近代: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 近代
- present day
- modern times
- Chikayo
- Recent period
- The modern times
- After the Meiji Era
- Modern ages
- The modern period
- Early moden times
- Modern Times (after the Meiji period)
- The Modern Age
- Early-modern time
- The recent period
- Modern Era
- The modern ages
- 前近代
- Premodern times
- Pre-Modern Era
- The Early Modern Period
- 近代史
- modern history
- recent history
- 近代劇
- modern drama
- modern theater
- modern WindowsXP
- 近代化
- modernization
- modernisation
- modernize
- modernise
- 近代詩
- modern poetry
- modern-style poetry
- 近代の能
- Noh in the modern times
- 近代以降
- Modern times
- In the modern times
- After the end of Edo period
- Modern Times and Later
- In modern times and later
- Since the modern era
- After the Meiji Restoration
- 近代水道
- modern water supply system
- modern waterworks
- 近代国家
- a modern state or nation
- 近代音楽
- modern music
- contemporary music
- Modernism (music)
- 前近代的
- premodern
- feudalistic
- 近代建築
- Architecture of modern times
- Modern architecture
- 近代国家へ
- To the modern state
- 近世・近代
- Barriers during the early modern and modern periods
- 近代の壁画
- Modern Wall Paintings
- 農業近代化
- agricultural modernization
- 近代美術館
- Kindai Art Museum
- Museum of Modern Art
- 近代の長屋
- Nagaya in the modern era
- 幕末から近代
- From the End of the Edo Period to Modern Times
- 鉱山の近代化
- Modernization of Mine
- 近代五種競技
- the modern pentathlon
- 近代合理主義
- modern rationalism
- 近代経営協会
- Modern Management Association
- 四つの近代化
- Four Modernizations
- 初期近代英語
- Early Modern English
- 近代以降の侍従
- Chamberlains after the Modern Era
- 近代国家の確立
- The Establishment of the modern nation
- 近代の身分制度
- Modern class system
- 近代以降の舞踊
- Modern and contemporary buyo
- 豊科近代美術館
- Toyoshina Museum of Modern Art
- 近代的農業経営
- modernized farm management
- 県立近代美術館
- Kenritsukindai Art Museum
- 近代美術館分館
- Kindaibijutsukanbunkan
- 玉川近代美術館
- Tamagawa Modern Art Museum
- 近代化産業遺産
- Heritage of Industrial Modernization
- 近代以降の住宅
- In modern times and later
- 近代書道史年表
- A chronological table of historical events in modern calligraphy
- 近代以降の遊郭
- Yukaku after the Meiji period
- 醸造業の近代化
- The modernization of the sake brewing industry
- 近代・現代建築
- Early modern and modern construction
- 近代日本の醤油
- Soy-sauce in modern Japan
- 前近代の神仏分離
- Separation of Buddhism and Shintoism, before Modern Times
- 近代地図への寄与
- Contribution to modern maps
- 近代の作品の指定
- Designations as Modern Masterpieces
- 近代化遺産の指定
- The Designation of Modernization Heritage
- 近代的モータ制御
- modern motor control
- 貴重な近代化遺産
- Precious modernization-related assets
- 近代社会主義の祖
- founder of modern communism
- 近代五種競技選手
- Modern pentathletes
- 近代以前の歴史家
- Pre-modern historians
- 武士道と近代の意識
- Bushido and the modern awareness
- 近代天文学への移行
- Transition to Modern Astronomy
- 種別近代・学校建築
- Classification: Modern school building
- 近代に成立した流派
- Established modern schools
- 東京国立近代美術館
- National Museum of Modern Art
- National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo
- 徳島県立近代美術館
- Tokushima Modern Art Museum
- 新潟県立近代美術館
- Niigata Prefectural Museum of Modern Art
- 兵庫県立近代美術館
- Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Modern Art
- 埼玉県立近代美術館
- Museum of Modern Art, Saitama
- 滋賀県立近代美術館
- Museum of Modern Art, Shiga
- The Museum of Modern Art, Shiga
- 秋田県立近代美術館
- Akita Museum of Modern Art
- 富山県立近代美術館
- Museum of Modern Art, Toyama
- 群馬県立近代美術館
- Museum of Modern Art, Gunma
- 京都国立近代美術館
- Kyoto National Museum of Modern Arts
- National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto
- The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK)
- 近代・現代の折り紙
- Modern and contemporary origami
- 近代以降のスポーツ
- Sports after the modern times
- 近代映画協会会長。
- Chairman of Kindai Eiga Kyokai.
- 近代美術と現代美術
- Contemporary art
- 近代五種世界選手権
- World Modern Pentathlon Championships
- 近代以降の天皇の称号
- The titles of Emperors in the modern times.
- 神奈川県立近代美術館
- Museum of Modern Art, Kamakura
- 和歌山県立近代美術館
- Museum of Modern Art, Wakayama
- 金子鴎亭…近代詩文書
- Otei KANEKO: calligraphy of modern poems
- 近代社格制度 旧府社
- Classified as a former prefectural shrine under the modern shrine ranking system.
- 近代社格制度は府社。
- It was categorized as Fusha (a prefectural shrine) in Kindai shakaku seido (modern shrine ranking system).
- This shrine was categorized as a Fusha (a prefectural shrine) in Kindai shakaku seido (modern shrine ranking system).
- ルイジアナ近代美術館
- Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
- 烏丸三条付近の近代建築
- Modern buildings around Karasuma Sanjo
- 近代以前の南北朝正閏論
- Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron before the modern era
- 近代の侍従(除侍従長)
- Chamberlains in the Modern Period (except for the Grand Chamberlains)
- 近代日本における統帥権
- Supreme command in modern Japan.
- 中国前近代の身分呼称。
- A social status in premodern China.
- 近代地方自治のはじまり
- Beginning of Modern Local Autonomy
- 近代における雅楽の派生
- Derivation of Gagaku in the Modern Age
- 設備近代化資金貸付制度
- facility modernization loan program
- ニューヨーク近代美術館
- Museum of Modern Art
- Museum of Modern Art in New York
- 旧近代社格制度は府社。
- It was classified as a fusha (a prefectural shrine) under the former modern shrine ranking system.
- Under the old kindai shakaku seido (modern shrine ranking system), it is a prefectural shrine.
- 『好日』(近代出版社)
- 'Good Day' (Kindai Shuppan)
- セルビア王国 (近代)
- Kingdom of Serbia
- 近代以前の中国の歴史家
- Ancient Chinese historians
- 大連中山広場近代建築群
- Modern Buildings on Zhongshan Square in Dalian
- 中国科学院近代物理研究所
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- IMPCAS
- 知的明快で近代性に富む。
- Intelligent, clear-cut, and very modernized.
- 近代以降に改良された楽器
- Musical instruments improved since the early modern times
- 彼は近代語学会に加盟した
- he joined the Modern Language Association
- アルバニア王国 (近代)
- Albanian Kingdom
- ヴォルィーニ県 (近代)
- Volhynian Governorate
- ブルガリア王国 (近代)
- Kingdom of Bulgaria
- ストックホルム近代美術館
- Moderna Museet
- - 近代海軍の教育 (蘭)
- - Trained Japan's modern navy
- 韓国における近代建築の保存
- Preservation of Modern Architecture in Korea
- 近代に築造された上円下方墳
- Dome-shaped barrows on square bases constructed in modern times
- 中小企業設備近代化資金制度
- Financing Program for Small Business Facility Modernization
- 中小企業近代化資金等助成法
- Law on Finance and Other Assistance for Small Business
- ダム、水門などの近代化遺産
- Structures relating to modernization, such as dams and water gates
- 近代書壇史の始まりである。
- The modern history of the calligraphic society started during this era.
- 近代に作られた神楽である。
- It was created in the modern era.
- サンフランシスコ近代美術館
- San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
- 近代以前の日本における教科書
- School Textbooks in Japan Prior to the Modern Times
- 比較的新しい(近代以降)もの
- Amusement comparatively new (after the modern times)
- 旧近代社格制度は別格官幣社。
- The shrine was ranked as a bekkaku kanpeisha (a special government shrine) under the old shrine classification system.
- It was ranked as a Bekkaku Kanpeisha (a special government shrine) under the old shrine classification system.
- 近代神社建築の代表とされる。
- It is said to be a typical of the modern shrine architecture.
- 琵琶湖疎水(近代化産業遺産)
- Biwa-ko Lake Canal (Heritage of Industrial Modernization)
- 西ヨーロッパと北米の近代文化
- the modern culture of western Europe and North America
- 近代的給湯設備のないアパート
- an apartment without modern conveniences
- ハンガリーの近代五種競技選手
- Hungarian modern pentathletes
- 近代エジプトの国家元首の一覧
- List of rulers of Egypt
- 聖書とアポクリファの近代英語版
- a modern English version of the Bible and Apocrypha
- 原子構造の初めての近代的な概念
- first modern concept of atomic structure
- 多くの民法の近代システムの基礎
- the basis for many modern systems of civil law
- ベトナムは急速に近代化している
- Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
- 近代日本における主要な不平等条約
- Principal unequal treaties in modern Japan
- 近代阮朝における主要な不平等条約
- Principal unequal treaties in modern Nguyen Dynasty
- 近代清朝における主要な不平等条約
- Principal unequal treaties in modern Qing Dynasty
- ※年表は、日本近代建築史を参照。
- See the section on 'Nihon Kindai Kenchikushi' (History of Japan's Modern Architecture) for the timeline.
- See the section on 'Nihon Kindai Kenchikushi' (History of Japan's Modern Architecture) for the time line.
- 歌詞はs近代に作られた神楽参照。
- About the lyrics, please see the article of s: Kagura, (sacred music and dancing performed at shrine) made in the modern age.
- 近代書壇史の始まりと現代書の出現
- The history of the modern calligraphic society started and modern-style calligraphy appeared.
- 能と近代文学 平凡社, 1990
- Noh and Modern Literature' (Heibonsha, 1990)
- 母は近代美人画の大家、上村松園。
- His mother was one of the masters of bijinga in modern era (pictures of beautiful women), Shoen UEMURA.
- イラク、モスルの近代都市のすぐ南
- just to the south of the modern city of Mosul in Iraq
- 町家の表側を近代的に改装したもの。
- It is a machiya whose front face has been reformed in a modern manner.
- 京都国立近代美術館 以上神宮道上ル
- National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto: Jingumichi-agaru for the places mentioned above
- トムには近代絵画の鑑賞能力がある。
- Tom appreciates modern art.
- 近代的な水とそれぞれ特徴が見られる。
- There are various characteristics seen including modern water.
- 近代李氏朝鮮における主要な不平等条約
- Principal unequal treaties in modern Yi Dynasty Korea
- 近代東アジアにおける主要な不平等条約
- Principal unequal treaties in modern East Asia
- 以上は近代まで使われていた物である。
- These above were used until the recent period.
- 国の重要文化財および近代化産業遺産。
- They are Important Cultural Properties and a Heritage of Industrial Modernization site.
- 国史見在社で、旧社格は近代社格制度。
- The shrine belongs to Kokushigenzaisha and its old classification of shrines was the Kindai shakaku seido (Modern shrine ranking system).
- 名神大社とされ、近代社格制度は村社。
- This shrine was classified as a Myojin-taisha (a shrine dedicated to a Myojin, a gracious deity), and then categorized as a Sonsha (a village shrine) in the Kindai shakaku seido (modern shrine ranking system).
- 三島由紀夫の近代能楽集の題材になった。
- It became a theme of Modern Noh Plays written by Yukio MISHIMA.
- 近代国家として大日本帝国を成立させた。
- The Empire of Japan was established as a modern state.
- 近代における思想としての武士道である。
- The Bushido as a way of thought in modern times.
- 近代アメリカ美術史に多大な業績を残す。
- He made great achievements in modern American art history.
- 「近代の超克」に参加し、戦後公職追放。
- He participated in 'Overcoming the Modern' and was expelled from his public office after the war.
- 近代の幕開けと共に、人生の幕を下ろす。
- His life ended when the modern days started.
- オリンピック近代五種競技メダリスト一覧
- List of Olympic medalists in modern pentathlon
- 中世から近代まで栄えた豪族・大名の一族。
- The Naito clan is a clan of gozoku (local rulers) and daimyo (feudal lords) which has flourished from the Middle ages to Modern times.
- 近代的な労働には、さらに悪い含みがある。
- But modern work has worse implications.
- シドニーオリンピックにおける近代五種競技
- Modern pentathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics
- おすべらかし:近代から現代の皇族女性の髪型
- Osuberakashi: a hairstyle of the women of the nobles families from the modern times to present day
- 日本では近代になって建てられたものも多い。
- In Japan, many were built in modern times.
- 3階- テーマ展示室、近世、近代絵画の展示
- Third floor: theme exhibition room, display of recent, modern paintings
- 近代の名人に北村一郎、鵜沢寿、北村治など。
- Ichiro KITAMURA, Hisashi UZAWA and Osamu KITAMURA are among masters in the early modern times.
- 日本初の近代オリンピック代表選手となった。
- Mishima was the first national member of Japan in modern Olympics.
- 34歳にして、近代日本初の公許女医となる。
- At the age of 34, she became the first certified female doctor in modern Japan.
- 『仔鹿』(1961年、東京国立近代美術館)
- 'Kojika' (1961, the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo)
- 新藤のいる近代映画協会入りすることになる。
- She joined the Kindai Eiga Kyokai to which Shindo belonged.
- 『赤松』(1956年、東京国立近代美術館)
- 'Akamatsu' (1956, the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo)
- 『枯葉』(1958年、京都国立近代美術館)
- 'Kareha' (1958, the National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto)
- 『菖蒲』(1939年、東京国立近代美術館)
- 'Shobu' (1939, the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo)
- アトランタオリンピックにおける近代五種競技
- Modern pentathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics
- 三島由紀夫の『近代能楽集』で取り上げられた。
- It was featured in 'Modern Noh Plays' written by Yukio MISHIMA.
- しかし後に近代の偽書であることが立証された。
- But it was proved that the book was a gisho written in recent times.
- また、近代に作られた神楽でも一部用いられる。
- Also, it is sometimes used in modern kagura (sacred music and dancing performed at shrines).
- このように、次第に近代的な成長を遂げていく。
- In this way, the world was gradually being modernized.
- 『狂女』(1919年頃、東京国立近代美術館)
- 'Kyojo' (circa 1919, the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo)
- 近代に観光用客寄せとして作られたものではない。
- It is not something that was constructed in the modern times to attract tourists.
- 朱子学の思想は、近代日本にも強い影響を与えた。
- The thought of Neo-Confucianism had a strong influence on modern Japan.
- 近代以前は港に設置され灯台としても使用された。
- In pre-modern times, toro was placed at a harbor to be used as a beacon.
- 1967年 独立し「京都国立近代美術館」となる
- 1967: It became independent as 'The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto.'
- 前近代の慣例はここに廃止されたものと解される。
- It is believed that pre-modern customs were abandoned at around this time.
- 近代に入って中絶したが、1962年に復活した。
- It was discontinued in modern times but revived in 1962.
- 近代以前は「池田道」「亀岡道」などと呼ばれた。
- Until modern times, these roads were called 'Ikeda-do Road' and 'Kameoka-do Road,' respectively.
- 『星五位』(1958年、東京国立近代美術館蔵)
- 'Hoshigoi' (Five Young Black-Crowned Herons as Stars) (1958, The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo)
- 日本の医学の近代化に大きく貢献した人物である。
- Thus, Toyo greatly contributed to the modernization of Japanese medicine.
- 柳兼子は近代日本を代表する女性声楽(アルト)。
- Kaneko YANAGI was a female singer (alto singer), who represented modern day Japan.
- 『後苑雨後』(1927年、京都国立近代美術館)
- 'Goen Ugo' (1927, the National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto)
- それは近代スキーの技術への正しい接近法である。
- It is the correct approach to modern ski technique.
- 明治以後の近代皇室においては以下が直宮とされる。
- Since Meiji Era the following are considered to be Jikimiya in the modern Imperial family.
- しかし、近代以後も富士川游らが佐藤説を支持した。
- From the modern age, however, Yu FUJIKAWA and others have supported the theory suggested by Hojo SATO.
- 本作の「伊豆屋」を元に近代的な解釈をほどこした。
- Based on 'Izuya' of this play, he added modern interpretations.
- 近代でも対外戦争毎に強調され、国家神道を支えた。
- In recent years, this belief was exaggerated in Wars against other countries and was supported by state sponsorship of Shintoism.
- これは近代における日中間の最初の武力衝突となる。
- This was the first armed conflict between Japan and china in modern times.
- 近代以降は女子あるいは成人女性が舞う場合も多い。
- Since the modern age it has in many cases been performed by a girl or an adult woman.
- 近代では森鴎外の『高瀬舟』の中にその用例がある。
- In modern times, an example can be seen in Ogai MORI's novel 'Takasebune' (The Boat on the Takase-gawa River).
- 近代以降は手打ちと機械打ちのものが存在している。
- Since modern times, needles for both machine and hand have existed.
- 国風歌舞と、一部の近代に作られた神楽で使われる。
- This instrument is used in kuniburi no utamai (Japanese traditional dance executed in the ceremonies of the court) and some kagura performances (sacred music and dancing performed at shrines) made in modern times.
- 近代文化 文明開化、明治文化、大正文化、昭和文化
- Modern culture: Civilization and enlightenment, Meiji culture, Taisho culture and Showa culture
- 近代的考証史学の観点から、実在性を否定している。
- From the view of modern historical investigation, he denied Takanori's existence.
- 『鋳銅花器』(東京国立近代美術館蔵、1930年)
- 'Chudo kaki' (A copper flower vase) (The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, 1930)
- 彼の国内改革によってスウェーデンを近代国家にした
- his domestic reforms made Sweden a modern state
- 近代オリンピックでの国・地域別メダル総獲得数一覧
- All-time Olympic Games medal table
- 明治になり、近代税制が確立すると地子は姿を消した。
- In the Meiji period, jishi disappeared as the modern tax system was established.
- 登録有形文化財には主に近代のものが登録されている。
- Products mainly of the modern period are registered as registered tangible cultural properties.
- 近代的な国際関係樹立は、はなから躓いたといえよう。
- It can be said that the establishment of modern international relations was in difficulty from the beginning.
- 近代短歌以後、「遊び」の要素が嫌われて一旦廃れた。
- In the modern era when the tanka (a form of Japanese poetry, consisting of five lines of 5, 7, 5, 7 and 7 syllables) became dominant, the uta-awase contest went out of fashion and became obsolete because its entertaining element was shunned,.
- 明治維新を経て、日本は近代国家へと成長をしていく。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Japan began developing into a modern state.
- 『能と近代文学』で観世寿夫記念法政大学能楽賞受賞。
- MASUDA's book 'Noh and Modern Literature' ('能と近代文学') won the Hosei University Hisao KANZE Memorial Noh Drama Prize.
- それ以降も、近代までは「大井社」とも呼ばれていた。
- However, it was still referred to by the name 'Oi-sha Shrine' until modern times.
- 近代の建築だが、鎌倉時代頃の建築様式を用いている。
- Although a modern building, it was constructed in the style of the Kamakura Period style.
- 主な作品は東京国立近代美術館などに収められている。
- His masterpieces are collected at the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, and others.
- ヨーロッパ史で、中世が終わり近代社会が勃興する時代
- the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world
- 近代に入り、両家ともに華族となり、子爵を与えられた。
- In modern times, both families were raised to the peerage and given the title of a viscount.
- 歌舞伎の作術を用いながらも近代的な香りが漂っている。
- The play is written in a Kabuki format yet still shows modernity.
- 近代は子供の遊びとなり、現代では廃れてしまっている。
- In modern age, it became a play for children and now it died out.
- 明治天皇は、近代の天皇制が確立した時期の天皇である。
- Emperor Meiji was the Emperor during a time when the modern Emperor system was established.
- なお近代以前の日朝関係については朝鮮通信使に詳しい。
- Refer to 'the Messenger of Korea' for details of the Japan-Korea relation before the modern era.
- これらは近代化の象徴として、地元民の誇りともなった。
- Local people were proud of them as they symbolized Japan's modernization.
- 設備面では、1970年代後半から近代化が進められた。
- The modernization of maintenance started to progress in the late 1970s.
- ※神功皇后も天皇の代に数えることが近代以前は行われた。
- *Before the modern period the Empress Jingu was counted among successive Emperors.
- しかし、近代的な国語辞典が小型化すると出版が減少した。
- However, as the modern Japanese-language dictionaries became miniaturized, the number of copies of the setsuyoshu dwindled.
- また近代や現代においても新しい曲が書かれることがある。
- Moreover, some dramas are written in the recent past or in recent years.
- 近代の旅順要塞やマジノ要塞も山に築かれた要塞群である。
- The Port Arthur stronghold and the Maginot Line also consisted of fortifications built on mountains.
- 近代まで窯の主流を占めていたが、急速に減少しつつある。
- Although Renboshiki-noborigama was the most common type of kiln until recently, its number is declining rapidly.
- (注1)「旧神社名」とは、近代社格制度下における神社名
- Note 1: 'Former Shrine Name' is the name by which the shrine was known under the integrated system of shrine ranks.
- 障壁画は竹内栖鳳など、近代日本画の巨匠が担当している。
- The partition paintings are the work of Seiho TAKEUCHI and other modern masters of traditional Japanese painting.
- 1934年、「赤陽」(木版)(東京国立近代美術館所蔵)
- 1934: 'Sekiyo' (evening sun) (wood-block printing) (in the possession of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo)
- 1934年、《つき》 多色木版(神奈川県立近代美術館)
- 1934: 'Tsuki' multi-color woodblock print (The Museum of Modern Art, Kamakura & Hayama)
- 『青銅回文菱花器』(東京国立近代美術館蔵、1963年)
- 'Seido kaibun hishi kaki' (Vase with squared sides with diamond motifs, bronze) (The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, 1963)
- 近代文学の発展に強く影響した(1885年−1972年)
- strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972)
- 近代には、天皇が上記の姿で毎年の節折の儀出御に使用する。
- In modern times, emperors appear dressed as described above at the yoori ritual held twice each year.
- 近代では、島原藩士であった市川信光(虎四郎)範士が有名。
- In the modern period, Nobumitsu ICHIKAWA (also known as Torashiro), a statesman of the Shimabara clan, was famous.
- 大手大橋経由 本社営業所・日赤病院・県立近代美術館前 行
- Buses bound for the Head Service Office/Red Cross Hospital/Kenritsu Kindai Bijutsukan (Niigata Prefectural Museum of Modern Art) via Ote Ohashi
- アテネオリンピック (2004年) における近代五種競技
- Modern pentathlon at the 2004 Summer Olympics
- 丸髷(まるまげ):江戸時代前期から近代までの代表的な女髷。
- Marumage: A typical mage for women from early Edo Period to early-modern times.
- 明治になっても近代化のために最新の兵器や機械の輸入は続く。
- To meet Japan's goal of modernization, the importation of the latest weapons and machinery continued into the Meiji period.
- 「伏見桃山城」は史実にはない近代建築である(本文で詳述)。
- 'Fushimi Momoyama-jo Castle' is a recent construction that did not exist historically (details to follow).
- さらにフランスの技師を招いて指導を仰ぐなどの近代化を達成。
- Besides, he succeeded in modernization such as following the instructions by inviting French engineers.
- 同作品に主演したがこれをきっかけに近代映画協会へ参加する。
- She appeared as the lead actress this production and used it as a stepping stone from which to join the Kindai Eiga Kyokai.
- (山田美妙「文学極衰?」1890年)『近代文学評論大系』より
- ('Bungaku Kyokusui?' by Bimyo YAMADA, 1890, from 'Kindai Bungaku Hyoron Taikei'
- 近代では、石の代わりに、火薬や油壺を投げたりもされたらしい。
- In recent times, explosive or oil pots seems to be thrown in place of a stone.
- 近代に入って修験道の信仰は大きな打撃をこうむることとなった。
- During Modern times, worshipers of mountaineering asceticism suffered heavy blows.
- これは後に、明治政府による近代化教育の先駆けとなったのである。
- This was a precursor to the modern educational system introduced by the Meiji Government.
- 伊勢神宮を構成する神社と施設としては唯一近代以降の創立である。
- This is the only part of Ise-jingu Shrine established in the modern era.
- 官戸(かんこ)は中国前近代および日本の律令制における身分呼称。
- Kanko ('guanhu' in Chinese) was the name of a social status that existed in premodern China and in Japan under the ritsuryo system.
- 総督府は台湾の近代化のために都市整備と交通改善を実施している。
- The Sotoku-fu also placed a strong emphasis on the modernization of Taiwan's urban infrastructure and transportation system.
- しかし、近代になって市街化が進んだことによって灘が急速に衰退。
- However, due to the rapid urbanization in modern times, production declined in Nada.
- 上田は、五線譜、7孔尺八などを導入し、尺八の近代化につとめた。
- The Ueda school adopted the staff notation system, seven-hole shakuhachi and the like, and worked to modernize the shakuhachi.
- 近代以前は一般的に世襲され、現在でもその傾向がきわめてつよい。
- Before modern times, the position was generally hereditary, and this trend continues today.
- 福澤諭吉の弟子として、日本の近代教育の礎を築いた教育者の一人。
- He was one of the educators who established the foundation of the modern Japanese education as a disciple of Yukichi FUKUZAWA.
- 博覧会を通じて日本の近代化に貢献し、「博覧会男」の異名を得る。
- He contributed to the modernization of Japanese industry through the exhibition and he received an imyo (another name) 'Exhibition Man.'
- 当時近代刑法が確立しておらず、断頭の後三日間獄門に処せられた。
- Since modern Penal Code was not established at that time, her head was exposed at the gates of the prison for three days after beheading.
- 日本の皇帝で、日本の近代化を促進した(1852年−1912年)
- emperor of Japan who encouraged the modernization of Japan (1852-1912)
- 例えば`blitz'は近代英語に借用されたドイツ語の単語である
- e.g. `blitz' is a German word borrowed into modern English
- 日本近代史以前には数ある類義語の中ではもっとも普通に使用された。
- Before the Japanese modern history, the term was most commonly used among many synonyms.
- 神奈川県立近代美術館葉山館 (神奈川県三浦郡葉山町にある別邸跡。
- The Museum of Modern Art, Hayama (the place that used to be a villa, located at Hayama-machi, Miura-gun, Kanagawa Prefecture.
- 決して近代的な国際関係の中に自国が置かれたとは考えていなかった。
- Korea certainly did not think they were involved in modern international relations.
- 閔妃一族が開化派の筆頭となり日本と同じく近代的な軍隊を目指した。
- Queen Min and her clan members took leading roles in the Progressive Party, and aimed to make their army as modern as Japan's.
- 丁稚を採用していた企業は近代的な契約による従業員に衣替えさせた。
- Companies which had employed decchi apprentices changed them into employees.
- だが、近世の持続可能な里山利用は近代に入ると3度の危機に瀕した。
- However, this sustained state of Satoyam was threatened three times in modern age.
- 福沢諭吉も、皇室の永続性は近代化を推進する要素だと見なしていた。
- Yukichi FUKUZAWA also regarded imperial permanence as a factor for promoting Japan's modernization.
- 「秘伝開放」「茶道本来無流儀」を掲げ、近代茶道の復興を目指した。
- They aimed the revival of modern tea ceremony with slogans of 'disclosing the secrets' and 'the tea ceremony free from schools in essential.'
- その後盛衰を繰り返し、現在の姿になったのは近代以降のことである。
- It went through repeated periods of decline and prosperity before reaching its current form in the early modern period.
- その後、近世末期から近代に至る数度の火災で仏殿、方丈などを焼失。
- Following this, the temple experienced numerous fires from the end of the modern era to the present day, which resulted in the destruction of the Buddha statue hall and the hojo.
- しかし、近代初期の日本外交において独特な活躍をみせた人物である。
- However, he played a unique role in Japanese diplomacy in the early modern times.
- (都市よりも)通常は近くに近代的な病院のない田舎で仕事をする医師
- a doctor who practices in the country (rather than in a city) usually remote from a modern hospital
- こうした事態が整理されるのは、近代の皇室典範制定を待つことになる。
- It was not until the Imperial House Act was established in the Meiji period that these situations were resolved.
- 近代の宮中祭祀および関連法令においては、「大喪」と表記されている。
- Modern court ritual and related acts describe it as 'taiso (imperial mourning).'
- 倒幕・攘夷派の象徴として、また近代国家日本の指導者として活躍した。
- He acted as a symbol of the force to overthrow the Shogunate and antiforeign sentiment, and was also a leader of modern Japan.
- 幕末に至って欧米諸国を範に幕府や雄藩は近代的な艦隊の創設に向かう。
- At the end of the Edo period, the bakufu and major domains started to establish their modern fleet.
- 庵点は近代になって『「』(始め鉤括弧)の元になったといわれている。
- It is said that an opening single quotation mark in Japanese (''') was derived from ioriten in modern times.
- ただ近代以降、こういった矯正が実のないものという見方も増えてきた。
- Since the modern age in Japan, however, people have increasingly viewed this custom of correction of children as fruitless.
- しかし、近代的な野焼きは半永久的に農地に供するためになされている。
- However, modern open burning is conducted to use the field as semipermanent farmland.
- 明治時代に入ると近代国家になるために交通網を整備する必要があった。
- During the Meiji period, Japan had an increased need for traffic network to become a modern state.
- 鎌倉時代初め、鴨長明の『無名抄』「近代会狼藉事」にこう書かれている。
- At the beginning of the Kamakura period, it was written as follows within 'Kindaikairozekiji' in 'Mumyosho' (an essay on tanka poetry) written by KAMO no Chomei:
- - 富岡製糸場の首長(責任者)、建設から近代製糸技術の導入まで(仏)
- - He was involved with the Tomioka Silk Mill from its construction to the introduction of modern yarn-making technology, serving as the mill's chief (in other words, the one in charge of the mill)
- 門主としては教団の近代化に努め、日露戦争には多数の従軍布教使を派遣。
- As a chief priest, he tried hard to modernize his religious organization and sent many missionaries on campaigns during the Japanese-Russo War.
- 日本酒の歴史醸造業の近代化の軟水醸造法によって全国的に有名になった。
- They became well known across the country for the soft water sake brewing method developed in the latter of the Meiji period.
- 近代国家建設のための戦いに命を捧げた同志たちを改めて追悼・顕彰する。
- They wanted to properly commemorate and honor their comrades who had perished in the battles for the construction of a modern nation.
- その間に学制の基礎固め・四民平等・警察制度整備など近代化政策を推進。
- It was during this time that he implemented modernization policies including laying the foundations of the education system, advocating equality for all, and organizing the police system
- 近代に入り、明治26年(1893年)の火災で大部分の建物が失われた。
- In the modern era, most part of the buildings were lost to fire in 1893.
- 旧態依然たる明治の興行界に近代的なシステムを導入したことで知られる。
- He has been renowned for introducing a modern system to the conservative entertainment industry in the Meiji period.
- 日本史以外の東洋史においては近代以前の頭立った武人に対して使用される。
- In Oriental history other than Japanese, it is used for an outstanding warrior before modern ages.
- 江戸幕府が倒れた近代以降、明治新政府の下で陸軍省・海軍省が設置された。
- In early modern times following the collapse of the Edo bakufu, the Meiji new government created the Ministries of War and Navy.
- なお、これらの兵の素行や略奪に関する概念は近代の倫理観と落差があった。
- However, notions of these acts and pillage, at the time, differed from modern ethics.
- 近代的な管理が行き届き、工業製品として在庫状況などに柔軟に対応できる。
- The producer can control sake in a modern way and can maintain the stock as an industrial product.
- In this method, the modern management is able to be thoroughly conducted and the sake is able to flexibly cope with the inventory state as an industrial product.
- 江戸時代から近代にかけての古根付と、昭和、平成の現代根付に大別される。
- There are two main types of netsuke: historical netsuke made from the Edo Period to the modern era and contemporary netsuke made from the Showa Period to the Heisei Period.
- 古河は採鉱事業の近代化を進めたが、1885年までに大鉱脈が発見された。
- Furukawa promoted the modernization of mining operations, and rich deposits were discovered by 1885.
- 朝鮮を冊封体制から近代国際法的な属国へと位置づけし直そうとしはじめる。
- The Qing dynasty started to change the position of Korea from a subject state under the tributary system to that based on modern international law.
- 新政府は、天皇の官制大権を前提として、近代的な官僚制の構築を目指した。
- The new government aimed at a modern bureaucracy on the condition that the emperor held the prerogative to control official affairs.
- 明治時代に入ると、欧米の影響で近代的な五十音検索の国語辞典が登場した。
- As the Meiji period began, under the influence of western culture, there appeared a modern style dictionary of Japanese-language in which the words were arranged in the order of the Japanese syllabary.
- 近代書道教育の発展に貢献したのは小中学校の習字教科書の筆者ともいえる。
- It can be said that the persons who contributed to the development of modern calligraphy in education were the authors of school textbooks of calligraphy.
- 楽箏のものは小さく低いが、大音量を求める近代のものは大型になっている。
- Although small and short ones are used for gaku-Soh, bigger ones are commonly used for current Soh which requires a large volume.
- 近代に入って中絶したが、1962年(昭和37年)に白峯神宮で復活した。
- The dance was discontinued in the modern era, but was restored at Shiramine-jingu Shrine in 1962.
- 近代以前はいわゆる科学的再現性が酒造りにおいてはつねに大問題であった。
- Before modern times, what we call scientific reproducibility had always been a big problem for sake brewing.
- 庭園は近代の造園家・重森三玲の作で、方丈を囲み、東、西、南に配される。
- The gardens arranged to the east, west and south of the building were designed by modern landscape architect Mirei SHIGEMORI.
- 明治22年(1889年)近代実証史学の立場から『赤穂義士実話』を著す。
- He wrote 'Ako-gishi Jitsuwa' (The real story of loyal retainers of Ako) from the standpoint of the modern positivist study of history in 1889.
- 「漢城旬報」は朝鮮における最初の近代的新聞で文章は当初は純漢文だった。
- 'Hanseong Sunbo' was the first modern newspaper in Korea and all the text was written in pure classical Chinese when it was launched.
- 青木の真意は日本近代化には、専攻を分散することの必要を説くことだった。
- Aoki's true intention was to appeal the necessity of decentralizing the major subjects for the modernization of Japan.
- 近藤真琴は近代国語学者として先駆者の一人に数えられる業績を残している。
- Makoto KONDO made great achievements as a modern Japanese scholars that could be counted as one of the pioneers in the area.
- 独立プロダクションの先駈けとなる近代映画協会を吉村、殿山泰司らと設立。
- With Yoshimura and Taiji TONOYAMA, he established the Kindai Eiga Kyokai (Modern Cinema Association), which became the precursor of independent productions.
- フランドルの外科医で、近代解剖学の父とされる(1514年−1564年)
- a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)
- 保存と活用のための措置が特に必要とされる近代の文化財が多数存在している。
- There are many cultural properties of modern times that especially require some measure of preservation and application.
- 藤原京の名称は近代に作られた学術用語であり、『日本書紀』には登場しない。
- The name of Fujiwara-kyo was a created word in modern times and its name had never been written in 'Nihonshoki.'
- 土佐派などの流派に受け継がれ、近代・現代の日本画にも影響を及ぼしている。
- It had been succeeded by Tosa school, and so on and affected Japanese-style painting in recent and modern times.
- 近代に作られた神楽もあり、その中には多くの神社で行われているものもある。
- There are also some kagura created in the modern age and performed currently in many shrines.
- 後述する種彦本とは系統を異にし、近代まで残った『談儀』唯一の完本である。
- The Horibon belongs to the different lineage from Tanehikobon (Tanehiko version) described below, and it was the only kanbon (complete edition) of 'Sarugaku dangi 'that existed until modern times.
- 近代までにそれぞれ独立した競技、儀礼的神事として作法や規則が整備された。
- In separate competitions, the rules and etiquette of each of the forms has been maintained through to present times.
- 価格も近代になってから急激に上がり、現在では赤身の2倍以上の値段がつく。
- Also, prices have skyrocketed as the modern era arrived, with Toro selling at more than double the value of lean meat currently.
- なお近代に成立の武道では柔道、剣道、弓道などは流派という概念を否定した。
- Recently created martial arts such as Judo, Kendo (Japanese fencing) and Kyudo (Japanese archery) have rejected the concept of ryuha.
- また、この手法は動力近代化による新規電化区間の開業時においても使われた。
- This method was also used for new electrified sections that were opened to traffic.
- パレスチナやか近代イスラエル以外のユダヤ人(または、ユダヤ人社会)の集団
- the body of Jews (or Jewish communities) outside Palestine or modern Israel
- 近代は女子も閉じて、蜷飾りを巻いて、上述のようなもち方をすることになった。
- After the Meiji period, girls also used the fan with closed and with nina kazari around it, holding it in the way as described above.
- 明治22年(1889年)、近代国家の憲法として大日本帝国憲法が公布された。
- In 1889, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was enacted as the constitution of the modern state.
- 明治維新後の近代化と社会の激変によりそれまでの日本美術は大きく揺れ動いた。
- And Japanese art was also shaken by the modernization and the drastic change of the Japanese society after the Meiji Restoration.
- こうして明治維新が始まり、日本も本格的に近代化の時代を向かえることになる。
- This is how the Meiji Restoration started, and how Japan also entered the age of full-scale modernization.
- これは近代日本初の海外出兵であったが、清側は直ちに抗議し撤兵を強く求めた。
- This is the first time for Japan to dispatch troops abroad in modern times, but the Quing dynasty immediately protested demanding the withdrawal of the troops.
- その後、近現代の日本画・洋画のコレクションは滋賀県立近代美術館に移された。
- Subsequently the collection of modern and contemporary Japanese style paintings and oil paintings was moved to The Museum of Modern Art, Shiga.
- レンガを用いたアート展示会、旧軍港4市近代化遺産写真展などが行われている。
- There are also exhibitions of art that uses bricks, and Kyu-gunko yonshi Kindaika Isan Shashin-ten (photographic exhibition of the site of modernization of four cities of former military ports).
- 1963年 京都市勧業館別館を改装し、「国立近代美術館京都分館」として開館
- 1963: The auxiliary building of The Kyoto Municipal Exhibition Hall for Industrial Affairs was refurbished and reopened as 'The Annex Museum of The National Museum of Modern Art in Kyoto.'
- まず近代では、近衛秀麿が1931年に「越天楽」をオーケストラ用に編曲した。
- In the modern era, Hidemaro KONOE arranged 'Etenraku' (literally, music brought from heaven) for orchestra in 1931.
- これは、近代のおやつを菓子類が占めてきたことに関連付けて見ることが出来る。
- This joke can be explained in connection with the fact that people eat mainly sweets as an oyatsu in modern times.
- 近代以降、褌も六尺褌から、時代と共に簡略化されて越中褌で行う地区もあった。
- In more recent times, in a departure from traditional loincloths (Rokushaku Fundoshi), along with the changing times there were some regions who held simplified loincloth (Etchu Fundoshi) events.
- 近代では即位関連儀礼でも使用はなく、唯一賀茂祭の勅使が使用するだけである。
- In the early-modern times, the Gyotai is not used even in a ceremony of the enthronement: Only an Imperial envoy of the Kamo Festival uses the Gyotai.
- 近代建築においてエクステリア・インテリアの装飾品として使われることもある。
- Modern architecture has seen the adoption of Sudare for use in exterior and interior decoration.
- また近代になって新造された靖国神社・招魂社(護国神社)のようなものもある。
- There are also recently constructed shrines such as Yasukuni-jinja Shrine and Shokonsha Shrine (Gokoku-jinja Shrine).
- また山麓は平安時代から近代にかけて、京都の皇族・貴族や武士の保養地であった。
- Also, this area on the foot of the mountains were health resort catering to the Imperial family, nobility and samurai in Kyoto from the Heian period to the modern times.
- 中でも中村吉右衛門 (初代)は團蔵系のやり方に近代的なアレンジをほどこした。
- Kichiemon NAKAMURA I particularly gave a modern interpretation to the Danzo style.
- 行政の干渉から司法の独立を確立し、三権分立の意識を広めた近代史上重要な事件。
- This incident was so significant in the modern history of Japan because it triggered independence of judiciary from government's interference and raised people's awareness of separation of powers.
- 清・朝関係は、近代的国際法から見ると極めてファジーな属人主義的関係であった。
- From the viewpoint of modern international law, the relationship between the Qing dynasty and Korea was extremely ambiguous on the personal principle.
- こうして獲得した富を商工業に投資し、近代的な資本家に転換していった者もいる。
- Some invested the earned money in trading and manufacturing and turned to a modern capitalist.
- そして近代以後も御前会議などにおいては、この方式が維持されていったのである。
- And even recently, this way had been continued in conferences while in the presence of the emperor and so on.
- 明治時代以降の日本の近代化に寄与してきた産業・交通・土木関連の建造物である。
- These are construction heritages related to industrial, traffic and civil engineering works attributed to the modernization of Japan since the Meiji period.
- 着物や袴の下に履く下着として、明治以降の日本の近代化に伴い全国的に普及した。
- In the period of the modern Japanese development since the Meiji period, it became a common in the whole country as underwear to be put under kimono or hakama (pleated loose-fitting trousers).
- 近代一般的な卵を使用した変形カツ丼は「卵カツ丼」「上カツ丼」と呼ばれている。
- Its variant with eggs, which today is more prevalent, is called 'tamago katsudon' or 'jo katsudon.'
- 速醸系(そくじょうけい)では、乳酸を人工的にあらかじめ加える、近代的な製法。
- Sokujo-kei is a modern method of adding lactic acid artificially in advance.
- 醸造業の近代化とはすなわち、「酒を工業的に生産する」ことの始まりでもあった。
- The modernization of the brewing industry was the beginning of the 'industrial production of sake.'
- その後、近代日本の文化は、明治維新と連合国占領時代の2度、大転換期を迎えた。
- Thereafter, modern Japanese culture had a time of great transformation twice in the Meiji Restoration and the period of allied nations' occupation.
- 近代以降、政界、経済界、学界他あらゆる分野の第一線を担う人物を輩出してきた。
- In more recent times, they have come from a range of walks of life such as: politics, business and academia.
- 他、様々な学校制度の整備に邁進し、近代国家としての教育制度の確立に尽力した。
- In addition, pushing forward with his work of consolidating various school systems, he made an effort to establish the education system as a modern state.
- 寺地は日蓮に帰依した武士四条頼基の邸跡といい、寺は近代になって再興されたもの。
- The temple site is said to be where a mansion of a warrior, Yorimoto SHIJO, once stood, and the temple was rebuilt in the modern times.
- 日本における近代的な歴史思想の導入は、19世紀後半の明治維新以降のことである。
- Modern historical concepts were introduced in Japan during the Meiji Restoration or later, or during the latter half of the nineteenth century.
- その後近代になって、死に装束である経帷子の代わりに着用するという考えが生じた。
- Later in the modern days people started to regard Byakue costumes as replacement of shrouds, burial outfit.
- というより属国か独立国か、という二項対立的な枠組みそのものが近代の所産である。
- Or it can be said that the framework where the two terms 'client' and 'independent' conflict is an offspring of modern times.
- 開化派は軍の近代化を目指していたため、当然武器や用具等も新式が支給されていた。
- As the Progressive Party aimed to modernize the army, it was natural for the weapons and tools given out to the Byeolgigun to be of the new style.
- 近代化を急ぐあまり、固有の慣習から乖離した、地方の実情に合わない制度であった。
- The system did not fit into the reality of regions and disregarded customs unique to them, as the government was in a hurry for modernizing the nation.
- 木造塔のほか、石、瓦、鉄製の塔もあり、近代以降は鉄筋コンクリート造の塔もある。
- Other than wood, they are also made of stone, tiles, and iron, and in the modern days there are ferroconcrete pagodas.
- 西洋楽器の影響を受けて「近代化」したものが少なくない中国楽器とは対照的である。
- Contrastingly, many Chinese traditional musical instruments have been 'modernized' due to the influence of Western musical instruments.
- 酒蔵の近代化とはすなわち、もっと工業的にコスト削減をめざすということであった。
- The modernization of sake breweries meant an attempt to decrease costs by industrialization.
- 「関西建築界の父」とも言われる日本の建築家で、近代日本を代表する建築家の一人。
- He was an architect called 'the father of the Kansai Architect World,' and represented modern Japanese architects.
- イランの近代化の親西政策と共産主義への対立するシャーに対抗するために追求された
- sought to counter the Shah of Iran's pro-western policies of modernization and opposition to communism
- この洛外にまで広がった上京と下京が近代以後の京都市の基礎となっていくことになる。
- Kamikyo and Shimokyo which extended to Rakugai became the basis of early modern period Kyoto City.
- これによって、西洋の近代的な天文学が事実上排除されると言う「逆転現象」が生じた。
- This caused an inversion where modern Western astronomy was, as a matter of practice, eliminated.
- 心中に抱いた大望を隠し遊興に耽溺する姿は、十三代目片岡仁左衛門が近代随一だった。
- In the modern day, the best actor who played the role of Yuranosuke, who lives a life of debauchery while harboring an ambition in mind, was Nizaemon KATAOKA the 13th.
- イギリスのシェークスピアの翻訳に従事する傍ら、日本の近代劇の創造にも手を染めた。
- While he was engaged in translating Shakespeare's English works, he launched the creation of Japanese modern dramas.
- お雇い外国人は、日本の近代化の過程で西欧の先進技術や知識を学ぶために雇用された。
- Oyatoi-gaikokujin were employed to teach native Japanese the latest technologies and knowledge from Europe and the United States in order to fuel the process of Japan's modernization.
- 芥川龍之介の作品はじめ近代日本文学にも数多く題材を提供していることでも知られる。
- Some of literary works of modern Japanese literature including Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA referenced some of those stories.
- そして、近代工業や鉄道などの建設を推進する政府は「商人」のようであると糾弾した。
- He further denounced the government as something like 'a merchant' since it promoted modern industries and the construction of railways.
- 近代における私諡号は「円照大師」、1940年に国家より「証誠大師」号を贈られた。
- His private shigo (a posthumous name) in modern times is 'Ensho Daishi,' and in 1940, a name 'Shojo Daishi' was given from the nation.
- また、山頂には旧陸軍の砲台跡なども残っており、近代史の探訪も兼ねることができる。
- Remains of a gun battery of the Imperial Army of Japan on the mountaintop tell a bit of Japan's modern history.
- しかし近代に入り東京に進出してからは東京風のスマートで洗練された芸風に変化した。
- However, since the school moved to Tokyo in modern times it has changed the style to smart and elegant Tokyo style.
- 日本が近代化して以降でも野点はしばしば戸外で楽しむ行楽の様式として存続している。
- After Japan was modernized, Nodate still survives as one of outdoor amusement which one can often enjoy.
- 近代、松涛館流の空手に他武術を取り入れ合理的に発展してきたのがテコンドーである。
- A style that had combined Shotokan-ryu karate with another martial art rationally developed into taekwondo decades ago.
- 平安京の大路小路とは関係のない、近代になってから九条通の南に作られた通りである。
- The street has no relationship to the oji-koji (alleys and main streets) of Heian-kyo; it was developed later in the modern era to the south of Kujo-dori Street.
- 大阪と山陰方面を結ぶ亜幹線とされたが、線路改良や電化などの近代化は大幅に遅れた。
- Although the railway line was designated as a semi-main line connecting Osaka and the direction of Sanin, the modernization (such as track improvement and electrification) was significantly delayed.
- また、近代には地方病として蔓延した日本住血吸虫病による体力の低下という説もある。
- It is also said that his death was caused by a decline inhis physical health resulting from schistosomiasis japonica (form of bilharzia caused by the Oriental blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum) which became epidemic as a local disease in modern times
- 現在は彼の地でも知られているが、これは近代になって流入した知識によるものである。
- It is now known there, but this is because information was imported in modern times.
- そうした観点からは、近代以降の法人名としては教王護国寺が正式名称であるといえる。
- From this perspective, Kyoogokoku-ji can be called the official name of the modern religious corporation.
- 近代映画協会の解散記念作品にとキャスト2人・スタッフ11人で瀬戸内海ロケを敢行。
- It was filmed on location on the Seto Inland Sea with 2 cast and 11 staff members as a work commemorating the dissolution of Kindai Eiga Kyokai.
- 有馬豊氏は検地を行い、今でもその名残を残す近代的な町割りを行い城下町を築き上げた。
- Toyouji ARIMA established a castle town by carrying out a land survey, and dividing the area into towns through modern urban development; the divided towns remain to this day.
- 文明開化を経て封建主義や鎖国の影響も影をひそめ、欧米から近代文化がどっと流入する。
- After civilization and enlightenment, the influence of feudalism and national isolation seemed to disappear and modern culture flooded into Japan from Western countries.
- 朝廷の権威の復権に努め、朝廷が近代天皇制へ移行する下地をつくったと評価されている。
- He worked hard to revive the authority of the Imperial Palace, and it was said that he established the basis for the transition of the palace to the modern imperial system.
- 近代以前の作家にはこの言葉を用いないので狩野永徳や雪舟を日本画家と呼ぶことはない。
- Since this term is not used for painters before modern times, Eitoku KANO and SESSHU are not called Japanese-style painters.
- 開化派の狙いは、日本と同じように国王を頂点とする近代立憲君主制国家の樹立であった。
- The aim of the Progressive Party was to establish a modern constitutional monarchy with the king at the top as Japan was.
- 1876年に公布されたオスマン帝国憲法に次いで、アジアでは2番目の近代憲法である。
- It was the second modern constitution in Asia after the constitution of the Ottoman Empire enacted in 1876.
- 茶屋(ちゃや)は、日本において中世から近代にかけて一般的であった、休憩所の一形態。
- Chaya,' or teahouses were common from the middle ages through to recent times as a type of rest area in Japan.
- 本格的な西洋数学導入までの間、和算(又は和算家)は応用面においても近代化を支えた。
- But until the fully-fledged introduction of western mathematics was under way, wasan (as well as wasan mathematicians) also played a part in the modernization of the country on the practical side.
- 近代昭和の時代になると、戦前までは栄華を誇ったが、第二次世界大戦に巻き込まれ衰退。
- In the period of modern Showa, the school had boasted its prosperity before the World War II, but was then forced to decline during the wartime.
- 高村光太郎『回想録』には、近世の風俗の名残が、近代の流れに洗われてゆく風情を描く。
- In his writing of 'Kaisoroku' (Memoirs), Kotaro TAKAMURA depicted fading relics of early-modern folkways in the tide of the modern times.
- 近代に作られた神楽である豊栄の舞も、現代版「越天楽今様」・「今様舞」と言って良い。
- Toyosaka no Mai (the dance celebrating the blessed prosperity), which was one of kagura (the sacred music and dance performed at shrines) produced in the Japanese modern age, can be said the modern version of 'Etenraku Imayo' and 'Imayo Mai.'
- 現存する大安寺の堂宇はいずれも近世末~近代の再建であり、規模も著しく縮小している。
- The existing temple buildings were all rebuilt in and after the end of Edo Period on an extremely reduced size
- 近代に入って1881年にも大火があり、仏殿、法堂、方丈、庫裏などがこの時焼失した。
- More recently, the great fire of 1881 destroyed structures which included the Butsuden, Hatto, Hojo (head priest's living quarters) and Kuri (priest's living quarters or kitchen).
- 1884年にロンドンに到着した陸奥は、西洋近代社会の仕組みを知るために猛勉強した。
- Upon arrival in London in 1884, Mutsu studied hard in order to understand the structure of modern society in the West.
- 鹿鳴館時代の1886年、伊藤の意向を受けて歌舞伎の近代化のため演劇改良運動を興す。
- In 1886, during the period of Rokumeikan, Kencho initiated movement for improving theatrical performance in order to modernize Kabuki according to ITO's wish.
- イスラエル(首都としての状態について議論しますが)の近代国家の首都と最も大きい都市
- capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed)
- 近代のコンクリート・セメント需要の急増により、伊吹山の石灰岩も大量に採掘されてきた。
- Due to a sharp rise in demand for concrete and cement in the modern times, limestone in Mt. Ibuki has been mined in large volume.
- 近代史学の発達とともに、律令の研究はその解釈にとどまらず、多方面にわたって深化した。
- With the development of studies in modern history, research on ritsuryo deepened in various directions beyond interpretation.
- 明治時代~昭和初期築の主な西洋館・近代建築は日没から22時頃までライトアップされる。
- The major Western-style buildings and modern architectures built in between Meiji Period and Early Showa era are illuminated from sundown till around 10 p.m.
- しかし近代の四民平等は名目のみであり、その解消のための具体的な施策が行われなかった。
- However, the modern equality of all people was only nominal and no specific measures were taken to dissolve it.
- 「身分」よりも「財」が優越する社会が到来し、結果的に日本の近代化を進めることなった。
- In the society, importance became to be placed on 'money' more than on 'social status', resultantly advancing the modernization of Japan.
- だがロシアの近代的要塞の前に死傷者1万5,000という大きな損害を受け失敗に終わる。
- However, the seige on a modern Russian fortress ended in heavy casualties of 15,000 for the Imperial Japanese Army.
- 各宗派は仏教の近代化を推し進め、宗門大学の設立等の教育活動、社会福祉活動に進出した。
- Each Buddhism sect promoted modernization and undertook social welfare work and educational work such as establishing universities.
- 鉱山(山師) - 近代の炭鉱では、慣習が途絶え、女性も坑内作業に従事するようになる。
- Mine (Yamashi): In recent coal pit operations the custom has been abolished and women have come to work in the pits.
- 「死ぬときはきれいな身なりで」という美意識は、近代社会において、人口に膾炙していた。
- In modern society, people were familiar with the sense of beauty that 'a man should be neat and tidy when he dies.'
- 近代的な集権国家と四民平等を説き、国法会議や民法会議を主催して民法典編纂に取り組む。
- He advocated a modern centralized country and equality for all people, and engaged in the compilation of civil codes by organizing the National Law Assembly and Civil Law Assembly.
- 近代に入り、日本初の路面電車が竹田街道に沿って京都と伏見を結ぶなど鉄道が整備された。
- In modern times, railways such as Japan's first tram linking Kyo and Fushimi were built along the Takeda-kaido Road.
- 作曲者個人の生の心情を直接的に表すということも、ある意味近代的といえるかもしれない。
- In a way, it could be said to be a modern direct expression of how the composer himself really felt.
- ほどなく貞奴は大々的な引退興行を行い、『日本の近代女優第一号』として舞台から退いた。
- Shortly Sadayakko performed large-scale retirement performance and left the stage as 'the first actress of modern times in Japan.'
- 境内(国の史跡)には本堂、嘶堂(いななきどう)などが建つがいずれも近代の建物である。
- All the buildings including the main hall and Inanagido on the temple's ground (although the complex is designated as a national historic site) are modern constructions.
- 戦国時代末期に明智光秀が亀山城 (丹波国)と城下町を築いたことが近代亀岡の礎となった。
- The construction of Kameyama-jo Castle by Mitsuhide AKECHI at the end of the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) laid the foundation for Kameoka of modern times.
- 近代になると、鎌倉は東京近郊の高級住宅地および観光地、海水浴場として栄えるようになる。
- In and after the modern period, Kamakura began to flourish as an upmarket residential district, sightseeing spot, and beach resort of Tokyo's suburbs.
- 明治の開国を通じ神戸が国際貿易港として発展し、大阪・京都も都市の近代化が進んでいった。
- After the opening of Japan to the world in the Meiji era, Kobe had been developed as an international trade port and modernization of the cities in Osaka and Kyoto had also advanced.
- 近代以後は開かずに蜷飾で巻いて用いるが、これは元来横目扇の扱い方であった(新近問答)。
- After the Meiji period, Okazashi was used closed and tied around with nina decoration, which was originally the handling of cross-grained fans (新近問答).
- 制度の近代化・西欧化が進められる中で、節刀の慣習は元帥への刀剣下賜という形で残される。
- Amid the ongoing modernization and westernization of system, the custom of Setto remained as a practice of granting a sword to marshal.
- なお、近代以前には財閥という言葉は、多数の豪商を生み出した地域に付けられる事もあった。
- Incidentally, before the modern times the word zaibatsu was also used for areas in which many wealthy merchants had been born.
- 大日本帝国憲法下、また日本国憲法下の近代日本においては、天皇の譲位は認められていない。
- The abdication of the throne is not permitted in Japan in modern times under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan or the Constitution of Japan.
- また洋学にも関心を示し、幕末に向け三田藩の近代化を推進する素地を開いた中興の祖である。
- He also showed interest in Western studies, and was a restorer who established groundwork for promoting westernization of Sanda Domain as preparation for the end of Edo period.
- このように、中世を離れ近代に近い時期として、江戸時代は歴史の上で近世と定義されている。
- Thus, the Edo period is historically defined as the early-modern times, which is no longer the medieval but not yet the modern times.
- 近代においても法華経は、おもに日蓮を通じて多くの作家・思想家に影響を与えた教典である。
- During modern times the Hokke-kyo sutra also influenced many writers and thinkers, mainly through Nichiren.
- 近代の作品は1967年(昭和42年)に荻原守衛の作品『女』が指定されたのが最初である。
- The first work to be designated as a modern masterpiece in 1967 was Morie OGIWARA's work entitled 'A Woman.'
- また、近代に創始された拳法を名乗る流派では和道流和道流柔術拳法や神道天心流などがある。
- There are are also schools established in modern times that call themselves kenpo such as Wadoryu Jujutsu Kenpo, Shinto Tenshin Ryu, etc.
- 近代以降では、神社などで行われる祭り(露店などが多く出る)の日のことを指す場合も多い。
- Since the modern era, ennichi has also often indicated the days when festivals (with many street stalls) are held at places such as shrines.
- 現在行われている曲水の宴は、いずれも上記の故事に基づいて近代以降に復元したものである。
- The Kyokusui no en held today were all restored in modern times based on historical data.
- 篳篥(ひちりき)は、雅楽や、雅楽の流れを汲む近代に作られた神楽などで使う管楽器の1つ。
- Hichiriki flute is one of the wind instruments used for gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) and kagura (sacred music and dancing performed at shrines) that was created in modern times following the flow of gagaku.
- 近代以降の歌曲にも、『一月一日』、『われは海の子』、『荒城の月』等この形式の曲が多い。
- Imayo was followed by many tunes composed in and after the Japanese modern age, such as 'Ichigatsu Ichijitsu' (January First), 'Ware wa Umi no Ko' (I Was Born by the Sea),' and 'Kojo no Tsuki' (The Moon Over the Deserted Castle).
- 国府と書いて「こくふ」と読む地名には、近代以降に国府推定地に新たに付けられたものが多い。
- Many place names written as '国府' in Chinese characters, which is pronounced 'Kokufu,' have been applied to the estimated site where Kokufu was located since the modern period.
- 近代化以前の「村」は自然村(しぜんそん)ともいわれ、生活の場となる共同体の単位であった。
- A premodern 'village', also called a spontaneous village, was a unit of community where a group of people share a living space.
- 華族(かぞく)とは、1869年から1947年まで存在した日本近代の貴族階級のことである。
- Kazoku indicates the noble class that existed in modern Japan from 1869 to 1947.
- 近代的な政治文書で「万世一系」のような詩的な文言がもちいられたのは、これが初めてである。
- It was the first case that such a poetic sentence mentioned above was used in a modern political document.
- It was the first case that such poetic words as 'the unbroken Imperial Family' were used in a modern political document.
- 当時の欧米史学では、中世は欧米特有なもので、近代へ発展するために必須な時代とされていた。
- In the history study of Europe and America in those days, the medieval times were peculiar to Europe and America and indispensable in developing into the modern age.
- 近代軍制でいうと、馬上の資格がある侍(馬廻以上)が士官に相当し、徒士は下士官に相当する。
- According to the modern military system, warriors who are allowed to fight on horseback (Umamawari and above) correspond to officers and Kachi correspond to noncommissioned officers.
- この伝承を、近代以前より地車囃子という音楽が庶民に浸透していた証拠であるという説もある。
- Some people say that this folklore is an evidence for the claim that the music called danjiri-bayashi was known amongst the general public prior to the modern age.
- また、兵役における近代的なシステムや生活が地方に伝播するのに貢献したと言う面も否めない。
- In addition, the contribution of conscription cannot be denied as it helped the modern system or living in the military service to spread to the local areas.
- これは、家族経営を主体としていた商店が、近代的企業へと変わっていくのと軌を一にしていた。
- This took the same line as shops which used to be family businesses turning into modern companies.
- これが幕末の開国以後日本が急速に自主的な近代化を達成しえた基盤のひとつになったといえる。
- This became the basis of Japan's rapid and independent attainment of modernization after the Bakufu opened the country during the end of Edo period.
- しかし、日本を近代国家と見なしていない欧米諸国からは相手にされず、まだ時期尚早であった。
- However, it was still too early because western countries did not consider Japan to be a modern country and ignored Japan.
- 以降、明治維新の大変革の時代にあって、青年法主として近代教団の制度改革を次々とすすめた。
- After that, in the revolutionary times of the Meiji Restoration, he promoted the reforms of the system in the recent religious community as a young hoshu.
- この節では、近代の二条城である4.の前史として1から3までの「二条城」について略説する。
- The following section presents a brief outline of 'Nijo-jo' in 1 through 3 as a prehistory of 4, the modern-day Nijo-jo Castle.
- 河内素麺(大阪府)…近代に至るまで隆盛を極めたが、都市化や環境の劣化に伴って次第に衰退。
- Kawachi somen (Osaka Prefecture): Though flourished until the modern times, gradually declined according to the urbanization and the degradation of the environment.
- また、そのため多くの酒蔵が近代化促進計画の元で転廃業や集約製造への参加を余儀なくされた。
- In addition, for this reason, many sake breweries were forced to change or close their businesses or participate in an intensive production under the modernization promotion plan.
- 戦争を大東亜共栄圏の建設という至上の理想、「近代の超克」のために止むを得ないものと肯定。
- They affirmed that the war was imperative in order to establish the supreme ideal of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and to 'overcome the modern age.'
- これは近代以降、民俗学が明らかにした日本の伝統的な他界観に非常に近いものであるといえる。
- This is very close to Japanese traditional view of different worlds shown by the folklore after the Meiji period.
- そのため中世から近代にかけて近江商人と呼ばれる近江出身の商人が全国各地で活躍するに至った。
- Therefore, merchants from Omi, who were called 'Omi shonin' (Omi merchants) played active roles in various parts of Japan.
- 小学校令(しょうがっこうれい)は、日本の近代の初等教育制度を定めていた勅令(命令)である。
- Shogakko Rei (the order of primary school) was the imperial edict (order) to establish the elementary education system in modern Japan.
- そのため好む好まざるとに関わらず近代の資本主義が席巻する世界に巻き込まれていくことになる。
- Because of this Korea would be dragged into the world of sweeping modern capitalism whether it liked it or not.
- 翌年、清は海洋水師の創設を布告して近代海軍の創設を決定し、伝統水軍の時代は終わりを告げる。
- The next year, Qing declared and decided to establish its modern navy, and with this decision the period of the traditional suigun navy came to an end.
- 近代に入り、味噌の工業的な大量生産方法が確立され、味噌を家庭で仕立てることは珍しくなった。
- The method for the industrial mass production of miso has been established in modern times so, now it is seldom that miso is made at home.
- 明治天皇・大正天皇・昭和天皇と近代に入ってからも京都御所に於いて即位の礼が行われ続けていた。
- Even after the modern ages, Sokui no rei had been continuously taken place at Kyoto Imperial Palace, and so were Emperor Meiji's, Emperor Taisho's and Emperor Showa's.
- 選定地域内部とその周辺には、建築家ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズの設計した近代建築物も多い。
- In the inside of the selected district and its vicinity, there are many modern buildings designed by William Merrell Vories, architect.
- 昭和モダン(しょうわモダン)とは昭和時代の始めに花開いた和洋折衷の近代市民文化のことである。
- Showa-modern is a term referring to a modern civil culture that flourished in the early Showa period merging Japanese and Western styles.
- すでに逍遥は『小説神髄』『当世書生気質』の二作で日本の近代文学創造に大きな業績をあげていた。
- Shoyo had already made great achievements in the creation of Japanese literature by publishing two works: 'Essence of Novels' and 'Tosei shosei katagi (The Character of Modern Students, 1885-6).'
- この時期こそ、じつは日本が近代醸造学の基礎を確立しようと奮闘していた時期でもあったといえる。
- In fact, it was during that period that Japan was struggling to form foundations for modern zymurgy.
- なお、近代の皇族制度とは違い、婚姻によって皇親身分を獲得したり喪失したりすることは無かった。
- Furthermore, unlike the modern imperial family system, with this system one could not obtain or lose the status of Koshin through marriage.
- 近代以前の日本においても民事裁判は存在したが、体系的な民法典はついに作成される事はなかった。
- Even in pre-modern Japan civil trials did exist, however, a systematic Minpoten was never prepared.
- また近代以降は西欧の影響を強く受けているが、日本の風土・文化に合わせた独自な展開も見られる。
- Since the modern era, western culture has also had an influence, but at the same time, a unique Japanese style of architecture has developed that is integrated with the natural environment and culture of Japan.
- 近代の大衆社会になって、壁画は学のない人々にも主義主張を視覚的に伝える手法として重視された。
- In modern mass society, wall paintings were considered an important means by which people with less of an educational background were able to assert their own views or policies in a visual way.
- 琵琶湖疏水には日本で初めての技術が多数取り入れられており、近代化遺産として非常に価値が高い。
- Because technology used for the first time in Japan was applied to many sections of Biwako Sosui,it is a very valuable marker on Japan's path to modernization.
- 1861年以降、横浜市の外国人居留地で西洋式の競馬(近代競馬)が盛んに行われるようになった。
- After 1861, western style horse racing (modern horse racing) began to take place at the foreign settlement in Yokohama City.
- 近代、明治時代には、洋瓦の開発や輸入が行われ始め、また、桟瓦を改良した引掛桟瓦が開発された。
- In the Meiji period, western-style roof tiles have started to be developed and imported, and Hikkake sangawara (hanging tiles), an improved type of pantile have also been developed.
- 18世紀フランスのド・ラ・ゲリニエールは、この流れを集大成し「近代馬術の父」と呼ばれている。
- In the eighteenth century, François Robichon de la Guérinière of France organized that equestrianism, and at present he is called 'kindai bajutsu no chichi' (the father of the modern equestrianism).
- 近代に入り、瓶売りが一般化するまで、量り売りが一般的で、酒屋は徳利に入れて酒を販売していた。
- Until it became popular to sell sake by bottles in the modern age, sake traders usually sold sake by measure using tokkuri.
- 明治初頭、日本政府は近代化に必要な都市を築くため、西洋建築の技術を得ようと躍起になっていた。
- In the early Meiji period, the Japanese government was making desperate attempts to acquire Western architectural technologies in order to develop the cities required to modernize the country.
- ウエストサクソン語の代わりに書き言葉として登場した中期英語の方言で、近代標準英語の礎となった
- the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English
- 一方で、産業育成と軍事力強化(富国強兵)を国策として推し進め、近代国家の建設は急速に進展した。
- In addition, the government promoted the fostering of industries and the strengthening of military power (so-called Fukoku-kyohei) as a national policy, forwarding the move to convert Japan into a modern state rapidly.
- また反対に憲法を定めず法令によらずして被支配者層を介せず統治するのが前近代的な専制政治である。
- On the contrary, pre-modern autocracy is meant to rule a nation without establishing a constitution, following laws, and considering subjects.
- 府県会規則は、地方制度ではあるが近代日本の議会の出発点であり、同じく選挙制度の出発点でもある。
- The Fuken-kai rules are a local system, but it is the starting point for the modern Japan's assembly as well as the election system.
- それらの中には近代競馬の要素を取り入れたものもあったが、伝統的な形式によるものも数多くあった。
- Although some adopted modern horse racing, in many cases, others kept the traditional form.
- 『日本近代漫画の誕生』は、「まんかく」が戯画の意味を持たないことを指摘し、前者を支持している。
- A book called 'Red Comic Books: The Origins of Modern Japanese Manga' points out that 'mankaku' has no meaning of caricatures and supports the former theory.
- しかし、空手の近代化が進むにつれて、西洋の身体動作や運動理論の導入に対する反省も起こっている。
- However, as the modernization of karate has progressed there have also emerged critics that voice concern over the introduction of Western body motions and exercise theories.
- これは近代以降の文学としての短歌にとっても有用なことであると考えられるようになったためである。
- The revival of uta-awase contests is explained by these functions of omoibito and kataudo that were considered to be useful for tanka as it was establishing itself as literature in and after the modern era.
- 烏帽子(えぼし)とは平安時代から近代にかけて和装での礼服着装の際に成人男性が被った帽子のこと。
- Eboshi was the headwear which an adult man put on when he wore a Japanese formal attire from the Heian period to modern times.
- 近代に入って方広寺と新日吉社は独立したが、三十三間堂は現代に至るまで妙法院の所属となっている。
- In modern times, Hoko-ji Temple and Ima Hie-sha Shrine became independent but Sanjusangen-do Hall remains part of Myoho-in Temple.
- そして、スポーツマン的に戦争へむかいたがる傾向は、ほとんど全ての近代的な共同体にも見出される。
- And a sportsmanlike inclination to warfare is also to be found in nearly all modern communities.
- また、近代都市はその成長過程で工業を富の基盤とし、労働者を引き寄せて人口集中を実現する例が多い。
- In addition, there are many cases where a modern city uses industry as a base of wealth in the course of its growth, attracting workers and thereby gaining in its concentration of population.
- こうした旧来の特権は、明治政府が行う四民平等政策や、近代化政策を行うにあたって障害となっていた。
- These old privileges posed an impediment to the Meiji Government's policies like the equality of all people and modernization.
- 日本が初めて直面した近代戦争である日清戦争と日露戦争では、天皇は大本営で直接戦争指導に当たった。
- In the first War Japan was involved in, the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, the Emperor directly trained the soldiers at the Imperial headquarters.
- 外戚の閔氏一族や清に実権を握られ、何一つ思い通りにいかない高宗もこの近代化政策の実行を快諾した。
- As things did not go his way with the Min family who were his maternal relatives and Qing at the helm, Gojong readily accepted this measures for modernization.
- Gao Zong, whose power was taken by his maternal relatives of Min family and China and could not do as he wanted, approved the implementation of the modernization policy.
- また平和が長く続いたことで国内が一体化すると共に産業や金融も発達し、これも近代化の基盤となった。
- Moreover, the unification within the country realized by long-lasting peace, as well as the development of industry and finance, was also a basis of its modernization.
- 近代の政府は、神仏判然令以降、太政官布達や断片的な法令、行政上の通達によって宗教を管理してきた。
- The modern government had controlled religion by Daijokan proclamation, fragmentary laws and regulations, and administrative notifications since the Shinto and Buddhism Separation Order.
- 近代の作品は2001年(平成13年)に鋳造家・鈴木長吉の「銅鷲置物」が指定されたのが最初である。
- Ornament of a Bronze Eagle' by the caster Chokichi SUZUKI was the first to be designated as a modern masterpiece in 2001.
- なお、建造物とともに土地が重要文化財に指定されているケースは民家のほか、社寺や近代建築にもある。
- Regarding land and building designated as important cultural properties, besides this private house there are also cases such as temples or shrines, as well as some modern structures.
- 平安神宮神苑(へいあんじんぐうしんえん)は京都府京都市左京区にある池泉回遊式庭園の近代日本庭園。
- The garden of Heian-jingu Shrine is a modern Japanese garden of the chisen kaiyu style (a style of Japanese garden with a path around a central pond) in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- 誤解からの日本の妖怪としてや、また近代史における「西洋の妖怪」として、日本でも相応の歴史がある。
- As misinterpreted Japanese yokai and also as 'western yokai' in the modern history, they have a comparable history in Japan.
- それが以降から皇室の伝統になり、近代になってからは昭和天皇は何時も右に立ち香淳皇后が左に並んだ。
- Thereafter, this became a tradition for the Imperial family, and in the modern era, Emperor Showa always stood on the right while Empress Kojun on the left.
- 会名を「日本書道作振会」としたこの団体は豊道春海の尽力により結成し、ここに近代書壇史が始まった。
- This body named 'Nihon Shodo Sakushin Kai' (literally, an association for promoting calligraphy in Japan) was organized through efforts of Shunkai BUNDO, starting the history of the modern calligraphic society in Japan.
- 近代の忘年会がお祭りムードに変化したのは明治時代からで、無礼講などのキャッチフレーズで広まった。
- It was the Meiji period when the present Bonenkai, a festive event was established; it was widespread with catchphrases such as Bureiko (unrestricted binge).
- 幕末の開国、明治維新を経て、欧米の文物・制度を取り入れ日本の近代化を図ることが国家目標になった。
- Through the opening of the country to the world at the end of the Edo period, and the Meiji Restoration, Japan accepted products of culture and systems in European countries, and set its modernization as a national goal.
- 明治時代後期(日清戦争以後)から大正時代にかけては、酒造りにおいて急速な近代化の時代を形成する。
- From the latter part of the Meiji period (after the Sino-Japanese War) and the Taisho period, sake brewing had been rapidly modernized.
- 近代に入ると、旧来の公家・武家制度の廃止によって実用的な意味での有識故実研究の歴史に幕を閉じた。
- In modern times, the history of yusoku kojitsu study in a practical sense ended as the conventional kuge and buke system was abolished.
- 1956年、経営が行き詰った近代映画協会を離れ(新藤兼人の要望で名義だけは残した)、大映に入社。
- In 1956, he left Kindai Eiga Kyokai, which was having financial problems (he left only his name because of the wishes of Kaneto SHINDO), and joined Daiei.
- ここに至って明治新政府も陰陽寮が反「近代科学」勢力の中心になる事を恐れて陰陽寮の解体に乗り出した。
- Then, finally the new Meiji government launched dissolution of Onmyoryo for the fear of it becoming the core of the anti-modern science power.
- つまり、近代以前の法観念においては礼銭と賄賂の境界線は微妙で曖昧であったことに留意する必要がある。
- In short, it is necessary to bear in mind that the line between the reisen and bribery was subtle and ambiguous in the legal concepts before the modern era.
- この憲法は、日本史上初めて天皇の権限(天皇大権)を明記しており、近代天皇制国家確立の基礎となった。
- This constitution clearly stated the Emperor's prerogative rights (Tenno Taiken) for the first time in history, this became the basis to establish the modern Emperor System of Japan.
- なお、1878年の郡区町村編制法によって編制された近代(明治・大正期)の郡の役所は郡役所と称する。
- Additionally, an office of gun (county) in the modern period of Japan (the Meiji and Taisho periods), formed by Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (Act for the alignment of local government system) enacted in 1878, was called gunyakusho.
- 明治維新後の日本は不平等条約を改正し、欧米列強と対等の関係を築くために近代的憲法を必要としていた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Japan needed to enact a modern constitution so that they could reform the unequal treaty and build a 50/50 relationship with the allied western powers.
- 政府軍は勝利の原因が、近代的装備、火力、通信手段、指揮能力の違いにあったことを正しく把握していた。
- The government army correctly grasped that the factors of its victory were its superior modernized equipment, firepower, means of communication, and command ability.
- 開国から9年後、徳川慶喜による大政奉還によって幕藩体制は完全に崩壊し、日本は近代国家への道を歩む。
- Nine years after the Bakufu opened the country, the shogunate system completely collapsed due to the restoration of the imperial rule implemented by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, which led Japan into choosing the path to the modern state.
- 律令制度のもとでしばしば行われた方法であり、近代以前の日本の政治意思決定方法の原則的手法であった。
- This was the way that had been often used under the legal code system and basically adopted for decision-making in Japanese politics before recent times.
- 蹴鞠に関する種々の制度が完成したのは鎌倉時代で、以降近代に至るまでその流行は衰えることは無かった。
- Rules concerning kemari underwent various refinements and were finally systematized in the Kamakura period, thereafter, the popularity had never declined.
- 塔と類義であるが、塔は本来仏塔を指し、entower の訳語としての塔は近代に入っての用法である。
- Its meaning is similar to that of a tower, but 'tower' originally indicated a Buddhist tower in ancient times and in modern days 'tower' has come to be used as translated word 'entower.'
- もっとも、ヨーロッパの場合、楽譜というものが存在したが、日本の前近代の音楽には、楽譜が存在しない。
- Of course, musical scores existed in Europe, but no such scores existed in pre-modern Japanese music.
- 近代においてもほぼこの制度を継承するが、紋の配置については、闕腋のときも近世ほど間を詰めていない。
- The above system basically continued to exist up to the recent times, but the crests were not placed so closely as in the early-modern times even in the case of ketteki.
- 江戸浄瑠璃の一つ富本節は江戸時代に盛んに用いられたが、近代以降衰退し現在では演奏されることは無い。
- 'Tomimoto-bushi,' a kind of Edo Joruri, was frequently used during the Edo period, but from the modern age, it declined, and it is never played today.
- なお、秩父宮妃勢津子は婚礼の時経緯とも緑の、緑裏の唐衣を用いて青色と称したが、近代の新儀であろう。
- At her wedding, Princess Chichibu Setsuko wore karaginu with green warp and weft, and a green lining, but this was referred to as blue, which may be a new definition that arose in early modern times.
- 江戸時代中期に二人、近代に二人が名乗っているが、双方に関連性はなく、代数も別にして数えられている。
- Two Kabuki actors in mid Edo period and two in the modern era have used the name but those in different periods are not related and hereditary numbering are applied individually.
- この地は、応仁の乱で焼亡した浄土寺のあったところであり、近代以降も左京区浄土寺の地名が残っている。
- This site was where the Jodo-ji Temple destroyed by fire during the Onin War once stood and still bears the name Jodo-ji, Sakyo Ward.
- 松次郎の武器は、関西を中心とする鴈治郎の絶大な人気と、興行における近代的なシステムの導入であった。
- His strengths included the utmost popularity of Ganjiro in Kansai region and the introduction of a modern theatrical promotion system.
- 明治維新後に弾直樹(内記)と改名し、近代皮革・洋靴産業の育成に携わったあと、1889年に死去した。
- He changed his name to Naoki DAN (or Naiki DAN) after the Meiji Restoration and he made efforts to promote the modern leather and western shoes industry until he died in 1889.
- 無縁の空間としての伝統は、形を変えて江戸時代にも変らず、また近代まで、そこかしこに残っていたという。
- The tradition as the space of irrelevance changed its shape but stayed the same during the Edo period, and remains even to the present day.
- 前述の鉄道沿線開発では東武鉄道の根津嘉一郎 (初代)、阪急電鉄の小林一三の近代田園都市建設は名高い。
- Well known examples of the land development along the railroads mentioned earlier include the case of Tobu Railway led by Kaichiro NEZU (the founder) and that of Hankyu Railway under the lead of Ichizo KOBAYASHI.
- 旧来の歌舞伎の近代化を図る知識人のグループ「求古会」の要請により、演劇改良運動の一環として書かれた。
- It was written as a part of campaign to improve dramas upon the request of `kyuko kai,' a group of intellectuals that aim to modernize classic kabuki.
- ヨーロッパの近代国家のほとんどは、19世紀に文化財や記念物、遺跡保護のための法体系を整備していった。
- Most of the modern European countries established law systems for protection of cultural properties, monuments and ruins in the 19th century.
- このことは日本が近代法を運用する主権国家として、当時進行中であった不平等条約改正へのはずみとなった。
- At that time, Japan had already tried to reform the unequal treaty as a sovereign nation of modern laws, but this incident accelerated the movement.
- 非欧米圏で初めて近代化に成功し、列強としての地位を固めつつあった日本の文化は、欧米でも注目を浴びた。
- Japanese culture succeeded in modernizing first among the nations not included in the European and American bloc (the Western bloc), solidifying its status as a powerful country and attracting the attention of Europe and America.
- 1890年(明治23年)、『教育勅語』が下賜されると近代国家のイデオロギーとして本格的に採用された。
- When the 'Imperial Rescript on Education' was granted as an Imperial gift in 1890, Neo-Confucianism was seriously adopted as the ideology of the modern nation.
- これ以降近代(江戸時代後期)に至るまで津軽海峡までが日本の北端(当時の感覚では東端)となったとする。
- After these events, the northern extremity of Japan was pushed further to the region facing to the Tsugaru Straits (which was considered to be the eastern extremity at that time) until the end of Edo period before the modern era of Japan.
- 博物館、近代美術館、展望閣、淡水魚水族館などを有する滋賀県初の総合博物館として1961年に開館した。
- Biwako Bunkakan opened in 1961 as Shiga Prefecture's first integrated museum, including a general history museum, a modern art museum, an observation tower, and a freshwater aquarium.
- 登録物件は近代(明治以降)に建造・製作されたものが主であるが、江戸時代のものも登録対象になっている。
- Cultural properties of the Edo Period can be candidates for registration, however most items registered were built or made in modern times (in or after the Meiji Period).
- 錦絵新聞は近代ジャーナリズムの勃興期に、新聞というものを一般大衆の身近なものにしたメディアであった。
- Nishiki-e-shinbun was a medium which popularized shinbun in the period when the modern journalism rose to power.
- 戦後はアメリカの近代文化が国民の憧れとなり、高度経済成長により日本は飛躍的な工業化と都市化を遂げる。
- The American modern culture was longed for by Japanese people after the war, and Japan has accomplished drastic industrialization and urbanization through a high economic growth.
- 近代社格制度のもと、明治4年(1871年)に松尾神社として官幣大社に列格し、戦後は別表神社となった。
- In 1871, the shrine was classified as a Kanpei Taisha under the former modern shrine classification system before becoming a Beppyo Jinja (Shrines on the Special List) after the Second World War.
- 1469年のアラゴンのフェルディナンドとの結婚がスペインの近代国家の始まりを示したカスティリャの女王
- the queen of Castile whose marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 marked the beginning of the modern state of Spain
- このように、距離が近く、親密で個人的な管理者と労働者との間での協力こそが近代科学管理法の本質である。
- This close, intimate, personal cooperation between the management and the men is of the essence of modern scientific or task management.
- 歴史学者の間では天皇が国家統治機構の前面に登場する近代以前の国家体制に適用することに対して批判もある。
- Some historians are against applying the word Tennosei to the state system before recent times because the Emperor was not in the front line of the national governing system.
- 登録の対象となるものは、原則として近代以降に普及したもので、生活用品、工業製品などの生活文化財である。
- Livelihood cultural properties, such as living wares and industrial commodities, which became popular since modern times, may be candidates for registry.
- また、香川敬三や下田歌子などの周囲の側近に恵まれて、近代日本の皇后としての役割を確立することができた。
- Furthermore, Empress Dowager Shoken was blessed with close advisers around her, such as Keizou KAGAWA and Utako SHIMODA, and was able to establish her role as an empress in modern Japan.
- 翌・明治23年(1890年)には教育勅語を発し、近代天皇制国家を支える臣民(国民)道徳の涵養に努めた。
- In the following year, 1890, the Imperial Rescript of Education was issued, the Emperor put his efforts into cultivating the morality of the nation who supported the modern Emperor System.
- 日本の官制(にほんのかんせい)では、日本の前近代、とくに律令制期の廃止された統治機構について概観する。
- In this portion, an overview of the governance in pre-modern times will be given, especially under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) which was abolished.
- 前近代の寺社は世俗権力と対抗する独立した権威として存在しており、治教権が広範にわたって認められていた。
- Temples and shrines before modern times existed as independent authorities which could rival secular powers, and their chikyo-ken was widely accepted.
- 美術館は、岡崎公園に隣接し、京都市美術館や京都国立近代美術館などにも近い、文化施設の集まる地域にある。
- The museum is located next to Okazaki-koen Park, and the area boasts many cultural facilities, such as Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art and the National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto.
- したがって、社会そのものが近代化してしまったことが、妖怪という日本の古典文化の継承に影を落としている。
- Therefore, modernization of the society itself is having a negative effect on the survival of yokai as classical Japanese culture.
- 元来は朴強な芸風であったと言われるが、二十一世惣右衛門によって近代的な軽快さが加味されるようになった。
- It is said that the original style was simple and strong, but modern buoyant way was added by the twenty-first head Soemon.
- また、近代化が遅れていたが、1973年に奈良 - 湊町間、1982年に名古屋 - 亀山間が電化された。
- Although the line's modernization was delayed, the Nara-Minatomachi section and the Nagoya-Kameyama section were electrified in 1973 and 1982 respectively.
- 主著の『倫理学』は、近代日本における独創性を備えたもっとも体系的な哲学書のひとつであると言われている。
- His major work 'Rinrigaku' (Ethics) is said to be one of the most systematic and original philosophy books of modern Japan.
- 日本近代化を陰で支えた労働者の一人であり、かつて野麦峠を越えた女工哀史を語る際に欠かせない人物である。
- She was one of the anonymous workers who contributed to the modernization of Japan, and the essential person to tell sad stories of factory girls who once went over the Nomugi Pass.
- また、1950年には、その新藤兼人と映画制作会社「近代映画協会」を設立し、作品は主に大映で配給された。
- In 1950, he established the 'Kindai Eiga Kyokai' (Modern Film Association) production company together with Kaneto SHINDO, and its films were mainly distributed by the Daiei Motion Picture Company.
- アジア・アフリカはいまだ(当時)古代社会であり、欧米のような近代社会に発展することは不可能とされていた。
- Asia and Africa were still in the ancient societies (in those days) and were not able to develop into modern societies like Europe and America.
- 国歌は、近代西洋において生まれ、幕末、日本が開国した時点において、外交儀礼上欠かせないものとなっていた。
- The national anthem was born in the modern Occident and, when Japan opened the country to foreigners in the last days of the Edo Period, it had become indispensable for diplomatic ceremonies.
- 福澤諭吉(ふくざわ ゆきち、1835-1901)も、皇室の永続性は近代化を推進する要素だと見なしていた。
- Yukichi FUKUZAWA (1835 - 1901) believed the consistency of the Imperial family was the essence for promoting modernization.
- 明治以後は国家神道を支える理念的思想となるとともに欧化・近代化路線に対抗する国粋主義と結びつく事になる。
- After the Meiji period, national shinto was supported and at the same time it was patriotic to go against Europeanized thought and the route to modernism.
- 西洋・近代の軍事における海軍に相当するが、東洋の水軍においては河川や湖沼における水上兵力の比重も大きい。
- It is equivalent to the navy in the modern West, but in suigun in the East, forces on rivers and lakes, too, played a large part.
- 近代国家の建設を急ぐ日本では、朝鮮半島を自国の独占的な勢力下におく必要があるとの意見が大勢を占めていた。
- In its rush to establish a modern nation state the opinion that the Korean peninsula should be placed under the exclusive influence of Japan held sway.
- 近代に入ると、明治政府は明治6年に神道による挙国一致を目指した神仏分離令に関連して火葬禁止令を布告した。
- During the modern era, the Meiji Government issued an ordinance that prohibited cremation in 1873 in relation with the Ordinance Distinguishing Shinto and Buddhism, which was formulated with the purpose of national unity.
- 近代オリンピックでは動物を使用する唯一の種目であるとともに、選手の男女が区別されない唯一の競技でもある。
- In the modern Olympic Games, the equestrianism is the sole event using animals and also the sole event not separating male athletes and female athletes.
- こうして姿を消していった蒸気機関車だが、蒸気機関車を近代産業遺産として保存する動きも出てくるようになる。
- Thus steam locomotives disappeared, however, movements to preserve steam locomotives as a modern industrial heritage have come to be seen.
- 近代精神が容認できる量刑は、もっとも不快な意見に対してさえ、それを根絶するほどではないと言えるでしょう。
- and the amount of penal infliction which modern feeling would probably tolerate, even against the most obnoxious opinions, is not sufficient to extirpate them.
- 東舞鶴とは異なり、江戸時代は城下町として舞鶴港や伊佐津川を中心に発展し、また近代は商業都市として発展した。
- Unlike Higashi-Maizuru, Nishi-Maizuru developed as a castle town mainly around the Maizuru Port and the Isatsu-gawa River in the Edo period, and as a commercial city in recent times.
- 1500年というこの年代は、近代の学者が示唆する3世紀末に驚くほど近いと、ドナルド・キーンは指摘している。
- Donald KEENE noted the idea that Japan was 1,500 years old amazingly matched the theory of modern scholars that Japan was founded in the end of the third century.
- こうした状況は、日本の歴史研究が近代的な歴史学を受容するための十分な素地を既に生んでいたと評価されている。
- This situation is evaluated to show that the research of history in Japan had already been provided with enough bases for accepting modern history.
- 近代では五代目中村歌右衛門・八代目阪東三津五郎・十三代目片岡仁左衛門などが公家悪に優れた演技を示していた。
- After the Meiji period, actors like Utaemon NAKAMURA the fifth, Mitsugoro BANDO the eighth and Nizaemon KATAOKA the third gave great performances as Kugeaku.
- 近代では市川團蔵 (7代目)、戦後は尾上松緑 (2代目)、市村羽左衛門 (17代目)などが名演技を示した。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Danzo ICHIKAWA (the seventh), and after the end of the Second World War, Shoroku ONOE (the second) and Uzaemon ICHIMURA (the seventeenth) were major actors who gave great performances.
- 近代における武士道については1900年に英文で発表された新渡戸稲造の『武士道』が代表的なテキストとされる。
- As for Bushido in modern times, 'Bushido' of Inazo NITOBE released in English in 1900 is considered to be the defacto text on the matter.
- このことから明治政府の対応の速さの背景には電信などの近代的な通信網がすでに張り巡らされていたことがわかる。
- The fact shows that the modern communication network including telegraph had already been set up in the background of that prompt reaction of the Meiji government.
- 近代では洋髪の流行とともにやや衰え、神前結婚での花嫁や芸者や芸妓などの女性が日本髪を結う場合に使用された。
- Due to the increasing popularity of western hairstyles, the use of kanzashi slightly declined during modern times and it was mainly used by a bride during a wedding with Shinto rites, geisha and geigi when they did their hair up in nihongami.
- 日本酒の歴史明治時代後期に政府が醸造業の近代化を図ると、杜氏集団もそれに見合うように組織を改編していった。
- Once the government made a plan to modernize the brewing industry in the Meiji period, toji groups also began to reorganize their structure so that it would be suited to the government's policy.
- 演劇改良会の主張は急進的であり、受け入れられない面もあったが、歌舞伎の近代化に向けて大きな影響を及ぼした。
- Engeki Kairyo Kari embraced radical ideas, and some of their proposals were disapproved, but it exerted a strong influence on the modernization of Kabuki.
- 近代に入って1947年にも火災があり、当時国宝に指定されていた宸殿の障壁画のうち16面が焼失してしまった。
- In recent times, there was also a fire in 1947 in which 16 of the National Treasure designated wall paintings of the Shin-den (Emperor's residence) were destroyed.
- 明治維新を迎えると、国家近代化の中で、武士による土地・収取支配は廃止され、知行の概念も消滅することとなった。
- During the Meiji period, the control of land and of collecting taxes by samurai was abolished in the trend of modernizing the nation, and the concept of chigyo disappeared.
- 『明治元年 所謂「東北朝廷」成立に関する一考察」藤井徳行(『近代日本史の新研究1』所収、学文社、1981年)
- 'Consideration for establishment of so-called 'Tohoku Chotei (the Tohoku Court) in 1868', Noriyuki FUJII (included in 'New Study of Modern Japanese History 1', Gakubunsha, 1981)
- 中世後期から近代にかけて、主に本州から琉球(現在の沖縄県)や蝦夷地(現在の北海道)へ移住した者の子孫も含む。
- This includes the descendants of those who migrated from Honshu to Ryukyu (now Okinawa Prefecture) and Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu, now Hokkaido) between the late medieval period and the modern age.
- やはり日本の戦国時代における騎馬隊は全員騎乗で戦う遊牧民族や近代兵科の騎兵とは異なるものと考える必要がある。
- It is therefore necessary to distinguish the Japanese cavalry in the Sengoku period from the nomadic or the modern military cavalry in which all fight on horseback.
- 農地のための破壊は歴史を通じて見られ、中世には城砦のために、近代(特に戦後)には宅地のために破壊されてきた。
- Throughout history, kofun were continuously destroyed for agricultural land; in the Middle Ages, kofun were destroyed to build fortresses, and in modern times, kofun are destroyed for residential land (especially after World War II).
- これにより日本は、封建的な幕藩体制に基づく代表的君主政から、近代的な官僚機構を擁する直接的君主政に移行した。
- In this way, Japan shifted from a representative monarchy based on the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate to direct monarchy with a modern bureaucratic organization.
- しかし、近代に和田英松が著者をその兄の藤原重隆として編纂年代を1110年代後半と推定してからは通説であった。
- However, in modern times, since Hidematsu WADA presumed that the author had been his elder brother, FUJIWARA no Shigetaka, and that the year of compilation had been the late 1110's, this presumption has been widely accepted.
- 明治時代になると、政府の産業育成の動きも手伝って、近代的な絹の紡績工場が建設され、絹の生産量が一層高まった。
- During the Meiji period, backed by government measures to promote industry, modern silk spinning mills were constructed, which further increased the production of silk.
- 近代に至り、臨時祭の廃止により天皇が着用しなくなり、六位蔵人の制もなくなったため、現在では着用されていない。
- In the modern age, with the abolition of the special festivals and the system of the Rokui no Kurodo, nobody, including an emperor, wears the Kikujin no ho any more.
- 近代の名人に十二世宗家一噌又六郎、島田巳久馬(一時宗家代理)、一噌正之助、藤田大五郎(人間国宝)などがいる。
- The school had some great performers including the 12th generation head named Matarokuro ISSO, Mikuma SHIMADA (he temporarily acted as a deputy head of the family), Shonosuke ISSO, and Daigoro FUJITA (he was a Living National Treasure) during the early-modern times.
- また、日下部鳴鶴門下の比田井天来は鳴鶴の古典研究をさらに発展させて、書の近代化と芸術的独立のために努力した。
- In addition, Tenrai HIDAI, a follower of Meikaku KUSAKABE, further progressed the study of classic calligraphy, and made an effort to modernize calligraphy and to make calligraphy independent of other art.
- 薩長同盟を介した秘密貿易で武器や艦船を購入し、近代的な軍制改革が施されていた長州軍の士気は、極めて高かった。
- The Choshu army was full of fighting spirit, as it had purchased weapons and battleships through secret trading via the Satsuma-Choshu alliance and had undergone military reform.
- 明治の近代社格制度でも、官幣大社の筆頭という、伊勢神宮の次位の神社とされ、明治16年には勅祭社に定められた。
- The shrine was the first of the Kampei Taisha (Great Imperial Shrines) under the Meiji period integrated system of shrine ranks and second only to Ise-jingu Shrine, with it becoming a Chokusaisha (shrine attended by imperial envoy) in 1883.
- 七代小川 治兵衛(おがわ じへえ、1860年 - 1933年)は、近代日本庭園の先駆者とされる作庭家、庭師。
- The seventh generation Jihei OGAWA (1860-1933) was the gardener, who designed gardens and was a pioneer in the field of modern Japanese Garden.
- 説明の必要はなかろうが、幸いにも、近代都市の寝室という快適なすみかをもつ蛇は、それほど一般的な存在ではない。
- A snake in a bedroom of a modern city dwelling of the better sort is, happily, not so common a phenomenon as to make explanation altogether needless.
- 第二次世界大戦が終わると、共産主義や近代政治学(前記の丸山眞男ら)の立場などから天皇制批判が数多く提議された。
- After World War II, there came numerous criticisms of the Tennosei from the perspective of communism and modern political science (from people such as Masao MARUYAMA who was mentioned above).
- 駄賃馬稼(だちんうまかせぎ)とは、近代以前の日本においてウマの背中に貨物や人を乗せて輸送に従事する職業のこと。
- Dachin-uma kasegi refers to an occupation in Japan before modern times that engaged in the transportation of freight and people by carrying them on horseback.
- 1918年米騒動(1918ねんこめそうどう)とは、近世から近代にかけての日本における米価格急騰にともなう暴動。
- The rice riots in 1918 were riots due to a sharp rise in rice prices in which lasted in prewar Japan from the Edo period.
- これは、近世的な個人的武技に頼る戦闘では、近代戦において勝利を得るのが困難であることを理解していたからである。
- This is because they understood that an army depending on personal fighting ability like the one used in the early modern times would be difficult to win modern wars.
- この寺子屋が増えていったことで日本の識字率が高まっていき、幕末から明治にかけての近代化を支える原動力となった。
- The increase of such private elementary schools (terakoya) contributed to raise the literacy rate of Japan, which became a driving force to support modernization from the end of the Edo to the Meiji period.
- この時点で前近代的な政治体制である朝廷は終焉を迎えて日本国(あるいは大日本帝国)政府に取って代わったと言える。
- At this point, the Japanese Imperial Court as the premodern political system was ended and replaced by the government of Japanese Nation (or the Empire of Japan).
- 明治5年(1872年)9月から翌年7月にかけて、ヨーロッパ各国を歴訪し宗教事情を視察、教団の近代化に寄与した。
- From September 1872 to July the following year, he visited European countries to inspect the religious background there to modernize the sect.
- 近代数奇屋建築ブームに乗って、京都府の京北町、八木町、日吉町 (京都府)にまで磨丸太育林が波及したのもこの頃。
- Taking advantage of the boom in modern sukiya buildings, the plantation of cedar for polished logs was spread to Keihoku-cho, Yagi-cho, and Hiyoshi-cho of Kyoto Prefecture around that time.
- 古くは江戸時代の大火、近代では空襲による大火でも、内部に火が回らない事例が多く、耐火性に関しては定評があった。
- It is noted for their fire resistance, with many examples in which the dozo survived fires during the Edo period in which there were many great fires and also during the air raids in modern times.
- 近代科学が日本に導入されるはるか以前から用いられていた、麹と酵母を知りつくした昔の蔵人たちの知恵の賜物である。
- It was the blessing of a skilled worker at a sake brewery from long ago who knew everything about malt and yeast even before modern science entered Japan.
- その後、非ヨーロッパ国として初めて近代化に成功し、日清・日露戦争に勝利した日本に対して世界的な関心も高まった。
- Thereafter, Japan has succeeded in modernization for the first time as a non-European country, and the world showed a keen interest in Japan which won the Japanese-Sino and Japanese-Russo Wars.
- いずれも習作の域を出ないが、従来の和歌・俳句と異なる新時代の詩の形式を模索し、近代文学に多大な影響を及ぼした。
- Although their poems were at the study level, they explored a new-age poetic style differing from the traditional waka and haiku styles, and greatly influenced modern literature.
- 尚、近代映画協会は1960年代に100近く有った独立プロのうち唯一成功し現在も存続、映画作品を送り出している。
- Furthermore, among almost 100 independent productions that existed during the 1960's, Kindai Eiga Kyokai is the only one that succeeded, still exists today and continues to produce movies.
- フランドル人の画家で、フランドル派の絵画学校の創立者、油絵の近代技法の先駆者となった(1390年−1441年)
- Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)
- これらは必ずしも近代的な知識ではなく、少なくとも部分的には古くから知られていたことが「さざれ石」の名からわかる。
- These examples are not necessarily reflective of modern knowledge and we can see from the name 'sazareishi (pebble)' that, at least partially, it has been known since olden times.
- なお、現代でも近代以前の中国文学を専門として研究する場合には、「漢文学」という呼称が用いられるのが一般的である。
- Furthermore, even nowadays, the term 'kanbungaku' is used in general when Chinese literature before the early modern times is studied.
- 東アジア(朝鮮・日本を含む中国の周囲の諸国)では近代の開国前後、万国公法という概念との葛藤を経験することになる。
- East Asia (including Korea, Japan, and many regions around China), experienced conflicts with notions regarding international law around the time of the modern opening of countries to the outside world.
- そのため、日露戦争における日本の勝利は、有色人種国家独自の軍隊による、白色人種国家に対する近代初の勝利と言える。
- Therefore, the Japanese victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War can be regarded as the first modern war in which a non-western state defeated a western state.
- 明治維新後、幕府崩壊と共に武士階級の消滅、明治政府による近代化政策の煽りから武術は時代遅れとされ急激に衰退する。
- After the Meiji Restoration, because of the disappearance of Samurai hierarchy together with the demise of the bakufu, Japan's feudal government, and the influence of the modernization policy of the Meiji Government, martial arts were considered to be out of fashion and declined rapidly.
- 後に亡くなった個々の人々の為の地下聖堂を含んでおり、近代のものは、従来の霊廟地下墓室に加え、納骨堂を持っている。
- Later, mausoleums would enclose a burial chamber within a burial vault below the superstructure, but modern mausoleums have columbaria (a type of mausoleum for cremated remains) in addition to the former burial chambers under the mausoleums.
- かつてはこの全歌を歌ったから、それを庭燎の「諸歌」(もろうた)と称えたが、近代は上句のみを歌い、下句は歌わない。
- This poem was formerly called the 'morouta' (entire verse) of Niwabi because the entire part of the poem was chanted at one time; however, in recent times only the first part of the poem was chanted, whereas the last part was not chanted.
- この点により、伝統流派自体の採用ではなく、一部の技の採用や、各国で独自に近代化した柔術技法などが採用されている。
- Therefore, those countries adopt not the traditional school as a whole, but some of its techniques partially, and they modernize the jujutsu techniques by themselves.
- 明治以後、醸造技術及び企業形態の近代化が進む一方で、醤油が生活必需品である事に目をつけた政府が「醤油税」を導入。
- After the Meiji period, the government introduced 'soy-sauce tax' taking advantage of soy-sauce as a necessity of life, whereas modernization of brewing technology and formation of business organizations proceeded.
- 近代に入ってさらに荒廃し、1962年(昭和37年)に本尊の観音像などが「花の寺」として知られる勝持寺に移された。
- It further deteriorated in modern times and in 1962 artifacts including the principal image statue of Kannon were relocated to Shoji-ji Temple, known as 'Hana no Tera' (lit. Flower Temple).
- 大鳥居を挟んで西には京都府立図書館、京都国立近代美術館、京都会館、東には、京都市美術館、京都市動物園などがある。
- Through Otori (the giant torii) to the west is the Kyoto Prefectural Library; The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto; and Kyoto Kaikan Hall, and to the east is the Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art and the Kyoto City Zoo.
- 登録記念物:国または地方公共団体の指定を受けていない記念物(おもに近代のもの)のうち、保存と活用が特に必要なもの。
- Registered Monuments: Monuments particularly requiring preservation and good use, among those (mainly modern ones) not designated by the national government or a local public body.
- 皇室や神道のしきたりや伝統を大切にした一方で、野口幽香、後閑菊野など近代女子教育の研究家を相談相手に宮中に招いた。
- Although the Empress Teimei had great respect for the conventions and traditions of the Imperial household and Shinto religion, she still invited scholars such as Yuka NOGUCHI and Kikuno GOKAN of The Modern Women Education discipline to the Imperial court as her advisors.
- 演出こそ、新内や竹本を用いるなど旧来の歌舞伎狂言そのものであるが、人物の性格や心理描写などに近代的な点が見られる。
- Although it is performed in the traditional Kabuki kyogen style, such as using shinnai and takemoto, one can also observe some modern tastes in it such as in the personalities of the characters and the depiction of their psychology.
- 鉱山の開発や鉄道の建設、衛生環境の改善や、農林水産業の近代化などで台湾の生活水準は向上し、農工業の生産も増大した。
- The development of mines, construction of railways and improvement of public health, modernization of agriculture, forestry and fisheries industries contributed to a higher living standard of Taiwan as well as an increase of agricultural and industrial production.
- 上述のような倉ごとの品物の区分は明治時代以降、近代的な文化財調査が行われるようになってから再整理されたものである。
- The reclassification of the articles by warehouse (as mentioned above) is based on modern research of cultural properties after the Meiji period.
- これらを包括的に「近代化遺産」と称し、1993年(平成5年)から「建造物の部」の重要文化財の指定対象となっている。
- These are collectively called 'modernization heritage'; since 1993 they have become candidates for designation as important cultural properties in the 'buildings' section.
- 合格祈願だるまやカラフルだるまといった近代的だるまの発祥とされており、他の地域のだるまにも大きな影響を与えている。
- It is said to be the origin of modernized daruma dolls such as daruma dolls for wish for the success in entrance examination or colorful daruma dolls; they influence on other areas' daruma dolls.
- 元々浴室内部は木造で板張りであったが、近代的でモダンな雰囲気と圧倒的な清潔さから陶器のタイルが好まれ、採用された。
- Although the interior of the bathroom was originally built of wooden boards, ceramic tiles were preferred and adopted amid the preference for a modern atmosphere and, more importantly, cleanliness.
- また扇部にほどこす絵入れや揮毫(きごう)、煎茶の団扇など趣向を凝らす側面は、近代でも好まれ生活や技芸を彩っている。
- The elegant features of the Uchiwa fan, such as the painting and calligraphy on the body of the fan, and elaborate Uchiwa fans used to make fires for making sencha (medium-grade green tea) means that this type of fan is preferred even in the present day, lending a little color to everyday life and the Japanese arts and crafts.
- 元忠も父の死後はこの長俊に師事して、観世流に伝わる能を遍く伝承され、「近代の上手」と言われる名人になったとされる。
- After his father's death, Mototada studied under Nagatoshi, from whom he was universally transmitted Noh plays that were handed down to the Kanze school, and became a master lauded as a 'superior during the modern age.'
- 原則として全ての神社を「~神社」(宮号・神宮号を除く)と称するようになったのは近代になってから、ということである。
- Generally, referring to all shrines with the suffix 'jinja' (except the suffix 'gu' and 'jingu') is a fairly recent development.
- それに、近代のユーロッパ世界で、自由の感情がもっとも強い情況の一つは、私の見るところ、まるで場違いな情況なのです。
- and one of the cases in which, in the modern European world, the sentiment of liberty is the strongest, is a case where, in my view, it is altogether misplaced.
- 1547年の丁未条約を以って交易が再開されるが入港地は釜山浦一港に制限され、これが近代倭館へと続いていくことになる。
- In 1547, the trade was restarted under the Treaty of Tenbun, but the Pusanpo port was the only permitted entrance port for Japanese ships, and this led to the latter-day wakan.
- 明治時代以降に近代捕鯨基地として使われた宮城県牡鹿町鮎川浜(現石巻市)などでは、鯨肥生産が地場産業として栄えていた。
- In Ayukawahama, Oshika Town, (present Ishinomaki City), Miyagi prefecture, used as a modern whaling base from the Meiji period, Geihi production flourished as a local industry.
- 一方、近代化を進める中央政府は明治9年(1876年)3月8日に廃刀令、同年8月5日に金禄公債証書発行条例を発布した。
- On the other hand, for the purpose of promoting modernization, the central government issued Haitorei on March 8, 1876 and Kinrokukosaishoshohakkojorei on August 5 in the same year.
- 特に近代工法で建てられた模擬天守や復興天守・外観復元天守などは「歴史遺構の破壊になっているのでは」との意見もあった。
- More especially, in regard to imitation Tenshu and reconstructed Tenshu/externally restored Tenshu which were constructed by modern building methods, some expressed concern about 'the possible destruction of historical heritage.'
- 2003年(平成15年)には東京国立近代美術館フィルムセンターにて初期作品も含めた65本を上映する大特集が組まれた。
- In 2003, a special big program was set to screen 65 films including his early works at the Film Center of The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo.
- 22歳で島津斉彬に見出され、尚古集成館事業や薩摩藩水軍増兵、軍艦建造、反射炉建設の職にあたり、近代海軍の礎を築いた。
- At the age of 22, his talent attracted the attention of Nariakira SHIMAZU (the lord of Satsuma clan), so that he was involved in Shuseikan (Western-style industrial complex) project, reinforcement of the Navy of Satsuma clan, the construction of warships and a reverberatory furnace to lay the foundations of modern navy.
- M・ドロシー・ジョージの「伝統の中のイングランド」やピーター・バークの「近代ヨーロッパ初期の大衆文化」を読めばよい。
- among them M. Dorothy George's England In Transition and Peter Burke's Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、鷹司忠冬を最後に一度断絶したが、江戸時代初期、二条晴良の子の鷹司信房が鷹司家を再興し近代まで続く。
- During the Sengoku period (the Warring States period) (Japan), the family line failed once in the generation of Tadafuyu TAKATSUKASA, but in the early Edo period Nobufusa TAKATSUKASA, the son of Haruyoshi NIJO, restored the Takatsukasa Family, which continued to exist until the modern age.
- 幕末から明治維新にかけて、文明史など西欧の近代歴史学が一気に流入したが、特に進歩史観・進化史観が日本で急速に広まった。
- During the era from around the end of the Edo period to the Meiji Restoration, modern European history, such as history of civilization, had been brought to Japan rapidly, and in particular, progressive views of history and evolutionary views of history had rapidly become well known.
- (4) 京都の現存文化財における建築と庭園設計の集積は前近代における日本の物質文化のこの側面に関する最高の表現である。
- (4) The concentration of architecture and gardening design in the existing cultural properties shows mostly this aspect of premodern Japanese material culture.
- 近代に入ると、流通の発達や冷蔵設備の普及、冷凍技術の発達に伴い、日本全国津々浦々で新鮮な刺身が食べられるようになった。
- As distribution networks has been grown, the use of refrigerator has been widespread, and the freezing technology has been developed in modern times, fresh sashimi became available for people throughout Japan.
- (そのため、日露戦争における日本の勝利は、有色人種国家独自の軍隊による、白色人種国家に対する近代初の勝利と言える。)。
- (It can be said that, consequently, Japan's winning the Russo-Japanese War was the first victory by independent military forces of a colored country over a white country in modern times.)
- 特に近代以降を発祥とする都市祭礼のなかで見られ、戦後に観光業振興のため地域の歴史的資源が着目されて創始された例が多い。
- Particularly, the Jidai Gyoretsu often takes place in urban festivals, which were begun in the modern era and in many cases, is intended to promote tourism in the postwar era by focusing on local historical resources.
- 測量術、砲術、蘭学、機械工学などを学び、幕末の時代に多くの門弟を指導し、幕末における日本の近代化への貢献が大きかった。
- He studied surveying, gunnery, Western studies, and Mechanical Engineering, etc., directed many disciples, and significantly contributed to modernization of Japan in the end of Edo period.
- 園田湖城(そのだ こじょう、男性、明治19年(1886年) - 昭和43年(1968年))は、近代日本の篆刻家である。
- Kojyo SONODA (male 1886 - 1968) was a Tenkoku artist (artist of seal engraving) in modern times of Japan.
- 古代のアッシリアの都市で、チグリス川に面し、現在はイラクとして知られるところの北部にある近代都市のモスルの向かいにある
- an ancient Assyrian city on the Tigris across from the modern city of Mosul in the northern part of what is now known as Iraq
- なおこの件に関しては、第二次世界大戦中にアメリカ合衆国で制作された反日映画で、日本の前近代的な側面として紹介されている。
- In addition, this point was introduced as a premodern aspect in the anti-Japanese movies produced in the United States during World War II.
- 現在でいう茶室の概念が成立したのは近代以降であり、利休の時代には茶を飲む空間は「座敷」「囲い」「数寄屋」と呼ばれていた。
- The tea room conception as a modern idea was established after the modern ages began, and during the Rikyu's period, the space to enjoy tea drinking was called 'Zashiki,' 'Kakoi,' or 'Sukiya.'
- 近代建築家による庭園論では作庭記に代表される視覚的な庭園評価とは異なり、機能性や空間性を重視した視点が打ち出されている。
- Theories about gardening amongst modern architects differ in view points from that of Sakutei-ki, namely not in the visual evaluation of a garden, but functionality and spatial evaluation was thought to be more important.
- 和洋折衷建築(わようせっちゅうけんちく)とは、近代日本において建てられた和風建築と洋風建築の要素を意図的に折衷した建物。
- Wayo-secchu (Japanese Hybrid Style) architecture refers to buildings constructed in modern Japan that intentionally blend elements of Japanese and Western architecture.
- 元来、西洋のフルートも篠笛のような素朴な姿ををしていたが、近代的改良を経て現在の金管・キー装置を備えた形態になっている。
- Western flutes originally had a simple form like the shinobue, but underwent modern improvements so that current western flutes include a gold tube and key equipment.
- 歌舞伎に限らず、近代劇の創始者のひとりである小山内薫の影響を受けて、1932年(昭和7年)には劇団新劇場を設立している。
- He founded the Shingekijo Theater Company in 1932, being influenced not only by kabuki, but also by Kaoru OSANAI, who was one of the founders of the modern theater.
- 以後、近世・近代を通じて門首の隠退所や外賓の接遇所として用いられるなど、東本願寺の飛地境内地として重要な機能を果たした。
- From the early modern period to the modern era, the garden was used as a place where the chief priest secluded or guests from foreign countries were treated and it played a major role as a detached landholding of Higashi Hongan-ji Temple.
- 中村蘭台(なかむららんだい、男性、安政3年(1856年) - 大正4年(1915年)11月)は、近代日本の篆刻家である。
- Randai NAKAMURA (male, 1856 - November 1915) was a Japanese tenkoku artist (a carver using a special chinese character).
- 熊谷県では、県内にある官営富岡製糸場の成功に乗る形で同様の近代的な製糸工場の設置を進め、前橋市や熊谷市に学校を新設した。
- In Kumagaya Prefecture, Kawase promoted the building of a modern yarn-making factory as a state-owned Tomioka Seishi-jo (Tomioka Silk Mill), and after its success he founded schools in Maebashi City and Kumagaya City.
- それは私の知る限り、近代国家においては(そして私はかなり多数の外国の地を訪れたことがありますが)比類なき伝統であります。
- It is a tradition that is unique as far as my experience goes (and I have visited not a few places abroad) among the modern nations.
- 明治期の日本が急速に近代化を達成できた要因のひとつに、寺子屋が庶民に高い教育水準をもたらしていた背景をあげることができる。
- One of the factors that led to the rapid modernization of Japan in the Meiji period was the high educational standards that Terakoya had provided the ordinary citizens.
- なお、大和高田市に存する「片塩」「浮孔」の町名・施設名(例:浮孔駅)は全て、第2説に基づいた近代以降の復古地名に過ぎない。
- Names of towns and facilities (e.g. Ukina Station) such as 'Katashio' and 'Ukina' currently existing in Yamatotakada City are all just Fukko chimei (returning to an old name of the place) after the early modern times, based on the second theory.
- 融米造りや焙炒造りと同じく、伝統的な工芸品というよりも、近代的工業製品として日本酒をとらえているところが大きな特徴である。
- It is a significant characteristic of this system that, like Yumai method (the brewing method wherein rice is reduced to a gruel-like consistency to enable saccharification to proceed apace) and Baisho method (the brewing method wherein rice is heated in hot air [about 200~400 degrees Celsius]), Japanese sake is considered as a modern industrial product rather than a traditional artifact.
- この変遷の過程は近代日本語において完成をみるが、ある面では終止形と連体形が融合した結果引き起こされた変化であるといえよう。
- This process of change completed in Early Modern Japanese, and in a way it can be considered to be a change caused by the integration of an end-form and an attributive form.
- 近代日本では大日本帝国憲法第11条が定めていた天皇大権のひとつである大日本帝国陸軍や、大日本帝国海軍への統帥の権能を指す。
- In modern Japan, it means capacity and power of supreme command to the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) which are one of the Emperor's powers under the provision of the Article 11 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 明治維新の際の「商法大意」に基づいて廃止され、後に運上として復活するものや近代的な営業税などの形で賦課されるものもあった。
- Myoga was abolished based on 'Shoho taii' (a kind of commercial code) enacted in the process of the Meiji Restoration, but some of them were later revived as Unjo or modern trade tax.
- 近代以降、中国史を専攻する学者たちは、カール・マルクスにより押された、「アジア的停滞」の烙印を何とかして剥がそうと試みた。
- After the modern era, scholars specializing in Chinese history have been trying to clear the label, 'Asian stagnation' put forth by Karl Marx.
- これらの楽所は近代になると東京に呼ばれ、現在の宮内庁の楽部の基礎となるが、それぞれの楽所の伝統はそれぞれの地で続いている。
- These gakuso theater companies were called to Tokyo during the modern age and became the basis for the current Gakubu section of the Imperial Household Agency, but the tradition of each gakuso theater company has continued in each place.
- 本庭の池泉回遊式庭園(国指定の名勝)は名匠7代目小川治兵衛の代表作であると同時に近代日本庭園の最高傑作の一つとして名高い。
- The Chisen Kaiyushiki Teien Garden (a fairly large garden form that allows visitors to view the garden while strolling around its pond and fountain and through its premise; designated as National Scenic Beauty) of the main garden was a representative work of a master craftsman Jihei OGAWA the seventh, and at the same time it is famous for being one of the supreme masterpieces of the modern Japanese gardens.
- 装飾を廃して無駄をそぎ落としたストイシズムがモダニズムの美学、近代主義的なまなざしを受けて、日本を代表する庭園様式となる。
- The stoicism that decoration is abolished with unnecessary waste being cut out, is an idea that is in tune with the aesthetics of a modernistic view, that has become a garden style that represents Japan.
- 明治時代に入ると外国への配慮から混浴は禁止されるが、銭湯そのものは都市化の進展や近代の衛生観念の向上とともに隆盛を極めた。
- Even though mixed bathing was banned out of consideration for foreigners in the Meiji period, the sento reached new heights of prosperity along with the advanced urbanization and improved awareness of hygiene.
- しかし、近代になって明治新政府によって再神仏分離され、神道は国家神道とされて軍国主義と一体となり覇権主義の手段ともなった。
- However, in the modern times, the new Meiji Government performed a re-separation of Buddhism and Shinto, and the Shinto religion which was treated as State Shinto was merged with militarism, and became a means of hegemonism.
- 尚、浦安の舞などの近代に作られた神楽は国風歌舞や舞楽を下地に創作されたものであり、広義では雅楽の延長線としても考えられる。
- Kagura made in the modern era, including Urayasu no mai, are based on Kuniburi no utamai songs and dances or bugaku (traditional Japanese court music accompanied by dancing) and, in a broad sense, can be seen as a continuation of gagaku court music.
- 欧米ではルネサンスに匹敵する、西洋近代的な美意識と科学的パースペクティヴの、大きな変革運動の一つの段階として見られている。
- In Western countries, it is seen as one stage of a large transformative movement in the Western modern sense of beauty and scientific perspective, comparable to the Renaissance.
- こうして近代的思想の下生まれた制式機関車が、比較的早く姿を消していく中で、後年まで生き残ったのが構内入換え用の蒸機である。
- While class locomotives created under modern thoughts were disappearing comparatively early, yard-track shunting steam locomotives remained for use years afterwards.
- 近世には方広寺(大仏)や蓮華王院(三十三間堂)を管理下に置き、三十三間堂は近代以降も引き続き妙法院所管の仏堂となっている。
- During the early modern period, the temple administered Hoko-ji Temple (Great Buddha) and Rengeo-in Temple (Sanjusangen-do Hall), with the Sanjusangen-do Hall remaining under Myoho-in Temple's jurisdiction following this period.
- 近代に入ってからの鎌倉には鎌倉文士と呼ばれる作家、美術家などの文化人が住み、また数多くのドラマや小説などの舞台になってきた。
- In recent times, Kamakura has become a place where cultured people such as writers and artists have lived and provided the setting for many dramas and novels.
- 以上のように近代における小辺路は生活道路としての性格を持つ道であり、国道168号が五條・新宮間を全通するまで利用され続けた。
- As explained above, Kohechi was a community road in modern times, and continued to be used until National Highway 168 was constructed at the whole sections between Gojo and Shingu.
- 近代以前の国家においては、権利は人民には有せず国家など権力を保有する者に対する功労の恩典として授けられる性質のものであった。
- In a state before the modern era, rights did not belong to the people, but they were types of favors given to those in power such as a state for their distinguished services.
- 焙炒造りと同様に、伝統的な工芸品というよりも、時代に即した近代的工業製品として日本酒をとらえているところが大きな特徴である。
- It characteristically treats sake as a modern industrial product suited to today's needs rather than a traditional craft, as it is for Baisho-zukuri (the brewing method wherein rice is heated in hot air).
- だが、イギリスからイギリス軍人を司令官とする艦隊を清の海軍とするよう提案されたのを拒否し、近代海軍の設立は再び先送りされた。
- However, the dynasty refused the suggestion from Britain that it should establish a Chinese navy fleet that would employ a British military officer as the commander, and the establishment of modern navy was again postponed.
- しかし、富国強兵を目的とする近代国家建設を推進するためには、中央集権化による政府の地方支配強化は是非とも必要なことであった。
- However, the government desperately needed strong control over the provinces in order to develop the construction of modern state, to enrich the country and to strengthen the military.
- しかし空海や日蓮以降、近代に至るまで宗祖の立場にある人物がこのように尊像を刻んだり描いたりしたことがほとんどなくなっていた。
- However, there had been few founders of a religious sects except Shinjo that engraved and painted statues of noble characters from the days of Kukai and Nichirenno until modern ages.
- 1872年(明治5年)、博覧会御用掛に就任し、日本の産業の近代化をめざすべく、同年3月に日本初の博覧会を湯島聖堂で開催する。
- In 1872, he was appointed to a Goyogakari (a general affairs official of the Imperial Household) for exhibition and he held Japan's first exhibition in Yushima Seido (Sacred Hall at Yushima) in March 1872 to modernize Japanese industry.
- 近代経済の父として有名なSmithは、もっとも有名な教科書である国富論をはじめとする経済理論関係の教科書をいくつも執筆した。
- Better known as the Father of Modern Economics, Smith penned several texts pertaining to Economic theory, including, The Wealth of Nations his most famous text.
- 殖産興業(しょくさんこうぎょう)とは、明治政府が西洋諸国に対抗し、産業、資本主義育成により国家の近代化を推進した諸政策を指す。
- Shokusan-kogyo is the policies in which the Meiji government accelerated modernization of the nation by encouraging industry and nurturing capitalism in order to compete with Western countries.
- 江華島事件の問罪を前面に押し出しながら、実質的には条約を締結し、両国の懸案で長年解決しなかった近代的な国際関係を樹立すること。
- While emphasizing the reproof of the Ganghwa Island incident, they practically tried to conclude a treaty and establish modern international relationship with Korea, which had been left unsettled for many years.
- 桂園派は、当時流行しつつあった冒険的な近代短歌に対して、当たり障りのない『古今和歌集』などの伝統を重んじる保守的な流派である。
- The Keien school was a conservative school which valued tradition such as innocuous 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) against venturous modern tanka which was coming into fashion at that time.
- 近代立憲国家の一般的な理解でさえも押しつぶされたこととなり、ここに大日本帝国憲法による立憲政治は、その実質を失ったことを示す。
- Due to this incident, the definition of a modern constitutional nation became obscure, and Japan's constitutionalism based on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan broke down.
- 上円下方墳(じょうえんかほうふん)とは日本列島でかつて築造された古墳の一類型、及び近代に築造された天皇家の陵墓の一形式である。
- A dome-shaped mound on a square base is a type of tumuli that were constructed in the past in the Japanese Islands, and also a type of mausoleums of the imperial family in modern times.
- 宴会場「葵殿」の南に広がる葵殿庭園は日本近代庭園の先覚者として有名な小川治兵衛によって1933年に作庭された回遊式庭園である。
- The Aoi-den garden spreading in the south of the Aoi-den banquet hall is a walk-through type, one designed in 1933 by Jihe OGAWA, famous as a pioneer of modern Japanese gardens.
- このような手付かずのものは、全国的に見て大変貴重で、近代化遺産として、映画やテレビドラマのロケーションに使用される事が数多い。
- The rarity of these old buildings which remain intact makes them valuable, and they have been used as the backdrop for many movies and TV dramas as they represent Japan's modernization.
- 第二次世界大戦以前の日本には1890年制定の帝室技芸員制度はあったものの、近代的な無形文化財の保護・指定制度は存在しなかった。
- Before World War Ⅱ, although the System of Imperial Arts and Crafts Experts established in 1890 existed, there was no modern system that protected and designated intangible cultural properties.
- 一方で、剣道の戦闘方法に精神美を求め至上の価値を置く「復興された武士道」思想は、日本人が近代戦を本質的に理解することを妨げた。
- On the other hand, the thought of a 'restored Bushido (the way of the samurai)' which sought spiritual beauty and found supreme value in the fighting method of Kendo, interfered with Japan's essential understanding of modern warfare.
- かつての日本的儒教=朱子学は武士や一部の農民・町民など限られた範囲の道徳であったが、近代天皇制のもとでは国民全体に強要された。
- The former Japanese Ju-kyo, or Neo-Confucianism was ethics for a limited target, such as samurai, certain farmers, and townsmen, but under the modern emperor system, it was imposed on all citizens.
- 1895年(明治28年)3月には征清総督府参謀長に任命され、かねてから川上が大いに推し進めた軍の近代化が功を奏し戦功を挙げる。
- In March 1895, Kawakami was appointed to the Chief of Staff assigned to the Government General to defeat Qing, and the intense effort he had been making to modernize the Japanese army succeeded and distinguished war service.
- 政治的要職としては司法大輔・貴族院 (日本)位であったが、日本の近代法導入の功績に関しては江藤新平と並んで高く評価されている。
- His politically important posts to be mentioned were only Shiho-taifu (a post of Ministry of Justice) and a membership of the House of Peers, but he is appreciated as highly as Shinpei ETO in the introduction of the modern law.
- そのため、江戸時代には一般に大池(おおいけ)と呼ばれており、巨椋池という名が広く使われるようになったのは近代に入ってからである。
- It was, therefore, commonly referred to as Oike Pond during the Edo period and the name Ogura-ike Pond came into widespread use in recent years.
- 安土桃山時代に入って明智光秀が丹波統治のため古世地区に丹波亀山城を築き城下町を形成したことによって、亀岡は近代的な発展を遂げる。
- During the Azuchi Momoyama period, Mitsuhide AKECHI built Tanba Kameyama-jo Castle to rule Tanba and developed the castle town in the Kose area, which made way for modern development of Kameoka in recent times.
- さらに西欧の近代鉱山技術を導入した結果、足尾銅山は日本最大の鉱山となり、年間生産量数千トンをかぞえる東アジア一の銅の産地となる。
- As a result of the introduction of Western modern mining technology, Ashio copper mine became Japan's largest copper producer and became the largest in East Asia which produced thousands of tons annually.
- この条約が締結される頃の東アジア世界は、近代的国際法を掲げながら、実際には弱肉強食を旨とする西欧列強が浸透してくる時期にあたる。
- When this treaty was concluded, the powerful countries of Western Europe were spreading into East Asia, holding up the modern international law on one hand but practicing the principle of survival of the fittest on the other hand.
- にもかかわらず、憧れだけで入門した妓は封建的かつ前近代的な体質を持つ花街の昔気質のつらい修行に耐え切れず辞めてしまう場合が多い。
- However, a girl who becomes a disciple of Maiko only because of her yearning feelings often resigns, because she can not bear the old-fashioned severe training of the feudalistic red-light district.
- 演劇改良運動(えんげきかいりょううんどう)とは、明治時代に歌舞伎を近代社会にふさわしい内容のものに改めようとして提唱された運動。
- Engeki Kairyo Undo (Theatrical Performance Improvement Movement) was a campaign launched during the Meiji period, that advocated reforming Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) so it could meet standards of modern society.
- 農機具などが近代化される前の日本の農耕社会においては、強い働き手となる逞しい男性の存在が農家に最も求められる最重要課題であった。
- In the agrarian society in Japan where farming equipment had not been modernized, it was the most necessary and important issue for farmer's families to have strong and tough men who worked hard.
- 近代になると烏帽子を固定する髷がなくなったため、頭にすっぽりとかぶり掛緒を顎にかけて固定するタイプのものが用いられることが多い。
- In modern times, the type of eboshi, completely covers the head which is fixed at the chin with the kakeo strap is used often, because the mage (chignon) to fix the eboshi has been abolished.
- 大社は前近代には杵築大社(現出雲大社)・熊野大社(いずれも島根県)しか名乗っていないが、戦前は出雲大社のみが大社を名乗っていた。
- In premodern times, only Kitsuki Taisha Shrine (presently Izumo Taisha Shrine) and Kumano Taisha Shrine (both in Shimane Prefecture) bore the shrine name 'taisha,' but by the pre-war period Izumo Taisha Shrine was the only one to do so.
- 木村竹香(きむら ちっこう、男性、明治元年(1868年) - 昭和18年(1943年 1月28日))は、近代日本の篆刻家である。
- Chikko KIMURA (male 1868-January 28, 1943) was a Tenkoku artist (artist of seal engraving) in modern times of Japan.
- 近代では裕仁親王(昭和天皇)立太子に際し、蜷飾り6色の赤色扇が調進されたが、戦後の明仁親王(今上天皇)立太子以後は例がないらしい。
- As a case after the Meiji period, a red fan with six-colored nina decoration was supplied for the investiture of the Crown Prince Hirohito (Emperor Showa), but there is no instance after the investiture of the Crown Prince Akihito (the present Emperor).
- この戦争の結果、薩長、薩長協力藩(佐賀藩、土佐藩等)出身者が明治政府の主体となり、日本は近代的な中央集権国家への道を歩んでいった。
- As a result of the war, members from the Sat-Cho (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains) and their supporting domains (the Saga and Tosa Domains) played an active role in the Meiji government, and Japan was to head for the modern system of centralized government.
- 冊封体制の下での「属国」・「属邦」とは、近代あるいは現代の国際法におけるそれとは表記を同じくしながら、性格を異にする存在とされる。
- Although the terms 'subject state' or 'client state' used under the tributary system have a different meaning in the international law of recent history and the present day, the same expressions are still used.
- 近代化に対しては一日の長がある日本から、軍事顧問団(菊地節蔵陸軍歩兵中尉、堀本禮造陸軍工兵少尉及び美代清濯陸軍工兵少尉)を招いた。
- They invited a military advisory group from Japan, which had been one step ahead in achieving modernization (members: First Lieutenant of Army Infantry 菊地節蔵, Second Lieutenant of Army Engineers Reizo HORIMOTO and Second Lieutenant of Army Engineers 美代清濯).
- この憲法は、天皇が黒田清隆首相に手渡すという欽定憲法の形で発布され、日本は東アジアではじめて近代憲法を有する立憲君主国家となった。
- This constitution was thought to be the constitution enacted by the emperor, so it was promulgated by handing it down from the emperor to Prime Minister, Kiyotaka KURODA, and Japan became the first constitutional monarchy with a modern constitution in East Asia.
- 以上の理由から、鎌倉幕府の統治機構としての性格、あるいは成立時期というのもあくまで後世の、特に近代歴史学上のとらえ方の問題である。
- For these reasons, the character of the Kamakura Bakufu as a system of government or the time of its founding are both issues relating to the perceptions of subsequent generations, particularly within the field of modern history.
- 近代の新宗教を除けば日本有数の巨大宗教教団の指導者としては例外的に社会問題や国際情勢に対する積極的な発言をすることで知られている。
- He is known for his positive statements about social issues and international affairs unlike the other leaders of the biggest religious organizations in Japan except the leaders of newly formed religions.
- 最近では、山間部で、逆に濃度の濃い豆乳を使って作った硬い豆腐を土産物的に売っているが、これは近代的に作られた似て非なるものである。
- Meanwhile, hard tofu, which is nowadays made in mountain-ringed regions as a souvenir using high concentrations of soy milk, but this tofu made by a modern process so it's close but not the same.
- 彼の哲学体系は西田哲学と呼ばれたが、このように体系にその名が付けられるのは日本の近代以降の哲学者の中では唯一と言って過言ではない。
- His philosophical system is called Nishida Philosophy, and it is not an exaggeration to say that he was the only philosopher in recent Japanese history to have had a philosophical system named after him.
- 近代以降の神道および政教関係を大きく方向付けることとなった1881年(明治14年)の祭神論争の出雲派の敗北で、公的には否定される。
- It was denied officially as Izumo-ha school lost in the argument of enshrined deity in 1881, which greatly fixed the future course of Shinto and government-religion-relationship after the Meiji period.
- 近代に入り、大正3年(1914年)には興福寺住職・法相宗管長であった大西良慶(1875年 - 1983年)が清水寺住職に就任する。
- In the modern times, Ryokei ONISHI (1875-1983), the chief priest of Kofuku-ji Temple and the chief abbot of the Hosso sect, assumed the post of the chief priest of Kiyomizu-dera Temple in 1914.
- また「頼まれた仕事は断らない」を信条に、近代映画協会における自作の映画制作と平行し、大手映画会社の企画作品の脚本をも多数手がけた。
- Furthermore, with his principle to 'never refuse a job request,' he worked on numerous scripts for projects sponsored by major movie companies while he produced his own movies at the Kindai Eiga Kyokai.
- 近代に至るまで支持されつづけている要因には、その構成が周到かつ堅牢なうえに、丸本歌舞伎にありがちな荒唐無稽さも少ない点があげられる。
- The reason why it continues to remain popular even today is that its story is carefully and cleverly composed, and that it contains less of the nonsense, which is seen more often in marumoto kabuki (plays written for ningyo joruri).
- なお近代化された住宅内で使用される線香では冷暖房の効率を挙げる上で建物の気密性が高いため、香りが穏やかで煙の少ないものが主流である。
- As modern houses are designed to maintain air tightness in order to improve the efficiency of air-conditioners, Senko which emits less aroma and smoke is mainly used inside houses.
- それを近代の初期に体系化して合理化したのがイギリスの政治哲学者ジョン・ロックだったので、これはよく所有物の「ロック」理論と呼ばれる。
- Because it was systematized and rationalized in the early modern era by the English political philosopher John Locke, it is sometimes referred to as the Lockean theory of property.
- そうしてこのふたりは*エールステッドが年報誌上にかいた古近代論の、現代びいきな説にたいして、やかましい攻撃をはじめかけたくらいです。
- and both exerted themselves with unwearied eloquence.
- 世論の近代的支配体制というのは、非組織的形態ではあるけれど、中国の教育的および政治的体制が組織された形態であったものと同じなのです。
- The modern régime of public opinion is, in an unorganized form, what the Chinese educational and political systems are in an organized;
- 他にも各府県で作成された管内地図の多くが伊能大図・中図を元に作成されるなど、近代日本の行政地図において、伊能図は多大な貢献を果たした。
- Besides, many jurisdictional maps made by various prefectures were based on the Ino large or medium-sized maps; therefore, the Ino maps made great contributions to administrative maps of modern Japan.
- 1901年、総督府は『台湾公共規則』を公布、以前からの水利施設を回収すると共に、新たに近代的な水利施設を建設することをその方針とした。
- The Sotoku-fu issued the 'Taiwan Public Rules' in 1901, by which the old water facilities were replaced with the modern water facilities.
- 一方、ほとんどのアジア諸国で挫折ないし不可能だった近代化革命が、なぜ日本においてのみ成功したのかについても近年研究が盛んとなっている。
- In a recent historic study of Japan, the scholars try to identify the reason why only Japan's revolution to modernize the country succeeded, whereas most Asian countries failed to modernize, or found it impossible to modernize.
- しかし現在では、近代的な用語としてクーデターや反乱などの言葉が使われ、明治以降の武力反抗事件に謀反という言葉は用いられなくなっている。
- Today people use more modern terms such as 'coup d'etat' or 'hanran' instead of 'muhon' for armed rebellions after Meiji.
- (少なくとも近代以降の)日本刀の製作は分業が徹底されているが、鞘に関してもそれ自体を作る職人と塗りの職人は別の者が担当することが多い。
- Manufacturing of Japanese swords are strictly based on the division of labor, and in most cases scabbard crafting and lacquering were done by different groups of people.
- その後明治になり、徳川幕府から明治新政府へ政権が移ると、近代化により日本陸軍・日本海軍が創設され、忍者達はその役目を終えることになる。
- In Meiji period, the administration was transferred to new Meiji Government and Japanese army and navy were created through modernization policy, then ninja lost their job.
- 近代に入り、明治政府が徴兵令を制定し、国民皆兵が義務付けられ、徴兵検査を受けることが成人男子の証として社会的に認知されるようになった。
- In the modern age, since the Meiji government instituted a conscription ordinance and made a universal conscription compulsory; it became widely acknowledged in the society as proof of reaching manhood to undergo an examination for conscription.
- 寿星は南極老人星(カノープス)とされ、容貌は時期によって諸説あるが近代以降は禿げた長大な頭に白ひげをたくわえた老人とされることが多い。
- Shouxing, the God of Longevity is considered to be Canopus and there are various opinions on his physical appearance depending on the time in history but, since the modern era, it has often been defined to be a bald old man with an elongated head sporting white beard.
- 郷里に近い国泰寺 (高岡市)での禅経験(居士号は寸心)と近代哲学を基礎に、仏教思想、西洋哲学をより根本的な地点から融合させようとした。
- He tried to merge Buddhist concepts with Western philosophy from a more fundamental aspect based on his experience of Zen meditation (Sunshin Koji) in Kokutai-ji Temple (Takaoka City) and philosophy in recent times near his hometown.
- 武家の思想は、教育による家族制度の徹底化や徴兵制による軍事国家など明治近代日本に変化した形で生き残ってその後の日本を生み出す元になった。
- The ideology of samurai families remained in modern Japan of the Meiji period in the form of a rooted family system enforced through education and a garrison state based on the conscription system, which became a model for later periods in Japan.
- 当時日本の近代化のほとんどは当時世界一の大帝国だったイギリスを模範に行っていたため、歌詞もイギリスの国歌を手本に選んだとも言われている。
- It is also said that the words were selected using the British National Anthem as a model because almost all modernization of Japan at that time was carried out after the model of Great Britain, which was the biggest imperial monarchy in the world at that time.
- 明治政府の成立後、国家統治機構の近代化と人材登用を標榜して、公家の官職世襲によって支えられてきた朝廷のシステムを「悪しき遺制」と捉えた。
- After the establishment of the Meiji government, with the aim of the modernization of national management systems and utilizing human resources, the court system of hereditary positions held by the aristocracy was considered as an 'evil old custom.'
- なお以上の解釈には一定の歴史的根拠が与えられるが、これらの説明は日本の近代中国思想研究に於ける影響下にあることを前もって知る必要がある。
- The above-mentioned interpretation is based on certain historical grounds, but it should be noted that the description is made under the influence of Japanese study on modern Chinese ideology.
- 何有荘(かいうそう)(旧稲畑勝太郎邸)は、七代小川治兵衛(近代日本庭園の先駆者とされる庭師)通称植治が作り上げた京都市左京区にある庭園。
- Kaiuso Garden (the former residence of Katsutaro INABATA) is a garden that was made in present-day Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, by Jihei OGAWA the seventh, commonly called Ueji (a pioneer gardener of modern Japanese gardens).
- 東北・北陸地方がさまざまな艱難辛苦を乗り越えて、ようやくその地方の地酒の名声を全国に知らしめるようになったのは、むしろ日本酒近代である。
- It was the modern times of Japan when Tohoku and Hokuriku regions eventually earned the national reputation of their Jizake through the various trials and tribulations.
- ここには京都会館、京都市美術館、京都国立近代美術館、京都市動物園など、やや北に位置する平安神宮とともに明治以降に作られた文化施設が並ぶ。
- Today there are cultural facilities built in and after the Meiji period, such as Kyoto Kaikan Hall; the Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art; the National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto; and Kyoto City Zoo, together with Heian Jingu Shrine, which is located a little north of the street.
- 江戸時代の文化 (元号)9年(1812年)には一山炎上する大火災があり、近代に入って1945年(昭和20年)にも本殿などが焼失している。
- In 1812 (ninth year of Bunka of Edo period), there was a great fire that engulfed the whole mountain in flames, and more recently, the Main Shrine was burned down by a fire in Year 1945.
- その後朝鮮に駐在し朝鮮軍近代化の為別技軍を提案するが、それが原因となった壬午事変では暴徒に包囲された公使館を脱出して命からがら帰国した。
- Later he was stationed in Korea and proposed to establish Byeolgigun (a modernized special military force) to modernize the Korean army, but as a result the Jingo Incident occurred, in which he barely escaped alive from the legation assaulted by rioters and returned to Japan.
- 近代日本における財政確立の功労者の一人であるとともに、経済学の教育・普及に尽力した、「官庁エコノミスト」の先駆け的人物として知られている
- He was one of those who did distinguish service to the establishment of national finances of modern Japan, and additionally, he has been known as the first 'government economist' (economist who works at a government agency) who greatly contributed to economics education and its popularization.
- しかしながら、一応のところ、(原始・)古代・中世・近世・近代(・現代 (時代区分))とする時代区分法が歴史研究では広く受け入れられている。
- However, roughly it can be said that classifying the periods into (the primitive period), ancient times, the medieval period, the early-modern times, modern times, and the contemporary period is widely accepted in the researching of history.
- 明治天皇の在位中は天長節だった日付が、名君とされ近代日本の礎を築いた明治天皇の御聖徳を偲び「國民の與論・總意として」制定されたものである。
- This day used to be called Tencho-setsu during Emperor Meiji's reign, and the anniversary called Meiji-setsu was established according to public opinion and consensus in memory of Emperor Meiji, who was regarded as a great ruler who laid the foundations for modern Japan.
- なぜならば、日本酒アルコール添加のように近代的な工程を加えないため、健全醗酵したか否かによって製成酒の質が直結的に決まってくるからである。
- The reason is that, as modern processes such as Japanese liquor alcohol addition are not included, whether natural fermentation or not determines directly the quality of seisei-shu (product sake).
- やがて近代化が一段落すると、今度は国粋主義や、民族国家としての民族独自の美術を求める動きが起こり、再び日本美術に目が向けられるようになる。
- After a while, the modernization of Japanese society reached a certain point, and instead, there occurred a movement in the opposite direction, such as nationalism and the pursuit of art unique to Japanese that has a nation-state of its own, so Japanese art attracted people's attention once again.
- 従って、前近代における寺院法は治教権に基づく法制が多くを占めており、狭義においては治教権に基づく法制のみを「寺院法」と呼称する場合がある。
- For this reason, laws based on chikyo-ken accounted for a major part of the Jiin-ho before modern times, and sometimes, in a stricter sense, only the legislations grounded in chikyo-ken are called 'Jiin-ho.'
- この陵墓の形式は近代以降の天皇家の陵墓にも採用されており、明治天皇の伏見桃山陵、大正天皇の武蔵陵墓地、昭和天皇の武蔵野陵がこの形式である。
- This type of mausoleums was adopted for mausoleums of the imperial family, such as the Fushimi Momoyama Mausoleum of Emperor Meiji, the Musashi Mausoleum of Emperor Taisho, and the Musashino Mausoleum of Emperor Showa.
- 局長は後に国立博物館総長となる九鬼隆一であり、係官には近代日本美術史に大きな足跡を残した岡倉天心やアーネスト・フェノロサも名を連ねていた。
- The bureau's director was Ryuichi KUKI, who later became the president of the National Museum; the officials in charge included Tenshin OKAKURA and Ernest Francisco Fenollosa, who contributed significantly to modern Japanese art history.
- 北村捨次郎らの設計による、数寄屋造りの高度な技法を凝らして作られた建築物と、近代日本庭園の先駆者である小川治兵衛が作った美しい庭園がある。
- This villa is composed of buildings constructed by incorporating advanced the technique of Sukiya-zukuri based upon the design of Sutejiro KITAMURA and so on, and a beautiful garden which was designed by Jihei OGAWA, a pioneering engineer of modern Japanese gardens.
- これら歴代の近衛家当主によって守られてきた古文書類は、近代に入って明治33年(1900年)から数度に分けて京都大学附属図書館に寄託された。
- These ancient documents that had been cherished by the successive heads of the Konoe family were donated in a few batches to Kyoto University Library following 1900 in the modern era.
- これらは江戸時代を通して「武芸,武術,兵法」等と呼ばれ、大正時代以降の近代では、明治以降に成立した流派も含めて武道という総称が用いられた。
- These were called 'bugei, bujutsu, hyoho,' etc. throughout the Edo period, and in modern times after the Taisho period, a generic name 'budo' was used to call them including schools established after the Meiji period.
- 月桂冠大倉記念館をはじめとする月桂冠の施設群および松本酒造酒蔵とともに「伏見の日本酒醸造関連遺産」として近代化産業遺産の認定を受けている。
- Fushimi Jikkoku-bune Boat, facilities of Gekkeikan Sake Co., Ltd. including Gekkeikan Okura Sake Museum, and Breweries of Matsumoto Sake Brewing Co., Ltd. are designated officially as ''Heritage of Sake Brewing in Fushimi'', Heritage of Industrial Modernization.
- 現在では、近代工業の発達により作業の機械化が進み、わずかの大豆から効率よく豆腐が生産されるようになり、より安価で提供されるようになった。。
- Currently, tofu is efficiently made from a small number of soybeans due to the mechanized process that has developed with modern industry, and tofu is sold at cheaper prices.
- 肥後国熊本藩出身で薩摩藩・長州藩の藩閥と微妙な距離を保ちながらも、東北地方・北海道地方の開発と近代化、草の根からの人材発掘に生涯を捧げる。
- He was born in Kumamoto Domain, Higo Province, and although he kept a delicate distance from the domain clique constituted by the domains of Satsuma and Choshu, he dedicated all of his life to developing and modernizing the regions of Tohoku and Hokkaido and finding out the capable persons from the ordinary people.
- 安部井櫟堂(あべい れきどう、男性、文化 (元号)2年(1805年) – 明治16年(1883年)9月16日)は、近代日本の篆刻家である。
- Rekido ABEI (male, 1805-September 16, 1883) was a modern Japanese tenkokuka (artist of seal engraving).
- 「大正ロマン」は、新しい時代の萌芽を示す意味合いから、モダニズム(近代化)から派生した「大正モダン」ということばと同列に扱われることもある。
- The term 'Taisho Roman' is thought to mean an early sign of a new era, and sometimes used together with 'Taisho Modern,' derived from modernization.
- また、17~18世紀にかけて、“なごみ感”プラス“洒落”・“エスプリ”・“伊達心”等が付け加えられ、近代の進化した根付が完成されたのである。
- Also, from 17th and 18th centuries, a range of new designs - comfortable or funny, witty or elegant - contributed to the completion of the modern and advanced netsuke.
- 御暦奏(ごりゃくそう)とは、近代以前において毎年11月1日 (旧暦)に陰陽寮から中務省を経由して天皇に対して翌年の暦が奏進される儀式のこと。
- Goryakuso is a ceremony conducted during pre-modern periods, in which a Year calendar is presented on every November first (old lunar calendar) by Onmyoryo to the Emperor via Nakatsukasasho.
- 日本の美術は、縄文時代を例外として、常に外国(近世以前はおもに中国、近代以降はおもに西洋)の影響を強く受けつつ、独自の様式を発達させてきた。
- Japanese art has developed its peculiar style always - except for the Jomon period - under the great influence of other countries - mainly that of China before the early modern ages, and that of Western countries after the modern age.
- 封建社会を経て近代化してもなお、このような原始宗教ともいわれる世界観を持ち合わせる国は少なく、日本独特に育まれてきた観念からの祭礼でもある。
- Among modernized countries having undergone feudal perods, only a few countries retain such an interpretation of the world which can be called a primitive faith; it is also a festival originated from the concept that has specifically been nurtured in Japan.
- 明治時代に入ってからも馬琴の評価は高く、坪内逍遥や二葉亭四迷によって近代文学が打ち立てられるまで日本文学は読本など戯作の影響を逃れなかった。
- Even in the Meiji period, the works of Bakin were highly appreciated, and until the early modern literature was established by Shoyo TSUBOUCHI and Shimei FUTABATEI, Japanese literature had been highly influenced by gesaku such as Yomihon.
- 長大路線でありながらこのように近代化が遅れたことや、風光明媚な車窓風景とあいまって、鉄道ファンの間では「偉大なるローカル線」と呼ばれている。
- This line is dubbed the 'Great local Line' by railway enthusiasts because of its length, delayed modernization and the beautiful scenery one can see from the train windows.
- 近代は天皇は年齢にかかわらず長飾りつきの菊の置紋、皇族は菊のみ、即位での臣下のうち、奏任官・高等官以上は五七桐、伊勢神宮では飛鶴が用いられた。
- After the Meiji period, emperors used fans with heraldry of the Chrysanthemum with Nagakazari regardless of their ages; the Imperial family used the Chrysanthemum only; among retainers by enthronement, those of the offices originally selected as candidates by the Prime Minister and senior officials or higher used the crest of goshichi no kiri (literally, five seven paulownia); and at the Ise-jingu Shrine, the crest of flying cranes was used.
- 融米造り(ゆうまいづくり)と同じく、伝統的な工芸品というよりも、時代に即した近代的工業製品として日本酒をとらえているところが大きな特徴である。
- The remarkable feature of this method is that this method is developed from a viewpoint for Japanese sake to be a modern industrial product which fits the current time rather than a traditional handicraft product similarly to Yumai-zukuri method.
- 岩倉、大久保らは、天皇を近代国家の主体的君主として育成するため、宮廷改革を行なって旧習を廃し、天皇親政体制への切り替えと君徳の培養に尽くした。
- Iwakura and Okubo put effort into abolishing the old system of the Imperial Palace and to establish a new system for the Emperor to rule the government directly, and to educate the Emperor to become the sovereign of the modern nation.
- 日本の政財界の中にも、朝鮮の近代化は隣国として利益となる面も大きいと考え、積極的な支援を惜しまない人々が現れ、改革の土台が出来上がっていった。
- Some people in the Japanese political and financial worlds found the modernization of Korea more valuable as a neighbor and came to provide positive support, and this formed the foundation of reform.
- 具体的には封建社会において並存する「幕藩体制の倫理と武士階級の倫理の衝突」であり、近代日本においては「日本人のアイデンティティの喪失」である。
- In more concrete terms, it is 'a conflict between the ethics in the feudal system and in samurai hierarchy' which are present simultaneously in feudal society and it is 'a loss of identity as a Japanese person' in modern Japan.
- 明治時代になると、西洋化近代化が国家目標になり、美術分野でもお雇い外国人による指導が行われ、芸術の本場と考えられたフランスへ留学する者もいた。
- In the Meiji period, the Japanese government set a national goal of westernization and modernization, and therefore, also in the art field, hired foreigners taught Japanese, and since France was deemed the home of art, some Japanese went there for study.
- 奈良町資料館(ならまちしりょうかん)は、奈良県奈良市の近世から近代にかけて建てられた町屋 (商家)が並ぶ地区、ならまちの一角にある私設資料館。
- The Naramachi Shiryokan is a privately-run museum located in a corner of Naramachi area, where Machiya (merchant house) built from the early-modern to modern times were lined up in Nara City, Nara Prefecture.
- 1950年代半ばに建設が始まった公団住宅は、水洗トイレ、風呂、ダイニングキッチン、ベランダなどを取り入れ、近代的なものとして憧れの住宅だった。
- Public housing that began to be built in the latter half of the 1950s incorporated features such as flushing toilets, bathrooms, eat-in kitchens and balconies, and were admired as modern housing.
- 現代においては、近代以降の現代武道と区別して、主に明治以前に成立した現代武道以外の諸流派を現代から見て古武道や古流武術、古武術等と呼んでいる。
- In the present age, we distinguish gendai budo (modern martial arts) established after modern times from the schools except gendai budo established mainly before the Meiji period, and call the latter kobudo, koryubujutsu, kobujutsu, and so on from the viewpoint of the present.
- 日本では昭和からの大規模な書道展の開催により、書道が近代芸術としての地位を確立したことから、その芸術作品としての創作方法も書の技法に加わった。
- In Japan, large-scale Shodo exhibitions were held since the Showa period which established Shodo's status as modern art, consequently a creative method as art work is added to Shodo technique.
- 仁王門(近代の再建)をくぐり、最初の急な石段(鎧坂という)を上がると、正面に金堂(平安時代、国宝)、左に弥勒堂(鎌倉時代、重要文化財)がある。
- After going through a Deva Gate (rebuilt in modern times) and going up the first steep stone steps (named Yoroizaka), the golden hall (built in the Heian period, national treasure) appears in the center and Mirokudo hall (built in the Kamakura period, important cultural property) is on the left.
- 逝去に先立つ同年8月、『演劇新潮』(文藝春秋)に発表した『生きてゐる小平次』が絶筆となったが、これが代表作とされ、近代戯曲史上の名作とされる。
- In August, 1924, before his death, Senzaburo wrote his last work, 'Koheiji, who is alive,' on 'Engeki-shincho' (Bungeishunju Ltd.), which is recognized as his defining work, and also as a masterpiece in the history of modern plays.
- 特に、仏教思想・仏教史を近代的学問体系からの批判に耐え得る形で研究するとともに、その成果を自ら整備に関与した公私の諸教育機関において公開した。
- He researched Buddhist concepts and history while coming under fire from the modern academic system, and he disclosed his accomplishments in various public and private educational institutes in which he was involved when they were established.
- 管長を補佐する宗務総監の指揮監督の下、庶務部・教学部・海外部・渉外部・財務部の5部門によって宗務行政が分担される近代的事務機構が構築されている。
- There is a modern official system established and general political matters are divided into five divisions under the supervision of the General Office Director who supports kancho, such as Shomubu (General Affairs Department), Kyogakubu (Educational Department), Kaigaibu (Overseas Department), Shogaibu (Public Relations Department) and Zaimubu (Finance Department).
- 酒造りが近代化される明治時代以前は、精米は水車で行なわれ、半切り桶の中に蒸米と水をいれ、櫂(かい)で丹念にすりつぶすという大変な重労働であった。
- Before the Meiji period when sake brewing became modernized, yamaoroshi was extremely hard work: rice milling was conducted powered by a water wheel; then, steamed rice and water were put into a flat large tub and were patiently rammed with a mash paddle.
- 最近、衛星放送受信アンテナが目立ち、近代化された住宅も建ち始めているが、それでもなお駅から見る山間の集落そのものがすばらしい風景であると言える。
- Recently some modern houses with satellite antennas have been built, but still the view of the mountain village, as seen from the station, is beautiful.
- 1868年(明治元年)、近代に入ると、親密であった東本願寺と江戸幕府との関係を払拭し、明治新政府との関係改善を図るため、勤皇の立場を明確にする。
- In 1868, entering modern times, in order to dispel the close relationship between Higashi Hongan-ji Temple and the Edo bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and to improve relations with the new Meiji government, he defined his position as an imperialist.
- 松木松年(まつき しょうねん、男性、天保14年(1843年) - 大正6年(1917年)12月28日)は、幕末から近代日本の画家・篆刻家である。
- Shonen MATSUKI (male, 1843 - December 28, 1917) is a tenkoku artist and a painter from the end of Edo period to modern Japan.
- 宮廷での権力闘争に幻滅し、次第に外国勢力の力を借りてでも韓国の近代化を成し遂げようとする方向に傾いていきつつあった一部開化派の人々が設立した団体。
- It was an organization founded by a part of Kaika group which was tired of the struggle for power in the court and heading to the direction to accomplish the modernization of South Korea even if it needed foreign countries' supports.
- 台湾の海運業の改善と、日本の南方進出のための中継港湾基地として総督府は基隆港、高雄港の築港を行い、大型船の利用が可能な近代的港湾施設が整備された。
- The Sotoku-fu constructed Keeling and Kaohsiung Ports for improving Taiwanese maritime industry as well as for making them the transit bases for Japan's operation to the south, thus developing modern port facilities that were accessible by large vessels.
- 廃仏毀釈の混乱の中から養鸕徹定・福田行誡らによって近代化が図られて白旗派が名越派などを統合する形で鎮西派が統一されて現在の浄土宗の原型が成立する。
- After the chaos of Haibutsu kishaku, Tetsujo UGAI and Gyokai FUKUDA tackled modernization of Jodo Shu. Integration of Chinzei-ha by the Shirohata-ha that unified Nagoshi-ha and others led to the prototype of present Jodo Shu.
- 近代以降は「大和絵」の表記が一般的となっているが、近世以前には「倭絵」「和絵」などとも表記され、「日本画」と書いて「やまとえ」と読むこともあった。
- The term Yamato-e has been generally written as '大和絵' in kanji (Chinese characters) since recent times, but it had been also written as '倭絵' or '和絵' before recent times, and in some cases the word '日本画' was also read as 'Yamato-e.'
- ただし、近代化によって変質したものも多い(従ってその起源はあまり認識されず、夏祭りは一般的に厳粛な行事ではなく、華やかな行事とされる傾向が強い)。
- At the same time, however, a large number of summer festivals have changed their nature in the process of modernization, so that their origins have become obscure in the minds of people who tend to observe natsumatsuri as a glamorous event rather than a solemn ceremony.
- 同センター発表の2005年(平成17年)「近代庭園の空間特質に見られる煎茶的要素に関する研究」の論文にて「煎茶文化と煎茶的要素」を担当し発表する。
- He was in charge of the section relating to 'sencha culture and sencha-related factors' of the thesis entitled 'Research on Sencha-related Factors Observed within the Spatial Characteristics of the Gardens of the Modern Times' which was announced by the center in 2005, and exhibited his research findings in the thesis.
- この間、所属する真宗大谷派において学事体制の整備に尽瘁しつつ、仏教学・東洋学の学界において近代的な仏教研究の必要性を説き、その教育・普及に勉めた。
- Around that time, while making efforts to establish an academic work system in Shinshu sect Otani school without thought of himself, he explained importance of modern Buddhist studies in the societies of Buddhist and Oriental studies and strove for its education and permeation.
- 勢力の均衡という考えが、完全に近代の政策おかげでできたものなのか、それともただこの近年に用語として作り出されただけのものなのか、それが問題なんだ。
- IT is a question whether the idea of the balance of power be owing entirely to modern policy, or whether the phrase only has been invented in these later ages?
- 岡崎公園、京都会館、京都国立近代美術館、京都市動物園、京都大学吉田キャンパス、京都府立植物園、京都府立総合資料館、国立京都国際会館などの施設もある。
- It also has the following facilities: Okazaki-koen Park, Kyoto-kaikan Hall, The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto, Kyoto City Zoo, Kyoto University Yoshida Campus, The Kyoto Botanical Garden, Kyoto Prefectural Library and Archives and Kyoto International Conference Center.
- なお、明治以降から終戦までの天皇制は従来の天皇制と異なるとして、絶対主義的天皇制、近代天皇制という語が用いられることもある(天皇制ファシズム参照)。
- Because the Tennosei from the Meiji period until the end of World War II was different from traditional Tennosei, it is also called Zettaishugiteki Tennosei (Absolutistic Emperor System) or Kindai Tennosei (Emperor System of Meiji) (Refer to the section of 'Emperor System and Fascism').
- このような反省に立ち、昭和40年代頃から、近世の民家建築、近代の洋風建築などが国の重要文化財や、地方公共団体の文化財に指定される例が漸増していった。
- Following a greater appreciation of this situation, a gradually increasing number of traditional private houses from the Edo Period and Western-style buildings of modern times have been designated as national important cultural properties or as cultural properties by local governments since the late 1960s.
- コーヒーかすの処理については公害が社会問題として表面化する1970年代にはすでに懸念材料となっており、近代に至るまでその有効利用法が模索されている。
- The matter of coffee grounds disposal had already become a concern in the 1970s when environmental pollution became an issue as a social problem and effective usage has been searched for until today.
- 木・竹・皮など天然素材を生かしたものが多く、近代・現代西洋音楽の複雑な機構を備えたピアノやベーム式フルートなどの楽器と比較すると、構造は簡潔である。
- Many Wagakki are made of natural materials such as wood, bamboo, leather, etc., and are simpler in structure than musical instruments such as pianos or Boehm flutes, which have a complicated structure required for Western music of the early modern and modern eras.
- 近代以前は、麹と水を合わせる過程において空気中に自然に存在する酵母を取り込んだり、酒蔵に棲みついた「家つき酵母」もしくは「蔵つき酵母」に頼っていた。
- Prior to the modern era, in the process of mixing koji and water, yeasts naturally existing in the air were taken into or 'yeast of the house' or 'yeast of a brewing house' were utilized.
- また近年は、日本庭園研究センター(京都造形芸術大学内)代表尼崎博正らと共に近代庭園の空間特質に見られる煎茶的要素に関する研究の為、現地調査を重ねる。
- In recent years, he has been doing a number of field surveys, together with other researchers including Hiromasa AMASAKI, Director of Research Center for Japanese Garden Art and Historical Heritage (in Kyoto University of Design and Art), for the research on the sencha-related factors observed within the spatial characteristics of the gardens of the modern times.
- 戦時下には大東亜戦争(太平洋戦争)を「世界史の哲学」の立場から思想的に位置付けようと試みた「世界史的立場と日本」座談会や「近代の超克」座談会に出席。
- During the War, he participated in the symposia entitled 'World-historical position and Japan' and 'Overcoming the Modern' in which they tried to clarify the ideological position of the Greater East Asia War (the War of the Pacific) from the standpoint of 'Philosophy of the world history.'
- 参道両側に塔頭(たっちゅう、山内寺院)が並び、正面に法堂、その奥に大方丈、小方丈、庫裏(くり)、僧堂、多宝殿などがあるが、いずれも近代の再建である。
- Sub-temples line both sides of the path, which leads to the Hatto (lecture hall), behind which are numerous buildings including the Ohojo (large abbey), Kohojo (small abbey), Kuri (priest's quarters), Sodo (meditation hall), and Taho-den - all of which are modern reconstructions.
- 様々な地域で、新しい病院を建設したり、古い病院を開発したり、その設備を近代化したり、新しい診療所を何十軒も開設するといったような健康の水準において;
- and on the health level in terms of building new hospitals, developing the old ones, modernizing their equipment and opening dozens of new clinics in the various regions;
- その後台湾の近代化を推進する総督府は官営の発電所として台北電気作業所及び亀山水力発電所を1905年には台北に、翌年には基隆への電力供給を開始している。
- The Sotoku-fu, which was promoting the modernization of Taiwan, established Taipei Electric Works and Kueishan Hydraulic Power Plant in Taipei in 1905, and started the power supply to Keeling the following year.
- 明治5年(1872年)10月、松前藩館県であった渡島国に属する福島郡・津軽郡 (渡島国)・檜山郡・爾志郡の4郡が青森県近代以降の年表から開拓使に移管。
- In October 1872, the control of four counties, Fukushima County, Tsugaru County, Hiyama County and Nishi County, all of which belonged to Oshima Province, were transferred from Date Prefecture of Matsumae Domain to the Development Commission as shown in a chronological table in and after the modern history of Aomori Prefecture.
- アメリカの近代的な文化を受け入れながら、独自の日本的な形に消化し、多彩で豊かな食文化、アニメや日本の漫画などをはじめとする新しい日本の文化が生まれた。
- While accepting American modern culture, Japan digested and transformed it into an original and Japanese style, and created various and rich food cultures, and a new Japanese culture typified by animation and Japanese comics.
- 近代以後の雅楽の大半は彼の系統に属するが、彼がもっとも期待を寄せていた長男の林広季は父の仕事を引き継いだものの、父の死からわずか2年後に急死している。
- The majority of modern day gagaku belongs to his line; however, his eldest son, Hirosue HAYASHI, whom he had the highest hope for, died only two years after taking over his father's work.
- アルバニアの軍人で、エジプトの総督になり、オスマン帝国からの支配を取り除いて、近代国家としてエジプトを確立したトルコに仕えた(1769年−1849年)
- Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849)
- 甲斐武田氏では武田信玄が江戸時代から近代にかけて『甲陽軍鑑』の流行により一般においても広く知られ、地元においては郷土史の象徴的人物と位置づけられいった。
- Shingen TAKEDA of the Kai-Takeda clan was widely known by people during the Edo period to early modern times thanks to the popularity of 'Koyo Gunkan,' and he became the symbol of the local history at his birthplace.
- 近代以前の日本における教科書(きんだいいぜんのにほんにおけるきょうかしょ)では、明治の学校制度確立以前の日本の教科書(学習教材)の歴史について解説する。
- This article will explain about the history of the school textbooks in Japan until the school system was established in the Meiji period.
- 近代以前においては、最古の様式を伝える四天王寺の天王寺楽所(がくそ)(大阪市)、宮中の大内楽所(京都)、春日大社の南都楽所(奈良市)が三方楽所とされた。
- Before the modern age, the Tennoji gakuso Theater in Shitenno-ji Temple (Osaka City) with the oldest style, the Ouchi gakuso Theater in the Imperial Court (Kyoto) and the Nanto gakuso Theater in Kasugataisha Shrine (Nara City) were called Sanpo gakuso theaters.
- 第二次世界大戦後、吉田五十八や篠原一男らをはじめとする著名な建築家たちによる近代数奇屋建築が華々しく登場するなか、中川地域の磨丸太の需要は絶頂に達する。
- The demand for polished logs produced in the Nakagawa area peaked when the spectacular modern sukiya buildings designed by famous architects including Isoya YOSHIDA and Kazuo SHINOHARA had emerged after World War II.
- 日本の近代警察制度の基礎を造った人物として評価されているが、「西郷隆盛を暗殺しようとした男」「郷土に刃を向けた男」として現在も郷土鹿児島では人気がない。
- Although KAWAJI is regarded as the person who laid foundation of the Japanese modern police system, he is still now unpopular in his hometown Kagoshima as 'a man who attempted to assassinate SAIGO' or 'a man who stood against his hometown.'
- また、1837年(天保8年)から死後の1847年(弘化4年)にかけて日本ではじめての近代化学を紹介する書となる『舎密開宗』(せいみかいそう)を出版した。
- In addition, he published 'Seimi Kaiso' (Elements of Experimental Chemistry) which introduced modern chemistry for the first time in Japan from 1837 to 1847 after he had already died.
- 演劇改良運動の影響を受けた明治時代の後期になって、従来の荒唐無稽な筋書きではなく、近代社会にふさわしい歌舞伎劇を志す文学者が新たな作品を書くようになった。
- In the late Meiji period, when Engeki kairyo undo (theatrical performance improvement movement) was influential, new works were written by literary people who pursued kabuki plays suitable for modern society instead of those with traditional preposterous stories.
- すなわち、秦漢時代までを上古(古代)、魏晋南北朝時代隋唐時代を中世、北宋以降を近世、アヘン戦争以降を近代とする四時代区分法を中心に中国史の研究を展開した。
- That is, they developed research on Chinese history focusing on the method dividing the historical ages into four, namely, ancient times up to the Qin and Han dynasties, middle ages up to the Wei and Jin periods in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Sui and Tang periods, recent times from the Northern Song Dynasty and later, and modern times from the Opium War and later.
- 神道における巫女や弓道の弓道衣、近代では女子大・高校通学着、現代での卒業式の礼服や成人式用の礼服などとして女子袴(+小袖、中振、振袖)は定番となっている。
- Women's hakama (with kosode [a kimono with short sleeves worn as underclothing by the upper class], chuburi [medium-sleeved furisode], or furisode [kimono with long, trailing sleeves]) is a standard item as a garment of miko (shrine maiden), clothes for kyudo (Japanese art of archery), a school uniform for women's colleges and high schools in recent times, a formal dress for graduations and coming-of-age ceremonies in present times.
- 西洋の画家たちが近代的な表現技法に行き詰まりを感じているなか、日本のアートは彼らの心理を、伝統に束縛された慣習から解き放ったひとつの契機となったのである。
- In a period when painters in the West reached a deadlock in modern expression techniques, an encounter with Japanese art became an opportunity to free their minds from the customs restrained by tradition.
- また晩年に書かれた「観世小次郎信光画像讃」ではその生涯とともに、観世家の出自が詳しく語られ、近代に至るまで観世家を語る上での基礎資料として認知されていた。
- Since 'KANZE Kojiro Nobumitsu ga zo-san,' which was written in his later years, described the roots of the Kanze family as well as his own life in detail, this book has been considered source materials about the Kanze family up to the present.
- 河井荃廬(かわい せんろ、男性、明治4年4月28日 (旧暦)(1871年6月15日) - 昭和20年(1945年)3月10日)は、近代日本の篆刻家である。
- Senro KAWAI (male, June 15, 1871 - March 10, 1945) was a modern Japanese seal engraving artist.
- のちの大蔵卿松方正義によって増税・官営企業の払い下げ・通貨整理がなされ、兌換紙幣の発行が出来るようになり、日本が欧米列強に並ぶ近代国家になる下地が作られた。
- Through tax increases, transfer of government-owned companies to private ownership, and sorting out of currency, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, later Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury), made it possible to issue convertible currency, establishing a base on which Japan could become a modern nation ranked with European and US powers.
- 近代建築のフィルターをとおして日本の伝統的空間対する理解を深めていったモダニストたちは外部空間の重要性に気付き、これを自らの空間表現の遡上に載せたのである。
- In this way, modernists who deepen their understanding of traditional space in Japan through the filter of modern day construction, were aware of the importance of external space and took up the matter for discussion.
- 近代から、上記に述べた年中行事が廃れ、節分当日の夕暮れ、ヒイラギの枝にイワシの頭を刺したもの(柊鰯)を戸口に立てておいたり、豆撒きをしたりするようになった。
- After entering the modern age, the above-mentioned annual events went out of fashion; instead, people became accustomed to placing Hiiragi-iwashi (a sprig of holly pricked into a baked sardine's head) at the door of each house and to performing a bean-scattering ceremony.
- これらは箏曲本来の気品と雅楽的な古雅さを備え、一方で音楽的にはより自由な展開をさせ、近代的ともいえる印象的描写性もみられ、よく独自のスタイルを確立している。
- These works had the grace of koto pieces and the traditional elegance of gagaku, while musically they allowed freer development and showed an almost modern impressive portrayal, establishing a distinctive style.
- 1912年に読書発電所の工事用として架けた橋は後に桃介橋と呼ばれ、1993年に近代化遺産として復元、1994年には発電所とともに国の重要文化財に指定された。
- The bridge built for the construction of Yomikaki Electric Power Plant later came to be called Momosuke-bashi Bridge, and in 1993 it was restored as a heritage on modernization, then was designated a National Important Cultural Property with the power plant in 1994.
- 前述の通り、江戸時代以前には、「三十六峰」は具体的には特定されていなかったと考えられるが、近代以降、「三十六峰」を具体的に特定しようという試みも行われている。
- As mentioned above, before the Edo period it was generally believed that the 'Sanju-Roppo' were not specifically identified, however, there have been several attempts to identify them after the end of Edo period.
- この伝統的な見方に沿う場合、大阪市・神戸市を中心とした阪神工業地帯を1つの都市(都市圏)とし、近代重化学工業を基盤としない京都市を中心とした都市圏は別に扱う。
- In accordance with this traditional point of view, the Hanshin Industrial Zone centered in Osaka City and Kobe City is specified as a city (urban area), and the urban area centered in Kyoto City which is not based on modern heavy chemical industries is treated separately.
- また、近代に入ると、荘園に関する学術的な研究の進展も見られ、1933年には『荘園志料』が編纂されたほか、石母田正らによる伊賀国黒田荘の研究は良く知られている。
- And in the modern era, the academic studies on shoens also progressed and 'Shoenshiryo' (Dictionary of manors in Japan edited by Masatake SHIMIZU) was edited in 1933 and the study on Kuroda no sho of Iga Province by Tadashi ISHIMODA and so on is well-known.
- それまで世界とは限定的な国交しか持たなかった朝鮮が、開国する契機となった条約であるが、近代国際法に詳しい人材がいなかったため、朝鮮側に不利なものとなっている。
- Korea, which had engaged in only limited diplomatic relations up to this point, was able to open the country due to the treaty, however it was unequal to the Korean side as they did not have specialists in modern international law.
- 明治時代以前の日本には、国の中に国と同じ名を持つ郡はあっても、同じ名を持つ町や村は存在しなかったので、そのほとんどは近代以降に作られた新地名ということになる。
- In Japan before the Meiji period there existed names of counties that were the same with the provincial names within the provinces; however there was no towns and villages that had the same names with the provincial names; therefore, it turns out that the names of towns and villages that are the same with the provincial names are almost all new place names made after the modern times.
- 近代オリンピックにおいては、ヘルシンキオリンピック(1952年)にて軍人以外の男子および女子の参加が認められるまでは、馬術は軍人だけが参加できる競技であった。
- For a long time, in the modern Olympic Games, only military men had the right to enter the equestrian events; in the Helsinki Olympic Games of 1952, male athletes except military men and female athletes could enter the events for the first time.
- 明治時代に入って文明開化の世となり、西洋の演劇に関する情報も知られるようになると、歌舞伎の荒唐無稽な筋立てや、興行の前近代的な慣習などを批判する声が上がった。
- As information about Western theatres was introduced to Japan thanks to the civilization and enlightenment movement during the Meiji period, criticisms were voiced at Kabuki for its far-fetched scenarios and outdated performance practices.
- 気候的に米作に適さず、近代まで米食の習慣がなかった沖縄県には現在も雑煮を食べる風習はないが、同じ琉球王国に属する鹿児島県奄美地方においては比較的普及している。
- In Okinawa Prefecture, where the practice of eating rice had not begun until modern times as rice was not produced there due to the climate, there is still no custom of eating zoni today; while zoni is relatively popular in the Amami region of Kagoshima Prefecture, which used to belong to the same Ryukyu Kingdom as Okinawa.
- 1996年の二条駅~花園駅 (京都府)間の高架化完成など順を追って路線の近代化がなされ、国鉄時代からは大きく変貌を遂げたことにより、沿線開発も進んだといえる。
- It can be said that branch-off railway tracks were expanded with the route modernization and completion in stages, including the elevation of the portion between Nijo Station and Sonobe Station (Kyoto Prefecture) in 1996, and it has undergone a drastic transformation from its appearance in the Japanese National Railways age.
- 公衆にたいする責務という観念が、近代の道徳のなかで得たわずかな認知というのは、ギリシアやローマの起源からであって、キリスト教から引き出されたのではないのです。
- What little recognition the idea of obligation to the public obtains in modern morality, is derived from Greek and Roman sources, not from Christian;
- しかし一方でこの内容は日本などに留学して近代ナショナリズムを取り入れつつある若者に取って大きな屈辱感を伴わせ、反清・革命運動に取り組む大きな理由の一つとなった。
- On the other hand, the contents gave a sense of great disgrace to young people studying in Japan and elsewhere and trying to take in modern-time nationalism, which became one of reasons that triggered anti-Qing/revolution movements.
- 近代日本では1858年の日米修好通商条約など欧米5ヶ国との条約により、開港場に居留地を設置することが決められ、条約改正により1899年に廃止されるまで存続した。
- In Japan during the modern era, the Five-Power treaties, including the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, called for the establishment of settlements in places where ports were opened; these settlements continued to exist until being abolished by the revision of the treaties in 1899.
- 近代以後、日本の中国思想研究は、哲学(西欧の哲学)を模倣する必要に迫られた結果、朱子学の思弁的側面を強調し、これを以て哲学と比較可能であると見なすようになった。
- In the modern era, Japanese scholars of Chinese ideology have been required to follow philosophy (Western philosophy), and have therefore emphasized the speculative side of Shushigaku and considered it as comparable with the philosophy.
- 近代以前は、東は日本、西はアイルランド、モロッコ、北はモンゴル、スカンディナヴィア、南はインドに至るユーラシア/北アフリカ全域で各地方独特の鷹狩文化が開花した。
- Before modern times, original Taka-gari cultures flowered all over Eurasia and North Africa from Japan in the east to Ireland and Morocco in the west, and Mongolia and Scandinavia in the north and India in the south.
- このため、税制の健全化を図るにはまず酒税の安定が先決であると考え、国家レベルの投資の一環として、安全醸造に普及に、ひいては醸造業の近代化に取り組んだわけである。
- For this reason, the government considered the stability of liquor tax was the most important for restoring fiscal health and tried to spread safe brewing as part of the investment of the government and as a result, a modernization of the brewing industry.
- 法隆寺西院伽藍は、かつては聖徳太子の時代の建築と信じられていたが、近代における研究の進展の結果、670年の火災以後、7世紀末から8世紀初めの再建と考えられている。
- Saiin Garan of Horyu-ji Temple was once believed to have been built in the age of Prince Shotoku, but it is now considered, thanks to the development of research in the modern times, that the complex was destroyed by fire in 670 and rebuilt sometime between the late seventh and early eighth century.
- また、儒教思想の日本への定着はすなわち、中華思想(華夷思想)の日本への定着を意味し、近代の皇国史観などに影響を与え、日本版中華思想ともいうべきものの下地となった。
- Moreover, the establishment of Confucianist thought in Japan meant the establishment of a China-centered view of the world in Japan, which had an influence upon emperor-centered historiography in later times and became the foundation for a Japanese style China-centered view of the world.
- 「本来は豆を納めたものが『納豆』、豆を腐らせたものが『豆腐』だったのが、いつの間にか名前が取り違えられた」などとも言われるが、近代になって作られた俗説に過ぎない。
- It is said that originally 'natto' meant stored soybeans and 'tofu' meant fermented soybeans and at a certain point those names were exchanged; this theory, however, is just a popular saying that emerged during the modern era.
- しかし近代以降は遊ばれることもなく、実物の貝覆いの道具一式は博物館などで見られる程度であるが、雛人形にはミニチュアの貝桶などが今なお残っているのを見ることがある。
- Kaioi has not been played anymore in and after modern times, and now a real, complete set of kaioi can be seen only in museums, but some hinaningyo (a set of dolls displayed for the Girls' Festival) still has miniature kaioke and other articles.
- 昭和21年(1946年)の神社の国家管理の廃止に伴い公的な社格の制度(近代社格制度)が廃止されたため、それに代わるものとして昭和23年(1948年)に定められた。
- Since the public shrine ranking system (Modern shrine ranking system) was eliminated due to the elimination of management of shrines by the state in 1946, this was specified to replace it in 1948.
- また、そうした源氏嫡流という概念の役目も江戸幕府の終焉、民法による近代法に基づく氏の概念に再編する過程を経ることによって源氏嫡流という概念の役目も消滅するに至った。
- Also, the role of this concept of the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan disappeared with the demise of the Edo bakufu and through the process of restructuring the concept of family names based on the modern law of the Civil Code.
- 近代に入ると、法の制定権限は最終的には国家に帰属することとなり、治教権による法に法的な効力が認められなくなり、寺院法ももっぱら統教権に基づく法令が占めるようになる。
- In modern times, as legislative power ultimately came to belong to a nation, laws based on chikyo-ken became invalid and as a result, the regulations grounding in tokyo-ken exclusively started to account for Jiin-ho.
- 諸外国の鉄鉱石を原料とする方法から決別し、砂鉄を用いることで低温で高速還元を実現し、さらには近代的な製鋼法に比べ、不純物が少ない良質の鋼を得ることができる(参考)。
- Not depending upon iron ore imported from other countries, using black iron sand found on beaches in Japan, achieves fast reduction at low temperature, and creates high-quality steel with few impurities, compared to the modern steelmaking processes (See reference).
- また近代以降は大寄せの茶会の普及によって、本来草体である小間の格式が上がってしまい、真体である唐銅の花生や唐物茶入を好んで小間に用いるという逆転現象も発生している。
- In addition, a koma (a small tea room) originally supposed to be sotai (simple) became ceremonial during the modern age due to the spread of large-scaled tea ceremonies, and a reversal phenomenon occurred, where people love to use shintai (true) utensils such as a karakane (Chinese copper) flower vase and karamono tea leaf container in a koma.
- 近代になると、昭和8年(1933年)に鳥羽街道と並行する旧京阪国道(京都府道・大阪府道13号京都守口線)が竣工し、京都・大阪間の主要交通道路の座を譲ることとなった。
- During modern times, in 1933 the Old Keihan-kokudo National Road (Kyoto-Moriguchi-sen, Kyoto Fudo 13 Go and Osaka Fudo 13 Go (Kyoto/Osaka Prefectural Road 13)), which ran parallel to the Toba-kaido Road, was completed, and it turned into a primary highway between Kyoto and Osaka.
- 安場 保和(やすば やすかず、男性、天保6年4月17日 (旧暦)(1835年5月14日) - 明治32年(1899年)5月23日)は、近代日本草創期の官僚・政治家。
- Yasukazu YASUBA (May 14, 1835 - May 23, 1899) was a bureaucracy and statesman in the early days of modern Japan.
- オックスフォード大学のフリードリヒ・マックス・ミュラーのもとでヨーロッパにおける近代的な仏教研究の手法を学び、漢訳仏典の英訳、梵語仏典と漢訳仏典の対校等に従事した。
- He learned European modern techniques of the Buddhist studies under Friedrich Max MULLER of Oxford University and was engaged in translating Chinese Buddhist scriptures into English and correcting Chinese Buddhist scriptures in comparison with Sanskrit scriptures.
- 簪の原材料には漆を塗った木(つげ、桐、朴、桜など)、金や銀をめっきした金属(近代では強度の面などから真鍮製が一般的)、鼈甲、絹のような広範囲にわたる材料が用いられる。
- In producing Kanzashi, a variety of materials were used including, without limitation, lacquered woods (boxwood, paulownia, ho, cherry), gold/silver plated metals (brass was generally used in the modern times thanks to its durability), tortoise shell and silk.
- 文化庁の定める城郭史跡における当時の建造物復元に関し、基準・審査が厳しくなっていったこともあり、近代の材料・工法による外観復元天守も厳密には復興天守に入ることになる。
- Partly because the criteria and examinations became gradually stricter regarding restoration of structures around that time in the historic castle sites, which were regulated by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, externally restored Tenshu with modern materials and construction methods should, in a narrow sense, be included in the category of reconstructed Tenshu.
- ヨーロッパの馬術は古代ギリシアで発達し、クセノポンの著作は現存する最古の馬術書として知られているが、近代馬術はルネサンス期のイタリアでクセノポンの再評価から始まった。
- The European equestrianism had been originally developed in ancient Greece; a work by Xenophon is known as the oldest equestrian textbook; the modern equestrianism was developed in the Renaissance of Italy through appreciating Xenophon's work.
- だが、近代化後も利用客はほとんど伸びず、宝塚まで電化と同時に国鉄103系電車6両編成による普通電車が大阪~宝塚間で運転を開始したものの、後に4両編成に減車されている。
- However, despite such modernization the number of users increased very little and the local train, which had been operated with six cars of the JNR/JR Commuter Train Series 103 between Osaka and Takarazuka since the line up to Takarazuka was electrified, subsequently shifted to four-car operation.
- 加賀藩医学館(現金沢大学医学部の源流諸校の1つ)の基となる金沢種痘所を創るなど、北陸近代医学の祖であり、金大医学部キャンパスには彼を記念するレリーフが設置されている。
- Because he founded Kanazawa Vaccination Institute which became the foundation of Kaga Domain Medical School (one of the schools streamed from the present Department of Medicine, Kanazawa University) and was the founder of modern medical science in Hokuriku region, a relief sculpture of him was set up in the campus of Department of Medicine, Kanazawa University, to commemorate him.
- ただし、明治維新後に近代的な刑法典が確立する以前において、軽微な財産刑を「過料」と称していた(「科料」という言葉は存在していなかった)事例があるため、注意を必要とする。
- Before the modern penal code (criminal code) established after the Meiji Restoration; however, there were cases that a minor punishment by seizing assets was called a 'Karyo' (there was no word for petty fines [Karyo] in this period) so you need to pay attention to these mixed terms.
- 中華人民共和国時代に入って、市域拡張のため、また近代化の妨げになるという批判もあり、ほとんどの都市では城壁は取り壊されたが、西安や平遥のように保存されている都市も多い。
- When the People's Republic of China was founded, walls were demolished in most cities to make way for the expansion of city areas or as a result of criticism for blocking modernization, but the walls are preserved in some cities, such as Xian City and Pingyao.
- 主義の左右を問わず、近代の著名な法華経信仰者の人生に共通するのは、小市民的な栄達を嫌い、どこまでも己の理想のみに殉じていこうとする非妥協的な態度にあると言えそうである。
- It could be said that the common point among modern famous Hokke-kyo sutra believers' lives without regard to leftism or rightism was their unyielding rejection of petit bourgeois glory and the effort to obey only their ideal.
- 昭和初期おいて近代主義モダニズムに通じるその美学が注目されるに至り、重森三玲によって自身が作庭する庭園に用いて、昭和14年には京都東福寺方丈庭園にその端緒を採り入れる。
- During the early Showa Period, aesthetics together with modernism were used for the garden designs by Mirei SHIGEMORI, in 1939, this was first used in the Hojo Garden (literally 'Head monk's Garden') of Tofuku-ji Temple in Kyoto.
- 植民地化されずに自力で近代化への改革をなした日本は、明治27年(1894年)にはイギリスと条約改正を成し遂げ、これを皮切りに江戸時代末期以来の不平等条約の解消を進めた。
- Successfully reforming itself to a modern nation without becoming a colony of another country, in 1894, Japan accomplished a treaty revision with England which started the process of terminating an unequal treaty that had existed since the end of the Edo period.
- 近代詩文書については、昭和8年(1933年)金子鴎亭(鷗亭)が『書之研究』に「新調和体」論を展開し、島崎藤村の「秋風の歌」や北原白秋の「けやき」・「かやに」を発表した。
- Concerning calligraphy of modern poems, Otei KANEKO (Otei) wrote in 1933 a 'shin-chowa-tai' (new harmonious style) theory on 'Sho no Kenkyu' (Study of calligraphy), and made public the calligraphy of 'Akikaze-no-uta' (song of autumn wind) by Toson SHIMAZAKI, and 'Keyaki' (zelkova trees) and 'Kayani' by Hakushu KITAHARA.
- 従って本来は西洋かぶれ・外面や形式のみを追い求める軽佻浮薄な様子などの負の意味が強かったが、転じて、進歩的・近代的・華麗・優美・お洒落など、肯定的な意味合いも強くなった。
- Therefore, the word originally had a strong negative meaning referring to westoxication/ flirtatious manners of following only outer aspects and patterns, but came to include an affirmative meaning of progressive/modernized/gorgeous/decent/fashionable and so on.
- 文献以前の日本語には[p]音が存在していたと考えられているが、これが上代日本語末期までには既に摩擦音[ɸ]となり、さらに近代日本語において[h]音へと変化して現在に至る。
- It is considered that a sound [p] existed in the Japanese language in the pre-literature period, but it turned into a fricative consonant [ɸ] as early as the end of Old Japanese and further changed into a sound [h] in Early Modern Japanese.
- 政府の要人の場合は、洋服を着ることにより、日本が西欧の進んだ科学技術を学び近代化をめざす意欲を西洋の外国人にアピールし、交渉などを有利に進める目的があったといわれている。
- It is considered that leading political figures wore Western clothes to show that Japan was committed to absorb advanced science and technology from the Western countries and modernize the country as a gesture in order to be advantageous in talks with the Western countries.
- 寺町通から烏丸通にかけては一方通行の狭い道路だが、明治時代はメインストリートだったので、旧日本銀行京都支店(現在は京都文化博物館の別館)や中京郵便局などの近代建築が多い。
- Between Teramachi-dori Street and Karasuma-dori Street, it is now a narrow one-way street, but many modern-era architectural structures are found along it, such as the Old Kyoto Branch, Bank of Japan (present Museum of Kyoto Annex) and the Nakagyo Post Office, because it was the main street in the Meiji period.
- 更に新政府内部でも陸海軍の円滑な運営に欠かせない天文や測量が古い陰陽寮に縛られる事への危惧や、非科学的な陰陽道が日本の近代科学導入の障害になる事が指摘されるようになった。
- In addition, even within the new government, some people started to point out the risk associated with the fact that astronomy and measurements, which were indispensable to smooth operations of the army and the navy, were controlled by the old Onmyoryo, and others pointed out that unscientific Onmyodo might become an obstacle to the introduction of modern science into Japan.
- 急激な演劇の近代化に限界を感じ、明治14年 (1881) 團菊左のために書かれた散切物の大作『島鵆月白浪』(島ちどり)を一世一代として発表後、「引退」して黙阿弥と名乗る。
- Feeling that he had reached the limit during drastic modernization of drama, he decided to retire in 1881 when he published a great masterpiece of Zangirimono (the cropped hair plays) which was called 'Shimachidori Tsuki no Shiranami' (commonly called Shimachidori, meaning Plovers of the Island) as his once-in-a-life-time work for his retirement ('isse ichidai' in Japanese), thereafter officially 'retiring' and renaming himself Mokuami.
- それまで、座付の狂言作者の脚本しか上演されなかった(明治32年に松井松翁作の『悪源太』が上演されたのを例外として)閉鎖的な歌舞伎界に近代の風を通す大きな穴を開けたのである。
- He opened a large hole to let modern air into the closed world of Kabuki where only scripts written by Kabuki playwrights working in the theater had been performed so far (except for the performance in 1899 of 'Akugenta' written by Shoo MATSUI).
- よって、古代の賎民と中世以降の被差別民、さらに近代以降被差別部落と呼ばれるようになった江戸時代の被差別民共同体との歴史的連続性はなく、性質の異なる起源を有したと考えられる。
- Therefore, it can be concluded that the ancient lowly persons and those discriminated after the medieval period as well as communities of discriminated people during the Edo period which came to be called burakumin (people come from or live in special hamlets) in the modern period and after were not connected historically and had different origins.
- 近代化=西欧化そのものは明治時代に於いて一貫した課題であったが、文明開化という言葉は、一般に明治初期に、世相風俗がこれまでの封建社会から大きく変わった時期を指して使われる。
- While modernization = Westernization was the fundamental issue throughout Meiji period, the term Civilization and Enlightenment is generally applied to the conditions seen in early Meiji period, when the social conditions and customs of people dramatically changed from the former feudalistic society.
- また清でも1860年代から漢人官僚曽国藩、李鴻章らによる近代化の試みとして洋務運動が展開され中国の伝統的な文化、制度を土台としながら軍事を中心として西洋技術の導入を進めた。
- Qing had also been introducing western technologies centering on military ones based on Chinese traditional culture; bureaucrats of the Han race including Zeng Guofan and Li Hung Chang promoted the Western Affairs Movement in an attempt to modernize China.
- また、陶磁器の普及までは木椀を使用しており(九州では陶磁器の普及により木椀を用いる習慣がほとんど失われた一方、東北地方では近代にいたるまで木椀を多用する文化が残っていた。)
- Wooden bowls had been popular until ceramic-ware became widely used (In Kyushu, the custom of using wooden bowls has almost been lost due to the wide use of ceramic-ware, but in the Tohoku region, the culture of using many wooden bowls remained until modern times.)
- 批判の内容は、筋書きが荒唐無稽で、前近代的であるとか、宙乗りや早替わりなどの、見た目には奇抜な演出(ケレンと呼ばれる)が、演劇として本来あるべき演出ではない、などであった。
- Criticisms were that the plots were absurd and premodern-style, and that the visually eccentric choreography (what is called 'Keren'), such as 'chunori' (a flight on wires from the stage over the heads of the audience) & 'hayagawari' (a quick change of costume), were not orthodox, and so on.
- なお京都市内には、東大路通以外に、大路の名のつくものに北大路通、西大路通、葛野大路通などの幹線道路があるが、いずれも近代以降に設けられたもので、明治以前には存在しなかった。
- Also, beside Higashioji-dori Street, Kyoto City has other arterial roads having 'oji' in their names, such as Kitaoji-dori Street, Nishioji-dori Street and Kadonoji-dori Street; however, they didn't exist until the Meiji period but were built in the modern age or later.
- 因みに、近代以前の祈願とは、例えば「~の願い事を叶えて頂いた暁には、燈籠を奉納します」のように神仏との契約であり、現代のように、願い事を行うだけの一方的な関係ではなかった。
- Pre-modern prayers were more like an agreement with deities in which, for example, a lantern would be offered if a particular prayer were answered as opposed to the modern one-sided form in which ones desires are requested.
- 大国ロシアに対して戦勝を記録したことは、諸外国にも反響を与えたが、嘉永年間以来の黒船の衝撃と、その後目指した西欧列強に並ぶ近代国家づくりの目標は一応達成されたとする説もある。
- Japan's victory over the major power Russia made an impact abroad but there was an opinion that its objective to develop itself to become a modern nation comparable to Western powerful countries after the earth-shattering visit by Kurofune during the Kaei era (1848-1854) was at least accomplished.
- モスクワ - ウラジオストック間を結んでいる路線距離世界一 (9,288km) のシベリア鉄道についても、一部高速新線(最高速度350km/h)の建設を含む近代化計画がある。
- There is also a plan to modernize the world-longest (9,288 km) Trans-Siberian Railway connecting Vladivostok with Moscow, including the construction of a new high-speed railway line (for a maximum speed of 350 km/h) on some sections of it.
- また、薩英戦争に備えて日本初の機械水雷を開発したり、斉彬の命により薩摩切子の着色を研究し、紅色薩摩切子の製作に成功するなど、鹿児島県や日本の近代技術の面で大きな功績を残した。
- He also rendered distinguished services in modern technology of Kagoshima prefecture and Japan by developing Japan's first torpedo as a provision for Anglo-Satsuma War, producing red Satsuma kiriko (cut-glass work) successfully by studying the coloring of Satsuma kiriko on the order of Nariakira and so on.
- 京都市美術館、京都国立近代美術館、京都会館、京都市勧業館(みやこめっせ)、岡崎グラウンド、京都府立図書館、京都市動物園、平安神宮など、京都の文化・観光・産業施設が集まっている。
- The area is the location of Kyoto's cultural, tourism and industrial institutions including the Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art, National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto, Kyoto Kaikan Hall, Kyoto International Exhibition Hall (Miyako Messe), Okazaki baseball ground, Kyoto Prefectural Library, Kyoto City Zoo, and Heian-jingu Shrine.
- それだけではなく、吉右衛門が得意とする丸本歌舞伎の舞台に多く出演することで、戯曲に対する解釈力と役の把握を深め、古典的な様式美と近代的な心理描写の手法を着々と身につけていった。
- Besides, by performing many times on the scene of Maruhon Kabuki (kabuki plays of doll theatre origin) which Kichiemon was good at, he deepened the interpretation of the play and the understanding of the role and steadily acquired the classic beauty of style and techniques of modern psychological descriptions.
- 第2次世界大戦後、支配者に都合のよい前近代的な思想として批判を受け、影響力は弱まったが、現代でも『論語』の一節が引用されることは多く、日本人にとっては親しまれている存在である。
- After World War II, it was criticized as a feudalistic thought, convenient for the ruler, and its influence diminished, but lines from 'The Analects of Confucius' are frequently quoted even today, and is a familiar thing for the Japanese people.
- 首実検(くびじっけん)とは、前近代、配下の武士が戦場で討ちとった敵方の首級(くび・しるし)の身元を大将が判定し、その配下の武士の論功行賞の重要な判定材料とするために行われた作業。
- In feudal days of old, lower ranked samurai took the heads severed from the bodies of foes killed on the battlefield to their commanders for identification called 'Kubi jikken'; this activity took place because a severed head was crucial piece of identification evidence leading to conferring of honors on lower ranking samurai.
- 短陌(たんはく、省陌(しょうはく)とも)は、近代以前の東アジア地域で行われてきた商慣習で、100枚以下の一定枚数によって構成された銅銭の束を銅銭100枚と同一の価値として扱う事。
- Tanhaku (also called shohaku) is a business custom which had been conducted in East Asia before the early modern times; with this custom, a bundle of copper coins consisting of a certain number of coins less than 100 is treated as equal value to 100 copper coins.
- 新渡戸は近代において人間が陥りやすい拝金主義や唯物主義の根っこにある個人主義に対して、封建時代の武士は(封建)社会全体への義務を負う存在として己を認識していたことを指摘している。
- Nitobe pointed out that while people could easily become individualistic which underlied mammonism and materialism in modern times, samurais in the feudal period recognized themselves as an existence that was responsible to the whole (feudal) society.
- その範囲は、中央官制・法制・宮廷・身分制・地方行政・金融・流通・産業・経済・教育・外交・宗教政策など多岐に及び、日本をアジアで最初の西洋的国家体制を有する近代国家へと変貌させた。
- The restoration affected all areas of life, such as the organization of the central government, legislation, the Imperial court, the class system, the local administration, the distribution system, industry, education, diplomacy, and religious policy, and effectively converted Japan into the first Western-style modern state in Asia.
- 明治5年(1872年)太政官正院から各府県へ「一向宗名之儀、自今真宗ト改名可致旨」の布告が発せられ、ここに近代になってようやく「(浄土)真宗」と表記することが認められたのである。
- In 1872, Dajokan Seiin issued an edict to each prefecture, saying 'The name of Ikko Shu can be changed to Shinshu,' and finally here in the modern ages, describing it as '(Jodo) Shinshu' was allowed.
- 洛西嵯峨にある近代日本画家の巨匠竹内栖鳳が大正初期に建てた別邸の庭園に建ち、館内には竹内栖鳳の作品を中心に小野竹喬、土田麦僊、上村松園ら京都画壇の作品約1000点を収蔵していた。
- It is located in the garden of the second house of the modern Japanese-style master painter Seiho TAKEUCHI in Rakuseisaga, and it contained collections of approximately 1000 items including many paintings by Seiho TAKEUCHI, and also works by Chikkyo ONO, Bakusen TSUCHIDA, and Shoen UEMURA, who were from the Kyoto School.
- また、海外の熱帯地方に生息する大型の地表徘徊性蜘蛛のグループタランチュラ科は、これらに因んで和名が付けられているが命名は後年近代に入ってからであり、直接的にはやはり無関係である。
- A family of tarantula, which falls under the category of the big ground spider living in the tropical region abroad, was given the Japanese name 'Tsuchigumo' after the above-mentioned meanings, but this name was given later in the modern age, so the family of tarantula has nothing to do with 'Tsuchigumo' mentioned here.
- 例えば近代以降のクラシック音楽ならば「個人的な解釈の違い」となるべきところを、集団で、伝統としてある程度、固定化して引継いでゆくところに流儀というものの特異性があるといっていい。
- Ryugi is unique in that the differences from other schools are fixed to some degree and handed down as traditions within the group, while, for example, in western classical music of modern age and thereafter, differences in interpretation of music are considered to be only 'personal'.
- 後に枢密顧問官、貴族院議員次いで同副議長などを務めたが、日本が近代的な法制を整えるにつれてその政治的な情熱は影を潜めて、やがて早々と政界を引退して教育界に「第二の人生」を求めた。
- Later, he served as a privy councilor, a member of the House of Peers, and a chairman of the House of Peers, but his political passion faded away as Japan prepared a modern legal system, and he left the political world early and tried to find 'his second life' in education.
- しかし近代精神は、それが一般に認めているよりも、はるかに深くこの両者に負っており、今日の教育の方式は、このどちらか一方の役割を最小限でも果たすものを、なにも含んではいないのです。
- but the modern mind owes far more to both than it is generally willing to admit, and the present modes of education contain nothing which in the smallest degree supplies the place either of the one or of the other.
- 近代の作品は1955年(昭和30年)に狩野芳崖の『悲母観音』と『不動明王』、橋本雅邦の『白雲紅樹』が指定されたのが最初で、以後、日本画・洋画ともに多くの作家の作品が指定されている。
- In 1955, Hogai KANO's 'Hibo Kannon, (Mother of All Creatures; Goddess of Mercy)' and 'Fudo Myoo (Acala, God of Fire),' and Gaho HASHIMOTO's 'White Clouds and Autumn Leaves' were the first designated modern masterpieces. Thereafter, both Japanese-style paintings and Western-style paintings from various painters have been designated as modern masterpieces.
- 文明開化に始まる日本の近代化の過程では洋食はハイカラな存在であり、また、洋食に適した食材を供給する諸産業も成熟していなかったことから戦前・戦中の庶民にとっては高価なご馳走であった。
- From the process of modernization, which began in the civilization and enlightenment age in the Meiji period, until after the war, Yoshoku was considered rakish and expensive for common people due to the fact that the industries which supplied food materials for Yoshoku had not been developed yet.
- 一方、雑誌『学衡』を主宰する柳詒徴・呉ヒツ・梅光迪・胡先驌ら学衡派は、儒学を中心とする中国伝統文化を近代的に転換させることによって中西を融通する新文化を構築することを主張している。
- Meanwhile, the Gakuko school including Liu Yizheng, Go Hitsu, Mei Guangdi, and Hu Xiansu who supervised the magazine 'Gakuko' advocated establishing a new culture that bridged China and the West by transforming Ju-kyo and other traditional Chinese culture in a modern way.
- ジェイムズ・ダフィー氏がチャペリゾッドに住むのは彼が一市民であるその街から可能な限り遠くに住みたいと思うからであり、他のすべてのダブリン郊外に下品、近代性、虚栄を見るからであった。
- MR. JAMES DUFFY lived in Chapelizod because he wished to live as far as possible from the city of which he was a citizen and because he found all the other suburbs of Dublin mean, modern and pretentious.
- なお、1889年から1956年まで存続した「金橋村(高市郡)」(現、橿原市)は、この宮号による近代の復古地名であったが、今ではわずか駅名などにその名を留める程度である(JR金橋駅)。
- Although 'Kanahashi Village (in Takaichi County)' (present-day Kashihara City) lasted from 1889 to 1956, the name Kanahashi was a restored place name named after this reigning name in modern times, and now, it can be seen only in a few places such as a station (JR Kanahashi Station).
- 逆にいえば、近代的な工程を加えた製法では、たとえ多少の不健全醗酵をしても、その酒蔵の方針によっては、あとで他の工程を付加することにより酒質を微調整できる余地もある、ということである。
- Conversely, in case of a production method including modern processes, even if the fermentation is somewhat unnatural, there is room to make minor adjustments by including other processes based on the policies of the sake breweries.
- 1894年(明治27年)から1895年にかけての日清戦争に勝利した明治政府は、安全醸造の行なえる醸造業の近代化も国家戦略の一部としてとらえ、西洋の微生物学を導入して積極的に支援した。
- The Meiji government, which won the Sino-Japanese War from 1894 to 1895, regarded the modernization of brewery industry which enabled safe brewing as part of national strategy and aggressively supported it by introducing microbiology of Western countries.
- 多くの偉大な近代の物理学者が深い神秘的ないし宗教的感受性を持っており、その科学的研究で明らかにした素晴しく雄弁で複雑な設計の中に信仰の飛躍の励みを見てきたのは、おそらく偶然ではない。
- It's probably no accident that many great modern physicists have had profoundly mystical or religious sensibilities and have seen in the wonderfully eloquent and complex designs revealed by their scientific investigations encouragements for a leap of faith.
- 第二次世界大戦以降の日本においては、急激な都市化の進展などにより、近世末期や近代以降の多種多様な建造物が、その建築史的・文化的意義や価値を十分認識されないまま破壊される事例が相次いだ。
- In Japan after the Second World War, one effect of rapid urbanization was that a variety of architectural structures built in and after the end of the Edo Period were pulled down one after another, without regard to their historical and cultural value.
- 『勧進帳』に取材した他の脚本では、天明期に初代桜田治助が作った、大らかで古風な味わいのある『御贔屓勧進帳』(ごひいき かんじんちょう)と、大正期に近代的解釈を施した『安宅の関』が有名。
- There are several scripts which have been based on Kanjincho, such as the relaxed and somewhat old-fashioned 'Gohiiki Kanjincho' (Our Favorite Kanjincho), written by Jisuke SAKURADA the First during the Tenmei Period, and 'Ataka no Seki' (The Ataka Barrier), which is a modern interpretation of the story written during the Taisho Period.
- 明治期の和風駅舎建築として唯一の残存例であり、京都の近代化を象徴する建物でもあることから、1996年4月1日京都市指定文化財に指定され、幅を縮小して梅小路蒸気機関車館に移築されている。
- Being the only Japanese-style station house remaining from the Meiji period as well as a building to symbolize the modernization of Kyoto, the station house became a Kyoto-designated cultural property on April 1, 1996 and was dismantled and reconstructed, albeit at reduced width, in the Umekoji Steam Locomotive Museum.
- しかし近代以降世阿弥の研究が多岐に渡って行われ、多くの人々に広く読まれているのに対し、禅竹は「観念的」「難解」と一段低く見られる傾向が強く、禅鳳以降にもなるとほとんど顧みられていない。
- In modern times, while Zeami's Nohgaku theories have been extensively studied and read by many people, Zenchiku's theories have tended to be thought of less for the reason of being 'ideological' and 'difficult' and drew little attention after Zenpo appeared.
- 終戦まで近代においては神社はいわば国家の施設であり、当然法令上の規則があって、神社と認められるには備えるべき設備や財産などの条件があり、それ以外は「神社」とは認められなかったのである。
- Until the end of the war, shrines were essentially national institutions with regulations that dictated conditions regarding facilities and assets that had to be met in order to be recognized as a shrine.
- 吉野山の金峯山寺と山上ヶ岳の大峯山寺とは、近代以降は分離して別個の寺院になっているが、近世までは前者を「山下(さんげ)の蔵王堂」、後者を山上の蔵王堂と呼び、両者は不可分のものであった。
- Kinpusen-ji Temple in Mt. Yoshino and Ominesan-ji Temple in Mt. Sanjogatake have been divided into separate temples since modern times, but they had an inseparable relationship with each other with the former being called 'Sange no Zao-do' and the latter 'Sanjo no Zao-do.'
- 従来の荒唐無稽な歌舞伎脚本やうわべだけの近代化に終わった活歴物と違う、新しい歌舞伎劇を目指すべく、1893年(明治26年)論文『我が邦の史劇』を発表、その実践例としてこの作品を創作した。
- Aiming at creating a new kabuki drama unlike traditional unrealistic scripts or historical drama modernized only on the surface, he published a paper titled 'Wagakuni no Shigeki (Japan's historical drama)' in 1893 and put his theory into practice by creating this work.
- 日蓮はその中でも「地獄に堕す」などと激しく他宗を論難した人であるが、これは日蓮だけに限ったことではない、という指摘がなされており、近代に至っても様々な角度から論考される問題を含んでいる。
- Nichiren is known to have directed particularly harsh criticisms at other sects, but as some people have pointed out, such criticisms aren't necessarily limited to Nichiren, and that even in contemporary society his religious criticisms raise issues worth studying from various perspectives.
- 1915年、大正天皇の即位の礼に併せて古典様式の2代目駅舎が渡辺節の設計により建築されたが、1950年失火により焼失、その後1952年に鉄筋コンクリート造の近代的な3代目駅舎が竣工した。
- In 1915, in conjunction with Emperor Taisho's enthronement ceremony, the classical-style second-generation station building was constructed after Setsu WATANABE's design, but it was burned down by an accidental fire in 1950; subsequently, the third-generation station building with a ferroconcrete structure was completed in 1952.
- 荻野 吟子(おぎの ぎんこ(本名:荻野ぎん)、1851年4月4日(嘉永4年3月3日 (旧暦)) - 1913年(大正2年)6月23日)は、近代日本における日本初の一覧の女性の医師である。
- Ginko OGINO (real name: Gin OGINO/ April 4, 1851-June 23, 1913) was the first female doctor in modern Japan.
- 明治に入り、近代歴史学が導入されると、歴史は、同時代史料や、同時代史料に基づくと推定される良質の編纂史料に根拠を持つものによってのみ叙述されるべきだという原則が広く承認されるようになった。
- After the introduction of the study of modern history in the Meiji period, the principle that history should be described on the basis of historical documents at the same period or compiled historical documents in good quality, being considered to have been based on documents at the same period, was widely approved.
- 続いて、中央集権体制の近代国家にとって国民軍の創出が必要と認識され、西郷隆盛も最終的には山縣の考え方を支持して、山城屋事件で山縣が辞職に追い込まれた後も、西郷は桐野利秋らの反対論を退けた。
- Subsequently, the necessity to create a national army for a modern nation under centralized administrative framework was recognized, and Takamori SAIGO finally supported Yamagata's opinion and turned down the opposing opinions by Toshiaki KIRINO and others, even after Yamagata was forced into resignation due to the Yamashiroya incident.
- その形式は楕円形の馬場と3頭以上の馬を用いてレースを行うというものであり、まもなく日本人によって日本各地で近代競馬が模倣されるようになったが、そのための場として祭典競馬が盛んに利用された。
- It was a race by three or more horses on an oval track and the form of the modern horse racing was taken over by Japanese and this form of race gradually spread everywhere in Japan, however, the traditional saiten keiba were used as the venue.
- その本館の外見は、インドのアクバル皇帝時代の建物やインド近代建築の傑作といわれたタージマハルを模したとされ、赤いストレート屋根の西隅にはドームがそびえ、木造二階建て、地下一階となっている。
- The main building was a two-story wooden house with a basement; it had a dome on the western corner of its red straight roof and it is said that, in appearance, it imitated the architecture of the times of India's Emperor Akbar and the Taj Mahal, which is considered a masterpiece of modern construction.
- 近代になってサービス業として登場した葬儀会社の介入もあり、ビジネス化された仏式葬儀に疑問を持つ人びとも増えつつあり、自然葬(散骨、宇宙葬、森林葬など)もひとつの形式として浸透し始めている。
- Due to participation by funeral directors which appeared as a service business in the early modern times, and an increase in the number of people who are in doubt about commercialized Buddhist ritual funeral services, burial services in nature (ash scattering, burial in the space, burial in the forest) have also started spreading as a form of funeral ceremony.
- 『早字二重鑑』(いろは順が二回繰り返される近代辞書に似た形式)、『急用間合即座引』(いろは順の次に語尾の仮名で分類)、『大成正字通』(いろは順、部門分類、濁音仮名の有無の三段階)などである。
- For example, there were 'Hayaji Niju Kagami' (in which the words were classified and subclassified in iroha order similar to modern dictionaries), 'Kyuyomaniai Sokuzabiki'(in which the words were classified in iroha order and subclassified by kana at the end of each word) and 'Taisei seijitsu' (in which the words were classified in three steps: In iroha order, by category and by presence or absence of the Japanese syllabary for voiced consonants).
- 伊沢は日本内地でも実現していなかった義務教育の採用を上申し、総督府もその提言を受け入れて同年、台北市芝山岩に最初の近代教育を行う小学校(現在の台北市士林国小)を設置、義務教育の実験校とした。
- Izawa proposed to implement compulsory education in Taiwan, which had not been implemented even in Japan, and the Sotoku-fu accepted his proposal and established an elementary school in Zhishanyan, Taipei (today's Shilin elementary school in Taipei) as an experimental school for compulsory education.
- このような改革には積極的に西洋文明の先進制度が取り入れられ、その過程で、「お雇い外国人」と呼ばれる外国人が、技術指導、教育分野、官制・軍制整備など様々な分野で雇用され、近代国家建設を助けた。
- The developed systems of western civilization were positively adopted in this reform, and in this process foreigners called 'Employed Foreigner' were hired in various areas including technical assistance, education, consolidation of the organization of the central government, and military systems, to help Japan build a modern state.
- 「近代化を進めた新政府軍に対して、遅れた旧幕府側の軍隊が対抗できなかったために敗れた」というのは誤りで、実際は旧幕府軍も早くから軍隊の西洋化に取り組んでおり、新政府軍に対して劣っていなかった。
- It is wrong to say that the former Shogunate forces lost to the new government because they could not match the latter's modernized forces; in fact, they had westernized their forces from early on, and thus did not lag behind the new government's forces.
- 柱・梁を基本構造とする日本建築と、煉瓦や石で壁を築いてゆく西洋建築は対照的な存在であり、20世紀のモダニズム建築の時代になると、近代建築の理念を先取りした点があるとして注目されるようになった。
- Japanese architecture, which mainly uses posts and beams, differs from Western architecture of bricks and stones, and traditional Japanese architecture gained attention in 20th century architectural modernism since it was ahead of its time in the use of modern architectural concepts.
- 明治維新以降の近代に入ってからは熊野詣の風習も殆どなくなってしまったため、参詣道としての利用はほとんど絶えたものの、周囲の住人が交易・物資移送を行う生活道路として昭和初期までは使用されつづけた。
- Since in modern times after the Meiji Restoration, the custom of the pilgrimage to Kumano became obsolete, Kohechi was no longer used as a pilgrimage route, however it continued to be used as a community road for trade and transportation of goods by local residents until the early Showa era.
- 近代以前において馬は最も重要な輸送手段であったから、優れた馬(駿馬)は軍事や行政用として用いられるのが常であり、輸送に用いられた駄馬は人を乗せて早く走らせることの出来ない質の良くない馬であった。
- Since a horse was the most important means of transportation before modern times, swift horses (shunme) were usually reserved for military or government use, and the daba used for transportation were poor quality horses that were unable to run fast while carrying a person.
- 日本は公使館警備用の軍を派遣して朝鮮国王を保護し、その後開化派が新政権を発足させ、朝鮮国王をトップとする立憲君主制国家をうちたてて、日本の助力のもとに近代国家への道を突き進む、というものだった。
- After Japan protected the king of Korea by sending the troops for guarding the legation, the Progressive Party was to form a new government, establish a constitutional monarchy with the king of Korea at the top, and rush toward a modern state with Japanese assistance.
- 忠邦はまた、阿片戦争における清の敗北により、従来の外国船に対する異国船打払令を改めて薪水給与令を発令して柔軟路線に転換する一方、江川英龍や高島秋帆に西洋流砲術を導入させて、近代軍備を整えさせた。
- In response to the defeat of Qing Dynasty in the Opium Wars, Tadakuni shifted his foreign policy to more flexible one by amending the conventional edict to repel foreign vessels to the law to provide water and fuel for foreign ships, while he ordered Hidetatsu EGAWA and Shuhan TAKASHIMA to introduce the western style gunnery and the modern military buildup.
- 日本の近代美術史全体に配慮しながら、京都を中心に関西・西日本の美術に比重を置き、京都画壇の日本画、洋画などを積極的に収集、展示し、河井寛次郎の陶芸、染織など工芸作品のコレクションも充実している。
- While containing an overview of the whole of modern art in Japan, MOMAK places particular emphasis on collections and art exhibitions in the western regions of Japan especially in Kyoto, such as Japanese-style paintings of the Kyoto School and Western-style paintings, and also it has a large collection of art works, such as the ceramics of Kanjiro KAWAI and dyed textiles.
- 「ほんらい食用に回すべきお米を酒にしてしまう」との発想から、酒が不届きなぜいたく品のようにも考えられた当時は、「成分中のアルコールが米に由来しない」ということが近代的で良いこととして解釈された。
- In those days, sake was considered to be something of a luxury because of the idea that 'sake was made of rice which should be eaten as food,' so that it was regarded as modern and preferable that 'the alcohol of synthetic seishu was not made of rice.'
- 若年で即位して以来、大政奉還、王政復古と戊辰戦争、明治維新、日清戦争、日露戦争など、激動の幕末から明治時代を経験し、明治新政府、近代国家日本の指導者、象徴として、絶対君主として国民から畏敬された。
- He succeeded to the throne when he was young, then he experienced Taiseihokan (the return of political power to the Emperor by the Tokugawa Shogunate), Oseifukko (the restoration of Imperial rule), the Boshin War, the Meiji Restoration, the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, difficult times from the last days of the bakufu era through to the Meiji period, and he was respected by the nation as the leader of the modern Japanese nation and a symbol, as a sovereign.
- しかし、当初祭政一致を掲げていた明治政府は、近代国家を目指して政教分離・信教の自由を建前に学問の自由を尊重する方向に政策転換し、明治十年代には記紀神話に対する批判など比較的自由な議論が行われていた。
- Although the Meiji government insisted upon the unity of Japanese Temples, Shrines, and the state, the policy was changed to respect the freedom to study as they were pushing for the separation of religion and politics, and the freedom of religion to achieve a modern nation, during the last half of 1870s and the first half of 1880s, there were a free discussion held about criticizing the Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters), Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) and mythology.
- 従来この使節派遣の目的は、条約改正の打診であったといわれてきたが、実情は国法や近代的社会制度の整備が遅れていることから、改正時期の延期を諸外国に求めるものであったという学説が一般的になってきている。
- The purpose of the dispatch of the mission was traditionally considered to be an approach for the treaty revision, but now it is commonly believed that in fact the mission intended to request the foreign countries to postpone the time of the revision due to the delay of improvement of the state law and the modern social system in Japan.
- JR京都駅の烏丸口(北口)側にある関西電力京都支店の建物(鉄筋コンクリート造8階建)は、京都の近代建築の一つであるが、もともとは1937年(昭和12年)に、京都電燈の本社として建設されたものである。
- The eight storey reinforced concrete building of the Kyoto branch of the Kansai Electric Power, which stands in front of the Karasuma Exit (North Exit) of JR Kyoto Station, is one of the most modern buildings in Kyoto and was originally built as the headquarters of Kyoto Dento in 1937.
- 明治維新は欧米列強に抑圧されたアジア諸国にとって近代化革命の模範ともなったが、やがて日本自身が列強側の国家として、帝国主義的な領土・権益獲得の立場となったことから、かえって反発を呼ぶことにもなった。
- The Meiji Restoration in Japan was a model for the modern revolution of the various Asian countries which were suppressed by powerful western countries, but Japan also received resistance from them because Japan itself became a powerful imperialistic country trying to obtain lands and interests.
- 当初全8作として発表された近代能楽集の9作目として発表されたが、後に「廃曲」として三島自身によって除かれたため、三島由紀夫の生前には単行本への収録も雑誌などへの再録もなく、上演されることもなかった。
- Following the initial introduction of the eight-installment series of modern Noh drama collections, the play was issued as the ninth in the series, but since it was removed by Mishima himself as a 'discontinued play' it was neither republished in any book or magazine nor performed while he was alive.
- 近代に入った1877年頃、日本初の従軍記者として活躍し、その後も数々の先駆的な業績を残した岸田吟香(1833年 - 1905年)が卵かけご飯を食べた日本で初めての人物とされ、周囲に卵かけご飯を勧めた。
- Around 1877 in the early modern times, Ginko KISHIDA (1833 - 1905), who flourished as the first war correspondent in Japan and left many accomplishments as a pioneer, ate tamago kake gohan for the first time in Japan, and recommended it to surrounding people.
- それは最初の五世紀の間にカトリック教会によって徐々に築き上げられたのであり、また近代人やプロテスタントは暗黙のうちに採用したわけではありませんが、期待されたほどには、それに修正が加えてはいないのです。
- having been gradually built up by the Catholic church of the first five centuries, and though not implicitly adopted by moderns and Protestants, has been much less modified by them than might have been expected.
- その底流には別子の近代化はさておき、広瀬のリーダーシップにより展開した事業の成績が芳しくなかったこと、それに対して内部から強かった銀行設立の要望に広瀬がかたくなであったことなど事業戦略上の批判があった。
- Aside from the modernization of Besshi, there were the criticisms on the business strategy such as unfavorable performance of the business developed under the leadership of HIROSE and firmly refusing the strong request from the inside to establish the bank.
- 総督府は1912年、近代において初めて作成された朝鮮語の正書法である普通学校用諺文綴字法を作成し、1930年には児童の学習能率の向上、朝鮮語の綴字法の整理・統一のための新正書法である諺文綴字法を作成した。
- The Sotoku-fu created the Regular school Hangeul spelling method as the orthography of the Korean language made first time in modern times in 1912, and created the Hangeul spelling method as the new orthography for improving learning efficiency of children, and organizing and integrating spelling methods of the Korean language in 1930.
- 明治時代になると近代国家に脱皮するためには中世封建制社会の身分制度を破棄することは避けて通れないと考えられ、政府により江戸時代の身分制度が廃止され四民平等(しみんびょうどう)の政策が採られることになった。
- In the Meiji period, it was considered that Japan would not be able to develop into a modern nation unless it broke away from its class system based in the medieval feudal society: therefore the government abolished the class system from the Edo period and enacted the policy of shimin byodo (the equality of four classes).
- しかし、急激に消滅しつつある近代の建造物の保護にあたっては、国レベルで重要なものを厳選する重要文化財指定制度のみでは不十分であり、より緩やかな規制のもとで、幅広く保護の網をかけることの必要性が議論された。
- However, there were arguments regarding the necessity of widespread overarching protection measures with less strict stipulations, because the designation system for important cultural properties at national level had strict criteria, and was not powerful enough to preserve the rapidly decreasing number of modern buildings.
- 昭和7年(1932年)10月 日午前3時30分ごろ、大谷光瑞が全精力を注ぎ込み、英才教育の推進や建築、園芸、西域探検などの調査、研究を通じて、教団を近代化に導く舞台とした二楽荘は、不審火によって焼失した。
- Around 3:30 in October 1932, Nirakuso was burned down by suspicious file where Kozui Otani put their full energy and the temple was led to modernization through the implementation of special education, architecture, horticulture and research and studies like western area expedition.
- 今日の近代官僚機構、会社組織であれば、ある職員は「課長の部下」であると同時に「課長を部下として使う部長の部下」でもあるので、部長が課長を介さず、職員に職務を依頼したり、逆に報告を行うことはあまり珍しくない。
- Taking a present-day modern bureaucratic organization or corporate organization for instance, since some staff member is a 'subordinate to a section chief' and also a 'subordinate to a department director using such section chief as subordinate,' it is not very rare that the department director requests such staff member to perform duties not through the section chief, or that such staff member gives a report to the department director directly.
- 日本にこれら近代醸造学が導入されたのは、明治になってからであるが、初めは日本酒のためではなくビールの醸造技術を学ぶ過程で、「発酵をうながす微生物」として英語yeastやドイツ語Hefeが語彙として入ってきた。
- Modern brewing techniques were introduced to Japan in the Meiji period, on which occasion an English word yeast and a German word Hefe were imported to refer to 'microorganisms that promote fermentation' in the course of studying beer brewing techniques instead of sake brewing techniques.
- 後装式(元込め)のスナイドル銃をいち早く導入し、集成館事業の蓄積で近代工業基盤を有していた薩摩藩は、イギリスから設備を輸入して明治5年の陸軍省創設以前からスナイドル弾薬の国産化に成功していた唯一の地域だった。
- The Satsuma Domain was armed with breech-loading Snider rifles before others; based on the modern industrial base that had been built up through the industries at Shuseikan, the domain was the only region in Japan to succeed in domestic production of ammunition for Snider rifles by importing facilities from England before the Army Ministry was established in 1872.
- このため一時、所属する真宗大谷派の僧籍を離れる(還俗)ことがあったが、同派出身の南条文雄・ 井上円了・ 清沢満之らをはじめ幅広い分野の人々と交流、終始一貫、近代的な仏教研究と教育体制の充実・整備に力を注いだ。
- This resulted in him leaving the priesthood of Shinshu sect Otani school he belonged to (exclaustration) for a while; he interacted with people from various fields including Bunyu NANJO from the same faction, Enryo INOUE, Manshi KIYOZAWA, and consistently strived to improve and maintain the research of modern Buddhism and educational system.
- 前近代の後宮制度の充実ぶりにも関わらず、中世以後に皇統断絶の危機が何度も生じたのはこうした事情がある)状態にあったが、世襲親王家が断絶した場合には天皇が実子を養子として送り込む事で子孫の安泰を図る事も行われた。
- This was the reason why there were many crisis of discontinuity of Imperial succession after the Medieval Period, even though the system of the Inner Palace in premodern time was well established.) there were even examples of an Emperor allowing his child to be adopted into the hereditary Imperial Family to secure the succession of descendants, if there was a crisis of the discontinuity of the family.
- 維新成功の背景として、その前段階たる江戸時代における日本人の労働生産性・教育水準・遵法意識の高さや、近世においてすでに近代的科学(合理)精神を受け入れる素地・教養が準備されていたことなども要因と考えられている。
- Some of the reasons for the success of the Meiji Restoration are that Japanese people in the Edo period worked hard, were well educated, and abided by laws, and they had enough knowledge to accept modern rational scientific spirit.
- 現在は水道用水としての用途が最も多くなっているが、完成当初から水力発電(営業用として日本初)が行われ、その電力を利用した日本初の電車(京都電気鉄道、のち買収されて京都市電)が開業するなど京都の近代化に貢献した。
- Although it is mainly used for tap water now, since it was completed it has been used for hydroelectric power generation (Japan's first commercial hydroelectric power) which contributed to Kyoto's modernization, such as Japan's first operation of electric railcars (Kyoto Electric Railway, which was later bought by Kyoto Municipal Streetcar).
- 江華島事件以来、当時の朝鮮は、朝鮮は清朝の冊封国(または冊封国)としての朝鮮のままであるべきであるという「守旧派」(事大党ともいう)と、現状を憂い朝鮮の近代化を目指す「開化派」(独立党ともいう)とに分かれていた。
- In Korea at the time, the government had been divided between two factions even since the Ganghwa Island incident: the 'Conservative Party' (also known as the Sadaedang, or 'Serve the Great' Party) which advocated that Korea should remain a vassal state of Qing China and 'the Gaehwadang' (Progressive Party, also called the Independence Party) that was anxious about the current situation and hoped to modernize Korea.
- 『眼科錦囊』には、眼球の解剖図が載っており、角膜や水晶液、水晶膜、視神経などなど各部位の名が見られ、近代医術(眼球の手術)に必要な知識が備わっていた事が分かる(『続眼科錦囊』には眼球の手術の様子が描かれている)。
- In 'Ganka Kinno,' an anatomical drawing of eyeball and the names of each part such as cornea, crystalline humor, membrane of crystalline and optic nerve were seen and we can understand that he had the necessary knowledge of modern medicine (operation of eyeball) (in 'Zoku Ganka Kinno,' operation of eyeball was described).
- 2004年に東京国立近代美術館で開催された「琳派 RIMPA」展では、明治以降の日本画の作品(菱田春草、横山大観など)のほか、グスタフ・クリムトやアンディー・ウォーホルの作品にも「琳派的なもの」が見られるとされた。
- At the 'RIMPA' Exhibit held at the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo in 2004, it was said that the 'Rinpa influence' was detected in the works of Gustav Klimt and Andy Warhol in addition to some Japanese-style paintings (by various artists including Shunso HISHIDA and Taikan YOKOYAMA) after the Meiji period.
- この間、1894年、鷲尾順敬・境野黄洋らと雑誌『仏教史林』を創刊し、1897年、『大日本仏教史』を刊行、1926年、 辻善之助らと『明治維新神仏分離史料』を編纂・刊行するなど、近代的な仏教史研究に大きく道を開いた。
- He contributed to the research of modern Buddhist history; he launched the first issue of 'Bukkyo Shirin' (Collection of Buddhist history) magazine with Junkyo WASHIO and Koyo SAKAINO in 1894; he published 'Dai Nihon Bukkyo shi' (History of Buddhism in Great Japan) in 1897; he compiled and published 'Meiji ishin shinbutsu bunri shiryo' (Historical materials on the separation of Shinto and Buddhism during the Meiji Restoration) with others including Zennosuke TSUJI in 1926.
- しかし、太政官に立法・司法・行政の全機能を集中させ、太政大臣に強力な権限を与えるこの制度は、近代国家の国政運営に適さないと考えられ、また、太政大臣の負担が大きく、かえって国家運営の停滞と責任の所在の不明確さを招いた。
- However, this system, which concentrated all the state's legislative, judiciary and administrative functions in the Daijokan and gave broad authority to the Dajo-daijin (Grand Minister) was thought to be ill-suited for the political management of a modern nation; the High Chancellor's extensive responsibilities caused delays in the political management of the nation and invited confusion over who had responsibility for which tasks.
- アジア諸国の西欧列強による植民地化と日本による朝鮮王朝の開国と干渉に刺激された結果、清国と朝鮮の関係を伝統的な宗属関係から近代的な宗主国と属国の関係(宗主国と植民地の関係)に改めて朝鮮を自勢力下に留めようとした戦争。
- As western powers colonized Asian countries and Japan forced Korea to open the country to the world and intervene in it, Qing, as a result, was spurred into using this war to try to transform the conventional relationship between Qing and Korea based upon a concept of a family with the same origin into a modern suzerain-dependency relationship (suzerain-colony relationship) and keep Korea under control.
- しかし、その形式が従来と違い文中に中国皇帝のみが使用する「皇」や「勅」の語があったことで、朝鮮側はそれらは朝鮮にたいし日本を上位におくととらえ、また近代化を進める日本を「仮洋夷」として警戒してその受け取りを拒否した。
- However, the Korean government refused to accept it saying that the note was written in a style that differed from the conventional one and containing words '皇' and '勅'--traditionally used only by Chinese emperors-- suggested that Japan was superior to Korea, and warning that Japan's modernization was based on 'a presumed doctrine of excluding western threats.'
- また信教の自由の立場からプロジェクト側を批判する意見(ある信仰や風習が近代的な価値観から見て迷信的に見えたとしても、高圧的かつ軽率にそれを捨てさせる態度はよくない。信仰している人たちの自発的な改革を待つべき)もある。
- Additionally, there is an opinion that criticizes the project side from the standpoint of the freedom of religion (even if a certain faith or custom seems to be superstitious in the context of modern values, it is not good to carelessly and forcibly abandon it so high-handedly, but instead one should wait for the believers to reform voluntarily).
- 第2次世界大戦前までは古代・中世の社寺建築が研究の中心であったが、第二次世界大戦後は民家、江戸時代の社寺、明治以降の近代建築と次第に対象が広がっている(明治以降、旧植民地に日本人建築家の残した作品も対象になっている)。
- Until World War II, studies focused on ancient and medieval shrine and temple architecture, but since the War, the scope of research widened to include shrines and temples of the Edo period and modern structures from and since the Meiji period (studies during and after the Meiji period included the study of structures left behind by ex-colonies that were constructed by Japanese architects).
- 大日本帝国憲法(だいにほんていこくけんぽう、だいにっぽんていこくけんぽう、大日本帝國憲法)は、1889年(明治22年)2月11日に発布、1890年(明治23年)11月29日に施行された、近代立憲主義に基づく日本の憲法。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was the organic law of the Empire of Japan based on the idea of modern constitutionalism, promulgated on February 11, 1889, and came into effect on November 29, 1890.
- それに加えて、18世紀後半の産業革命によって欧米諸国は急速に近代化しており、それぞれの政治経済的事情から大航海時代の単なる「冒険」ではなく、自らの産業のために資源と市場を求めて世界各地に植民地獲得のための進出を始めた。
- In addition to the above, western countries modernized rapidly through industrial revolution in the latter half of the 18th century, and for their own political and economic reasons, started debouching into various places around the world to acquire their own colonies for the purpose of seeking resources and markets for their own industries, rather than for the simple purpose of 'adventure' during the Age of Geographical Discovery.
- 1895年(明治28年)に大阪と別子から集まりやすいよう尾道市で、住友の重役会議である会議(後に「尾道会議」と呼ばれる)の議長(総理事は広瀬宰平の辞職により空席となっていた)を務め、合議制とするなど経営の近代化を推進。
- In 1895, he served as the chair (there was no Director Chair due to the resignation of Saihei HIROSE) in the Sumitomo directors' meeting held in Onomichi City, which was accessible both from Osaka and Besshi, and he promoted the modernization of business management by introducing a council system.
- その製作体制は三つの撮影所に分けられており、まず時代劇や近代もの、京都が舞台の現代劇を作っている東映京都テレビプロ、生田に構えていた東映東京製作所、大泉に設けた東映テレビプロがそれぞれ凌ぎを削りながら作品の量産を続けた。
- The production system was shared by three studios: Toei Kyoto TV Productions, which produced period and early-modern dramas and contemporary dramas featuring Kyoto settings, Toei Tokyo Productions located in Ikuta, and Toei TV Productions located in Oizumi, and the studios competed with each other in order to continue mass-producing the programs.
- 1927年に地方競馬規則が公布され、公認競馬以外の競馬が地方競馬として行われるようになって以降は、同法が施設や主催者など競馬開催のための要件を細かく規定していたために、近代競馬形式による祭典競馬は次第に姿を消していった。
- After 1927 when the Rules Related to Regional Horse Racing were promulgated, races other than those officially sanctioned were treated as local horse races, and modern-style saiten keiba gradually disappeared because the Rules stipulated the required conditions regarding the facilities and organizer in detail.
- 1871年(明治4年)には近代社格制度のもとで官幣大社に列格するとともに、正式社名を「稲荷神社」とし、「官幣大社稲荷神社」となったが、戦後の1946年に神社本庁とは独立した単立宗教法人となり、「伏見稲荷大社」と改称した。
- With classified as a Kanpei Taisha (Imperial shrine) under the modern shrine ranking system in 1871, the shrine changed its formal name to 'Inari-jinja' to become 'Kanpei Taisha Inari-jinja', but in 1946, after the Second World War, it became a stand-alone religious corporation independent from the Association of Shinto Shrines and its name was changed to 'Fushimi Inari Taisha'.
- 「自分の映画の方法論は、近代的人間像を日本映画にうちたてるためのものだ」と主張し、成瀬巳喜男を、『日本の社会をそのまま認め、はかなき小市民の「情緒」を描く自然主義的風速映画』と、今井正もの当時の巨匠たちを痛烈に批判した。
- And he argued that 'my cimematographic methodology is to establish a modern image of a man,' and he roundly criticized the renowned film directors of the time such as the master director Tadashi IMAMURA, and referring to Mikio NARUSE, he wrote 'his films, which come to terms with the actual Japanese Society and depict the ephemeral 'sentiment' of petit bourgeois can be called naturalistic velocity movies.'
- 非西欧諸国の中で近代化に成功した日本の君主ということで、海外での評価は日本国内以上に高く、エチオピアのハイレ・セラシエ1世やパラグアイのアルフレド・ストロエスネル、イラクのサダム・フセインなど、明治天皇を尊敬する人は多い。
- Since Emperor Meiji was respected as a sovereign, as for non western countries, he was highly regarded overseas, more than he was in Japan, by the people such as Haile SelassieⅠin Ethiopia, Alfredo Stroessner in Paraguay, Saddam Husain in Iraq.
- 1996年(平成8年)の文化財保護法改正により、主に近代化遺産を保護する目的から、国または地方公共団体の指定を受けていない有形文化財のうち、保存と活用が特に必要なものを登録有形文化財に登録する制度が創設された(第57条)。
- In 1996, according to the revision (Article 57) of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, a registration system was established for those whose tangible cultural properties have not been designated by the nation or a local public entity but at the same time need necessary preservation and proper usage; this revision was mainly aimed at protecting heritages from modernization.
- 立礼式は明治5年(1872年)の博覧会に際して外国人を迎えるための創案であり、また同じ年に『茶道の源意』を著して茶道は遊芸とする風潮を批判するなど、幕末から明治の変動の時代に合わせた茶道の近代化の先駆として評価されている。
- He is appraised as a pioneer for modernizing the tea ceremony in step with a changing world from the end of the Edo period to the Meiji period, being credited for his innovative ryureishiki style tea ceremony which was specially arranged to welcome foreign visitors to the exhibition held in 1872, and also for his criticism against the general trend to consider tea ceremony as art for amusement, as written in his book 'Sado no Gen-i (literally, Root Meaning of the Tea Ceremony.)'
- 写実的な演技や史実に則した時代考証などで歌舞伎の近代化を図る一方、伝統的な江戸歌舞伎の荒事を整理して今日にまで伝わる多くの形を決定、歌舞伎を下世話な町人の娯楽から日本文化を代表する高尚な芸術の域にまで高めることに尽力した。
- While trying to modernize Kabuki by realistic acting and re-creating historical backgrounds authentically, he rearranged aragoto (Kabuki play featuring exaggerated posture, makeup, and costume) of the traditional Edo Kabuki, determined many patterns handed down to the present and contributed greatly to the upgrading of Kabuki from as an entertainment of common people to a refined art representing Japanese culture.
- 近江八景が主として湖南を中心として選ばれているのに対し、昭和25年(1950年)琵琶湖とその周辺が琵琶湖国定公園に指定されたの契機に選定された琵琶湖八景は、近代感覚をもとに琵琶湖の広大さと変化ある景観を主として選ばれている。
- While Omi Hakkei was selected mainly from Konan (literally, south of lake), Biwako Hakkei, which was selected on the occasion of designation of Lake Biwa and surrounding areas to Lake Biwa Quasi-National Park, were selected mainly from scenery representing vastness and wide variety of Lake Biwa based on the modern sense.
- 彼は、すでに1862年にルイ・パスツールが殺菌を発見していた西洋の近代的方法と異なり、温度計のない環境で、杜氏が酒の表面に「の」の字がやっと書ける熱さとしてぴったりと華氏130度(約55℃)をあてることに驚きを表明している。
- He was surprised that toji could judge 130 degrees Fahrenheit (about 55 Celsius) precisely by seeing the Japanese letter of 'no' (の) could be written somehow on the surface of sake without a thermometer, which was different from the modern way of sterilization in Western countries that had been discovered by Louis PASTEUR in 1862.
- (なお、20世紀以降の近代建築物の中には、アメリカ海軍が1942年から1943年にかけて全米各地に建造した飛行船のハンガー (航空)(うち9棟が現存)や秋田県に所在する大館樹海ドームなど、大仏殿を上回る規模のものが存在する。)
- (Incidentally, as modern constructions in and after 20th century, the hangars [aviation term] of airships which U.S. Navy built across the United States from 1942 to 1943 [nine of them exist today], the Odate Jukai Dome in the Akita Prefecture, and so on, are larger scale than the Daibutsu-den.)
- 山上と山下の蔵王堂は20数キロメートル離れており、現在では別個の寺院になっているが、両者は元来「金峯山寺」という一つの修験寺院の一部であり、現在のように吉野山の金峯山寺と山上ヶ岳の大峯山寺とに分かれるのは近代以降のことである。
- The upper and lower main halls are separated by a distance of over 20 km and have now become two distinct temples but their separation into Kinpusen-ji Temple on Mt. Yoshino and Ominesan-ji Temple on Mt. Sanjo is a modern development and both were originally part of the single Shugendo temple named 'Kinpusen-ji Temple.'
- 1996年の文化財保護法改正により、従来の文化財指定制度を補完するものとして、近代の文化財等を保護するため、届出制と指導・助言・勧告を基本とする緩やかな保護措置を講じて、所有者の自主的な保護に期待する文化財登録制度が創設された。
- Based on the revision of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in 1996, the cultural property registration system was established to complement the previous system; in order to protect a modern cultural property etc., a property owner's autonomous protection is expected through the liberal protection measures based on reporting, instruction, suggestion and recommendation.
- 「東叡山不忍池図」(重要文化財)、「唐太宗・花鳥山水図」(重要文化財、秋田県立近代美術館所蔵)、「唐太宗図」(秋田市立千秋美術館所蔵)、「江ノ島図」(大和文華館所蔵)などを描くとともに、司馬江漢にも技法を伝授したといわれている。
- His paintings include 'Toeizan Shinobazu no Ike Zu' (A View of Shinobazuno-ike Pond in Toeizan) (an important cultural property), 'Totaiso Kacho Sansui Zu' (Totaiso [a Chinese emperor] and a View of Flowers, Birds, Hills, and Water) (an important cultural property at the Akita Museum of Modern Art), 'Totaiso Zu' (a painting of Totaiso, a Chinese emperor) (at the Akita Senshu Museum of Art) and 'Enoshima Zu' (A View of Enoshima) (at the Museum of Yamato Bunkakan), and it is also said that Naotake taught his techniques to Kokan SHIBA.
- 明治政府による富国強兵のもと、外貨獲得のために日本の近代化を支えたものは水の豊富な長野県諏訪地域における製糸業であり、みねを始め多くの女性労働者が家族との別れを惜しみつつ野麦峠を越え出稼ぎに出る,当時はそんな時代だったのである。
- Under the policy of governments of the Meiji period 'Fukoku Kyohei' (fortifying the country, strengthening the military), the filature in Suwa area of Nagano Prefecture where richly endowed with water supported modernization of Japan to earn foreign currency, and many female workers like Mine reluctantly left their family home and went over the Nomugi Pass for work, that was quite usual in those days.
- 秀甫は中江兆民『一年有半』で「近代非凡人三十一人」に数えられるほどの名声を得ていたが、本因坊道策・秀和・秀策・秀栄といった史上の大名人たちに比べると知名度は低く、時の第一人者でありながらその生涯は決して恵まれたものではなかった。
- Although Shuho had such an excellent reputation that Chomin NAKAE regarded him as 'one of the 31 distinguished people in the modern time' in his book 'Ichinen Yuhan' (One and a Half Year Left), he was less known to the public, compared with the grand masters such as Honinbo Dosaku, Shuwa, Shusaku and Shuei, and his life was not totally fortunate in spite of that he was the leading player of the time.
- 前近代における冊封体制下において、「皇上」や「奉勅」ということばは中国の王朝にのみ許されたことばであって、日本がそれを使用するということは、冊封体制の頂点に立ち朝鮮よりも日本の国際地位を上とすることを画策したと朝鮮は捉えたのである。
- Because Japan used the words 'imperial' and 'imperial order,' which were only allowed to be used by the Chinese dynasty under the tributary system of the premodern era, Korea understood that Japan was attempting to stand at the top of the tributary system and get a higher position in the world than Korea.
- 病のため1905年に帰国した際、将来日本に本格的な西洋近代美術館を作るための「印象派」を始めとする膨大な西洋絵画、「浮世絵」などの流出した日本・東洋美術や蔵書のコレクションを持って帰ったが理解が得られないまま、翌年病状が悪化し没した。
- When he returned to Japan due to his illness in 1905, he brought back a vast number of Western paintings including 'Impressionists' ones to build a real modern Western Art museum in the future, as well as Japan and Oriental Arts including 'Ukiyoe' which had flowed out of Japan and his book collection; however, he took a turn for the worse and died next year before he was understood by the people.
- ただ更に時代を下った近代では、陰陽五行思想は一般には余り気に掛けられず、専ら各々の人などが持つ要素・属性などの相互関係で、望ましい方向に発展することを「相性が良い」といい、どうも芳しくない結果に陥りがちな関係は「相性が悪い」と表現する。
- In the modern times, the philosophy of Onmyo gogyo is not much cared for in general; simply, when the mutual relationship between the elements or attributes of people develops to a desired direction, it is said to have a 'good aisho,' and when the combination may produces an undesirable result, it is said to have a 'bad aisho.'
- 方言差については、東西に長い日本列島(主に本州・九州・四国と周辺離島)の地理的制約もあって、近代以前は東西に離れた者どうしでは意思疎通に困難を来すほどの差異があったが、音韻や語彙を中心とした相違にとどまり、特に文法面では大きな差はない。
- As for dialects, due to the geographical constraints of the Japanese archipelago, which stretches east to west (consisting mainly of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and nearby islands), there were enough differences that those who lived in the east and the west had difficulty communicating before modern times, though the differences were only in phonemes and vocabulary; there was not much difference grammatically.
- 日本も封建制度の体制下で欧米の近代法にある法治国家の諸原則が存在しておらず、刑事面では拷問や残虐な刑罰が存置され、民事面では自由な契約や取引関係を規制して十分な保護を与えていなかったために、欧米列強からはその対象国であると考えられていた。
- Japan, too, was considered a target of unequal treaties by the allied Western powers because Japan, under the feudal system, did not have various principles of a nation under the rule of law as stipulated in modern Western laws and therefore maintained torture and cruel punishment in criminal cases and regulated free contracts and transactions without giving sufficient protection in civil affairs.
- 上記の稚児は、古典、近代、等、数多くの文学作品に登場、これらの中でも、繊細、優美、典雅、清楚、可憐、脆弱、等、妙齢の女性と同様の耽美的描写が行われる場合が多い一方、幼さゆえの場違いな発言で僧侶の失笑を買う、等、笑いの対象になる場合もある。
- The chigo mentioned above appeared in many of the classic and modern literature, and they were described as well as young ladies by the words such as sensitive, elegant, graceful, neat and clean, pretty, and fragile, while their comic remarks made by their innocence were met with priests' contemptuous laughter.
- 「ハレとケ」という概念関係の捉え方は、柳田國男が近代化による民俗の変容を指摘する一つの論拠として、ハレとケの区別の曖昧化が進行していること(例えば、ハレの儀礼時にのみ行っていた特別な飲食が日常的に行われる、など)を提示したのが始まりである。
- Interpretation of the conceptual connection of 'hare and ke' began when Kunio YANAGIDA posed that the distinction between hare and ke was progressing towards ambiguity (for example, special food and drinks that were served only at hare rituals are consumed in ordinary settings), which he used as a rationale for pointing out that folklore was transforming because of modernization.
- 神戸市街地は1945年に大空襲を受けたため、現在の神戸市役所西側一帯にあった居留地時代(1899年以前)の建物で残っているのは旧居留地十五番館(旧アメリカ合衆国領事館、国の重要文化財)が唯一で、多く残る近代ビル建築は主に大正時代のものである。
- The urban areas of Kobe were devastated by the great air raids in 1945, so building No. 15 of the former settlement (the former consulate of the United States, and an important cultural property of Japan) was the only building left standing among those built in the settlement period (that is, before 1899) in the western area of the settlement, which corresponds to the vicinity of the present-day city hall of Kobe; most of the modern-era buildings that remain standing were built in the Taisho period.
- 京都国立近代美術館(きょうとこくりつきんだいびじゅつかん 英表記The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto 略称MOMAK)は、京都市左京区岡崎公園内にある、独立行政法人国立美術館が運営する美術館である。
- Located in Okazaki-koen Park, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK), is an art museum operated by the Independent Administrative Institution National Museum of Art.
- 近代的な空調設備を用いず、その土地の自然な冬の寒さを利用して仕込む寒造り(寒仕込み)は、いまなおあちこちで伝承もしくは復活されているわけであるが、そうした製法によって生産された酒を、現在わざわざ「寒酒」と呼ぶことはほとんどなくなってしまった。
- Kanzukuri (Kanjikomi) that uses an area's naturally low winter temperature without incorporating modern ventilation systems, has been handed down or revived in various areas, but sake made with such methods is rarely called 'kanshu' nowadays.
- 近代になり、嘉納治五郎が新しく柔道を創設したことなどや日清戦争後に武士道が再輸入されもてはやされたなどの社会情勢から大日本武徳会が設立されて大日本帝国の精神修養として採用され、明治末から大正にかけて武術の「術」を「道」と替え武道と名称変更した。
- In modern times, under the social environment in which judo was newly founded by Jigoro KANO and Bushido (the code of the samurai) was re-imported and praised after the Japanese-Sino War, Dai Nippon Butoku Kai was organized and adopted as the moral improvement of the Empire of Japan, and that organization changed the name from bujutsu to budo by replacing 'jutsu' (arts) with 'do' (ways).
- 一説によると、『古事記』(=古代を記す書物)を記した8世紀の日本人は、第23代顕宗天皇までが真の「古代」であり、第33代推古天皇から自分たちにつながる「近代」がはじまると考えており、その中間の時期を叙述するためにこのような書き方をしたとしている。
- One theory is that the eighth century Japanese writers who penned 'Kojiki' (= a book about the ancient period) believed that the true 'ancient times' ended with the twenty-third Emperor Kenzo and the 'early modern times' more closely related to themselves started with the thirty-third Empress Suiko, so the period in between was written in such a method to express this transition.
- 外観復元や復興された天守など、近代にその天守が建てられた当時の工法ではない工法で造られたものは、旧状または当時の造りに倣って外観を当時の型式にして建てられるが、内部構造は当時の方法で復元、施工されないので構造上の区分では異なったものになることがある。
- Tenshu externally restored or reconstructed in modern times with the existing methods rather than the original methods sometimes came under a different structural category, because the appearance of that time was restored by imitating the original situation and structure but the inner structure was not reconstructed by the original methods.
- また、明治維新が起こると、近代港として神戸港が整備されると知るや、幕末から明治維新の混乱による財政の立て直しと廃藩置県で困窮する三田藩士を救うべく、藩士の白洲退蔵(白洲次郎の祖父)、小寺泰次郎らとともに「志摩三商会」という神戸初の輸入商社を設立する。
- Furthermore, after the Meiji Restoration and upon receiving the information that the Kobe Port would be improved as one of the modern ports, he founded the first import business in Kobe named 'Shima San Shokai' with domain's retainers Taizo SHIRASU (grandfather of Jiro SHIRASU) and Taijiro KODERA to save the domain's finance crisis caused by the confusion from the end of Edo period to the Meiji Restoration and to help the feudal retainers of Sanda Domain who had been reduced to poverty due to Haihan-chiken.
- このことは予期せぬ野火に至る恐れがあったり、農家の減少で藁が十分に集められない、若者がサラリーマン化して日程の都合がつかないな、ダムの建設で山間部を離れる、過疎化や近代化など多くの古来からのそれぞれの地域の慣習や行事が消えて行く事と共通するものがある。
- The reasons for this, which have also caused many other time-honored customs and events to disappear, include: concern about unexpected bush fire, lack of straw caused by a decrease in the farming population, changing life style of young men who are busy as office workers, construction of dams which drive villagers out of mountainous regions, depopulation and modernization.
- 最も重い処分となったのは、同学会中央執行委員として学園復興会議の開催に奔走していた(しかし荒神橋でのデモ自体には関与していなかったとされる)文学部生の松浦玲(のちの日本近代史家)で、退学より重い放学処分となった(のち立命館大学文学部に再入学し卒業した)。
- A student of the faculty of literature, Rei MATSUURA, who had made an effort to hold the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi as a member of the central executive committee, was punished most heavily, expelled from the university (heavier than suspension) (Matsuura is considered not to have been involved in the demonstration at Kojin-bashi Bridge; later he entered the same faculty of the same university and graduated, becoming a modern Japanese historian).
- 明治に入ると、坪内逍遥が『小説神髄』において、八犬士を「仁義八行の化物にて決して人間とはいひ難かり」と断じ、近代文学が乗り越えるべき旧時代の戯作文学の代表として『八犬伝』を批判しているが、このことは、当時『八犬伝』が持っていた影響力の大きさを示している。
- During the Meiji period Shoyo TSUBOUCHI, in 'Shosetsu shinzui' (The essence of the novel), criticized 'Hakkenden' as the typical gesaku literature from another age which must be overcome by early-modern literature, insisting that 'the eight dog warriors were monsters of Jingi-hachigyo instead of being human beings,' but such criticism gives evidence of the major impact that 'Hakkenden' had in those days.
- 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産(資本)を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
- After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.
- 翌年の昭和48年(1972年)には新藤の率いる近代映画協会に招かれ、中平作品としては意外の『混血児リカ』、さらに翌年にも『混血児リカ ひとりゆくさすらい旅』という2本のスケバンアクションを撮り上げ、本当にあらゆるジャンルが撮れるという腕の確かさを証明した。
- In the following year, 1972, he was invited to Kindai Eiga Kyokai (Modern film society) led by Shindo and directed the two Sukeban (female outlaw) action movie of 'Konketsuji Rika' (Rika the Mixed-Blood Girl) and 'Konketsuji Rika Hitoriyuku Sasuraitabi' (Lonely Wanderer) in the following year, which were unique among Nakahira's works, and consequently, he showed his talent in directing all types of films.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- 東日本と西日本の文化の差異を強調して、それぞれ別個の民族であるとする見解が民俗学者の宮本常一や歴史学者の網野善彦などから出されているが、少なくとも近代においては、東日本と西日本の住民が異民族であるという感覚はほとんど存在しないので、一般的な見解であるとは言えない。
- The opinion was put forth by folklorist Tsuneichi MIYAMOTO and historian Yoshihiko AMINO that the races of eastern Japan and of western Japan are different, emphasizing cultural contrasts; however, this is not the conventional opinion because the people of the two regions are rarely thought to be different races in the modern age.
- 彼らは近代国家建設に要する技術習得のために日本人のドイツ留学を時の日本政府に進言し、政府は建築技師として妻木頼黄・渡辺譲・河合浩蔵の3人、石工・大工・人造石左官・煉瓦職・ペンキ職・屋根職・石膏職の高等職人17人で構成された総勢20人の青年をドイツに留学・派遣した。
- Based on Ende and Beckmann's suggestion that some delegates be sent to Germany to study and acquire the necessary techniques required for building a modern state, the Japanese government sent a learning mission to Germany consisting of 20 young Japanese people including Yorinaka TSUMAKI, Yuzuru WATANABE, Kozo KAWAI and 17 senior workmen who specialized in stonemasonry, carpentry, artificial stonemasonry, brick-laying, painting, roofing and plastering.
- 蓮の葉商い(蓮の葉商ひ、蓮葉商い)とは、古くから日本各地の朝市や縁日などで、その時々に自生する銀杏、アケビ、椎(しい)などの木の実や五節句、二十四節気の年中行事に必要な季節物をその期日の前に商いしていた者をさす(近年、近代から八百屋や花屋や街商も季節物を売っていた)。
- The term 'trade in lotus leaves' refers to persons who have dealt with ginkgo nuts, akebi or nuts of any beech tree of the genus Castanopsis growing naturally at different times, or with seasonal goods necessary for annual events including the five seasonal festivals and 24 divisions of the old calendar, before the days of such events at morning markets and fairs in various regions of Japan, from the old times (in the later years of the modern period, vegetable shops, flower shops and gaisho (stallholders) sold seasonal goods).
- 19世紀、欧米列強のアジア侵略に対抗するため、清朝は、朝鮮やベトナム、琉球などの冊封国を保護国あるいは併合することによって中国皇帝を中心としたアジアの伝統的な国際関係をそのまま近代的国際関係へと移行させて清の地位と影響力を保持しようとし、冊封国に対して保護国化を強めた。
- In the 19 century, in order to resist the invasion of the western powers in Asia, the Qing dynasty tried to shift the traditional international relationships in Asia to the modern ones with the Qing emperor in the center intactly to maintain the influential status by means of changing the subordinate countries under the tributary system, such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu, to protected states, or merging them, thus promoted to make its subordinate countries protectorates.
- このような批判がなされる背景には、日本仏教における伝統宗派の多くは、1970年代以降「下からの近代化」を目指す動きの中で試行錯誤しながら教団体質の民主化を進めてきたのと対照的に、日蓮正宗は伝統的に管長一人に権力をより集中させており中央集権制を維持していることが挙げられる。
- There is a background for criticism of the above, on the contrary to many traditional religious schools in Japanese Buddhism who tried to democratize the nature of the religious group by going through trial and error in the movement of 'modernization from the base' after the 1970's, however, Nichiren Shoshu Sect has a tendency to traditionally focus political power on one person, kancho, and maintains the centralization of power.
- 近代デジタルライブラリーは、公開範囲は著作権の保護期間が満了していることが確認される資料や著作権者の許諾が得られた資料に限られるものの、インターネットを通じて明治・大正時代の出版物をいつでもどこからでも見ることができ、その文化的、歴史的な資料価値は極めて高いとされている。
- The Digital Library from the Meiji Era makes it possible for anyone, at any time or place, to access the digitized contents of materials published during the Meiji/Taisho period; thus its cultural and historical value as materials is deemed extremely high, although its scope is limited to the materials for which the copyright protection period can be confirmed as having expired, or materials with the approval of a copyright holder.
- 戦後民主主義教育について、近代の戦争と植民地支配への反省を過度に強調する歴史教科書は歴史認識を誤認させ、敗戦を節目として神話時代から続いている日本の伝統ある歴史を貶める「自虐史観」(東京裁判史観)または「暗黒史観」であるとして、つくる会による『新しい歴史教科書』が作られた。
- Some say that recent textbooks reflect on the War and colonial control too much and that this is done prevent people from learning the historical reality about when Japan lost the War, and these textbooks have also caused a misunderstanding of Japanese traditional history, which has continued from the mythological age, by presenting a 'masochistic view of Japanese history' or a ' dark history' so the Tsukuru kai published their 'new history textbook.'
- しかし、伝統的な技法での復元工事では、建築基準法や消防法等に抵触するため、門や櫓は人の立ち入りが制限されたり、天守に至っては高さや防災上の規制により建築自体ができないなどのジレンマもあったため、近代的な技法を一部導入したり、仙台城の三重櫓のように再建計画自体が断念される事例もある。
- However, since the restoration work by traditional techniques infringed on the Building Standards or Fire Prevention Act, there were problems in that entry into gates and turrets was restricted or castle towers could not be constructed due regulations on building height for disaster prevention, with modern techniques being partly introduced or reconstruction plans given up as in the case of Sanju Yagura (three tiered turret) of Sendai-jo Castle.
- その後、武者小路穣の「戊辰役の一資料」(『史学雑誌』第61編8号、昭和28年)、鎌田永吉の「いわゆる大政改元をめぐって」(『秋大史学』14号、昭和42年)と続き、昭和56年、藤井徳行「明治元年 所謂「東北朝廷」成立に関する一考察」(「近代日本史の新研究1」)で詳細な研究がまとめられた。
- After that, 'A Material for the Boshin War' by Minoru MUSHANOKOJI ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), Vol. 61, No.8, 1953) and 'Regarding so-called Taisei Kaigen (changing era name to Kaigen)' by Eikichi KAMATA ('Shudaishigaku' (in-house magazine of historical study group in Akita University, Akita Prefecture), No. 14, 1967) followed, then detailed study was complied in 'Consideration for establishment of so-called 'Tohoku Chotei (the Tohoku Court) in 1868' by Noriyuki FUJII ('New Study of Modern Japanese History 1') in 1981.
- そして古代や近代の事件からとられたそういう事例で、このわけをよく考えてみれば、君主は、以前の政府に不満を抱いているので、彼に好意を示し、その国を奪うよう激励した連中よりも、以前の政府のもとで満足しており、それで彼の敵であった者たちのほうと親しくするほうが、ずっと容易いことがわかります。
- And weighing well the reasons for this in those examples which can be taken from ancient and modern affairs, we shall find that it is easier for the prince to make friends of those men who were contented under the former government, and are therefore his enemies, than of those who, being discontented with it, were favourable to him and encouraged him to seize it.
- 日本の仏舎利塔は、飛鳥時代の法興寺・法隆寺・四天王寺のように、古くは木造の五重塔や三重塔として建造される例が多かったが、近代になると戦後の平和を願うなどの目的で北海道釧路市の城山や、静岡県御殿場市の平和公園 (御殿場市)、富山県高岡市の鉢伏山 (富山県高岡市)などの仏舎利塔が建造された。
- In ancient Japan, many bussharito were built as wooden five-storied pagodas or three-storied pagodas such as Hoko-ji Temple, Horyu-ji Temple, and Shitenno-ji Temple in the Asuka period, but in recent times, bussharito were built for peace in the post war period etc. such as Shiroyama in Kushiro City, Hokkaido, Heiwa Park in Gotenba City, Shizuoka Prefecture, and Mt. Hachibuse in Takaoka City, Toyama Prefecture, etc.
- 2004年度はブルーリボンシティ・ワンステップとエルガLVがそれぞれ7台と3台導入され、昨年導入されたタイプとほぼ同じ仕様となっているが、京都バスで初めてLED式行先表示器を装備し近代化を図ったほか、マーカーランプの廃止や降車合図ボタンの変更、車内握り棒のデザイン変更などが施されている。
- In fiscal year 2004, seven Blue Ribbon City one-step and three ERGA LV vehicles were introduced, and although their specs were basically same as those of the previous year's model, they were equipped with LED destination displays for the sake of modernization and certain other improvements were made, such as the abolishment of marker lamps, the change of buttons for requesting a stop and the change in the design of passenger hand-poles.
- いっぽう歴史を振り返って、第二次大戦後の昭和後期~平成の現代からは、余りにも急激に近代文明が発展を遂げ時代が進歩したことで、その反動として、捨てられた過去を懐かしむ気分が「旧き良き時代」としての大正ロマンの雰囲気を求める傾向もあり、当時の文化事象がしばしば取り上げられ再評価されることもある。
- In the latter half of the Showa period after the World War II and the Heisei period, when looking back on the history of the Taisho period, the cultural events at the time were often picked up and reevaluated since people who cherished the lost past looked for the atmosphere of the Taisho Roman as 'good old days' as a retroaction to the overwhelmingly dynamic development of the modern civilization and the progress of time.
- ところが、1793年にインドの植民地化を進めるイギリスは北インドにおいてザミンダーリー制を導入して領主・地主を土地の近代的な土地所有権者と認める一方で、従来現地住民が持っていた土地所有権・耕作権を強制的に剥奪して領主・地主の小作人として所属させ、領主・地主を通じて恒久的に現金を徴税する制度であった。
- However in 1793, the United Kingdom, which tried to colonize India, introduced the Zamindari system in the north of India, admitted the lords and landowners as those who had a modern landownership, but forcibly deprived the traditional local people of landownership and the right to cultivate and made them tenant farmers who belonged to the lords and landowners and systematically collected tax as cash money through the lords and landowners permanently.
- 月桂冠大倉記念館(明治42年築)と館所蔵の「伏見の酒造用具」は、「内蔵酒造場(明治39年築)」、「月桂冠旧本社(大正8年築)」、「月桂冠昭和蔵(昭和2年築)」、「旧・大倉酒造研究所(明治42年築)」、および松本酒造、伏見十石舟とともに「伏見の日本酒醸造関連遺産」として近代化産業遺産の認定を受けている。
- Gekkeikan Okura Sake Museum (built in 1909) and the museum-owned 'Fushimi sake brewing tools' are certified Heritage of Industrial Modernization as 'Heritage of Sake Brewing in Fushimi' together with the 'Uchigura Brewery' (built in 1906), the 'Gekkeikan Old Head Office' (built in 1919), the 'Gekkeikan Showagura Brewery ' (built in 1927), the 'Old Okura Brewing Research Institute' (built in 1909), as well as the Matsumoto Sake Brewing Co., Ltd. and Fushimi jikkoku-bune ship (Old Freighter).
- 近年の太鼓台では複数積み重ねた枠型をもちいて重ねた布団を模したものとなっており、これは近年の大型化にともない軽量化の必要性が生じたためと おもに市街での運行途中に電線や民家の屋根などとの接触を避けるため高所に警護の人員を配置せねばならなくなったことによるもので 近代~現代ならではの変化であるといえる。
- With the recent taikodai, it is just modern or present-day modifications to the taikodai that several piled frames, modeling the layered futon, are used for the necessity to lighten upsized taikodai, and to perch some guards on the top who prevent the taikodai from hitting the roof of private houses or electric wires on the way of parades in the urban areas.
- しかし近代に入ると文献学的研究が進み、仏教思想は段階的に発展したもので、そもそも上座部をも含む仏教の経典全体が数世紀という長時間をかけて徐々に成立してきたものであるだけでなく、北伝・南伝の最古の教典には「如是我聞」の記述が見られないことが日本でも「法華経無内容説」を唱えた富永仲基によって指摘されている。
- However, as philological study has developed in modern times, many people have pointed out that, since Buddhist thought developed in stages, entire sutras of Buddhism, including Theravada, were established gradually over periods as long as several centuries to begin with, and that the oldest sutras of Hokuden (Mahayana) Buddhism and Nanden Buddhism (Buddhism that spread from India to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia) do not contain description of 'Nyozegamon' (I heard this); Nakamoto TOMINAGA, who dealt with the 'Hokke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra) has no meaning theory', is one such person.
- 本来の「戦いの武器としての日本刀」という観点では、各特殊軍刀々身は近代技術を取り入れらて完成された日本刀となり、肝心の実用性に於いては究められたものの、見た目の美的要素は皆無な物が多く(関の半鍛錬昭和刀の様に双方を兼ね備えた物もある)、今日では製造方法の上からも、日本刀の範疇には含まれない事にはなっている。
- From the original viewpoint of 'Japanese swords as weapons to fight with,' each of the special blades became a perfect Japanese sword using modern technology and had an essential practical utility, but most of them have no taste of beauty in appearance (some swords including semi-forged Showa Swords of Seki have both), so, today, they are not supposed to be included together with Japanese swords, also from the standpoint of the production method.
- 源顕房の娘・藤原賢子が産んだ堀河天皇の治世では、「左右大臣、左右大将、源氏同時に相並ぶ例、未だ此の事あらず」(『中右記』寛治7年(1093年)12月27日条)、「近代公卿廿四人、源氏の人半ばを過ぎるか、未だ此の如き事あらんか」(『中右記』康和4年(1102年)6月23日条)とあるように外戚として隆盛を極めた。
- As maternal relatives, Morofusa's descendants were at the height of their prosperity during the reign of Emperor Horikawa, who was a biological son of MINAMOTO no Akifusa's daughter, FUJIWARA no Kenshi, as can be seen from 'members of the Minamoto clan positioned side by side as the Minister of the Left and the Minister of the Right, as well as the Major Captain of the Left and the Right Divisions of Inner Palace Guards, which has never happened before' ('Chuyuki' (diary of FUJIWARA no Munetada), the article of January 22, 1094) and from 'there are 24 modern-day kugyo (court nobility), of which more than half are from the Minamoto clan, which has never happened before' ('Chuyuki' (diary of FUJIWARA no Munetada), the article of written on August 15, 1102).
- 兒玉源太郎総督の下で1898年に民政長官に就任した後藤新平は、土地改革、ライフラインの整備、アヘン中毒患者の撲滅、学校教育の普及、製糖業などの産業の育成を行うことにより台湾の近代化を推進し、一方で植民地統治に対する反逆者には取り締まりをするという『飴と鞭』の政策を有効に用いることで植民地支配の体制を確立した。
- In 1898, Shinpei GOTO assumed the post of Chief of Home Affairs under the direction of Gentaro KODAMA, the governor-general, and GOTO established Japan's approach to its rule of Taiwan through the effective use of a 'carrot and stick' policy; that is, he promoted the modernization of Taiwan by carrying out land reform, providing utilities that were essential to people's livelihoods, eradicating opium addiction, making school educational more accessible to all, and developing industries such as sugar manufacturing, while at the same time cracking down on those who opposed colonial rule.
- 荘園制の崩壊や統一政権の樹立によって寺院の自治機能が解体され、集会も近世期には寺院内の評議機関の1つに過ぎなくなるが、こうした寺院における集会と中世・近世における合議制による意思決定機能を有した「○○衆」と呼ばれる組織や惣村や都市などに見られる自治など、前近代の日本における自治制度の成立と結びつける考え方もある。
- The demise of the shoen system (manorialism) and the establishment of a unified authority collapsed the autonomy function of the temples and during the early-modern times shue became just a council institution in the temples, but the autonomy as seen in the shue in such temples, in the organization called 'XXX shu' which had the decision making function by the council system, in the soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) and in the city during the medieval and the modern period, which, some thought, were linked with the formation of the system of autonomy during the early-modern times in Japan.
- おしなべて、比較的交通や文化交流が高速化された近代、さらに国際化にともない電話・インターネット・電子メールなどによる情報伝達手段、航空機などによる交通輸送手段が超高速化して文化交流が盛んになった現代に至って、日本料理、ないし日本式食餌法まで含めた広義の日本料理と、異文化料理との間における相互への影響がはなはだしい。
- On the whole, in modern times when the speed of traffic and cultural interaction increased, corresponding has advanced on the international level, the cultural interaction has increased as a result of the speed of information-exchange by means of telephone, the Internet, and electronic mail and the ease of travel with the increase of airplanes has increased tremendously, nihon-ryori in the broad sense, including Japanese-style of eating as well as nihon-ryori dishes, and dishes from foreign cultures have all strongly influenced each other.
- 鹿鳴館などの建築で有名な明治初頭の西洋近代建築を日本にもたらしたイギリス人、ジョサイア・コンドル(ジョサイア・コンダー)Josaih Conderが自国に紹介した日本のいけばなの書物、The Floral Art of Japan に解説されているいけばな理念、精神、花形、などはそのほとんどが遠州流から引用されている。
- Josaih Conder, a British architect who is famous for the construction of modern Western buildings like Rokumeikan in the early Meiji era, introduced Japanese ikebana to his country by his book 'The Floral Art of Japan,' and he explained the principle, sprit and shape of ikebana almost solely based on those of Enshu school.
- なお、近代以降については、写真、グラフィックアートなど、現代(第二次世界大戦以降)においては(日本に限った現象ではないが)、パフォーマンス、ハプニング、ビデオアート、ランドアート、コンセプチュアル・アートなど、さまざまな表現形態が「美術」の文脈で語られ、「美術」とそうでないものとの差異は次第にあいまいになってきている。
- Incidentally, various styles of expression have come to be included in 'art' - from the modern age, photographs, graphic arts, and others, and in the present age (after World War Ⅱ), performing arts, happenings, video art, land art, and conceptual art, which are seen in other countries as well - so that the boundary between 'art' and others gradually becomes ambiguous.
- 三浦らは、ヨーロッパの中世が、ゲルマン民族の大移動によって辺境で発生した「武装した封建領主」である騎士によって支えられていたことに着目し、日本で平安時代中期から東国を中心とした辺境社会で活躍した武士を騎士と同じ「武装した封建領主」と位置づけ、アジアで唯一日本にも中世が存在したことを「発見」し、日本は近代化できると主張した。
- MIURA and so on noted that medieval Europe was supported by the knights who were 'armed suzerain' emerging on the frontier by the Great Barbarian Invasion of Germanic peoples, positioned the bushi, who flourished in the frontier society centering on Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) from the middle of Heian period in Japan, as 'armed suzerain' who were the same as the knights, 'discovered' that there also existed medieval times in Japan, which was the only country in Asia, and insisted that Japan could be modernized.
- その後、1970年に開催された日本万国博覧会に備えて収容力の拡大を図るべく、本館食堂の南側に高層ビル形態の新館建設を計画し、基礎工事まで済ませたが、景観保護にかかる諸条例の規制区域であったため、これは中止となり、その基礎を生かして近代的な外観の半地下式グリルが新設され、これに伴い不要となったラウンジが撤去されるに留まった。
- Later, to expand the capacity for the Japan World Exposition '70 held in 1970, a new high-rise building was planned to be built at the south of the dining room of the main building, but because the area was under several regulations as for scenic reserve, it was called off when the basic foundation was completed of which a modern half-underground grillroom has been newly built on the base; in accordance with it, the unnecessary lounge was removed.
- しかし、松方デフレ等の影響で没落した農家・地主たちや疲弊した地方を尻目に官営事業の払下げで急速に力をつけてきた政商資本家の台頭という資本主義経済における自由競争の負の部分が顕在化しつつあった当時の状況や、大日本帝国憲法では天皇制を定め、近代天皇制国家の形成が進められていたことから、施行延期派を支持する声が段々と強まるようになっていく。
- However, more and more people supported the Seko-enki-ha Group, because of the then situation that in spite of peasants and landowners who were brought to ruin and local regions impoverished by Matsukata Deflation, and the appearance of businessmen with political ties who were rapidly increasing power by getting government properties cheaply, a negative part of free competition in capitalist economy, and the fact that in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan the Emperor system was adopted and the formation of the modern Emperor-system nation was on going.
- 近代においてもこの形式が踏襲されているが、色目は自由度が増して、昭和天皇の皇女の細長は各種の重ねで調進されており、戦後も清子内親王のそれは紅亀甲地に白松唐草の上紋の二重織物、眞子内親王のそれは紅亀甲地に複数の色糸で白菊折枝を織った二重織物、愛子内親王のそれは紅三重襷地に複数の色糸で白菊折枝の丸(中倍薄紅裏萌黄)を織った二重織物となっている。
- Although this form is followed even in the modern times, the degree of freedom on irome (color combinations) has increased and the Emperor Showa's daughters' hosonaga are ordered with many kasane (a sort of layered garment), and also after the war, that of Princess Sugako is of double fabrics of arabesque pattern of white pine upper design on red hexagonal pattern base, and that of Princess Mako is of double fabrics with a white chrysanthemum on a branch woven with plural colored threads on red hexagonal pattern base, and that of Princess Aiko is of double fabrics of circles of white chrysanthemums on a branch (usu kurenai for nakabe, moegi for ura (background), a combination of colors) woven with plural colored threads on kurenai mie tasukiji (a sort of pattern) background.
- こうした巡礼の旅で病に倒れた人、宿を求める人を宿泊させた巡礼教会、その小さなものをHospice(終末期の患者が残りの時を過ごす近代的なホスピスの語源)と呼んだが、そこでのもてなしから「歓待」(Hospitality)の語がうまれ、病人の看護などの仕事をする部門が教会の中に作られるようになって今日の英語でいう「病院」(Hospital)が派生した。
- Small pilgrimage churches that took care of pilgrims who fell sick or were looking for a bed were called hospices (the root word for the modern hospice, a place where the terminally ill live out their lives), which led to the word 'Hospitality' and a section within the church devoted to the care of the sick became the 'Hospital.'
- また朱子学(旧来の思想に対抗して生れたように考えられた)、特に陽明学(後に説明されるように、これは明朝が正式に認めた学問であった朱子学に対抗して生まれ出たように見えた)は、敗戦後の日本に於ける近代思惟・反権力・人間解放などの概念と容易に結びつき、朱子学及び陽明学の中、比較的それらの概念に近似する部分を抜き取り、そこに思想的価値を与えるという試みが盛んに行われた。
- Shushigaku (considered to have arisen in opposition to traditional thinking), and especially Yomei-gaku (as described later, considered to have arisen in opposition to Shushigaku, which was officially authorized by the Ming Court), were easily linked in a defeated Japan to concepts such as modern thinking, antiauthoritarianism and human emancipation; as a result, most scholars have frequently attempted to extract from Shushigaku and Yomei-gaku the elements that are relatively close to these concepts and attempt to attach an ideological value to them.
- そのため現在の台湾の教育・民生・軍事・経済の基盤は当時の日本によって建設されたものが基礎となっていると主張する意見(李登輝など)と、近代化の中の日本の役割を過大評価することは植民地統治の正当化と反発する意見、台湾は日本への農作物供給地として農業を中心に発展させられたため工業発展に遅れたと主張する意見、日本商人の搾取によって富が奪われたとする意見(図解台湾史、台湾歴史図説)も提示されている。
- Therefore, there are different opinions about the ruling by Japan as follows; one opinion is that the infrastructure of Taiwan, such as education, people's livelihood, military and economy, was based upon one built by Japan at that time (Teng-hui LEE and others) and other opposing opinions are that overestimating the role of Japan in modernization leads to a justification for colonial rule, Japan imposed an agriculture-centered policy to make Taiwan a supply source of agricultural products to Japan and it resulted in delaying industrial development and the wealth of Taiwan was deprived by Japanese merchants Taiwan (Illustrated History of Taiwan, Illustration of Taiwanese History).
- だが、藩主が非世襲の知藩事に変わり(ただし、実際には事実上の改易処分を受けた福岡藩などの例外を除いては、世襲の後継者がそのまま後任とされている)、陪臣である藩士も知藩事と同じ朝廷(明治政府)の家臣(「王臣」)とされる事で、朱子学に基づいた武士道(近代以後の「武士道」とは違う)によって位置づけられてきた主君(藩主)と家臣(藩士)の主従関係を否定することになるものであり、諸藩の抵抗も予想された。
- However, the lord of a domain changed to a non-hereditary Chihanji, (note that in fact, apart from the Fukuoka domain, whose rank changed by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) successors were of heredity) and since feudal retainers of the domain, who were baishin (indirect vassals) were also considered vassals (vassas of the king)of the Imperial Court (Meiji government), which are the same as Chihanji, it contradicted the relationship between the lord and vassal that was established by Bushido (the way of the samurai) based on Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) so resistance by domains were expected.
- 代表的なコレクションとして、帝国図書館から引き継いだ旧藩校蔵書、江戸幕府引継書類、本草学関連の古書からなる伊藤文庫・白井文庫や、戦後の国会図書館が議会のための図書館であるという性格から重点的に受け入れた近代政治史関連史資料からなる憲政資料、国内外の議会・法令関係資料、支部上野図書館で旧蔵していたバレエ・シャンソン関連資料の蘆原英了コレクション、出版文化史資料を中心とする布川文庫(布川角左衛門旧蔵書)などがある。
- Major collections include the following: stock of the old Han schools (schools of the feudal domains) and the Tokugawa Shogunate Succession Documents that were inherited from the former Imperial Library; the Ito Bunko (Ito collection) and the Shirai Bunko (Shirai collection), consisting of old books on herbalism; the Modern Political and Constitutional History, comprising materials on the modern political history, which were collected as a high priority considering the nature of a post-war national library as a facility for the Diet; the collection of official gazettes and statutes of Japan and foreign countries; the Ashihara Eiryo Collection, a collection of materials related to ballet and chanson inherited from the Ueno Branch Library; and the Nunokawa Bunko (Nunokawa collection) (the collection formerly possessed by Kakuzaemon NUNOKAWA), which concentrated on materials related to the history of publications and culture.
- このほか、国立国会図書館が所蔵する資料のうち歴史的な貴重書や浮世絵の画像を公開する「貴重書画像データベース」、国立国会図書館の所蔵する明治期に出版された資料をスキャニングした画像を提供する「近代デジタルライブラリー」、インターネット上の情報を文化資産として保存することを目的とする「WARP(インターネット情報選択的蓄積事業)」(旧称 インターネット資源選択的蓄積実験事業)など、様々な電子図書館コンテンツが公開されている。
- Other than the above, various kinds of digital library content have been made available to the public, including the 'Rare Books Image Database,' which reveals rare historical book and image data of Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) among the materials housed in the NDL; the 'Digital Library from the Meiji Era,' which provides scanned image data of the NDL's materials published during the Meiji period; and 'WARP' (Web Archiving Project) (project of selective accumulation of Internet-based information; formerly an experimental project of selective accumulation of Internet-based information), etc.
- 一方で西南戦争における抜刀隊への評価から、日本陸海軍が将校の主要兵器として軍刀を採用し続け、サーベル様式の軍刀拵えに日本刀を仕込むのが普通となり、さらには日露戦争における白兵戦で近代戦の武器としての日本刀の有効性が確認され、また昭和に入り国粋主義的気運が高まった事から、陸海軍ともにサーベル様式の軍刀拵えに代わり鎌倉時代の太刀拵えをモチーフとした、日本刀を納めるのにより適した軍刀拵えが開発された(しかし同時に、軍刀として出陣した古今の数多くの刀が戦地で失われることともなった)。
- On the other hand, appreciation of the Drawn Sword Squad in the Seinan War influenced the Japanese Army and Navy to keep using military swords as major weapons for officers, and it became standard to make Japanese swords with military sword fittings of saber style, then the proof of Japanese swords' effectiveness in close combats in the Russo-Japanese War as weapons in a modern war, and the increasing momentum of ultranationalism in the Showa era made the Army and Navy develop military sword fittings more suitable to store a Japanese sword with the motif of Tachi fittings in the Kamakura era, instead of military sword fittings of the saber style (at the same time, however, numbers of swords that had been used in ancient and modern wars as military swords were lost on the battleground).