農村: 277 Terms and Phrases

• 農村
• agricultural community
• farm village
• rural
• Noumura
• rural communities

• 農村部
• rural district
• farming area

• 農村風景
• rural landscape
• rural scenery

• 農村地帯
• agrarian community
• farming area
• farming region

• 農村工業
• rural industry

• 農村道橋
• village road bridge

• 農村施設
• rural communities facilities

• 農村医学
• rural medicine

• 農村社会
• farming communities

• 農村生活の
• agrarian

• 農村型社会
• rural society

• 農村の振興
• Development of Rural Areas

• 農村振興課
• Rural Development Promotion Division

• 農村社会学
• Rural sociology

• 農村整備官
• Rural Development Director

• 農村振興局
• Rural Development Bureau

• 農村政策部
• Rural Policy Department

• 農村環境課
• Rural Environment Division

• 農村計画課
• Rural Planning Division

• 農村教育協会
• Rural Education Association

• 農村計画学会
• Association of Rural Planning
• ARP

• 農村振興局長
• Director-General

• 農村政策部長
• Director-General

• 農村工学研究所
• National Institute for Rural Engineering

• 農村振興局次長
• Deputy Director-General

• 都市農村交流課
• Interaction Between Urban and Rural Areas Division

• 農村政策推進室
• Rural Policy Promotion Office

• 日本農村生活学会
• Rural Life Society of Japan

• 農業農村整備事業
• agricultural village development program

• 都市農村交流協議会
• City-village Exchange Council

• 農業・農村体験活動
• agriculture and village-life experience activity

• 都市と農村の交流等
• Exchange between Urban Areas and Rural Areas

• 農村の総合的な振興
• Comprehensive Development of Rural Areas

• にぎわう農村推進室
• Vigorous Community Promotion Office

• 農業農村振興事務所
• Agricultural and Rural Development Promotion Offices

• 高島農業農村振興事務所
• Takashima Agricultural and Rural Development Promotion Office

• 湖北農業農村振興事務所
• Northern Shiga Agricultural and Rural Development Promotion Office

• 食料・農業・農村基本法
• Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas Basic Act

• 農村の振興に関する施策
• Policies for Development of Rural Areas

• 湖東農業農村振興事務所
• Eastern Shiga Agricultural and Rural Development Promotion Office

• 甲賀農業農村振興事務所
• Koka Agricultural and Rural Development Promotion Office

• 農村地域工業等導入促進法
• Law on the Promotion of Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions

• 農村活性化住環境整備事業
• Agricultural Village Reinvigoration Residential Environment Development Project

• 食料・農業・農村基本計画
• Basic Plan for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas

• 農村・漁村・都市関係文書
• Documents related to farming villages, fishing villages, and cities

• 実質的に金がない農村地域
• virtually moneyless rural regions

• 東近江農業農村振興事務所
• East Omi Agricultural and Rural Development Promotion Office

• お蔭参りが農村に与えた影響
• Influence of okage mairi upon rural villages

• 英国環境・食糧・農村地域省
• Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

• 乾燥地における農村経営計画
• agricultural management plans in dry land areas

• ポーランド農業・農村振興省
• Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)

• 食料・農業・農村政策審議会
• Council of Food, Agriculture and Rural Area Policies

• 地域計画官　農村環境対策室
• Rural Environment Conservation Office

• 大津・南部農業農村振興事務所
• Otsu and Southern Shiga Agricultural and Rural Development Promotion Office

• 竹富島沖縄県竹富町島の農村集落
• Taketomi-jima Island, Taketomi-cho, Okinawa Prefecture, agricultural village

• 美しい農村漁村創出連携促進事業
• Program for Promoting the Creation of Beautiful Agricultural, Fishing, and Mountain Villages through Partnership

• 竹富町竹富島1987年島の農村集落
• Taketomi-jima Island, Taketomi-cho, 1987, agricultural village

• 渡名喜島沖縄県渡名喜村島の農村集落
• Tonaki-jima Island, Tonaki-son Village, Okinawa Prefecture, agricultural Village on the island

• 五個荘町金堂滋賀県東近江市農村集落
• Gokashocho-kondo, Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture, agricultural village

• 第四章　食料・農業・農村政策審議会
• Chapter4 The Council of Food, Agriculture and Rural Area Policies

• 農村の環境で育つ、あるいは暮らす人々
• people raised in or living in a rural environment

• 東近江市五個荘町金堂1998年農村集落
• Gokashocho-kondo, Higashiomi City, 1998, agricultural village

• 区成立当時は大部分が農村地帯であった。
• It was for the most part a rural area when it was established.

• 典型的な「保守的農村」であったと言える。
• It can be said that Tsuge-mura was a typical `conservative village.'

• 都や農村では能や田楽などの舞踊が発達した。
• Noh (traditional masked dance-drama) and dengaku (a style of dancing and music performed at agricultural festivals) developed in the capital and farming villages.

• 農村振興総合整備事業(田園居住空間整備)
• Comprehensive Development Program for the Reinvigoration of Agricultural Villages (development of countryside residential housing space)

• 農村の民家のほか、寺社建築に多く見られる。
• Other than private farm houses, many examples can be found amongst temple/shrine buildings.

• 一般的に農村に居住する下級武士の者を指す。
• In a general sense, the term `goshi` came to refers to lower-ranking samurai residing in rural villages.

• 沖縄県渡名喜村渡名喜島2000年島の農村集落
• Tonaki-jima Island, Tonaki-son Village, Okinawa Prefecture, 2000, agricultural village on the island

• 奈良県大宇陀町の農村集落から収集した民俗資料
• Ethnic materials collected in village communities in Ouda-cho Town, Nara Prefecture.

• - 農村部において商工業者が集まってできた町
• town formed with those engaged in commerce and industry in a farming village

• 稲粟の出挙は、主に農村部において盛んに行われた。
• In general, the Suiko dealing with rice and millet was frequently implemented in the agricultural community.

• 日本の農村風景は大きく変わったといわれています。
• It's said that Japan's rural landscape has changed greatly.

• これにより、農村内での貧富の差は一層拡大された。
• This helped to increase the gap between rich and poor further in a farm village.

• 大原や口丹波など京都周辺の農村部で話されることば。
• A farmers language is spoken in rural areas around Kyoto City, such as Ohara and Kuchitanba.

• 農村に住んで農業経営にあたり、農民を直接支配した。
• They lived in rural areas, conducted farm management and controlled the farmers.

• ―「農民文学運動」に端を発し、農村に関して詠んだ歌
• Poems originating from the 'peasant literature movement' and based on rural communities.

• 昭和初年の大恐慌により経済は疲弊し、農村は荒廃した。
• The Great Depression in the first year of Showa weakened the economy, and ruined farming villages.

• 食料、農業及び農村に関する施策についての基本的な方針
• Basic direction of the policies on food, agriculture and rural areas.

• そのため農村の若い女性にとっては大切な収入源となった。
• Therefore, weaving pongee was an important source of income for young women in villages.

• 特に各地の農村の指導者層には地租の重圧は負担であった。
• The increased land-tax was a pain especially for leading members in rural villages.

• 中国では辺境領の警備のために設置され、農村から徴兵された。
• In China, sakimori ('fangren' in Chinese) was deployed for the security of outlying territories and the soldiers were conscripted from farming villages.

• 13世紀中期ごろになると、農村社会に大きな変動が生じ始めた。
• Toward the middle of the 13th century, a far-reaching change started to occur within rural society in Japan.

• 食料、農業及び農村に関し、政府が総合的かつ計画的に講ずべき施策
• Policies that the Government shall implement comprehensively and systematically for food, agriculture and rural areas.

• 沿線の町は、旧宿場街や農村を形成し、田畑を中心に広がっている。
• The towns along the Kusatsu Line are old post towns and agricultural areas consisting mainly of fields.

• 農村民運動 国家と非合法的実力闘争を展開した北ドイツの農民運動。
• Peasants and Villagers' Movements: peasants' movements in northern Germany that built up illegal campaigns against the state using force.

• 現代でも小豆島の農村歌舞伎などで、わりご弁当という形で残っている。
• It still survives as a warigo lunch box in Noson kabuki (farmers' kabuki) in Shodo-shima Island.

• やがて、18世紀には農村工業として問屋制家内工業が各地に勃興した。
• Before long, in the 18 century domestic industries by wholesale and subcontract systems began to appear in rural area all over the country.

• 街道が通る農村においては、その街道沿いに形成されている場合もある。
• In some cases farming villages on Highways, Zaigomachi developed along the Highway.

• 本来は豊作を祈る田遊びの芸能に由来する地方農村の労働歌舞であった。
• It was originally utamai (a performance of singing and dancing) for labor in agricultural villages that originated in the public entertainment of taasobi (ritual Shinto performance to pray for a good rice-crop for the year) to pray for rich harvest.

• 農村では丁度刈入れが終わった時期であり、収穫を祝う意味でも行われる。
• It was held just after the harvest, thus it was intended to celebrate the harvest as well.

• 当初は都市部を中心に広まり、次第に農村部や武士まで普及するようになった。
• In the beginning, it was spread mainly in urban areas, and gradually became popular in agricultural communities and among samurais.

• 農村内に住む在地地主とのほかに、都市など農村外に住む不在地主が存在した。
• Some landlords lived within a farm village and other landlords lived outside a farm village, for example, in a city.

• 農林水産省に、食料・農業・農村政策審議会（以下「審議会」という。）を置く。
• The Council of Food, Agriculture and Rural Area Policies (hereinafter referred to as the 'Council') in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is hereby established.

• そのため20世紀中ごろまで日本各地の山間部の農村に茅葺が数多く残っていた。
• Therefore, many thatched houses existed in villages in mountainous areas until around the middle of the 20th century in Japan.

• 戦争で軍隊、工場、農村に動員され学業を奪われた青年男女の再教育を意図した。
• The school was intended to reeducate young men and women who had been mobilized as soldiers, factory workers, and farmers during the war and deprived of educational opportunities

• 地租改正を掲げることで、運動は不平士族のみならず、農村にも浸透していった。
• The movement became widespread not only among dissatisfied Shizoku people, but also peasants in rural villages by calling for the land-tax reform.

• 農村の貧困は地主に土地を集積させ、彼らの資本は株式などの投資に向けられた。
• The poverty of farmers made land owners accumulate lands and their capital was turned to the investment such as stocks.

• 農村社会における全ての社会経済要素の基礎となったのは、土地所有の状況であった。
• In village society, the base of all the socio-economical factors was the land ownership situation.

• 伝統的な農村家屋では、便所や風呂は母屋から離れた別小屋になっていることが多い。
• In many traditional rural houses, the lavatory and bathing place are located in a hut separate from the main building.

• この頃になると、農村では農地の分割相続により本百姓の零落が始まった頃であった。
• Around this time the class of honbyakusho (farmers who had land as well as the obligation to pay land tax,) began to decline due to divisional succession of agricultural lands.

• 荘園制に先立つシステムは、後期ローマ帝国の農村経済にその初現を見ることができる。
• The system preceding the manorialism firstly appeared in the rural economy of the late Roman Empire.

• 農村レストランふるる（1100〜1500、金、土、日は1800〜2200も営業）
• Farm Restaurant Fururu: Open 11:00 to 15:00 for weekdays; 11:00 to 15:00, and 18:00 to 22:00 for Friday, Saturday and Sunday

• 米・大豆価格の高騰と地方官の搾取、賠償金支払いの圧力などが農村経済を疲弊させた。
• The rural economy was becaming exhausted because of the soaring rice and soybean prices, exploitation of local officials and pressure to pay compensation.

• 猿楽・狂言・連歌などは都市・農村問わず愛好され、喫茶の風習も茶の湯として広がった。
• Sarugaku (form of theater popular in Japan during the eleventh to fourteenth centuries), Kyogen (farce played during a Noh play cycle), and Renga (linked verse) became popular in both urban and rural areas; tea drinking customs also spread in the form of Chanoyu (the tea ceremony).

• 農村では田畑に鍬を入れたり、縄作りの作業を始め、田の神を祀って米や餅などを供えた。
• In farm villages, people started hoeing paddy fields and making rice-straw ropes, performed a rite for tanokami (deity of rice fields and harvests), offering rice or mochi (rice cake).

• 特に農村部では夫婦一台ずつに加えて農作業用のトラック一つという家庭も多くみられる。
• Especially in agricultural areas, many households have one truck for agricultural work in addition to cars owned by each spouse.

• 兵農分離以前に武士身分であった者が武士身分を維持しながら農村に居住し続けたケース。
• There were examples of goshi who held the rank of samurai prior to the `heinobunri` system (separation of samurai from farmer roles) coming into effect, but continued to reside in rural areas while maintaining the rank of samurai.

• 政井みねは岐阜県吉城郡河合村 (岐阜県)（現飛騨市河合町角川）の農村部に生まれた。
• Mine MASAI was born in a farming community of Kawai Village, Yoshiki County, Gifu Prefecture (present Tsunogawa, Kawai-cho, Hida City, Gifu Prefecture).

• また、欧米の農村社会の仕組みをそのまま日本に想定したために、不都合な例も発生した。
• In addition, because the government assumed that there existed in Japan the same structure of farming society with those existed in Europe and America, undesirable outcomes came to exist, too.

• これは富農が貧農から土地を買い集め、農村の社会制度が崩壊する事を恐れたためである。
• The prohibition was issued because the government was afraid that rich farmers might buy lands from poor farmers and cause a collapse of the social system of a farm village.

• このようなことが最上徳内や間宮林蔵などの農村出身者の活躍に一枚買っているといえる。
• These contributed to the achievements of Tokunai MOGAMI and Rinzo MAMIYA, who were from rural communities.

• 現在でも東北地方の農村などに、左義長の前に小豆粥を食べる習慣が残っている地域がある。
• Even today, in some areas such as the farming villages of the Tohoku region, there is a custom of eating azukigayu before the sagicho (ritual bonfire of New Year's decorations).

• 8世紀には、地中海貿易が壊滅したことで、農村の自給自足体制が急速に確立されていった。
• As the Mediterranean trade collapsed during the eighth century, the self-sufficient system in villages came to be rapidly established.

• しかし、農村では貧富の差が拡大して各地で百姓一揆や村方騒動が頻発し、治安も悪化した。
• Nonetheless, as the disparity between rich and poor expanded in agricultural communities, peasant's revolts and agrarian conflicts occurred frequently and ended in deterioration of the public order.

• そして応仁の乱で荒廃した農村を再興するべく、幕府が専門職として全国に田守職を設置した。
• After the Onin War, the bakufu set up the profession of tamori across the country to restore the farming villages destroyed in the war.

• 日本において中世から近世の時代に、農村部などで商品生産の発展に伴って発生した町・集落。
• It was a town or settlement developed as commodity production grew in rural communities such as a farming village from the Medieval period to early Modern period in Japan.

• 一方で、膨大な人口が農村から江戸に流入して、様々な都市問題を引き起こすことにもなった。
• On the other hand, a massive influx of migrants from rural farming villages to Edo caused various urban problems.

• 農民でありながら乗馬・苗字帯刀などが許されるなど農村部において最も身分の高い存在だった。
• Although each of the officers was a farmer, he was permitted to ride on a horse, to own his family name and to wear a sword, being the highest-positioned person of farmers.

• 当初は公領内のみに田守が配置されたが、その後公領周辺の農村への技術指導も行うようになった。
• At first the tamori only gave instruction within the area of public lands, but later came to instruct the neighboring farming villages.

• 日本の資本主義がこのようにして発展していったため、農村の貧困状態は改善されることがなかった。
• Since the Japanese capitalism had developed in this way, the poverty of the farmers was never improved.

• そのため、古くは農村部を中心に食料を送ってそれを僧侶や葬儀参加者の食事に宛てることが多かった。
• Therefore, foods were often offered as Koden in rural areas in ancient times so that those foods could be provided as meals to Buddhist monks and mourners

• 第2号は岩手県一関市の「一関本寺の農村景観」で2006年（平成18年）7月28日に選定された。
• The second selected case was the 'farm village scenery of Ichinoseki Hondera Temple' in Ichinoseki City of Iwate Prefecture, as announced in the official gazette on July 28, 2006.

• 歌舞伎では農村で行われる芝居（農村歌舞伎）や都市における曳山の上での芝居（曳山祭り）等がある。
• In Kabuki, various plays exist, such as Farmers' Kabuki, performed in farming areas, and the play on a Hikiyama festival float, performed in urban areas' Hikiyama-matsuri Festival.

• 農村の生産力の増大と、荘園領主の没落で、農民の地位はしだいに向上し、やがて自治的な惣村をつくる。
• Farmers improved their status through the increase of productivity in villages and the decline of lords of the manor, so that soon they were able to create autonomous villages (惣村).

• すなわち、「オーナー制度」はオプション取引にあたり、農村の副収入増加とリスクヘッジを達成できる。
• That is, an 'owner system' is an option transaction in which, for farm families, secondary income is increased and risk hedge is achieved.

• その一方で古い農村部の日本家屋では、板の間がそのまま生活居住空間で作業場所は特別に設置しなかった。
• On the other hand, in old Japanese houses of agricultural villages, the room with a wooden floor was used for daily household activities and there was no designated workplace.

• から始まった天保の大飢饉は全国に広がり、都市でも農村でも困窮した人々があふれ、餓死者も多く現れた。
• Since the Tenpo Famine that ravaged in 1832 spread all over the country, many people became absolutely destitute in both cities and agricultural communities, and many died of hunger.

• その一方で農村部では各地に存在した荘園は戦国大名や国人領主による押領の対象となり、荘園制は解体する。
• On the other hand, in agricultural community areas, shoen (manor in medieval Japan) existed in various districts became objects of seizure by sengoku daimyo and kokujin ryoshu and the shoen system was broken down.

• 前三号に掲げるもののほか、食料、農業及び農村に関する施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進するために必要な事項
• In addition to what is listed above, matters required to be promoted for the comprehensive and systematic implementation of the policies for food, agriculture and rural areas.

• 消費者は、食料、農業及び農村に関する理解を深め、食料の消費生活の向上に積極的な役割を果たすものとする。
• Consumers shall be encouraged to gain better understanding of food, agriculture and rural areas and be positive to improve their dietary patterns.

• 読み書きを中心とした寺子屋や郷校が城下町のみならず農村部にも建てられたため、日本人の識字率は高かった。
• The literacy rate among the Japanese was high, because private elementary schools (terakoya) and village schools, where reading and writing was mainly taught, were established not only in castle towns but also in agricultural communities.

• 聖武天皇（在位724年 - 749年）は勅令をもって、全国各地の農村から相撲人をなかば強制的に募集した。
• Emperor Shomu (whose reign was from 724 to 749) issued an Imperial order in order to almost forcibly recruit sumo wrestlers from rural communities throughout the country.

• 郷土料理を、都市と農村との交流、地域活性化につなげようという試みで農山漁村の郷土料理百選として発表した。
• This effort aims to use local dishes to foster exchange between urban and rural areas and revitalize regional communities, and the ministry announced this plan as 'the top 100 rural culinary dishes'.

• 農村村落の風景は変わらないものの、明治の45年間をかけて、徐々に町や都市の基盤が形づくられた時期である。
• Although the scenery in the countryside did not change, the foundation of towns and cities came to be formed gradually over 45 years during the Meiji period.

• はじめは農村行政等の必要性から前領主、小西・加藤氏の帰農遺臣や土豪に士格を追認したのは他藩と同様である。
• Initially because of a need for administration of rural areas etc, samurai status was conferred upon surviving retainers of the previous domain rulers (Konishi and Kato clans) who had returned to farming as well as local clans.

• 一般的には百姓身分の者の武器所有を禁止し、それらを没収して農村の武装解除を図った政策として知られている。
• Katanagari is generally known as a policy of seeking to disarm a farming village by prohibiting peasants from owning arms and confiscating them.

• このうち、不平士族を中心にした段階の運動を士族民権、農村指導者層を中心にした段階の運動を豪農民権という。
• The movement dominated by dissatisfied shizoku was termed the 'Shizoku Minken' (Popular rights movement among shizoku), whereas one dominated by leading members in rural villages was called the 'Gono Minken' (Popular rights movement among wealthy farmers).

• しかし、都市部から離れた地域（農村部）では依然として、農業を基盤とした伝統的な行事や生活習慣が続いていた。
• However, traditional events and lifestyles based on agriculture still continued in areas (rural areas) far from urban areas.

• 子守をする子ども達は貧しい農村や漁村の出身で、親が教育の価値を知らず、子守学校を歓迎しないことも多かった。
• Baby-sitting children were from poor farming or fishing villages, and their parents didn't value education out of ignorance, and therefore in many cases, they didn't welcome baby-sitter schools.

• しかし小作料は高額なことが多く、農村内に豊かな寄生地主と貧しい小作人と言う貧富の差を生み出すことになった。
• However, the farm rent was often very expensive, which created the gap between rich parasitic landlords and poor tenant farmers in a farm village.

• かつては滋賀県との境の農村だったが、現在は京都市街地や大阪市のベッドタウンとなり、他地域からの移入者も多い。
• Although Yamashina Ward was once a farm village that bordered Shiga Prefecture, it has become a commuter town for downtown Kyoto and Osaka City and is populated by many residents who moved in from other regions.

• 松方財政以降、農村は慢性的な貧困状態に陥り、子どもの食事を十分に用意できない農家が多く存在することとなった。
• After the Matsukata Financial Policy, the life of farmers fell into chronic poverty and many farmers could not afford to provide meals for children.

• このほか仏教と神道の境界が曖昧である農村信仰として、田楽やイタコの口寄せ（交霊）にも太鼓が使われることが多い。
• Besides this, as a farm village belief with the vague boundary between Buddhism and Shintoism, the Japanese drum is also often used in ritual field music (dengaku) and in mouth spiritualism (communication with the spirit) via a Shrine maiden.

• 中世以来、大名家の転封が無かったため、家臣団の兵農分離が不十分で、地侍の地方知行が存続し、農村に居住し続けた。
• Because there were no forced relocations of daimyo families from the middle ages onwards, there was insufficient separation of samurai and farmers amongst the ranks of vassals and as such, the fiefs of provincial samurai perpetuated and the goshi continued to live in rural villages..

• この時代は農本主義のため、幕府・大名の拠点のある城を中心とした町（城下町）の他は基本的に農村と考えられていた。
• Due to the agricultural fundamentalism of this period, places other than towns around castles (castle town), the base of the shogunate government or each daimyo, were basically considered to be agricultural communities.

• 長く続いた平和によって経済が発達し、町人文化が興るなかで武術は余暇の楽しみとして都市部や農村地帯で広く行われた。
• As the peace which lasted for a long time developed the economy and produced the townsmen culture, bujutsu was practiced for pleasure in the spare time widely in both the urban and the rural agricultural areas.

• 政府は、食料、農業及び農村に関する施策を実施するため必要な法制上、財政上及び金融上の措置を講じなければならない。
• The Government shall take legislative, fiscal and financial measures required to implement policies concerning food, agriculture and rural areas.

• 一方、この街はそもそも「農村」のままでいたかったため、旧・木津町側では開発前から駅ができることを不服にしていた。
• On the other hand, since the town wanted to remain as a 'rural area,' on the former Kizu-cho side there were objections to the construction of a station even before the development was started.

• 東寺に向けて祐清の遺品を求めた手紙が「たまかき書状」で、中世農村女性の自筆書状として全国的に珍しい史料といえる。
• The letter she wrote asking for the remaining goods of Yusei was 'Tamakaki Letter,' and is one of the rare historical manuscripts written by a peasant woman during the medieval period.

• 21世紀となった現在でも、日本各地（主に農村・漁村地域）に、無尽や頼母子、模合と呼ばれる会・組織が存在している。
• Even now, in the twenty-first century, gatherings and organizations called Mujin, Tanomoshi, or Moai exist in various places in Japan (mainly in the regions of farming and fishing villages).

• 城下町などと違い、商工業者のほかに農民をが多く在住しているも特徴で、都市部と農村の性格を併せ持つのも特徴である。
• Unlike such towns as Jokamachi, Zaigomachi was characteristic of many farmers as its residents and those engaged in commerce and industry, and has both features of being an urban district and a farming village.

• 現在の日本では、一部を除いてほとんど利用されなくなっており、地方農村でも埃をかぶるに任せられているのが現状である。
• The kamado in Japan nowadays is hardly used except by some people, and even in local farming communities people have let it collect a thick coat of dust.

• 食料である水産物の安定的な供給の確保に関する施策については、食料・農業・農村基本法及びこの節に定めるところによる。
• Measures for the maintenance of stable supply of marine products, the food, shall be provided in the Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas Basic Act and this Section.

• 国は、食料、農業及び農村に関する情報の提供等を通じて、基本理念に関する国民の理解を深めるよう努めなければならない。
• The national government shall endeavor to enhance the citizens' better understanding of the basic principles by providing relevant information on food, agriculture and rural areas.

• 政府は、第一項の規定により基本計画を定めようとするときは、食料・農業・農村政策審議会の意見を聴かなければならない。
• The Government shall seek opinions from the Council of Food, Agriculture and Rural Area Policies in establishing the basic plan under the provision of paragraph 1.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の後期には、農村の多くで労働力が戦に駆り出されたため、農業生産力の低下が大きな問題となっていた。
• In the late Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), many peasants in farming villages were sent off to war, and this resulted in a critical decrease in agricultural production.

• また平安貴族は生産の場である農村社会と遊離して生活していたため、年紀を含めて権利取得に関する法制が成立しなかった。
• Since the life of the nobles in the Heian Period was separated from the agricultural community which was a place to produce, the legislation on the acquisition of rights including Nenki was not enacted.

• 多くは天明の大飢饉や江戸幕府の重商主義政策による農業の破綻により、農村で生活を営むことが不可能になった百姓だった。
• Yet, many of them were farmers who became impossible to live in the farm village because of the Tenmei Famine or agricultural failure caused by the Mercantilism policy of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 農業類に関する行事も戦前ごろまで大きな行事であったが、農家の減少や機械化により農村部以外では行われないようになった。
• Although events concerning agriculture, etc. were major events around before the war, they are only held in rural areas due to decreased farmers and mechanization.

• 『大誘拐』では誘拐団の一人と親しくなる農村の娘を演じ、『助太刀屋助六』（2001年）にも敵討ちの女役で出演している。
• In 'Rainbow Kids,' she played a country girl who made friends with one of the kidnappers, and in 'Vengeance for Sale'(2001), she also appeared as a woman out for revenge.

• 下級武士がその低い身分故に城下で家禄のみによって生計を維持できず、城下郊外又は農村で農業を営むことを許されたケース。
• There were some examples of lower-ranking samurai who could not survive just living on their Karoku (hereditary stipend) in a castle town because of their low status and because they were not allowed to farm in agricultural villages or the outskirts of the castle town.

• 屯田制下の人民は、各郡の典農中郎将、各県の典農都尉によって、一般の農村行政とは別に軍事組織と結びついた形で統治された。
• The citizens under the Tonden system were controlled separately from ordinary agricultural management and linked to military organizations by the Tennochurosho in each district, Tennotoi in each prefecture.

• 同じく夏の土用の食べ物としていた地域は多く、九州の農村では土用に備えて各戸で一樽ずつもの皮の塩漬けを作る地域もあった。
• Similarly, whale meat was eaten on the day of Doyo of summer in various parts of Japan, and in some villages in Kyushu, each household preserved a barrel of whale skin in salt.

• そして、1930年に発生した昭和恐慌により農村は大打撃を受け、東北地方を中心に各地で欠食児童が深刻な社会問題となった。
• The farmers were greatly affected by the Showa Depression in 1930, and the poorly-fed children became a serious social problem in various regions mainly in Tohoku.

• 当初は地方の農村を対象とした制度であったが、平安時代に入ると平安京の中で各坊を4つの保に分割して更に各保を4町とした。
• At first the goho was the system for the agricultural community in the county, however, in the Heian period, each bo (a unit of administrative district in the Heian period) was divided into four ho (a unit of jobosei [a series of avenues running at right angles to each other]) and, moreover, each ho was composed of four cho (a unit of distance) in Heiankyo (ancient capital in current Kyoto).

• 更に、農村は綿織物業等に従事した女性労働力に代表されるように低賃金労働力を創出し、日本の資本主義の発達を大いに促した。
• Moreover, agricultural villages provided cheap labor, as typified by the female labor that worked in cotton textile industry, and promoted the development of the Japanese capitalism.

• 地子免許（じしめんきょ）とは、近世の都市において町屋敷地にかかる地子（農村の年貢に相当する）を領主権力が免除すること。
• 'Jishi menkyo' refers to the exemption from 'jishi' (the tax imposed on the land of the town's residential area during the early modern ages of Japan) permitted by a feudal lord, and jishi corresponded to 'nengu' (the tax imposed on the land of farming villages).

• また京都に住む天皇のため禁裏御料地として宮中に献上する作物を栽培したほか、近郊農村として京都の市民に野菜などを供給した。
• It also served as an Imperial estate for cultivating food to supply farm products to the Emperor living in Kyoto and as a suburban farmland to supply citizens of Kyoto City with vegetables.

• 江戸時代においては、農村部で大小便（し尿）を農作物を栽培する際の肥料としても使うようになり、高価で取引されるようになった。
• In rural areas during the Edo period, human waste came to be used as manure for growing agricultural crops and was traded at a high price.

• 政府は、前項の講じようとする施策を明らかにした文書を作成するには、食料・農業・農村政策審議会の意見を聴かなければならない。
• The Government shall seek opinions from the Council of Food, Agriculture and Rural Area Policies, in preparing a document explaining the policies the Government is going to implement as referred to in the preceding paragraph.

• 農村部では水源であることと関連して、春になると山の神が里に降りて田の神となり、秋の収穫を終えると山に帰るという信仰もある。
• In rural areas, because mountains are a source of water, there are beliefs that god of the mountain descends to the village and becomes the god of the rice fields in spring, and returns to the mountain in fall after the harvest.

• 農林水産大臣は、前項の政令の制定又は改廃の立案をしようとするときは、食料・農業・農村政策審議会の意見を聴かなければならない。
• The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries must, when intending to propose the enactment, amendment or abolition of the Cabinet Order in the preceding paragraph, first consult the opinion of the Council of Food, Agriculture and Rural Area Policies.

• 当時、名主職は相伝や譲与できる権利と認識されており、農村社会内部の均質化によって、名主の地位や権利は徐々に分割されていった。
• In this period, myoshu rights were already recognized as rights that could be inherited or sold, and as rural society became more and more homogenized the position and rights of myoshu were split into smaller elements.

• 石内村は広島市内から一山越えた農村で豪農の家に生まれるが、父が借金の連帯保証人になったことで破産し、14歳の頃に一家は離散。
• He was born to a wealthy farmer's family in Ishiuchi-mura, a farming village located over one mountain from Hiroshima City, but his father went bankrupt because he co-signed a loan, and the family split up when he was 14 years old.

• 農林水産大臣は、第一項の政令の制定又は改廃の立案をしようとするときは、食料・農業・農村政策審議会の意見を聴かなければならない。
• The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries must, when intending to propose the enactment, amendment or abolition of the Cabinet Orders in paragraph 1, first consult the opinion of the Council of Food, Agriculture and Rural Area Policies.

• また、都市部で町人の文化が発展する一方、益の薄い農業で困窮した農民が田畑を放棄し、都市部へ流れ込んだために農村の荒廃が生じた。
• While the culture of townspeople developed in urban areas, farmers who had been reduced to poverty by non-profitable agriculture abandoned their fields and drifted into cities, thus ruining agricultural communities.

• 印旛沼運河工事の失敗や江戸の火事・浅間山の大噴火などの災害の勃発、疲弊した農村部に天明の大飢饉と呼ばれる食糧難や疫病が生じた。
• The canal work in the Inba marsh failed, disasters such as fires in Edo and a large-scale eruption of Mt. Asama occurred, and the Tenmei Famine took place in weakened rural areas, causing food shortages and epidemics.

• しかし、一人あたりの耕地面積は狭く、農家は零細的経営を余儀なくされたため、農村の貧困状態を根本的に改善することはできなかった。
• However, as the area under cultivation per farmer was small and the farmers were forced to manage small farms, the poverty of the farmers was never fundamentally improved.

• また、鷹狩場が一定の地域に固定されると、密猟の防止や獲物となる鳥への餌付け、更に周辺農村部における人員動員や治安確保も担当した。
• Once a hunting ground was established, the torimi took charge of preventing poaching, feeding birds to become prey and mobilizing people from neighboring villages and securing safety.

• 主な改革としては、綱紀粛正・倹約令徹底による消費の抑制、人返し令による都市住民の農村への帰還、株仲間の解散令、棄捐令などである。
• Tadakuni's major reforms were, for example, control of people's consumption through tightening public morals and implementing a sumptuary decree strictly, issuance of 'Hitogaeshi-rei' (the decree to force peasants dwelling in urban areas to return to their hometowns), an order on 'kabu nakama' to disband itself, and issuance of 'Kien-rei.'

• 国は、基本理念の実現に資することができるよう、食料、農業及び農村に関する団体の効率的な再編整備につき必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for efficient restructuring of the bodies relevant to food, agriculture and rural areas, which contribute to the realization of the basic principles.

• このような指示が度々出されたにも関わらず、命令が遵守されたのは直後のみで時間が経つにつれて都市でも農村でも違反するものが相次いだ。
• Although such ordinances were issued repeatedly, people strictly followed the rules only in the short period right after the issuances, and as time passed, lawbreakers appeared one after another both in cities and in the countryside.

• しかし、当時の経済の実態は農村工業の発達と新興商人が都市でも地方でも台頭したことによって、株仲間の独占はむしろ形骸化しつつあった。
• But, in reality, the monopoly by kabunakama was losing substance due to the development of rural industry and the rise of emerging merchants both in urban and rural areas.

• 室町時代の後半の戦国時代 (日本)では戦乱が多発し、農村では集落を守るために周囲に堀（環濠）を巡らして襲撃に備えるところが現れた。
• The latter half of the Muromachi period was the Sengoku period (period of warring states) when warfare broke out all over Japan, making some villagers decide to build moats around their settlements in order to protect themselves from assaults.

• 政府は、毎年、国会に、食料、農業及び農村の動向並びに政府が食料、農業及び農村に関して講じた施策に関する報告を提出しなければならない。
• The Government shall annually submit to the Diet a report on the trend of food, agriculture and rural areas and on the policies implemented concerning food, agriculture and rural areas.

• 農林水産大臣は、飼養衛生管理基準を設定し、改正し、又は廃止しようとするときは、食料・農業・農村政策審議会の意見を聴かなければならない。
• The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries must, when intending to establish, amend or abolish Standards of Rearing Hygiene Management, first consult the opinion of the Council of Food, Agriculture and Rural Area Policies.

• 8世観世鐵之丞によると、もともとは五穀豊穣を祈る農村行事であり、翁は集落の長の象徴、千歳は若者の象徴、三番叟は農民の象徴であるとされる。
• According to Tetsu no jo KANZE the eighth, it was originally a farming community event to pray for a bountiful grain harvest, and Okina, Senzai, and Sanbaso respectively personified a village chief, a youth, and a farmer.

• しかし農村における共同体意識が急速に失われつつある今日では、大サナブリ、各戸別のサナブリともに顧みられなくなってきているのが現状である。
• In fact, however, both big Sanaburi and Sanaburi at individual homes have been rarely held recently, because the sense of a community has been rapidly disappearing in today's rural communities.

• 元禄時代の経済の急成長により、貨幣経済が農村にも浸透し、四木（桑・漆・檜・楮）・三草（紅花・藍・麻または木綿）など商品作物の栽培が進んだ。
• Thanks to the rapid growth of the economy in the Genroku era, the monetary economy spread to agricultural communities too, and the commercial crops such as mulberry, lacquer, hinoki cypress, paper mulberry, safflower, indigo, hemp and cotton began to be cultivated more and more.

• 1931年に京都市東山区に編入されたが、この時点では住宅や工場は東海道沿いと山科駅周辺に集中しておりその他は竹やぶの散在する近郊農村だった。
• It was merged into Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City in 1931, when residences and plants were found only mainly along the Tokaido Road and near Yamashina Station; the remaining areas were mostly suburban farmlands.

• 農林水産大臣は、特定家畜伝染病防疫指針を作成し、変更し、又は廃止しようとするときは、食料・農業・農村政策審議会の意見を聴かなければならない。
• The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries must, when intending to prepare, amend or abolish Specific Domestic Animal Infectious Disease Quarantine Guidelines, first consult the opinion of the Council of Food, Agriculture and Rural Area Policies.

• また、伝統的農村家屋では用途によって板をはめて板の間として使用したり、板をはずして土間として使用したりするスペースが設けられていることもある。
• In addition, a space which can be used as a wooden floor room by laying wooden plates but also used as a doma without the wooden plates are found in some traditional houses in rural areas.

• 基本計画のうち農村に関する施策に係る部分については、国土の総合的な利用、整備及び保全に関する国の計画との調和が保たれたものでなければならない。
• Policies of the basic plan which are relevant to rural areas shall be developed in harmony with the national plan of comprehensive use, development and conservation of national land.

• しかしこれも身分表象としての二本差し帯刀の規制による象徴的なものに留まり（脇差参照）、農村に蓄えられた膨大な武器を消滅させるには至らなかった。
• This was no more than a symbolic policy of control over wearing two swords which represents the status (see wakizashi), and fell short of eradicating the great deal of weapons stored in the rural villages.

• 藩は、守護大名が荘園を解体し、各農村に所領を持つ国人級の武士や、武士化した名主層（地侍）を被官化し、一円的領域支配を築いていったことに始まる。
• Han started when shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) dismantled manors and employed local lords-grade samurai who had owned a territory in each farming village and the village headmen who had become local samurai as their vassals, firmly building a system to rule the whole region in their territory.

• 国は、農村における土地の農業上の利用と他の利用との調整に留意して、農業の振興その他農村の総合的な振興に関する施策を計画的に推進するものとする。
• The State shall systematically promote measures for the comprehensive development of rural areas including agricultural development, with proper consideration to the coordination of land use for agriculture and other purposes.

• 農村では名主、庄屋が幕府・大名と農村の橋渡しとして存在し、原則的に武士は農村にいなかったとされる（地方知行制を温存した仙台藩など例外はある）。
• A headman of a village called nanushi or shoya served as a bridge between the shogunate or domain government and the agricultural community, where no samurai was considered to live in principle, (with the exception of the Sendai Domain in which the Jikatachigyo system [the direct administration of the assigned fief by a shogunate retainer who transferred there] was preserved).

• 特に南北朝時代 (日本)以後には、都市には町衆、農村には乙名などの有力な指導層が現れて、彼らが主導する祭礼や芸能の中で「風流」が取り入れられた。
• After the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) in particular, powerful leaders like Machishu (rich merchants) in the urban areas and Otona (leaders of farmer's organizations) in the rural areas appeared, and 'Furyu' was included in the festivals and performing arts that they hosted.

• また、農村社会では夏季の農事による労働の疲れに関わる行事、都市社会では江戸時代以前の夏季の疫病の死者を弔う行事を起源とするものが多い傾向にある。
• Also many of the natsumatsuri festivals tend to have originated in the events observed in rural communities to relieve farmers' fatigue from their agricultural work in the summer season, or originated in the events observed in urban communities to hold memorial services for the people who died from epidemic in summer before the Edo Period.

• 政府は、毎年、前項の報告に係る食料、農業及び農村の動向を考慮して講じようとする施策を明らかにした文書を作成し、これを国会に提出しなければならない。
• The Government shall annually prepare and submit to the Diet a document explaining policies the Government is going to implement in consideration of the trend of food, agriculture and rural areas described in the report of the preceding paragraph.

• そして、そうした農村からの小領主層の成長と、その大名・国人との結合が、それまで弱体化されつもかろうじて残っていた荘園制にとどめを刺したといわれる。
• The growth of small lords from villages, and the fusion of that daimyo and kokujin ended the weakened, but bearing a lasting shoen system.

• 食料、農業及び農村に関する施策を講ずるに当たっては、水産業及び林業との密接な関連性を有することにかんがみ、その振興に必要な配慮がなされるものとする。
• In taking measures for food, agriculture and rural areas, necessary consideration shall be given to the fisheries and forestry industries in view of their close relationship with agriculture.

• 江戸時代になると、中世末に一度没落し大名の地位を失った武士の家系などで、主に名主となって農村に残った旧臣たちに対して、官途状を発給する習慣が残った。
• After the Edo period, the custom remained among samurai families who once lost the position of daimyo during the end of mediaeval period to issue Kantojo mainly to their old retainer who stayed in villages.

• 農村から多数農民が逃散して江戸に流入している状況に鑑み、農村復興のため人返し令を発し、弛緩した大御所時代の風を矯正すべく奢侈禁止・風俗粛正を命じた。
• In reflection of a massive influx of peasants from farming villages to Edo, Tadakuni issued the 'Hito gaeshi-rei' (a law to return peasants to their villages) to reconstruct faming villages, and also banned luxury goods and reinforced tighter discipline on public morals in order to rehabilitate the city which was loosened up during the Ogosho Period.

• また、1963年に中国地方を襲った昭和38年1月豪雪で、中国山地の農村から一家で離村し、高度経済成長期の広島市に移住した農家の主婦が開業した例も多い。
• And due to the extraordinarily heavy snowfall which struck the Chugoku region in January 1963, many families left farming villages in mountain areas of the Chugoku region and moved to Hiroshima City during the high economic growth period, where many farmers' wives opened shops.

• 農村部では、居住空間である母屋とは別に、独立して便所が建てられる（母屋には便所はないので、一度外へ出ないと便所に行けない）形態が戦後まで行われていた。
• In rural areas, the configuration where the lavatory was built independently from the main housing which was a living space continued until the postwar era (as the main housing did not have a lavatory inside, they could not go to the lavatory without going out).

• 政府は、食料、農業及び農村に関する施策の総合的かつ計画的な推進を図るため、食料・農業・農村基本計画（以下「基本計画」という。）を定めなければならない。
• The Government shall establish a basic plan for food, agriculture and rural areas (hereinafter referred to as the 'basic plan') for the promotion of a comprehensive and systematic implementation of the policies on food, agriculture and rural areas.

• 韓国で同国の農村振興庁が黄砂を採取して行った検査では、地域差があるものの、細菌の濃度が通常の大気の7 - 22倍、カビの濃度が15 - 26倍と高かった。
• An investigation conducted by the Rural Development Administration of South Korea for sampled kosa showed that, although depending on the area, the samples included bacteria with a density of 7 to 22 times more than that of the ordinary air and mold with a density of 15 to 26 times that of the ordinary air.

• 一揆の際には農村側に立って先導するような百姓側の代表としての意識の強いものと、支配機構の末端をになう下級官吏の面が強く一揆などの際に標的となる場合もあった。
• Some headmen (nanushi or shoya) had a strong sense of being a representative of the peasants, who led riots on farmers' side, while others became a target in uprisings because of their being the rank and file of the government in direct contact with the public.

• 「耕作会」『日本農書全集 第63巻 農村振興』佐藤常雄編集（農山漁村文化協会、1995年）ISBN 4-540-94013-9 - 開催した農業研究会の記録。
• 'Kosakukai (The Farmer's Association),' included in 'The collected works of books on Japanese Agriculture, Volume 63, Agricultural Community Development,' Edited by Tsuneo SATO (Rural Culture Association, 1995) ISBN 4-540-94013-9 - records of meetings held by the farmer's association.

• これらのなかで、とくに『伴大納言絵巻』と『信貴山縁起絵巻』の両絵巻は都の庶民のみならず地方農村の庶民生活をいきいきと描いており、時代の空気がよく示されている。
• Above all, 'Ban Dainagon Emaki' and 'Shigisan engi emaki' vividly describe the life of the common people in local villages as well as the common people in Kyoto, and the mood of the period is seen through them.

• かつてはそれぞれ孤立していた地方農村にも、鉄道の発達や自動車の出現による人々の移動や物資の流通増加にともない、このような都市の状況がいち早く伝わるようになった。
• Even in rural agricultural communities, which used to be isolated before, the situations in cities were quickly passed around by the movement of people and the increased distribution of goods along with the development of railways and introduction of automobiles.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、食料、農業及び農村に関する施策を講ずるにつき、相協力するとともに、行政組織の整備並びに行政運営の効率化及び透明性の向上に努めるものとする。
• The State and local governments shall endeavor to cooperate in taking measures on food, agriculture and rural areas, and to restructure administrative organs as well as to improve their efficiency and transparency in administrative management.

• しかし、「観光地」として選ばれたため、田植え体験や稲刈り体験など、古来からの農業体験をする場、または「グリーンツーリズム」の場として、農村の形態は変化している。
• However, selected as a 'tourist spot,' the farming villages have been transformed into a venue for traditional agricultural experiences such as rice transplanting and harvesting, or a venue for 'green tourism.'

• 1870年2月5日、政府から皇族・貴族に対してお歯黒禁止令が出され、それに伴い民間でも徐々に廃れ(明治以降農村では一時的に普及したが)、大正時代にはほぼ完全に消えた。
• On February 5, 1870, government put a ban on tooth black among the royalty and aristocrats; consequently, this practice also faded gradually among the common people (after the Meiji period, it was once popular among farm villages), and in the Taisho period, it almost completely disappeared.

• 御師は数名ずつのグループに分かれて各地に散らばり、農村部でカレンダーを配ったり、豊作祈願を行ったりして、その年に収穫された米を初穂料として受け取る事で生計を立てていた。
• Onshi were divided into groups of several people, were scattered around the country, and made a living by receiving rice harvested in the year as hatsuho ryo (ceremony fee) in return for distributing calendars and praying for a good harvest in rural areas.

• 寛政年間（1690年代）頃から農村や漁村へも広がりを見せ始め、江戸時代中期（18世紀）以降に益々増加し、特に江戸時代後期の天保年間（1830年代）前後に著しく増加した。
• From the 1690s, it spread to agricultural and fishing villages, and became even more widespread after the middle of the Edo period (eighteenth century), especially around the Tenpo era (1830s) during the late Edo period.

• これらの農村の膨大な武器がほぼ完全に消滅するのは、大日本帝国が太平洋戦争においてポツダム宣言を受諾し降伏文書に調印した後の、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の占領政策による。
• These cache of weapons in the rural villages were almost completely eradicated under the Occupation policy by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which was carried out after the Empire of Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration for the Pacific War and the Instrument of Surrender was signed.

• ただ当時発足したばかりの日本軍は地方農村部などの次男・三男を集めた集団であり、飯や日本食で育った彼らの中には、あまりに異質な西洋の料理に対して拒否感を示す者も見られた。
• The early stage of Japanese military was formed by the group of young people composed of the second or third sons collected from rural and agricultural regions; they had grown up by eating traditional Japanese food with rice-centered diet, thus some could not easily accept such Western style dishes so different from their eating habit.

• こうした「値下げを強要すれば安く米が手に入る」という実績は瞬く間に市から市へと広がり、8月17日頃からは都市部から町や農村へ、そして8月20日までにほぼ全国へ波及した。
• Thus this achievement which was 'if we enforce price reduction, we can get rice at a low price' spread from city to city immediately, and from around August 17, riots spread from urban areas to town or agricultural community and then reached almost everywhere in the country by August 20.

• 政府は、食料、農業及び農村をめぐる情勢の変化を勘案し、並びに食料、農業及び農村に関する施策の効果に関する評価を踏まえ、おおむね五年ごとに、基本計画を変更するものとする。
• The Government shall revise the basic act approximately every 5 years, by taking into consideration of the changes in circumstances surrounding food, agriculture and rural areas and also the result of policy effectiveness evaluation on food, agriculture and rural areas.

• 香典が金銭に代わり、食料がその副物として簡単な供物に代わっていくのは、武士階層では室町時代、一般庶民では明治時代以後、一部農村部では戦後に入ってからのことと考えられている。
• It is thought that it was in the Muromachi period that money started to be offered as koden together with a simple offering instead of foods for the Samurai class, but it was in or after the Meiji period, and even after World War II in some rural areas, that the same thing happened for ordinary people.

• 優れた馬などは最前線にて用いられたために、小荷駄隊は足軽及び農村から徴発された人夫（陣夫）が駄馬や荷車に兵糧などを載せて引率するという機動性・戦闘力いずれも劣る部隊である。
• Since swift horses were used on the front lines, a Konidatai was a troop with inferior mobility and fighting capability that carried provisions on daba (packhorses) and carts by ashigaru (common foot soldiers) and laborers (servicemen) levied from farming villages.

• 地子銭の納入は決して多くはなく、一部の都市（京）などにとどまっていたが、中世末期の戦国時代 (日本)ごろになると、農村部でも銭貨による地子納入の事例が見られるようになった。
• The payment of jishisen was not much in any sense and it was limited to some big cities (imperial capital) but cases of jishi payment in coins became common even in rural areas in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in the end of the medieval period (Japan).

• 当時の太政官日誌は都市の書店で一般に発売されていたが、各農村にまで配布されておらず、一般国民に対しては、キリスト教の禁止など幕府の旧来の政策を踏襲する五榜の掲示が出された。
• At that time Daijokan nittshi was available at urban book stores, but not distributed in the rural areas yet and to the general public Gobo no keiji (five edict boards) taking over traditional policies of bakufu such as a ban of Christianity was posted.

• 江戸時代には商人資本の成長や農村への商品経済の浸透、それらによる身分制の変質など、村落共同体の動揺は一揆や打ちこわしを招き、幕府や諸藩は幕政改革や藩政改革を行い再編を試みる。
• During the Edo period, the growth of merchant capital and the penetration of the commodity economy to agricultural villages contributed to the transformation of the hierarchy of village communities, which, however, caused such turmoils in the community as uprising peasants and destructive riots, and compelled both Bakufu (shogunate) government and Han (local domain) governments to try to reform their political systems.

• 人口の増大は、江戸を東日本における大消費地とし、東日本各地の農村と結ばれた大市場、経済的先進地方である上方（近畿地方）と関東地方を結ぶ中継市場として、経済的な重要性も増した。
• Population growth in Edo turned the city into the consumption center of eastern japan, and faciliated its rise to economic prominence as a significant market that linked the farming villages of various regions of eastern Japan, and a hub market that linked the economically advanced Kamigata (Kinki region) and Kanto regions.

• いっぽう造り酒屋は、純粋に酒を造りそれを売っていた所という概念で、規模も必ずしも大きくなく、ときには蔵人が一人で営んでいて、場所も都市の中だけでなく農村部や山間部にも多かった。
• On the other hand, the overall concept of sake brewers was to brew and sell sake and, the scale was most often not large however, at some stage the brewers began to work alone and apart from the centers of large towns, they also became numerous in rural towns and mountain villages.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、食料、農業及び農村に関する施策を講ずるに当たっては、農業者及び農業に関する団体並びに食品産業の事業者がする自主的な努力を支援することを旨とするものとする。
• In taking measures for food, agriculture and rural areas, the national and local governments shall aim at providing support to the proactive efforts of farmers, farmers' organizations and business operators in food industry.

• 社倉はもともと朱熹の建議で始められたもので、飢饉などに備えて村民が穀物や金などを備蓄し、相互共済するもので、江戸時代には山崎闇斎がこの制度の普及に努めて農村で広く行われていた。
• The prospectus of Shaso storage was started through recommendations of Chu His, it recommended storing grain or gold for famine and so on for mutually relief, and in the Edo period, Ansai YAMAZAKI tried to propagate this system, and it was introduced widely in farming villages.

• だが、当時の農村社会の経営は不安定であり、農業経営の出来なくなった小農民と労働力不足に悩まされる本百姓層の利害の一致によりこうした人身売買による隷属化が農村部において横行した。
• However, enslavement due to human trafficking was widely spread in rural areas since management of agricultural village society was unstable at that time and peasant folk who were not able to manage farms and hon-byakusho (peasants) who were annoyed with lack of labor shared a mutual interest.

• なお、現地に滞在した在宅鳥見の下には周辺農村から村役の一環として「鷹番」が登用されていたが、その負担は大きく将軍鷹狩の際の人夫徴発と合わせて一揆などの騒動を起こす一因にもなった。
• Torimi stationed at the hunting ground hired men from neighboring villages as 'takaban,' which posed a heavy burden on the appointees and at times caused villagers to riot, due in part to the mobilization of villagers during the shogun's hunt.

• 更に、戸田芳実は石母田正や安田元久らの、武士階級は農村から権門など古代階級を打ち破る階級として生まれるとする見解に対して、武士は初めから農民と対立する支配者側であったと主張する。
• In addition, Yoshimi TODA argued that bushi was on the ruling side in opposition to the peasants from the start in contrast to the argument by Tadashi ISHIMODA and Motohisa YASUDA stating that the bushi class formed by breaking free from ancient social class of peasants as influential families.

• 高い経済発展とは裏腹にその果実の大部分が在朝日本人や日本企業に分配され、米をはじめとする多くの食料が日本に贈られ、朝鮮人（とりわけ農村部）への分配度は低かったとする研究者もいる。
• Some researchers believe that, contrary to the high economic development, most of the profit were distributed to the Japanese people and companies in Korea, and most of the food including rice were given to Japan, which made the distribution ratio to the Koreans (especially in the rural area) low.

• これにより、土地に対して重層的にあった中世的な中間権利である様々な職が否定され、耕作者は直接領主に納税することとなり、農村にいた中間搾取者としての武士はほぼ一掃されることとなった。
• As a result, the legitimacy of the positions of a great many medieval-period middleman tax collectors and the like were repudiated, since now cultivators were paying taxes directly to their local lords; at the agricultural village level, Hideyoshi's survey had eliminated nearly all the extortionist middleman warriors who lived off others' effort in one clean sweep.

• しかし家庭内で作る事のできる密造酒でもあるため摘発は非常に難しく、米どころと呼ばれる地域や、酒を取り扱う商店等の少ない農村などで、相当量が日常的に作られ消費されていたとする話もある。
• However, some people say that as it is very difficult to detect illicit production of Doburoku, which was a bootleg easily produced at home, a considerable amount of Doburoku was produced and consumed on a daily basis in rice producing regions, farming villages with few liquor retail stores, etc.

• ヨーロッパにおける荘園制(Manorialism or Seigneurialism)は、中世の西ヨーロッパ農村及び中央ヨーロッパの一部農村に見られた経済・社会構造を指す用語である。
• Manorialism or Seigneurialism in Europe is the word which refers to the economical and social structure as seen in the villages in west European villages or some villages in central Europe in medieval times.

• このように酉の市とは、秋の収穫物や実用の農具が並んだ近郊農村の農業市が江戸市中へと移行するに従い、招福の吉兆を満載した飾り熊手などを市の縁起物とする都市型の祭へと変遷してきたのである。
• In this way, Tori no ichi transformed from the agricultural fair of the neighboring farm villages displaying autumn harvests and practical farming tools into the urban festival, having kazari-kumade (decorative rakes) full of good omens that brought in good fortune and so on as the lucky charms of the fair, as it moved from the countryside to the city of Edo.

• 中世以降、工業・商業が盛んになってくると、稲荷神は農業神から工業神・商業神・屋敷神など福徳開運の万能の神ともされるようになり、農村だけでなく町家や武家にも盛んに勧請されるようになった。
• During the middle ages, when commerce and industry became more prosperous, the god Inari, who had initially been the agriculture god, became the god of all the mighty, merging the gods of commerce, industry, and residence, and was believed to bring happiness and fortunes to people; new Inari-jinja Shrines were built one after another by transferring the god Inari from a Inari-jinja Shrine not only in farming villages but also in the communities of traders and samurai.

• ただ、実際には、刀や脇差の上納と没収が名目上で展開されたのみで、祭祀に用いる武具や害獣駆除のための鉄砲などは所持を許可されるなど、刀狩の展開後も農村には大量の武器が存在したままだった。
• Actually, however, the katanagari edict developed as a means to deliver or confiscate swords and short swords, while arms used for religious ceremonies and muskets for getting rid of noxious beasts were still allowed, leaving a great deal of weapons in the villages even after the execution of the katanagari edict.

• 後の世の粉飾が入らない資料の中で、農村での武士団の社会密度の変化がうかがえるもとして、『信貴山縁起絵巻』（しぎさんえんぎえまき）と、『粉河寺縁起絵巻』（こかわでらえんぎえまき）がある。
• There were 'Shigisan engi emaki' (Picture Scroll of the Legends of Mount Shigi) and 'Kokawadera Engiemaki' (Picture Scroll of Legends of Kokawa-dera Temple) for historical documents not embellished by later generations and these mentioned the transformation of social concentration of bushidan at peasant villages.

• 国は、国民の農業及び農村に対する理解と関心を深めるとともに、健康的でゆとりのある生活に資するため、都市と農村との間の交流の促進、市民農園の整備の推進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as encouraging exchanges between urban and rural areas, and promoting improvement of allotment gardens, in order to enhance public understanding and awareness of agriculture and rural areas and to contribute to healthy and comfortable life.

• 第二項第二号に掲げる水産物の自給率の目標については、食料・農業・農村基本法（平成十一年法律第百六号）第十五条第二項第二号に掲げる食料自給率の目標との調和が保たれたものでなければならない。
• Target rate of marine products self-sufficiency listed in the second item of the preceding paragraph shall be in harmony with the target rate of food self-sufficiency set forth in the second item of the second paragraph of Article 15 of Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas Basic Act (Act No.106 of 1999).

• また、理研コンツェルンは理化学研究所の活動資金調達のために成立したユニークなコンツェルンであり、同族支配が行なわれず、「農村工業化」などを打ち出して新潟県柏崎市などで地方の工業化につとめた。
• The RIKEN conglomerate, however, was a unique Konzern established in order to procure capital for the activities of RIKEN (a major natural-science research institute in Japan); it was not managed by members of a single family but instead worked out a policy of 'industrialization of rural areas' and strived for that purpose in rural areas such as that of Kashiwazaki City, Niigata Prefecture.

• 地方公共団体は、基本理念にのっとり、食料、農業及び農村に関し、国との適切な役割分担を踏まえて、その地方公共団体の区域の自然的経済的社会的諸条件に応じた施策を策定し、及び実施する責務を有する。
• Local governments are responsible, pursuant to the basic principles, and based on an appropriate sharing of roles with the national government, for formulating and implementing policies for food, agriculture and rural areas that suit their natural and socioeconomic characteristics of the area.

• 国は、世界の食料需給の将来にわたる安定に資するため、開発途上地域における農業及び農村の振興に関する技術協力及び資金協力、これらの地域に対する食料援助その他の国際協力の推進に努めるものとする。
• The State shall endeavor to promote international cooperation including technical and financial cooperation for the development of agriculture and rural areas as well as food aid to the developing regions, in order to contribute to the long-term stability of the world's food supply and demand.

• 当時はまだ貧しい農村部では、出稼ぎに出る事で食費を浮かし家計を助けるという「口べらし（口減らし）」が一般に行われており、みねも家庭の生活費を助けるために信州の岡谷市へ出稼ぎに出る事となった。
• In those days, it was still common in poor farming community to let members go out to town and work for reducing the mouths to feed (it had been called 'Kuchi-berashi'), and Mine was also sent to Okaya City in Shinshu to help her family.

• ManorismやSeigneurialismの語は、それぞれ、農村において代々相続される伝統的な支配地域を表すmanors、seigneuries（日本語では荘園と訳される）に由来している。
• The words 'manorism' or 'seigneurialism' respectively originate from the words 'manors' or 'seigneuries' (they are translated into 'shoen' in Japanese) which express the traditionally dominated region by heredity in villages.

• また、政党が農村部で発達し始めたことから、選挙区の組み替えや国税納付の資格を緩和することで、これまでの地盤を破壊し、政府や都市部の意向を反映した議員を生み出しやすくする狙いがあったといわれる。
• Also, because political parties started to develop in villages it was assumed that he let the conventional foundation collapse and facilitated the development of assembly members who incorporated the intentions of the national government or city governments by changing constituencies or easing qualifications for payment of the national tax.

• 譜代下人（ふだいげにん）とは、譜代奉公人（ふだいほうこうにん）とも呼ばれ、近世農村において主家に人身的な隷属にあり、譜代として永代・世襲的に労役を提供する形によって奉公した下人・奉公人を指す。
• Fudai genin were also called Fudai hokonin (servant and hereditary vassal) and meant genin (servants who served their masters as slaves) and hokonin (a servant) who were in personal slavery and served their master by providing roeki (labor service) as Fudai permanently and patrimonially in the agricultural community of modern times.

• 1898年に第2次松方内閣がこの構想を打ち出すと、政府と民党、あるいは地主・農村と商工業者の間で激しい議論を巻き起こすようになり、政党と藩閥の連携などの政界の構図を激変させる原因の1つとなった。
• When the Second Matsukata's cabinet proposed this policy in 1898, heated arguments erupted between the government and Minto or landowners and peasants against commercial and industrial men, which caused a radical change in the composition of the political world such as the cooperative relationships between political parties and domain cliques.

• 国は、第二条から第五条までに定める食料、農業及び農村に関する施策についての基本理念（以下「基本理念」という。）にのっとり、食料、農業及び農村に関する施策を総合的に策定し、及び実施する責務を有する。
• The national government is responsible for formulating and implementing comprehensive policies for food, agriculture and rural areas, pursuant to the basic principles of the policies for food, agriculture and rural areas prescribed in Articles 2 to 5 (hereinafter referred to as the 'basic principles'.)

• だが、江戸時代中期以後商品作物の生産が広まってくると都市周辺部の農村など本来は米の生産が可能な地域においてもなし崩しに買納制が行われていき、江戸幕府さえもが事実上の黙認政策を採らざるを得なくなった。
• However, as the production of commercial crops became widely spread during the mid-Edo period, baino-sei was carried out even in suburban villages where rice can be produced, to which the Edo bakufu virtually took an acquiescence policy.

• 川に沿って建てられた民家のうちおよそ250棟は、昔ながらの茅葺き民家で、特に北集落は茅葺き民家が多く残っており、自然景観と、茅葺き民家がうまく調和して、日本の農村の原風景とも言うべき風情を呈している。
• Among the houses along the river, approximately 250 of them have thatched roofs and many of them remain in the northern settlement, in particular; with the natural scenery and thatched houses in perfect harmony, the area retains the unspoiled landscape of farming villages in Japan.

• 農林水産大臣は、前項の伝染性疾病を定める農林水産省令を制定し、又は改廃しようとするときは、厚生労働大臣の公衆衛生の見地からの意見を聴くとともに、食料・農業・農村政策審議会の意見を聴かなければならない。
• The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries must, when intending to enact, amend or abolish Ordinances of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries specifying the infectious diseases in the preceding paragraph, first consult the opinion of the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare from the perspective of public hygiene, and must also consult the opinion of the Council of Food, Agriculture and Rural Area Policies.

• こうして、農奴制とフューダリズムを土台とした西欧封建社会が成熟していった（ただし、実際には各農村ごとにかなり相違があったと考えられている上、多くの農村では農奴だけでなく自由農民も相当数存在していた）。
• Thus, the Western European Hoken society based on serfdom and Feudalism matured (but the situation was quite different from village to village and most villages had a large number of free peasants as well as serfs).

• 農村向けのものとしては農事暦の要素を織り込んだ『田舎往来』・『農業往来』・『百姓往来』などが、都市の商人向けのものとしては『商売往来』・『問屋往来』・『呉服往来』・『万祥廻船往来』などが代表的な往来物としてあげられる。
• For farming villages, elements of the farming calendar were included in 'Inaka Orai' (A Letter on Farming Village) (also called 'Densha Orai'), 'Nogyo Orai' and 'Hyakusho Orai' (A Guide to Farming), etc. while 'A Guide to Commerce,' 'Toiya Orai' (also called 'Tonya Orai'), 'Gofuku Orai' and 'Banshokaisen Orai' and so on were the typical oraimono for merchants living in cities.

• 阪神本線（1905年開業）を嚆矢とし、続く箕面有馬電気軌道（後の阪急宝塚本線、1910年開業）、阪急神戸本線（1920年開業）ほかの各線の開通は、神戸・北摂の未開拓な後背地であった近郊農村地帯への着目のきっかけとなった。
• Beginning with the Hanshin Line (started in 1905), the opening of the subsequent Minoo Arima Electric Tramway (later Hankyu Takarazuka Main Line, started in 1910), the Hanshin Kobe Main Line (started in 1920) and other lines became a trigger for focusing on the suburban farming areas which had previously been unexploited hinterlands in Kobe and Hokusetsu region.

• 第二次世界大戦後は農村の過疎が進み、共同作業として行う葺き替えが困難になったこと、規制等により新たに建造することが簡便ではないこと、また、スギなどの木材価格が一時的に高騰し茅場が人工林化したことなどから急激に姿を消した。
• After the Second World War, thatched roofs disappeared rapidly because of the decrease in population in farming areas made it difficult to jointly re-thatch roofs, introduction of regulations that complicated new buildings and the price of wood, such as Japanese cedar, temporarily increased and kaya-growing areas were converted to artificial forests.

• 歴史家アンリ・ピレンヌは、イスラム圏への征服活動が、ヨーロッパ中世経済の著しい農村化をもたらし、また多様な農奴階級が支える地域権力ヒエラルキーという伝統的な封建様式を引き起こしたとする説を展開している（ただし異論も少なからずある）。
• The historian Henri Pirenne presented the argument that the conquest activities of the Islamic world caused the significant villagization of the economy in medieval Europe and the traditional feudal system which was the local power hierarchy supported by the class of serfs (however, many people have different opinions).

• また、土居の内側を洛中・外側を洛外として、洛中内部において更に農村として扱った上野・西ノ京・中堂寺・九条・塩小路などの村々を除いた洛中地域を特に京中（きょうちゅう）として上京・下京のそれぞれの町年寄（後に町代）による一定の自治を認めた。
• Upon designating the area inside of the doi as Rakuchu and the area outside as Rakugai, Hideyoshi went on to specifically designate inner Rakuchu; with the exception of villages such as Ueno, Nishinokyo, Chudoji, Kujo and Shiokoji which were treated as agricultural villages; as Kyochu and allowed a certain degree of self-governance by machi-doshiyori (ward heads) and later by chodai (town officials who assisted government officials).

• しかし、江戸時代中期に入り港町や宿場町などの発展、換金性の高い綿が栽培され始めるなど農村部に資本主義が流入され、また（これが最も大きいのだろうが）大名への献金が過重になり過ぎて商家の一部がつぶれるなど、城下町の衰退が目立つようになった。
• Since the middle of the Edo period, however, the decline of castle towns had been given stark expression in the development of port towns and post towns, the influx of capitalism into agricultural communities, such as the cultivation of cotton, one of readily redeemable goods, and bankruptcies of the merchants due to the excessive financial contribution to feudal lords (daimyo), (which might be the biggest cause of the decline).

• 国は、地域の農業の健全な発展を図るとともに、景観が優れ、豊かで住みよい農村とするため、地域の特性に応じた農業生産の基盤の整備と交通、情報通信、衛生、教育、文化等の生活環境の整備その他の福祉の向上とを総合的に推進するよう、必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for the comprehensive promotion of improvements of agricultural production bases and rural welfare including living infrastructure such as transportation, telecommunications, public health, education and culture that suit the regional characteristics, in order to promote the sound development of regional agriculture and create pleasant and comfortable rural areas with beautiful landscape.

• 天保の改革最中の天保13年（1842年）9月の御触書には「百姓の余技として、町人の商売を始めてはならない」という文があり、併せて農村出身の奉公人の給金に制限を設けているが、これはこうした風潮が農業の衰退に繋がる事を危惧した幕府の対応策であったと考えられる。
• An official announcement issued in October and November 1842 in the midst of the Tempo Reforms contained the following sentence: 'peasants must not start business of the townsman as a sideline' and set a ceiling on wages paid for employees who came from farming villages, all of which must have been countermeasures taken by the bakufu for fear that such tendencies would lead to a decline in agriculture.

• 「武士団」を単なる一般用語としてではなく、「武士」とは別の歴史用語としてあつかうならば、その範囲は11世紀後半から15-16世紀までの、イエ軍団をその類型として、それが戦国時代の、農村から生まれた「寄子」衆に置き換えられていったとも整理することが出来よう。
• If 'bushidan' is treated not simply as a simple term but an historical term different from 'bushi,' it could be organized as it ranged from the late eleventh century to the fifteenth to the sixteenth century as a similar form of family army and replaced by 'Yoriko' originating from farming villages of the Sengoku Period.

• 城郭や藩庁などを中心に栄えた城下町や陣屋町、宿場中心に形成された宿場町、寺社を中心に形成された門前町などと決定的に違うのは、町の中心となる施設（城郭・大きな宿場・有力寺社など）がないことで、前述の町等まで距離がある農村部において自然発生的にできたものである。
• Zaigomachi was different from Jokamachi (castle town) or Jinyamachi (town around the feudal lord's residence) which prospered around the castle or the hancho (feudal lord's office/residence), Shukubamachi (post station town) which was formed around shukuba (post station), or Monzenmachi (temple town) formed around a temple or a shrine and did not have any landmark featuring the town (castle, big post station, large temple or shrine, or the like) and it spontaneously developed in farming villages a distance from the aforementioned machi (towns).

• 江戸中期には、農村生活の疲弊が見られるようになったが、18世紀後期～19世紀前期（寛政期～文化文政期）ごろ、幕府は農村復興を大々的に進め、潅漑用水の整備や荒廃地の開発、そのための資金融資を実施するとともに、有能な者を代官に任命して長期間、同一職務にあたらせた。
• During the middle of the Edo period life in farming villages was exhausting, but during the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century (from Kansei era to Bunkabunsei era) the Edo bakufu began to drastically revive the farming villages, maintained irrigation facilities and developed denuded lands as well as made loans for them, appointed competent men as daikan (managing post instead of the landlord) and made him perform the same duties for a long time.

• 東映においても社会派映画を次々と製作、1957年、霞ヶ浦を舞台に農村の貧困を描いた、今井の初のカラー作品『米 (映画)』や、原爆症の少女と不良少年の恋を描く『純愛物語』、1961年、李承晩ラインをめぐる日韓関係の悪化を、在日朝鮮人の若い漁師を通して描く『あれが港の灯だ』など話題を呼んだ。
• Also in Toei, Imai created a series of social films: in 1957, the two movies, 'Kome' (The Rice People), his first color film depicting poverty in a farming village set in Kasumigaura, and 'Junai monogatari' (The Story of Pure Love), a story of love between a girl suffering from radiation sickness and a delinquent boy, became popular; in 1961, 'Arega minato no hi da' (That Is the Port Light), a film depicting through young Korean fishermen in Japan the deteriorated relationship between Japan and Korea caused by the dispute of the Syngman Rhee Line, became a hit.

• この法律は、食料、農業及び農村に関する施策について、基本理念及びその実現を図るのに基本となる事項を定め、並びに国及び地方公共団体の責務等を明らかにすることにより、食料、農業及び農村に関する施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進し、もって国民生活の安定向上及び国民経済の健全な発展を図ることを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to stabilize and improve the life of the citizens and to develop the national economy through comprehensive and systematic implementation of the policies on food, agriculture and rural areas by means of establishing basic principles and basic matters for their realization and clarifying the responsibilities of the national and local governments.

• 国土の保全、水源のかん養、自然環境の保全、良好な景観の形成、文化の伝承等農村で農業生産活動が行われることにより生ずる食料その他の農産物の供給の機能以外の多面にわたる機能（以下「多面的機能」という。）については、国民生活及び国民経済の安定に果たす役割にかんがみ、将来にわたって、適切かつ十分に発揮されなければならない。
• In consideration of the importance of maintaining the stable life of the citizens and the national economy, multiple roles that agriculture plays through stable production in rural areas including conservation of national land, water resources, natural environment, formation of good landscape and respect for the cultural tradition in addition to its conventional role as a primary food supplier (hereinafter referred to as 'multifunctional role'), shall be fully fulfilled for the future.

• 農村については、農業者を含めた地域住民の生活の場で農業が営まれていることにより、農業の持続的な発展の基盤たる役割を果たしていることにかんがみ、農業の有する食料その他の農産物の供給の機能及び多面的機能が適切かつ十分に発揮されるよう、農業の生産条件の整備及び生活環境の整備その他の福祉の向上により、その振興が図られなければならない。
• In consideration of the fact that rural areas play an important role as the base for the sustainable agricultural development through agricultural activities taken in the communities including farmers, rural areas shall be developed by improving agricultural production conditions and rural welfare including living environment so that the conventional role as a primary food supplier and the multifunctional role can be fulfilled fully.

• 日本人の洋装化が一段と進んだこと、敗戦で軍隊で強制されていたことの嫌悪感から旧文化が否定される風潮になったこと、日本の工業化の進展で農村部から都市部に人口の移動が起こり、核家族化が進行して「褌祝」の私的祭事に象徴される褌継承の文化が断絶したこと、女性の社会進出で家事が簡略化されて自家で縫製する機会がなくなったこと、製造販売する業者も少なく店頭に並ばず、入手性に難があったこと、ブリーフ、トランクス等の新しい下着が廉価で出現して、機能性だけでなくファッション性のある下着が若者を中心に普及したことなどである。
• (1) Western clothes became more popular than ever in Japan; (2) there brought about a tendency to deny the previous culture because of the loss of the war, and, to make the matter worse, the fundoshi was something the military forced them to wear; (3) because of the advancement of industrialization, people moved from agricultural communities to urban areas to change the traditional family form to a nuclear family, and thus it made it hard to continue the culture in which wearing fundoshi was often symbolically celebrated as a rite of passage to be a grown-up man; (4) as women were encouraged to participate in society, household chores were simplified and thus the time for sewing fundoshi at home became limited; (5) manufacturers of fundoshi were practically decreased and it made it hard for people to get fundoshi at stores; and (6) new types of undergarments, such as a brief type and a trunks type of underpants, appeared at low prices, those functional, and were seen fashionable, undergarments became popular mainly among young people.

• この法律による改正前の担保附社債信託法、信託業法、農林中央金庫法、無尽業法、銀行等の事務の簡素化に関する法律、金融機関の信託業務の兼営等に関する法律、私的独占の禁止及び公正取引の確保に関する法律、農業協同組合法、証券取引法、損害保険料率算出団体に関する法律、水産業協同組合法、中小企業等協同組合法、協同組合による金融事業に関する法律、船主相互保険組合法、証券投資信託法、信用金庫法、長期信用銀行法、貸付信託法、中小漁業融資保証法、信用保証協会法、労働金庫法、外国為替銀行法、自動車損害賠償保障法、農業信用保証保険法、金融機関の合併及び転換に関する法律、外国証券業者に関する法律、預金保険法、農村地域工業等導入促進法、農水産業協同組合貯金保険法、銀行法、貸金業の規制等に関する法律、有価証券に係る投資顧問業の規制等に関する法律、抵当証券業の規制等に関する法律、金融先物取引法、前払式証票の規制等に関する法律、商品投資に係る事業の規制に関する法律、国際的な協力の下に規制薬物に係る不正行為を助長する行為等の防止を図るための麻薬及び向精神薬取締法等の特例等に関する法律、特定債権等に係る事業の規制に関する法律、金融制度及び証券取引制度の改革のための関係法律の整備等に関する法律、協同組織金融機関の優先出資に関する法律、不動産特定共同事業法、保険業法、金融機関の更生手続の特例等に関する法律、農林中央金庫と信用農業協同組合連合会との合併等に関する法律、日本銀行法又は銀行持株会社の創設のための銀行等に係る合併手続の特例等に関する法律（以下「旧担保附社債信託法等」という。）の規定により大蔵大臣その他の国の機関がした免許、許可、認可、承認、指定その他の処分又は通知その他の行為は、この法律による改正後の担保附社債信託法、信託業法、農林中央金庫法、無尽業法、銀行等の事務の簡素化に関する法律、金融機関の信託業務の兼営等に関する法律、私的独占の禁止及び公正取引の確保に関する法律、農業協同組合法、証券取引法、損害保険料率算出団体に関する法律、水産業協同組合法、中小企業等協同組合法、協同組合による金融事業に関する法律、船主相互保険組合法、証券投資信託法、信用金庫法、長期信用銀行法、貸付信託法、中小漁業融資保証法、信用保証協会法、労働金庫法、外国為替銀行法、自動車損害賠償保障法、農業信用保証保険法、金融機関の合併及び転換に関する法律、外国証券業者に関する法律、預金保険法、農村地域工業等導入促進法、農水産業協同組合貯金保険法、銀行法、貸金業の規制等に関する法律、有価証券に係る投資顧問業の規制等に関する法律、抵当証券業の規制等に関する法律、金融先物取引法、前払式証票の規制等に関する法律、商品投資に係る事業の規制に関する法律、国際的な協力の下に規制薬物に係る不正行為を助長する行為等の防止を図るための麻薬及び向精神薬取締法等の特例等に関する法律、特定債権等に係る事業の規制に関する法律、金融制度及び証券取引制度の改革のための関係法律の整備等に関する法律、協同組織金融機関の優先出資に関する法律、不動産特定共同事業法、保険業法、金融機関の更生手続の特例等に関する法律、農林中央金庫と信用農業協同組合連合会との合併等に関する法律、日本銀行法又は銀行持株会社の創設のための銀行等に係る合併手続の特例等に関する法律（以下「新担保附社債信託法等」という。）の相当規定に基づいて、内閣総理大臣その他の相当の国の機関がした免許、許可、認可、承認、指定その他の処分又は通知その他の行為とみなす。
• A license, permission, authorization, approval, designation or other disposition, or a notice or other act granted, made, given or performed by the Minister of Finance or other national organ under the provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for Simplification of Bank Administration, etc., the Act on Engagement in Trust Business by a Financial Institution, the Act on Prohibiting Private Monopolies and Ensuring Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Non-Life Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, etc., Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Services by Cooperative, the Ship Owner's Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Securities Investment Trust Act, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Loan Security Act for Small and Medium-Scale Fishing Operations, the Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Foreign Exchange Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Mergers and Conversions in Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Deposit Insurance Act, the Act on Promoting the Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, Agricultural and Fishing Cooperatives Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Securities Investment Advisory Services, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Advanced Payment Certificates, the Act on Regulation of Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Provisions on the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business Activities Concerning Specified Credits, etc., the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial and Securities Exchange Systems, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperatively Structured Financial Institutions, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Services Act, the Act on Special Measures on Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings by Financial Institutions, the Act on Mergers between the Norinchukin Bank and Prefectural Credit Federations of Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act or the Act on Special Measures Concerning Procedures for Mergers Involving Banks, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies and Other Matters before their revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Former Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.') shall be deemed to be a license, permission, authorization, approval, designation or other disposition, or a notice or other act granted, made, given or performed by the Prime Minister or other corresponding national organ pursuant to the corresponding provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for the Simplification of Bank Administration, etc., the Act on Engagement in Trust Business by a Financial Institution, the Act on Prohibiting Private Monopolies and Ensuring Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Non-Life Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, etc., Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Services by Cooperatives, the Ship Owner's Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Securities Investment Trust Act, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Loan Security Act for Small and Medium-Scale Fishing Operations, the Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Foreign Exchange Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Mergers and Conversions in Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Deposit Insurance Act, the Act to Promote the Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, Agricultural and Fishing Cooperatives Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Securities Investment Advisory Services, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. on Advanced Payment Certificates, the Act on Regulation of Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Provisions on the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business Activities Concerning Specified Credits, etc., the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial and Securities Exchange Systems, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperatively Structured Financial Institutions, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Services Act, the Act on Special Measures on Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings by Financial Institutions, the Act on Mergers between the Norinchukin Bank and Prefectural Credit Federations of Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act or the Act on Special Measures Concerning Procedures for Mergers Involving Banks, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies and Other Matters after its revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.').
• The licensing, permission, authorization, approval, designation and other dispositions, or notice and other acts carried out by the Minister of Finance or other organs of the State pursuant to the provisions of the Secured Bond Trust Act, Trust Business Act, Norinchukin Bank Act, Mutual Loan Business Act, Act on Simplification of Banking Business Procedures, etc., Act on Provision, etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, Agricultural Cooperative Association Act, Securities and Exchange Act, Act on Casualty Insurance Rating Organizations, Fisheries Cooperative Association Act, Act on the Cooperative Associations of Small and Medium Enterprises, etc., Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative, Shipowners Mutual Insurance Association Act, Securities Investment Trust Act, Shinkin Bank Act, Long-Term Credit Bank Act, Loan Trust Act, Medium and Small Fishery Loan Guarantee Act, Credit Guarantee Companies Act, Labor Bank Act, Foreign Exchange Bank Act, Automobile Liability Security Act, Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, Act on Financial Institutions' Merger and Conversion, Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, Deposit Insurance Act, Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Business, etc. into Agricultural Regions, Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, Banking Act, Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, Act on Regulation, etc. on Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, Act on Regulation, etc. for Mortgage Corporations, Financial Futures Trading Act, Act on Regulation, etc. on Advanced Payment Certificate, Act on Regulations of Business Pertaining to Commodities Investment, Act on Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, Act on the Regulation of Business Pertaining to Specified Claims, etc., Act on Revision, etc. of Related Acts for the Reform of Financial System and Securities Exchange System, Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institution, Real Property Specified Joint Enterprise Act, Insurance Business Act, Act on Special Treatment, etc. of Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings of Financial Institution, Act on the Merger of the Norinchukin Bank and the Federation of Credit Agricultural Cooperatives, etc., Bank of Japan Act, or Act on Special Measures, etc. for Merger Procedures Pertaining to Banks, etc. for the Creation of Bank Holding Company prior to the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'Former Secured Bond Trust Act, etc.') shall be deemed as licensing, permission, authorization, approval, designation and other dispositions, or notices and other acts carried out by the Prime Minister or other corresponding organs of the State pursuant to the corresponding provisions of the Secured Bond Trust Act, Trust Business Act, Norinchukin Bank Act, Mutual Loan Business Act, Act on Simplification of Banking Business Procedures, etc., Act on Provision, etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, Agricultural Cooperative Association Act, Securities and Exchange Act, Act on Casualty Insurance Rating Organizations, Fisheries Cooperative Association Act, Act on the Cooperative Associations of Small and Medium Enterprises, etc., Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative, Shipowners Mutual Insurance Association Act, Securities Investment Trust Act, Shinkin Bank Act, Long-Term Credit Bank Act, Loan Trust Act, Medium and Small Fishery Loan Guarantee Act, Credit Guarantee Companies Act, Labor Bank Act, Foreign Exchange Bank Act, Automobile Liability Security Act, Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, Act on Financial Institutions' Merger and Conversion, Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, Deposit Insurance Act, Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Business, etc. into Agricultural Regions, Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, Banking Act, Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, Act on Regulation, etc. on Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, Act on Regulation, etc. for Mortgage Corporations, Financial Futures Trading Act, Act on Regulation, etc. on Advanced Payment Certificate, Act on Regulations of Business Pertaining to Commodities Investment, Act on Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, Act on the Regulation of Business Pertaining to Specified Claims, etc., Act on Revision, etc. of Related Acts for the Reform of Financial System and Securities Exchange System, Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institution, Real Property Specified Joint Enterprise Act, Insurance Business Act, Act on Special Treatment, etc. of Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings of Financial Institution, Act on the Merger of the Norinchukin Bank and the Federation of Credit Agricultural Cooperatives, etc., Bank of Japan Act, or Act on Special Measures, etc. for Merger Procedures Pertaining to Banks, etc. for the Creation of Bank Holding Company revised by this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'Current Secured Bond Trust Act, etc.').
• Dispositions including licensing, permission, authorization, approval, and designation, or notice or other acts conducted by the Minister of Finance or other national government organs pursuant to the provisions of the Secured Debenture Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Association Act, the Act on Simplifying Business Affairs of Banks, etc., the Act on Additional Operation of Trust Business by a Financial Institution, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Japan Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Body Calculating Premium Rate of Damage Insurance, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Act on the Cooperative Associations of Small and Medium Enterprises, the Act on Finance Business Conducted by Cooperative Associations, the Shipowner Mutual Insurance Association Act, the Securities Investment Trust Act, the Credit Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Small and Medium-sized Fishery Finance Guarantee Act, the Credit Guarantee Association Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Foreign Exchange Bank Act, the Automobile Damages Guarantee Act, the Agriculture Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Merger and Conversion of Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Security Business Entities, the Deposit Insurance Act, the Agricultural District Industry Introduction Promotion Act, the Agricultural and Fishery Business Cooperative Association Deposit Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Regulation of Loan Business, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Security Advisory Business, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Security Business, the Financial Future Transaction Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Voucher of Prepayment Type, the Act on Regulation of Business of Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Measures, etc. of the Narcotic and Stimulation Spirit Medicine Regulation Act for Prevention of Conduct Encouraging Illegal Conduct Relating to Regulated Medicine under International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business of Specified Claims, etc., the Act on Prepara.ion, etc. of Related Acts for Reform of Finance System and Security Exchange System, the Act on Preferred Contribution of Cooperative Structure Financial Institution, the Specified Real Estate Cooperative Business Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Measures, etc. of Reorganization Procedure of Financial Institutions, the Act on Merger, etc. of Central Bank for Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery and Federation for Credit Agriculture Cooperative Association, the Bank of Japan Act, or the Act on Special Measures, etc. for Merger Procedures for Banks, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies prior to the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Former Secured Debenture Trust Act, etc.') shall be deemed to be dispositions including licensing, permission, authorization, approval, and designation, or notice or other acts conducted by the Prime Minister or other relevant national government organs pursuant to the relevant provisions of the Secured Debenture Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Association Act, the Act on Simplifying Business Affairs of Banks, etc., the Act on Additional Operation of Trust Business by a Financial Institution, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Japan Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Body Calculating Premium Rate of Damage Insurance, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Act on the Cooperative Associations of Small and Medium Enterprises, the Act on Finance Business Conducted by Cooperative Associations, the Shipowner Mutual Insurance Association Act, the Securities Investment Trust Act, the Credit Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Small and Medium-sized Fishery Finance Guarantee Act, the Credit Guarantee Association Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Foreign Exchange Bank Act, the Automobile Damages Guarantee Act, the Agriculture Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Merger and Conversion of Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Security Business Entities, the Deposit Insurance Act, the Agricultural District Industry Introduction Promotion Act, the Agricultural and Fishery Business Cooperative Association Deposit Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Regulation of Loan Business, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Security Advisory Business, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Security Business, the Financial Future Transaction Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Voucher of Prepayment Type, the Act on Regulation of Business of Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Measures, etc. of the Narcotic and Stimulation Spirit Medicine Regulation Act for Prevention of Conduct Encouraging Illegal Conduct Relating to Regulated Medicine under International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business of Specified Claims, etc., the Act on Prepara.ion, etc. of Related Acts for Reform of Finance System and Security Exchange System, the Act on Preferred Contribution of Cooperative Structure Financial Institution, the Specified Real Estate Cooperative Business Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Measures, etc. of Reorganization Procedure of Financial Institutions, the Act on Merger, etc. of Central Bank for Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery and Federation for Credit Agriculture Cooperative Association, the Bank of Japan Act, or the Act on Special Measures, etc. for Merger Procedures for Banks, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies after the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Secured Debenture Trust Act, etc.').
• A license, permission, approval, recognition, designation, or any other disposition or notice granted or issued or any other act conducted by the Minister of Finance or any other national organ pursuant to the provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for Simplifying the Affairs of Banks, etc., the Act on Provision, etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperative Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Casualty Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperatives, the Ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Securities Investment Trust Act, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Small and Medium Fisheries Loan Guarantee Act, the Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Foreign Exchange Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Merger and Conversion of Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Deposit Insurance Act, the Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, the Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Advanced Payment Certificates, the Act on Control for Business Pertaining to Commodity Investment, the Act Concerning Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business Pertaining to Specified Claims, etc., the Act on Coordination, etc. of Relevant Acts for the Reform of the Financial System and the Securities and Exchange System, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institutions, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Provisions, etc. on Financial Institution Reorganization Proceedings, the Act on Mergers, etc. between the Norinchukin Bank and a Federation of Credit Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act, or the Act on Special Provisions, etc. on the Merger Procedure for Banks, etc. for the Establishment of a Bank Holding Company prior to the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'Old Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.') shall be deemed to be a license, permission, approval, recognition, designation, or any other disposition or notice granted or issued or any other act conducted by the Prime Minister or any other corresponding national organ based on the corresponding provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for Simplifying the Affairs of Banks, etc., the Act on Provision etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperative Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Casualty Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperatives, the Ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Securities Investment Trust Act, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Small and Medium Fisheries Loan Guarantee Act, the Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Foreign Exchange Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Merger and Conversion of Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Deposit Insurance Act, the Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, the Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Advanced Payment Certificates, the Act on Control for Business Pertaining to Commodity Investment, the Act Concerning Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conducts and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business Pertaining to Specified Claims, etc., the Act on Coordination, etc. of Relevant Acts for the Reform of the Financial System and the Securities and Exchange System, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institutions, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Provisions, etc. on Financial Institution Reorganization Proceedings, the Act on Mergers, etc. between the Norinchukin Bank and a Federation of Credit Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act, or the Act on Special Provisions, etc. on the Merger Procedure for Banks, etc. for the Establishment of a Bank Holding Company after the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'New Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.').

• この法律による改正前の担保附社債信託法、信託業法、農林中央金庫法、無 尽業法、銀行等の事務の簡素化に関する法律、金融機関の信託業務の兼営等に関する法律、私的独占の禁止及び公正取引の確保に関する法律、農業協同組合法、 証券取引法、損害保険料率算出団体に関する法律、水産業協同組合法、中小企業等協同組合法、協同組合による金融事業に関する法律、船主相互保険組合法、証 券投資信託法、信用金庫法、長期信用銀行法、貸付信託法、中小漁業融資保証法、信用保証協会法、労働金庫法、外国為替銀行法、自動車損害賠償保障法、農業 信用保証保険法、金融機関の合併及び転換に関する法律、外国証券業者に関する法律、預金保険法、農村地域工業等導入促進法、農水産業協同組合貯金保険法、 銀行法、貸金業の規制等に関する法律、有価証券に係る投資顧問業の規制等に関する法律、抵当証券業の規制等に関する法律、金融先物取引法、前払式証票の規 制等に関する法律、商品投資に係る事業の規制に関する法律、国際的な協力の下に規制薬物に係る不正行為を助長する行為等の防止を図るための麻薬及び向精神 薬取締法等の特例等に関する法律、特定債権等に係る事業の規制に関する法律、金融制度及び証券取引制度の改革のための関係法律の整備等に関する法律、協同 組織金融機関の優先出資に関する法律、不動産特定共同事業法、保険業法、金融機関の更生手続の特例等に関する法律、農林中央金庫と信用農業協同組合連合会 との合併等に関する法律、日本銀行法又は銀行持株会社の創設のための銀行等に係る合併手続の特例等に関する法律（以下「旧担保附社債信託法等」という。） の規定により大蔵大臣その他の国の機関がした免許、許可、認可、承認、指定その他の処分又は通知その他の行為は、この法律による改正後の担保附社債信託 法、信託業法、農林中央金庫法、無尽業法、銀行等の事務の簡素化に関する法律、金融機関の信託業務の兼営等に関する法律、私的独占の禁止及び公正取引の確 保に関する法律、農業協同組合法、証券取引法、損害保険料率算出団体に関する法律、水産業協同組合法、中小企業等協同組合法、協同組合による金融事業に関 する法律、船主相互保険組合法、証券投資信託法、信用金庫法、長期信用銀行法、貸付信託法、中小漁業融資保証法、信用保証協会法、労働金庫法、外国為替銀 行法、自動車損害賠償保障法、農業信用保証保険法、金融機関の合併及び転換に関する法律、外国証券業者に関する法律、預金保険法、農村地域工業等導入促進 法、農水産業協同組合貯金保険法、銀行法、貸金業の規制等に関する法律、有価証券に係る投資顧問業の規制等に関する法律、抵当証券業の規制等に関する法 律、金融先物取引法、前払式証票の規制等に関する法律、商品投資に係る事業の規制に関する法律、国際的な協力の下に規制薬物に係る不正行為を助長する行為 等の防止を図るための麻薬及び向精神薬取締法等の特例等に関する法律、特定債権等に係る事業の規制に関する法律、金融制度及び証券取引制度の改革のための 関係法律の整備等に関する法律、協同組織金融機関の優先出資に関する法律、不動産特定共同事業法、保険業法、金融機関の更生手続の特例等に関する法律、農 林中央金庫と信用農業協同組合連合会との合併等に関する法律、日本銀行法又は銀行持株会社の創設のための銀行等に係る合併手続の特例等に関する法律（以下 「新担保附社債信託法等」という。）の相当規定に基づいて、内閣総理大臣その他の相当の国の機関がした免許、許可、認可、承認、指定その他の処分又は通知 その他の行為とみなす。
• A license, permission, authorization, approval, designation or other disposition, or a notice or other act granted, made, given or performed by the Minister of Finance or other national organ under the provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for Simplification of Works of Banks, etc., the Act on Provision, etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on Non-Life Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, etc., Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative, the Ship Owner's Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Securities Investment Trust Act, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Loan Security Act for Small and Medium Sized Fishery Industry, the Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Foreign Exchange Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Financial Institutions' Merger and Conversion, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Deposit Insurance Act, the Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, the Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. on Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, the Act on Regulation, etc. for Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. on Advanced Payment Certificate, the Act on Control for Business Pertaining to Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Businesses Concerning Specified Credits, etc., the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial and Securities Exchange Systems, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institution, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Measures of Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings of Financial Institutions, the Act on Merger between the Norinchukin Bank and Prefectural Credit Federations of Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act or the Act on Special Measures Concerning Procedures for Merger Involving Bank, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies and Other Matters before the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Former Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.') shall be deemed to be a license, permission, authorization, approval, designation or other disposition, or a notice or other act granted, made, given or performed by the Prime Minister or other corresponding national organ pursuant to the corresponding provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for Simplification of Works of Banks, etc., the Act on Provision, etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on Non-Life Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, etc., Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative, the Ship Owner's Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Securities Investment Trust Act, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Loan Security Act for Small and Medium Sized Fishery Industry, the Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Foreign Exchange Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Financial Institutions' Merger and Conversion, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Deposit Insurance Act, the Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, the Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. on Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, the Act on Regulation, etc. for Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. on Advanced Payment Certificate, the Act on Control for Business Pertaining to Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Businesses Concerning Specified Credits, etc., the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial and Securities Exchange Systems, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institution, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Measures of Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings of Financial Institutions, the Act on Merger between the Norinchukin Bank and Prefectural Credit Federations of Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act or the Act on Special Measures Concerning Procedures for Merger Involving Bank, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies and Other Matters after the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.')

• この法律による改正前の担保附社債信託法、信託業法、農林中央金庫法、無尽業法、銀行等の事務の簡素化に関する法律、金融機関の信託業務の兼営等に関する法律、私的独占の禁止及び公正取引の確保に関する法律、農業協同組合法、証券取引法、損害保険料率算出団体に関する法律、水産業協同組合法、中小企業等協同組合法、協同組合による金融事業に関する法律、船主相互保険組合法、地方税法、証券投資信託及び証券投資法人に関する法律、信用金庫法、長期信用銀行法、貸付信託法、中小漁業融資保証法、信用保証協会法、労働金庫法、自動車損害賠償保障法、農業信用保証保険法、地震保険に関する法律、登録免許税法、金融機関の合併及び転換に関する法律、外国証券業者に関する法律、農村地域工業等導入促進法、農水産業協同組合貯金保険法、銀行法、貸金業の規制等に関する法律、有価証券に係る投資顧問業の規制等に関する法律、抵当証券業の規制等に関する法律、金融先物取引法、前払式証票の規制等に関する法律、商品投資に係る事業の規制に関する法律、国際的な協力の下に規制薬物に係る不正行為を助長する行為等の防止を図るための麻薬及び向精神薬取締法等の特例等に関する法律、特定債権等に係る事業の規制に関する法律、金融制度及び証券取引制度の改革のための関係法律の整備等に関する法律、協同組織金融機関の優先出資に関する法律、不動産特定共同事業法、保険業法、金融機関等の更生手続の特例等に関する法律、農林中央金庫と信用農業協同組合連合会との合併等に関する法律、日本銀行法、銀行持株会社の創設のための銀行等に係る合併手続の特例等に関する法律、特定目的会社による特定資産の流動化に関する法律又は金融システム改革のための関係法律の整備等に関する法律（以下「旧担保附社債信託法等」という。）の規定により内閣総理大臣その他の国の機関がした免許、許可、認可、承認、指定その他の処分又は通知その他の行為は、この法律による改正後の担保附社債信託法、信託業法、農林中央金庫法、無尽業法、銀行等の事務の簡素化に関する法律、金融機関の信託業務の兼営等に関する法律、私的独占の禁止及び公正取引の確保に関する法律、農業協同組合法、証券取引法、損害保険料率算出団体に関する法律、水産業協同組合法、中小企業等協同組合法、協同組合による金融事業に関する法律、船主相互保険組合法、地方税法、証券投資信託及び証券投資法人に関する法律、信用金庫法、長期信用銀行法、貸付信託法、中小漁業融資保証法、信用保証協会法、労働金庫法、自動車損害賠償保障法、農業信用保証保険法、地震保険に関する法律、登録免許税法、金融機関の合併及び転換に関する法律、外国証券業者に関する法律、農村地域工業等導入促進法、農水産業協同組合貯金保険法、銀行法、貸金業の規制等に関する法律、有価証券に係る投資顧問業の規制等に関する法律、抵当証券業の規制等に関する法律、金融先物取引法、前払式証票の規制等に関する法律、商品投資に係る事業の規制に関する法律、国際的な協力の下に規制薬物に係る不正行為を助長する行為等の防止を図るための麻薬及び向精神薬取締法等の特例等に関する法律、特定債権等に係る事業の規制に関する法律、金融制度及び証券取引制度の改革のための関係法律の整備等に関する法律、協同組織金融機関の優先出資に関する法律、不動産特定共同事業法、保険業法、金融機関等の更生手続の特例等に関する法律、農林中央金庫と信用農業協同組合連合会との合併等に関する法律、日本銀行法、銀行持株会社の創設のための銀行等に係る合併手続の特例等に関する法律、特定目的会社による特定資産の流動化に関する法律又は金融システム改革のための関係法律の整備等に関する法律（以下「新担保附社債信託法等」という。）の相当規定に基づいて、金融再生委員会その他の相当の国の機関がした免許、許可、認可、承認、指定その他の処分又は通知その他の行為とみなす。
• A license, permission, authorization, approval, designation or other disposition, or a notice or other act granted, rendered, given or engaged in by the Prime Minister or other national organ under the provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for the Simplification of Bank Administration, etc., the Act on Engagement in Trust Business by a Financial Institution, the Act on Prohibiting Private Monopolies and Ensuring Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Non-Life Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, etc., Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Services by Cooperatives, the Ship Owner's Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Local Tax Act, the Act on Securities Investment Trusts and Securities Investment Corporations, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Loan Security Act for Small and Medium-Scale Fishing Operations, the Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Earthquake Insurance, the Registration and License Tax Act, the Act on Mergers and Conversions in Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Act Promoting the Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, Agricultural and Fishing Cooperatives Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Securities Investment Advisory Services, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Advanced Payment Certificates, the Act on Regulation of Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Provisions under the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business Activities Concerning Specified Credits, etc., the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial and Securities Exchange Systems, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperatively Structured Financial Institutions, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Services Act, the Act on Special Measures on Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings by Financial Institutions, the Act on Mergers between the Norinchukin Bank and Prefectural Credit Federations of Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act, the Act on Special Measures Concerning Procedures for Mergers Involving Banks, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies and Other Matters, the Act on the Securitization of Specified Assets by Special Purpose Companies, or the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial System before their revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Former Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.') shall be deemed to be a license, permission, authorization, approval, designation or other disposition, or a notice or other act granted, rendered, given or engaged in by the Financial Reconstruction Commission or other corresponding national organ pursuant to the corresponding provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for the Simplification of Bank Administration, etc., the Act on Engagement in Trust Business by a Financial Institution, the Act on Prohibiting Private Monopolies and Ensuring Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Non-Life Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, etc., Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Services by Cooperatives, the Ship Owner's Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Local Tax Act, the Act on Securities Investment Trusts and Securities Investment Corporations, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Loan Security Act for Small and Medium-Scale Fishing Operations, the Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Earthquake Insurance, the Registration and License Tax Act, the Act on Mergers and Conversions in Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, Agricultural and Fishing Cooperatives Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Securities Investment Advisory Services, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Advanced Payment Certificates, the Act on Regulation of Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Provisions under the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business Activities Concerning Specified Credits, etc., the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial and Securities Exchange Systems, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperatively Structured Financial Institutions, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Services Act, the Act on Special Measures on Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings by Financial Institutions, the Act on Mergers between the Norinchukin Bank and Prefectural Credit Federations of Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act, the Act on Special Measures Concerning Procedures for Mergers Involving Banks, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies and Other Matters, the Act on the Securitization of Specified Assets by Special Purpose Companies, or the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial System after their revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.').
• The licensing, permission, authorization, approval, Designation and other dispositions, or notice and other acts carried out by the Prime Minister or other organs of the State pursuant to the provisions of the Secured Bond Trust Act, Trust Business Act, Norinchukin Bank Act, Mutual Loan Business Act, Act on Simplification of Banking Business Procedures, etc., Act on Provision, etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, Agricultural Cooperative Association Act, Securities and Exchange Act, Act on Casualty Insurance Rating Organizations, Fisheries Cooperative Association Act, Act on the Cooperative Associations of Small and Medium Enterprises, etc., Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative, Shipowners Mutual Insurance Association Act, Local Tax Act, Act on Securities Investment Trust and Securities Investment Juridical Persons, Shinkin Bank Act, Long-Term Credit Bank Act, Loan Trust Act, Medium and Small Fishery Loan Guarantee Act, Credit Guarantee Companies Act, Labor Bank Act, Automobile Liability Security Act, Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, Act on Earthquake Insurance, Registration and License Tax Act, Act on Financial Institutions' Merger and Conversion, Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Business, etc. into Agricultural Regions, Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, Banking Act, Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, Act on Regulation, etc. on Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, Act on Regulation, etc. for Mortgage Juridical Persons, Financial Futures Trading Act, Act on Regulation, etc. on Advanced Payment Certificate, Act on Regulations of Business Pertaining to Commodities Investment, Act on Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, Act on the Regulation of Business Pertaining to Specified Claims, etc., Act on Revision, etc. of Related Acts for the Reform of Financial System and Securities Exchange System, Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institution, Real Property Specified Joint Enterprise Act, Insurance Business Act, Act on Special Treatment, etc. of Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings of Financial Institution, Act on the Merger of the Norinchukin Bank and the Federation of Credit Agricultural Cooperatives, etc., Bank of Japan Act, Act on Special Measures, etc. for Merger Procedures Pertaining to Banks, etc. for the Creation of Bank Holding Company, Act on the Liquidation of Specified Assets by Special Purpose Companies, or Act on Revision, etc. of Related Acts for the Financial System Reform prior to the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'Former Secured Bond Trust Act, etc.') shall be deemed as licensing, permission, authorization, approval, Designation and other dispositions, or notice and other acts carried out by the Financial Reconstruction Commission or other corresponding organs of the State pursuant to the corresponding provisions of the Secured Bond Trust Act, Trust Business Act, Norinchukin Bank Act, Mutual Loan Business Act, Act on Simplification of Banking Business Procedures, etc., Act on Provision, etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, Agricultural Cooperative Association Act, Securities and Exchange Act, Act on Casualty Insurance Rating Organizations, Fisheries Cooperative Association Act, Act on the Cooperative Associations of Small and Medium Enterprises, etc., Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative, Shipowners Mutual Insurance Association Act, Local Tax Act, Act on Securities Investment Trust and Securities Investment Juridical Persons, Shinkin Bank Act, Long-Term Credit Bank Act, Loan Trust Act, Medium and Small Fishery Loan Guarantee Act, Credit Guarantee Companies Act, Labor Bank Act, Automobile Liability Security Act, Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, Act on Earthquake Insurance, Registration and License Tax Act, Act on Financial Institutions' Merger and Conversion, Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Business, etc. into Agricultural Regions, Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, Banking Act, Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, Act on Regulation, etc. on Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, Act on Regulation, etc. for Mortgage Juridical Persons, Financial Futures Trading Act, Act on Regulation, etc. on Advanced Payment Certificate, Act on Regulations of Business Pertaining to Commodities Investment, Act on Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, Act on the Regulation of Business Pertaining to Specified Claims, etc., Act on Revision, etc. of Related Acts for the Reform of Financial System and Securities Exchange System, Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institution, Real Property Specified Joint Enterprise Act, Insurance Business Act, Act on Special Treatment of Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings of Financial Institution, Act on the Merger of the Norinchukin Bank and the Federation of Credit Agricultural Cooperatives, etc., Bank of Japan Act, Act on Special Measures, etc. for Merger Procedures Pertaining to Banks, etc. for the Creation of Bank Holding Company, Act on the Liquidation of Specified Assets by Special Purpose Companies, or Act on Revision, etc. of Related Acts for the Financial System Reform revised by this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'Current Secured Bond Trust Act, etc.').
• Dispositions including licensing, permission, authorization, approval, and designation, or notice or other acts conducted by the Prime Minister or other national government organs pursuant to the provisions of the Secured Debenture Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Association Act, the Act on Simplifying Business Affairs of Banks, etc., the Act on Additional Operation of Trust Business by a Financial Institution, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Japan Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Body Calculating Premium Rate of Damage Insurance, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Act on the Cooperative Associations of Small and Medium Enterprises, the Act on Finance Business Conducted by Cooperative Associations, the Shipowner Mutual Insurance Association Act, the Local Tax Act, the Act on Securities Investment Trust and Securities Investment Corporations, the Credit Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Small and Medium-sized Fishery Finance Guarantee Act, the Credit Guarantee Association Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Automobile Damages Guarantee Act, the Agriculture Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Earthquake Insurance, the Registration and License Tax Act, the Act on Merger and Conversion of Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Security Business Entities, the Agricultural District Industry Introduction Promotion Act, the Agricultural and Fishery Business Cooperative Association Deposit Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Regulation of Loan Business, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Security Advisory Business, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Security Business, the Financial Future Transaction Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Voucher of Prepayment Type, the Act on Regulation of Business of Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Measures, etc. of the Narcotic and Stimulation Spirit Medicine Regulation Act for Prevention of Conduct Encouraging Illegal Conduct Relating to Regulated Medicine under International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business of Specified Claims, etc., the Act on Prepara.ion, etc. of Related Acts for Reform of Finance System and Security Exchange System, the Act on Preferred Contribution of Cooperative Structure Financial Institution, the Specified Real Estate Cooperative Business Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Measures, etc. of Reorganization Procedure of Financial Institutions, the Act on Merger, etc. of Central Bank for Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery and Federation for Credit Agriculture Cooperative Association, the Bank of Japan Act, the Act on Special Measures, etc. for Merger Procedures for Banks, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies, the Act on Liquidation of Special Assets by Special Purpose Companies, the Act on Prepara.ion of Relevant Acts for Financial System Reform prior to the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Former Secured Debenture Trust Act, etc.') shall be deemed to be dispositions including licensing, permission, authorization, approval, and designation, or notice or other acts conducted by the Financial Reconstruction Commission or other relevant national government organs pursuant to the relevant provisions of the Secured Debenture Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Association Act, the Act on Simplifying Business Affairs of Banks, etc., the Act on Additional Operation of Trust Business by a Financial Institution, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Japan Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Body Calculating Premium Rate of Damage Insurance, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Act on the Cooperative Associations of Small and Medium Enterprises, the Act on Finance Business Conducted by Cooperative Associations, the Shipowner Mutual Insurance Association Act, the Local Tax Act, the Act on Securities Investment Trust and Securities Investment Corporations, the Credit Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Small and Medium-sized Fishery Finance Guarantee Act, the Credit Guarantee Association Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Automobile Damages Guarantee Act, the Agriculture Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Earthquake Insurance, the Registration and License Tax Act, the Act on Merger and Conversion of Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Security Business Entities, the Agricultural District Industry Introduction Promotion Act, the Agricultural and Fishery Business Cooperative Association Deposit Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Regulation of Loan Business, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Security Advisory Business, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Security Business, the Financial Future Transaction Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Voucher of Prepayment Type, the Act on Regulation of Business of Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Measures, etc. of the Narcotic and Stimulation Spirit Medicine Regulation Act for Prevention of Conduct Encouraging Illegal Conduct Relating to Regulated Medicine under International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business of Specified Claims, etc., the Act on Prepara.ion, etc. of Related Acts for Reform of Finance System and Security Exchange System, the Act on Preferred Contribution of Cooperative Structure Financial Institution, the Specified Real Estate Cooperative Business Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Measures, etc. of Reorganization Procedure of Financial Institutions, the Act on Merger, etc. of Central Bank for Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery and Federation for Credit Agriculture Cooperative Association, the Bank of Japan Act, the Act on Special Measures, etc. for Merger Procedures for Banks, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies, the Act on Liquidation of Special Assets by Special Purpose Companies, the Act on Prepara.ion of Relevant Acts for Financial System Reform after the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Secured Debenture Trust Act, etc.').
• A license, permission, approval, recognition, designation, or any other disposition or notice granted or issued or any other act conducted by the Prime Minister or any other national organ pursuant to the provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for Simplifying the Affairs of Banks, etc., the Act on Provision etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperative Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Casualty Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperatives, the Ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Local Tax Act, the Act on Securities Investment Trust and Securities Investment Corporations, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Small and Medium Fisheries Loan Guarantee Act, the Credit Guarantee Juridical Person Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Earthquake Insurance, the Registration and License Tax Act, the Act on Merger and Conversion of Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, the Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Advanced Payment Certificates, the Act on Control for Business Pertaining to Commodity Investment, the Act Concerning Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conducts and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business Pertaining to Specified Claims, etc., the Act on Coordination, etc. of Relevant Acts for the Reform of the Financial System and the Securities and Exchange System, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institutions, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Provisions, etc. on Financial Institution Reorganization Proceedings, the Act on Mergers, etc. between the Norinchukin Bank and a Federation of Credit Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act, the Act on Special Provisions, etc. on the Merger Procedure for Banks, etc. for the Establishment of a Bank Holding Company, the Act on Securities of Specified Assets by Special Purpose Companies, or the Act on Coordination, etc. of Relevant Acts for the Reform of the Financial System prior to the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'Old Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.') shall be deemed be a license, permission, approval, recognition, designation, or any other disposition or notice granted or issued or any other act conducted by the Financial Reconstruction Commission or any other corresponding national organ based on the corresponding provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for Simplifying the Affairs of Banks, etc., the Act on Provision etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperative Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on the Casualty Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperatives, the Ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Local Tax Act, the Act on Securities Investment Trust and Securities Investment Corporations, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Small and Medium Fisheries Loan Guarantee Act, the Credit Guarantee Juridical Person Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Earthquake Insurance, the Registration and License Tax Act, the Act on Merger and Conversion of Financial Institutions, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, the Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. of Advanced Payment Certificates, the Act on Control for Business Pertaining to Commodity Investment, the Act Concerning Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conducts and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Business Pertaining to Specified Claims, etc., the Act on Coordination, etc. of Relevant Acts for the Reform of the Financial System and the Securities and Exchange System, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institutions, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Provisions, etc. on Financial Institution Reorganization Proceedings, the Act on Mergers, etc. between the Norinchukin Bank and a Federation of Credit Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act, the Act on Special Provisions, etc. on the Merger Procedure for Banks, etc. for the Establishment of a Bank Holding Company, the Act on Securities of Specified Assets by Special Purpose Companies, or the Act on Coordination, etc. of Relevant Acts for the Reform of the Financial System after the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'New Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.').

• この法律による改正前の担保附社債信託法、信託業法、農林中央金庫法、無 尽業法、銀行等の事務の簡素化に関する法律、金融機関の信託業務の兼営等に関する法律、私的独占の禁止及び公正取引の確保に関する法律、農業協同組合法、 証券取引法、損害保険料率算出団体に関する法律、水産業協同組合法、中小企業等協同組合法、協同組合による金融事業に関する法律、船主相互保険組合法、地 方税法、証券投資信託及び証券投資法人に関する法律、信用金庫法、長期信用銀行法、貸付信託法、中小漁業融資保証法、信用保証協会法、労働金庫法、自動車 損害賠償保障法、農業信用保証保険法、地震保険に関する法律、登録免許税法、金融機関の合併及び転換に関する法律、外国証券業者に関する法律、農村地域工 業等導入促進法、農水産業協同組合貯金保険法、銀行法、貸金業の規制等に関する法律、有価証券に係る投資顧問業の規制等に関する法律、抵当証券業の規制等 に関する法律、金融先物取引法、前払式証票の規制等に関する法律、商品投資に係る事業の規制に関する法律、国際的な協力の下に規制薬物に係る不正行為を助 長する行為等の防止を図るための麻薬及び向精神薬取締法等の特例等に関する法律、特定債権等に係る事業の規制に関する法律、金融制度及び証券取引制度の改 革のための関係法律の整備等に関する法律、協同組織金融機関の優先出資に関する法律、不動産特定共同事業法、保険業法、金融機関等の更生手続の特例等に関 する法律、農林中央金庫と信用農業協同組合連合会との合併等に関する法律、日本銀行法、銀行持株会社の創設のための銀行等に係る合併手続の特例等に関する 法律、特定目的会社による特定資産の流動化に関する法律又は金融システム改革のための関係法律の整備等に関する法律（以下「旧担保附社債信託法等」とい う。）の規定により内閣総理大臣その他の国の機関がした免許、許可、認可、承認、指定その他の処分又は通知その他の行為は、この法律による改正後の担保附 社債信託法、信託業法、農林中央金庫法、無尽業法、銀行等の事務の簡素化に関する法律、金融機関の信託業務の兼営等に関する法律、私的独占の禁止及び公正 取引の確保に関する法律、農業協同組合法、証券取引法、損害保険料率算出団体に関する法律、水産業協同組合法、中小企業等協同組合法、協同組合による金融 事業に関する法律、船主相互保険組合法、地方税法、証券投資信託及び証券投資法人に関する法律、信用金庫法、長期信用銀行法、貸付信託法、中小漁業融資保 証法、信用保証協会法、労働金庫法、自動車損害賠償保障法、農業信用保証保険法、地震保険に関する法律、登録免許税法、金融機関の合併及び転換に関する法 律、外国証券業者に関する法律、農村地域工業等導入促進法、農水産業協同組合貯金保険法、銀行法、貸金業の規制等に関する法律、有価証券に係る投資顧問業 の規制等に関する法律、抵当証券業の規制等に関する法律、金融先物取引法、前払式証票の規制等に関する法律、商品投資に係る事業の規制に関する法律、国際 的な協力の下に規制薬物に係る不正行為を助長する行為等の防止を図るための麻薬及び向精神薬取締法等の特例等に関する法律、特定債権等に係る事業の規制に 関する法律、金融制度及び証券取引制度の改革のための関係法律の整備等に関する法律、協同組織金融機関の優先出資に関する法律、不動産特定共同事業法、保 険業法、金融機関等の更生手続の特例等に関する法律、農林中央金庫と信用農業協同組合連合会との合併等に関する法律、日本銀行法、銀行持株会社の創設のた めの銀行等に係る合併手続の特例等に関する法律、特定目的会社による特定資産の流動化に関する法律又は金融システム改革のための関係法律の整備等に関する 法律（以下「新担保附社債信託法等」という。）の相当規定に基づいて、金融再生委員会その他の相当の国の機関がした免許、許可、認可、承認、指定その他の 処分又は通知その他の行為とみなす。
• A license, permission, authorization, approval, designation or other disposition, or a notice or other act granted, made, given or performed by the Prime Minister or other national organ under the provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for Simplification of Works of Banks, etc., the Act on Provision, etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on Non-Life Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, etc., Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative, the Ship Owner's Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Local Tax Act, the Act on Securities Investment Trust and Securities Investment Corporations, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Loan Security Act for Small and Medium Sized Fishery Industry, the Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Earthquake Insurance, the Registration and License Tax Act, the Act on Financial Institutions' Merger and Conversion, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, the Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. on Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, the Act on Regulation, etc. for Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. on Advanced Payment Certificate, the Act on Control for Business Pertaining to Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Businesses Concerning Specified Credits, etc., the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial and Securities Exchange Systems, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institution, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Measures of Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings of Financial Institutions, the Act on Merger between the Norinchukin Bank and Prefectural Credit Federations of Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act, the Act on Special Measures Concerning Procedures for Merger Involving Bank, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies and Other Matters, the Act on Securitization of Specified Assets by Special Purpose Companies, or the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial System before the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Former Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.') shall be deemed to be a license, permission, authorization, approval, designation or other disposition, or a notice or other act granted, made, given or performed by the Financial Reconstruction Commission or other corresponding national organ pursuant to the corresponding provisions of the Secured Bonds Trust Act, the Trust Business Act, the Norinchukin Bank Act, the Mutual Loan Business Act, the Act for Simplification of Works of Banks, etc., the Act on Provision, etc. of Trust Business by Financial Institutions, the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade, the Agricultural Cooperatives Act, the Securities and Exchange Act, the Act on Non-Life Insurance Rating Organization of Japan, the Fisheries Cooperatives Act, the Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, etc., Cooperatives Act, the Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative, the Ship Owner's Mutual Insurance Union Act, the Local Tax Act, the Act on Securities Investment Trust and Securities Investment Corporations, the Shinkin Bank Act, the Long-Term Credit Bank Act, the Loan Trust Act, the Loan Security Act for Small and Medium Sized Fishery Industry, the Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, the Labor Bank Act, the Automobile Liability Security Act, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Insurance Act, the Act on Earthquake Insurance, the Registration and License Tax Act, the Act on Financial Institutions' Merger and Conversion, the Act on Foreign Securities Brokers, the Act on the Promotion of Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Regions, the Agricultural and Fishery Cooperation Savings Insurance Act, the Banking Act, the Act on Controls, etc. on Money Lending, the Act on Regulation, etc. on Investment Advisory Business Pertaining to Securities, the Act on Regulation, etc. for Mortgage Corporations, the Financial Futures Trading Act, the Act on Regulation, etc. on Advanced Payment Certificate, the Act on Control for Business Pertaining to Commodity Investment, the Act on Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation, the Act on Regulation of Businesses Concerning Specified Credits, etc., the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial and Securities Exchange Systems, the Act on Preferred Equity Investment by Cooperative Structured Financial Institution, the Real Estate Specified Joint Enterprise Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Act on Special Measures of Corporate Reorganization Proceedings and Other Insolvency Proceedings of Financial Institutions, the Act on Merger between the Norinchukin Bank and Prefectural Credit Federations of Agricultural Cooperatives, the Bank of Japan Act, the Act on Special Measures Concerning Procedures for Merger Involving Bank, etc. for Establishing Bank Holding Companies and Other Matters, the Act on Securitization of Specified Assets by Special Purpose Companies, or the Act Revising Acts Related to the Reform of the Financial System after the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Secured Bonds Trust Act, etc.')