fields) who were then collecting rice fields around them tried to obtain Fuyu no ken Right by donating their rice fields to shrines or temples.
- 経済発展をおこなう以上、多量の二酸化炭素を排出せねばならないと考えられたため開発途上国の自発的参加が見送られ、当初は推進していたアメリカ合衆国も後に受け入れを拒否、ロシア連邦も受け入れの判断を見送っていたため、2004年ごろまでは議定書の発効が行われていない状況であった。
- Voluntary participations of developing countries were shelved because they thought they had to emit a large amount of carbon dioxide as long as they pursued economical development, and the United States of America, which was positive at first, rejected to accept the protocol, further Russian Federation suspended the ratification; accordingly, Kyoto Protocol was not effected until around 2004.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名の一円支配が進み、自検断は表向き次第に消滅もしくは縮小していったが、江戸時代以降も村や町(ちょう)といった公認共同体は事実上それに近い自治権を、あたかも自検断権を放棄しているかのごとき建前に立った、政権との妥協と黙認の上に、保持し続けた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), ichien shihai (rule the whole territory) by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was developed in the Sengoku period and officially Jikendan seemed to disappear and become reduced, however, after the Edo period, authorized communities such as villages and towns (cho) virtually kept possession of their autonomy similar to Jikendan under the compromise and tolerance of the government, standing on the premise that as if they waived their right to judge criminal cases.
- 江戸時代の日本最大の豪商、鴻池財閥は、家業以外への進出を禁じた家憲によって、金融業から他の事業へ営業分野の拡大は図らなかったが、明治期以降は同家の名声を欲する財界の要請で、鴻池家が様々な企業の発起人となり、大株主として君臨したことから、投資財閥の性格をもっていたとも言える。
- The Konoike zaibatsu, as the wealthiest merchant in Japan during the Edo period, did not expand its business from finance to other fields due to the family rule that prohibited the business expansion to other than the family business; however, it can be said that the Konoike zaibatsu had the characteristics of an investment zaibatsu because the Konoike family ultimately founded various enterprises in response to requests from financial communities that had tried to acquire the family reputation after the Meiji period, and consequently the family had the status of a major shareholder.
- 刀狩(かたながり、刀狩り)とは、百姓身分の者の帯刀権を剥奪する兵農分離政策で、特に安土桃山時代の1588年8月29日(天正16年7月8日 (旧暦))に豊臣秀吉が刀狩令(同時に海上賊船禁止令)を出して大規模に推進した政策を指す(ただし、刀狩を最初に行なったのは柴田勝家である。
- Katanagari (written as 刀狩 or 刀狩り) was a policy of heinobunri (separating warriors and peasants) which deprived those in the peasant class of their privilege of wearing swords, which highlighted the policy enacted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI through the katanagari edict (at the same time, pirate ship interdiction) issued on August 29, 1588 in the Azuchi-Momoyama period (The first person who executed katanagari was Katsuie SHIBATA.
- 「そもそも西洋諸国に行わるる国会の起源またはその沿革を尋ぬるに、政府と人民相対し、人民の知力ようやく増進して君上の圧制を厭い、またこれに抵抗すべき実力を生じ、いやしくも政府をして民心を得さる限りは内治外交ともに意のごとくならざるより、やむを得ずして次第次第に政権を分与したる.
- In western countries, people confronted their government, and were enlightened, and rebelled against oppression, and built up arms, and a government which loses public favor could not control domestic and diplomatic affairs, and was gradually compelled to distribute ruling powers, and finally a national diet was established.
- 宇多上皇(程なく宇多法皇になる)は醍醐天皇に譲位した後も、『寛平御遺誡』という君主の心構えを新帝に説くばかりでなく、道真を始め源善・中納言源希・蔵人頭平季長・侍従藤原忠平といったいわゆる「寛平の治」の推進役だった一種の側近集団を新帝の周囲に配置して新帝の政策を主導しようと図った。
- Even after Retired Emperor Uda (who soon after became Cloistered Emperor Uta) abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, he went far beyond merely his written injunction, the Kanpyo goyuikai--which advised the new emperor on how to prepare himself to rule--and actively planned to continue his leadership role in the new emperor's government by surrounding Emperor Daigo with the group of his closest aides and ministers who had been the driving force behind the administration of the Kanpyo era, notably Michizane but also including MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Mare, the Kuroudo no kami (Majordomo of the palace) TAIRA no Suenaga, and the Jiju (Chamberlain) FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- 台湾領有については松方、陸奥、伊藤ら日本政府要人も1894年以来、その領有の必要性や目的を意見書「威海衛を衝き台湾を略すべき方策」(伊藤)、「台湾島鎮撫策に関して」(陸奥)などでマレー半島や南洋群島に進出する根拠地、中国大陸に将来版図を展開する際の根拠地とする意見を表明していた。
- Leaders in the Japanese government such as Matsukata, Mutsu, and Ito expressed their opinion in their papers on the aim and necessity for Japan to occupy Taiwan based on its expansion to the Maly Peninsula and the South Sea Island or as a base in the future to conquer territory on the Chinese continent since 1894: for example 'Strategy for occupation of Taiwan by attacking Weihaiwei' (Ito), and 'A measure to pacify the Taiwan Island' (Mutsu).
- こうした行政の動きに関しては、自由民主党 (日本)内で「花粉症等アレルギー症対策議員連盟(通称ハクション議連:事務局長・小野晋也衆院議員)」が、安倍晋三ら約50名(当時)の国会議員によって1995年に設立され、本格的な対策の推進を国に働きかけるようになったことが大きく影響している。
- Such administrative actions include the Liberal Democratic Party 'Federation of Diet Members for Measures Against Pollinosis and Other Allergies' (commonly known as Hakushon Giren, secretary general: lower house member Shinya ONO) which was established by Shinzo ABE and approximately 50 (at the time) other Diet members in 1995, and has had a major impact on the national implementation of serious efforts.
- また、三好氏を利用して永禄7年(1564年)には敵対していた政所執事伊勢貞孝を敗死に追い込み、新たな政所執事に義輝の義従兄弟にあたる摂津晴門を起用し、従来将軍の意向が及ばなかった政所を掌握して幕府決裁に対する影響力を強め、義満以来の聡明な将軍として幕府の将軍親政を着実に進めていった。
- In the same year of 1564, Yoshiteru utilized the Miyoshi clan in driving Sadataka ISE, then head of Mandokoro (the government administrative office) who had been hostile to the Shogun, into death in a losing battle; appointed his (Yoshiteru's) cousin-in-law Harukado SETTSU as new head of Mandokoro; strengthened his control of official decisions of the Bakufu through the Mandokoro, previously out of his real authority but now more at his mercy, and thereby steadily achieved direct rule by the Shogun as the wisest leader after Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- しかしながら途上国の言い分である「先進国の結果責任に基づいて自主的に二酸化炭素排出量を減らす努力義務を途上国が負うのは身勝手」との意見も根強く、京都議定書の次のスキームを構築する作業は残念ながら遅遅として進んでおらず、京都議定書は一過性のもので失敗に終わる可能性が高いと見る意見がある。
- However, developing countries strongly insist that 'it is unfair for developing countries to undertake the obligation to reduce the emission amount of carbon dioxide voluntarily on the basis of the outcome brought about by developed countries,' and the task to establish the next scheme for Kyoto Protocol has regrettably made little progress, and some people say that Kyoto Protocol is transient and will probably end up as a failure.
- 毛屋主水曰く「敵は多く我は少なし。我若し一歩を退かば彼必ず追撃し我兵殲きん死は一成り寧ろ進んで死するに若かず且つ我兵一致団結して奮進すれば必ず敵の一部を突破せん。我その機に乗じて退却すれば或は軍を全うするを得ん。是れ武田勝頼が長篠の敗後に攻勢に出て敵の追撃を遅緩ならしめたる故智なり」と。
- Shusui KEYA said, 'The enemy are many and we are few. If we retreat one step backwards, the enemy will definitely give chase and our troops will be cut down, but if we try to advance and face death with all of our troops act together, we will definitely break through our enemy. If we use the chance to retreat, our troops might make it. This was the trick that Katsuyori TAKEDA used after the loss at the Battle of Nagashino, where he attacked in order to discourage the pursuit of his enemies.'
- が、官吏登用規定を定めた選叙令においては「秀才・明経・進士・明法」の4種の試験が定められており、明経以外の3科の試験を定めながら実際には機能していなかった(当時の日本には私立学校に相当するものはなかったため、大学寮以外で官吏登用の受験者を育成できる組織・機関は存在しなかったとされている)。
- However, according to Senjoryo, which provided the regulations for the recruitment and promotion of government officials, there were four kinds of examinations for 'Shusai, Myogyo, Shinshi and Myobo,' although the three other than myogyo were in name only (as there were no organizations equivalent to private schools in Japan at that time, there were no other institutions or organizations than daigakuryo which could educate applicants for the officials recruitment examinations).
- やがて広大な領土支配のため北部と西部方面の辺境地域を藩部とし南のネパール、ビルマ、シャム、越南(ベトナム)、東の朝鮮及び琉球(なお琉球は日本側とも冊封関係にあった)を冊封して清を中心とする国際秩序をアジアに構築、北辺ではシベリアに進出したロシア帝国との間に条約を締結して国境を漸次確定した。
- The dynasty soon established an international order in Asia with Qing as the center by joining northern and western remote regions as its provinces and had its vassal system with Nepal, Burma, Siam, and Vietnam in the south and Korea and Ryukyu Islands (although ryukyu had also a peerage relationship with Japan) in the east, and temporarily defined its northern border by concluding a treaty with the Russian Empire that had advanced into Siberia.
- しかし、文献史学の情報、考古学による発掘の進展などは擦文文化の広がりや実態、続縄文時代から擦文文化への、又擦文文化からアイヌ文化への移行過程がかなり複雑な様相を呈しており、前述の説ほど単純に割り切れるものではない事を浮かび上がらせつつあるため、単純にそのままの形では定説とみなされてはいない。
- However, information in the document-based research and development of archaeological excavations show complexities in the expansion and actual condition of the Satsumon culture and the transition processes from the post-Jomon period to the Satsumon period or from the Satsumon period to the Ainu culture, resulting in more complex factual relationships than the above-mentioned theories, which should not so readily be regarded as the accepted concepts.
- 特に安政の大獄を断行した大老井伊直弼が桜田門外の変で横死して後、公武合体を望む幕府が征夷大将軍徳川家茂の正室として孝明天皇の妹和宮の降嫁を求めた1861年(文久元年)頃から、薩摩藩・長州藩・土佐藩などの雄藩が中央政界への進出をうかがうようになり、尊王攘夷派がぞくぞくと京都に集まるようになった。
- In the Sakuradamongai Incident (1860), extremists murdered Tairo (a councilor of the Council of Five Elders) Naosuke II who had conducted Ansei no Taigoku (the suppression of extremists by the Shogunate), soon after that, in 1861 the Shogunate offered the lawful marriage of Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') the 14th shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA with Kazunomiya (a younger sister of Emperor Komei) to the Imperial Family for the purpose of gaining the Imperial Court's cooperation; especially since then, statesmen of strong clans including the Satsuma clan, the Choshu clan and the Tosa clan aimed for advance to the political center, and the following of Sonno Joi came to Kyoto one after and another.
- またそれ以外に、50年以前の受図書人(朝鮮王朝により通交許可を受けた者)・受職人(朝鮮王朝より官位を受けた者)の通交権の停止、入港場を釜山浦・薺浦(慶尚南道鎮海市)の二港から釜山浦一港に削減、加徳島以西に来泊する者は倭寇とみなす等、壬申約条よりもさらに通交の抑制を進める厳しい内容となっていた。
- In addition to this, the Teibi Yakujo was greater in severity than the Jinshin Yakujo in that it stopped the right to trade for Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence to be granted special privileges in trading) and Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post who has special technique such as healing art) before 1550, reduced the entry ports from both Busan Inlet and Jepo (Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture) to one of only Busan Inlet, and took those who stayed on Gadokdo Island or further west places as wako.
- 京都議定書第3条では、2008年から2012年までの期間中に、先進国全体の温室効果ガス6種の合計排出量を1990年に比べて少なくとも 5%削減することを目的と定め、続く第4条では、各締約国が二酸化炭素とそれに換算した他5種以下の排出量について、以下の割当量を超えないよう削減することを求めている。
- Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol states a target in which the total amount of emissions of the six greenhouse gases in the developed countries should be reduced by at least 5% compared to that of 1990 during the period of 2008 through 2012, and in Article 4 it is stated that the total amount of emissions of carbon dioxide and other five gases the amount of which is expressed in the equivalent value of carbon dioxide should be reduced so that the emissions does not exceed the following assigned target values.
- ところが、1793年にインドの植民地化を進めるイギリスは北インドにおいてザミンダーリー制を導入して領主・地主を土地の近代的な土地所有権者と認める一方で、従来現地住民が持っていた土地所有権・耕作権を強制的に剥奪して領主・地主の小作人として所属させ、領主・地主を通じて恒久的に現金を徴税する制度であった。
- However in 1793, the United Kingdom, which tried to colonize India, introduced the Zamindari system in the north of India, admitted the lords and landowners as those who had a modern landownership, but forcibly deprived the traditional local people of landownership and the right to cultivate and made them tenant farmers who belonged to the lords and landowners and systematically collected tax as cash money through the lords and landowners permanently.
- しかし11世紀半ばに荘園の一円化が進み、諸国の荘園公領間で武力紛争が頻発するようになると、荘園及び公領である郡、郷、保の徴税、警察、裁判責任者としての荘園の荘官(荘司)や公領の郡司、郷司、保司に軍事紛争に対応できる武士が任命されることが多くなり、これらを領地とする所領経営者としての武士が成立したのである。
- However during the middle of the 11th century shoens spread rapidly and the armed conflicts between shoen koryos (public lands and private estates) in various provinces often happened, and many bushi were appointed to shokan (an officer governing shoen) of shoen or gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing koryo, or public land) of koryo (public lands) as the managers of tax collection, police activity and justice for shoens or koryo such as gun, go, and ho; consequently the bushi were established as the managers of public lands who owned these lands.
- この説によれば、本来の目的は高明のみならず、あわよくば師輔の子供である藤原伊尹兄弟(高明の義兄弟にあたる)の失脚も狙った計画であったものの、高明夫人(師輔の娘)の没後に高明と疎遠になっていた伊尹兄弟もむしろ高明追放後の昇進に期待をかけて高明排斥に積極的に加担したために、彼らを排する機会を逸したというのである。
- According to this theory, the original goal was to oust not only Takaakira, but if circumstances allowed, to oust the FUJIWARA no Koretada brothers (sworn brothers of Takaakira) who were the children of Morosuke, but because the Koretada brothers, (who were estranged from Takaakira after the death of Takaakira's wife, the daughter of Morosuke) actively participated in casting aside Takaakira, expecting to be promoted if successful, the Fujiwara clan lost the opportunity to cast out the FUJIWARA no Koretada brothers.
- 国家権限の委譲とこれによる中央集権の過大な負担の軽減により、中央政界では政治が安定し、官職が特定の家業を担う家系に世襲される家職化が進み、貴族の最上位では摂関家が確立し、中流貴族に固定した階層は中央においては家業の専門技能によって公務を担う技能官人として行政実務を、地方においては受領となって地方行政を担った(平安貴族)。
- The transmission of governmental power and authority reduced the burden of the government, which enabled political stabilization of the central government, and facilitated the transfer of government posts according to heredity: among the aristocracy, the highest became Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the middle-class carried out administrative affairs based on the specialized skills related with their family businesses in the central government and carried out administration as Zuryo in the local regions (Nobles in the Heian period).
- 天正13年7月11日_(旧暦)(1585年8月6日)には近衛前久の猶子として関白宣下を受け、同時にこの相論の当事者である二条昭実・近衛信輔、そして菊亭晴季に従一位が授けられ、併せて近衛家に千石、他の摂家に五百石の加増があった(なお、秀吉の左大臣又は右大臣昇進については見送られて引き続き近衛信輔と菊亭晴季が任じられている)。
- On August 6, 1585, Hideyoshi received the Imperial edict to award him the position of Kanpaku as Sakihisa KONOE's adopted son, and at the same time, the main participants in the soron, Akizane NIJO and Nobusuke KONOE, and Harusue KIKUTEI all received the rank of the Juichii (Junior First Rank); furthermore, the Konoe family was awarded the increase of their territory by one thousand goku (unit for crop yield), and the other sekke (family lines of regents and chief advisors to the Emperor) by five hundred goku; yet, Hideyoshi was passed over for promotion to Sadaijin or Udaijin, and Nobusuke KONOE and Harusue KIKUTEI each continued to serve as Sadaijin and Udaijin.
- 後嵯峨上皇の下で記録所が再建され、続く亀山上皇院政下の1286年(弘安9年)には、院評定を徳政沙汰(人事・寺社などの行政問題)と雑訴沙汰(所領・金銭などの一般的な訴訟)に分割するなどの改革を行い(「弘安徳政」)、1293年(正応6年・永仁元年)には伏見天皇(のち上皇)が記録所を徳政推進の機関として充実を図った(「永仁徳政」)。
- The Retired Emperor Gosaga re-established Kirokusho and in 1286, the Retired Emperor Kameyama cloistered government promoted reforms ('Koan-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Koan era) such as dividing In-hyojo into Tokusei-sata (governmental issues related to personnel and temples/shrines) and Zasso-sata (ordinary court cases related to property, money, etc.) and in 1293, Emperor Fushimi (later the Retired Emperor) enhanced Kirokusho as the organization for promoting tokusei ('Enin-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Enin era).
- 地球温暖化の地球温暖化の原因となる、温室効果ガスの一種である二酸化炭素 (CO2)、メタン (CH4)、亜酸化窒素 (N2O)、フロン類類 (HFCs)、フロン類類 (PFCs)、六フッ化硫黄(SF6) について、先進国における削減率を1990年を基準として各国別に定め、共同で約束期間内に目標値(削減目標参照)を達成することが定められた。
- As for the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), Fluorocarbons (HFCs, PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which are the causes of global warming, developed countries agreed to set reduction rates of emissions with respect to the 1990 levels respectively, and collaboratively aim to achieve the target rates within the committed period (see the reduction target).
- 3代将軍足利義満の時代には幕府組織の再編が進み一時御前沙汰は行われなくなるが、出家していた元管領細川頼之を幕府に呼び戻す際に、幕府役職になかった頼之を幕府の政策決定に関与させるために正式な評定ではなく、出席者の人選に決まりが無く主宰者である将軍の意向が反映しやすい非公式な評定である御前沙汰の形式で評定を行って幕府の政策に関する重要決定を行った。
- In the tenure of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the bakufu was substantially reorganized and gozen-sata ceased once, but the shogun began holding consultations in the informal style of gozen-sata for making bakufu's important policy decisions for the purpose of having the former shogunal deputy Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had entered the priesthood and had been out of bakufu office, participate in the bakufu's policy-making when the shogun sought to bring him back to bakufu -- because gozen-sata was not a formal consultation, the members of which were selected mostly at the discretion of shogun, the head of the consultation.
- これまで歴代の治天が進めてきた訴訟処理機構の整備や迅速な訴訟処理、有為な人材の登用などは当然であるが、後醍醐は、沽酒法(米価・酒価公定令)、洛中への地口銭賦課などの経済政策にも取り組み、さらには洛中酒鑪役賦課令、神人公事停止令、関所停止令などを発して、それまで治天の権限の及ばなかった領域へも積極的に手を伸ばして朝廷自体の権力基盤の拡大をも目指した。
- Naturally, Godaigo worked on the court management system, speedy court case processing and recruitment of useful human resources that past Chiten had worked on, but he also worked on financial measures such as Koshu-ho (Law defining the price of rice and sake), Jiguchisen-ka to Rakuchu (extra tax on houses and fields in central Kyoto) but he also tried to enlarge the power base of the Imperial Court itself by actively working on areas that the authority of past Chiten did not reach and issued Rakuchu Shuroyaku Fuka-rei, Shinjin Koji Teishi-rei, Sekishoteishi-rei, etc.
- 平安時代中期になると、開発領主が自らの土地をこの不輸租田にするために寺社や上級貴族に寄進するようになる(寄進地系荘園)が、不輸租田の指定には勅許とそれに基づく太政官符及び民部省符からなる公験が必要とされており、それらが揃った不輸租田によって構成された荘園を官省符荘、単に国司が承認したために事実上の不輸租田の対象となっていたものを国免荘田と呼ばれた。
- In the mid Heian period, kaihatsu ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) began to donate their land to temples or high-ranking aristocrats in order to make their land fuyusoden (donated-type of shoen [manor]); however, they were required to submit kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi [provincial governor] or Gunji [local magistrate] for transfer of the ownership of private property) consisting of daijokanpu (official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) and minbushofu (official document issued by the minister of minbusho) based on the chokkyo (the imperial sanction) to have their land designated as fuyusoden -- Shoen which consisted of fuyusoden with the complete set of documents submitted was called Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs), and shoen which was virtually treated as fuyusoden merely with approval of kokushi was called kokumen shoen (provincially exempted shoen).
- この頃になると、算博士の世襲化が進み算道によって奉試に合格するとともに、譜第の家系であることが算博士就任の要件とされるようになり、当初は家原氏・大蔵氏が平安時代前期には世襲化も兆候を見せるものの長続きせず、両氏の没落後は小槻氏・三善氏の両氏が世襲するようになり、自己の算道を家学・秘伝化し、また有能な門人を養子として家名を継承させることで他氏を排除するようになった。
- Around this time, the heredity of San hakase grew in importance, and being part of a hereditary family joined passing Hoshi as a requirement for assuming the role of San hakase; initially, in the early Heian period, the Iehara and Okura clans began to make it into the heredity, but this did not last; then, after the ruin of the preceding clans, the Ozuki and Miyoshi clans began to utilize heredity, made their own Sando into hereditary learning and secret teachings, and excluded other clans by adopting capable disciples to inherit the family name.
- 爰ニ佐渡判官入道々誉都ヲ落ケル時、我宿所ヘハ定テサモトアル大将ヲ入替、尋常ニ取シタヽメテ、六間ノ会所ニハ大文ノ畳ヲ敷双ベ、本尊・脇絵・花瓶・香炉・鑵子・盆ニ至マデ、一様ニ皆置調ヘテ、書院ニハ羲之ガ草書ノ偈・韓愈ガ文集、眠蔵ニハ、沈ノ枕ニ鈍子ノ宿直物ヲ取副テ置ク、十二間ノ遠待ニハ、鳥・兎・雉・白鳥、三竿ニ懸双ベ、三石入許ナル大筒ニ酒ヲ湛ヘ、遁世者二人留置テ、誰ニテモ此宿所ヘ来ラン人ニ一献ヲ進メヨト、巨細ヲ申置ニケリ
- When Sado hankan (Doyo SASAKI) was defeated, he invited the general to his palace as something of norm, within a kaisho as big as six rooms, a tatami with the enormous family crest was lined up together, and even honzon (the principle image such as Mandala), wakie (scroll), flower vase, incense burner, tea pot, and tray were lined together, and the study room had sanskrit written by Ogishi (Chinese calligrapher), literature written by Kanyu (Confucianism scholar in Korea), sleeping quarter with a pillow smelling of Winter daphne, took the sleeping gear and placed it on donsu (Chinese blanket), and the twelve rooms of the samurai serving far from the lord had hanging birds, rabbits, pheasant, and swan piled up high, and big cylinder that could contain as much as three seki (541 liters) contained sake (Japanese rice wine) and stopped two Buddhist followes, and said, 'try to serve a shot of wine to anyone who visits this lodging.'
- この追放令が出た背景には諸説あり、秀吉が有馬の女性を連れてくるように命令した際にキリシタンであることを理由に住民が拒否し秀吉が激怒したとも、九州征伐に向かった秀吉の目の前で、当時の日本イエズス会準管区長でもあったコエリョがスペイン艦隊が自分の指揮下にあるごとく誇示した事が原因とも、九州の有馬氏や大村氏などのキリシタン大名が寺社仏閣を破壊すると同時に、僧侶にも迫害を加えたり教会へ莫大な寄進を行っていた事が理由とも、また織田信長から継承した旧来の寺社領を解体して統一政権の支配下におく政策をイエズス会領である長崎にも適用しようとしてイエズス会側が従わなかったとも、宣教師の一部が人身売買(日本人を奴隷商品として国外へ売り払う)を行っていた事が原因とも言われている。
- There are various theories about the issuing of this Expelling edict and the cause could be that Hideyoshi was furious at the residents rejecting his order to bring a woman of Arima because she was Christian, that Coelho, Vice-Provincial of the Society of Jesus in Japan at that time boasted as if the Spanish Armada was under his command in front of Hideyoshi during the expedition to Kyusyu, that the Christian feudal lords such as ARIMA and OMURA in Kyushu destroyed shrines and temples as well as persecuted monks and made huge donations to the churches, and that the Society of Jesus did not obey when he tried to apply the policy to Nagasaki, the domain of the Society, they dissolved the old domains of temples and shrines inherited from Nobunaga ODA and place them under a unified regime, and that some of the missionaries conducted human trafficking (selling the Japanese to outside Japan as slaves).