近: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- お近付き
- making someone's acquaintance
- 近・現代
- After the Edo period and the modern age
- 近江源氏
- Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan)
- 近代の能
- Noh in the modern times
- 近代建築
- Architecture of modern times
- Modern architecture
- 近世建築
- Architecture of early modern times
- 近江朝廷
- Omi Chotei (Omi Court)
- 近世の水軍
- Suigun in the modern ages
- 近代国家へ
- To the modern state
- 近世・近代
- Barriers during the early modern and modern periods
- 近江高島藩
- Omi-Takashima Domain
- 近江宮川藩
- Omi-Miyagawa Domain
- 近江43万石。
- Omi 430,000 koku.
- 近代の身分制度
- Modern class system
- 近衛家諸大夫。
- Shodaibu (high steward) to the Konoe family
- He served as Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) in the Konoe family.
- 近位筋ミオパシー
- proximal myopathy
- 近距離射撃訓練。
- Short-range shooting practice
- 右近四郎(花押)
- Shiro UKON (seal)
- 三上藩(近江国)
- Mikami Domain (Omi Province)
- 大溝藩(近江国)
- Omizo Domain (Omi Province)
- 中世と近世(意義)
- Medieval period and recent times (significance)
- 再起と近隣への報復
- The comeback and revenge against the neighborhood
- 長浜城 (近江国)
- Nagahama-jo Castle (Omi Prefecture)
- 横山城 (近江国)
- Yokoyama-jo Castle (in Omi Province)
- 望月城 (近江国)
- Mochizuki-jo Castle (Omi Province)
- 近代天文学への移行
- Transition to Modern Astronomy
- 近世日本の士農工商
- Shi-no-ko-sho in the Early Modern Japan
- 奥山荘…近衛家領。
- Okuyama-no-sho: estate of Konoe family
- - 近衛文麿を奏薦
- - recommended Fumimaro KONOE.
- 近藤道堅 22歳。
- Doken KONDO, age 22
- 中国前近代の身分呼称。
- A social status in premodern China.
- 近代日本における統帥権
- Supreme command in modern Japan.
- これを院の近臣という。
- They are called 'In no kinshin.'
- They were called In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier).
- 鎌倉時代以降は近衛家領。
- During the Kamakura period, it was the estate of the Konoe family.
- 近世における武士道の観念
- Concept of Bushido in modern times
- これが近江令の官制である。
- This is the government system established under the Omi-Ryo.
- 近江国浅井郡脇坂庄より起る。
- It originated in Wakisaka-sho, Azai County, Omi Province.
- 近くに清水山古墳などがある。
- The Shimizuyama-kofun Tumulus is nearby.
- 近代以前の日本における教科書
- School Textbooks in Japan Prior to the Modern Times
- 『後法興院関白記』 近衛政家著
- 'Gohokkyoin Kanpaku Ki' by Masaie KONOE
- 『後法成寺関白記』 近衛尚通著
- 'Gohojoji Kanpaku Ki' by Hisamichi KONOE
- 『後知足院関白記』 近衛房嗣著
- 'Gochisokuin Kanpaku Ki' by Fusatsugu KONOE
- 『後深心院関白記』 近衛道嗣著
- 'Goshinjinin Kanpaku Ki ' by Michitsugu KONOE
- これが近江高島藩の立藩である。
- This was the establishment of the Omi-Takashima Domain.
- 中小姓近習12両2分3人扶持。
- Chugosho (the lowest rank of samurai) and kinju (attendant) with a stipend of half of 12 ryo for three people.
- そこで鎌子は、天智天皇に近づく。
- Therefore, Kamako approached Emperor Tenchi.
- 貴族院議長の近衛篤麿も所属した。
- Atsumaro KONOE, the president of Kizokuin was a member of this group.
- ※年表は、日本近代建築史を参照。
- See the section on 'Nihon Kindai Kenchikushi' (History of Japan's Modern Architecture) for the timeline.
- See the section on 'Nihon Kindai Kenchikushi' (History of Japan's Modern Architecture) for the time line.
- 善積氏、近江和田氏などが知られる。
- The Yoshizumi clan and the Omi Wada clan are well-known.
- 高山右近は織田信長の軍門に降った。
- Ukon TAKAYAMA surrendered to Nobunaga ODA.
- 城名: 高槻城、城主名: 高山右近
- Castle: Takatsuki-jo Castle; castellan: Ukon TAKAYAMA
- 近江国彦根藩彦根新田藩 - 井伊氏
- Hikone Shinden domain of Hikone Domain, Omi Province - the Ii clan
- 近松行重 ちかまつかんろくゆきしげ
- Kanroku Yukishige CHIKAMATSU
- 2世紀末葉になると近畿式のみとなる。
- In the end of the second century, only Kinki type dotaku were produced.
- 近藤勇の首塚愛知県岡崎市本宿 法蔵寺
- Kubizuka of Isami KONDO: located at Hozo-ji Temple, Motojuku, Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture.
- 繖山の山麓にあり石寺城下町付近になる。
- It is located on the skirt of Mt. Kinugasa, which is close to the castle town of Ishidera-jo Castle.
- 米蔵付近より金箔貼りの鯱瓦を発見する。
- In the same year, gilded Shachigawara (Shachihoko [orca-shaped ornament] made of earthenware) was discovered in the vicinity of rice granary.
- 在所山城国葛野郡近衛殿御領内梅津庄也。
- The land is located in Umezu-sho in Lord Konoe's territory, in Kadono no kori in Yamashiro Province.
- 京都府京都市左京区吉田近衛町69番地。
- 69, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture
- 近年では飛散期間の長期化の指摘もある。
- In recent years it has also been identified that the pollen dispersal period is increasing in length.
- 従って、近世は握り飯を指したかという。
- Therefore, it might mean rice ball in early-modern times.
- 近世の給田は江戸時代を通じて見られた。
- Kyuden in the modern ages were seen throughout the Edo Period.
- それ以外に御所に近づくことは禁止する。
- The shogun's retainer shall not visit the imperial palace for any other reasons.
- 近代アメリカ美術史に多大な業績を残す。
- He made great achievements in modern American art history.
- 近代国家として大日本帝国を成立させた。
- The Empire of Japan was established as a modern state.
- 近代における思想としての武士道である。
- The Bushido as a way of thought in modern times.
- 文楽:近松門左衛門、竹本義太夫、竹田出雲
- Bunraku (Japanese puppet theater): Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU, Gidayu TAKEMOTO, and Izumo TAKEDA
- 秋田城司介良岑近は防戦しかねて逃亡した。
- Chikashi YOSHIMINE, the lord of Akita-jo Castle, had difficulty defending the castle and was forced to escape.
- 金棺は手前が短い逆遠近法で表されている。
- The gold coffin was depicted by using the reversed-perspective representation method; the front part of the coffin in the painting looks short.
- 職人給田の多くは国衙の近隣に設定された。
- Many Shokunin Kyuden were placed close to the Kokuga.
- ここに近江小室藩は廃藩となったのである。
- Here is the abolition of the Omi Komuro Domain.
- - 日本の近代建築を技術史的に研究した。
- - Studied modern architecture in Japan from the perspective of technological development.
- 近衛部隊の前身のようなもの)の任に就いた。
- (They were tasked with guarding the Imperial Court, and were a precursor of sorts to the later Imperial Guard Corps.)
- しかし、地上付近では偏西風の影響が少ない。
- However, westerlies have little affect on the atmosphere near to the ground.
- 山上は近江と伊勢国を結ぶ要衝地帯であった。
- Yamakami was situated in a strategically important location between Omi and Ise Provinces.
- 蔵書目録も中世・近世を通じて作成され続けた。
- Zosho mokuroku (book lists) were also made during medieval and pre-modern times.
- 近世における倫理規定、また思想としての武士道
- The Bushido as an ethical code of conduct and way of thought in modern times.
- このため、近江高島領は天領となったのである。
- This is why properties possessed by the Omi-Takashima Domain became tenryo (a shogunal demesne).
- 1466年、近江国・金森合戦 史上初の一向一揆
- 1466: The Battle of Kanamori in Omi Province, the first recorded Ikko ikki
- 黄砂の色は、黄土色、黄褐色、赤褐色などに近い。
- The colors of kosa are near to ocher, yellowish brown, or reddish brown.
- 赤穂浪士の負傷者は近松勘六、原惣右衛門の2名。
- Those who got wounded among Ako Roshi were Kanroku CHIKAMATSU and Soemon HARA.
- これは近代における日中間の最初の武力衝突となる。
- This was the first armed conflict between Japan and china in modern times.
- 翌年には近江国に転戦して六角氏とも干戈を交えた。
- The Yamana clan fought on successive fronts to Omi Province in the next year and fought with the Rokkaku clan.
- しかし、近代以後も富士川游らが佐藤説を支持した。
- From the modern age, however, Yu FUJIKAWA and others have supported the theory suggested by Hojo SATO.
- 近年は黄砂の発生が増加傾向にあるとの報道が多い。
- It is frequently reported that the occurrence of kosa has been increasing recently.
- 「凡そ近日の天下武士の外、一日存命の計略無し。」
- Basically, these days in Kyoto, people other than samurai cannot find a way to survive for just one day.
- しかしこちらも敗退し、那珂湊の近くまで退却する。
- However, they lost again there and moved back near to Nakaminato.
- 名称は、近江大津宮に都が置かれたことに由来する。
- Its name is derived from the Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya where the capital was located.
- 石垣で築かれたこの棚田の段数は、100段近くある。
- Built with stone walls, these rice terraces have as many as 100 steps.
- 搦手口の湖辺で木簡、完形に近い金箔瓦等を発見する。
- Meanwhile, mokkan (narrow, long, and thin pieces of wood strung together that were used to write on in ancient times) and almost perfect-shaped gilded tiles and so on were discovered at the lakeside near Karameteguchi (back gateway).
- 明治になり、近代税制が確立すると地子は姿を消した。
- In the Meiji period, jishi disappeared as the modern tax system was established.
- 江戸時代以降の近世においては、小作料へと変質した。
- In the early-modern times, namely during the Edo period, the nature of Kajishi changed into kosakuryo (rent paid by tenant farmers).
- その他、近隣の業者が連携して輸送の効率化を図った。
- Neighboring carriers cooperated to improve the efficiency of transportation as well.
- 後醍醐は側近の千種忠顕とともに幕府に捕らえられた。
- Godaigo was arrested by the bakufu together with his close adviser, Tadaaki CHIKUSA.
- 近年では、「わどうかいちん」説が優勢となっている。
- In recent years, 'Wado-kaichin' theory is becoming predominant.
- 彦根藩(ひこねはん)は、近江国の北部を領有した藩。
- Hikone Domain refers to a domain which possessed the northern part of Omi Province.
- この政治体制を近江朝廷(おうみちょうてい)という。
- This new government was called 'Omi Chotei.'
- 幕府奉公衆伊勢貞仍、吉見義隆、畠山政近ほかの四番衆
- Yonban-shu (the fourth group to guard the bakufu) of Bakufu-Hoko-shu (the shogunal military guard of the bakufu) including Sadayori ISE, Yoshitaka YOSHIMI and Masachika HATAKEYAMA,
- その後明智光秀は坂本城を拠点に近江国の平定を目指す。
- Later Mitsuhide AKECHI aimed to suppress Omi Province based on Sakamoto-jo Castle.
- 鞄は後に近くの畑で見つかり、草案は無事だったという。
- The bag was found later in a nearby field, and the draft papers were still in the bag.
- 殿上の侍臣が脂燭に候し、近習の公卿が両3人供奉する。
- Inside the room, courtiers held shisoku (a kind of lighting) and two to three nobles attended to the Emperor.
- 下人(げにん)とは近世以前の家内隷属民に対する呼称。
- Genin denotes domestically subordinative people in pre-modern society.
- 天狗党一行は中山道を進み美濃鵜沼宿付近まで到達する。
- Tenguto members moved through Nakasen-do Road and arrived around Unumajuku, Mino Province.
- 藩庁は長浜城 (近江国)(滋賀県長浜市)に置かれた。
- The government building of domain was set up at the Nagahama Castle (Omi province) (Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture).
- この大型化した銅鐸には、近畿式と三遠式の二種がある。
- These bigger dotaku have two types: the Kinki type and the Sanen type.
- この他、近江に柏原御殿・伊庭御殿・水口城御殿がある。
- Other palaces includes Kashiwabara Goten, Iba Goten and Minakuchi-jo Castle Goten in Omi region.
- 近世を通じて、庄屋・名主の行動を不安定なものとした。
- Thus, through early-modern times it resulted in a negative influence upon the Shoya and Nanushi and destabilized the intent of their actions.
- 幕府昵近公家衆日野某、阿野季綱、松殿忠顕、飛鳥井雅康
- Court nobles to work for bakufu, namely a certain Hino, Suetsuna ANO, Tadaaki MATSUDONO and Masayasu ASUKAI,
- 近畿地方から北陸地方にかけての地域をテリトリーとした。
- The territory of the company were the Kinki and Hokuriku regions.
- 鴨緑江付近に軍を集結させ、北上する日本軍を迎撃させる。
- Russia would concentrate its troops around the Oryokko River, and intercept Japanese forces climbing northwards.
- 坂本銭(さかもとせん):近江国坂本 (大津市)で鋳造。
- Sakamoto-sen: This coin was minted in Sakamoto (Otsu City), Omi Province.
- 以後、近世には田地へ賦課される地子は見られなくなった。
- After that, jishi that was imposed on rice fields was not seen.
- しかし、近代的な国語辞典が小型化すると出版が減少した。
- However, as the modern Japanese-language dictionaries became miniaturized, the number of copies of the setsuyoshu dwindled.
- 中世・近世の給田に由来する給田地名が、全国各地にある。
- Kyuden place names derived from kyuden in the middle ages and modern ages are found throughout the nation.
- 近現代においても日本人の精神構造に影響を及ぼしている。
- It has also influenced the mentality of Japanese in modern times and the present day.
- 京阪石山坂本線近江神宮前駅そばの住宅密集地の中である。
- The site is located in the middle of an overcrowded residential area near Omijingumae Station of Keihan Ishiyama-Sakamoto Line.
- 和泉(近畿運輸局大阪運輸支局和泉自動車検査登録事務所)
- Izumi (Izumi Office for Motor Vehicle Inspection and Registration, Osaka Transport Branch Office, Kinki District Transport Bureau)
- 舶来品を院に進呈して近臣として認められるようになった。
- He presented imported articles to the retired emperor and came to be recognized as a trusted vassal.
- 仲麻呂軍は退却して三尾(近江国高島郡)の古城に篭った。
- Nakamaro's army retreated to an old castle in Sanbi of Takashima County, Omi Province.
- 信長は、この報復戦のために軍備を整えると北近江へ出陣。
- Nobunaga armed for this retaliation battle and moved up to Kitaomi.
- 667年(天智6年)都城も防衛しやすい近江宮に移された。
- In 667, the imperial palace in the capital was moved to Omikyu, a place easier to defend.
- (年末には残留組に近かったとされる宮本英脩が復職した)。
- (At the end of the year, Hidenaga MIYAMOTO, who was close to those who stayed, returned to work).
- 浅羽民部少輔は持氏の側近・浅羽下総守の一族と推定される。
- It is assumed that Asaba Minbu shoyu belonged to the same family as Mochiuji's close advisors, Asaba Shimosa no kami (the governor of Shimosa Province).
- 近年の新たな知見にもとづいた新手法の調査が望まれよう)。
- A new procedure based on the knowledge of recent years is required).
- このため、近年では「中古」という語を用いない傾向にある。
- It is for this reason that there is a tendency to avoid the use of the word 'chuko.'
- 「近日上下奔波し、更に以て安堵せず」という情勢が続いた。
- It had been a 'maelstrom and unrelieved' situation.
- 禁門の変により長州藩邸(現在の京都ホテル付近)から出火。
- It started at the residence of Choshu Domain (currently around the Kyoto Hotel Okura) in the Kinmon Incident.
- 永井直行(なおゆき)〔従五位下、近江守〕永井直期の長男。
- Naoyuki NAGAI (Jugoinoge, Omi no kami), the oldest son of Naozane NAGAI.
- 漁民が、漁場の近くの海岸線に作る作業場兼宿泊施設のこと。
- Banya also means facilities for fishermen's lodgings and workshops set up along the coast near fishing grounds.
- 本記事では、過去の地名として参照する近現代の用法を扱う。
- In this article, we will address the issues of how the old provincial names were referred to and were used in the modern times and in our time.
- これに対して近衛文麿は「貴族院万年御用党」と評している。
- Responding to it, Fumimaro KONOE described Kenkyukai as 'eternally-official party in the House of Peers.'
- 城を守る雑賀衆を攻めるのは高山右近・中川秀政の両勢である。
- The troops of Ukon TAKAYAMA and Hidemasa NAKAGAWA attacked Saiga shu who guarded the castle.
- 尊氏軍は義貞軍を追撃し、翌年1月3日近江国瀬田唐橋で激突。
- Takauji's army pursued Yoshisada's army and collided with each other on Setanokara-hashi Bridge in Omi Province on February 23, 1336.
- だが元弘の乱の論功行賞において、後醍醐の側近が優遇された。
- The granting of rewards after the examination of services for the Genko no Ran was unfair, however.
- 明治になっても近代化のために最新の兵器や機械の輸入は続く。
- To meet Japan's goal of modernization, the importation of the latest weapons and machinery continued into the Meiji period.
- 近畿地方で生産されたものは表面に必ず文様がつけられている。
- All dotaku produced in Kinki region have patterns on the surface.
- 四千石、御老列横井伊折介総領、謹慎中 横井右近時保(51)
- 4000 koku, Goro line Iori no suke YOKOI's eldest child, under house arrest, Ukon Tokiyasu YOKOI (51).
- 江戸留守居…建部喜六(250石)・近藤政右衛門(250石)
- Keeper of Edo - Kiroku TAKEBE (250 koku), Masaemon KONDO (250 koku)
- 各大名は近くにあった太閤蔵入地の米などの納入の義務があった。
- Each feudal lord had several duties including the payment of rice to Hideyoshi's directly-controlled land near their territory.
- 現在の京都府京都市下京区、JR丹波口駅の南東附近に位置した。
- It was located in the southeast part of the present JR Tanba-guchi Station, Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- 遺構の残る主郭部の近くには、「蒲生氏郷公産湯の井戸」がある。
- The water well for the first bath of baby Ujisato GAMO' is located near the main area, where remnants exist.
- また、近衛兼経は、『岡屋関白記』で、以下のように評している。
- And in 'Okanoya Kanpaku-ki' diary, Kanetsune KONOE described it as follows:
- 天長10(833)年に武蔵国多摩郡と入間郡の境界付近に開設。
- This Fuseya was established on the border of Tama-gun and Iruma-gun in Musashi Province in 833.
- 平安時代には近衛府が内裏及び大蔵・内蔵を夜間の警備を行った。
- During the Heian period, Konoe-fu (the agency to guard the Palace) guarded at night the Imperial Palace and Okura (financial department) and Uchikura (Inner Treasury)
- 築城の目的は岐阜城よりも京都に近いため利便性があったことだ。
- Azuchi-jo Castle was constructed from the viewpoint of convenience, because the castle was situated nearer to Kyoto than Gifu-jo Castle.
- 中世末期まで継続した給田は、形を変えて近世にも引き継がれた。
- Kyuden continued into the late middle ages and were passed on to the modern age with some changes.
- 近藤好和はそれが変化し始めたのは南北朝時代 (日本)とする。
- Yoshikazu KONDO stated that it began to change from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 頼徳らは仕方なく退いて、水戸に近い那珂湊を占拠して布陣した。
- Yorinori reluctantly backed down and occupied Nakaminato, which was near Mito, to line up.
- 下妻近くの多宝院で天狗党の夜襲を受けるなどして諸藩軍は敗走。
- The allied force was attacked at night by Tenguto at the Taho-in Temple around Shimotsuma area and lost.
- しかし鹿島付近において幕府軍に包囲され、交戦し敗散している。
- However, they were surrounded by the army of bakufu, fought against the army and lost.
- 「近江京」とは、「おうみのみやこ」の意味であると考えられる。
- Omi-kyo' is believed to mean 'Omi no Miyako (capital).'
- 官戸(かんこ)は中国前近代および日本の律令制における身分呼称。
- Kanko ('guanhu' in Chinese) was the name of a social status that existed in premodern China and in Japan under the ritsuryo system.
- 対する明・朝鮮軍は道境付近の黄石山城と南原市城で守りを固めた。
- To cope with this attack the troops of Ming and Korea built up defenses at Hwangsoksan and Namwon Castles near the border of the Provinces.
- 岸和田勢は六千の軍勢で対抗し、近木川で迎撃して紀州勢を退けた。
- The Kishiwada group opposed the Kishu group with 6,000 soldiers, intercepted it along the Kogi-gawa River and defeated them.
- 近所付き合いや職場での無尽、同窓会内で行われる無尽などがある。
- There is also Mujin in neighborly ties and working places, and it is practiced in alumni associations.
- 主な鋳造所は幕府の江戸と近江国坂本 (大津市)の銭座であった。
- A main minting factory was zeniza located in Edo where the bakufu existed, and in Sakamoto (Otsu City), Omi Province.
- 敗北した征夷大将軍足利義晴や細川高国らは京から近江国に逃れた。
- The defeated seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, Takakuni HOSOKAWA and others fled from Kyoto to Omi Province.
- ただ、やはり影響力が大きいのはより近い発生地からの黄砂である。
- However, when a kosa occurs in a place, areas located nearer to the place are affected more seriously.
- 19日には近江国大原荘で鎌倉軍(官軍)と平氏残党が合戦となる。
- The Kamakura army (government army) fought remnants of the Taira clan in Ohara no sho, Omi Province, on September 2.
- 「四方皆塞がり、畿内近辺の人領、併しながら刈り取られ了んぬ。」
- Roads are blocked in all directions, and the arable lands in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) were mowed down.
- 近世には主に庄屋をはじめとする村役人に対して給田が設定された。
- In the modern ages, kyuden were designated mainly for village officials such as Shoya.
- 同年10月、高国らが近江に侵攻し、澄元・之長は阿波に逃亡した。
- In November of the same year, Takakuni's forces invaded Omi, and Sumimoto and Yukinaga fled to Awa.
- 武家として繁栄し代々近江の守護として勢力を持った佐々木氏の一族。
- 'Uda-Genji,' a line of the Sasaki clan, prospered as a samurai family and had power as Shugo (the military governor) of Omi Province from generation to generation.
- 広義では、畿内を初めとする近畿地方一帯を指す語としても使われる。
- In a broad sense, it is also used to refer to the Kinki area including Kinai.
- 史料の成立は時堯死後27年、鉄砲伝来から60年近く経ったである。
- The book was completed 27 years after Tokitada's death and almost 60 years after the transmission of guns itself.
- 京都付近の淀藩は山城など近畿のほか遠く上総まで所領を持っていた。
- The Yodo Domain near Kyoto had not only neighboring territories in the Kinki region such as Yamashiro, but also in Kazusa Province a long way off.
- 加茂砦には織田信忠が率いる美濃国、近江国3千兵が陣をはっている。
- In Fort Kamo, 3,000 soldiers from Mino Province and Omi Province headed by Nobutada ODA took up a position.
- 黒風暴のような発生地付近での砂嵐の場合には、砂も多く強風を伴う。
- Sandstorms called Kara Bran near places where kosa is produced accompany lots of sand and strong wind.
- 丁稚を採用していた企業は近代的な契約による従業員に衣替えさせた。
- Companies which had employed decchi apprentices changed them into employees.
- -1870年(明治3年)旧暦7月17日移転 →朝日山藩(近江国)
- Relocated to Asahiyama Domain (Omi Province) on July 17 (old lunar calendar) in 1870
- 閔妃一族が開化派の筆頭となり日本と同じく近代的な軍隊を目指した。
- Queen Min and her clan members took leading roles in the Progressive Party, and aimed to make their army as modern as Japan's.
- 平安時代中期に近江国蒲生郡佐々木庄に下向した宇多源氏源成頼の子孫。
- 'Uda-Genji' are descendants of Uda-Genji MINAMOTO no Nariyori, who went down to Sasakisho, Gamo County, Omi Province in the middle of the Heian period.
- この石寺楽市は、近隣にある安土城の楽市にも影響を与えることになる。
- Ishidera Rakuichi also influenced Rakuichi in Azuchi-jo Castle that is located close-by.
- こうした急速な近世的支配に対する反動が土豪一揆という形で噴出した。
- A reaction against such a rapid rule of recent times brew out in the form of the riot of a powerful local clan.
- 幕末に至って欧米諸国を範に幕府や雄藩は近代的な艦隊の創設に向かう。
- At the end of the Edo period, the bakufu and major domains started to establish their modern fleet.
- 尺の長さが当初の倍近くになったため、丈も人の身長の倍程度となった。
- When shaku became twice as long as the first length, jo also became twice the length of the body.
- 蒲生・神崎両郡の大領として近江(現在の滋賀県)に勢力を持っていた。
- It had power as the lord of Gamo County and Kanzaki County in Omi (the present-day Shiga Prefecture).
- 望月城は、戦国時代、近江国の甲賀郡の忍者一族・望月氏の山城だった。
- Mochizuki-jo Castle was a mountain castle once owned by the Mochizuki clan, a ninja tribe in Koga County, Omi Province during the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- 天正10年の焼失以前に一度天主が倒壊したとの説も近年出されている。
- On the other hand, a new theory has been formed in recent years that the castle tower had once collapsed before it was burnt down in 1582.
- なお、通常は側近である侍臣による副状が添付されるのが慣例であった。
- It was customary that, under normal circumstances, a Gonaisho was issued with an accompanying letter by an attendant who was a close aide to the shogun.
- 一方、最も近い発生源である中国東北地方のものは最短半日で到達する。
- On the other hand, the kosa produced in the northeastern part of China, the nearest kosa-producing place reaches Korea only in half a day.
- 反対に近い地方では夫役や大量のかさばる品物などが収取され易かった。
- In contrast, the owner of a shoen who lived nearby it tended to want the shoen residents to offer bueki or a huge amount of bulky goods and the like.
- 近世においては、庄屋などの地方三役へ給与された田地を給田と呼んだ。
- In the modern age, rice fields granted to the three top officers in the village such as the shoya (village headman) were called Kyuden.
- 江戸時代には、天皇に近侍し、勅命を公卿以下に伝え、議事を奏上した。
- In the Edo period, giso kugyo attended on the emperor, passed on Imperial orders to kugyo and those in the lower position, and reported the preceedings to the throne.
- 一色直兼以下の持氏の近臣たちは、称名寺で幕府軍に攻められ自害した。
- Mochiuji's trusted vassals including Naokane ISSHIKI were attacked by the bakufu troops in Shomyo-ji Temple and committed suicide.
- 大津藩(おおつはん)は、近江国(現在の滋賀県大津市)に存在した藩。
- The Otsu Domain refers to a domain which existed in Omi Province (present-day Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture).
- 合戦場付近の「血原」「血川」という地名は往時の激戦振りを窺わせる。
- The names of places 'chibara' and 'chigawa,' which were located near the battle field, suggest fierce battle in old times.
- 当時から「七本槍」が虚名に近いという認識が広まっていたと推定される。
- Judging from these anecdotes, presumably there was a growing recognition even at the time that the story of the 'seven spears' was close to fiction.
- 大津城(おおつじょう)は、安土桃山時代に近江国滋賀郡大津にあった城。
- Otsu-jo Castle was located in Otsu, Shiga County, Omi Province in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- なぜ廃城になったか『信長戦国近江』によると2つの理由を紹介している。
- 'Nobunaga Sengoku Omi' introduces two reasons for the disposing.
- 寛永13年(1636年)6月、幕府が江戸橋場と近江坂本に銭座を設置。
- In July 1636, the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established zeniza (an organization in charge of casting coins during the Edo period) at Hashiba in Edo and Sakamoto in Omi Province.
- 現在の京都市中京区二条殿町及び御池之町、龍池町付近と考えられている。
- It is thought that the residence was located around the area where Nijoden-cho, Oikeno-cho, and Tatsuike-cho in Nakagyo Ward in Kyoto City are today.
- 近世後期以降に部門別から仮名字数で細分するものが現れ、主流となった。
- In the late modern age, there appeared a new form in which the words were divided by category and subdivided by number of kana characters, which became mainstream.
- 学問所(がくもんじょ)とは、中世・近世における教育機関の名称の1つ。
- Gakumonjo (a school) was the name of a kind of educational institution in medieval and modern times.
- こうして神社が寺院に接近する一方、寺院も神社側への接近を示している。
- While shrines came close to temples, temples also came close to shrines.
- 成親は32歳の若さで権中納言の地位にあった、院近臣の中心人物である。
- Narichika served as Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) at the tender age of thirty-two and was a central figure of In no Kinshin (the Retired Emperor's courtier).
- 近年は考古学における発掘調査の進展や既知の遺跡の再検討がされている。
- In recent years the excavation and research has been progressing in archaeology and these well-known remains have been reexamined.
- 佐和山城(さわやまじょう)は滋賀県彦根市(近江国犬上郡)にある山城跡。
- Sawayama-jo Castle was a mountain castle (of which almost no trace remains today) and was located in Hikone City in Shiga Prefecture (what was once Inukami County of Omi Province).
- 18世紀の初めころの京都市と大坂はともに40万近い人口をかかえていた。
- Early in the 18th century, the cities of Kyoto and Osaka both had populations close to 400 thousand each.
- 新政府は、天皇の官制大権を前提として、近代的な官僚制の構築を目指した。
- The new government aimed at a modern bureaucracy on the condition that the emperor held the prerogative to control official affairs.
- 11月になると毛利軍は月山富田城の近くに陣を敷き、持久戦に持ち込んだ。
- In November, the Mori army occupied a position near Gassan Toda-jo Castle to engage in a war of attrition.
- 院宮家は、自らの側近や血縁者を国守・受領に任命することが通例であった。
- It was customary that Innomiya families appointed their close retainers or relatives to kokushu and zuryo.
- 江戸幕府が倒れた近代以降、明治新政府の下で陸軍省・海軍省が設置された。
- In early modern times following the collapse of the Edo bakufu, the Meiji new government created the Ministries of War and Navy.
- 平安時代の京童などを継承する概念で近世、江戸時代の町人へと継承される。
- Representing a concept that inherited Kyowarabe (Kyoto's young people) and the like in the Heian period, Machi-shu was to be evolved into Chonin (townspeople) in the early-modern and Edo periods.
- 明治時代に入ると、欧米の影響で近代的な五十音検索の国語辞典が登場した。
- As the Meiji period began, under the influence of western culture, there appeared a modern style dictionary of Japanese-language in which the words were arranged in the order of the Japanese syllabary.
- しかし、その極端な遠近法は後代の浮世絵にも大きな影響を与えたとされる。
- However, it is said that the extremity of its method of perspective had a large effect on later art known as ukiyoe (woodblock prints depicting everyday life of the common people).
- 開戦の直前、足利義澄の擁護者であった近江六角氏において内紛が勃発した。
- Just before the outbreak of the battle, an internal conflict had occurred in the Rokkaku clan of Omi Province who supported Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA.
- これら関所は幕府直営では無く近隣の大名や旗本などに業務委託されていた。
- The above mentioned barrier checkpoints were not under the direct control of the bakufu, but rather were entrusted to the supervision of nearby daimyo, hatamoto (shogunal vassals) or other such figures.
- 近世において、統一権力が諸大名に対して有していた処分権、統制権の一つ。
- Tenpo was one of the powers of disposition and control that the unified authority had over all the daimyo in modern times.
- 徳川軍は甲斐から諏訪道を北国街道に進み、上田盆地の国分寺付近に兵を展開。
- Tokugawa's army proceeded from Kai to Hokkoku Kaido Road through Suwa-do Road and deployed troops near Kokubun-ji Temple in the Ueda Basin.
- 代宗は禁軍(近衛軍)と廬龍を初めとした他藩鎮軍とを動員して討伐を加えた。
- Daizong mobilized the kingun (army guarding an emperor) and hanchin's armies starting with the Lulong army to suppress the rebels.
- 儒学者より任命されることが多く天皇即位後は側近として活躍する例もあった。
- Confucian scholars were often appointed to these posts and they sometimes worked as close advisers after the Crown Prince ascended to the throne.
- 近世書写されたものがあるが、これは九条家旧蔵本の系統に属するものである。
- There are manuscripts copied in the early-modern times as well, and they are based on the book formerly kept in the Kujo family.
- 一方で、近年の論者には、双方にとって必要な戦いであったという見方もある。
- On the other hand, some commentators in recent years presented the view that the battles were necessary for both of the sides.
- また入り口付近に立って呼び込みや力仕事が主な仕事で、商品を扱う事は無い。
- Their main job was to stand in front of a shop and call out for prospective customers or to do physical labor, and they never dealt with goods
- しかし間もなく義持側近であった富樫満成に高雄 (京都市)で捕らえられた。
- However he was soon captured in Takao (Kyoto City) by Mitsunari TOGASHI, a close attendant to Yoshimochi.
- 聖武天皇は伊賀国、伊勢国、美濃国、近江国を巡り恭仁京(山城国)に移った。
- Emperor Shomu traveled to Iga Province, Ise Province, Mino Province and Omi Province and went to the ancient capital of Kuni-kyo (Yamashiro Province).
- 江戸幕府は身分制社会であり、法や捜査は決して近代的でないし平等でもない。
- The Edo bakufu was a society structured based on one's status, and the law and investigations were neither modern nor equal.
- しかし、近世を通じて、庄屋・名主の惣代機能を払拭することはできなかった。
- Howevr, through out the early-modern times, lords of the shogunate system could not wipe out the 'Soudaikinou' function of a Shoya and Nanushi.
- この土地は生産性が近江よりも高かったため、加増されたようなものであった。
- These lands yielded higher output compared to their nominal value, and at a higher rate than other parts of the domain, leaving the Omi-Miyagawa Domain the burden to fulfill its tax duty with the lower yield lands left with them.
- 4月15日 (旧暦)、秀吉方は宇喜多勢を先鋒に3万近い大軍で城を包囲した。
- On May 17, the Hideyoshi forces besieged the castle with an army of as many as 30,000 troops, led by the Ukita forces.
- 雑賀側はゲリラ戦によって抵抗し、織田勢は近辺への放火や住民の殺害を行った。
- The Saiga side fought back with guerrilla warfare and the Oda army set afire and killed local people.
- 近世以前に分かれた一族の別系に、代々「大河内善兵衛」を称した旗本があった。
- Among the members of the family branch that split prior to the modern times, there was a family of hatamoto that passed the name 'Zenbei OKOCHI' down through the generations.
- 明治維新後の近代化と社会の激変によりそれまでの日本美術は大きく揺れ動いた。
- And Japanese art was also shaken by the modernization and the drastic change of the Japanese society after the Meiji Restoration.
- これは近代日本初の海外出兵であったが、清側は直ちに抗議し撤兵を強く求めた。
- This is the first time for Japan to dispatch troops abroad in modern times, but the Quing dynasty immediately protested demanding the withdrawal of the troops.
- こうして明治維新が始まり、日本も本格的に近代化の時代を向かえることになる。
- This is how the Meiji Restoration started, and how Japan also entered the age of full-scale modernization.
- 近世(江戸時代)において、名主(なぬし)は地方三役の呼び名の一つとなった。
- In the early modern age, and specifically the Edo period, village headmen were called nanushi, which was one of the three official positions of a provincial community.
- 近世の倭館交易では日本側は銀、硫黄、金、その他南方物産を朝鮮側に輸出した。
- In the Modern Period wakan trade, Japan exported silver, sulfur, gold, and other products of the south seas to Korea.
- 近江国では関ケ原合戦で勝利した後に徳川家康が通った道の通行を認許している。
- In the Omi Province, the passage of the route that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA used after he won the Battle of Sekigahara was approved.
- 1368年に早くも洪武帝は新王朝建国の報告と朝貢要求を近隣諸外国に発信た。
- In 1368, Emperor Kobu (Shu GENSHO) soon announced the establishment of the new dynasty and requests for tributes to neighboring foreign countries.
- ところが、中世・近世の日本では軽微な財産刑を指して「過料」と呼称している。
- However, during medieval and the early-modern times in Japan, a negligible punishment by seizing assets was called 'Karyo.'
- 近年猥リニ勅許ノ事、且ツハ臈次ヲ乱シ、且ツハ官寺ヲ汚シ、甚ダ然ルベカラズ。
- 近年猥リニ勅許ノ事、且ツハ臈次ヲ乱シ、且ツハ官寺ヲ汚シ、甚ダ然ルベカラズ。
- 日本語は複雑な表記体系をもつが、近現代において日本人の識字率は極めて高い。
- Japanese has a complicated orthographic system, though the literacy rate of the Japanese people is very high in modern times.
- 現代でも年に7000人近い日本人が市民権を取得してアメリカに移住している。
- At present approximately 7000 Japanese people a year immigrate to the U.S. and obtain U.S. citizenship.
- 応永23年10月2日の戌の刻頃、足利満隆が御所近くの宝寿院に入り挙兵した。
- On October 31, 1416 around Dog Time (8:00 - 10:00 pm), Mitsutaka ASHIKAGA entered Hoju-in Temple near Kamakura Gosho (Mochiuji's residence) and took up arms.
- 奉行所・代官所は、現在の兵庫県朝来市生野町口銀谷の生野小学校付近にあった。
- The bugyosho (magistrate's office)/daikansho (regional officer's office) was located near Ikuno Elementary School located in Kuchiganaya, Ikuno-cho, Asago City, Hyogo Prefecture.
- 第10代藩主・分部光寧のときには探検家として有名な近藤重蔵を預かっている。
- When Mitsuyasu WAKEBE was the 10th lord of the domain, Juzo KONDO who was famous as explorer was in custody.
- 大坂の陣の際は十津川郷士千人が徳川方となり、近隣の豊臣派の一揆を鎮圧した。
- In the Siege of Osaka, 1000 samurai from Totsukawa area supported the Tokugawa side and suppressed uprisings in neighboring provinces of Toyotomi faction.
- ところが郷安は氏郷存命中から豊臣秀吉の最側近である石田三成と誼を通じていた。
- On the other hand, Satoyasu befriended Mitsunari ISHIDA, who had been the close servant of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, when Ujisato was alive.
- ここに至り、高台院の側近孝蔵主と高野山の木食応其の仲介による講和が成立する。
- Finally, a peace treaty was approved through the mediation of both Kozosu, a close aide of Kodaiin, and Mokujiki Ogo, a monk from Mt. Koya.
- 幕藩体制の確立に基づく近世大名への再編成の過程で消滅していったとされている。
- It is believed that Utsuro disappeared during the process of a reorganization in Bakuhan taisei (the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate) with the appearance of Kinsei daimyo (daimyo of the early modern era).
- 律令制のもとでは大学寮の博士あるいはこれに近い学識を有する人物が任命された。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), a professor of the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) or an individual with similar education and experience was appointed to the position of Jidoku.
- 近年では、「国家仏教 (こっかぶっきょう)」という表現が使われることもある。
- The term, 'National Buddhism' is sometimes used in recent years.
- 発生地付近では、砂塵の濃度や粒子の大きさがバラバラで非常に複雑な分布である。
- Around the area where a kosa originates, the distribution of dust density and that of sand gain sizes are quite complicated.
- 最近では1993年5月5日に発生して甚大な被害を出した(後節で詳しく解説)。
- The latest one occurred on May 5, 1993 and inflicted significant damage (to be described later in further details).
- 後醍醐は幕府に釈明して赦されたものの、側近の日野資朝は佐渡島へ流罪となった。
- Godaigo vindicated himself to the bakufu and was pardoned, but his close adviser Suketomo HINO was exiled to Sadoga-shima Island.
- 頼朝軍入京間近の報に力を得た院周辺では、融和派が逼塞し主戦派が台頭していた。
- The news that Yoritomo's army was about to enter the capital brightened up the Cloistered Emperor's court, where accommodationists fell into obscurity and the war party gained power.
- 近年においては、1995年および2005年が記録すべき大量飛散の年であった。
- In recent years, particularly high airborne pollen levels were recorded in 1995 and 2005.
- 宮中の侍臣、官人に職務上の怠慢や失錯があったとき、殿上口や近衛陣に監禁した。
- If court staff or officers neglected their duties or made a mistake, they were held at the entrance of the court or guard offices.
- 天智天皇の時代になってようやく、飛鳥から近江へ朝廷を移すことが可能になった。
- It is the era of Emperor Tenchi when transfer of the capital from Asuka to Omi Province finally became possible.
- こうして獲得した富を商工業に投資し、近代的な資本家に転換していった者もいる。
- Some invested the earned money in trading and manufacturing and turned to a modern capitalist.
- 松倉重信は筒井順慶のもとで、島左近と共に筒井氏の片腕と呼ばれた名将であった。
- Shigenobu MATSUKURA was a renown military commander alongside Sakon SHIMA, who served Junkei Tsutsui.
- 佐和山藩(さわやまはん)は、近江国(現在の滋賀県彦根市古沢町)に存在した藩。
- The Sawayama Domain was in Omi Province (now Furusawa-cho, Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture).
- 当初は会社敷地内で石炭による火力発電を行い、直流による近距離低圧配電を行った。
- At that time, coal-fired thermal power was generated within the company premises, and short-distance, low-voltage power distribution, operated on direct current, was carried out.
- 新当主である三法師は近江国坂田郡と安土城を相続し、秀吉には山城国が与えられた。
- As the new head of the family, Sanboshi inherited Sakata-gun in the Province of Omi and Azuchi-jo Castle, while Hideyoshi acquired Yamashiro Province.
- この合戦の結果によって、多くの織田氏の旧臣が秀吉に接近、臣属するようになった。
- As a result of this battle, many old retainers of the Oda clan approached Hideyoshi and sought to serve as his vassals.
- その後坂本城は近江国における反織田信長に対する重要な軍事施設として使用された。
- Later Sakamoto-jo Castle was used as an important military facility as a defense against the anti-Nobunaga ODA forces.
- 近年、卑弥呼と同一人物として推定される候補の中では最有力の説となってきている。
- In recent years, among the various historical candidates, it is this woman who is most likely to, in fact, be Himiko.
- 中央派遣の国司が現地で採用する実務官僚であり、国司の側近としての性格があった。
- Zaichokanjin was a practical government official who was locally employed by kokushi (government administrator sent from the central government), and was professionally an entourage of kokushi.
- 近世には北前船の寄港地として栄えたが、明治維新後、日本海側諸港の殆どが廃れた。
- In the early-modern times, they flourished as ports of call of Kitamae-bune, cargo vessels, but most ports on the Sea of Japan side began to decline after the Meiji restoration.
- いずれも校長室、職員室、宿直室その他に近い清浄な位置に設けられることとされた。
- In either case, it was a rule to establish Hoan-den at a pure location near the principal's offices, staff room, night watchman's room and so on.
- その商才を江戸っ子から妬まれ、伊勢商人とともに「近江泥棒伊勢乞食」と蔑まれた。
- Their keen business sense was envied by the people of Edo, and they were maligned, together with Ise merchants, as 'Omi thieves and Ise beggars.'
- 信長の家臣金森長近が飛騨方面から、同盟者の徳川家康が駿河方面からしんぐんした。
- The army of Nagachika KANAMORI, Nobunaga's vassal, advanced from Hida, while the army of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Nobunaga's ally, advanced from Suruga.
- 各地で院近臣の国司は延暦寺領荘園の整理に奔走し、神人との衝突が恒常化していた。
- Kokushi of In no Kinshin (the Retired Emperor's courtier) had been busy with filing private estates of Enryaku-ji Temple and had constant conflict with jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) throughout the country.
- 長浜藩(ながはまはん)は江戸時代初期、近江国坂田郡周辺を領有した譜代大名の藩。
- Nagahama Domain was the domain belonged to Fudai daimyo who possessed the nearby spots of Sakata-gun, Omi Province in the early Edo period.
- 大溝藩(おおみぞはん)は、近江国高島郡(現在の滋賀県高島市勝野)に存在した藩。
- The Omizo Domain refers to a domain which existed in Takashima County, Omi Province (present-day Katsuno, Takashima City, Shiga Prefecture).
- なお、実際の経営は付近の農民による賃租によって耕作されていたと考えられている。
- It is considered that actual farming of Koden was done by tenant farmers in the neighbor.
- 開化派は軍の近代化を目指していたため、当然武器や用具等も新式が支給されていた。
- As the Progressive Party aimed to modernize the army, it was natural for the weapons and tools given out to the Byeolgigun to be of the new style.
- 近隣の高取藩に那須信吾らを恭順勧告に送り、高取藩もこれに服する旨を伝えてきた。
- They sent Shingo NASU to the neighboring Takatori Domain to advise allegiance, to which the domain agreed.
- 相模川河口付近にあった膳所崎と呼ばれる琵琶湖に突き出た土地に築かれた水城である。
- It was a mizu-shiro (castles on lakes or marshes for defensive reasons) built on Zezezaki, the land that protruded into Lake Biwa near the mouth of Sagami-gawa River.
- 横山城(よこやまじょう)は近江国坂田郡(滋賀県長浜市堀部町・石田町)にあった城。
- Yokoyama-jo Castle was located in Sakata County, Omi Province (the present-day Horibe and Ishida-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture).
- こののち、両軍は遼陽と奉天(現・瀋陽)の中間付近を流れる沙河の線で対陣に入った。
- After this battle, the respective armies established a front along the Saka river flowing between Liaoyang and Fengtian (present-day Shenyang).
- そして、近代工業や鉄道などの建設を推進する政府は「商人」のようであると糾弾した。
- He further denounced the government as something like 'a merchant' since it promoted modern industries and the construction of railways.
- 近世に『一宮記』が参照された際は、『大日本国一宮記』が用いられることが多かった。
- In the early-modern period, 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' was usually quoted as the most popular catalog among many 'Ichinomiya-Ki'.
- 一方、武家の御典医は、将軍や藩主と身近に接する立場で、武士に準ずる身分であった。
- On the other hand, in the case of goteni of samurai, the doctors who got close with the shogun or hanshu (the lord of domain) to treat them were given a position of quasi-samurai.
- 地下請の伝統は、惣村が消滅し、近世村落が成立した江戸時代以降も承継されていった。
- The tradition of jigeuke was passed down in and after the Edo period, when the soson disappeared and early-modern villages took shape.
- 任期切れ間近の受領は、成績をあげるためにしばしば法令どおりの苛烈な収奪を行った。
- The zuryo whose terms of office were approaching the end was often engaged in relentless exploitative activities according to the law and regulations, to accomplish respectable achievements.
- 伊勢商人(いせしょうにん)は、大阪商人、近江商人と並ぶ日本三大商人の1つである。
- Ise shonin (Ise merchants) were counted among the three major Japanese merchants along with Osaka shonin (Osaka merchants) and Omi shonin (Omi merchants).
- 芥川龍之介の作品はじめ近代日本文学にも数多く題材を提供していることでも知られる。
- Some of literary works of modern Japanese literature including Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA referenced some of those stories.
- 高国・尹賢は桂川で迎え撃つが敗れ、将軍義晴を擁して近江坂本に逃亡(桂川の戦い)。
- Takakuni and Tadakata attacked their forces at the Katsura-gawa River but they were defeated and fled to Sakamoto in Omi with shogun Yoshiharu (The Battle of Katsura-gawa River).
- 十年計画の満期が近くなった1881年(明治14年)に開拓使の廃止方針が固まった。
- In 1881 when the expiration date of the ten-year project was close, the policy to abolish the Hokkaido Development Agency was settled.
- 原義は古墳時代に近畿地方の有力氏族が中心となって成立したヤマト王権から来ている。
- The original meaning came from the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), which was formed mainly by powerful clans in the Kinki region in the Kofun period (tumulus period).
- 旧国名を付けた駅名は、近隣住民などから通称として旧国名なしで呼ばれる場合もある。
- In some cases, station names with old provincial names are called by neighboring residents as their ordinary names without old provincial names.
- さらに、院司を含む中流貴族の中からは、治天の側近となって権勢をふるう者も現れた。
- Furthermore, some of middle-class nobles including Inshi became Chiten's aides and exercised influences.
- 特に旧幕府領や旗本支配地、藩領が錯綜する関東地方や近畿地方にこのような例が多い。
- Such cases were found in large numbers in Kanto and Kinki areas where former Shogunate territories, hatamoto-dominated areas and domain territories were scatteringly located.
- また、信長も別箇に開戦の経緯を知る近衛前久を派遣して本願寺側との妥協点を探った。
- Nobunaga also sent Sakihisa KONOE, who knew how this war had broken out, to look for a compromise with Hongan-ji Temple.
- そのため、本願寺と信長の間は険悪になり、逆に義昭と本願寺が接近するようになった。
- This deteriorated a relationship between Hongan-ji Temple and Nobunaga while Yoshiaki and Hongan-ji Temple got close to each other.
- 吉良家出入りの茶人に接近して12月14日の吉良屋敷で茶会があることを聞きつけた。
- He approached a tea ceremony master who frequented the Kira residence and obtained information that a tea party would take place there on December 14.
- 家康がこの地を選んだ理由として、瀬田の唐橋に近い場所であったからであると言われる。
- It is said that Ieyasu chose this place for its proximity to Seta no Karahashi Bridge.
- 4月25日には日本軍の輸送艦金州丸を撃沈するなど、日本近海を縦横無尽に行き来した。
- The fleet patrolled Japanese territorial waters unchallenged, and sank the IJN transport ship Kinshu-maru on April 25th.
- ちなみに、昭和天皇はこの時、「機関説で良いではないか」と側近に漏らしていたという。
- By the way, in the middle of the incident, the Emperor Showa said to his close aide, 'the organ theory is no problem.'
- 1876年に公布されたオスマン帝国憲法に次いで、アジアでは2番目の近代憲法である。
- It was the second modern constitution in Asia after the constitution of the Ottoman Empire enacted in 1876.
- 検地(けんち)とは中世から近世にかけて行われた田畑の面積と収量の調査のことである。
- The term 'Kenchi' refers to the surveys of field size and size of yield (harvest) conducted during medieval and early modern Japan.
- 近江商人の家訓として「買い手良し、世間良し、売り手良し」の「三方良し」が知られる。
- One of the family precepts of Omi shonin is known to be that of 'Sanpo yoshi' (benefit for all three sides), which teaches that in their business the merchant should take into consideration the benefits for the customer, society, and the vendor at the same time.
- (近江商人はがめつく、伊勢商人は、貧乏な乞食のように、出納にうるさいと言う意味。)
- (This means that Omi shonin were greedy, while Ise shonin were persistent in income and outgo like poor beggars.)
- それぞれ固有の主題と新しい傾向をみせているとの評価もあり、近年見直しが進んでいる。
- On the other hand, there is a different opinion that each story has its own subject and a new tendency; their reputation has been reviewed in recent years.
- 細川澄元も屋敷を襲われ、一旦近江甲賀郡に逃走するが国人の力を借りて勢力を盛り返す。
- Although Sumimoto HOSOKAWA's residence was also attacked and Sumimoto once escaped to Koga-gun Omi Province, he gained strength back with the help of Kokujin (local samurai).
- ある田畠の中でランダムに数ヶ所を選んで付近1坪を収穫してその平均収穫高を算出する。
- Several places in rice paddies and fields would be selected at random and the average of the crop per 3.3 square meters of these locations was calculated after harvesting.
- 発生地に近いほど、砂塵の濃度は濃く、大きな粒が多く、飛来する頻度も高い傾向にある。
- It is likely that, when an area is located closer to kosa occurrence areas, dust with larger grains falls on the area more frequently.
- 長野県諏訪郡下諏訪町の和田峠古戦場付近には天狗党戦死者を供養する「浪人塚」がある。
- Around the old battlefield of Wada-toge in the Shimosuwa Town, Suwa District, Nagano Prefecture, there is a 'ronin-zuka' for the souls of the dead Tenguto members.
- 開化派の狙いは、日本と同じように国王を頂点とする近代立憲君主制国家の樹立であった。
- The aim of the Progressive Party was to establish a modern constitutional monarchy with the king at the top as Japan was.
- なお、柄が器の横または底部近くについたものを斗と言い、これは水をくむ用器であった。
- Incidentally, the cup with its handle attached on its side or around its bottom was called to (斗; in pinyin, 'dou'), and this cup was for scooping up water.
- 島津義弘の救援軍が近づくのを知ると明・朝鮮水軍は順天の海上封鎖を解いて迎撃を行った。
- Knowing that Yoshihiro SHIMAZU's rescue forces were approaching, the Ming and Korean navy lifted their naval blockade of Suncheon and intercepted them.
- この権威を利用して5月近江国の守護六角高頼を解任、代わりに京極持清を守護に任命した。
- By using this authority, he relieved Takayori ROKKAKU of the Shugo of Omi Province, and appointed Mochikiyo KYOGOKU instead to the same position in May.
- しかし近代の四民平等は名目のみであり、その解消のための具体的な施策が行われなかった。
- However, the modern equality of all people was only nominal and no specific measures were taken to dissolve it.
- 時代劇の撮影などでも使われる天秤櫓は、長浜城 (近江国)から移築したといわれている。
- It is said that Tenbin-yagura (Balancing-scale Tower) often used for shooting of jidaigeki (historical play) was relocated from Nagahama-jo Castle (in Omi Province) and rebuilt in Hikone-jo Castle.
- だがロシアの近代的要塞の前に死傷者1万5,000という大きな損害を受け失敗に終わる。
- However, the seige on a modern Russian fortress ended in heavy casualties of 15,000 for the Imperial Japanese Army.
- 更に久安2年鳥羽天皇皇后藤原得子(近衛天皇生母・後の藤原得子)に越前国が与えられた。
- Furthermore, Emperor Toba's wife FUJIWARA no Tokushi (the biological mother of Emperor Konoe, later becoming FUJIWARA no Tokushi) was given Echizen Province in 1146.
- 近世において武士が町人・百姓らから耐え難い無礼を受けた時は、斬殺しても処罰されない。
- In modern ages, when a warrior put townspeople or farmers to a sword because he was unbearably insulted by them, he was not punished.
- 戦場付近の村を襲い農作物を根こそぎ奪い、女・子供をさらい売り払うか奴隷にするかした。
- They attacked villages around battle fields, where they took all of the farm crops and kidnapped women and children for money or for use as slaves.
- 近世にはいると刀狩りによる名主層の否定など、農地に対する重層支配が否定されていった。
- In the early-modern times, the stratified ruling over agricultural land was negated, as exemplified by the rejection of Nanushi (village headman) hierarchy by Sword hunt (to confiscate the weapons of the enemies of the new regime in order to secure the position of a new ruler).
- 近世の「百姓一揆」も peasant uprising と英訳されて紹介されている。
- Moreover, the 'hyakusho ikki' in the early-modern period has been translated and introduced into English as peasant uprising.
- しかしながら、離れるに従って高度1 - 2km付近に濃度が高い層ができる傾向にある。
- However, in the areas remote from the place where the kosa has originated, a high-density dust layer tends to be formed at a height of around 1 to 2 km above the ground.
- その後、中世・近世を通じて、領主が百姓をはじめとする民衆に課する租税として存続した。
- Throughout the medieval period and the early-modern times, the feudal lords imposed the nengu on the populace including the peasants.
- 1331年(元弘元年)8月、後醍醐の側近である吉田定房が六波羅探題に倒幕計画を密告。
- In August 1331, Godaigo's close adviser Sadafusa YOSHIDA informed Rokuhara Tandai of the plan to overthrow the bakufu.
- また、11月19日には信州諏訪湖近くの和田峠において高島藩・松本藩連合軍と交戦した。
- On November 19, Tenguto entered into a battle against the allied forces of Takashima Domain and Matsumoto Domain at Wada-toge, which was near the Lake Suwa in Shinshu.
- 明治時代~昭和初期築の主な西洋館・近代建築は日没から22時頃までライトアップされる。
- The major Western-style buildings and modern architectures built in between Meiji Period and Early Showa era are illuminated from sundown till around 10 p.m.
- 逆に近年では、高齢化社会の影響から移民の受け入れを唱える主張も一部には出てきている。
- However, in recent years, there is a rising insistence to accept immigrants due to its aging society.
- 一時肥後藩が互角の戦いを見せた(赤坂・鳥越の戦い。現在の北九州市立桜丘小学校付近)。
- And at one point the Higo clan of the bakufu side fought an even battle (the Battle of Akasaka/Torigoe, near Kitakyushu City Sakuragaoka Primary School).
- 飛鳥浄御原令に先行する律令法には、天智天皇が668年に制定したとされる近江令がある。
- As a ritsuryo code that preceded Asukakiyomihara-ryo Code, there is Omi-Ryo (Omi Administrative Code), which is said to have been enacted by Emperor Tenchi in 668.
- 将軍・徳川慶喜の代には奏者番に任じられて将軍側近となり、佐幕派としての立場を貫いた。
- Under the rule of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA Taneki, appointed as soshaban (officer telling shogun about daimyo who came for greetings), became a close adviser of shogun, and he held onto his standpoint as Sabaku-ha (supporters of the shogun).
- 堅田藩(かただはん)は、近江国滋賀郡・高島郡(現在の滋賀県大津市堅田)に存在した藩。
- The Katada Domain refers to a domain which existed in Shiga County and Takashima County, Omi Province (present-day Katata, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture).
- 秀吉没後は豊臣秀頼に仕えていたが、関ヶ原の戦い直前に徳川家康に急接近して東軍に与した。
- Although after Hideyoshi died, he had been serving Hideyori TOYOTOMI, he made advances to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA just before the Battle of Sekigahara and joined the Eastern Army.
- この時、筒井勢のうち中坊秀祐と伊賀衆が搦手に迂回して城に接近し、城内へ火矢を射込んだ。
- At this time, Hidesuke NAKANOBO and Iga shu among the Tsusui troops approached the castle from karamete (backdoor) and shot a fire arrow into it.
- このように、中世を離れ近代に近い時期として、江戸時代は歴史の上で近世と定義されている。
- Thus, the Edo period is historically defined as the early-modern times, which is no longer the medieval but not yet the modern times.
- 地理的に近い越後国にも所領があったことから越後の勢力の影響を高梨氏も受けるようになる。
- Geographically, the Takanashi clan came to be influenced by the force of nearby Echigo Province, where it had property.
- 仲綱の子・源成綱はのちに但馬国城崎郡(今の豊岡市近辺)の及川荘を領し、源成綱と称した。
- Later, Nakatsuna's son MINAMOTO no Naritsuna governed OIKAWA manor in Tajima Province, Kinosaki County (near what is now Toyooka City) and identified himself as MINAMOTO no Naritsuna.
- 1607年、現在の釜山広域市東区佐川洞付近に新設された倭館で、約1万坪の面積があった。
- Dumopo Wakan was the wakan that was newly constructed near the present-day Jwacheon-dong, Dong Ward, Busan Metropolitan City in 1607, having an area of approximately 33,000 square meters.
- だが後醍醐は、処分を免れた側近の日野俊基や真言宗密教の僧文観らと再び倒幕計画を進めた。
- Godaigo resumed his plan to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu with his close adviser Toshimoto HINO, who had been exempted from punishment, and a monk called Monkan from the Shingon-shu sect of Tantric Buddhism.
- 平治の乱ののち、平清盛は後白河上皇の信任を得て、法住寺御所の近くに蓮華王院を造営した。
- After the Heiji War, TAIRA no Kiyomori was trusted by Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, and constructed and operated Rengeo-in Temple near Hoju-ji Temple Gosho (palace).
- 日本において中世から近世の時代に、農村部などで商品生産の発展に伴って発生した町・集落。
- It was a town or settlement developed as commodity production grew in rural communities such as a farming village from the Medieval period to early Modern period in Japan.
- また洋学にも関心を示し、幕末に向け三田藩の近代化を推進する素地を開いた中興の祖である。
- He also showed interest in Western studies, and was a restorer who established groundwork for promoting westernization of Sanda Domain as preparation for the end of Edo period.
- 反研究会・反政友会色が近く、同成会とともに貴族院における民政党の別働隊として活動した。
- The group was strongly anti-Kenkyukai group and anti-Seiyukai party, and acted as a supporting group for the Minsei Party together with Doseikai group.
- 幕末期では天誅組の反乱鎮圧や天皇陵の修築工事を行なうなど、早くから官軍に近づいていた。
- In the last years of the Edo period, the family approached the Imperial forces from the early stage, helping in the suppression of the Tenchu-gumi (royalist forces) War and in the repair of the Imperial mausoleum.
- このような実際に最近起きた出来事を音頭にすることは「新聞(しんもん)読み」と呼ばれる。
- To compose ondo based on real stories are called 'Shinmon-yomi' (reading newspapers).
- 1945年4月 若槻・岡田・広田・近衛・平沼・東條・鈴木貫太郎(枢相)・木戸(内大臣)
- In April 1945, WAKATSUKI, OKADA, HIROTA, KONOE, HIRANUMA, TOJO, Kantaro SUZUKI(Chairman of the Privy Council), and KIDO (naidaijin)
- なお、天皇の側近たる侍従及び天皇の警護を行う内舎人は帯剣することを義務付けられていた。
- Meanwhile, the Udoneri guarding the Emperor and the Jiju, attendants of the Emperor, was obliged to wear a sword.
- しかし、最近になって一揆勢は佐敷城を15日にわたって占拠していたという説も浮上している。
- However, a current theory has it that the rebel group occupied the Sashiki-jo Castle for 15 days.
- そして、この北陸方面軍の一員として、近江国大津城の城主・京極高次が加わっていたのである。
- And as a member of the Hokuriku area force Takatsugu KYOGOKU, the lord of Otsu-jo Castle in Omi Province, was part of the Yoshitsugu army.
- 孫の石田為久は源義仲を討ち取り、褒章として近江国石田村を与えられ、一族は同地に移住した。
- Tamehisa ISHIDA, a grandson of Yoshitsugu MIURA, was granted Ishida-mura village in Omi Province in reward for having slain MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, and moved to the village with his clan.
- しかし、日本を近代国家と見なしていない欧米諸国からは相手にされず、まだ時期尚早であった。
- However, it was still too early because western countries did not consider Japan to be a modern country and ignored Japan.
- ただ、人口に関しては、記録に残っているのは幕末に60万人近くとなった町人人口のみである。
- However, as for population, extant records only reveal the number of townspeople, which was close to six-hundred thousand in the waning days of the Bakufu.
- 近代軍制でいうと、馬上の資格がある侍(馬廻以上)が士官に相当し、徒士は下士官に相当する。
- According to the modern military system, warriors who are allowed to fight on horseback (Umamawari and above) correspond to officers and Kachi correspond to noncommissioned officers.
- 北京市や天津市などは発生地とされる砂漠に近く、近年はたびたび大規模な黄砂に襲われている。
- Located near deserts where kosa is produced, Beijing and Tianjin have been attacked frequently by large-scale kosa recently.
- 元和 (日本)元年(1615年)内藤信正が近江国長浜藩より4万石で入り高槻藩が立藩した。
- In 1615, Nobumasa NAITO entered with 40,000 koku from Nagahama domain, Omi Province to establish the Takatsuki Domain.
- これは、家族経営を主体としていた商店が、近代的企業へと変わっていくのと軌を一にしていた。
- This took the same line as shops which used to be family businesses turning into modern companies.
- また、兵役における近代的なシステムや生活が地方に伝播するのに貢献したと言う面も否めない。
- In addition, the contribution of conscription cannot be denied as it helped the modern system or living in the military service to spread to the local areas.
- 近江令(おうみりょう)は、日本の飛鳥時代(天智天皇の治世)に制定されたとされる法令体系。
- Omi-Ryo is a legal system, believed to have been enacted in the Asuka Period (during the reign of the Emperor Tenchi) in Japan.
- 第5代藩主・堀田正毅の時代には蒲生郡など近江国内の所領、3,600石が播磨国に移された。
- During the rule of the fifth lord Masazane HOTTA, ownership of some lands totaling a nominal value of 3,600 koku, including parts of Gamo County and others, was transferred from the Omi-Miyagawa Domain to Harima Province.
- 石垣は出丸部分と乾御矢倉部分を残しほとんどが、当時近江鉄道の線路敷設に使用された様である。
- Most of the stonewalls, except the parts of the Demaru and the Inui yagura, seemed to have been used for railroad construction by the Ohmi Railway Corporation at the time.
- 中世の被差別民や近現代日本の被差別部落の直接的な起源であるとする説が存在するが議論がある。
- There is a theory that the origin of discrimination during the medieval period, as well as those living in special hamlets in modern Japan, lies in goshiki no sen; however, this fact is often debated.
- ここに寺社勢力は消滅し、惣国一揆は潰え、圧倒的な武家の軍事力による一元支配の近世が始まる。
- This was the end of the temple and shrine powers and sokoku ikki and the beginning of the recent times when overwhelming military force of samurai family unified the governance.
- 11月、勝家は前田利家・金森長近・不破勝光を秀吉のもとに派遣し、秀吉との和睦を交渉させた。
- In November, Katsuie dispatched Toshiie MAEDA, Nagachika KANAMORI, and Katsumitsu FUWA to Hideyoshi to negotiate a reconciliation.
- 翌年、清は海洋水師の創設を布告して近代海軍の創設を決定し、伝統水軍の時代は終わりを告げる。
- The next year, Qing declared and decided to establish its modern navy, and with this decision the period of the traditional suigun navy came to an end.
- 近い長さの単位に丈(じょう;1丈=10尺)があるが、こちらは物の寸法を測るのに用いられる。
- Jo (1 jo is equivalent to 10 shaku [about 3 meters]) is a unit of similar length, but is used to measure the sizes of objects.
- 朽木藩(くつきはん)とは、近江国高島郡 (滋賀県)(現在の滋賀県高島市朽木)に存在した藩。
- The Kutsuki clan was a clan located in Takashima County, Omi Province (current Kutsuki, Takashima City, Shiga Prefecture).
- このとき明・朝鮮軍では全羅道と慶尚道との道境付近にある南原城と黄石山城で守りを固めていた。
- The Ming-Korean army was increasing its defenses at Namwon and Hwangsoksan castles, between the road boundary of Chilcheollyang and Gyeongsang-do.
- 惣村が支配者や近隣の対立する惣村へ要求活動を行うときは、強い連帯、すなわち一揆を結成した。
- When making a request to a ruler or a neighboring rival soson, the soson achieved strong solidarity or, in other words, an uprising.
- 明治時代には陸軍を中心に迂回奇襲説が、近年では信長公記に基づいて正面攻撃説が主流であった。
- In the Meiji period, it was particularly believed by the army that the Oda army attacked by way of a detour, but in recent years, the belief that they attacked head-on has been favored, based on Shincho Koki (Biography of Nobunaga ODA).
- 逃散(ちょうさん)とは、日本の中世から近世にかけて行われた農民抵抗の手段、闘争形態である。
- Chosan was means of resistance and forms of struggle waged by farmers in Japan from the middle ages to the early modern period.
- しかし、近年、中国の一部にある柳スギがきわめて近縁、または同一種と考えられるようになった。
- However, in recent years it has been considered that Cryptomeria fortunei trees found in parts of China are very closely related to or are the same species as the Japanese cedar.
- 明智光秀、細川忠興、筒井順慶、丹羽長秀、堀秀政、長谷川秀一、蒲生氏郷、高山右近、中川清秀他
- Mitsuhide AKECHI, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, Junkei TSUTSUI, Nagahide NIWA, Hidemasa HORI, Hidekazu HASEGAWA, Ujisato GAMO, Ukon TAKAYAMA, Kiyohide NAKAGAWA, etc.
- 永正5年(1508年)4月、澄元や11代将軍足利義澄は相次いで近江に逃れ、高国が入京した。
- In May of 1508, Sumimoto and the eleventh shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA fled to Omi one after the other and Takakuni entered the capital.
- 近年述べられる武士道の多くは、平和な江戸時代に官僚的に幕府制度を維持することが目的である。
- Much of Bushido stated in modern times aims to maintain a bureaucratic system of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the peaceful Edo period.
- 近世後期に至り領主権力が弱体化すると、幕藩領主は庄屋・名主の惣代機能を否定しようと試みた。
- In the late modern times, when the power of the feudal lords waned, a lord of the shogunate system tried to deny the Soudaikinou (a function of village residents' representative) function of a Shoya and Nanushi.
- しかし、直ちに近衛兵令外官の少尉坂上苅田麻呂と将曹牡鹿嶋足が出動して、訓儒麻呂を射殺した。
- However, Shojo (junior lieutenant) SAKANOUE no Karitamaro, who was imperial guard Ryoge no kan, and Shoso (secretary of the headquarters of the inner palace guards) OSHIKA no Shimatari both were sent and shot Kusumaro to death.
- 京都では、征夷大将軍・足利義輝が三好長慶、松永久秀と対立し近江国朽木谷へ逃れる事件が起きた。
- In Kyoto, Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who was to subdue the barbarians') confronted Nagayoshi MIYOSHI and Hisahide MATSUNAGA, and fled to Kutsuki-dani, Omi Province.
- 但し、近年では時代が重なる古墳時代の方が一般的となり、余り使われなくなった時代区分でもある。
- In recent years, however, this term has become used less often, and the term 'Kofun Period', which coincides with the Yamato Period, is now commonly used (kofun is the Japanese word for ancient burial mounds).
- むしろ、暦道の方が天文学でいう、暦算天文学・位置天文学の系統に近いものがあったとされている。
- Rather, rekido (calendar studies) was thought to be more along the lines of some types of astronomy, such as rekisan (calendrical calculations) astronomy or positional astronomy.
- 図書助等は進んで稷山まで距離一里許の地に到り日の出と共に敵兵が山野に充満し近迫する様を見る。
- Zushonosuke advanced up to about 4 meters before Shokusan, whereupon it became evident that the enemy troops were starting to fill the mountain fields and were drawing closer at dawn.
- 元になった名寄は、近世以降には見られない古曲を多く含んでおり、室町後期のものと見られている。
- The original list, on which this book was based, included many ancient songs that had not been seen since the early modern period, which appear to date from the latter part of the Muromachi period.
- 知行(ちぎょう)とは、日本の中世・近世において、領主が行使した所領支配権を意味する歴史概念。
- Chigyo is a history-related concept indicating a territory-controlling right executed by territorial lords during the medieval period and early-modern times in Japan.
- しかし、5月9日、近江国の番場蓮華寺で自刃し、光厳天皇、後伏見天皇、花園天皇は捕らえられた。
- On May 9, they committed suicide with their swords at Renge-ji Temple in Banba of Omi Province, and the emperors Kogen, Gofushimi and Hanazono were arrested.
- 武家法(ぶけほう)とは、中世・近世の日本において、武士社会及び武家政権における法体系のこと。
- Bukeho refers to a set of codes enforced on samurai society and on the military government during the medieval and the early modern times in Japan.
- 主に日本で、中世や近世において歴史的な背景や当時の社会情勢から生まれた町の形態の総称である。
- It was a general term for a city form developed in a historical background and social conditions during the Medieval and the Early Modern periods, mainly in Japan.
- そのような例では地子が「免許」されたというより「初めからなかった」と捉えたほうが事実に近い。
- In this case, jishi was non-existent from the beginning rather than exempt.
- また、近隣に雲仙温泉を控えていたことも、彼らにとっての保養地としての魅力を増すこととなった。
- In addition, the fact that Unzen onsen (hot spring) was located in the neighborhood made the settlement more attractive for visitors as a health resort.
- 鵯越は平家本陣である福原・大輪田の泊に最も近かったため、宗盛は安徳天皇を奉じて海上へ逃れた。
- Since Hiyodorigoe was the closest fortress to the headquarters of the Taira clan in Fukuwara, and Owada no Tomari, Munemori followed Emperor Antoku and escaped to the ocean.
- ところが耽羅嶋(済州島)の近くまで来て船が進まなくなり、風が変わって吹き戻されそうになった。
- The ship stopped near the Tanra-to Island (Jeju), and was blown back by the wind that changed its direction.
- 捕らえられた浅野は幕府目付の多門重共と近藤重興の取調べを受けたが、多門は以下のように記した。
- When he was captured and investigated by the bakufu's inspectors Shigetomo OKADO and Shigeoki KONDO, Okado stated as follows.
- 明治初頭、日本政府は近代化に必要な都市を築くため、西洋建築の技術を得ようと躍起になっていた。
- In the early Meiji period, the Japanese government was making desperate attempts to acquire Western architectural technologies in order to develop the cities required to modernize the country.
- また近代以降は西欧の影響を強く受けているが、日本の風土・文化に合わせた独自な展開も見られる。
- Since the modern era, western culture has also had an influence, but at the same time, a unique Japanese style of architecture has developed that is integrated with the natural environment and culture of Japan.
- 石高(こくだか)とは、近世の日本において、土地の生産性を石 (単位)という単位で表したもの。
- Kokudaka refers to the figure of land productivity shown with koku (a unit), which was used in the early modern ages of Japan.
- 比叡山は近江国と山城国にまたがっており、白鳥道と山中道の2つの道は両国を結ぶ道路が通じていた。
- Mt. Hiei stretches to Omi Province and Yamashiro Province, and two roads of Shiratori-do and Yamanaka-do connected the two provinces.
- もっとも、この当時の「美術」には詩や音楽なども含まれ、現代日本語の「芸術」に近い語義であった。
- At that time, 'bijutsu' included poetry, music, and others, so it was almost synonymous with 'geijutsu' (today's Japanese word that means art and other artistic skills).
- (強いて言えば秤量貨幣に近く、現代的に解釈すれば、金地金(インゴット)に相当するものと言える。
- When you come right down to it, it was more like a currency by weight and modernly interpreted, it was equivalent to ingot.
- この付近の上空500m - 2kmより下の大気は大気境界層といい、空気の流れが複雑な層である。
- In these areas, the atmosphere under 500 m to 2 km above the ground is called the atmospheric boundary layer, and the air flow there is complicated.
- 明治以降には西川産業など企業として発展し、今日の大企業の中にも近江商人の系譜を引くものは多い。
- Many of the large-scale companies today, such as Nishikawa Sangyo which developed as a business enterprise after the Meiji period, have their origin as Omi shonin.
- また、治承4年11月の近江攻防に若狭の国人が同意する動きがあるなどの反乱の萌芽がみられていた。
- In addition, there were signs of insurgency such as the agreement of the Kokujin (local samurai) in Wakasa to the offense and defense in Omi Province in November or December 1180 (November 1180 by the old lunar calendar).
- 永正7年(1510年)、高国らが近江に侵攻したが、澄元方を支持する国人の反抗もあって大敗した。
- In 1510, Takakuni's forces invaded Omi but suffered a crushing defeat due to the resistance they met by local lords who supported the Sumimoto side.
- 近畿式は大和・河内・摂津で生産され、三遠式は濃尾平野で生産されたものであろうと推定されている。
- It is thought that the Kinki type was produced in Yamato, Kawachi and Settsu Province while the Sanen type was made in the Nobi Plain.
- 民俗学者の柳田國男も近畿圏にありながら標準語的なアクセントであるその特色について注目している。
- Folklorist Kunio YANAGIDA also has an interest in the fact that people in Totsukawa speak with an accent which is similar to Japan's standard accent even though the village is located in Kinki area.
- 新貝は玄関口で奮戦して討死し、山吉はより奮戦して近松勘六を斬り捨てて庭の池に叩き落したという。
- Shinkai was killed at the entrance after a hard battle whereas Yamayoshi murdered Kanroku CHIKAMATSU and knocked him in a pond in the yard.
- つまり、信長側は無防備に近い鉄砲隊を主力としてこれを守り、武田の騎馬隊を迎え撃つ戦術をとった。
- In other words, Nobunaga's military strategy was to protect the almost defenceless teppo units that functioned as his main force in the battle against the Takeda cavalry.
- ただし、近年の研究では他の戦国大名も独自にこれらの政策に取り組んでいたことが明らかになっている。
- However, recent studies have revealed that other Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) also adopted these policies independently.
- 犬上郡のみならず近江支配の重要拠点であり、16世紀の末には石田三成が居城としたことでも知られる。
- It was a key strongpoint that controlled not only Inukami County but all of Omi Province, and is famous for being the seat of power of the daimyo Mitsunari ISHIDA at the end of the sixteenth century.
- 逆に戦闘が終了した亥刻(午後十時頃)には織田信長軍の万見重元ら多くの近臣と2千兵を失う事になる。
- On the other hand, by around ten o'clock in the night when the battle ended, troops of Nobunaga ODA had lost many close vassals including Shigemoto MANMI and 2,000 soldiers.
- 農場主が小作人の子弟を郎党として戦時の体制を構成していたため、兵と農は不離あるいは同義語に近い。
- As the farmers took the system in wartime, having younger people of their tenant farmers armed, hei (samurai) and no (farmers) were inseparable or close to a synonym.
- 嵯峨上皇による大家父長的支配のもと30年近く政治は安定し、皇位継承に関する紛争は起こらなかった。
- Under the great patriarchal authority-styled command executed by the Retired Emperor Saga, politics enjoyed steadiness for nearly 30 years without dispute concerning the Imperial succession.
- 都市部では、最近の経済発展によるスモッグ(煙霧)との相乗効果で、視程がかなり悪くなることがある。
- When falling in city areas, kosa and smog, generated due to recent economic progress, produce a synergistic effect, sometimes limiting the visibility considerably.
- こうした旧来の特権は、明治政府が行う四民平等政策や、近代化政策を行うにあたって障害となっていた。
- These old privileges posed an impediment to the Meiji Government's policies like the equality of all people and modernization.
- しかし、ここでも近世における「家」からの先入観は一旦捨て去った上で、「血縁」を考える必要がある。
- However, 'blood relation' should be interpreted without the modern preconception of the 'house.'
- 高槻は戦国時代 (日本)、織田信長や豊臣秀吉に仕えたキリシタン大名で有名な高山右近が治めていた。
- Takatsuki was governed by Ukon TAKAYAMA who served Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (Japan), and who also was well-known for a Christian daimyo (Christian feudal lord).
- 670年に新たな戸籍(庚午年籍)を作り、671年には初めての律令法典である近江令を施行している。
- In 670, he had new koseki (family registers; Kogo no Nenjaku) made and in 671, he enforced Omi-ryo (Omi Administrative Code), which was the first Ritsuryo code of law.
- 外戚の閔氏一族や清に実権を握られ、何一つ思い通りにいかない高宗もこの近代化政策の実行を快諾した。
- As things did not go his way with the Min family who were his maternal relatives and Qing at the helm, Gojong readily accepted this measures for modernization.
- Gao Zong, whose power was taken by his maternal relatives of Min family and China and could not do as he wanted, approved the implementation of the modernization policy.
- だが、前述の上平など一部過激派は新政府の近代化政策に反発して横井小楠暗殺事件などを起こしている。
- However, the radicals including the above UEHIRA repelled the modernization policy of the new government, which led to the assassination of Shonan YOKOI.
- 近世初期に宣教師らが日本を訪れ、一部に西洋美術が知られるようになったが、その影響は局所的であった。
- At an early stage of the early modern ages, Christian missionaries came over to Japan, and Western art became known to some Japanese at that time, but its influence on Japanese art was quite limited.
- 前項の記述の通り、近世以前の田圃は全て棚田だったため、歴史的には「棚田」と「田んぼ」の違いはない。
- As stated in the preceding paragraph, all the rice fields before the modern times were Tanada, so historically there was no distinction between 'Tanada' and 'rice paddies.'
- 1888年には従来の内乱鎮圧型の鎮台を改編し、6師団と近衛師団を創設して海外での戦闘能力を高めた。
- In 1888, the conventional garrison --the system effective for claiming domestic conflicts-- was reorganized with the creation of six divisions and Guard Divisions to increase the ability to fight abroad.
- 現在の奈良県高市郡明日香村付近に相当する「飛鳥」の地に宮・都が置かれていたとされることに由来する。
- It is said that the name of this period stems from the fact that the palace and capital were located in Asuka, near present-day Asuka Village, Takaichi County, Nara Prefecture.
- 22日には摂津の信長にも知らせが届き、近江の情勢を知った信長はこの浅井・朝倉連合軍との対決を優先。
- Nobunaga in Settsu, who had heard the news on the 31st and became aware of the situation in Omi, decided to prioritize the battle against the Asai and Asakura allied forces.
- 中世においては、義広の孫にあたる志田義安の代で越後国上杉氏の臣下となり、近世には米沢藩士となった。
- In the medieval age, during the time of Yoshiyasu SHIDA, a grandson of Yoshihiro, he became a retainer of the UESUGI clan in Echigo Province and later became a feudal retainer of the Yonezawa Domain.
- 明治維新後の日本は不平等条約を改正し、欧米列強と対等の関係を築くために近代的憲法を必要としていた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Japan needed to enact a modern constitution so that they could reform the unequal treaty and build a 50/50 relationship with the allied western powers.
- また、中世は身分の流動性が非常に高く、五色の賤や近世部落のような固定化された世襲階級ではなかった。
- Furthermore, during the medieval period, social status was highly mobile, and these people were not confined within fixed hereditary classes, such as the five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system and buraku (communities of discriminated people) in the early-modern times.
- まず畿内・近畿周辺において、耕地から住居が分離して住宅同士が集合する村落が次第に形成されていった。
- First, villages in which residences separated from cultivated lands gathered together gradually formed in parts of the Kinai region (the provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and around the Kinki region.
- 近衛の官人は巡回の際に自らの姓名を叫びながら見回りを行ったが、これを宿奏(とのいもうし)と称した。
- Kanjin (government officials) in Konoe-fu patrolled crying out their own names, and this was called Tonoi-moshi.
- 中世から近世初期にかけて押買・押売は、質取行為と並んで市場における悪習として取締りの対象とされた。
- From the middle ages to the beginning of the modern era, oshigai and oshiuri along with pawn taking, were regulated as unacceptable customs in markets.
- 更に岡山市のように都市の範囲と土地権利の確定が行われて地子が近世を通じて導入されている地域もある。
- And in some areas, including the area which is now called Okayama City, the city boundary and the rights on land were determined, so jishi was imposed on the residents throughout the early modern ages.
- 残った開化派人士、及び亡命者も含めた彼らの家族らも概ね三親等までの近親者が残忍な方法で処刑された。
- The rest of the sophisticated people of the Progressive Party and the third-degree relatives of them and the exiles in general were executed in a cruel way.
- なお、1878年の郡区町村編制法によって編制された近代(明治・大正期)の郡の役所は郡役所と称する。
- Additionally, an office of gun (county) in the modern period of Japan (the Meiji and Taisho periods), formed by Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (Act for the alignment of local government system) enacted in 1878, was called gunyakusho.
- 1944年7月 若槻・岡田・広田・近衛・阿部・米内・原(枢相)・木戸(内大臣)・百武三郎(侍従長)
- In July 1944, WAKATSUKI, OKADA, HIROTA, KONOE, ABE, YONAI, HARA (Chairman of the Privy Council), KIDO (naidaijin), and Saburo HYAKUTAKE (Grand Chamberlain)
- ちなみにこの本多氏は、徳川四天王で有名な本多忠勝や徳川家康側近の本多正信らとは何の血縁関係もない。
- There was no blood relationship between this Honda clan and Tadakatsu HONDA, who is known as one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Ieyasu TOKUGAWA), or Masanobu HONDA, a close aide of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- そこで、10世の証如は京都に近く、交通の便の良い大坂御坊を本願寺の本拠とし、石山本願寺と改称した。
- Then, the 10th chief priest Shonyo set Osaka Gobo, which was close to Kyoto and conveniently located, as the Hongan-ji Temple's new base and renamed it 'Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple.'
- これに近いものとして、同じく四品以上の親王から選出された中務省の長官である中務卿などが挙げられる。
- Similar case was Nakatsukasa-Kyo, the Secretary of Nakatsukasa-sho that was chosen from among the Imperial Princes with a rank equivalent to or higher than Shihon.
- 近・現代の日本とスペインの関係は、むしろ文化・芸術・スポーツ面の関心や影響、往来が主であるといえる。
- In modern times, Spain and Japan are mainly related to each other concerning interest, influence and exchange in the fields of culture, art and sports.
- 湖岸に近い磯山(現・米原市磯)に居城を移すことを計画していたが、関ヶ原の際の戦傷が癒えずに死去した。
- Naomasa was planning to move and build his castle in the area close to Lake Biwa, but he couldn't recover from the battle injury at the Battle of Sekigahara and died.
- さらに岩崎山に陣取っていた高山右近を攻撃、右近も支えきれずに退却し、木ノ本の豊臣秀長の陣所に逃れた。
- They further attacked Ukon TAKAYAMA, who had taken up his position on Mt. Iwasaki; he was also unable to withstand the attack and retreated to the camp of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI at Kinomoto.
- 土地を媒介とした国王・領主・家臣の間の緩い主従関係により形成され、近世以降の絶対王政の中で消失した。
- It consisted of loose, land mediated relations of master to servant among king, feudal lord, and retainer, and disappeared under absolute monarchy in the early-modern times.
- しかし漢城では日本軍の接近でパニックに陥っており、人々は逃走をはかりほとんど無人となるほどであった。
- However, in Hanseong people panicked at the approaching Japanese army and fled, so the city was virtually empty.
- 完本は近世中期の写本(鴻山文庫蔵)があるが無題で、田中允が『謡曲 狂言』収録の際現在の書名を付けた。
- The complete set dating from the early modern period (owned by Kozan Bunko Library) was untitled and only given the current name when it was recorded in 'Yokyoku Kyogen' by Makoto TANAKA.
- 自身の手勢以外に護衛任務の徒士(自らの手勢の場合は近習と呼ばれる)、伝令を任務とする使番などがいる。
- Other than his own forces he also had kachi (foot guards) (if they were from his own forces they were called kinju (attendants)), whose task was to guard him, and tsukaiban (messengers), whose task was to relay the orders.
- 左右近衛府の陣に公卿の座を設定し、大臣以下の公卿と四位の参議以上の議政官が出席して、政務を討議した。
- The council, which was limited to those of Kugyo status (the highest echelon of the court nobility), was established at the camp of the Left and Right Divisions of the Inner Palace Guard, and was open only to those Kugyo (noble) of Daijin (Grand Minister) status or lower and Sangi (Councilors) who held at least the court rank of Shii (Fourth Rank); at council sessions members would debate government affairs and policies.
- 海津城に入った長可は近隣諸将を鎮撫し、上杉景勝の侵入を防ぎつつ、一方では上杉氏への攻勢を強めていた。
- Nagayoshi, who entered Kaizu-jo Castle, conquered neighboring warlords and fought off the attack of Kagekatsu UESUGI, while at the same time mounting an offensive against the Uesugi clan.
- 日本の数学が「和算」の姿にて再び学問として復活するのは、近世初期の『塵劫記』の時代以後のことになる。
- Only after the days of 'Jinkoki' (a mathematical book) in the early modern period were Japanese mathematics again resurrected as learning in the shape of 'Wasan' (Japanese mathematics).
- 非欧米圏で初めて近代化に成功し、列強としての地位を固めつつあった日本の文化は、欧米でも注目を浴びた。
- Japanese culture succeeded in modernizing first among the nations not included in the European and American bloc (the Western bloc), solidifying its status as a powerful country and attracting the attention of Europe and America.
- これ以降近代(江戸時代後期)に至るまで津軽海峡までが日本の北端(当時の感覚では東端)となったとする。
- After these events, the northern extremity of Japan was pushed further to the region facing to the Tsugaru Straits (which was considered to be the eastern extremity at that time) until the end of Edo period before the modern era of Japan.
- 元禄11年(1698年)3月7日、胤親は所領を近江国四郡に移されて、ここに三上藩が立藩したのである。
- On April 17, 1698, Tanechika was transferred in his territory to four counties of Omi Province, resulting in the establishment of the Mikami Domain.
- 片岡源五右衛門、礒貝十郎左衛門、田中貞四郎ら浅野内匠頭の寵愛を受けた側近達も同様に仇討ちを主張した。
- People who called for revenge also included Gengoemon KATAOKA, Jurozaemon ISOGAI, and Sadashiro TANAKA, who worked very closely for Asano Takumi no Kami and received a lot of favors from him.
- 秀吉が、お市他三人の娘を助け出す際にかくまったとされる小谷城近くの地主の家に大岡という姓をあたえた。
- Hideyoshi gave the family name Ooka to a landlord family living near Odani-jo Castle who sheltered Oichi and other three girls upon their rescue.
- 侵攻に先立ち、北近江を治める浅井長政には、妹であるお市の方を娶らせて織田氏との縁戚関係を結んでいた。
- Prior to the invasion, he had his sister Lady Oichi marry to Nagamasa AZAI, who governed Kitaomi, to establish a relationship between the Azai and the Oda clan.
- 東映京都撮影所や京都映画撮影所から場所が近いことから、姫路城とともに時代劇のロケが頻繁に行われている。
- It is often used as a location site for period dramas as well as Himeji-jo castle because it is close to Kyoto Movie Studio Toei and Kyoto Film Studio.
- 削減どころか増加している自動車および業務・民生部門への対策として、近年、環境税の手法も検討されている。
- As measures against cars, business operations and civilian sectors, emissions from which tend to increase rather than decrease, the introduction of environmental taxes has been under consideration recently.
- 困窮した零細農民の土地を集積するなど地主的な側面の強くなる近世後期には後者の面を持つものが多くなった。
- In a second half of the early-modern times, as headmen (naushi or shoya) accumulated lands of impoverished petty peasants, their landowner-like character grew, and those with the latter aspcet increased.
- 曲尺の尺は西洋のフィートと非常に近い長さであるが、どちらも足を基準にしているためであり、偶然ではない。
- The fact 1 shaku of the kane-jaku was quite close to the unit of feet used in the Western countries was not by chance because both units were based on the length defined by the measurement of a foot.
- しかしながら、一方で善阿弥が将軍に仕えた事に見られるように、近世ほど他身分から隔離されてはいなかった。
- However, as Zenami served the shogun at that time, they were not segregated from people with other social statuses to the extent during the early-modern times.
- 主要なものとして越後府中(生産地)・近江坂本(中継地)・京都・天王寺区(ともに消費地)が知られている。
- Well-known major aoso-za existed in Echigofuchu (the then aoso-producing area, now part of Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture), in Omi Sakamoto (the then midpoint of the aoso distribution network, now part of Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture), and in Kyoto and in the area now called Tennoji Ward, Osaka (then both aoso-consuming cities).
- それとは別に、互いに独立して家を構える武士同士の場合は、上下関係はあっても、「同盟」に近いものがある。
- On the other hand, bushi that became independent to support the family had a hierarchical relationship, but were similar to being an 'ally.'
- また、近年では、農作業体験や農家民泊などのアグリツーリズムにより地域を活性化する試みが始められている。
- In recent years, attempts to rejuvenate the area by agritourism initiatives such offering visitors farm work experiences and farmhouse accommodation have started to be implemented.
- がしかし、近年は乱れた勅許が(紫衣の)席次を乱し、しかも寺院の名を汚すことは大変よろしくない事である。
- But recently, the emperor has indiscriminately permitted them and the precedence of the chief priests who are to be allowed to wear the purple robe is confused, which causes the serious matter such as corruption of the official temples.
- 仁正寺藩(にしょうじはん)は、近江国蒲生郡仁正寺(現在の滋賀県蒲生郡日野町 (滋賀県))に存在した藩。
- The Nishoji Domain refers to a domain which existed in Nishoji, Gamo County, Omi Province (present-day Hino-cho, Gamo County, Shiga Prefecture).
- 山中の寒村のため近代化装備にこそ乗り遅れたが、古来よりの武道には長けていた者が多かったと言われている。
- People in Totsukawa failed to keep up with the modern equipment as it was a cold village in the mountains, but it is said that there were quite a few people who were excellent at ancient martial arts.
- 西洋・近代の軍事における海軍に相当するが、東洋の水軍においては河川や湖沼における水上兵力の比重も大きい。
- It is equivalent to the navy in the modern West, but in suigun in the East, forces on rivers and lakes, too, played a large part.
- その地は大和神社の付近と推測でき、もとはその周辺をヤマトといったのに始まるのではないかと考える人も多い。
- Yamato-mura is believed to be the area surrounding the present-day Oyamato-jinja Shrine and some view this area as the first one that came to be referred to as Yamato.
- 近代国家の建設を急ぐ日本では、朝鮮半島を自国の独占的な勢力下におく必要があるとの意見が大勢を占めていた。
- In its rush to establish a modern nation state the opinion that the Korean peninsula should be placed under the exclusive influence of Japan held sway.
- 武士の軍役としてもっとも古い形はこれらの領家への近侍や国衙への出仕における軍事的奉仕であったと思われる。
- The oldest style of military service imposed on samurai was supposed to have been military service when samurai served the lord of the manor as a retainer or presented himself for duty at the provincial government office.
- 人狩りの戦利品が戦後、市に出され、大名もそれら乱暴狼藉を黙過したり、褒美として付近を自由に乱取りさせた。
- The loot gained from robbing was put on the market, while daimyo (feudal lords) overlooked these violence and encouraged the acts in their neighborhood.
- 従って、近現代の日本では一揆自体があたかも反乱、暴動を意味する語であるかのように誤解されるようになった。
- That is why, in modern Japan, ikki was eventually mistaken for a word meaning a revolt or a riot.
- 『日本三代実録』に続くもので、宇多天皇の877年以降、近衛天皇(在位1141年-1155年)までを扱う。
- The book continues on 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan), and it covers from the time of Emperor Uda (from 877) to the time of Emperor Konoe (reigned: 1141-1155).
- 山頂の天守に信長が起居、その家族も本丸付近で生活し、家臣は山腹あるいは城下の屋敷に居住していたとされる。
- It is believed that Nobunaga lived in the castle tower constructed on the top of the mountain, his family lived in the vicinity of the Hon-maru, and his vassals lived in residences constructed on the mountainside or in the town developed around the castle.
- 経顕は光厳上皇の側近中最も重んじられた1人であったことが光厳天皇曾孫貞成親王の『椿葉記』に記されている。
- It was written in 'Chinyoki' (an account of the raising to the throne of the Emperor Gohanazono in 1429) by Imperial Prince Sadafusa, who was the retired Emperor Kogon's grandson, that Tsuneaki was one of the most important close aides to the Retired Emperor Kogon.
- なお、宝永・元治(どんどん焼け、禁門の変に伴うもの)と並んで「(近世)京都の三大大火」とも言われている。
- This fire is regarded as one of the 'Three Great Fires of Kyoto' (early modern period) along with those of the Hoei and Genji eras (Dondon-yake and the fire of the Kinmon Incident).
- 奥向きの警備を表向きの職務とするが、時に将軍の側近である側御用取次から命令を受け、情報収集活動を行った。
- Their official duty was security but they sometimes conducted intelligence-gathering activities under the command of the aides of the shogun, Sobagoyotoritsuki (an attendant of the shogun who conveyed the shogun's messages and commands.)
- 1940年7月 若槻・岡田・広田弘毅・林銑十郎・平沼騏一郎・近衛文麿・原嘉道(枢相)・木戸幸一(内大臣)
- In July 1940, WAKATSUKI, OKADA, Koki HIROTA, Senjuro HAYASHI, Kiichiro HIRANUMA, Fumimaro KONOE, Yoshimichi HARA (Chairman of the Privy Council), and Koichi KIDO (naidaijin)
- これは、近世大名がその家中を統率する上で非常に重要な出来事であり、戦国大名とは区別される一要素でもある。
- This was a very important event for the kinsei ('early modern') daimyo in heading their vassals, and this is also one of the elements that distinguish the Kinsei daimyo from the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- 安政は信長や柴田勝家、そして兄の盛政死後に豊臣秀吉の家臣となり、近江国内において7000石を領していた。
- Yasumasa became a vassal of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI after Nobunaga, Katsuie SHIBATA and his older brother, Morimasa died, and possessed properties bearing 7,000 koku (1 koku was about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume) in Omi Province.
- 信康の死にあたって、家康は二俣城の近くにあった浄土宗の庵所に信康の廟所、位牌堂、その他の諸堂を建立した。
- After the death of Nobuyasu, Ieyasu erected a mausoleum, a memorial tablet hall and other monuments for Nobuyasu in Jodo Sect Mausoleum near Futamata-jo Castle.
- 吉田はまず江戸で孤立していた片岡源五右衛門ら内匠頭近臣組と面会すると説得して大石の盟約に加わらせている。
- Yoshida first met Takumi no Kami's close vassals such as Gengoemon KATAOKA who were isolated from everyone else and convinced them to join Oishi's alliance.
- この値は1アール=100平方メートルに非常に近く、畝からメートル法のアールへの移行はスムーズに行われた。
- This figure is quite close to 1 are (a unit) equivalent to 100 square meters, so the switch of se into are (unit) of the metric system was quite smooth.
- 非人は、心中の生き残り、近親相姦者、税金不納者、権力に収容された浮浪者(病人を含む)がこの身分に置かれた。
- Those who survived from joint suicide, persons of inbreeding, tax delinquents and street people accommodated by the authorities (including the sick) were placed in this rank of Hinin.
- 近世にあたる江戸時代に滋賀県彦根市金亀町にある彦根山に、鎮西を担う井伊氏の拠点として置かれた平山城である。
- It is hirayamajiro (castles built on a hill or low mountain surrounded by a plain) and was built on Mt. Hikone in present Konki-cho, Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture in the Edo Period, which is early modern time in Japan, as the castle for foothold of Ii clan that served as a defense in Chinzei (nickname of Kyushu).
- 一、其国郡之者を近付門徒になし 神社仏閣を打破之由 前代未聞候 国郡在所知行等給人に被下候儀は当座之事候。
- 1. It is unprecedented that they made the domain people their believers, destroyed shrines and temples, and places of living, enfeoffment, and other things that have been done only for the time being.
- 中世、近世において頻繁に利用され、比叡山の物資輸送のために港町として、坂本は交通の要所として繁栄していた。
- The roads were frequently used during the medieval and early modern period, so Sakamoto thrived as a port town for cargo shipment through Mt. Hiei and a key point for transportation.
- 江戸は地方からの上京者が多く、江戸時代中期には男性が女性の倍近くいたが、末期には男女差がかなり解消された。
- Many provincial migrants, many of whom were male, resided in Edo to the extent that the male population was nearly double that of the female population in the mid-Edo period, this gender imbalance was greatly alleviated by the end of period.
- 近世では優秀な民間医が典医に登用されると同時に官位を与えられ、地下人の身分となるケースがほとんどを占めた。
- In the early modern times, in most cases, when a private doctor was employed by the Court, he was given an official court rank at the same time and became jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility).
- 近世に入り、中原章純が、天明6年(1786年)に本書の残闕本を各所より収集して、ほぼ現在の形まで編輯した。
- After the early-modern times, Shojun NAKAHARA collected incomplete parts of the book from various places in 1786 and reedited it into the nearly present format.
- 問丸(といまる)は、年貢米の陸揚地である河川・港の近郊の都市に居住し、運送、倉庫、委託販売業を兼ねる組織。
- 'Toimaru' were organizations specialized in transport, warehousing and commission sales, which based themselves in cities by the rivers and ports where nengumai (rice paid as land tax) was unloaded.
- 京都では正和年間に330件の土倉があり、近郊の嵯峨野や坂本_(大津市)にも多くの土倉があったとされている。
- It is said that, during the Showa period, there were 330 doso in Kyoto and a large number in the Sagano and Sakamoto (Otsu City) outskirts.
- 摂津源氏・近江源氏・美濃源氏も味方となり、圧倒的優位に立ったと判断した後白河は義仲に対して最後通牒を行う。
- With Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Mino-Genji (the Minamoto clan) rallying around, Goshirakawa thought that he had an overwhelming advantage and gave Yoshinaka an ultimatum.
- 本所である三条西家は京都周辺の諸口や丹波国・美濃国・近江坂本などに関所を設置したり、代官を派遣したりした。
- Utilizing the position of honjo, the Sanjonishi family set up some checkpoints around Kyoto; for example, in Moroguchi, in Tanba Province (the area that includes today's northern part of Kyoto Prefecture), in Mino Province (part of today's Gifu Prefecture), and in Omi Sakamoto, and dispatched local governors there.
- それが修整され始めたのは比較的最近のことであるが、しかし研究者の間では40年近く昔から見直しが進んでいる。
- This argument was corrected recently, but researchers have been reexamining it among themselves from nearly forty years ago.
- ここでデモ隊は、上記許可条件を熟知していなかった被告人の誘導により、交差点の中央付近まで進行してしまった。
- But the defendant, who did not know fully about the condition of permission, led the demonstration march around the center of the intersection.
- これらの船体構造は和製大型帆船のはしりで、近世の北前船や菱垣廻船・樽廻船などに受け継がれていくことになる。
- Such structure of the hull was the original model of Japanese large sailing ships and was succeeded by kitamae-bune (cargo ships that sailed the Japan Sea during the Edo period), Higaki-kaisen (a kind of cargo vessel) and Taru-kaisen (a kind of cargo vessels) in pre-modern times.
- 加屋・斎藤らは銃撃を受け死亡し、首謀者の太田黒も銃撃を受けて重傷を負い、付近の民家に避難したのち自刃した。
- KAYA, SAITO and others were shot to death, and the ringleader OTAGURO, too, was injured by gunshot, took refuge to a nearby private house and then committed suicide.
- しかし江戸市街には10万匹近い犬がいた為、その犬が野犬化したら、江戸の治安を維持できないとする意見もある。
- Nonetheless there is a view that there were nearly 100,000 dogs in Edo at the time and if they become feral, order in Edo could not be maintained.
- 近代における武士道については1900年に英文で発表された新渡戸稲造の『武士道』が代表的なテキストとされる。
- As for Bushido in modern times, 'Bushido' of Inazo NITOBE released in English in 1900 is considered to be the defacto text on the matter.
- 上越市の「上」は「上方」(関西の旧称)の「上」と同じく京都に近い方位を意味し、この場合は「南西」にあたる。
- Jo' in Joetsu City is the same as 'kami' in 'kamigata' (former name for a region of Japan referring to the cities of Kyoto and Osaka); therefore, it indicates that the direction close to Kyoto and in this case, the direction corresponds to the 'southwest.'
- 徳川家達(第4代議長)、近衛文麿(第5代議長)、徳川圀順(第7代議長)、徳川家正(第8代議長)などが所属。
- Members were Iesato TOKUGAWA (fourth chairman), Fumimaro KONOE (fifth chairman), Kuniyuki TOKUGAWA (seventh chairman), Iemasa TOKUGAWA (eighth chairman), etc.
- 隠居付近習…清水一学(7両3人扶持)・大須賀治郎右衛門(6両)・榊原平右衛門(6両)・加藤太左衛門(6両)
- Attendant kinju for inkyo - Ichigaku SHIMIZU (7 ryo with salary for 3 servants), Jiroemon OSUGA (6 ryo), Heiemon SAKAKIBARA (6 ryo), Tazaemon KATO (6 ryo)
- 皮肉にも豊成・永手らは反仲麻呂派であると同時に奈良麻呂らの標的とされた孝謙天皇の側近であった人々であった。
- Ironically, people such as Toyonari and Nagate were members of the anti-Nakamaro party as well as close advisors to Empress Koken, a target of Naramaro.
- 近年では、朝鮮半島が戦場となったため、朝鮮側が受けた被害に関心をもつ研究者を中心に朝鮮侵略と呼ぶ場合もある。
- In recent years, in certain cases, it has been called chosen shinryaku (literally, invasion into Korea) by people centering on researchers who are interested in damage the Korean side suffered because the Korean Peninsula was the battlefield.
- 同日、先陣諸勢は泉南城砦群に接近したが、既に昼を過ぎていたことから即日攻撃か翌日に延期するかで議論になった。
- On the same day, some troops of the vanguard approached castles and forts of Sennan, but since it was afternoon, they began to dispute whether they should begin to attack on that day or the next day.
- 天正11年(1583年)、秀吉は蜂屋頼隆を近江に転出させて中村一氏を岸和田城に入れ、紀伊に対する備えとした。
- In 1583, Hideyoshi transferred Yoritaka HACHIYA to Omi Province and had Kazuuji NAKAMURA become the lord of the Kishiwada-jo Castle in order to prevent the force of Kii.
- 「紀州は「秀吉の平和」、すなわち日本の近世社会の発祥の地であり、それに抵抗した中世終焉の地だったことになる」
- Kishu was the birthplace of [Hideyoshi's peace], that is, the recent society of Japan and the place where the medieval times which fought against it ended.'
- 一連の戦いで両軍とも大きな損害を受け作戦継続が困難となったため、その後は終戦まで四平街付近での対峙が続いた。
- Both armies suffered massive casualties in a series of battles, and it became difficult for either army to continue their operations; thereafter the two armies spent the remainder of the war facing off along a front near the city of Siping.
- 忠棟の嫡子である伊集院忠真は都城近郊の大川原山で狩りの最中だったが、父が斬殺されたことを伝えられて馳せ戻る。
- While Tadamune's legitimate child, Tadamasa IJUIN, was hunting at Mt. Ogawara near Miyakojiro, he received the message that his father had been killed and immediately rushed back.
- その後東屋は廃業し、一時的に野島公園(同区)に碑も移転したが、現在は東屋跡地に近い洲崎広場に設置されている。
- After that, Azuma-ya was closed down, and the monument was temporarily moved to Nojima-koen Park (in the same district), but now the monument has been placed at Suzaki-hiroba Field close to the former site of Azuma-ya.
- ただし、過去の日食を算定した従来の天文学的計算が正しい答えを導いていたかについては近年異論も提出されている。
- However, some people have recently questioned these astronomical calculations.
- これにより日本は、封建的な幕藩体制に基づく代表的君主政から、近代的な官僚機構を擁する直接的君主政に移行した。
- In this way, Japan shifted from a representative monarchy based on the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate to direct monarchy with a modern bureaucratic organization.
- 農地のための破壊は歴史を通じて見られ、中世には城砦のために、近代(特に戦後)には宅地のために破壊されてきた。
- Throughout history, kofun were continuously destroyed for agricultural land; in the Middle Ages, kofun were destroyed to build fortresses, and in modern times, kofun are destroyed for residential land (especially after World War II).
- 明治維新を迎えると、国家近代化の中で、武士による土地・収取支配は廃止され、知行の概念も消滅することとなった。
- During the Meiji period, the control of land and of collecting taxes by samurai was abolished in the trend of modernizing the nation, and the concept of chigyo disappeared.
- なお、近年の研究では、荘園の職の体系についての理解としての「職権留保付寄進」という概念に疑問が呈されている。
- In addition, recent studies question the concept of 'contribution with reserving authority' as the understanding of the shiki system in shoen.
- しかし、六壬神課についての知識がないと、読み下すことはできたとしても、内容を理解することはほぼ不可能に近い。
- However, the contents are difficult to understand for persons who don't have knowledge about Rikujinshinka even though they can read it.
- いずれも良基の一族・家司・側近や和歌・連歌を通じて交際のある武士・僧侶で、多くが二条派・京極派に属している。
- All of them were either family, household superintendents or close aides of Yoshimoto, or samurai and monks who were acquainted with Yoshimoto through waka poetry/renga, and many of them belonged to the Nijo or Kyogoku schools.
- しかし、近代に和田英松が著者をその兄の藤原重隆として編纂年代を1110年代後半と推定してからは通説であった。
- However, in modern times, since Hidematsu WADA presumed that the author had been his elder brother, FUJIWARA no Shigetaka, and that the year of compilation had been the late 1110's, this presumption has been widely accepted.
- 江戸幕府は天皇の居住する京都に近い畿内は攘夷気分が強く情勢不穏であるとして、兵庫開港を延ばしに延ばしていた。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) repeatedly postponed the opening of the port in Hyogo, citing the fact that it was in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) and thus close to Kyoto, where the Emperor lived, and pointing out the region was dangerously unstable due to the strong joi ('expulsion of foreigners') sentiment there.
- 主な国衙遺跡には、周防国衙(防府市)、常陸国衙(石岡市)、近江国衙(大津市)、土佐国衙(香美市)などがある。
- The main ruins of Kokuga include Suo Kokuga (Hofu City), Hitachi Kokuga (Ishioka City), Omi Kokuga (Otsu City), and Tosa Kokuga (Kami City).
- 今日では、縄文時代の人骨のデオキシリボ核酸の調査結果で、縄文人はシベリア北部の先住民に近いことが判っている。
- Based on the results of DNA studies on the bones of Jomon man, it is known today that Jomon man resembled the indigenous people of north Siberia.
- 中世後期から近代にかけて、主に本州から琉球(現在の沖縄県)や蝦夷地(現在の北海道)へ移住した者の子孫も含む。
- This includes the descendants of those who migrated from Honshu to Ryukyu (now Okinawa Prefecture) and Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu, now Hokkaido) between the late medieval period and the modern age.
- 先行する近江令・飛鳥浄御原令に何らかの規定があった可能性はあるが、両者とも現存しないため、詳細は不明である。
- There is a possibility that there were provisions under Omi-Ryo (Omi administrative code) or Asukakiyomihararyo (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) that preceded the Taiho code but since neither exists in print, details are unknown.
- 天誅組は「御政府」の名で近隣から武器兵糧を集め、松の木で大砲十数門をつくったが、その装備は貧弱なものだった。
- Tenchu-gumi collected weapons and food from neighborhood in the name of 'the government' and made more than 10 canons with pine wood; however, the equipment was poor.
- 坂本城(さかもとじょう)は近江国滋賀郡坂本 (大津市)(滋賀県大津市下阪本3丁目の坂本城址公園内)にあった城。
- Sakamoto-jo Castle is the castle that existed in Sakamoto, Shiga County, Omi Province (in Sakamoto-joshi Park [Sakamoto-jo ruins of a castle park] 3-chome, Shimosakamoto, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture).
- 日本は条約の批准書交換後、樺山資紀海軍大将を台湾総督とし、北白川宮能久親王率いる近衛師団を台湾現地に派遣した。
- Japan, after exchanging ratification, appointed Naval Captain Sukenori KABAYAMA as governor of Taiwan, and dispatched the Imperial Guards led by Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa to Taiwan.
- この寺子屋が増えていったことで日本の識字率が高まっていき、幕末から明治にかけての近代化を支える原動力となった。
- The increase of such private elementary schools (terakoya) contributed to raise the literacy rate of Japan, which became a driving force to support modernization from the end of the Edo to the Meiji period.
- この反乱による中央の動揺ははなはだしく、聖武天皇は、山背の恭仁、摂津の難波、近江の紫香楽と転々と都をうつした。
- The central government was terribly shocked with this rebellion and the Emperor Shomu transferred the capital repeatedly to Kuni in Yamase, Nanba in Settsu and Shigaraki in Omi.
- 町・反・畝については、その値が1ヘクタール、10アール、1アールに非常に近い(実用上は等しいと言っても良い)。
- 1 cho, 1 tan, and 1 se extremely approximates 1 hectare, 10 are, and 1 are, respectively (practically, it is possible to use the verb 'equals' instead of 'approximates').
- 近年専門の歴史学者によって書かれた書物・論文では、卑弥呼を神話伝説中の誰かにあてるような議論は行われていない。
- In the books and essays written by professional historians in recent years, no attempt is made to identify Himiko with a mythical and legendary personage.
- 俳画に長ける蕪村の妖怪画は、妖怪として真に迫ったものというよりはむしろ、漫画に近いユニークな画風が特徴である。
- Phantom images depicted by Buson, who was an excellent Haiga (simple paintings which accompany and interact with the 17-syllable poetic verse called haiku) artist, were characterized by their unique, cartoon-like painting style, rather than realistic depiction of grotesque specters.
- 駄賃馬稼(だちんうまかせぎ)とは、近代以前の日本においてウマの背中に貨物や人を乗せて輸送に従事する職業のこと。
- Dachin-uma kasegi refers to an occupation in Japan before modern times that engaged in the transportation of freight and people by carrying them on horseback.
- 1995年(平成7年)の阪神・淡路大震災を経て、近年本寮の耐久性、耐震性について学内外から疑問を持たれていた。
- After the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake occurred in 1995, questions have been raised from the people both inside and outside of the university about the durability and quake resistance of the dormitory.
- 2007年1月16日未明、近接する学生集会所の1階からぼやが発生し、階段下の収納庫付近2平方メートルが焼けた。
- A small fire started at dawn on January 16, 2007 on the first floor of the adjacent student meeting building and two square meters of shed situated under the staircase burned due to this fire.
- このために正使は侵攻の意思ありと報告し副使は侵攻の意思なしとの報告が行なわれ、王に近い副使側の意見が採られた。
- Therefore, while the head of the envoy reported that Hideyoshi had the intention of invading Korea, the deputy reported otherwise, and the opinion of the deputy head, who was close to the king, was taken.
- 中古(ちゅうこ)とは、時代区分に用いられる表現の1つで、上古・中古・近古の三分法を用いた際の2番目に相当する。
- Chuko (Middle Ages) is a word used to represent a time period, and is the second of the three words: joko (ancient times), chuko (middle ages), and kinko (early modern age).
- ここで培われた築城技術が安土桃山時代から江戸時代初期にかけて相次いで日本国中に築城された近世城郭の範となった。
- The castle construction technology cultivated in this construction became the model of modern castles that were constructed nationwide one after another from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the beginning of the Edo period.
- 室町幕府の創設には鎌倉幕府(武家政権)再興の意図も含まれていたため、公武関係もそれに近い形での復活が意図された
- As at the establishment of Muromachi bakufu the intention to resuscitate the Kamakura bakufu (military government) was included, the relationship between the bakufu and Imperial Court was intended to liken the one with the Kamakura bakufu.
- さらに翌日、長忠らは澄元・三好之長の屋敷に攻め寄せると、澄元らを近江国に敗走させ、澄之を迎えて家督を継がせた。
- On the following day, Nagatada attacked the residences of Sumimoto and Yukinaga MIYOSHI, making them flee to the Omi Province and had Sumiyuki take over as the head of the family.
- これは、近世的な個人的武技に頼る戦闘では、近代戦において勝利を得るのが困難であることを理解していたからである。
- This is because they understood that an army depending on personal fighting ability like the one used in the early modern times would be difficult to win modern wars.
- 1584年に近従の大庭三左衛門に暗殺され、その後を継いだ盛隆の遺児亀若丸(蘆名亀王丸)も1586年に3歳で夭逝。
- In 1584, Moritaka was assassinated by his attendant Sanzaemon OBA, and in 1586, Kamewakamaru (Kameomaru ASHINA), Moritaka's orphaned son who succeeded Moritaka, died at the young age of three.
- そのため、日露戦争における日本の勝利は、有色人種国家独自の軍隊による、白色人種国家に対する近代初の勝利と言える。
- Therefore, the Japanese victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War can be regarded as the first modern war in which a non-western state defeated a western state.
- 大名家における家臣への軍役が貫高基準(貫高制)から近世に入って石高基準(石高制)へと移っていくのも特徴的である。
- The basis for the military service imposed on the vessels in the terrritorial lords's families was changed from the money taxation system to the food taxation system in the Early-Modern period, which is another characteristic of gunyaku system.
- 現在は一部が城下の「日牟禮八幡宮境内地」「八幡堀」とともに近江八幡市八幡伝統的建造物群保存地区に選定されている。
- Today, a part of the castle town was selected as 'Omi Hachiman City Preservation District for Groups of Historic Hachiman Buildings', along with 'the precinct of Himure-hachimangu Shrine' and 'Hachiman-bori Moat' within the town.
- だが、近世に入って江戸幕府が士農工商を問わずに発令した贅沢を禁じる法令及び命令の一群はその中でも群を抜いていた。
- In the early-modern times, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) announced a series of laws and ordinances to ban luxuries for every walk of life, such as samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants, in Edo society, and a prominent number of such laws and ordnances were issued.
- 愛知郡 (滋賀県)、蒲生郡(近江八幡市・日野町 (滋賀県))、神崎郡 (滋賀県)(五個荘町)などの出身者が多数。
- Many of the Omi shonin were originally from Echi District (Shiga Prefecture), Gamo District (Omihachiman City and Hino Town [Shiga Prefecture]), and Kanzaki District (Gokasho Town) (Shiga Prefecture).
- 伊勢商人のキャラクターとしては彼らの商売はかなり手堅かった事から「近江泥棒、伊勢乞食」と言う言葉が残されている。
- As Ise shonin had a character of running considerably sound businesses, a saying 'Omi-dorobo, Ise-kojiki' (Omi shonin are thieves, while Ise shonin are beggars) remains to represent such a unique character.
- 第146段までの前半は(物語成立の)近年に詠まれた歌を核として、皇族貴族たちがその由来を語る歌語りとなっている。
- The first half through the 146th chapter consists of poems composed around the period when the literary work was accomplished, as well as commentaries made by the Imperial family and nobles on the origin of those poems.
- 永正の錯乱で細川澄元や三好之長は一旦近江国の甲賀に引いたが、すぐさま京に侵攻し細川澄之派をことごとく討ち取った。
- In the Eisho Disturbance, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI withdrew to Koga in Omi Province once, but they immediately invaded Kyoto and defeated the entire army of Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA.
- 東アジア(朝鮮・日本を含む中国の周囲の諸国)では近代の開国前後、万国公法という概念との葛藤を経験することになる。
- East Asia (including Korea, Japan, and many regions around China), experienced conflicts with notions regarding international law around the time of the modern opening of countries to the outside world.
- 最近では日本国の国力が世界有数になったため、国策としての海外移民は行われず、集団での移民も見られなくなっている。
- These days, migration to foreign countries is not conducted as national policy and so is a group migration, since Japanese has become one of the world's top countries having great national powers.
- 徳富蘇峰の大作「近世日本国民史」最終巻『明治時代』時事通信社、のち「明治三傑」講談社学術文庫、1981年がある。
- The three contributors of the Meiji Restoration are described in 'Meiji jidai (Meiji Period)', the last book (Vol. 100) of the 'Kinsei Nippon Kokumin shi (history of the Japanese People in Modern Times,)' one of the great works of Soho TOKUTOMI, originally published by Jiji Press and the part was published later in the title of 'Meiji Sanketsu' from Academic paperback library by Kodansha 1981.
- その一人である第13代藩主・植村家保は大坂近海の防衛や天誅組の乱鎮圧などで功績を挙げ、京都守備などでも活躍した。
- One of them, Iemori UEMURA, the 13th lord of the domain, rendered distinguished services in defense of the seas around Osaka, suppression of Tenchu-gumi Incident, etc., as well as serving as a guard in Kyoto.
- 日本において建築とは、まず近代化のために西洋から学ぶべき技術として捉えられ、芸術・美術と捉える意識は薄くなった。
- Architecture was always considered a technology of modernization which was to be learned from the West and the concept of architecture as art has not developed in Japan
- 戦国武将でもある徳川家康や徳川秀忠はこれを幕法として採用したが、事件当時はすでに百年近い時を経た元禄の世である。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Hidetada TOKUGAWA adopted this law as Shogunate law since they were both military commanders from the Sengoku Period; however, almost 100 years was gone when the incident happened in the Genroku era.
- 上田は東信濃の小県郡にあり、この付近は上田城築城以前から武田氏・上杉氏・後北条氏の国境として不安定な地域であった。
- Ueda is located in Chiisagata-gun in eastern Shinano, and this area had been unstable before Ueda-jo Castle was built because it was the border of the Takeda clan, Uesugi clan, and the Gohojo clan.
- 排出量取引、技術供与などによる削減については、近年、京都メカニズムなどのルールづくりが進められているところである。
- As for the reduction by emission trading and licensing of technology, rulemaking has recently been in process as in the Kyoto Mechanisms.
- さらに柴田側の不破勝光・金森長近の軍勢も退却したため、佐久間盛政の軍を撃破した秀吉の軍勢は柴田勝家本隊に殺到した。
- After the armies of Katsumitsu FUWA and Nagachika KANAMORI on the Shibata side began to retreat as well, Hideyoshi's forces, which had earlier destroyed the army of Morimasa SAKUMA, rushed at the main force of Katsuie SHIBATA.
- 現在の滋賀県大津市浜大津、西日本旅客鉄道大津駅周辺一帯にあった平城で、本丸は、現在の琵琶湖大津港桟橋付近にあたる。
- Otsu-jo Castle, a 'hira-jiro' (castle built on level ground) lay on the area around present-day JR West Otsu Station in Hamaotsu, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, and the 'honmaru' (keep and main areas) of the castle was located near the existing pier in Otsu Port of Lake Biwa.
- だが、『信長戦国近江』によると「姫路城のような大天守と小天守が並び建つ壮麗な城だったのであろうか」と紹介している。
- But 'Nobunaga Sengoku Omi' introduces the castle by describing 'it must have been a splendid castle with dai-tenshu and sho-tenshu standing side by side.'
- たとえばバーベキューの禁止は、柊野堰堤(ひいらぎのえんてい)付近と出町柳駅・賀茂大橋付近の2箇所が禁止区域である。
- For example, barbecues are prohibited near Hiiragino-entei Bank as well as in the vicinity of Demachiyanagi Station and Kamo-ohashi Bridge.
- 兄戦死の報を受けた勝正もまた単身本陣へ突入し、不意をついて本庄繁長に斬りかかったが逆に繁長と側近達に討ち取られた。
- When Katsumasa was informed of his brother's death, he also charged the opponent's headquarters alone and made a surprise attack on Shigenaga HONJO with his sword; but he was killed by Shigenaga and his close retainers.
- しかし最近、年輪年代学や放射性炭素年代測定による科学的年代推定を反映して、古墳時代の開始年代が従来より早められた。
- Recently, however, thanks to scientific dating techniques such as dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating, the start of the Kofun period has been considered earlier than previously thought.
- 形のうえでは私信であるが、身分の高い人物は直接自分では書かず、近臣に書かせるのが通例であるため、通常家司が書いた。
- Although they were written in the style of a private letter, they were customarily written by a Keishi since it was common for those with high rank to have their close aides write on their behalf.
- その後、戦国時代 (日本)まで百年近くに亘って一揆勢が共和国的な体制を維持していた最大にして唯一の成功例と言える。
- Thereafter, the powers maintained their republican regime over 100 years until the (Japanese) Sengoku period and this is the biggest and only excellent example of ikki.
- その後の家長制とはいささか趣きが異なるが、武士団としての結集はその一族が惣領を盟主として結集するに近いものがある。
- The patriarchal system differed later, but the union as the bushidan was close to having a clan gathering with the soryo as a leader of the clan.
- その上で、その四隅の境界線に牓示(記となる杭などを打つあるいは付近の自然物に印を付ける)を行って四至を明確にした。
- Thereafter, they clarified Shishi by putting on Boji (notices) (planting stakes or putting marks on nearby natural things) on the four corners of shoen.
- 1町は1ヘクタールに非常に近い値であることから、日本においては面積の単位のメートル法への移行はスムーズに行われた。
- As 1 cho is very close to 1 hectare, Japan's transfer to the metric system in terms of areas went smoothly.
- が、守護が所在した守護所はしばしば国衙の近隣に営まれ、国衙・守護所両者の機能が次第に一体化する傾向が見られ始めた。
- However, the shugosho (provincial administration) where Shugo resided was often built near-by the Kokuga property; so, the Kokuga and Shugo began to develop a tendency in the gradual integration of their functions.
- 信長軍が木津を攻めると、本願寺軍は逆に一万を超える軍勢をもって木津の信長軍を蹴散らし、天王寺砦付近まで攻め入った。
- When the Oda army attacked Kizu, the Hongan-ji Temple army kicked back to repel it with over 10,000 of soldiers, invading close to the Tenno-ji Temple fortress.
- 史実だけを見ると、浅野内匠頭は、47士の1人千馬三郎兵衛を閉門処分にしており、重臣近藤正憲も組頭から解任している。
- When simply looking at historical facts, Asano Takumi no Kami sentenced one of 47 roshi Saburobe CHIBA to house confinement and removed chief retainer Masanori KONDO from his position as the head of the group.
- 貞観_(日本)元年(895年)12月付の元興寺領近江国愛智荘(えちのしょう)の検田帳に「田刀」とあるのが初見である。
- The term '田刀' first appeared in kenden-cho (note of Cadastral Surveys) of Echinosho, Omi Province owned by Ganko-ji Temple, as of December 895.
- ※2004年度(平成16年度)より京都大学が国立大学法人となるのに伴い、住所は吉田近衛町官有地から地番がつけられた。
- * Since the academic year 2004, when Kyoto University was reorganized into a national university corporation, the address was changed from Yoshida Konoe-cho kaneichi (national kind) to the one above (lot number was added).
- 入寮資格の拡大に伴い、入寮希望者は増加し、近年の寮生数は京都大学の定める定員147名を大きく上回ることとなっている。
- As the number of applicants increased after the requirements for entering were eased, the current number of residents far exceeds 147, the quota decided by Kyoto University.
- 1547年の丁未条約を以って交易が再開されるが入港地は釜山浦一港に制限され、これが近代倭館へと続いていくことになる。
- In 1547, the trade was restarted under the Treaty of Tenbun, but the Pusanpo port was the only permitted entrance port for Japanese ships, and this led to the latter-day wakan.
- 信成の長男、内藤信正は元和 (日本)元年(1615年)に、より大坂に近い摂津国高槻藩に転封となり当藩は廃藩となった。
- Nobumasa NAITO, the oldest son of Nobunari, transferred to Takatsuki domain in Settsu Province which was closer to Osaka, so the original domain was abolished.
- その結果、「長期間の住み込みによる衣食住以外は無給に近い労働」という丁稚奉公のスタイルを維持することが困難となった。
- As a result, it became difficult to maintain the form of decchi-boko comprising 'long-term live-in work with housing, food, and clothing virtually with no pay'.
- 正休は元禄11年(1698年)3月7日に吉井から近江国坂田郡宮川に移封となったため、ここに宮川藩が立藩したのである。
- The Miyagawa Domain was established following Masayasu's relocation from Yoshii to Miyagawa, Sakata County, Omi Province in April 17, 1698.
- 井出原右近・山田蓮池坊らの指揮する根来衆からなる城兵に対し、細川忠興・大谷吉継・蒲生氏郷・池田輝政らが攻撃を担当した。
- Against the castle soldiers of Negoro shu led by Ukon IDEHARA (井出原右近), Hasuikebo YAMADA (山田蓮池坊) and others, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, Yoshitsugu OTANI, Ujisato GAMO, Terumasa IKEDA and others attacked.
- この藤森駅付近の師団街道という道路や、琵琶湖疏水に架かる師団橋という橋梁も第16師団の設置に伴い整備されたものである。
- The streets and bridges such as the Shidan-kaido Road (Division Road) and Shidan Bridge (Division Bridge) over the river that flowed from Lake Biwa were established at the time the Sixteenth Division was stationed there.
- 戦略拠点としてその点に注目され、織田信長は佐和山城に丹羽長秀を入れ、ほど近い長浜城 (近江国)を豊臣秀吉に与えている。
- As Hikone attracted many warlords' attention as their strategic point, Nobunaga ODA placed Nagahide NIWA in Sawayama-jo Castle and gave Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI Nagahama-jo Castle (in Omi Province) which was near NIWA's castle.
- これに対し、鳥居元忠、三宅康貞ら2,000が都留市付近で果敢に応戦し、北条勢約300を討ち取って撃退した(黒駒合戦)。
- Two thousand soldiers led by Mototada TORII and Yasusada MIYAKE bravely received them near Tsuru City, and defeated them by killing about 300 of Hojo's soldiers (the Battle of Kurokoma).
- 1571年、比叡山焼き討ちの後、明智光秀に近江国滋賀郡が与えられ、織田信長の命によって京と比叡山の抑えとして築城した。
- In 1571, after the fire attack against Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, the land of Shiga County, Omi Province was given to Mitsuhide AKECHI, and Sakamoto-jo Castle was built by the order of Nobunaga ODA as a defense against the forces of Kyo (the capital) and Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.
- そうした中で6世紀前期に近江国から北陸地方にかけての首長層を背景としたオホド王(継体天皇)が現れヤマト王統を統一した。
- During the early sixth century, King Ohodo (Emperor Keitai) appeared from among the chiefs of regions between Omi Province and the Hokuriku region and unified the Yamato royalty.
- 朱引きは明治以降も存続し、数度の改正を経て、最終的には旧墨引に近い形となり郡区町村編制法施行時に旧東京15区となった。
- The practice of 'shubiki' continued into the Meiji Period; After several revisions the shubiki areas assumed a shape similar to those of sumibiki areas, and the administrative boundaries of the fifteen wards of Old Tokyo were finalized in accordance to the promulgation of the County-Ward-Township-Village Organization Act.
- 本丸跡には秀次の母・豊臣秀吉の姉の日秀(智)が開基の瑞龍寺 (近江八幡市)が昭和36年(1961年)に移転されている。
- Zuiryu-ji Temple (Omihachiman City), which was founded by Nisshu (Tomo), the mother of Hidetsugu and an older sister of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, was relocated in 1961 to the location where the Honmaru (the keep of a castle) once stood.
- 織田信長軍は、まず別動隊として動いていた滝川一益、丹羽長秀隊が同年12月4日兵庫の須磨区を焼き払い塚口付近に布陣した。
- Among troops of Nobunaga ODA, troops of Kazumasu TAKIGAWA and Nagahide NIWA, which acted as detached forces, burnt down Suma in Hyogo on January 11, 1579 and took up their position in the vicinity of Tsukaguchi.
- 江戸時代以降となると、将軍の絶対的な権力の下で直臣たる近世大名と陪臣である家臣団の関係はより絶対的な主従関係となった。
- During the Edo period when the Shogun held absolute authority, relations between Kinsei daimyo (early modern lords), who were Jikishin (great vassals), and their Kashindan, who were Baishin (indirect vassals), became a categorical master-subordinate relationship.
- 地子免許(じしめんきょ)とは、近世の都市において町屋敷地にかかる地子(農村の年貢に相当する)を領主権力が免除すること。
- 'Jishi menkyo' refers to the exemption from 'jishi' (the tax imposed on the land of the town's residential area during the early modern ages of Japan) permitted by a feudal lord, and jishi corresponded to 'nengu' (the tax imposed on the land of farming villages).
- 近世以降、所従の語は余り使われなくなり隷属民の呼称としては武家、農家にかかわらず下人の称が多く用いられるようになった。
- After the early-modern times, the designation Shoju became gradually obsolete, while the word Genin became used frequently as a designation of slaves whether their masters were military families or farmers.
- これは件の告発によって義持と富樫満成ら側近集団に実権を奪われた細川以下の有力守護大名側の逆クーデターとも言われている。
- Some consider that this was a counter-coup by dominant shugo guardian feudal lords, Hosokawa amongst others, who were disempowered following the accusations of Yoshimochi and a group of his attendants, including Mitsunari TOGASHI.
- そのため、近年の合戦を扱った関係書籍や観光史跡案内(例:義経「神戸源平物語」)などでも主にこの一ノ谷説が採られている。
- Therefore, in recent books relating to the battle and guiding materials for the sightseeing of historic sites (e.g. 'Kobe Genpei Monogatari' (Tale of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan at Kobe') by Yoshitsune), this Ichinotani theory is mainly supported.
- その夜、仲麻呂は一族を率いて平城京を脱出、宇治市へ入り、仲麻呂が長年国司をつとめ勢力地盤だった近江国の国府を目指した。
- On the night, Nakamaro led his family and escaped from Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) and entered Uji City, heading for provincial capital of the Province of Omi where he had been kokushi (provincial governor) for many years.
- 3月12日 (旧暦)(5月3日)、勝家は前田利家、佐久間盛政ら3万の軍勢を率いて近江国柳ヶ瀬に到着し、布陣を完了させた。
- On May 3, Katsuie arrived at Yanagase in Omi Province with his army of 30,000 men including Toshiie MAEDA and Morimasa SAKUMA, completing the deployment.
- 転じて近現代になると西欧中世社会を特徴づける社会経済制度であるフューダリズム(Feudalism)の訳語にも援用された。
- In the modern and present-day era, it also came to be used as a Japanese equivalent for Feudalism, the socioeconomic system characterizing medieval European society.
- また最近では特に弥生時代末期における特に出雲勢力の鉄の普及によりヤマト王権が勃興したことが考古学的に明らかにされている。
- Furthermore, archaeological studies have proved that the spread of iron from the Izumo region towards the end of the Yayoi Period was the major reason for the Yamato Kingdom's sudden prosperity.
- 地子(じし/ちし)とは、日本の古代・中世から近世にかけて、領主が田地・畠地・山林・塩田・屋敷地などへ賦課した地代を指す。
- Jishi, also called chishi, (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) referred to the land rent which feudal lords imposed on rice fields, fields (for fruits, vegetables, etc.), mountains and forest, salt fields, or residential areas from ancient and medieval periods to the early-modern times.
- 源義家の凋落後、「朝家の爪牙」の第一人者となった平正盛は、近国(かつ大国・熟国)の国守を務めると同時に右馬権頭であった。
- After MINAMOTO no Yoshie declined, TAIRA no Masamori, who became the first 'choka no soga' (retainers of the imperial family or household called as fangs and claws of imperial family), served as governor of Kingoku (provinces close to Kyoto) (taigoku (major provinces) and 熟国 back then) as well as being the Uma no gon no kami (Provisional Captain of the Right Division of the Bureau of Horses).
- 大津市の錦織遺跡の発掘調査により、その地が近江大津宮の跡地であることが確実視され、1979年に国の史跡に指定されている。
- Thanks to the Otsu City's excavation and research of Nishikoori remains, the site has been believed certain as the remained site of the Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya and has been designated as a country's historic spot since 1979.
- 持氏は憲実追討のため近臣の一色直兼に軍を与えて差し向け、自身も武蔵国府中高安寺(東京都府中市 (東京都))に陣を構える。
- Mochiuji not only gave a troop to Naokane ISSHIKI, his trusted vassal, to dispatch for hunting down and killing Norizane, but also he himself built a base of operations in Fuchu Koan-ji Temple of the Musashi Province (Fuchu City, Tokyo Megalopolis).
- そして岩井梅吉が歌った『河内十人斬り』は、実際最近起きた出来事を歌っていて、当時の人からしたら新しいものだったのである。
- 'Kawachi juningiri' sang by Umekichi IWAI featured incident that had just happened, which was new to the people at that time.
- 庭の見張りについたものは早水満堯(弓)、神崎則休(弓)、矢頭教兼(槍)、大高忠雄(太刀)、近松行重、間光興(槍)の6士。
- Those six members who were sent to guard the yard were Mitsutaka HAYAMI (bow), Noriyasu KANZAKI (bow), Norikane YATO (spear), Tadao OTAKA (sword), Yukishige CHIKAMATSU and Mitsuoki HAZAMA (spear).
- 官軍の佐伯伊多智は越前に馳せ急ぎ、まだ事変を知らぬ辛加知を斬り、物部広成に愛発関(近江と越前の国境の関所)を固めさせた。
- SAEKI no Itaji of the Imperial army rushed to the Echizen Province and killed Shikaji who did not know about the rebellion, and made MONONOBE no Hironari close Arachi no-seki checking station (on the border of Omi and Echizen provinces).
- 紀州攻めはその範囲は和泉・紀伊の二カ国にすぎないが、この一連の戦いでは中世と近世とを分けるいくつかの重要な争点が存在した。
- Although the area of the attack against Kishu were only the two provinces of Izumi and Kii, there were some important points of dispute which separated the medieval period and recent times in this series of battles.
- 近代以降、中国史を専攻する学者たちは、カール・マルクスにより押された、「アジア的停滞」の烙印を何とかして剥がそうと試みた。
- After the modern era, scholars specializing in Chinese history have been trying to clear the label, 'Asian stagnation' put forth by Karl Marx.
- 日本中世史と日本近世史の間で、1953年から1960年代にかけて日本封建制成立論争が展開した(太閤検地論争とも呼ばれる)。
- There was a controversy between medieval history and early-modern history on the establishment of the Hoken system in Japan from 1953 through the 1960's (it is also called the controversy of Taiko-kenchi (cadastral survey instituted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI)).
- 両(りょう)は、尺貫法における質量の単位であり、また、近世の日本における金貨、および中国における秤量銀貨の通貨単位である。
- Ryo served as a weight unit in the traditional East Asian system of weights and measures, and also served as a currency unit in Japan and in China; in Japan, the unit of gold coins in the early modern ages, and in China, the unit of hyoryo ginka (silver coin used as currency by weight).
- だが、徳川家康はその挙動に不信感を抱き本領の近江朽木は安堵したものの、その総石高は9550石に留まり、大名の資格を失った。
- However, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA remained suspicious of him, so that while Ieyasu acknowledged Kutsuki's main domain of Omi Kutsuki, he left the clan's total crop yield 9550 goku, being taken away their status as daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).
- 下鴨社領の歴史は、天文 (日本)16年(1547年)に神保長職が近隣国人へ神用年貢の納入を督励したことが最後の記録となる。
- The last record on the history of the estate of Shimogamo-jinja Shrine was made in 1547 describing Nagamoto JINBO encouraging people in neighboring provinces to pay local taxes for god.
- 倭館(わかん、왜관)は、中世から近世にかけて、李氏朝鮮(朝鮮王朝)時代に朝鮮半島南部に設定された日本人居留地のことである。
- Wakan (왜관) was a foreign settlement for Japanese people established at the Southern area of Korean Peninsula from the medieval to modern period of Japan, or in the Yi Dynasty Korea period (Korean Dynasties period).
- 明治期の日本が急速に近代化を達成できた要因のひとつに、寺子屋が庶民に高い教育水準をもたらしていた背景をあげることができる。
- One of the factors that led to the rapid modernization of Japan in the Meiji period was the high educational standards that Terakoya had provided the ordinary citizens.
- 明治維新の際の「商法大意」に基づいて廃止され、後に運上として復活するものや近代的な営業税などの形で賦課されるものもあった。
- Myoga was abolished based on 'Shoho taii' (a kind of commercial code) enacted in the process of the Meiji Restoration, but some of them were later revived as Unjo or modern trade tax.
- 近代日本では大日本帝国憲法第11条が定めていた天皇大権のひとつである大日本帝国陸軍や、大日本帝国海軍への統帥の権能を指す。
- In modern Japan, it means capacity and power of supreme command to the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) which are one of the Emperor's powers under the provision of the Article 11 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 近年行われたアメリカの国勢調査によると、日系人の特徴として「高所得」、「高学歴」、「低失業率」、「低貧困率」が挙げられる。
- According to a recent American census, 'high income,' 'high education,' 'low unemployment rate,' and 'low poverty rate,' are considered characteristics of Japanese Americans.
- 天正13年(1585年)11月13日、家康に人質時代から近侍しており、岡崎城代であった石川数正が豊臣秀吉のもとに出奔した。
- In January 2, 1586, Kazumasa ISHIKAWA, Deputy Governor of Okazaki Castle, who had been an attendant to Ieyasu since the time when he was sold, fled to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 存在説の立場では、近江令は律令制導入へ至る先駆的かつ重要な法令であり、後の飛鳥浄御原令や大宝律令へ影響を与えたとしている。
- For the believers, Omi-Ryo was a pioneering and important legal code toward the introduction of the Ritsuryo system, which had a great impact on Asukakiyomihararyo (the legal code of the Japanese ancient state of Asuka) and Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) later on.
- 幕末期に入ると、宮川藩は佐幕派として活動したが、やがて近江国内における諸藩が新政府側に与すると、やむなく新政府側に与した。
- Initially joining forces with the Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun) during the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, as more domains of Omi Province took sides with the new government, the Miyagawa Domain was left with no other choice than to follow them.
- そして前田利家や金森長近ら旧織田家臣を自分の配下として組み込んだ秀吉は、信長の事実上の後継者としての地位を確立するに至った。
- After having old vassals of the Oda clan, including Toshiie MAEDA and Nagachika KANAMORI work under him, Hideyoshi made himself the actual successor to Nobunaga.
- 天下人が全てを掌握し管理する近世中央集権体制にとって、権力の介入をはねのける寺社勢力の存在は許せるものではなかったのである。
- This is because the existence of temple and shrine power which rejected the intervention of authority could not be allowed by the centralized administrative framework of recent times in which tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country) grasped and controlled all things.
- だが、イギリスからイギリス軍人を司令官とする艦隊を清の海軍とするよう提案されたのを拒否し、近代海軍の設立は再び先送りされた。
- However, the dynasty refused the suggestion from Britain that it should establish a Chinese navy fleet that would employ a British military officer as the commander, and the establishment of modern navy was again postponed.
- しかし、富国強兵を目的とする近代国家建設を推進するためには、中央集権化による政府の地方支配強化は是非とも必要なことであった。
- However, the government desperately needed strong control over the provinces in order to develop the construction of modern state, to enrich the country and to strengthen the military.
- 一方、武田軍の支隊が安曇郡の信越国境近くの小谷城(おたりじょう、長野県北安曇郡小谷村)を落とし、別方面から長尾軍を牽制する。
- On the other hand, a branch troop of Takeda's forces took Otari-jo Castle (located in Otari Village, Kita-Azumi County, Nagano Prefecture) in Azumi County, located near to the border between Shinano Province and Echigo Province, indirectly holding the movements of Nagao's forces in check from another direction.
- 近年では、明国内における銀の使用盛行が同国内部での銭の信用を低下させて、それが日本国内に何らかの影響を与えたという説もある。
- In recent years, the following theory has been proposed as well: Wide use of silver in Ming degraded the credibility of coins in Ming, affecting, in some way, situations in Japan at that time.
- 発生地に近い地域では、降り積もる砂を建物内に入りにくくしたり、屋根などに砂が積もって重くならないような工夫などがされている。
- In areas near places where kosa occurs, the measure to prevent falling sand from entering buildings and that to prevent too heavy sand from accumulating on roofs or similar structural places are taken.
- 院政期には太上天皇や院近臣の間で熊野信仰が盛んであったことから、数年後に鳥羽天皇は院庁下文を発して国司の妨害や公租を禁じた。
- As Kumano belief was popular among the Retired Emperors and their close aides in the cloister government period, the Emperor Toba issued a few years later innocho kudashibumi (a letter issued by innocho, the retired Emperor's office) prohibiting the intervention of kokushi (provincial governor) as well as imposition of koso (public tax).
- 近世の京都で発生した最大規模の火災であり、皇居や二条城などが焼け落ちるなど深刻な被害であったために当時の社会に衝撃を与えた。
- It was the largest fire to break out in Kyoto during the early modern period and the serious damage caused including the destruction of the Imperial Palace and Nijo-jo Castle shocked the community at the time.
- しかし最近の研究では、純友が鎮圧の任に当たった海賊と、乱を起こした純友らの武装勢力の性格が異なっていることが指摘されている。
- However, a recent study shows that the characteristics of the pirates that were restrained by Sumitomo and that of the armed group that he later led in the rebellion were not the same.
- 延享3年(1746年)には預かり地が9万石近くに達し、第8代藩主・織田長教の代になると9万3430石を任されるようになった。
- In 1746 the land of custody reached nearly 90,000 koku; in the time of the eighth lord, Naganori ODA, he was asked to manage the land of 93,430 koku.
- 身近な街の古い建物にも関心が高まっており、例えば道端の祠のようなものでも、地域の歴史を物語るものとして評価されることがある。
- There is growing interest in old buildings with no particular significance; a small roadside shrine, for instance, is a valuable symbol of local history.
- しかし、『藤氏家伝』も『弘仁格式』も後世(8~9世紀)に編纂されたものであり、正史の『日本書紀』には近江令制定の記事はない。
- However, both 'Toshi Kaden' and 'Konin Kyakushiki' were the documents compiled later (between the eighth and the ninth century) and there is no mention of the 'Omi-Ryo' in the official history book 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- ただ同時に見逃せないのは、この事件の背景に専制を強める将軍およびその近臣勢力と東国有力御家人との対立が考えられることである。
- One thing that should not be ignored at the same time is that, behind this incident, there could be a conflict between the shogun trying to strengthen a tyrannical control and his trusted vassals and the senior vassals in the togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) existed.
- 「太田の決戦は、中世を象徴する宗教的な民衆武力と、兵農分離の近世秩序が、真正面から戦いあった日本史上のクライマックス」である。
- The battle of Ota was the climax of Japanese history in which the military force of religious common people which symbolized medieval times and the order of heinobunri in recent times confronted.'
- 天正元年(1573年)9月に浅井氏が滅亡すると、秀吉は浅井郡・坂田郡の支配権を与えられ、本拠地として長浜城 (近江国)を築城。
- After the AZAI clan was destroyed in October 1573, Hideyoshi, who was given control of Azai County and Sakata County, built Nagahama-jo Castle in Omi Province as his base.
- 1572年-1573年にかけて、木戸城、田中城 (近江国)を落城させ、また湖面より囲船にて湖北の浅井氏勢に襲撃し打撃を与えた。
- From 1572 through 1573, he attacked and defeated Kido-jo Castle and Tanaka-jo Castle (Omi Province), and he also attacked the Asai clan on the northern shore of Lake Biwa with battle ships and damaged the clan.
- 中世には葛西氏の家臣となって奥州に土着し、三つの家系が交互に興亡して近隣の諸勢力と抗争しつつ、多くの分家庶流を生んで繁茂した。
- In medieval times they were localized in Oshu as retainers of the KASAI clan; the three family lines rose and fell alternately, had conflicts with neighboring forces and spawned many branch families.
- 近代立憲国家の一般的な理解でさえも押しつぶされたこととなり、ここに大日本帝国憲法による立憲政治は、その実質を失ったことを示す。
- Due to this incident, the definition of a modern constitutional nation became obscure, and Japan's constitutionalism based on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan broke down.
- 破壊の危機に瀕したいたすけ古墳の保存運動などをきっかけに、古墳は保存すべき文化財との認識が広まり、近年では大規模な破壊はない。
- In recent years, there has been no major destruction of kofun because of preservation activities of Itasuke Kofun, and people share recognition that kofun should be preserved.
- しかし近年になって1969年(昭和44年)に平城京跡から発掘され、1991年(平成3年)にはさらに古い藤原京跡から発掘された。
- However, in recent years, it was excavated at the site of Heijo-kyo in 1969 and also at the site of Fujiwara-kyo, which is older than Heijo-kyo, in 1991.
- 桂園派は、当時流行しつつあった冒険的な近代短歌に対して、当たり障りのない『古今和歌集』などの伝統を重んじる保守的な流派である。
- The Keien school was a conservative school which valued tradition such as innocuous 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) against venturous modern tanka which was coming into fashion at that time.
- 忠常の首はいったん梟首とされたが、降人の首をさらすべきではないとして従者へ返され、また忠常の子の平常将と平常近も罪を許された。
- Tadatsune's head was exposed, but it was returned to his followers since the head of Koin (person of surrender) should not be exposed and the sins of Tadatsune's children TAIRA no Tsunemasa and TAIRA no Tsunechika were forgiven.
- 豊後国の大友義鎮は、島津氏の圧迫を回避するため、当時近畿、四国、中国地方を平定し天下統一の道を歩んでいた羽柴秀吉に助けを求める。
- In order to avoid pressure from the Shimazu clan, Yoshishige OTOMO in Bungo Province asked for the help of Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who had suppressed Kinki, Shikoku, and Chugoku regions aiming at the unification of the whole country.
- しかし1571年(元亀2年)2月に磯野は降伏し、代わって織田氏配下の丹羽長秀が入城し、近江国犬上郡および若狭国支配の拠点とした。
- But in the second month of 1571, the Isono clan surrendered, and Nagahide NIWA, a vassal of the Oda clan, occupied the castle, taking the place of the Asai clan, controlling Inukami County Omi Province as well as Wakasa Province from there.
- その後、大和王朝が奈良盆地一体や河内方面までを支配するようになると、その地域(後の近畿・畿内)もまた大和とよばれるようになった。
- When the Yamato Dynasty ruled the Nara Basin and the Kawachi side, that area (later Kinki and Kinai regions) was also called Yamato.
- 5月、村上義清は北信濃の国人衆と景虎からの支援の兵5000を率いて反攻し、八幡の戦い(現千曲市八幡地区、武水別神社付近)で勝利。
- In May, Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI fought back Takeda's forces, leading the samurai land owners in northern Shinano and a support troop of 5,000 soldiers from Kagetora, and won the Battle of Hachiman (around present Takemizuwake-jinja Shrine in the Yawata area of Chikuma City).
- 当時の江戸は、武蔵国と下総国の国境である隅田川の河口の西に位置し、日比谷入江と呼ばれる入江が、後の江戸城の間近に入り込んでいた。
- Indeed, Edo was established west of the Sumidagawa River estuary which served as a provincial border between Musashi Province and Shimosa Province, and Hibiya inlet stretched across the area where the Edo Castle was later constructed.
- 境川 (東京都・神奈川県)河口から引地川に挟まれた鵠沼村の南東部(25万坪余)は、大給松平家(後の大給子爵家)近道氏が入手した。
- The Chikamichi clan of the Ogyu Matsudaira family (later the Viscount Ogyu family) possessed the southeastern area (about 826,400 square meters) of Kugenuma Village, located between the mouth of the Sakai-gawa River (Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefecture) and the Hikiji-gawa River.
- この事は近世大名としての伊達氏・仙台藩にとっては一種の後枷となり、伊達騒動・戊辰戦争に至るまで様々な問題も引き起こす事になった。
- Later on, these circumstances became a source of trouble for the Kinsei daimyo of the Date clan and the Sendai Domain, and caused various problems including the Date riot and the Boshin War.
- 当時の神戸市付近は、現在よりも海面が高かったこともあり、今以上に海が六甲山地に迫っていて平地が狭く、大軍の行動には適さなかった。
- The sea level in the vicinity of Kobe City was higher at the time than it is now, and the sea reached further up the Mt. Rokko area than it does today, meaning that level ground was narrow and not suitable for the movement of large armies.
- 特に古代から近世に至るまで身近な大国であった中国の中華文化の影響は大きく、文学、言語、宗教に至るまで、中華文化由来の文化は多い。
- The nearby nation of China, prominent from ancient to modern times, had a particularly great effect on literature, language and religion, many aspects of which came from Chinese culture.
- 銅鐸が発見された記録は、『扶桑略記』の天智天皇7年、近江国志賀郡に崇福寺を建立するのに際して発見された記述が最古であろうという。
- The record of discovery of dotaku can possibly track back to the description in 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Brief History of Japan) saying it was found during the construction of Sofuku-ji Temple in Shiga District in Omi Province in the seventh year of Emperor Tenchi's reign.
- さらに幕府からも目付の近藤重興と天野富重が上屋敷に送られてきて、浅野大学や家老藤井宗茂に屋敷内の騒ぎを取り沈めるよう命じている。
- Moreover, the inspectors Shigeoki KONDO and Shigetomi AMANO were sent from the bakufu to the Kamiyashiki and told Daigaku ASANO and chief retainer Muneshige FUJII to deal with the confusion happening inside the residence.
- 近い長さの単位に間(けん;1間=6尺)があるが、間が土地の測量や距離の計測に用いられたのに対し、丈は物の長さを計るのに用いられた。
- Ken' (1ken = 6 shaku) is a similar unit of length, but while ken was used for surveying the land or measuring the distance, jo was used for measuring the length of objects.
- これは二分金の含有金量および銀量の地金価値の合計が、アメリカ合衆国のenGold dollarの実質価値に近いことも関係していた。
- This is also because the total of content and purity of gold of nibukin was close to substance value of one gold US dollar.
- この憲法は、天皇が黒田清隆首相に手渡すという欽定憲法の形で発布され、日本は東アジアではじめて近代憲法を有する立憲君主国家となった。
- This constitution was thought to be the constitution enacted by the emperor, so it was promulgated by handing it down from the emperor to Prime Minister, Kiyotaka KURODA, and Japan became the first constitutional monarchy with a modern constitution in East Asia.
- しかし、安土桃山時代になると、太閤検地などを通じて土地所有関係が大きく整理されたため、出挙は近世に入るまでに消滅したとされている。
- However, after the several matters relating to land ownership were drastically controlled through Taiko-kenchi (the land surveys conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and other systems in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Suiko is believed to have been abolished by the beginning of the early-modern times.
- 運営主体が寺院である場合はその寺院そのものが、国府である場合は敷地内に寺を建造したり近くの寺に監督を依頼したりすることが行われた。
- Fuseya operated by temples themselves were put under the supervision of the temple, but when they were operated by a kokufu, a supervisory temple would be built near the site or a nearby temple would be assigned to look after it.
- 末法の時代が近づくにつれ、釈迦入滅後56億7,000万年を経たのちに弥勒菩薩が地上に下って衆生を救済するという弥勒信仰が広まった。
- As the Mappo period nears, Miroku (Maitreya) Belief that Miroko Bosatsu (Buddha of the Future, Bodhisattva of the Present) would come down to the earth to save people 5.67 billion years after Shaka's death was widespread.
- 以上の理由から、鎌倉幕府の統治機構としての性格、あるいは成立時期というのもあくまで後世の、特に近代歴史学上のとらえ方の問題である。
- For these reasons, the character of the Kamakura Bakufu as a system of government or the time of its founding are both issues relating to the perceptions of subsequent generations, particularly within the field of modern history.
- 落雷は隣の紫宸殿にも走り、右兵衛佐美努忠包が髪を、同じく紀蔭連が腹を、安曇宗仁が膝を焼かれて死亡、更に警備の近衛府も2名死亡した。
- Lightning flashed through the Shishinden (hall for state ceremonies), and Uhyoe no suke (assistant captain of the Right Division of Middle Palace Guards) MINU no Tadakane's hair caught fire and he died, Uhyoe no suke KI no Kagetsura's stomach was burnt and he died, Azumi Munehito's knees were burnt and he died, and two guards of Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) died.
- 中でも日清戦争、日露戦争の勝利により世界的に影響力を強めつつあった大日本帝国に注目・接近し、日本政府・日本軍の特別の庇護を受けた。
- They especially paid attention to and approached to Empire of Japan which was increasing the influencial power in the world after the victory of Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, and they came under the patronage of Japanese Government and Japanese Army.
- 近代化に対しては一日の長がある日本から、軍事顧問団(菊地節蔵陸軍歩兵中尉、堀本禮造陸軍工兵少尉及び美代清濯陸軍工兵少尉)を招いた。
- They invited a military advisory group from Japan, which had been one step ahead in achieving modernization (members: First Lieutenant of Army Infantry 菊地節蔵, Second Lieutenant of Army Engineers Reizo HORIMOTO and Second Lieutenant of Army Engineers 美代清濯).
- 雑賀荘は上方勢により占領されたが、太田左近宗正を大将になおも地侍ら五千人が日前国懸神宮にほど近い宮郷の太田城 (紀伊国)に籠城した。
- After Saigaso was occupied by the Kamigata army, 5,000 people including jizamurai led by Sakon Munemasa OTA held Ota-jo Castle (Kii Province) at miyago which was near the Hinokuma Kunikakasu-jingu Shrine.
- とはいえ降参というのはあくまで名目上のことに過ぎず、雑賀衆の形式的な降伏と引き換えに織田勢が撤退したというのが事実に近いと思われる。
- However, it seems that they surrendered only nominally and that in fact, the Oda army withdrew in exchange for the nominal surrender of Saiga shu.
- ただし、水戸徳川家などの一部の親藩・譜代大名は、領地が江戸に近かったり領地が小さいことから、例外として交代を行わずに江戸に常駐した。
- But some Shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives) and fudai daimyo like the Mito Tokugawa family, exempted from sankin-kotai, resided in Edo permanently because their demesnes were located near Edo or small.
- 特に最近では住宅の気密化によって本来の役目が失われつつあるため、重さによって掛軸が傷まないよう合成樹脂製の風鎮なども生産されている。
- In particular, the original function of fuchin is being lost due to recent airtight houses, thus synthetic resin is used for producing a fuchin to prevent damage of kakejiku due to the weight.
- 宗門人別帳などの公文書への記載が許されなかったというのが実態に近く、私的な文書の色彩が強い墓碑銘や過去帳に遺されているケースもある。
- The reality was more likely that these family names were not permitted to be written in public documents, such as Shumon Ninbetsu Cho (religious and population investigation registers), and in some cases, these names remain as epitaphs on tombstones or family registers of deaths, both of which were provided strongly with characteristics of private documents.
- この間、時宗は非常事態への迅速な対処を名目として、時間のかかる合議ではなく、一門や側近(御内人という)らと専断で政策決定していった。
- During this time, in the name of a rapid response to the emergency, Tokimune made policies at his own discretion with only clansmen and close aides (Miuchibito (private vassals of the tokuso)), bypassing the parliamentary system which took a lot of time.
- 若狭国若狭彦大神や近江国奥津島大神など、他の諸国の神も8世紀後半から9世紀前半にかけて、仏道に帰依したいとの意思を示すようになった。
- From the late eighth century to the early ninth century, deities in various provinces, such as Wakasahiko Ogami, Wakasa Province and Okitsushima Ogami, Omi Province, began to show willingness to embrace Buddhism.
- このため、鎖鎌術を伝授する流派では、鎖分銅をかわされた場合の戦闘を考慮した(鎌の部分を利用した)接近戦戦闘法を繰り返し稽古している。
- For this reason, pupils in schools teaching the art of the kusarigama repeatedly practice a close quarters combat style (utilizing the portion of kama) that takes into account situations in which the opponent has managed to dodge the chain weight.
- (富樫満成がかけられた義持妻妾との密通容疑は後に別件で失脚した同じく義持側近の赤松持貞に対しても容疑としてかけられたものであった。)
- (Both Mitsunari TOGASHI and Mochisada AKAMATSU, close attendants of Yoshimochi, were accused of adultery with a wife of Yoshimochi, and AKAMATSU received his downfall related to another case later.)
- 現在では「近江京」の条坊制の存在を否定する研究者までが「大津京」を用い、その概念や定義は極めて曖昧となり、研究に混乱をきたしている。
- Now, even historians who deny the existence of the street plan use the word 'Otsu-kyo,' making the concept and definition of the word blur very much, which confuses historical study.
- 元和 (日本)6年(1620年)、市橋長政が近江国蒲生、野洲両郡と河内国内に合わせて2万石を与えられたことから、仁正寺藩が立藩した。
- In 1620, Nagamasa ICHIHASHI was granted properties in both counties of Gamo and Yasu in Omi Province, and in Kawachi Province which bore 20,000 koku (1 koku was about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume) in total, and as a result, the Nishoji Domain was established.
- 一方、ほとんどのアジア諸国で挫折ないし不可能だった近代化革命が、なぜ日本においてのみ成功したのかについても近年研究が盛んとなっている。
- In a recent historic study of Japan, the scholars try to identify the reason why only Japan's revolution to modernize the country succeeded, whereas most Asian countries failed to modernize, or found it impossible to modernize.
- この事件をきっかけに寧波に近い双嶼や、船山諸島など沿岸部で日本人商人との私貿易、密貿易が活発化し、倭寇(後期倭寇)の活動となって行く。
- This incident led to increased private trade and smuggling with Japanese merchants at coastal areas such as Shuangyu near Ningbo and the Zhoushan Islands, as well as activities of wako (koki wako [the 16th-century wako pirate-traders]).
- 受領のみが任国に赴任し、京から伴った私的な側近を目代に任命し、また現地の有力富豪層を在庁官人に任命して国衙の実務に当たるようになった。
- The zuryo alone was dispatched to the province and carried out the practical business as the kokuga by appointing his private aides brought from Kyoto to the post of mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor); he also employed the locally influential and wealthy people as the zaichokanjin (the local officials).
- 御庭番は、庭の番の名目で御殿に近づくことができため、報告にあたっては御目見得以下の御家人身分であっても将軍に直接面会することもあった。
- The oniwaban could get close to the shogun's palace due to their duty as the garden security guard and sometimes met the shogun in person to report the intelligence they collected even though they were just a Gokenin (retainers) which was the lower position than Omemie (the vassals with the privilege to have an audience with the shogun.)
- このうち、より幕府に近い立場を取り続けたのが竹腰派であり、古くは幕府に反抗的だった7代藩主徳川宗春を隠居謹慎に追い込んだこともあった。
- Among them the Takenokoshi side took a stance nearer to bakufu and formerly they forced the seventh lord of the Owari Domain Muneharu TOKUGAWA, who had a rebellious attitude to the bakufu, to be secluded and suspended.
- 存続したのは1年数ヶ月という短い期間であったが、切腹禁止や廃刀、穢多非人の廃止など開明的な議案が多く出されており近年再評価されている。
- Although the Kogisho existed such a short period as one year an several months, it is now under reassessment since it introduced many progressive bills like prohibition on seppuku (Hara-kiri), abolition of swards, abolition of Eta and Hinin (the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system) in recent years.
- これが見世升とか町枡といわれる商業升であり、これは新京升よりやや小さく、古京升に近い量をもっていたと考えられる(寶月圭吾『前掲書』)。
- This masu for commerce, called mise-masu or machi-masu, seems to have been a bit smaller than new kyomasu, and to have had the volume similar to old kyomasu (according to the previously mentioned book written by Keigo HOGETSU).
- 特に、季長と対峙する3人の蒙古兵(上の画像)は同じ絵巻の他の蒙古兵と装備や絵のタッチが明らかに異なり、近世に加筆されたと考えられている。
- Especially the three Mongolian soldiers standing face to face with Suenaga (refer to the picture above) are thought to have been added in the early-modern period, because they are apparently different in their equipages, or depicted in different ways from other Mongolian soldiers in the same picture scrolls.
- 光明皇后崩御の後は知院事2名が置かれ、平安京へ遷都後も、施薬院は五条室町近くに移されて続行し、山城国乙訓郡に施薬院用の薬園が設けられた。
- Following the death of Empress Komyo, two directors were installed; after the transfer of the national capital to the city of Heian-kyo, the Seyaku-in was also moved to the neighborhood of Gojo-Muromachi in order to continue the work; consequently, a private medicinal plant garden was established in Otokuni-gun, Yamashiro Province.
- 1970年代には埋め立てて公園と駐車場にする計画が立てられたが「よみがえる近江八幡の会」「八幡堀を守る会」などの住民運動によって蘇った。
- Although there was a reclamation plan of the site to make a park and a parking lot in the 1970s, the castle was revived by citizens' movements including 'Yomigaeru Omihachiman no Kai' (Revitalize Omihachiman), 'Hachiman-bori wo Mamoru Kai' (Save Hachiman-bori Moat).
- なお以上の解釈には一定の歴史的根拠が与えられるが、これらの説明は日本の近代中国思想研究に於ける影響下にあることを前もって知る必要がある。
- The above-mentioned interpretation is based on certain historical grounds, but it should be noted that the description is made under the influence of Japanese study on modern Chinese ideology.
- 結果は院近臣勢力の露骨な拡大であり、兼実は「任人の体、殆ど物狂と謂ふべし。悲しむべし悲しむべし」(『玉葉』8月16日条)と憤慨している。
- The result was an outright expansion of the poser of In-no-kinshin (vassal attending on a retired emperor), which made Kanezane indignant enough to say, 'The state of appointments is practically insane. It is deplorable. Deplorable' ('Gyokuyo,' entry of September 11).
- さらにこの数年後には、近隣の長江荘および安多荘が社領に加納田として加えられ、これらの荘園も同じく鳥羽院の院庁下文により公租免除とされた。
- A few years later, neighboring Nagae no sho and Yasuda no sho were added to the shrine's territory as kanoden (lands located outside shoen, but cultivated by shoen's farmer) and these were also approved as tax-exempted shoen by innocho kudashibumi issued by Tobain.
- 明治政府の成立後、国家統治機構の近代化と人材登用を標榜して、公家の官職世襲によって支えられてきた朝廷のシステムを「悪しき遺制」と捉えた。
- After the establishment of the Meiji government, with the aim of the modernization of national management systems and utilizing human resources, the court system of hereditary positions held by the aristocracy was considered as an 'evil old custom.'
- 近景に濃彩の花鳥や静物を描き、遠景には水辺などの風景、あるいは何も描かずに淡い色彩で距離感を示している場合が多く、縦長構図の作品が多い。
- The works were often in oblong composition, in many cases with flowers, birds and still objects painted in the foreground in deep colors, and landscapes, such as waterfronts, painted in the background, or nothing but light colors to denote a feeling of distance.
- なお、平安時代には三代格式と合わせて三代儀式(さんだいぎしき)が編纂されたとする説もあるが、近年ではこれを疑問視する意見も出されている。
- Some said that the Sandai Gishiki (three major Gishiki books) were compiled in parallel with Sandai Kyakushiki (Laws and Regulations of the three reigns) in the Heian period, but recently, others have questioned that opinion.
- 横山城は近江北部の浅井郡と坂田郡とを分ける姉川の南岸の山の峰続きに永禄3年(1561年)、浅井長政が対六角氏用の防衛拠点として築城させた。
- Yokoyama-jo Castle was constructed in 1561 on a ridge of the mountain chain on the south side of the Ane-gawa River running between Azai County and Sakata County by Nagamasa AZAI as a base of defense against the Rokkaku clan.
- このため、直近年の温室効果ガス排出量の基準年比増減率が気候変動枠組み条約と京都議定書で異なる値で発表されることがある点に留意が必要である。
- Therefore, it should be noted that different increase-decrease rates for the last couple of years relative to the reference year of the greenhouse gas emissions are sometimes announced between the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto protocol.
- やがて近代化が一段落すると、今度は国粋主義や、民族国家としての民族独自の美術を求める動きが起こり、再び日本美術に目が向けられるようになる。
- After a while, the modernization of Japanese society reached a certain point, and instead, there occurred a movement in the opposite direction, such as nationalism and the pursuit of art unique to Japanese that has a nation-state of its own, so Japanese art attracted people's attention once again.
- さらに、毛利輝元率いる4万の援軍が接近しつつあり、秀吉は甲斐国武田氏を滅亡させたばかりの主君・信長に対して援軍を送るよう使者を向かわせた。
- Additionally, with the 40,000 support troops led by Terumoto MORI approaching, Hideyoshi dispatched a messenger to his lord Nobunaga, who had just defeated the Takeda clan in Kai Province, to send over support troops.
- 平安時代後期、美濃国を地盤とする八島氏の一族であった源重長が同国方県郡木田郷(岐阜県岐阜市木田付近)に居住し木田三郎を号したことに始まる。
- During the late Heian Period, the Kida clan was started when MINAMOTO no Shigenaga, a member of the Yajima clan based in Mino Province, settled down in Kida-go, Katagata District, Mino Province (near Kida, Gifu City, Gifu Prefecture), calling himself Saburo KIDA.
- 同年9月2日夜半、荒木村重は5,6名の側近を引き連れ、夜陰にまぎれて船で猪名川を下って、息子荒木村次にいる尼崎城(大物城)へ移っていった。
- In the middle of the night on October 2, 1579, Murashige ARAKI took along five to six close aides and moved to Amagasaki-jo Castle (Daimotsu-jo Castle) where his son, Muratsugu ARAKI lived by shooting the Ina-gawa River by a boat under the cover of night.
- 1996年(平成8年)10月31日、近接していた学生集会所(サークル棟)向かいの建物からの失火が原因とされる火災で旧食堂の西側を焼失した。
- On October 31, 1996, the west side of the former dining room was burnt down due to an accidental fire occurring in the building situated on the opposite of the student meeting place (building for club activities).
- この「諸国」は近畿でのことと思われるが、世相として自力救済的な様相を帯び始めたということは当時頻発した強訴の中にも見てとれるかもしれない。
- These 'various districts' were probably those of the Kinki region, but social conditions of self-help that began around that time could be seen within direct petitions that occurred frequently.
- 中世・近世を通じて『儀式』と称される10巻本があり、江戸時代中期に荷田春満がその内容から三代儀式の1つである『貞観儀式』であると比定した。
- Throughout the medieval and early modern period, a book called 'Gishiki' consisting of ten volumes existed and in the mid-Edo period, KADA no Azumamaro defined it, based on its content, as one of Sandai gishiki 'Jogan gishiki.'
- 戦前段階には狭義に政治体制自体を指していたが、戦後の歴史学の進展に伴い、近世日本の社会体制全体の特色を示す概念として使われるようになった。
- In the pre-war days, the term meant a political system itself in the narrow sense, but along with the development of the historical science in the post-war era, the term has become to mean a concept that indicates the features of entire society system of the early modern Japan.
- 幕末のこの時期、藩内は尊皇攘夷を唱える「金鉄組」と、佐幕的な立場を執る「ふいご党」とに分かれ、成瀬家は金鉄組、竹腰家はふいご党に近かった。
- Around that time during the end of the Edo period, the domain was divided into the 'Kanetetsu group' who were in Sonno-joi-ha (a group of activists who admired the Emperor and hated foreigners, advocating the need for expelling them from Japan) and the 'Fuigo party' who were in Sabaku-ha, and the Naruse family was near to the Kanetetsu group and the Takenokoshi family near to the Fuigo party.
- ちなみに近江高島藩領は飯山藩領の飛び地となったが、安政の孫である佐久間安次が寛永15年(1638年)に夭逝して佐久間氏は無嗣改易となった。
- In addition, properties possessed by the Omi-Takashima Domain became outlands of the Iiyama Domain, but since Yasutsugu SAKUMA, Yasumasa's grandson, died young in 1638, the Sakuma clan fell under the change of rank for the extinction of a family line.
- 3月5日 (旧暦)(4月1日)、吉田忠左衛門(200石加東郡郡代)と近松勘六(馬廻250石)がこの決定を江戸の同志達に伝えるべく下向した。
- On April 1, Chuzaemon YOSHIDA (administrator of Kato district, 200 koku) and Kanroku CHIKAMATSU (bodyguard, 250 koku) went down to Edo to tell this decision to their comrades.
- また舶来品に対しては、1ポンド (質量)(453.6グラム)に値が近い120匁(450グラム)を1斤とし、これを英斤(えいきん)と呼んだ。
- And for foreign goods, 1 kin was equalized with 120 monme (450 grams), since it was nearly equal to 1 pound (453.6 grams), which was called eikin (British kin).
- 日本の美術は、縄文時代を例外として、常に外国(近世以前はおもに中国、近代以降はおもに西洋)の影響を強く受けつつ、独自の様式を発達させてきた。
- Japanese art has developed its peculiar style always - except for the Jomon period - under the great influence of other countries - mainly that of China before the early modern ages, and that of Western countries after the modern age.
- '明智は、都から4レーグァほど離れ、比叡山に近く、近江国の25レーグァもあるかの大湖のほとりにある坂本と呼ばれる地に、邸宅と城砦を築いた。'
- 'Akechi built his residence and castle in the place called Sakamoto on the shore of the huge lake which is more than 25 legua in length and about four legua from Kyo and near Mt. Hiei in Omi Province.'
- 国人領主も同様であり一門や庶家、配下の土豪層とは主君と家来というよりは緩やかな同盟関係に近く、国人領主の存在は主君というより盟主に近かった。
- In the case of Kokujin ryoshu, their relationship with clan members, branch families and Dogo under their rule was similar to an alliance, rather than a relationship of master and vassal; in this sense, Kokujin ryoshu were more akin to leaders rather than masters.
- 特に寺子屋の教師の中に自前の往来物を著す者が多かった事からその総数を把握する事が不可能に近いが、現存するものは約7,000種と言われている。
- It is almost impossible to have a grasp of the total number of oraimono as, in particular, many terakoya teachers tried to write their own oraimono, but existing ones are said to number about 7,000 kinds.
- さらに、細川定禅が海路を東進し生田神社の森(神戸市三宮、御影付近)から上陸すると、義貞は退路を絶たれる危険を感じて東走し、楠木軍は孤立する。
- Jozen HOSOKAWA proceeded east by sea and landed at the forest of Ikuta-jinja Shrine (Sannomiya and Mikage areas of Kobe City), causing Yoshisada to fear that his path of retreat may be cut off and flee eastward, leaving the Kusunoki army isolated.
- 御暦奏(ごりゃくそう)とは、近代以前において毎年11月1日 (旧暦)に陰陽寮から中務省を経由して天皇に対して翌年の暦が奏進される儀式のこと。
- Goryakuso is a ceremony conducted during pre-modern periods, in which a Year calendar is presented on every November first (old lunar calendar) by Onmyoryo to the Emperor via Nakatsukasasho.
- 信長は、浅井氏からも援軍を得て、共通の敵である南近江の有力大名である六角義賢親子を破り(観音寺城の戦い)、足利義昭を奉じての上洛を果たした。
- Gaining reinforcements from the Azai clan, Nobunaga defeated Yoshikata ROKKAKU parent and child, who were powerful feudal lords of Minami Omi and also a common enemy of Nobunaga and the Azai clan (the Battle of Kannonji Castle), and accomplished to go to the capital under Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
- 尾張国(愛知県西部)出身の戦国大名である織田信長は、駿河国の今川氏を撃退し、斎藤氏から美濃国を奪取したのち、上洛を目的として近江に侵攻した。
- Nobunaga ODA, a feudal lord from Owari Province (the western part of Aichi Prefecture), fought off the Imagawa clan of Suruga Province and seized Mino Province from the Saito clan, then they invaded Omi in order to go to the capital.
- 義昭は甲斐国の武田信玄や安芸国の毛利輝元、近江国の浅井長政や越前国の朝倉義景、摂津国の石山本願寺などに信長追討令を下し、信長包囲網を結成した。
- Yoshiaki commanded Shingen TAKEDA of Kai Province, Terumoto MORI of Aki Province, Nagamasa AZAI of Omi Province, Yoshikage ASAKURA of Echizen Province, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple in Settsu Province and others to hunt down and kill Nobunaga and organized an anti-Nobunaga network.
- 一方で越前・福井城にあった柴田勝家は雪のため動けずにいたが、これらの情勢に耐え切れず、ついに2月末、残る雪をかきわけつつ近江に向けて出陣した。
- Meanwhile, Katsuie SHIBATA, who had been trapped in Fukui-jo Castle in Echizen due to heavy snows but could no longer stand the situation, finally departed with his army for Omi Province at the end of February, digging their way out of the snow.
- 明治時代になると、西洋化近代化が国家目標になり、美術分野でもお雇い外国人による指導が行われ、芸術の本場と考えられたフランスへ留学する者もいた。
- In the Meiji period, the Japanese government set a national goal of westernization and modernization, and therefore, also in the art field, hired foreigners taught Japanese, and since France was deemed the home of art, some Japanese went there for study.
- 近年の知見では新都平城京の規模は旧都藤原京とほぼ変わらず、むしろ藤原京のほうが広いぐらいであり、長安城に比較すれば4分の1程度にすぎなかった。
- According to recent findings, the scale of the new capital, Heijokyo, was almost same as the old capital Fujiwarakyo, in fact Fujiwarakyo was even greater although compared to Chang'ancheng, it was not even one quarter of the size.
- バックグラウンド黄砂の特徴として、発生地付近で砂嵐の発生が無く、砂塵を巻き上げて運ぶ低気圧さえ無い状態にも関わらず、発生することが挙げられる。
- A feature of background kosa is that it originates even in the following conditions: No sandstorm is generated in its vicinity and not even low pressure that will fling up dust into the air.
- 日本の政財界の中にも、朝鮮の近代化は隣国として利益となる面も大きいと考え、積極的な支援を惜しまない人々が現れ、改革の土台が出来上がっていった。
- Some people in the Japanese political and financial worlds found the modernization of Korea more valuable as a neighbor and came to provide positive support, and this formed the foundation of reform.
- 具体的には封建社会において並存する「幕藩体制の倫理と武士階級の倫理の衝突」であり、近代日本においては「日本人のアイデンティティの喪失」である。
- In more concrete terms, it is 'a conflict between the ethics in the feudal system and in samurai hierarchy' which are present simultaneously in feudal society and it is 'a loss of identity as a Japanese person' in modern Japan.
- ところが、一連の第2次護憲運動によって清浦内閣が5ヶ月で崩壊すると、今度は護憲三派に接近して普通選挙法通過と引き換えに政務次官の提供を受けた。
- In spite of the movement, when the KIYOURA Cabinet collapsed after five months of administration, Kenkyukai approached three advocates of protection of the Constitution, and received the offer to the post of parliamentary vice-minister in exchange for the passing of the bill establishing universal suffrage.
- これに恐れをなした本願寺は、船団に近寄ることすら躊躇うようになり、船団は7月17日に難なく堺市に着岸し、翌日から石山本願寺への海路を封鎖した。
- The Hongan-ji Temple navy, frightened at this attack and hesitant to even approach the fleet, let the Oda fleet easily reach Sakai City on August 30 and blockade the sea route to Ishiyama on the following day.
- この間の5月5日 (旧暦)(6月10日)には早水藤左衛門と近松勘六の二名を高野山に登らせて、奥の院御廟橋の近くに浅野長矩の墓を建立させている。
- Meanwhile on June 10, he sent Tozaemon HAYAMI and Kanroku KONDO to Mt. Koya to build a grave for Naganori ASANO near Gobyo Bridge located in the inner temple.
- 5月29日近衛師団の台湾北部への上陸後唐総督らは台湾を脱出し、清仏戦争の英雄劉永福が民主国政府により大将軍に任じられて台北陥落後の抵抗を担った。
- On May 29, when the Imperial Guards landed in the northern part of Taiwan, Governor Tang and other leaders escaped from the island, but the government of the Republic of Formosa appointed Liu Yongfu, a hero in Sino-French War, as commander in chief and took the responsibility for resistance after the fall of Taipei.
- この時代の初め、藤原鎌足の息子藤原不比等があらわれて政権をにぎり、律令制度の確立に力を尽くすとともに、皇室に接近して藤原氏発展の基礎をかためた。
- At the beginning of this era, FUJIWARA no Fuhito, son of FUJIWARA no Kamatari, grasped the reins of government and devoted himself to establishing the ritsuryo system and strengthening the foundation of Fujiwara clan expansion through links to the Imperial Family.
- 元亀元年(1570年)、朝倉氏の南進に備えるべく、琵琶湖と北国街道の押さえを意図する織田信長に命じられた森可成によって、近江国滋賀郡に築かれた。
- Usayama-jo Castle was built by Yoshinari MORI in Shiga County, Omi Province in 1570 by order of Nobunaga ODA, who intended to take control of Lake Biwa and Hokkoku-kaido Road, bracing for the advance of the Asakura clan to the south.
- すると、近江源氏(山本義経)、美濃源氏(山田重澄)らのみならず、頼朝と連携を結び遠江にいた甲斐源氏の安田義定も義仲のもとへ続々と合流していった。
- Then, not only the Omi-Genji clan (Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO) and Mino-Genji clan (Shigesumi YAMADA) but also Yoshisada YASUDA of the Kai-Genji clan who was in Totomi Province in alliance with Yoritomo joined their forces with Yoshinaka one after another.
- また近年、地上では視程も低下しないため黄砂として観測されない時に、自由大気(自由対流圏)と呼ばれる高層で薄い砂塵が観測されることがわかってきた。
- Recently, it has also become known that, even when no kosa is observed on the ground level because no visibility is affected there, thin dust is observed in the high-altitude atmospheric layer called the free atmosphere (also known as free troposphere).
- 1190年(建久元年) - 頼朝が右近衛大将(律令制における武官の最高位)に任じられ治安維持に関する17ヶ条に及ぶ命を受ける(後の大犯三ヶ条)。
- 1190 - Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (the highest rank of military officers in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and given an order relating to security enforcement which consisted of 17 articles (later, Taibon sankajo (three basic rights of shugo, the provincial constable)).
- 一般的に、鎮守府の前身は『続日本紀』に見える「鎮所」(ちんじょ)であり、陸奥国府があったとされる多賀城付近に併設されていたものと推測されている。
- It is generally assumed that the predecessor of Chinju-fu was Chinjo (Pacification headquarters) mentioned in Shoku Nihongi (Chronicle of Japan Continued), which was attached to Taga-jo Castle where Mutsu kokufu (the provincial capital of Mutsu province) is supposed to have been located.
- 敦賀市の古老がかつて(戦時中頃か)身近な人々に語った記憶によれば、処刑に引き出された党員は、逃亡を阻止するためか、両足を竹に括られていたという。
- An old man in the Tsuruga City once (maybe during the war) told someone close to him that the legs of Tenguto members who were to be executed were tied with a bamboo in order to prevent them from running away.
- 幕府の同心は、幕臣であっても旗本ではなく御家人身分であるが、同心筆頭クラスは80石(俵)五人扶持程度の俸禄を受けたので、実質的には100石近い。
- Doshin of the bakufu were not hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) but bakushin (shogun's retainers), which were in the gokenin (shogunal retainers) class, and upper ranked doshin received an eighty-koku (crop) salary and a ration for five persons, which means they substantially had a hundred-koku income approximately.
- 近畿から東海、北陸にかけての広い範囲、現在の愛知県、岐阜県、富山県、滋賀県、京都府、奈良県に相当する地域に跨って甚大な被害を及ぼしたと伝えられる。
- It was said to have devastated a large area across the Kinki, Tokai and Hokuriku regions, which is equivalent to the current area of Aichi Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Toyama Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture and Nara Prefecture.
- 城主・森可成は近江に居た野府城主・織田信治、青地茂綱らと共に交通の要所である坂本 (大津市)を先に占領して街道を封鎖して連合軍の進軍妨害を試みる。
- Yoshinari MORI, the lord of Usayama-jo Castle, attempted to intercept the advance of the allied forces by preemptively conquering Sakamoto (Otsu City), a strategic point of transportation, to help blockade roads along with Nobuharu ODA, the lord of Nobu-jo Castle, and Shigetsuna AOCHI.
- 律令制下の五色の賤との歴史的連続性については、ほぼ否定されているが、江戸時代の近世部落との連続性は、現在、歴史研究の主要な議論テーマとなっている。
- Connections between these people and the five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system were mostly denied, but connections of these people with buraku in early-modern times during the Edo period has become a major theme of historical research.
- 伊勢国・近江国・美濃国・越前国の4か国において郡司の子弟と百姓の中から、20歳以上40歳以下で弓馬の訓練を受けた者を選んで健児とすることとされた。
- In the four provinces of Ise, Omi, Mino and Echizen, kondei were formed with people who were between 20 years old and 40 years old and were trained in archery and horseback riding, and they were selected from young members of gunji (local magistrate) families and peasants.
- あちこちで敗れた平家一門は尾瀬も近く、片品村に至るまでも険しい山々が連なる場所まで逃げた結果、片品村に平家の落人が住み着いて繁栄することになった。
- After being defeated at various places, the Taira family escaped to Katashina-mura, which is located near Oze and surrounded by steep mountains, and Heike no Ochudo settled there and prospered.
- 李氏朝鮮(1392年 - 1910年)末期の1832年イギリスが通商を求めに現れ、1840年頃からヨーロッパ船が近海に頻繁に出没するようになった。
- In 1832 towards the end of Yi Dynasty (1392 – 1910), England arrived seeking commerce and from 1840 onwards European ships appeared frequently along the Korean coast.
- 1月11日(2月4日)13時過ぎ、備前藩兵の隊列が神戸三宮神社近くに差しかかった時、付近の建物から出てきたフランス人水兵2人が列を横切ろうとした。
- A little past 13:00 on February 4, when the troops of the domain of Bizen approached Kobe Sannomiya-jinja Shrine, two French sailors came out of a nearby building and tried to cross the array.
- しかし、さりとて手に抱えたり背負ったりするよりも、重心が背骨を軸として足に対して垂直方向に近い位置(肩)にあり、より大量に物資が運べるためである。
- In that fashion, however, more goods can be carried by using the pole than by holding things in arms or carrying on the back, because the center of the gravity falls on the position (a shoulder) which is almost vertical to feet with a backbone as an axis.
- 宮廷での権力闘争に幻滅し、次第に外国勢力の力を借りてでも韓国の近代化を成し遂げようとする方向に傾いていきつつあった一部開化派の人々が設立した団体。
- It was an organization founded by a part of Kaika group which was tired of the struggle for power in the court and heading to the direction to accomplish the modernization of South Korea even if it needed foreign countries' supports.
- 近習…山吉盛侍(30石5人扶持)・永松九郎兵衛(7両3人扶持)・新貝安村(6両)・天野貞之進(6両)・鈴木浅右衛門(5両)・高橋治右衛門(10両)
- Kinju (attendants) - Morihito YAMAYOSHI (30 koku with salary for 5 servants), Kurobe NAGAMATSU (7 ryo with salary for 3 servants), Yasumura SHINGAI (6 ryo), Sadanoshin AMANO (6 ryo), Asaemon SUZUKI (5 ryo), Jiemon TAKAHASHI (10 ryo)
- 但し、近年ではより厳密な定義として、上記摂津源氏の中でも特に多田庄を相続した系統のみを指して「多田源氏」と呼ぶ用い方もなされている(以下にて詳述)。
- A recent, precise definition says, 'Tada-Genji' means only the line which inherited Tada Manors among Settsu-Genji branches (for further details, see below).
- ただし、盟友関係にあった関白・近衛前久に宛てて、合戦後に政虎が送った書状では、政虎自ら太刀を振ったと述べられており、激戦であったことは確かとされる。
- However, in the letter Masatora sent to Sakihisa KONOE, who was Kanpaku (the top adviser to the emperor) and his ally, after the battle, he wrote that he himself used his sword in the fight, and therefore, it is considered that the battle was a fierce one.
- 薩摩藩の庇護下にあった土佐浪士坂本龍馬や、同じく土佐浪士で下関に逼塞していた三条実美らに従っていた中岡慎太郎らが周旋する形で、両藩の接近が図られる。
- These two clans grew closer through the work of Ryoma SAKAMOTO, a roshi of Tosa, who was under the protection of the Satsuma clan, and Shintaro NAKAOKA who had followed Sanetomi SANJO, also a roshi of Tosa, who stayed in Shimonoseki.
- 元は「空亡」「虚亡」と言っていたが、これを全てが虚しいと解釈して「物滅」と呼ぶようになり、これに近年になって「佛(仏)」の字が当てられたものである。
- It was originally called 'kumo' or 'kyomo' (both meaning 'existing as if nothing exists') but was eventually interpreted as emptiness of everything and came to be called '物滅' (death of everything) (butsumetsu) and recently the letter '佛(仏)' (Buddha) (butsu) was applied instead of 物 (things) (butsu).
- また一方で、作者の縁者であり関東管領上杉氏と対立して永享の乱の後に殺された持氏側近一色直兼・上杉憲直らのことは「誠に志の深き者なり」などと称揚する。
- On the other hand, it praises the Mochiuji-side advisors, Naokane ISSHIKI and Norinao UESUGI, who were related with the author and opposed the Kanto kanrei Uesugi clan, as 'very committed people.'
- 凶作(前年からの天候不順)、流行病(三日病)、将軍の代替わり(足利義持から足利義教へ)などの社会不安が高まる中、近江国坂本や大津の馬借が徳政を求める。
- With growing social unrest, such as poor harvest (unseasonable weather from the previous year), epidemic (mikka-yami (three-day disease)), and replacement of the shogun (from Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA to Yoshinori ASHIKAGA), bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in Sakamoto of Omi Province and Otsu demanded debt cancellation.
- こうして成立した年貢は、その後の中世・近世を通じて、支配層の主要な財源として位置づけられ、被支配層にとっては年貢を負担する義務が課され続けたのである。
- Through the medieval period and early-modern times, the nengu was the principal financial resource for the ruling class, which the ordinary population continued to bear its burden.
- 徳治3年(1308年)に火災で焼失した極楽寺 (鎌倉市)(現鎌倉市)の修復費用の確保のため、極楽寺の円琳坊が渡唐のため上洛、近日筑前国へ下向している。
- To make profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of Gokuraku-ji Temple (Kamakura City) (present-day Kamakura City) that burnt down in a fire, Enrinbo (円琳坊) went to the capital (Kyoto) for a purpose of visiting Tang and soon left for Chikuzen Province in 1308.
- 近衛府、兵衛府は形骸化し、実際には衛門府と、左衛門尉が兼任する検非違使、馬寮、そして滝口、武者所、院政期においては北面下臈(いわゆる北面武士)である。
- Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) and Hyoe-fu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards) fell to ruins and they were Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards), Saemon no jo (third-ranking officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) that had additional duties of kebiishi, meryo, Takiguchi, Mushadokoro (place where Samurai of guard of the Imperial Palace is staffed), and hokumen gero (北面下臈)(or so called Northern bushi) during insei period (during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor).
- これは、かつての寄進地が茨城県北相馬郡近辺であったものから、千葉県南相馬郡側に広がり、推定では、東西7km、南北20kmに及ぶ広大な地域となっている。
- While the land donated in the past was around the Kitasoma-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture, the area was extended toward the Minamisoma-gun, Chiba Prefecture, which was presumed to be a broad region of 7 km in the east and the west and 20 km in the north and the south.
- 4月3日夜、早鐘を合図に現在の巻潟東インターチェンジ付近に千数百名の一揆勢が集結し、道々周辺の農民を糾合しながら柏崎県庁(現柏崎市)へ強訴に向かった。
- On the night of April 3rd, more than a thousand uprising people concentrated around the present-day Makikata Higashi interchange at the sound of a fire bell, and marched toward Kashiwazaki Prefectural Office (present-day Kashiwazaki City) to file a direct petition, while peasants in the neighborhood joined the march.
- 甲賀市甲南町竜法師2331番地に、甲賀五十三家の筆頭格であった望月氏甲賀望月氏(近江国)の旧居が甲賀流忍術屋敷として残る(「甲賀の里忍術村」とは別)。
- The former residence of the Koga Mochizuki clan (Omi Province), the leader of the 53 Families of Koga is extant as Koga-ryu Ninjutsu Yashiki at 2331 Ryuboshi, Konan-cho, Koka City (which is different from Koga-no-sato Ninjutsu-mura [Koga Ninja Village]).
- 圧倒的に優勢な平氏は(見方によっては)ほとんど武装解除に近い状態にあったところを源氏に襲われて(まともな合戦にもならず)大敗を喫したということになる。
- The Taira clan possessed overwhelmingly superior power over the Minamoto clan but was subsequently made vulnerable (by some viewpoints) when they were surprisingly attacked by the Minamoto clan (there was limited fighting during the battle), and the Taira clan then lost the battle, suffering a massive defeat.
- この時、日本正教会がロシアと関係が深かった事から、ニコライ堂とその関連施設も標的になりあわや焼かれる寸前であったが、近衛兵などの護衛により難を逃れた。
- At that time, St. Nicholas Church and the related facilities were also targetted and about to be burned out because of the deep relationship between Japan Orthodox Church and Russia, but it was saved by the defence of the Imperial Guards.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に、丹波氏の後裔である施薬院全宗が、豊臣秀吉に側近として仕え、正親町天皇より勅命で施薬院使に任ぜられ、形骸化していた施薬院を復興する。
- During the Warring States period, Zenso YAKUIN, a descendant of the Tanba clan, served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as a close adviser and was appointed as the Yakuinshi by Emperor Ogimachi as an imperial order so as to reconstruct the Seyakuin that had lost its substances.
- 徳川四天王の一人・井伊直政は、関ヶ原の戦いの後、その軍功により18万石にて近江国北東部に封ぜられ、西軍指揮官・石田三成の居城であった佐和山城に入城した。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, Naomasa II, one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Tokugawa Ieyasu, was given the land in northeastern part of Omi Province with 180 thousand goku crop yields by his distinguished military service, and entered Sawayama-jo Castle that had belonged to Mitsunari ISHIDA, his enemy and the commander of West camp.
- 秀吉の軍勢が多く近江から離れたのを好機と見た勝家は部将・佐久間盛政の意見具申もあり、4月19日 (旧暦)(6月9日)、盛政に直ちに大岩山砦を攻撃させた。
- With the majority of Hideyoshi's forces gone from Omi Province, Katsuie, seeing the situation as an opportunity, accepted a proposal from commanding officer Morimasa SAKUMA to mount an immediate attack on Oiwayama Fort on June 9.
- 黒木為楨大将率いる日本陸軍の第1軍 (日本軍)は朝鮮半島に上陸し、4月30日-5月1日、安東(現・丹東)近郊の鴨緑江岸でロシア軍を破った(鴨緑江会戦)。
- The First Troops of the Imperial Japanese Army under the command of General Tamemoto KUROKI landed on the Korean Peninsula and defeated the Russian army on the shores of the Oryokko River near Anton (present Tanton) in an engagement that lasted between April 30th and May 1st (Battle of the Oryokko River).
- 最終的には、豊臣秀吉による兵農分離(刀狩)と土地所有確認(太閤検地)の結果、惣村という結合形態は消滅し、江戸時代に続く近世村落が形成していったとされる。
- As a result of heinobunri (a separation of the warrior class in this domain from the soil) (Sword Hunt) and the confirmation of land ownership (Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), which had been implemented by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the style of connection called the soson finally disappeared, and there emerged early-modern villages that survived in the Edo period.
- 近代以前の日本における教科書(きんだいいぜんのにほんにおけるきょうかしょ)では、明治の学校制度確立以前の日本の教科書(学習教材)の歴史について解説する。
- This article will explain about the history of the school textbooks in Japan until the school system was established in the Meiji period.
- しかしながら東洋の再評価の立場や独自のアイデンティティを模索することは次第に「西洋は行き詰まり東洋こそが中心たるべき」との大東亜思想に近づくこととなった。
- However, the position to reevaluate the East and search for it's own identity gradually approached the Great East Asian idea, 'the West is a dead-end and the East should be the center.'
- すなわち、秦漢時代までを上古(古代)、魏晋南北朝時代隋唐時代を中世、北宋以降を近世、アヘン戦争以降を近代とする四時代区分法を中心に中国史の研究を展開した。
- That is, they developed research on Chinese history focusing on the method dividing the historical ages into four, namely, ancient times up to the Qin and Han dynasties, middle ages up to the Wei and Jin periods in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Sui and Tang periods, recent times from the Northern Song Dynasty and later, and modern times from the Opium War and later.
- 箸墓古墳の築造年代についても、研究者により多少の前後はあるものの卑弥呼の没年(248年頃)に近い3世紀の中頃から後半と見る説が最近では一般的になっている。
- Opinions concerning the Hashihaka Tumulus differ among scholars, though recently it is widely accepted that the tumulus was created between the mid-third century (which is close to the year of Himiko's death in 248) and the latter half of the third century.
- また、律令の規定に関わらず大臣・大納言は中納言・蔵人頭・近衛大将とともに内裏内に置かれた宿直所(とのいどころ)・直盧(じきろ)に宿直して緊急事態に備えた。
- In spite of the provisions of the Ritsuryo Code, ministers and Dainagon, along with Chunagon, Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) and Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), stayed at Tonoidokoro (Tonoi's station) and Jikiro (ministers and counselors' station for attendance) in the Imperial Palace during the night in order to prepare for an emergency.
- 近世に入ると、江戸幕府による寺院統制の影響もあって祠堂銭も下火となっていくが、なおも寺院・檀家間などで祠堂銭・名目金の貸付が行われる事も珍しくはなかった。
- As it became the early modern era, Shidosen began to fade out due to the Edo bakufu controlling the temples,However, but still Shidosen lending and loans between temples and supporters was not unusual.
- 居留地の海岸に近い方には貿易のための商館や倉庫が建造され、中ほどにはホテル、銀行、病院、娯楽施設が並び、眺望が良い山手には洋風の住宅・領事館が建てられた。
- Trading company facilities and warehouses were constructed in the areas of the settlement near the coast in order to promote trade, while hotels, banks, hospitals and entertainment facilities lined the streets in the center of the settlement; Western-style houses and consulates were constructed in the Yamate area, which featured beautiful views.
- 佐和山藩は文禄4年(1595年)に豊臣秀吉のもとで五奉行として辣腕を振るっていた石田三成が、近江水口藩から移封されて19万4000石で入ることで立藩した。
- The Sawayama Domain was established in 1595 when Mitsunari ISHIDA, who displayed his uncommon shrewdness as Gobugyo under Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, was transferred from the Omi Minakuchi Domain to his new territory with 194,000 koku crop yields.
- 焦った仲麻呂は軍権をもって孝謙上皇と道鏡に対抗しようとし、天平宝字8年(764年)9月、淳仁天皇に願って都督四畿内三関近江丹波播磨等国兵事使に任じられた。
- Being fretted by the situation, Nakamaro decided to confront the Retired Empress Koken and Dokyo by resorting to military power, and in October 764, he was appointed by Emperor Junnin to Totoku governor general of Shikinai (four provinces close to the Capital) and sangen (three major barrier stations) as well as military chief of Omi, Tanba and Harima provinces.
- 三成は大規模な改修工事を行い、山頂に五層(三層説あり)の天守が高くそびえたつほどの城を築き、「三成に過ぎたるもの二つあり、島左近と佐和山の城」と言わしめた。
- Mitsunari launched a large-scale repair project, constructing a towering castle with a five-storey (others claim it was a three-storey) central donjon on the mountain's summit, which lead to the saying 'Mitsunari outdid himself about two things, Sakon SHIMA and Sawayama-jo Castle.'
- このようにして、中世末期から近世の初頭にかけて日本の海上勢力は自立した海賊衆から大名の統制に服して公権力の海上における軍事力である水軍に転化させられてゆく。
- As mentioned above, from the end of middle ages to the early modern ages, the armed forces on the sea in Japan changed from independent kaizoku shu to suigun that was put under control of daimyo and incorporated into military force of public power on the sea.
- 幕藩体制(ばくはんたいせい)とは、近世日本の社会体制のあり方を、幕府(征夷大将軍)と藩(大名)という封建制度的主従関係を基点にとらえた歴史学上の概念である。
- 'Bakuhan-taisei' is a historical concept of social system of early modern Japan viewed basically from feudal homage between bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (or seii-taishogun, literally 'great general who subdues the barbarians) and han (domains) (or daimyo, meaning 'feudal lords').
- 江戸や品川は利根川(現在の古利根川・中川)や荒川 (関東)などの河口に近く、北関東の内陸部から水運を用いて鎌倉・小田原城・西国方面に出る際の中継地点となった。
- Due to their proximity to the Ara-kara River and Tone-gawa River (present-day, Furutone-gawa River and Naka-gawa River) estuaries, the ports of Edo and Shinagawa served as important hubs for riverine transportation from inland areas of the northern Kanto to places such as Kamakura and Odawara Castle, and locations as far as western parts of Japan.
- 大阪経済大学助教授の家近良樹が、幕末期の政治状況は従来の薩長と幕府との対立というだけでは説明できないとしてこの「一会桑政権」と呼ばれる歴史概念を主張している。
- For a long time historians had considered that the conflict between 'Saccho' (the alliance between the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan) and the Shogunate had driven the politics at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, however, recently Yoshiki IECHIKA, an assistant professor of Osaka University of Economics, proposed the new idea of 'the Ichikaiso Government' for the simple reason that it's impossible to grasp the whole political situation during the tempestuous period from only the past historical point of view.
- ただ、人体への影響、動植物や農作物への影響、工場などへの影響が発生したり、発生の可能性が指摘されたりしていることが、近隣諸国のメディアによって報道されている。
- However, media in the neighboring nations have reported that kosa has affected human bodies, animals, plants, farm products and factories in the county or that it has been pointed out that such situations may occur.
- 歌合の句と良基の題材の解説及び判詞は、中世・近世を通じて有職故実書としても重んじられて書写・流布されたため、現在知られている物だけで80の伝本が存在している。
- These waka poems, and the subject matter selected by Yoshimoto as well as his hanshi were regarded as the important yusoku-kojitsusho (a book of courtly traditions and etiquette) during the medieval and pre-modern times and many manuscripts, at least 80 of them are known at present, were created and circulated.
- 12世紀に入ると「父系家族」の色彩は強くなるが、「子は親に絶対服従」に近いものがあると同時に、それ以前と同様に婚姻による義父と婿もまた強い絆とみなされている。
- The 'paternal family' notion became stronger when entering the twelfth century, but there were something similar to 'the child having absolute servitude to the parent,' and a similar strong relationship between the father-in-law and the groom by marriage.
- 多くの武将が討ち取られたことについては、大輪田の泊に最も近い鵯越口が最初に陥落したために生田・一ノ谷にいた将兵が逃げ遅れたことが原因ではないかと推測している。
- As for the reason why so many military commanders were killed, Kazunori HISHINUMA assumes that the Minamoto clan first took Hiyodorigoe, which was the closest fortress to Owada no Tomari, and therefore, the military commanders who were at Ichinotani and Ikuta, failed to escape.
- 明治時代以前の日本には、国の中に国と同じ名を持つ郡はあっても、同じ名を持つ町や村は存在しなかったので、そのほとんどは近代以降に作られた新地名ということになる。
- In Japan before the Meiji period there existed names of counties that were the same with the provincial names within the provinces; however there was no towns and villages that had the same names with the provincial names; therefore, it turns out that the names of towns and villages that are the same with the provincial names are almost all new place names made after the modern times.
- 村山貢司による予測によれば、2050年には現在の1.7倍(最近1.61倍という数字も出された)まで花粉量が増え、患者数も1.4倍になるだろうと見積もられている。
- According to forecasts by Koji MURAYAMA, the amount of pollen in the air will increase to 170% (an estimate of 161% has recently emerged) of current levels by the year 2050 and the number of hay fever patients will increase by 140%.
- 被告人としては、交差点中央付近から左折して、予定通りの行進を行うつもりであったが、機動隊は、デモ隊がそのまま河原町通を南下するものと見てこれを阻止しようとした。
- The defendant was going to turn to the left around there and continue to march as planned, but the riot police thought that they were not going to turn and tried to stop them from going straight on Kawaramachi Street to the south.
- 近代以後、日本の中国思想研究は、哲学(西欧の哲学)を模倣する必要に迫られた結果、朱子学の思弁的側面を強調し、これを以て哲学と比較可能であると見なすようになった。
- In the modern era, Japanese scholars of Chinese ideology have been required to follow philosophy (Western philosophy), and have therefore emphasized the speculative side of Shushigaku and considered it as comparable with the philosophy.
- ただ、居留地が手狭になったため、1880年頃から六甲山麓の重要伝統的建造物群保存地区(重伝建)である北野町山本通付近に多くの外国人住宅が建てられ、戦災を免れた。
- However, because the settlement was quite crowded, starting in about 1880 many foreign residences were built near the town of Kitano-cho on Yamamoto-dori street, in what is now a Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings (or 'Judenken' [Groups of Historic Buildings] in Japanese), and as a happy consequence the foreign residences built in this area escaped damage during the war.
- 近代日本では1858年の日米修好通商条約など欧米5ヶ国との条約により、開港場に居留地を設置することが決められ、条約改正により1899年に廃止されるまで存続した。
- In Japan during the modern era, the Five-Power treaties, including the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, called for the establishment of settlements in places where ports were opened; these settlements continued to exist until being abolished by the revision of the treaties in 1899.
- これにより安土桃山時代に3千近くもあったといわれる城が約170まで激減し(陣屋を含めると約300)、結果として家臣団や領民の城下町集住が一層進んだとされている。
- As a result, the number of castles which were said nearly as many as 3,000 in the Azuchi Momoyama period dropped sharply to about 170 (about 300 when regional government offices included), and consequently, grouped housing of vassals and domain people in castle towns progressed more.
- かつては遺跡が発掘される事自体が少なく、青銅器の出土量も少なかったため、銅矛は主に北九州周辺、銅鐸は近畿から東海地方にかけての地域で出土するという偏りがあった。
- Because ruins were less often excavated and neither were bronze wares before, there used to a biased distribution where dohoko were found mainly around northern Kyushu while dotaku were discovered in the area between Kinki and Tokai region.
- 土師器(はじき)とは、弥生式土器の流れを汲み、古墳時代~奈良時代・平安時代まで生産され、中世・近世のかわらけに取って代わられるまで生産された素焼きの土器である。
- Haji pottery is a type of earthenware that evolved from Yayoi-type pottery and was produced from the Kofun (tumulus) to Nara and Heian periods, until replaced by Kawarake earthenware in the medieval and early modern times.
- この雲揚が同年9月20日首都漢城に近い要塞地帯であった江華島に接近し、発砲されたとの理由で3日間にわたり戦闘し22日には永宗島の砲台を攻撃、占領する事件が起きた。
- On September 20 of the same year, an incident occurred: this Unyo approached Ganghwa Island, which was the stronghold base near the capital Hanseong, and fought for three days insisting that she had been fiired, then on 22nd, she attacked the gun batteries and seized Yeongjong Island.
- また、儒教思想の日本への定着はすなわち、中華思想(華夷思想)の日本への定着を意味し、近代の皇国史観などに影響を与え、日本版中華思想ともいうべきものの下地となった。
- Moreover, the establishment of Confucianist thought in Japan meant the establishment of a China-centered view of the world in Japan, which had an influence upon emperor-centered historiography in later times and became the foundation for a Japanese style China-centered view of the world.
- 以上のことが通説とされるが、翌年には毛利水軍は籠城中の三木城への兵糧搬入作戦も大々的に行っており、最近の研究では通説で言われるほどの大敗であったかは疑問とされる。
- These are commonly accepted theories, but in recent studies the theory of the Mori navy's major defeat is questioned because the Mori navy conducted an operation to deliver provisions to the besieged Miki-jo Castle on a massive scale in the next year.
- 近世以前に行われた合戦において、主君が武士が戦功を挙げた家人や武士に対して表彰し、所領もしくは官途状、感状、物品の授与、格式の免許、官職への任官の推薦を行うこと。
- In the battles fought before the early modern times, the master honored his kenin (retainers) or samurai warriors who rendered outstanding military service and granted them territories, written appointments, testimonials, goods, rank and office confirmations, or commendation to governmental posts.
- その後は治天の君に近侍する伝奏が直接自分達の上司でもある将軍・足利義満に伝達し、義満もしくは奉行などの幕府役人の意向も伝奏を経由して治天の君・天皇に取り次がれた。
- After that, the tenso who served the Chiten no kimi directly conveyed the messages to the shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who was his superior, and the intention of Yoshimitsu or the bakufu officials including bugyo (magistrate) was in return relayed to Chiten no kimi or the Emperor through the tenso.
- 法隆寺西院伽藍は、かつては聖徳太子の時代の建築と信じられていたが、近代における研究の進展の結果、670年の火災以後、7世紀末から8世紀初めの再建と考えられている。
- Saiin Garan of Horyu-ji Temple was once believed to have been built in the age of Prince Shotoku, but it is now considered, thanks to the development of research in the modern times, that the complex was destroyed by fire in 670 and rebuilt sometime between the late seventh and early eighth century.
- 上田合戦(うえだかっせん)は、信濃国の上田城(現:長野県上田市)と近隣の山城周辺、上田市の東部を南北に流れる神川付近などで行われた真田氏と徳川氏の戦いの総称である。
- The Battle of Ueda is a generic name for the battles between the Sanada clan and the Tokugawa clan fought around Ueda-jo Castle in Shinano Province (present day Ueda City, Nagano Prefecture) and neighboring mountain castles, and around Kan-gawa River that runs north-south in the eastern part of Ueda City, etc.
- 翌日、徳川方は近隣の小豪族で真田氏に味方した丸子氏(後、真田氏に臣従)の篭る丸子城を攻めるが、これも要害と頑強な抵抗に阻まれ攻略できず、以後20日間程対陣を続ける。
- The following day, Tokugawa's army attacked Maruko-jo Castle where a neighboring small local ruling family, the Maruko clan, (served Sanada clan later) who sided the Sanada clan was besieged, but again, they were blocked by a fort and robust resistance and kept the position for about twenty days.
- しかしその年のうちに政盛が死去、越後では為景と新守護上杉定実の争いが起き、近隣の井上一族を始め北信濃の国人衆が上杉方に付き、唯一の長尾方として孤立していく事となる。
- However, Masamori died within the year, the conflict between Tamekage and Sadazane UESUGI, a new governor, took place in Echigo, local lords in northern Shinano (including the neighboring Inoue family) sided with the Uesugi, and the Takanashi clan was isolated as the Nagao side.
- 後村上天皇の正平 (日本)年間から明徳の和約による北朝との合一直前まで何度か出され、紀伊国・和泉国・河内国など、南朝の勢力が強かった近畿地方南部を中心に適用された。
- Choyobun was imposed a few times from the Shohei era of Emperor Gomurakami until just before the unification with the North Court by the Meitoku Treaty, which was applied mainly in the southern part of the Kinki region where the South Court had influence, such as the Kii Province, Izumi Province and Kawachi Province.
- 近世の大和民族は、世界的に見ても識字率が高い民族であり、江戸時代に海外から来日した外国人は、大和民族が身分や男女の別なく文字が読める事を驚きと共に本国に伝えている。
- In modern times, the Yamato race has such a high literacy rate on a global basis that a foreigner who came to Japan in the Edo period reported that he was surprised that the Yamato people were able to read regardless of their status or sex.
- 後述するような、むしろ特異とも言える独立独歩の精神からか、現在の十津川村も平成の大合併に際しても、最初から近隣のどの自治体とも合併する気などなかったと言われている。
- It might be due to the strong, or even peculiar sense of their self-reliance, which will be described later, that the present Totsukawa-mura is said to have had no intention of being merged with other municipalities from the beginning even upon the great merger of the Heisei period.
- 弥生式土器は地理的に中国大陸や朝鮮半島に近い北部九州で最初に出現したもので、他の地方でも縄文式土器に代わって製作されるようになり、北海道を除く日本全国に分布している。
- The Yayoi pottery was made at first in the northern part of the Kyushu region, which is situated close to China and the Korean Peninsula, and then Yayoi pottery began to replace Jomon pottery in other regions as well, so the excavation site of the Yayoi pottery ranges nationwide except for Hokkaido Island.
- 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近(侵略・進出・植民地化)により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
- This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.
- この人物は尚氏の子弟か近親者と推定されている(なお、宮内庁書陵部所蔵松岡本は宛先を息子の大舘晴光とするが、晴光が九郎の名乗りを用いた記録は無く、別人の可能性が高い)。
- It is presumed that this person was either Hisauji's son or relative (Matsuoka-bon (one of manuscripts) possessed by Imperial Household Archives assumed the addressee was his son Harumitsu Odachi, but there are no records proving that Harumitsu called himself Kuro and therefore, he might be an another person).
- 8月1日、逃亡先の近江甲賀郡の国人らを味方に引き入れ急ぎ京に戻った三好之長が、細川澄之の最後の砦となっていた遊初軒を高国勢とともに一気に攻め落したため澄之は自害した。
- On September 17, Yukinaga MIYOSHI, who had escaped to Koga-gun, Omi Province where he won the support of the local lords, rushed back to the capital; together with the Takakuni forces, Yukinaga captured Yushoken in one stroke, causing Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA to commit suicide since it was the last of his strongholds.
- その利害対立は、京の都の近国においては藤原元命に対する「尾張国郡司百姓等解文」で有名な国司苛政上訴として現れるが、多くは武力による衝突までにはならずに調整が図られる。
- Among such conflicts in interest seen in neighboring provinces of Kyoto was the famous 'Owari no kuni Gunji Hyakusho ra no Gebumi' (Letter from a local government official of Owari Province to farmers) sent against FUJIWARA no Motonaga for Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against kokushi - provincial governor taken by farmers), but many did not develop into military conflict, but were rather settled with negotiations.
- 右近は秀吉の宣教師追放令で大名の地位を追われ、その後、新庄直頼が3万石で高槻に入ったが、1600年の関ヶ原の戦いで改易され、その身柄は蒲生秀行 (侍従)に預けられた。
- Ukon was removed from his rank of Daimyo by the edict expelling Christian missionaries, afterward, Naoyori SHINJO entered Takatsuki with 30,000 koku, but he was forced to change his rank in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and he was handed over to Hideyuki GAMO (palace staff).
- 当時は天智天皇のもとで政治体制の近代化が進められ、中国の諸制度の積極的な導入が行われており、その根幹となる律令(近江令)が当然に定められたはずと見るのが存在説である。
- People who believe that the code did exist consider that modernization of the government, which had been promoted at that time under the Emperor Tenchi through active introduction of rules and systems from China, would have required a Ritsuryo code (Omi-Ryo) to be enacted as the basis of it.
- 家臣団へは、勝家が越前国を安堵の上で、勝家の希望から秀吉の領地である長浜市を割譲され、長秀が若狭国安堵の上、近江国の2郡を、恒興は摂津国から3郡を、それぞれ加増された。
- For the vassals, Nagahama City, which had been the territory of Hideyoshi, was ceded to Katsuie upon his request, in addition to the ratification of his ownership of Echizen Province, and Nagahide acquired two districts of Omi Province, in addition to the ratification of his ownership of Wakasa Province, and Tsuneoki acquired three districts of Settsu Province.
- 史料の吉川家文書には1591年(天正19年)と記されているが、最近の研究においてはこの日付には否定的で翌年の1592年(文禄元年)の誤りではないかとする説が有力である。
- The Yoshikawa family documents, historical material, state that it was executed in 1591, but recent researchers doubt the date and strongly suggest it was executed in 1592.
- 近世以降は灌漑技術が向上し、傾斜が少ない沖積平野でも、水路に水車を設けて灌漑や排水が出来るようになり、現在、穀倉地帯と呼ばれるような河川下流域の平野での稲作が広まった。
- Irrigation technology has improved so much since the modern times that irrigation and drainage can be made possible by building a waterwheel along the channel even on alluvial plains where the slope is gentle, and as a result, rice cultivation has spread to downstream plains which are called breadbaskets today.
- 鹿児島神社の割註に「兼右云。」とあることから、吉田兼右の在世である16世紀頃に成立したであろうこと、吉田家あるいは吉田家に近い人物が編纂に係わっていることが推測できる。
- From the note for the Kagoshima-jinja Shrine, 'Kanemigi said', it is presumed that the book was written about the sixteenth century which Kanemigi YOSHIDA had been alive, with the cooperation from the Yoshida family or a friend of the family.
- しかし、惣村の持っていた自治的性格は、祭祀面や水利面などを中心に近世村落へも幾分か継承され、村請制度や分郷下における村の統一維持に大きな役割を果たしたと考えられている。
- However, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was passed down to early-modern villages mainly in terms of religious service and water supplies, and it is considered that such a characteristic was instrumental in unifying and maintaining the village under the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) and Bungo (system of governing the Go).
- 天皇の来学に先立ち、京大吉田(本部)キャンパスでは、2,000人にのぼる学生・教職員などが正門近くの本部(時計台)前広場(画像参照)に見物(あるいは歓迎)に押しかけた。
- At Kyoto University Yoshida (headquarter) campus, two thousand students/school personnel gathered, before the arrival of the Emperor, at an open space in front of the university headquarter building (clock tower) (refer to the picture) in order to see (or welcome) the Emperor.
- 1190年、頼朝は常設武官の最高職である右近衛大将に補任されたが、同職には様々な政治的制約も付随していたため、すぐに辞し、より自由度の高い征夷大将軍を望むようになった。
- In 1190 Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards), the highest job of regular military officers, but the post was associated with various political constraints and he therefore soon resigned, hoping to become shogun with the higher degree of freedom that the position afforded.
- ただし、明治維新後に近代的な刑法典が確立する以前において、軽微な財産刑を「過料」と称していた(「科料」という言葉は存在していなかった)事例があるため、注意を必要とする。
- Before the modern penal code (criminal code) established after the Meiji Restoration; however, there were cases that a minor punishment by seizing assets was called a 'Karyo' (there was no word for petty fines [Karyo] in this period) so you need to pay attention to these mixed terms.
- 国友(くにとも)は、戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代末期まで「堺市」と並び称せられた鉄砲生産地、近江国坂田郡国友村(現、滋賀県長浜市国友町)及び工人の「国友鍛冶」を指す語。
- The word 'Kunitomo' referred to Kunitomo Village in Sakata County, Omi Province (present-day Kunitomo-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture), which was renowned for its production of firearms along with Sakai City during the Warring States period through to the end of the Edo period, and also to gunsmiths who worked in Kunitomo Village (called 'Kunitomo Kaji' in Japanese).
- 天皇の住む都を「上」とする事から用いられ、特に江戸幕府は三河国以西の畿内(大和国・山城国・摂津国・河内国・和泉国)三州(近江国・丹波国・播磨国)を、「上方筋」と定義した。
- The city where the emperor lived was called 'kami' and the Edo government defined Kinai, west of the Mikawa Province (the Yamato, Yamashiro, Settsu, Kawachi and Izumi Provinces) and Sanshu (the Omi, Tanba and Harima Provinces) as 'Kamigatasuji.'
- ヤマト王権と朝鮮半島諸国との交易が活発化した背景には、北方の高句麗から圧迫を受けつつあった百済が対抗のために近隣諸国(新羅・加羅諸国)と連携を強めていたことが挙げられる。
- It is thought that trade between Wakoku and the Korean kingdoms increased as Baekje, under pressure from Goguryeo to the north, began strengthening alliances with neighboring kingdoms such as Silla and Gaya.
- そこに竹中重治が進み出て「その役目手前がつかまつる」として長浜城 (近江国)に向い、黒田長政を自分の領地である菩提山城に移動させ、そこで織田信長の命に逆らってかくまった。
- On that occasion, Shigeharu TAKENAKA stepped forward telling that he would do that job and went to Nagahama-jo Castle (Omi Province) and moved Nagamasa KURODA to Bodaisan-jo Castle in his territory and gave shelter to him there against Nobunaga ODA's order.
- ばさらに対して批判的な古典『太平記』には、源家足利氏筆頭執事の高師直や近江国(滋賀県)の佐々木道誉(高氏)や美濃国(岐阜県)の土岐頼遠などのばさら的な行動が記されている。
- The writer of the classic epic 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) was clearly critical about basara, and in it, the basara-like behaviors the people such as KO no Moronao, a head steward of the Genke Ashikaga clan, Doyo SASAKI (Takauji) of Omi Province (Shiga Prefecture), and Yorito TOKI of Mino Province (Gifu Prefecture), are described
- この法令の直後に頼之が近江国守護職六角氏頼(六角氏頼)に対して発給した御教書がある。その中で、この法令に北朝 (日本)後光厳天皇の勅許が付けられている旨が述べられている。
- Immediately following the establishment of the law, a Migyosho was issued to the Omi Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Omi Province) Rokkaku Ujiyori where it was mentioned that the law had been accompanied by imperial sanction authorized by Emperor Gokogon of the Northern Court (Japan).
- 同年4月9日、摂津国の主だった国衆達は細川高国方につき、また大内義興軍が接近しつつある情勢を不利と読んだ細川澄元や三好之長は、自らの屋敷に火を放ち再び近江国に落ち延びた。
- On May 18, 1508, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI realized the disadvantage of having a band of kunishu (local samurai) who ruled Settsu Province take the side of Takakuni HOSOKAWA and also of the army of Yoshioki OUCHI close at hand, set fire to their residence and fled to Omi Province again.
- ただ、これらは明治6年5月8日の太政官布達第154号による官等表改正で軍隊における階級呼称一覧として引き続き用いられ、西欧近代軍の階級呼称を和訳する際にも当てはめられた。
- However, these were continuously used as the title of military ranks established by the Dajokan Futatsu No. 154 issued on May 8, 1873 as well as for the Japanese translation of the title of military ranks of Western Modern army.
- よって、古代の賎民と中世以降の被差別民、さらに近代以降被差別部落と呼ばれるようになった江戸時代の被差別民共同体との歴史的連続性はなく、性質の異なる起源を有したと考えられる。
- Therefore, it can be concluded that the ancient lowly persons and those discriminated after the medieval period as well as communities of discriminated people during the Edo period which came to be called burakumin (people come from or live in special hamlets) in the modern period and after were not connected historically and had different origins.
- 賤ヶ岳の戦い(しずがたけのたたかい)とは天正11年(1583年)、近江国伊香郡(現:滋賀県伊香郡)の賤ヶ岳附近で行われた羽柴秀吉(のちの豊臣秀吉)と柴田勝家との戦いである。
- The Battle of Shizugatake was a war which occurred in 1583 between Hideyoshi HASHIBA (later Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and Katsuie SHIBATA near Shizugatake Mountain in Ika District of Omi Province (present Ika County, Shiga Prefecture).
- また清でも1860年代から漢人官僚曽国藩、李鴻章らによる近代化の試みとして洋務運動が展開され中国の伝統的な文化、制度を土台としながら軍事を中心として西洋技術の導入を進めた。
- Qing had also been introducing western technologies centering on military ones based on Chinese traditional culture; bureaucrats of the Han race including Zeng Guofan and Li Hung Chang promoted the Western Affairs Movement in an attempt to modernize China.
- そのため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵(有力農民)=開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力寺院(または有力神社)へ寄進することで、不輸の権を獲得しようとした。
- Therefore, Tato (powerful farmers), or the owners of newly developed arable land, who acquired large tracts arable land through development or buying land, donated their farmland to dominant temples (or dominant shrines) to obtain Fuyu no ken.
- なお、関東においては、惣荘や惣郷の存在について確認されていないが、特殊な事例であるが、「香取文書」には、下総国佐原において、それに近いものが存在していたことが書かれている。
- In the Kanto region, the existence of sosho or sogo was not identified; however, as an exception the 'Katori monjo' (Katori document) contained information that a community close to a sosho or a sogo existed in Sahara, Shimousa Province.
- 明治末以来、藩閥勢力の代表で陸軍に近い桂太郎(長州藩出身)と立憲政友会の西園寺公望(公家出身)が「情意投合」のもと、交互に政権を担う慣例が続いていた(桂園時代と呼ばれる)。
- From the end of the Meiji period, in the Japanese government a conventional power rotation system was implemented under the agreement called 'Joi Togo' (the agreement to take power alternately) between Taro KATSURA (from the former Choshu Domain), who was closely related to the Japanese Army and a representative figure of the domain-based forces, and Kinmochi SAIONJI (from the former court noble), who belonged to the Rikken Seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO, hereinafter referred to Seiyukai) (called Kei-En era after the initial characters of their names).
- 専売制の対象となるケースになりやすい塩や酒、煙草などはその条件に近い場合が多く、逆に耕作地が全国的に広がっており大量生産されている穀物類の専売は実例はあるものの多くは無い。
- Salt, alcohol, and tobacco, which are likely to be the object of monopoly, often meet these requirements, while there is hardly any monopoly of grains, which are mass-produced in cultivated land all over the nation, though there are still some such cases.
- 近代的な欧米の法体系が流入して「法律(法体系)の一元化」が求められた結果、全く同趣旨の法令でありながら官吏向けの法令と一般向けの高札が並存するのは明らかに異質であったこと。
- The inflow of a modern European judicial system promoted the 'unification of the law (legal system),' therefore it was obviously an awkward situation that two variants of a single code co-existed in a government official version and in Kosatsu version for general public;
- 人口の増大は、江戸を東日本における大消費地とし、東日本各地の農村と結ばれた大市場、経済的先進地方である上方(近畿地方)と関東地方を結ぶ中継市場として、経済的な重要性も増した。
- Population growth in Edo turned the city into the consumption center of eastern japan, and faciliated its rise to economic prominence as a significant market that linked the farming villages of various regions of eastern Japan, and a hub market that linked the economically advanced Kamigata (Kinki region) and Kanto regions.
- 近年はアメリカ人になろうとして努力し続けた二世~三世と違い、若年層に自らのルーツである日本にアイデンティティーを求める傾向が強くなり日本語学習者が以前より多くなってきている。
- Unlike the second to third generations who kept striving to become Americans, young Japanese Americans today have the tendency to identify more and more with Japan, so the number of Japanese learners is increasing.
- リスボン近郊シントラのアルベルト・アウストリア枢機卿(フェリペ2世 (スペイン王)の妹マリア・デ・アブスブルゴとマクシミリアン2世 (神聖ローマ皇帝)の男子)の王宮に招かれる。
- Invited to the palace of Cardinal Albert of Austria (the son of Maria de Habsburgo, a younger sister of Felipe the second [King of Spain] and Maximilian II [Holy Roman Emperor]) in Sintra in the suburbs of Lisbon.
- また、衆徒・神人とよばれる俗人を多数配下において大人口を誇り、経済・学問・工芸活動などが盛んだった寺社周辺は、近年の日本歴史学で「境内都市」と呼ばれる一大メガロポリスであった。
- The temples had many laypeople called Shuto, Jinin who made up large megalopolises surrounding temples with high economical, learning and craft-making activity called 'Keidai toshi' (temple city) in recent Japanese history studies.
- 大きく分けて原本に近いと考えられる本(内閣文庫・平安博物館所蔵本など)と洞院実守書写と伝えられるものの、一部に脱落と錯簡が見られる系統(尊経閣文庫所蔵本など)のものが存在する。
- Existing books are basically divided into two groups, namely those considered to be close to the original (a book owned by the Cabinet Library, a book owned by the Heian Museum of Ancient History, etc.) and those with some omissions and out of order pages which are believed to be the manuscript of Sanemori TOIN (a book owned by Sonkeikaku Bunko Library).
- だが、土倉役を巡る延暦寺との対立は引き続き、その後も延暦寺などが勝手に徴収を行い、幕府が禁令を出すという事態の繰り返しが100年近く経た文明_(日本)年間にも繰り返されている。
- A conflict over dosoyaku with the Enryaku-ji Temple continued for nearly a hundred years, and the state that Enryaku-ji Temple collected dosoyaku at their discretion and the bakufu issued the ban was occurred repeatedly even in Bunmei Era (1469-1487).
- それでは、京の周辺ではどうだったかといえば、白河天皇の時代の北面武士のを代表する源季範、源季実、源近康ら文徳源氏は、摂関家領河内国古志郡坂門牧を本拠とし、坂戸源氏とも呼ばれた。
- As a result, MINAMOTO no Suenori, MINAMOTO no Suezane, MINAMOTO no Chikayasu of Montoku-Genji (Minamoto clan) that represented northern bushi of the period of Emperor Shirakawa surrounded Kyoto, and made their main headquarters in Sakamonnomaki, Koshi County, Kawachi Province of the regent family estate, and called as Sakado-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 後世の為替と同じ様に先に相手先近くの商人が商品購入のために発行した割符を購入して相手先に送り、相手が受け取った割符を発行者に換金を要求してその代金をもって決済する仕組であった。
- Similar to the currency exchange of later days, tally worked as follows: one party bought a tally issued by a merchant near the other end to buy merchandise and sent the tally to the other party in advance; the other party requested the issuer to cash the tally he had received, and settled the transaction with money.
- 第9代藩主・植村家長の時代には預かり地が6万6000石近くにまでなり、所領と合わせて約10万石となった家長は、奏者番や寺社奉行、若年寄、執政格などを歴任するなど幕政に参与した。
- During the time of the ninth lord of the domain, Ienaga UEMURA, the consigned shogunal demesne increased to nearly 66,000 koku, which made the total landholdings approximately 100,000 koku including his own territory, and Ienaga took part in the shogunate government serving in the positions such as Sojaban (an official in charge of the ceremonies), Jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines), Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor), Shisseikaku (Rojukaku: a councilor who acted as roju [senior councilor] but whose hereditary stipend was less than the minimum for roju) and so on.
- 現在の大阪府大阪市の中央区 (大阪市)と北区 (大阪市)に架かる天満橋から天神橋 (大阪府)の間、あるいは中央区高麗橋近辺、または中央区心斎橋筋の三津寺付近にあったと考えられる。
- There are three opinions surrounding the location of Korokan; the first opinion was the area lying between the present Tenma-bashi Bridge and Tenjin-bashi Bridge (Osaka) connecting Chuo Ward and Kita Ward (Osaka City), the second opinion was the area near the present Korai-bashi Bridge in Chuo Ward, and the last opinion was the area near Mitsu-tera Temple in the present Shinsaibashi-suji Street, Chuo Ward.
- その範囲は、中央官制・法制・宮廷・身分制・地方行政・金融・流通・産業・経済・教育・外交・宗教政策など多岐に及び、日本をアジアで最初の西洋的国家体制を有する近代国家へと変貌させた。
- The restoration affected all areas of life, such as the organization of the central government, legislation, the Imperial court, the class system, the local administration, the distribution system, industry, education, diplomacy, and religious policy, and effectively converted Japan into the first Western-style modern state in Asia.
- 平安時代には武士の支配を法的に保証するのは荘園領主たる「領家」「本所」であり、開発領主たちはその所領を孜々として寄進し、名簿(みょうぼ)を奉って子弟を近侍させ、猟官活動を行った。
- During the Heian period, the lord of the manor called 'ryoke' or 'honjo' legally warranted samurai the control over the manor; on the other hand, the local notables who actually developed the land did office-seeking by assiduously contributing their territory, offering a certificate given to the leader with the retainer's name on it and had his sons be retainers.
- 短陌(たんはく、省陌(しょうはく)とも)は、近代以前の東アジア地域で行われてきた商慣習で、100枚以下の一定枚数によって構成された銅銭の束を銅銭100枚と同一の価値として扱う事。
- Tanhaku (also called shohaku) is a business custom which had been conducted in East Asia before the early modern times; with this custom, a bundle of copper coins consisting of a certain number of coins less than 100 is treated as equal value to 100 copper coins.
- 浮遊運動をする砂の運動を詳しく見ると、砂嵐によって巻き上げられた後、日中暖まった空気が上昇することによって起きる上昇気流に乗って、上空500m - 2km付近に上昇して移動する。
- In more details, the movement of the floating sand is as follows: The sand flung up into the air by a sandstorm ascends up 500 m to 2 km above the ground due to an ascending air current and moves at that height.
- 首実検(くびじっけん)とは、前近代、配下の武士が戦場で討ちとった敵方の首級(くび・しるし)の身元を大将が判定し、その配下の武士の論功行賞の重要な判定材料とするために行われた作業。
- In feudal days of old, lower ranked samurai took the heads severed from the bodies of foes killed on the battlefield to their commanders for identification called 'Kubi jikken'; this activity took place because a severed head was crucial piece of identification evidence leading to conferring of honors on lower ranking samurai.
- 「開発領主」が生まれる過程は、その地の有力者が一族子弟のみならず、近隣の農民や諸国から流入した浮浪人などを組織して荒地の開拓を行い、その従事者を新しい村落に編成することに始まる。
- The creation of the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' started with the cultivation of the wild land not only by children and brothers of the powerful clan, but neighboring peasants and people who escaped and travelled from their registered domiciles of various provinces to organize into a new village as followers.
- その後、摂津国の国衆で細川澄元派であった池田貞政は討死、阿波国に逃れたようとした芥川豊後守も台風で遭難、近江国からだと徴兵もままならず、細川澄元は八方ふさがりの状態に陥っていた。
- Sumimoto HOSOKAWA was hemmed in on all sides -- Sadamasa IKEDA who was a kunishu from Settsu Province taking the side of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA died in the battle, Akutagawa Bungo no kami (governor of Bungo Province) wrecked in typhoon on his way to Awa Province retreated, and there had been little progress in draft enrollment from Omi Province.
- 甲賀流(こうかりゅう、こうがりゅう)とは、伊賀流と並んで最も有名な流派の忍術であるが、近江国甲賀の地に伝わっていた忍術流派の総称で「甲賀流」という名称の流派が存在したのではない。
- Koga-ryu (or Koka-ryu) is the most famous school of ninjutsu (ninja technique) along with Iga-ryu, but it is the name that refers to collectively the schools originating from the Koka region in Omi Province and the school named 'Koga-ryu' did not exist.
- 鳥羽天皇の信任の厚かった平忠盛は、後院領荘園(天皇の隠居所の所領)であった肥前国神埼荘の知行を通じて日宋貿易を開始し、舶来品を院に進呈して院の近臣としてみとめられるようになった。
- TAIRA no Tadamori, who was confided in by Emperor Toba, began the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China through chigyo (enfeoffment) of Kanzaki-no-sho in Bizen Province, which was Goin Palace's manor (territory of Emperor's retreat), and came to be admitted as In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) by presenting imported goods.
- 新渡戸は近代において人間が陥りやすい拝金主義や唯物主義の根っこにある個人主義に対して、封建時代の武士は(封建)社会全体への義務を負う存在として己を認識していたことを指摘している。
- Nitobe pointed out that while people could easily become individualistic which underlied mammonism and materialism in modern times, samurais in the feudal period recognized themselves as an existence that was responsible to the whole (feudal) society.
- 事業者側でもそのような扱いをしている場合があり、たとえば近畿日本鉄道では、2004年ごろまで車内放送・駅構内放送・方向幕では旧国名を省略していた(例:大和西大寺駅 → 西大寺)。
- There was a time that even some railway corporations omitted the old provincial name and called the stations with the old provincial names omitting added part; for example, in case of Kintetsu Corporation, announcements in the trains, broadcasting in the station precincts, and in the rollsigns, the old provincial names were omitted up to 2004 (an example: Yamato Saidaiji Station was called Saidaiji Station).
- これと前後して荒木村重が花熊城の戦いに破れ去るなどの情勢悪化や近衛前久の再度の説得工作によって石山の受け渡しを教如派も受け入れて雑賀に退去し、8月2日に石山は信長のものとなった。
- Due to a worsening situation where Murashige ARAKI lost in the battle of Hanakuma-jo Castle and to Sakihisa KONOE's repeated persuasions around this time, Kyonyo accepted a surrender too, retreating to Saika, and on September 20, Ishiyama was handed over to Nobunaga.
- 滝川一益の敗走により、織田領である信濃、甲斐、上野が一気に空白状態となると、越後の上杉景勝や相模の北条氏直、三河の徳川家康など近隣勢力が侵攻し、旧織田領を巡る天正壬午の乱が起こる。
- As Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was routed, Oda's territory Shinano, Kai, and Ueno became void at once, and neighboring forces such as Kagekatsu UESUGI in Echigo, Ujinao HOJO in Sagami, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Mikawa invaded, and Tenshojingo no ran (Tenshojingo Rebellion) occurred in the former Oda territory.
- 極東地域、日本近海にも欧米の船が出没する回数が多くなったが、幕府は日本との外交ルートを模索する外国使節や外国船の接触に対し、には外国船打払令を実行するなど、鎖国政策の継続を行った。
- In spite of the frequent visits of western vessels in the far east area, or the sea of Japan, the shogunate government continued the seclusion policy by strong measures such as the enforcement of the edict to repel foreign vessels in 1825 to prevent contacts with foreign envoys and vessels asking for a diplomatic channel with Japan.
- こうした後醍醐の姿勢は皇位継承問題をきっかけとして幕府の得宗専制と衝突することとなり、1324年(正中 (元号)1)、後醍醐の蜂起計画が露呈し、側近の公家が処罰された(正中の変)。
- Godaigo's attempt to achieve political reform was motivated by a desire to avoid problems regarding the imperial succession, but this created conflict with the Tokuso autocracy of the bakufu, and in 1324 Godaigo's plan to lead an uprising was revealed, and the kuge who served as his close advisers were punished (Shochu Disturbance).
- そして、江戸のように全く新しくあるいはそれに近い都市改造の結果誕生した都市では、初期段階において領主への国役などの負担と引換に新設された町屋敷地を拝領する方式が取られた地域もある。
- In some cities - newborn ones and renewed ones - such as Edo, residents offered 'kuniyaku' (public duties) to the feudal lord at the early stage of the city development, and in exchange, they received the land of the town's residential area that was newly developed.
- また、県札を発行して、経済流通の活性化、全国の小学校開設に先立って郷学校を再興して県学として近代教育のスタートを切るなど、中央の統制を越えて、積極的な地方行政を押し進めようとした。
- Furthermore, by going over the authority of the central government and through the issuance of prefectural ordinances, he actively pushed forward regional legislations to stimulate the distribution economy by issuing prefectural bills, and launched the modern educational system as a prefecture-wide model through the restoration of provincial schools ahead of the opening of elementary schools across the nation.
- 「天智天皇の命令により藤原鎌足が天智元年(668年)に律令を編纂した」(『藤氏家伝』大織冠伝)及び「天智元年に令22巻を制定した。これが『近江朝廷之令』である」(『弘仁格式』序)。
- Firstly, the description in Taishokukanden (the story of Kamatari) in 'Toshi Kaden' (Biographies of the Fujiwara clan): 'By the order of the Emperor Tenchi, FUJIWARA no Kamatari compiled a Ritsuryo code in 668'; and secondly, the description in the introduction of 'Konin Kyakushiki' (compilation of rules, regulations, and precedents): 'A 22-volume series code was enacted in 668. It is 'Omi-chotei-no-ryo' (The Administrative Code of the Omi Court)'.
- 実態は冥加に対しても一定額が定められる場合もあり、「運上と云も冥加永というも同様たり(中略)、何れを唱へても苦しからず」とした『地方凡例録』の記述が近いものであったと考えられている。
- In view of the fact that there were cases where a fixed amount was set for Myoga, the reality might be similar to the description of 'Jikata hanreiroku' saying 'Unjo and Myogaei are the same, (snip) you may use them interchangeably.'
- これは長年の倭寇対策で船体破壊のための遠戦指向の朝鮮水軍に対して、船員制圧のための近戦指向の日本水軍では装備や戦術の差もあって、正面衝突の海戦をすると日本水軍が不利であったことによる。
- This was because direct naval battles were unfavorable to the Japanese navy because of the differences in equipment and tactics between the Korean navy that was oriented to distant combat (battles with missiles) to break the vessel's body because of their experiences over a long period in coping with wako (Japanese pirates) and the Japanese navy that was oriented to close combat to suppress sailors.
- 秋田蘭画の多くは、絹本着色で掛幅という東洋画の伝統的な形態をとりながらも、画題のうえでは洋風の風景画や静物画を、技法のうえでは陰影法や大気遠近法など西洋絵画の手法を多く採り入れている。
- Many Akita Ranga paintings used traditional Eastern styles of painting by using silk fabric colors and Kakehaba (Japanese pigments) while adopting Western painting techniques, which included Western-style themes, such as landscapes and still-lifes, and used such techniques as shadowing and aerial perspective.
- 物語ではあるが、『曽我物語』(真字本:まなぼん)に見る頼朝挙兵前の開発領主の姻戚関係を見ると、大庭御厨の濫妨から、石橋山の合戦までの相模近辺の武士団の関係、勢力範囲がよく表されている。
- The relationship of bushidan and range of power of Sagami Province was described in detail from the disturbance in Obamikuriya estate to the Battle of Ishibashiyama Mountain by looking at the matrimonial relation of kaihatsu-ryoshu prior to the mobilization call by Yoritomo in 'Soga Monogatari' (the tale of Soga) (Manabon - a book written only in Chinese characters) despite being just literature.
- 実際には万力鎖術で用いられる様に数十cm程垂らした鎖をクルクルと回転させて勢いをつけた上で直線的に投げつけるスリングによる投石に近い攻撃方法が取られる(分銅を持って投ずる流派もある)。
- In practice, a method of attack is adopted in which a suspended chain of several dozen centimeters is rotated to gain momentum and then kusarigama is thrown linearly and it is like a method used in the art of manriki-gusari which is similar to stone throwing using a sling (in some schools, one holds the chain weight and throws it).
- そして、その手法としてよく用いられるのが、旧国名を冠して重複を回避する手法である(例:常陸太田市、武蔵村山市、美濃加茂市、近江八幡市、河内長野市、大和郡山市、土佐清水市、豊後大野市)。
- The method often used to avoid the existence of plural cities with the same name was to attach the old provincial names to the city names that were to be duplicated city names (examples: Hitachiota City, Musashimurayama City, Minokamo City, Omihachiman City, Kawachinagano City, Yamatokoriyama City, Tosashimizu City, Bungo-ono City).
- また、近鉄の高田市駅は開業当初、高田町駅であったが大和高田市が1948年に市制施行した際、既に大和高田駅が別に存在したことから敢えて旧国名の「大和」を略したままの改称に踏み切っている。
- Takadashi Station of Kintetsu Corporation was Takada-cho Station when it was opened; Takada-cho became Yamatotakada City in 1948; at that time the station named Yamato-Takada Station already existed; for this reason the corporation took the bold step of changing the station name into Takadashi Station in which the old provincial name of 'Yamato' is omitted.
- 京極軍は家臣赤尾伊豆守、山田大炊以下、奮戦し、7日間持ち堪えたが、9月13日 (旧暦)からは近くの長等山から大砲で砲撃を受け、砲弾は眼下に落ちるような勢いで天守その他の建築物を破壊した。
- Kyogoku Army including AKAO Izu no kami (Governor of Izu Province) and Oi YAMADA fought to defend the castle for seven days, but, on October 19, they were attacked with cannons from nearby Mt. Nagara and the cannonballs rained down on the keep and other buildings of the castle, destroying them.
- 江戸時代になると、大都市となった江戸を中心として、金融業でも醸造業でもない、他のところで醸造した酒を販売する(今日でいう「酒屋」のイメージに近い)商店として酒屋が多く出現するようになる。
- Entering the Edo period, many sakaya selling the sake manufactured by others, not doing financial business operation nor manufacturing sake, (or business close to the image of the 'sakaya' in the present day), appeared centered on Edo that had become a big city.
- いずれにしても、「武士団」の時代は平安時代後期から室町時代までであり、その境はあいまいながらも、少なくとも近世、江戸時代については「武士」ではあっても「武士団」として語られることはない。
- Despite this, the period of 'bushidan' was from the late Heian to the Muromachi period, and there was reference to 'bushi' during the modern Edo period, but not 'bushidan.'
- 毛利氏、島津氏、伊達氏、徳川氏、上杉氏ら100万石にならんとする大大名がいるが、秀吉生存中は彼らに執政権を与えず、石田氏や大谷氏ら自身の子飼い大名に近畿周辺の小禄に封じて政治をさせている。
- Although there were several 'Daidaimyo' (a feudal lord given a greater stipend) including the Mori, the Shimazu, the Date, the Tokugawa, and the Uesugi clans, who owned provinces almost one million-koku in size, Hideyoshi, while he was alive, didn't give them any authority to control the administration but instead had the feudal lords who were reared from an early age, such as the Ishida and the Otani clans, govern the country by making them live around the Kinki region and giving them a small stipend.
- 続いて、中央集権体制の近代国家にとって国民軍の創出が必要と認識され、西郷隆盛も最終的には山縣の考え方を支持して、山城屋事件で山縣が辞職に追い込まれた後も、西郷は桐野利秋らの反対論を退けた。
- Subsequently, the necessity to create a national army for a modern nation under centralized administrative framework was recognized, and Takamori SAIGO finally supported Yamagata's opinion and turned down the opposing opinions by Toshiaki KIRINO and others, even after Yamagata was forced into resignation due to the Yamashiroya incident.
- 道鏡の左遷はこの時代の典型的な政変であり、清麻呂が光仁朝で重用されなかったのは、彼が元々地方豪族出身でなおかつ称徳天皇の側近層であった以上、光仁天皇側とのつながりは希薄だったと解している。
- HOSOI thinks that the demotion of Dokyo is a typical political change of the time and that the reason Kiyomaro did not receive an important position in the court of Emperor Konin was that originally he came from a powerful local clan and he was a member of close advisers to Emperor Shotoku and his connection with the side of Emperor Konin was not so close.
- また、構成員の中には秀次の近侍として仕えた富田高定(前田利長に仕えて、関ヶ原で北陸にて戦死)を含める場合もあるなど、史料によっては八人ではなく七人ともされ、さらにメンバーも変わることがある。
- In another case, Takasada TOMITA, who served Hidetsugu closely, later served Toshinaga MAEDA and died during the Battle of Sekigahara, was included as a member, and depending upon the historical documents, the number of the members were seven, and not eight, and there was a case in which even the members themselves were different.
- このような改革には積極的に西洋文明の先進制度が取り入れられ、その過程で、「お雇い外国人」と呼ばれる外国人が、技術指導、教育分野、官制・軍制整備など様々な分野で雇用され、近代国家建設を助けた。
- The developed systems of western civilization were positively adopted in this reform, and in this process foreigners called 'Employed Foreigner' were hired in various areas including technical assistance, education, consolidation of the organization of the central government, and military systems, to help Japan build a modern state.
- 奈良時代に公布された大宝律令では隋代(唐代初期か)の一両に準じて、おおむね41~42グラムくらいであったが、唐代になり11%程度減少し37.3グラムとなり、日本国内でもこれに近い値となった。
- Under the Taiho Code promulgated in the Nara period, the weight of 1 ryo was set around 41to 42 grams, following the standard of the Sui Dynasty (or the early Tang Dynasty) China, and when the weight of 1 ryo was reduced by around 11 percents into 37.3 grams in Tang Dynasty, Japan followed China again and took almost the same standard.
- 『早字二重鑑』(いろは順が二回繰り返される近代辞書に似た形式)、『急用間合即座引』(いろは順の次に語尾の仮名で分類)、『大成正字通』(いろは順、部門分類、濁音仮名の有無の三段階)などである。
- For example, there were 'Hayaji Niju Kagami' (in which the words were classified and subclassified in iroha order similar to modern dictionaries), 'Kyuyomaniai Sokuzabiki'(in which the words were classified in iroha order and subclassified by kana at the end of each word) and 'Taisei seijitsu' (in which the words were classified in three steps: In iroha order, by category and by presence or absence of the Japanese syllabary for voiced consonants).
- だが、応仁の乱以後には将軍の臨席は減少し、11代将軍足利義澄の頃には将軍主宰とされながら実際には将軍が臨席する事は無く、側近である内談衆が決定事項を将軍に取り次いで裁可を得る仕組みとなった。
- After the Onin War, the shogun's presence at gozen-sata became less, and in the tenure of the eleventh shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, the shogun namely chaired, but did not attend gozen-sata, which resulted in a procedure whereby naidan shu (judges), shogun's entourages, brought the decisions to the shogun for the approval.
- すなわち、近世以前の稲作適地は、地形で言えば洪積台地や河岸段丘の上、平地の分類で言えば盆地や河岸中流域など傾斜がある土地となり、集団化した農民が灌漑設備をつくって棚田をつくるのが一般的である。
- That is, before the modern times the best places for rice cropping were sloping lands, such as ones on diluvial plateaus and stream terraces in terms of landform, or basins and midstream sites in terms of classification of plains, and generally a group of farmers established an irrigation facility and built Tanada there.
- 川越鉄道、成田線(初代)、東武鉄道、秩父鉄道、伊豆箱根鉄道駿豆線、水郡線(2代)、中越鉄道、豊川鉄道、名鉄尾西線、近江鉄道、南海本線、南海高野線、大阪鉄道 (2代目)、中国鉄道、博多湾鉄道汽船
- Kawagoe Railway, Narita Line (the first), Tobu Railway Co., Ltd., Chichibu-Railway, Sunzu Line of Izu Hakone Railway, Suigun Line (the second), Chuetsu Railway, Toyokawa Railway, Meitetsu Bisai Line, Omi Railway Corporation, Nankai Main Line, Nankai Takano Route, Osaka Railway (the second), Chugoku Railway, Hakata Bay Railway Kisen
- また、近隣間の些細なトラブルでさえ暴力によって解決される傾向にあった、そのため、秀吉は刀狩と並行して武器の使用による紛争の解決を全国的に禁止(喧嘩停止令)し、この施策は江戸幕府にも継承された。
- People would often resort to force to solve even trivial matters, and Hideyoshi addressed this by prohibiting any conflict resolution using weapons (kenka choji rei (edict prohibiting quarrel and fighting)) throughout the nation in parallel with katanagari edict, which was inherited by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 地方によっては、単身者や核家族が居住するワンルーム・マンションの増加など、近隣地域と住人の関係が疎遠になる例もあり、地元神社の氏子への加入や、祭礼の寄付などをめぐり問題を生じている地域もある。
- In some local areas, relations within neighboring districts and residents have become weak mainly due to increase of one-room condos in which singles and nuclear families live, while other areas have problems over whether to become parishioners of a local Shinto shrine and contributing to rites and festivals of the shrine.
- 柱・梁を基本構造とする日本建築と、煉瓦や石で壁を築いてゆく西洋建築は対照的な存在であり、20世紀のモダニズム建築の時代になると、近代建築の理念を先取りした点があるとして注目されるようになった。
- Japanese architecture, which mainly uses posts and beams, differs from Western architecture of bricks and stones, and traditional Japanese architecture gained attention in 20th century architectural modernism since it was ahead of its time in the use of modern architectural concepts.
- 約1.8リットルの液体が入る瓶は「一升瓶」と呼ばれており、酒類の他、油脂食用油脂や醤油などにも用いられてきたが、近年はペットボトルに移行する傾向にあり、業務用のものを除き次第に廃れてきている。
- In Japan, the glass bottle of the capacity of about 1.8 liters has been called 'Isshobin' (1 sho glass bottle) and it has been used for alcohol, cooking oil, soy sauce, and so on, but today, it tends to be replaced with the plastic bottle of the size other than 1.8 liters, so 1.8 liter glass bottle is, except for that for business use, fading away.
- 忠邦はまた、阿片戦争における清の敗北により、従来の外国船に対する異国船打払令を改めて薪水給与令を発令して柔軟路線に転換する一方、江川英龍や高島秋帆に西洋流砲術を導入させて、近代軍備を整えさせた。
- In response to the defeat of Qing Dynasty in the Opium Wars, Tadakuni shifted his foreign policy to more flexible one by amending the conventional edict to repel foreign vessels to the law to provide water and fuel for foreign ships, while he ordered Hidetatsu EGAWA and Shuhan TAKASHIMA to introduce the western style gunnery and the modern military buildup.
- 農業生産力の発展を基盤として、経済的な繁栄が見られたのが元禄であり、この時代には文学や絵画の面でも、井原西鶴の浮世草子、松尾芭蕉の俳諧、近松門左衛門の浄瑠璃、菱川師宣の浮世絵などが誕生していく。
- The Genroku era enjoyed economic prosperity based on the development of agricultural productivity, and in the field of literature and painting famous masterpieces such as Ukiyozoshi (Literally, Books of the Floating World) by Saikaku IHARA, seven-syllable verse (haikai) by Basho MATSUO, Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU and ukiyoe paintings by Moronobu HISHIKAWA were created.
- 近代以前において馬は最も重要な輸送手段であったから、優れた馬(駿馬)は軍事や行政用として用いられるのが常であり、輸送に用いられた駄馬は人を乗せて早く走らせることの出来ない質の良くない馬であった。
- Since a horse was the most important means of transportation before modern times, swift horses (shunme) were usually reserved for military or government use, and the daba used for transportation were poor quality horses that were unable to run fast while carrying a person.
- 日本は公使館警備用の軍を派遣して朝鮮国王を保護し、その後開化派が新政権を発足させ、朝鮮国王をトップとする立憲君主制国家をうちたてて、日本の助力のもとに近代国家への道を突き進む、というものだった。
- After Japan protected the king of Korea by sending the troops for guarding the legation, the Progressive Party was to form a new government, establish a constitutional monarchy with the king of Korea at the top, and rush toward a modern state with Japanese assistance.
- この平定戦での動員兵力5万のうち戦死者は日本軍164人であるが、マラリア等による病死者は近衛師団長北白川宮能久親王はじめ4642人にのぼり、中国側兵士、住民およそ1万4千人の死者を出して終了した。
- This war to conquer Taiwa ended leaving 164Japanese war deaths and 4,642 deaths, including Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa, caused by diseases like malaria, out of 50,000 solders in motion, while about 14,000 Chinese solders and local people died.
- JR京都駅の烏丸口(北口)側にある関西電力京都支店の建物(鉄筋コンクリート造8階建)は、京都の近代建築の一つであるが、もともとは1937年(昭和12年)に、京都電燈の本社として建設されたものである。
- The eight storey reinforced concrete building of the Kyoto branch of the Kansai Electric Power, which stands in front of the Karasuma Exit (North Exit) of JR Kyoto Station, is one of the most modern buildings in Kyoto and was originally built as the headquarters of Kyoto Dento in 1937.
- 明治維新は欧米列強に抑圧されたアジア諸国にとって近代化革命の模範ともなったが、やがて日本自身が列強側の国家として、帝国主義的な領土・権益獲得の立場となったことから、かえって反発を呼ぶことにもなった。
- The Meiji Restoration in Japan was a model for the modern revolution of the various Asian countries which were suppressed by powerful western countries, but Japan also received resistance from them because Japan itself became a powerful imperialistic country trying to obtain lands and interests.
- それでも政盛の孫の高梨政頼の頃まで独立性を保ってきたが、村上氏を撃破した甲斐国の武田信玄の侵攻を受け、弘治 (日本)年間(1555 - 1558)に本拠地中野郷から信越国境に近い飯山郷まで後退した。
- Until the time of Masayori TAKANASHI, a grandson of Masamori, the Takanashi clan remained independent, but Shingen TAKEDA, of Kai Province, who had destroyed the Murakami clan, invaded the land of the Takanashi clan and they retreated to the Iiyama area close to the boundary of Shinano and Echigo from Nakano, the base, between 1555 and 1558.
- メジャーな酒屋と違って、マイナーではあるが独自の投資経営技術で関東から東北にかけて幅広く小さな酒蔵や造り酒屋をたくさん展開した、近江商人の江州蔵(ごうしゅうぐら)という酒屋の形態も忘れてはならない。
- The sakaya style called Goshugura described in the following should be also remembered: Being minor unlike the sakaya that was major, Omi shonin (merchants in the Omi Province) deployed many small-sized sake-factories and tsukuri-zakaya throughout the Kanto to Tohoku regions using their own business management technology.
- 近藤成一は、従来の議論は国家権力が単一であることを前提としているが、その前提を捨てて、国家権力の並存・対立を視野に入れるならば、鎌倉幕府の成立は朝廷から権限を受権したか否かに必ずしも関係しないとした
- Seiichi KONDO mentions that the traditional arguments depend on the assumption that the national authority was unitary, but undermining the assumption and taking the coexistence and the confrontation of national authority into consideration, the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu did not necessarily have a connection with whether it was empowered by the Imperial Court or not.
- さらに滋賀県東近江市五個荘町の小幡人形などには通信使人形(正確には唐人人形、 随行員である小童や楽隊の人形)があり、異国より献上された象などとともに当時の人気キャラクターであったことがうかがわれる。
- Furthermore, Obata dolls in Gokasho-cho, Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture include Tsushinshi dolls (correctly, tojin (Chinese) dolls): the dolls of children and those of a music band), suggesting that they were popular at that time together with elephants presented by a foreign country.
- 従来この使節派遣の目的は、条約改正の打診であったといわれてきたが、実情は国法や近代的社会制度の整備が遅れていることから、改正時期の延期を諸外国に求めるものであったという学説が一般的になってきている。
- The purpose of the dispatch of the mission was traditionally considered to be an approach for the treaty revision, but now it is commonly believed that in fact the mission intended to request the foreign countries to postpone the time of the revision due to the delay of improvement of the state law and the modern social system in Japan.
- とりわけ開化派人士や、幼児等も含むその近親者への残酷な処刑は福澤らをして激しい失望感を呼び起こし、福澤は、天津条約締結の前月には自身が主宰する時事新報の紙面において、いわゆる脱亜論を発表するに至る。
- As FUKUZAWA and his colleagues were deeply disappointed by the cruel execution to the sophisticated people of the Progressive Party and their relatives including children in particular, FUKUZAWA came to publish Datsua ron (a theory of turning away from Asia) in the Japanese newspaper Jiji Shinpo led by himself, on the previous month of the Tientsin Convention.
- 一方で、現役の貴族院議員の首相は伊藤博文を始め、松方正義、大隈重信、桂太郎、西園寺公望、高橋是清、清浦奎吾、加藤高明、若槻禮次郎、近衛文麿、東久邇宮稔彦王、幣原喜重郎、吉田茂などかなりの数に上った。
- On the other hand, serving Kizokuin councilors who became the Prime Ministers were Hirobumi ITO, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taro KATSURA, Kinmochi SAIONJI, Kirekiyo TAKAHASHI, Keigo KIYOURA, Takaaki KATO, Reijiro WAKATSUKI, Fumimaro KONOE, Prince Higashikuninomiya Naruhiko, Kijuro SHIDEHARA, Shigeru YOSHIDA and more.
- また、鎌倉時代には源実朝が「将門合戦絵」を描かせたり、神田明神が江戸幕府によって「江戸総鎮守」とされたりするなど、武家政権が将門を東国武家政権の先駆けとして強い親近感を抱いていることも特徴的である。
- In addition, during the Kamakura period, military governments strongly promoted Masakado as a pioneer of military government in Togoku, an attitude which can be seen in the commissioning of a painting by MINAMOTO no Sanetomo called 'Masakado Kassen-e' (Masakado's Picture of War), and also at Kanda-Myojin Shrine, which was designated as 'Edo Sochinju' by the Edo bakufu (the feudal government of the Edo period).
- 5月20日 (旧暦)夜、酒井忠次率いる東三河衆の他、織田軍・金森長近などの与力、また鉄砲500丁を持たせた計約3000名という連合軍の大部隊(『信長公記』によると約4000名)が、密かに豊川を渡河。
- During the night of July 18, the great allied forces, comprising the Migashimikawa army under Tadatsugu SAKAI, the yoriki (assistants to commanders) including Nagachika KANAMORI of the Oda force, and approximately 3,000 (or 4,000 men according to 'The Shinchoko-ki') with 500 teppo, crossed Toyo-gawa River in secret.
- 膝下の近江国の兵に加えて嫡男織田信忠率いる尾張国・美濃国の軍勢、織田信雄・織田信孝・織田信包配下の伊勢国の軍勢、さらに畿内と越前国・若狭国・丹後国・丹波国・播磨国の兵も合流して13日に京都を出発した。
- He left Kyoto on the 12th with not only the soldiers in Omi Province which he directly ruled but also the troops of Owari and Mino Provinces led by his legitimate son Nobutada ODA, the troops of Ise Province ruled by Nobukatsu ODA, Nobutaka ODA and Nobukane ODA, and the soldiers of the Kinai region, Echizen, Wakasa, Tango, Tanba and Harima Provinces.
- この堤防は門前村(現:西日本旅客鉄道吉備線足守駅付近)から蛙ヶ鼻(石井山南麓)までの東南約4km、高さ8m、底部24m、上幅12mにわたる堅固な長堤を造り、足守川の水をせきとめようとするものであった。
- This was a firm, long embankment that measured about four kilometers toward the southeast from Monzen Village, now around Ashimori Station of the JR West Kibi Line, to Kawazugahana, at the southern foot of Mt. Ishii, eight meters high, 24 meters deep, and 12 meters wide, designed to block the waters of Ashimori-gawa River.
- 2001年4月上旬に発生した黄砂は、同月15日にソルトレイクシティ、18日にはカナダからアリゾナ州にかけてのロッキー山脈、19日には五大湖付近でそれぞれ観測され、20日にはカナダ沖大西洋上空に達した。
- The kosa produced in the early April, 2001 reached Salt Lake City on April 15, the Rocky Mountains from Canada to the State of Arizona on April 18, around the Great Lakes on April 19, and over Atlantic Ocean off Canada on April 20.
- また永正5年(1508年)4月10日細川高国が入京時期に、逆に足利義澄は京から落ち延びて九里氏を頼って近江岡山城に落ち延びたが、同年10月2日に細川高国と大内義興は追討軍を差し向け岡山城の戦いに続く。
- On May 19, 1508, Takakuni HOSOKAWA entered the capital of Kyoto; in contrast, Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA fled from Kyoto to Okayama-jo Castle in Omi Province trusting in the Kuri clan, and on November 4, 1508, Takakuni HOSOKAWA and Yoshioki OUCHI dispatched a punitive force after Yoshizumi, which led to the Battle of Okayama-jo Castle.
- このことから、清正や正則らと違って所領は播磨国内などに1万石ほどしかなかったが、秀吉側近として重用され、羽柴姓を下賜された上、前田利家亡き後は豊臣氏の家老として豊臣秀頼の後見人を任されることとなった。
- For this reason, he became a close confidante to Hideyoshi, despite the small size of his domain, which was roughly only 10,000 koku (an unit of assessed crop yields of the land [1 koku: about 180 liter], which was also used to express the size of the land) in Harima Province and others, compared to those of Kiyomasa and Masanori, and was granted the use of the Hashiba name and was appointed as a Karo (chief retainer) of Toyotomi clan and custodian of Hideyori TOYOTOMI after the death of Toshiie MAEDA.
- この門葉の顔ぶれを見る限り、門葉たる地位を付与されるためには、血筋上の嫡流庶流や頼朝の血筋との近接性はあまり問題ではなく、あくまで忠勤の目覚ましい清和源氏であることがその要件であったということができる。
- Given the manner in which the members of these monyo were selected, in order to be given the status of monyo, what mattered wasn't the main line or branch of the family blood nor how close one was to Yoritomo's blood but was instead being the faithful Seiwa-Genji, which was the only requirement.
- 封建制に代わる、中国史上の経済制度を特徴づける概念や歴史像はいまだ構築されていないが、最近では階級構造を描き出そうとする従来の方法に代わって、地域社会の中における地主の役割に注目した研究がなされている。
- Concepts and views of history which characterize the economic system in Chinese history have yet to be constructed, but recently, more studies are focusing on the role of landlords in a local community, instead of describing the class structure by conventional methods.
- なお、東日本・西日本に関わらず、漁港の適地が海沿いの山に囲まれた入り江であることも多かったため、漁港から離れた平地の所有権争いに敗れた漁村では、漁港近くの山に漁民の主食用の棚田がつくられる例がみられる。
- As the best place for building a fishing port was often a cove surrounded by coastal mountains, in some fishing villages which lost a contest for ownership of flatlands far from fishing ports, Tanada was made in the mountain near the port for the purpose of securing the fisherfolk's staple food, both in eastern and western Japan.
- 江戸は、江戸後期に現在の、千代田区・中央区 (東京都)・港区 (東京都)・新宿区の東側(四谷付近まで)・文京区・台東区・墨田区・江東区の辺り、のちの東京市の内十五区部分ぐらいまで広がったといわれている。
- It is said that in later Edo Period, Edo almost encompassed fifteen Wards of later-Tokyo City, present-day Chiyoda, Chuo, Bunkyo, Taito, Sumida, and Koto wards, as well as the east side of Shinjuku Ward (up to Yotsuya).
- 発生地付近では黄砂の元となる「砂嵐」(砂塵嵐)、大気中を浮遊する黄砂は「大気エアロゾル粒子」であり、風の有無にかかわらず黄砂が空中に大量に浮遊・降下している状態は「風塵」や「煙霧」・「ちり煙霧」である。
- In the area where kosa is being generated, kosa indicates 'a sandstorm' that causes kosa, the kosa floating in the air are 'ambient aerosol particles,' and the state in which lots of kosa is floating and falling is called 'drifting dust,' 'haze' or 'dust haze.'
- 高槻城の城主であった高山右近に、キリシタン大名であることを利用し宣教師のグネッキ・ソルディ・オルガンティノを使者として「即時帰順しなけば、宣教師も領内の信者も残らず磔に処す。教会も焼き払う」として脅した。
- Taking advantage of the fact that Ukon TAKAYAMA, who was the castellan of the Takatsuki-jo Castle and was a Christian daimyo (Christian feudal lord), Nobunaga ODA sent Gnecchi-Soldo Organtino, who was a missionary, as an emissary and threatened Ukon TAKAYAMA that unless he would surrender immediately, all missionaries and believers in the territory would be crucified and churches would be burnt.
- 明治時代になると近代国家に脱皮するためには中世封建制社会の身分制度を破棄することは避けて通れないと考えられ、政府により江戸時代の身分制度が廃止され四民平等(しみんびょうどう)の政策が採られることになった。
- In the Meiji period, it was considered that Japan would not be able to develop into a modern nation unless it broke away from its class system based in the medieval feudal society: therefore the government abolished the class system from the Edo period and enacted the policy of shimin byodo (the equality of four classes).
- これらの支配力は単に一都市に限らず、京都所司代は山城国・丹波国・近江国など、大阪町奉行は西日本諸国の天領の采配がそれぞれ許されるなど、管轄地の諸大名を監察する役目もあった(京都所司代は朝廷も監視していた)。
- This shogunate agency grasped control of not merely to the appointed city, but also of the surrounding areas, so the governor of Kyoto (Kyoto Shoshidai) controlled Yamashiro Province, Tanba Province, Omi Province and so on (as well as put the imperial court under its surveillance, and the town magistrate of Osaka (Osaka machi-bugyo) was allowed to manage the shogunate demesne in the western Japan.
- ついで、同年12月13日辰刻(午前九時頃)に尼崎城の近く、織田信忠が陣をはっていた七つ松に有岡城の本丸にいた人質が護送され、97本の磔柱を建て家臣の妻子122名に死の晴着をつけ、鉄砲で殺害されたようである。
- Around nine o'clock in the morning on January 9, 1580, hostages in honmaru of Arioka-jo Castle were sent to Nanatsumatsu where Nobutada ODA had taken up a position and 97 crosses were erected and 122 wives and children of subordinates were made to wear festive dress and killed with guns.
- 完成に近いものの周囲には、鋳型や鋳棹、溶銅が流れ込む道筋である湯道や、鋳造時に銭の周囲にはみ出した溶銅である鋳張りなどが残っており、仕上げ段階に至っていないことから、不良品として廃棄されたものと考えられる。
- In the surrounding area of the nearly-completed coins, mold, izao (ways where copper run into), runner of molten copper, and ibari which is stray copper at casting were remained, by which those incomplete ones are considered as bad ones to be discarded.
- 1582年(天正10年) 荒木村重が謀反を起こし織田信長に討たれたことで重堅は三田城を開城、代わって信長の家臣であった山崎片家(堅家)が近江国山崎城より三田に入封、2万3千石の領主となり三田に藩が成立する。
- In 1582 with Murashige ARAKI killed by Nobunaga ODA due to the rebellion he rose, Shigekata surrendered Sanda-jo Castle to the Oda side; subsequently, Kataie YAMAZAKI, a vassal of Nobunaga who was from Yamazaki-jo Castle in Omi Province, entered Sanda to be the feudal lord with 23,000 koku.
- 室町時代後期、観音寺城に本拠を構える近江佐々木六角氏が着々と力を蓄え、足利幕府の命令を軽視あるいは無視し始めたことから、1487年に将軍足利義尚がこれを征討するために軍を発し、六角勢との間に戦いが行われた。
- In the late Muromachi period, the Sasaki Rokkaku clan of Omi Province steadily built up the military force with the Kannonji-jo Castle as their headquarter and started to take light of the orders from the Ashikaga shogunate or even ignore them, therefore Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA sent an army to subjugate the Rokkaku clan in 1487 and a battle broke out.
- 今日の近代官僚機構、会社組織であれば、ある職員は「課長の部下」であると同時に「課長を部下として使う部長の部下」でもあるので、部長が課長を介さず、職員に職務を依頼したり、逆に報告を行うことはあまり珍しくない。
- Taking a present-day modern bureaucratic organization or corporate organization for instance, since some staff member is a 'subordinate to a section chief' and also a 'subordinate to a department director using such section chief as subordinate,' it is not very rare that the department director requests such staff member to perform duties not through the section chief, or that such staff member gives a report to the department director directly.
- 山城の特徴として、居住に便利なように山麓に居館を設け、山上付近に戦闘、防備施設があるのが一般的だが、観音寺城は山麓全体に分譲地、もしくは団地のような居住性の高い曲輪が配されている点が他の山城とは大きく異なる。
- Unlike the usual characteristics of Japanese mountain castles, in which they had residences at the foot of mountains for their convenience and had facilities for combat and defense on mountaintops, the Kannonji-jo Castle had Kuruwa, which were like areas for residential complexes, comfortable to live in, throughout the entire area of the foot of the mountain, which is the biggest difference between other mountain castles in Japan.
- 李氏朝鮮王朝では日本へ派遣した使節が帰国し、その報告が西人派(正使の黄允吉は戦争が近いことを警告)と東人派(副使の金誠一は日本の侵略はあったとしても先の話と否定)で別れ、政権派閥の東人派が戦争の警告を無視した。
- During the Yi Dynasty Korea, delegates dispatched to Japan returned and the Seijinha group (黄允吉, who was seishi (senior envoy), warned that war would occur in the near future) and the Tojinha group (金誠一, who was the vice envoy, denied saying that invasion by Japan would not be in the near future) made different reports and the Tojinha group, the fraction in power, ignored the warning about the potential of war.
- 維新成功の背景として、その前段階たる江戸時代における日本人の労働生産性・教育水準・遵法意識の高さや、近世においてすでに近代的科学(合理)精神を受け入れる素地・教養が準備されていたことなども要因と考えられている。
- Some of the reasons for the success of the Meiji Restoration are that Japanese people in the Edo period worked hard, were well educated, and abided by laws, and they had enough knowledge to accept modern rational scientific spirit.
- 近年の研究では、義経が平氏追討から外されたのは、後年の編纂書『吾妻鏡』が記すような無断任官による頼朝の怒りのためではなく、京都の治安維持に義経が必要であり、法皇や貴族たちの強い反対があったためと考えられている。
- According to recent studies, it is thought that Yoshitsune was dismissed from the army to search out and kill the Taira clan not because Yoritomo resented the appointment of Yoshitsune without his permission (as described in 'Azuma Kagami,' which was compiled in later years), but because Yoshitsune was needed to maintain the security of Kyoto and the Cloistered Emperor and nobles were strongly against it.
- 特に民間においては、(道具の)黒鍬の産地の1つで近くに木曽川・長良川下流の輪中地帯を抱えていた尾張国知多郡の土工集団の「黒鍬」組は著名であり、各地に出稼ぎをして土木・治水工事・新田開発のための土地整備に参加した。
- The particularly renowned kurokuwa among ordinary citizens was a unit of 'kurokuwa,' a group of civil engineers in Chita County, Owari Province which was one of the production areas of kurokuwa (tool) and which held waju (settlement surrounded by dike) area in the downstream of Kiso-gawa River and Nagara-gawa River in the neighborhood, and such kurokuwa worked away from home to participate in the land development for civil engineering, flood prevention works and cultivation of new rice fields in various places.
- キリスト教の(半ば黙認という形での)禁制解除、社寺に於ける女人結界の解除など近代宗教政策を実施する一方で、神祇官が為し得なかった国民教化を実現する為に教導職制度を設け、大教院による国民教化・大教宣布運動を行った。
- While implementing modernistic religious policies including the cancellation of a ban on Christianity (in reality a tacit permission) and the prohibition against woman entering a sacred area at temples and shrines, Kyobusho also established a system called the kyodoshoku (evangelist) system, and propagated national edification and the Imperial Edict (of 1870) for Establishment of Shinto under Daikyoin (Great Teaching Institute) in order to realize the edification and enlightenment of citizens after the failure of the Jingikan department.
- 現存するのは主に鉄製や金銅製のものであるが、有機質材料が併用されていた可能性が指摘されており、近年は弥生時代終末期の遺跡から木製や革製、植物繊維を編んで漆を塗ったものなどさまざまな有機質材料の短甲も出土している。
- The Tanko existing now are mainly made of iron or gilt bronze, however, some pointed out that it is possible organic material was also used to make them and various Tanko made of organic material such as wood, leather and knitted plant fiber with lacquer on it were unearthed from the remains of the late Yayoi period in recent years.
- 役職石高などが不明な者では、小笠原忠五郎、村上甚五右衛門、古沢善右衛門、馬場次郎右衛門、石原弥右衛門、富田五左衛門、星八左衛門、若松新右衛門、近藤徳兵衛、山下甚右衛門、榊原五郎右衛門といった名前が挙げられている。
- Those whose positions or the number of koku are unknown included Chugoro OGASAWARA, Jingoemon MURAKAMI, Zenemon FURUSAWA, Jiroemon BABA, Yaemon ISHIHARA, Gozaemon TOMITA, Hachizaemon HOSHI, Shinemon WAKAMATSU, Tokube KONDO, Jinemon YAMASHITA and Goroemon SAKAKIBARA.
- 江華島事件以来、当時の朝鮮は、朝鮮は清朝の冊封国(または冊封国)としての朝鮮のままであるべきであるという「守旧派」(事大党ともいう)と、現状を憂い朝鮮の近代化を目指す「開化派」(独立党ともいう)とに分かれていた。
- In Korea at the time, the government had been divided between two factions even since the Ganghwa Island incident: the 'Conservative Party' (also known as the Sadaedang, or 'Serve the Great' Party) which advocated that Korea should remain a vassal state of Qing China and 'the Gaehwadang' (Progressive Party, also called the Independence Party) that was anxious about the current situation and hoped to modernize Korea.
- これを松田(蔵相)と原(内相)の更迭要求と見た西園寺はこれを機に総辞職をすることとなった(近年では、桂による反政友会工作の発覚や井上馨による増税による財政再建要求が実現困難であったことも原因として挙げられている。
- Saionji regarded it as Yamagata's demand to replace Matsuda (Minister of Finance) and Hara (Interior Minister) and his cabinet resigned en masse (recently, the following are considered as the reasons of the resignation: the anti-Seiyuto maneuver by Katsura was revealed; it would be difficult to carry out Kaoru INOUE's demand for financial reconstruction by increasing tax revenue.
- また、徳川家に服する諸大名の屋敷が設けられ、江戸に居住する大名の家臣・家族や、徳川氏の旗本・御家人近世の御家人などの武士が数多く居住するようになるとともに、彼らの生活を支える商人・職人が流入し、町が急速に拡大した。
- Also, residences of many daimyo (feudal lords serving the Tokugawa family) were built, and a large number of daimyo's vassals and families, and shogunal bannermen and retainers moved in, followed by the influx of merchants and craftsmen who supported the lives of those people, all of which contributed to the rapid expansion of the town.
- 日本以外には、移民(日系人)としてブラジルを始めとするラテンアメリカ諸国、アジア、ヨーロッパ、アメリカ合衆国など世界中に分布してはいるが、近隣の民族である漢民族や朝鮮民族と比べると日本国外への移住者は比較的少ない。
- They also live as immigrants of Japanese descent in countries around the world such as Latin America including Brazil, Asia, Europe and the United States; however, Japanese immigrants are relatively few in number compared to neighboring races such as the Han race and Korean race.
- しかし、その形式が従来と違い文中に中国皇帝のみが使用する「皇」や「勅」の語があったことで、朝鮮側はそれらは朝鮮にたいし日本を上位におくととらえ、また近代化を進める日本を「仮洋夷」として警戒してその受け取りを拒否した。
- However, the Korean government refused to accept it saying that the note was written in a style that differed from the conventional one and containing words '皇' and '勅'--traditionally used only by Chinese emperors-- suggested that Japan was superior to Korea, and warning that Japan's modernization was based on 'a presumed doctrine of excluding western threats.'
- アジア諸国の西欧列強による植民地化と日本による朝鮮王朝の開国と干渉に刺激された結果、清国と朝鮮の関係を伝統的な宗属関係から近代的な宗主国と属国の関係(宗主国と植民地の関係)に改めて朝鮮を自勢力下に留めようとした戦争。
- As western powers colonized Asian countries and Japan forced Korea to open the country to the world and intervene in it, Qing, as a result, was spurred into using this war to try to transform the conventional relationship between Qing and Korea based upon a concept of a family with the same origin into a modern suzerain-dependency relationship (suzerain-colony relationship) and keep Korea under control.
- 幕府とは、そもそも将軍の陣所を指す概念であり、源頼朝が右近衛大将に任官したことで、その居館 大倉御所を幕府と称されたことがあるが、それは私邸を指す言葉であり頼朝の開いた武家政権としての鎌倉幕府を指す概念ではなかった。
- Bakufu was originally a concept which referred to a shogun's camp and when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to Ukone no daisho, his house, the Okura palace, was called bakufu, but it was not a word for Kamakura bakufu as a samurai government established by Yoritomo, but a word for the private house.
- しかし、太政官に立法・司法・行政の全機能を集中させ、太政大臣に強力な権限を与えるこの制度は、近代国家の国政運営に適さないと考えられ、また、太政大臣の負担が大きく、かえって国家運営の停滞と責任の所在の不明確さを招いた。
- However, this system, which concentrated all the state's legislative, judiciary and administrative functions in the Daijokan and gave broad authority to the Dajo-daijin (Grand Minister) was thought to be ill-suited for the political management of a modern nation; the High Chancellor's extensive responsibilities caused delays in the political management of the nation and invited confusion over who had responsibility for which tasks.
- 三村家親は、出雲国尼子氏に代わって中国地方の覇者となった安芸国毛利氏に接近し勢力を備前国、美作国に広げたものの、備前浦上氏の傘下の宇喜多直家により家親が暗殺され、つづく明善寺合戦において三村氏は敗退、その勢力は衰えた。
- Although Iechika MIMURA, by approaching the Mori clan in Aki Province, who ruled the Chugoku region in place of the Amago clan in Izumo Province, expanded his territories to Bizen Province and Mimasaka Province, he was assassinated by Naoie UKITA, who was under the Urakami clan in Bizen, followed by the Mimura clan's loss at the Battle of Myozen-ji Temple and their decline.
- 平安時代中期に都の軍事貴族であった源満仲は、二度国司を務めた摂津国川辺郡多田庄を所領として庄内多田盆地(現在の兵庫県川西市多田周辺)に入部し、現在の多田神社(旧多田院)付近に居館を構えて周辺に郎党を住まわせたとされる。
- MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka who was a military aristocrat of the capital in the middle Heian period owned Tada Manors in Kawabe district, Settsu Province, an acting governor of which he had became twice, moved to the Tada basin in the manors (the present Tada in Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture), and lived in the mansion surrounded by his retainers' houses, in the vicinity of Tada-jinja Shrine (the previous Tada-In).
- それに加えて、18世紀後半の産業革命によって欧米諸国は急速に近代化しており、それぞれの政治経済的事情から大航海時代の単なる「冒険」ではなく、自らの産業のために資源と市場を求めて世界各地に植民地獲得のための進出を始めた。
- In addition to the above, western countries modernized rapidly through industrial revolution in the latter half of the 18th century, and for their own political and economic reasons, started debouching into various places around the world to acquire their own colonies for the purpose of seeking resources and markets for their own industries, rather than for the simple purpose of 'adventure' during the Age of Geographical Discovery.
- 大日本帝国憲法(だいにほんていこくけんぽう、だいにっぽんていこくけんぽう、大日本帝國憲法)は、1889年(明治22年)2月11日に発布、1890年(明治23年)11月29日に施行された、近代立憲主義に基づく日本の憲法。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was the organic law of the Empire of Japan based on the idea of modern constitutionalism, promulgated on February 11, 1889, and came into effect on November 29, 1890.
- 第2次世界大戦前までは古代・中世の社寺建築が研究の中心であったが、第二次世界大戦後は民家、江戸時代の社寺、明治以降の近代建築と次第に対象が広がっている(明治以降、旧植民地に日本人建築家の残した作品も対象になっている)。
- Until World War II, studies focused on ancient and medieval shrine and temple architecture, but since the War, the scope of research widened to include shrines and temples of the Edo period and modern structures from and since the Meiji period (studies during and after the Meiji period included the study of structures left behind by ex-colonies that were constructed by Japanese architects).
- 作者として挙げられているのは、世阿弥・観世信光・観世長俊・金春禅竹・金春禅鳳・宮増・近江能・三条西実隆・竹田法印定盛・細川弘源寺・音阿弥・太田垣忠説・金春善徳・内藤藤左衛門・河上神主・「作者不分明能ただし大略金春能か」。
- Zeami, Nobumitsu KANZE, Nagatoshi KANZE, Zenchiku KONPARU, Zenpo KONPARU, Miyamasu, No Omi, Sanetaka SANJONISHI, Sadamori Hoin TAKEDA, Hosokawa Kogenji, Onami, Tadatoki OTAGAKI, Yoshinori KONPARU, Tozaemon NAITO and Kawakami Kannushi are listed as writers, with 'the noh plays the writhers of which are unknown', which might be attributed to the Konparu family.
- 近年、歴史学者の網野善彦が中世社会、近世社会における百姓身分に属する者たちが農民、山民、漁民、職人、商人などの広範な生業の従事者であったことを明らかにし、 '百姓=農民' と一概にまとめた従来の歴史観に対し批判を行った。
- In recent years, historian Yoshihiko AMINO revealed that people who belonged to the hyakusho rank in the medieval and modern societies engaged in a wide range of vocations including peasants, mountain people, fishing people, craftsmen, and merchants, and criticized the conventional historical view of 'hyakusho = peasants' to collectively refer to them.
- すると持氏の叔父にあたる足利満隆、満隆の養子で持氏の弟である足利持仲らと接近し、氏憲の婿にあたる岩松満純、長尾氏春、千葉氏、宇都宮氏、小田氏、相模三浦氏、武田氏や地方の国人衆なども加えて1416年に持氏に対して反乱する。
- Ujinori then approached Mitsutaka ASHIKAGA (Mochiuji's uncle) and Mochinaka ASHIKAGA (adopted child of Mitsutaka and younger brother of Mochiuji), also gained Mitsuzumi IWAMATSU (Ujinori's son in-law), Ujiharu NAGAO, the Chiba clan, the Utsunomiya clan, the Oda clan, the Sagami Miura clan, the Takeda clan and Kokujin-shu (local samurai) over to his side and revolted against Mochiuji in 1416.
- 関ヶ原の戦いの戦後処理により石田三成(近江)、小西行長(肥後)、宇喜多秀家(備前岡山)、長宗我部盛親(土佐)を始め西軍についた88の大名家が改易され、毛利氏(毛利輝元)、上杉氏(上杉景勝)など5大名家が大幅な減封を受けた。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, 88 Daimyo families that joined the West army, such as Mitsunari ISHIDA (Omi), Yukinaga KONISHI (Higo), Hideie UKITA (Bizen Okayama), and Morichika CHOSOKABE (Tosa), were subjected to kaieki, and also, 5 Daimyo families such as the Mori clan (Terumoto MORI) and Uesugi clan (Kagekatsu UESUGI) were subjected to a severe genpo.
- 近親者を殺されてその復讐をする例は、南イタリアを始めとして、世界各地で見られるが、江戸時代の敵討は、喧嘩両成敗を補完する方法として法制化されていたことと、主眼は復讐ではなく武士の意地・面目であるとされていた点に特徴がある。
- Cases of revenge after the killing of a close relative are found in various parts of the world, including southern Italy; however, the characteristic of Katakiuchi in the Edo period is that it was legitimized as a method to supplement Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel both parties are to blame) and that the aim was not the revenge but the pride or honor of a samurai.
- そして権官大納言兼右近衛大将に叙任され、公卿に列し荘園領主の家政機関たる政所開設の権を得たことで、いわば統治機構としての合法性を帯びるようになり、さらに1183年の寿永二年十月宣旨、文治の勅許、征夷大将軍の宣下がなされた。
- Yoritomo was subsequently was appointed to kenkan (powerful post, official) Chief of the Councilor of State, Ukone no daisho (the chief of Ukonoefu, the guarding section) and obtained the right to open a Mandokoro (Administrative Board), domestic governing institution of lords of the manor, with Kugyo (the top court officials), and thus came to have the legitimacy of governing system and furthermore Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (the imperial decree issued to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in October, 1183), the Bunji imperial sanction in 1185, and seii taishogun were declared.
- また、弘仁3年(812年)に紀伝博士在任のまま大学助に任命された勇山文継は、その半年前に初めて連の姓を受けていることから、白丁(庶民あるいはそれに近い身分)のまま大学寮に入ってその教官の地位に就いていたものと考えられている。
- Meanwhile, ISAYAMA no Fumitsugu was appointed as daigaku no suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Education) in 812 during his service as kiden hakase, but he was granted for the first time the kabane (hereditary title) of muraji (one of the ancient Japanese hereditary titles denoting rank and political standing) six months before that, and from this we can assume that he had entered the daigakuryo as hakucho (ordinary people or something similar) and had the position of a professor there.
- こうした動きは、国が過去の失政の責任を認めたくないから、いつまでも研究をやめないのだと揶揄もされている(しかし、大気汚染がさまざまな健康被害をもたらすことは確実である。近年の新たな知見にもとづいた新手法の調査が望まれよう)。
- The administration is also ridiculed for not terminating research due to an unwillingness to acknowledge responsibility for past misgovernment (although it is certain that air pollution does pose various health problems. A new procedure based on the knowledge of recent years is required).
- 反対に、相模国(現神奈川県)には国内に藩庁を置く小田原藩や荻野山中藩、あるいは近隣の神奈川県や六浦藩(武蔵国)、韮山県(伊豆国)だけでなく、下野国(現栃木県)の烏山藩や三河国(現愛知県)の西大平藩などが管轄区域を持っていた。
- On the other hand, in the Sagami Province (today's Kanagawa Prefecture) were located Ogasawara Domain and Oginoyama Domain that placed their capitals in Sagami as well as jurisdictions of neighboring Kanagawa Prefecture, Mutsuura Domain (Musashi Province), Nirayama Prefecture (Izu Province), Karasuyama Domain (Shimotsuke Province, today's Tochigi Prefecture), and Nishi-ohira Domain in Mikawa Province (today's Aichi Prefecture).
- 特に単独の代表者は置かれず、「特務委員」後に「常務委員」と呼ばれる複数の議員による合議制(1916年の研究会規則では9名の常務委員を設置)であったが、次第に山縣有朋の側近である清浦奎吾が同会の指導者として浮上してくる事になる。
- The faction had no specific single representative but adopted council system (nine standing committees were to be appointed according to Kenkyukai regulations in 1916) organized with multiple members called 'Tokumuin' (special committees) or later called 'Jomuin' (standing committees), but later, Keigo KIYOURA, a aide to Aritomo YAMAGATA, gradually became influential as a leader of Kenkyukai.
- しかし、嘉隆は淡輪での戦いと同様に、鉄甲船を相手の大将が乗っていると思われる舟に近づけては大砲を打ち込んで撃沈するという方法で相手を打ち崩し、ついには毛利水軍の舟数百艘を木津沖に追い返すことに成功した(第二次木津川口の戦い)。
- However, like in the battle in Tannowa, Yoshitaka used the tactic in which the armored warships approached and shot cannons to the ships which the opponent general probably was aboard to sink them, and finally succeeded in repelling hundreds of Mori's ships to the sea off Kizu (the second Naval Battle of Kizu-gawa River Estuary).
- 「東叡山不忍池図」(重要文化財)、「唐太宗・花鳥山水図」(重要文化財、秋田県立近代美術館所蔵)、「唐太宗図」(秋田市立千秋美術館所蔵)、「江ノ島図」(大和文華館所蔵)などを描くとともに、司馬江漢にも技法を伝授したといわれている。
- His paintings include 'Toeizan Shinobazu no Ike Zu' (A View of Shinobazuno-ike Pond in Toeizan) (an important cultural property), 'Totaiso Kacho Sansui Zu' (Totaiso [a Chinese emperor] and a View of Flowers, Birds, Hills, and Water) (an important cultural property at the Akita Museum of Modern Art), 'Totaiso Zu' (a painting of Totaiso, a Chinese emperor) (at the Akita Senshu Museum of Art) and 'Enoshima Zu' (A View of Enoshima) (at the Museum of Yamato Bunkakan), and it is also said that Naotake taught his techniques to Kokan SHIBA.
- 1月30日(当時の感覚でいえば、「正月晦日」)の未明、賀茂川東側の宮川町団栗辻子(現在の京都市東山区宮川筋付近)の空家から出火、折からの強風に乗って南は五条通にまで達し、更に火の粉が鴨川対岸の寺町通に燃え移って洛中に飛び火した。
- In the early dawn of March 7 (January 30 in old lunar calendar which is a day called Shogatsu Misoka at the time), a fire broke out at an unoccupied house in Donguri no Zushi in Miyagawa Town on the eastern side of Kamo-gawa River (in the vicinity of modern-day Miyagawasuji, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City) and was carried south by strong winds to Gojo-dori Street while sparks also spread to Teramachi-dori Street on the opposite side of Kamo-gawa river and throughout central Kyoto.
- 一方、研究会側も1919年に伯爵議員が多い甲寅倶楽部を合併して伯爵議員のほとんどを押さえ、続いて1922年には将来の貴族院指導者と目されていた近衛文麿公爵(後の内閣総理大臣)の入会させて筆頭常務委員につけるなど勢力拡大を続けた。
- Kenkyukai, on the other hand, merged Koin Club, to which many count members belonged, to control most count members in 1919, and in 1922, received count Fumimaro KONOE, who was regarded as a future leader in the House of Peers (and became a prime minister later), as a member and appointed as the leader of the standing committee, and kept expanding powers.
- まったく令は存在しなかったとする説、天智期に制定された諸法令を総称して、後代に近江令と呼んだとする説、完全ではないがある程度の令が編纂されたとする説、ほぼ完全な形に近い令が編纂されたが施行は一部にとどまったとする説、などである。
- While some believe that the Omi-Ryo did not exist at all, others believe that all the laws and legislation enacted during the reign of the Emperor Tenchi were later called Omi-Ryo collectively; that the code was partially written but not completed, or that it was almost completed but only a part of it was executed.
- 卑弥呼の没したとされる近辺に、247年3月24日と248年9月5日の2回、北部九州で皆既日食がおきた可能性があることが天文学上の計算より明らかになっている(大和でも日食は観測されたが北九州ほどはっきりとは見られなかったとされる)。
- Astronomical calculations have confirmed that total solar eclipses could have occurred on March 24, 247, and September 5, 248, in the vicinity of northern Kyushu where Himiko died (solar eclipses were observed in Yamato, but it is considered that they were not as clear as those in Kyushu).
- また、鉄砲が広まった後も天候に関係なく無音で射て、速射性に優れ安価である事、鉄砲と異なり弭槍(弓の先端に槍の穂を付け、緊急時に槍とするもの)で近距離でもある程度は対抗できるといった理由があるため、数を減らしながらも用いられ続けた。
- Furthermore, even after the spread of guns, bows and arrows remained in use even with a decrease in number, because arrows could be shot soundlessly regardless of the weather, and they could be shot quickly, and they were inexpensive, and furthermore, unlike the guns, hazuyari (the blade of a spear was attached to the tip of the bow, turning it into a spear in acute situations) could be used, to a certain degree, to fight even in short-range battles.
- 貞治の変(じょうじ の へん)は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)後期(室町時代初期)の貞治5年(1366年)、室町幕府の執事(のちの管領)であった斯波義将およびその父で征夷大将軍足利義詮側近の有力守護大名であった斯波高経が失脚した事件。
- Joji Incident, which occurred in 1366 during the late Northern and Southern Courts Period (Japan) (the early Muromachi period), was an incident by which Yoshimasa SHIBA, shitsuji (steward, later renamed kanrei) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and his father Takatsune SHIBA, an influential shugodaimyo (territorial lord as provincial constables) and a close aid of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, fell from power.
- 勢場ヶ原の戦い/勢場ヶ原合戦(せいばがはるのたたかい/せいばがはるかっせん)とは、中国地方の大名大内義隆と豊後の大名大友義鑑との間で天文 (元号)3年(1534年)4月に、豊後大村山付近(現大分県杵築市山香町山浦近辺)で行われた合戦。
- Seiba ga haru no tatakai or Seiba ga haru kassen (Seiba ga haru Battle) was the battle fought between Daimyo (feudal lord) Yoshitaka OUCHI in the Chugoku District (western Honshu) and Daimyo Yoshiaki OTOMO in Bungo Province in May 1534 all over Mt. Omure in Bungo Province (present Yamaura, Yamaga-machi town, Kitsuki City, Oita Prefecture).
- この状態は、平将門の乱(930-931年)から100年後の平忠常の乱(1028-1031年)においても変わらず、それが故に平忠常の乱は近隣数ヶ国が「亡国」となり、朝廷はその復興の為に4年間も官物を免除しなければならなかったほどである。
- This situation did not differ during TAIRA no Masakado's War (930-931) or in the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune (1028-1031) a hundred years later because several neighboring provinces became 'ruined provinces' after the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune and the imperial court had to exempt kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) for four years in order to recover.
- この抜本的治水策として、2つの川の分岐点より上流に当たり、且つ日本海に最も近い現在の燕市分水地区(旧分水町)付近から分水路を掘削する計画が享保年間より江戸幕府に嘆願されてきたが、莫大な工事費と、流域各藩の利害対立により実現しなかった。
- During Kyoho period and afterward, in order to take a drastic measure against floods, people had petitioned Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shoguns) for implementation of a plan of controlling floods by excavating diversion aqueducts from around present-day Bunsui District, Tsubame City (former Bunsui-machi), which is located at the upper stream of a fork of the two rivers and the closest to the Japan Sea, but the plan wasn't executed due to the enormous amount of the construction cost and conflicts of interests among the watershed domains.
- 陸奥宗光は、当時有力な佐幕論者であった紀州藩士三浦休太郎が大垣藩井田五蔵らと共謀して京都にて不穏な動きをしていること、また、坂本龍馬、中岡慎太郎の暗殺(近江屋事件)が、伊呂波丸事件にて龍馬に恨みを持つ紀州藩が黒幕であるとの話を聞いた。
- Munemitsu MUTSU heard that Kyutaro MIURA, a feudal retainer of the Kishu Domain, who was an influential supporter of the bakufu, together with Itsuzo IDA of the Ogaki Domain and others were plotting something threatening in Kyoto and that the Kishu clan was the mastermind of the assassinations of Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA (Omiya Incident), which occurred in retaliation for the Iroha Maru Incident from which they had a grudge against Ryoma.
- 観応の擾乱において一時的に南朝へ下った足利直義や足利尊氏、義詮の側近から南朝へ転じた仁木義長・細川清氏のようなそれまでの北朝 (日本)内部の争乱の没落側と異なり、斯波一族の場合は南朝方へ走ることはなく、おとなしく守護国の越前へと下った。
- Unlike those people who were defeated in the battle inside the Northern Court (Japan), such as Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA and Takauji ASIKAGA who once submitted themselves to the Southern Court in the Kanno Disturbance or Yoshinaga NIKI and Kiyouji HOSOKAWA who shifted from the aids of Yoshiakira to the Southern Court side, Shiba clan obediently returned to Echizen Province instead of shifting to the Southern Court.
- 上記のごとく寺社造営料唐船は、幕府や寺社側の必要性から派遣されたというのが通説であったが、近年の研究では、むしろ貿易船の主体は博多などの商人であり、利潤の一部を寺社の造営費用にあてるというのは看板に過ぎなかったとの見方が提唱されている。
- A prevailing view on the Jishazoeiryotosen was that, as described above, they were dispatched out of necessity of the bakufu or shines and temples, but recent studies suggest that merchants in Hakata rather had the purpose of trade and that the willingness to use a part of profits for the building expenses were only a pretext.
- その最中でも藤原頼長や近衛家実によって道具の一新や頒暦制作の振興措置が取られたが一時的なものに終わり、宝徳元年に官務・局務分をそれぞれ2部に削減して行われたことが判明(『康富記』宝徳元年11月21日条)するのが最後の御暦奏の記録である。
- Even in such a situation, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga and Iezane KONOE renewed the tools and took measures to encourage calendar-making, but this ended up as a temporally solution, and the record on the last goryakuso is an article in 'Yasutomi ki' on November 21, 1449 who said: the number of copies for kanmu and kyokumu were reduced to two, respectively.
- 方言差については、東西に長い日本列島(主に本州・九州・四国と周辺離島)の地理的制約もあって、近代以前は東西に離れた者どうしでは意思疎通に困難を来すほどの差異があったが、音韻や語彙を中心とした相違にとどまり、特に文法面では大きな差はない。
- As for dialects, due to the geographical constraints of the Japanese archipelago, which stretches east to west (consisting mainly of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and nearby islands), there were enough differences that those who lived in the east and the west had difficulty communicating before modern times, though the differences were only in phonemes and vocabulary; there was not much difference grammatically.
- しかし、将軍家の近習であった経緯から織田信長には非協力的であったとされ、天正10年(1582年)の本能寺の変では能勢頼次が明智光秀方に加勢し、豊臣秀吉によって光秀が滅ぼされると頼次は能勢を追われ先祖多田頼貞に縁のある備前に潜伏したという。
- However, they are said to have taken a no cooperative stance toward Nobunaga ODA because they were attendants to the Shogun, so at the Honnoji Incident in 1582 Yoritsugu NOSE supported Mitsuhide AKECHI and after Mitsuhide was destroyed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI Yoritsugu was forced from Nose and hid in Bizen Province, which was associated with his ancestor Yorisada TADA.
- 特に宮中において天皇に近侍する蔵人・太政官において行政事務を担当する弁官・平安京の司法・警察・民政の実務を行う検非違使佐は仕事量が多く重要な官職であったこのため、それらの職務を同時にこなすことは実務能力に優れた官僚でなければ不可能だった。
- As Kurodo who valeted the Emperor at court, Benkan in charge of administrative jobs at Dajokan and Kebiishi no suke responsible for judiciary/police/civil affairs in Heiankyo (Kyoto) were particularly important official positions with a heavy workload, it was impossible for an official to assume these three positions concurrently unless he had an excellent business ability.
- 神戸市街地は1945年に大空襲を受けたため、現在の神戸市役所西側一帯にあった居留地時代(1899年以前)の建物で残っているのは旧居留地十五番館(旧アメリカ合衆国領事館、国の重要文化財)が唯一で、多く残る近代ビル建築は主に大正時代のものである。
- The urban areas of Kobe were devastated by the great air raids in 1945, so building No. 15 of the former settlement (the former consulate of the United States, and an important cultural property of Japan) was the only building left standing among those built in the settlement period (that is, before 1899) in the western area of the settlement, which corresponds to the vicinity of the present-day city hall of Kobe; most of the modern-era buildings that remain standing were built in the Taisho period.
- また、山梨県(甲斐国)や富山県(越中国)、滋賀県(近江国)、奈良県(大和国)、徳島県(阿波国)、愛媛県(伊予国)、高知県(土佐国)、熊本県(肥後国)、宮崎県(日向国)のように県と国の範囲が一致するところでは、旧国名が県の別称として用いられる。
- In the cases where the area of a prefecture accords with that of a province, the name of the old province is used as another name of the prefecture; such prefectures include Yamanashi Prefecture (Kai Province), Toyama Prefecture (Ecchu Province), Shiga Prefecture (Omi Province), Nara Prefecture (Yamato Province), Tokushima Prefecture (Awa Province), Ehime Prefecture (Iyo Province), Kochi Prefecture (Tosa Province), Kumamoto Prefecture (Higo Province), Miyazaki Prefecture (Hyuga Province).
- 伊藤が内閣総理大臣に就任したことにともない、三條は内大臣として宮中にまわり、以後は天皇の側近としてこれを「常侍輔弼」することになったのだが、そもそも内大臣府は三條処遇のために創られた名誉職であり、実際は彼を二階へあげて梯子を外したも同然だった。
- Once ITO assumed office as Prime Minister, SANJO transferred to imperial court as Minister of the center, after that, he served as a close adviser of Emperor, but Minister of center's Office was originally a honorary position exclusively set up for SANJO, so actually he was just like a man in a penthouse without means to go down.
- 姉川の戦い(あねがわのたたかい)は、戦国時代 (日本)の元亀元年6月28日 (旧暦)(1570年8月9日)(ユリウス暦1570年7月30日)に近江国浅井郡姉川河原(現在の滋賀県長浜市野村町(旧:東浅井郡浅井町野村 域)付近)で行われた合戦である。
- The Battle of Anegawa refers to the battle which took place in the region around Anegawa kawara, Azai-gun, Omi Province (the present Nomura-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture (around former Nomura, Azai-machi, Higashiasai-gun)) on August 9, 1570 during the Warring States Period.
- その後、摂関家の分立に伴ってこうした家領は渡領(殿下渡領)として摂関・藤氏長者の地位とともに移動し、院政期以後に摂関家の財産となった所領・荘園は近衛家・九条家などに分割され、後に5つに分立したそれぞれの摂関家固有の家領として確立されることになった。
- Thereafter, as the Sekkan-ke were divided, the aforementioned keryo were transferred as watariryo (land transferred from lord to lord) (also known as denka watariryo), with the rank of sekkan and the chieftain of the Fujiwara clan; the shoryo and shoen which were added to the estate of the Sekkan-ke after the insei (period of rule by a cloistered emperor) was divided among the Konoe family, the Kujo family, and the like; and later, they were established as the keryo inherent to respective five branched Sekkan-ke.
- 中世史研究史上においては「武士」と同義語として扱われることもあるが、「武士」は中世から近世(江戸時代)までを対象とし、また「武士」論は「武士団」を率いる「侍」のみを対象とすることもあるに対し、「武士団」ではその郎党も含めた社会的実態が問題とされる。
- It was treated as a synonym of 'bushi' in medieval history studies, but 'bushi' referred to those between the medieval to the modern era (Edo period), and 'bushi' theory referred to only 'samurai' that lead 'bushidan' while 'bushidan' was also concerned with social conditions that also included the roto (retainer).
- また、明治維新が起こると、近代港として神戸港が整備されると知るや、幕末から明治維新の混乱による財政の立て直しと廃藩置県で困窮する三田藩士を救うべく、藩士の白洲退蔵(白洲次郎の祖父)、小寺泰次郎らとともに「志摩三商会」という神戸初の輸入商社を設立する。
- Furthermore, after the Meiji Restoration and upon receiving the information that the Kobe Port would be improved as one of the modern ports, he founded the first import business in Kobe named 'Shima San Shokai' with domain's retainers Taizo SHIRASU (grandfather of Jiro SHIRASU) and Taijiro KODERA to save the domain's finance crisis caused by the confusion from the end of Edo period to the Meiji Restoration and to help the feudal retainers of Sanda Domain who had been reduced to poverty due to Haihan-chiken.
- 近年の中西康裕らの説では、道鏡が実際に皇位を狙ったとすれば極刑に該当する重罪であるにも関わらず称徳天皇崩御後の下野への流刑は罰としてはあまりにも軽く、浄人ら一族関係者にも死罪が出ていないことから、皇位継承を企てたという説は「後付」ではないかとされる。
- According to the opinion of Yasuhiro NAKANISHI and others in recent years, Dokyo's plot to ascend the Imperial Throne might have been 'added' by people in the later generations from the reasons that the exile to Shimotsuke was too light if Dokyo really aimed at ascending the Imperial Throne since it is a serious crime falling under the maximum penalty, and that people related to Dokyo including Kiyohito were not punished by the capital punishment.
- 最も重い処分となったのは、同学会中央執行委員として学園復興会議の開催に奔走していた(しかし荒神橋でのデモ自体には関与していなかったとされる)文学部生の松浦玲(のちの日本近代史家)で、退学より重い放学処分となった(のち立命館大学文学部に再入学し卒業した)。
- A student of the faculty of literature, Rei MATSUURA, who had made an effort to hold the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi as a member of the central executive committee, was punished most heavily, expelled from the university (heavier than suspension) (Matsuura is considered not to have been involved in the demonstration at Kojin-bashi Bridge; later he entered the same faculty of the same university and graduated, becoming a modern Japanese historian).
- 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産(資本)を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
- After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- 政府は当初、伝統宗教の権威と地盤を以ってキリスト教防御と維新後の新体制を国民に教導する考えであったが、近代国家の樹立の為には政教分離と信教の自由を国家の基本方針として盛り込むことは避けられず、また西洋諸国との外交関係に於いてキリスト教の禁制解除は不可欠となった。
- At first, the Meiji government intended to keep citizens away from the influence of Christianity and to educate them on the new systems made by the new government renewed after the Meiji Restoration with authority and foundations of the Japanese traditional religion; however, the separation of religion and politics and the freedom of religion were essential policies in order to establish a modernized nation, and the cancellation of a ban on Christianity was indispensable to maintain the diplomatic relationships with Western countries.
- 東日本と西日本の文化の差異を強調して、それぞれ別個の民族であるとする見解が民俗学者の宮本常一や歴史学者の網野善彦などから出されているが、少なくとも近代においては、東日本と西日本の住民が異民族であるという感覚はほとんど存在しないので、一般的な見解であるとは言えない。
- The opinion was put forth by folklorist Tsuneichi MIYAMOTO and historian Yoshihiko AMINO that the races of eastern Japan and of western Japan are different, emphasizing cultural contrasts; however, this is not the conventional opinion because the people of the two regions are rarely thought to be different races in the modern age.
- 彼らは近代国家建設に要する技術習得のために日本人のドイツ留学を時の日本政府に進言し、政府は建築技師として妻木頼黄・渡辺譲・河合浩蔵の3人、石工・大工・人造石左官・煉瓦職・ペンキ職・屋根職・石膏職の高等職人17人で構成された総勢20人の青年をドイツに留学・派遣した。
- Based on Ende and Beckmann's suggestion that some delegates be sent to Germany to study and acquire the necessary techniques required for building a modern state, the Japanese government sent a learning mission to Germany consisting of 20 young Japanese people including Yorinaka TSUMAKI, Yuzuru WATANABE, Kozo KAWAI and 17 senior workmen who specialized in stonemasonry, carpentry, artificial stonemasonry, brick-laying, painting, roofing and plastering.
- また、当時義昭によって京都を追われていた石山本願寺を頼っていた近衛前久も顕如に三好氏支援を進言した(ただし、前久の「反信長」は表向きは未だ信長が擁立した形となっている義昭の排除が目的であり、義昭が信長によって追放されると京都に帰還して一転して信長派の中心人物となる)。
- Sakihisa KONOE, who took refuge with Hongan-ji Temple after he was repelled from Kyoto by Yoshiaki, advised Kennyo to help the Miyoshi clan (However, then Sakihisa's anti-Nobunaga attitude came from his intention to defeat Yoshiaki, who was still officially protected by Nobunaga, and later he returned to Kyoto soon after Yoshiaki was expelled by Nobunaga, turning himself into a key figure among Nobunaga's allies.)
- 毛利方は安国寺恵瓊を高松城に送り込んで説得を試みたが、宗治は主家である毛利家と城内の兵の命が助かるなら自分の首はいとも安いと述べ、自らと兄である清月と家臣の難波伝兵衛、末近左衛門の4人の首を差し出す代わりに籠城者の命を助けるようにという嘆願書を書き、安国寺恵瓊に託した。
- Mori attempted to convince Muneharu by sending Ekei ANKOKUJI over into Takamatsu-jo Castle, but Muneharu said he was not afraid to lose his life as long as he could save the Mori clan, his master, and the lives of his troops, leaving a petition to Ekei ANKOKUJI, which was to save the lives of the besieged in exchange for the lives of the four people: his brother Seigetsu, his vassals Denbe NANBA and Saemon SUECHIKA, and himself.
- バテレン追放令は、既に豊臣秀吉が発令していたが、鎖国の直接的契機となったのは島原の乱で、キリスト教と一揆(中世の国人一揆と近世の百姓一揆の中間的な性格を持つもの)が結び付いたことにより、その鎮圧が困難であったため、キリスト教の危険性が強く認識されたためであると言われる。
- Although Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI promulgated the edict expelling the European missionaries before, the Shimabara Uprising is said to be the direct trigger for the national isolation policy for the reason that the combination of Christianity and the riot (the intermediate nature between an uprising of powerful local samurai in the medieval period and a peasant's revolt during the early-modern period) turned out to be so difficult to suppress that Christianity was strongly recognized as danderous.
- 9世紀~10世紀に律令制が崩壊した後も、神田には不輸の権(租税免除の権利)が認められていたため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵(有力農民)=開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力な神社(または有力寺院)へ寄進することで、不輸の権 (日本)を獲得しようとした。
- Since Fuyu no ken (the right to tax exemption) was granted to Shinden even after the collapse of the Ritsuryo System from the eighth to ninth century, Tato (dominant farmers or lords cultivating new rice fields) who were then collecting rice fields around them tried to obtain Fuyu no ken Right by donating their rice fields to shrines or temples.
- また、近年は関心の高まりを受けて第三者機関が認証する排出削減量 (VER Verified Emissions Reduction) が民間で取引されるようになったが(カーボンオフセット、グリーン電力証書などを参照)これらは一般に京都メカニズムの枠外で行われる取引である。
- Also with escalation in interest these days, the amount of emissions reduction verified by the third-party institution (VER: Verified Emissions Reduction) is being traded among private sectors (see Carbon Offset, Green Electricity Certificate and so on); note that these trades are made in general out of the framework of the Kyoto Mechanisms.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名の一円支配が進み、自検断は表向き次第に消滅もしくは縮小していったが、江戸時代以降も村や町(ちょう)といった公認共同体は事実上それに近い自治権を、あたかも自検断権を放棄しているかのごとき建前に立った、政権との妥協と黙認の上に、保持し続けた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), ichien shihai (rule the whole territory) by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was developed in the Sengoku period and officially Jikendan seemed to disappear and become reduced, however, after the Edo period, authorized communities such as villages and towns (cho) virtually kept possession of their autonomy similar to Jikendan under the compromise and tolerance of the government, standing on the premise that as if they waived their right to judge criminal cases.
- 類似の現象としては、アフリカ・サハラ砂漠からの乾燥した高温風(リビア名ギブリ、イタリア名シロッコ)、ギニア湾岸からベルデ岬付近の地域で吹く乾燥した冷涼風ハルマッタン、スーダンの砂嵐ハブーブ、エジプトの乾燥した高温風ハムシンなどがあり、砂嵐を伴うことが多く、黄砂によく似ている。
- The following phenomena, mostly accompanying a sandstorm, resemble kosa considerably: Dry high-temperature wind from the Sahara Desert in Africa (called ghibli in Libya, or scirocco in Italy), harmattan that is dry cool wind in the area from the Gulf of Guinea to Cape Verde, haboob that are sandstorms in Sudan, and khamsin that is dry high-temperature wind in Egypt.
- ただ、近年では未曾有の大飛散と予測された2005年のスギ花粉症のシーズン前には、各省庁が連携して広報などの対策に当たり、厚労省では公開のシンポジウムも開催したが、国を挙げての統一した施策・政策を打ち出して国民の期待に応えることはなく、シーズンが過ぎてからは目立った動きはない。
- However in recent years, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare held an open symposium to encourage all government agencies to work together with regard to countermeasures such as bulletins prior to the 2005 Japanese cedar pollinosis season in which unprecedentedly high airborne pollen levels were forecast but it was unable to finalize any unified national policies or meet public expectations, and the season passed without any visible initiatives.
- 同じ日、京大の学生たちは会場使用を拒否した大学への抗議行動を終えたのち、わだつみ像歓迎のデモ、および立命大で開催中の復興会議に参加するため、約100名がデモ隊列を組んで近衛通を経由して鴨川 (淀川水系)にかかる荒神橋を渡ろうとした(当時鴨川の対岸には立命大キャンパスが存在した)。
- On the same day, some students of Kyoto University had been protesting against the authorities who hadn't permitted the use of the campus till the end; after the protest finished, a group of about 100 students started marching to join the parade of Ritsumeikan University students and to participate in the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi (that day it was held at Ritsumeikan University); through Konoe-dori Street they were about to go across Kojin-bashi Bridge above the Kamo-gawa River (Yodogawa River system) toward the campus of Ritsumeikan University which was located right across the bridge.
- また、同年八月の条に、犬養部の設置記事がみられるが、現存する屯倉の地名と犬養という地名との近接例も多いことから、屯倉の守衛に番犬が用いられた(番犬を飼養していたのが犬養氏)だということが明らかになっており、屯倉や犬養部の設置時期も安閑天皇の頃(6世紀前半頃)に始まったと推察される。
- In an entry for September of the same year, there is an article pertaining to the establishment of inukaibe (corporations of dog keepers) but it is clear from the numerous examples in which surviving miyake place names are located next to inube place names that watchdogs were used to guard miyake (watchdogs were reared by the Inukai clan), and it is surmised that the establishment of miyake and inukaibe also began during the reign of Emperor Ankan (first half of the sixth century).
- これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである(ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している)。
- Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)
- 18世紀には、主にロシア、イギリス、フランスなど帝国主義時代の欧米列強が日本へも接近し、日本人漂流民の返還のために蝦夷地へ来日したアダム・ラクスマンの来航(寛政4年(1792年))といった諸外国が通商を求める出来事や、1811年(文化8)のゴローニン事件といった摩擦・紛争が起こり始めた。
- In the 18th century, the allied western powers of imperialism such as Russia, England and France approached Japan thus some issues and disputes started to occur such as the arrival of Adam Kirillovich Laksman who came to Ezo to return Japanese castaways in 1792 and the Golovnin Incident of 1811.
- 1905年(明治38年)9月5日15時47分に、アメリカ合衆国大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトの斡旋によって、アメリカ合衆国ニューハンプシャー州ポーツマス (ニューハンプシャー州)近郊のメイン州にあるポーツマス海軍造船所において、日本全権小村寿太郎とロシア全権セルゲイ・ヴィッテの間で調印された。
- At 15:47 on September 5, 1905, at the Portsmouth navy dock yard in the state of Maine near Portsmouth, New Hampshire, U.S., the treaty was signed between Jutaro KOMURA, the Japanese plenipotentiary, and Sergei Witte, his Russian counterpart, mediated by the President of the United States of America, Theodore Roosevelt.
- しかしその実は、当時世界最高水準の複式簿記考案(中井源左衛門・日野商人)(小倉栄一郎『江州中井家帳合の法』)や、契約ホテルのはしりとも言える「大当番仲間」制度の創設(日野商人)、現在のチェーン店の考えに近い出店・枝店を積極的に開設するなど、徹底した合理化による流通革命だったと評価されている。
- In reality, however, they are now considered the pioneers who brought revolutionary changes to the distribution business by strictly pursuing the concept of streamlining, as seen in the examples of the invention of the double-entry system in bookkeeping by a merchant from Hino, Genzaemon NAKAI, which was at the highest level in the word at that time (according to Eiichi OGURA 'Goshu Nakai-ke chogo no ho' (bookkeeping method of the Nakai family in Omi Province)); the establishment of the system of 'Otoban nakama' by the merchants from Hino, which can said to be an early concept of the contracted hotel; and the expansion of the business by proactively opening branches, which is a similar concept to today's chain stores.
- その目的は数種に分類され、旧国内における方位を示すもの(例:東近江市、南丹市、泉南市、南あわじ市、雲南市、阿南市、西予市、日南市、南さつま市)が最も多く、国府を表すもの(例:甲府市、防府市)、地形を表すもの(例:武蔵野市、相模原市、紀の川市)、その他(例:上越市、城陽市、京丹後市)などがある。
- There are three types in terms of the purposes for using old provincial names for names of cities, towns, and villages apart from avoidance of duplication; the first type is to use old provincial names to show direction; (examples: Higashiomi City, Nantan City, Sennan City, Minamiawaji City, Unnan City, Anan City, Seiyo City, Nichinan City, Minami-Satsuma City); this type of names is largest in number; the second type is to use old provincial names to indicate that in the city there existed kokufu or the provincial capital once; (examples: Kofu City, Hofu City); third type is to use the old provincial names to show the topography of the city; (examples: Musashino City, Sagamihara City, Kinokawa City); there are also other type which does not fall into the above three types; (examples: Joetsu City, Joyo City, Kyotango City).
- しかし、纏向遺跡に搬入された土器特徴から、考古学的にはおそくとも弥生時代末期までには、纏向遺跡の地を支配する勢力を中心に東海地方から北陸・近畿・阿讃瀬戸内・吉備・出雲ならびに北部九州までの各地の政治勢力がなんらかの形で参加したヤマト王権の原型ともいえる緩やかな政治連合が形成されていたことになる。
- However, from features observed in pottery from the Makimuku sites, it is believed that by the end of the Yayoi Period at the latest, regional political powers from the Tokai region down through Hokuriku, Kinki, Asan Setouchi, Kibi, Izumo to northern Kyushu participated in the central polity located in the Makimuku sites, forming a loose political alliance that is thought to have been the foundation of the Yamato Kingdom.
- 地子稲収入は畿内・伊賀国では正税の補充に、大宰府管内諸国では対馬国・多禰国(後に廃止)の公廨の補充に、陸奥国・出羽国では兵士の兵糧や蝦夷への狄禄の補充に充てられ、他の令制国では中央に近い諸国や沿岸諸国では舂米の形で、それ以外の国々では地子交易を行って軽貨の形で太政官厨家に納入されることが定められていた。
- Jishito revenue was used for replenishment of shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and Iga Province, and for maintaining public offices for Tsushima Province and Tane Province (abolished later) in provinces within Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), and for replenishment of army provisions for soldiers and for stipends to Ezo (northerners) in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, and in other provinces under ryoseikoku (province), jishito was paid to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) in the form of shomai (rice made by pounding it in a mortar) in provinces near the central government or sea and in the form of keika (fabrics such as silk or cotton or other local specialties) after doing jishi trade in provinces other than those.
- 近年注目されるミトコンドリアDNA研究によると、縄文人も弥生人もどちらも北東アジア(中国、シベリア、ブリヤート人、朝鮮半島)に類似したデオキシリボ核酸が多く分布しており、縄文人を南方系、弥生人を北方系とする埴原和郎の二重構造説は疑問視されてはいるが、日本民族が多重構造であること自体は肯定的な意見が強い。
- According to recent mitochondrial DNA research, both the Jomon people and Yayoi people have DNA resembling that of the people of North East Asia (China, Siberia, Buryat and Korean), casting doubt on the multiple structure theory of Kazuro HANIWARA, which purported the Jomon people to be a southern lineage and Yayoi people a northern lineage, though it confirms the multiple structure theory of the Japanese race itself.
- 仮に後白河法皇の奥州後三年記後白河法皇の承安版『後三年絵』と同時期の1171年(承安 (日本)1)前後としても、『信貴山縁起絵巻』から、『愚菅抄』において慈円が「日本国の乱逆と云ふことはをこりて後、むさ(武者)の世になりける也」と書いた「保元の乱」、「平治の乱」を挿んで、更にその10年近く後ということになる。
- Even if 'Gosannene' (the picture scroll depicting the Gosannen War - the Later Three Years' War) of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, which was the Joan version of 'Oshu-gosannen-ki' (A Chronicle of Later Three Year's War in Oshu), was written around same period of year 1171, it was close to ten years after 'Hogen Disturbance' and 'Heiji Disturbance' written in 'Shigisan engi emaki' to 'Gukansho' by Jien as 'revolutions in Japan that led to the world of musa (samurai).'
- なお、近代以降については、写真、グラフィックアートなど、現代(第二次世界大戦以降)においては(日本に限った現象ではないが)、パフォーマンス、ハプニング、ビデオアート、ランドアート、コンセプチュアル・アートなど、さまざまな表現形態が「美術」の文脈で語られ、「美術」とそうでないものとの差異は次第にあいまいになってきている。
- Incidentally, various styles of expression have come to be included in 'art' - from the modern age, photographs, graphic arts, and others, and in the present age (after World War Ⅱ), performing arts, happenings, video art, land art, and conceptual art, which are seen in other countries as well - so that the boundary between 'art' and others gradually becomes ambiguous.
- 近年ではかわぐちかいじの漫画作品『ジパング (かわぐちかいじ)』に「滝川事件に連座して京大理学部を免職になり、日本軍の原子爆弾計画に関与する科学者」という設定の倉田万作(モデルは『世界文化』同人として検挙されたことがあり、戦時期には理化学研究所を中心とする日本の原子爆弾開発に関わっていた物理学者・武谷三男であると思われる)が登場する。
- In recent years, the manga work of Kaiji KAWAGUCHI 'Jipang' set Mansaku KURATA (the model is thought to be the physicist Mitsuo TAKETANI, who was involved in developing a nuclear bomb in Japan during the war period at Rikagaku Kenkyujo who had also been arrested as a member of 'Sekai Bunka') as a 'scientist who was working on the nuclear bomb plan of the Japanese army and was fired from the Faculty of Science at Kyoto University in relation with the Takigawa Incident.'
- 実弟である源範頼、阿野全成そして義経らはこれに含まれず、頼朝と比較的血筋の近い河内源氏のうちでも新田氏の庶子 山名義範や足利義兼に限られ、逆に、頼朝の4代前の祖先 源義家の弟 源義光を祖先とする甲斐源氏の加賀美遠光、安田義資、また6代前の祖先 河内源氏の祖 源頼信の兄 源頼光を祖先とする摂津源氏の源有綱など限りなく遠縁の者が門葉に列していることが確認できる。
- Yoritomo's own younger brothers, MINAMOTO no Noriyori, Zenjo ANO and Yoshitsune, weren't included in these monyo, while those included were limited to Yoshinori YAMANA, a child born out of wedlock of the Nitta clan, among the Kawachi-Genji that had relatively close blood ties with Yoritomo, and Yoshikane ASHIKAGA; however, those who were distantly related were also included, such as Tomitsu KAGAMI of the Kai-Genji that had descended from MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, the younger brother of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, the ancestor of four generations before Yoritomo, and Yoshisuke YASUDA; and MINAMOTO no Aritsuna of the Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), which was descended from MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, the elder brother of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the originator of the Kawachi-Genji, the ancestor of six generations before.
- このため輔(すけ)・丞(じょう)・録(さかん)の四等官(他の日本の官制の四等官と比較して官位相当は一段高く設定されている。)のほかに、天皇に近侍する侍従、宮中の警備、雑役及び行幸の際の警護役である内舎人、詔勅や宣命及び位記を作成する内記等、大蔵省や内蔵寮(くらりょう)等の出納を行う監物等、駅鈴や伝符の出納たを行う主鈴や典鑰が中務省の品官(ほんかん)とされた。
- Therefore, in addition to Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks, the official court ranks conferred to the Shitokan of Nakatsukasa-sho were higher than Shitokan in other ministries) consisting of Suke, Jo and Sakan, the following posts were counted among Honkan (government posts): Jiju (chamberlain); officials attending the Emperor, Udoneri (Ministerial equerry); officials taking charge of the Imperial Court defense and miscellaneous jobs and guarding an imperial visit, Naiki and others; officials engaged in drafting the two types of imperial edict (one was written in the classical Chinese and the other was in the Japanese syllabary) and the court rank diploma, Kenmotsu and others; officials engaged in accounts of Okura-sho (Ministry of the Treasury), Kura-ryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses), etc., Shurei and Tenyaku; officials managing Ekirei (bells set in stations used for supplying horses), Denfu (certification for lending horses), etc.
- 桂太郎首相は、戦争中の政局の安定を図るため、立憲政友会との提携を希望して原敬との間で次の政権は政友会総裁の西園寺公望に禅譲するという政権授受の密約を交わす(ただし近年の原と桂の双方の日記の研究によって、当初はその時期を明確にしていなかったこと、日比谷焼討事件後の桂内閣の弱体化に危機感を抱いた双方の合意によって具体的な時期が定まったことが明らかになっている)。
- Taro KATSURA, Prime Minister, expected the alliance with the Seiyu party in order to stabilize the political situation during the war and made a secret promise with Takashi HARA that he would transfer the position of Prime Minister to Saionji (however, the recent study on the diaries kept by Hara and Katsura proved that, at first, they did not clarify the date of transfer and that they decided the date, with a sense of crisis about the weakened Katsura cabinet after the Hibiya Incendiary Incident).
- また朱子学(旧来の思想に対抗して生れたように考えられた)、特に陽明学(後に説明されるように、これは明朝が正式に認めた学問であった朱子学に対抗して生まれ出たように見えた)は、敗戦後の日本に於ける近代思惟・反権力・人間解放などの概念と容易に結びつき、朱子学及び陽明学の中、比較的それらの概念に近似する部分を抜き取り、そこに思想的価値を与えるという試みが盛んに行われた。
- Shushigaku (considered to have arisen in opposition to traditional thinking), and especially Yomei-gaku (as described later, considered to have arisen in opposition to Shushigaku, which was officially authorized by the Ming Court), were easily linked in a defeated Japan to concepts such as modern thinking, antiauthoritarianism and human emancipation; as a result, most scholars have frequently attempted to extract from Shushigaku and Yomei-gaku the elements that are relatively close to these concepts and attempt to attach an ideological value to them.
- 徳川吉宗は享保八年(1723年)九月から享保九年(1724年)四月の間の9263人の急激な人口減少、享保十年(1725年)四月から六月の間の1万0394人の急激な人口増加に気付き、季節的な人口変動の理由を調べさせた結果、冬の火災の多さから特に子女は近隣実家等へ疎開する、春以降火災からの復興再建や土蔵の建築が増えて労働転入者も増える、などといった実態が判明している。
- In gathering demographic information, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA noticed a sharp population decline of 9,263 persons between September 1723 to April 1724 and a population surge of 10,394 persons between April and June 1725; After ordering an investigation into the seasonal fluctuations in population, it was discovered that frequent fires in winter prompted women and children to take shelter in neighboring towns and parental residences, and reconstruction work and the construction of dozo (earthen storehouse) from spring brought in an influx of workers.
- この事件については歴史書『続日本紀』に詳細が書かれ、道鏡の政治的陰謀を阻止した和気清麻呂が「忠臣の鑑」として戦前の歴史教育においてしばしば取り上げられてきたが、既に江戸時代に本居宣長によって一連の神話的な事件の流れに懐疑的な説が唱えられ、近年には『続日本紀』の記事には光仁天皇の即位を正当化するための作為が含まれている(神託には皇位継承については触れられていない)とする説も存在する。
- The details of this incident are described in the history book 'Shoku Nihongi'; WAKE no Kiyomaro, who prevented a political conspiracy of Dokyo, was often taken up in history education in Japan before the Word War Ⅱas 'a model of royal subject'; however, during the Edo period Norinaga MOTOORI had already expressed his doubts on the credibility of the series of mythical incidents, and in recent years there exist views which advocate that the articles in 'Shoku Nihongi' include artifacts to justify the enthronement of Emperor Konin (the oracle does not touch on the succession to the Imperial Throne).
- これは実際には「生かさぬように殺さぬように」という発想で再生産が抑圧され、地主の地位が強力であった日本の農業社会の実態に合わず、また実際の地租算定においても生産経費を実際よりも低く見積もられたために、高率の税率も重なって地租が生産経費を圧迫し、小作料を跳ね上げる(当時の物価水準では収穫の1/3近くが地価の3%に相当し、更に地主が利潤を上乗せするために、結果的に小作料が上昇した)結果をもたらした。
- In fact, this assumption proved to be incorrect in the Japanese agricultural society where the position of landowners were strong and reproduction was suppressed under the idea of 'let the farmers live only well enough to work but don't kill them'; In addition, because the production expense was estimated lower than the expense required in the actual calculation of land-tax, together with high tax rate, land-tax put pressure on the production expense and as the result, the land-tax made the farm rent jump; (in the price level at the time, nearly the one third of the crop yield was equivalent to the 3% of the land price, and because the landowners added their profit on top of this, the farm rent increased as the result).
- ところが、清浦と同じく山県側近であった平田東助の茶話会(幸倶楽部とも)との主導権争いが始まり、内部では清浦によって形成された他会派にはない「決議拘束主義」と呼ばれる絶対的な会派拘束(会の決議には全員従う事・会の決議なくして研究会以外の議員提出の法案・決議などに賛成してはならない事、これらに反したものは除名する事)に対する反発より千家尊福派(主として男爵議員)の離脱(1898年)、創設メンバーである堀田正養の第1次西園寺内閣(政友会)への入閣と除名騒動とこれに反発した議員の脱会(1909年)などが発生した。
- However, Kenkyukai faced problems one after another: the leadership struggle with Sawakai led by Tosuke HIRATA, another aide to YAMAGATA; withdrawal from the faction by the group led by Takatomi SENGE (in 1898) because of the opposition to the policy of absolute adhesion to the faction decision called 'Ketsugi kosoku shugi' under which all members had to follow the faction decision and were not allowed to support bills proposed by non-kenkyukai members without resolution by the faction, and those who broke the rules were expelled from the faction; and the stifle over the expulsion of a founding member, Masayasu Hotta after his entry into the first SAIONJI Cabinet (Seiyu-kai Party) followed by the withdrawal from the faction by members who opposed to the expulsion (in 1909).
- (大田南畝 「寛政十年戊午江戸人別」 『一話一言』 巻26 (1820年) 山下重民 「江戸市街統計一班」 『江戸会雑誌』 1冊(2号) pp. 18–26(1889年) 勝海舟 「江戸人口小記」「正徳ヨリ弘化迄江戸町数人口戸数」 『吹塵録』(1890年) 小宮山綏介 「府内の人口」 『江戸旧事考』 2巻 pp. 19–23(1891年) 『日本財政経済史料』 9巻 pp. 1210–1243(1922年) 柚木重三、堀江保蔵 「本邦人口表」 『経済史研究』 7号 pp. 188–210(1930年) 幸田成友 「江戸の町人の人口」 『社会経済学会誌』 8巻(1号) pp. 1–23(1938年) 鷹見安二郎 江戸の人口の研究」 『全国都市問題会議』 第7回1(本邦都市発達の動向と其の諸問題上) pp. 59–83(1940年) 高橋梵仙 『日本人口史之研究』 三友社(1941年) 関山直太郎 『近世日本の人口構造』 吉川弘文館(1958年) 南和男『幕末江戸社会の研究』 吉川弘文館(1978年)より作成。
- Sources: Nanbo OTA, 'Kansei 10 nen, Bogo, Edonin betsu' from vol. 26 of 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (1820); Shigetami YAMASHITA, 'Edo shigai Tokei Ippan' from vol.1 (pp. 18-26) of 'Edokai zasshi' (1889); Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Jinko Shoki' from 'Suijinroku' (1890); Yasusuke KOMIYAMA, 'Funai no Jinko' from vol. 2 (pp. 19–23) of 'Edo kyujiko' (1891) and vol. 9 (pp. 1210–1243) of 'Nihon Zaise Keizai Shiryo' (1922); Juzo YUZUKI and Yasuzo HORIE, 'Honpo jinko hyo' from vol. 7 (pp. 188–210) of 'Keizaishi Kenkyu' (1930); Shigetomo KODA, 'Edo no Chonin no Jinko' from vol. 8 (pp. 1–23) of 'Shakai Keizai gakkaishi' (1938); Yasujiro TAKAMI, 'Edo no Jinko no Kenkyu' from the 7th conference (pp. 59–83) of 'Zenkoku Toshi Mondai kaigi' (1940); Bonsen TAKAHASHI, 'Nihon Jinkoshi no Kenkyu' from Sanyusha publishing (1941), Naotaro SEKIYAMA, 'Kinsei Nihon no Jinko Kozo' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1958); Kazuo MINAMI, 'Bakumatsu Edo Shakai no Kenkyu' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1978).