述: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 後述。
- Later mentioned.
- It will be described later.
- (To be discussed below)
- The details will follow later.
- See below.
- On whom there is more below.
- Described below.
- It will be mentioned later.
- This will be discussed in detail below.
- She will be described below.
- To be described below.
- 写楽の記述
- Description of Sharaku (an obscure ukiyo-e artist who lived during the Edo period)
- ↓で詳述。
- It is explained in detail below.
- 史書の記述
- Description According to Historical Records
- 神話での記述
- Description in mythology
- Mythical descriptions
- Description in the mythology
- How Amaterasu omikami is described in myths
- How Tsukuyomi is described in myths
- Story described in the mythology
- Description by myths
- Descriptions in Japanese mythology
- Description found in the mythology
- Mythological description
- Descriptions in mythology
- Description in the myths
- Description according to mythology
- Descriptions in the mythology
- Description in Japanese Mythology
- 以降で詳述。
- It is discussed in more detail below.
- 詳細は後述。
- Details will be described later.
- Details will be described below.
- 口上を述べる。
- He says, as a prelude:
- 万葉集での記述
- Description in the Manyoshu
- :本項で詳述。
- : explained in this paragraph.
- 本項で記述する。
- It is detailed in this section.
- Described in this paragraph.
- The details about her will be described in this article.
- 神話における記述
- Description in the mythologies
- Description in the mythology
- Description in mythology
- Descriptions in the mythology
- この項目で詳述。
- This section will describe its details.
- 以下に詳述する。
- It is described below in detail.
- The following is a detailed explanation.
- The detailed explanation is given below.
- 本項で詳述する。
- It is detailed as follows:
- It will be further described in this section.
- It is detailed in the following passage.
- The details are described in this section.
- Details are shown below.
- The above is described in detail in this article.
- Details will be provided in this section.
- More of this later in this section.
- This section provides a brief description.
- This is described in this section.
- A detailed description is provided on this page.
- Its details are described in a main paragraph.
- 詳細説明は後述。
- Details are described below.
- 諸侯の事の記述。
- Descriptions of the affairs of lords.
- 本項にて詳述する。
- Mizukiri in this sense will be discussed in detail in this section later.
- A detailed description will be given here.
- オープンファイル記述
- open file description
- 『魏志倭人伝』の記述
- A description in 'Gishi wajin den' (literally, 'an Account of the Wa, Japanese' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty')
- 巻藁 (弓道)で詳述。
- Detailed explanation is in Makiwara (Kyudo).
- 『絵本太閤記』での記述
- According to the 'Ehon Taikoki' (The Illustrated Chronicles of the Regent)
- 以下のような記述がある。
- It is described as follows:
- 判者が述べる判定の理由。
- Hanji means reasons for judgment stated by a hanja.
- 「越殿楽」とも記述される。
- The second kanji letter '天' of the name Etenraku (越天楽) is sometimes replaced by '殿.'
- 本項では2について詳述する。
- This section describes the details of No. 2.
- In this article, above 2 is described in detail.
- 詳細は後述の項目を参照せよ。
- As for details, refer to the items to be mentioned later.
- 先述の防塁に楯を用いた防御。
- Defense using the defense walls mentioned earlier and shields.
- 各地に割拠した諸勢力の記述。
- Descriptions of armed forces rising in various areas.
- 下げとも言う(本記事で詳述)。
- It is also called 'sage' (to be discussed in detail later in this article.)
- それぞれの職務権限を述べると、
- The official authority for each position is:
- 大久保彦左衛門の三河物語の記述
- Description in Mikawa Monogatari which was written by Hikozaemon OKUBO
- (なぜ岡山かも記述してある。)
- (This mentions why he performs in Okayama.)
- 本項では、これについて述べる。
- We explain the yuzu-bath in this section.
- 詳しくは後述の元寇神風を参照。
- For details, refer to Kamikaze of Genko described later.
- 義経はさらに以下のように述べる。
- Yoshitsune further says as follows.
- 狭義の着物と同義(詳細は後述)。
- Wafuku means the same as kimono that is used in a narrow sense (further details will be described later).
- 石川九楊は次のように述べている。
- Kyuyo ISHIKAWA says as follows:
- 後述の生蕎麦(きそば)とは異なる。
- Fresh noodles (soba) are different from kisoba (the common buckwheat noodles served in soba shops) that will be discussed later.
- 日本料理の焼き鳥について記述する。
- This article describes yakitori (grilled chicken) in Japanese cuisine.
- 祭に付随した音楽について記述する。
- Matsuribayashi describes music that is incidental to festivals.
- (後述中国周辺諸国の律令を参照。)
- (Refer to the following section on 'Luli of the surrounding nations of China.')
- 以下に、その代表的なものを記述する。
- Typical origami bases are listed below.
- (その他のメニューについては後述。)
- (Other dishes on the menu are described below.)
- 以下にあげるものは圓朝の口述による。
- The following characters are based on the story telling of Encho.
- すなわち珍を讃の弟とする記述である。
- This description recognizes Chin as Sai's younger brother.
- 「赤子の怪」と題して記述されている。
- It is described with the title of 'Akago no kai.'
- 下京の男が登場、下記のように述べる。
- A man of Shimogyo appears and says as follows.
- 本項では日本の弁当を中心に記述する。
- This section mainly describes Japanese bento.
- 地方によって呼び方が異なる(後述)。
- Each region has their own names for this festival (see below).
- ここでは主に江戸小唄について述べる。
- The description below is mainly about Edo kouta.
- 海津一朗は、以下のように述べている。
- Ichiro KAIZU described as follows.
- 下記に江戸時代の花魁について記述する。
- The following is a note about oiran in the Edo period.
- 「讃観音大士伽陀集」二巻の撰述がある。
- She also compiled two volumes of 'San Kannon Daishi kada shu' (a compilation of poems regarding Kannon (Deity of Mercy) sponsored by the Imperial Princess Teruko).
- それは『宋書』倭国伝の次の記述である。
- That is the following description in Wakoku Den (Story of Japan) 'Sung Shu'.
- - 床子弩(しょうしど)とも記述する。
- Also written as Shoshido.
- クラークとカレーライスについては後述。
- The relationship between Clark and curry and rice will be discussed in a later section.
- この事については、後でくわしく述べる。
- The details on this are mentioned later.
- 指南車の記述は『三国志』にも見られる。
- A description of shinansha is also seen in 'Sangokushi' (Annals of the Three Kingdoms).
- 本項では日本酒の利き酒について述べる。
- This section describes the details of kikizake of Japanese liquor.
- 以下、江戸時代の減封について叙述する。
- A description of the punishment of diminishing territory during the Edo Period follows.
- その創刊の辞に、 次のように述べている。
- The following description was included in the statement for starting this journal:
- やがて上述の諸芸能の名称として定着した。
- Then it became a commonly used title for the above-mentioned various form of public entertainment.
- 柳原紀光の随筆『閑窓自語』に記述がある。
- Akabozu was described in an essay written by Norimitsu YANAGIHARA, 'Kanso jigo' (A monologue in the quiet life).
- 尚、増鏡の記述では四辻彦仁となっている。
- Incidentally, MINAMOTO no Hikohito was called YOTSUTSUJI no Hikohito in Masukagami.
- しかし一ヶ所、『宋書』の記述と矛盾する。
- However, there is an inconsistent data with the description in 'Sung Shu' (Book of the Sung dynasty).
- ※多数会派である合気会を基本に記述する。
- * This is described based on Aikikai, which is the majority faction.
- とんどを爆竹と当てて記述する文献もある。
- In some documents, the kanji characters 爆竹 (bakuchiku, firecracker) are applied for Tondo.
- 記述は存在するが由来は解説されていない。
- There is some mention about this theory, but no explanation of its origin is left.
- (鵜飼と鵜の関係については、鵜でも記述)
- (The relationship between Ukai and cormorant is also described in the article on cormorant.)
- 塩漬にし、後述の「さらしくじら」に用いる。
- Salted, it is used for 'Sarashi-kujira' to be described later.
- しかし、これも定かではない(詳細は後述)。
- It is, however, also not definite (details is explained below).
- この項目では、日本の皇族について記述する。
- In this article, the imperial family of Japan will be discussed.
- 弥左衛門(後述)の息子だが勘当されている。
- Son of Yazaemon (to be explained later) but is disinherited.
- 後述する議論の問題にも大きく関係している。
- This is greatly related to the issues discussed later.
- 袴は先述のように長袴で、裾のくくりはない。
- The hakama was naga-hakama, as written previously, and the sleeves were not tied up.
- 両団体の伝承は若干異なるが、概略を述べる。
- The following is the summery of the history of Takeda-ryu, although the three associations have slightly different traditions.
- そして真打披露目が行われ口上が述べられる。
- And at the coming-out ceremony for shinuchi, a speech is given.
- 興味深いことに、その最古の記述は二つある。
- It is interesting that there are two oldest descriptions.
- 本項目ではもっぱら律の謀叛について述べる。
- This section mainly discusses muhon in ritsu.
- 皇帝・王を中心とした事柄を年毎に記述する。
- Descriptions with the annalistic approach of events that happened around emperors or kings.
- 伊預部馬養連の記したところのものを述べる。
- IYOBE no Umakai no Muraji described as follows:
- 以下では、この小倉百人一首について詳述する。
- The details of 'Ogura Hyakunin Isshu' are described in the following sections.
- 刺身のほか、後述の「コロ」や「塩鯨」にする。
- Eaten as sashimi, or as 'Koro' or 'salted whale meat' described later.
- このような記述が「斉書」などの史書に見える。
- Such description is seen in history book such as 'Seisho' (a history book about Qi Dynasty).
- 皇太子は、皇統譜では、皇太親王と記述される。
- Kotaishi (crown prince) is described as 'Kotai Shino' in Kotofu (the genealogy of the Imperial Family).
- 大宝律令施行後は御名部内親王とも記述される。
- After the enforcement of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), she was called as Imperial Princess Minabe.
- 本項では主に日本における事例について述べる。
- This section mainly describes the cases in Japan.
- 以下は中国の伝統楽器としての三弦を記述する。
- The explanation below is about the sanxian, a traditional Chinese instrument.
- この項では狭義のソメイヨシノについて述べる。
- In this section, Someiyoshino is described in the narrow sense.
- 注:髭切に関する記述は平家物語劒の巻にある。
- Note: The description of Higekiri is contained in the Tsurugi no maki in Heike Monogatari.
- 注:膝丸に関する記述は平家物語劒の巻にある。
- Note: the description of Hizamaru appears in Tsurugi no maki of Heike Monogatari.
- 「松田雪柯述筆法堂清談会」結成(松田雪柯等)。
- 'Sekka MATSUDA Jutsuhippodo Seidankai' (Sekka MATSUDA's calligraphy study society) was established (by Sekka MATSUDA and others).
- これを蕎麦湯(そばゆ)という(詳しくは後述)。
- This liquid is referred to as soba-yu (hot buckwheat water) (which will be discussed later in detail).
- 桧枝岐産の蕎麦(前述の「裁ちそば」等)を指す。
- Soba made in Hinoemata (such as 'Tachi soba' mentioned above) is referred to as Hinoemata soba.
- 『古今著聞集』には以下のように記述されている。
- 'Kokon Chomonshu' states the following.
- この作業は、後述するふぐ調理師の資格者が行う。
- Licensed puffer fish processing specialists (to be discussed later in this article) carry out this process.
- この項目では、草花の「水揚げ」について述べる。
- In this section, the 'Mizuage' for flowers is mentioned.
- 『常陸国風土記』那賀略記には、次の記述がある。
- There is the following description in 'Hitachi no kuni fudoki' Naga Ryakki.
- そして式三番についての具体的な記述が見られる。
- And the specific descriptions about Shiki Sanban (The Three Rituals) are seen in this section.
- また前述の「上方落語の四天王」の活躍もあった。
- This was also reinforced by the aforementioned success of 'The Big Four of Kamigata Rakugo.'
- 挨拶を済ませた後、勧められたら礼を述べて座る。
- After greetings are over and the host offers the zabuton, the guest thanks the host and then sits down.
- この結果、様々な記述に関し虚実が混じっている。
- As a result of these embellishments, fiction is mixed in many of the descriptions.
- 「比治真奈井 奈具社」という項目に記述がある。
- The article entitled 'Hiji no Manai, Nagu no yashiro' describes as follows:
- 禅竹の著書『歌舞髄脳記』に『遊屋』の記述がある。
- 'Yuya' is described on 'Kabuzuinoki' (The Essence of Dance and Song) written by Zenchiku.
- 先にも述べた通り現在置屋に所属する若手はいない。
- As mentioned earlier, there are no younger geigi who belong to okiya today.
- 好みに応じて、後述のトッピングや調味料を用いる。
- Use toppings and seasonings described later as desired.
- 後述する茶粥の場合はかき混ぜても米が崩れにくい。
- In the case of chagayu (tea porridge) mentioned later the rice tends not to break apart even when stirred.
- 文明6年(1474年) 『親長卿記』に記述あり。
- It was held in 1474; there is a description in 'Chikanaga kyoki' (The Diary of Chikanaga KANROJI).
- 延喜11年(911年) 『本朝文粋』に記述あり。
- It happened in 911 and was described in 'Honcho monzui' (anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese).
- 以下の項目には近縁楽器の道具についても記述する。
- The following items also describe tools for related musical instruments.
- 列伝から異民族の記述を独立させたもの(『晋書』)
- It is a special edition of other ethnic groups' descriptions separated from retsuden ('Jin shu').
- 「筒川嶼子 水江浦島子」という項目に記述がある。
- The article, 'Tsutsukawa no Shimako, Mizunoe Urashima no ko,' provides a description.
- 上にも述べたが黒以外の地色で染められたものを指す。
- As mentioned above, Irotomesode is made of the cloth with a background color other than black.
- 以下では、原則として、空手表記に統一して叙述する。
- In this article, the word 'karate' (空手) is used as the standardized word.
- このような例は後述するニュージーランドの例がある。
- The situation in New Zealand to be mentioned later is similar to Europe.
- ここでは、主に前節の1のアマノリ属について述べる。
- Here, 1 Porphyra in the former section is mainly described.
- 以下では狭義の太鼓としての和太鼓に限定して述べる。
- The Japanese drum as a drum in the narrow sense only will be described as follows;
- (前述の水泡が沸いた様を表しているという説もある)
- There is another view that these dumplings symbolize bubbles in the water, as mentioned before.)
- それは前述の春村本とはまた別の写本であったらしい。
- But the manuscript was probably the different book from Harumurabon.
- 最初の記述は江戸期に出版された通俗小説に見られる。
- The earliest description of the tactics appeared in popular fictions published in the Edo Period.
- 藤原行成が清少納言に贈ったと『枕草子』に記述がある。
- 'Makura no Soshi' (The Pillow Book) has a description that FUJIWARA no Yukinari gave it to Seishonagon.
- 阿曇氏が海人を束ねる地位にあったことはすでに述べた。
- As previously stated, the Azumi clan was in the position to bring all the male divers together.
- 平安時代、美濃国方県郡七郷の鵜飼について記述がある。
- A record is existent that ukai was conducted in Shichigo, Katagata County, Mino Province in the Heian period.
- 人はこれを妖怪と見紛える可能性があるとの記述がある。
- The description reads that people may possibly identify it as a 'yokai' (specter) by mistake.
- 先述のとおり複雑な製法ではないが時間と手間がかかる。
- As stated above, making hoshi-imo is not complicated, but it takes time and labor.
- 同時代の藤原明衡が著した『新猿楽記』にも記述がある。
- Around the same time, FUJIWARA no Akihira also wrote about the topic in his work 'Account of the New Sarugaku.'
- 前述の師匠宅の仏教における前座(まえざ)説教が語源。
- The origin of the name is from Buddhist teaching called maeza (前座) at the master's residence mentioned above.
- 慶安1年(1648年)茨木春朔『水鳥記』に記述あり。
- It happened in 1648; there is a description in 'Suichoki' (Kana Zoshi [story book written in kana] on sake contests) written by Shunsaku IBARAKI.
- 膽津(いつ)を遣わして田部の丁籍を検定せよと述べた。
- The edict ordered a man named Itsu to inspect the block register of tabe (a group of peasants set for the cultivation of miyake, Imperial-controlled territory in ancient times).
- 井原西鶴の著書『西鶴織留』には、次のような記述がある。
- There is a story in a book, 'Saikaku oridome'(a book which describes variety of subjects and aspects of daily life of ordinary people) written by Saikaku IHARA.
- 先述のバッテラとは異なり、型に入れて固める作業はない。
- Different from Battera stated above, the process of forming in the mold is not done.
- 大衆化したのは錦絵の記述などから明治10年頃とされる。
- It is considered, based on the description of nishikie (colored woodblock print) and the like, that obiage became popular from around 1877.
- 以下、笛の譜による分類に従いながらくわしく述べてゆく。
- The mai-goto will be described in detail below, following the classification method based on the score for the fue.
- 前述の辻占とは独立に発生したもので、直接の関係はない。
- This came into being independently from the tsujiura previously mentioned, and is not directly related to it.
- 読売新聞憲法改正試案では天皇制は現状維持と述べている。
- Draft of Constitutional revisions by the Yomiuri Shimbun mentions that the Tennosei should maintain its form.
- 兄弟姉妹の表記は第一皇子、第二皇子等の記述を基にした。
- His brothers and sisters are listed according to the description, such as the first Prince and the second Prince.
- 原則カ行の例を表記する(後述の形容詞においても同様)。
- In principle, examples of conjugation in KA-row sounds are shown (The same applies in case of adjectives).
- 宮中の行事については奈良時代に既にその記述が見られる。
- A record from the Nara period already had a description about these events in the imperial court.
- 日本の伝統芸能における語り物の総称(本項で詳述する)。
- It is also the collective name for the traditional Japanese art of katarimono (narratives) (as described below).
- アル添酒の1つである吟醸酒についても、以降記述しない。
- Description is not made for Ginjoshu, either, which is a kind of sake with distilled alcohol added.
- 具としては「丸天」や「ごぼ天」が一般的である(後述)。
- Maruten' (circular-shaped fried fish cake) and 'Goboten' (deep-fried burdock root in a light batter) are general toppings.
- 戦後初の落語専門定席「天満天神繁昌亭」(後述)の開設。
- The Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei Theater, dedicated to rakugo (see below), was opened for the first time since the end of the War.
- 大田南畝『後水鳥記』、高田与清『擁書漫筆』に記述あり。
- There are descriptions in 'Go-suichoki' (record of the sake contest in Senju) written by Nanpo OTA and 'Yosho-manpitsu' (collection of essays in the Edo period) written by Tomokiyo TAKADA.
- 元は2巻本で上巻に四位、下巻に五位の記述がされていた。
- The original books consisted of two books and Shii was recorded in Volume 1 and Goi, in Volume 2.
- この記事の中で、能の演目及び民俗芸能についても記述する。
- This article describes the legends of Shojo as well as 'Shojo' of Noh and the folkways related to Shojo.
- 同画集中の石燕の解説にも記述が無いため委細は不明である。
- Since Sekien did not leave any description on the Heiroku in the book, details are unknown.
- 口語体:これから私が一身一家の経済のことを述べましょう。
- Colloquial style: Now I am going to tell you about my own and family's economic situations.
- 台子 後述するカネワリ法(曲尺割法)による台子飾りの図集
- 'Daisu' has illustrations of daisukazari (the arrangement of tea utensils on a stand) in the kanewari measurement system which will be mentioned later.
- 調子や位、舞手の役柄などによって下記に述べる種類がある。
- There are the following types depending on the tune, tempo, or the dancer's character in the play.
- また、カーテンコールで俳優が謝辞などを述べることもある。
- Occasionally, an actor will express thanks to the audiences in response to a curtain call.
- 前述のように人情噺、芝居噺などのほとんどには落ちはない。
- As mentioned above, most ninjo-banashi and shibai-banshi have no punchline.
- 『古事談』の記述では崇徳天皇を白河天皇の実子としている。
- According to the description in 'Kojidan,' it was said that Emperor Sutoku was Emperor Shirakawa's child.
- 後書きには『武蔵国狭山丘陵に於いて書く』との記述がある。
- There is a mention saying 'I have written this in Sayama hills, Musashi Province' in the afterword.
- 以下、広義の意味での唐手(空手)の歴史について叙述する。
- We will discuss the history of karate in a broader sense below.
- 『源平盛衰記』巻25に「乾山水」「乾泉水」の記述がある。
- In 'Genpeiseisui-ki' (the rise and fall record of the Genji and Heike clans' volume 25), the terms 'Kansansui (dry landscape)' and 'Kansensui (dry landscape)' were written there.
- 1条・後宇多天皇が自身の経歴を述べ、密教興隆を願う気持ち
- Article 1: biography of the Emperor Gouda and his wish for esoteric Buddhism prosperity.
- 冒頭で述べたように儒教の大成者は、春秋時代の孔子である。
- As mentioned above, Ju-kyo was perfected by Koshi in the Spring and Autumn Period.
- 下記記述は分類の上で重複または用途目的が同じものもある。
- The following descriptions include some classifications that are repeated or serve the same purpose.
- 『肥前国風土記』には熨斗鮑についての記述が記されている。
- There are descriptions of noshi awabi in 'Hizen no Kuni Fudoki' (Topography of Hizen Province [present-day Nagasaki and Saga Prefectures], written in the late eighth century).
- しかし古くから、魏志倭人伝の記述の正確性は疑われてきた。
- On the other hand, the accuracy of 'Gishiwajinden' has been questioned for a long time.
- 平安時代初期までの朝廷による酒造について記述されている。
- There is a description on the sake brewing by the Imperial Court until the beginning of the Heian period.
- 群馬県側の鉱毒被害および鉱毒反対運動については後述する。
- As for the mining pollution and the protest movement in Gunma Prefecture, see below.
- 本項では、主要ないくつかの作者付の内容についても述べる。
- This article describes the content of some of the popular sakushazuke.
- 前述の通り、日本では神道、仏教の信徒が大多数を占めている。
- As discussed above, great majority of Japanese people are Shintoists and Buddhists.
- また『百器徒然袋』の解説文中では次のように述べられている。
- Further, the commentary in the 'Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro' describes the Honekarakasa as follows:
- 賛というのは、人物の事跡を述べ賞揚する文学の一形式である。
- 賛 (San) is a style of literature which describes and praises somebody's performance.
- が、後述する通り街灯としては現在も僅かだが使用がみられる。
- As mentioned below, however, they are still used for street lighting to some extent.
- 日本の観光では、日本国内で行われてきた観光について述べる。
- The history of tourism in Japan is discussed in this section.
- 先述した加賀紋・洒落紋はこの縫い紋で表わされることが多い。
- The above-mentioned Kagamon and Sharemon are mostly represented in the form of the Nuimon.
- 『古今著聞集』に当時の出来事として、この問題の記述がある。
- The problem was described in the 'Kokon Chomon ju' (A Collection of Tales Heard, Past and Present) as an incident that took place those days.
- (中国料理・西洋料理における『出汁』については下に記述)。
- (The soup stock in Chinese and Western cuisine is explained below.)
- 前述の通りうどんなどの薬味として使われるのが一般的である。
- As mentioned above, Ichimi-togarashi is generally used as a condiment for dishes such as udon.
- 前述のように、招き猫は一般に右手若しくは左手を掲げている。
- As mentioned above, a maneki-neko generally has either its right paw or its left paw raised.
- 前述のはんぺんを「白はんぺん」と呼んで区別することもある。
- The previously mentioned hanpen may be called 'shiro hanpen' (white hanpen) in distinction from this hanpen.
- 前述の塙本を写した山崎美成本、それを写した福王流本がある。
- There are Yoshinori Yamamotobon (the Yoshinori Yamamoto version) which is the copy of Hanawabon mentioned above, and Fukuoryubon (the Fukuoryu version) which is the copy of Yamamotobon.
- なお現代の新陰流に伝わる、柳生宗厳の書に以下の記述がある。
- Furthermore, the following descriptions are seen in a book written by Muneyoshi YAGYU that has been inherited by the Shinkage-ryu School.
- そして畠山被官の白樫・神保氏は前述の通り上方勢に寝返った。
- Then, the Shirakashi and Jinbo clans who were hikan of Hatakeyama clan defected to the Kamigata army as mentioned above.
- 本項目では、主に茶道において用いられるものについて記述する。
- This section focuses on and describes kaishi which is used for the Japanese tea ceremony.
- 鍋だけがちゃんこと思われがちだが、それは誤りである(後述)。
- People tend to think that the chanko is limited to hot pot dishes, but it is not true (as described below).
- 日本語活字については、欧文と同じと考え特に述べられてこない。
- There was no special statement about Japanese types because they were considered to have been manufactured in the same manner as the western types.
- 松尾芭蕉の「曾良旅日記」に出羽三山で蕎麦を食べた記述がある。
- In 'Travel Diary of Sora' written by Basho MATSUO, the author gave an account of eating soba in Dewa sanzan (Three mountains of Dewa).
- ふぐの肉の特徴(後述)として、繊維質であることが挙げられる。
- One of the features (to be discussed later) of pufferfish is that it is fibrous.
- 前述の事績中、垂仁天皇紀87年2月条にも同じ話が載っている。
- About the chronicle of achievements mentioned above, the same episode about him is found in the article of the second month of the 87th year of Emperor Suinin's reign.
- また犯人も前述の佐伯説と同様に岩倉首謀・堀河実行説を唱えた。
- He put fourth the theory that Iwakura planned the assassination of the Emperor and Horikawa carried it out, the same theory previously mentioned by Saeki.
- 以下に産業となっていくカラオケの詳しい歴史が記述されている。
- Detailed history of karaoke that grew into an industry is described below.
- 歴史で述べるように世界に太鼓主体の音楽が生まれてこなかった。
- Historically, in the whole world except Japan, the drum was not born as the main constituent in music.
- 日本の便所(にほんのべんじょ)では日本の便所について述べる。
- Here, we explain about Japanese lavatories.
- 江戸時代末期の酒に関する風俗、流通、酒器について述べたもの。
- It was described the folkways of sake, distribution and drinking vessels in the end of the Edo period.
- 著名なものに美濃源氏の流れを汲む一族がある(以下にて詳述)。
- This clan included a prominent family inheriting the lineage of Mino Genji (the Minamoto clan), detailed as follows.
- 見ると、前述のような外観の怪鳥がおり、崔が逃げると姿を消した。
- There was a monster bird whose appearance was similar to the one described before, and it disappeared when Sai escaped.
- (2005年頃から歳時記にも季語「阪神忌」が記述されている。)
- From 2005 the kigo (a phrase used to highlight the season) 'Hanshin memorial day' began to appear in the Saijiki literary calendar.
- 昭和博物館は、昭和期の最大の事件は、日本人の洋装化だと述べる。
- Showa Museum states that the biggest incident in the Showa period was adoption of western clothes for Japanese people.
- 現代でも東京の芸者衆には前述のような「奴名」を名乗る人が多い。
- Even now, many Geisha in Tokyo take the 'yakko- names' mentioned above.
- 下に述べる衽下がりの寸法、身幅の寸法によってその長さが決まる。
- The point of Kensaki is decided by the length of Okumisagari that will be described later and the width of a garment.
- 以下、狭義の「真子の塩漬け」を意味するたらこについて記述する。
- Set forth below is the explanation about tarako of the narrow sense which means 'salted mako.'
- この作法が主客の名残惜しさの表現、余情残心であると述べている。
- This manner is the expression of the host's lingering farewell, or 'yojo-zan-shin', as taught by II.
- 本項では、1を記述し、膝を揃えて畳んだ座り方について詳述する。
- This article describes the first meaning, i.e. the style of sitting with the knees together and the legs folded under the body.
- また「黄なる気をふくは黄は土にして湿気なり」と述べられている。
- And the book also says that the breath's yellow-colored element is the humid soil.
- 西郷は「短刀一本あれば事が足りる」旨を述べ、岩倉を勇気付ける。
- Saigo encouraged Iwakura, saying 'One short sword alone can finish it.'
- ここでは刀と述べたが、起源については諸説あり、不明な点も多い。
- Although it is described as a sword above, there are various theories about the exact origin of the naginata, and many remains unknown.
- 前述したように検査が煩雑で、小規模製造とするにはハードルが高い。
- As described above, examinations are cumbersome and it is difficult to produce it on a small scale.
- 『栄華物語』には当時の女房が工夫を凝らしたさまが詳述されている。
- In the 'Eiga Monogatari' (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes), there are depictions how nyobo (court ladies) of the time tried various measures to look fashionable.
- 織豊時代 - 江戸時代以前の高級武家女性の夏の正装、本項で詳述。
- A formal attire in summer for ladies of a high-grade warrior in or before the Shokuho era (Oda-Toyotomi era) - the Edo period, which will be described in detail later.
- ただし、これは『古事談』のみの記述であり、信憑性には疑問も残る。
- This, however, is only referred to in 'Koji Dan'; there is no proof that the story is true.
- また増鏡にも記述され、当時の地形眺望の巧みさが伺うことができる。
- And the garden is also described in Masukagami (a historical novel which describes the events during the Nanbokucho era) and the skillfulness of landscaping at the time is known to us now.
- 後述にも触れられているように現在ではこの旦那様は皆無状態である。
- As mentioned below, there is virtually no danna-dama in existence today.
- 後座でこうした道具を用いて点前をする場合には後述の茶筅飾を行う。
- When these utensils are used in serving tea at atoza (the latter part of a formal tea ceremony), chasen kazari (explained later) will be conducted.
- そのため、関西、とりわけ大阪では麺よりだしに重きを置き(後述)、
- Therefore, in the Kansai region, especially in Osaka, Udon noodles culture puts emphasis on broth rather than noodles (mentioned later).
- 器には多彩な絵付けが施され、盛り付けに工夫が凝らされる(後述)。
- The dishes are painted in various ways and much effort is devoted to how food is place on them (to be described later).
- 713年以降 逸文に口嚼ノ酒(くちかみのさけ)に関する記述あり。
- Written after 713: There is a description on kuchikami no sake in itsubun.
- これには先述の奏法の違いや奏者の兼任する職業なども影響している。
- As mentioned before, this may also depend on the instrument being played as well as the type of employment concurrently held by the performer.
- 『続日本紀』神亀元年冬十月条(724年)にはこの記述が見られる。
- In its winter entry for the tenth month of 724, the 'Shoku nihongi' includes the following description.
- なお中国の歴史書では356年に「新羅」となったと記述されている。
- According to Chinese historical records, the country became 'Silla' in 356.
- 同論文は後に、『日韓古史斷』()の34-35ページの記述となった。
- This paper was later transcribed into 'Nikkan Koshidan' (Ancient Histories of Japan and Korea, p.34-p.35).
- 自題の中に「破墨の法」を明で学んだと述べているので、この名がある。
- The name, Haboku-sansui-zu came from the statement in the long title, which said that he learned 'Haboku technique' in the period of Ming Dynasty.
- 天皇はならば壺切は不要であると述べ、即位の後にようやく献上された。
- As the Emperor said that, if so, the sword Tsubokiri would be unnecessary, the sword Tsubokiri was finally given after the accession.
- 前述の「守貞漫稿」では食品を扱う数十種類の振売商売を紹介している。
- The 'Morisadamanko' mentioned above introduces dozens of furiuri business dealing with food.
- 新天皇が初めて内閣総理大臣らに言葉を述べる国事行為たる儀式である。
- This is a ceremony about the emperor's constitutional functions, and the new emperor makes a speech to Japanese Prime Ministers and others.
- また、後述のすき焼き丼の名残でコンニャクを一緒に煮込むこともある。
- It also may be simmered with konjac as a vestige from sukiyakidon (beef bowl) described below.
- 彼は前述のように「雪」をはじめ端歌ものの名曲もいくつか残している。
- He left many hauta masterpieces, including 'Yuki' (Snow), as mentioned earlier.
- また前述賀茂競馬のような神事としての祭典競馬は現在も行われている。
- The aforementioned saiten keiba as Shinto rituals such as Kamo no keiba are taking place even today.
- 後述のように他の伝書とは異なり、世阿弥自身の筆によるものではない。
- As it is discribed later, unlike other densho, it was not written by Zeami himself.
- 元からして、労働者向けの大衆食としての側面も存在している(後述)。
- Originally, hamburgers had an aspect as a common food for working people (as described later in this article).
- 前述のように日本では両者の区別が曖昧であるが、一応の目安を述べる。
- In Japan differences between Dong Po Rou and Kakuni are not clear as above, but a tentative indication is below.
- なお、日本の文化に関係する人物(文化人)は、原則として記述しない。
- This section does not describe people relating to the Japanese culture (men of culture), in principle.
- 座布団は概要で述べたとおり、その単純な構造ゆえに様々に応用される。
- As mentioned in the outline, while zabuton are very simple items they are used in a variety of ways.
- 716年? 濡れた干し飯に生えたカビからできた酒に関する記述あり。
- Written in c.716: There is a description on the sake made by the mold on dried boiled rice.
- 『日本書紀』の天武天皇十三年冬十月の条に、以下のような記述がある。
- The article in November, 684 in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) has the following description.
- この逸話は、前述の実在の寄生虫である回虫を綴ったものであるとされる。
- This anecdote is reportedly based on a true story of a real parasitic roundworm as described above.
- 瓦は、屋根に葺く建材であることは前述している(瓦葺きも参照のこと)。
- As described above, Kawara is a material used to cover roofs with (See also 'Kawarabuki' (Tiled roof)).
- そのため、以下の記述では哺乳類の鯨を「魚」として表記する場合がある。
- Therefore, in the article below, whales, actually in the mammal class, are sometimes described as fishes as well.
- 古くは『日本書紀』にも女性が褌を着用した記述を確認することができる。
- Descriptions of women wearing fundoshi loincloths are confirmed in the 'Nihon Shoki' ('the Chronicle of Japan') of ancient times.
- 囲碁の精(いごのせい)は、江戸時代の古書などに記述のある囲碁の精霊。
- Igo no sei is a spirit of Igo which is described in old books and so on from the Edo Period.
- 『柳営秘鑑』葵之御紋来由、『三河後風土記』『改正三河後風土記』の記述
- Aoi no Gomon Raiyu (the origin of the Tokugawa family crest) in 'Ryuei Hikan,' 'Mikawago Fudoki' and 'Kaisei Mikawago Fudoki' state:
- 現在では、皇室の古くからの伝統行事である宮中歌会始(後述)が代表的。
- Now it mainly refers to Utakai Hajime in the Imperial Court, which is an age-old traditional event of the Imperial Family (mentioned later).
- 『古事記』に年次の記述は無いが、文注として一部天皇の没年干支を記す。
- Alothough 'Kojiki' does not contain a chronology, it tells, as an annotation, the Oriental zodiac of the year when some of the emperors died.
- この時、歌舞伎では前述の大太鼓の音が「どんでんどんでん」と鳴り響く。
- At this moment in the Kabuki play, the large drum mentioned above beats 'Donden-donden.'
- 東久邇家は前述した通り、昭和天皇の皇女を通じても天皇家と縁戚である。
- As mentioned before, the Higashikuni family is also related to Imperial Family through Emperor Showa's Princess.
- 代表的な流派に、義太夫節・常磐津節・清元節など(各派の説明は後述)。
- The well-known schools of Joruri are Gidayu-bushi, Tokiwazu-bushi and Kiyomoto-bushi (all of which are described below).
- 京都の東寺に伝わる『東寺』にもこれを裏づけるように読める記述がある。
- The 'Toji Shigyo Nikki' (the log of To-ji Temple management), which is a document handed down at To-ji Temple in Kyoto, also has some descriptions which seem to support this theory.
- また、前述のアガロオリゴ糖に着目した健康食品としても注目されている。
- It has also drawn attention as a healthy food because of the above-mentioned agaro-oligosaccharide.
- さらに、本居宣長も『国号考』で倭の由来が不詳であることを述べている。
- And Norinaga MOTOORI also said in 'Kokugoko' that the origin of wa is unknown.
- 鉱毒被害地の農地の土地改良も、公害防止協定締結後に行われた(後述)。
- Land improvements of the agricultural land in the affected areas were implemented after the conclusion of the pollution control agreement (see below).
- 日本で「煎餅」の記述がでてきたのは正倉院所蔵の737年頃の文書である。
- In Japan, the word '煎餅' first appeared in the literature of around 737 in the collection of Shoso-in Treasure House.
- 先述の形状により、茶葉の量を目で確認することが出来る便利な道具である。
- It is a convenient utensil that amount of tea leaves can be checked with eye from above described shape.
- すでに述べたとおり藤原京跡や平城京跡より、多量の木簡が発掘されている。
- As previously indicated, many mokkan were discovered from the former sites of Fujiwara-kyo and Heijo-kyo.
- 一方『古事記』では、誉津別皇子についてより詳しい伝承が述べられている。
- On the other hand, the Kojiki offered more detailed descriptions on the Homutsuwake no mikoto's myth.
- 最後は朝廷から「天神」の神号をおくられ、礼を述べて黒雲に乗り立ち去る。
- Finally, Michizane was given a spiritual name of 'Tenjin (god in heaven)' from the Imperial Court and he thanked and went away riding on a black cloud.
- 楽只軒は前述の朱宮御所の一部で、1668年(寛文8年)頃の造営である。
- Rakushiken is a part of the Akenomiya Palace which is described earlier and was built around 1668.
- 前述の西宮市や尼崎市の砂かけ婆は、名前は婆だが実際にはタヌキとされる。
- Sunakake-babaa in the above mentioned cities of Nishinomiya and Amagasaki is referred to as an old woman by name but is actually explained to be Japanese raccoons.
- 以下、立春の前日の節分、およびその日に行われる各種行事について述べる。
- In the following explanation the term setsubun is used to mean the day before the beginning of spring, referring to various events to be held on that day.
- 柳田國男の著書『妖怪談義』にて相模原市大沼に調査に行ったとの記述あり。
- In the book of Kunio YANAGITA titled 'Yokai Dangi '(lecture about specters), there is a description that he went to Onuma, Sagamihara City for his research.
- この2つと前述の京都ラーメン(きょうとラーメン)とは明確に区別される。
- They are clearly distinct from the above-mentioned Kyoto ramen.
- 前述の皮の方に辛みがあるのでさらに芯の部分を使用すると辛みは減少する。
- As mentioned above, the skin is more pungent, so it is possible to reduce the pungency by using only the core of the daikon radish.
- 戦後に発見された『市河文書』では伝令将校的な武士とも取れる記述がある。
- In 'Ichikawa Monjo' (Ichikawa's documents) found after the war, there is a description that he may have been an orderly officer..
- 現存が確認されているものは世界でわずか4点(または3点、後述)しかない。
- There are only four (or three; see below for further details) tea bowls identified as existing Yohen Tenmoku tea bowls in the world.
- その様子は沢山の川柳の記述や物売りが鯨肉を扱っていた記録が残されている。
- Such scenes were depicted in many senryu (humorous or ironical haiku poems) and it is also recorded that there were peddlers selling whale meat.
- さらに先述のように各地の獅子舞のルーツも伎楽にあるとみてさしつかえない。
- Further, it would be fair to say that shishimai performed nationwide could have been originated from gigaku.
- 1754年に書かれた「日本山海名物図会」にはこの素麺に関する記述がある。
- A description about this somen is included in 'nihon-sangai-meibutsu-zue' (a guidebook for special products, consisting of pictures and explanations about them) written in 1754.
- 河越夜戦(天文15(1546)年)当時のことで、信長記の記述と矛盾する。
- This occurred at the Kawagoe Yoikusa (Night Battle of Kawagoe) of 1546, and this description is inconsistent with the description of the Nobunaga-ki.
- そのため礼装、正装としての着用は出来ない(江戸小紋を除く、理由は後述)。
- For that reason, it may not be worn as formal or full dress (the reason for excluding Edo-komon is mentioned later).
- 平安時代中期に作られた辞書「和名抄」に、美濃国方県郡の鵜飼について記述。
- A description concerning the ukai of Katagata County of Mino Province is seen in 'Wamyosho,' a dictionary compiled in the middle of Heian period.
- この隅田川の牛御前についての記述は、後の鎌倉時代の『吾妻鏡』にも見える。
- We can also find a description of Ushi gozen appearing in Sumida-gawa River in 'Azuma Kagami' (the Mirror of the East) composed later in the Kamakura Period.
- これも前述した主婦の内職としての経営形態が多くあったことが影響している。
- Also, this influenced from many housewives who had operated the shop business as an additional job, as mentioned before.
- 江戸時代の有職故実を記した伊勢貞丈の『貞丈雑記』に帳台構えの記述がある。
- In the 'Teijo-zakki' (Teijo's memorandums) of Sadatake ISE written about Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) during the Edo period, there is a description of chodai-gamae as follows.
- 一方、紫宸殿の母屋と北廂の間の境に「賢聖の障子」があった事は前に述べた。
- On the other hand, there was 'Kenjo no shoji ' on the border of moya and kita-hisashi in Shishinden as mentioned above.
- 『往来物』に、枯山水に「フルセンスイ」と振り仮名を振ってある記述がある。
- In 'oraimono' (primary textbooks in the style of corresponding letters), there was a description of 'karesansui (dry landscape)' with furigana (attached Japanese syllabary) of 'furusensui.'
- 藤原家孝による文政時代の随筆『落栗物語』前編「屏風画の女」に記述がある。
- There is a story about 'A woman painted on a folding screen' in the first part of an essay by FUJIWARA no Ietaka 'Ochiguri monogatari' (The Story of Fallen Chestnuts) written in Bunsei era.
- 後述する「ぶぶ漬け」も、そのような直接的表現を嫌う風土によるものである。
- As is described below, a story of 'bubu zuke' was created in such a climate as people disliked any direct expression.
- 後述する種彦本とは系統を異にし、近代まで残った『談儀』唯一の完本である。
- The Horibon belongs to the different lineage from Tanehikobon (Tanehiko version) described below, and it was the only kanbon (complete edition) of 'Sarugaku dangi 'that existed until modern times.
- 現在知られる写本は前述の堀本を除き全てこの種彦本の系統を引くものである。
- Therefore, all the existing manuscripts, except the Horibon mentioned above, belong to the lineage of this Tanehikobon.
- 前述の、師匠宅の家事・雑用の他に、寄席での仕事(前座修行)が課せられる。
- They are expected to work at the yose, the storyteller theater (zenza training) as well as doing the housework and chores at the master's residence mentioned above.
- また、混合醸造方式・混合方式(前述)の比率が比較的高いという特徴もある。
- It is also characterized by higher ratio of mixed fermented method and mixed method (described above).
- ただし芸道論とは本来、芸道全般について意見やことわりを述べたものである。
- However, treatises in general were originally vehicles for expressing opinion and positions.
- 和歌山県の隅田八幡宮所蔵の隅田八幡宮人物画像鏡には以下の記述が見られる。
- On the Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror owned by Suda Hachiman-gu Shrine in Wakayama Prefecture, the following description is seen.
- 使者は俀王を「姓阿毎 字多利思北孤」号を「阿輩雞彌」と云うと述べている。
- The envoy said that the last name of the king of Wa was Ame, his azana was Tarashihiko, and his go was Okimi.
- また、話題も豊富に提供され、前述の寄席を中心に興行が積極的に行われている。
- Considerable publicity has commercially assisted in vigorous kodan performances, primarily in the abovementioned comedy houses.
- この土蜘蛛の正体は、前述の神武天皇が討った土豪の土蜘蛛の怨霊だったという。
- the original form of this Tsuchigumo is said to have been vengeful spirits of the above-mentioned local clans put down by Emperor Jinmu;
- しかし『延喜式』には、御食国による贄として貢ぐ内容が詳細に記述されている。
- However, contents of supply offerings by Miketsukuni were stated in detail in 'the Engishiki.'
- だが浅茅は「三木殿の御子のために主君を殺したわけではない」と不満を述べる。
- However, Asaji complained, 'we did not kill the lord for Miki's son.'
- 前述したように、散切物で現代まで残っているのは、黙阿弥の作品ばかりである。
- As mentioned above, all plays of Zangirimono remaining today were written by Mokuami.
- なお、前述の岡山のばら寿司にも、地域によっては具材を混ぜ込む物も存在する。
- Incidentally, among the earlier-mentioned barazushi in Okayama, there is also a type with ingredients mixed in rice in some areas.
- また考古学も発展し、教科書には神代ではなく原始社会の様子も記述されていた。
- Also archeology was developed, and detailed descriptions of primitive society replaced the age of the gods, in school textbooks.
- たとえば、東海軒は1889年にサンドイッチ弁当を販売した、と述べている)。
- For instance, Tokaiken Co., Ltd. insists that it had already sold the sandwich box lunch in 1889.)
- たとえば高崎弁当は1884年に高崎駅でおにぎり弁当を発売したと述べている。
- For instance, Takasaki Bento Co.,Ltd. insists that it sold 'Onigiri Bento' (lunch box with rice ball) at Takasaki Station in 1884.
- (植芝創始以外の「合気道」は→ “「合気道」の名称について” にて詳述。)
- ('Aikido' other than the one founded by Ueshiba are described in detail in 'Regarding the name 'aikido.''
- 三幅の画には賛などは書かれておらず、画自体に像主を明示する記述は何もない。
- These three drawings have no credit, and there is no description that clarifies the identifications of the figures of the portraits on the drawings.
- 前述の通り、神仏習合の思想が大きく影響していると考えられているためである。
- This results from the profound influence of the concept of syncretization of Shinto and Buddhism, as mentioned above.
- 歴代のうち、武田元信・元光・信豊は騎射に優れ、弓馬故実書を書写・著述した。
- Among the Wakasa Takeda clan, Motonobu, Motomitsu and Nobutoyo TAKEDA excelled in horseback archery and they copied or wrote the books of Kyuba Kojitsu.
- フランスでの日本産醤油に関する記述は、『百科全書』(1765年)に現れる。
- Japanese soy-sauce in France was described in 'Encyclopedia, or a systematic dictionary of the sciences, arts, and crafts' (1765).
- 但し、本書で述べている茶は、団茶であり、日本の煎茶や抹茶とは異なっている。
- However, the book was written about brick tea, which different from the non-powdered & powdered green tea popular in Japan.
- 茶に関する最古の典籍であり、760年前後に撰述されたものと考えられている。
- Chakyo is the oldest book on tea, and it is thought to have been written around 760.
- 木下順庵らは、小柄な人びと(矮人)だから倭と呼ばれたとする説を述べている。
- Junan KINOSHITA explained that 'they were called Wa because they were little people (dwarfs).'
- ただし、後述する毛里田地区鉱毒根絶期成同盟会はこの協定への参加を拒否した。
- However, the Association of Mining Pollution Eradication in Morita (see below) refused to join the agreement.
- 前述するとおり、憲法の改正は大日本帝国憲法第73条の規定によって行われた。
- As mentioned above, the constitutional amendment was conducted following Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- (日本国外における寿司職人養成の一端に付いては、前述の項目「職人」を参照。)
- (For the part about training of sushi chef outside Japan, refer to 'Sushi chef' stated above.)
- - 『太平記』の第5巻には「相模入道かかる妖怪にも驚かず」という記述がある。
- In the fifth volume of 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) there is a description, 'Sagami no Nyudo was not frightened by the yokai at all.'
- 江戸時代の日本には、上述の「魏氏明楽」とは別系統の「別伝の明楽」も存在した。
- In Japan during the Edo period, 'Mingaku in another lineage' descended in a line different from that of 'Mingaku by the Gi clan.'
- 前述のようにボケとツッコミの役割分担がない漫才は過去には少なからず見られた。
- As mentioned earlier, there were not a few manzai-shi whose roles of boke and tsukkomi were not fixed.
- 上記で述べた頒幅の形骸化に見えるように鎌倉時代には裳の簡略化が進んでいった。
- As agachino became dead as mentioned above, in the Kamakura period, the simplification of mo was advancing.
- ただ、説明のつけだしにだしを好む人はかつおだしを加えるとよいと記述していた。
- However, he also wrote in his book that those who favored the animal protein could add the broth extracted from the bonito pieces to the above-mentioned soup.
- 一般化して述べるが、当然ながら意義付けなどは流派によってかなりの差異がある。
- The following are general explanations of each practice; as a matter of course, definitions of each practice are very different according to each house/style.
- 日本のワイン(にっぽんのわいん)では、日本で生産されるワインについて述べる。
- The section of Japanese wine describes the wine produced in Japan.
- 魏志倭人伝の記述によると、倭人の着物は幅広い布を結び合わせているだけとある。
- According to the description of the Gishiwajinden, Wajin, the Japanese people of those days, simply wore wide cloths secured by broad sashes.
- 百済人須須許里(すすこり)が大御酒(おおみき)を天皇に献上したとの記述あり。
- There is a description that Susukori, a Paekche man, presented omiki to the emperor.
- しかし、織田軍の鉄砲数と三段撃ちに記述されるように三段撃ちは実在が疑わしい。
- As has been mentioned in the section 'The Oda Force's 3,000 teppo and Sandan Uchi,' we do not know if the tactics was really employed.
- また鮫島看山は同じく創刊号の「作書理法覚書」の中で、 次のようにと述べている。
- Furthermore, in the same inaugural issue, Kanzan SAMEJIMA wrote as follows in 'Shosaku-riho oboegaki' (A note about natural ways of writing calligraphy':
- いわゆる日本の蕎麦切りもまた、前述の国々のソバ料理のように独特のものといえる。
- It can be said that the so-called Japan's sobakiri is also as distinctive as soba cooking of the other countries mentioned above.
- 禅竹は、自家に伝わる伝承を基に『明宿集』を物し、猿楽の創始について述べている。
- Zenchiku wrote/composed 'Meishuku shu' based on the stories that had been handed down in his family, and described the origins of sarugaku in it.
- (後述の津市とらやの主張によれば)昭和60年頃に生まれた、新しい和菓子である。
- According to Tora-ya in Tsu City (see below), ichigo daifuku are a new Japanese confection first made around 1985.
- 破墨山水(はぼくさんすい)とは破墨の技法(後述)を用いて描かれた山水画のこと。
- Haboku-sansui refers to Sansui-ga (Chinese-style landscape painting) which is painted using haboku (the broken-ink technique) technique (to be described later).
- 上述の直系皇位継承法説の欠点のうち、第一と第三の点を繕うものとして唱えられた。
- This theory is advocated to cover up the above mentioned first and third imperfections of the direct line succession code theory.
- 讃を仁徳、珍を反正とすると、『宋書』倭国伝が、珍を讃の弟とする記述と矛盾する。
- If San were Nintoku and Chin were Hanzei, it would be inconsistent with the description in Wakoku Den 'Sung Shu' which recognizes Chin as the younger brother of San.
- これにも、水質で述べられているような厳しい基準を通過した酒造用水が用いられる。
- Even for such purposes, shuzo yosui that has fulfilled the rigid criteria described in the section for water quality, is used.
- これをうけて、1月21日、吉野家は先述の牛丼復活販売を当面延期すると発表した。
- As the result, Yoshinoya announced that it would postpone the revival of its gyudon sales for a time on January 21.
- 光源氏がお祓いをした人形(形代)を船に乗せ、須磨の海に流したという著述がある。
- The story is that Hikaru Genji put a purified hitogata (also called katashiro, which is a paper doll used in Shinto purification rites) on a boat and washed it out to the sea of Suma.
- ただし、先述の通り時代が下ると木刀や扇子で刀に見立てるようになった)を用いる。
- However, as previously stated, wooden swords and fans symbolizing the knife came to be used as the ritual developed).
- ただ、先述のように信長がこの合戦に大量の鉄砲を持ち込んだことは疑いようがない。
- As has been mentioned, however, there is no doubt that Nobunaga deployed a large number of teppo in the battle.
- 日本における宮刑の法典への記載例としては、「建武式目」の中の宮刑の記述がある。
- There is an instance of castration penalty described in Japanese code book, 'Kenmu Shikimoku' ('the Rules and Regulations of Kenmu').
- 上述の不動産関連での「坪」の他、職業によって特別の「坪」が使われることがある。
- There are some other kinds of 'tsubo' unit in particular fields of profession other than in the previously-mentioned real estate business.
- 本著は謡の方法について述べた音曲伝書で、元々作者付として書かれたものではない。
- This book covers the art of noh music and was not originally written as a sakushazuke.
- また1019年の刀伊の入寇の後、山を背にした地に防備を固めたという記述がある。
- It is also described that the Dazaifu fortified the area with the hills behind after the Toi invasion in 1019.
- 712年(和銅5年)の古事記のなかで神武天皇に鯨肉が献上されたという記述がある。
- In Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters), it is described that whale meat was presented to Emperor Jimmu in 712.
- 若い世代としては、望月京が自作について雅楽の反復語法より着想を得たと述べている。
- Among the young generations, Misato MOCHIZUKI commented on her own work that she was inspired by the recurrence in gagaku.
- 前述のように、守良親王は鎌倉幕府の介入により屋敷を実子ではない人物に譲らされた。
- As aforementioned, Imperial Prince Moriyoshi was obliged to give his residence to the person who was not his biological son due to intervention of Kamakura bakufu.
- このような『古事記』と『日本書紀』との歴史叙述の違いについては様々な意見がある。
- There are various opinions about the differences in historical description between 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki.'
- また俊快の述べた「かせう」の文字は「仮生」「可生」「加生」などとする説があった。
- Kasho' the word Shunkai said was interpreted as a tentative life, possible life or adding life.
- 『童蒙酒造記』(どうもうしゅぞうき)(有力説1687年刊)にその記述が見られる。
- This term is found in 'Domoshuzoki' (a technical book on brewing sake) which is commonly presumed to have been published in 1687.
- もしくはある程度硬く握った冷却済み(後述)のおにぎりに海苔を最初から全面に貼る。
- Or paste a sheet of dried laver from the beginning entirely in onigiri, which is made solidly to some extent and cooled down (described later).
- 上述のように大根おろしの辛みを得るためには、細胞を効率良く壊すことが必要である。
- In order to obtain the pungency mentioned above, it is necessary to break the cells of daikon radish effectively.
- したがって、文書の日付か、合戦の日付か、戦死者数の記述のどれかが怪しい事になる。
- Therefore, either the date on this document, the date of the battle, or the number of dead soldiers is dubious.
- 作者付としては前述の『能本作者註文』系の諸本とは大きく食い違う説を掲載している。
- As sakushazuke, its content widely differs from those of the previously described 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon' related books.
- 発祥は『嬉遊笑覧』に記述がある、文化 (元号)に馬喰町に存在した「笹屋」とされる。
- Its birthplace is considered to be 'Sasaya' (a soba restaurant) that existed in Bakuro Cho in the Bunka era as mentioned in 'Kiyushoran' (an encyclopedic book on cultures).
- この「狭穂姫命狭穂毘古の叛乱」は、『古事記』における最も物語性の高い記述とされる。
- This episode of 'Rebellion of Sahohime no mikoto and Sahohiko no miko' is said to be the story of the highest narrativity in the Kojiki.
- これにも、水質の項で述べられているような厳しい基準を通過した酒造用水が用いられる。
- Even for such purposes, shuzo yosui that has fulfilled the rigid criteria described in the section for water quality, is used.
- 概要で述べた旧藩による地域ごとの生活習慣によって各地で独特の食文化が発展してきた。
- As mentioned above, unique culinary cultures developed in accordance with the customs of people in each former regional clan.
- 山海経に黒歯国(『三国志 (歴史書)』魏志倭人伝では倭国東方)があると記述がある。
- In 'Sengaikyo' (oldest topography of China), it was written that there is Kokushi-koku (literally, 'black-teeth country'); in Gishi-wajin-den (the first written record of Japan's commerce) of the history book 'Sangokushi' (Three Kingdoms of Saga), it was written as Wakoku Toho (eastern country, Japan).
- また「空」でも「唐」でもなく「から」と記述してあることに、吉川は関心を示している。
- In addition, Yoshikawa shows interest as to why it was not called 'Sora (Empty)' or 'Kara (Tang)' but 'Kara.'
- 733年の『出雲国風土記』には嶋根郡や秋鹿郡の雑物の中に「縞蝦」の記述が見られる。
- In 'Izumo no kuni fudoki' (the topography of Izumo Province) in 733, there is a description '縞蝦' (shima ebi) in the chapter of miscellaneous things of Shimane and Aika Counties.
- 以下に示す内容を、整然と著述しており、「経」字を書名とするに足る深みを持っている。
- The content mentioned below was written in perfect order, and are profound enough for the work to have 'Classic' in its title.
- また、この理容室の蒸しタオルを、後述する貸しおしぼり業者が取り扱っている事も多い。
- These steamed oshibori used in barbershops are often provided by rental oshibori companies, which are described below.
- 「陰陽五行思想」とは前述の通り「陰陽思想」と「五行思想」を組み合わせたものである。
- Inyo Gogyo Shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Xing Thought) is a combination of 'Yin-yang' and 'Gogyo shiso' as mentioned above.
- この時代、待矢場両堰普通水利組合などが鉱毒に言及していたことについては記述がない。
- There is no description that at that time the Common Water Union of Machi-Yaba Ryozeki and others had pointed out the mining pollution.
- ただし後述するとおり、現在旧暦として使われている暦は改暦前の天保暦とわずかに異なる。
- As mentioned later, however, the old calendar as currently used is slightly different from the Tenpo calendar prior to the calendar reform.
- 世阿弥に仮託されているが、実際には『風姿花伝』の記述の一部が含まれているにすぎない。
- It is considered to have been written by Zeami, but in reality, it contains only a portion of a description on 'Fushikaden.'
- 前述にもあるように、古神道や神道の神々や、九十九神も同様に禍福をもたらす存在である。
- Similarly, as mentioned earlier, gods of ancient Shintoism and Shintoism as well as Tsukumogami are also beings that bring about fortune and misfortune.
- しかし、家に着いてから礼を述べようと戸口に立つ女を見ると、その顔は骸骨だったという。
- Arriving home, he looked to the female to thank her, but the face was a skeleton.
- 本項では紋付小袖について述べる(着物に紋が入ることの意味に関しては家紋の項を参照)。
- In this section, montsuki kosode is explained; for information on what it means for kimono to have the family crest, please refer to the 'Family Crest' section.
- 明治時代の妖怪絵巻『ばけもの絵巻』(作者不詳)に「赤子の怪」と題して記述されている。
- It is described in picture scrolls of specters in the Meiji period called 'Bakemono Emaki' (Picture Scrolls with Monstrous Beings) (writer unknown) with a title 'Akago no kai' (mystery of Akago).
- また仏像、仏具の材料として香木を用いる事も多く、経典の中にも香についての記述は多い。
- In addition, there are many cases where fragrant woods are used as materials for making Buddha statues and Buddhist altar fittings, and there also are many descriptions on incense in the Buddhist sutra.
- 鴻池流は醸造法としては消滅してしまったものなので、その意味で本書の記述は貴重である。
- The brewing method of Konoike school has been lost already, therefore the descriptions in the book are valuable.
- 名前からよく誤解されるが公家の女性が着用していた着物の文様ではない(歴史にて詳述)。
- Because of its name, it is often mistaken as Kimono that court noble ladies wore (as described in History), in fact it is not.
- 次いで述べられるのは「当道の先祖」、即ち、能の先駆者たちの芸風についての解説である。
- The following part deals with 'Todo no senzo' or the explanation about the style of performance of Noh pioneers.
- 前座の若手が、調子をとって小拍子を打ち鳴らしながら口上を述べて客を集める用途もある。
- A young storyteller rhythmically strikes the wooden clappers together to introduce the day's performers before the feature presentation starts, thus inviting spectators.
- 後述する島根県での雑煮における汁粉も、元来はこうした塩味の料理であったと考えられる。
- The shiruko eaten in Shimane Prefecture as zoni (New Year's special soup with rice cake as a main ingredient), which will be described later, is considered to have originally been a savory dish.
- 先述の姫路地方では播州駄菓子(ばんしゅうだがし)と呼ばれるなど駄菓子として発達した。
- As mentioned earlier, in the Himeji region, karinto is referred to as the Banshu dagashi (cheap sweets) and has developed as an inexpensive sweet.
- また、名人喜田六平太(十四世)は井筒に関して「ありゃぁ、祝言の舞いだよ」と述べていた。
- Regarding Izutsu, the master Roppeita KITA (the 14th) has said, 'That's a Shukugen no mai (dance for words of congratulations).'
- 夕霧は帰ってきたかったのだが、宮仕えでひまがなくて心外にも三年間都に滞在したと述べる。
- Yugiri says that he wanted to return home but stayed in Kyoto for three years against his will because he was busy with the imperial court service.
- 『百器徒然袋』の解説文によれば、石燕はこの玄上と牧馬が琵琶牧々に変化したと述べている。
- According to the explanation in 'Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro', Sekien states that it had been those 'genjo' and 'bokuba' that have transformed into Biwabokuboku.
- しかし前述のように、江戸時代にはすでに鳥山石燕らによる妖怪の創作が多く行なわれていた。
- However, as mentioned earlier, by the Edo period, yokai were actively invented by people such as Sekien TORIYAMA.
- 三浦はまた、大化改新から天智天皇の代までの法制のこととも述べて、宣長の説をも包含した。
- MIURA also incorporated Norinaga's theory with his own, advocating that the phrase also means the whole legal system starting from the Taika Reforms to the laws created in the reign of Emperor Tenchi.
- 本項では砂糖細工の範疇に含まれるものも歴史的な出自が同一であるという理由から記述する。
- In this section something in the category of sugar confectionery production is also described because of its similar historical origin.
- 法性坊は、「御身は筑紫国で果てたと聞いた。だからずっと弔いをしているのだ。」と述べる。
- Hossho-bo says 'I hear you died in Chikushi Province. Therefore, I have been holding a memorial service.'
- 一例としてナスの味噌漬けについて述べれば、初秋に採り入れたナスをへたのついたまま洗う。
- For example, to make Misozuke of eggplants, pick eggplants in the beginning of fall and wash them with the calyx.
- 大弓(たいきゅう)とも記述するが、日本の大弓(おおゆみ)とは意味も構造も違う物である。
- It is also written as Taikyu (literally, 'long bow'), but is different from Oyumi (long bow) in Japan both from the viewpoint of meaning and structure.
- 警察官が費用負担した場合は利益誘導として裁判の際に供述の任意性が否定される場合がある。
- If it is paid by a policeman, this may be taken as the dispensation of favors and the voluntary nature of the suspect's confession may be refuted during the trial.
- 上述の経緯で、吉田氏の家伝は主君六角義賢が継承していたが、重高は義賢から返伝を受けた。
- As for the above-mentioned details, the family secret manual of the Yoshida clan was handed down to master Yoshikata ROKKAKU, but Yoshikata returned it to Shigetaka.
- なお、現在残っている『談儀』には前述のように草稿と思わしき聞き書きなどが附属している。
- In addition, the oral transcription mentioned above that seems to be the draft is attached to the existing 'Sarugaku dangi.'
- 500年頃の中国の『斉民要術』には、現代の日本の醤油に似た醤の製造法が記述されている。
- 'Qi Min Yao Shu' (the ancient Chinese agricultural texts) in China around 500 stated the manufacturing method of hishio similar to Japanese soy-sauce today.
- この理由は、前述した様に縁起物であるため、割り切れる数字(偶数)を避けてのことである。
- The reason is that it is a lucky object as stated above, for which Japanese people avoid using even numbers, because even numbers are divisible.
- 学校の登校中、骨董屋で偶然ウルティモと出会い、自分が転生した人間だという事を述べられる。
- One day on his way to school, he happens to meet Ultimo for the first time, who tells him that he is a human who has been reincarnated.
- また前述の「文車の文」の箇所からは、同じく『百器徒然袋』の「文車妖妃」が創作されている。
- Further, the above-cited 'books on fuguruma' passage is also the source of creation for 'Fuguruma-yobi' introduced in the 'Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro.'
- 前述の通り志野流は蜂谷宗悟に受け継がれたが、建部流と対比させて蜂谷流と称することもある。
- As above mentioned, the Shino school was succeeded to by Sogo HACHIYA; however, it is sometimes referred to as the Hachiya school in contrast with the Takebe school.
- しかし大悪天皇の記述は武烈天皇にも見られることから両者は同一人物ではないかとの説もある。
- However, as the Emperor Buretsu is also described as the Evil Emperor, there is a theory that says these two emperors were the same person.
- 先述のぶつ切り牛肉の味噌鍋の店も、こうした牛鍋のプロトタイプの名残りと見る事ができよう。
- The above mentioned miso-based dish with beef chunks may be regarded as a remnant or prototype for other gyu-nabe style cooking.
- 鎧本体は小札(こざね、後述)により形成され、胴部の構造は平面的で広げると一枚の板になる。
- The armor main body was composed of many pieces of kozane (small plates made of iron and leather), while the trunk was composed of a big flat plate.
- 演奏者は、演奏前に製作者が精魂こめて作った篳篥を見つめていると精神が統一されると述べる。
- A player says that just looking at the Hichiriki flute enables him/her to concentrate before a performance while thinking about how the craftsman put his/her soul into making it.
- 前述の通り、『談儀』が扱うのはこの時期、即ち60歳から68歳頃までの世阿弥の芸談である。
- As mentioned above, 'Sarugaku dangi' deals with Zeami's discourse about Noh performance in this period, that is, when he was 60 through 68.
- 従来、『鉄炮記』の記述により日本への鉄砲伝来は1543年の種子島より始まるとされてきた。
- Traditionally, according to the descriptions of 'Teppoki' (a history book on the introduction of guns), the introduction of a gun to Japan began on Tanega-shima Island in 1543.
- 大和流開祖 森川香山喜忠(号 観徳軒)は「大和流弓道教訓之巻」で以下のように述べている。
- Kozan Yoshitada MORIKAWA (his pseudonym is Kantokuken), the founder of Yamato school, stated in 'Yamato-ryu Kyudo Kyokun no maki' (Precepts for Kyudo of Yamato school) as follows:
- 前述通り『日本書紀』によれば、欽明天皇は庶兄・宣化天皇が崩御した後即位したとされている。
- As mentioned above, 'Chronicles of Japan' suggests that Emperor Kinmei succeeded the enthronement after Emperor Senka, his older brother by a concubine, passed away.
- 民間の憲法案も多数発表されたが、憲法起草の中心になった伊藤博文は以下のように述べている。
- Many common people published their own ideas for a constitution, but Hirobumi ITO who was a leading editor of the draft mentioned about them as follows;
- また、日本神話で天岩戸に隠れた際に天照大神を引き出したアメノウズメのことが述べられている。
- It also refers to Amenouzume who succeeded to lure Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess) out of the Ama no iwato (Cave of heaven) in Japanese Mythology.
- 前述のように鯨種によって取れる部位が異なったり、同じ部位でも食味が違ったりする場合がある。
- As described above, the parts that can be used for meat depend on the species of the whale, and the taste of the same part may also depend on the species.
- この老女が姥ヶ火となった話は、『西鶴諸国ばなし』でも「身を捨て油壷」として記述されている。
- The story that the old woman turned to be ubagabi was also described in 'Saikaku Shokoku Banashi'(stories in various places written by Saikaku) as a story of 'Miosute aburatsubo' (a story of an old woman who stole oil for a lamp from a shrine because she was miserably poor).
- 京都ではくずあんを掛けて細切りの油揚げを載せたものを指し、大阪では前述のきつね蕎麦を指す。
- In Kyoto, Tanuki soba means a bowl of soba in soup thickened with arrowroot starch topped with thinly sliced fried tofu, whereas, in Osaka, it means the soba dish which is known as Kitsune soba in the foregoing.
- さらに如仏に尋ねると「目一つありと雖も、両劫のあらむには死石にあらず」(生)と述べられた。
- Then they asked Nyobutsu and received an answer saying that it was not the dead stone in double ko although there was a me (alive).
- 『源氏物語』にも桧破籠(ひわりご)として現れており、また『和名類聚抄』にも記述されている。
- It appears in 'The Tale of Genji' as a hiwarigo lunch box (a partitioned wooden lunch box) and also in 'Wamyo Ruijusho' (a dictionary of Japanese names).
- 打ち水の効果については前述通りであるが、やり方を間違えるとこの効果が得られないことがある。
- Although Uchimizu has the effects as mentioned above, such effects can not be achieved if it is done in the wrong way.
- 養老律令の私撰注釈書で、飛鳥時代から奈良時代と推定される米麹による酒造法が記述されている。
- It was a commentary of the Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) in which there is a description on a sake brewing method by rice malt that was guessed to be done from the Asuka period to the Nara period.
- しかし、その内容には、飲茶法を超えた、茶道に結びつくような精神的な記述も見ることができる。
- Nevertheless, its content describes more than just how to drink tea, and spiritual descriptions that led to the Japanese tea ceremony can be seen.
- しかし、群馬県山田郡の鉱毒被害は止まず、この地区ではこの後も鉱毒反対運動が続いた(後述)。
- However, in Yamada County of Gunma Prefecture, the mining pollution kept causing damages and residents of the area kept the movement against the pollution (see below).
- 政府が当時のこれらの対策が不十分であることを認めたのは、前述したとおり1993年であった。
- As described above, in 1993, the government acknowledged for the first time that those measures they had taken at that time had not been enough to solve the pollution.
- しかし、前述の塚は雀塚と呼ばれて現存しており、現在でもなお実方のための供養が続けられている。
- However, the mound that is called Suzumezuka still exists, and the memorial service is still continually held for Sanekata today.
- 1669年に「料理食道記」という料理書には、日本各地の鯨肉産地(詳細後述)が記載されている。
- In a cooking book titled 'Ryori shokudo-ki' written in 1669, whale meat production area in Japan (to be described later in details) are described.
- この記述と関係なく、丸善は店内のレストランでハヤシライスを「早矢仕ライス」の名で供している。
- Apart from these articles, a restaurant inside a Maruzen shop served hayashi rice under the name of '早矢仕 rice' (Yuteki's family name 'HAYASHI' is spelled as '早矢仕' in Chinese characters).
- 大悪天皇の記述は雄略天皇にも見られることから、武烈天皇は実在せず雄略の部分伝承との説もある。
- A theory exists that Emperor Buretsu didn't actually exist, but was described by parts of the legend of Emperor Yuryaku, who was also described as the Evil Emperor.
- 記紀の記述を尊重して、継体天皇を大王家の「遠い傍系に連なる有力王族」とする旧来の説があった。
- The traditional theory respected the descriptions in Kiki and believed that the Emperor Keitai came from 'a powerful royal family in a distant collateral line' of the great king's family.
- (なお『日本書紀』において「高天原」が記述されるのは冒頭の第4の一書とこの箇所のみである。)
- (The word 'Takamanohara' appears in 'Nihonshoki' only twice; one is this reference of the Empress Jito and the other appears in a part of Volume four at the beginning.)
- これはどういう意味だろうと言われ、狭穂毘売は暗殺未遂の顛末を述べた後兄の元へ逃れてしまった。
- And when he asked her opinion on what his dream meant, she ran away to her brother after she confessed the Emperor the assassination attempt.
- 2人一組で家々を訪れ、新年を祝う口上を述べた後に、1人片方が打つ鼓に合わせてもう1人が舞う。
- A pair of performers visit each house, with one of them playing the drum and the other dancing with it after delivering a congratulatory speech for the New Year.
- 全日本弓道連盟が公式に定めているのは「射法八節(後述)」「礼法」「間合い」のみとなっている。
- Shaho hassetsu' (discussed later), 'manners' and 'distance' are the only aspects that are officially defined by the All Nippon Kyudo Federation.
- 広義には卵を溶かないで焼くものも含むが、ここでは溶いて焼く狭義の「卵焼き」について記述する。
- Although in a broader definition, eggs may be cooked without being beaten, this article describes egg dishes in which the eggs are beaten.
- 日本においてはこの語句が格別に愛好され、以下に述べる含みを持つ語として使われるようになった。
- In Japan, the word 'setsugetsuka' became very popular, and has been used by itself, having acquired some new meanings as shown below.
- この要求に応じる形で口上を述べ、弁舌を振るったのが活動弁士の元祖、上田布袋軒なる人物である。
- It was Hoteiken UEDA, the first katsudo benshi, who met the demand with his fluent speech.
- 姉川の合戦の戦況に関する織田家の史料は簡潔な記述にとどまっていることから真実は定かではない。
- Because historical materials on the situation of the battle that the Oda clan has had provide only brief descriptions, the truth is unknown.
- 下の日本の項目で述べるように陽明学は日本に伝来して江戸時代以降の日本史に大きな足跡を残した。
- As described in the section related to Japan, Yomei-gaku was introduced into Japan and left its mark on Japanese history from the end of Edo period onwards.
- しかし、九州帝国大学医学部教授の中山平次郎が、万葉集の記述などを検討し福岡城址説を提唱した。
- But Heijiro NAKAYAMA, the professor of the Medical Department of Kyushu Imperial University, advocated an opiion that the construction site of Korokan was the ruins of Fukuokajo Castle after examining records including Manyoshu.
- 平安時代の「和名抄」に「タカナ」の記述が見られるため、それ以前に日本に伝来していたと思われる。
- Since the description of 'takana' was found in the 'Wamyo-sho' (a dictionary) compiled in the Heian period, it seems to have come to Japan before then.
- 後述する唄用篠笛は五代目及び六代目の福原百之助が大正から昭和の初期にかけて開発したものである。
- The shino-bue, which will be described later, was developed from the Taisho period to the early Showa period by Hyakunosuke FUKUHARA V and VI.
- また、中国では秦時代の『山海経』という書物のなかに、フグを食べると命を落とすという記述がある。
- Also, in China, there is a statement in Sengaikyo (oldest book on the geography of China) from the Qin dynasty, saying that if one eats pufferfish, he or she will die.
- 平安後期から明治維新より前の慣例を述べると、白玉製巡方無文の帯は天皇の祭事用のみに使用された。
- According to custom from the end of the Heian Period to the Meiji Restoration, square unfigured sashes with white gemstones were used only for ceremonies involving the Emperor.
- 後述の諡号から、崇神天皇をもって初代天皇とする説や崇神天皇と神武天皇を同一人物と見る説がある。
- The posthumous name described below has led to theories that Emperor Sujin was the first emperor of Japan, as well as theories that he was the same individual as Emperor Jinmu.
- 記紀神話にはカヤノヒメを蛇とする記述は見られないものの、夫のオオヤマツミを蛇体とする説がある。
- Although the myths recorded in 'Kojiki' and in 'Nihon Shoki' do not mention Kaya no Hime as a goddess with a snake's body, according to some myth her husband Oyamatsumi no Kami (the god of mountains) has a snake's body.
- なお、桔梗原の戦いに関しては矢島文書など極少数の資料にしか記述がなく、確定された事実ではない。
- There are only a few written records of the Kikyogahara battle, for example, the Yajima bunsho, and there is no proof whether the battle in fact took place or not.
- また、日本書紀の大化の改新の記述には改竄が認められることから、この説が唱えられるようになった。
- Because there is falsification in the definition of Taika's reform in 'Chronicles of Japan (Nihon Shoki),' this theory has become apparent.
- 代表的には鰹節を削ったものから抽出(手法や呼称の詳細は後述)したものを出汁と称する場合が多い。
- In Japan, the soup stock extracted from the shaved katsuobushi is so typical as to often be called just 'soup stock'; the details of extraction and the naming of the extracts are explained below.
- 沖縄で天ぷらと言うとこの食品を指すことが多いが、上述のような一般的な天ぷらももちろん存在する。
- In Okinawa, the term 'tempura' is often referred to as Okinawa tempura, but there is of course the regular tempura described above.
- しかし、彼は東京生まれであり、先述した松竹の寿海偏重方針も災いして誰にも支持されていなかった。
- Because he had been born in Tokyo, however, and partly because of the negative impact of Shochiku's above-mentioned policy of overemphasizing Jukai, no one supported him.
- 『日本書紀』に捔力で相手を蹴り殺したとの記述があり、この時代の捔力が相撲の起源とする説もある。
- In the 'Nihonshoki' there is a description of a sumai match in which one competitor kicked the opponent to death, and it is said that sumai in this period was the beginning of sumo (Japanese-style wrestling).
- (後述、但し厳密にはすべての火縄銃を「種子島」と云わず、比較的に太く短いものをさすことが多い)
- (As we'll see later, however, strictly speaking, all hinawaju were not called 'Tanegashima,' but those that were relatively thick and short were called that way.)
- 「宣言」では、平民社が今後、「平民主義・社会主義・平和主義」を唱えていくことが述べられている。
- It is described in 'Declaration' that Heiminsha will recite 'commoner principle, socialism, and pacifism' from now on.
- 『信長公記』の記述では柵から出入りしていたとあることから、いずれにしても通説は非常に疑わしい。
- In any case the standard explanation is untenable as 'Shinchoko-ki' mentions that gunners freely went inside and came out of the stockade.
- 対策の節で述べる工事が1897年から1927年にかけて行われると、表だった鉱毒被害は減少した。
- After the construction, detailed below, of measures between 1897 and 1927 were carried out, prominent damages by the mining pollution were reduced.
- 寛治5年(1091年)に宋商人李居簡が鴻臚館で写経した記述を最後に文献上から消えることとなる。
- The last record of Korokan is the description that 李居簡, a merchant from the Northern Sung dynasty, transcribed a sutra in Korokan in 1091.
- 嘉永3年(1850年)「守貞漫稿」(喜多川守貞著)によれば、以下のような内容の記述がされている。
- Morisadamanko' (magazines about manners and customs published in the latter half of the Edo period) by Morisada KITAGAWA in 1850, describes the mode as follows.
- しかし、原典の『聴耳草紙』では単に「履き物」とのみ述べられており、草履かどうかという疑問が残る。
- However, there is a question whether the footwear was zori or not, because the original text of 'kikimimi soshi' did not describe the footwear as zori.
- 曾尸茂梨については『日本書紀』 卷第一 第八段 一書第四のヤマタノオロチ退治の前段に記述がある。
- The description of Soshimori is found in the first part of the story of the killing of the Yamata no Orochi in the arufumi (an 'alternate writing' transmitted by Nihonshoki) No.4 in the section 8 of book 1 of the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- どちらにせよ、3世紀後半の魏志倭人伝には倭人は酒を嗜むといった記述があり、どぶろくの歴史は長い。
- Any way, it is described in Gishiwajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty') that Wajin (Japanese people) enjoy drinking and Doburoku has a long history.
- 三味線と「お囃子」(前述の4種の楽器)だけでなく、さらに大太鼓や鉦、銅鑼なども加えて演奏される。
- Odaiko (large drums), bells and dora (gongs) are played together with Shamisen and ohayashi (the four instruments described earlier).
- これはあくまで個人のこととし、若い時分には「我が流儀立つるべからず」(『茶礎』)とも述べている。
- He considered that it was just a private thing, and said that 'my style should not have been established' ('Chaso' [a tea book written by Fumai MATSUDAIRA]) when he was young.
- 現代文では、散文中に歌詞を記述する際に、歌詞部分の冒頭に配置して散文との区分とする用法が一般的。
- In contemporary writings, when song lyrics are inserted in prose, ioriten is generally put at the beginning of the lyrics in order to distinguish them from the prose.
- 順徳天皇が『禁秘抄』で「禁中作法先神事」と述べたように、天皇は肇国以来「神事」を最優先してきた。
- As Emperor Juntoku stated in the 'Kinpisho' (a book written by Emperor Juntoku, which records the history and origin of the Imperial Court's ceremonies and sets forth the rules and etiquette for carrying out such ceremonies) that consideration should be given to divine service before other manners at the Imperial Court, successive emperors have given the highest priority to Shinto rituals since the establishment of the country.
- 百日の護摩供養をしていたが、今日は満願の日なので「仁王会」という法事をするつもりであると述べる。
- He says 'I have been praying to invoke the divine help as a 100-day session and today is the day for the session to be concluded and, therefore, I will hold a Buddhism service called 'Nio-kai (the guardian god meet)'.
- 前述の「BSEの影響」にて、なか卯、すき家、吉野家、松屋にて牛丼の販売が休止(一部店舗を除く)。
- Due to the above-mentioned 'effect of BSE', Nakau, Sukiya, Yoshinoya, and Matsuya terminated gyudon sales (except for some shops).
- 古くは『常陸国風土記』(713年)に登場しており、ヤマトタケルに関して次のような記述が見られる。
- As early as 713, it appeared in 'Hitachi-no-kuni-fudoki (The topographical records of Hitachi county),' which has the following descriptions about YAMATO Takeru:
- 冷や飯に水をかけたものは「水飯」(すいはん)と言い、源氏物語でも光源氏が食べたという記述がある。
- There is a passage in Tale of Genji that says Hikaru Genji ate 'suihan' which is cold rice with cold water poured over it.
- 万川集海、正忍記等の忍術書において情報収集のため相手方へ忍び込むための技術などが記述されている。
- Techniques to slip into the enemy camp to gather intelligence are described in Ninjutsu-sho (book of Ninjutsu) such as Mansei (or Bansei) Shukai and Shonin-ki.
- また、四条流では刺身に添えるわさびと塩は接して並べる、酢も添えるべき……など興味深い記述も多い。
- The book also contains many interesting descriptions, one such passage describes Japanese horseradish (wasabi) and salt having to be arranged side by side to accompany sliced raw fish, and vinegar also being a necessity when serving in the Shijo School, and so on.
- 十八代・貞慶は、「三議一統」後に加えられた記述をし、武家礼法を「小笠原礼書七冊」としてまとめる。
- The 18th generation of the family, Sadayoshi, wrote about changes since the 'Sangiitto', compiling them into the 'Seven Volumes of Ogasawara Etiqutte', which covered samurai etiquette.
- 『平家物語』や摂津国の地誌『摂津名所図会』などによると、鵺退治の話は以下のように述べられている。
- 'Heike Monogatari' and a geographical document about Settsu Province 'Settsu-meisho-zue' (a book introducing noted places in Settsu) describe that Nue was killed in the following way:
- 他にも『日本三代実録』には、御霊会などの余興として散楽が演じられたとする記述があって注目される。
- Other than the above, there is a description in 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' stating that Sangaku was performed as the entertainment of goryo-e (ritual ceremony to repose of spirit of a deceased person).
- 室町時代の文献の中に既に「重箱」の記述を見ることができるので、その歴史はかなり古いと考えられる。
- The history of Jubako is considered to be rather long because the term 'Jubako' can be found in literature from the Muromachi period.
- 徳川軍の活躍により合戦に勝利したことを示すため織田軍が押され気味であったと記述しているとする説。
- A theory suggests that there was a description that Oda troops were losing ground in order to indicate that they won the battle because of the performance of Tokugawa's.
- しかし、後世の史料であるが「庄内陣記」には義弘・忠恒が共謀し義久が同意を与えたという記述がある。
- However, although it was written later, 'Shonai Jinki' (Shonai war chronicle) has an entry stating that Yoshihiro and Tadatsune had conspired together while Yoshihisa gave his consent to the plan.
- また、ラーメンの注文自体も、特に指定しないと後述の「こってり」が出てくる場合もあるので注意が必要。
- The customer must take care when ordering, as in some cases the 'thick type' kotteri ramen (described below) is served automatically unless another type is specifically ordered.
- 同文献には「鶴肉の吸い物」の記述もあるので、ツルの肉を焼き鳥にして殿様が食べていたのかもしれない。
- This yakitori might have been crane meat and eaten by tono-sama (a person with higher rank), since the literature includes a description of 'Tsuruniku no suimono' (clear soup of crane meat).
- 『山槐記』には、この寝殿や広廂に「明かり障子を撤去する」とか「明かり障子を立つ」などの記述もある。
- 'Sankaiki' contains descriptions of the 'withdrawal of akari shoji' from the main house and area under the wide eaves mentioned above as well as the 'installation of akari shoji into the same, etc.
- In 'Sankaiki' (Tadachika NAKAYAMA's diary) there are descriptions to 'remove Akari-shoji' or 'set Akari-shoji' in this Shinden or Hiro-bisashi (broad eaves).
- 上記の「祭礼(祭り)や市や縁日などが催される、境内、参道や門前町」を庭場という。(以下庭場と記述)
- The ground of shrines or temples, on the approach to them or in temple towns during festivals, markets, and fairs' mentioned above are known as niwaba (literally meaning 'yard' and described 'niwaba' hereinafter).
- しかし、人民の精神の自立を伴わない憲法発布や政治参加に、不安も抱いていて、以下のように述べている。
- But, he was also concerned that people were still not psychologically independent even though the promulgation of the constitution and public's participation in politics were realized, and stated as below:
- まず政嗣の孫・及川定嗣がもっとも早期に葛西氏の家臣となっているが下に述べるようにのちに滅ぼされた。
- Initially, Masatsugu's grandson Sadatsugu OIKAWA became a retainer of the KASAI clan in the earliest time, but he was exterminated due to the reasons described below.
- バワーズ自身の述懐によると、少佐は、交戦前に日本滞在の経験があり、実は大の歌舞伎好き、見巧者だった。
- According to Bowers, he has spent some time in Japan before the war started, and he was very fond of kabuki.
- これまで述べてきた刀剣外装は概ね儀仗用のもので、戦陣に赴くときに佩用されることは無かったと思われる。
- The swords mentioned earlier were generally used in ceremonies, and it is unlikely that they were carried to battlefields.
- また、そのとき、西欧の書物をよくよく吟味して、異端に日本の信者がふれぬべきであるとも述べられている。
- At that time, as a result of close examination of western books, he also mentioned that Japanese believers should not have touched heterodoxy.
- 前述のように観世流らしき描写があり、また内弟子を取っていることから、観世流の職分家の一つと思われる。
- As mentioned above, there are descriptions which imply the Kanze-ryu school, a family who takes private pupils, so it is possible to infer that it is one of the occupational branch families of the Kanze-ryu school.
- 現在はこの長襦袢が一般的に使われるが、江戸前期ごろまでは半襦袢(後述)が正式な襦袢と考えられていた。
- Until through the early Edo period, hanjuban (to be described later) was considered a formal juban, while nagajuban is commonly used today.
- 『日本書紀』『古事記』の神武天皇の記述は東征が大部分を占めており、詳細は神武東征の項目も参照のこと。
- Most descriptions concerning Emperor Jimmu in Nihonshoki and Kojiki are about Jimmu tosei (Eastern expedition of Emperor Jimmu); for details, refer to the section of Jimmu tosei.
- 前述の鉄道沿線開発では東武鉄道の根津嘉一郎 (初代)、阪急電鉄の小林一三の近代田園都市建設は名高い。
- Well known examples of the land development along the railroads mentioned earlier include the case of Tobu Railway led by Kaichiro NEZU (the founder) and that of Hankyu Railway under the lead of Ichizo KOBAYASHI.
- もともと悲劇の英雄として人気の高かった義経伝説に、優れた作劇(後述)がされた本作は大当たりとなった。
- The legend of Yoshitsune, which had already been popular as the hero of a tragedy, was recreated with an excellent narrative and became a huge hit.
- 現代日本では、花札か、後述する読み札にあわせた絵札をとってその枚数を競う競技を意味するようになった。
- In present Japan, karuta means 'hanafuda' (cards with a printed picture of a flower), or the game mentioned below in which players compete for accumulating the most number of picture cards corresponding to 'yomifuda' (cards for calling).
- 先述のとおり、地域おこし・地域活性化の手段・ツールとして郷土料理を活用する動きが日本各地でみられる。
- As is mentioned above, local dishes are being used throughout Japan as a way to boost the development or revitalization of local communities.
- 山田野理夫『東北怪談の旅』に福島県の話として妖怪お歯黒べったりのことと思われるものが記述されている。
- In Norio YAMADA's 'Tohoku Kaidan no Tabi' (Trip to scary stories in Tohoku Region), a rumor of the specter Ohaguro-bettari in Fukui Prefecture was described.
- 公家社会で小袖が着用されるようになったのは先述のように徳川和子(東福門院)の入内の頃からと思われる。
- As mentioned above, it is thought that the time kosode became common among the society of court nobles was around the time when Masako TOKUGAWA (Tofukumonin) was sent to the Imperial court.
- 御数寄屋頭の伊佐家により広く伝えられた怡渓派(後述)と異なり、茶道組頭の野村家による伝播は多くない。
- Unlike the Ikei-ha (see below), which was spread extensively by the Isa family, who held the positon Osukiya Gashira in charge of the Shogun's tea rooms, the Nomura-ha was not spread so widely by the Nomura family, who were heads of the tea ceremony.
- 「能の本を書く事、この道の命なり」(『風姿花伝』)と述べたように、世阿弥は作能を極めて重視している。
- As Zeami said 'Writing Noh book is the life of Noh.' in 'Fushikaden,' Zeami put great importance on writing Noh.
- スルメとほぼ同義の言葉としても使われているが、現述のものは加工されて切断されていないもののみを指す。
- Given that it is also used as a virtual synonym for surume (dried cuttlefish), noshiika only refers to squid that has not undergone the shredding-process.
- 意味は、君主・主君にそむくことである(ただし、厳密には後述のように謀反と謀叛には微妙な差異がある)。
- 'Muhon' means 'betraying one's master' (although there's a slight difference in the meaning of '謀反' and '謀叛' to be exact).
- しかし後述するように、実際の適用では、臣下の間での実力による政権奪取の試みや陰謀も謀反に含められた。
- Practically, an attempt to take power on one's merit or a conspiracy, among vassals, were also regarded as muhon, as described below.
- 19世紀に刊行されたハーマン・メルヴィルの「白鯨」にもイルカの美味はよく知られているという記述がある。
- In Herman Melville's 'Moby Dick' published in the 19 century, dolphin meat was described as well-known delicacy.
- キリシタン版は、湮滅したものもあり、また前述の通り論者によって定義が異なるし、発見し得た点数も異なる。
- Some publications of Kirishitan-ban were destroyed, and as stated above, the definition differed according to an advocate, and the number of books discovered also differed.
- 前述の通り明太子とは「スケトウダラの子」という意味であり「たらこ」を示す言葉として使う方が本来正しい。
- As aforementioned, mentaiko originally means 'children of walleye pollack' and this indicates 'cod roe.'
- 1857年(安政4年)に栄太楼が開発した和菓子で、ここまで述べてきた発酵食品の納豆とは全く別物である。
- It is quite different from the above-mentioned natto, which is a fermented food; ama natto is a Japanese confectionery developed in 1857 by Eitaro.
- また、後述するように、焼酎甲類に対して劣るという誤解を避けるために「本格焼酎」という呼称も用いられる。
- As described herein below, to avoid misunderstanding that the quality is lower than shochu group Ko, it is also called 'Honkaku (authentic) Shochu'
- 享保28年(1735年)の『築山庭造伝』の元になったといわれる『築山山水伝』に「枯水形」の記述がある。
- In 1743 (or 1735) 'Chikuyama-teizo-den' (Records on artificial hill gardening), which is said to be the origin of 'Chikuyama-sansui-den' (Records on artificial hill and water), there was a description of 'karemizugata (waterless shape).'
- 前述のように世阿弥の伝書の多くは、その孫・越智観世十郎大夫が率いた越智観世座が相続したと見られている。
- As is described above, it is estimated that many of the Zeami's densho were succeeded by Ochi KANZE troupe led by Ochi KANZE Juro dayu, who was the grandson of Zeami.
- この頃には羽根を蜻蛉に見立て、蚊に刺されないようにとの願いが込められていたことが文献に記述されている。
- Literature from around this time said that Hane was regarded as a dragonfly, and a wish for protecting from mosquito bites was contained.
- ただし、両軍の兵力数と損害数に記述されるように、本当にそれだけの損害を与えられたのかは別に疑問が残る。
- However, it is still questionable whether Nobunaga's teppo units could really inflict as many casualties as the described number of soldiers and casualties on both sides.
- 鴻臚の名は入唐留学僧円仁の『入唐求法巡礼行記』の承和 (日本)4年(837年)の記述に初めて登場する。
- The name 'Koro' first appeared in the chapter of the fourth year of the Showa era (837) of 'Nitto guho junreiki' (The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law), which was described by Ennin, a monk who went to China for studying.
- また、『常陸国風土記』では武渟川別が、『丹後国風土記』では丹波道主命の父である彦坐王が記述されている。
- Takenunakawa wake no mikoto was also written about in the 'Hitachi no kuni fudoki' (the topography of Hitachi Province), as well as Hikoimasu no miko, father of Tanbamichi nushi no mikoto, who was referred to in 'Tango no kuni fudoki' (the topography of Tango Province).
- 様々な由来(後述)が諸説紛々であるためにはっきりしないが、現在では俗説として次の2つが言われることが多い
- While there are various theories (see below) and the actual origin has not been truly identified, at present, the following two theories are commonly cited with regard to the origin:
- 先述の撞木で叩くことにより音をだすが、その奏法は2種類あり皿のふちを叩く場合と中央部分を叩く場合がある。
- Sounds are made by beating with above-referenced shumoku, and there are two ways of playing; one is to beat its edge and the other is to beat its center.
- 明確な記録は欠くものの、『日本後紀』の記述よりその際に親王宣下が行われて三品が与えられたと見られている。
- Although no reliable record has been found, 'Nihonkoki' (Later Chronicle of Japan) suggested that Prince Tsuneyo was given the title of Imperial Prince on this occasion and awarded the rank of Sanbon (the third rank of the Imperial Princess's ranks).
- 膳氏との関連でも述べるように、志摩国と内膳司を支配していた高橋氏との間に特殊な関係を指摘する意見がある。
- As will be described in the section on 'The relationship with the Kashiwade clan,' there is an opinion that a special relationship existed with the Takahashi clan who dominated Shima Province and Naizenshi.
- 庄九郎は、「主君は、これまでの遺恨を水に流し旗本奴と町奴が仲良くなりたいとの思し召しています」と述べた。
- He says, 'Our master wants to bury his longstanding grudge and hopes that hatamato-yattko and machi-yakko get along nicely.
- これ以後の教科書では、文部省は後醍醐天皇から南北朝合一までの時代を「吉野朝時代」と記述するようになった。
- After this incident, the description of the era between Emperor Godaigo and the united era of the Southern and the Northern Courts in the textbook from the Ministry of Education was rewritten as 'era of Yoshino Court.'
- ※この両人および後述の賀陽正憲は皇籍離脱後の誕生であるため、厳密に区分すると「旧皇族の男系子孫」である。
- *Above two people and Masanori KAYA, who is mentioned later, were born after their family left the Imperial Family, strictly speaking, they were 'male descendants of the former Imperial Family.'
- このことは『魏志倭人伝』に記述されており、古い時代からすでに現在に伝わる姿が完成されていたことがわかる。
- This is described in 'Gishi Wajin Den' (the first written record of Japan's commerce), which shows that it has been produced in the same form as the present type since ancient times.
- 鏑矢(かぶらや:希に蕪矢とも書く)は矢の先端、鏃の根元に位置する形で鏑(後述)を取り付けられた矢の名称。
- 鏑矢 (Kaburaya: in rare cases, written as 蕪矢) is the name of an arrow with kabura (to be described later) installed at the end of zoku; the top of an arrow head.
- 前述のように本書は、明治41年、吉田東伍によって翻刻・刊行され、初めて一般の人の目に触れることになった。
- As is mentioned above, the book of 'Sarugaku dangi' was exposed to the public for the first time after it was reprinted and published by Togo YOSHIDA in 1908.
- のちに天明3年(1783年)に書かれた『柴田家文書酒造り始之由来』によればと次のような主旨の記述がある。
- According to 'the Shibata family document: The origin of sake brewing' which was written later in 1783, there are descriptions as follows.
- 最古の部類に入る浦島伝説、羽衣伝説の記述は万葉仮名書きの和歌が入っている点も含めて特筆すべきものである。
- The legends of Urashima and Hagoromo (a robe of heavenly feathers), which belong to the oldest articles, are particularly unique, including Japanese poems written in Manyo-gana (an ancient Japanese writing system using Chinese characters).
- 助詞なども含めてすべて大字で書かれる宣命大書体と、上述のように助詞などを小字で書き分ける宣命小書体である。
- Senmyo Daishotai in which all words including postpositional particles, and so on, are written in large characters, and Senmyo Shoshotai in which postpositional particles, and so on, are differently written in smaller characters as described above.
- また素尸毛犁については偽書とされる『桓檀古記』所収の「檀君世紀上編」の三世檀君 嘉勒の条に次の記述がある。
- Also, in the section of Karoku, the third dangun (the king of the first Korean kingdom) in 'The First Half of the History of Dangun' collected in the 'Kandan Koki' (Texts on Ancient Korean History), which is said to be an apocryphal book, the following article on Soshimori is found:
- 後亀山は後年、両朝合一を決断した理由について、永年の争いを止め、民間の憂いを除くためだったと述懐している。
- Later Gokameyama recalled that he decided to agree to the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts to cease the long-time conflict and remove people's anxiety.
- 礼を述べた二人が孫七と話すをするうち、与兵衛は多賀家の家臣高橋瀬左衛門の弟で、孫七は瀬左衛門の旧臣と知る。
- They thank Magoshichi and chat with him, and then it is disclosed that Yohei is the younger brother of Sezaemon TAKAHASHI, a vassal of the Taga family, whom Magoshichi used to serve.
- 記述から弓矢には、楽器として悪霊を祓う力と武器として魔物を退治する力があると、信じられていたことが窺える。
- This description shows that Yumiya was believed to have the power to exorcise evil spirits as a musical instrument and the power to get rid of a monster as a weapon.
- 『春秋』では啖助・趙匡・陸淳が春秋三伝は『春秋』を注するものではないと懐疑を述べ、特に『左伝』を排斥した。
- With regard to 'Shunju,' Tanjo, Chokyo, and Rikujun expressed skepticism, pointing out that the three Shunju commentaries are not annotations of 'Shunju,' and rejected the 'Commentary of Zuo' in particular.
- その壁画の一部に描かれていた男子と女子の絵と、『日本書紀』の記述が、飛鳥時代の衣服の考古学上の資料である。
- Male and female figures in the wall paintings and the description in the 'Nihonshoki' were the only archaeological sources on clothes during the Asuka period.
- 現在の塚は前述の通り1870年に大阪府が改修したもので、祠も1957年に地元の人々によって改修されたもの。
- As described above, the present mound was repaired in 1870 by Osaka Prefecture, and the small shrine was also repaired in 1957 by local people in that area.
- 前述のとおり、お金を使う機会がないので、目先の利く者であれば、小遣いやご祝儀を原資に貯金すら出来てしまう。
- Since they have no opportunity to use money as mentioned above, the smart ones can even save money from their allowances and tips.
- 史料にヒトツモノが見られるようになるのは平安時代後期からで、『中右記』の宇治上神社の記述などが挙げられる。
- In the late Heian period, Hitotsumono first appeared in the historical documents, for example, in the description of the Ujigami-jinja Shrine in the 'Cyuyuki' (a diary of a court official).
- 携行食の干し飯が水に濡れてカビが生えたので、それを用いて酒を造らせ、その酒で宴会をしたという記述が見える。
- There is a description that since dried boiled rice, which was portable food, became wet and got moldy, a person had sake brewed with it and had a party with that sake.
- 足尾鉱毒事件に関しては、主に被害者側の視点での記述が多いが、中立性を確保するため、古河側の主張も併記する。
- Regarding Ashio Mining Pollution, many articles have been written from the view of the victims, however, in order to gain impartiality, arguments that Furukawa made should be introduced.
- 「実に英、米、仏の自由過激論者の著述のみを金科玉条のごとく誤信し、ほとんど国家を傾けんとする勢いだった。」
- 'They blindly believed only writings of ultra-liberal in Britain, America, and France, and their stream almost swept the nation away.'
- 中国の史書における倭王の最古の記述は、南北朝時代 (中国)の宋 (南朝)王朝に朝貢した「倭」の王たちである。
- The oldest description in history books in China is about the kings of 'Wa' who tribute to Sung Dynasty (Southern Dynasty) in the period of North and South Dynasties (China).
- 同母弟に日本足彦国押人尊(孝安天皇)がおり、『日本書紀』本文での皇后・押媛命は天足彦國押人の娘と記述される。
- His younger maternal half-brother was Yamatotarashihiko kunioshihito no mikoto (later the Emperor Koan), whose empress Oshihime no mikoto is described as a daughter of Amatarashihikokuni oshihito in the text of the 'Nihon Shoki.'
- 前述の岡山城下発祥のばら寿司の元となった、備前福岡 (瀬戸内市)発祥の「どどめせ」という寿司が発祥とされる。
- A kind of sushi called 'dodomese' of Fukuoka of Bizen Province (Setouchi City) is said to be the very origin of this type of sushi including the above-mentioned Okayama barazushi which started in the castle town of Okayama.
- 除幕式には、董子妃や威仁親王夫妻、提唱者の元老たちに加え、因縁の深かった徳川慶喜も列席して祝辞を述べている。
- At the unveiling ceremony, in addition to Empress Tadako, Imperial Prince Takehito and Princess, other old people who proposed the statue be built, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA who had a close relationship to the Prince came and made speeches.
- 東京では前述の千太・万吉、獅子てんや・瀬戸わんや、コロムビア・トップ・ライトなどがラジオ・テレビで活躍した。
- In Tokyo, the duos of Senta and Mankichi who were described earlier, Tenya SHISHI and Wanya SETO, and Toppu and Raito COLUMBIA were also active on television and radio shows.
- 『童蒙酒造記』には、まず質の良い焼酎の造り方から書いてあり、その記述どおりに造れば原価も手間も大いにかかる。
- 'Domoshuzoki' started describing how to manufacture high-quality shochu, which would require a lot of expenses and labors if you follow.
- 千秋萬歳は平安時代の末期には貴族の間で毎年正月の慣習となっており、千秋萬歳法師が訪れ祝い言を述べ舞を舞った。
- Senzumanzai was an annual practice of the New Year among the aristocrats during the late Heian period and the senzumazai hoshi (Buddhist priest wishing a New Year) visited each house to give a celebration and danced.
- 八塩折之酒、国樔(くず)の麹造りと醴酒(こざけ)献上など、神代から持統天皇時代までの日本酒に関する記述多し。
- There are many descriptions on sake such as Yashio ori no sake, rice malt making of Kuzu and presentation of kozake from the age of the gods to the era of the Emperor Jito.
- 『信長公記』などに合戦の記述があるが、簡潔な内容にとどまる資料が多く、合戦の詳細については不明な部分が多い。
- The descriptions of the battle can be found in the book 'Nobunaga's biography', but many of them have only brief materials and have a lot of unclear details on the battle.
- 上述の3策のうち、高麗ルートを選ばせたのもモンゴル兵力が高麗から離れてしまうことを恐れたためとも考えられる。
- In addition, the reason for recommending the route via Goryeo among the three plans described above might have been to prevent the Mongol army from leaving Goryeo.
- 王龍溪が上で師王陽明の良知説を革新したと述べたが、もう少し具体的にいうと、以下の二つの意味を良知に追加した。
- As mentioned above, Wang Longxi reformed his master Wang Yangming's theory of ryochi, specifically, he added the two meanings shown below.
- なお、煬帝が立腹したのは俀王が「天子」を名乗ったことについてであり、「日出處」「日沒處」との記述にではない。
- Yang Guang became angry because the king of Wa called himself 'the emperor,' not because of the use of the terms 'the Land of the Rising Sun' and 'the Land of the Setting Sun.'
- 卑弥呼の死については年の記載はなく、その後も年の記載がないまま、1年に起こったとは考えにくい量の記述がある。
- The year of Himiko's death was not mentioned in the record, and while the surrounding writings are also undated, it is unlikely that all of them occurred in the same year.
- 小説家・山田野理夫の著書『東北怪談の旅』には「屏風のぞき女」と題し、秋田県の以下のような怪談が述べられている。
- A novelist Norio YAMADA wrote a chapter under the title 'Byobu nozoki onna (woman)' in his 'Tohoku Kaidan no Tabi' (literally, Trip to the ghost stories in the Tohoku region), wherein he introduced a ghost story of Akita Prefecture as follows.
- 洋服の袖丈は肩の付け根から手首までの寸法を指すが、和服ではその寸法は下に述べる袖幅になるので注意が必要である。
- It requires special care as Sodetake, the length of a sleeve, for western clothing means the length between the shoulder joint to the wrist, whereas Sodetake, the sleeve depth, for Wafuku means the width shown below.
- 上記のように史料によって記述がバラバラであり、実態として生没年に関しては不詳とする方が正確性が高いと思われる。
- As shown above, records are so diversified depending on historical materials that it seems to be appropriate to assume that the year of his birth and death is unclear.
- 『先代旧事本紀』には、饒速日命の子のウマシマジが十種の神宝を使って神武天皇の心身の安鎮を祈ったとの記述がある。
- 'Sendai Kujihongi (Ancient Japanese History)' states that umashimaji, a child of Nigihayahi no Mikoto, used ten kinds of votive objects to pray for mental and physical soundness of Emperor Jinmu.
- 確実性を増してからの書紀の記述による限り、天皇に和風諡号を追号するようになったのは6世紀の半ば以降と見られる。
- According to descriptions of Nihonshoki after it increased certainty, it seems to be after the middle of the sixth century when it began to give a Japanese-style posthumous name to the Emperor.
- また、『延喜式』に記述のみられる日本酒の歴史上古の日本の高温糖化法と現代の姫飯造りには直接的なつながりはない。
- Also, the ancient Japanese high-temperature saccharification method in the history of Japanese sake described in 'Engi-shiki'(detailed enforcement regulations of the Engi era) is not directly related to the modern Himeii method.
- その他の種に関しては天然の現存量が多い、もしくは前述の種より利用価値が低いことから、養殖法が確立されていない。
- As for other species, the cultivate method is not established, because they can grow naturally in plenty, or they are less useful than the species mentioned above.
- 上述の本部朝基や屋部憲通などを例外とすれば、戦前は型が稽古の中心で、組手は型の簡単な分解を行うくらいであった。
- Before WWII, except for a handful of cases such as Choki MOTOBU (see above) and Kentsu YABU, the main menu of karate lessons was the practice of kata, and kumite was used only to analyze kata for quick review.
- 女子では美・雅といった文字を虚空蔵菩薩に供えご祈祷を受けて帰りにはお守り・お供物を頂いて帰り親に感謝を述べる。
- In case of girls for example, they present letters like '美 (Beauty)' or '雅 (Elegance)' to Kokuzo Bosatsu to be blessed, then they receive amulets and offerings when they return, and they say words of thanks to their parents at home.
- 石垣島に伝わる寛政12年(1800年)頃に書かれた『庭作不審書』に、「から泉水」(カラセンズイ)の記述がある。
- In 'Niwatsukuri-fushin-sho' (question book of garden design), which was handed down on the Island of Ishigaki, written around 1800, 'karasenzui' was written.
- 戦闘用に野良着を改造したもので、前述の通り、闇に紛れるため色は黒ではなく茶色に近いものを着用していたとされる。
- It was a costume altered working clothe for fighting and it was not black but more like brown in order to lurk in the night.
- 『続日本紀』(しょくにほんぎ)によると、719年に行なった政策の記述の中に「初令天下百姓右襟」という文がある。
- In 'Shoku Nihongi,' there is a description of a policy carried out during 719 that contains the sentence '初令天下百姓右襟.'
- 前述の佐々木道誉の「百服茶」(「百種茶」ともとは10回分の勝負を行った(10服×10回=100服)ものである。
- In the above-mentioned 'Hyakufuku-cha' (also known as 'Hyakushu-cha' (literally, 'Hundred Kinds of Tea')) of Doyo SASAKI, the competition was held ten times (ten cups of tea multiplied by ten makes a hundred cups of tea).
- なお、醴酒に関しては、養老1年(717年)美濃国から献上された醴泉で醴酒を造ったとの記述も『続日本紀』にある。
- In addition, as regard to kozake, there is also a description in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) that it was made of the sweet spring water presented from the Mino Province in 717.
- しかし近年、環境問題が取り上げられる中、袋に代わるものとして利用を提案する意見がある(今日的再評価にて詳述)。
- In recent years however, while environmental protection is emphasized, some have proposed the use of Furoshiki instead of supermarket checkout bags (described in detail in contemporary reassessment).
- 【曳】は加藤曳尾庵の加筆、【新】は『新増補浮世絵類考』の記述(斎藤月岑の加筆に基づく)、【三】は式亭三馬の加筆。
- The above (E), (Shin), and (S) indicate texts added by Eibian KATO, descriptions from the 'Shin Zoho Ukiyo-e Ruiko' (based on the additional comment by Gasshin SAITO), texts added by Sanba SHIKITEI respectively.
- そのため、以下に述べるのはあくまで一般論である(さらに部位ごとにも味は異なるが、これは後述の鯨肉の名称を参照)。
- Therefore, what is described below is basically a generalization (furthermore, the taste of whale meat is differ from a part of whale to another, and for this matter, refer to the name of whale meat to be described later).
- 酒気帯び運転で逮捕されて当初は「奈良漬けを食べた」と供述した事例でも、後の調べで飲酒していたことが判明している。
- There are some cases that a driver who was arrested due to drunk driving made a statement as 'I ate narazuke' at first, but the later interrogation has revealed that the driver had taken alcoholic beverages.
- 釣りで揚がることもあるが、咬みつかれる危険がある上に調理に技能が必要(後述)なため、ハモを狙って釣る人は少ない。
- They are sometimes caught by fishing, but few people who fish aim for conger pike because there is a risk of being bitten and considerable skill is required to cook them (as described later).
- また、現在の教科書の多くにも、武烈天皇の暴虐性についての記述は無く、武烈天皇自身に関しての記事も欠いた物が多い。
- Even today in many text books there is no description of the cruel character, many do not even mention Emperor Buretsu at all.
- 妖怪研究家・山口敏太郎は、水から上がってくる大型怪獣はすべて「牛鬼」の名で呼ばれていたのではないかと述べている。
- BintaroYAMAGUCHI, a researcher on specters, says that that is possibly because all large monsters coming from the water were called 'Ushioni.'
- 後述のように、駅弁とされながら、業者が駅構内の販売を取りやめて、駅近くの自社店舗等の店舗で販売している例もある。
- As described later, with neglecting the definition of Ekiben, some Ekiben delicatessens abolished the service of Ekiben sales within station precincts, instead selling Ekiben at shops like its own shop near stations.
- 『延喜式』の記述によれば、その国樔が献上した酒でさえも醴酒という米と麹を使用して造る酒であったことがうかがえる。
- According to the description of 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), even the sake presented by kuzu seemed to be kozake, that is, a sake made of rice and rice malt.
- しかし、後述する『日本書紀』応神天皇21年の記録等を勘案するに、この当時一般的であったのは後者の方であったろう。
- However, judging from other records such as the record of the year 290 in 'Nihonshoki' which is mentioned later, it seems to be the latter which was common in those days.
- また、時代が下るにつれて文学性が高くなり、前述のように「判詞」が文学論・歌論としての位置づけを持つようになった。
- Over generations, its literary feature became stronger and, as mentioned above, 'Hanji' came to establish itself as literary/poetry criticism.
- この前の記述は、247年(正始8年)に邪馬台国からの使いが狗奴国との紛争を報告したことに発する一連の記述である。
- The description before this depicts a conflict with Kunakoku that was reported by an envoy from the Yamatai Kingdom in 247.
- 『狗張子』『諸皐記』『耳嚢』『宿直草』などの古書に記述があり、『土蜘蛛草子』『平家物語』では土蜘蛛として知られる。
- It was mentioned in old books such as 'Inu hariko' (literally, The Toy Dog), 'Shoko-ki' (a collection of ghost stories originated in Tang China), 'Mimibukuro' (literally, Ear bag), and 'Tonoigusa' (literally, Night watchman's storybook), while in 'Tsuchigumo no soshi' (Tale of the ground spider) and 'Heike Monogatari' (literally, The tale of the Heike) it is known as Tsuchigumo (literally, ground spider).
- 江戸時代から大正時代にかけて作られたお化けかるたなどに姿が見られるほか、子供向けの妖怪関連の書籍に記述が見られる。
- Besides being illustrated on the game cards produced during the Edo period and Taisho period, they appear in stories in children's books of ghosts.
- 律令では、親王と王 (皇族)の別があり、とくに性別を分ける記述はないが、女性はそれぞれ、内親王、女王と称せられた。
- In the Ritsuryo codes there is a distinction made between imperial princes (shinno) and princes (o); although the distinction between genders is not mentioned, women are referred to as imperial princesses (naishinno) or princesses (jyoo).
- 『新編武蔵風土記稿』による記述では、この怪物はその後、浅草の対岸にある牛島神社に「牛玉」という玉を残して姿を消す。
- According to a description in 'Shinpen Musashi fudoki ko' (a topography of Musashi Province from 1804 to 1829), after that, this monster left a ball called 'a cow ball' in Ushijima-jinja Shrine located on the shore opposite to Asakusa and disappeared.
- この豆乳がまだ熱いうちににがり(凝固剤)を加えると蛋白分子が後述するように網目状に繋がり、豆乳はプリン状に固まる。
- When bittern (coagulant) is added to the warm soy milk, protein molecules spread in the form of a net as described below, and the soy milk curdles into a pudding-like consistency.
- が、先にも述べたように利用しやすい料金形態になってきているので、すべて込みのプランやセットになった企画も多数ある。
- However, as previously described, because ryotei are making their prices more reasonable, there are a lot of plans or set menus which attract everyone.
- 2級、3級はマークシート方式で100問以内(制限時間90分)、1級は記述式で50問および論文方式(制限時間90分)
- The second level and the third level use a marking sheet, a number of questions is within 100 (90 minute time limit), and the first level uses a description format, the number of questions is 50 and the thesis method (90 minute time limit)
- 『談儀』のみは後述の小杉本が底本となり、堀本は小杉本に欠けた29段以降と、主要な校異が翻印されたのに留まっている。
- But only 'Sarugaku dangi' was reprinted based on Kosugibon (Kosugi version) described below as the original text, and from Horibon only Section 29 and following parts and main match-ups were reprinted.
- たとえば、『日本書紀』によれば、応神天皇19年に吉野の国樔(くず)が醴酒(こざけ)を献上したという記述が見られる。
- For example, according to 'Nihonshoki,' there is a description that kuzu (the indigenous people said to live in the Yoshino woods) in Yoshino presented kozake in 288.
- 『漢書』禮樂志の孟康注に「象人若今戯魚蝦師子者也」(象人は、今の魚、蝦、獅子を戯するがごとき者なり)と記述される。
- 'The creature movement mimicker is like the person who was just performing the fish dance, the prawn dance, and the lion dance,' says Meng Kang's commentary on the book of ritual and music in the series of Historical Records of the Han Dynasty.
- 室町時代を通じ、畠山氏は前述の通り寺社勢力との妥協を余儀なくされながらも、紀伊の領国化(守護領国制)を進めていた。
- During the Muromachi period, the Hatakeyama clan promoted the domination of Kii Province (Shugo-ryogoku system [the system that a Shugo dominates a manor]), although it was forced to compromise with temple and shrine powers as mentioned above.
- 『画図百器徒然袋』中の解説文では、かつての日本で鈴が神霊を下ろすための祭具として用いられていたことが述べられている。
- According to expository writing in the 'Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro,' bells were once used in Japan as ritual implements to call a divine spirit.
- その途中失明という困難に遭遇しながらも、息子宗伯の妻である土岐村路の口述筆記により最終話まで完成させることができた。
- Though he met with difficulties including the loss of his sight in the course of writing, he barely managed to make it to the last episode with the help of Michi TOKIMURA, the wife of his son Sohaku, who took dictation.
- 呉国の国王の血をひく和薬使主(やまとくすしのおみ)が、仏典や仏像とともに「伎楽調度一具」を献上したという記述がある。
- This chapter mentions that Yamato Kusushino omi, the descendant of the king of Wu, offered a 'series of instruments for gigaku performance' along with the Buddhist scriptures and statues.
- 後述のように、政府が皇族を無制限に増加させることには一貫して消極的であったことからも、この結果は当然のことであった。
- It was a natural consequence as was mentioned later, since the government was not keen on letting the scale of expenses for the Imperial family increase unlimitedly.
- しかしながら前述の通り、この日を「最初の駅弁の日」として認定する根拠は70年以上が経過してから編纂された文書である。
- As mentioned above, however, designating July 16 as 'the day when the Ekiben was first sold' is based on a document compiled after more than 70 years had passed.
- だが、後述する通り呉服販売業界から「業界の衰退にかかわる」等と抗議が相次ぎ、結局大幅縮小という形で継続となっている。
- However, as mentioned below, since the mercery lodged protests in succession by saying, 'it may cause the decline of the industry,' etc., the holding of Seijin-shiki ceremony has eventually continued in the form of drastically downsizing.
- 歴史書によると、その時に嵯峨天皇は「爾今、花を賞ずる者はこれを範とする」と言われ、華道の普及を進めたと記述が見える。
- There is a description in the book that the Emperor Saga once said, 'From now on, I will respect a person as a mentor who admires the beauty of flowers' and encouraged the flower arrangement.
- - 的屋の販売形態のひとつを表す業界用語でもあるが、辞書では「路傍(ろぼう)で営む遊女」も意味すると記述されている。
- This was a trade term described a style of sale by tekiya, but dictionaries define it as 'street prostitutes.'
- 『信長公記』では鉄砲奉行5人に指揮を取らせたとだけ書いてあり、具体的な戦法、つまり三段撃ちを行ったという記述はない。
- 'Shinchoko-ki' does not refer to a specific tactics, i.e., sandan-uchi although it mentions that five Teppo Bugyo (Commissioners) assumed command.
- しかしながら、これ以降も上述の通り、明治陸軍は諸外国と同様に火力優勢(銃砲火力の優劣が勝敗を決する)を採用している。
- However, as described above, even after this war, the Army in the Meiji period aimed at gaining fire superiority (the policy that the quality of the firepower of guns and artillery decides the war) as in other nations.
- しかし他方で「台子」や「墨引」では、書院で用いる台子の飾りに関して、「カネワリ法」と呼ばれる煩雑な規則を詳述している。
- On the other hand, 'Daisu' and 'Sumibiki' describe the details of the complicated rules called the 'kanewari measurement system' for arranging utensils on daisu used in shoin.
- 淳和天皇、仁明天皇、後三条天皇は前天皇の子ではないのに、即位詔では天智が初め定めた法に従って位を譲られたと述べている。
- Although none of the Emperors, Junna, Ninmyo, and Gosanjo, is a son of the former emperor, in the imperial edicts, they declare that the Imperial Throne was handed down according to the law that Emperor Tenchi established for the first time.
- 親房は天照大神の正統な末裔である天皇によって日本という国家が維持されているという主張を簡潔に述べて後世に影響を与えた。
- Chikafusa influenced the coming age by clearly insisting that the nation of Japan was maintained with emperors who were legitimate descendants of Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess).
- ある晩、天皇の夢に何者かが現れて「我が宮を天皇の宮のごとく造り直したなら、皇子はしゃべれるようになるだろう」と述べた。
- One night, the Emperor dreamed about a man who said, 'if you reconstruct and make my palace like the palace where you, the Emperor, are living, the Prince will be able to speak.'
- 江戸時代の百科事典『和漢三才図会』にも、ゴイサギが空を飛ぶ姿は火のようであり、特に月夜には明るく見えるとの記述がある。
- There is also a description in an encyclopedia compiled in the Edo period 'Wakan-sansai-zue' that reads that the appearance of a young night heron flying in the air is just like a fire and is especially seen brightly on a moonlight night.
- だが、今日の日本文化のブームやonsen文化の浸透(後述)によって、日本式の入浴が世界中で拡がっている部分も見られる。
- However, thanks to the current Japanese cultural boom as well as the spread of Onsen culture (to be mentioned later), Japanese-style bathing is gradually spreading globally.
- 以上の詳細は高森直史の『海軍 肉じゃが物語 ルーツ発掘者が語る海軍食文化史』(光人社 2006年)に詳しい叙述がある。
- Details of the above mentioned story are found in 'Navy Nikujaga Story: a Root Finder Tells a History of Food Culture in the Navy' (Kojinsha, 2006).
- 表書きの10両は、幣価ではなく、重さの単位としての記述であるが、10両に満たない万延大判金にも「拾両」と書かれている。
- The face value of 10 Ryo was not the real value as currency, but the weight unit of the coin, and in case the weight was in fact less than 10 Ryo, like Manen-Oban, it is expressed as 10 Ryo.
- しかし世阿弥の実体験に基づく貴重な直話を多く収録しており、世阿弥自身の著述と同様か、あるいはそれ以上に重視されている。
- Since it is a collection of valuable direct discourse based on Zeami's real experience, however, it is regarded as valuable as the book by Zeami himself or more.
- また上記概要にも記述があるが、個々の信仰は別として的屋は職業神として神農を祀り博徒は職業神として天照大神を祀っている。
- As mentioned above, they had different beliefs, with tekiya worshipping Shinno, and gamblers worshipping Amaterasu Okami as the god of business, whether each believes which religion or not.
- そのため、暗唱しやすく、 また、後述するように正月に遊戯として触れることも多いので、生徒にとってなじみがあるからである。
- The familiar rhythm is easy to memorize for Japanese, besides children are possibly familiar with 'Hyakunin Isshu' through playing the uta-garuta at the New Year.
- 人力車を新たに購入する場合にはこの3名の何れかから許可をもらうこととなったが、後述のとおり数年で有名無実となってしまう。
- Authorization from one of these men was required to purchase a new jinrikisha, although, as described below, this became ineffective after a few years.
- 「陸軍身体検査規則」(1928年3月26日陸軍省令第9号/昭和3年第15号)第二十三条七号に以下のように記述されている。
- Article 23, Item 7 of 'the regulations for physical examination of the army' (March 26, 1928, Ordinance No. 9 of Ministry of Army/the third year of the Showa era [1928], No.15) is described as follows.
- 後述の温かくして食べる「にゅうめん」に対して「冷やしそうめん」、「冷やそうめん(ひやそうめん)」と呼称されることもある。
- Contrary to 'nyumen' served in hot soup as described later, it is sometimes called 'hiyashi somen' or 'hiya somen,' literally meaning cold somen.
- 棒術の由来で述べたように、槍や薙刀などから生まれたといわれる流派が多く、槍術・剣術・薙刀術の操法と共通項がある事が多い。
- As mentioned in the section concerning the origin of Bojutsu, many schools are said to have originated from spear and naginata, and often have the techniques in common with the art of spearmanship, swordsmanship, and naginata.
- 宸翰と断定できるのは、光定が撰した伝述一心戒文の中に「厳筆徴僧が戒牒を書し給ひ、恩勅之を賜ふ」と記されていることによる。
- The grounds for proof is Emperor Saga's shinkan, there is a description that '厳筆徴僧)が戒牒を書し給ひ,恩勅之を賜ふ' in the Denjutsu isshin kaimon which was composed by Kojo (Saicho's biography.)
- 現代のアカデミズムに属する学者による標準的な日本古代の歴史叙述では、この時代は主として考古学を証拠として記述されている。
- In standard historical description of ancient history of Japan by scholars of academism today, this period has been written based on mainly archaeology as evidence.
- 上述のように余り物利用の保存用食品であったことから、物が有り余ってもて余すさまを「佃煮にするほど」などと表現したりする。
- As mentioned above, with roots as a foodstuff derived from a by product, something left over has turned into something that is saved and is even used to express something worthwhile or 'good enough to be turned into Tsukudani.'
- 帳台構えについては前に詳しく述べたが、敷居を畳より一段上げ、鴨居を長押より一段低く設け、四枚の紺碧画の襖絵を入れている。
- As mentioned above, chodaigamae is a built-in ornamental doorway with a threshold raised by about one step from a tatami mat, and one step down from the kamoi lower than nageshi and placed four blue Fusuma-e (images painted on fusuma sliding door).
- 後述において「○○塚」という表記がまったく同じでも、その建立された意図や意味(場所も別々)が違うものもあり、様々である。
- Some of the mounds having different purposes and significances (in addition, erected at different locations) have the identical name as described later.
- 残す場合には苦手とする食べ物である、満腹である、アレルギーや特定の禁忌がある等の市場を述べて丁寧に断ることが礼儀である。
- When you wish to leave any dish before finishing, it is proper etiquette to apologize for refusing it by stating such reasons as your weakness in it, full stomach condition, allergy or specific taboo against it, or the like.
- 同書には「Tamari. Miso(味噌)から取る、非常においしい液体で、食物の調理に用いられるもの」と記述されている。
- It is stated in it that 'Tamari: An extremely tasteful liquid obtained from miso and used for cooking.'
- 『続日本紀』には、天平7年(735年)に聖武天皇が、唐人による唐・新羅の音楽の演奏と弄槍の軽業芸を見たという記述がある。
- In 'Shoku Nihongi,' there is a description stating that the Emperor Shomu enjoyed in 735 the music of Tan/Silla and acrobatics of hokoyuke (spear play) performed by Chinese.
- 日本に酒が存在することを示す最古の記録は、3世紀に成立した『三国志』東夷伝倭人条(いわゆる魏志倭人伝)の記述に見られる。
- The oldest record of liquor in Japan is described in the section of Japan in Encounters with Eastern Barbarians of 'Sanguo Zhi' (History of the Three Kingdoms) (so-called Gishi wajin den) which was written in the third century.
- また、大化の改新前後の記述は文法ミスが多いことから(他の個所では文法ミスは一切存在しない)改竄の可能性が指摘されている。
- In addition, since there are many grammar mistakes in the descriptions about the age before and after the Taika Reform (there are entirely no grammar mistakes in other ages), it has been pointed out that there is a chance that the Chronicles of Japan was altered.
- また、前述の唐辛子入りのおろしニンニクや、発酵した芳香のあるからし味噌(唐辛子入りの味噌)が備えられているのも特徴である。
- In addition, diners are able to add the aforementioned grated garlic with chili pepper (ninton) as well as aromatic fermented 'karashi-miso' (miso with chili pepper).
- そして、後見がもちだしてきた砧の作り物の前に座り、両人「思ひを述ぶる便りとぞ、恨みの砧、打つとかや」と謡いつつ、砧を打つ。
- Both of them sit in front of the artificial kinuta brought by a koken (guardian), and then pound it while singing a song saying 'I pound the kinuta of bitterness to send my feelings.'
- 百歳を越える年齢、とても一人の人物が行ったとは思えない業績(後述)などから見て、実在の人物ではないとするのが一般的である。
- Judging from that he lived over 100 years and that he achieved too many results (mentioned later) to believe they were done by a single person, it is commonly understood that he could have been a nonexistent emperor.
- 先に述べた若狭と同様にこのような小国の成立は、小島が点在した地理的条件とともに、政治・宗教的な特殊事情あったと推定される。
- Like Wakasa Province in the previous description, establishment of these small provinces seemed to have political and religious circumstances with geographical conditions where small islands were scattered.
- 磯之丞の放蕩と琴浦に横恋慕する佐賀右衛門の悪事に、乞食の徳兵衛に自身の落魄ぶりを述べさせ磯之丞を諭すお梶の智略などを描く。
- The first act describes the debauchery of Isonojo and wrongdoings of Sagaemon who illicitly loves Kotoura, while the beggar Tokube narrates his own despair, and also describes the ingenuity of Okaji who admonishes Isonojo, and other matters.
- このとき崇道天皇(早良親王)のために諸国の国分寺の僧に命じて「七日金剛般若経を読まわしむ」と『日本後紀』に記述されている。
- According to the description in the 'Nihonkoki' (Later Chronicles of Japan), the priests in provincial monasteries in various districts were ordered to 'chant the Kongo Hannya-kyo Sutra for seven days' for Emperor Sudo (Imperial Prince Sawara).
- 先述の如く、マヨネーズを置く店舗も増加傾向にあるが、基本的には卓上(鉄板のみの店では、鉄板脇)にある調味料は、ソースのみ。
- As mentioned before, shops that prepare mayonnaise in are on the increase, but basically the seasonings on the table (in the iron-plate-only shops, beside the iron plate) are the sauces only.
- ドミカツ丼(デミカツ丼) 後述するかつめし同様、ご飯の上に豚カツをのせ、ドミグラスソース(デミグラスソース)をかけたもの。
- Domi katsudon (Demi katsudon) as well as Katsumeshi, which is described below, is tonkatsu on rice with demiglace (a type of brown sauce) over it.
- 四季折々を歌に詠む情緒的な文学の世界と建物近くに配される滝・遣水・野筋・前栽については日本人の好む作庭感が述べられている。
- The book describes emotional world of literature like composing Japanese poems by incorporating each season, water falls, streams, a garden path mimicking a way in the field, plants in the garden arranged in and around the garden which Japanese like when producing a garden.
- 1922年5月4日から11日までに開かれた生活改善講習会において、塚本はま子は「衣服の改善」という題の講習の中で、述べた。
- In the Daily Life Improvement Lectures held from May 4 to 11, 1922, Hamako TSUKAMOTO gave a lecture titled 'Improvement of clothing,' in which she said as follows.
- と述べ、『継色紙』については、「線質・線条・連綿は『寸松庵色紙』に及ばないが、散らし方は独特で劣るとは思えない。(抜粋)」
- For the 'Tsugi-shikishi,' 'the quality, streaks, and continuity of its lines do not come up to those of the 'Sunshoan Shikishi,' but its chirashi-gaki style is unique and it cannot be deemed inferior.' (excerpt)
- 日本最古の史書である『古事記』『日本書紀』にも桜に関する記述があり、日本最古の歌集である『万葉集』にも桜を詠んだ歌がある。
- 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki', the oldest history books in Japan include the descriptions of cherry blossoms, and also 'Manyoshu', the oldest anthology of waka poems includes poems of the blossoms.
- 上述の地蔵盆と同じく日程をずらして土日にすることが多いため、年によっては他の町内に1週間おくれて大日盆を勤めることもある。
- Often the festival is held on a different date, on Saturday or Sunday, similar to Jizo-bon, some towns have Dainichi-bon festival one week later than others, depending on the calendar of each year.
- ただ、この酒が具体的に何を原料とし、またどのような方法で醸造したものなのかまでは、この記述からうかがい知ることはできない。
- However, this can not indicate what materials were used for that liquor or how it was brewed.
- 平安時代初期の文人・紀長谷雄にまつわる怪奇譚『長谷雄草紙』に、朱雀門の鬼と長谷雄にまつわる逸話が以下のように記述されている。
- The mystery story called 'Haseo-zoshi,' about KI no Haseo, a literary man in the early Heian period, contains an anecdote about Haseo and the ogre of Suzaku-mon Gate, which begins like this:
- 後者の仏舎利を語源とする説も、秘蔵記に於ける「天竺呼米粒為舎利。仏舎利亦似米粒。是故曰舎利。」という記述で既に現われている。
- The latter theory of originating from Busshari already appeared in a description in Hizoki (an early Shingon text) that 'each grain of rice is called shari in India. Busshari also looks like a grain of rice. Therefore, it is called shari.'
- 当時を知る職人は、「あらかじめダミーの米を入れる袋を用意して店頭に置き、取り締まりを逃れて営業したこともある」と述べている。
- A sushi chef knowing that time said, 'we have operated a shop by preparing a bag to put dummy rice in and putting the bag at the shop to get away from the control.'
- 中国の史書『宋書』夷蛮伝・倭国条(倭国伝)には、5世紀に冊封された倭の五王(讃・珍・済・興・武)についての記述が残っている。
- There is description about the five kings of Wa (San, Chin, Sai, Ko, and Bu) remaining in the Chinese history book in the 5th century, 'Sosho (Sung Shu)' Ibanden, Wakokujo (Wakokuden, or description about Wakoku).
- (同年の『三国史記』の新羅本紀にも伽耶が反乱を起こしたため、軍隊を送り、白旗を立てて敵を驚かせたという似た記述が見られる。)
- (Also, the Silla History in 'History of Three Kingdom' edited in the same year similarly describe that Silla sent the army to Gaya during Gaya rebellion, and astonished its enemies by waving white flags.)
- それに対し、民俗文化財は前述の文化財保護法にあるように次のように規定されており、歴史資料ないし史料としての側面が重視される。
- On the other hand, the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties mentioned earlier states folk-cultural properties as follows, emphasizing the historical material aspect.
- 三つ弽は、先に述べたとおり角の入っていない和帽子・堅帽子のほか、この二つの中間的な角入り帽子と言う三つの種類の弽が存在する。
- For Mitsugake, there are three types of yugake: the waboshi, which has no tsuno inside as mentioned above; the kataboshi; and the tsunoiriboshi, which falls between those two.
- 鎌倉時代には既に記述が見られる(保元物語)が、初期の頃は名称も定まっておらず起源、いつ頃から使われていたのかは解っていない。
- Kaburaya was already described (Hogen Monogatari; the Tale of the Hogen War) in Kamakura period, and the name of Kaburaya was not fixed early on; its origin and when it began to be used is unknown.
- 劒の巻を史実として捉えてはいけない、というのが一般的な見識であるようで、したがって髭切に関する記述を史実と捉えてはいけない。
- Since the Tsurugi no maki is generally believed to be not based on fact, the description of Higekiri should not be taken as historical fact.
- 劒の巻を史実として捉えてはいけない、というのが一般的な見識であるようで、したがって膝丸に関する記述を史実と捉えてはいけない。
- It is generally considered that the descriptions in Tsurugi no maki should not be regarded as historical facts; therefore, the description of Hizamaru should not be regarded as historical fact.
- (この後は、六人の比売(ひめ)を娶り、二十四人の御子を設け、この中御子の一人の御子が、つまり孫が即位したことを述べている。)
- (It is said that after that, he married 6 wives and had 24 sons and daughters, and a child of one of them, which means one of his grandchild, ascended the throne.)
- また「元史」によると、元寇の発端は、高麗王の忠烈王が「元の皇帝に執拗に、東征して日本を属国にするよう勧めた」との記述がある。
- In addition, 'Genshi' states that Genko began with King Chungnyeol of Goryeo 'persistently recommending an expedition to the east to Yuan's emperor in order to force Japan to become its subject.'
- そこで「〔略〕(中学生たちの)前の方にいる連中は、しきりに何だ地方税の癖に、引き込めと、怒鳴ってる」といった記述が見られる。
- The novel says that 'some students at the front were yelling, 'you, local-tax eaters, go home'.
- 対して鳥山石燕の画集『今昔画図続百鬼』では『諸国里人談』の記述に基いて女性の姿であり、解説文でも『諸国里人談』を引用している。
- Contrastingly, Sekien TORIYAMA portrayed Katawa-guruma as a woman's figure in his collection of paintings called 'Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki' (Continued Illustrations of Variety of Demons, Past and Present)' based on the description in 'Shokoku Satobitodan,' and he also referred to 'Shokoku Satobitodan' in his explanation of ghosts.
- たとえば明治の歴史学者那珂通世は『日本書紀』の記述を批判して、記紀の紀年は「辛酉革命説」に基づく編者の創作であろうと論考した。
- For example, a historian Michiyo NAKA in the Meiji period criticized the description in Nihonshoki and explained that Kinen in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki had probably been made up by the editor on the basis of 'Shinyu-kakumei-setsu' (a prediction of revolution in Kanototori of the Chinese astrological calendar).
- すなわち『上宮記』逸文がのっている『釈日本紀』には「上宮記曰一伝」という記述があるが、『上宮記』の作者は別史料を引用している。
- The surviving fragment of 'Joguki' can be seen in 'Shaku Nihongi' (annotated text of the Nihon Shoki) which quotes it with the phrase 'According to Joguki', but the author of 'Joguki' actually had quoted yet another historical material.
- 自害の寸前、義顕は尊良親王に落ち延びることを勧めたが、尊良親王は同胞たちを見捨てて逃げることはできないと述べて拒絶したという。
- Just before they killed themselves, Yoshiaki recommended that the Prince escape from there, but he refused to do so and said he could not leave his samurai to die, for himself to survive.
- その一方で藤原薬子を呼び戻して内侍司に任じて宮廷内部の事を一任し、『続日本紀』から削除した藤原種継暗殺事件の記述を復活させた。
- On the other hand, he called back FUJIWARA no Kusuko to the Imperial Palace and ordered her to become Naishi no Tsukasa, and she was entrusted with the handling of day-to-day things in the palace; additionally, the Emperor restored an article of the incident FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu being killed from 'Shoku Nihon GI (Continuation of Chronicles of Japan).'
- ジョアン・ロドリゲスは著書『日本大文典』において、関東方言では/se/が[ɕe]でなく[se]と認識されている、と述べている。
- Joao Rodriguez, in his book 'Arte da Lingoa de Iapam,' stated that/se/ was realized not as [ɕe] but as [se] in the Kanto region.
- (そのため、後述のBSE問題の時もいち早く牛丼の販売中止に踏み切り、また、損害も他の牛丼チェーン店に比べ少なかったと言われる)
- (This is said to be because it had a head start in withdrawing its gyudon from the market and suffered less heavy damage than other chains, when the BSE issue described below occurred.)
- 尚、新潟県小千谷市に本店を置く「とんかつ太郎 (小千谷市)」というチェーン店もあるが、上述の店とは異なるので注意が必要である。
- Note that the restaurant chain 'Tonkatsu Taro' whose headquarters is located in Ojiya City, Niigata Prefecture is not the same as the one mentioned above.
- 何度もひっくり返ししすぎないのが内部をとろみのある状態に仕上げるコツであるが、それには前述のように最適な溶き具合も要求される。
- If you want to make takoyaki with a creamy center, you had better avoid turning it over too often, in addition to taking much care of the viscosity of the dough.
- また下地の層になる和紙を前述のような抄紙械で漉き、上の層(上掛け)の模様を手漉きと同様な技法でつける、鳥の子漉き模様紙もある。
- In addition, there is a laminated pattern torinoko paper, the foundation layer of which is made by a shoshi-ki machine as described above, and the pattern of the surface layer of which is made the same way as handmade paper is made.
- また、曾我兄弟の仇討ちで有名な『曽我物語』などにも現代の相撲と異なる武芸としての相撲が武士により行われたことが記述されている。
- Also, in books such as 'Soga Monogatari' (the tale of Soga) famous for the revenge of the Soga brothers, it is recorded that the samurai practiced sumo wrestling as one of the military arts which was different from present-day sumo.
- 古田博司は、昭和の陸軍が現実感を失った組織になってしまった理由について、儒教化とりわけ朱子学化したからだとの所説を述べている。
- Hiroshi FURUTA expressed his opinion that the reason why the army in the Showa period became an organization that lost its sense of reality was the commitment to Confucianism, especially the commitment to Neo-Confucianism.
- 2008年(平成20年)、 前述の低糖・微糖・無糖コーヒーの需要拡大が功を奏し、2007年比1.5%増と久々に上昇傾向に転じた。
- In 2008, the market size of canned coffee took an upward turn thanks to the above-mentioned increase the demand for low-sugar, trace-sugar and sugar-free canned coffee and made an 1.5% increase compared with 2007.
- 上述の『魏氏楽譜』には、「江陵楽」「蝶恋花」「喜遷鶯」「陽関曲」「賀聖朝」「昭君怨」「如夢令」など五十曲の楽譜が収録されている。
- In 'Wei shi yue pu (Scores by the Wei Family),' 50 compositions, including 'Koryoraku,' 'Lovely Jasmine,' 'Kiseno,' 'Yang Guan,' 'Heshengchao,' 'Zhaojun Yuan' and 'Ru Meng Ling' were recorded.
- 実際、藤原京・平城京の発掘調査から多数の木簡が出土しており、これら木簡のほとんどは都に税として納められた物品を示す記述であった。
- In fact, many mokkan were discovered from excavation research of the Fujiwara-kyo (the Fujiwara Palace; the ancient capital of Fujiwara) and Heijo-kyo, and the statements on those mokkan indicated the commodities were mostly paid to the capital as a tax.
- 阿曇氏との関連でも述べるように、淡路国は海人(あま)を束ね、高橋氏と同様に内膳司の地位を争った阿曇氏が支配していた地域であった。
- As will later be described in the section on 'The relationship with the Azumi clan,' Awaji Province brought all male divers together, and that was where the Azumi clan dominated and competed for the position of Naizenshi, like the Takahashi clan did.
- 『高橋氏文』には始祖の磐鹿六雁命(いわむつかりのみこと)が死去した際に、「稚桜部」(わかさくらべ)の号が送られたとの記述がある。
- 'Takahashi uji bumi' described when Iwamutsukarinomikoto, the founder died, the pen name of 'Wakasakurabe' was given.
- なお、継体天皇の死後、安閑天皇・宣化天皇の朝廷と欽明天皇の朝廷が並立していた、あるいは内乱があったという説がある(詳細は後述)。
- IIn addition, there is a theory in that after Emperor passed away the Imperial Court of the Emperor Ankan/Emperor Senka and the court of Emperor coexisted side by side or there was a domestic conflict (the details will be addressed later).
- 『看聞日記』には、永享9年(1437年)に下京の町人の女房らが室町御所に参向して囃子を披露した「女松囃子」についての記述がある。
- In 'Kanmon Nikki' (diary of Imperial Prince Sadafusa FUSHIMINOMIYA), there is a description of 'onna matsubayashi' (performance to cerebrate the new year), performed by merchants' wives from Shimogyo (south part of capital) at the Muromachi Imperial palace in 1437.
- 南北朝時代の連歌の大成者である二条良基はその著書『九州問答』の中で「所詮連歌と云物は、幽玄の境に入ての上の事也。」と述べている。
- In his book 'Kyushu Mondo' Yoshimoto NIJO, a successful Renga poet in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, wrote 'Renga is working only when reaching Yugen.'
- また『風口』という伝書中に本著の内容が含まれ、その末尾には金春禅鳳の署名があるが、こちらも記述内容の相違から、仮託と考えられる。
- The content of this publication is included in a book entitled 'Kazekuchi,' which also features the signature of Zenpo KONPARU at the end, but this is believed to be false due to the discrepancy in the book's content.
- 形状は、おくみがなく、前述のように単の生地の端袖のあるもので、(2)の武家の大帷に似た形をしており、そこから派生した可能性が高い。
- Its shape lacked okumi and had the end sleeves taken from the sleeves of hitoe as mentioned earlier, having a similar shape as the okatabira of the buke in (2), thus having possibly been derived from it.
- 鈴彦姫は神霊を下ろす鈴が化けた妖怪、または前述の2つの共通するテーマである「神を引き出す」をもとに創作された妖怪と推測されている。
- Suzuhikohime is a yokai which may have been transmuted from the bells to call a divine spirit, or she was supposedly created based on the theme of 'summoning the deities' common to the above two examples.
- 背景の項で述べている通り、伊勢神宮復興のために御師が外宮の豊受大神に目を付け、農民に伊勢信仰を広めたのがお蔭参りのきっかけである。
- As discussed in the 'Background' section, onshi focused his attention on Toyouke no Okami enshrined in the geku in order to rebuild the Ise-jingu Shrine, and spread the Ise faith among peasants, leading to the appearance of okage mairi.
- 段仕込み、諸白造り、火入れ、乳酸菌発酵など、現代の日本酒造りでも使われている技法が多く記述され、当時の酒造技術の高さがうかがえる。
- It shows the high-quality brewing techniques of the time describing a lot of techniques that are used for sake brewing today such as dan-jikomi (the three-stage preparation), morohaku-zukuri (sake made from 100% white rice), pasteurization and lactic acid fermentation.
- 但し原典『百器徒然袋』にはそのような伝承は述べられておらず、妖怪探訪家・村上健司はこれを、石燕が絵解きとして創作した物としている。
- However this folk story is not written in the original book 'Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro' (One hundred bags in idleness), and Kenji MURAKAMI, a tourist of a specter, says that Sekien created the story as an explanation of the illustration.
- 日本では飛鳥時代に中大兄皇子と持統天皇の二例が見られるが、どちらも日本書紀では一見してほとんど事実上の天皇と同然に記述されている。
- There were two examples of Shosei in Japan, Prince Naka no Oe and Emperor Jito in Asuka period, both are recorded in the 'Chronicles of Japan' as if they were practically real Emperors.
- この時に猿楽という言葉は意識的に能楽に言い換えられ、以降、現在に至るまで、前述の3種の芸能を総称する概念として使用され続けている。
- At this time, the term 'Sarugaku' was consciously changed to 'Nohgaku,' and the term 'Nohgaku' has been used since then until now as a general concept for the three types of performing arts described above.
- 伊勢貞丈が1763年から1784年にかけて記した「貞丈雑記」には葛籠に関する記述があり、素材が竹に変っていっていると書かれている。
- In Teijo-zakki (Teijo's memorandums) written by Sadatake ISE from 1763 to 1784, there is a description of a tsuzura and its material that had changed to bamboo.
- 後述するように「着物」という単語は本来衣服一般を意味するため、特に曖昧さを避けたい場面においては「和服」という語がよく用いられる。
- As the word Kimono '着物' generally covers the whole sense of clothing to be described later, Wafuku '和服' is preferred to differentiate Japanese clothing from other clothing.
- 同書は倭人のことを「人性嗜酒(さけをたしなむ)」と評しており、喪に当たっては弔問客が「歌舞飲酒」をする風習があることも述べている。
- This book describes Japanese were 'fond of the drink' and also had a custom for mourners to 'sing, dance and drink' at funeral services.
- また「穿・衣・吃飯、即ち是れ人倫物理なり」とも述べ、食欲や衣服を身につけようとすることは人間の本来の自然だとし、人欲を全肯定した。
- He also stated that appetite and desire to wear clothes are innate human nature, meaning these are approved desires.
- 彼らはその身の中で、万民を救うという士大夫的責任感と「知行合一」とを結合させ、以下に述べるような社会批判を繰り広げていくのである。
- They combined the shidafu elite's idea of responsibility for giving relief to the nation with the idea of 'chigyo goitsu' and developed the criticisms to be described below.
- しかし王陽明は「理あに吾が心に外ならんや」と述べるように、「性」・「情」をあわせた心そのものが「理」に他ならないという立場をとる。
- But as can be seen from his statement that 'ri is nothing but my mind', Wang Yangming took a stance that one's mind, which is a combination of 'sei' and 'jo', is nothing but 'ri.'
- 唐の高宗 (唐)(在位649年-683年)は皇帝ではなく前述の道教由来の「天皇」と称したことがあり、これが日本に移入されたという説。
- There is a theory stating that the Gao Zong of Tang (reigned 649-683) once called himself 'Tenno,' not Emperor, originated from Taoism like mentioned above, and was introduced into Japan.
- シーボルトがヨーロッパで刊行した日本国図は、内陸部の記述については江戸幕府の地図事業(1645年)などで補っているため、異同が多い。
- This complete map is different from 'Map of Japan' published by Siebold in Europe in many points, because Siebold depicted internal regions with the help of the map operations by the Edo Bakufu (1645).
- 著者は不詳であるが、当時の伊丹における鴻池流の酒造技術について述べてあることから、その流派の杜氏が著したものとの見方がなされている。
- The writer has not been specified yet, but it is assumed that a sake brewing expert of Konoike school in Itami might have written the book because it contains descriptions about then-current sake brewing technology of the school.
- 河海抄の記述によれば、もち米を乾燥させて臼でひいて作った餅粉(現在の道明寺粉)を甘葛の汁で練って団子のようにし、椿の葉で包んだもの。
- According to the description in Kakai-sho Commentary, Tsubaki-mochi was something like a dumpling made from mochi-ko (rice cake flour, present-day domyojiko [dried and granulated glutinous rice flour]) that was made by grinding dried glutinous rice with a mill-stone, kneaded with amazura (traditional sweetener commonly used in the past), and wrapped with camellia leaves.
- 九鬼周造はその著書において端的に「理想主義の生んだ『意気地』によって媚態が霊化されていることが『いき』の特色である。」と述べている。
- Shuzo KUKI succinctly stated in his book that a distinctive feature of 'iki' is that bitai is spiritualized by idealism-inspired 'ikiji.'
- 津田が切りつけた理由は、本人の供述によれば、以前からロシアの北方諸島などに関しての強硬な姿勢を快く思っていなかったことであるという。
- The reason why TSUDA attacked Nicholas, according to his statements, was that he had been opposed to hard-line attitudes of Russia such as their policy of the northern territories.
- しかし、第二次鉱毒調査委員会は、前述のとおり、予防令による工事で鉱毒は減少したとは結論づけたが、鉱毒が消滅したという調査結果はない。
- Although the second Research Committee of the Mining Pollution, as described above, concluded that the construction by the first measure decreased the mining pollution, there was no researching result to show they had stopped the pollution.
- そのため、複数年にわたる記述である可能性が高いが、卑弥呼の死が247年か248年か(あるいはさらに後か)については説が分かれている。
- There is a strong possibility that they were recorded over several years, but opinions are divided on the year of Himiko's death, be it in 247, 248, or even later.
- 宣長は「魏志倭人伝」の記述から邪馬台国は九州にあったと結論し、九州の熊襲の女酋長が勝手に神功皇后の使いを偽って魏へ通交したと考えた。
- Considering the description in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, Norinaga concluded that the Yamatai Kingdom was located in the Kyushu District, and a female chief of Kumaso was cultivating friendly relations with Wei under the pretense of Empress Jingu's envoy.
- 『釈日本紀』(述義)にある陽成天皇によるの日本紀講筵の元慶度講書(-)で、惟良宿禰高尚(惟良高尚)がソシモリを今の蘇之保留と解説した。
- In the 'Lecture on Chronicles of Japan in the Gangyo Era 'by Emperor Yozei, which is collected in 'Shaku Nihongi' (annotated text of the Nihon Shoki), KOREYOSHI no Takahisa proposed that Soshimori was So(no)hori, or the present day Seoul.
- 『八犬伝』刊行開始前に出された刊行予告から、一時馬琴には『合類大節用集』の記述を無視してまで物語を「七犬伝」とする構想があったという。
- According to an advance notice issued before the commencement of the publication of 'Hakkenden,' Bakin was at one point planning to write 'a story of the Seven Dog Warriors' even if it is not in accordance with the description in 'Gorui-daisetsuyoshu.'
- ただし料理店で出されるちゃんこ鍋については、伝統的なイメージからか上述の肉団子や、キャベツやハクサイ、うどんなどが入っている事が多い。
- In chankonabe restaurants, however, many chankonabe contains meatballs mentioned above, cabbage, Chinese cabbage and udon noodles for its traditional images.
- 貞一には茶懐石に関する著述が多いが、1969年には『暮しの手帖』に花森安治のインタビューによる「吉兆つれづればなし」の連載が始まった。
- Teiichi wrote many books about Chakaiseki (dishes served before the tea ceremony), and began a serialization concerning the 'Kitcho Tsurezurebanashi' in a magazine 'Kurashi no Techo' (Notes on Daily Life) in the form of interviews with Yasuji HANAMORI in 1969.
- その後、明仁と皇后美智子が葬場殿前に進み正午から1分間の黙祷が行われ、竹下登内閣総理大臣を始めとした三権の長が拝礼の上で弔辞を述べた。
- Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko walked to the front of the funeral hall to offer a one-minute silent prayer at noon, and the heads of the three powers (legislative, executive and judicial) such as the Prime Minister Noboru TAKESHITA expressed their condolences after prayer.
- 木簡の記述には納められた物品の名前とともに貢ぎ先の国名、郡名が記され、それが何の税にあたるか、すなわち租・庸・調の文字が記されている。
- With the statement of the commodities described on those mokkan, province, and county to supply, category of taxes, more specifically, so (a rice tax), yo (tax in kind), and cho, could be read.
- 神武天皇の即位年月日は、『日本書紀』の記述に基づいて、明治以来、法的・慣習的に紀元前660年の旧暦元旦、新暦の2月11日とされている。
- The enthronement date of Emperor Jimmu has been considered to have been determined on the basis of the description in Nihonshoki to be New Year's Day (of the old calendar) or February 11th (of the new calendar) in 660 B.C. legally and conventionally since the Meiji period.
- お釜で炊かれた豆乳は、前述の通り濃度が薄いので、蛋白分子が繋がった網の目構造の網の目が粗いものとなる(濃度が濃いと、緻密な網となる)。
- Because the soy milk boiled in the iron pot has low concentrations as mentioned above, the net-like mesh structure in which protein molecules connect becomes rough (high concentrations make a fine-mesh net).
- 夢窓国師が庭園を造るときは、それは遊興のためではなく修行の一部であり、庭園をつくるために田畑をつぶす苦しみを述べた記録も残されている。
- Records show that Muso kokushi said to build a garden was not a pleasure, but part of an ascetic practice, thus he felt pain when it was required to destroy fields in order to build a garden.
- これは、巻物の紙面の下半分には釈迦の前世と成仏について述べた経典の本文を書写し、上半分には経典の内容に対応する絵画を描いたものである。
- Each scroll of them has a space divided into two parts, with the lower part having text copies of Buddhist sutra descriptions about Shakyamuni's previous life and his enlightenment as Buddha, and the upper part having pictures corresponding to the descriptions below them.
- 柄行きの選定には先述のように平安文学や能に関する素養が要求されたため、「武家女性の品格の高さを表す物」として特に好まれた物と思われる。
- As previously prescribed, the education about Heian literature or Noh was required to select a pattern of Kimono; Gosyodoki was especially favored as `A thing to represent dignity of a lady from Samurai society.'
- 字面から「偽り」すなわち無用と誤解されがちであるが、完全に学問にとって無意味とされる物は後述のオカルト的・詐欺的な例外を除けば少ない。
- Although gisho are apt to be misunderstood as being of no use, there are a few that are meaningless from an academic standpoint except for examples that involve the occult or are fraudulent.
- このような視点から男系護持論者の中には、「女系天皇の容認論は、天皇制廃止論のための布石ではないか」と述べて女系容認論を非難する者もいる。
- From such perspective, some male-line advocates claim the female-line acceptance theory is a stepping stone for emperor system abolition and criticize them.
- 中型イヌほどの大きさで、ネコすらも食べるといわれる鼠であるが、その反面、猫と交わり、血のつながった子猫(後述)を育てることもあるという。
- It is a mouse about the size of a medium-sized dog and is said to eat even a cat; on the other hand, sometimes it is said to mate with a cat and rear its blood-related kittens (as later described).
- 木曽川での鵜飼の最古の記録は、702年(大宝 (日本)2年)、美濃国各務郡中里の戸籍「鵜養部目都良売(うかいべめづらめ)」の記述である。
- The oldest description concerning the Kiso-gawa ukai is found on a family register in 702 of 'Ukai-be Mezurame' at Minokuni Kagami-gori county Nakazato.
- 喜屋武は、これは幼少の頃からの習慣であると述べているので、少なくとも明治初期から、おそらくは琉球王国時代からの習慣であったと考えられる。
- From Kyan's statement, which reads, 'Since childhood, I have practiced like this,' it would appear that this practice dates at least from the early Meiji period, or probably from the era of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
- また、忍者の流派によっては忍術書に記述があることや、道具として僅かだが実物も残っているが、実際にどの程度の利用があったかは定かではない。
- Moreover, there is a description in some Ninjutsu-sho (book of Ninjutsu) and a few genuine arrows still remain, but it is not sure to what degree they were actually used.
- 明治時代の日本では、鉄道駅で弁当が売られるようになり(駅弁)、第二次世界大戦後はスーパーマーケットや前述の販売店などでも販売され始めた。
- During the Meiji period, in Japan, railway stations started to sell bentos, and supermarkets and the above-mentioned outlet stores started to sell them after World War II.
- 江戸時代大いに流行した通し矢であったが、当時から過度の競技化には批判があり、伊勢貞丈は「実戦には何も役立たない遊射である」と述べている。
- During the Edo period, Toshiya became quite popular, but even in those days, some people were critical about its excessive sensationalization, and so, for example, Sadatake ISE said Toshiya was just play shooting and had no use in actual fighting.
- 同じくローマ帝政時代の著述家プルタルコスは古代エジプトの神官達が一日に3度香を焚き、キフィーは16種類の材料で作られていたと記している。
- Ploutarchos, a writer of the same period, described that the Ancient Egyptian priests burned incense three times a day, and Kiphy consisted of 16 ingredients.
- なお、前述の国立能楽堂養成事業は女性にも門戸が開かれており、これまでの所、女性の研修生の成績は男性のそれに見劣りしないという意見もある。
- The training course of the National Noh Theater described above is also open to women, and there are comments that the performance of female trainees is not poorer than that of male trainees so far.
- 古人大兄皇子は私宮へ逃げ帰った(このとき皇子は「韓人(からひと)、鞍作(入鹿)を殺しつ」(「韓人殺鞍作臣 吾心痛矣」)と述べたという)。
- Prince Furuhito no Oe ran back to his place (it is suggested that he then said 'Koreans killed Iruka').
- またこの説により、元禄時代の茶書『源流茶話』(藪内紹智)に記載されている棗が茶入の挽屋を転用したものであるという記述も信憑性を失っている。
- Based on this theory, the description that the natsume appeared in a tea book 'Genryu Chawa' (tea book written by Chikushin YABUNOUCHI) in the Genroku period, as derived from a wooden hikiya canister owned by chajin (master of the tea ceremony), has also lost its credibility.
- また、書道・歌道も歴代当主同様名人とされており、前述の通り和宮の歌道指南をしたほか、父幟仁親王より「有栖川流書道」の奥義相伝を受けている。
- He was also known as a talented calligrapher and a poet, like the original head of the successive family, as mentioned before, he taught the art of tanka poetry to Kazunomiya, he received an inheritance of the secret lore of 'Arisunogawa no Miya style calligraphy' from his father, Imperial Prince Takahito.
- 上述の小札を、色糸やなめし革の紐を用いて縦方向に連結することを「威す」といい(「緒通す」がその語源とされている)、連結したものを縅と言う。
- The above-mentioned small scales are connected vertically with string and leather in a process called 'odosu (interlacing),' while the resulting piece is called 'odoshi.'
- 又、殆どが成人女性用に仕立てられる為、装束の重量や小忌衣や裳の長さの点で後述の略装束よりも舞の難易度(手振り・裳の捌き方など)が高くなる。
- Furthermore, the majority of authentic costumes are made for female adult sizes, the weight of the whole costume and the lengths of the jacket and skirt make performance more challenging (e.g., hand movements and moving smoothly with the skirt) than with informal costumes.
- 藤林宗源の系譜が片桐家中を出て本庄家に移ったこと(後述)も合わせると、おそらく片桐家では茶湯の伝承に関心がなかった時期があると考えられる。
- From the fact that Sogen FUJIBAYASHI's descendants moved from the Katagiri family to the Honjo family (see below), it is believed that the Katagiri family for a time lost interest in the tradition of tea ceremony.
- この記述が事実だとすると、9月10日の戦いで両軍共に全軍の2割に達する戦死者を出しながら、なおも長期間戦いを続けていたことになってしまう。
- However, if this description was true, it becomes that, although both forces had lost as many as 20% of them in the battle on October 18, they continued fighting further for a long period of time.
- その根拠は、例えば茶入が重視されていた利休時代に「掛物ほど第一の道具はなし」と記すような、当時のものとは考えられない記述が目立つ点であった。
- The theory was based on the fact that this book has descriptions which are hard to believe to be the ones of those days; for example, although Rikyu's days put a premium on chaire (tea container), the book says, 'Nothing is more important than Kakemono (a hanging scroll; a work of calligraphy or a painting which is mounted and hung in an alcove or on a wall).'
- 天下のため護摩供養をしていると道真の霊があらわれ「自分は冤罪で左遷され死にいたったので、雷となって内裏に行き恨みをはらそうと思う」と述べる。
- When Hossho-bo was praying to invoke divine help for the world, the ghost of Michizane appeared and said 'I was relegated and died due to a false charge and, therefore, I will become thunder and have my revenge on the Imperial Court precincts.'
- 尚泰王の冊封式典のために訪れた清の使節の前で、「交手(こうしゅ)」という名で組手を披露したという記述があるが、その内容については不明である。
- There is a description that a kumite called 'ko-shu' was demonstrated in front of an ambassador from the Qing Dynasty who had visited Okinawa to create King Sho Tai as a new rank, but it isn't known what the 'ko-shu' was.
- 作庭記の記述も池泉やそれらを表現するための石組みなどでもうみなど、自然をメタファーとして表現し、見立てによって縮景を行う作庭手法を伝聞する。
- The description of Sakutei-ki (the oldest book concerning gardens in Japan) also introduced the idea that a pond a spring, and the ishigumi, etc., that expresses a landscape were techniques that made a garden a metaphor of nature, such as the sea, and a landscape gardening technique that reduces the scale of natural scenery.
- 詞書の冒頭が「朝恩なればかたじけなく悦事かぎりなし、此よし家にかへりてかたりければ」云々と、前を受けての記述であるから、完本でないと知れる。
- Since Kotobagaki (captions) began with `朝恩なればかたじけなく悦事かぎりなし、此よし家にかへりてかたりければ', assumed to have been continued from the previous story, it is not an independent story.
- 名の通り府県会が開かれていない時期にも活動する数人の常置委員が、府知事・県令から地方税支弁事項について諮問を受け、意見を述べるものであった。
- As the name suggests, several permanent commissioners, who were active even when Fuken-kai was not opened, were consulted and they were to express opinions.
- このような中、慶安3年(1650年)5月25日_(旧暦)に金森宗和が参加した茶会に関する記述の中で、絵付を施した御室焼の登場が確認されている。
- In a description about a tea party in which Sowa KANAMORI participated in on June 23, 1650, painted Mimuro-yaki is mentioned.
- ただし上述した古賀政男の作品「吉良の仁吉」、あるいは「こぶし」を利かせた唱法を使った人気歌手上原敏などは、広沢虎造ら浪曲師の影響を受けている。
- However, 'Kira no Nikichi' composed by the aforementioned Masao KOGA and Bin UEHARA, a popular singer featuring a vocal style that uses 'kobushi,' were influenced by rokyoku performers such as Torazo HIROSAWA.
- 古典の随筆『二川随筆』に記述があり、和泉国岸和田市(現・大阪府岸和田市)の農家にある油徳利が、生活に必要な油を5年間に渡って出し続けたという。
- In 'Nisenzuihitsu,'a Japanese classic essay, it is written that abura tokkuri of a farm family in Kishiwada City, Izumi Province (present-day Kishiwada City, Osaka Prefecture) kept serving oil that the family needed for as long as five years.
- さらに前述の通り、『日本書紀』では父日本武尊の死後36年も経ってから生まれたことになる不自然な証拠からも、仲哀天皇架空説は根強く言われている。
- Also, as mentioned above, the unnatural evidence in the 'Nihonshoki' that points to him being born thirty-six years after the death of his father, Yamato Takeru no Mikoto, is often used to support the theory that he was a fictional character.
- ジョアン・ロドリゲスの『日本大文典』の記述によると当時の京都では既に混乱があったとされているが、キリシタン資料ではおおむね書き分けられている。
- According to 'Arte da Lingoa de Iapam' by Joao Rodriguez, such confusion could already be seen in Kyoto in those days, but these four characters were almost correctly distinguished in written materials of Christians.
- 先述のように江戸幕府は大奥での着物を事細かに規定し、それが大名家にも普及し、武士階級全体で大奥慣習に準じるようになっていった(江戸中期以降)。
- As mentioned in the above, the Edo bakufu regulated the way kimono were worn in minute detail in the O-oku, and the regulations passed on to daimyo families (feudal lord families), and finally the dress codes of the whole samurai class became pursuant to the codes and conventions of the O-oku (in and after the middle of the Edo period).
- ラーメンは、前述のように、鶏と野菜を煮込んで作られた濃厚なドロドロのスープの「こってり」、中華そば風の鶏ガラ清湯の「あっさり」の2種類がある。
- There are two types of ramen as described above, a 'thick type' which uses a thick soup prepared by boiling chicken and vegetables, and a 'plain type' which uses a clear chicken bone broth.
- しかし女忍者が女中になりすまし城に潜入したという記述も残っており、女中達の「女の噂好き」を利用した諜報活動でかなりの功績をあげていたとされる。
- However, there is a description that a female ninja snaked into the castle masquerading as a housemaid and it is considered that she used 'women's gossip' for the intelligence activity and created considerable performance.
- また、紀貫之の『土佐日記』によれば、承平 (日本)7年(935年)の1月15日(小正月)の朝に「あづきがゆ」を食したという記述が登場している。
- KI no Tsurayuki wrote in his Tosa Nikki (Tosa Diary) that he ate 'azuki-gayu' on the morning of January 15 (Koshogatsu) in 935.
- 一般には「生酢」と解されているが、先述したように、古くは調味料として必ずしも酢を用いるとは限らなかったので、民間語源の類であるという説がある。
- Generally speaking, namasu is interpreted as '生酢, namasu' (raw vinegar), but as mentioned before, originally vinegar was not always used as a seasoning and so some say that it is a sort of folk etymology.
- 遺跡から発掘される土器に描かれている絵や魏志倭人伝の倭人に関する記述に『兵器は……木弓を使用し、その木弓は下部が短く、上部が長くなっている。』
- According to the pictures on potteries discovered in archeological remains and Gishi Wajinden (Records of the Wa people (Japanese), Chronicle of Wei), Wa people had 'weapons...that are wooden bows and the bow is shorter at the bottom and longer at toward top.'
- 『多聞院日記(たもんいんにっき)』には、先の火入れについての記述に加えて、こうした江戸時代まで続いた伝統的な酒造法について詳しく記されている。
- In 'Tamonin Nikki' (The Diary compiled from 1478 to 1618 by Eishun and other Buddhist priests at Tamonin Temple), in addition to a description on the above pasteurization, the details of such a traditional method of sake brewing which had lasted until the Edo period are described.
- このときの国号改称について、新唐書(『唐書』)、旧唐書(『舊唐書』)に「倭という名称をきらって日本へ改称した」という内容の記述が残されている。
- Shintojo (New Book of Tang) ('Tojo' (Book of Tang)) and Kutojo ('Old Tang History') have records in relation to the change of the name, which says the name was changed to Nippon in disgust of the name, Wa.
- そのなかで「朕、漢人の言に聞くに、『人の家、国を取るには百姓土地を得んと欲す。もし尽く百姓を殺さば徒に地を得るも何に用いん』」とも述べている。
- He then said, 'I have heard that people of Han say, 'to seize home and country of others, you need to obtain peasants and land. If you kill all the peasants, for what use is the land that is obtained?''
- 『日本書紀』の603年に冠位十二階を定めたときの記述には、12の位階の名前は書かれているが、それぞれの位階に対応する色の名前が書かれていない。
- The description in the 'Nihon Shoki' of the establishment in 603 of the twelve cap rank system gives the names of twelve ranks but not the color of the caps corresponding to each rank.
- - 清少納言は『枕草子』のなかで「いと執念き御もののけに侍るめり」と記し、紫式部も「御もののけのいみじうこはきなりけり」という記述を残している。
- In 'Makura no Soshi' (The Pillow Book), Seishonagon wrote, 'It is a very vindictive mononoke,' and Murasakishikibu also left a statement, 'The mononoke became too terrible.'
- 建国以来の法とするなら理解できるし、『日本書紀』や『古事記』はそのような歴史を記述しているのに、天智天皇が決めたから守るというのは不必要である。
- And they insist that it is understandable if this code had long existed since the country's foundation and the descriptions in 'Nihonshoki' and 'Kojiki' (A Record of Ancient Matters) historically back up the existence, however, it doesn't make any sense if the people had followed it only because it was instituted by Emperor Tenchi.
- 退位後は光厳天皇の養育を行い、1330年、皇太子時代の光厳天皇を訓戒するために記述した誡太子書は、来るべき動乱の時代を予見した文章として名高い。
- After he abdicated from the throne, he looked after Emperor Kogon, he wrote a famous book called Kai Taishi sho in 1330 to admonish Emperor Kogon while he was Crown Prince, which predicted the coming upheaval period.
- また、『魏書』卷一百 列傳第八十八 勿吉國に「嚼米醞酒 飲能至醉」と沿海州やモンゴルなどでも米を原料とした口噛み酒を醸していたという記述がある。
- A description, '嚼米醞酒 飲能至醉,' written in 'Gisho' volume 100, Retsuden No.88 Wuji-koku indicates that kuchikami-sake was produced in coastal provinces and Mongolia.
- 天明2年(1782年)に刊行された『豆腐百珍(とうふひゃくちん)』には、100種類の豆腐料理が記述されており、また様々な文学でも親しまれてきた。
- In the 'Hundred Delicacies of Tofu' published in 1782, 100 kinds of tofu dishes were introduced, and tofu was familiar in various kinds of literature.
- 上述のように吉田家と主君の六角義賢の間で家伝をめぐって争いが生じた折、家伝が絶えることを危惧した重政らが雪荷に奥義を授けて京都に移らせたという。
- As mentioned above, since there was trouble concerning the family secret techniques between the Yoshida clan and the lord Yoshikata ROKKAKU, Shigemasa was afraid that his family secret techniques might become lost, so he taught the doctrines to Sekka and sent him to Kyoto.
- 磯崎新は日本の庭園が特に海などをメタファーにすることにつきるように思われるのは「見立て」というメタファー発生装置を作り上げたためだと述べている。
- Arata ISOZAKI said the reason a Japanese garden is described as a metaphor of the sea, is that people included and arranged objects that generate the metaphor as an 'analogy.'
- なお発泡スチロール(ポリスチレン)は前述のとおり、環境ホルモンと関連する物質の疑いが2000年11月に晴れたとされ、同リストより除外されている。
- Furthermore, styrofoam (polystyrene) is removed from the list because the doubt for the material related to the environmental hormone has been cleared in November 2000 as described above.
- この差異に関して「上方では浄瑠璃(文楽)が確固たる地位を築いていたので、落語が人情噺を受け持つ必然性が薄かったからだろう」と桂米朝は述べている。
- Beicho KATSURA said of this difference, 'Kamigata rakugo had little or no reason to tell sentimental stories which were dealt with by the puppet theater that was firmly established in Kamigata.'
- 平安時代の歌学書『袋草子』、鎌倉時代の説話集『十訓抄』には、災害や病気をもたらす悪神としての風神を鎮めるための祭事があったことが述べられている。
- 'Book of Folded Pages' (a book on the study of waka poems written in the Heian period) and 'A Miscellany of Ten Maxims' (a collection of anecdotes written in the Kamakura period) both say people held rituals for soothing fujin that was believed to be the troublesome god for bringing disasters and illnesses.
- これらを踏まえて、前述した天智改革への不満の醸成が壬申の乱の下地を作り天智以後の皇位継承の争いが乱発生の契機となったとする説が有力となっている。
- Based on these, dissatisfaction toward reform previously mentioned created the base of the Jinshin War and there is a leading theory that the cause of the Jinshin War was the dispute regarding the succession to the Imperial throne since Emperor Tenchi's era.
- 『実隆公記』(文亀元年3月6日条)には三条西実隆が禁裏の「歴名」を借りて「歴名土代」を沙汰したとする記述が見られる(最古の『歴名土代』の記録)。
- In 'Sanetaka koki' (Sanetaka's Diary – April 3, 1501), there is another description that Sanetaka SANJONISHI ordered 'Ryakumyo dodai' by borrowing 'Ryakumyo' of kinri (the oldest record of 'Ryakumyo dodai').
- しかしながら、この改訂が一宮はどこかと言う事実を追求した成果なのか、あるいは政治的意図があったのかは別の検証が必要であるとも同書では述べている。
- However, 'The Various Lines of Ichinomiya-Ki' also suggests that more research is required to figure out whether the corrections of the mistakes were the result of careful research or the writer had some political intension.
- 1561年(永禄4年)には「三好筑前守義長朝臣亭江御成之記」のなかで三好義長が自邸宅において鯨料理で足利義輝をもてなしたという記述が残されている。
- 'MIYOSHI Chikuzen-no-kami Yoshinaga-tei e Onari-no-ki' includes the description that, in 1561, Yoshinaga MIYOSHI entertained Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA with whale meat-based dishes in his residence.
- 近世の早い時期において、後述の蔵人の麹塵袍と同様の牡丹唐草に尾長鳥文浮織の生地の袍に共裂の帯を、天皇・東宮が着用していることが遺品から判っている。
- In the early-modern times, it was found from their relics that an emperor and a crown prince wore the Kikujin no ho made from the Ukiorimono with the design of long-tailed cock and arabesque with peony flowers and leaves similar to that of Kurodo (Chamberlain, to be described later) and a belt made from the same cloths.
- しかしその水準の高い技法や知識は、各地の造り酒屋や杜氏の流派へ受け継がれていき、江戸時代初期には『童蒙酒造記』のように秘伝書に記述されたりもした。
- However, the high-level technique and knowledge concerning soboshu were passed on to breweries and schools of toji (sake brewing experts) in various areas, and even documented in a hidensho (book of secrets) such as 'Domoshuzoki (a technical book on sake brewing)' in the early Edo period.
- このことから、書紀が述べるような大改革はこのとき存在しなかったのではないかという説が唱えられ、大化改新論争という日本史学上の一大争点になっている。
- For this reason, some claim that the major reforms which the Chronicles described had not occurred at this time, and this has become an extremely controversial point regarding the history of Japan, referred to as the Taika Reform Dispute.
- 著者についても不詳であるが、自分は「鴻池流」の人間であると書いていること、商才に敏感な記述が多いこと、などから鴻池流の蔵元の誰かであると思われる。
- Author is also unknown, but he wrote about himself from the 'Konoike school' and seemed to have a flair for business, therefore it is assumed that he was one of the Kuramoto (sake brewer) of Konoike school.
- 上等な赤味噌3kgを1.26リットルないし1.44リットルのみりんでゆるめたものと、上に述べたナス3.75kgと互い違いに層をなすように漬け込む。
- Pile up dark-brown miso paste of good quality with 1.26 to 1.44 liter of mirin (sweet cooking rice wine) and 3.75 kgs of the eggplants of the above alternately.
- 手書き(伝統的な様式を重んじて毛筆で記述する他、カラフルなサインペンや画材を用いることもある。先述の干支や、縁起物の図柄を添える例も広く見られる)
- Handwriting: In addition to brush writing in acknowledgment of a traditional style, colorful felt-tip pens or drawing materials are used, but patterns of the zodiac animals and lucky items, as mentioned above, are also often used.
- 前述の理由で、グレゴリオ暦と天保暦との日付の差は平均してほぼ1か月である(ただし、実際には日付の差は年によって増減し、その変動幅も約1か月ある)。
- Because of the above-mentioned reasons, there is an approximately one-month difference between a date according to the Gregorian calendar and the equivalent date according to the Tenpo calendar (actually, the difference between the dates varies from year to year and this degree of variation is also approximately one month).
- また世界各地の多神教文明において弓矢は霊力や呪詛が宿る道具として考えられており、古代ギリシアやヒンドゥー教や日本の神道などの神話に記述されている。
- In addition, in polytheistic civilizations in various parts of the world, Yumiya is considered to be a tool with spiritual power and a curse and is described in the mythologies on ancient Greece, Hinduism, Japanese Shinto, and so on.
- さらに、前述したように、当時の精錬技術では、自然銅のなかでも大量に存在する硫化銅は利用できず、銅酸化物と呼ばれる限られた鉱石しか利用できなかった。
- Furthermore, as mentioned above, native copper ores used by then-current refining technology were limited to cuprate only and the abundant reserves of copper sulfide under the ground could not be used.
- 室町時代には一条兼良の著書「尺素往来」に、「索麺は熱蒸し、截麦は冷濯い」という記述があり、截麦(切麦)がうどんの前身と考える説が最も有力とされる。
- There is a description in 'Sekiso Orai' (Basic encyclopedia) written by Kanera (aka. Kaneyoshi) ICHIJO during the Muromachi period, 'Somen is steamed hot, while Kirimugi is washed in coldwater,' which strongly supports the theory that Kirimugi is the predecessor of Udon noodles.
- 丹後国加佐郡寺社町在旧起においては「蛇島城主光孝天皇二十九代末孫下志万七郎右衛門助景丹波国何鹿郡志万庄より当国に来る時代不知。」という記述もある。
- In the record of 'Zaikyu-ki of Jisha-machi, Kasa County, Tango Province,' there was a description that Shichiroemon Sukekage SHIMOJIMA, the 29th descendant of the Emperor Koko, the lord of the Hebishima Castle came to this province from Shima no sho, Ikaruga County, Tanba Province, but when he came remained unknown.
- 最も有名なのが、「長柄堤」の且元、重成の悲痛な台詞・前述の第6幕第1場における且元の「我が名に因む庭前の」の独白、第2幕第3場の淀君の長台詞である。
- The most famous are the sorrowful words by Katsumoto and Shigenari at 'Nagara zutsumi,' a monologue by Katsumoto of Scene one, Act six, 'Associated with the name of the family in the front yard' as mentioned above starting, and long words by Yodogimi in the third Act two.
- 田は同化政策とは内地延長主義であり、台湾民衆を完全な日本国民とし、皇室に忠誠な国民とするための教化と国家国民としての観念を涵養するものと述べている。
- Den stated that an assimilation policy was inland territorial expansionism and that the Taiwanese would be educated to understand their role and responsibilities as Japanese subjects loyal to the Imperial family.
- また武田軍の損害を1万~1万2000、連合軍6000とするよりも、武田軍の損害1000、連合軍の損害600という数字の方がより現実的である(後述)。
- Besides estimating Takeda's casualties to be 1,000 and those of the allied forces 600 is more realistic than making an estimate of 10,000 to 12,000 and 6,000, respectively (see below).
- ただし、盟友関係にあった関白・近衛前久に宛てて、合戦後に政虎が送った書状では、政虎自ら太刀を振ったと述べられており、激戦であったことは確かとされる。
- However, in the letter Masatora sent to Sakihisa KONOE, who was Kanpaku (the top adviser to the emperor) and his ally, after the battle, he wrote that he himself used his sword in the fight, and therefore, it is considered that the battle was a fierce one.
- 民俗学者・柳田國男の著書『妖怪談義』に記述がある妖怪のひとつで、その話の出所は柳田の友人、沢田四郎作(さわたしろうさく)医学博士の『大和昔譚』である。
- Sunakake-babaa is one of specters described in 'Yokai Dangi' (Lecture about Specters) written by folklorist Kunio YANAGIDA and the story in the book is extracted from 'Yamato Sekitan' (Old Stories of Japan) written by his friend, Shiro SAWADA, M.D.
- さらに享和元年(1801年)の料理書『料理早指南』では、「鋤やき」は「鋤のうへに右の鳥類をやく也、いろかはるほどにてしょくしてよし」と記述されている。
- Furthermore, another cookbook 'Ryori-hayashinan' (literally, quick guidance for cooking) published in 1801, states that 'The term 'sukiyaki' refers to cooking birds' meat (as per mentioned on the right) by grilling it on the blade of a suki (a spade) until its color changes and it looks like it would taste good.'
- 天保元年(1830年)の『嬉遊天覧』に、「枯山水」は「フルセンスイ」とも「カラセンスイ」とも読むのではなく「コセンスイ」と読むべきだという記述がある。
- In the 1830's 'Kiyu-tenran' (a joyful Imperial inspection), it was written that dry landscape is not pronounced as 'furusensui' or 'karasensui' but should be pronounced as 'kosensui.'
- 室町期の『快元僧都記』という僧侶の日記によると、天文 (元号)9年(1540年)に散銭櫃(さんせんびつ)なる箱が鶴岡八幡宮に置かれたという記述がある。
- According to 'The Diary of Kaigen-sozu' written by a Buddhist monk in the Muromachi period, a 'sansenbitsu' box was set up at Tsurugaoka-hachimangu Shrine in 1540.
- 具体的には後述するが、注目すべきなのは、朝鮮側の修正要求は冊封国としての体面的なものが多く、後々問題となる領事裁判権は一切問題とならなかった点である。
- The details will be described later, but an important point was that while Korea required amendments to maintain their honor as a tributary country, they did not mind at all about consular jurisdiction, which would later become a problem.
- 慶長3年9月(1598年10月)、朝鮮半島の泗川市で島津義弘率いる島津氏軍7千が明の武将董一元率いる数万(後述)の明・朝鮮連合軍と戦って撃退した戦い。
- Seven thousand army soldiers of the Shimazu clan led by Yoshihiro SHIMAZU fought against the tens of thousands of soldiers (mentioned afterwards) of Ming and Korean Allied Forces led by TON Yi Yuan, who was the busho (military commander) of Ming, in Sacheon City on Korean Peninsula in October 1598.
- 上述の通りだるまは、何らかの祈願が達成すると目入れをするが、だるまは縁起物、拝むものとしての側面を持っているために、仏像と同じく「開眼」する必要がある。
- As mentioned above, a purchaser paints in an eye of a daruma doll after the fulfillment of some special wish; however, daruma dolls are charms and objects of worship that require 'eyes-opening' (spiritual awakening) in the same manner as Buddhist images.
- 実際にこの法則が発表されたのは1932年の論文「古事記におけるモの仮名の用法について」であるが、彼がこれに強い確信を持って発表したのは前述の論文である。
- In fact these laws had already been mentioned in 1932 in his article 'Concerning the Usage of Kana for mo in Kojiki,' but he pointed them out with firm conviction in the aforementioned article.
- 有力な後盾を失った福助は、1941年(昭和16年)10月歌舞伎座において、前述の初菊、『浮世柄比翼稲妻(鈴が森)』の権八などで六代目中村芝翫を襲名した。
- Fukusuke lost the dominant backing, but he succeeded to Shikan NAKAMURA VII by acting the previously cited Hatsugiku and Gonpachi of 'Ukiyozuka Hiyoku no Inazuma' at the Kabuki-za Theater in October, 1941.
- 同じく『出雲国風土記』(733年)においても、「紫菜(むらさきのり)は、楯縫(たてぬひ)の郡(こほり)、尤(もと)も優(まさ)れり。」という記述がある。
- Likewise, in 'Izumo-no-kuni-fudoki (The topographical records of Izumo county),' dating from 733, there is a description such as 'murasaki nori, in Tatenui County, is the best.'
- ただし、『日本書紀』に冠位十二階を定めたときの記述があるものの、その記述中には、それを定めたときにどの位階にどの色を使って区別したのかが書かれていない。
- Only 'Nihonshoki' describes the period when the twelve court ranks were established, but does not mention the relationship between the colors and ranks.
- ちなみに、酒と宗教が深く関わっていたことを示すこの『三国志』の記述は、酒造りが巫女(みこ)の仕事として始まったことをうかがわせる一つの根拠となっている。
- Incidentally, this description of a close relationship between liquor and religion in 'Sanguo Zhi' provides one of the reasons why sake brewing began as a task of miko (a shrine maiden).
- ただしニコライを殺害する意図は薄かったらしく、事件後の取り調べにおいても「殺すつもりはなく、一本(一太刀)献上したまで」と供述していたと言う記録もある。
- But, TSUDA did not intend to kill Nicholas, and after the attack, he answered to police questions as 'I did not intend to kill him, I just wanted to give him one slash'.
- - 『続日本紀』に「大祓、宮中にしきりに、妖怪あるためなり」という記述があり、同様になにかの物を指すのではなく、怪奇現象を表す言葉として妖怪を用いている。
- In 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), there is a description that 'Shinto purification is held because yokai appears very often in the Imperial Court,' and the word yokai is used in a similar manner, not to refer to some object, but to describe an unnatural phenomenon.
- 天正16年(1588年)の『山上宗二記』(やまのうえのそうじき)には、「唐茶碗はすたれ、当世は高麗茶碗、瀬戸茶碗、今焼茶碗がよい」という意味の記述がある。
- In 'Yamanoue Soji ki' (The Record of Soji YAMANOUE) from 1588, there is a description to the effect that 'Kara chawan is out of fashion and Korai chawan, Seto chawan and Imayaki chawan are popular today.'
- また、藤原行成の『権記』にも皇太子辞退の報を受けて、顔相に詳しくないと前置きしながら「無龍顔」(天皇の相ではなかった)と述べている(寛仁元年8月8日条)。
- It is also stated in 'Gonki' (FUJIWARA no Yukinari's diary) that Atsuakira's face was not a face deserved for an emperor saying that he was not familiar with physiognomy when he heard about Atsuakira's refusal to remain crown prince (article written on September 6, 1017).
- 系譜などの『帝紀』的記述に止まり、事跡などの『旧辞』的記述がなく、あっても綏靖天皇がタギシミミの反逆を討ち取ったという、綏靖天皇即位の経緯ぐらいしかない。
- The only records available about these emperors are descriptions about their pedigrees and there are no descriptions of their actual achievements, except for a story about how Emperor Suizei ascended to the throne by crushing the rebellion of Tagishimimi.
- 大阪などの関西・東日本一帯でも同様の名称の寿司(後述)があるが、乗せる具材の品目数・大きさ・量・盛りつけの豪華さなどが大阪の物よりも圧倒的に多いのが特徴。
- Sushi having the same name does exist in Kansai such as Osaka and the whole eastern Japan area (as explained later), but what characterizes Okayama barazushi is that its topping ingredients overwhelmingly exceeds those of the Osaka version in kind, size of each piece, volume and manner in which they are displayed.
- 愛媛のミカンジュースと言えば前述のポンジュースが有名であるが、他にも農家ごとに別々に瓶詰めされたムテンカが雑誌やテレビで紹介され、通販の人気商品になった。
- When it comes to mikan juice in Ehime, you cannot beat the aforementioned Pom Juice, however, 'Mutenka' (No additives) bottled by each farmer was introduced in magazines and on TV and became a hot item in catalog sales.
- 記述として、たとえば紀元1世紀に在位した景行天皇4年春2月には、泳(くくり)の宮の庭をたいそう気に入り、庭にある池を金色の鯉で充たしたというくだりがある。
- In the Nihon-shoki for example, there is a paragraph dated February 74 that says Emperor Keiko loved the palace at Kukuri (a palace that used to exist in Mino province) so much that he filled the pond with golden carp.
- 当時のレシピを見ると、このホテルニューグランドのスパゲッティナポリタンはその後大衆化したナポリタンとは違い、後述のナポリ風ソースに近い料理であったようだ。
- According to the recipe from those days, Spaghetti Naporitan in the Hotel New Grand was different from the Naporitan later popularized, but was apparently closer to the Napoli-style sauce described below.
- 同書は倭人が周王へ暢草(薬草)を献上したと記述しており、早ければ武王紀元前11世紀末頃、記述のある成王とすれば紀元前10世紀頃の出来事である可能性がある。
- The literature mentioned that Wajin presented the King of Zhou with Choso (medicinal plants), which was possibly in the late 11th century B.C. under the reign of King Wu of Zhou at the earliest, or in the 10th century B.C. if it was during the time of King Cheng.
- 女直、高麗などから東南海上の彼方に大元朝に敵対する地域として「日本国」の音写とおぼしき「جمنكوj-m-n-k-w」と呼ばれる大島についての記述がある。
- It included the description that a large island located far away across the sea from Jurchen and Goryeo as an area against the Great Yuan Dynasty, transcribed as 'جمنكوj-m-n-k-w,' which appeared to be a 'country of Japan.'
- このような記述形式であるから、同じ事柄が重複する事もよくあるが、個人や一つの国に関しての情報がまとめて紹介されるためにその人物や国に関しては理解しやすい。
- Being such a descriptive format, Kiden-tai often causes the same articles to be repeated, but shows information on an individual figure and on a nation comprehensively, and enables them to be understood well.
- しかし、法律の言語は大日本帝国憲法体制のもとでは文語文を用いて記述されていたので、それが口語体となるのは、日本国憲法体制の戦後期を待たなければならなかった。
- However, the legal language was described in literal style Japanese under the system of the Great Imperial Japan Constitution, so that it was not until the post-war period under the system of the Constitution of Japan that it came to be written in a colloquial style.
- たとえばジャズピアニストの山下洋輔は、“音楽理論的に両者を分類することができない”の意で「演歌もアイドル歌謡も同じにしか聞こえない」と述べていたといわれる。
- For example, Yosuke YAMASHITA, a jazz pianist, is said to have said 'enka and idol songs sound just the same,' meaning 'the two genres cannot be distinguished in terms of music theory.'
- ともあれ、前述の5万点に及ぶ出土木簡の、「長屋親王宮」や「大命」の記載は、王家の生活や経営の実態とともに、皇親としての謎にせまるものとして、解明が待たれる。
- Anyway, the words 'Imperial Prince Nagaya' and 'imperial command' on the about 50,000 excavated mokkan are considered useful to make clear the facts of life and management of the royal family and mysteries of Prince Nagaya as a member of Koshin, and are awaited to be analyzed.
- 文化元年(1804年)には、それまでの測量の結果をまとめ、大図69枚・中図3枚・小図1枚(大中小図については後述)からなる東日本の地図をいったん幕府に提出。
- In 1804 he put together his past survey results and submitted to the Bakufu a complete map of eastern Japan consisting of 69 large maps, 3 medium-sized maps and a small map (Further information on large, medium-sized and small maps can be found below).
- 近代から、上記に述べた年中行事が廃れ、節分当日の夕暮れ、ヒイラギの枝にイワシの頭を刺したもの(柊鰯)を戸口に立てておいたり、豆撒きをしたりするようになった。
- After entering the modern age, the above-mentioned annual events went out of fashion; instead, people became accustomed to placing Hiiragi-iwashi (a sprig of holly pricked into a baked sardine's head) at the door of each house and to performing a bean-scattering ceremony.
- 和歌山県は古くからミカンの栽培がさかんである(江戸時代の豪商である紀伊国屋文左衛門が、当時江戸で高騰していたミカンを紀州から運搬し富を得た話は前述の通り)。
- They have cultivated mikan since olden times in Wakayama Prefecture (story of a wealthy merchant Bunzaemon KINOKUNIYA of the Edo period who brought Kishu mikan to Edo where the price of mikan was high and made a fortune is aforementioned.)
- 先述の通り「歌舞伎」はもともと、最初から劇として作られた演目、人形浄瑠璃を原作とした演目、さらには舞踊といったさまざまのジャンルの舞台を総称したものである。
- As is mentioned above, Kabuki is the general term for various genres of stages, such as the program created as the drama from the start, the program whose story comes from Ningyo Joruri, and in addition, the program of dancing.
- 室町時代中期の天台宗の僧であり、連歌作者として知られる心敬は、その著書『心敬僧都庭訓』の中で「幽玄というものは心にありて詞にいはれぬものなり」と述べている。
- Shinkei, a monk of the Tendai sect in mid-Muromachi period and a famous Renga poet wrote 'Yugen is something what is in people's minds and unable to be expressed in words' in his book 'Shinkei sozu teikin'.
- また、同文書には「食品工場等は、殻付き卵の輸送、配達及び貯蔵は、10℃以下で行うべきである。」との記述があるが、これは消費者側で全て確認することは出来ない。
- The document also describes 'food factories should transport, deliver, and store shelled eggs at 10 degrees or lower,' but consumers cannot check the storage condition.
- 簡明な叙述であり、情熱的な文章であった為に広く愛読されたが、参考史料として軍記物語なども用いているため、歴史的事実に忠実であるとは言いがたい記事も散見する。
- Concise descriptions and enthusiastic sentences were very popular, however, it used those war chronicles and so on as reference historical materials and there are some articles found, which are hard to say to be true to the historical facts.
- しばしば「演歌は日本人の心である」といったような言及がなされることがあるが、前述のヨナ抜き音階は本来の日本の伝統音楽にみられる音階ではないことに注意を要する。
- It is sometimes said 'Enka is the heart of Japanese people,' but it should be noted that the yona nuki scale mentioned above did not originate from traditional Japanese music.
- しかし、7世紀後半の天武天皇の時代、すなわち前述の唐の高宗皇帝の用例の直後とするのが、1998年の飛鳥池遺跡での天皇の文字を記した木簡発見以後の有力説である。
- However, the theory stating that it was adopted in the period of Emperor Tenmu in latter half of 7th century, which was right after the usage of the title by Emperor Gao Zong of Tang mentioned above, has the power, after the mokkan (wood strip), which has the Emperor's handwriting written on, was founded in the Asukaike Ruins in 1998.
- 天武天皇の事跡の多くは『日本書紀』に述べられているが『日本書紀』編纂の中心人物が天武天皇の息子の舎人親王であることから、潤色が加えられているとする見解もある。
- The 'Nihonshoki' contains many achievements of the Emperor Tenmu, however, because his son the Imperial Prince Toneri was the pivotal figure of compiling the book, some say that the Imperial Prince Toneri somewhat embellished the contents.
- 19世紀末から1945年の終戦まで、学校で用いる歴史教科書は日本神話に始まり天皇家を中心にした出来事を述べ、歴史上の人物や民衆を皇国史観によって記述していた。
- Historical textbooks used in schools between nineteen century and 1945, started with Japanese mythology and the description of the main events related to the Imperial family, which explained the famous people in history and popular people based upon the Kokokushikan.
- ただ、当時の基本資料である園太暦には「信濃での戦乱」に関する記述があり、この時期に「都にまで伝わるぐらいの規模の戦い(または戦乱)」があった事は確実とされる。
- The only description of 'the battle of Shinano' is found in the Entairyaku (the Diary of Kinkata TOIN) from the basic materials from those days, it is said it is certain there was 'a large scale battle and the story was passed to the city.'
- また<池なき所の遣水は、事外にひろくながして>とあるように見せ方を種々述べているが、その見せ方の記述に、後に展開される日本作庭手法の先駆的表現が示されている。
- In this book, there are many techniques and ways to show the garden like 'streams in the garden where there is no pond, should be exceptionally wide and long' and the description to show the garden is an expression leading to the techniques to produce a Japanese garden developed in later years.
- 上述の黒船来航以来忍者の存在は忘れられていたが、1950年代後半より、小説や時代劇等に忍者が取り上げられるようになり、再び日本人の間で認知されるようになった。
- Since the said arrival of Kurofune, the existence of ninja had been forgotten, but ninja started to be featured in novels and period dramas from late 1950 and they have come to be recognized among Japanese again.
- しかしなお、いくつかの栄養素で著しい欠乏が認められるため、適宜、副菜の摂取、後述のトッピング、強化米を飯に加えるなどして栄養バランスを調整補完する必要がある。
- However, because it still lacks some nutritions, there is a need of adjusting and complementing the nutritional balance by eating side dishes, adding toppings described later, or adding fortified rice to the rice, as needed.
- さらに『新元史』によれば日蓮の書簡の記述に依るとして、この時民衆を殺戮し、生き残った者の手の平に穴を開け、そこに革紐を通して船壁に吊るし見せしめにしたという。
- In addition, according to 'Shin Genshi' (New History of the Yuan Dynasty), a letter of Nichiren describes that they then massacred people and made a hole in the palms of survivors to lace a leather cord through it, and hung them on the ships' sides as a warning.
- 朝鮮半島の高麗・李氏朝鮮では、国内文書や史書などに「倭」「倭奴」の記述が見られるが、これについて、高麗・朝鮮が日本を蔑視していたことの表れだとする指摘がある。
- Descriptions of 'wa' and '倭奴' can be found in domestic literatures and history books at the ages of Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty in Korean Peninsula, and some people says that is the express of contempt for Japan by Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty.
- 王陽明自身は「天理を存し人欲を去る」という朱子学的な側面を捨てきってはいなかったが、下で述べるように、その弟子達は人欲を自然なものとして肯定していくのである。
- Wang Yangming did not completely deny the concept close to Shushigaku that 'awareness of the heavenly principal expels human desires', but his disciples gradually began approving these desires as natural.
- 仏教の経典について言えば、冒頭で「このように私は聞いた」(如是我聞)と述べ、釈迦の説法を聞き写したという体裁をとるのがしきたりで、その内容は仏説であるという。
- Concerning Buddhist scriptures, it is the rule to take the style of writing by pupils what they heard from Buddha and it is said that the content of scriptures are Buddha's teachings.
- 1872年9月対馬藩と交替するために来朝した花房義質が、春日丸に乗ってきたことから、日本を西欧勢同様、衛正斥邪の対象として、前述のように食糧の供給を停止した。
- In September of 1872, Yoshimoto HANABUSA came to Korea by the ship named Kasugamaru to interchange with the Tsushima clan, so Korea considered Japan a target under Eisei Sekija (Korea's foreign policy during this period to respect the justice and exclude the evil; in this case Japan was regarded as evil) as well as Western Europe.
- かつてはこの時に「侮日掲示」を朝鮮側が行ったとされ、実際に明治日本側にそう報告されたが、近年の研究ではその報告書の記述が作為であったことが明らかとなっている。
- Previously, it was said that on this occasion Korea did 'an insulting act against Japan,' which was reported to Japan side, but according to recent studies, it is cleared that this description of the report was an artificiality one.
- 本項目においては、項目名は共通する「すごろく」を採用し、個々の記述に関しては今日の主流な呼び方である「盤双六」/「雙六」と「絵双六」/「双六」の名称で解説する。
- In this article, a common word 'Sugoroku' is used for the title, and to describe each, they are referred to as 'board Sugoroku'/ '雙六' and 'picture Sugoroku'/ '双六' respectively.
- 学費1,000ドルでそのコースを修了した韓国系・中国系など大勢の生徒は、アメリカ各地で寿司屋や日本料理店のシェフになるという(後述の項目「世界のスシへ」参照)。
- The New York Times said that many Korean and Chinese students who finished the course with a tuition at 1,000 dollars would be employed as chefs of sushi restaurants and Japanese restaurants across America (refer to the article below, 'The world's sushi').
- キャベツ:山芋:鶏卵:小麦粉の最適な重量比はおよそ4321~3221と言われるが、前述のように店ごとにも流儀があり、自宅で作る場合はそれほど厳密でなくても良い。
- The appropriate ratio for the amount of cabbage, yamaimo, egg, and flour is said to be approximately from 4:3:2:1 to 3:2:2:1, but as mentioned before, the style varies from one shop to another and when cooking okonomiyaki in the household it is not necessary to rigidly observe this ratio.
- 本来は良い概念ではなかったが、『徒然草』などには古くなった冊子を味わい深いと見る記述があり、この頃には古びた様子に美を見出す意識が生まれていたことが確認される。
- Originally it was not a good concept, however, in 'Tsurezuregusa' (Essays in Idleness), there was a description thought to deeply appreciate a book that became old and it has been verified that around this time the meaning of discovering the beauty of an antiquated state arose.
- 中華人民共和国(中国共産党)は儒教を道徳思想としているが、前述の通り「儒教は革命に対する反動である」との理由から儒家の活動を弾圧の対象にし、大幅に制限していた。
- The People's Republic of China (Communist Party of China) treats Ju-kyo as a thought of ethics, but as mentioned above, Ju-kyo activities are the subject of suppression, and are largely limited due to the idea that 'Ju-kyo is the counter reaction to revolution.'
- 正座の歴史では、正座の座り方(後述)がいつ頃から始まったのか、という部分と、この座り方を「正座」とする概念がいつ頃発生したのか、について分けて考える必要がある。
- It is necessary to approach the history of seiza from two directions: when did the seiza style (described below) start, and when did the style begin to be considered as seiza?
- しかし、長篠合戦に参戦した織田軍の兵力を通説に従って3万、また先述のように参戦しない武将にも鉄砲隊を供出させた史実を考えれば、数千挺ほど用意出来た可能性はある。
- However, the Oda family could have acquired a few thousand teppo, if we take the standard number of 30,000 men deployed by the family, and if we recall the historical fact that they ordered the non-participating busho to provide teppo.
- 『日本書紀』の記述には主語はないが、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』では聖徳太子と蘇我馬子が「共に天下の政を輔けて」と記されていることから、この二人の事蹟と考えられている。
- The 'Nihon Shoki' makes no mention of who established the twelve cap rank system, but from a description in the 'Jogu Shotoku Ho-o Teisetsu' that Prince Shotoku and SOGA no Umako 'together reinforced rule over the whole country,' it is believed that the system was a legacy of these two.
- この条文によると、憲法改正は天皇が発議・裁可する事になっており、実際、憲法改正の上諭文には「朕は...憲法の改正を裁可し...」との記述(欽定憲法)がなされた。
- According to Article 73, the constitutional amendment shall be proposed and ratified by the emperor, and actually in the edict of the constitutional amendment, the emperor stated 'I …sanction the amendments of the Imperial Japanese Constitution …' (Constitution enacted by the emperor).
- 人によってはリンスやコンディショナーなどを塗布してキューティクルを守ろうとすることがあるが、前述の通り筆の毛はキューティクルの隙間にススを入れることが大事である。
- Some people try to protect the cuticles by coating the brush with rinse or conditioner, but as mentioned above, it is important for the fude hairs to have soot between cuticles.
- 小川素麺(埼玉県)…「新編武蔵風土記稿」に名物との記述がある程の産地であったが、小川町和紙が隆盛した事に伴い、素麺生産していた家々が徐々に和紙生産へと転換し衰退。
- Ogawa somen (Saitama Prefecture): It was such a famous production area that 'Shinpen Musashi Fudo Kiko' (a topography of Musashi Province from 1804 to 1829) wrote its specialty was somen, but manufacturers of somen converted to producing washi paper as Ogawamachi washi became popular.
- 『万葉集』にある郷土礼讃の歌に散見され、『延喜式』の贄の貢進国の記述、平城京跡から出土した木簡の記述などから、若狭国・志摩国・淡路国などへの該当が推定されている。
- As it was seen many times in the poems of home admiration written in 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), it seemed that Wakasa Province, Shima Province, and Awaji Province to be the appropriate Miketsukuni from the statement of the supply provinces making offerings in the 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) and the statement on mokkan (a narrow strip of wood on which an official message is written) that was discovered from the former site of Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara).
- しかしこの記述では、継体が507年に即位してから大和に都をおくまで約20年もかかっており、天皇家(実態はヤマト王権)と周辺の部族国家間での混乱があったと思われる。
- In this description, it took Keitai nearly 20 years to place the capital in Yamato after he assumed the throne, which suggests there was disarray between the imperial family (in fact Yamato sovereignty) and the neighboring tribal states.
- 前述の通り、かつては山鉾巡行自体が17日(前祭・さきのまつり)と24日(後祭・あとのまつり)の2度行われていたが、1966年(昭和41年)より17日に統合された。
- As described above, the Yamahoko Junko itself was once held two times: on the 17th (Saki no Matsuri) and the 24th (Ato no Matsuri); they were integrated into one in 1966 to be held on the 17th.
- この項目では、競馬(くらべうま/きそいうま)、または駒競とも呼ばれる日本の古式競馬(馬を走らせてその走行速度を競わせてその馬の優劣を定める競技)について記述する。
- This article describes Japanese traditional horse racing (running horses for the speed competition and then deciding which horse is superior), called kurabeuma, kisoiuma, or komakurabe.
- 現在に伝わる伝統的な弓がここで出来上がる(詳細は構造欄参照)*記述上の初出は江戸初期だが、これまでの経緯から弓胎弓が出来上がったのは江戸に入る以前の可能性がある。
- The traditional bow that is passed on till today was created at this time (please refer to the structure column for details) *The first time it appeared in a writing was from the early Edo period, but higoyumi was probably created prior to the Edo period.
- 明治時代後期から昭和時代中期に至るまで約70年の時間をかけて、ゆっくりと濃醇辛口から淡麗甘口への移行が起こったことは「日本酒の淡麗甘口化」に詳しく述べられている。
- The details of the slow change of taste from thick and dry to tanrei and sweet in about 70 years from the latter part of the Meiji period to the middle of the Showa period was mentioned in the section 'The change of taste of sake to tanrei and sweet.'
- 『古事記』には応神天皇(『新撰姓氏録』によれば仁徳天皇)の御世に来朝した百済人の須須許里(すすこり)が大御酒(おおみき)を醸造して天皇に献上したという記述がある。
- In 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), there is a description that Susukori, a man coming from Baekje in the era of the Emperor Ojin (according to 'Shinsen Shojiroku' [Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility], the Emperor Nintoku), brewed omiki (sacred sake) and presented it to the Emperor.
- 呼び名の由来については後述の通りだが、小売店等では春に「おはぎ」、秋に「ぼたもち」として販売していることも珍しくはなく、ぼたもちとおはぎとの区別は次第に薄れている。
- The origins of the names are different from each other as described below, but at present, most people often confuse them, as some shops sell it labeling 'ohagi' in spring or labeling 'botamochi' in fall, although in spring it should be called 'botamochi' and in fall it should be called 'ohagi'.
- 1975年(昭和50年)から1977年(同52年)にかけ、前述の伊良子光順の拝診日記が、滋賀県で開業医を営む親族の伊良子光孝によって『滋賀県医師会報』に連載された。
- Between 1975 and 1977, the diary of medical examinations written by Mitsuoki IRAKO, previously mentioned, was serially published in the 'Shiga Medical Association newsletter' by his relative, 伊良子光孝 who runs a medical practice in Shiga Prefecture.
- 一方、後述の奈良時代に唐より伝わることになる中国の箏の起こりは、秦の時代(紀元前3世紀頃)に蒙恬(もうてん)という人物が作ったのが始まりとされるが、伝説に過ぎない。
- Meanwhile, the Chinese Soh, imported from Tang during the Nara period, is believed to have been created in the era of Qin (around the third century B.C) by a person called Moten, but it is nothing but a legend.
- 稲庭うどんについて記述のある「稲庭古今事蹟誌」によると、寛文年間以前に秋田藩稲庭村小沢集落(現秋田県湯沢市稲庭町字小沢)の佐藤市兵衛によって始まると伝えられている。
- According to 'Inaniwa Kokin Jiseki-shi' (record of Inaniwa-cho) that has a description of Inaniwa Udon, Ichibe SATO living in the Kozawa hamlet, Inaniwa village, Akita Domain (now Aza Kozawa, Inaniwa-cho, Yuzawa City, Akita Prefecture) invented Inaniwa Udon prior to 1661.
- 平安時代の書物『政事要略』には、推古天皇十二年正月朔日に初めて日本人の手によって作られた暦の頒布を行ったとの記述があり、これは元嘉暦によるものであったと考えられる。
- In 'Seiji Yoryaku (Brief Outline of Government),' a book written in the Heian Period, it is recorded that the first calendar made by the Japanese people was distributed on the first day of January in 604, and it is believed that the said calendar was based on Genkareki.
- 室町時代初期に書かれた『御酒之日記(ごしゅのにっき)』には、すでに今日の段仕込みや、乳酸菌発酵の技術、火入れによる加熱殺菌、木炭による濾過などについての記述がある。
- In 'Goshu no nikki' (The technical book on sake brewing) written in the beginning of the Muromachi period, there are descriptions on techniques such as today's dan-jikomi, technique of fermenting lactobacillus, pasteurization and filtration by charcoal.
- 豊臣秀吉の死後、朝鮮から帰国した忠恒に石田三成もしくは徳川家康が伊集院忠棟に叛意があることを伝えたという日州庄内軍記の記述があるが、それを裏付ける同時代史料はない。
- According to Nisshu Shonai Gunki, there is an entry stating that Mitsunari ISHIDA or Ieyasu TOKUGAWA told Tadatsune, who had returned from Korea after the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, that Tadamune IJUIN was thinking of rebellion, but there is no other historical evidence of the same era to prove it.
- 老人は古今和歌集の仮名序を引用して、高砂の松と住吉の松とは相生の松、離れていても夫婦であるとの伝説を説き、松の永遠、夫婦相老(相生にかけている)の仲睦まじさを述べる。
- The old man, quoting from Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (preface of Kokin Wakashu written in kana by KI no Tsurayuki), preaches that the pine tree in Takasago and one in Suminoe are Aioi no Matsu (pines sharing a life), that they are a husband and wife even though they are far apart, and speaks of the eternity of pine trees and harmoniousness of spousal-aioi (play on word 'aioi' – the first to share a life, and the second to become old together).
- 蕎麦屋の起源は不明だが、江戸時代後期に書かれた2種の書物『三省録』・『近世風俗志』にて、1664年(寛文4年)に「慳貪(けんどん)蕎麦切」の店が現れたとの記述がある。
- While the origin of the soba restaurant is unknown, there was a description of a 'Kendon Sobagiri' (which means buckwheat noodles sold per serving dish) restaurant that opened in 1664 found in two different documents including 'Sanseiroku' and 'Kinsei Fuzokushi' written during the late Edo period.
- 前述の筑紫箏を基本として、楽器としての箏および箏曲の基礎を大成させたのが、江戸時代初期に活躍した八橋検校(やつはし・けんぎょう、1614年 - 1685年)であった。
- Based on the above-mentioned Tsukusigoto, Yatsuhashi Kengyo (1614 - 1685), who was active during the early Edo period, established the basis of the musical instrument Soh as well as Soh music.
- 東周春秋時代、魯の孔子によって体系化され、堯・舜、文王 (周)武王 (周)周公旦の古えの君子の政治を理想の時代として祖述し、仁義の道を実践し、上下秩序の弁別を唱えた。
- Koshi of Lu systematized it in the Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period, succeeded and developed the theories of the ancient men of virtue, Yao, Shun, King Wen of Zhou, King Wu of Zhou, and Duke of Zhou, as ideal politics, practiced a way of humanity and justice, and advocated the distinction of social standing and order.
- 最近の鯨体の食用利用としては、前述の鯨油マーガリンを除けば、ノルウェーなどが生産した鯨肉エキスを牛肉エキスの代用としてコンソメ原料などに使用していた例がある程度である。
- In recent years, except the case of margarine above, there are not so many examples about the use of whale bodies as food but there is a case that whale extract which produced in Norway was used as substitute for beef extract as ingredient of consomme (a clear soup).
- 妖怪漫画家・水木しげるの著書には、霊を吸い取る力があり、人を驚かしてその魂を吸い取ることもあるとの記述が見られるが、一次出典となる古典などの資料の名は挙げられていない。
- In a book by Shigeru MIZUKI, a ghost cartoonist, it is described as having the powers to suck out a soul and that it sometimes frightens a person and sucks away the soul of the person, but there is no mention of primary references.
- しかし、実際にどのような経緯があったかについては、依拠しうる史料が、後代に「万世一系」史観の立場で書かれた『日本書紀』などに限られているため、前述の各説には異論もある。
- However, as for the actual circumstances that occurred back then, the historical records are limited to those with a 'bansei ikkei' history view in later generations, like in the 'Nihonshoki' and so on, so there are also objections to the theories mentioned above.
- この頃までの代々の天皇の出自や系統については、記紀の記述通りの「万世一系」ではなく、倭国内各地の有力豪族の間での、複雑な権力移動が裏にあったのではないかという説もある。
- As for the origin and lineage of Emperors around this period, there is also a theory stating that it was not 'bansei ikkei' (an unbroken line) like described in the Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) and the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), but had complex movement of powers in behind and between the powerful local ruling families in various places inside Wakoku.
- なお、隅田八幡宮(和歌山県橋本市)蔵の隅田八幡宮人物画像鏡(443年説と503年説)に見える「孚弟王(男弟王?)」は継体天皇を指すとする説がある(詳細は異説にて後述)。
- One theory says that '孚弟王 (Oto no kimi ?)' inscribed on Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror in Sudahachiman-jinja Shrine (Hashimoto City, Wakayama Prefecture) (there are two theories about its year of creatoin: 443 and 503) indicates Emperor Keitai (details of this theory will be mentioned later in 'Heresy').
- 平和な時代が続き、庶民が次第に力を蓄え武士以上の豪奢な着物を着用するようになると、江戸幕府は士農工商身分確定のために躍起となって次々と禁令を発したのは先述の通りである。
- As aforementioned, common folks were gradually empowered as peace continued, some of them wore more gorgeous kimono than the bushi class, Edo bakufu shogunate tried vehemently to ban luxurious kimono one after another in order to fix class distinctions.
- 三条西実隆の永正3年(1506年)の日記に、「越前国の朝倉貞景が土佐光信に京を描いた一双の屏風を造らせた」という意味の記述があるのが、洛中洛外図の文献上の初見とされる。
- There is an entry in the diary of Sanetaka SANJONISHI in 1506, 'Sadakage ASAKURA of Echizen Province ordered Mitsunobu TOSA to paint the scenery of Kyoto on a folding screen,' and it is thought to be the first historical record of the Rakuchu rakugai zu.
- マルコ・ポーロの記述やその他の黄金島伝説ではツィパングの場所として(緯度的にも気候的にも)明らかに熱帯を想定しており、実際の日本(温帯に属する)の位置とはかなり異なる。
- The description of Zipangu given by Marco Polo and other legends apparently located it in the Torrid Zone (both its degrees of latitude and its climate), which was quite different from the actual location of Japan (it belongs the Temperate Zone).
- それよりも『隔蓂記』の寛永20年(1643年)の記述に梅の花が棗に入れられているという記述があり、これは江戸時代初期までは棗が茶器に限らず用いられていた証左とされている。
- Contrarily, in 'Kakumeiki' (The Diary of Josho HORIN) in 1643, there was a description that branches of plum blossoms were arranged in a natsume, which is said to show an evidence that natsume was also used for other than a tea utensil, until the early Edo period.
- 絵巻物は、前述のように紙(まれに絹)を横方向につないだ、長大な紙面に描かれたものである(紙でなく絹に描かれた作品としては『一遍上人絵伝』『春日権現験記絵巻』などがある)。
- As already explained, emakimono is a painting drawn on a long sheet of paper (or, rarely, a sheet of silk cloth) composed of a number of rectangular sheets connected side by side in the horizontal direction, while those painted on silk include 'Ippen Shonin Eden' (illustrated tales of a Buddhist saint, Ippen) and 'Kasuga Gongen Kenki Emaki' (illustrated scrolls of miracles of the Kasuga god).
- 史実上の記録は平安時代に清少納言の『枕草子』「あてなるもの」(上品なもの、良いもの)の段に、「削り氷にあまづら入れて、新しき金鋺(かなまり)に入れたる」と記述されている。
- As a historical record, Sei-shonagon wrote in the section of 'atenarumono' (what is elegant or good) in her 'Makura no soshi' (The Pillow Book) 'kezurihini amazurairete atarasikikanamarini iretaru.'
- 男性用の小便器は前述のように明治以降に登場したが、それまでは男性の場合でも大便器を使用して小便を行ったり、屋外で立小便という名称で立ったまま小便が行われていたりしていた。
- The urinal for men appeared after the Meiji period as mentioned above, but before that, even a male person used the toilet basin for urinating or urinated standing up outdoors in the name of tachishoben.
- また、両書には「元々小国だった日本が倭国を併合した」という内容の記述もあり、これは天武天皇が弘文天皇の近江朝廷を滅亡させた壬申の乱を表していると一般的には理解されている。
- Both books mentioned that 'Nippon, which used to be a small country, annexed Wakoku' and this description is generally considered to be the reference to the Jinshin War, in which Emperor Tenmu ruined the Omi Dynasty of the Emperor Kobun.
- ついで元明は王臣・百官人の輔佐で食国天下の政事を行いたいとしてから、「天地と共に長く改めない常の典と立て賜える食国の法も、傾くことなく動くことなく渡り去るように」と述べた。
- In continuation, Genmei expresses his intention to undertake the governance of the nation (Osukuni amenoshita no matsurikoto) counting on the assistance of her grand ministers and hundreds of officials and states 'to hand down the reign by securing the lay of the nation's governance, which is also irreversible like the universe and deemed as the permanent code, without decline nor oscillation.'
- 團十郎は口上でも「弱きを助け孤独を哀れむ皆様方のお引き立てを」と述べ、劇中の工藤の台詞「その面差し、ハテ誰やらに似たわ、似たわ」のときには團十郎の眼に涙が光っていたという。
- For the stage announcement, Danjuro asked the audience for 'their favor and patronage for the weak and the orphaned,' and during the play when he says Kudo's line 'I wonder, your faces, who did you take them after?,' it is said he had tears in his eyes.
- このことは祇園物語にも「出雲国に神在もちひと申事あり」と記されており、また「赤豆をにて-餠(もち)を入まいらせ」と、現在のぜんざいと同種の料理であったことを示す記述がある。
- This is mentioned in the Gion Tale as 'People talk about the Jinzai Mochi in the Izumo Province,' with a description that 'it is a dish of stewed red beans with mochi in it,' suggesting that the Jinzai Mochi was something similar to the current zenzai.
- しかしながら、後述のように文永の役での日本派遣軍の目的はもともと威力偵察の類いであり、このやり取りも当初からの撤退予定を見越したものではなかったか、という指摘もされている。
- However, as explained later, there is an opinion that the purpose of the expeditionary force to Japan in Bunei no Eki was, from the beginning, a kind of reconnaissance of the fighting strength and this conversation also might have been held based upon a withdrawal plan already made.
- 一般的には記紀の記述を尊重し、過去に存在した女性天皇は何れも男系の女性天皇であり、また女性天皇が皇族男子以外と結婚して産んだ子が皇位を継いだことは一度としてないとされている。
- Generally the descriptions in the Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) and the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) were respected for the details on female Emperors, all the female Emperors in history were female emperor of the male lineage, there were no examples of female emperors married to non Imperial Family members with her children succeeding to the throne.
- 『源氏物語』には藤を鑑賞する宴会についての記述もあるが、この頃には「花」はほぼ桜と同義に使われるようになっていたためか桜以外の花を観賞する宴が花見、花宴といわれることはない。
- While there is a description of a feast admiring Japanese wisteria in 'Genji Monogatari,' 'Hana' (flower) had been used as a synonym for cherry blossoms by that time, so a feast admiring flowers other than cherry blossoms was not meant to be called hanami or hana no en.
- 『臥雲日件録』の文安3年10月12日 (旧暦)(1446年10月31日)の項に中国の夷人が食す水を入れない餅菓子を唐山水と呼ぶ記述があるが、それとの関係もよくわかっていない。
- In the chapter November 9, 1446 of 'Gaun nikken-roku' (the Diary of Zuikei SHUHO of Shokoku-ji Temple, the Gaun Mountain person), it was written that rice-cake sweets without water added, eaten by the Chinese barbarians are called Tang's hill and water, however, the relationship to 'karasansui' is not well understood.
- 将軍家へ下賜の細長は通常山科家が、前述のように『園太暦』の記事に基づいて調進したが、文政年間には高倉家がこの『寸法深秘抄』に基づき、それまでと違う仕様で調進したこともあった。
- Usually, hosonaga given away by the Tokugawa shogunate was ordered by Yamashina family based on the entry of 'Entairyaku' as aforementioned, there were cases whereby the Takakura family ordered a different specification based on this 'Sunpo Shinhisho' from 1818 to 1829.
- 前述の通り種彦本は現存しないが、家康がこの『申楽談儀』を、細川幽斎、織田信忠といった数寄者の大名たちに書写させており、観世宗家の蔵したものも観世宗節がこれを写したものである。
- Although Tanehikobon does not exist as is mentioned above, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA had some of the sukisha daimyo (tea masters daimyo) such as Yusai HOSOKAWA and Nobutada ODA copy it, and the manuscript KANZE head family stored was the one that Sosetsu KANZE copied from what the daimyo had copied.
- 一方、中国語発音を考慮すると、当時の中国が異民族の音を記す時、「呼」は「wo」をあらわす例があり(匈奴語の記述例など)、卑弥呼は「ピミウォ」だったのではないかとする説もある。
- Considering Chinese pronunciations, for example, '呼' can be read as 'wo' (as demonstrated in examples of writing Xiongnu, and so on), so there is an opinion that Himiko might have been pronounced 'Pimiwo.'
- 鳥山石燕の妖怪画集『画図百鬼夜行』、寛保時代の雑書『諸国里人談』、江戸時代の怪談本『古今百物語評判』、井原西鶴の雑話『西鶴諸国ばなし』、『河内鑑名所記』などの古書に記述がある。
- They are described in old books such as 'Gazu Hyakki Yako' (supernatural bestiaries, collections of ghosts, spirits, spooks and monsters) of Sekien TORIYAMA, 'Shokoku Rijin Dan', a magazine published in the era of the Kanpo, 'Kokon Hyaku Monogatari Hyoban', a collection of ghost stories in the Edo period, 'Saikaku Shokoku Banashi', miscelleneous stories of Saikaku IHARA, and 'Kawachi Kagami Meishoki'.
- 一方、『古事記』には暴君としての記録は無く、妻子がいなかったことと天皇の死後に袁本杼命(おおどのみこと、後の継体天皇)が皇位継承者として招かれたことの2つしか記述されていない。
- On the other hand in 'Kojiki' there is no record of him as tyrant and the only two things recorded are that he had no wife and children and ODO no Mikoto (the later Emperor Keitai) was asked to succeed the Imperial Throne after he had passed away.
- また、松江藩でも松平治郷(松平不昧)が茶道と共に和菓子を奨励したため、山川 (菓子)という落雁を生み出しており、前述の越の雪・長生殿と共に日本三大一覧銘菓として挙げられている。
- With its lord Harusato MATSUDAIRA (also known as Fumai MATSUDRAIRA) fostering the development of Japanese confectionery in conjunction with the tea ceremony, a type of rakugan referred to as Yamakawa (confectionery) was developed in the Matsue Domain, and is cited today in the List of the Top 3 Representative Japanese Confectioneries along with the above-mentioned Koshi no Yuki and Choseiden.
- ビールにソーセージ、シャブリ(辛口の白ワイン)に生カキ (貝)、というように、紋切り型な肴が割り当てられている場合があるが、ここでは主に日本酒の肴に特化したものについて述べる。
- Fixed sakana is often stereotypically arranged with a specific drink as seen in the examples of sausage for beer or raw oysters for Chablis (dry white wine), and in what follows, sakana specific to sake will be discussed.
- 『古事記』『日本書紀』以外にも『続日本紀』『日本後紀』『続日本後紀』『日本文徳天皇実録』『日本三代実録』『類聚国史』『日本紀略』『小右記』『中右記』等にも、相撲の記述が見られる。
- In addition to 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki,' descriptions of sumo are seen in other materials such as 'Shoku Nihongi' (The Chronicle of Japan Continued), 'Nihon Koki' (The Later Chronicle of Japan), 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (The Later Chronicle of Japan Continued), 'Nihon Montoku Tenno Jitsuroku' (The Veritable Records of Emperor Montoku of Japan), 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (The Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan), 'Ruiju Kokushi' (The Classified National History), 'Nihongi Ryaku' (The Summary of Japanese Chronologies), 'Shoyuki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke), and 'Chuyuki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Munetada).
- 前述のように、鯨肉は戦国武将の友好のための贈答品とされたり、食材の格付けとして魚の中で最高位にあった事など高い評価を受け、正月や節季など縁起に係わるものとしての地位を有していた。
- As described above, whale meat was used as a gift among busho (Japanese military commanders) in the Sengoku period, was ranked number one of the fishes in a rating of foodstuffs, and was positioned as an item to be used on auspicious occasions, such as the New Year and the ends of seasons.
- 変わったところでは、塩で硬く締めたアワビの肉を下ろし金で摩り下ろし、同量のとろろと合わせた「鮑のとろろ汁」と言う料理が存在する(小泉武夫氏の著作『奇食珍食』に詳しい記述がある)。
- One of the most unique dishes is 'awabi yam soup', which is salted awabi, grated and mixed with the same amount of grated yam (this is explained in detail in 'Strange Food and Curious Food' written by Takeo Koizumi).
- 天皇の母方の血族や姻族に関しては特別の規定がなく(上述の皇室親族令には規定があったが昭和22年に廃止)、民法の規定により、天皇の外戚の内、皇后から3親等内の者が天皇の姻族となる。
- There are no special provisions regarding the Emperor's maternal consanguinity or relatives by marriage (a provision existed in the aforementioned Ordinance of the Family of the Imperial Household, but was abolished in 1947), and the Civil Codes stipulate that among the Emperor's in-laws, those within the third degree of relationship from the Empress are considered the Emperor's relatives by marriage.
- 「橿原」の地名が早く失われたために宮跡は永らく不明であったが、江戸時代以来、多くの史家が「畝傍山東南橿原地」の記述を基に口碑や古書の蒐集を行っており、その成果は蓄積されていった。
- As the place-name 'Kashiara' had been lost so early that remains of Imperial Palace had been unknown for a long time; however, many historians began to collect legends and old books according to the description 'Unebiyama Tonan Kashiharachi' from the Edo period and after, so as to accumulate the achievements of collection.
- 義経に再度敗れた後、平知盛が戦乱を「潮(うしお)にて水に渇(かっ)せしは、これ餓鬼道。・・・」と六道に例えて述べるくだりは、仏教思想の影響の強い平家物語色を感じられる場面である。
- After being defeated by Yoshitsune, the scene where TAIRA no Tomomori describes the battle by comparing Rokudo (six posthumous worlds) as 'being thirsty and wanting water in the ocean is exactly what Gakido (the Buddhist hell of starvation) is' clearly shows the nature of the Heike Monogatari (The tale of the Heike) which is featured by the strong influence by Buddhist thought.
- 「麹」の項に詳しく述べられているように、麹からは糖化作用のためのデンプン分解酵素のほか、タンパク質分解酵素なども出ており、これらが蒸し米を溶かし、なおかつ酒質や酒味を決めていく。
- As described in details in the section 'Koji,' koji produces proteolytic enzyme and so on, in addition to amylolytic enzyme for saccharification, and they melt rice and determine the quality and taste of sake.
- 鑑賞される石は例えば、山景や海上の岩の姿を連想できる、山形石、遠山石、岩潟石、滝石など(後述)や、菊花石や虎石などの模様の珍しい紋石や、形の面白い姿石、色彩の美しい石などである。
- Stones for viewing are as follows: stones reminiscent of mountain rocks or rocks on the sea including Yamagata-ishi, Toyama-ishi, Iwagata-ishi and Taki-ishi (mentioned later); exotic figured stones including Kikuka-seki and Tora-ishi; funny shaped Sugata-ishi; stones of beautiful colors and so on.
- 11世紀に当時の芸能や世相の一端を書き記した『新猿楽記』の「千秋万歳之酒祷(せんずまんざいのさかほがい)」という記述からも、平安時代頃すでに芸能として成立していったことが伺える。
- As 'Shin sarugoki' (a kind of textbook about manners and cultures of Kyoto in Heian era), where parts of the entertainment and social situation during the 11th century were written, has the description 'senzumanzai no sakahogai,' we can know that manzai as an entertainment already existed around the Heian period.
- ただし前述のごとく土地への影響力は重層構造であったため、在地領主は自らの土地を守るべく、将軍家のほか、有力公家、国守や守護、あるいは在地の有力武家にその安堵を求めることもあった。
- Since there was a multilayered structure of influence put on a land as mentioned above, the resident landholder sometimes asked not only the shogunate but also influential court nobles, the governor of a province or the military governor, or resident influential samurai family for recognition and gurantee of the ownership of the land, for the purpose of protecting the ownership of his land.
- この事もあり、上述されている通り両国界隈および相撲開催のある土地がちゃんこ料理屋の中心地とも言える場所となっているが、昭和後期以降には広範囲にチェーン展開を行う企業も見られている。
- For that reason, as described above, places around Ryogoku and cities where sumo tournaments are held can be centers of chanko restaurants, and some companies have operated their chanko restaurant chains widely since the late Showa period.
- そのため、上述した事実から「この酒米の種類では大吟醸はできない」といった議論がなされることがあるが、上記のような理由から、それは必ずしもその酒米の良し悪しを序列化するものではない。
- Therefore, given the above facts it is sometimes said that 'Daiginjo can't be produced from this variety of sakamai,' but given the above-described reasons their quality isn't graded as sakamai.
- 室町時代、寛正7年(1466年)の『蔭涼軒目録』に「筑前博多の練緯酒(ねりぬきざけ)」として、応仁2年(1468年)『碧山目録』に「豊後の練貫酒(ねりぬきざけ)」として記述がある。
- During the Muromachi Period, 'Inryoken Nichiroku' (Inryoken Diary) of 1466 contains a description of 'Nerinukizake (練緯酒) from Hakata, Chikuzen,' and 'Hekizan Nichiroku' (Hekizan Diary) of 1468 contains a description of 'Nerinukizake (練貫酒) from Bungo.'
- 反面、優れた曲で作者不明のものについてはほとんど全てを世阿弥の作とする一方、観阿弥・元雅といった重要な作者が掲載されていないなど、同時代以外の曲については不正確な記述も少なくない。
- On the other hand, although outstanding songs whose playwrights are unknown are almost all attributed to Zeami, the major writers Kanami and Motomasa are not included; as such, there are many incorrect descriptions relating to the songs other than those from the same period.
- なお、一般的な蕎麦ではないが、長野県松本市奈川地方にしゃぶしゃぶのような「長野県」(後述、各地の名物そば長野県を参照)という温かい鍋に蕎麦をつけてから食す変わった食べ方の蕎麦もある。
- It is not a common soba dish but, in the Nagawa area of Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, there is an unusual way of eating soba known as 'Nagano-ken' (Nagano Prefecture) (see Nagano Prefecture under Regional specialty soba around the country discussed later), a shabu-shabu like hot pot in which soba is dipped to eat.
- - 今の中国の書物『循史伝』に「久之 宮中数有妖恠(妖怪) 王以問遂 遂以為有大憂 宮室将空」という記述があり、「人知を超えた奇怪な現象」という意味で、妖怪という言葉が使われている。
- In the current Chinese book, 'Junshiden,' it is stated, 'The specter (yokai) was in the Imperial Court for a long time. The King asked Tui the reason. He answered that there was a big anxiety and he recommended to empty the Imperial room,' and the word yokai is used to imply 'a bizarre phenomenon that's beyond human understanding.'
- 石燕による『今昔画図続百鬼』の解説文によれば、「御伽ばうこ」なる話に、歳を経た女の骸骨が牡丹の柄の入った提灯を持ち、生前恋していた男の家に通って男と交わる話がある、と述べられている。
- According to an explanation in Sekien's 'Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki', there was a story called 'Otogi bauko' that a skeleton of old female carries a chochin (Japanese paper lantern) with peony design and make a trip to a man's home, whom she loved before her death, and sleeps with the man.
- 実際、女系を認めた場合男系で継承する王朝交代の原則に従い前述した通り次々と王朝が交代していくこととなり現皇室との関係は年を追って薄れていくことになり、あながち否定することもできない。
- In fact, this cannot be denied; in case that the Female-line Emperor is approved, dynasty changes one after another, prescribed earlier in accordance with the principle; dynasty change in male-line succession, and the relationship with present imperial household is getting thinner year by year.
- この日記の内容そのものはほとんどが客観的な記述で構成され、天皇の死因を特定できるような内容が記されているわけでもなく、光順自身が天皇の死因について私見を述べているようなものでもない。
- Most of the writing in this diary was objective, there was no content that can be specified as to why the Emperor died, this was not an essay where Mitsuoki wrote his personal opinion about the cause of the Emperor's death.
- 1911年(明治44年)、小学校の歴史教科書に鎌倉幕府滅亡以後の時代を「南北朝時代」とする記述があった点が、南朝と北朝を対等に扱っているとして帝国議会で問題とされた(南北朝正閏論)。
- In 1911 there was an issue raised in the Imperial Diet concerning the description of the post Kamakura shogunate era called 'the period of the Northern and Souther Courts,' because it was said that both Courts were treated equally.
- 後に嵯峨天皇が退位しようとした時に、藤原冬嗣が退位後の天皇に平城上皇と同じ待遇を与えれば、費用がかさんで財政が危機に瀕するとして退位に反対する意見を述べている事からでも裏付けられる。
- Later, when Emperor Saga intended to abdicate, it became apparent that FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu opposed it, saying it would cost too much for the Imperial Palace and they would face financial difficulty if Emperor Saga were treated the same as the Retired Emperor Heizei.
- 主に作品を鑑賞する側から敬称の1つとして使われる言葉であり、先述の日本画家などと同じく「技能に長けた者を意味する『師』」が用いられていることからもその側面をうかがい知ることができる。
- Those who enjoy their work mainly use this word as a term of respect, and using the Chinese character '師' which represents a skilled person also implies their attitude of respect, just like the case of Japanese-style painters as described above.
- しかし、後に臣従して「日本国王良懐」(『太祖実録』の記述による)として冊封を受け、中央では既に南朝勢力は衰微していたものの、懐良親王は明の権威と勢力を背景に独自に九州に南朝勢力を築く。
- However, later on, Kanenaga followed SHU, and he was granted the title of 'King of Japan Kanenaga' (based on the record of 'Taiso Jitsuroku' - the history of the founder) under sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors), and with the help of Ming's authority and power, Imperial Prince Kanenaga built the Southern Court force in Kyushu, even though the Southern Court forces had waned in the center of the politics.
- 『因幡国風土記』には、360歳のときに因幡国に下降し、そこで双履を残して行方知れずとなったとの記述があり、双履が残されていたとされる鳥取県鳥取市国府町には武内宿禰を祀る宇倍神社がある。
- In 'Inaba no Kuni Fudoki' (Records of the Culture and Geography of Inaba Province), it is recorded that TAKEUCHI no Sukune came to Inaba Province when he was 360 years old and then disappeared, leaving his sandals behind; he is enshrined at Ube-jinja Shrine in Kokufu-cho, Tottori City, Tottori Prefecture, where he is believed to have left his sandals.
- こうした環境下における進化の結果、前述のカリフォルニアロールを始めアメリカ独自で考案された寿司も多く出現し、地方都市のスーパーマーケットですら普通に寿司が売られるほどに一般化している。
- As a result of progress under such circumstances, many sushi invented uniquely in America, such as California rolls, appeared and even in supermarkets in local cities sushi is usually sold and popularized.
- 郷土研究家・更科公護の著書『光る鳥・人魂・火柱』にも、昭和3年頃に茨城県でゴイサギが青白く光って見えた話など、青鷺火のように青白く光るアオサギ、ゴイサギの多くの目撃談が述べられている。
- Kimimori SARASHINA, a researcher of a native town wrote in his book entitled 'Hikaru tori, Hitodama, Hibashira' (shining bird, disembodied soul, pillar of fire) about many firsthand accounts of those grey herons and young night herons shining in pale blue like aosagibi (blue heron fire), including a story in which a young night heron was seen to shine in pale blue in Ibaraki Prefecture in around 1928.
- 『平家物語』では平家は大宰府に拠点を築こうとしたものの庁舎などは戦火で消失していたため、帝の仮の行在所を「主上(帝)はそのころ岩戸少卿大蔵種直が宿処にぞましましける」と記述している。)
- According to 'The Tale of the Heike,' the Heike clan tried to set up a base at Dazaifu, but the government buildings had been damaged and lost in the war; consequently, it is said that 'the Emperor had his temporary abode at 岩戸少卿 (Tanenao OKURA's place.')
- とくに板額にやり込められる藤沢四郎は、板額の怪力に震えながらも花四天の郎党を引き連れて、下座の音楽に乗ってノリ地で門尽くしの台詞を述べるなど、道化じみた端敵の性格で劇を盛り上げている。
- Especially Shiro FUJISAWA, who is put down by Hangaku, sets the stage alight with his clownish ha-gataki (bit-part actor for enemy role) characteristics such as the dialog of 'mon dukushi' (filled with gates) in nori-ji (in a rhythmic manner) to the accompaniment of the stage-right music while leading the rotos (retainers) wearing hanayoten (constables in colorful uniform), even though he is shivering with fright caused by Hangaku's mighty strength.
- このような状況の中で、1911年(宣統3年 干支 辛亥)に清の四川省で発生した鉄道国有化の反対運動をきっかけとして、先述の中国革命同盟会が独立を宣言して中華民国を建国した(辛亥革命)。
- It was under such conditions that an uprising broke out in 1911 ('Xinhai Year' in the sexagenary cycle of the Chinese calendar) in Szechwan Province, opposing railway nationalization by the imperial government, and led to the declaration of independence and establishment of the Republic of China by the aforementioned Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Xinhai Revolution).
- 源五郎沢堆積場崩壊事故後の毛里田地区鉱毒根絶期成同盟会との交渉については(それ以前から鉱毒問題に関しては)、「つねに前向きの姿勢で対処してきた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べている。
- And Furukawa (according to 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') 'had always, on the company's own motion, faced with' the negotiations with the Mining Pollution Eradication Association in Morita after the Gengorozawa accumulation site had collapsed (and they say that since before the negotiation, they had been facing with the mining pollution.)
- 古河側の主張によれば、(第1次)鉱毒調査会による鉱毒防止令による工事と、大正時代までに行われた渡良瀬川の治水工事により、鉱毒は「一応の解決をみた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べている。
- Furukawa claimed that through the construction by the Mining Pollution Prevention Law by the Mining Pollution Investigation Committee (the first) and through the river improvement constructions of Watarase-gawa River carried out before the end of the Taisho period, the mining pollution issues 'were, more or less, solved' (from 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation').
- 明治に入り、近代歴史学が導入されると、歴史は、同時代史料や、同時代史料に基づくと推定される良質の編纂史料に根拠を持つものによってのみ叙述されるべきだという原則が広く承認されるようになった。
- After the introduction of the study of modern history in the Meiji period, the principle that history should be described on the basis of historical documents at the same period or compiled historical documents in good quality, being considered to have been based on documents at the same period, was widely approved.
- その後、鉋の刃を上にしたカツオブシを削る鰹箱(かつばこ)、または前述のスライサーのような状態にした大鉋の上で滑り止めとして布巾などを被せた氷を滑らせ、削り落ちてきたものをすくうようになる。
- Then, it is changed to slide ice, which is covered with a dish towel to prevent slipping, on a katsubako (Japanese food slicer) normally used for slicing dried bonito of which blade of plane is facing upward or a large plane can be used placed in same position as that of the above-mentioned slicer and dropped shaved ice is scooped up.
- 足利義満が都落ちして播磨国の赤松氏の白旗城に居していた折に義満を慰めるため披露した芸事を、義満が上洛してのちに1月13日に赤松家によっておこなうのを習慣とした旨の記述が『満済日記』にある。
- While Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who was exiled from the capital, Kyoto, stayed in the Shirohata-jo Castle of the Akamatsu clan in Harima Province, traditional performing arts were performed to comfort Yoshimitsu; after he went to Kyoto, the Akamatsu family began the custom of presenting traditional performing arts on January 13; which is described in 'Mansai Nikki' (diary of Mansai, the priest).
- 清少納言の枕草子に、火鉢の前身にあたる円形の火桶(ひおけ)と方形の炭櫃(すびつ)に関する記述が見られ、武家の暖房器具としてはじまり、公家も利用するようになったが、大きな炭櫃だけを使用した。
- Sei Shonagon's Makura no Soshi (The Pillow Book) contains descriptions of round hioke and square subitsu, predecessors of the hibachi that were introduced as heating appliances for samurai families and then taken up by court nobles, although they used only large subitsu.
- 『和名類聚抄』二十巻本第10卷にある蘇志摩利の記述を引用した『先代旧事本紀』(日本紀講筵の際提出された偽書とされる)巻第四 地祇本紀の素戔烏尊によるヤマタノオロチ退治の前段の分注記事による。
- It is based on the explanatory note on the first part of the story of Susanoo's killing of the Yamata no Orochi (an eight-forked great serpent), which is described in the Chigi hongi (the original record of earthly deity worship) in the volume 4 of 'The Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History) (although it is said to be false an apocryphal book that was submitted when lecturing on the Chronicles of Japan) that is quoted from the article on Soshimari described in book 10 of volume 20 of the 'Wamyo ruijusho' (Japan's oldest dictionary of Chinese characters edited in the Heian period).
- - ヨーロッパ、アメリカ合衆国、南アメリカ諸国などでは正月に年賀状を交換するのではなくクリスマス前にクリスマス・カードを交わすことが一般的であり、その中で新年のお祝いも述べておくことが多い。
- - In Europe, the United States and countries of South America, it's common to exchange Christmas cards before Christmas, and they include New Year's greetings.
- 有名なものには先に述べた葵祭の葵、小忌の人が冠に飾る心葉(梅)と日陰葛、相撲節会の力士が飾る葵とユウガオ(キキョウも用いる)、フィクションだが源氏物語「紅葉賀」の紅葉と菊(移菊)などがある。
- Famous ones are the Hollyhock of Aoi festival mentioned above, kokoroba (artificial flowers) of a plum blossom and Ground Pine worn on the headdress by Omi (officials serving for Shinto rites), Hollyhock and Moonflower (also Chinese bellflower) worn by sumo wrestlers at Sumai no sechie (the Imperial ceremony of Sumo wrestling), and scarlet maple and Chrysanthemum (utsuroi-giku (reverse chrysanthemum)) in 'Momiji no Ga (The Autumn Excursion)' in the Tale of Genji, though this is a fiction.
- 料理の記述の文献初出は、『日本書紀』で磐鹿六雁命(イワカムツカリノミコト、高橋氏の祖先)であり、景行天皇が亡き日本武尊を偲んで安房の浮宮へ行幸した際にカツオとハマグリの膾を出した記述である。
- The first historical document concerned with cooking is the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), in which the following description is included: Iwakamutsukari no Mikoto (the ancestor of the Takahashi clan) served a dish of bonito and hamaguri clams to Emperor Keiko when the emperor visited Ukimiya Shrine in Awa thinking of dead Yamato Takeru no Mikoto.
- シカゴ大学名誉教授で宗教史学者のジョゼフ・キタガワは、シャーマン的能力の持ち主で、血縁の男性を介して長期間の統治を行った受動的な女性最高権者である点が、邪馬台国の卑弥呼に似ていると述べている。
- Joseph M. Kitagawa, a professor emeritus and a historian of religion at University of Chicago, describes that she resembles Himiko of Yamatai-Koku Kingdom in that she had a shamanistic ability and was the highest authority holder who was passive and female, and governed the country for a long time through a consanguine man.
- コーネル大学のアジア研究者ジョーン・ピゴットは、このような女性天皇と男性摂政というとりあわせを、祭祀の責務と行政の責務のあいだの対位法的な関係をベースにした相補型の共同統治であると述べている。
- Joan R. Piggott, a scholar of Asian studies at Cornell University, describes this combination of a female Emperor and a male regent as a complimentary type condominium based on a contrapuntal relationship between a responsibility of a religious service and a responsibility of public administration.
- 明治6年(1873年)1月1日の改暦後、旧暦時代の日付をそのまま新暦に持ち込んで行事をしようとすると、前述のとおり絶対に1ヶ月程度ずれるので、鯉幟や七夕のように季節感の合わないものが出てきた。
- After the calendar reform of January 1, 1873, people tried to perform events on the same dates as the old calendar, but there were cases in which some events were found unseasonable due to the occurrence of the unavoidable one month difference, as stated above, like Koi-nobori (carp rising, or Boy's Day) and Tanabata (the Star Festival).
- また、土佐藩の儒学者・戸部良煕が、土佐に漂着した琉球士族より聴取して記した『大島筆記』(1776年)の中に、先年来琉した公相君が組合術という名の武術を披露したとの記述があることが知られている。
- Also, it is known that 'Oshima Hikki' (the notes of Oshima, 1776), which Yoshiteru TOBE, a Confucian scholar at Tosa Province, wrote based on interviews with Ryukyu warriors who had been washed up to Tosa, reads that Koshokun, a Chinese martial artist, showcased the techniques of the martial art called 'kumiai-jutsu' when visiting the Ryukyu Kingdom in the previous year.
- 尺八の起源として有力な説は、前述した『旧唐書』列伝の「呂才伝」の記事によるもので、唐初期の貞観 (唐)年間(627年 - 649年)に呂才(600年 - 665年)が考案したというものである。
- The most widely accepted theory of the origins of the shakuhachi accords with the a depiction found in the aforementioned 'Biography of Lucun' of the Tang dynasty document 'Jiu Tang Shu,' which records that Lucun (呂才, Japanese: Ryosai; 600 - 665) designed the shakuhachi in the first stage Jogan era (Tang dynasty China) (627 - 649).
- これは京都の舞妓の項にも記述がある通りに単なる憧れや一職業としてホステスやコンパニオン感覚で入門した場合にその世界の厳しさや労働と賃金との対価が納得できずに辞めてしまう者も事実、多数存在する。
- As mentioned in the section for Maiko in Kyoto, after becoming apprentice geigi out of superficial longing or by interpreting geigi to be another profession such as hostess of a club or companion girl, in fact, many of them quit due to the competitiveness of the world of geigi and they cannot accept the relationship between labor and pay.
- 四条流庖丁式の次第が記述され、まな板の名所・寸法などから記載が始まり、続いて具体的な料理法や、箸・膳の飾り方なども記載されており、当時の日本料理の素材や調理法を知る上で貴重な史料となっている。
- Since the book contains a description of the ritual of the kitchen-knife method in Shijo School as well as descriptions starting with the naming and size of each place on the cutting board, followed by specific recipes, and decoration methods for chopsticks and eating utensils, it is now considered as a valuable historical source of information on materials and the art of cooking of the Japanese cuisine of those days.
- 「ひとつ一口半」とされていたサイズが現在のサイズに切り替ったのは明治の中頃から戦前までの間と言われており、サイズが変わった後も、昭和の中頃になるまで寿司は1つずつ給仕されていたという記述もある。
- It is said that a size determined as 'one and a half bites' changed to the current size during a period from around the Middle Meiji period to the prewar times, and there is a description that sushi was served one piece each until the Middle Showa period even after the size had changed.
- しかし、平安時代の造庭法秘伝書『作庭記』に、池・中島・滝・泉・前栽などに加えて遣水についても詳しく述べられているように、当時の奥州の庭園に曲水の宴を催すことのできる曲溝があるのは不自然ではない。
- 'Sakuteiki' (a secret book on gardening) written during the Heian period contains detailed information about yarimizu (artificial stream in a garden) in addition to a pond, a mid island, a waterfall, a spring, and senzai (the trees and flowers in a garden), and it is natural for the gardens in Oshu (another name for Mutsu Province) in those days to have had a winding ditch in which Kyokusui no en could be held.
- このような起源のためか、「防寒」という似たような用途が発祥の着物である打掛は今でも結婚式でも使われる女性の正装だが、羽織は未だに女性の正装として認められていない(但し後述する黒紋付羽織を除く)。
- Probably because of such origins, the uchikake, which was originated and developed as coat to protect against the cold, it is still used nowadays even at wedding ceremonies, while the haori coat is not yet admitted as a formal dress for a woman (except for black haori with family crests, as described later).
- 『日本書紀』には、須佐之男命(素佐男尊とも。すさのおのみこと)が八岐大蛇(やまたのおろち)を退治するために八塩折之酒(やしおおりのさけ)という八度にわたって醸す酒というものを造らせる記述がある。
- In 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) there is a description that Susanoo no mikoto (a male deity) had Yashio ori no sake, which is liquor brewed eight times, brewed in order to defeat Yamata no Orochi (a big snake with eight heads).
- 4月になって、膽津は詔に述べられているとおりによく丁(よほろ)を調査して籍を定め、田戸を編成したので、その功をほめて白猪史(しらいのふひと)の姓を賜い、田令(たづかい)に任じた(『日本書紀』)。
- As Itsu followed the edict in April by conducting an exhaustive investigation into the yohoro (people liable to be in corvee service in early times) where he established registers and organized farmland registers, the emperor granted him the family name Shirai no Fuhito as a reward for his achievement and appointed him as tazukai (a superintendent of the miyake) ('Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]).
- 曲の方も、後述の越天楽今様(音節型)の他に各種作られ、長生殿のようなメリスマ型の曲や、中部日本放送の局名告知(1964-1993)に使われたような暗い曲調のもの(原曲は箏曲、シラブル型)もあった。
- Various tunes of imayo, including Etenraku Imayo (syllabic-style tunes) mentioned below, were also composed, and there existed two categories of tunes : melisma-style tunes, such as Choseiden, and syllabic-style tunes, such as the melancholy music used from 1964 to 1993 in the self-introduction announcement of Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Co., Ltd., which was originally the music of koto (a long Japanese zither with 13 strings).
- 『高麗史』金方慶伝によると、この夜に自陣に帰還した後の軍議と思われる部分が載っており、高麗軍の主将である金方慶と派遣軍総司令官である忽敦との間で、以下のようなやり取りがあったことが述べられている。
- The records on Bang-gyeong KIM in 'Koraishi' include descriptions that seem to be part of the military meeting held on that night after returning to their position, saying that the following conversation was held between the head of the Goryeo army Bang-gyeong KIM and commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force Dou XIN.
- 『山海経』(戦国-秦漢期成立)には倭が中国東北部にあった燕_(春秋)国に服属していたという記述があり、紀元前6-4世紀頃のことと考えられているが、同書についても依拠することに慎重な見解が存在する。
- There is a description in 'Sengaikyo' (oldest topography of China), written sometime between the Warring States Period and Qin/Han Dynasty) that says Wa was obedient to Yan (Chunqiu period) which was in the northeast of China, therefore it is considered to be in the period from the sixth century to fourth century B.C. but some think the book should also be taken with caution.
- テレビや新聞で「平成天皇」という呼称が用いられないのは、前述したように「追号になるはずの“平成天皇”を存命中に用いるのは不敬」という考えに起因するからだと考える人が、いわゆる保守派を中心にして多い。
- There are many people, particularly among the so-called conservatives, who think that the name of 'Heisei Tenno' (the Emperor Heisei) is not used on television or in the newspaper because it arises from the idea that 'it is irreverent to use 'Heisei Tenno' (the Emperor Heisei) which should be a posthumous title of the present Emperor during his lifetime' as described above.
- オランダで1832年(天保3年)に刊行されたシーボルト著の「江戸参府紀行」によれば鯨は水揚げされたあと、鯨肉など食用にされる部分は各々の魚商が買い上げ新鮮なうちに、日本中の港に運ばれたと記述している。
- 'Edo Sanpu Kiko' written by Siebold and published in 1832 in the Netherlands includes the following description: After whales were captured, their eatable parts were bought by fish-mongers, and were carried to various ports in Japan while the meat was still fresh.
- 一方で、神幸行列などにおいて馬上であることは特別なことではなく、また装飾と化粧は風流でも見られるものであり、前述の特徴は宗教的な意味が特に強いものではなく、ヒトツモノは依坐ではなかったとの解釈もある。
- On the other hand, there is a different interpretation that Hitotsumono was not a yorishiro because the characteristics described previously didn't have special religious meanings; a horseback riding in a divine procession was not unique, and furyu also had decoration and make-up.
- 「大王」「男弟王」などの記述がある本鏡が作成された癸未年の解釈をめぐっては、383年、443年、503年、623年などの説があるが、このうち443年(允恭天皇)、503年(武烈天皇)が有力な説とされる。
- There are theories regarding the interpretation of the year of the Yin Water Sheep, in which the mirror with descriptions of 'okimi' and 'oto no kimi' was made, such as it was the year 383, 443, 503, or 623, but among these, the strongest theory is that it was the year 443 (Emperor Ingyo) or 503 (Emperor Buretsu).
- また、『隋書』倭国伝に倭国王の姓を「阿毎」(あま、あめ)とする記述があり、7世紀初頭まで大王家が姓を有していたとする考えもあるが、中国風の一字姓でないことから「阿毎」は姓でないとする見解が支持されている。
- Further, there is an opinion that Daio-ke had family name until the beginning of 7th century since there is a description in 'Zuisho (Sui Shu)' Wakokuden (articles about Wa written in Sui) stating that the family name of Wakoku-o (king of Wa) is 'Ama' or 'Ame,' but because it is not a single letter family name seen in Chinese style, an opinion that 'Ama' or 'Ame' is not a family name is supported.
- 上述の親治にはじまる大和国の宇野氏をはじめ、織田信雄に仕えた土方雄久の土方氏、肥後国の隈部氏、陸奥国の石川氏、三河国の高木氏、楠木正成を討ち取ったとされる伊予国の大森彦七などが大和源氏の末裔を称している。
- The following clans claimed to be the descendants of Yamato-Genji: the Uno clan from Yamato Province, starting from the above-mentioned Chikaharu; the Hijikata clan of Katsuhisa HIJIKATA, who served Nobukatsu ODA; the Kumabe clan of Higo Province; the Ishikawa clan of Mutsu Province; the Takagi clan of Mikawa Province; and Hikoshichi OMORI of Iyo Province, who is believed to have slain Masashige KUSUNOKI.
- なかんずく阮元は、南北朝時代 (中国)に北朝で彫られた碑である北碑と南朝の法帖・南帖を比較して「北碑南帖論」を著し、先述の論理から北碑を南帖よりも優れたものとして断じ、包世臣など多くの学者がこれに賛同した。
- Juan Yuan, among others, determined in his book 'Northern stelae and Southern copybooks,' based on the above theory, that northern stelae, or monuments engraved in Northern Dynasty in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China), compared favorably to nanjo, or hojo made in Southern Dynasty in the same period, which gained support from Bao shu-cheng and many other scholars.
- 政府は長年、この予防令による工事と、後述する渡良瀬川の改修工事(1927年竣工)で鉱毒問題は解決したとしてきたが、1993年、『環境白書』で、当時の対策が不十分で、根本的な解決とはならなかったことを認めた。
- For many years the government had been explaining that the works by the preventive measure and the renovation on Watarase-gawa River which was completed 1927 (see below) had solved the mining pollution, however, in the Environmental White Paper of 1993, they admitted that the then measures had been not enough to solve the fundamental issues.
- なお水木の妖怪画では『鬼太郎』に登場するキャラクターのように、2つの目と2本の腕を持つ布の姿で描かれているが、これはあくまで創作であり、実際の伝承や後述の目撃談では目も腕もなく、単に布に似た飛行物体とされる。
- In Mizuki's paintings of ghosts, Ittan-momen is portrayed as a creature having two eyes and two arms, as well as other characteristics in 'Ge Ge Ge no Kitaro,' but this is only Mizuki's imagination, so in real folklore and from descriptions by witnesses below, Ittan-momen is said to be just a cloth-like flying object, having neither eyes nor arms.
- 『八犬伝』の当時の年間平均発行部数は500部ほどであったが、貸本により実際にはより多くの人々に読まれており、馬琴自身「吾を知る者はそれただ八犬伝か、吾を知らざる者もそれただ八犬伝か」と述べる人気作品であった。
- In those days 'Hakkenden' had an average circulation of 500 copies a year but it was read by a larger number of people than that through book lending, and it was so popular that Bakin himself said, 'Hakkenden for those who know me, Hakkenden even for those who don't know me.'
- 盛平自身、折りあるごとに、「合気道は適度な運動で血行を改善し、骨格を矯正し、体内の“気”の流れを整えることで身体の“穢れ”をはらう“禊ぎ”である」…等と独自の宗教的表現で、合気道の健康効果について述べている。
- Morihei himself spoke of the health benefits of aikido using unique religious expressions, saying that 'aikido is a 'misogi' that removes the 'impurities' from the body by improving the blood circulation, correcting the bone structure and adjusting the flow of 'qi' in the body through moderate exercise.'
- 弥生時代の鎧、剣、矛、鏃、弓 (武器)、埴輪などの出土品や、『古事記』、『日本書紀』などの日本神話に剣、矛、刀、弓など武器の記述があることから、なんらかの武技は存在していたものと思われるが、詳細は不明である。
- The artifacts such as yoroi (armor), ken (swords with two edges sharpened), hoko (long-handled Chinese spears), yajiri (arrowheads), yumi (bows as a weapon), haniwa (clay figures), and the like of the Yayoi period have been found, and Japanese Mythology in the 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), etc include descriptions of the weapons such as ken, hoko, katana (swords), yumi, and the like, so it can be guessed that there were some kinds of bugi (martial practices), but the details can't be known.
- 兄猾(兄宇迦斯、えうかし)が神武天皇に押機(おし)という罠を仕掛けた際、道臣は兄猾に「おまえが作った屋敷には、貴様自身が入れ」と述べ、剣の柄を握り、弓に矢をつがえ追い込み、兄猾は自身の罠に押しつぶされて死んだ。
- When Eukashi set up a trap called 'Oshi' (crusher) to kill Emperor Jinmu, Michinoomi said to Eukashi, you should step in first, now that you yourself made the residence,' and as he forced Eukashi to enter his residence with the trap, gripping the sword by the hilt and fixing the arrow to the bow with the tip of the arrow to him, Eukashi was smashed by his own trap and died.
- 枕の部分を別とすれば、落語の本筋の部分では、必要最小限の情景の叙述(「地」といわれる部分)と、演出上、話からはなれて緊張を解くなどの目的で、「語りかけ」に戻ることもあるが、主として、物語は対話で成り立っている。
- In rakugo the main topic centers around the dialogue between the characters, and the remainder is minimal background description (called ji) or a monologue which is separate from the main story and has the aim of relaxing the audience, though the structure of the introductory makura is different.
- 18世紀末から19世紀初めにかけての随筆『耳袋』の記述によると、天明元年に、ある大名に飼われていた狆の主人に対する態度が噂となり、それを知った光格天皇がその狆の忠節を認めて六位を賜えたという話が伝えられている。
- According to the description in an essay, 'Mimibukuro' dating from the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries, on the first year of Tenmei, there is a legend that one dog was very loyal to the owner, so in reward for that loyalty the Emperor Kokaku conferred the sixth court rank upon the dog.
- 現在では、1992年(平成4年)4月に、全国薫物線香組合協議会が、上記の日本書紀の記述に基づいて沈水香木が伝来した4月と、「香」の字を分解した「一十八日」をあわせて4月18日を、「お香の日」として制定している。
- In April 1992, Zenkoku Takimono Senko Kumiai Kyogikai (National Council of Fragrant Woods and Incense Association) established April 18 as Incense Day, based on the notation in the Nihonshoki (Chronicle of Japan) that Jinsui koboku first washed ashore in Japan in April (in the old lunar calendar) and disassembling the kanji '香' into 一十八日 (eighteenth).
- In April 1992, the National Association of Takimono Senko Unions designated the 18th of April as 'Incense Day' because April was the time when, as identified by the above-mentioned descriptions in the Nihonshoki, Jinsui Koboku had arrived Japan for the first time, and the word '香' ('incense' in English) can be associated with the 18th, as the word can be divided into '十' (ten) and '八' (eight), thus equaling 18.
- 上に述べたような歌謡が貞観 (日本)年間ころにひとつの書物にまとめられ、ついで、一条雅信によって延喜20年ころ撰譜され(一説に藤原忠房によって作譜されるという)、以後、藤家および源家によって歌曲はつたえられた。
- Around Jogan era (Japan), among these songs described above were collected into a book, then Masanobu ICHIJO chose scores around 920 (one theory says that FUJIWARA no Tadafusa wrote scores), and later on, songs were brought down by the To and Gen families.
- これはかつて利休が北向道陳から学んだ書院の茶と、武野紹鴎から学んだわび茶を止揚したという主張の根拠となっていた部分であるが、その思想の明確な違いは後述するように複数の秘伝書から編纂された痕跡と捉えることもできる。
- This part has supported the opinion that Rikyu sublated 'tea ceremony in Shoin' learned from Dochin KITAMUKI and 'wabicha' learned from Joo TAKENO, but the clear difference between the thoughts can be assumed to be, as described later, the sign of compilation from several books of secrets.
- 松囃子では、唱門師や散所などの芸能専業者のみならず村民や町人など各階層の人間が着飾り仮装し、京都においては花の御所へ、地方においては守護など各地の権力者の邸宅へ参向し、日本舞踊や囃子が披露され、祝辞が述べられる。
- In Matsubayashi, not only full-time performers, including Shomonji (lower-ranked diviner) and sanjo (manor's area where people of the sanjo provided special skills to the imperial authority instead of rice tax), but also citizens in every class, including villagers and merchants, put on costumes todress up and visited Hana no gosho (residence of Shogun in Kyoto) or the lords called Shugo in each region; they performed the Classical Japanese dance and musical accompaniment and a congratulatory address was given.
- 仮名垣魯文の『安愚楽鍋』にある「牛鍋食わぬは開化不進奴」(現代風に意訳すれば「牛鍋を食わないとは、とんでもない時代遅れな奴だ」)といった食文化の変化などが、大衆の生活にも取り入れられていった様子が伺える(後述)。
- In 'Agra Nabe' (which means, sitting cross-legged around hot pot, eat food and talk frankly) written by Robun KANAGAKI, he said, 'you are a dinosaur not eating beef hot pot!' which satirically describe the changing cultural habit of Japanese people even among the general public.
- 現在も、国会開会式などの重要な公務においては、後述のトヨタ・センチュリーではなく、リムジンタイプの同車が使用されているが、老朽化のため、2006年以降、順次トヨタ・センチュリーロイヤルへの置き換えが予定されている。
- Still now, not TOYOTA Century to be described, but limousine type of Nissan Prince Royal is used for the important official business such as for the opening ceremony of the Diet, but it will be gradually replaced by a TOYOTA Century Royal after 2006 due to aging.
- 皇籍離脱という着想自体は、GHQにより新たに持ち込まれたものではなく、後述の「皇族ノ降下ニ関スル施行準則」に表現されているように、明治以来、皇族たちに対して一貫して採用されてきた政策の延長上に理解すべきものである。
- The concept of the ceasing to be a Imperial Family member was not brought about by the General Headquarters, as mentioned in ' The reinforcement regulations on ceasing to be a member of the Imperial Family' which was explained later, we must understand the concept as an extended policy towards the Imperial Family, which was applied to them since the Meiji period.
- なお都市周辺では、1980年代以降の住宅事情(庭付き一戸建て住宅の減少とマンションなど集合住宅の増加)や少子化などのため、後述の童謡に歌われるような、民家の庭に高々と鯉のぼりが揚がる姿を見ることは少なくなっている。
- In urban environments, due to the housing conditions after the 1980s (a drop in single-family homes with gardens but increased collective housing such as apartments) and the declining birthrate, one would see far fewer koi-nobori hoisted high up in the gardens of private residences, as once described in children's songs.
- また、この「日本伝」では、「「東の奥洲」で黄金を産出し、対馬のことと思われる「西の別島で白銀を産出する」など、日本の地理などの情報は全体的にほぼ正確に伝えているが、「犀、象が多い」など事実と異なった記述も一部ある。
- Additionally, this 'Japan Accounts' included the almost correct information on Japan's geography; for example, gold was mined in the 'Oshu region' in the east, and silver in another island in the west of Japan, which appeared to be Tsushima Island although it referred to partly different descriptions from true fact, including the one that there were many rhinoceroses and elephants in Japan.
- 古くは16世紀、命を狙われた京阿波根実基(きょうあはごんじっき)が空手(くうしゅ)にて相手の股間を蹴り上げたとの記述が正史『球陽』にあり、これは唐手以前の素手格闘術であったと考えられているが、その実態は判然としない。
- The 'Kyuyo' (the chronicles of Ryukyu) introduces an episode in which, during the sixteenth century, when Jikki KYOAHAGON was assaulted by an assassin he kicked the assassin in the groin through an art of 'kushu' (空手), which is considered to be an unarmed (bare hands) martial art prior to toudee, although there is no clear depiction of such an art.
- しかしながら、玄人の家や素人の入門者の数が相対的に多いシテ方は別として、三役(「ワキ方」「囃子方」「狂言方」)の玄人を目指す者の数は非常に少なく、上述のような伝統的な育成システムの行き詰まりは昭和期には明白となった。
- However, while the number of Kuroto families and amateur pupils of Shitekata is relatively large, only a very few people aspire to Kuroto of Sanyaku ('Wakikata,' 'Hayashikata,' and 'Kyogenkata'), and it became obvious already in the Showa period that the traditional training system described above was no longer effective.
- ビタミンB1、ビタミンB2、ビタミンB6、パントテン酸、すべての必須アミノ酸、そして大量のブドウ糖が含まれているが、これらの栄養は病院の点滴静脈注射とほぼ同じ内容であり、ブドウ糖以外は製法(後述)による差異も少ない。
- Amazake contains vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, all the essential amino acids, and a large amount of glucose; these nutrients are the same as those contained in intravenous drips provided at hospitals and the production method (described later) is also similar to that of the intravenous drips except for the addition of glucose.
- 材料が日本国内で入手しやすいものに変えられていった点 (ただし三味線や琵琶では江戸時代でも輸入材 である唐木が使われたことが少なくない) と、より繊細な音色が出せるような改良、また前述の「倍音」の追加が主な変化である。
- Major modifications include the adoption of materials that were easily available in Japan (however, imported materials, or Karaki (wood imported from China), were frequently used even during the Edo period for the Shamisen and Biwa), modifications to generate more delicate tones, and the above-described addition of 'harmonics.'
- また、文化 (日本)元年(1804年)の『料理談合集』や文政12年(1829年)の『鯨肉調味方』にも具体的な記述が見られ、使い古した鋤を火にかざして鴨などの鶏肉や、あるいは鯨肉などを加熱する一種の焼肉であったことが判る。
- Other concrete descriptions of sukiyaki exist in the books 'Ryori-Dango-shu' (literally, collection of consultations on cooking) published in 1804, and 'Geiniku-Chomi-kata' (literally, how to season whale meat) published in 1829, from which we can derive that sukiyaki dishes were cooked by broiling poultry meat such as duck and chicken or other meat like whale meat, on a heated spade over a fire.
- 『日本紀略』延長 (元号)七年(929年)の条の、「紫宸殿障子を賢聖像に改書せしむ。」の記述から、「賢聖の障子」と、同時に立てた「障子戸」すなわちふすま建具の誕生の年代は、延喜年間(901~914年)であると推測される。
- Apparently from the description of the section of the year 929 in 'Nihongi Ryaku,' that is, 'the overdrawn image of Kenjo sage on the shoji of Shishinden,' apparently the date of the appearance of 'Shoji-to,' that is, Fusuma, which was set at the same time of 'Kenjo no shoji,' was from 901 to 914.
- 堀口は明治大学建築学科での造園論の講義の中で、日本庭園の起源としての自らの庭園観を披露しているが、このとき従来の庭園イメージとは異なる庭園について述べるといって、3つの要素、古代の古墳、厳島神社、皇居の堀端を上げている。
- In the lecture of the theory of landscape gardening at the Department of Architecture at Meiji University, Horiguchi stated his view on gardening as an origin of Nihon teien, reciting three examples that differ from the traditional image of gardening such as an old burial mound in ancient times, the Itsukushima-jinja Shrine and the moat embankment of the Imperial Palace.
- 前述の通り、法律に従えば50歳以上と15歳以下の人間しか振売を開業する事はできないが、守貞漫稿のイラストにある振売たちはどう見てもその年齢には見えず、けっきょく江戸の庶民たちは幕府の命令を聞き流して商売していたフシがある。
- As mentioned above, people aged 50 and over or 15 and below alone were allowed to do the furiuri by the law, but the peddler illustrations for the Morisadamanko did not obviously look like people in those age groups and after all, commoners in Edo seemed to do the business in disregard of the bakufu's order.
- 逍遥は、1915(大正6)年に、活歴物への不満、シェークスピアの史劇の長所と歌舞伎の長所をうまく調和させたかったこと、深刻な悲劇を歌舞伎風のさまざまな挿話で作り上げたかったことなどが「桐一葉」創作の動機であると述べている。
- Shoyo cited the following motives for creating 'Kiri Hitoha' in 1915: Dissatisfaction with historical dramas; wishing to combine the advantages of Shakespeare's histories and Kabuki; and wishing to compose a serious tragedy of different episodes.
- 2日目は射法について審議されるが、「打起し(後述射法八節)」の審議に入るとそれぞれ自己の流派射法から「正面打起し」と「斜面打起し」を主張し合い、互いに譲らず喧々囂々白熱した議論へと発展、その日は議論の決着を見ずに終了した。
- The second day, shooting forms were discussed, but when 'Uchiokoshi (anchoring) (mentioned later in Shaho hassetsu)' was discussed they each advocated their own school's shooting forms, 'Shomen-uchiokoshi' or 'Shamen-uchiokoshi (anchoring in slanting position)' and would not give in, leading to a hot debate and ending the day without a conclusion.
- 『上宮記』逸文は近年、黛弘道の研究によって推古朝の遺文である可能性も指摘され、その内容の信憑性や実際の血統については前述のとおり議論が分かれているものの原帝紀の編纂(欽明天皇朝か)と同じ頃に系譜伝承が成立したものと思われる。
- Recently, Hiromichi MAYUZUMI's study pointed out the possibility that the surviving fragment of 'Joguki' is a remaining document from the Reign of Empress Suiko, and, even though its credibility and the truth of genealogy remain an open question as mentioned above, the tradition of genealogy appears to have been established around the same time as when Gentekiki (the ur-text of Teiki [records of Emperor's family tree]) was compiled (possibly in the reign of Emperor Kinmei).
- 上述のように、文化財保護法第2条第1項第4号では、「記念物」に遺跡、庭園、自然的景観(名勝地)、貴重な生物および地質鉱物を含めており、同法の第7章(第109条-第133条)「史跡名勝天然記念物」に、その取り扱いを定めている。
- As mentioned above, according to Article 2, Paragraph 1, Item (4) of the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties, ruins, gardens, natural landscapes (places of scenic beauty), and valuable living organisms, geographical features and minerals are included in the scope of 'monuments' and Chapter VII (Articles 109-133) of the Law stipulates protection and management of 'historic sites and places of scenic beauty as natural monuments.'
- 「麩=ふ」としての最古の記録は南北朝時代 (日本)に書かれた『嘉元記』正平 (日本)7年(1352年)5月10日条に登場する「フ」の記述である(なお、同条に「フ」と併記されている「ウトム」がうどんの最古の記録とされている)。
- The oldest documented record on 'fu' is the description of 'fu' in the article dated June 30, 1352, in 'Kagenki' which was written during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (and it is said that 'utomu' which was mentioned along with 'fu' in that article is the oldest documented record on udon - Japanese wheat noodles).
- 儀礼折り紙は武家の礼法に含まれるもので、1764年に伊勢貞丈が著した『包之記』に「右の折形どもは、京都将軍の御代に用いられし折形也」という記述があるから、足利義満の時代、小笠原氏・伊勢氏・今川氏を中心に整えられたと考えられる。
- The girei origami is a part of a warrior family's manners and it would appear that it was developed mainly by the Ogasawara clan, the Ise clan and the Imagawa clan in the days of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA because 'Tsutsumi no ki (record on wrapping)' written by Sadatake ISE in 1764 said that 'the folded paper models on the right were used during the time of the Kyoto shogun.'
- しかし、前述の伊良子光順の日記においては、翌25日の記録には、天皇が痰がひどく、藤木篤平と静顕が体をさすり、光順が膏薬を張り、班に関係なく昼夜寝所に詰めきりであったが、同日亥の刻(午後11時)過ぎに崩御された、と記されている。
- However, according to the record on the following day, on the 25th in Mitsuoki IRAKO's diary mentioned previously, it said that the Emperor had much phlegm and Atsuhira FUJIKI and Seiken gave him a massage, and Mitsuoki applied ointment on Emperor's body, all the doctors, mixed from different groups, were watching the Emperor closely day and night, and then the Emperor died after eleven o'clock in the morning on the same day.
- 元平親王は陽成源氏の祖であるが、のちに武家の棟梁となる清和源氏は実際は陽成源氏で、この元平親王を先祖とするが、後述するとおり陽成帝には暴君との評判があり、それを嫌って一代前の清和天皇に祖を求めたのだとの説が近年提示されている。
- Prince Motohira was the earliest ancestor of the Yozei-Genji (Minamoto clan) and the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) (which originated in the Yozei-Genji (Minamoto clan)), which would eventually act as head of the military caste (the warrior class); however, in recent years it has been said that Emperor Yozei was known as a dictator (as mentioned later), so the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) disliked him and wanted to have Emperor Seiwa as an ancestor.
- この企画が創設された背景に、京炎 そでふれ!の普及のためという目的があり、コンテストに参加した団体は後述するGrand Finaleの総おどりに原則参加という規定がある(高校生以下は時間帯の問題もあり、参加を強制していない)。
- One of the reasons for holding this contest is to make the Kyoen Sodefure! well-known, and there is a rule that, in principle, groups which have participated in the competition have to join the So Odori (a dance festival) for the Grand Finale, which will be explained below (high school and younger students are not forced to join the So Odori due to the late time.)
- 中国唐を代表する『欧陽詢九成宮醴泉銘』・『虞世南孔子廟堂碑』・『チョ遂良雁塔聖教序』などの作品は、行頭・行末を揃え、左右の文字の位置を揃え、行をまっすぐに書いており、上述の「散らし書き」といかに対照的な書字法であるかが分かる。
- In works representative of Tang dynasty period China, such as Ouyang Xun's 'Jiu Cheng Gong Li Quan Ming,' Yu Shinan's 'Kong Zi Miao Tang Bei,' and Chu Suiliang's 'Yan Ta Sheng Jiao Xu,' the start and end points of the lines and their position left and right are always aligned and the lines are written straight, in contrast to the uneven 'chirashi-gaki' style described above.
- その他、『隋書』「卷八十一 列傳第四十六 東夷 俀國」に記述される開皇20年(600年)第1回遣隋使の上奏文に「俀王姓阿毎字多利思北孤 號阿輩雞彌」とあり、俀王多利思比孤の号 「阿輩雞彌」が「おおきみ」を表すと考えられている。
- In addition, in the johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) of the first Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China in 600 described in 'Volume 80 chapter 46 Dongyi Wakoku' in 'Suishu' (the Book of Sui Dynasty), it says 'in the year 600, the king of Wa, the surname Ame, the popular name Tarishihoko, calling himself Okimi' and it is thought that the title of the king of Wa, Tarishihiko, represents 'okimi.'
- また、第四次川中島合戦に関して『浄興寺文書』(信州水内郡長沼にあった寺に伝わる文章、現在の浄興寺は場所が異なる)と言う文章に川中島合戦に関連する一節があり、そこには永禄4年9月28日、合戦の折に寺が戦火にあった旨の記述がある。
- Concerning the fourth battle of Kawanakajima, 'Joko-ji Temple Monjo' (a document remaining in a temple having located in Naganuma, Shinshu-Mizuguchi County; present Joko-ji Temple is located at a place different from this site) includes a section related to the Battle of Kawanakajima, and it is described that the temple was damaged by fires in a battle on November 5 (in the old calendar), 1561
- 一説では、頼光の父・源満仲は前述の土豪の鬼・土蜘蛛たちの一族と結託して藤原氏に反逆を企んだが、安和の変の際に一族を裏切って保身を図ったため、彼の息子である頼光と四天王が鬼、土蜘蛛といった妖怪たちから呪われるようになったともいう。
- A theory has it that Yorimitsu's father MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka conspired with 'oni' and 'tsuchigumo,' the above-mentioned local clans, to revolt against the Fujiwara clan, but on the occasion of Anna Incident, Mitsunaka betrayed the local clans to defend his own interests, so his son Yorimitsu and Shitenno began to be cursed by the ghosts of 'oni' and 'tsuchigumo.'
- 昭和15年(1940年)に始まった日本酒級別制度への批判が高まり、平成2年(1990年)からそれに代わる日本酒の分類として使われるようになったのが、のちに分類の項で詳しく述べられるような普通酒、特定名称酒など9種類の名称である。
- Under increasing criticism for the sake grading system begun in 1940, the nine categories, such as regular sake and the sake with a specific class name, has been replaced as a new way of classification of sake since 1990, the details of which is mentioned later in the section of classification.
- 上述のように模刻はさまざまな欠点をはらみ、結果的に一時とはいえ法帖の信頼性を失わせるところまで追い込んでしまった問題のある伝写法であるが、一方でこの模刻によって現在散逸した書蹟が伝わっているという事実があることも忘れてはならない。
- As discussed above, mokoku is a problematic copying method with various defects which eventually even destroyed the hojo's credibility at one point, but it should also be remembered that thanks to the mokoku, scattered and lost calligraphy works can be seen today.
- また『平家物語』に安徳天皇は実は女子であったのではないかという疑念を起こさせるような記述があることをもとにして、浄瑠璃・歌舞伎の「義経千本桜」などでは、女子であったという筋立てを採用している(渡辺199082-122ページ参照)。
- Because there is a description in 'The Tale of the Heike' to imply that the Emperor Antoku could have been a woman, in the story of Yoshitsune Sen-bon Zakura (Yoshitsune's one thousand cherry trees) of Joruri and Kabuki there is a story based on the possibility that Emperor Antoku was a woman (WATANABE, 199082; please refer to page 122).
- 日本の文献で最初に柑橘が登場するのは『古事記』『日本書紀』であり、「垂仁天皇の命を受け常世に遣わされたタヂマモリが非時香菓(ときじくのかくのみ)の実と枝を持ち帰った(中略)非時香菓とは今の橘である」(日本書紀の訳)との記述がある。
- The first entry about citrus in Japanese historical records appeared in the 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) that 'Tajimamori who was ordered by Emperor Suinin to visit Tokoyo no kuni (parallel universe beyond the sea) brought back tokijikuno kakunomi (cracker berry) fruit and branch (snip) the fruit is today's 'Tachibana' (the translation of Nihonshoki.)
- その由来には唐の張懐瓘『玉堂禁経』にある「大凡筆法、点画八体は『永』字に備わる」「八法は隷字の始めに起こり、後漢の崔子玉より、鍾・王を歴て以下、伝授し用うる所の八体は万字に該す」といった記述から崔瑗・鍾繇・王羲之説が唱えられてきた。
- Based on 'taihon hippo (most writing techniques), i.e. tenkaku hattai (eight basic elements of characters) are included in character '永',' and 'happo (eight techniques) were created at the beginning of the use of reiji (Chinese characters written in the demotic semi-square style), and '八体 (eight shapes) which have been passed from Houhan's SAI Shigyoku via SHO and O to later generations are sufficient for ten thousands characters,' which are stated in Tang's CHO Kaikan, 'Gyokudo Kinkei', a theory has been put forward for its origin that SAI En, SHO Yo, and WANG Xizhi initiated.
- 前述の『三省録』でも「下賎のものは買ひて食ひしが、小身にても御旗本の面々調へて(=買って)食ふことなし、近年いつとなく、調へて食う様には成りたり」と記して、かつては生活が苦しい小身旗本でも蕎麦を食べるような事はなかったと記している。
- In the aforementioned 'Sanseiroku,' it also said that 'eating soba is custom of a lower class and while being hard up, I am still Hatamoto (a direct retainer of the shogun) and did not eat soba before but, in recent years, I finally started to eat it,' explaining that even poor Hatamoto did not stoop low enough to eat soba way back then.
- 作家の戸部新十郎は、元々は陰陽道における房術を示す「九一ノ道」が本義であり、九の字がたまたま、平仮名のくの字と同じ発音のうえ、一と合すれば、ともに女になることからくノ一というふうになったものである、と著書「忍者と忍術」で述べている。
- The novelist Shinjuro TOBE said in his book, 'Ninja To Ninjutsu' (Ninja and the Art of Ninja), that kunoichi originally came from 'kuichi no michi,' which indicates the art of the chamber bed in Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang, an occult deviation system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), and the Chinese character '九' and hiragana, whereby 'く' happen to have the same pronunciation and with the combination of '一' it becomes '女.'
- 文様は花鳥風月の刺繍の間に有職文様がまんべんなく全体に散らされている物、また源氏物語などの古典文学や能の風景から画題をとった「御所解」に大分されるが、後述する公家や庶民の着物に対して柄行きの大胆さにかけ、余白を嫌う傾向が挙げられる。
- Though patterns are roughly demarcated to two types; one is yusoku-monyo (traditional design motifs, used either in single units or repeated to create patterns, based on designs from Heian courtly decorations) that are scattered over the whole of kimono between the embroidery of the beauty of nature, and another is that the motif are taken from traditional literature such as the Tale of Genji or scenery of a noh play called 'goshoge,' compared to the kimono of the court nobles and common folks as described later, it seems that the design lacks boldness and there is a tendency to avoid blank space.
- 能勢氏は摂津源氏の流れを汲む一族で、源頼光の玄孫・源国基を祖とするが、多田源氏の惣領であった源頼盛の三男・能瀬高頼の後裔であるともいう(『尊卑分脈』の記述によると国基の後裔は田尻、高頼の後裔は倉垣を本拠としていたものと推察される)。
- The Nose clan follows Settsu Genji having MINAMOTO no Kunimoto, a great-great-grandson of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu as their ancestor, while they are said to have been the descendant of Takayori NOSE, the third son of MINAMOTO no Yorimori, the successor of Tada-Genji (according to the description from 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' Kunimoto's descendants were based in Tajiri and Takayori's were in Kuragaki).
- また、後述のモラルに対する批判から、敢えて出席を控えたり、「(荒れている新成人たちと)一緒にされたくない」「単なる目立ちたがり屋な餓鬼の集まり」「(誓いの言葉などで)登場する新成人は関係者の息子、娘」と冷ややかに見ている新成人も多い。
- As participants are often criticized for a lack of morals (see description below), many new adults decide not to participate, or react tepidly to the ceremony, saying: 'we don't want to be regarded in the same way [as violent new adults], ' 'it's just a gathering of kids who want to show off,' or because 'it's unfair that the new adult that recites the vows in the ceremony is usually the son or daughter of someone concerned with the organization of the ceremony.'
- なお、遠藤哲夫は著書『ぶっかけめしの悦楽』(文庫版改題『汁かけめし快食學』)で、日本においてこれほどまでにカレーライスが普及したのは、日本の伝統食である「ぶっかけ飯(汁かけ飯)」の系譜にカレーライスが位置づけられたためだと述べている。
- Tetsuo ENDO wrote in his book, 'Bukkake-meshi no Etsuraku' (The Joys of Bukkake Rice) (the title was revised to 'Shirukake-meshi Kaishokugaku' (juice run meal for library) for the pocket edition), that the reason why curry and rice has become so popular is that the dish was regarded as a descendant of 'bukkake meshi' (literally meaning sloshed onto rice).
- 精霊船の基本形は前述の通りであるが、近年では印灯篭の「遊び心」が船本体にも影響を及ぼし、船の形をなしていない、いわゆる「変わり精霊船」も数多く見られる(例ヨット好きの故人→ヨット型、バスの運転士→西方浄土行の方向幕を掲げたバス型など)。
- Although the basic structure of shorobune is, as mentioned above, influenced by the playful spirit of shirushi toro, nowadays, many so called alternative shorobune are made these days (e.g., yacht type shorobune for the dead who loved yachts; a bus type with a destination bound for the Western Pure Land for a bus driver).
- しかし後述のように、天皇の詔として仏教思想を全国に広げることを意図して始められた行事であったが、いつの時代も人として、生を終えた後の世界への関心の高いことは同じであり、いつの間にか生を終えていった祖先を供養する行事として定着するに至った。
- Although Higan was begun with the intent to spread Buddhism throughout the country by Imperial order, it was gradually became for the repose of ancestors since people regardless of age are interested in the other world.
- 再びJ1で戦うこととなった2002年は、開幕直後こそ4連敗するものの、ゲルト・エンゲルス監督のもと、黒部をはじめとする前述の3選手に加えて平井直人、角田誠といった下部組織出身の選手も活躍、J1残留どころか堂々のリーグ戦年間順位5位となる。
- In 2002, the club played in J1 again, and although it lost four straight games from the very opening of the season, under Manager Gert Josef Arthur ENGELS, not only the above-mentioned three players, including KUROBE, but also the players up from the subordinate organization like Naohito HIRAI and Makoto KAKUDA did a very good job, and the team was splendidly positioned fifth in the annual standings of the league, not to speak of staying in J1.
- もっとも「言葉だけでは表現しきれない」内容については、言葉では端的に表現できない動作や前述「言葉」の項で述べたような地の文の欠如を補うといった低次のものから、素の芸において聴衆の想像力を刺激するために付加されるきわめて高度のものまで含まれる。
- The parts of a story which are difficult to convey with words range from simple ones, such as actions that words cannot express in a straightforward way, or sections of the performance which complement the descriptive parts mentioned above, to highly artistic ones that are added as improvisation to stimulate the imagination of the audience.
- しかし、「本格焼酎」の呼称を用いる基準が必ずしも明確でなかったことから議論が生じ、その結果2002年11月1日に前述の省令の一部改正により基準が強化され、以下に掲げるアルコール含有物を蒸留したものでなければ本格焼酎と名乗ることはできなくなった。
- But it generated a discussion about the standard not being clarified enough to use the name 'Honkaku Shochu,' as the result, on November 1, 2002 the standard was strengthened by partial revision of the law mentioned above and it became impossible to name it Honkaku Shochu except for shochu produced by distillation of alcohol-containing substances as below:
- 一説によると、『古事記』(=古代を記す書物)を記した8世紀の日本人は、第23代顕宗天皇までが真の「古代」であり、第33代推古天皇から自分たちにつながる「近代」がはじまると考えており、その中間の時期を叙述するためにこのような書き方をしたとしている。
- One theory is that the eighth century Japanese writers who penned 'Kojiki' (= a book about the ancient period) believed that the true 'ancient times' ended with the twenty-third Emperor Kenzo and the 'early modern times' more closely related to themselves started with the thirty-third Empress Suiko, so the period in between was written in such a method to express this transition.
- 無期徒刑が決定したことを知らせると「いかなる事態になるか判らない」旨の発言をしている(なお、これに対して青木が「自分は伊藤博文に言われて死刑にする事を約束しただけである」と述べたために、伊藤から嫌悪されて政治家としての栄達を絶たれる原因となる)。
- When Schaevitz knew that Tsuda was sentenced life imprisonment, he said 'he didn't know what would happen in retribution' (Aoki, who heard Schaevitz's remark, said 'he just had followed Hirobumi ITO who ordered him to promise Russia the death penalty,' and was banished from a political world by Ito).
- 足代弘訓の『雑事記』(嘉暦3年(1328年)頃に成立)に「鳥の子色紙に法華経を書写した」との記述があり、『愚管記』の延文元年(1356年)の条に、「料紙鳥子」とあり、さらに後崇光院の『看聞日記』永享7年(1431年)の条にも「料紙鳥子」の文字が見える。
- In the 'Zatsuji-ki' (record of miscellaneous affairs) written by Hironori AZIRO (around 1328) there is a description that said; 'I copied the Lotus Sutra on torinoko colored paper,' in the section of 1356 in the 'Gukan-ki' (the diary of Michitsugu KONOE in Chinese characters), there is a description as 'ryoshi toriko,' and furthermore, in the section of 1431 in 'Kanmon-nikki' (the diary of Gosuiko-in) the word 'ryohi toriko' is seen as well.
- 津田は記紀の成立過程に関して初めて本格的な文献批判を行い、神話学、民俗学の成果を援用しつつ、神武天皇は弥生時代の何らかの事実を反映したものではなく、主として皇室が日本を支配するいわれを説明するために述作された日本神話の一部として理解すべきであると断じた。
- TSUDA was the first person who criticized literature regarding the process of coming into existence of the kojiki and Nihonshoki in earnest, and concluded that the Japanes had to understand that description concerning Emperor Jimmu did not reflect any fact in the Yayoi period, but were mostly written as part of Japanese Mythology in order to justify the ruling of Japan by the Imperial Family, taking advantage of mythology and folklore.
- 諏訪大社下社春宮のものについて述べれば、 1月14日夜から粥炊舎にもうけられた大釜のあずきがゆのなかに、葭の筒をいれ、終夜煮たて、翌15日朝、神前にそなえ、祭典をおこなったのち葭筒を割り、筒内の粥の分量を量って農作物のうちさだめられた種の豊凶を判定する。
- In Suwa Taisha Shrine Shimosha Harumiya, reed tubes are put into a big pan of red bean Kayu at the Kayu boiling house on the evening of January 14th, simmered through the night, and offered to the gods on the morning of the 15th; after the festival, the tubes are broken open, and the amount of Kayu in the tubes is measured to see whether predetermined kinds of crops will have a good or bad harvest.
- 日本書紀において 巻九に神功皇后摂政「66年 是年 晋武帝泰初二年晉起居注云 武帝泰初(泰始)二年十月 倭女王遣重貢獻」と中国と倭の女王の記述が引用されており、収録するにあたってヤマト王権と「卑弥呼」を関連づけさせる為に伝承が作り上げられたという説がある。
- In volume 9 of Nihonshoki, the description on Princess of China and Princess of Wa (Japan) 'According to a record keeper of Jjin Dynasty of China, the Empress of Japan paid a tribute to the Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty on October, 266' was quoted; and there is a theory that the tradition was made up in order to link 'Himiko' (first known ruler of Japan) with Yamato dynasty/Yamato (Imperial) Court, in editing the document.
- 由来は前述のように牛鬼を神聖視する説のほか、伊予国の藤内図書と蔵喜兵ノ尉という人物が牛鬼を退治したという話、徳島県海部郡 (徳島県)の牛鬼を伊予の人物が退治したという話、豊臣秀吉の朝鮮出兵の際に加藤清正が朝鮮の虎を脅すために亀甲車を作った話など、諸説ある。
- Opinions divide concerning its origin: some insist Ushioni was sanctified as mentioned above; a folktale says two men in Iyo Province named Zusho TONAI and Heinojo KURAKI did away with Ushioni; another folktale says a man from Iyo did away with Ushioni living in Kaifu County (of Tokushima Prefecture), Tokushima Prefecture; and another folktale says Kiyomasa KATO produced tortoise wagons to frighten tigers in Korea before Japan's invasion of Korea by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 拠点となった大河原は伊那谷に属し、南に下れば井伊谷(井伊氏)、北上すると長谷(後述する終焉の地の一つ)を経由して諏訪(諏訪氏)に通じる位置にあり、劣勢が続く南朝方にとっては最重要拠点となり、各地で破れた南朝方の武士達(新田一門など)が逃げ込む事も多かった。
- Okawara was based at Inadani, so going north would bring you, via Hase (one of the death sites mentioned later), to Suwa (home of the Suwa clan), while going south would bring you to Iinoya (home of the Ii clan); given the unfavorable situation they were in, it was an ideal place for the Southern Court, and it was common for samurai of the Southern Court, such as those in the Nitta clan, to escape to this place after losing a battle.
- この時の具体的な内容は『類聚雑用集』に記録されているが、それによると、献立の内容は参列者の身分によって異なっており、皇族の正客(「尊者」と記述される)は28種類、三位以上の陪席公卿は20種、少納言クラスでは12種、接待する主人が最も少なく8種となっていた。
- Details of this banquet were written in 'Collection of Miscellaneous Matters,' which states that menus differed in accordance with attendants' social position; twenty-eight kinds of dishes to the Imperial family's guests of honor (described as 'venerable people'), twenty kinds of dished to the attending high nobles of Third Rank or higher, twelve kinds to the Shonagon (lesser councilor of state) class, and eight to the host, who was served the least.
- 前述のように海外の魚や動物の骨や皮から抽出したコラーゲンを使ったり、化学的に合成した接着剤成分などをニカワの代わりに用い、腐らせないように防腐剤が入り、工業製の香料を使っている可能性が高いため、口に入れることは不衛生であり健康被害・アレルギーなどに注意する。
- Since it is highly possible that collagen derived from the bones and skins of overseas fish and animals are used as mentioned above, or that chemical ingredients may be used as a bonding agent instead of glue with an added preservative, not to mention industrial grade fragrance, it is unsanitary and can cause health and allergy problems to place a brush in one's mouth.
- 日本最古の歴史書とされる『日本書紀』の天武天皇9年(680年)の条には「宮内卿」「宮内官大夫」の官職が記述され、686年(朱鳥元年)の条には天武天皇の葬送に際して「宮内事」を誄(しのびごと)したとあり、天武天皇の時代には原型となる官職が形成されたと見られる。
- In the article of Emperor Temmu in 680 of the oldest history book in Japan, 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), there was a description on the government posts of Kunaikyo (Minister of the Sovereign's Household) and Miyanouchi no tsukasa no kami and also in the article of in 686, there was another description on Emperor Temmu's funeral that shinobigoto (speech given to the spirit of the departed about his/her merit) was conducted for the 'miyanouchi-no-koto' (Imperial family's affairs), from which the original government post was established in the period of Emperor Temmu.
- 『日本書紀』では「十二月 戊辰朔壬申 始行冠位 大德 小德 大仁 小仁 大禮 小禮 大信 小信 大義 小義 大智 小智 并十二階 並以當色絁縫之 頂撮總如囊 而著縁焉 唯元日著髻華 髻華 此云 十二年春正月 戊戌朔 始賜冠位於諸臣 各有差」と記述されている。
- The 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) gives the start date of the system and lists the twelve ranks.
- 明治以降に切腹を行った有名人としては、明治天皇に殉じた乃木希典陸軍大将、特攻の父こと大西瀧治郎海軍中将、鈴木貫太郎内閣の陸軍大臣であった阿南惟幾陸軍大将、作家の三島由紀夫(なおこの三島の切腹の際、上述のような“介錯のしくじり”が起こったと言われる)などがいる。
- Notable individuals who have committed seppuku since the Meiji period include army general Maresuke NOGI who followed Emperor Meiji into death, vice admiral Takijiro ONISHI - known as 'the father of kamikaze,' army general Korechika ANAMI - Army Minister in Kantaro SUZUKI's cabinet, and the author Yukio MISHIMA (it is said that a blunder as described above was committed by the kaishakunin during this act of seppuku).
- 朝鮮側がこの条項になんら抵抗を示していないのは、先に述べたように国際法についての無関心からくるのであるが、それ以外に江戸時代の対馬藩との往来の頃には民事案件であろうと刑事のものであろうと、日本人犯罪者は倭館の日本人責任者に引き渡していた慣例があったためである。
- One reason why Korea did not resist this provision was that they were indifferent to international law, as described before, but there was another reason that during the Edo period when they traded with the Tsushima clan, traditionally the criminals were given over to the Japanese in charge in the Japanese consular office, no matter whether it was a civil or criminal case.
- 膳氏の出自を示した『高橋氏文』には、景行天皇が東国に行幸したおりに、安房国にて磐鹿六雁命(いわむつかりのみこと、膳氏の始祖とされる)が蛤(はまぐり)を捕り、天皇に料理をして献上したところ、天皇の子孫代まで御食(みけつ)を供するよう膳臣を授かったという記述がある。
- In 'Takahashi uji bumi' where the place of the Kashiwade clan's origin was stated to be, it described that when Emperor Keiko visited the eastern province, Iwamutsukarinomikoto (known as the founder of the Kashiwade clan) in Awa Province, caught clams, cooked, and offered them to the Emperor, then he was offered to be Kashiwadenoomi (a leading figure who managed to supply food to the Emperor) to supply food to the Emperor's posterity.
- 侘に関する記述は古く万葉集の時代からあると言われているが、「侘」を美意識を表す概念として名詞形で用いる例は江戸時代の茶書『南方録』まで下り、これ以前では「麁相」(そそう)という表現が近いが、千利休などは「麁相」であることを嫌っていたから必ずしも同義とは言い難い。
- It is said that there have been descriptions concerning wabi since the ancient days of the Manyoshu (Ten Thousand Poems), but the term 'wabi' as a conceptual noun representing a sense of beauty first appeared in 'Nanporoku,' the tea book during the Edo period; before above, the expression 'soso' (coarse) was used in close meaning, however, it is difficult to say that they are necessarily synonymous since SEN no Rikyu disliked 'soso.'
- 天皇の譲位については古くは仏道専心説が有力であったが、近年では藤原氏からの政治的自由を確保するためとする説、一旦臣下から皇族に復帰して即位したためにこれに不満を抱く他の皇族の皇位要求の動きに先んじた説などがある(後述の『大鏡』の陽成上皇の発言はその暗示ともされる)。
- In the old days it was believed that Emperor Uda came to power due to his strict Buddhist belief; however, one recent theory says the reason was that dominant political control had been taken away from the Fujiwara clan, or that it was done to stop the complaints from the royal families after Emperor Uda came into power by coming back to the Imperial Family, although he had become an allegiant (as indicated by the retired Emperor Yozei in his remark in 'Okagami (The Great Mirror),' which is described below).
- また、仮に需要があったとしてもそもそも銅の生産量が絶対的に少なかった当時の日本では実物貨幣に代わるだけの銅銭の製造は始めから困難であった(銅鉱の発見を機に元号を「和銅」と改めてしまう程当時銅は貴重であり、また後述のように時代が下るにつれて急速に品質が悪化している)。
- Also, even if there had been enough demand, the volume of copper production had been absolutely small, which made it impossible, from the beginning, to supply sufficient copper coins and substitute material money then-current in Japan (copper was so precious then in Japan that its era was renamed 'Wado (literally, Japanese copper),' upon discovery of copper ore mines, and, as described afterward, the quality of copper coins had rapidly deteriorated as time went on.)
- 毛利方は安国寺恵瓊を高松城に送り込んで説得を試みたが、宗治は主家である毛利家と城内の兵の命が助かるなら自分の首はいとも安いと述べ、自らと兄である清月と家臣の難波伝兵衛、末近左衛門の4人の首を差し出す代わりに籠城者の命を助けるようにという嘆願書を書き、安国寺恵瓊に託した。
- Mori attempted to convince Muneharu by sending Ekei ANKOKUJI over into Takamatsu-jo Castle, but Muneharu said he was not afraid to lose his life as long as he could save the Mori clan, his master, and the lives of his troops, leaving a petition to Ekei ANKOKUJI, which was to save the lives of the besieged in exchange for the lives of the four people: his brother Seigetsu, his vassals Denbe NANBA and Saemon SUECHIKA, and himself.
- 終焉場所についても、1550年(天文 (元号)19年)に作成された京都醍醐寺所蔵の「大草の宮の御哥」と題された古文書の記述から、長らく拠点であった信濃国大河原で没したとの説が有力とされるが、南朝紹運録には1385年(元中2年/至徳2年)に遠江国井伊城で没したと記されている。
- According to an old document titled 'Okusano miya no outa' that was completed in 1550 and kept in Daigo-ji Temple, Kyoto, there was a plausible theory that he died at his long-time base in Okawara, Shinano Province; according to the Nanchojounroku (records handed down since the Southern Court of Japan), however, he died in Ii-jo Castle, Totomi Province, in 1385,.
- しかし、南北朝時代 (日本)初め(14世紀中葉)頃に成立したとされる『神護寺略記』に、「神護寺には後白河院、平重盛、源頼朝、藤原光能、平業房等の肖像があり、それらは藤原隆信の作品である」との内容の記述があり、これが、三幅の像主を平重盛、源頼朝、藤原光能に比定する根拠となった。
- However, 'Jingo-ji Temple ryakki' (a journal of Jingo-ji Temple), written around the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in the middle of the 14th century) described that Jingo-ji Temple had the portraits including Goshirakawain, TAIRA no Shigemori, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, and TAIRA no Narifusa and they were drawn by FUJIWARA no Takanobu; this was the clue to judge the figures as TAIRA no Shigemori, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi.
- なお、奈良時代、天平宝字6年(762年)~同8年(764年)に神武天皇から持統天皇までの41代、及び元明天皇・元正天皇の漢風諡号である天皇号が淡海三船によって一括撰進された事が『続日本紀』に記述されているがこれは諡号(一人一人の名前)であって「天皇」という称号とは直接関係ない。
- Further, according to 'Shoku-Nihongi' (the chronicles of Japan II), in Nara period (762-764), kanpu-shigo (Chinese style posthumous name) was chosen for the Emperors of forty-one generations, from Emperor Jinmu to Empress Jito, and for Empress Genmei and Empress Gensho at once by OMI no Mifune, but those are shigo (names for the individuals) and the title 'Tenno' doesn't directly concerns with them.
- 『元史』では「世祖本紀」や「日本伝」などにこの時の損耗については特に述べられていないが、『高麗史』、『高麗史節要』では夜中に大いに風雨があり、艦船が難破するなどして損害があり、十一月二十七日(12月26日)に合浦に帰還した際には、派遣軍の不還者は1万3500余人に登ったという。
- 'Genshi' do not particularly mention the damage suffered then in its 'Seiso Honki' (Records on Kublai) and 'Nihon Den' (Records on Japan), but 'Koraishi' and 'Koraishi Setsuyo' (Digested History of Goryeo) states that there was a storm at midnight, which caused shipwreck and damage, and more than 13.5 thousand people of the expeditionary force did not return to Gappo on December 26.
- 唐文化の影響を受け、「台盤」と呼ばれるテーブルに全料理を載せたり、「唐菓子」など渡来の料理も添えられるなどの献立の多さもさることながら、食べる側にも食べ物の種類ごとに細かい作法が要求されたことが『内外抄』や『古事談』の記述から分かり、現代人から見ると大変堅苦しい物だったようである。
- According to 'Naigai Sho' (selection from inside and outside the country) and 'Kojidan' (Tales About the Past), influenced by Chinese culture, all dishes placed on the table were called 'daiban' and there was an extensive menu including garnished foods introduced from foreign countries such as 'togashi' (Chinese cake), and which also required complicated table manners, and from today's point of view, it seems to have been a very stiff and formal style of eating.
- 1975年~1978年には、阪急西宮スタジアム開催分の日本選手権シリーズ中継(全て関西テレビ放送製作・フジネットワーク)の全試合のスポンサーにつき、イニングの合間等に前述のCMソング使用のコマーシャルメッセージが流された(但し3番の歌詞であり、「センプクと白くま」と改題されている)。
- From 1975 to 1978, it became a sponsor of all the broadcasting of the Japan Series held at Hankyu Nishinomiya Stadium (Kansai Telecasting Corporation, Fuji Network System) and the commercial song was played between innings (the words of the third verses were used and the title was changed to 'Sempuku to Shirokuma' [literally, Sempuku and a polar bear]).
- 根拠として、本来モンゴル帝国の軍事行動では、事前に兵力100〜1万規模での敵地への威力偵察を数度段階的に行った後、本格的な侵攻を行う場合が多く、また『元史』「日本伝」には元軍の矢がすぐに尽きたという記述が見られることと、3万人程度(中には非戦闘員もいる)という少ない兵力からこの説も根強い。
- This theory is persistent, based upon the following facts; the army of the Mongol Empire in many cases performed several reconnaissances in a phased manner before a serious invasion, with a number of soldiers varying from a hundred to ten thousand; arrows run short soon in the Yuan army as described in 'Nihon Den' of 'Genshi;' and the number of soldiers was small, about thirty thousand (including non-soldiers).
- 具体的には、多くは前述のような山岳地帯で、一度の採集で大量の幼虫が確保できるスズメバチ類、水田で労せずして大量に採集できるイナゴ、かつては魚のあらなどをため池に浸しておくだけで大量に集めることができたゲンゴロウ、絹糸生産の副産物として大量に得られるカイコの蛹や成虫などが食材として選択されている。
- Insect dishes are mostly eaten in high mountain areas, as is mentioned above, and insects selected as food were the larva of hornets, collectable in a sizeable quantity at one time, locusts which were easily collectable in large numbers in rice paddies, diving beetles which could be collected easily in the past merely by soaking the head and bony parts of a fish in a reservoir, and pupas and adult silkworms collectable in mass quantity as by-products in the manufacturing process of the silk thread.
- 孝明天皇は前述の通り長年のあいだ悪性の痔に悩まされていたが、それ以外では至って壮健であり、前出の中山忠能日記にも「近年御風邪抔一向御用心モ不被為遊御壮健ニ被任趣存外之儀恐驚」(近年御風邪の心配など一向にないほどご壮健であらせられたので、痘瘡などと存外の病名を聞いて大変驚いた)との感想が記されている。
- Although Emperor Komei suffered from a malignant hemorrhoids for a long time, as it was previously mentioned, apart from this the Emperor was quite healthy and it was written in Tadayasu NAKAYAMA's diary, as mentioned before, he said, 'I was very shocked to know the Emperor suffered from unusual diseases like smallpox, since he had been very healthy and did not even get the flu recently.'
- 後述のように、語源は、天下一品の(あっさり)から来ているのだが、天下一品の(あっさり)は鶏ガラスープのため、現在はこのカテゴリーに含めない場合が多い(京都では、中華料理店などで出される汎用鶏ガラスープを使ったラーメンに関しては、「中華そば」と呼ぶことが多く、一般のラーメンとは別物扱いする傾向がある)。
- As described later, the term derives from 'plain type' of Tenka-ippin, but the 'plain type' of Tenka-ippin is not usually included in this category because it is based on the chicken bone broth (in Kyoto, ramen which uses general chicken bone broth as served in Chinese restaurants or the like is usually called 'Chinese noodle,' which tends to be distinguished from general ramen).
- ただ、前述のように、カレンダー上では月曜日から金曜日にあたる日は平日であるため、この時期にも官公庁や金融機関を始め、サービス業、24時間体制の工場や病院など業種によっては通常通りの業務を行っており、観光業は書き入れ時、小売業もスーパーマーケットなどは、来客用の食品を中心とした商品の販売に力が入る時期である。
- However, as mentioned above, when this period falls on Monday to Friday on the calendar, they are regular weekdays, so some industries such as the service industry, twenty-four-hour factories or hospitals as well as public offices and banks do business as usual, the tourist industry is in its busiest period, and retailers such as supermarkets, focus on sales of food to visitors.
- このため、『歴名土代』とは元々は「歴名」のうち「補任」(あるいはこれを元にした『公卿補任』)などの他の記録と重複する公卿などの記述を省いて、予め四位・五位の叙位が予定されている人名を列記し、実際の叙位が行われた後に「歴名」を参考にして日付などが追記され、更に校合の過程で一部の整理がなされたと考えられている。
- Therefore, 'Ryakumyo dodai' is considered to have originally listed the names of persons who were scheduled to be conferred a court rank of Shii and Goi and added dates etc. with the help of 'Ryakumyo' after the conferment of actual court rank and also organized parts of them in the process of collating, except for the descriptions of court nobles which overlapped other records such as 'Bunin' (or Kugyobunin based on this) among 'Ryakumyo.'
- 同戸籍は、その後の六年に一度作成するという「六年一造」の造籍の出発点になっただけでなく、五十戸一里を基準に行政的に戸を編成して、その戸内の家族(戸口)の名・年齢・戸主との続柄などを詳述したことによって、個々の家族構成を直接的に把握することを可能にし、それを基に班田収授を行い、人頭課税をする台帳の機能も果たした。
- This registration system not only served as a starting point of 'rokunen-ichizo' (literally, 'one creation in six years) in which family registers were created every six years thereafter, but also made it possible to see the direct composition of each household by organizing households in terms of fifty households in ichi-ri on an administrative basis and describing each family member's name, age and relation to the household head in detail, and served as a ledger to conduct Handen Shuju (a regulation of land ownership) and jinto kazei (poll taxation).
- 1974年の調停で、鉱毒問題については「終止符が打たれた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べているが、古河鉱業がカドミウム汚染に関する責任を認めていないことについての言及はない(1976年に結ばれた公害防止協定への言及もないが、協定成立年とこの文献の発行年が同年であることから、編集に間に合わなかったという可能性もある)。
- It says that in the 1974 arbitration, the mining pollution issues were 'ended' (from 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') and yet, it is not mentioned that Furukawa Mining had not admitted their responsibility for contamination by cadmium (it does not mention the Agreement of Pollution Control made in 1976 either, however this literature was published in the same year as the agreement was made, and they might not have been able to include it in the editing process.)
- 欠史八代を史実の反映と見る立場からは、書紀の記述によると、神武天皇が畿内で即位後は畿内周辺の狭い領域のことしか出てこないが、崇神天皇の代になって初めて、日本の広範囲の出来事の記述が出てくるので、神武天皇から開化天皇までは畿内の地方政権の域を出ず、崇神天皇の代になって初めて日本全国規模の政権になったのではと考える説もある。
- Descriptions in the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki after the enthronement of Emperor Jinmu are limited to the Kinai region (region around Kyoto and Nara) and its surrounding areas until Emperor Sujin, after whose enthronement descriptions of events in various other areas in Japan appear. Based on these descriptions, some of those who regard the eight undocumented generations of emperors as genuine historical figures argue that the ancient Yamato government was a local power during the period between Emperor Jinmu and Emperor Kaika and established its power nationwide only in the generation of Emperor Sujin.
- さらに朝鮮に対する基本姿勢として、三条はこの江華島事件に対して「相応なる賠償を求む」べきとしながら、使節団の目的を「我主意の注ぐ所は、交を続くに在るを以て、・・・和約を結ぶことを主とし、彼能我が和交を修め、貿易を広むるの求に従ひときは、即此を以て雲揚 (軍艦)の賠償と看做し、承諾すること」だと述べていた(強調、加筆者)。
- Furthermore, as a basic attitude towards Korea, Sanjo considered 'Japan should require suitable compensation,' while stating about the purpose of the envoy 'the main objective is to continue the negotiation, then conclude a treaty of peace, when they conclude the peace treaty and obey the demand to expand trading, we should regard this attitude as compensation for the battle ship and accept it' (emphasized and amended by the writer).
- 平安時代前期の「延喜弾正台式」の記述によれば、「白玉の腰帯は三位以上か四位の参議まで着用可能、玳瑁(タイマイ/鼈甲)・瑪瑙・斑犀(サイの角とあるが普通は牛の角で代用)・象牙・沙魚皮(サメ皮の事だが装束ではエイ皮を指すことが多い)・紫檀は五位通用、紀州産の石に模様を彫ったもの、定摺の石は参議以上、金銀を捺した筋彫りや唐の帯は五位以上。
- According to 'Engi Danjodai Shiki' (The Rule of the Board of Censors) of the early Heian Period, there were many rules: 'Waistbands with white gems can be worn by those of Third Rank or higher or sangi (councilors) of the Fourth Rank, waistbands with tortoiseshell, agate, rhinoceros horn (said to be rhinoceros horn, but bull's horns were usually used), ivory, sharkskin (said to be sharkskin, but the skin of a ray was often used for costumes) or rosewood can be worn by officials of the Fifth Rank for everyday use, stones of teizuri, which are stones of Kishu (now Wakayama Prefecture) origin on which patterns were engraved, can be worn by sangi (councilors) or higher, and sujibori (carving thin lines with sharp implements) on which gold or sliver is stamped, and Chinese belts can be worn by officials of Fifth Rank or higher.'
- これに対して黒岩重吾は『日本書紀』継体天皇廿五年での『百済本記』引用「百濟本記爲文 其文云 大歳辛亥三月 軍進至于安羅 營乞乇城 是月 高麗弑其王安 又聞 日本天皇及太子皇子 倶崩薨 由此而言 辛亥之歳 當廿五年矣」天皇および太子、皇子が同時に死んだという記述等を根拠にそれぞれ実際には即位していない安閑・宣化は暗殺・軟禁されたとした。
- Based on the statement in 'Original records of Paekche' in section of '25 years of Emperor Keitai' in 'Chronicles of Japan', saying '百濟本記爲文 其文云 大歳辛亥三月 軍進至于安羅 營乞?城 是月 高麗弑其王安 又聞 日本天皇及太子皇子 倶崩薨 由此而言 辛亥之歳 當廿五年矣'(Emperor in Japan and the prince passed away at the same time), Jugo KUROIWA believed that Ankan and Senka did not succeed to the throne and they were actually assassinated or under custody.
- 鏡面のような心(心即理)の状態に無いのに、致良知に基づいて、自分の心の叫びを行動(知行合一)に移してしまうと、革命志向になりやすいという説もある(後述の山田方谷も、陽明学について誤った理解をすると重大な間違いを犯す危険があると考えて、朱子学を十分に理解して朱子学と陽明学を相対化して理解が出来る門人にのみにしか陽明学を教授しなかったと言われている)。
- Some people say that if a person puts his clamor to his action (to realize Chigyo goitsu) based on chiryochi when he has not attained the state of mind that reflects ri (Shinsokuri), the person is apt to aspire to start a revolution (Hokoku YAMADA, described later, also believed that wrong understanding of Yomeigaku might cause serious mistakes, so that he taught Yomeigaku only to the disciples who understood Shushigaku well enough to understand Yomeigaku in comparison to Shushigaku.)
- 平家滅亡時に救出されて帰京するが、都では既に後鳥羽天皇が即位していた(ちなみに『増鏡』では、守貞親王と尊成親王(後鳥羽天皇)が後白河法皇の前に呼ばれて、すぐに法皇に懐いた尊成が皇位に立てられたとする記述があるが、実際に尊成とともに呼ばれたのは守貞親王の異母弟惟明親王(高倉天皇第三皇子)といわれており、これについては『増鏡』作者による「演出説」と「勘違い説」に分かれている)。
- He was saved and went back to Kyoto when the Taira clan died out, however Emperor Gotoba had already succeeded to the throne in Kyoto. (in 'Masukagami' (The Clear Mirror) it is said Imperial Prince Morisada and Imperial Prince Takahira (Emperor Gotoba) were called in by the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, and Takahira, who took to the Emperor before Morisada, was appointed to succeed to the throne, however there was another theory that it was Morisada's half younger brother, Imperial Prince Koreaki (Emperor Takakura's third Prince) who was called with Takahira, but there were two different theories of the author of 'Masukagami,' one was 'the direction theory' and another one was 'the misunderstanding theory.'
- 現在も玉露や抹茶を中心とした高級茶の代名詞となっているが、近年の食品の表示基準の厳格化の波を受け、京都府茶業会議所が「宇治茶」の定義を当初「京都府内産茶葉が50パーセント、後の50パーセントが滋賀県・奈良県・三重県のいずれかの産地のものであること」と定めたが、全国の茶の生産量に占める「宇治茶」の割合がわずか数パーセントである中、「宇治茶」として販売できる量が少なくなるという業界内の声を受け、「前述の1府3県のいずれかの産地の茶葉を京都府内で仕上げ加工したもの」であると修正された。
- It is still a synonym for high-class tea mainly including gyokuro (refined green tea) and maccha (powdered green tea), but influenced by the recent tightening of standard of displays for food, Kyoto Prefecture Chamber of Tea Industry initially defined 'Uji cha' as 'tea leaves of Kyoto Prefecture produce occupying 50%, and those from any of Shiga Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, or Mie Prefecture occupying the other 50%,' then reflecting opinions in the industry, that this makes the amount to sell as 'Uji cha' decrease, in the situation that the ratio of 'Uji cha' in national tea production is only a few percent, this was modified to 'tea leaves produced from any of the 4 prefectures above and processed in Kyoto Prefecture.'
- 余が一昨年を以て海外に遊ばんとするや、親朋故旧余が為めに送別の莚を張る中に少壮なる英仏学士の催しになりし一会あり、席上、一友人がハイカラを着け洋服を着くるの利を述ぶる者あり、之より余が(p125/p126)外遊中、高襟党なる文字新聞に現はれて、少年学士を讒謗毀傷するの具となり、彼等が殆ど完膚なからんとするや、西園寺侯は自ら進んで新聞記者に対して、高襟党の首領なりと称し、少年学士に対する攻撃を一身に引受けんとしたりき、思ふに善良なる意義に於ける高襟党の首領としては、何人も彼の統治権を犯さんとするものあらざるべし、故に人或は侯を以て、英国のローズベリー卿に比す、其貴族にして、平民に同情あり、其品格の崇高なる、其識見の秀徹なる--(以下略)
- A farewell party was given for me, who was going to study abroad, by my acquaintances and old friends, and a friend of mine in a group of young scholars who studied in the U.K. or France made a speech about a merit of wearing high collar clothes, and while I was studying abroad the word high collar (haikara) party started to appear in the newspapers after the party, used as a tool for attacking young scholars and when they were almost being knocked galley-west, Duke Saionji willingly declared himself before journalists as a don of the haikara party with a purpose of receiving all attacks against young scholars; I think that no one would dare to take his place as a don of the high collar party in an honest sense, and he, who is a match for Lord Rosebery in the U.K in that he has sympathy for the common people in spite of being a nobleman, has a noble character and excellent insights. (snip)