軍: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 1等軍曹
- sergeant first-class
- 軍票問題
- Problems related with Japanese military currency
- 軍用手票
- Gunyoshuhyo (Military currency)
- Japanese military yen
- 空軍中佐。
- U.S. air force Lieutenant Colonel.
- 軍令部次長
- Vice chief of the Naval General Staff
- 軍令部総長
- President of the Naval General Staff
- 日本の軍票
- Japanese Military Currency
- 各国の軍票
- Military Currency of Each Country
- 征東大将軍。
- He became Seito taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians').
- 西郷軍奇兵隊
- Kiheitai Army of Saigo's army
- 日本の軍事史
- Japanese military history
- Military history of Japan
- 日本の海軍史
- History of Japanese Navy
- Naval history of Japan
- 軍団の中には、
- Gundan contained the following officers.
- 困民党軍の組織
- Organization of the Konminto Army
- 日本軍成立以降
- After the establishment of the Japanese army
- 日本軍成立以前
- Before the establishment of the Japanese army
- 軍乱に対する処罰
- Punishment for the Munity
- - 軍医 (独)
- - Worked as a military surgeon
- 軍票を描いた切手
- Stamps illustrated military currency
- アメリカ陸軍中尉。
- Lieutenant of the U.S. Army.
- 軍部大臣現役武官制
- Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei (Military Ministers to be Officers on Active-duty Rule)
- 軍団 (古代日本)
- Gundan (army corps) (in ancient Japan)
- 旧日本軍によるもの
- Wars fought by Imperial Japanese Army
- 日本の軍票シリーズ
- Series of Japanese Military Currency
- 甲賀流忍者軍団瀧組
- The Taki Clan of Koga Ninja
- 第一次連合軍の派遣
- Dispatch of the First Allied Forces
- 八ヶ国連合軍の派遣
- Dispatch of the Eight-Nation Alliance
- 発布時の将軍と起草者
- The Shogun and drafter at the time of promulgation
- アメリカ陸軍参謀総長。
- He was as the 34th Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army.
- 日本の軍事を参照のこと
- Refer to Japan's military affairs.
- 日清戦争軍票(両単位)
- Sino-Japanese War Military Currency (in a currency unit, Ryo)
- ふいご党の幕府軍加勢説
- The theory of the Fuigo party's back up for the bakufu army
- 青島出兵軍票(銀円単位)
- Military Currency in Sending Troops to Tsingtao (convertible into silver)
- 日華事変軍票(銀円単位)
- The China Incident Military Currency (convertible into silver)
- 日露戦争軍票(銀円単位)
- Russo-Japanese War Military Currency (convertible into silver)
- - 近代海軍の教育 (蘭)
- - Trained Japan's modern navy
- - 陸軍大学校教官 (独)
- - Served as an instructor at the Military Staff College
- 大東亜戦争軍票(各国単位)
- The Military Currencies issued during The Greater East Asia War (in a monetary unit of each country)
- 範頼軍は激しく矢を射かける。
- Noriyori's army fiercely shot their arrows.
- 水軍も擁していたようである。
- It seems that they also had a marine force.
- シベリア出兵軍票(金円単位)
- Military Currency in Sending Troops to Syberia (convertible into gold)
- 日露戦争における日本軍への協力
- Cooperation with Japanese Army in Russo-Japanese War
- それを受け清は軍隊を派遣する。
- In response to this, the Qing dispatched troops.
- 子爵桂太郎(長州閥・軍人陸軍)
- Taro KATSURA, a viscount (Choshu clique; Army man)
- 幕府派遣の討伐軍に攻められ自害。
- Ujinori committed suicide after having been attacked by a punitive force dispatched from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 秩父事件では軍隊が出動している。
- The riot police was sent to quell the Chichibu Incident.
- このため将軍継嗣問題が起こった。
- This have rise the Shogun successor crisis.
- 平時の軍団は国司の下に置かれた。
- Gundan in normal times was put under the control of Kokushi (provincial governor).
- 帝国陸軍・・・関東軍、関東軍管区
- The Imperial Army ⋯ Kwantung Army, Kwantung military district
- - 海軍工廠の建設指導など(仏)
- - Supervised the construction of the Navy Arsenal, among other projects
- 義和団・清朝軍の軍事能力について
- The military capability of the Boxers and the Qing dynasty army
- 現在も軍法会議および公判で係争中。
- Currently he is being tried in military courts and is fighting public trials.
- さらに古来の軍学・兵学である兵法。
- In addition, an art of warfare which was military science since ancient times.
- 2万石程度の大名の軍役に匹敵した。
- The number was equal to the total military forces of the daimyo with about a fief of 20,000 koku.
- 軍人の参加、警官による暴動への加担
- Participation of military men and support in riots by police officers
- 山鹿素行は儒学と軍学の大家である。
- Soko YAMAGA was a leading scholar of Confucianism and military science.
- 「しかし、その軍勢は二万騎である。」
- 'However, the Taira military forces had twenty thousand cavalrymen.'
- 日本も事件処理のため軍隊を派遣した。
- Japan also sent its army there to deal with the incident.
- 新政府軍に対して善戦した事もあった。
- Sometimes they fought well against the new government army.
- 箱には鍵が掛けられ将軍自ら検分した。
- The box was locked and Shogun himself checked the letters inside.
- 西南戦争のときの西郷軍が組織した部隊
- A troop organized by the member of Saigo's army during the Seinan War
- - 海軍兵学校 (日本)教官 (英)
- - Served as an instructor at Japan's Naval Academy
- 軍隊は食料などの物資を現地調達する。
- Military forces got food and other necessaries by self-subsistence in the field.
- 侯爵西郷従道(薩摩閥・軍人陸軍・海軍)
- Tsugumichi SAIGO, a marquis (Satsuma clique; military man of Army and Navy)
- その後の日本陸軍の礎となって解散した。
- They became the foundation of the later Japanese Army, and demobilized.
- 5月、小野好古率いる官軍が九州に到着。
- In May, the Imperial army headed by ONO no Yoshifuru arrived in Kyushu.
- ワシントン会議における海軍大臣の職務代理
- Substitution of the Minister of Navy's duty at Washington Conference
- 同日、搦手を率い丹波国を義経軍は進んだ。
- On the same day, Yoshitsune's army led the Karamete troops and progressed into Tanba Province.
- 範頼軍は河原高直、藤田行安らが討たれた。
- Takanao KAWARA and Yukiyasu FUJITA, from Noriyori's army, were killed.
- これにより九鬼氏は鳥羽の地と水軍を失う。
- As a result of this, Kuki clan lost the territory in Toba and Suigun navy.
- 広大院 - 11代将軍徳川家斉の御台所。
- Kodaiin - Midaidokoro of the 11th Shogun Ienari TOKUGAWA.
- 鷹司信子 - 5代将軍徳川綱吉の御台所。
- Nobuko TAKATSUKASA - Midaidokoro of the fifth Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA.
- この戦争では奇兵隊も軍事力として戦った。
- In the Choshu Conquest, Kiheitai Army was used as military force.
- 連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による戦後統治
- The post-war rule by the General Headquarter of the Allied Forces.
- すると、広嗣軍の隼人は矢を射るのをやめた。
- The Hayato of the Hirotsugu army stopped shooting arrows.
- 「官軍(源氏)は僅かに一、二千騎である。」
- 'The Imperial Army (Minamoto clan) merely had one or two thousand cavalrymen.'
- 二百人・四百人の軍団は、少毅一名が率いた。
- Gundan having 200 or 400 soldiers was headed by 1 Shoki (deputy commander).
- 六百人・八百人の軍団は、大毅一名が率いた。
- Gundan having 600 or 800 soldiers was headed by 1 Daiki (chief commander).
- 決起の当日に椋神社で発表された役割表と軍律
- Role Table and Martial Law Presented in Muku Shrine on the Day of the Uprising
- さらに宇都宮城へと進軍、宇都宮を奪還した。
- Moreover, they advanced to the Utsunomiya Castle and regained Utsunomiya.
- また、嶋田繁太郎海相も軍令部総長を兼任した。
- Shigetaro SHIMADA Ministry of Navy also served as an additional post of the President of the Naval General Staff.
- 政府軍側の死者は約60名、負傷者約200名。
- Of the government forces, about 60 were killed and about 200 were injured.
- 帝国陸軍・・・朝鮮軍 (日本軍)、朝鮮軍管区
- The Imperial Army ⋯ Korean army (Japanese army), Korea military district
- 帝国陸軍・・・台湾軍 (日本軍)、台湾軍管区
- The Imperial Army ⋯ Taiwan army (Japanese army), Taiwan military district
- 法眼の地位にあり、征夷大将軍の侍医を務めた。
- He served as a personal physician to seii taishogun, being ranked as hogen (the second highest rank of hierarchy of physicians).
- 純友軍は西に逃れ、大宰府を攻撃して占領する。
- Sumitomo's army escaped to the west, where they attacked and occupied Dazaifu.
- アジア系として初めて陸軍制服組のトップに登る。
- He was the first Asian American to be promoted to the top position in the Army.
- その後、広嗣軍は板櫃河の会戦に敗れて敗走した。
- The Hirotsugu army lost the battle of Itabitsuchin and escaped.
- 平氏軍は2000騎を繰り出して、白兵戦を展開。
- The Taira clan sent out two thousand cavalrymen, and the battle raged into hand-to-hand combat.
- 1925年には元陸軍大臣田中義一が総裁となる。
- In 1925, the former Minister of Army Giichi TANAKA became the president.
- そのため、物部氏と共に軍事の管理を司っていた。
- The Otomo clan was also in charge of military affairs, together with the Mononobe clan.
- 千人以上の軍団は、大毅一名と少毅二名が率いた。
- Gundan having 1,000 soldiers or more was headed by 1 Daiki and 2 Shoki.
- 姉小路 - 12代将軍徳川家慶付き上臈御年寄。
- Anekoji - Joro Otoshiyori to the 12th Shogun Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA.
- 将軍の側室は基本的に将軍付の中臈から選ばれる。
- Basically, Shogun's concubines were selected from the churo (a lady-in-waiting) for the Shogun.
- 持氏は永安寺に移され、幕府軍により幽閉された。
- Mochiuji was moved to Yoan-ji Temple and confined by the bakufu troops.
- 正式には『陸海軍軍人に賜はりたる敕諭』という。
- Its formal name was 'The Imperial Rescript granted to Soldiers and Sailors.'
- この日本軍派兵には様々な思惑が込められていた。
- There were various expectations held for this dispatched Japanese army.
- 将軍家茂薨去の報を受けた小笠原も戦線を離脱した。
- On receipt of the notice of the shogun Iemochi's disease, the commander Ogasawara also left the front line.
- 北関東各地を遊説して同志を募り、軍用金を集めた。
- They went around the northern Kanto area to gather followers and money.
- 騒動の発生地域・参加人員と軍隊出動、検挙者の処遇
- Area where riots occurred, participants and call-out of armies and treatment of people under arrest
- 日本の現代海軍は自衛隊の傘下の海上自衛隊である。
- Japan's current navy falls under the umbrella of the Japan Self-Defense Forces as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.
- 当初は優勢で、朝廷軍は敵を追って巣伏村に至った。
- In the beginning the Imperial army was in the lead to reach Subushi Village chasing the enemy.
- 合戦になるが、将門軍の勢いはふるわず、退却した。
- A battle ensued, but Masakado's army lost momentum and were forced to retreat.
- また、岩松満純・武田信満は追討軍によって討たれた。
- Also Mitsuzumi IWAMATSU and Nobumitsu TAKEDA were killed by a search-and-destroy troop.
- 迂回進撃を続ける搦手軍の義経は鵯越で軍を二分した。
- Yoshitsune continued to lead the Karamete troops in a detoured advance, dividing his army into two sections at Hiyodorigoe.
- ただし、格式や権威に関しては将軍付の方が高かった。
- However, in terms of formality and authority, jochu working for the Shogun were higher.
- 日本軍が発行した軍票は、敗戦により紙切れと化した。
- The military currency issued by Japanese military force ceased to be in effect due to Japanese defeat in the WWII..
- そのため現存するのは1両軍票数枚という珍品である。
- Therefore, that military currency is a rare article, which remains only a few pieces of one-ryo military currency.
- 「武人」つまり軍人との対比的な意味合いで使われた。
- It was used in contrast with 'Bunjin,' that is, military men.
- また戦後沖縄で使用されたB円も軍票の一種といえる。
- Type B Military Yen' used in Okinawa after the WWII, could be a kind of military currency.
- そのため軍が勝手に印刷して流通させることも出来る。
- Therefore, military forces could issue and circulate as much military currency as they wanted.
- つまり軍票は徴発した物資にたいする領収書であった。
- In short, military currency was a receipt for commodities the military force got.
- これには日本軍を賞賛したモリソンの後押しもあった。
- There was support for this alliance from Morrison, who admired the Japanese Army.
- 「一方で官軍(源氏)は僅かに一、二千騎に過ぎない。」
- 'On the other hand, the Imperial Army (Minamoto clan) had merely one to two thousand cavalrymen.'
- 平氏は同年2月には京奪回の軍を起こす予定をしていた。
- The clan also planned to raise an army which would recapture Kyoto in March of the same year.
- このうち、飯尾氏は後に足利将軍家に執事として仕えた。
- Among them, the Inoo clan served as shitsuji (a steward) of the Ashikaga shogunal family.
- 結局日本軍も撤退し、親清派の守旧派が臨時政権を樹立。
- The Japanese army also drew off at last, and the pro-Qing Conservative Party established a tentative government.
- 後継の首相には海軍大将で薩摩閥の山本権兵衛が就いた。
- The post of the prime minister was taken over by Gonbei YAMAMOTO, who was the navy general and a pillar of the Satsuma clique (the clique formed by the politicians from the former Satsuma Domain).
- 金鵄勲章に付随して、叙せられた軍人の功績を示す等級。
- Incidental to the Order of the Golden Kite is the grade of the award, which shows the degree of meritorious service rendered by the soldier receiving it.
- きわめて高い軍事力を持って傭兵集団としても活躍した。
- They had a substantial military force and acted as a group of mercenary soldiers.
- 月光院 - 徳川家宣の側室、7代将軍徳川家継の生母。
- Gekkoin - Concubine of Ienobu TOKUGAWA, real mother of the seventh Shogun Ietsugu TOKUGAWA.
- 崇源院 - 2代将軍徳川秀忠の御台所、徳川家光の母。
- Sugenin - Midaidokoro of the second Shogun Hidetada TOKUGAWA and mother of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA
- 10月4日、憲実も平井城を出陣して、一色軍を破った。
- On October 31, Norizane also went into battle from Hirai-jo Castle and defeated the Isshiki troops.
- 平成二十年 新潮文庫 「兵隊たちの陸軍史」伊藤桂一著
- Heishitachi no Rikugunshi (Army History of Soldiers)' written by Keiichi ITO, published by SHINCHOSHA Publishing Co., Ltd., in 2008
- 興隆してゆく民族や軍隊の反映が「軍人勅諭」にはある。
- 'The Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors' reflects the rise of a nation and the army.
- ちなみに陸軍においては「御名」を「おんな」と読んだ。
- For reference, 御名 was pronounced 'Onna' in the Army.
- 数日後に俘囚軍は多賀城で略奪放火をして去ったという。
- It is said that after several days the military of barbarians left the Taga-jo Castle after plundered and set fire.
- ここで、憲兵 (日本軍)隊や警察による説得を受けた。
- At this place, military policemen (Japanese army) and the police told them to stop demonstration.
- 3. 聶士成の武衛前軍等の北洋軍壊滅による袁世凱台頭
- 3. The frontal army of Chinese imperial guard division of Nie Shicheng and the appearance of Yuan Shikai with the abolishment of Beiyang army.
- その後、北関東に向かい、途中の小山で西軍を撃破した。
- After that, they defeated the West squad in Oyama on the way to the North Kanto.
- 一方福島城の防備は堅く、伊達軍にも死傷者が続出した。
- On the other hand, the Date army had dead and injured one after another because the Fukushima-jo Castle was heavily fortified.
- 連合軍の最初の正念場は大沽砲台・天津攻略戦であった。
- The first crucial event for the allied forces was the capture of Taku Fort and Tianjin.
- 激戦の末に純友軍は大敗、800余艘が官軍に奪われた。
- After a fierce battle, Sumitomo's army suffered a crushing defeat with more than 800 ships deprived by the Imperial army.
- 4日、朝廷に出仕していた隼人24人に従軍が命じられる。
- He ordered 24 soldiers of Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) who served the Imperial Court to take a part in a campaign on October 3.
- 大礼服着用者、軍人、警察官以外の苗字帯刀を禁じる内容。
- The content of Haitorei was to ban the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword except for full-dress uniform wearers, military men and police officers.
- 陸軍語学生徒(戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
- An army language student (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
- 陸軍語学生徒(戦死:明治15年11月6日靖国神社合祀)
- An army language student (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 6, 1882)
- 軍団は、一つの国に最低一つ、大きな国には複数置かれた。
- One Gundan was deployed at least in one province, and more than one Gundan was deployed in a larger province.
- 本寿院 - 徳川家慶の側室、13代将軍徳川家定の生母。
- Honjuin - Concubine of Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA, real mother of the 13th Shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA.
- 玉沢 -10代将軍徳川家治の時代に勢力をはった御年寄。
- Tamasawa (玉沢) - Otoshiyori who had power during the regime of the 10th Shogun, Ieharu TOKUGAWA.
- 甲号券 日本軍が従来発行していたスタイルの縦型の軍票。
- Kogo-ken Notes; a traditional, vertical note.
- 8月14日、連合軍は北京攻略を開始し、翌日陥落させた。
- The allied forces began to attack Beijing on August 14 and it fell the next day.
- 戊辰戦争では約1100名が旧幕府軍の主力として戦った。
- At the Boshin War, 1100 soldiers of this army fought as the main force of the Old Shogunate army.
- 栃木県知事中山巳代蔵は、午後1時過ぎ軍隊の出動を要請。
- The governor of Tochigi Prefecture, Miyozo NAKAYAMA requested the dispatch of troops shortly after one o'clock in the afternoon.
- 政宗勢は散々切り立てられ、軍伍散乱して敗走をはじめた。
- The Masamune forces were severely slashed and then started to run away after the combat formation was broken.
- 10月、大宰府と追捕使の兵が、純友軍と戦い敗れている。
- In October, soldiers of Dazaifu and Tsuibushi fought against Sumitomo, but were defeated.
- 将門軍は国府とその周辺で略奪と乱暴のかぎりをつくした。
- In Kokufu and the surrounding area, Masakado's army ruthlessly looted and rioted.
- 極東国際軍事裁判にて東郷茂徳、広田弘毅の弁護人を務めた。
- He served as the attorney for Shigenori TOGO and Koki HIROTA in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East.
- 統帥権(とうすいけん)とは、軍への最高指揮監督権を言う。
- Supreme command is a power of supreme command and direction to the army.
- 14代将軍徳川家茂は大坂城へ入り再び長州征討を決定する。
- Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the fourteenth Shogun, moved to the Osaka-jo Castle and decided to restart the operation to conquer the Choshu Domain.
- 平氏軍も雨のように矢を射かけて応じ坂東武者をひるませる。
- The Taira clan also shot arrows like rain, which fell from the sky making the Bando musha (warriors from the Kanto region) collectively wince.
- 居留民保護のため1875年までは英仏軍隊も駐留していた。
- In order to protect the residents of the settlements, British and French troops were stationed in the settlements until 1875.
- 結果的に軍部による合法的な倒閣が実現される恰好となった。
- As a result, termination of a Cabinet by the military was legally granted.
- 長州藩の奇兵隊は長州藩諸隊と呼ばれる常備軍の1つである。
- Kiheitai Army of Choshu Domain was one of the standing armies called troops of Choshu Domain.
- 井伊は無勅許の条約調印と、家茂の将軍継嗣指名を断行した。
- Ii signed the Treaty without Imperial sanction and appointed Iemochi as the heir to the Shogunate.
- 帝国陸軍・・・北部軍 (日本軍)、北部軍管区 (日本軍)
- The Imperial Army ⋯ Northern Troops (Japanese army), Northern military district (Japanese army)
- 帝国陸軍・・・南方軍 (日本軍)及び第31軍 (日本軍)
- The Imperial Army ⋯ Southern Expeditionary Army Group (Japanese Army) and 31st Division (Japanese Army)
- 『解体新書』を征夷大将軍に推挙したのは、桂川甫三である。
- It was Hosan KATSURAGAWA who recommended 'Kaitai Shinsho' to seii taishogun (literally, a great general who subdues the barbarians).
- 5代将軍の徳川綱吉は諸士法度と統合して「天和令」を制定。
- Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the fifth shogun, integrated it into the code for shoshi (retainers) and enacted the 'Tenna rei' (Tenna code).
- そのため、軍票だけでも多くのシリーズがあり、種類も多い。
- That is why they issued various series and kins of military currency.
- その後戊辰戦争の各地の戦いで薩長両軍を中心に使用された。
- The army of the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan put it up at many battle fields of the Boshin War.
- また、軍事力として坂東諸国から徴発された鎮兵が駐屯した。
- Soldiers were also dispatched as military force from the Bando countries to pacify and defend their area.
- 室町幕府では乱に際して4代将軍の足利義持は持氏を支援した。
- The fourth Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, supported Mochiuji in the war.
- 最後の13代九鬼隆義は藩政改革を行い、軍隊を洋式に改めた。
- Takayoshi KUKI, the 13th and the last head, changed the system of their army to western style by conducting reformation of domain duties.
- (例)内閣総理大臣海軍大将従一位大勲位功一級伯爵山本権兵衛
- For example, 'The Prime Minister, Admiral of the Navy, Junior First Court Rank, Supreme Order of Merit, First Grade of the Order of the Golden Kite, his Lordship the Count, Gombei YAMAMOTO.'
- 田中の下で政友会は次第に親軍的な保守色を帯びるようになる。
- Under Tanaka's leadership, the Seiyu Party gradually leaned toward pro-military conservatism.
- 兵部省兵部省 (律令制) - 武官の人事と軍事全般を掌る。
- Hyobusho (Ministry of Military)(the ritsuryo system): in charge of personnel affairs of military officers and overall military affairs.
- 『甲陽軍鑑』、『三河後風土記』、『徳川歴代記』、『未来記』
- 'Koyo gunkan' (military model), 'Mikawago fudoki' (climatic writing), 'Tokugawa rekidaiki' (chronicle writing), 'Record of future'
- 瀧山 - 徳川家定時代から14代将軍徳川家茂時代の御年寄。
- Takiyama - Otoshiyori between Iesada TOKUGAWA and the 14th Shogun Ieshige TOKUGAWA.
- 延享2年(1745年)に将軍吉宗が隠居すると打ち切られる。
- After Yoshimune retired in 1745, the project was terminated.
- なお珍妃の遺体を井戸から引き上げ弔ったのは日本軍であった。
- The corpse of Imperial Consort Zhen was pulled out of the well by the Japanese army.
- 維新後も軍人としての経歴を歩んでいたが、征韓論に共鳴する。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Shimada continued to build a career in the military, but he sympathized with the seikanron (the policy of conquering Korea by military force).
- (『伊達治家記録』敵軍始末ノ義雑賀小平太壽悦説ニ據テ記ス)
- ('Date chika kiroku' Conquering of the enemy based on the story of Koheita Juetsu SAIKA (雑賀小平太壽悦))
- この延久蝦夷合戦では朝廷軍の主力は清原軍であったとみられる。
- The main force of the Enkyu Ezo Imperial Court expedition troops was considered to be the troops led by Kiyohara clan.
- 後者の例としては将軍家への進物の受け取り確認等があげられる。
- As the example of the latter, there is the Hosho which was used for the confirmation of receiving the gifts to the shogun family.
- 下妻近くの多宝院で天狗党の夜襲を受けるなどして諸藩軍は敗走。
- The allied force was attacked at night by Tenguto at the Taho-in Temple around Shimotsuma area and lost.
- しかし鹿島付近において幕府軍に包囲され、交戦し敗散している。
- However, they were surrounded by the army of bakufu, fought against the army and lost.
- 以後幕末に至るまで井伊家の軍装は赤備えをもって基本とされた。
- From that time to the end of Bakufu, the military dress of the Ii Family was basically Akazonae.
- 変更の骨子は「経費節減」と「将軍の呼称の変更」の2つである。
- There were two changes, one was 'cost reduction', and the other was 'to change the title of Shogun'.
- 以後、将軍の代替わりのたびごとに通信使が来日することになる。
- After that Chosen Tsushinshi came everytime the Shogun changed.
- しかし側室や将軍生母の力は時代が下るとともに低下していった。
- However, the authority of the concubines and Shogun's real mother were declining with the times.
- 唐・新羅連合軍と対峙した白村江の戦い(663年)で大敗した。
- Japan confronted the Tang and Silla allied forces and suffered a huge defeat in the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663.
- このため、いわゆる民兵組織ではなく長州藩の正規常備軍である。
- So, Kiheitai Army was a standing army of Choshu Domain not the militia.
- 朝敵討伐の証として、天皇から官軍の大将に下賜する慣習がある。
- It was customary in Japan that an emperor bestowed it on his military commanders as proof of putting down emperor's enemy.
- 純友は大宰府を焼いて博多湾で大蔵春実率いる官軍を迎え撃った。
- Sumitomo burnt down Dazaifu and ambushed the Imperial army led by OKURA no Haruzane in Hakata Bay.
- 使節は江戸城で2代将軍徳川秀忠、駿府で大御所の家康と謁見した。
- The envoy had an audience with the second shogun Hidetada TOKUGAWA at Edo-jo Castle, and with Ogosho (the retired shogun) Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Sunpu.
- 代々の藩主は将軍家の剣術指南役を務めるため江戸に定府していた。
- The lords normally stayed in Edo for generations to act as an instructor of swordplay for the Shogun family.
- 授与対象が大日本帝国陸軍・大日本帝国海軍の軍人軍属に限られた。
- Eligibility was limited to military personnels or civilian employees in the Imperial Japanese Army or the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- これに対して、上原勇作陸軍大臣が、単独で帷幄上奏して辞職した。
- In response to this, War Minister Yusaku UEHARA acted as iaku-joso (to make comments on military affairs to the Emperor with full responsibility of the results) and resigned.
- だが、目安箱は本質的に封建制度の下で将軍が設置したものである。
- However, meyasubako was originally established by a shogun under the feudal system.
- 8代将軍徳川吉宗が行った享保の改革により相当部分は修正される。
- Most of the policies were revised during the Kyoho reform carried out by the eighth shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.
- 吹負はこのあと西と北から来襲する近江朝の軍と激戦を繰り広げた。
- Fukei troops waged a fierce battle with the Omi Court army and attacked from the west and north.
- 標準的な軍団は千人であったが、小さな国ではこれより少なかった。
- A standard gundan had 1,000 soldiers, but Gundan in a smaller province had fewer soldiers than that.
- 明治新政府の要職や陸海軍の幹部には薩長出身者が多く占めていた。
- A majority of the officers in important posts in the new Meiji Government and the armed forces came from Satcho.
- 歴代将軍の位牌がある「御仏間」や「御対面所」も、御殿にあった。
- 'Gobutsuma' was where the successive Shogun's ancestral tablets were placed and 'Gotaimensho' was where male visitors were taken; those rooms ware also placed in Gotenmuki.
- 日本海軍の歴史は中世初期のアジア大陸との関わりまでさかのぼる。
- The history of Japanese navy goes back to the early medieval period in which Japan interacted with countries on the Asian Continent.
- また、1664年には寛文朱印改を実施し、将軍の地位を確立した。
- Furthermore, the revision of the shogunate licenses, Kanbun Shuinaratame, which was carried out in 1664 during the Kanbun era, consolidated the status of shogun.
- 鳥羽・伏見の戦いでは伝習隊の一部が幕府陸軍の一部隊として参戦。
- A part of Denshutai joined the Battle of Toba-Fushimi as a military unit of the bakufu army.
- これを見て、広嗣軍の隼人20人、騎兵10余が官軍に降伏してきた。
- 20 soldiers of Hayato and 10 horsemen of the Hirotsugu army surrendered to the government army.
- 常人らは「ならば、なぜ軍兵を率いて押し寄せて来たのか」と問うた。
- Tsunehito and others asked him 'Then why did you come here with your army?'
- 親衛隊側面はそちらに移行し、大番は幕府の直轄軍事力となってゆく。
- The role as a guardian was taken over by shoinban and koshogumi and oban gradually became a military force under the direct control of the Edo bakufu.
- しかし、平氏は激しく抵抗して、源氏軍は容易には突破できなかった。
- However, the Taira clan fiercely resisted, so the Minamoto clan's army could not break through the defensive points easily.
- 身分は低くても将軍自身の意思を受けて行動する特殊な立場にあった。
- They were in a unique situation in which they worked under the direct command of the shogun despite of their low position.
- 閔妃一族が開化派の筆頭となり日本と同じく近代的な軍隊を目指した。
- Queen Min and her clan members took leading roles in the Progressive Party, and aimed to make their army as modern as Japan's.
- また、財政に関心の深い財界からも軍閥の横暴に批判の声が高まった。
- In addition, Japanese business community, which was deeply concerned about the national finance, began to criticize the despotism of the military clique
- そもそも増師問題は、当初は陸軍・政友会間での妥協が図られていた。
- In the first place, the Japanese Army and the Seiyukai were seeking a compromise on the increase of two army divisions.
- 政治的緊張が続く幕末には、武器や軍艦が日本の主要輸入品となった。
- In the final years of the Edo period, when political tensions were continually at their peak, arms and warships were the main goods Japan imported.
- これにより、陸海軍省ともに、大臣を武官に限るとの定めをなくした。
- This also removed the rule for both the Department of War and the Navy that only a military officer could be installed as a minister.
- ただし陸奥国では、一軍団の数が千人を越えたと思われる時期がある。
- However, in Mutsu Province, 1 Gundan seemed to have more than 1,000 soldiers at one period.
- 崇峻天皇5年(593年)条の「駅馬を筑紫将軍の所に遣して曰はく」
- Said, sending ekiba (horses for transportation of official travelers) to Tsukushi Shogun' in the section for the year 593.
- 陸軍の系譜においては、幕府ではフランスから軍事顧問を招いていた。
- As regards the developmental pedigree of the Japanese Army, under the bakufu military advisers were invited from France.
- 特に大日本帝国陸軍では、将兵は全文暗誦できることが当然とされた。
- It was taken for granted that officers and soldiers in Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) in particular recited all the sentences.
- 仏領インドシナで使う目的の軍票であったが、殆ど使用されなかった。
- Although the military currency was issued in order to be used in French Indochina, very few notes were used.
- 略して「軍票(ぐんぴょう)」とも呼ばれていることが一般的である。
- It is often called 'Gunpyo,' for short,
- さらに台湾征討にあたっては杉村・長らは再び従軍願いを出している。
- Moreover, Sugimura and Cho again requested to take part in a campaign because of the Taiwan conquest.
- 杉村寛正(杉村文一の兄)らも征韓論にあたり従軍願いを出している。
- Hiromasa SUGIMURA (the older brother of Bunichi SUGIMURA) also requested to take part in a campaign due to the Seikanron.
- 各地の部隊や軍事物資は官営鉄道や私鉄を乗り継いで広島に集結した。
- Troops and military supplies from various places were assembled in Hiroshima by using connections of the state-owned railway and the private railways.
- 勅使佐伯常人、阿倍虫麻呂の軍は6,000人余で河の東側に布陣した。
- About 6,000 soldiers of imperial messengers Tsunehito SAEKI and ABE no Mushimaro lined up at the eastern side of the river.
- 広嗣は隼人を先鋒に筏を組んで渡河しようとし、官軍は弩を撃ち防いだ。
- Hirotsugu attempted to cross the river with rafts with Hayato in the van, but the government army defended by using large bows.
- 幕府海軍と高杉率いる艦隊が戦い、奇襲戦法により幕府海軍は敗走した。
- The navy of the bakufu fought against the fleet lead by Takasugi, but it was put to flight by the surprise attack of the Takasugi's fleet.
- 役高に規定される番士の軍役から計算した総兵力は400人強となった。
- The total military forces calculated by the number of banshi who joined the military service which was decided on the basis of the yakudaka (the amount of the person's fief) were over four hundreds.
- 彼らは将軍との主従関係を持たず、拝謁の資格を有しなかったのである。
- They did not have a master-servant relationship with a shogun, and were not entitled to have an audience with the shogun.
- 彼らは大名、旗本にとっては直参であり、徳川将軍家からは陪臣となる。
- They were jikisan (immediate retainer) for daimyo and hatamoto, and were baishin for the Tokugawa Shogun family.
- また、大軍の通行できる幹線道路もあり、重要な上洛ルートでもあった。
- Additionally, the Higashi-Harima region controlled the main road through which a large army could pass, and it was also an important route to the capital (Kyoto).
- ただし、この時期においても現役将官以外が軍部大臣となった例はない。
- However, even in this era, there is no evidence that anyone but active generals became Military Ministers.
- 「陸海空軍その他の戦力は、これを保持しない。」(日本国憲法第9条)
- Army-Navy-Air Force, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained.' (Japanese Constitution, article 9)
- 当時の政府首脳である参議の半数と軍人、官僚約600人が職を辞した。
- Half of the Sangi (councillor) that was the government leaders at that time, and about 600 military men and bureaucracies left their services.
- 一色直兼以下の持氏の近臣たちは、称名寺で幕府軍に攻められ自害した。
- Mochiuji's trusted vassals including Naokane ISSHIKI were attacked by the bakufu troops in Shomyo-ji Temple and committed suicide.
- 残りは長州藩傘下の帰正隊として新政府軍に参加して旧幕府軍と戦った。
- The rest of the soldiers joined the new government army as Kiseitai (militia) and fought with the Old Shogunate army.
- 室町幕府・江戸幕府では征夷大将軍がその上に立つ馬寮御監を兼務した。
- In the Muromachi and Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') concurrently took the post of Meryo gogen ranked higher than it.
- そして軍事や儀式において必要なときに牽進させて必要部署に供給した。
- And, it led horses as required for military affairs and rites, and supplied them to a department requiring them.
- 10月9日、広嗣軍1万騎が板櫃河(北九州市)に至り、河の西側に布陣。
- On November 6, 10,000 horsemen of the Hirotsugu army arrived at Itabitsuchin (Kitakyushu City) and lined up at the western side of the river.
- 当時の軍令部総長加藤寛治は統帥権干犯を批判し、天皇に辞表を提出した。
- Hiroharu KATO, the President of the Naval General Staff then, criticized the interference and violation of the Supreme Command, and he submitted his resignation to the Emperor.
- こうして、朝鮮半島で対峙した日清両軍の軍事衝突を避けることができた。
- Thus, they were able to avoid military clashes between the Japanese and Qing troops facing each other on the Korean Peninsula.
- 1600年の関ヶ原の戦いで信雄は西軍に与したため、戦後に改易された。
- In 1600, since Nobukatsu took the side of Toyotomi at the Battle of Sekigahara, his territory was confiscated after the battle.
- 故元帥陸軍大将大勲位功三級彰仁親王国葬ノ件(明治36年勅令第16号)
- On State funeral of the deceased Marshal Army General, the Supreme Order third, Imperial Prince Akihito (Imperial Edict No. 16 in 1903)
- まず将軍上洛に先立ち、後見職にあった慶喜が先に入京することとなった。
- Prior to the Shogun's visit to Kyoto, Yoshinobu, who was in the position of guardian, was supposed to go to Kyoto first.
- 江戸時代には諸侯の先祖を飾るため軍記物の偽作が横行し、系図が乱れた。
- In Edo period, forgeries of war tale were common in order to honor ancestors of feudal lords and genealogies were distorted.
- 軍団 (ぐんだん) は、日本古代の律令制で全国に設けられた軍事組織。
- Gundan refers to a military organization established around the country under the ritsuryo system (the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in ancient Japan.
- 但し、秋田城は放棄されず、軍事機能を強化して国司が駐在して指揮した。
- But Akita-jo Castle was not abandoned; with its military functions being reinforced, a provincial governor resided and took the initiative.
- 幕府の追討軍は天狗党の行き先を察知して転進し、それを包囲しつつあった。
- The punitive force of the bakufu had guessed where Tenguto was heading, and was getting ready to surround them.
- やがて紀阿閉麻呂が指揮する美濃からの援軍が到着して吹負の窮境を救った。
- In time, rescue forces led by KI no Ahemaro arrived from Mino and saved the Fukei troops from the bad situation.
- 近江朝の軍は美濃にも向かったが、指導部の足並みの乱れから前進が滞った。
- The Omi Court army headed for Mino but the advancement was stopped due to bad leadership.
- 大奥一の女主であり主宰者でもあるのが、将軍正室である「御台所」である。
- 'Midaidokoro' was Shogun's lawful wife and the highest rank of mistress in O-oku as well as hostess.
- 奇兵隊ほか長州藩諸隊は官軍の一部となり、旧幕府軍との戊辰戦争で戦った。
- Kiheitai Army and other Choshu Domain's troops became a part of Imperial army fighting against old Shogunate army in the Boshin War.
- - 音楽、特に軍楽の指導、陸軍分列行進曲(抜刀隊・扶桑歌)の作曲(仏)
- - Served as an instructor of music, especially military music; composed Army marches (Battotai [the Drawn Sword Company] and Fusoka [Song of the Eastern Land])
- 経が島の工事責任者は、平氏水軍の中核をなす阿波国の豪族田口成良であった。
- The head of the construction work for Kyogashima Island was Shigeyoshi TAGUCHI, who was a member of Gozoku (local ruling family) in Awa Province, a hard core of the Haira Navy.
- 午前11時頃、一ノ谷から煙が上がるのを見た範頼は大手軍に総攻撃を命じた。
- At around eleven o'clock in the morning, Shigehira ordered the Ote army into a general attack when he saw smoke rising from the Ichinotani region.
- だから上記の大石家も、浅野家の家臣だが、徳川将軍家から見れば陪臣になる。
- This is why the aforementioned Oishi family was a vassal of the Asano family, but was baishin for the Tokugawa Shogun family.
- 合戦に大勝した鎌倉政権軍も戦略目標である三種の神器奪還には失敗している。
- The Kamakura side had gained a great battle victory but failed to gain the target of the mission which was the recovery of the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family.
- 660年、伝統的な友好国だった百済が唐・新羅の連合軍に攻められて滅びた。
- In 660, Baekje, the traditionally friendly country, was attacked by allied forces of Tang and Silla and was destroyed.
- 反乱を起こした兵士の不満矛先は別技軍を支援してきた日本人にも向けられた。
- The soldiers who started rioting also turned their discontent against the Japanese who had supported the Byeolgigun.
- 1868年には幕府反乱軍が箱館を占領し、五稜郭で箱館戦争が起こっている。
- In 1868 the pro-bakufu rebel army occupied Hakodate, leading to the outbreak of the Hakodate War at Goryokaku.
- 軍団は数個郡に一つの割合で存在し、郡家の近くに駐屯して、訓練に従事した。
- Gundan existed as one for several counties, stationed near Gunke (public office), and engaged in training.
- 律令制下の軍団 (古代日本)は、諸国に置かれたが、衛府は京都に常駐した。
- Although army corps (in ancient Japan) under the Ritsuryo System were placed in various provinces, efu (a palace guard) was stationed in Kyoto.
- 明治38年6月末までに軍票の発行高は金1億4054万5000円であった。
- The issued amount of military currency reached 140,545,000 yen by the end of June, 1905.
- 1941年以後に日本軍が占領したアジア太平洋地域の各地で発行された軍票。
- It is the military currency issued in various Asian Pacific areas where the Japanese army occupied after 1941.
- この主力軍は、阿弖流爲の居のあたりで前方に蝦夷軍約300を見て交戦した。
- These main armed forces saw and fought about 300 Emishi force forward in an area where the residence of Aterui was located.
- ただし、期間と場所を限定した場合、軍票が通貨の代わりに流通した例もある。
- However, there were some examples that military currency did work as real currency in limited periods and areas.
- 翌7日伊達軍は国見山に津田景康の部隊を残して陣払いし、北目城へ帰城した。
- On the following day of October 7, leaving the troops of Kageyasu TSUDA in Mt. Kunimi, the Date army withdrew and returned to Kitame-jo Castle.
- 1月19日には参議藤原忠文が征東大将軍に任じられ、追討軍が京を出立した。
- On January 19, Sangi (Councillor) FUJIWARA no Tadafumi, who was assigned as Seito Taishogun (Great General who Subdues the Eastern Barbarians), left Kyoto with his army to hunt and kill.
- 江戸時代には、江戸幕府や諸藩が、軍事・警察上の必要から再び関所を設置した。
- In the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the various domains re-established barrier checkpoints, as they were necessary for military and police purposes.
- 大島口では、幕府陸軍の洋式歩兵隊と伊予松山藩の兵が、大島に上陸し占領した。
- The Western style infantry of the bakufu and the soldiers of the Iyo-Matsuyama Domain landed from Oshima-guchi, and occupied Oshima.
- 翌応永24年元日の世谷原の戦いで氏憲軍が江戸・豊島連合軍を破り、押し返す。
- In the following year of 1417, the Battle of Seyahara on the New Year's Day, Ujinori's troops rallied as they defeated the united force of the Edo and Toshima clans.
- 壬午軍乱(壬午事変)での日本在外公館焼き討ち事件の事後処理の為に結ばれた。
- The treaty was concluded to sort out the issues after the Imo (Jingo) Incident in which the Japanese diplomatic mission in Yi Dynasty Korea had been set fire.
- しかし田沼意尊率いる幕府軍が敦賀に到着すると強硬な態度で戦後処理を進めた。
- However, when the army of bakufu led by Okitaka TANUMA arrived at Tsuruga, they took a strong line to handle the post war situation.
- なお、昭和期には海軍大臣人事が問題となって内閣の死命が制せられた例はない。
- Besides this, there was no example of a Cabinet being held up by issues of the Navy Minister's personnel affairs during the Showa period.
- 帝国は、強大な西洋諸国に対抗する形で各国に経済的・軍事的に進出していった。
- The empire was expanding both economically and militarily in order to oppose powerful Western countries.
- 予算の面では世界のトップクラスの海軍であるが、攻撃的な役割の多くは失った。
- In terms of budget, it is one of the top navies in the world; however, it is denied of many offensive roles.
- そこで前軍と合流しようと考えたが、前軍は蝦夷軍に阻まれて渡河できなかった。
- Thereupon, the main forces tried to join with the front troop which, however, was not able to cross the river being blocked by the Emishi forces.
- 4世紀後半から5世紀にかけて、倭軍が朝鮮半島の百済・新羅や高句麗と戦った。
- Beginning with late half of the fourth and into the fifth century, the Wa army waged war with the three kingdoms of Korean Peninsula; Paekche, Silla, and Goguryeo.
- 伊達軍は21日本陣を小山に移し、25日瀬上を経て26日の暁に松川に達した。
- The Date army moved its headquarters to Oyama on April 21 and arrived in Matsukawa on April 26 after passing through Senoue on April 25.
- この日はこれといった騒ぎは起こらず、軍隊到着とともに、関係者が逮捕された。
- On this day, there was no particular troubles happened, and as the troops arrived, the persons concerned were arrested.
- 1946年(昭和21年)小笠原諸島が、アメリカ軍の直接統治の下におかれる。
- In 1946 Ogasawara Islands were put under direct rule by the U.S. Forces.
- 貞盛と秀郷は藤原玄茂率いる将門軍の先鋒を撃破して下総国川口へ追撃して来た。
- Sadamori and Hidesato defeated the spearhead of Masakado's army, FUJIWARA no Harumochi, and chased the army through Kawaguchi, Shimousa Province.
- 1999年 エリック・シンセキ将軍がアジア系として初めて陸軍参謀総長に就任。
- In 1999. Eric SHINSEKI became the first Asian American to be Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army.
- 政権への不満から九州の大宰府で藤原広嗣が挙兵したが、官軍によって鎮圧された。
- FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu raised an army in Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region) in Kyushu due to his complaints against the government, but the rebellion was suppressed by the government army.
- そのため、将軍・大御所・世子の親衛隊ではない大番が西の丸に置かれる事はない。
- Since Oban was not the guardians of a shogun, an ogosho (a retired shogun), and a seishi (the heir), oban was not placed to Nishinomaru (the western enceinte).
- 義定は義経の搦手軍に属し、戦果報告で平経正、平師盛、平教経を討ち取っている。
- Yoshisada belonged to Yoshitsune's Karamete troops, and it was reported in the war chronicle that he had killed TAIRA no Tsunemasa, TAIRA no Moromori, and TAIRA no Noritsune.
- 陸軍は後任を送らなかったため、西園寺内閣は総辞職に追いこまれる事態となった。
- Since the Japanese Army refused to recommend a successor to Uehara, the Saijo Cabinet was forced to resign en masse.
- これらを加えて幕府の討伐軍は更に強大な布陣を敷き天狗党の前に立ちはだかった。
- In addition to Yoshinobu, the punitive force of Tenguto lined up a larger and stronger army against Tenguto.
- なおも新政府軍や水戸藩軍と戦い続けたが下総八日市場の戦いで壊滅(松山戦争)。
- They kept fighting against the new government army and the army of the Mito Domain, but lost in the battle in Yokaichiba, Shimousa Province (the battle of Matsuyama).
- 天狗党、連合軍とも10名前後の死者を出したが天狗党が勝利した(和田峠の戦)。
- Both Tenguto and the allied forces had about ten people dead each, but Tenguto won the battle (the battle of Wada-toge).
- 幕府の討伐軍に包囲されつつあった天狗党は、頼徳勢と合流すべく那珂湊へ向った。
- Tenguto, which was getting surrounded by the punitive force of the bakufu, went to Nakaminato to join Yorinori and others.
- 兵士の食糧と武器は自弁で、平時には交替で軍団に上番し、訓練や警備にあたった。
- Soldiers had to provide themselves with food and weapons, and in normal times, they were alternatively on duty and in charge of training and guard.
- 初代将軍・徳川家康の時代から、江戸城に「大奥」と呼ばれる区画は存在していた。
- Since the first Shogun, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's regime, there was a section called 'O-oku' in Edo-jo castle.
- 文禄・慶長の役の軍事的な負担とともに、諸大名の財政を逼迫させることになった。
- It strained the financial status of the territorial lords along with the military responsibilities in the Bunroku-Keicho War.
- 激戦はいくつかあったが、連合軍は全体的にみて苦戦したというわけではなかった。
- There were several severe battles, but looking at the whole campaign, the allied forces were relatively untroubled.
- 北京駐在公使の要請を受けて五月末より、列強の連合軍は軍事介入を計画していた。
- The allied forces of the western powers were planning to intervene with military force from the end of May after receiving the request of envoys stationed in Beijing.
- 貞盛と秀郷の軍に為憲も加わり、翌2月14日、連合軍と将門の合戦がはじまった。
- Tamenori joined Sadamori and Hidesato and, on Februrary 14, the battle between the allied forces and Masakado's army began.
- その後も小倉藩と長州藩の戦闘は続くが、これで事実上、幕府軍の全面敗北に終わる。
- Although the battle between the Kokura clan and the Choshu clan continued even after that, the Choshu conquest practically ended with the total defeat of the bakufu army.
- 徳川秀忠が将軍に就任し、書院番・小姓組(創設当初は花畑番)が新たに創設された。
- When Tadahide TOKUGAWA was installed as Shogun, Shoinban and Koshogumi (originally it was called Hanabatake-ban [literally, 'Guards at the Flower Garden' because there was a flower garden in front of Kuroshoin-saikonoma, the first place where Koshogumi guarded]) were newly created.
- 662年、百済復興の遠征軍は白村江の戦いで唐・新羅の連合軍に大敗して壊滅した。
- In 662, the expeditionary force for revival of Baekje was severely defeated and wiped out by the allied forces of Tang and Silla in Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- 内閣総理大臣及外務内務大蔵陸軍海軍司法文部農商務逓信ノ諸大臣ヲ以テ内閣ヲ組織ス
- The Cabinet shall be formed, and shall consist of the Prime Minister and the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, the Interior, Finance, the Army, the Navy, Justice, Education, Agriculture and Commerce, and Communication and Transportation.
- が、清国軍とアメリカの軍艦派遣による牽制のため、領土の割譲は諦め交渉を終えた。
- However, they dropped the request for territory due to discouragement by Qing troops and an American warship, and brought the negotiations to a conclusion.
- 開化派は軍の近代化を目指していたため、当然武器や用具等も新式が支給されていた。
- As the Progressive Party aimed to modernize the army, it was natural for the weapons and tools given out to the Byeolgigun to be of the new style.
- この規定によって、軍部の意向を抜きに組閣し、内閣を維持することは難しくなった。
- Retaining a Cabinet without the military's consent became difficult with this regulation.
- モンゴルのクビライがジパングを征服するため軍を送ったが、暴風で船団が壊滅した。
- Kublai of Mongolia sent a military expedition to Japan to conquer it, but that expedition failed after a huge storm scattered the Mongol fleet completely.
- これに対して日本政府は遠隔地での兵站確保は困難であるとして陸軍の派遣は断った。
- The Japanese Government refused the request for the dispatch of the army saying that it was difficult to maintain military depots in such distant places.
- そのような状況での決死の救助活動であり、以来、日本海軍への護衛依頼が殺到した。
- It was a death-defying rescue work in such circumstances, and, since then, Imperial Japanese Navy had a rush of requests for escorts.
- 特にインフレが激しかった地域では、タバコの巻紙に軍票が使われたといわれている。
- It is said that some currencies were used to wrap tabacco leaves in areas where inflation was especially severe.
- 乙号券 当時の日本銀行兌換券の文字を抹消し、「軍用手票」と大きく印刷して発行。
- Otsugo-ken Notes; the letteres printed on the Japanese bank notes at that time were erased and the large letters of 'military currency' were printed on the surfaces to be issued.
- 江戸時代、初期には将軍の朱印状を携帯した朱印船による朱印船貿易が行われていた。
- In the early Edo period, foreign trade was performed by shuinsen carrying a shuinjo (shogunal charter for foreign trade).
- 由井正雪の乱や承応の変を機に、4代将軍徳川家綱が、文治政治への転換をすすめた。
- After the incident of Shosetsu YUI and the Joo Incident, the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA undertook conversion into a civilian government.
- これは陸軍・海軍両大臣を除く全閣僚が憲政党員からなる日本初の政党内閣であった。
- It was the first party cabinet in Japan, all of whose ministers belonged to the Kenseito except for the Ministers of the Army and the Navy.
- 連合軍の北京占領はおよそ一年続いたが、それを嫌って西太后は帰ろうとしなかった。
- The occupation of Beijing by the allied forces continued for one year, but Empress Dowager Cixi detested this and did not try to return.
- 1562年、そこへ六角義賢(承禎)から三好長慶挟撃の軍事同盟の提案がなされた。
- In 1562, Yoshikata (Shotei) ROKKAKU proposed a military alliance to launch a pincer attack on Nagayoshi MIYOSHI.
- 伊達軍は圧倒的な兵をもって信達盆地(福島盆地)へ攻め入り、本庄繁長軍と戦った。
- The Date army invaded Shindachi Basin (Fukushima Basin) with massive soldiers and fought against the army of Shigenaga HONJO.
- 特に後者の場合、政府は日露戦争準備の軍備拡張を行っており財政的に無理であった。
- Particularly in 1899, the government was preparing for the Russo-Japanese War and was financially unable to do so.
- 純友の弟の藤原純乗は、柳川市に侵攻するが、大宰権帥の橘公頼の軍に蒲池で敗れる。
- FUJIWARA no Suminori, the younger brother of Sumitomo, invaded Yanagawa, but was defeated in Kamachi by the army of TACHIBANA no Kimiyori, the Dazai gon no sochi (Provisional Governor-General of Dazaifu).
- 9月25日、豊前国の諸郡司が500騎、80人、70人と率いて官軍に投降してきた。
- Several gunji (district managers) with 500 horsemen and groups of 80 and 70 soldiers surrendered to the government army on October 24.
- 三草山が破られたと知った平宗盛は、義経軍へ備えて猛将平教経を鵯越の防衛へ加えた。
- After TAIRA no Munemori knew the Mikusa-yama Mountain fortress had been defeated, he added the strong generalship of TAIRA no Noritsune to the defense of Hiyodorigoe for protection from Yoshitsune's army.
- 鈴木孫一(雑賀孫市)らを指導者とする雑賀衆は傭兵部隊として三好三人衆軍についた。
- Saikashu, led by Magoichi SUZUKI (a.k.a Magoichi SAIKA) and others, fought with the army of Miyoshi Sanninshu as a mercenary command.
- 女中は基本的に将軍付と御台所付の女中に大別されているが、役職名は殆ど同じである。
- Basically jochu were divided into two; one working for the Shogun, and the other was for Midaidokoro, but the name of the positions were almost the same.
- 将軍から直接の命令を受けて隠密に情報収集を行うなど、将軍直属の間諜の任を務めた。
- The oniwaban were the secret agents under the direct command of the shogun and accomplished the missions including intelligence collection.
- 左右馬寮(めりょう)・左右兵庫・内兵庫・造兵司などの兵部省被官諸司も中央軍事力。
- Various offices in Hyobusho including Left/Right division of Meryo (the bureau of horses), Left/Right division of Hyogo (the bureau of military storehouses), Inner division of Hyogo and Zoheishi (weapons-manufacturing office) were also the central army.
- 丁号券 鳳凰や龍といったデザインに変更した「大日本帝国政府軍票手票」として発行。
- Teigo-ken Notes: the pictures of Chinese phoenix and dragons were printed and it was issued as 'Military Currency by the Government of the Empire of Japan.'
- この時、筑紫の国造磐井が新羅と通じ、周辺諸国を動員して倭軍の侵攻を阻もうとした。
- During this time period, Tsukushi no kuni no miyatsuko Iwai (Local ruling families in ancient Japan) were in touch with Silla and mobilized the surrounded states; thus, preventing an invasion by the Wa army.
- その結果、海軍・陸軍、官僚、国家主義団体などを中心に政党政治への不満が高まった。
- Consequently, there was increasing disaffection with party government among the Navy, the Army, the bureaucracy, nationalist organizations, etc.
- 一方の上杉軍は福島城の本庄繁長、梁川城の須田長義を中心に約6千の兵のみであった。
- On the other hand, the Uesugi army had only about 6,000 soldiers mainly led by Shigenaga HONJO in the Fukushima-jo Castle and Nagayoshi SUDA in the Yanagawa-jo Castle.
- 左馬頭となりながら将軍になれなかった例として足利義嗣や足利義視や足利義維がいる。
- As examples of persons who were appointed to Sama no kami, but could not be Shogun, Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, Yoshimi ASHIKAGA and Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA were taken.
- 清盛はこの年の11月、軍事クーデターをおこし、後白河法皇を幽閉、反対派を一掃した。
- Kiyomori incarcerated Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and cleared the opponents through a military coup in December 1179.
- なお『吾妻鏡』によれば、畠山重忠は範頼の大手軍に属しており、義経の軍勢にはいない。
- However, according to the 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), Shigetada HATAKEYAMA belonged to the Ote army of Noriyori and did not belong to Yoshitsune's army.
- 朝鮮政府から旧軍反乱の連絡を受けた日本公使館は朝鮮政府による公使館警備を要請した。
- When the Korean government informed the Japanese legation of the revolt by the traditional army, it requested that the Korean government send their guards to protect the legation.
- しかし狭義には対外戦争遂行等に関して開かれた元老・閣僚・軍部首脳の合同会議をさす。
- But in a narrow sense, Gozenkaigi indicated joint meetings of elder statesmen, cabinet members and high-rank officers of the military held to discuss the pros and cons of wars against foreign countries and so on.
- しばしば鉄砲を有効に活用したとされる織田軍も、雑賀衆の鉄砲の技術と量には苦戦した。
- Although Oda's army was well-known for their effective use of guns, Saikashu's gun-handling skills and the amount of guns they possessed troubled the Oda's army.
- 武田軍にて赤備えを最初に率いたのは後代に『甲山の猛虎』とも謳われた飯富虎昌である。
- The person who first led Akazonae in the Takeda army was Toramasa OBU who was also called 'Kozan no Moko (brave tiger in Mt.Kozan) in later generations.
- 実態としては大目付、目付などを補う将軍直属の監察官に相当する職であると考えられる。
- Their position was actually equivalent to the assistant of Oometsuke (senior inspector) and Ometuke (general inspector) under the direct command of the shogun.
- 9月27日、今川勢は持氏方の軍勢を撃破して足柄山を越え、上杉持房も箱根の陣を破る。
- On October 25, the Imagawa side defeated Mochiuji' troops and crossed over Mt. Ashigara, while Mochifusa UESUGI also beat the camp settled in Hakone.
- 出動した軍隊に対してもダイナマイトで対抗するなど、死者13名を数える惨事となった。
- It became a disaster which killed over 13 people since they countered the armies who were called out with dynamite.
- 現在、アメリカ軍は軍票を発行していないので、今後も申請されることは無いと思われる。
- At present, American army does not issue its military currency, so there seems to be no possibility of application.
- 近代化と工業化を急いだ結果1920年(大正9年)には帝国海軍は世界第三位になった。
- As a result of having hurried the modernization and industrialization of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Navy became the third largest navy in the world in 1920.
- 日本においては、西南戦争の際に西郷隆盛が使用した西郷札が軍票の最初であるとされる。
- It is said that Saigo-satsu bill, issued by Takamori SAIGO during the Seinan War, was the first military currency in Japan.
- 連合軍は上記のように多くの兵力を投入したが、どの程度の死傷者を出したのであろうか。
- The allied forces dispatched many soldiers as mentioned above, but how many casualties were there?
- 将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満は統制が困難だった有力守護大名の弱体化を狙っていた。
- At that time, Yoshimitsu wanted to make the shogunate an autocratic power, and thus he aimed to weaken major shugo clans, whom he had trouble to control.
- そのため劣勢を挽回し、教興寺で両軍が対陣する時点では逆に三好方が優勢となっていた。
- As a result, Miyoshi's side rectified its numerical inferiority, and when Hatakeyama and Miyoshi confronted at Kyoko-ji Temple, Miyoshi's side had the upper hand.
- 将軍家から、徳川御三家に遣わされていた付家老は、幕府と藩の双方から家禄を受けていた。
- The Tsuke-garo officers who were sent to the Tokugawa gosanke families earned their hereditary stipend from both the bakufu and the domain.
- これを請け、陸奥守源頼俊は延久2年(1070年)に軍を編成し、国府を発ち、北上する。
- Upon the Imperial order of Emperor Gosanjo, the governor of Mutsu Province MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi organized troops in 1070, and left the provincial capital of Mutsu going up to the north.
- いずれにせよ、こうした民衆の姿勢がその後の軍部躍進の一助となった可能性はあるだろう。
- Anyway, it was likely true that such people's thought later helped the Japanese army's surge.
- この事は江戸時代になって、「伊賀忍軍対甲賀忍軍」という形で講談や読本の題材となった。
- This thing became a subject matter for kodan storytelling or Yomihon (a reader) in form of 'Iga Ninja versus Koka Ninja' in Edo period.
- 代わって摂津有馬氏の出で東軍の武将であった有馬則頼が遠江国横須賀藩から2万石で入封。
- To take the place of Iemori YAMAZAKI, Noriyori ARIMA of Yokosuka Domain in Totomi Province who was originally from Settsu Arima clan and was also a busho (Japanese military commander) of the East camp entered into Sanda-jo Castle as a feudal lord with 20,000 koku.
- 10月28日、萩の明倫館(旧藩校)を拠点にして、前原を指導者とする「殉国軍」が挙兵。
- On October 28th, 'Junkoku Gun' (military of patriots willing to die for Japan) was raised, which was led by MAEBARA and was based in Meirinkan school (school of former feudal domain) in Hagi.
- 後を追う幕府軍も一定間隔を置いて追尾するのみで簡単に戦闘を仕掛けようとはしなかった。
- The army of bakufu which was pursuing Tenguto just followed them while keeping certain distance from them and did not easily start the battle.
- また、11月19日には信州諏訪湖近くの和田峠において高島藩・松本藩連合軍と交戦した。
- On November 19, Tenguto entered into a battle against the allied forces of Takashima Domain and Matsumoto Domain at Wada-toge, which was near the Lake Suwa in Shinshu.
- 御庭番(おにわばん)は江戸時代の第8代征夷大将軍、徳川吉宗が新設した江戸幕府の役職。
- The Oniwaban was a position in the Edo bakufu (the Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) created by Yoshimume TOKUGAWA, the eighth Seiitaishogun (the Shogun in charge of conquering barbarian territories) in the Edo period.
- 軍事面としては、その管轄下に防人を統括する防人司を置き、西辺国境の防備を担っていた。
- For military affairs, sakimori no tsukasa that supervised border soldiers was placed under its jurisdiction to protect the western border.
- 同じくベトナム戦争に派遣された韓国軍も同様の軍票(アメリカ・ドル建)を使用していた。
- The military force of South Korea used the similar military currency (in US dollar) when dispatched to Vietnam.
- 旧勢力の畠山氏の勢力が瓦解し、六角氏も軍門に降ったため、三好氏の勢力が大きくなった。
- The Miyoshi clan became more powerful because an old power, the Hatakeyama clan collapsed and the Rokkaku clan also gave in.
- しかし、周囲の説得に苦慮している間に、4月に政府軍が熊本城に入城したとの情報を得た。
- However, in April, they got an information that the government army entered into Kumamoto-jo Castle, while they struggled to persuade their surrounding people.
- 東海道、東山道、山陰道、山陽道、南海道の五道の軍1万7,000人を動員するよう命じた。
- He ordered to mobilize military forces of five roads (Tokai-do Road, Tosan-do Road, Sanin-do Road, Sanyo-do Road, and Nankai-do Road) of 17,000 soldiers.
- 2月4日、搦手義経軍は、播州・三草山の平資盛、平有盛らの陣に夜襲を仕掛けて敗走させた。
- On March 24, 1184, the Karamete troops of Yoshitsune's army started a night attack upon the military camps of TAIRA no Sukemori and TAIRA no Arimori on Mikusa-yama Mountain in Banshu (Harima Province) and forced the Taira clan to retreat.
- このことは江戸時代になって、「伊賀忍軍対甲賀忍軍」という形で講談や読本の題材となった。
- This fact was featured in storytellings or Yomihon (books for reading) in the Edo period, in the form of 'Iga ninja force versus Koga ninja force' stories.
- 事態の急変に対して山縣は、内閣と陸軍を調停する優詔を起案したが桂により握りつぶされる。
- Seeing a sudden turn of the political situation, Yamagata prepared a draft of an imperial edict to mediate an accord between the Saionji Cabinet and the Japanese Army, but Katsura crushed the draft.
- 武士階級以外の階層や水戸藩領以外からも多くの参加があり、行軍中に政治的な宣伝も行った。
- People other than samurai and from other domains than the Mito Domain joined the Tenguto no Ran and political propaganda was carried out during marching.
- これら戦没者の慰霊碑が、マルタの当時のイギリス海軍墓地に榊遭難から1年後に建立された。
- A year after Sakaki's disaster, the memorial monument for the fallen soldiers was built in the then British navy cemetery in Malta.
- 水軍用は船上で使うため、邪魔にならない様に柄が短く、立て掛ける為、石突が一変している。
- The one used by the Marines has a short shaft due to limited space on the ship and an unique shaped ferrule for storage purpose.
- 実際には新井白石が改訂し、7代将軍徳川家継が短命だった事もありそのまま用いられ続けた)
- In fact, it had been revised by Hakuseki ARAI and as Ietsugu TOKUGAWA died young it continued to be used as it was.
- 特に「忠節」の項において「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」と軍人の政治への不関与を命じる。
- Particularly in the point of 'loyalty,' military men were ordered not to engage in politics, saying 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.'
- 各占領地域で発行されたため、軍票の通貨単位も異なり、多くのシリーズがあり、種類が多い。
- Since they were issued in many Japan-occupied areas, the monetary unit of military currency varied and there were various series and kinds.
- また、外様大名は手伝普請に動員されることを通じて、幕府の軍役体系に組み込まれていった。
- Also, Tozama Daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lords) were integrated into the military system of the Shogunate by the mobilization for Tetsudai Fushin.
- また、対ソ戦を想定しルーブル表示の軍票も試作されたが、実際に使われること無く消滅した。
- Military currency based on ruble was made experimentally on the assumption that they would fought with the Soviet Union, but it disappeared without being used at all.
- 江戸開城時に、江戸の旧幕府軍の多くは新政府に帰順したが、伝習隊の多くは帰順しなかった。
- At the surrender of Edo Castle, most of the Old Shogunate army in Edo surrendered but most of Denshutai did not surrender.
- 総勢約二万人弱の混成軍であったが、最も多くの派兵をおこなったのは日本とロシアであった。
- It was a mixed army consisting of slightly less than 20,000 soldiers, but Japan and Russia dispatched the most soldiers.
- 当時京浜間と京阪神間のみの運転であったが、軍隊の集結や港への輸送に大きな効果があった。
- It was operated only between Tokyo and Yokohama, and Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe however it was greatly effective in transporting troops and supplies to the shipping ports.
- 北風が吹き荒れ、将門軍は風を負って矢戦を優位に展開し、貞盛、秀郷、為憲の軍を撃破した。
- Supported by the north wind, Masakado's army shifted the situation to their own advantage in a battle of bows and arrows; with the wind behind them, they defeated the allied forces of Sadamori, Hidesato, and Tamenori.
- 転封(てんぽう、てんぷう)は江戸幕府(征夷大将軍)が、大名の領土を別の場所に移すこと。
- Tenpo (aka Tenpu) refers to what the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by the seii taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians']) changed daimyo's (Japanese feudal lord) territories to different locations.
- 幕末期では天誅組の反乱鎮圧や天皇陵の修築工事を行なうなど、早くから官軍に近づいていた。
- In the last years of the Edo period, the family approached the Imperial forces from the early stage, helping in the suppression of the Tenchu-gumi (royalist forces) War and in the repair of the Imperial mausoleum.
- イラク戦争を非合法的軍事力行使だとして従軍を拒否、イラク反戦の気運をもたらす一因を作る。
- He refused to deploy to Iraq, saying that the Iraq war was an illegal exercise of military force, and he contributed to the spreading anti-war sentiment.
- 「武士道」という言葉が日本で最初に記された書物は、高坂昌信著とされる「甲陽軍鑑」である。
- The first book including the word 'Bushido' in Japan was 'Koyo Gunkan (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family)' which is considered to have been written by Masanobu KOSAKA.
- 寛文5年(1665年)には将軍・徳川家綱の茶道指南となり、茶道石州流の地位を築き上げた。
- In 1665, he became the tea ceremony coach of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and established the status of Sekishu school.
- 戦後の論功として、清原貞衡は鎮守府将軍に任ぜられたが、源頼俊に対する行賞は何もなかった。
- Although KIYOHARA no Sadahira was granted a reward to be appointed as Chinjufu Shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defence of the North) for the victory, MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi did not receive any reward.
- 1601年(慶長6年) 山崎家盛は関ヶ原合戦で西軍に仕え敗戦、因幡国若桜藩に転封となる。
- In 1601 Iemori YAMAZAKI was forced to change his territory to Wakasa Domain in Inaba Province due to the defeat at the Battle of Sekigahara having taken the side of the West camp.
- またこの事件で日本軍の軍事的劣勢もはっきりしたが、この時の経験が後の日清戦争に役立った。
- This event clarified that the Japanese military was on the backfoot, and the experience at that time was helpful in the future Sino-Japanese War.
- 周辺には彦根藩、大垣藩、桑名藩、尾張藩、犬山藩の大軍が陣を敷き、天狗党を待ち受けていた。
- Then, a large allied force of Hikone Domain, Ogaki Domain, Kuwana Domain, Owari Domain and Inuyama Domain lined up there and was waiting for Tenguto.
- 優れた射手を養成すると共に鉄砲を有効的に用いた戦術を考案して優れた軍事集団へと成長する。
- Saikashu grew as an eminent military force by producing skilled shooters and designing tactics which made use of guns most efficiently.
- その場合、八百人・六百人・四百人など二百人区切りで適当な大きさの軍団が編成されたらしい。
- In that case, the appropriate scale of gundan seemed to be organized in units of 200 soldiers as 800, 600 and 400 soldiers.
- 軍団の指揮系統は郡以下の地方組織に対応しており、指揮官の大毅と少毅は郡司層から選ばれた。
- The chain of command in Gundan responded to a local organization below Gun (county), and Daiki and Shoki who were commanders were selected from the class of Gunji (local magistrates).
- 江戸幕府第5代征夷大将軍徳川綱吉は、貞享4年(1687年)殺生を禁止する法令を制定した。
- In 1687, Seii Taishogun, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA established a law to prohibit the taking of life.
- 日本軍の計算に依れば、全期間にわたる死者数は757名、負傷者数は2654名とされている。
- According to calculations by the Japanese army, the number of dead over the whole period totaled up to 757, and 2654 were injured.
- 彼は下級の満洲旗人の子として北京に生を享けたが、幼くして八ヶ国連合軍に父を殺されている。
- He was born as the child of a lower rank kijin (a member of the Eight Banners during the Qing dynasty) of Manchuria, but his father was killed by the Eight-Nation Alliance force when he was young.
- 北京籠城において、日本軍が防衛を担当した区画にあった粛親王府は愛新覚羅善耆の邸宅である。
- During the siege of Beijing, the Japanese army defended the government of Prince Su, which was the residence of Aisin-Gioro Shanqi.
- 1942年 6月、ハワイ出身の日系人兵士によってアメリカ陸軍第100歩兵大隊が編成される。
- In June 1942, the U.S. Army's 100th Infantry Battalion was constituted by Japanese soldiers from Hawaii.
- ベセスダ海軍病院からカリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校を経てミシガン大学医学部消化器学部長。
- He worked at Bethesda Naval Hospital and UCLA, and he became Chief of the Gastroenterology Division at the University of Michigan Medical School.
- 伊賀氏の不穏な動きを察した尼将軍北条政子は、義時の長男であった北条泰時を執権に就任させる。
- The Ama Shogun (the nun-shogun) Masako HOJO, sensing the threatening move of the Iga clan, had Yasutoki HOJO, the oldest son of Yoshitoki HOJO, assume the position of Shikken.
- やがて、こうした反対論は同条約に不満を持っていた海軍軍令部や右翼団体を巻き込むことになる。
- Later on, the opposing argument involved the Naval General Staff and right-wing groups which were dissatisfied with the treaty.
- 『吾妻鏡』の一ノ谷の戦いの合戦記述には軍記物語の『平家物語』の影響があるという指摘もある。
- Some scholars point out that 'Heike Monogatari,' which is a war chronicle, influenced the description of the battle of Ichinotani in 'Azuma Kagami.'
- 家禄税は、家禄のランクに応じて課税し、軍事資金として利用する事で士族の理解を得ようとした。
- The government tried to win understanding of the worrier class by determining the amount of the tax on Karoku depending on ranks of Karoku, and assuring that collected money would be used as military funds.
- しかし将軍上洛までに何らかの行動を起こさなければ将軍が矢面に立たされることとなってしまう。
- However, if he didn't do anything by the time the Shogun arrived at Kyoto, the Shogun would not be able to escape criticism.
- 道中この軍規がほぼ守られたため通過地の領民は安堵し、好意的に迎え入れる町も少なくなかった。
- Since these internal rules were observed during their way to Kyoto, people of the domains they passed by felt relieved and more than a few of the towns actually welcomed them nicely.
- 1945年(昭和20年)8月、ポツダム宣言を受諾したことによって日本軍は武装を解除された。
- With the Potsdam Declaration in August, 1945, the Japanese army was disassembled.
- しかしそもそも大奥とは将軍の私的な生活の場であり、将軍とは江戸城における絶対権威者である。
- At first, O-oku was the Shogun's private residence and the Shogun had absolute authority in Edo-jo castle.
- 外国軍が瀬戸内海を東上して畿内へ上陸した場合、最も逃げやすい土地が大津ということであろう。
- In case that foreign troops came up east through the Seto Inland Sea to land on Kinai region, Otsu would have been the most convenient location to evacuate from.
- 大奥(おおおく)とは江戸城に存在した徳川将軍家の子女や正室、奥女中(御殿女中)たちの居所。
- O-oku was a residential place in Edo-jo castle where the Tokugawa Shogun family's children, lawful wife and oku jochu (maids working in the domestic quarters of a shogun or feudal lords) (also called goten jochu [palace maids]) resided.
- 1990年代になるとアメリカ軍は紙の軍用手票の発行を辞めプリペイドカード方式へと移行した。
- In the 1990's, U.S. forces switched to a pre-paid card system instead of issuing paper military currency.
- そのため近代以降の戦争では各国軍隊が軍票によって物資を購入するという形をとるようになった。
- Therefore, in wars broken out in and after modern times, each country's military force purchased commodities using military currency.
- 1386年(至徳3年) 南北朝の争いで赤松一門が足利軍に組する中、氏範だけは南朝方に付いた。
- In 1386 in the disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts, although Akamatsu family took the side of Ashikaga army, only Ujinori was on the side of Southern Court.
- しかしながら、やはり予想通り袁世凱率いる清軍が王宮を守る日本軍に攻め寄りクーデター派は敗退。
- However, the Qing army led by Shikai YUAN attacked the Japanese army which was guarding the imperial palace as it was expected, and the coup group was defeated.
- 一方足利義昭の要請に応じた畠山昭高が雑賀衆・根来衆らを援軍として送り出し織田信長軍についた。
- On the other hand, Akitaka HATAKEYAMA responded to the request from Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, and dispatched the reinforcement troops of Saikashu and Negoroshu to assist the army led by Nobunaga ODA.
- 文久2年(1862年)5月 勅命により、一橋慶喜が将軍後見職に、松平春嶽が政事総裁職に就任。
- In accordance with an Imperial order in May, 1862, Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI assumed the role of Shogun-kokenshoku (one of three major posts of Edo bakufu), and Shungaku MATSUDAIRA became president of political affairs.
- 泰盛は源氏将軍に伝えられる「髭切」を京都のある霊社から探し出して法華堂の御逗子に納めていた。
- Yasumori found 'Higekiri' (celebrated sword) handed down in Genji shogun in some reisha shrine in Kyoto and dedicated it to the Buddhist altar in the Hokkedo hall.
- 勅使たちは翌12日(4月19日)には江戸城へ登城の上、征夷大将軍徳川綱吉に勅宣、院宣を伝奏。
- After arriving at Edo-jo Castle on April 19, Imperial messengers delivered the messages from the current and retired emperors to Seii Taishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians) Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA.
- 丙号券 日本銀行の文字を印刷していない紙幣に「大日本帝国政府軍用手票」の文字を印刷して発行。
- Heigo-ken Notes; the Japanese bank notes, which were not printed the letters of 'Bank of Japan,' were issued with the letters 'Military Currency by the Government of the Empire of Japan' printed.
- 各地に巨大古墳が出現するようになり、副葬品に、馬具・甲冑・刀などの軍事的なものが多くなった。
- Kofuns of gigantic dimensions appeared in several locations, and a large portion of the burial goods inside these Kofun were composed of militaristic objects; such as: Harnesses, kacchu (armor), and swords.
- 危険を感じた経時は、寛元2年(1244年)頼経を将軍の座から降ろし、子の藤原頼嗣を擁立した。
- Realizing the danger, Tsunetoki dismissed Yoritsune from the post of shogun, and helped his son, FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu, to the throne of shogun in 1244.
- 八ヶ国連合軍の一年にわたる北京占領は、掠奪と詐取によって中国の国宝級文物の国外流出を促した。
- The one year long occupation of Beijing by the Eight-Nation Alliance resulted in Chinese national treasures flowing out of country due to looting and fraud.
- 唯一の島根県人である浅井は西南戦争に政府軍として参加し、明治10年8月に東京に凱旋していた。
- Asai was the only shizoku among the Shimada circle who came from Shimane Prefecture, participating in the Seinan War as a soldier in the government army, making a triumphant return to Tokyo in August 1877.
- 参勤交代を行う交代寄合を除く旗本・御家人は、江戸に定住して征夷大将軍に仕えたため定府である。
- Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) except kotaiyoriai (alternate yoriai, a family status of samurai warriors) who performed Sankinkotai were Jofu because they lived permanently in Edo and served seii taishogun.
- また義和団による清朝の混乱をさらに拡大させることで、一層大きな軍事介入を画策する国もあった。
- There also was one nation that planned military intervention on a much bigger scale by using the Boxers to increasing confusion in the Qing dynasty.
- そして8月4日には連合軍は北京に向けて進軍を開始したが、各国の足並みが揃わず歩みが遅かった。
- Furthermore, the allied forces started to march toward Beijing on March 4 but moved slowly since the pace of each nation did not match.
- 日露戦争の規模は日清戦争よりも大きく、鉄道における軍事物資の輸送も日清戦争を大幅に上回った。
- The Russo-Japanese War was bigger than the Sino-Japanese War and thus the railway transport for the military supplies exceeded far more than that was required for the Sino-Japanese War.
- またその前日には徳島でも稲田屋敷を焼き討ちし、脇町(現:美馬市)周辺にある稲田家の配地に進軍。
- On the previous day, they also set fire to the Inada's residence in Tokushima, and advanced to the Inada family's territory located around Wakimachi (now: Mima City).
- そこで、義経軍は播磨国・三草山の平資盛、平有盛らの陣に夜襲を仕掛けて撃破する(三草山の戦い)。
- Once there, Yoshitsune's army executed a night attack, destroying the military camps of TAIRA no Sukemori and TAIRA no Arimori, who were on Mikusa-yama Mountain in Harima Province (Battle of Mikusayama).
- 石高1万石程度の小藩であったが、藩主の柳生氏は代々将軍家の剣術指南役として幕閣に重きをなした。
- Although, it was a small domain with the crop yields of 10,000 koku, the lords of the Yagyu clan always carried weight as an instructor of swordplay in the Shogun family for generations.
- 諸藩の中には密かに天狗党と交渉し、城下の通行を避けてもらう代わりに軍用金を献納した藩もあった。
- Among those domains, some secretly negotiated with Tenguto and donated military fund in return for avoiding passing through the castle town.
- この時、赤備えであったことがかえって格好の的となり、夜間にも関わらず長州軍の狙撃を容易にした。
- At this time, their being Akazoe worked for the enemy to find out the target more easily against their will, which facilitated Choshu Domain's sniping despite in the night time.
- 五世紀代の皇位継承争いにおいて軍事的な活躍を見せ、雄略朝には最高執政官を輩出するようになった。
- In the fifth century, the Mononobe clan showed great military performance in the conflict over succession of imperial throne and produced the chief administrator in the era of the Emperor Yuraku.
- 明治には、1912年の明治天皇崩御の際に殉死した陸軍軍人の乃木希典の殉死が社会的影響を与えた。
- In the Meiji period, the officer of land forces, Maresuke Nogi, committed junshi upon the death of Emperor Meiji in 1912, which exercised a social influence.
- 家宣が将軍に就いた時にも、それを祝って正徳元年(1711年)に第8回目の通信使が来日している。
- When Ienobu became Shogun, the eighth Tsushinshi came to Japan for celebration in 1711.
- 享保改革を推進した8代征夷大将軍・徳川吉宗の下で作成され、1742年(寛保2年)に仮完成した。
- Kujigata-osadamegaki was developed and completed provisionally in 1742 under the eighth Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, who promoted Kyoho reforms.
- 壬申の乱の際、筑紫の軍は外敵に対するもので国内の争いに用いるべきではないとして中立を宣言した。
- During the Jinshin War, he said that Tsukushi army was against foreign enemies and should not be used for domestic fights and declared neutrality.
- その時、蝦夷側に約800が加わって反撃に転じ、更に東山から蝦夷軍約400が現れて後方を塞いだ。
- On this occasion, about 800 soldiers were joined with the Emishi side and about 400 additional soldiers of the Emishi appeared from Mt. Higashi to block the rear.
- が、戦争が予想よりも速く終結し、あまり軍票を発行することがなかったため、ほぼ全量が回収された。
- However, since the war was terminated earlier than expected and few military currency was issued, almost all of which were collected.
- 更に上杉景勝が2万ばかりの大軍で境目まで出張するという報に接して驚き、早々に引き返していった。
- He hurried away because he was surprised with the further news that Kagekatsu UESUGI traveled to the boarder with the massive army of 20,000 soldiers.
- 以後八ヶ国連合軍が北京を占領する8月14日までのおよそ二ヶ月弱、籠城を余儀なくされるのである。
- They were besieged for about two months before the Eight-Nation Alliance force occupied Beijing on August 14.
- つまり清朝の宣戦布告以前より、列強は中国に軍隊を派遣し義和団掃討作戦を実施していたことになる。
- In other words, the allied western powers dispatched an army to China and implemented a clean up operation of the Boxers even before proclamation of war by the Qing dynasty.
- 将軍の弓 (武器)や火縄銃を持つ部隊と言う意味であるが、その実態は将軍直衛の弓・鉄砲隊である。
- Mochigumi literally means troops for carrying the arrows (weapons) and matchlock guns of a shogun, but in practice they were arrow and musket troops under shogun's direct orders.
- 58年に大老に就任した井伊直弼は、日米修好通商条約を締結、紀伊国藩主徳川家茂を14代将軍にした。
- In 1858 Naosuke II became tairo (chief minister) and concluded the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan and set the lord of Kii Province Iemochi TOKUGAWA up as the 14th shogun.
- 幕軍の追っ手から逃れると共に、京都に上り一橋慶喜を通じて朝廷へ尊皇攘夷の志を訴えることを決した。
- They decided to run away from the bakufu's pursuers, go to Kyoto, and through Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI, appeal the Imperial Court their wish of Sonno Joi.
- 日本では、明治時代の初め、当時の軍部大臣に当たる兵部卿の補任資格を「少将以上」の者に限っていた。
- In the early Meiji period, candidates for the appointing authority of Hyobukyo (Minister for Military Affairs), which was the Military Minister at that time, were limited only to ranks 'higher than Shosho (major general)'.
- ところが、それからまた1か月後の6月11日、駆逐艦榊はオーストリア海軍のUボートの攻撃を受けた。
- However, a month later, on June 11, the destroyer Sakaki was attacked by a U-boat of Austrian navy.
- 他に秩父郡各村小隊長・兵糧方・軍用金集方・弾薬方・銃砲隊長・小荷駄方・伝令使などの役割があった。
- Others included roles such as an element leader in each village in Chichibu County, persons in charge of army provisions, war funds collecting, ammunition, a leader of gunnery troop, provision transporters, messengers and so on.
- 663年の白村江の戦いにおいて倭・百済連合軍は唐・新羅連合軍に惨敗し、百済復興は失敗に終わった。
- In the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663, the allied forces of Wa and Kudara were heavily defeated by the allied Tang and Shiragi, and the restoration of Kudara ended up in failure.
- イギリスは表面的には中立を装いつつ、諜報活動やロシア海軍へのサボタージュ等で日本を大いに助けた。
- Britain, putting on a show of being neutral, supported Japan very much with espionage activities, go-slow strikes against the Russian navy and so on.
- 河内に本拠地を置き、河内湾に港を築き、水軍を養い、瀬戸内海の制海権を握っていたことは確かである。
- It is certain that based in Kawachi, it built a port in Kawachi-wan bay, maintained the Suigun Navy, and controlled of the Seto Inland Sea.
- 戊辰戦争に使用された各種錦旗及び軍旗類は、明治維新後は陸軍省の遊就館や宮内省図書寮に保存された。
- After Meiji Restoration the Imperial standards and battle flags used in the Boshin War were kept in Yushu-kan, a treasure house of Ministry of Army and in Zusho-ryo, a library of Imperial Household Ministry.
- これは、度重なる朝鮮半島への出兵の軍事的・経済的負担が重くのしかかって反乱となったと考えられる。
- This incident demonstrated that the repeated troop deployment to the Korean peninsula caused severe militaristic and economic burdens upon the local ruling families in Japan; this would lead to the rebellion attempted by Iwai, and was considered to be a byproduct of these warring excursions.
- 幕府権威の低下を防ぐため、安藤らは将軍徳川家茂と皇女和宮の婚姻で公武合体による幕権強化策を図る。
- To prevent bakufu authority from declining, Ando and others tried 'kobu-gattai' (integration of the Imperial Court and the shogunate) through the marriage of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA and Imperial Princess Kazunomiya.
- 政事総裁職(松平慶永)・将軍後見職(徳川慶喜)・京都守護職(会津藩主松平容保)などが新設される。
- In response, Edo bakufu newly established some positions, such as 'Seiji-sosaishoku' (Chief Administrative Officer, assumed by Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA), 'Shogun-kokenshoku' (Guardian of Shogun, assumed by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA), and 'Kyoto-shugoshoku' (Military Governor of Kyoto, assumed by Katamori MATSUDAIRA [the feudal lord of the Aizu Domain]).
- 前述のように軍票は、大蔵大臣や日本銀行の許可は要らず、軍が勝手に印刷して流通させることが出来る。
- As mentioned above, military currency could be issued and circulated by the military force without the permission of Ministry of Finance or Bank of Japan.
- すなわち8月20日に己を罪する詔を出し、義和団を「拳匪」あるいは「団匪」と呼び反乱軍と認定した。
- They gave out the order for punishment on August 20, and called the Boxers 'Kenpi' or 'Danpi' and labeled it as a rebel army.
- だが、それは逆に将軍足利義晴から晴元へ下された本願寺討伐令という大義名分を与えるだけに終わった。
- This adversely ended up in giving a legitimate reason to Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA's order to Harumoto to suppress Hongan-ji Temple.
- 太閤検地以降、大名の領土であっても、究極的土地所有権は天下人・将軍にあるとの観念の下に行われた。
- After the Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's nationwide land survey), Tenpo were enforced based on the concept that the Shogun, who was also called Tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country), had ultimate ownership of even daimyo's territories.
- 「(中略)また別の人の話では、平氏が引き上げたのは謬説であり、その軍勢は数千、数万を知らずある。」
- '(Omission) Another person's story indicated the reports of the Taira clan's withdrawal as a fallacious argument, and in fact the Taira military forces were several thousand, possibly up to several tens of thousands.'
- それに対し、陸軍大臣上原勇作は帷幄上奏権を利用して、単独で即位直後の大正天皇に直接辞表を提出した。
- In response, Minister of Army Yusaku UEHARA directly handed in his resignation to Emperor Taisho who had just ascended to the throne, utilizing its authority called 'Iaku Joso-ken' (the power granted to the Japanese Forces to directly submit a proposal of military affairs to the emperor without any control of the Diet and the Cabinet).
- 御庭番の前身は、吉宗が将軍就任前に藩主を務めていた紀州藩お抱えの薬込役と呼ばれる役人たちであった。
- The predecessors of oniwaban were officials called kusurigomeyaku (gunpowder charger) in Kishu domain where Yoshimune was the lord before becoming shogun.
- 赤備えを最初に率いた武将は武田氏に仕えた虎昌とされ、以後赤備えは専ら甲斐武田軍団の代名詞とされる。
- The first busho who led Akazonae is considered Toramasa OBU who served Takeda clan, afterward, Akazonae is mostly regarded as an alternative word which means Takeda army in Kai Province.
- 元々は兵器の製造・管理を主に管掌していたが、しだいに大伴氏とならぶ有力軍事氏族へと成長していった。
- Originally, the clan administered the manufacturing and maintenance of weapons and gradually became a powerful military clan alongside the Otomo clan.
- 1880年に軍関係を除く官営事業は三井財閥、三菱財閥など民間に払下げられ、1885年工部省は廃止。
- In 1880, national projects were sold to private companies including the Mitsui combine and the Mitsubishi combine, and the Ministry of Industry was abolished in 1885.
- 慰霊碑は、第二次世界大戦時のドイツ軍によるマルタ包囲作戦で爆撃を受け、上4分の1が欠けてしまった。
- The memorial monument was damaged by the bombing in German army's encircling operation of Malta during World War II, losing a forth of it in the upper part.
- この方面では近江朝の方が優勢で吹負の軍は度々敗走したが、吹負は繰り返し軍を再結集して敵を撃退した。
- The Omi Court army was superior this time so the Fukei troops were often routed but Fukei regrouped the army repeatedly and beat off the enemy.
- その後、河上弥市と滝弥太郎の両人が総督職を継いだのを経て、総督は赤根武人、軍監は山縣有朋が務めた。
- After the two Yaichi KAWAKAMI and Yataro TAKI served as the post of the governor-general, Taketo AKANE took the post of governor-general and Aritomo YAMAGATA served as an Assistant Deputy General.
- 将軍の寝所である御小座敷、御台所居所、「千鳥之間」、「呉服之間」といった大奥女中詰所などがあった。
- Gotenmuki consisted of Okozashiki (Shogun's bed room), the residence of Midaidokoro (wife of a shogun or a highest-ranking nobleman) and the rooms named 'Chidori no ma' and 'Gofuku no ma' where jochu in O-oku were stationed.
- 以後、本丸は江戸幕府政庁の「表」、将軍が政務を執る「中奥(奥)」、将軍の私邸「大奥」に区分された。
- After that, Honmaru (the keep of a castle) of Edo-jo castle was divided into the government office of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) named 'Omote', the Shogun's office to administrate political affairs named 'Nakaoku' and the Shogun's private residence named 'O-oku'.
- 戦後多くが回収されたが、従軍した日本軍兵士が低額券を戦勝記念に持ち帰ったため、比較的入手しやすい。
- Although most of them were collected after the war, quite a few Japanese soldiers who fought in the war brought back low-priced notes so the currency was relatively obtainable.
- そのため、第二次世界大戦では日本軍の各軍団が勝手に軍用手票を乱発して経済的混乱を招く結果となった。
- Therefore, during the WWII, each of Japanese army groups overissued the military currency by their own judgment, which resulted in economic chaos.
- このとき日本海軍の英雄東郷平八郎提督にちなんでトーゴーという名を子供につけることが流行したという。
- It is said that naming a child Togo after the Admiral Heihachiro TOGO, a hero of the Japanese Imperial Navy, became popular at the time.
- 定府(じょうふ)とは、江戸時代において参勤交代を行わずに江戸に定住して征夷大将軍に仕える者をいう。
- Jofu is a person in the Edo period who lived permanently in Edo and served seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdued the barbarians') without performing Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo).
- この決定は義和団及び列強連合軍に対しどう対処するかについて、4度御前会議が開かれた末、決定された。
- The proclamation was decided after holding four conferences in the presence of the empress in order to determine how to handle the Boxers as well as the powerful allied nations.
- 同時に累積戦死傷率314%を記録し、全米軍部隊中、最も損害を受けた部隊としても記憶されることとなる。
- At the same time, the squad had a casualty rate of 314 percent, making it the squad that suffered the most injuries in the U.S. Army.
- 第二次の長州征討は第二次幕長戦争とも、また幕府軍が4方から攻めたため、長州側では四境戦争と呼ばれる。
- The second Choshu Conquest is also known as the second Bakucho War (Bakufu-Choshu War), or if it is viewed from the Choshu side, it is called Shikyo War (Four Borders War), as the bakufu army attacked Choshu from four directions.
- 結果として貞衡だけが軍功を認められ鎮守府将軍に叙せられ、奥羽における清原氏の勢力は益々盛んになった。
- As the result of this expedition, only KIYOHARA no Sadahira was rewarded for the victory by being appointed as the Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North), which strengthened the presence and influence of Kiyohara clan in Mutsu Province.
- 当時の新聞報道にも、日露戦争を起こすことで収益が上がると軍事行動を支援するような論説が多々見られた。
- In the newspapers of the times, there were a lot of articles likely supporting the military action, telling that the Russo-Japanese War could increase the income.
- また軍事的にも諸藩に対抗する兵力を確保できなかったため、旧大名による諸藩の統治はそのまま維持された。
- Moreover, they could not secure enough force strength to bear down on feudal lords, so they had to allow feudal lords to continuously rule their domains.
- 関東御分国(かんとうごぶんこく)とは、日本の鎌倉時代において将軍家(鎌倉殿)が支配した知行国を指す。
- Kanto Gobunkoku was the group of provinces ruled and administered by Shogun families (Kamakuradono) during the Kamakura period.
- 陸軍の場合は陸軍三長官会議(陸相・参謀総長・教育総監)の合意によって新陸相を推挙することとしていた。
- In the case of the Army, a new War Minister was only recommended with the agreement of the Army's three Kami (three director generals) (War Minister, the Chief of the General Staff, and the Educational Commissioner).
- (「網走番外地」、「仁義なき戦い」、「仮面ライダー」、「暴れん坊将軍」、「はぐれ刑事純情派」など)。
- Examples of these include 'Abashiri Banngai-chi,' 'Jingi Naki Tatakai,' (Battles Without Honor and Humanity) 'Kamen Raida,' (Masked Rider) 'Abarenbo Shogun' and 'Hagure Keiji Juunjoha.'
- つまり、中国の辺境の異民族の侵略を重く見た軍事的色彩の濃い城壁でなく、きわめて政治的な都市であった。
- In other words, it was a political city, rather than a military city concerned with invasion by different ethnic groups from remote regions of China.
- 訳:大名、近習(将軍の側近の武士)、物頭(常備兵の隊長)は、幕府の許可無く勝手に結婚してはならない。
- Translation: Daimyo, kinju (samurai who were close advisers to the shogun) and Monogashira are not allowed to marry without the permission of the bakufu.
- このような状況の中、9月15日の関ヶ原の戦いにおいて徳川方(東軍)が勝利した旨の報告が各陣営に届く。
- Under such circumstances, each camp received the news that the Tokugawa (Eastern army) won the Battle of Sekigahara on September 15.
- 幕府では御家人の任官を将軍による統制下に置くため幕府内に官途奉行を置き、武家の任官の申請窓口とした。
- In order to put appointments of posts (ninkan) under the control of the shogun, Kanto-bugyo (a commissioner of the appointment to an office) was set up in the shogunate, who acted as a contact for samurai families (buke), who applied for ninkan.
- あくまで物資や労働力などを軍が受領し、軍に対して債権を持つことを証明する領収書に過ぎないものである。
- It was only a receipt to show that the military force had to pay for the commodities and/or labor to the owners of the military currency.
- また長崎の海軍伝習所の設置なども行ったが、阿部は安政4年(1857年)、39の若さで死去してしまう。
- Abe also established Japanese Naval School in Nagasaki, but he died as young as the age of 39 in 1857.
- 盗難され、また欧米系占領軍から見て価値の分からない秘籍などはぞんざいに扱われ破損したものも多かった。
- The European and American armies that conquered Beijing looted many sacred documents but did not understand their value, so many were treated roughly and damaged.
- また軍隊からは、先にそちらの強化をおこなうべきだとして、西郷隆盛などを中心に反対の声も上がっていた。
- Moreover, military personnel such as Takamori SAIGO opposed the project, insisting that armaments should be strengthened first.
- その後、世良修蔵指揮下の長州軍が大島の奪還を果たすも、島内に逃げ散った幕府軍残党の掃討が終戦まで続く。
- After that, although the Choshu army lead by Shuzo SERA managed to recapture Oshima, the mop-up operation to capture the remnants of the bakufu army spread out around the island continued until the end of the war.
- その後、全員で政府軍の熊本鎮台(熊本城内)を襲撃し、城内にいた兵士らを次々と殺害し、砲兵営を制圧した。
- After that, all the members attacked the Kumamoto Chindai Army (in Kumamoto Castle) of the government forces, killed soldiers in the castle one after another, and gained control of the artillery barracks.
- 徴兵令では、満20歳の男子から抽選で3年の兵役(常備軍)とすることを定め、常備軍終了後は後備軍とした。
- The Conscription Ordinance required all male at the age of 20 to be selected by lottery and to serve in the army for three years (standing army) and to serve in reserve after finishing the service at standing army.
- 軍隊駐留権を認めさせたことは、暴動の再発防止の他に、宗主権を主張する清に対する牽制の意味合いもあった。
- The imposition of the presence of Japanese troops on Yi Dynasty Korea was not only to prevent the next rebellion but also to warn against Qing that was asserting their suzerainty.
- この政変は「陸軍のストライキ」と言われ、以降、国政において軍部大臣現役武官制が注目される契機となった。
- This political change was called 'the Strike of the Army' and then triggered the Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei to attract attention in national politics.
- 養老律令の軍防令は、正丁(せいてい、21~60歳の健康な男)三人につき一人を兵士として徴発するとした。
- Gunboryo (the Statute on Military Defense) under the Yoro ritsuryo code regulated that every 3rd Seitei (a man in good health between 21 and 60 years of age) was requisitioned as a soldier.
- - 連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ)の指令(SCAPIN-677)により日本の施政権が停止される。
- By the memorandum of the GHQ (the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers), Japanese administrative rights over Karafuto were removed.
- 長州藩の不穏な動きを警戒していた薩摩藩が援軍として加わると形勢が変わり、長州勢は総崩れになり敗北した。
- Choshu Domain suffered a crushing defeat after the Satsuma Domain which had kept strict watch against Choshu Domain's suspicious movement joined the incident which caused the decisive change of the situation.
- 古くから船橋市・鎌ヶ谷市・松戸市・柏市・白井市周辺の台地は馬牧に適しており、軍馬の生産が行われていた。
- From olden times, military horses were produced in the tablelands around Funabashi City, Kamagaya City, Matsudo City, Kashiwa City and Shirai City which were suitable for grazing horses.
- 1968年(昭和43年)アメリカ軍から返還、復帰すると同時に小笠原支庁の全村が合併し、小笠原村となる。
- When they were returned to Japan's mainland by the U.S. Forces in 1968, all the villages within Ogasawara Subprefecture were merged into Ogasawara Village.
- 5月に将門討伐に向かった東征軍が帰京すると、6月に藤原文元を藤原子高襲撃犯と断定して追討令が出された。
- In May, the expedition to contain Masakado in the east returned to Kyoto, and in June, an order was issued to track down and kill FUJIWARA no Fumimoto, who had been identified as the person who attacked FUJIWARA no Sanetaka.
- 水軍力を恐れた徳川家光はこの家督争いを理由に九鬼氏の石高5万6千石を分割、内陸の三田と綾部に移封させた。
- Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, who had a fear of Kuki's Suigun navy power, divided the Kuki family's total yield of 56,000 koku and relocated their territories to Sanda and Ayabe, both of which were inland areas, for the reason of the succession dispute.
- 慶応3年(1867年)藩論が倒幕に統一され、鳥羽伏見の戦いにおいても洋式軍隊を率い官軍方として参戦した。
- In 1867 after the opinion of people in the domain was integrated into that of overthrowing the bakufu, Takayoshi KUKI took the side of Imperial army commanding western style army at the Battle of Toba and Fushimi.
- 日本と朝鮮は済物浦条約を結び、日本軍による日本公使館の警備を約束し、日本は朝鮮に軍隊を置くことになった。
- Japan concluded the Jemulpo Treaty with Korea, and Korea promised in it to let the Japanese military guard the Japanese legation, leading to the stationing of Japanese troops in Korea.
- しかし石山本願寺が野田城・福島城の戦いに参戦すると、雑賀衆は一致して石山本願寺につき織田信長軍と戦った。
- However, when a group based in Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple entered the battles of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle, Saikashu acted in unison to support the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple side, and fought against the army of Nobunaga ODA.
- また、『軍鑑』によれば武田家中ではこの2将以外にも小幡信貞、浅利信種の2名が自部隊を赤備えとしたという。
- Also, according to 'Koyo Gunkan,' two others such as Nobusada OBATA and Nobutane ASARI other than the two busho formed Akazonae for their own troops.
- 国際的には、事実上、防衛庁長官(防衛大臣)は軍部大臣、自衛隊は軍隊、自衛官は武官と目されるようになった。
- Internationally, the Chief Defense Agency (Minister of Defense) was recognized as a Military Minister and the Japan Self-Defense Forces were recognized as a military, and a Self-Defense Official was recognized as a military officer.
- 奥向きの警備を表向きの職務とするが、時に将軍の側近である側御用取次から命令を受け、情報収集活動を行った。
- Their official duty was security but they sometimes conducted intelligence-gathering activities under the command of the aides of the shogun, Sobagoyotoritsuki (an attendant of the shogun who conveyed the shogun's messages and commands.)
- 御台所付の中臈が将軍の目に適った場合は、将軍付御年寄が御台所付御年寄に掛け合って寝間の準備が行なわれた。
- If a churo working for a midaidokoro was appointed by the shogun, Otoshiyori to Shogun negotiated with the Otoshiyori to Midaikodoro and prepared the bed.
- 日本は第二次世界大戦で総力戦を経験、日本の陸海軍は壊滅的な損害を蒙り、日本本土はアメリカ軍に占領された。
- Japan experienced an all-out war in the Second World War in which its army and navy suffered disastrous damages, and Japan proper was occupied by the U.S. army.
- 再度の征討軍として、大伴弟麻呂と坂上田村麻呂の遠征軍が編成されたが、その交戦については詳細が伝わらない。
- As the second subjugation force, the expedition force of OTOMO no Otomaro and SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro was organized, but the details about how they engaged are not handed down.
- まず、官僚や軍、枢密院などの勢力と結んで倒閣をめざし、それを果たした野党が議会の少数派のままで組閣する。
- First, non-ruling parties tried to topple the Cabinet by cooperating with powers such as the bureaucracy, the military, or the Sumitsu-in (Privy Counsil), and then the party which succeeded in overthrowing the government formed a new cabinet while it still remained a minority in the parliament.
- 中国戦線で使用した日本円以外にもペソやギルダーなどのさまざまな通貨単位の軍用手票が各占領地で発行された。
- Not only the military currency in Japanese yen used during the China-Japan battles, but also other kinds of military currency in various currency units such as peso and guilder were issued in the Japan-occupied areas.
- 初代徳川家康から3代将軍徳川家光までの治世は武断政治とも言われ、徳川幕府の基盤を固める為の時期であった。
- The form of the government of the first shogun Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to that of the third Iemitsu TOKUGAWA is called budan seiji (administration by military command), and it was a time to establish the basis for the Tokugawa shogunate,
- 日露戦争で鉄道の有効性と私鉄割拠による不便さを痛感した軍部(特に陸軍)は、戦争後に鉄道国有化を要望した。
- The military (especially the Army) that learned the effectiveness of railway and the inconvenience caused by the autonomy of private railways during the Russo-Japan war expressed the need for nationalizing the railways.
- 実際、明治15年(1882年)の「軍人勅諭」では、武士道ではなく「忠節」を以って天皇に仕えることとされた。
- In fact, 'the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors' in 1882 says to serve Emperor with 'loyalty', not with Bushido.
- 石川数正が出奔した翌年の天正14年(1586年)に徳川家康が徳川家の軍制を武田流に変更した際に編制された。
- Oban was organized in 1586, the year following the Kazumasa ISHIKAWA's escape, when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA changed his military system to the system used in the army of Takeda.
- しかし政府側に察知され、萩で広島鎮台の攻撃を受け、11月6日までに三浦梧楼が率いる政府軍により鎮圧された。
- However, Junkoku Gun was defeated by the government army lead by Goro MIURA by November 6th, being detected by the government and attacked by the Hiroshima Chindai (garrison in Meiji era) in Hagi.
- 御台所は自らの夫が亡くなった場合は出家して本丸から退き、西丸に移って将軍の菩提を弔いながら余生を過ごした。
- Midaidokoro entered into priesthood after their husbands died and moved from Honmaru to Nishinomaru to spend the rest of their lives to pray for the repose of their husbands' soul.
- また、六代将軍家宣や儒学思想に基づく新井白石らの政治をことさらに良く見せようとする意図もあったと推測する。
- In addition, she also approximates that Ienobu, the 6th Shogun, and his assistant Hakuseki ARAI must have intended to make their policies look much better.
- 第二次世界大戦、太平洋戦争の敗戦後の1947年(昭和22年)、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により解体された。
- In 1947 after the defeat in World War II and the Pacific War, it was dissolved by the supreme commander of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers.
- 本丸は将軍夫妻、二丸は将軍生母やかつての将軍仕えていた側室、西丸は世嗣夫妻や大御所夫妻が住まいとしていた。
- Honmaru was the resident of the Shogun and his wives, Ninomaru was the resident of the shogun's real mother and concubines of former Shogun, and Nishinomaru was the residence of the successor couple and the retired shogun couple.
- 幕末の1855年、徳川幕府は長崎に海軍伝習所を開設し、オランダからカッテンディーケらを招き軍事顧問とした。
- In 1855 of the end of Edo Period, the Tokugawa shogunate established a Japanese Naval School in Nagasaki and invited several Dutchmen, notably Willem Huyssen van KATTENDIJKE, to serve as advisers on military affairs.
- これは軍票所持者から信託を受けた団体が受領書を交付し、団体ではスタンプを押して管理するというものであった。
- That is because the organizations, which was trusted by the owners of the military currency, issued the receipt and kept the currency by stamping on each note.
- 日本の軍事史(にほんのぐんじし)は、国内安定から長い封建的な戦いと帝国主義による海外遠征に特徴づけられる。
- Japanese military history is characterized by the long feudal battles inside the nation and the overseas expedition during the age of imperialism.
- 皇帝派と革命政権派が激しい内戦が行われたが、世界の列強がチェコスロバキア軍救援を口実にシベリアに出兵した。
- The Emperor followers and revolutionary regime groups had the bitter civil strife, and world powers sent their troops to Syberia on the pretense of assisting Czechoslovakian military force.
- 巣伏の戦い(すぶしのたたかい)は奈良時代に東北地方(後の陸中国)で発生した、朝廷軍と蝦夷による戦闘である。
- The Battle of Subushi was a battle between the Imperial army and Emishi (natives of the Japanese islands of Hokkaido and northern Honshu that opposed and resisted the rule of the Japanese Emperors) occurred in Tohoku region (later Rikuchu Province) in the Nara period.
- 788年(延暦7年)、紀古佐美が征東将軍に任じられ、翌789年(延暦8年)、朝廷軍を率いて蝦夷征討へ赴く。
- KI no Kosami who was appointed to the position ofseito shogun (literally, 'general who subdues the eastern barbarians') in 788 led the Imperial army to conquer the Emishi in the following year, 789.
- 日本貨幣商協同組合『日本貨幣カタログ2007』によれば、日本軍が発行した軍票を次のシリーズに分類している。
- According to 'The Catalog of Japanese Coins and Bank Notes 2007' published by Japan Numismatic Dealers Association, the militay currencies issued by Japanese military force were classified into the following.
- 寛永12年(1635年)3月11日、三代将軍徳川家光の目の前で、宗義成、柳川調興の直接の口頭弁論が行われた。
- In 1635, oral proceedings by Yoshinari SO and Shigeoki YANAGAWA were conducted in the presence of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
- しかしその間隙を突いて今川軍が相模に侵攻、1月10日に氏憲や満隆、持仲らが鎌倉雪ノ下で自害した事で収束した。
- However the Imagawa army invaded the Sagami region at an unguarded moment, and the clash was brought to an end on February 5, by the suicide of Ujinori, Mitsutaka, Mochinaka and others in Yukinoshita, Kamakura.
- しかし翌朝になると、政府軍側では兒玉源太郎ら将校が駆けつけ、その指揮下で態勢を立て直し、本格的な反撃を開始。
- However, the next morning, officers from the government forces including Gentaro KODAMA rushed to the site, restored combat readiness under their command, and started full-scale counterattacks.
- 幕閣では一橋派が復活し、文久の改革が行なわれ、将軍家茂と皇女・和宮の婚儀が成立して公武合体路線が進められた。
- As for the shogun's cabinet officials, the Hitotsubashi family came back into power, the Bunkyu Reform was carried out, Shogun Iemochi married the Imperial princess Kazunomiya, and a reconciliation between the imperial court took place.
- 村上水軍が得意とする焙烙火矢による攻撃に対抗するため、船全体を防火用の鉄板で覆ったものであったと伝えられる。
- It is said that the entire ship was covered with fireproof iron plates to prepare against attacks by horoku-hiya (one type of fire arrows) at which the Murakami navy was good.
- そして1932年5月、海軍青年将校らによる犬養毅首相の暗殺(五・一五事件)をもって政党内閣は終わりをつげた。
- In May 1932, young Naval officers assassinated Prime Minister Tsuyoshi INUKAI (the May 15th Incident), which put to an end to party cabinets.
- 正確には領収書であり、最終的には、その軍隊が所属する政府によって軍票所持者に対し債務支払いを行う必要がある。
- To be precise, it is a receipt; the government of the army has to pay the money to owners of it eventually.
- 1869年(明治2)5月18日、榎本武揚を筆頭とする五稜郭の旧幕府軍の降伏に従い、伝習隊も降伏して解散した。
- When the Old Shogunate army led by Takeaki ENOMOTO surrendered at Goryokaku in May 18, 1869, Denshutai also surrendered and demobilized.
- また、諸藩の藩士(将軍の陪臣)は、その江戸藩邸に常勤している者(あるいは江戸常勤の家柄の者)を定府と呼んだ。
- And, as for feudal retainers of domains (baishin [indirect vassal] of shogun), someone who worked at edohantei (residence maintained by a daimyo in Edo) on a full-time basis (or someone whose family member worked in Edo on a full-time basis) was called jofu.
- (この際に須田の部隊は伊達家の「竹に雀」の定紋の帷幕を奪い、永く上杉家の誇りとしたと云うがこれは軍記の創作。
- (At that time, it is said that the Suda troops took away the hanging curtain with the Date family crest of the 'bamboo and sparrow' and the Uesugi family took pride in it for a long time, but it was a fiction written in a war chronicle.
- 天慶4年(941年)2月、純友軍の幹部藤原恒利が朝廷軍に降り、朝廷軍は純友の本拠日振島を攻め、これを破った。
- In February 941, the senior commander of Sumitomo's army, FUJIWARA no Tsunetoshi, defected and joined the Imperial army, which then attacked Sumitomo's base on Hiburi Island.
- それに加え、当時朝鮮では財政難で軍隊への、当時は米で支払われていた給料(俸給米)の支給が13ヶ月も遅れていた。
- In addition to the above, Korea was financially troubled at the time and the armed forces had not received their salaries (which were paid in rice) for thirteen months.
- 以前、町に放火するなどして民衆の反感を買ったことを反省した天狗党は、略奪・殺戮を堅く禁じるなどの軍規を定めた。
- Tenguto, which regretted about setting fire to the town and causing opposition by the people, set internal rules and banned looting and killing.
- この結果、日清戦争と日露戦争の軍歴により国民的人気の高かった木越は、中将のまま定年前に予備役に編入させられた。
- As a result, Kigoshi who earned his high reputation through Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War from the public was transferred to reserve duty retaining the title of Chujo (lieutenant general) before his retirement.
- これにより、軍隊がないために武官も軍部大臣も存在せず、仮に武官がいたとしても国務大臣には就けないこととなった。
- Because there was no military, there was no military officer nor Military Minister; even if a military officer existed, he could not gain a position as a Minister of State.
- 秀吉の朝鮮出兵は失敗に終わり、徳川将軍家が支配する江戸時代になると、「天下」は日本列島に限る意味で用いられた。
- The Hideyoshi's dispatch of troops to Korea ended in failure, and in the Edo period when the Tokugawa Shogun family ruled Japan, the term 'Tenka' was used in only referring to the Japanese archipelago.
- そのため、畿内を地盤とするヤマト王権が外交や朝鮮半島への軍事行動の要衝として、出先機関を設置することになった。
- Therefore, Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) which had its regional base in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) established a regional office as a strategic point for foreign affairs and military operation against the Korean peninsula.
- 奉書船(ほうしょせん)とは、征夷大将軍が発給した朱印状に加えて、老中の書いた奉書という許可証をもった船のこと。
- A hosho-sen was a ship carrying not only a shuinjo (license for foreign trade) issued by the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') but also a hosho (permit) written by roju (members of shogun's council of elders).
- 第二次世界大戦中のアメリカではAllied Military Currencyという軍用手票が発行されていた。
- During the WWII, Allied Military Currency was issued in the United States.
- このことは室町時代のころには徐々に将軍こそが天下の主宰者であるという意識が生まれてきていたとも考えられている。
- From the above fact, it is thought that the awareness that shogun was the president of Tenka was born in the Muromachi period.
- したがって敗戦後の連合軍の報復を考慮したとき、公使館に立てこもる人々を虐殺することに躊躇を覚えていたのである。
- As a result, they were reluctant to massacre people held within the legation area when considering the retribution of allied forces after losing the war.
- この年の8月に日清戦争が始まり、中国大陸への船積み基地となった広島と宇品へ日本各地から軍隊や物資が輸送された。
- The Sino-Japanese War started in August this year, and military troops and supplies were transported from various places in Japan to Hiroshima and Ujina that became the shipping base to the Chinese continent.
- 1946年 占領軍として日本に駐留した米軍兵と婚約した日本人女性にアメリカ渡航を許可する「GI婚約者法」が成立。
- In 1946, 'The GI Fiancee Act' was enacted, which permitted Japanese women who were engaged to American soldiers in the Occupation Forces to enter the U.S.
- また、当時、同戦争のため朝鮮駐留の清軍も通常時の約半数ということもあり、1884年12月、計画は実行に移された。
- Moreover, because only half the normal troops left in Qing due to the war, the plan was set into action in December, 1884.
- 現役とは平時軍務に従事する常備兵役を指し、現役武官の人事は、内閣 (日本)の関与が不可能な天皇の統帥権に関わる。
- Geneki (active officer) refers to an individual in regular military service engaged in normal military affairs, and their administration is under the supreme command of the Emperor that the Cabinet cannot affect.
- しかし、この戦いで織田軍は大きな損害を出し、服属させたはずの雑賀衆もすぐに自由な活動を再開して本願寺に荷担した。
- However, the Oda's army suffered huge losses in this battle, and Saikashu, who were supposed to be under Oda's control, soon resumed their independent activities and assisted Hongan-ji Temple.
- 指導的仏師としては、東大寺大仏の責任者:国中連麻呂、興福寺の十大弟子八部衆制作の将軍万福などが記録に残っている。
- Names of leading sculptors of Buddhist statues recorded in history include KUNINAKA no Murajimaro, who was responsible for the construction of the Great Buddha at Todai-ji Temple, and Manpuku SHOGUN, who produced Judaideshi and Hachibushu (Ten Great Disciples and Eight Guardian Devas) at Manpuku-ji Temple.
- 1577年に信長自身率いる大軍をもって和泉国・河内国から紀伊に侵攻(第一次紀州征伐)し、雑賀衆に服属を誓わせた。
- In 1577, a large force led by Nobunaga himself invaded the Kii region (The First Conquest of Kishu) through Izumi Province and Kawachi Province, and forced Saikashu to swear their allegiance.
- 将軍が目に適った者の名を御年寄に告げると、その日の夕刻には寝間の準備をして寝所である「御小座敷」に待機していた。
- When a shogun told the name of a churo who suited his taste to the Otoshiyori (the lady who controlled the servants in O-oku), the bed was prepared at 'Okozashiki' by that evening, and the churo was waiting for the shogun.
- 持氏一行は途中で憲実の家宰長尾忠政・長尾景仲の軍と出会い、持氏は幕府への恭順を誓い、ともに鎌倉の永安寺に入った。
- As the Mochiuji's party encountered troops of 忠政 NAGAO and Kagenaka NAGAO, main retainers of Norizane on their way, Mochiuji took an oath of allegiance to the bakufu and they entered Yoan-ji Temple of Kamakura altogether.
- その後、皇位継承争いやそれに伴う貴族間の権力抗争に関して、この軍事組織が自分に有利に働くように幾度も改変された。
- Afterward, through struggles for succession to the Imperial Throne and accompanying power struggles among nobles, the military organization was reformed many times so as to work in their favor.
- 3代将軍徳川家光乳母・春日局によって組織的な整備がなされていき、こうして現在知られる形の大奥に整えられていった。
- Kasuga no Tsubone, a menoto (a woman providing breast-feeding to a highborn baby) of the third Shogun, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA organized O-oku systematically and developed it as known to this day.
- このため、大川自身も計画に参加した大日本帝国陸軍将校によるクーデター計画・十月事件を「錦旗革命事件」とも称する。
- Thus, the October Incident in which OKAWA participated, plotted by the military officers of Imperial Japanese Army, was also called 'Kinki Revolution Coup.'
- この背景には、天明の大飢饉や、同年4月に徳川家斉が征夷大将軍に就任した事から徳政を求める意味もあったと思われる。
- It is considered that the bakufu considered the Tenmei Famine as well as they were expected of tokusei (benevolent rule) as Ienari TOKUGA became the Seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues barbicans, commonly referred to as Shogun) in May of the same year.
- 永正2年(1505年)、細川政元に対抗するため畠山氏をはじめ朝倉氏などの有力守護大名が一斉に軍事作戦を開始した。
- In 1505, dominant shugo guardian feudal lords such as the Hatakeyama and Asakura clans began a military action in concert to counter Masamoto HOSOKAWA.
- この間、伊達家と上杉家は大規模な軍事衝突こそ起こらなかったものの、国境付近での小競り合いと緊張関係は依然続いた。
- Between these times, any major military clash did not occurred between the Date family and the Uesugi family, but a skirmish and tension still continued around the border.
- 吉宗が将軍に就任したとき、薬込役のうち十数人の者たちが吉宗に随行して江戸に移り、幕臣に編入されて、御庭番となった。
- When Yoshimune became shogun, more than a dozen of the kusurigomeyaku came to Edo with Yoshimune and were incorporated as Shogun's retainer to become his oniwaban.
- (好太王碑 最古の拓本発見 旧日本陸軍入手のものと一致 「改竄論争に終止符」読売新聞 2006年4月12日12面)
- (Inscription on the Gwanggaeto Stele; the oldest engraved print found; it is identical to the one retrieved by the old Imperial Japanese Army; 'Put a period to the Debate about the Alteration'; the Yomiuri Shimbun, April 12, 2006, page 12.)
- 開国して5年目の1881年5月、朝鮮国王高宗の后閔妃の一族が実権を握っていた朝鮮政府は、大幅な軍政改革に着手した。
- In May 1881, five years after Korea ended its seclusion policy, the government, which was actually controlled by King Gojong's wife Queen Min and her clan members, started substantial military reforms.
- 壬午軍乱(じんごぐんらん)、朝鮮国事変(ちょうせんこくじへん)、あるいは単に朝鮮事変(ちょうせんじへん)とも呼ぶ。
- It is also called the Imo Munity or the Joseon Korean Incident, or more simply just the Korean Incident.
- 1940年には米内内閣が畑俊六陸相の単独辞職により崩壊するなど、日本の軍国主義の深刻化に拍車をかけることになった。
- The single resignation of War Minister Shunroku HATA in 1940 caused the Yonai Cabinet to fail and spurred Japanese militarism to further intensify.
- 幕府の大老井伊直弼や老中間部詮勝らは、勅許を得ないまま日米修好通商条約に調印し、また徳川家茂を将軍継嗣に決定した。
- The Tairo (chief minister), Naosuke II and roju (member of shogun's council of elders), Akikatsu MANABE signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan without obtaining Imperial sanction and decided to put forward Iemochi TOKUGAWA as successor to the Shogun.
- 1945年8月のソ連対日宣戦布告によって、樺太庁管内にはソビエト連邦軍が侵攻し、同月末までに樺太全土が占領された。
- After the Soviet Declaration of War on Japan in August 1945, Soviet troops invaded the district of Karafuto-Cho and by the end of the month all of Karafuto was occupied.
- 徳川家宣(綱吉の甥で、養子となる)は将軍後見職に就任した際、綱吉に生類憐みの令の即時廃止を要求したといわれている。
- It is said that when Ienobu TOKUGAWA (Tsunayoshi's nephew who became his adopted son) took the office of Shogun's assistant, he demanded the abolition of the law.
- このときに義教は朝廷権威を利用し、後花園天皇に対して3代将軍足利義満時代以来であった治罰綸旨と錦御旗の要請を行う。
- On this occasion, Yoshinori asked Emperor Gohanazono, making use of authority of the imperial court, for Jibatsu Rinji (a written document for imperial edicts to hunt down and kill emperor's enemies) and the Imperial standard for the first time since the days of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 軍票に対する日本政府の支払い義務は、連合国がサンフランシスコ講和条約で請求権を放棄したため、消滅したとされている。
- It is considered that Japanese government was released from obligation to pay for its military currency since the Allies exempted Japan from the payment when Japan signed the San Francisco Peace Treaty.
- 本来の趣旨はアメリカ軍から軍票による支払いを受けた日本企業がアメリカに対して支払いを行う場合の手続きを定めている。
- The purpose of the order was to determine the procedure for Japanese companies that were paid by American military currency to apply for the payment.
- 日本軍は陸軍大臣桂太郎の命の下、第5師団 (日本軍)(およそ8000名)を派兵し、その指揮は福島安正に委ねられた。
- Japan dispatched the Fifth Division of the Imperial Japanese Army (around 8000 members) led by Yasumasa FUKUSHIMA, under the order of Minister of the Army Taro KATSURA.
- 勲章制定ノ件(明治8年太政官布告第54号) ※2003年(平成15年)4月30日までの旧件名「勲章従軍記章制定ノ件」
- Establishment of Decoration (Dajokan Fukoku No. 54 of 1845), renamed from 'Announcement on Establishment of Military Medal of Honor' on April 30, 2003
- この軍令と国務大臣が補弼するところの軍政(軍に関する行政事務)の範囲についての争いが原因で統帥権干犯問題が発生する。
- The conflict of the sphere between the military order and the military government (the administrative affairs about the army) assisted by the Minister of State led to the occurrence of the affair of the supreme command interference and violation of the rights.
- 寿永3年(1184年)1月20日、頼朝が派遣した源範頼、源義経の鎌倉政権軍に攻められて義仲は滅んだ(宇治川の戦い)。
- On March 4, 1184, MINAMOTO no Noriyori, who was dispatched by Yoritomo, and the Kamakura Government army of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, combined their forces, destroying Yoshinaka (the Battle of Uji-gawa River).
- 今般太政大臣左右大臣参議各省卿ノ職制ヲ廃シ更ニ内閣総理大臣及宮内外務内務大蔵陸軍海軍司法文部農商務逓信ノ諸大臣ヲ置ク
- The government posts of High Chancellor, the Ministers of the Left and Right, the Councillors and the Lords of each Ministry shall be abolished, and the posts of Prime Minister and the Ministers of Imperial Household, Foreign Affairs, the Interior, Finance, the Army, the Navy, Justice, Education, Agriculture and Commerce, and Communications and Transportation shall be established.
- つまり、公家・武家・僧侶が天皇及びその大政委任を受けた征夷大将軍に仕えるための秩序作りのための法度であったのである。
- In other words, that was the law to establish order for the court nobles, the samurai families, and Buddhist monks to serve the emperor and seii taishogun that was delegated the administration of the country by the emperor.
- さらに1890年(明治23年)に金鵄勲章が制定されると、勲等の他に軍人に対して授与される功級という等級も創設された。
- When the Order of the Golden Kite was instituted in 1890, the grades other than the medals for merit was founded to be especially bestowed on soldiers.
- 交渉の結果、1865年1月14日(元治元年12月17日)、武田耕雲斎ら天狗党幹部はこれ以上の進軍は無意味と判断した。
- As a result of the negotiation, on January 14, 1865, Kounsai TAKEDA and other core member of Tenguto decided that it is meaningless to try to move further.
- そこで攘夷実行の期日を将軍帰京後より1月後という短期間に設定することで逆に実行不能の口実を作ろうと画策したのである。
- Then, he planned to make an excuse for not being able to execute it by setting the deadline of the expulsion of foreigners only one month after the Shogun's return to Edo.
- さらに続くUボートの魚雷攻撃をかわしながら、3,266名中約1,800人のイギリス陸軍将兵と看護婦の救助に成功した。
- Deflecting U-boats' attack with torpedoes still going on, it saved 1,800 out of 3,266 British military officers, soldiers and nurses.
- 公式には慶応4年4月17日 (旧暦)(1868年5月9日)に官軍によって江戸の金座・銀座が占領された時に廃止された。
- Officially, they were abolished when kin-za and gin-za in Edo were occupied by the government army in May 9, 1868.
- 本法度は、将軍直令による制定・面令による幕府法で最重要視されており、大名統制のための命令・禁止の規範が大半をしめる。
- The code was seen as the most important Bakufu Law as it was created by the enactment of the shogun's direct order, and mainly consisted of codes of order and prohibition for regulating daimyo.
- しかし、戦後もフィリピンや香港で日本軍が発行した軍票に強制的に両替させられた住民による、戦後補償を求める訴えがある。
- However, even after the WWII, in the Philippines and Hong Kong, some residents who were forced to change their money into the Japanese military currency demanded individual compensation from the Japanese government.
- 政党の対立の激化とともに、野党はしばしば海軍・陸軍、枢密院、官僚などの勢力と手を結んで、与党を攻撃することがあった。
- As the confrontation between political parties intensified, non-ruling parties often worked together with those influential powers and attacked the ruling party.
- 三代 藤原秀衡は陸奥守・鎮守府将軍の地位を得たが、敵対心を抱いた頼朝により免官運動がなされ、程なく免官されたという。
- FUJIWARA no Hidehira, the third head of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, got the position of Mutsu no kami and Chinju-fu shogun; however, it is said that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who developed a feeling of hostility toward Hidehira, took actions for Hidehira's dismissal and soon Hidehira was dismissed.
- 前述したように、ヴェトナムにおける「天下」概念の成立は13世紀にモンゴル軍撃退後の国威発揚に伴って顕著に確認される。
- As mentioned earlier, the notion of Tenka' was established in Vietnam when it repelled the army of Mongolia in the 13th century.
- 大和国では守護である興福寺と同国内で戦国大名化しつつあった筒井順興・越智利基を攻め滅ぼすべく一揆軍が奈良に突入した。
- In Yamato Province, the Ikki army charged into Nara to destroy the provincial governorate Kofuku-ji Temple and Junko TSUTSUI and Toshimoto OCHI, who were growing like daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku Period in the province.
- 興世王の進言に従い将門は軍を進め、同年12月、下野国、上野国の国府を占領、独自に除目を行い関東諸国の国司を任命した。
- In December of that year, with advice from Prince Okiyo, Masakado advanced his army and occupied the provincial offices of Shimotsuke and Kouzuke, where he conducted unilateral jimoku (appointment ceremonies) and appointed Kokushis (provincial governors) for each province of Kanto.
- 投降者たちは3方面から官軍を包囲する広嗣の作戦を官軍に報告し、まだ綱手と多胡古麻呂の軍が到着していないことを知らせた。
- The surrenderers reported a strategy of Hirotsugu to siege the government army from three sides and notified of the government army that the armies of Tsunate and TAGO no Komaro had not arrived yet.
- 家老を設置した将軍家の旗本は、およそ250家(2%未満)であり、その家老は80石から、多くても100石強程度であった。
- The number of Hatamoto families who appointed Karo was roughly 250 (less than 2%), and the earnings of these Karo officers was from 80 to 100 koku.
- 大名の勢力(軍事力)を統制して徳川家による全国支配を強化することを目的としており、特に外様大名の多い西国に徹底させた。
- Its purpose was to strengthen the Tokugawa family's domination of the entire country by regulating the power (military force) of the feudal lords; it was focused in particular on the western provinces, where there were a lot of nonhereditary feudal lords.
- また、王宮たる昌徳宮に難を逃れていた、閔妃の実の甥で別技軍教練所長だった閔泳翊に重傷を負わせ、開化派高官達も殺害した。
- They also badly injured Min Yeong-ik, a biological nephew of Queen Min and the head of the Byeolgigun training center, who had taken shelter in the Changdeokgung palace, and killed several high-ranking Progressive Party officials.
- 第二次世界大戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により労働法規が整備されたことや、義務教育の年限が9年に延長された。
- After the Second World War, labor laws were drafted and the period of compulsory education was extended to nine years under the order from the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers.
- 赤備え(あかぞなえ)は戦国時代 (日本)の軍団編成の一種で、具足、旗差物などのあらゆる武具を朱塗りにした部隊編成の事。
- Akazonae (red arms) is a kind of military organization in the Sengoku period (Japan), which is a troop formation of which all arms including armor and flag were colored red.
- 軍事氏族としての大伴氏と物部氏の違いは、あえて言えば、親衛隊的な大伴氏と、国軍的な物部氏と見ればわかりやすいであろう。
- The difference between these two military clans, the Otomo and the Mononobe, can be likened to bodyguards versus the national army, respectively.
- だが、海軍大将だった野村吉三郎は1950年代に防衛庁長官に就任させる構想が存在したが、文民統制の観点から断念となった。
- There was a conspiracy to appoint Kichisaburo NOMURA, who was the Navy General at that time, to a Chief Secretary of State for Defense; however, it was ceased due to a civilian regulation point of view.
- 奥女中のうち、上臈御年寄から御坊主までがお目見え以上と言い、将軍と御台所への目通りを許されていた上級の女中たちである。
- Jochu ranked from Joro Otoshiyori to Gobozu were allowed to see the Shogun and Midaidokoro, therefore they were upper rank jochu and called 'Omemie ijo'.
- 鎌倉公方の足利持氏と関東管領の上杉憲実の対立に端を発する、室町幕府6代将軍足利義教が持氏討伐を命じた事件、戦いである。
- It is an incident or a war which originated from confrontation between Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) and Norizane UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), and for which Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the sixth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), ordered to suppress Mochiuji.
- 翌、慶応4年(1868年)の鳥羽伏見の戦いでは旧幕府軍として戦ったが離脱、後の戊辰戦争では明治政府に加わって転戦した。
- In the Battle of Toba-Fushimi in the next year, 1868, Naonori fought as the army of old bakufu but he seceded, and thereafter, Naonori joined the Meiji Government and moved from place to place to fight in the Boshin Civil War.
- またフィリピン方面で日本軍が発行した軍票のうち、現存するものの中には日本に補償を求めるスタンプを押したものが存在する。
- Some of the remaining military currency issued in the areas around the Philippines had stamps that demanded individual compensation from the Japanese government.
- 占領直後から連合軍による略奪が開始され、紫禁城の秘宝などはこれがきっかけで中国外に多く流出するようになったと言われる。
- Looting by allied forces began just after the occupation, and many of the treasures of the Forbidden City supposedly flowed out of China due to this.
- 出港を強行したのも日本に留まりつづけることでオスマン帝国海軍の弱体化ぶりが喧伝されてしまうことを恐れたのだと言われる。
- It is said that the return sail was carried out because he was afraid that the reputation of the weakened Ottoman Empire Navy would spread.
- しかし将門が勝ち誇って自陣に引き上げる最中、急に風向きが変わり南風になると、風を負って勢いを得た連合軍は反撃に転じた。
- However, as Masakado was making his triumphant return to camp, the wind suddenly changed direction; the south wind began to blow, giving the advantage to the allied forces as they launched a counter-attack.
- また、軍部が政府決定や方針を無視して暴走を始め、非難に対してはこの権利を行使され政府はそれを止める手段を失うことになる。
- The military began to do reckless things ignoring the decision and policy of the government and exercised its rights against the blames, so that the government lost the resources to stop it.
- 第二次世界大戦が終了した結果、大日本帝国陸軍、大日本帝国海軍が解体され、旧来その対象とされていた軍人が存在しなくなった。
- As a result that the Second World War ended, Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) were demobilized and military men who were originally supposed to carry a sword went out of existence.
- 午前6時、平知盛、平重衡ら平氏軍主力の守る東側の生田口の陣の前には範頼率いる梶原景時、畠山重忠以下の大手軍5万騎が布陣。
- At six o'clock in the morning, Noriyori led his Ote army, followed by Kagetoki KAJIWARA and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA and their fifty thousand cavalrymen, and took positions on the east side front of the battle formation at the Ikuta fortress entrance, where the major force of the Taira clan army, led by Tomonori TAIRA and Shigehira TAIRA, was prepared to defend.
- これは、当時勢力を伸張していた政党に対して、軍部を権力の淵源としていた藩閥が、影響力を維持するために執った措置とされる。
- This is considered a measure that the domain cliques, whose authority was derived from the military, took to retain their influence over the political parties that were expanding their power at that time.
- 陸軍は後任の候補を出さず、軍部大臣現役武官制のために、第二次西園寺内閣は陸軍大臣を欠き、内閣は総辞職せざるを得なかった。
- The Army did not elect a replacement, and in accordance with the Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei; therefore, the second Kinomochi SAIONJI lacked the Minister of War and the Cabinet as a whole was dissolved.
- 慰霊碑はイギリス海軍墓地の奥の一番良い場所を提供され、当時、日本海軍の活躍をいかにイギリス海軍が感謝していたかがわかる。
- The fact that the best place, the back part of the British navy cemetery, was offered to the memorial monument shows how much British Navy was thankful for the remarkable service of Imperial Japanese Navy in those days.
- 持氏は憲実追討のため近臣の一色直兼に軍を与えて差し向け、自身も武蔵国府中高安寺(東京都府中市 (東京都))に陣を構える。
- Mochiuji not only gave a troop to Naokane ISSHIKI, his trusted vassal, to dispatch for hunting down and killing Norizane, but also he himself built a base of operations in Fuchu Koan-ji Temple of the Musashi Province (Fuchu City, Tokyo Megalopolis).
- その影響で数年間大宰府は廃止され、その間は大宰府の行政機能は筑前国司が、軍事機能は新たに設置された鎮西府が管轄していた。
- Dazai-fu was abolished for several years due to this, and during that period, the administrative function of Dazai-fu was administered by Chikuzen Kokushi (the provincial governor of Chikuzen Province) and the military function was administered by the newly established Chinzei-fu.
- 呉市では、海軍陸戦隊が出動し、民衆と対峙するなか、銃剣で刺されたことによる死者が少なくとも2名でたことが報告されている。
- It was reported that at least 2 people were killed by a bayonet in Kure City while Naval Landing Forces were called out and facing the people,
- 鉄甲船(てっこうせん)とは、織田信長が九鬼嘉隆に命じて、毛利水軍・村上水軍に対抗するために建造させた大型の安宅船である。
- A tekkosen was a large-size Atake-bune (a type of naval warship) that Nobunaga ODA ordered Yoshitaka KUKI to build in order to fight against the Mori/Murakami navy.
- 直江軍は怒濤ごとく山形城を進撃し、ついには山形城の前衛基地・長谷堂城を取り囲むにいたった(慶長出羽合戦長谷堂城の戦い)。
- The Naoe army attacked the Yamagata-jo Castle fiercely, and finally besieged the Hasedo-jo Castle, the advance-guard station of the Yamagata-jo Castle (the Battle of Dewa in the Keicho Era or the Battle of Hasedo-jo).
- 伊達政宗は東軍勝利の知らせを聞くと、10月5日、好機到来とばかりに約2万の兵を率いて北目城から伊達郡・信夫郡へ出陣した。
- Receiving the news that the Eastern army won the battle, Masamune DATE, as if not to miss the opportunity, led the troop of about 20,000 soldiers to Date District and Shinobu District from the Kitame-jo Castle on October 5.
- ・註5:「慶長六年伊達政宗出軍於奥州福島表時、長義出兵、襲政宗後陣、遂奪小荷駄陣具竹雀紋幕及看経幕以黄糸縫法華経廿八品。
- Note 5: 'In 1600, when the Masamune forces went to Fukushima Omote, Nagayoshi attacked the Masamune's rear guard and robbed provisions, weapons and horse riding gears in addition to the enclosure with a sutra, the enclosure with the crest of bamboo and sparrow and the enclosure with Chapter 28 of the Lotus Sutra.
- 近代日本では大日本帝国憲法第11条が定めていた天皇大権のひとつである大日本帝国陸軍や、大日本帝国海軍への統帥の権能を指す。
- In modern Japan, it means capacity and power of supreme command to the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) which are one of the Emperor's powers under the provision of the Article 11 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- こうした待遇を受けていない参謀次長の児玉源太郎や海軍軍令部長の伊東祐亨が御前会議に出席できなかったこともそれを示している。
- It proved the fact that Gentaro KODAMA, the Vice-chief of the General Staff and Yuko ITO, Director of the Naval General Staff who did not receive such treatment could not attend the conference in the presence of the Emperor.
- 遠征軍の主力が出羽清原氏によると見られることから、実質上の総大将は清原貞衡で、源頼俊の失脚はそれほど影響が無かったと見る。
- In this theory, the main force of the expedition troops was assumed to be the group led by Kiyohara clan of Dewa Province, therefore the downfall of MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi did not affect the course of this war.
- 江戸時代後期の1867年に15代将軍の徳川慶喜が大政奉還を行い幕府が解体され、王政復古 (日本)により明治政府が成立する。
- The 15th shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA carried out Taisei Hokan (the policy of returning power to the emperor) in 1867, and Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was overthrown, and then the Meiji government was established in compliance with the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- また通過地には小藩が多かったため臆して手が出せず、天狗党と幕軍が逃追しながら通過して行くのを見守るしかなかったようである。
- Also, Tenguto passed through small domains and the domains were too scared to track down Tenguto, so they just watched Tenguto and the bakufu troops passing by.
- 11月4日(旧暦10月5日 (旧暦))に松平頼徳が「幕府に真意を訴える」として幕軍に誘き出されて水戸城下へ移され切腹した。
- On November 4, Yorinori MATSUDAIRA was lured by the bakufu and moved to the castle town of the Mito-jo Castle hoping 'to tell the bakufu their true intentions,' and committed Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment).
- なお、実際の運用では、予備役・後備役・退役の将官などから軍部大臣を任命した例はなく、一旦現役に復帰してから大臣に任命した。
- In an actuality, there was no example of a Military Minister being elected from Shokan from Yobieki, Kobieki, and Taieki; a candidate once returned to active duty and was elected as a minister.
- 公式の接待係には、イギリスへの留学経験などがあり当時の皇族中で随一の外国通であった有栖川宮威仁親王(海軍大佐)を任命した。
- The government appointed Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Tsunahito (a navy colonel) as a host because he had studied in England and was the only person in the Imperial family who was well-versed in foreign affairs.
- 特に1853年、浦賀沖に来航したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いるアメリカ海軍艦隊の事を指す(黒船来航を参照のこと)。
- The term is mostly associated with the fleet of United States Navy ships, led by Matthew PERRY, that arrived off the coast of Uraga in 1853.
- 薩長出身者は政府・軍部の中核を占めたが、土肥出身者は一部は明治政府に残りつつも一部は薩長政府を攻撃するという展開となった。
- The people coming from Satcho were in the middle ranks of the government and the military, however, while some people from Hizen remained in the Meiji Government, others made an attack against the Satcho Government.
- 五衛府(ごえふ)とは、天皇の身辺警護をはじめ、宮城の警護、京内の夜間巡回などを主な任務とする律令制下の中央軍事組織をいう。
- Goefu was the central military organization under the Ritsuryo System whose main missions were the personal protection of an emperor, the protection of Kyujo (place where an emperor lives), the night patrol in Kyoto and so on.
- そのため、日本軍は戦争の進展に応じて様々な軍票や傀儡政権下の中国聯合準備銀行や中央儲備銀行が発行した銀行券も使用していた。
- So, Japanese military, according to the development of the war, used various kinds of military currency, as well as the bank notes issued by Federal Reserve Bank Of China and Central Reserve Bank Of China under the then puppet government.
- 1895年に勃発した日清戦争で発行、10両、5両、1両、5銭、2銭5分の清時代の通貨単位の軍票を1895年2月に発行した。
- The military currency in the currency of the Qing period; ten ryo, five ryo, one ryo, five sen, and two sen and five bu was issued in February, 1895 when Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1895.
- 8月11日から14日までは再び清朝軍の攻勢が強まったが、8月14日の午後ついに援軍が来て2ヶ月弱の籠城戦は終わりをつげた。
- The offensive movement of the Qing dynasty army strengthened once again between August 11 to 14, but reinforcements finally arrived during the afternoon of August 14 to end the besiegement that lasted slightly less than 2 months.
- 家老は、徳川御三家の御附家老や、御三卿付きの家老を除き、徳川将軍家の陪臣であるから、将軍に謁見の資格がないのが大原則である。
- Except for the Otsuke-garo (the Karo assigned directly by the shogun) and the Karo for gosankyo (three privileged branch families of the Tokugawa family), there was a fundamental rule that ordinary Karo officers were not entitled to have an audience with the shogun as they were not direct retainers of the Tokugawa shogun family.
- 廃刀令(はいとうれい)とは、3月28日に発せられた大禮服竝ニ軍人警察官吏等制服著用ノ外帶刀禁止の太政官布告・太政官達の略称。
- Haitorei (decree banning the wearing of swords) was an abbreviated expression of the edict titled 'Taireifuku narabini gunjin keisatsukanri to seifuku chakuyo no hoka taito kinshi' (decree banning the wearing of swords except for full-dress uniform wearers, military men and police officers) issued by the Grand Council of State on March 28.
- また、四民平等においては武士階級の身分的特権は廃止の必要があり、軍事的にも伝統的特権意識は軍制改革において弊害となっていた。
- According to the idea of equality of all Japanese people, samurai warriors' privileges should be abolished, and their sense of perquisite was a bottleneck in military reforms.
- このように現役武官制と言っても現役武官の誰でも陸相に出来るというわけではなく、「軍の総意」にかなわない人事は不可能であった。
- Thus, not every active officer was eligible to be a Minister of War even though it was called the active military officer system; it was impossible for candidates who did not meet 'the military consensus.'
- これは、脱藩者を通じて軍事機密や御家騒動などが表沙汰になり、藩(藩主)にとっては致命的な改易が頻繁に生じたことも一因である。
- This was because, through the Dappan samurai, the Domain's military secrecy and family troubles could be revealed in public and frequently caused fatal 'Kaieki' sanctions (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) for the domain (and/or the lord of the domain).
- 死者30名、負傷者10名に及び、これをきっかけに大きな衝突が起こり、将軍御所が延焼、午後4時頃に合戦は安達方の敗北となった。
- This attack left 30 people dead and 10 people injured triggering a big conflict which resulted in fire to spread to the shogun's palace and the Adachi's party was defeated by 4 pm.
- 五代将軍徳川綱吉の生母・桂昌院はその最たる例で、公家の女子を除いて存命中の女性としては史上空前絶後の従一位に叙せられている。
- The fifth Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA's real mother, Keishoin was the best example and she was granted juichii (Junior First Rank) during her lifetime as the first female of all time other than the females in the noble court.
- この境界が江戸城に現れたのは、元和 (日本)4年(1618年)年、2代将軍・徳川秀忠の時代、「大奥法度」を制定した時である。
- The border was established in Edo-jo castle when the 'O-oku Hatto' (Act governing O-oku) was introduced in 1618 during the second Shogun, Hidetada TOKUGAWA's regime.
- この模型はアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー提督が2回目の日本訪問に際して大統領から将軍への献上品として持参したものであった。
- This model was presented to the Shogun as a gift from the President of the United States of America by Commodore Matthew Perry on his second visit to Japan.
- だが、宣戦布告後2ヶ月も経たないうちに欧米列強国軍は首都北京市及び紫禁城を制圧、清朝は莫大な賠償金の支払いを余儀なくされる。
- However, the forces of allied western powers took over the capital Beijing as well as the Forbidden City within two months of the proclamation of war, and the Qing dynasty was forced to pay an enormous amount of reparations.
- 享和2年(1802年)12月にも百姓による年貢軽減を求める一揆が発生し、織田軍と百姓との間で乱闘による死傷者が多数出ている。
- A riot broke out also in December 1802, demanding reduction in rice levy, and ended with heavy casualties both among the Oda force and the farmers.
- 『玉葉』に従えば、平氏は数万騎であるのに対して源氏は1~2千騎程度の僅かな軍勢しかいない圧倒的に不利な状況にあったことになる。
- If we follow the 'Gyokuyo,' the Minamoto clan merely had one to two thousand cavalrymen as opposed to the Taira clan's several thousand cavalrymen, so the Minamoto clan was facing an overwhelming disadvantage.
- 安堵状(あんどじょう)は、鎌倉時代以降、征夷大将軍、守護、大名などの主君が家臣の武士に対して、所領・知行の所有を保証した書状。
- Certificate of ownership refers to the letter in which lords such as shogun, provincial military governor and feudal lord gave vassal samurais a guarantee for the ownership of a territory and enfeoffment from the Kamakura period onwards.
- ここで、日本と清どちらが反乱を鎮圧するかの争いになったが、朝鮮は清の冊封国だからという理由で、清朝軍はそのまま反乱を鎮圧した。
- Here occurred a conflict between Japan and the Qing over which country was to subdue the revolt, but the Qing troops went ahead and did so on the basis that Korea was a Qing's vassal state.
- (もう一つの可能性としては、白村江の戦いでの敗北(663年)後に天智天皇が軍事制度・各種制度の改革を進めた時期が挙げられる。)
- (Another possibility is that establishment of ekiden-sei was made during the time when the military system and other various systems were reformed by Emperor Tenchi after the defeat in the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663).
- 高島秋帆の西洋砲術、江川英龍(太郎左衛門)の韮山反射炉、勝海舟の長崎海軍伝習所など、幕府洋学は軍事的実学性の強いものであった。
- Bakufu Yogaku such as Western gunnery of Shuhan TAKASHIMA, Nirayama Reverberatory furnace of Hidetatsu (Tarozaemon) EGAWA, and Kaigun Denshu-sho (The Nagasaki Naval Training Center) of Kaishu KATSU were highly practical for military purposes.
- 蜂起の目的は、暴力行為を行わず(下記「軍律」参照)、高利貸や役所の帳簿を滅失し、租税の軽減等につき政府に請願することであった。
- The purpose of the uprising was to make an petition for the abrogation of account books to usurers and public offices and tax reduction to the government without taking violent actions (see Martial Law below).
- 豊臣政権の五大老であった徳川家康は、慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦い後征夷大将軍に任命され、江戸に江戸幕府を構築し始める。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, a member of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) of the Toyotomi government, was appointed Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and began to establish the Edo bakufu in Edo.
- 奥右筆は将軍以外の他者と私的な関係を結ぶことを禁じられていたが、将軍への文書の取次ぎは側用人と奥右筆のみが出来る職務であった。
- Although Oku-yuhitsu was prohibited from making any personal contacts with people other than Shogun, only Sobayonin (lord chamberlain) and Oku-yuhitsu could serve as Toritsugi (an attendant who serves Shogun by informing of a visitor and convey the message).
- 正保元年(1644年)12月2日に、征夷大将軍徳川家光が郷帳の作成と提出を大名に命じるよう大目付井上政重と宮城和甫に指示した。
- On December 30, 1644, Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Iemitsu TOKUGAWA instructed Ometsuke Masashige INOUE and Masayoshi MIYAGI to order daimyo to prepare and submit gocho.
- それらは17種34枚の絵図に図化され、『戊辰所用錦旗及軍旗真図』(ぼしんしょようきんきおよびぐんきしんず)4巻にまとめられた。
- He painted thirty-four paintings of seventeen types of banners, which were compiled into a book in four volumes named 'Boshin shoyo Kinki oyobi Gunki-shinzu' (Pictures of the Imperial Standards and Battle Flags Used in the Boshin War).
- 一方、政元も明応の政変によって将軍足利義稙を京都から追放して管領主導の政権を樹立したために諸国の守護大名達の反感を買っていた。
- Meanwhile, Masamoto banished Shogun Yoshitane ASHIKAGA from Kyoto by the Coup of Meio and established an administration led by Kanrei (shogunal deputy) which caused provincial military governors to hold ill feelings against him.
- いずれにしても連合軍の歩みは緩慢であったため、それだけ北京で救援を待つ人々に苦渋を強いることになり、後々批判されることになる。
- At any rate, the allied forces marched slowly causing further trouble to those in Beijing waiting to be rescued, and they were later criticized for this.
- 翌1891年(明治24年)7月27日には、陸軍省官制を改正して、大臣および次官に「将官」をあてるとの定めを削除した(別表参照)。
- In July 2, 1891, the Department of War regulation was revised: the rule that a minister and Suke will be installed as 'Shokan' was crossed off.
- 留学や海外軍事視察の経験から国際関係に精通していた威仁親王は、即座にこの事件を自分のレベルでは解決できない重大な外交問題と判断。
- Imperial Prince Takehito, who was well-versed in foreign affairs because of his experiences of studying abroad and military inspections, judged that this incident was such a serious diplomatic issue that he could not handle by himself.
- また奥右筆のために独立した御用部屋が設置され、老中・若年寄などから上げられた政策上の問題を将軍の指示によって調査・報告を行った。
- There was an separated office placed for Oku-yuhitsu and they researched and released reports about policy issues sent by Roju (senior councilor) or Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor) under the supervision of Shogun.
- 背景には、執権職を独占する北条氏内部の主導権争いと、北条氏の専横に反感を抱き将軍権力の浮揚を図る御家人たちの不満が要因にあった。
- There were a conflict for the leadership inside the Hojo clan who exclusively possessed shikken no shiki (title of the regent) as the backdrop, and the dissatisfaction of gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who felt antipathy to the Hojo clan's tyranny, and tried to increase the power of the shogun as one of the factors.
- 伝習隊(でんしゅうたい)とは、江戸幕府が幕府陸軍の精鋭部隊として編成した、フランス軍事顧問団の直接指導を受ける西洋式軍隊のこと。
- Denshutai (Edo shogunate's army) refers to the western-style army which was organized by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the elite troops of the bakufu army, and was directly trained by the French Military Advisory Group.
- 幕末の嘉永6年(1853年)7月、ロシアのエフィム・プチャーチンが率いる4隻の軍艦が長崎に入港して江戸幕府と開国の交渉を行った。
- In July 1853, four Russian warships commanded by Evfimiy Vasil'evich Putyatin sailed into Nagasaki harbor and he negotiated the opening of the country to the world with Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 幕藩体制を形作る諸制度は初代将軍徳川家康以降、2代徳川秀忠、3代徳川家光の時代に、鎖国体制や知行制、村請制などが確立されていった。
- Various systems to build up Bakuhan-taisei, including systems of sakoku (national isolation), chigyo (enfeoffment) and murauke (village wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) were established under the reigns of the first to third shogunates, namely Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Hidetada TOKUGAWA and Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
- 中でも日清戦争、日露戦争の勝利により世界的に影響力を強めつつあった大日本帝国に注目・接近し、日本政府・日本軍の特別の庇護を受けた。
- They especially paid attention to and approached to Empire of Japan which was increasing the influencial power in the world after the victory of Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, and they came under the patronage of Japanese Government and Japanese Army.
- 近代化に対しては一日の長がある日本から、軍事顧問団(菊地節蔵陸軍歩兵中尉、堀本禮造陸軍工兵少尉及び美代清濯陸軍工兵少尉)を招いた。
- They invited a military advisory group from Japan, which had been one step ahead in achieving modernization (members: First Lieutenant of Army Infantry 菊地節蔵, Second Lieutenant of Army Engineers Reizo HORIMOTO and Second Lieutenant of Army Engineers 美代清濯).
- さらに陸軍(山県閥)による非立憲的な倒閣の策動や藩閥政治家の再出馬に憤る声が広汎に広がって、憲政擁護運動(護憲運動)がはじまった。
- Moreover, the people's indignation over the unconstitutional politics of the Japanese Army (by Aritomo YAMAGATA's faction) to overthrow the Cabinet and the repeated running for election of the domain-based politicians triggered the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism (the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution).
- 老中堀田正睦はこれを京都の朝廷に上奏したが勅許を得られず、13代将軍徳川家定の将軍継嗣問題とも関係して南紀派、一橋派の抗争となる。
- Although the treaty was brought to the court in Kyoto by roju Masayoshi HOTTA, it was not signed due to a struggle of succession concerning the heir of the 13th shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA between the Nanki group (Yoshitomi loyalists from the Kishu-Tokugawa family) and the Hitotsubashi group (Yoshinobu loyalists from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family).
- 太平洋戦争の敗戦により、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指示により昭和22年5月3日公示の「昭和22年政令第四号」に依って廃止された。
- Due to Japan's defeat in the Pacific War (World War II), this Order was discontinued by order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ), as stipulated in the 'Public Directive Number Four of 1947,' a public directive dated May 3, 1947.
- これは、軍部を権力の淵源としていた藩閥勢力が、当時力を付けて来た議会・政党勢力の軍事費削減攻勢に対する処置として執ったものである。
- This action was taken by the domain cliques whose authority originated in the military, to go against the cut-back of military expenditures of the assembly and the political party which then had power.
- 美濃に入り、東国からの兵力を集めた大海人皇子は7月2日 (旧暦)(8月3日)に軍勢を二手にわけて大和国と近江の二方面に送り出した。
- Entered Mino and gathered troops from the east country, and Prince Oama divided the troops in two and dispatched them in two directions; Yamato and Omi on August 3.
- なお、形としては第13代将軍・徳川家定が「台命」(たいめい=将軍の命令)を発して本項で述べる全ての処罰を行なったことになっている。
- As a formality, the 13th Shogun, Iesada TOKUGAWA issued a Taimei (Shogunal order) and carried out the punishments described below.
- 8月24日には正式な抗議を申し入れたフランス公使レオン・ロッシュと将軍徳川慶喜が大阪城で面会し、事件についての話し合いが行われた。
- A French minister, Léon ROCHES, lodged an official protest and met with Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA to discuss the affair in Osaka-jo Castle on August 24.
- 伊達軍は本庄軍を正面から数で圧倒し、瀬上(せのうえ)町へ追い込んだ上、宮代(福島市宮代)で上杉勢物頭の桑折図書ら多数を討ち取った。
- The Date army overwhelmed the Honjo army by numbers head-on and killed many enemies including Zusho KOORI (桑折図書), the military commander on the Uesugi side in Miyashiro (Miyashiro, Fukushima City) after pushing the Honjo army to Senoue-cho.
- 現任の上総介だった良兼は貞盛を説得して味方に引き入れ、承平6年(935年)6月大軍を動員して館を出発、水守で良正、貞盛と合流した。
- Yoshikane, who had been Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province) at the time and persuaded Sadamori to support him, deployed a large force before joining his brother Yoshimasa and Sadamori in Mimori in June 935.
- このとき、片桐軍は大坂城から退去するとき、300人の兵が完全武装の上、鉄砲の火縄に点火するという物々しいものであったと言われている。
- It was reported that when the Katagiri brothers' army left, 300 stern soldiers were fully-armored and even made their harquebus ignited.
- また、傍流の紀州家から将軍家を継いだ吉宗が、代々自分の家に仕えてきて信頼のおける者を間諜に用いようとしたことも理由としてあげられる。
- He also wanted his reliable retainers as his secret agents, who had worked for his family for generations, because he was a shogun from the Kishu family, a branch family of the shogun family.
- 第七条 事ノ軍機軍令ニ係リ奏上スルモノハ天皇ノ旨ニ依リ之ヲ内閣ニ下付セラルルノ件ヲ除ク外陸軍大臣海軍大臣ヨリ内閣総理大臣ニ報告スヘシ
- Article 7: In wartime, military strategy and orders shall be reported to the Emperor, and with the exception of any directives sent to the Cabinet by order of the Emperor, all such military decisions shall be reported to the Prime Minister by the Minister of the Army or Navy.
- が、綱吉の死後、宝永6年(1709年)、新井白石が6代将軍家宣の補佐役となると綱吉の葬式も終えぬうちに真っ先にこの法令は廃止された。
- However after Tsunayoshi's death in 1709, when Hakuseki ARAI took the office of Shogun Ienobu's assistant, he abolished this law before even holding a funeral ceremony for Tsunayoshi.
- 通常の勅語が漢文調であるのに対し、変体仮名交じりの文語体で、総字数2700字におよぶ長文であるが、軍人は暗誦できることが求められた。
- While ordinary imperial edicts had a Chinese classics flavor, the rescript was written in the Japanese literary style with hentaigana (anomorous Japanese cursive syllabary), and military men were required to recite it despite its long passages consisting of nearly 2,700 letters and characters in total.
- こうして代々の陸奥守には清和源氏や桓武平氏などの軍事貴族が任ぜられることが多く、また陸奥守が鎮守府将軍を兼ねる場合も少なくなかった。
- Thus, military aristocrats from Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) were often assigned as Mutsu no kami successively and they often doubled as Mutsu no kami and Chinju-fu shogun.
- すなわち日本軍は自軍が綱紀正しかったことを内外に喧伝したが、実際はそうでもなかったことを『万朝報』の記者幸徳秋水らが厳しく追及した。
- In other words, the Japanese Army bragged about its highly disciplined army both within it and outside, but this was not actually true, as vehemently pursued by a journalist of 'Yorozuchoho' called Shusui KOTOKU.
- 一方、帰正隊として新政府に編入された残余の伝習隊は房総半島の鎮撫活動に活躍し、明治2年には箱館に向けて出陣し、脱走幕府軍を攻撃した。
- On the other hand, the rest of Denshutai who joined the new government as Kiseitai contributed to the suppression of the Boso Peninsula, and they took the field to Hakodate in 1869 to attack the escaped bakufu army.
- 北条義時の死去に伴い、伊賀光宗とその妹で義時の後妻伊賀の方が、伊賀の方の実子北条政村の執権就任と、娘婿一条実雅の将軍職就任を画策した。
- Due to the death of Yoshitoki HOJO, Mistumune IGA and Iga no kata, his younger sister and the second wife of Yoshitoki, schemed to have Masamura HOJO, her biological son, to assume the position of shikken, regent to the shogunate, and to have Sanemasa ICHIJO, her son-in-law, to assume the Shogunship.
- 一方、外様大名の家老連綿の家系の場合は、将軍に謁見の資格を与えられるのは、万石以上や特別な由緒を持つ者に限られた極めて稀な例であった。
- On the other hand, in the case of families who had been Karo to a Tozama-daimyo (the daimyo who became to belong the Tokugawa side after the Battle of Sekigawara) for generations, only those with a 10,000 koku (approx. 180 litres/koku) or more of rice crop or those of special lineage (of whom there were very few) were entitled to have an audience with shogun.
- 最前線で天狗党と対陣していた加賀藩の監軍・永原甚七郎らは、抵抗せずに嘆願しようとしている天狗党に同情し、武田耕雲斎らに降伏を勧告する。
- The supervisor of the army of the Kaga Domain Jinshichiro NAGAHARA and others who were at the front-line against Tenguto sympathized Tenguto members who were trying to plead without resisting, and recommended Kounsai TAKEDA and others to surrender.
- 御庭番は、庭の番の名目で御殿に近づくことができため、報告にあたっては御目見得以下の御家人身分であっても将軍に直接面会することもあった。
- The oniwaban could get close to the shogun's palace due to their duty as the garden security guard and sometimes met the shogun in person to report the intelligence they collected even though they were just a Gokenin (retainers) which was the lower position than Omemie (the vassals with the privilege to have an audience with the shogun.)
- 確かに吉宗は武家諸法度は元通り漢文体の天和令に復し、また朝鮮通信使の接待法、すなわち徳川将軍の表記を元通り「日本国大君」に戻している。
- Certainly, Yoshimune brought back Buke shohatto to Chinese classic form based on Tenwa order (天和令) as well as the way to serve Chosen Tsushinshi, in brief, he brought back the title of Tokugawa Shogun to 'Tycoon of Japan.'
- 将軍が大奥へ出入りする際に鈴のついた紐を引いて鈴を鳴らして合図を送り、出入り口である「御錠口」の開錠をさせていた事からこの名が付いた。
- This name came from a bell that was rung by pulling a string attached to the bell to open an entrance named 'Ojoguchi' when the Shogun visited O-oku.
- 香港では中国中に流通していた日本軍の軍票が一挙に流入させられたため、前述のように強制的に両替させられた住民は大きな経済的損害を受けた。
- Since Hong Kong had to accept the Japanese military currency circulated in China a brust, the residents who were forced to change their currency into the Japanese military currency were financially damaged.
- 上杉との合戦で度々敗軍したこと、福島・梁川城を攻めとれなかったことを無念に思った伊達政宗は、慶長6年4月16日再び白石城から出撃した。
- Masamune DATE, who felt chagrined at the repeated loss of battles against Uesugi and failure in capturing the Yanagawa-jo Castle, made a sally from the Shiraishi-jo Castle again on April 16, 1601.
- このため、朝日新聞(9月1日付)に「講和会議は主客転倒」「桂太郎内閣に国民や軍隊は売られた」「小村許し難し」などと書かれるほどであった。
- So, Asahi Shinbun put some comments dated of September 1 such as 'the peace treaty was putting the cart before the horse', 'Taro KATSURA Cabinet sold Japanese people and army', 'Komura was unforgivable' and so on.
- しかし、京都から来た幕府軍を徳川慶喜が率いていることを知り、慶喜に差し出した嘆願書の受け取りも拒否されて、自分達の志が潰えたことを悟る。
- However, when they learned that the army of bakufu from Kyoto was led by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA and their petition was not accepted, they realized that their wish will never come true.
- しかし、東北での戦線が新政府軍勝利の形で沈静化すると、敗走した一行は天狗党が政権を握った水戸藩へ舞い戻り水戸城を奇襲した(弘道館戦争)。
- However, when the new government army won and the battles in the Tohoku region calmed down, the shoseito members who had left the Mito Domain went back to the Mito Domain, which was governed by the Tenguto, and attacked the Mito-jo Castle (the battle of Kodokan school).
- 西南戦争のときに高瀬・田原の戦いに敗れ熊本城の包囲を解いて矢部浜町に退却した西郷軍が大隊を中隊に編制替えしたときにつくられた部隊である。
- This is a troop that Saigo's army organized when they reformed large-sized troop to medium-sized troop after their withdrawal to Yabehama Town lifting a siege around Kumamoto-jo Castle due to the defeat at the battle of Takase-Tahara in the Seinan War.
- ただし、実際には接収された金座は新政府貨幣司の統制下となり明治政府の軍費支払に充てるために翌年2月まで新政府が用いる金貨を鋳造していた。
- However, the requisitioned kin-za was actually under the regulation of Kaheishi (currency office) of a new government and cast gold coins to be used by the new government until February of the following year to apply the money to payment of military expenditure of the Meiji Government.
- その後、征夷大将軍や執権のみならず、引付などの幕府の各機関にも右筆が置かれ、太田氏や三善氏などの官人の末裔がその任に当たるようになった。
- Later, Yuhitsu were placed not only in the authorities of Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) and the regent to the shogunate, but also in each authority of Bakufu such as Hikitsuke (Court of justice), and the descendants of the government officials, such as the Ota clan and the Miyoshi clan, took over the role of it.
- 朝廷軍は壊走し、別将の丈部善理ら戦死者25人、矢にあたる者245人、川で溺死する者1036人、裸身で泳ぎ来る者1257人の損害を出した。
- The Imperial army routed and suffered a loss of 25 soldiers killed including an officer HATSUSEBE no Zenri, 245 hit by arrow, 1036 drowned in the river, and 1257 naked to cross the river.
- 近世江戸幕府は「天下人=将軍」、「天下の公儀=幕府法」と位置づけ、そのもとに「地方的な公儀=藩法」として大きく二元的な法社会を形成した。
- The Edo bakufu formed the broadly-defined dual legal system which had 'Tenkabito = shogun' and 'the kogi of Tenka = the law of the bakufu' on top and 'the local kogi = the law of domains' at the bottom.
- 戦闘において圧倒的な強さを示した連合軍であったが、その後の占領地支配には手を焼き、中国の領土支配の困難さに嫌でも気づかざるを得なかった。
- The allied army showed extreme strength during battles, but they found occupation challenging, and were made aware of the difficulty in conquering Chinese territory.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名の家臣(下級武士)たちは、主家への平時の奉公や軍役をこなすために相互に団結して事に当たるようになった。
- In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), vassals (lower-ranked samurai) of a warring lord came to approach matters in unity in order to perform service at ordinary times and do military service for their master's house.
- 明治天皇崩御(死去)直後の1912年12月、第2次西園寺内閣は日露戦争後の財政難から緊縮財政の方針をとり、陸軍の二個師団増設要求を拒んだ。
- Right after the demise of Emperor Meiji in December 1912, the second Saionji Cabinet adopted a policy of austerity because of financial difficulties after the Russo-Japanese War, and rejected the demand from the Japanese Army to increase two army divisions.
- その後、同様の規定は中断したり復活したりしていたが、1900年(明治33年)に、山縣有朋首相の主導で、軍部大臣現役武官制を明確に規定した。
- Afterwards, the same restriction was repeatedly aborted and revived; however, Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei was redefined by Prime Minister Aritomo YAMAGATA in 1900.
- 正徳は江戸時代の6代将軍徳川家宣・7代徳川家継の治世の年号で、主に将軍侍講(政治顧問)の新井白石と側用人の間部詮房らが実際の政権を担った。
- Shotoku is the name of an era ruled by the sixth shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA and the seventh shogun Ietsugu TOGUGAWA when mainly Hakuseki ARAI, the shogun's teacher and Akifusa MANABE, the lord chamberlain took the reins of government.
- 嘉永6年(1853年)に第12代将軍徳川家慶が死去し、第13代将軍に家慶の四男・徳川家定が就任するが、病弱で男子を儲ける見込みが無かった。
- In 1853, the 12th shogun, Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA died and his fourth son, Iesada TOKUGAWA ascended to be the 13th Shogun, but was in poor health and had no hope to have a son.
- 4代将軍足利義持時代の1416年(応永23年)には前関東管領の上杉禅秀(禅秀)が4代鎌倉公方足利持氏に反して挙兵する上杉禅秀の乱が起きた。
- In 1416 during the days of the fourth Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, the War of Zenshu UESUGI occurred, where the former Kanto Kanrei Zenshu Uesugi (Zenshu) raised an army against Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, the fourth Kamakura Kubo.
- 日本丸は江戸時代に入った後も現役の軍船として就役していたが、500石積み60挺立の船に縮小改造され、「大竜丸」と、改名を重ねる事になった。
- The Nippon Maru was put into commission as an active-duty warship in the early Edo period, but it was remodeled into a smaller ship with 500 koku (139 cubic meters) in loading capacity and 60 oars, and again renamed 'Dairyu Maru'.
- 『日本書紀』の所伝によると、応神朝から軍事氏族としての活躍が見え、履中朝に平群木菟宿禰(へぐりのつくのすくね)が国政に携わるようになった。
- According to 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the Heguri clan was active as a military clan from Emperor Ojin's Court and HEGURI no Tsuku no Sukune came to participate in the national politics in Emperor Richu's Court.
- 最終的には筒井氏・越智氏の援軍によって一向一揆は奈良から追われたものの、本願寺は面目を失墜して奈良の永代禁制を受け入れざるを得なくなった。
- In the end, the Ikko-Ikki army was expelled from Nara by the reinforcements of the Tsutsui and Ochi clans, but Hongan-ji Temple lost its prestige and could not avoid accepting the permanent prohibition of entering Nara.
- 室町時代において左馬頭は、足利直義が左馬頭になったのを嘉例とし、将軍の後見職(副将軍的な存在)あるいは次期将軍が就任する官職と見なされた。
- Taking it as a good example that Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA was appointed to Sama no kami, Sama no kami in the Muromachi period was regarded as a government post taken by Kokenshoku (post of guardian) of Shogun (existence like vice-shogun) or by Shogun-in-waiting.
- 幕府は前尾張藩主徳川慶勝を総督、越前藩主松平茂昭を副総督、薩摩藩士西郷隆盛を参謀に任じ、広島へ36藩15万の兵を集結させて長州へ進軍させる。
- The bakufu appointed Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the former lord of the Owari Domain) to the commander, Mochiaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Echizen domain) to the vice commander, and Takamori SAIGO (the feudal retainer of Satsuma) to the general staff, respectively, and marshaled 150,000 soldiers from 36 clans in Hiroshima to made them advance toward the Choshu Domain.
- なお、この条約の特異性から一部欧米列強から軍事同盟の密約の疑惑を持たれるなどしたことや、治外法権の存在などに対する反対論があり批准が遅れた。
- Because of the uniquness of this treaty, a part of the allied western powers had a suspicion that they made a secret agreement on the military alliance, or had an opposing argument on the exterritoriality, so the ratification was delayed.
- 陸軍二個師団増設が議会を通過し、のちに中国人のナショナリズムをおおいに刺激することになる「対華21か条要求」が国民的承認をうけるのであった。
- The bill to increase two army divisions passed the Diet, and the '21 Demands' made by Japan to China, which would later stir up the Chinese nationalism, won the approval of the Japanese people.
- 神戸に領事館を持つ列強諸国は、同日中に、居留地(外国人居留地)防衛の名目をもって神戸中心部を軍事占拠し、兵庫港に停泊する日本船舶を拿捕した。
- The powerful countries which had consulates in Kobe executed military occupation at the center of Kobe on that day in the name of the guard of the settlement (foreign settlement), and seized the Japanese ships anchoring at Hyogo port.
- 将軍問題は得宗が幕府の頂点にありながらも、その出自の低さ故に自ら将軍になる事の出来ない北条氏が最後まで乗り越える事の出来ない壁となっていた。
- The Hojo clan couldn't get over Shogun issue in the end as Tokuso couldn't become Shogun due to his low status by birth eventhough he was the most powerful lord of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 幕府では6代将軍義教が篠川御所の足利満直や駿河国の守護今川範忠に憲実の救援を命じ、さらに禅秀の子上杉持房、上杉教朝らをも含む幕軍を派遣する。
- In the bakufu the sixth shogun Yoshinori ordered Mitsunao ASHIKAGA of Sasagawa Gosho (an administrative organization for governing the Tohoku regions, settled by the Kamakura bakufu in the Muromachi period: it also refers to its head Mitsunao ASHIKAGA.) and Noritada IMAGAWA, shugo (a provincial constable) of the Suruga Province, to help Norizane and also dispatched the bakufu army including Zenshu's sons, Mochifusa UESUGI and Noritomo UESUGI.
- 二度に及ぶ長州征伐が失敗に終わり、将軍家茂の病死によって慶喜が将軍となると、慶応3年(1867年)に、最後の改革となる慶応の改革が行われた。
- After the two Choshu Conquests ended in failure and Shogun Iemochi died from an illness, Yoshinobu became the next shogun and implemented in 1867 Keio Reforms, the last ones in the Edo period.
- 連合軍の暴挙によって王侯貴族の邸宅や頤和園などの文化遺産が掠奪・放火・破壊の対象となり、奪った宝物を換金するための泥棒市がたつほどであった。
- Cultural heritages such as the residences of royal aristocrats and the Summer Palace were looted, victimized by arson, destroyed, and a market even opened for the loot in order to exchange it for money.
- 一方畠山氏との戦いでも般若野の戦い (戦国時代)で援軍に来た越後国の長尾能景(上杉氏守護代)を討ち取っただけに留まり成果はあげられなかった。
- In the battle against the Hatakeyama clan too, Rennyo only subjugated Yoshikage NAGAO (Shugodai [deputy military governor] of the Uesugi clan) of Echigo Province, who came as reinforcements to the Battle of Hannya-no (Sengoku Period).
- 城司の権限は大きく、国司の権限を分掌し、設置された辺郡の郡司や辺郡内に居住する俘囚を支配し、鎮兵や俘囚により編成された俘軍の指揮権を持った。
- The castle lords had great authority and shared a part of the power of kokushi (provincial governor), as they ruled gunji (local magistrates) appointed to the gun (province) and barbarians residing within, and had a command of an army of soldiers and barbarians.
- 1945年 第442連隊が18143個の武勲章および9476個の名誉戦傷章を受章し、アメリカ軍史上最も多くの勲章を授与された部隊の栄誉に輝く。
- In 1945, the 442nd Regiment received 18,143 medals and 9,476 Medals of Honor, becoming the squad who received the biggest number of medals in U.S. Army history.
- それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと。
- Contradicting to the fact above in some points, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface.
- が、その一方で、中央官僚は科挙による人材登用が本格化して増加し、周辺異民族も不穏な動きを見せているため、軍事費、人事経費が膨大なものとなった。
- On the other hand, however, more central government officials were employed through Kakyo (Imperial Examination) in earnest, and surrounding different ethnic groups were exhibiting disquieting behavior, and as a result, military expenditure and the cost for personnel affairs swelled.
- 水戸藩もこれに応じて市川らを中心とする追討軍を結成し、1864年8月8日(元治元年7月7日 (旧暦))に諸藩連合軍と天狗党との戦闘が始まった。
- In response to these orders, the Mito Domain organized an army to search out and kill Tenguto with Ichikawa and others playing important roles, and on August 8, 1864, a battle between the allied force of domains versus Tenguto began.
- 朱印船制度は初代将軍徳川家康が制度化したものであり、家康自身が直接発行したものも多く、余人がそれを取り消すことは事実上不可能だったからである。
- The shuinsen regulations were institutionalized by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the first Shogun and many of the shuinjo were issued by Ieyasu himself, so the cancellation of shuinjo was virtually impossible
- これにより、戦国時代からの遺風を消し、将軍と大名、藩主と家臣の主従関係は個人同士の関係から、主人の家に従者は仕える関係に転換することとなった。
- These policies broke a traditional mindset handed down from the Sengoku period (the period of warring states), and the relation of master to servant between shogun and daimyo as well as between the lord of the domain and his vassal was converted from a personal relationship into a relationship in which a follower served his master's family.
- 自分に度々意見する元長の存在を疎ましく思っていたとはいえ、劣勢の長政への肩入れも得策ではなかったためか、両軍への撤兵要請で事を収めようとした。
- Although he was annoyed about Motonaga who often criticized him, it was not advantageous to help almost losing Nagamasa, and therefore he attempted to put this battle to an end by calling on withdrawal to both sides.
- 両軍入り乱れ、伊達政宗と岡左内が川中で太刀打ちを行うほどの大激戦になったが、上杉方はしだいに追い崩されて敗走、散々になり福島城へ逃げて行った。
- The both armies were jumbled and the battle was so fierce that Masamune DATE and Sanai OKA fought face-to-face with each other in the river, but the Uesugi forces were destroyed and ran away to the Fukushima-jo Castle.
- 天智天皇を後継した弘文天皇から、軍事力によって政権を奪取した天武天皇は、政権中枢を皇子らで占める皇親政治を開始し、専制的な政治を行っていった。
- Emperor Tenmu, who had seized political power by force of arms from Emperor Kobun, the successor of Emperor Tenchi, began conducting Koshin politics, under which Imperial princes and other Imperial family members assumed key posts in the government, and thus strengthened the autocracy.
- 1942年 11月24日、Mike Masaokaらの主導で、陸軍省に日系2世部隊を組織するよう建白書を提出、翌年1月28日に請願が許可される。
- On November 24, 1942, Mike MASAOKA and others submitted a petition to the U.S. War Department that a squad of second-generation Japanese be made, and it was accepted on January 28, 1943.
- 江戸時代になると、江戸幕府の置かれた江戸には、各藩・将軍家の旗本屋敷(江戸屋敷)が置かれ、ここに在勤した家老を江戸家老・江戸詰家老などと呼んだ。
- After the Edo period began, residences of domains and of Hatamoto (retainers) of the shogun family were placed in Edo where the Edo bakufu was located, and the Karo officers who worked in these residences were called Edo-garo or Edozume-garo.
- この事件の後、幕府は国書に記す将軍の称号を「日本国王」から「日本国大君」に改め、京都五山の僧に外交文書作成や使節の応接、貿易の監視などを命じた。
- After this incident, the Edo bakufu changed the shogun's title which should be stated in any diplomatic letters from 'King of Japan' to 'Tycoon of Japan,' and told Buddhist priests in Five Great Zen Temples of Kyoto to prepare diplomatic papers and receptions for envoys, and to observe trades.
- 甲賀武士達は山中でその地の利を生かしてさまざまな奇襲をかけ、また時には夜陰に義尚の本陣に迫って火や煙を放つなど、さんざん幕府軍を苦しめたという。
- It is said that Koga warriors took a geographical advantage in the mountains to make various surprise attacks against the bakufu army and tormented them by using fire and smoke on Yoshihisa's headquarters during the night.
- 他にも当時はニコライの訪日が軍事視察であるという噂もあり、シベリア鉄道もロシアの極東進出政策を象徴するとして国民の反発があったことは確かである。
- At that time, it was rumored that an actual reason for Nicholas's visit to Japan was a military inspection, and also many Japanese people regarded the Trans-Siberian Railway as a symbol of Russian invasion of Far Eastern countries, and they had a sense of aversion against Russia.
- それによって御台所の立場は不動のものとなったが、約100年もの間、御台所不在の期間が続き、その間は先代将軍の正室や将軍子女らが、大奥を主宰した。
- As a result, Midaidokoro's position was consolidated, but during the Midaidokoro's absence for about 100 years, the previous Shogun's lawful wife or Shogun's children organized O-oku.
- 1435年(永享7年)に持氏は軍事行動をはじめ、1419年(応永26)に関東管領に就任した上杉憲実は持氏を制止するが、持氏と険悪な関係となった。
- When Mochiuji began his military action in 1435, Norizane UESUGI who had assumed Kanto Kanrei in 1419 stopped Mochiuji, and his relationship with Mochiuji became tense.
- そのため、陸奥国には征夷大将軍や鎮守府将軍が派遣され、平定した地域には陸奥国府と並び鎮守府が置かれ、その長官たる鎮守府将軍は国司と同格とされた。
- Therefore, Seii taishoguns (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') or Chinju-fu shoguns (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North) were dispatched to Mutsu Province and Chinju-fu (army base) was deployed in the subdued area and the Chinju-fu shogun, the chief of it ranked with kokushi.
- 4月下旬に始まった帝国議会において、ロンドン海軍軍縮会議締結に対し、軍令部が要求していた、補助艦の対米比7割に満たないとして条約締結拒否を言った。
- The Army demanded to reject the conclusion of the treaty of London Naval Conference on Disarmament at the Imperial Diet opened in the late April, because the proportion of the auxiliary ships unreached to 70 percent comparing to that of the United States.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたこと。
- The anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), which led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan), was well known.
- そしてその指導の下に旧軍とは別に、新式の編成で新式の装備を有する「別技軍」を組織し、日本式の訓練を行ったり日本に留学させたりと、努力を続けていた。
- Under the advisors' instruction, they set up the 'Byeolgigun' (a modernized special military force) apart from the existing traditional army, organized it in a new way and had it newly-equipped, continuing with such efforts as performing Japanese-style training and sending some members to Japan for study.
- 発給文書においては、元亀3年・天正2年の武田信豊宛武田家朱印状など武田氏の軍制において装備外装に関する規定が存在していたことを示す文書が見られる。
- Among the issued documents, there are some documents such as Shuinjo (a vermillion seal letter) of the Takeda Family addressed to Nobutoyo TAKEDA in 1572 and 1574, which show the fact that regulations stipulating the equipment and outfit existed in the military system of Takeda clan.
- 1944年(昭和19年)、東條内閣が総辞職した際に、東條英機が後継の小磯内閣の陸軍大臣として居残るという動きがあった(東條は首相兼陸相であった)。
- In 1944, when the Tojo Cabinet dissolved, there was a move by Hideki TOJO to remain as the Minister of War for the replacement Koiso Cabinet (Tojo was the Prime Minister and the War Minister).
- 後日、明治天皇自らが神戸港のロシア軍艦を訪問するとした際に、「拉致されてしまう」と進言する重臣達の反対を振り切って療養中のニコライを再び見舞った。
- Later, when Emperor Meiji visited a Russian warship in Kobe harbor, he paid a visit to Nicholas again, ignoring protests from some senior statesmen that he might be taken hostage.
- 山本七平の「私の中の日本軍」(文春文庫)では,ある衛生下士官が部隊の宴会で酔い,「突撃一番,軍人勅諭はオンナで終わらあー」と叫んだ事を記している。
- In the book titled 'Watashi no naka no Nihongun (Japanese Army in myself)' by Shichihei YAMAMOTO (published by Bunshun Bunko), one combat medic drank in a banquet of a troop, and said in a loud voice, 'Totsugeki Ichiban, the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors is finished with women!'
- そこに中国問題の深刻化、昭和金融恐慌、世界恐慌による経済危機、世界的な軍縮の流れに対する軍部の反発など、内外の危機に対して十分に対処しえなかった。
- Besides, the party cabinet administrations at that time failed to effectively deal with a series of crises in and out of Japan such as increasing problems in China, the Showa Financial Crisis, the economic crisis caused by the Great Depression, and Japanese military's protest against the global tendency toward disarmament.
- ただ作戦・装備が劣る点を士気によって補おうとする姿勢は多くの犠牲を生むことになり、この戦乱の死傷者の多くは義和団あるいは清朝軍の兵士で占められた。
- However, morale could not compensate for underprepared battle operations and equipment, and this stance brought about great casualties; most of the dead and injured in this battle were Boxers or soldiers of the Qing dynasty.
- また軍隊組織としてみた場合、義和団は言うに及ばず、清朝軍すら全体を統括指揮する能力に欠けており、その点も前近代的であると日本軍からは評されている。
- The Boxers failed to reach the level of a military organization, and even the Qing dynasty army lacked leadership and was not united, being described as old-fashioned by the Japanese army.
- この日に騒ぎがなかった理由については、前日騒いだせいで、労働者らが疲れ切っていたためという説と、軍隊が来るという情報が伝わったためという説がある。
- It is said that the reason why there was no troubles occurred on that day was because the workers were too tired or because they heard that the troops would come.
- 前九年の役、後三年の役で安倍氏 (奥州)や出羽清原氏が軍事拠点として設置した柵は成り立ちや性格が異なるので、一般的にはここでいう城柵には含めない。
- The saku that were located as military footholds by the Abe clan of Oshu and the Dewa Kiyohara clan during Zen Kunen no Eki (the Early Nine Years' War) and Gosannen no Eki (the Later Three Years' War) were different in nature from 'josaku,' so they are generally not included in the 'josaku' discussed here.
- 西国各地を襲撃して朝廷に勲功評価の条件闘争を仕掛け、これを脅かしたが、平将門の乱を収拾して西国に軍事力を集中させた朝廷軍の追討を受けて滅ぼされた。
- Sumitomo made several attacks as a conditional strike for merits against the Imperial Court in several places in Saigoku (the western part of Japan), but he was defeated and killed by the Imperial army which was able to concentrate its military power in Saigoku after putting an end to the war against TAIRA no Masakado.
- 同年8月15日の鈴木内閣総辞職時には緊急時のこととて重臣会議は招集されず、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の進駐によって重臣会議の権限は消滅したとされる。
- On August 15th of the same year, at the time of the entire SUZUKI Cabinet resignation, a senior statesmen's conference was not held because it was considered an emergency, and it is assumed the occupation by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) ceased the authority of senior statesmen's conferences.
- 1663年、4代将軍徳川家綱、5代徳川綱吉の治世期に幕政が武断政治から文治政治すなわちカブキ者的武士から儒教要素の入った武士道(士道)へと移行した。
- In 1663, during the reign of the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and the fifth shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the system of the Tokugawa shogunate administration was changed from the military administration to the civilian administration; in other words, shifted from the way of kabukimono samurai to the Confucianism-based bushido (shido) (the samurai code).
- 将軍家光期に幕府が農民統制のために発布したものであるとされていた慶安御触書は原本が確認されず幕法とするのには疑義がもたれており偽書とする説もあった。
- The original of the Keian official notice which is said to have been issued to control farmers in the age of Shogun Iemitsu, was not confirmed, gave rise to doubt for its being the law of shogunate and was asserted by some persons as gisho.
- したがって時代によっては、時の将軍が最も信頼する乳母や側室などが、その将軍の絶対権威のみを背景に、奥向き一切を取り仕切っていた場合もあったのである。
- Therefore, sometime a wet nurse or concubine of the Shogun at that time were trusted to administer the inner part of the house based on the Shogun's absolute authority.
- ちなみに幕府から給金を支給されていた女中たちすべてを「大奥女中」と言い、実際には将軍家の姫君の輿入れ先や息子の養子先の大名家にも存在していたという。
- All jochu who received a salary from the government were called 'O-oku jochu' and it is said that O-oku jochu were also in families into which the shogun's daughters married, and to whom the shogun's sons were adopted.
- 『保暦間記』によると、頼綱は泰盛の子安達宗景が源頼朝の落胤であると称して源氏に改姓し、謀反を起こして将軍になろうとしている、と貞時に讒言したという。
- According to 'Horyakukanki' (A History Book of the 14 century in Japan), Yoritsuna gave Sadatoki a slanderous account of Mumekage Adachi, a son of Yasumori, saying that he was claiming himself as an illegitimate child of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and changed his family name to the Minamoto clan to become shogun by raising a rebellion.
- そのため海軍の黎明期にはオランダ人が指導の中心となったが、明治新政府に替わってからはイギリス人を顧問に据えることでイギリスに習った海軍運営となった。
- As a consequence, in the early days of the Japanese Navy it was primarily Dutchmen who led the way; with the birth of the new Meiji government, however, Englishmen were employed as advisers, and as such, the administration of the Navy followed the British model.
- 海軍・陸軍や枢密院 (日本)、官僚などの勢力は、政党内閣の政権下でも依然として大きな政治的発言力を有しており、政党内閣による政権運営に介入していた。
- Under the party-cabinet administrations, powers such as the Navy, the Army, the Sumitsu-in (Privy Council), or the bureaucracy still had big influence in politics and intervened in the government.
- 築城・治水の他に手伝普請の対象となったのは、日光の社寺、徳川家の菩提寺である寛永寺・増上寺、将軍および家族の霊廟、禁裏・御所などの造営・修復である。
- Apart from constructions of castles and embankment works, the constructions and repair works of the following buildings were done by Tetsudai Fushin: shrines and temples in Nikko, Tokugawa Family's temples, namely Kanei-ji Temple and Zojo-ji Temple, the mausoleums of the Shogun and his family, the Imperial Palace and Residence.
- いっぽう、幼少時に鎌倉へ下向し、執権北条家の傀儡となっていた4代将軍・藤原頼経も成年に達し、自ら政権を握る意志を持ち、反執権勢力の糾合を図っていた。
- Meanwhile, the 4th shogun, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, who had left the capital for Kamakura in his early years, and worked as a puppet of the regent HOJO family, came of age, and wanted to hold the reigns of government, trying to organize the anti-regent power.
- 三代征夷大将軍足利義満の時、頼康は管領細川頼之と不和になって勝手に帰国してしまい、義満を激怒させ討伐令を出されたことがある(後に謝罪して許された)。
- During the period, under the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, Yoriyasu invoked the wrath of Yoshimitsu because he returned to his own province without permission due to a feud with Shogunal Deputy Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, and Yoshimitsu even issued a punitive order (later, Yoriyasu apologized was forgiven).
- 租界を攻撃していた清朝の正規軍、聶士成(じょうしせい)の武衛前軍や馬玉崑(ばぎょくこん)率いる武衛左軍と衝突したが、戦闘は連合軍が清朝側を圧倒した。
- The official army of Qing dynasty was attacking the Concession (foreigners in China holding autonomy or extraterritoriality), but the frontal army of Chinese imperial guard division led by Nie Shicheng, and the left Chinese imperial guard division led by Bagyokukon, clashed with allied forces and the Qing dynasty side was defeated during the battle.
- 将門は関東を制圧して新皇と自称し関東に独立勢力圏を打ち立てようとするが、平貞盛、藤原秀郷ら追討軍の攻撃を受けて、新皇僭称後わずか2ヶ月で滅ぼされた。
- Masakado then conquered Kanto and tried to establish an independent state, calling himself Shinno (New Emperor), but, only two months later, he was attacked and killed by an army headed by TAIRA no Sadamori and FUJIWARA no Hidesato.
- その内容は陸海軍の組織と編制などの制度、および勤務規則の設定、人事と職務の決定、出兵と撤兵の命令、戦略の決定、軍事作戦の立案や指揮命令などの権である。
- The contents of the power are to establish a regulation of organization or reorganization of the Army-Navy or the working regulations, to decide the personnel affairs and duties, to command dispatch and withdrawal of troops, to decide a strategy, to plan the military operation and to supervise and command.
- 一方で、征夷大将軍徳川家定の後継者問題を巡る対立で水戸藩が中心となっていた、いわゆる一橋派に加担していた人物への弾圧を強めていった(「安政の大獄」)。
- Meanwhile, the main group of the bakufu also put more oppression to the persons who took part in the Hitotsubashi group (group supporting Yoshinobu from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family) in which the Mito Domain was playing the central role regarding the problem of a successor of the Seii Taishogun Iesada TOKUGAWA (Ansei no Taigoku [suppression of extremists by the Shogunate]).
- 11月29日(旧暦11月1日 (旧暦))に大子を出発し、京都を目標に下野国、上野国、信濃国、美濃国と約2ヶ月の間、主として中山道を通って進軍を続けた。
- On November 29, they left Daigo and advanced through Nakasen-do Road, by passing by the Shimotsuke Province, Kozuke Province, Shinano Province and Mino Province for approximately 2 months, to Kyoto.
- これ以後、大命降下があっても、軍部が現役武官の中から大臣候補を挙げなければ組閣できず、辞職して代わりの候補を出さなければ内閣を維持することもできない。
- Since then, even if an imperial command was given, the military would only elect a ministerial candidate from active military officers in order to form a Cabinet and they could not retain a Cabinet unless electing another candidate after a Military Minister resigned.
- 大戦終結までの間、マルタ島を基地に地中海での連合国側艦船の護衛に当たり、イギリス軍艦21隻を含む延べ船舶数計788隻、兵員約70万人の護衛に当たった。
- The fleet, based on Malta, served in the Mediterranean as escorts for navy ships of the Allies until the end of the world war, escorting a total of 788 vessels including 21 British warships, and about 700 thousand navy personnel.
- この規定では国の正丁人口の三分の一が軍団に勤務することになるが、実際の徴兵はこれより少なかったようで、一戸から一人が実情ではないかとも考えられている。
- Under this statute, one third of the population of Seitei in the nation was obliged to work in Gundan, but the actual number of soldiers inducted seemed to be smaller than that, and it is considered that, in fact, one Seitei was inducted from one Ko (smallest organization unit in provincial administration).
- ともかく「戦陣訓」には耗弱した軍の組織の反映があり,聡明なる兵隊はそれを読んだ時点で,すでに兵隊そのものの危機を予感したかもしれない。」と述べている。
- Anyway, 'Senjinkun military code' reflects the drastically weakened militaty organization, and therefore, a clever soldier would have already expected the crisis of the army when he read it.'
- 海軍においては政治への不関与を命じたものと位置づけるのが主流であったが、政党政治に終局をもたらせた暗殺テロ、五・一五事件に代表される急進派も存在した。
- On the side of the Navy, most thought the rescript ordered them not to engage in politics, but there were some radicals who caused the May 15th Incident, terrorist assassination, that resulted in the end of party politics.
- 軍用手票(ぐんようしゅひょう)とは、戦争時において占領地もしくは勢力下にて軍隊が現地からの物資調達及びその他の支払いのために発行される擬似紙幣である。
- Gunyoshuhyo is pseudo currency issued during wars for military forces to pay for commodities and other necessaries in its occupying areas or areas under their control.
- 清朝軍によって襲撃・夜襲を仕掛けられることはあったものの、時折休戦が差し挟まれ、その間公使団と清朝とは話し合いをもったため休息することが可能であった。
- While there were surprise and night attacks by the Qing dynasty army, there were periods of cease-fire in between and people were able to rest while the group of envoys and Qing dynasty held meetings.
- その後戦況は一進一退を続けたが、天文4年(1536年)6月には細川軍の総攻撃が始まると、当時の後奈良天皇の日記にも「本願寺滅亡」と記されたほどである。
- After that, the situation of the war got better and worse, but in June, 1536, the Hosokawa army launched an all-out attack and the Hongan-ji Temple side was as ruined as written as 'Hongan-ji Temple was destroyed' in the diary of Emperor Gonara.
- 農民にとっては(暴力を振るわれても)農作業よりも楽であり、白米が食べられることから、明治時代には「軍隊に行くとなまけ者になる」という評判があったという。
- Peasants thought serving military was easier than farming (even they received violence) and they could eat even white rice in military, so it was said that 'a man who entered the military became lazy' in the Meiji period.
- 殺害された日本人のうち公使館員等で朝鮮人兇徒によって殺害された以下の日本人男性は、軍人であると否とにかかわらず、戦没者に準じて靖国神社に合祀されている。
- Among the Japanese victims, the following men such as legation staff who were killed by the angry Korean mob were, regardless of being soldiers or not, enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine as war dead.
- このため、前線部隊では勲功抜群なものに対しては「金鵄勲章の確約」として軍刀や感状、記念品などを与えたり、陸軍では武功徽章を制定するなどして対処していた。
- Resultingly, those among the front-line troops who rendered extraordinary service were awarded army swords, letters of commendation, and other mementos 'as a firm promise of receiving the Order of the Golden Kite,' and among the army it was treated as an emblem of great military exploits.
- 鎌倉時代の関東御分国は、将軍家が知行国主として支配し、一族や御家人を朝廷に推挙して国司に任じ、国衙領(公領)を支配するとともに、国衙領からの収入を得た。
- The form of Kanto Gobunkoku in the Kamakura period was that the family/clan members or the retainers of the Kamakura bakufu were recommended to the Imperial Court for nomination as provincial officials, in order to rule the provinces as the officials of Kokugaryo (Imperial province) and properly earn revenue from the province.
- ただし、間諜といっても、実際には時々命令を受け、江戸市中の情報を将軍に報告したり、身分を隠して地方に赴き情勢を視察したりしていた程度であるとされている。
- Even though they were secret agents, their actual jobs were not so serious, for example, informing the shogun of the news in Edo city and visiting rural areas for inspection with their identity concealed.
- しかし、大日本帝国海軍では「御勅諭の精神を覚えておけばよい。御勅諭全文より諸例則等を覚えよ」とされることが多く、全文暗誦を求められることは多くなかった。
- On the other hand, Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) often stated 'It is necessary to remember the spirit of the rescript. Sailors should rather memorize each rule than all the sentences of the rescript,' and they rarely needed to recite all the sentences.
- しかし、711年に馬の軍事的な重要性から従五位下ながら皇族である葛木王(後の橘諸兄)が令外官である馬寮監(めりょうげん)に任じられて左右馬寮を統括した。
- However, in 711, Prince Katsuragi (later TACHIBANA no Moroe) who was a member of the Imperial family although his rank was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) was appointed as Meryogen (the chief of the Bureau of Horses) which was Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system), from the viewpoint of military importance, and controlled the right and left divisions of Meryo.
- こうした背景のもと、日露戦争中に日本軍通訳をつとめた宋秉畯が日本の影響下に政治改革のための組織を計画したが、この計画は元独立協会系の人々に受け入れられた。
- Due to this background, Song Byung-joon who had served as an interpreter for Japanese Army in Russo-Japanese War designed an organization for the political reform against the Japanese influence, and this plan was accepted by people who had followed the independence club before.
- 首班が議会(衆議院)に議席を持たないという意味ではやや条件を欠くが、軍部大臣以外を政党人によってかためたという点では、日本史上初の政党内閣であるといえる。
- Although the cabinet lacked the condition in the sense that the head seat did not have position in the diet (the House of Representatives), it was Japan's first party cabinet in terms of the fact that the cabinet members were not from the military but from political parties.
- 軍部大臣現役武官制は、1871年(明治4年)7月、兵部省職員令に「卿一人 本官少将以上」として、兵部卿には少将以上の者をあてると定めたことが起源とされる。
- It is believed that Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei was originated from the Hyobusho's Shikinryo (law which stipulates duties of the Ministry of Military) in July, 1871: 'one minister with a rank higher than Shosho,' defined the eligibility of Hyobukyo as having to be higher than the Shosho rank.
- 1931年の満州事変以後、日本に対する中華民国の排日運動が激化していったが、日本軍部が「治安の維持」を口実に暴走し、中国大陸への派兵と侵略を進めていった。
- After the Manchurian Inciden in 1931, anti-Japanese movements in China became more serious, and the Japanese military sent its troops to China to invade the country; the Japanese military went out of control on the pretense of keeping 'public security.'
- 将軍が諸大名に対して強大な権力を誇示したように、藩内においては藩主自らを頂点とした体制を固めさせられることになったのである(「藩体制の成立」と呼ばれる)。
- Just as the Shogun had enourmous authority over the territorial lords, the lords of the domains were required to establish the system with themselves ruling at the top (called 'the establishment of the Domain System').
- 列強のその時の思いは連合軍司令官ワルテルゼーの「列強の力を合わせたとしても、中国人の4分の1でも治めるのは困難であろう」ということばに言い尽くされている。
- Those thoughts of the allied nations were put in a nutshell with the words of Allied Supreme Commander Waldersee, 'It would prove difficult to conquer even a quarter of the Chinese people, even with all the allied powers combined.'
- 軍事作戦上の齟齬や各国軍の戦闘への積極性の違いも原因であったが、そもそも北京に早く到達すべきかどうかという根本的な点で意見の一致を見ていなかった為である。
- The contradicting military strategies and the difference in the enthusiasm of each army toward the battle were causes, but it was mainly due to lack of basic agreement about whether to arrive in Beijing early or not.
- 幕藩体制(ばくはんたいせい)とは、近世日本の社会体制のあり方を、幕府(征夷大将軍)と藩(大名)という封建制度的主従関係を基点にとらえた歴史学上の概念である。
- 'Bakuhan-taisei' is a historical concept of social system of early modern Japan viewed basically from feudal homage between bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (or seii-taishogun, literally 'great general who subdues the barbarians) and han (domains) (or daimyo, meaning 'feudal lords').
- 秋月側は死者17名を出し(政府軍の死者2名)江川村栗河内(現・朝倉市大字江川字栗河内)へ退却、10月31日に秋月党は解散し、磯、宮崎、土岐ら七士は自刃した。
- With a death toll of 17 on the Akizuki side (two deaths in the government forces), the Akizuki-to party retreated to Kurikochi, Egawa Village (currently, Aza Kurikochi, Oaza Egawa, Asakura City) and was disbanded on October 31 and seven men including Iso, Miyazaki and Toki committed suicide.
- 県側は一揆勢が新潟町に入るのを阻止するため平島(現新潟市)に軍を集め、8日午後、北上してきた一揆勢に威嚇射撃を行い、突撃しようとした首謀者の1人を射殺した。
- The Prefectural Office mustered an army in Heijima (present-day Niigata City) in order to prevent the uprising party from entering Niigata-machi, and on the afternoon of 8th, fired warning shots against the uprising party moving toward the north, shooting one of the ringleaders who intended to charge.
- 第二次西園寺公望内閣のとき、緊縮財政による国家財政再建や行政整理を理由に、西園寺公望首相が、陸軍による「二個師団増設」の要求を拒否した(二個師団増設問題)。
- During the second Kinmochi SAIONJI Cabinet, because of the national financial reconstruction and the administration by reduced budget, Prime Minister Kinomochi SAIONJI refused the Army's 'two division expansion' demand (two divisions' expansion issue).
- さらに我が子が世子となり、やがて将軍ともなれば、落飾した側室でも将軍生母として尼御台(あまみだい、落飾した御台所)をはるかに凌ぐ絶大な権威と権力を持ち得た。
- Furthermore, if one's own son became an heir and Shogun, even concubines already entered into priesthood could have far more authority and power as the real mother of a shogun than Ama Midai (Midaidokoro entered into priesthood).
- 第二次世界大戦後は平和国家として再出発し、アメリカ合衆国の軍事的な保護の元、急激に海外文化(主にアメリカ文化)を吸収して経済発展を成し遂げた(神武景気等)。
- After World War II, Japan started out as a peaceful country and achieved economic development (Jimmu Boom and others), assimilating foreign cultures rapidly (mainly American culture) under the military protection of the U.S.A.
- 宮騒動(みやそうどう)は、鎌倉時代の寛元4年(1246年)に起きた、北条光時の反乱未遂、および前征夷大将軍・藤原頼経が鎌倉から追放され、京都へ戻された事件。
- Miya sodo (palace disturbance) is the incident in which Mitsutoki HOJO attempted a rebellion, and the former Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, was banished from Kamakura, and returned to Kyoto in 1246 in the Kamakura period.
- 日本軍は他国軍に先駆けて戦利品確保に動き出し、まず総理衙門と戸部_(官庁)(財務担当官庁)を押さえて約291万4800両の馬蹄銀や32万石の玄米を鹵獲した。
- The Japanese army went before other armies to retrieve the spoils of war and suppressed Zongli Yamen and the Ministry of Revenue (Ministry of Finance government office) and seized about 2,914,800 taels of bateigin (the Japanese term for Chinese boat-shaped silver or gold ingots called sycee in English) and 320,000 koku (a unit of volume of rice, 1 koku equals 180.39 liters) of brown rice.
- この中で、政宗は徳川家の軍勢を会津へ駐屯させることを提言し、又山岡志摩を通して申入れていた宮城郡国分千代への新しい居城(仙台城)の築造許可の催促等を求めた。
- In the proposals, Masamune suggested that the forces of the Tokugawa family should station in Aizu and reminded Ieyasu of permission to construct a new residential castle (Sendai-jo Castle) in Kokubun Sendai, Miyagi District which had been requested through Shima YAMAOKA.
- しかし、例外もあり親藩や、譜代大名の家老連綿の家系の多くには、幕府から、将軍家の旗本の格式を与えられ、将軍に謁見の資格を持ち、関所で下馬することを免除された。
- However, there were also exceptions: Karo officers of Shinpan (whose lords were in the male lineage of the Tokugawa shogun family) and Karo officers whose families were Karo to Fudai daimyo (daimyo who were retainers of the Tokugawa family from before the Battle of Sekigahara) were given the status of Hatamoto of the shogun family for generations, being entitled to have an audience with the shogun and to not alight from their horse at checking stations.
- また、幕府の公式の監察官である大目付が伝令を主たる職務とする儀礼官になるなど将軍直属の監察能力の形骸化があり、これを補って将軍権力を強化する意味あいもあった。
- He also wanted to make the shogun power stronger by compensating the lack of inspection ability under the direct control of shogun because Ometsuke, the official senior inspector of the bakufu, actually acted as the ceremony officer whose main duty was conveying commands.
- 翌1864年(元治元年)、新選組が長州藩の攘夷激派を襲撃した池田屋事件の後に長州藩は京都の軍事的奪回を図り、禁裏を侵して会津藩・桑名藩などの幕府側と衝突した。
- The following year, 1864, Choshu Domain, after the Ikedaya-Incident which was a bloody raid by Shinsengumi against the patriots of Joi (principle of excluding foreigners) group of Choshu Domain, clashed with the supporters of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) including Aizu Domain and Kuwana Domain trying to recapture Kyoto by using the military force and attacking Kinri (the Imperial Palace).
- 「戦陣訓」を「軍人勅諭」と比較することは酷であるにしても「戦陣訓」にはなんら灌漑している精神がなく,いたずらに兵隊に押しつける箇条書が羅列してあるだけである。
- Though 'Senjinkun military code' can not be compared with ''the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors,' there is no mentality seen through 'Senjinkun military code,' but just a list of items to be pushed to soldiers vainly.
- 慶応3年12月9日(1868年1月3日)、総裁・議定・参与の三職を置き、摂政・関白・征夷大将軍・内覧・勅問・国事掛・議奏・武家伝奏・守護職・所司代を廃止した。
- On January 3, 1868, three offices of Sosai, Gijo and Sanyo (all of them, roughly concilors) were established, abolishing the positions of Sessho Kampaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), Seii Taishogun (shogun, literally meaning, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Nairan (private inspection), Chokumon (questions by Emperor), Kokujigakari (officials in charge of state affairs), Giso (a position conveying what the congress decides to Emperor), Buke Tenso (a position conveying messages between Emperor and the shogunate), Shugoshiki (military governor) and Shoshidai (the shogunate's military governor stationed in Kyoto).
- 福島城への再攻撃が検討されたが、上杉軍による仙道・梁川筋からの挟撃の懸念を石川昭光が言上し、また梁川城への謀略工作が不調に終わったため、政宗は再征を断念した。
- Reattack on the Fukushima-jo Castle was discussed, but Masamune gave it up because Akimitsu ISHIKAWA presented his concern that the Uesugi army would launch pincer drive between Sendo and Yanagawa areas and the plot to the Yanagawa-jo Castle ended up in failure.
- 高杉らは西洋式軍制を採用した民兵である奇兵隊や長州藩諸隊を整備し、大村益次郎を登用してのゲベール銃やミニエー銃など新式兵器の配備、戦術の転換など軍事改革を行う。
- Takasugi, who organized a militia group adopting a Western-style military system named Kiheitai and consolidated the existing military units in the Choshu Domain, carried out a military reform by appointing Masujiro OMURA, equipping the army with the latest weapons like Gewehr rifles and Minie rifles changing tactics.
- 上下関係の確立した江戸時代に於いては、直参は将軍への拝謁が許されていたのに対し、陪臣はたとえ藩で1万石以上と大名並みの石高を有する家老でも拝謁は許されなかった。
- In the Edo period when the superior-inferior relationships were established, jikisan was permitted to have an audience with the shogun, but baishin was not permitted to have an audience with the shogun even if such baishin was Karo (chief retainer) whose clan had a daimyo-level yield of not less than 10,000 koku.
- この結果に激怒した信長は勝手に軍を動かした信雄に激怒し絶縁すると脅して諫める一方、2年後の天正9年(1581年)には自らおよそ4万の兵を率いて伊賀に攻め込んだ。
- Nobunaga who was furious at this outcome raged at Nobuo who had moved army without permission and admonished him suggesting breakup of their relationship, but after two years, in 1581, he invaded into Iga Province himself leading about 40,000 soldiers.
- 当時の李氏朝鮮は、壬午軍乱(1882年)で興宣大院君が清へ連れ去られており、閔妃をはじめとする驪興閔氏一族は、親日派政策から清への事大主義へと方向転換していた。
- At that time in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, as Heungseon Daewongun was abducted to Qing under the Imo Incident (1882), the Min clan of Yeoheung, including the Empress Myeongseong, had turned to serving the great Qing from the pro-Japanese policy.
- 一方、日本では、第1次西園寺内閣が様々な国内事情を抱え、帝国議会、軍部、財界の圧力にさらされており、この局面を挽回しようと南清艦隊を動かして清国政府を威嚇した。
- On the other hand, the first Saionji Cabinet in Japan, which was suffered by various domestic circumstances and under pressure from the Imperial Diet, the military and the financial world, mobilized the Southern-Qing Fleet and threatened the Qing government with the intention of recovering from the difficult position.
- 梁川中心市街(梁川城下)から国道349号線を1.5kmほど北上して阿武隈川を越えると、左手に、当時、梁川城に対峙して伊達軍が布陣したという小山…大枝城跡がある。
- Across the Abukumagawa River 1.5 km north from the Yanagawa city center (Yanagawa-jo castle town) through National Route 349, Oyama, the Oeda-jo Castle where the Date army lined up to face Abukuma-jo Castle can been seen on the left.
- そこで明治19年(1886年)、鉄道局長の井上と総理大臣の伊藤博文、陸軍の大立者山縣有朋(3人とも長州藩出身)が相談して東海道へルートを変更することが決定した。
- Thus in 1886, the change of the route to Tokaido was decided after the consultation among Railroad Director INOUE, Prime Minister Hirobumi ITO and the leading figure of the Army Aritomo YAMAGATA (all three were from the Choshu Domain).
- しかし、その後の国際情勢の変転に伴い、1950年(昭和25年)には、軍隊に匹敵する装備を持つ警察予備隊が創設され、この事務を掌理するため警察予備隊本部が置かれた。
- However, due to the change in international situations, the National Police Reserve, which had equal equipment as the Army, was formed and the National Police Army Head Quarters was created to manage its administration.
- しかし、江戸時代中期以降、太平の時代に入ると、軍事機密の意味は無くなり、慢性的な財政難のため、家臣が禄を離れることは、枢要な人物で無い限り事実上自由になっていた。
- From the mid-Edo Period to the Taihei Period, military secrecy was no longer needed and ongoing financial difficulty made it possible for vassals to leave, unless they served in key positions.
- 陸奥へ達した朝廷軍は、蝦夷側の首領阿弖流爲の根拠地である胆沢の入り口にあたる衣川村に軍を駐屯させて日を重ねていたが、5月末に桓武天皇の叱責を受けて行動を起こした。
- The Imperial army reached Mutsu Province and spent several days staying in Koromogawa Village at the entrance of the Isawa where the chieftain Aterui of the Emishi side was based, then after the Emperor Kanmu's reprimand, it took action at the end of June.
- この事件により、一時、外国軍が神戸中心部を占拠するに至るなどの動きにまで発展したが、その際に問題を起こした隊の責任者であった滝善三郎が切腹する事で一応の解決を見た。
- This incident expanded to the temporal occupation of the center of Kobe by the foreign military, but the person in charge of the troop that caused the incident, Zenzaburo TAKI, committed suicide by disembowelment, which led to a tentative solution.
- この制度を復活させた広田内閣は、腹切り問答によって自らが制定した軍部大臣現役武官制による陸軍大臣と揉めて、議会を解散する要求を拒絶する代わりに総辞職に追い込まれた。
- The Hirota Cabinet, which revived this system, had a conflict due to the Harakiri Mondo (the Harakiri questionaires) with the Minister of War over Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei which he formulated himself, and was driven to resign instead of commanding the assembly to dismiss.
- 『保暦間記』の記述は『鎌倉将軍執権列伝』(安田元久編、1974年)内の「執権北条貞時」(五味克夫)313頁にあり、その他の史料でどう書かれているかも紹介されている。
- The descriptions in 'Horyakukanki' are included in 'Shikken Sadatoki HOJO' (written by Katsuo GOMI), on the 313th page of 'The lives of shikken to shoguns in the Kamakura period' (compiled by Motohisa YASUDA in 1974), where descriptions of the incident in other historical documents are included as well.
- これは立憲君主制への移行・軍の近代化・経済振興・科挙廃止を視野に入れた教育改革を目指すもので、方向性は数年前西太后が取り潰した康有為らの戊戌変法と同じものであった。
- The aims included transition toward a constitutional monarchy, modernization of the army, economic advancement, and reformation of education through the abolishment of Kakyo (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats), pointing in the same direction as the Hundred Day's Reform of Kang Youwei that Empress Dowager crushed several years ago.
- これを見た賀州三ヶ寺側の門徒の動揺は激しく、「仏敵」になることを恐れた寝返りが相次いだため、松岡寺と本泉寺はたちまち超勝寺と援軍を主力とする本願寺軍の手に奪われた。
- Looking at this, the followers of Gashu Sanka-ji Temples became greatly upset and one betrayal happened after another in fear of being 'Enemies of Buddhists' so that Shoko-ji Temple and Honsen-ji Temple were immediately taken by Hongan-ji Temple's army organized by the followers of Chosho-ji Temple and the reinforcements.
- ・「政宗度々敗軍し無念に思い、早く軍を止むべきよし、しばしば台命を蒙りながら、福島・梁川両城を責めとらずしては置くべからずと、(慶長六年)四月十六日又白石を出勢す。
- - 'Feeling chagrined at the successive loss of the battles, Masamune couldn't help but attack both the Fukushima-jo Castle and the Yanagawa-jo Castle and sent the troops from Shiraishi again on April 16, 1601 although he was repeatedly ordered to stop the battle.
- 平氏敗北の要因について、後白河法皇が平氏へ講和の提案を行い、大幅に武装解除させる一方で、鎌倉政権軍と連携して対平氏攻撃を着々と準備した計略であるという説が有力である。
- As for the primary factor for the defeat of the Taira clan, historians and experts are strongly supportive in the theory that Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa strategicly proposed a peace negotiation with the Taira clan, to significantly relax the guard of the militarily defenses for the Taira clan's army while cooperating with the Kamakura Government army that was preparing for the pending attack upon the Taira clan.
- 7月22日 (旧暦)(8月23日)に瀬田橋の戦い(滋賀県大津市唐橋町)で近江朝廷軍が大敗すると、翌7月23日 (旧暦)(8月24日)に大友皇子が自決し、乱は収束した。
- When the Omi Court army was badly defeated at the Battle of Seta Bridge (Karahashi-cho, Otsu City, Siga Prefecture) on August 23, Prince Otomo killed himself on August 24 the next day and the battle converged.
- また翌年、将軍家茂が上洛すると、幕府権力が京都と江戸で分裂することになり、京都政界を主導する徳川慶喜・松平容保らと、江戸の留守を守る譜代大名・旗本らとの亀裂も生じた。
- In the next year, when Shogun Iemochi went to Kyoto, power of the Edo bakufu split into two - one was in Kyoto and another was in Edo - and a discord began to be seen between political leaders in Kyoto (Yoshinobu, Katamori, and others) and those who were keeping Edo safe, such as 'fudai daimyo,' 'hatamoto,' and others.
- 例外は大沽砲台や聶士成の武衛前軍、馬玉崑率いる武衛左軍といった近代化部隊であったが、これすら兵器の扱いに不慣れな兵士が多かったために効果的な運用ができなかったという。
- The exceptions were Taku Fort, the frontal army of Chinese imperial guard division of Nie Shicheng, and the modern left Chinese imperial guard division led by Bagyokukon, but they could not operate smoothly since many soldiers were unfamiliar with their weapons.
- これは蓮如が一番危惧していた本願寺宗門の「反体制」視につながりかねない出来事であり、事実室町幕府征夷大将軍である足利義尚は本願寺を討伐することも検討したとされている。
- This was an incident which could lead to the 'antiestablishment' movement against the Hongan-ji sect, which was what Rennyo feared most, and in fact Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdued the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) is said to have considered subduing Hongan-ji Temple.
- 1952年(昭和27年)サンフランシスコ講和条約により、小笠原諸島6村は日本政府の行政から分離され廃止、アメリカの信託統治領となり引き続きアメリカ軍管理下に置かれる。
- In 1952, due to the Peace Treaty signed in San Francisco, six villages in Ogasawara Islands were removed from the public administration of the Japanese government, abolished, put under an American trusteeship and remained under the rule of the U.S. Forces.
- 3月14日 (旧暦)(4月21日)、この日は勅使、院使が江戸城に登城して将軍綱吉が先の勅宣と院宣に対して返事を奏上するという奉答の儀式が執り行われる予定になっていた。
- On April 21, there was supposed to be a ceremony in which Shogun Tsunayoshi giving his response to a messages delivered from the Imperial messengers and Inshi after their arrival to Edo-jo Castle.
- 天狗党は武田耕雲斎を総大将とし、大軍師に山国兵部、本陣に田丸稲之衛門、輔翼に藤田小四郎と竹内百太郎を中心として天勇隊・虎勇隊・竜勇隊、正武隊・義勇隊、奇兵隊を編成した。
- Tenguto had Kounsai TAKEDA as supreme commander, Hyobu YAMAGUNI as military advisor, Inanoemon TAMARU at headquarters of army, Koshiro FUJITA and Hyakutaro TAKEUCHI as assistants, and organized 天勇隊, 虎勇隊, 竜勇隊, 正武隊, 義勇隊 and Kiheitai Army.
- 飯富虎昌・山県昌景の両者は『甲陽軍艦』において武勇に秀でるとともに武田家及び武田軍の中心として活躍した武将として記されており、両名の活躍が赤備えの価値を高めたと言える。
- It is written in 'Koyo Gunkan' (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family, compiled by one of the Takeda vassals, and completed in 1616 by Kagenori OBATA) that both Toramasa OBU and Masakage YAMAGATA were busho who had an outstanding bravery and showed a great performance as a leader of the Takeda Family and the Takeda Army, so it can be said that their achievements raised the value of Akazonae.
- 中央の有力豪族が中心である臣に対して連の姓を名乗る氏族は、朝廷の役職と直結しており、大伴氏も物部氏も古来からヤマト王権の軍事を束ねる役割をしていた氏族だと言われている。
- Unlike the kabane of Omi that were mostly the influential ruling clans in the capital, the clans with the kabane of Muraji were directly connected to the posts of the Imperial Court and it is said that the Otomo and the Mononobe clans were those who were in charge of the military affairs for the Yamato sovereignty from ancient times.
- 自由党解党2日後の10月31日、下吉田(旧吉田町 (埼玉県))の椋神社において決起集会が行われ、蜂起の目的のほか、役割表や軍律が制定され(下記参照)、蜂起が開始された。
- On October 31, two days after the dissolution of the Liberal Party, they held a rally in Muku Shrine in Shimoyoshida (former Yoshidamachi [Saitama Prefecture]), established the purpose of the uprising, a role chart and martial law.
- 特にロシア軍の満洲占領とモラルを欠いた軍事行動は、各国に多大な懸念を与えるとともに、日本に朝鮮における自国の権益が脅かされるのではという危機感を与えるのに十分であった。
- The occupation of Manchuria by the Russian army and their unethical military movements greatly worried each nation and was enough to make Japan feel threatened over its interest in Korea.
- 関ヶ原の戦いにおいても豊臣氏が徳川家康によって取り潰されなかったのは、且元が石田三成ら西軍に対してある程度の距離を置き、家康と裏交渉していたからであるとも言われている。
- He is also believed to have played a role in the preservation of the Toyotomi clan after the clan's defeat in the Battle of Sekigahara, by keeping distance from Mitsunari ISHIDA and others in the West (Toyotomi) camp and negotiating secretly with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- だが、この問題以後、立憲政友会内部に陸軍への反発から、帷幄上奏を廃止して陸軍省官制および海軍省官制を再改正を行って、文官の軍部大臣就任を認めさせるべきとの主張が出された。
- However, after this matter, an assertion to abolish Iaku-joso, revise the government regulations of Army and Navy, and admit the civil officers to become the Minister of military was given inside Rikken seiyukai due to the opposition to the Military.
- この「天皇の軍隊の最高幹部がなんら倫理的葛藤なしに天皇の指名した首相を拒否・打倒する」事態については、山本七平・小室直樹・堺屋太一などが社会評論の題材として分析している。
- Shichihei YAMAMOTO, Naoki KOMURO, and Taichi SAKAIYA analyzed the matter that 'the top Army executives of the emperor refuses or dismisses a prime minister who the Emperor designates' as a subject of social criticism.
- 当時の日本は、何とか欧米の植民地にならずに済んだだけで、まだロシアに軍事的に対抗する力を持っていなかったため、賠償金や領土の割譲まで要求してくるのではないかと危惧された。
- At that time, Japan barely avoided being colonized by Western countries, but still did not have enough military power to fight against them and feared that Russia would demand reparations or cession of territory.
- 柴五郎らもその辺の温度差を敏感に感じ取っており、柴は董福祥の甘軍は真剣に包囲殲滅を目指しているが、栄禄直轄の部隊は銃撃するものの突撃などは少なかったと解放後に述べている。
- Goro SHIBA also felt those differences in opinion in the surrounding area, and stated after the release that 甘軍 of Gansu Province seriously considered terminating the siege, and the division under the direct control of Ronglu shot but made very few attacks.
- なお、軍人の暴走例としてよく取り上げられる問題ではあるが、そもそも国会議員が政治抗争の手段として、軍内部の争いに油を注ぐ形で持ち出した問題であることには注意するべきである。
- This problem is discussed often as a violate example of the military men, but it should be noticed that originally the Members of the Diet brought up this matter stimulating the conflicts in the army as the means of the political dispute.
- 一時期、現在の広開土王碑碑文は大日本帝国陸軍が大日本帝国の半島進出を正当化するため不都合な歴史を改竄したものであるという説を唱える向きがあったが(李進煕和光大名誉教授説)。
- There was a time when some scholars tended to theorize that the Imperial Japanese Army tried to legitimize their militaristic advance into Korean peninsula by Empire of Japan; therefore, the efforts of the Imperial Japanese Army were directed in altering any inconvenient historical facts on Inscription on the Gwanggaeto Stele (a theory introduced by Rijinhi, a Professor of Wako University).
- 明治末以来、藩閥勢力の代表で陸軍に近い桂太郎(長州藩出身)と立憲政友会の西園寺公望(公家出身)が「情意投合」のもと、交互に政権を担う慣例が続いていた(桂園時代と呼ばれる)。
- From the end of the Meiji period, in the Japanese government a conventional power rotation system was implemented under the agreement called 'Joi Togo' (the agreement to take power alternately) between Taro KATSURA (from the former Choshu Domain), who was closely related to the Japanese Army and a representative figure of the domain-based forces, and Kinmochi SAIONJI (from the former court noble), who belonged to the Rikken Seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO, hereinafter referred to Seiyukai) (called Kei-En era after the initial characters of their names).
- ペリーは共和党 (アメリカ)のミラード・フィルモア大統領から海軍の作戦行動として日本との条約締結を命じられるが、アメリカでは交戦権が上院に属するため、発砲は禁止されていた。
- Perry had been ordered by Republican president Millard FILLMORE on a naval mission to conclude a treaty with Japan, but was prohibited from any act of belligerency without senate approval.
- オランダ郵政当局が1985年に発行した「第二次世界大戦終結40周年」記念切手3種のうちの1種には、オランダ人が日本の皇居に向けて土下座している姿とともに軍票が描かれていた。
- One of three memorial stamps 'the 40th anniversary of the end of the WWII' issued by Dutch State Post Bureau in 1985 shows the picture of Dutch people kneeling down on the ground toward Japanese Imperial Palaceand and the military currency on it.
- 長州藩のミニエー銃に対し、彦根藩は赤備えに火縄銃という古来より伝わる兵装で挑むが、小瀬川を渡ろうとした所を長州軍石川小五郎率いる遊撃隊のアウトレンジ戦法を受け一方的に敗れる。
- Although Hikone Domain coped in Akazonae and with matchlock gun which came down from the ancient period with Choshu Domain equipped with Minié rifle, they received the tactic of outranging by the commando unit led by Kogoro ISHIKAWA of Choshu Army when they were about to cross the Oze-gawa River, which led to their self-defeat.
- 第二次世界大戦後からベトナム戦争の終わりまでMilitary Payment Certificate (略称MPC)という米ドル立て軍用手票が発行されベトナムで流通していた。
- After the WWII through the end of the Vietnam War, Military Payment Certificate (MPC, for short) in US dollar was issued and circulated in Vietnam.
- つまり、彼らがにらみを効かせている一般の田堵負名富豪層と同じ経済基盤の上に自らの軍事力を維持しなければならず、また一般の富豪層と同様に受領の搾取に脅かされる側面も持っていた。
- Under this system, the Samurai had to maintain their military strength with the same economic conditions as the ordinary upper class citizens, over whom they exercised their authority, and, like ordinary upper class citizens, they were often exploited by the Zuryo (provincial governor).
- 織田信長の弟で、茶道として有名な織田長益(織田長益)は、慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いで東軍に与して戦功を挙げたことから、大和国と河内国の内に3万石の所領を与えられた。
- Nagamasu ODA, the younger brother of Nobunaga ODA and a famous master of tea ceremony, received domain worth 30,000 koku (an unit of assessed crop yields of the land [1 koku: about 180 liter], which was also used to express the size of the land) in Yamato Province and Kawachi Province, after military success contributing to the victory of the East camp in the Battle of Sekigahara of 1600.
- 当時、日本は戦争に対する多大な軍費への出費から財政が悪化し、ロシアでも血の日曜日事件 (1905年)など革命運動が激化していたため、両国とも戦争継続が困難になっていたのである。
- In thouse days, Japanese financial affairs deteriorated due to the enormous expenditure for war, and in Russia also, the revolutionary movements such as Bloody Sunday (1905) were growing worse, so it was getting difficult for the both countries to continue the war.
- 1883年の統計によると、全士族約41.8万人のうち現職官公吏(軍人含む)もしくは府県議会の選挙権を持つ有権者(地租5円以上で非官公吏)の合算が全体の37.6%であったという。
- According to the statistics in 1883, only 37.6% of about 418,000 former warriors could become a government employee (including a military man) or an eligible voter who could vote for prefectural assemblies (person who could pay tax of more than 5 yen).
- 「金鵄」という名前の由来は、神武天皇の神武東征の際に神武天皇の弓(武器)の弭にとまった黄金色のトビ(鵄)が光り輝き、ナガスネヒコの軍を迷眩せしめたという日本神話の伝説に基づく。
- It is called 'Golden Kite' because of a legend that, during Emperor Jimmu's eastern expedition, a bright, shimmering golden-colored kite landed on the nock of Emperor Jimmu's bow, which threw the army of Nagasunehiko into confusion.
- その立場に変化が現れたのは、6代将軍徳川家宣の時代で、家宣が、御台所・天英院の父・近衛基煕を儀礼指南役として重用し敬意を表した事で、幕府役人はもちろん、大奥の儀礼も整えられた。
- The status was changed during the sixth Shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA regime, because Ienobu valued and respected Motohiro KONOE, the father of his Midaidokoro, Teneiin, as an instructor of ceremony, and therefore, rites of the officers of the feudal government and O-oku were maintained.
- 第二次木津川口の戦いで敗北した毛利水軍であったが、翌年には三木城へ兵糧を運び入れる等、活発な活動を見せており、信長公記に見られるような一方的大勝利であったかも疑問とされている。
- The Mori navy, which was defeated in the second battle of Kizugawaguchi, started active movements such as carrying army provisions into Miki-jo Castle the next year, which makes the runaway victory recorded in Shincho koki doubtful.
- 義和団の乱において直隷総督配下の近代化軍隊は連合軍に敗れて大きな打撃を受けたが、袁世凱の軍だけは義和団をたたくのみで、直接列強との戦争に参加しなかったためほとんど無傷であった。
- The modernized army directly under the control of Governor General of Zhili lost against the allied nations and received great damages during the Boxer Rebellion, but the army of Yuan Shikai only suppressed the Boxers and did not directly participate in the war against the powerful nations, and so suffered very little damage.
- 義和団鎮圧のために軍を派遣した列強は八ヶ国あり、その内訳はイギリス・アメリカ合衆国・ロシア帝国・フランス・ドイツ・オーストリア・ハンガリー帝国・イタリア王国と大日本帝国である。
- Eight allied western powers dispatched an army to suppress the Boxers: Great Britain, the United States of America, the Russian Empire, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan.
- 天智天皇は即位以前の天智天皇2年(663年)に百済の復興を企図して朝鮮半島へ出兵して新羅・唐連合軍と戦うことになったが、白村江の戦いでの大敗により百済復興戦争は大失敗に終わった。
- Before his accession, Emperor Tenchi took up arms against Siila and Tang allied forces to attempt the recovery of Baekje in 663 but this war turned into a fiasco due to the loss of the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- この事件で津田を取り押さえるという思わぬ功績を挙げた人力車夫、向畑治三郎と北賀市市太郎の二人は、事件後5月18日夜にロシア軍艦に招待され、そこでロシア軍水兵からの大歓迎を受けた。
- The rickshaw drivers who had got unexpected credit for capturing Tsuda, Jizaburo MUKAIHATA and Ichitaro KITAGAICHI were invited to the Russian fleet in the evening of May 18, and there, they were feted by Russian marines.
- 江戸時代後期になると、側室はたとえ我が子が将軍世子であっても自身の地位は一介の女中のそれと同等にとどまり、我が子が将軍になって初めてお上(おかみ、将軍)の最近親として礼遇された。
- In the late Edo period, the concubines' position were the same as a jochu even if her child became the Shogun's heir, and only after her son became a shogun, she was treated very well as the closest relative of Okami (Shogun).
- 当時ドイツが中国に持っていた山東半島の租借地を占領する軍事作戦を展開したが、この時に占領地で使用するために1914年9月に10円、5円、1円、50銭、20銭、10銭が発行された。
- When the Japanese military force executed a military operation in order to occupy the former German-leased territory in Shandong Peninsula of China, the military currency for 10 yen, 5 yen, one yen, 50 sen, 20 sen and 10 sen were issued to be used in the occupied territory in September, 1914.
- 第二次世界大戦中には連合国側も発行していたほか、第二次世界大戦後もアメリカ合衆国が世界各地の米軍基地の兵士の給料として米ドル建ての軍票を、1970年代ごろまで支給し使用していた。
- During the WWII, the Allies issued their military currency, and after the WWII until the 1970's, the U.S.A. issued its military currency in US dollar and paid salary by that to the soldiers in U.S. military bases throughout the world.
- これは東海道筋は海運が盛んで、運賃の高い鉄道は余り使用されないであろうとする見方、それに東海道筋は海に近く、外国の攻撃を受けやすいという陸軍の強い反対があったためであるとされる。
- This is because of the fact that Tokaido Road's prospering maritime shipping trade and its expensive prices meant that it was little used, and that there were strong objections from the Army based on the fact that Tokaido Road's proximity to the coast left it vulnerable to foreign attack.
- 桂の新政策とその意欲の一方で、優詔政策の失敗など護憲運動への対応の迷走、政友会との決定的な対立、貴族院工作の失敗、山縣・寺内正毅ら陸軍内部からの不信が桂を追いつめていくことになる。
- Although Katsura implemented new policies in earnest, a series of blunders in his politics, such as the failure in his Imperial Edict Tactics and countermeasures against the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution, fierce conflict with the Seiyukai, failure in political maneuvering of the House of Peers, and a growing distrust of him among the people of the Japanese Army including Aritomo YAMAGATA and Masatake TERAUCHI, drove him into a corner.
- 義持の没後、弟の義教が将軍に就任すると、持氏はこれに反発し、1429年に元号が「正長」から「永享」に改元されても持氏は正長の元号を用い続けるなど、幕府に対する不服従の態度を示した。
- After Yoshimochi's death his younger brother Yoshinori assumed shogun, but Mochiuji opposed to this and took disobedient attitudes toward the bakufu, for example, Mochiuji continued to use Shocho era even after the name of the era had been changed from 'Shocho' to 'Eikyo'.
- しかし顧問団が戊辰戦争で箱館戦争し敗戦の結果に終わり、ヨーロッパで普仏戦争にプロイセン(ドイツ)が勝利したこともあってか、明治新政府は軍制を転換しドイツから顧問団を招くこととした。
- However, because the efforts of this advisory group ended in defeat at the battle of Hakodate during the Boshin War, and perhaps also because Prussia (Germany) won the Franco-Prussian War, the new Meiji government overturned its military system and decided to invite an advisory group from Germany.
- 慶長5年(1600年)6月6日、大坂城西出丸において軍議が招集され、家康・秀忠が白河口、佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)が仙道口、伊達政宗が白石口、前田利長・堀秀治が越後口と布陣が決定した。
- On June 6, 1600, a war council was convened in the Nishi-demaru (defense strongpoint) of the Osaka-jo Castle and it was determined that Ieyasu and Ietada would take up their position at Shirakawa-guchi Gate, Yoshinobu SATAKE (Ukyo no daibu [Master of the Western Capital Offices]) at Sendo-guchi Gate, Masamune DATE at Shiraishi-guchi Gate, and Toshinaga MAEDA and Hideharu HORI at Echigo-guchi Gate.
- これ以後、平群氏の氏人はしばらく『書紀』から姿を消すが、用明天皇2年(587年)の物部氏討伐将軍として平群神手(かみて)の名が見え、この頃までに大夫選任氏族としての地位を得ていた。
- After this, members of the Heguri clan disappear from 'Nihon Shoki' (The Chronicle of Japan) for a while, but in 587 the name of HEGURI no Kamite appears as the General to subjugate the Mononobe clan; by this time the Heguri clan had gained the position to be elected as daibu (master).
- このときの主な貿易品目は、日本からは生糸や茶が輸出され、各国、とくに最大の貿易相手国となったイギリスからは毛織物や綿織物、軍事用の武器やその原材料となる金属が日本に輸出されている。
- As the main trade items in this period, Japan exported raw silk thread and tea, and foreign countries, especially England, the largest trade partner of Japan exported wool, cotton fabric, military weapons and metals as raw materials for weapon were exported to Japan.
- 敵(清朝兵:加筆者)ノ死屍七八百ハ砲台内ニ横タワレリト云フ」(大沽砲台の攻防についての日本軍の批評)とあるように、訓練不足のため近代兵器を活用できず、暴発などで自滅した例も有った。
- Seven hundred dead bodies of the enemy (Qing dynasty army, improved by a writer) were said to be lying around' (the review of Japanese army concerning offense and defensive battle of Taku Fort); they were not able to utilize modern weapons due to lack of training and destroyed themselves with explosions in some cases.
- 会津出身の軍人である柴五郎は、当時は少年であったが、大久保の非業の死を聞いて、西郷隆盛の非業の死とあわせて「両雄非業の最期を遂げたるを当然の帰結でなりと断じて喜べり」と書いている。
- When Goro SHIBA, a military man from Aizu and then a young boy heard of Okubo's unnatural death, he combined it with that of Takamori SAIGO and wrote, 'I am absolutely pleased that the two great men ended their lives in unnatural death, which was a natural consequence.'
- 九鬼氏は藤原北家熊野別当の末裔で紀伊国牟婁郡(現在の三重県尾鷲市)で起こり、志摩国鳥羽藩(三重県鳥羽市)を拠点に九鬼水軍を統率し秀吉の九州攻めや朝鮮出兵で水軍総督を務めた大名である。
- The Kuki clan was a daimyo descended from Kumano betto (title of an official who administered the shrines at Kumano) of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan originating in Muro County, Kii Province (modern day Owase City, Mie Prefecture), and was the leader of Kuki Suigun navy whose strategic point was located in Toba Domain in Shima Province (present-day Toba City, Mie Prefecture) acting as the general leader of Suigun navy in Hideyoshi's invasion of Kyushu and the dispatch of troops to Korea.
- 1862年春(文久2年夏)、島津久光の政略によって徳川慶喜・松平春嶽の2人が幕政に復帰すると、春嶽によって「将軍徳川家茂は上洛して帝にこれまでの失政を陳謝すべき」との進言が為された。
- In the spring of 1862, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA and Shungaku MATSUDAIRA returned to the shogunate government due to political tactics of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, and Shungaku said 'Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA should go to Kyoto and apologize for his misgovernment to the Emperor.'
- これは、当時、一大国民運動となっていた護憲運動の影響を受けて、山縣有朋・桂太郎らを中心とする軍部と藩閥の反対を押し切り、山本権兵衛内閣総理大臣と木越安綱陸軍大臣が断行したものである。
- This, at the time, was influenced by a major civic movement, the Constitution Protection Movement, when Prime Minister Gombei YAMAMOTO and War Minister Yasutsuna KIGOSHI pushed through the disagreements among the military and the domain clique including Arimoto YAMADATA and Taro KATSURA.
- もっとも、第1次山本内閣の後を受けて大命降下した清浦奎吾は、海軍拡張(八八艦隊の建造費用)について海軍と合意できず、海軍大臣候補が得られなかったため、組閣を断念している(鰻香内閣)。
- For Keigo KIYOURA, however, who was given an imperial command after taking over the first Yamamoto Cabinet, it proved impossible to gain consensus in regards to the Navy expansion (construction costs for fleet 88) and to obtain the Navy's ministerial candidates; therefore, he gave up on forming a Cabinet (Manko Cabinet).
- が、1999年6月17日に東京地方裁判所は、当時の国際法で戦争被害に対する個人の損害を補償しないという原則と、日本の国内法に軍票を交換する法律が存在しないことを理由に請求を棄却した。
- On June 17, 1999, the Tokyo District Court rejected the plaintiff's claim because of the following reasons; the international law at that time had a principal that individual war damage would not be compensated; Japanese domestic law did not have a legislation that the govenment would exchange the former military currency with other currency.
- さらに与党憲政党内旧自由党派の実力者星亨が、陸軍大臣桂太郎らと密かに連携して尾崎排除を計画、隈板内閣を嫌っていた伊藤博文の盟友伊東巳代治が社主を務める東京日日新聞も尾崎攻撃を開始した。
- Not only Toru HOSHI, an influential politician of the former Liberal faction of the ruling Constitutional Party, had a secret connection with Taro KATSURA, an Army Minister, to exclude OZAKI, but Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper, owned by Miyoji ITO who was a sworn ally of Hirobumi ITO who hated the Wai-han Cabinet, launched attacks on OZAKI.
- 山本は世論を怖れて、桂の二の舞を踏むことを避け、軍部大臣現役武官制を緩和して予備役・後備役でも可とし、政党勢力に譲歩するなど、国民に対して融和的な政治をとることで政局の安定化を図った。
- Afraid of public sentiment, Yamamoto tried to avoid making the same mistake as Katsura by working to stabilize the political situation; he attempted to do this by taking his appeasement policy to the public—which included principles such as the relaxation of the requirement that ministers of the army and navy should be active duty officers by allowing first reservists or second reservists to hold the positions—and seeking to reach compromising deals with the other political parties.
- しかし、これらは紀州徳川家から将軍に就任した吉宗が側用人政治を嫌う土屋政直ら「援立の臣」らに功績としてどちらかというと形式的なところに着目してなされた一種の配慮とみる見解が有力である。
- However, it's generally understood that Yoshimune from the Kishu Tokugawa family showed his consideration for his 'supportive vassal' Masanao TSUCHIYA who hated the lord chamberlain government, so Yoshimune made changes to Arai's achievements mainly from a formality.
- 征夷大将軍を戴く御家人制度の立て直しを図る泰盛の改革は御家人層を拡大し、将軍権威の発揚して得宗権力と御内人の幕政への介入を抑制するもので、得宗被官である頼綱らに利害が及ぶものであった。
- Yasumori's reforms aimed to reorganize the Gokenin system (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura period) overseen by Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) in order to expand the Gokenin class and enhance the shogun's authority to prevent any increase in Tokuso's power and Gokenin's intervention into politics, which would influence the position of Yoritsuna and other Tokuso's vassals.
- 一方、日本以外の国、特に西欧諸国においては、第二次世界大戦以前においても軍部大臣に文官を任用する例も多く、政治の軍事に対する優位を原則とするシビリアン・コントロールの理念が確立している。
- On the other hand, in many countries other than Japan especially in Western Europe, there were examples of civil officers who were appointed to the position of Military Minister even after the World War II, and the Civilian Control philosophy which claims the superiority of military affairs over politics was established.
- 日本海軍が護衛に当たった「大輸送作戦」により、連合国側はアフリカにいた兵員をアレクサンドリア(エジプト)からマルセイユ(フランス)に送り込むことに成功し、西部戦線での劣勢を挽回している。
- The massive transporting operation,' in which Imperial Japanese Navy served as escorts, enabled the Allies to send the troops in Africa from Alexandria (Egypt) to Marseille (France) successfully to recover from inferiority in the Western Front.
- 大和朝廷は大王(おおきみ)を推戴する豪族、特に大和の中央豪族たちによる連合政権というべきものであり、大王位の継承を巡る争いは豪族たちの軍事力によって行われ、豪族たちの向背が帰趨を制した。
- The Yamato Dynasty was actually a coalition government by Gozoku being presided over by an Okimi (great king), especially Gozoku living in Yamato, and since any dispute over succession to the post of Okimi was conducted by the Gozoku's military power, a consequence depended on the stances of more than one Gozoku.
- 御台所は、公家・宮家・天皇家から迎えるのが慣例となっていた(例外は、11代将軍徳川家斉御台所・広大院と天璋院の2人で、どちらも島津家出身であったが、近衛家に養女となった上で輿入れした)。
- Generally, a midaidokoro came from a court noble family, a house of an imperial prince or the Imperial family (there were two exceptions, Kodaiin and Tenshoin, midaidokoro of the 11th Shogun Ienari TOKUGAWA, although they came from the Shimazu family, they were adopted by the house of Konoe, and then married with the shogun).
- なお、日清戦争から日華事変甲号軍票までは明治時代に発行された明治通宝とよばれる政府紙幣のデザインを踏襲した縦型のものを使っていたが、その後は銀行券スタイルのものが発行されるようになった。
- The military currency used during Sino-Japanese War through Ko-go currency used during the China Incident, vertical style ones followed a design of the government-issued bank note called Meiji Tsuho was adopted, but bank-note styled military currencies were issued afterwards.
- 幕府旗本の場合は、3,000石以上の大身旗本、及び家禄が約400石ながら、交代寄合であった徳川将軍家の本家筋に当たる松平郷松平家の家系など特別な場合を除き、家老は置かれないのが通例である。
- For the Hatamoto of the bakufu, it was custom for no Karo to be appointed, except for large Hatamoto with 3,000 or more koku of rice crop, special cases such as lineage to the Matsudaira family, masters of the Tokugawa shogun family, who although only possessing roughly 400 koku of rice crop, had kotaiyoriai status,
- 続いて、中央集権体制の近代国家にとって国民軍の創出が必要と認識され、西郷隆盛も最終的には山縣の考え方を支持して、山城屋事件で山縣が辞職に追い込まれた後も、西郷は桐野利秋らの反対論を退けた。
- Subsequently, the necessity to create a national army for a modern nation under centralized administrative framework was recognized, and Takamori SAIGO finally supported Yamagata's opinion and turned down the opposing opinions by Toshiaki KIRINO and others, even after Yamagata was forced into resignation due to the Yamashiroya incident.
- 北京には八旗や北洋軍ほかおよそ4万人強の兵力が集められたが、さきに天津から進攻する連合軍との戦いで敗れ、戦死あるいは戦意喪失による逃亡によって城攻防戦の際にはすでに多くの兵が失われていた。
- The military force consisted of the Eight Banners and Beiyang army as well as 40,000 soldiers, but many soldiers were already lost at the time of the battle of the castle, having been killed in battle or having lost the will to fight and fled when being defeated by the allied forces invading from Tianjin.
- 伊達軍が布陣した国見の厚樫山(あつかしやま)の山麓も国指定史跡に指定されているが、源頼朝の奥州藤原氏征伐の史跡としてであり、伊達政宗の福島侵攻の本陣が置かれたことはそれほど知られていない。
- The base of Mt. Atsukashi in Kunimi was designated as a national historical site because it is where Oshu Fujiwara clan was conquered by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo bur the fact that Masamune DATE set up the headquarters there for invading Fukushima has not been well-known.
- この説では冬季に行軍が困難であることや頼俊の報告は自分の不祥事の穴埋めをするための誇大報告とし、津軽半島、下北半島までが朝廷の支配下に入ったのは、その後の清原氏や奥州藤原氏によるものとする。
- This theory mentioned the awkward point of the expedition troops marching and fighting in the severe winter conditions of the northern part of Japan; it is assumed that the report of Yoritoshi to the Imperial Court stating the grand victory over Ezo was exaggerated in order to cover up his disgraceful matter of losing the important official instruments; in reality, the conquest of Tsugaru and Shimokita Peninsula regions to be ruled under the Imperial Court was succeeded by the later expeditions operated by Kiyohara clan, or even later by the Oshu Fujiwara clan.
- また一進会は、日露戦争時に設立され、日韓軍事同盟においてロシアを侵攻を阻止することが、ロシアの大韓帝国に対する影響力を弱め、さらには欧米列強のアジア進出を防ぎ、朝鮮の復興になると考えていた。
- Also, Isshinkai which was founded in the middle of Russo-Japanese War had a thought that blocking Russia's invasion under the Japan-Korea Military Alliance could weaken Russia's influence on the Korean Empire, that it further could prevent the allied western powers from advancing into Asia, and that it finally could lead to the restoration of Korea.
- 当時の日露戦争においては、日本軍が物資輸送のため京義線の敷設を計画するが、日本軍の人員不足で計画が暗礁に乗り上げており、この際、一進会がこの敷設工事に無償支援し、会員14万人以上を動員した。
- In the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese Army planned to construct Keigi Railroad for transport of goods, but the plan was suspended due to the shortage of labors, so Isshinkai mobilized over 140 thousands members as free support for the construction of the railroad.
- 明・清代においては、官田の一部として皇室の直轄地(明代皇荘、清代内務府官荘)があるほか、両時代とも各軍営や辺境の要地には屯田が置かれ、府学、州学、県学など地方の官立学校にも学田が付設された。
- In the Ming and Qing periods, there were areas which were under the direct control of the Imperial Household (the imperial menor in the Ming period, the menor of the Imperial Household Department in the Qing period) as a part of kanden, and settlements of ex-legionary were established in military camps and important places on the frontier, and 学田 were established in public schools in local areas such as provincial, prefectural and county-owned schools..
- 戊辰戦争における官軍、すなわち明治新政府の軍は、長州藩・薩摩藩・土佐藩など諸藩の軍の集合で、大村益次郎、西郷隆盛、板垣退助らがそれぞれ指揮しており、政府が独自に徴兵して組織した軍はなかった。
- The imperial army which fought the Boshin War, that is the army of the Meiji new government, consisted of the armies from various domains such as Choshu, Satsuma and Tosa under the commands of Masujiro OMURA, Takamori SAIGO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, respectively, and there had been no army the government recruited and organized on its own.
- 北京占領後の1900年9月に、連合軍にドイツからアルフレート・フォン・ヴァルダーゼー元帥率いる数万人の兵力が増強され、彼が連合国総司令官になると、北京周辺の度重なる懲罰的掃討作戦を展開した。
- A further several ten thousand soldiers led by General Field Marshal Alfred von Waldersee from Germany were dispatched to the allied force in September 1900 after the occupation of Beijing, and when he became Allied Supreme Commander, he began a clean up operation around Beijing similar to repetitive punishment.
- 兵士には、博徒・やくざ・雲助・馬丁・町火消などの江戸の無頼の徒を徴募して編成し、シャルル・シャノワーヌやジュール・ブリュネなどのフランス軍顧問により直接フランス式の調練を施された部隊である。
- The soldiers were composed of a gang of outlaws in Edo including Bakuto (gamblers), Yakuza (Japanese mafia), Kumosuke (shifty carrier), Batei (horse keeper) and Machibikeshi (civilian firefighters), and the troops received the French style military training directly from French military advisers, such as Charles Chanoine and Jules Brunet.
- 伊達軍が国見山へ移動中、上杉方梁川城の須田長義旗下車丹波等が、馬上百騎・小手六十三騎等を含む足軽百人ばかりを引き連れて梁川城から大隅川を渡り、藤田と桑折の間で伊達勢後尾の小荷駄隊を急襲した。
- While the Date army was moving to Mt. Kunimi, warriors including Tanba KURUMA serving Nagayoshi SUDA in the Yanagawa-jo Castle on the Uesugi side crossed the Osumigawa River from the Yanagawa-jo Castle with 100 ashigaru (common foot soldiers) as well as 100 horsemen and 63 horseman from Ote and suddenly attacked provision transporters bringing up the rear of the Date forces in the area between Fujita and Koori.
- 御附家老とは、単純に言えば将軍家から派遣された藩主のお目付け役であり、尾張では成瀬隼人正(なるせはやとのかみ)家と竹腰兵部少輔(たけのこしひょうぶしょうゆう)家が知行高も大きく著名であった。
- Simply, otsukegaro was Ometsuke (chief inspector of the Edo bakufu, Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for the lord of a domain, sent from the Shogun family, and in the Owari Domain, the Narusehayato no kami family and the Takenokoshi Hyobu shoyu family were well-known and their Chigyo daka (a stipend in terms of rice production of the fief) were large.
- 従来の世襲制の役職であった、伴造、品部(しなべ、しなじなのとものお)を廃止し、特定の氏族が特定の役職を世襲する制度を廃止した(たとえば、物部氏であれば、軍事を司り、中臣氏であれば祭祀を司る)。
- Tomonomiyatsuko and Shinabe (technicians in offices), which had been traditional hereditary posts, were abolished and so was the system whereby a specific clan inherited a specific post (for example, the Mononobe clan administered the military affair and the Nakatomi clan took charge of the religious service).
- 租税収取を所管する部署(税所・田所・大帳所・出納所など)や、軍事を所管する部署(健児所・検非違使所・厩所など)、所務・雑務を所管する部署(政所・調所・細工所・膳所など)を国衙に整備していった。
- So, the Kokushi modified the Kokuga, establishing several departments such as a department to control the collection of taxes (zeisho [tax office], tadokoro, daichosho [the major accounting and reporting office], suitodokoro [teller's office], and others), a department in control of military affairs (kondeidokoro [military office], kebiishi dokoro [police and judicial office], umayadokoro [stable office], and others), a department in control of the shomu (land management) and routine tasks (mandokoro, choso [checking office], saikudokoro [tooling office], zendokoro [food office], and others).
- 大正政変は、山縣有朋・桂率いる陸軍・長州閥が第2次西園寺内閣を倒閣し、これに反対する民衆運動が政党組織や優詔政策といった小手先の政策で交わそうとする「閥族内閣」を打倒したというイメージが強い。
- The typical image of the Taisho Seihen is the public movement that toppled the 'clique-ruling Cabinet' formed by the Japanese Army and the former Choshu Domain clique, led by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Taro KATSURA respectively, because the public took objection to the Cabinet which, after overthrowing of the second Saionji Cabinet, tried to silence the public voices by fiddling measures such as the party politics and the Imperial Edict Tactics.
- いかに大奥が取締役の職掌を制度上定めたとしても、その実際の運用にあたっては結局のところ「お上のご寵愛」という、将軍個人の極めて私的な感情によって左右される要素が介在することを排除できなかった。
- Even if O-oku determined the authority of the administrator as a rule, the authority given in O-oku depended on the Shogun's private opinion and the O-oku could not stop the Shogun giving authority to his favorite.
- 主君に対する忠誠を絶対とする武家倫理が徐々に確立した江戸時代においては、少なくとも徳川将軍家では見られなくなったものの、非常の措置として行跡の悪い藩主を強制的に監禁する行為は慣行として残った。
- In the Edo period when samurai ethics of seeing loyalty to lord as all-important were gradually established, the phenomenon was not seen with Tokugawa Shogunate Family at least, but the practice remained to be seen as an extraordinary step to forcibly confine lords who misconducted themselves.
- また第二次世界大戦の敗戦国である日本の場合、かつて戦時国際法上、個人に対する戦争被害を敗戦国が補償する義務がなく、また連合国側が軍票の支払い義務を免除したため、後に国際問題になったことがある。
- When Japan was defeated in World War II, according to the international law of war at that time, defeated countries were not required to compensate for individual war damage and the Allies exempted Japan from the payment, which led to an international problem.
- 例えば八甲田雪中行軍遭難事件で有名な弘前師団の出征は、弘前駅 - 福島駅 (福島県)が官営、福島 - 品川が日本鉄道、品川 - 神戸が官営、神戸 - 広島が山陽鉄道、広島から船で大陸へ渡った。
- For example, Hirosaki Division known for its snow blizzard march incident was sent to the continent from Hirosaki Station to Fukushima Station (Fukushima Prefecture) which was operated by the government, then Fukushima to Shinagwawa which was operated by Nippon Railway, then Shinagawa to Kobe which was operated by the government, and Kobe to Hiroshima which was operated by Sanyo Railway and finally from Hiroshima to the continent by ship.
- 嘉永6年(1853年)にマシュー・ペリー艦隊が来航した直後、将軍家慶が死去し、病弱な13代徳川家定が後を嗣ぎ、翌年の日米和親条約締結に伴う政治的混乱の中で、阿部主導による安政の改革が行われた。
- Shogun Ieyoshi died soon after the fleet of Commodore Matthew Perry came to Japan in 1853, and Ieyoshi's successor Iesada TOKUGAWA (the 13th Shogun) was sickly, so Abe led Ansei Reforms in the midst of political confusion that resulted from conclusion of Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan in the next year.
- 日本は公使館警備用の軍を派遣して朝鮮国王を保護し、その後開化派が新政権を発足させ、朝鮮国王をトップとする立憲君主制国家をうちたてて、日本の助力のもとに近代国家への道を突き進む、というものだった。
- After Japan protected the king of Korea by sending the troops for guarding the legation, the Progressive Party was to form a new government, establish a constitutional monarchy with the king of Korea at the top, and rush toward a modern state with Japanese assistance.
- 6月に義和団がアムール川沿いのロシアの街ブラゴヴェシチェンスクを占領すると、報復としてロシア領内にあった中国人居住区である江東六十四屯を崩壊させ、さらに南へ軍を進め東三省(満州)一帯を占領した。
- When the Boxers occupied Blagoveshchensk along the Amur River in June, Russia destroyed Sixty-Four Villages East of the River of the Chinese Residency area within Russia and occupied Tosansho (literally three provinces of the east) (Manchuria) by moving the army south.
- 徳川将軍家のみならず、諸大名においても同じように家臣の中から右筆(祐筆)を登用するのが一般的であったが、館林藩から将軍に就任した徳川綱吉は、館林藩から自分の右筆を江戸城に入れて右筆業務を行わせた。
- Including the Tokugwa Shogun family, all Daimyo generally appointed Yuhitsu from their vassals; however, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, a Shogun originally from the Tatebayashi Domain, brought his Yuhitsu from the Tatebayashi Domain to the Edo-jo Castle and let him serve as Yuhitsu.
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡後は、後醍醐天皇の時代には親王任国となっていたため、後の後村上天皇となる義良親王が陸奥国府に入り、北畠顕家が陸奥大介鎮守府大将軍を務め、東北勢を率いて足利尊氏の勢力と大戦を繰り返した。
- Imperial Prince Norinaga, who became the Emperor Gomurakami later, entered Mutsu kokufu, the provincial capital of Mutsu Province, which had become shinno ninkoku (the province whose gubernatorial posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) in the time of Emperor Godaigo after the downfall of Kamakura bakufu, and Akiie KITABATAKE, as Mutsu Osuke (Assistant Governor of Mutsu Province) and Chinju-fu daishogun, had mighty battles against the force of Takauji ASHIKAGA leading the force of Tohoku (north) region.
- タラス河畔の戦いに代表されるように、西方で匹敵するイスラーム帝国と軍事的衝突や交易など交渉があったが、唐朝はかつての秦漢帝国と異なり、その天下概念には匈奴のような対等国は基本的には存在しなかった。
- Although the Tang dynasty had military clashes with the Islamic empire (Caliphate) at the west front such as the Battle of Talas or negotiations including trade, its notion of Tenka, unlike that of the Qin and Han empires, did not include the nations which stood on an equal footing with it, such as Xiongnu.
- これを「入鉄砲出女」と言うが、江戸在住の大名の妻が密かに領国へ帰国することと、江戸での軍事活動を可能にする江戸方面への鉄砲の流入の2つが、幕府によって厳重に規制されたのである(童謡「通りゃんせ」)。
- These were collectively known as the restriction on 'letting in guns and letting out women,' referring to the severe limitations placed by the bakufu on two things, namely the ability of the wives of daimyo stationed in Edo to return in secret to their own territories, and the influx of guns into the Edo region, the latter of which might render military action against the bakufu feasible (In a children's song, 'Toryanse' [Ain't gettin' by!].)
- 1864年(元治元年)には藩主父子の赦免などを求めて京へ軍事的に進行する禁門の変が起こると、朝廷は長州藩が京都御所へ向かって発砲を行ったことを理由に長州を朝敵とし、幕府に対して長州征討の勅命を下す。
- When the Kinmon no Hen (Conspiracy of Kinmon) occurred in 1864, in which the Choshu clan advanced its army toward Kyoto in order to ask for the Imperial Court's pardon for its lord and his son, the Imperial Court branded the Choshu clan as the Emperor's enemy for the reason that its soldiers fired at Kyoto Imperial Palace, and gave an imperial order to the bakufu to conquer the Choshu clan.
- 続いて翌明治4年2月13日_(旧暦)(新暦:1871年4月2日)には、西郷の構想の一部をも取り込む形で三藩(薩摩・長州・土佐)の軍が親兵として編成され、この兵力を背景に同年7月廃藩置県が断行された。
- Then, on April 2, 1871, the armies from three domains (Satsuma, Choshu and Tosa) was organized as Shinpei (imperial guard,) adopting a part of Saigo's idea and, in July of the same year, the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was carried out with the backing of this military strength.
- 日本列島内には、異民族とされている九州南部の隼人(熊襲)、北日本の蝦夷などがいたが、隼人の反乱の鎮圧や征夷大将軍坂上田村麻呂の活躍等によって、隼人は8世紀に、蝦夷は12世紀に完全に服従したとされる。
- There were different races such as the Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) in the south of Kyushu and the Ezo (northerners) in the north of the Japanese archipelago; however, the former was subjugated in the 8th century and the latter in the 12th century thanks to the suppression of the uprising of the Hayato people and the achievements of SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- この制度復活の口実には、「二・二六事件への関与が疑われた予備役武官(事件への関与が疑われた荒木貞夫や真崎甚三郎が、事件後に予備役に編入されていた)を、軍部大臣に就かせない」ということが挙げられていた。
- The reason behind this system's revival was 'not to replace the suspected Yobieki military officers of the involvement in the Feburary 26th Incident (suspects for the incident's involvement, Sadao ARAKI and Jinzaburo MAZAKI, were then transferred to Yobieki after the incident) to the military minister.'
- 「米騒動」や「米騒擾」などと呼ばれた約50日間に渡る一連の騒動は最終的に、1道3府37県の計369ヶ所にのぼり、参加者の規模は数百万人を数え、出動した軍隊は3府23県にわたり10万人以上が投入された。
- A series of riots for about 50 days called 'Rice riot' or 'Rice civil disorder' eventually occurred in 369 places of 41 prefectures in total, for which millions of participants were counted, the armies were called out to 26 prefectures in total and more than 100,000 soldiers were put.
- ところが、一向一揆にとって法華宗の象徴ともいうべき仏敵 三好元長との戦いが終わっても一揆軍の蜂起は収まらず、法華宗以外の仏教宗派を追放すべきだとする門徒の声が、証如や蓮淳による静止命令をも振り払った。
- However, the uprising of the Ikki army did not calm down even after the battle against Motonaga MIYOSHI, the enemy of Buddhists and a symbol of the Hokke sect, and the voice of followers to drive away other Buddhist schools than the Hokke sect overwhelmed the withholding orders by Shonyo and Renjun.
- その後暫くは、頼綱は追加法を頻繁に出すなど手続きを重視した政治運営を行っていたが、1287年(弘安10年)に、征夷大将軍源惟康が立親王して惟康親王となった時期に政治姿勢を一変させ、恐怖政治へと邁進した。
- For a while afterwards, Yoritsuna carried out politics focusing on procedures, for example, frequent submission of additional laws, but in 1287, at the time when Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') MINAMOTO no Koreyasu was given the title of Imperial Prince and became Imperial Prince Koreyasu, Yoritsuna changed his attitude toward politics suddenly and worked toward a reign of terror.
- しかし、それでもまだ全く衰退したわけではなく、平安時代初期の桓武朝においても、大伴弟麻呂は初代征夷大将軍となって坂上田村麻呂と共に蝦夷を討ち、後期の803年には国道が赦されて帰京し、参議に昇進している。
- However, even in spite of these incidents, the Otomo Clan did not entirely lose its power: OTOMO no Otomaro was appointed as the first Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and sent to defeat the Emishi (natives of the North, also called the Ezo), along with SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro in the early Heian period and in late 803, Kunimichi returned to the capital with an imperial amnesty and was promoted to Sangi.
- 北越戦争により旧幕府軍が敗退すると、流域の村々は新政府側に分水工事着工の嘆願書を提出し、1869年(明治2年)にようやく着工が認められたが、総工費80万両のうち60万両が地元負担という厳しいものとなった。
- After the army of former Edo bakufu was defeated in Hokuetsu War, the watershed villagers submitted a petition for the commencement of the diversion construction to new Meiji government, and the plan was finally approved in 1869 on the stringent condition that 600,000-ryo out of the total construction cost 800,000-ryo be paid by the local communities.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)には、南朝 (日本)の後醍醐天皇が皇子の懐良親王を征西将軍として派遣し、菊池氏に擁立された懐良親王を頂く南朝方は1351年の筑後川の戦いで少弐氏を総大将とした北朝方を破り、本拠とした。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Court dispatched his Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi as seisei shogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the western barbarians'), and the Southern Court who supported Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi who was backed up by the Kikuchi clan defeated the Northern Court, whose supreme commander was the Shoni clan, in the Battle of Chikugo-gawa River in 1351.
- 室町時代後期、観音寺城に本拠を構える近江佐々木六角氏が着々と力を蓄え、足利幕府の命令を軽視あるいは無視し始めたことから、1487年に将軍足利義尚がこれを征討するために軍を発し、六角勢との間に戦いが行われた。
- In the late Muromachi period, the Sasaki Rokkaku clan of Omi Province steadily built up the military force with the Kannonji-jo Castle as their headquarter and started to take light of the orders from the Ashikaga shogunate or even ignore them, therefore Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA sent an army to subjugate the Rokkaku clan in 1487 and a battle broke out.
- この後、朝鮮に拘泥するのは双方の為にならないとした日本と清国の間に1885年4月天津条約が結ばれ、双方とも軍事顧問の派遣中止、軍隊駐留の禁止、止むを得ず朝鮮に派兵する場合の事前通告義務などが取り決められた。
- Saying that it was useless for both to stick to Korea, Japan and Qing Dynasty agreed to the Tientsin Convention in April 1885, which stopped sending military advisers from both nations, banned stationing forces, and obliged prior notification to the other side in case of sending troops to Korea necessarily.
- 日本が太平洋戦争(第二次世界大戦)で敗戦し連合国の占領下に置かれた時に日本を統治した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の最高司令官ダグラス・マッカーサーは、寄生地主が日本の軍国主義に加担したとして農地改革を行った。
- Douglas MACARTHUR, the Supreme Commander of the General Headquarters (GHQ) of the Allied Powers, who governed Japan while Japan was under the Allied occupation after Japan had lost the Pacific War (the World War Ⅱ), implemented a land reform because he thought that the parasitic landlords had supported Japanese militarism.
- 1864年3月26日(文久3年2月19日 (旧暦))に朝廷が出した横浜港の鎖港と海防軍備に関する勅愉に対しても幕府は無策を続けるつもりだと判断した藤田小四郎は自ら攘夷実行の先駆けとなるため挙兵の意を固めた。
- Koshiro FUJITA and others who thought that bakufu would do nothing regarding the order to close the Yokohama port and order regarding the defense navy issued by the Imperial Court on March 26, 1864, and they decided to raise an army themselves to lead an attack to execute the expulsion of foreigners.
- 柏原城の開城に際して、織田軍と伊賀勢の間で和議が成立しており、伊賀勢の命は保証された(フィクションでは「徹底的な弾圧により数千人が処刑され、捜索の手から逃れた忍者達は全国に散った」と描かれているものが多い)。
- At the time of opening of Kashiwabara-jo Castle, Oda army and Iga force made a compromise to secure Iga people's lives (many fictional books described that thousands of people were killed by thorough oppression and Ninja who could escape from investigation dispersed all over the country).
- 主な内容は、公使館襲撃事件の犯人の逮捕と処刑、日本側被害者の遺族、負傷者への見舞金5万円、損害賠償50万円、公使館護衛としてのソウル特別市での軍隊駐留権、兵営設置費・修理費の朝鮮側負担、謝罪使の派遣等である。
- The treaty stipulated the arrest and execution of the criminal of the incident, the solatium of 50, 000 yens and compensation of 500,000 yens for the bereaved families and the injured of the Japanese victims, the right of Japanese troops to station in Seoul Special City as guards for the legation, creation and repair of barracks at Korea's expense and the dispatch of envoys for an apology.
- 10月5日に東京の品川湾から出航した大日本帝国海軍の「比叡 (コルベット)」「金剛 (コルベット)」2隻により、生存者たちは翌1891年(明治24年)1月2日にオスマン帝国の首都イスタンブルに送り届けられた。
- The survivors were sent back by two corvettes of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 'Hiei' and 'Konogo,' which had departed from Shinagawa Bay in Tokyo on October 5, arriving in Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, on January 2 of the next year, 1891.
- 福島城城主本庄繁長は、野戦の不利を悟り、宮代で敗れた軍勢を撤収し、籠城策をとったが、一時は伊達軍の中に全軍で突入し、切り死にを遂げようと覚悟する状況に迄追い込まれた(御本陣ヘ突懸リ討死スベシト議定シ 註3)。
- Shigenaga HONJO, the lord of the Fukushima-jo Castle learned the disadvantage of the open battle and withdrew the troops defeated in Miyashiro to hold the castle, but they were driven into the situation for a while where the entire troops were determined to die by rushing into the Date army (decision made to die in the battle by rushing into the enemy's headquarters *3).
- 桂園時代(けいえんじだい/けいおんじだい)とは、大日本帝国陸軍・山縣有朋閥に属する桂太郎と、伊藤博文の後継者として立憲政友会総裁に就いた西園寺公望が、政権を交互に担当した1905年から1912年の8年間をいう。
- Kei-En era (or Kei-On era) was the 8-year period from 1905 to 1912 during which Taro KATSURA, who belonged to the faction led by Aritomo YAMAGATA of the Imperial Japanese Army, and Kinmochi SAIONJI, who assumed the position of president of Rikken seiyukai (a political party) as a successor of Hirobumi ITO, gained power alternately.
- これは御鈴廊下を隔てた表向きにおいて、大老や老中といった幕府の機構上の最高責任者がいても、時代によっては将軍が最も寵愛する御側用人がその将軍の権威のみを背景に幕政の諸事万端を司っていたことがあるのと同様である。
- This happened across Osuzuroka, the political administration, although Tairo (chief minister) and roju (senior councilor) were assigned as chief governmental executives, the shogun's favorite sobayonin (lord chamberlain) administrated various government matters based on the Shogun's authority.
- さらに、第二次世界大戦においては大東亜共栄圏の行動を打ち出し、当時イギリスやオランダなどの列強が植民地化していた東南アジアに進軍し、欧米の占領軍を追い出して後釜に座る形でほぼ全域を占領、あるいは影響下に置いた。
- In World War II, Japan proposed the action of the Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, marched into Southeast Asia which was the colony of powerful countries such as England and the Netherlands, cast out the Occupation Forces of Europe and America and took their places, occupying or putting under their influence almost the whole area.
- 何故なら、布教活動や宣教師のみならず、同じ中国人であるはずの信者も不平等条約によって強固に守られ、時には軍事力による威嚇を用いることさえあったため、おおむね事件は教会側に有利に妥結することが多かったからである。
- Despite being the same Chinese, believers were strongly protected due to the unequal treaty, and sometimes used military threats, so incidents usually ended to the church's favor.
- ただし、この時以外の実際の運用はまったく広田が言うようにはなっておらず、もう一方の当事者寺内はこの時南方軍司令官で海外出征中であり、小磯にしても「話が違う」と思っても指摘するわけがないので真偽不明の話ともいえる。
- However, the authenticity of this story is doubtful for two reasons: the first, except this time the actual operation totally contradicted Hirota's remarks, the second was that the other party, Terauchi, was a Southern troop commander in the field abroad at that time and Koiso would not point out 'the story is wrong' even if he thought so.
- 1866年(慶応2年)に長州藩は薩摩藩と倒幕で一致して軍事同盟を結び(薩長同盟)、1867年11月(慶応3年10月)の大政奉還を経て、1868年1月(慶応3年12月)に薩長が主導した王政復古 (日本)が行われた。
- In 1866 Choshu Domain forged a military alliance (Satsuma-Choshu Alliance) with Satsuma Domain arriving at a consensus on overthrowing the Shogunate, as a result, in January 1868 the Restoration of Imperial Rule came into effect under Saccho's (Satsuma-Choshu Alliance) leadership after Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) was put into practice in November 1867.
- 内容は(1)摂関制度(摂政・関白)の廃止(2)(慶喜の)将軍職辞職を勅許(3)江戸幕府の廃止(4)(新たに)総裁、議定、参与の三職をおくというもので、江戸幕府の廃絶と、天皇による新政府の成立を宣言するものであった。
- It was a declaration to abolish the Edo Shogunate and to establish a new Imperial government; more specifically, (1) abolishment of sekkan-seido (a system of regents and advisors), (2) imperial consent to Yoshinobu's resignation of Shogunate, (3) abolishment of the Edo Shogunate, and (4) appointment to the posts of three new offices, namely sosai (president), gijo (official post) and sanyo (councilor).
- 前水戸藩主徳川斉昭の七男・一橋慶喜は英明との評判が高く、これを支持し諸藩との協調体制を望む一橋派と、血統を重視し、現将軍に血筋の近い紀州藩主徳川慶福(後の徳川家茂)を推す保守路線の南紀派とに分裂し、激しく対立した。
- The successor issue divided the domains into two factions in fierce conflict with each other: One was the Hitotsubashi family supporting Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI who had a great reputation for intelligence and was the seventh son of Nariaki TOGUKAWA, the previous lord of Mito Domain; and the other was the conservative Nanki group supporting Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA (later Iemochi TOKUGAWA) who had a close genealogy with the current Shogun and was the lord of the Kishu Domain because of regarding blood line as important.
- 以上のように、軍票は通貨のような体裁と流通形態をしていて、商品券のような物と誤解される場合があるが、法律上の扱いは法定通貨でも有価証券でもなく領収書であり、最終的には相手国政府当局に提出して現金化する事が必要である。
- As stated above, military currency was sometimes mistaken as a voucher since it had an appearance and a circulation system as if it were usual paper money; however, legally, it was only a receipt, not a legal tender or marketable securities, and had to be encashed by the government of the military force.
- 証如は石山御坊を「石山本願寺」と改めて、新たな根拠地として蓮淳に代わって門徒達を指揮していた下間頼秀・頼盛兄弟に防戦を命じたが、続いて富田教行寺が攻め落とされて石山本願寺もまた細川・六角・法華一揆連合軍に包囲された。
- Shonyo renamed Ishiyama Gobo 'Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple' and made it his new foothold, and ordered Raishu and Raisei SHIMOTSUMA who were taking command in place of Renjun, to defend the temple, but Tomita Kyogyo-ji Temple was captured and Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple was surrounded by the allied army of Hosokawa, Rokkaku, and the Hokke-Ikki army.
- この事件は、すでに将軍家と血縁もなく、北条本家との関係も希薄となって影響力の低下を恐れた政子が、牧氏事件と同じ構図を創り上げて義時後家として強い立場を持つ事になる伊賀氏を強引に潰そうとして仕掛けたものとする見方もある。
- Some say Masako HOJO, in fear of decline of her own influence in the Kamakura bakufu due to having no blood relationship with the Shogun family and the weak connection with the head family of HOJO, designed this incident, which has the same content with the Incident of Maki clan, in order to forcibly ruin the Iga clan, who were to hold strong power as Yoshitoki's widow.
- そもそもこの法度の対象に含まれるのは、大政委任を受けた征夷大将軍の指揮下に置かれて自身も武家官位の任命対象である「武家」や僧官の任命対象である「僧侶」など、朝廷と将軍によって任官された全ての身分が拘束されるものである。
- This law was applied to all the classes which were appointed by the imperial court and the bakufu including 'samurai families' which were to be appointed the official court rank for samurai under the command of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') that is delegated the administration of the country, and 'Buddhist monks' who were to be appointed the official rank for Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by Imperial Court).
- 関ヶ原合戦後、伊達政宗は徳川家康からみだりに軍勢を動かすべからずとの命を受け、心ならずも岩手山城へ引き返したが、上杉領への侵略やみがたく、家康の下知をまたずに慶長5年10月6日、本庄繁長が立て籠もる福島城へ押し寄せた。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, Masamune DATE reluctantly returned to the Iwatesan-jo Castle because he was ordered by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA not to move his troops without permission, but he invaded the Fukushima-jo Castle held by Shigenaga HONJO on October 6, 1600 without waiting for command from Ieyasu because it was hard for him to give up the invasion to the Uesugi's territory.
- エルトゥールル号遭難事件は、オスマン帝国末期の外交政策と海軍の弱体化がもたらした悲劇であったが、この事件で被害者に対して示された日本人の友誼は、その後も長く日土友好関係の起点として両国の関係者に記憶されることになった。
- The distress of the Ertuğrul was a tragedy caused by a foreign policy of the late Ottoman Empire and the weakened Navy; however, Japan's amity to the victims of the disaster has been long remembered by persons concerned in both countries as a starting point of friendly relations between Japan and Turkey.
- 王政復古の大号令は、慶応3年10月14日 (旧暦)に征夷大将軍徳川慶喜が政権を返上(大政奉還)し討幕の大義名分が失われたため、討幕派であった岩倉具視や大久保利通らが、討幕の大義名分を得るために決行したクーデターであった。
- The Declaration of Imperial Rule was a kind of coups staged by the anti-shogunate movement of Tomomi IWAKURA, Toshimichi OKUBO and others in order to justify their movement against the Tokugawa shogunate after they lost their official rationale to defeat the shogunate through Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA's voluntary Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) on November 9, 1867.
- 帝国海軍の大規模戦役の歴史は、1895年(明治28年)の日清戦争に始り、1905年(明治38年)の日露戦争ではほぼ完全勝利したが、大東亜戦争(太平洋戦争)で米国海軍と戦い、艦隊戦力は壊滅状態となり、その後公式に消滅した。
- The history of the large-scale military campaigns of the Imperial Navy began with the 1895 Sino-Japanese War and the 1905 Russo-Japanese War ended with the Imperial Navy's near perfect victory; however, in the Great East Asian War (the Pacific War) the fighting power of the fleets of the Imperial Navy was almost completely annihilated by the United States Navy and the Imperial Navy was officially dissolved at the end of the war.
- 9月26日_(旧暦)、加賀国手取川において朝倉教景(宗滴)・賀州三ヶ寺連合軍が本願寺軍を一旦は破るものの、11月の津幡の戦いでは逆に本願寺側の反撃によって畠山家俊らが討ち死にして潰滅し、賀州三ヶ寺最後の光教寺も陥落した。
- On November 5, around the Tedori River in Kaga Province, the allied troops of Norikage (Soteki) ASAKURA and Gashu Sanka-ji Temples once defeated the troops of Hongan-ji Temple, but in the Battle of Tsubata in November the counterattack by Hongan-ji Temple's side killed Ietoshi HATAKEYAMA and annihilated his troops and Kokyo-ji Temple, the last temple of Gashu Sanka-ji Temples was captured.
- 政宗は、慶長5年11月に届いた家康からの書状を請け、慶長6年2月17日に「家臣等軍役ノ人数改メ」を命じて内々に出陣の準備をしていたが、上杉家が本多正信や結城秀康等を通じて降伏を願い出たため、結果的に上杉征伐は中止された。
- In response to the letter from Ieyasu which arrived in November, 1600, Masamune ordered 'a survey on a number of warriors including vassals in military service' on February 17, 1601 to secretly prepare for the battle, but the conquest of Uesugi was canceled as a result because the Uesugi family called for the surrender through Masanobu HONDA and Hideyasu YUKI.
- これにより皇后や皇子を支持基盤にもつ蘇我氏が有利になり、また天皇が生前、「仏教を敬うように」といった詔があったこともあり、先代の敏達天皇の皇后(用明天皇の姉。後の推古天皇)の命により蘇我氏及び連合軍は物部守屋に攻め込んだ。
- This helped the Soga clan which was gaining strong support from the Empress and the Prince and, following the decree made by the Emperor while still alive asking to respect Buddhism, the Soga clan and the allied forces attacked Moriya as ordered by the Empress of the former Emperor Bidatsu (the older sister of the Emperor Yomei and later the Empress Suiko).
- 日本書紀によれば、天智天皇より皇位継承するのは大海人皇子とされていたとあり、天武天皇(後の天武天皇)は672年6月に吉野から東方へ脱出し、美濃国を拠点に軍兵を徴発した上で近江大津宮へ進軍し、同年7月、大友側に決戦を挑んだ。
- According to Nihonshoki, Prince Oama (later Emperor Tenchi) was to ascend the throne, who escaped eastward from Yoshino in June 672 to base in Mino no Kuni where he commandeered troops and advanced toward the Imperial Palace to challenge the OTOMO side to a battle in July of the same year.
- 海上封鎖のバリケードとして織田信長の命で九鬼嘉隆により伊勢で6隻建造され、大阪湾へ向う途上に雑賀・谷輪の水軍と戦いこれを破り、第二次木津川口の戦いにおいてはたった6隻で600隻もの毛利水軍の船団を壊滅させたといわれている。
- Six ships were built in Ise for sea barricades by Yoshitaka Kuki, who was ordered by Nobunaga Oda; it is said that the Oda navy with these ships, on the way to Osaka Bay, defeated the Saiga/Taniwa navy, and also destroyed 600 ships of the Mori navy fleet only with six ships.
- 西園寺は古い元老制度を廃止するためあえて元老の追加には同意しなかったが(山本権兵衛などが候補としてあげられた)、五・一五事件による政党内閣の崩壊と軍部の台頭、自身の高齢化によって西園寺単独による後継選定は不可能な状態となった。
- SAIONJI chose not to give his consent to add a new genro, (even though some, such as Gonbe YAMAMOTO, had been nominated) because he was trying to abolish the old genro system; however, it became an impossible task for him to select a successor on his own, because of the party cabinet's collapse and the military emergence resulting from the May 15th Incident as well as his own aging.
- 荻原は元禄期、いままでの高純度の慶長小判慶長丁銀を回収し金銀含有率の低い元禄小判元禄丁銀を発行し、家宣時代になってからも将軍の承諾を取り付けることなく独断で宝永小判宝永丁銀を発行し、幕府財政の欠損を補うという貨幣政策をとった。
- In the Genroku era, Ogiwara withdrew high-purity Keicho Koban (gold oval coins) and Keicho Chogin (silver oval coins) and issued Genroku koban and Genroku chogin, low in gold and silver content, and, under the reign of Ienobu, he issued Hoei koban and Hoei chogin anew on his own authority without obtaining permission from the Shogun as a monetary policy to make up a government deficit.
- 頼義は源氏始祖の源経基以来、父の代まて4代にわたり鎮守府将軍を歴任しており、蝦夷の俘囚長で奥六郡の支配者である安倍氏 (奥州)が国府と対立した際、これを平定するため陸奥守・鎮守府将軍として派遣され、12年の歳月を経て平定した。
- In case of Yoriyoshi, four generations of the Minamoto clan, from the earliest ancestor, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto to his father, held the post of Chinju-fu shogun, and when the Abe clan (in Oshu, northern Japan), who was the chief of Fushu (subdued Ezo) and the autonomous ruler of Okuroku-gun (six counties in northern Japan), conflicted with kokufu, Yoriyoshi was also dispatched as Mutsu no kami and Chinju-fu shogun and subdued them in 12 years.
- それにもかかわらず、この条約を結んだことを理由に、野党の立憲政友会総裁の犬養毅と鳩山一郎が衆議院で、「軍令部の反対意見を無視した条約調印は統帥権の干犯である」と政府を攻撃、続いて枢密院議長倉富勇三郎もこれに同調する動きを見せた。
- Despite of the fact, the government concluded the treaty, so that Tsuyoshi INUKAI, the President of the Opposition Rikken seiyukai, and Ichiro HATOYAMA attacked the government at the House of Representatives appealing 'The conclusion of the treaty ignoring the opposite opinion given by the Army means the interference and violate of supreme command', and following that the Chairman of the Privy Council Yuzaburo KURATOMI showed his attitude to sympathize with that.
- 昭和に入って数年は立憲民政党と交替で政権をになったが、1932年(昭和7年)、五・一五事件で犬養毅が暗殺されてからは軍部に圧迫されて衰退し、1936年の第19回衆議院議員総選挙では総裁の鈴木喜三郎が落選するなどの大惨敗を喫した。
- Although the Seiyu Party took charge of the government alternately with Rikken Minsei-to political party for the first several years of the Showa period, after Tsuyoshi INUKAI was assassinated in May 15th Incident in 1932, it was oppressed by the military and declined; the Seiyu Party suffered a devastating defeat in the 19th general election of members of the House of Representatives in 1936 including the president Kisaburo SUZUKI's failure.
- 大日本帝国陸軍のドイツ式組織への改革や帝国大学令・小学校令などの制定に代表される教育改革、市町村制の確立などが行われ、伊藤自身も井上毅・金子堅太郎・伊東巳代治と大日本帝国憲法草案を作成するなど、立憲体制への準備が着々と進められた。
- The preparation for constitutional system progressed steadily as the reform of Imperial Japanese Army toward German-style system, education reform such as Imperial University Law and Primary School Order and establishment of local authority system were carried out, and Ito himself made the draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan along with Kowashi INOUE, Kentaro KANEKO, and Miyoji ITO.
- しかし、日本海軍の積極的な姿勢と占領した膠州湾租借地と南洋諸島の利権確保のため、1917年2月7日から順次日本海軍第一特務艦隊をインド洋、喜望峰方面、第二特務艦隊を地中海、第三特務艦隊を南太平洋、オーストラリア東岸方面へ派遣した。
- However, encouraged by the aggressive attitude of Imperial Japanese Navy and in order to secure rights and interests in the territories under Japanese occupation: the leased territory of Jiaozhou and the South Sea Islands, it dispatched successively, since February 7, 1917, the first special duty fleet of Imperial Japanese Navy to the area around Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, the second special duty fleet to the Mediterranean, and the third special duty fleet to the area around the South Pacific Ocean and the east coast of Australia.
- その後は、しばらく陸奥は平穏であったが、依然として東北には陸奥国に編入しきれていない蝦夷の領域があり、頼義の遠縁にあたる大和源氏の源頼俊が出羽清原氏の援軍を得て、青森北端までを制圧し、陸奥国府の威光が東北一帯まで及ぶようになった。
- After that Mutsu was calm for a while but there still remained the area in Ezo which was not annexed to Mutsu Province, so MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi from Yamato-Genji (Minamoto clan), who was remotely related to Yoriyoshi, subdued as far as the northern edge of Aomori with the troops of the Kiyohara clan in Dewa Province and the authority of Mutsu kokufu came to range throughout Tohoku area.
- 木造フリゲート艦エルトゥールル号(1864年建造、全長76m)は、1887年に行われた日本の皇族、小松宮彰仁親王夫妻のイスタンブル訪問に応えることを目的に、訓練不足のオスマン帝国海軍の練習航海を兼ねて日本へ派遣されることとなった。
- In response to the visit to Istanbul by Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito and his wife from the Imperial family of Japan in 1887, it was decided that the Ertuğrul, a wooden frigate (built in 1864 with a total length of 76 m) would be dispatched, to Japan; this would also serve as a training voyage for the Ottoman Empire Navy, which lacked sufficient training at that time.
- 一方清朝や義和団側の死傷者は統計としては正確性を欠かざるをえないが、上で引用したように天津城攻防戦だけで4000名ほどの遺体があったと日本軍が書いていることから考えて、一年ほどの戦争期間に多大な死傷者を出したことは容易に想像できる。
- Meanwhile, the number of casualties of the Qing Dynasty and the Boxers lacks valid statistics, but it can be assumed a huge number of casualties were produced over the one year war period because the Japanese army stated that there were about 4000 dead bodies just from the attack of Tianjin.
- 元寇の際、文永の役において、一騎打ちを主な戦法とする日本軍が元 (王朝)軍の集団戦法に苦戦した経験から、弘安の役においては、作戦指令が執権北条時宗の名で出され、得宗被官たる御内人が戦場に派遣されて御家人を主体とする軍の指揮にあたった。
- In the Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan, at the Bunei War (the first attempt), Japanese warriors experienced that the traditional Japanese samurai fighting style, one-on-one battle, did not work against Mongolian army, which attacked as a group, so that at the Koan War (the second attempt), under the regent Tokimune HOJO, he dispatched Tokuso's vassals, Miuchibito, to the battle fields and they commanded the army predominated by Gokenin (direct shogunal retainers).
- 当初は民の抵抗の多かった徴兵制度も、軍人勅諭や教育勅語による国防思想の普及、日清戦争・日露戦争の勝利などを経て、組織的な抵抗はなくなったものの、徴兵忌避の感情は自然の感情であるので、さまざまな徴兵忌避対策が庶民レベルで繰り広げられた。
- The conscription, initially subject to the people's resistance, was eventually accepted and organized resistance ceased thanks to the awareness of the need for national defense prevailing among the people by the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the Imperial Rescript to Education, and the victories of the Japanese-Sino War and the Japanese-Russo War and so on, but the sentiment of conscription evasion was a matter of natural sentiment so that various measures for conscription evasion were developed among the common people.
- ハーグ陸戦条約第52条に「現品を供給させる場合には、住民に対して即金を支払わなければならない」、「それが出来ない場合には領収書を発行して速やかに支払いを履行すること」と書かれており、この領収書として用いられているのが、軍用手票である。
- Hague Convention, Article No. 52, says 'Contributions in kind shall as far as possible be paid for in cash; if not, a receipt shall be given and the payment of the amount due shall be made as soon as possible.'; military currency was used as the receipt mentioned above.
- これに対して、政府と海軍が陸軍と協議をした結果、内閣官制によって事務行為の代理については文官でも認められること、ただし、帷幄上奏に関する職務は軍令部長が代行すること、陸軍に対しては今回の件を前例とはしないことで、陸軍もこれを受け入れた。
- For that, as a result of the consultation between the government, the Navy, and the Army, the substitution of official activity by the civil officers would be admitted by the government regulations, but the duty as for the Iaku-joso (making comments on military affairs to the Emperor with full responsibility of the results) would be substituted by the Chief of the Naval General Staff, and the Army accepted that the affair this time would not become a precedent.
- その後清朝はこの支払いを履行したが、ばくだいな拠出はその後の改革(光緒新政)の施策を限定せざるを得ないこととなり、かつ侵略を防ぐためとして投資対象が軍備優先となったために、北洋軍閥の総帥である袁世凱の権勢をさらに増大させることとなった。
- In later years the Qing Dynasty implemented the payment, however, the enormous outlay limited the measures of subsequent reforms (the Hundred Days of Reform) and, in addition, more investiment on arms buildup in order to prevent invasion, led to the increased power of Yuan ShiKai, the commander of the Beiyang army.
- 桂・タフト協定(かつら・たふときょうてい、) とは、日本の内閣総理大臣兼臨時外務大臣 (日本)であった桂太郎と、フィリピン訪問の途中来日したアメリカ特使であり、後の第27代アメリカ大統領ウィリアム・タフト陸軍長官との間で交わされた協定。
- The Taft–Katsura Agreement was an agreement made between the Prime Minister of Japan Taro KATSURA, who was also the temporary Minister of Foreign Affairs, and William Howard TAFT, the United States Secretary of War and later the 27th President of the United States, who was also a special envoy visiting Japan on the way back from the Philippines.
- 田中の就任直後の10月4日に政友会の新政策発表の際に「帷幄上奏の廃止と軍部大臣文官制」の一項が入っていることに気付いて、激怒し、直ちに幹部会を招集してこの部分を留保させて以後党内で統帥権の独立に冒す様な政策は掲げない事を宣言したのである。
- Right after the assumption of TANAKA on October 4, when Seiyukai announced the new policy he noticed a section describing 'the abolition of Iaku-joso and a system of a minister of military by civil officers', he inflamed with it, called the officers' meeting immediately and demanded to reserve that part, then declared not to appeal a party policy that would damage the independence of supreme command inside the party.
- 武家諸法度とは、江戸幕府が慶長16年(1611年)に諸大名から誓紙を取り付けた3ヶ条に、金地院崇伝が起草した10ヶ条を付け加えたもので、元和 (日本)元年(1615年)7月に2代将軍の徳川秀忠が伏見城で諸大名に発布した(通称「元和令」)。
- Buke Shohatto consisted of the three articles of written oath which the Edo bakufu ordered territorial lords to write in 1611, plus ten articles written by Konchiin Suden which were added later, and in July 1615 Hidetada TOKUGAWA, the second shogun, issued it to territorial lords in Fushimi-jo Castle (it is also commonly known as 'Genna rei' (Genna code)).
- 柳本藩は尚長の後、織田長種、織田秀一と続いたが、第4代藩主・織田秀親の代である宝永6年(1709年)2月、前将軍・徳川綱吉の法会が寛永寺で行なわれているときに、発狂した前田利昌 (大聖寺新田藩主)によって秀親が殺されてしまったのであった。
- Yanagimoto Domain continued after Naonaga, with his successors Nagatane and Hidekazu ODA, but faced a crisis with the fourth lord Hidechika ODA, when he was killed by the crazed lord of Daishoiji Nitta Domain Toshimasa MAEDA, during a Buddhist mass held in memorial of the late shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA at Kanei-ji Temple in March 1709.
- 10月14日-15日に開かれた閣議は紛糾したが、採決で同数になった結果、この意見が通らないなら辞任する(西郷が辞任した場合、薩摩出身の官僚、軍人の多数が中央政府から抜けてしまう恐れがある)とした西郷の言に恐怖した議長の三条が即時派遣を決定。
- The cabinet meeting held on from October 14 to 15 got complicated, but chairman SANJO who was afraid of SAIGO's remark that he will resign when his idea couldn't put through as a result of a tie (there is a possibility that numerous bureaucracies and military men from Satsuma will leave from central government in case of Saigo's resignation), determined immediate dispatch.
- なお、この一連の事件と純友との関係について純友軍の幹部に前山城掾藤原三辰がいる事や先の藤原子高襲撃事件などから、実は純友の勢力は瀬戸内海のみならず平安京周辺から摂津国にかけてのいわゆる「盗賊」と呼ばれている武装した不満分子にも浸透していた。
- Sumitomo was connected with a series of these incidents because 藤原三辰, the former Yamashiro no jo (an official of Yamashiro Province), was the senior commander of Sumitomo's army, and also because, ever since his attack on FUJIWARA no Sanetaka as mentioned above, his influence had become prevalent amongst not only pirates of the Seto Inland Sea, but also armed discontented elements, or 'robbers', based in the area between Heian-Kyo (the ancient capital in present-day Kyoto) and Settsu Province.
- 言い換えれば、当時相当先進的な内容であった大日本帝国憲法をもってしても自由民権運動の真意がかなえられる事は無く、1945年の太平洋戦争敗北後に、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部が行なった民主化政策でしか自由民権運動の成果は結実しえなかったのである。
- In other words, the then fairly progressive Constitution of the Empire of Japan could not achieve the real aim of the movement and they had to wait to be fully realized in the democratization, which was prompted by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) after Japan's defeat in the Pacific War in 1945.
- 政友会がこの問題を持ち出したのはその年に行われた第17回衆議院議員総選挙で大敗したことに加えて、田中義一前総裁(元陸軍大臣・総理大臣)の総裁時代以来、在郷軍人会が政友会の有力支持団体化したことに伴う「政友会の親軍化」現象の一環とも言われている。
- The reason why the Seiyukai (Rikken seiyukai) rose this matter was that they lost the 17th general election of members of the House of Representatives held that year, and in addition to that, since the period of the former Prime Minister Giichi TANAKA (former Minister of Army, Prime Minister), an association of reservists became the influential support group of Seiyukai which led to the phenomenon of 'pro-militarization of Seiyukai'.
- 奉書とは元々主君が出した命令書に対して、重臣や奉行などがその命令書が正規のものである証明とその速やかな執行を指示するために作成した文書であり、室町幕府では管領によって将軍の命令書とともに奉書が作成され、江戸幕府においてもこの制度を継承していた。
- Originally a hosho was a monjo (document), formed by senior vassals or magistrates, in order to certify orders issued by lords were formal and to instruct their prompt execution; in the Muromachi bakufu a hosho was made by kanryo (Shogun's Deputies) together with Shougun's order, the system of which was succeeded by the Edo bakufu.
- 新井としては、「征夷大将軍」は日本国内でこそ威権があるが海外では何を意味するのかが不明であり、大君の称も朝鮮では王子の嫡子に対する称号として用いられていたため、この際、足利時代にも一度国書で使用された「国王」に変更すべきであるというものであった。
- Although Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) had authority in Japan, the role of Seitaishogun was unclear in abroad and also, the title of Tycoon was used for heir of prince in Korea, so Arai proposed to change the address to 'King' that was used in sovereign's message in the Ashikaga period.
- 外地郵便貯金・外地郵便為替・外地郵便振替貯金...朝鮮、台湾、関東州、樺太、千島列島、南洋群島、小笠原諸島、火山列島、硫黄鳥島、伊平屋村及び北緯27度以南の南西諸島(大東諸島を含む)にあった郵便局で扱われたもの(軍事郵便貯金等特別処理法第2条)。
- Gaichi postal saving, Gaichi money order, Gaichi money order saving ⋯ Services provided by the postal offices located in Korea, Taiwan, the Kwangtung Leased Territory, Sakhalin, Kurile Islands, the South Sea islands, Ogasawara Islands, Volcano Islands, Iotori Island, Iheya-Village and a part of Nansei Islands located below 27 degrees north latitude including Daito Islands (Article 2 of the Act on Special Treatment of Military Postal Savings, etc.).
- その後、長沼は昭和9年、ひょうたん型の下の部分(前沼)が干拓事業により干拓され、後の昭和17年、沼の上の部分(後沼)が国の食料増産事業により干拓が行われ、排水路工事には満蒙開拓青少年義勇軍1000人と地元民1000人が招集され、昭和28年完工した。
- After that, in 1934, the bottom part of the bottle-gourd-shaped Naganuma (front marsh) was reclaimed under the reclamation project, and in 1942, the upper part of the marsh (back marsh) was reclaimed under the national increase food production project, the construction was completed in 1953, gathering 1000 members of Volunteer Pioneer Youth Army of Manchuria and Mongolia and 1000 local people for the construction of drainage ditch,.
- これに対しては幕府内反対派の林家から「国王は天皇を指し、将軍が国王を名乗るべきではなく、無用の改変。平地に波風を立てるもの」、また対馬藩藩儒雨森芳洲から「李氏朝鮮は急激な変革を特に嫌う。再考願いたい」とそれぞれ反論をうけたが結果として実現している。
- The Hayashi family, one of the bakufu members opposing Arai's plan, insisted, 'King means Emperor, therefore, Shogun should not introduce himself as King, this is an useless reform. This only causes a flutter in the dovecotes,' and also Hoshu AMENOMORI, a Confusion scholar in Tsushima domain opposed it saying, 'the Joseon Dynasty doesn't like sudden reformation. Please reconsider,' but as a result, the changes were implemented.
- だが条約勅許をめぐる朝廷との対立や、病弱な将軍の後継を巡る一橋派(徳川慶喜・後の15代を推す勢力)と南紀派(徳川家茂・後の14代を推す勢力)との対立、また外様や御三家の幕政介入に反撥した譜代大名の筆頭井伊直弼が大老に就任したことにより改革は挫折した。
- But his reforms suffered setbacks, such as a conflict between bakufu and Imperial Court over Imperial permission to the treaty concluded with US, a conflict within bakufu over the successor to the sickly shogun between 'Hitotsubashi group' (the group that recommended Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA [later, the 15th Shogun]) and 'Nanki group' (the group that recommended Iemochi TOKUGAWA [later, the 14th Shogun]), and Naosuke Ii's assumption of 'Tairo' (Chief Minister of bakufu) - Naosuke Ii was at the top of 'fudai daimyo' and was against the participation of 'tozama daimyo' and 'gosanke' in bakufu politics.
- 1905年、日露戦争は東郷平八郎率いる大日本帝国海軍がロシア海軍のバルチック艦隊を撃破したことを契機に、アメリカ合衆国大統領のセオドア・ルーズベルトの仲介のもと、アメリカのポーツマス (ニューハンプシャー州)にて日露の和睦交渉が行なわれることとなった。
- In 1905, Japan and Russia came to be holding reconcilatory negotiations at Portsmouth of America (State of New Hampshire) through the intermediation of Theodore ROOSEVELT, the President of the United States of America, triggered by the incident that the Baltic Fleet, the Russian Navy, was explosed by the Imperial Japanese Navy led by Heihachiro TOGO during the Russo-Japanese War.
- しかし、当時既に開設されていた電信によりいち早く彼らの蜂起とその規模を知った政府は、一部汽車をも利用して警察隊・憲兵 (日本軍)等を送り込むが苦戦し、最終的には東京鎮台の鎮台兵を送り郡境を抑えたため、11月4日に秩父困民党指導部は事実上崩壊、鎮圧された。
- However, the government, getting information on their uprising and its scale instantaneously by telegram that had already been in use at that time, sent a troop of police and military police (Japanese Army) partially by train only to face uphill fights, but finally soldiers in Tokyo Chindai Army (garrison in Meiji period) brought the county boundary under their control, leading the leaders of the Konmin Party to the collapse and subjugation on November 4.
- 大日本帝国憲法第11条 天皇は陸海軍を統帥す、大日本帝国憲法第12条 天皇は陸海軍の編制及常備兵額を定むから編成権も統帥権に含まれるとする意見と、大日本帝国憲法第55条 第1項 国務各大臣は天皇を輔弼し其の責に任すから、軍の編成権は内閣が持つとする意見がある。
- As the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Article 11 described that Emperor commands the Army and Navy, and in the Article 12, it described that Emperor decides the organization of the Army and Navy as well as the amount of troops, there was an opinion that the organization rights belonged to the supreme command, on the other hand, another opinion was that the organization rights of the army belonged to the Cabinet according to the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Article 55, Clause 1, saying that the Minister of State assists the Emperor and has the responsibility of the duty.
- 下賜当時、西南戦争・竹橋・自由民権運動などの社会情勢により、設立間もない軍部に動揺が広がっていたため、これを抑え、精神的支柱を確立する意図で起草されたものされ、1878年(明治11年)10月に陸軍卿山縣有朋が全陸軍将兵に印刷配布した軍人訓誡が元になっている。
- At the time of the grant, the newly organized military had been shook up due to social unrest caused by Seinan War, Takebashi and Movement for democratic rights, and therefore, in order to settle the situation and establish a mental pillar they drafted the imperial rescript, which was made from the admonition for military men printed and distributed to all the officers and soldiers by Aritomo YAMAGATA, director general of the army, in October, 1878.
- しかし日本軍も彼らを決して侮っていたわけではなく、「彼等ノ携帯兵器多クハ清国在来ノ刀・槍・剣、若クハ前装銃ニシテ、皆取ルニ足ラサルモノナリシモ、能く頑強ノ抵抗ヲ為シ、我兵ヲ苦メタル勇気ハ称スルニ余リ有リ」という声もあるように、士気はすこぶる高かったようである。
- However, the Japanese army did not look down upon them, and stated 'everyone stood with their own two feet and strongly resisted with portable weapons from the Qing dynasty such as swords, spears, and muzzle loaders, and they were brave enough to make our army have a difficult time at battles' indicating that they had strong morale.
- 前官礼遇を受けるには一定期間の在任が必要で、陸軍出身の首相である林銑十郎と阿部信行がその条件を満たしていなかったために、陸軍への配慮から改正されたという(前官礼遇とは首相・国務大臣等の要職を一定期間経験したものに対して現職者に準じる礼遇を賜る当時の制度である)。
- A Prime Minister was required to hold his post for a certain period of time to be granted the privileges later, and it is assumed that the definition was revised in consideration of the army because the two Prime Ministers, Senjuro HAYASHI and Nobuyuki ABE from the army, had not satisfied the condition (The system that existed in those days in which a person who had for a certain period of time occupied an important post such as a Prime Minister or a Minister of State was granted the same privileges as an incumbent was called 'zenkan reigu'.).
- 壬午事変(じんごじへん)とは、1882年7月23日に、大院君らの煽動を受けて、李氏朝鮮のソウル特別市(後のソウル特別市)で大規模な兵士の反乱が起こり、政権を担当していた閔妃の政府高官や、日本人軍事顧問、日本外交官らが殺害され、日本公使館が襲撃を受けた事件である。
- The Imo incident, (also known as the Jingo incident) was a massive soldiers' revolt that occurred under the incitement of Daewongun on July 23, 1882, in Seoul special city during the Joseon Dynasty (same as the later Seoul Special City), during which many people such as high-ranking government officials of Queen Min's, a Japanese military advisor, and Japanese diplomat were killed, and the Japanese legation was attacked.
- また、大学寮の学生が退学した場合は本貫に通告すること(学令)、徴発された労役者が帰還前に死亡した場合には本貫に通告すること(賦役令)、本主が死亡した帳内・資人は本貫に送還すること(選叙令)、病気になって倒れた防人は本貫に送還すること(軍防令)などの規定が存在した。
- Furthermore, there were stipulations such as when a student withdrew from Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) notification must be made to hongan (Gaku-ryo [law on scholarship]); when a commandeered laborer died before his return, notification must be made to hongan (Fueki-ryo [law on tax]); chonai and shijin (lower rank officers) whose master died must be returned to hongan (Senjo-ryo [law on recruitment and promotion of government officials]); and sakimori (soldiers deployed for boarder defenses) who fell sick must be returned to hongan (Gunbo-ryo [law on military defense]).
- エルトゥールル号遭難事件(エルトゥールルごうそうなんじけん)とは、1890年(明治23年)9月16日夜半、オスマン帝国(現在のトルコ)の軍艦エルトゥールル号(Ertuğrul Fırkateyni)が、和歌山県串本町沖、紀伊大島の樫野埼灯台東方海上で遭難した事件。
- The distress of Frigate Ertuğrul was a shipwreck that Ertuğrul, a sailing frigate of the Ottoman Navy, suffered off the east of Kashinozaki Lighthouse in Kii-Oshima Island, Kushimoto-cho Town, Wakayama prefecture, on the middle of the night of September 16, 1890.
- このように軍隊が所属する国家の通貨制度とは分離して軍票を使用する制度を用いるのは、自国の通貨を使用すると通貨供給量が激増し、結果的にはインフレーションで経済破綻する恐れがあるほか、敵国に自国通貨が渡ると工作資金になる危険性があるなど、戦略面からの要請があるためである。
- The reason a military force used their military currency instead of using their own country's monetary system was as follows; the total money supply might increase drastically, which could lead to inflation and economic disaster if they used their own country's currency; the country's currency might be used for power-keeping maneuver if their enemy country got it.
- 水戸のイデオロギー対立、政争に隠れているが、天狗党の多くに水戸藩領以外からも参加がありそれも武士階級以外の階層が含まれている点、政治的な宣伝を行軍中に行っている点など、乱の初期から過酷な行軍の間にかけて意識や思想に何かしらの変容があった可能性も明記しておくべきであろう。
- Although these facts are behind the conflict of ideology and political battle in the Mito Domain, the facts that many people, including samurai and others, joined Tenguto from other domains than Mito and that political campaign was conducted during the march should be noted because it was possible that their awareness and thoughts might have changed from the early stage of the rebellion through the march in the terrible conditions.
- しかしながら、ドイツ・オーストリア海軍Uボート及び武装商船の海上交通破壊作戦が強化され、1917年1月からドイツおよびオーストリアが無制限潜水艦作戦を開始すると連合国側の艦船の被害が甚大なものになり、イギリスは日本へ、地中海へ駆逐艦隊、喜望峰へ巡洋艦隊の派遣を要請した。
- However, as operations by the German and Austrian navy to destroy sea traffic with U-boats and armed merchantmen grew in intensity and Germany and Austria began unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917, navy ships of the Allies were made to suffer serious damage, so that Britain requested Japan to dispatch a destroyer fleet to the Mediterranean and a cruiser fleet to the Cape of Good Hope.
- 公使館の保護は無論であるが、中国における日本の権益拡大や、清朝を叩くことで朝鮮半島における日本のアドバンテージを確立すること、日本についで大軍を送っていたロシアへの牽制、列強側に立って派兵することで「極東の憲兵」としての存在感誇示(=不平等条約改正)などが主要目的であった。
- It was of course for the protection of the legation, but other main objectives included expansion of Japanese interests in China, establishing Japanese advantage at the Korean Peninsula by defeating the Qing dynasty, and restrainment of Russia which was sending a great army just like Japan, and Japan also dispatched troops alongside the allied western powers to show its presence as the 'military policeman of the Far East' (in order to correct the unequal treaty).
- 戦争中,中支の戦場にいた,のちの戦記作家の伊藤桂一(当時・陸軍上等兵)は,戦陣訓と軍人勅諭を比較して「「戦陣訓」にくらべると,明治十五年発布の「軍人勅諭」は荘重なリズムをもつ文体で,内部に純粋な国家意識が流れているし,軍隊を離れて,一種の叙事詩的な文学性をさえ感じるのである。
- Keiichi ITO was in the central China during the war (as a lance corporal of the Army) and when he became a novelist of military history later, he compared Senjinkun military code with the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and said, ''the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors,' that was issued in 1882, has a literary style with more solemn rhythm than 'Senjinkun military code,' pure national consciousness is seen through it, and it gives impression of a kind of epic literature instead of the military.
- だが、依然として超然主義を奉じる貴族院_(日本)最大会派の研究会_(貴族院)は伊藤の入党要請を拒絶する会派決議を行ったばかりでなく、1901年北清事変の軍費捻出のための増税案を他の5会派(茶話会・朝日倶楽部・庚子会・木曜会・無所属団)を糾合して否決、伊藤内閣を総辞職に追い込んだ。
- However, the study group (the House of Peers), which is the largest parliamentary faction in the House of Peers (Japan) and which still believed in the doctrine of superiority, not only passed a resolution to refuse Ito's request to join his party, but also rallied five factions (sawa kai, asahi kurabu, koshi kai, mokuyo kai, mushozoku dan) and rejected a tax-increase bill to raise military expenditure for the Boxer Rebellion in 1901, which forced the Ito Cabinet to resign en masse.
- 、徳川秀忠が幕府御船手頭向井忠勝に建造させた史上最大級の安宅船「安宅丸」は、総櫓及び船体の総てに防火・防蝕を目的とした銅板貼りが施されていた事が幕府の公式な記録から確認されており、1635年当時、軍船の表面に金属板を貼るという発想が存在していた事そのものは疑いがたい事実と言えよう。
- From the official bakufu documents it is confirmed that the 'Atake Maru', the largest Ataka bune in history, which Hidetada TOKUGAWA ordered Tadakatsu MUKAI, the chief of the bakufu navy to build, had all oars and the whole hull covered with copper plates for the prevention of fire and erosion, which proves a definite fact that an idea of covering the surface of a warship existed in 1635.
- 日露戦争の開催を決定した御前会議においては明治天皇と第1次桂内閣の5閣僚(総理・外務・大蔵・陸軍・海軍各大臣)と5元老(伊藤博文・井上馨・大山巌・松方正義・山縣有朋)の計11名で構成され、統帥部の出席は認められずにその決定に従って作戦計画を作成することになっていた(政略主導の両略一致)。
- The conference in the presence of the Emperor where the Russo-Japanese War was decided to go was consisted of 11 members who were the Emperor Meiji, 5 Cabinet members of the First KATSURA Cabinet (Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Minister of Finance, Army Minister, Navy Minister), 5 Genro (elder statesman) (Hirobumi ITO, Kaoru INOUE, Iwao OYAMA, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Aritomo YAMAGATA), supreme command staff was not admitted to attend it, and the plan of strategy was going to be made according to the decision at the conference (congruency of politics and strategy with the main leadership of politics).
- 伊藤正徳 (軍事評論家)によると、制度としては予備役でもよいとなっていても、実際問題として誰が適任で誰が空いているか、清浦には全く見当がつかなかった上に相談相手も得られなかったので組閣断念に至ったという(また、清浦が軍部大臣現役武官制の擁護者であった山縣有朋の側近であったことも大きい)。
- According to Shotoku ITO (military critic), even if Yobieki was accepted by the system, Kiyoura probably would not have known who might be appropriate or available, and besides he did not have any consultants to discuss with; therefore, he gave up on forming a Cabinet (moreover, the fact that Kiyoura was a close adviser of Arimoto YAMAGATA, who was an advocate for Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei, played a part).
- 桂園時代は、桂に代表される官僚・軍部と西園寺に代表される有力政党である立憲政友会が「情意投合」と呼ばれる連携体制を組んで交互に内閣総理大臣に就任した(この間にも松方正義や山本権兵衛、平田東助などを首相に擁する動きはあったものの、両者以上の政権基盤を持たずにいずれも断念に追い込まれている)。
- In the Kei-En era, bureaucrats and military typified by Katsura and a leading political party Rikken seiyukai typified by Saionji built a collaborative system called 'emotional agreement' and they alternately served as the prime minister (In the meantime, there was a move to field Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Gonbei YAMAMOTO and Tosuke HIRATA as prime minister, but none of them had stronger foundations of administration than those of the two, so they were forced to give up).
- だが、この事実が当時の幹部以外の軍部関係者には認識されず、大山・山縣は参謀総長として出席したと解されたらしく、以後の御前会議で統帥部が出席する根拠とされ、また事実と全く反するにも関わらず「政府の決定によって統帥部の決定がひっくり返された前例はない」とする'神話'が生み出されたと言われている。
- However, this fact was not known to the military related person except for the executives at that time, OYAMA and YAMAGATA might have been considered to be attended the conference as the Chief of the General Staff, and this became an evidence for the supreme command staff to attend the later conference in the presence of the Emperor, and despite it was completely the opposite to the fact, 'a myth' was born saying 'there is no precedent that the decision of supreme command staff was overturned by the decision of the government'.
- その後も田近陽一郎が『高千穂古文字伝』(1876年)を著すなど一部の研究者はにわかに活気づいたが、教部省主導ということからも伺えるように軍人や政治家の国粋主義宣伝の材料にされてしまい、また原本が学会ではまったく認知されていない神代文字で書かれていたことから、一般の学会ではほとんど無視された。
- After that, Yoichiro TAJIKA wrote 'Takachiho Komoji Den (Takachiho ancient characters history)' in 1876 and some researchers were suddenly fueled, but this was used by military men and statesmen as advertisement of nationalism, as you can see from the introduche, and also because the original book was written in ancient Japanese characters not recognized by the academic society, it was mostly ignored in general academic societies.
- 彼らは戦闘は無論、見張りや防衛工事、消火活動、負傷者の救護、外(連合軍)との秘密の連絡をこなし、柴五郎も「耶蘇教民がいてわれわれを助けなかったならば、われわれ小数の兵にては、とうてい粛親王府は保てなかったかと思われます」、「無事にあの任務を果たせたのも信用し合っていた多くの中国人のお陰でした。
- They not only participated in the battle, but also in patrols, defense construction, fire extinguishment, rescuing of casualties, and conducted secret communication with the outside (allied forces), and even Goro SHIBA reflected, 'if there were no Christians to rescue us, we could not have maintained the government of Prince Su with our small number of soldiers' and 'the mission succeeded due to the trust of many Chinese'.
- 天文に改元後の同年8月7日_(旧暦)、京都に集結した法華一揆は京都にある本願寺教団の寺院を次々に攻撃、8月12日_(旧暦)には六角氏と連合して蓮淳のいる大津の顕証寺を攻め落とし、続いて8月23日_(旧暦)には、証如のいる山科本願寺を3万の大軍が包囲して、8月24日_(旧暦)には同寺も炎上した。
- On September 6, 1532, after the era changed to Tenbun, the Hokke-Ikki army assembled in Kyoto and attacked temples after temples belonging to the Hongan-ji Temple community, and on September 11 they associated with the Rokkaku clan and captured Kensho-ji Temple in Otsu where Renjun stayed, and on September 23 they besieged Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple where Shonyo stayed, with a large force of 30,000 men, and on August 22 (the old calendar) Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple went up in flames.
- 位階や旭日章・瑞宝章などのその他の勲章は仕官して公務員(当時は官吏)となれば勤続年数などの一定の条件で大抵誰でも受勲することができ、また官吏では無い兵 (日本軍)や民間人でも対象となったが、金鵄勲章は軍人軍属のみでかつ相応の戦功がなくては授与されず、大将や皇族軍人といえども相応の武功がなければ授与されなかった。
- In terms of other orders, including courtly rank and the Orders of the Rising Sun and Orders of the Sacred Treasure, when it came to civil servants (at the time, they were termed 'government officials') in government service, once they fulfilled the prescribed condition--for example, working continuously for a certain number of years--almost everyone would receive such medals, and non-government soldiers (in Japan's army) or civilians could also receive them; the Order of the Golden Kite, however, was limited only to military personnel, and furthermore was only granted to those who had sufficiently distinguished themselves in battle, meaning that simply being a general or an army officer of imperial blood, without distinguished service in battle, would not bring one this medal.
- 元亀3年文書では信玄が信豊に対し装備を朱色で統一することを独占的に認められており、天正2年文書では武田勝頼により信豊の一手衆が黒出立を使用することを許可されており(これは『軍鑑』や『信長公記』長篠合戦時における記述と符号している)、武田軍では一手衆ごとに色彩を含めて兵装の規格化が整えられていたと考えられている。
- In the document in 1572, Shingen confirmed that Nobutoyo would exclusively use Shu-iro (Empire red) for his troop's all equipment, and in the document in 1574, Katsuyori TAKEDA permitted that Nobutoyo's Hitoteshu (a troop consisted of high ranking warriors) would wear a black outfit (this matches with the description on the Battle of Nagashino in 'Gunkan' and 'Shinchoko-ki (Biography of Nobunaga ODA)'), therefore, it is considered that Takeda Army gave a standard of military outfit including color to each Hitoteshu.
- ただ、東條内閣が成立する時に海軍が海相候補として出した豊田副武を東條英機が拒否し、海軍次官の沢本頼雄が「東條じゃどうせ戦争になるから代わりを出さない(ことによって東條内閣を潰す)ことにしましょう」と進言したことがあるが、及川古志郎海相らの判断で嶋田繁太郎を出すことになり、東條内閣は無事成立に至ったという例がある。
- There were a couple of matters when the Tojo Cabinet was formed; the first, Hideki TOJO refused Soemu TOYODA whom the navy selected as a candidate for the Minister of the Navy; the second, deputy minister of the Navy, Yorio SAWAMOTO proceeded with the plan that 'it's going to be a war with Tojo so we shall not select a candidate (to crash the Tojo Cabinet by not selecting),' however, as Shigetaro SHIMADA was selected with the judgment of Navy Minister Koshiro OIKAWA and others, the Tojo Cabinet was finally formed.
- ところが大日本帝国憲法に先行して天皇から与えられた「勅諭」であることから、陸軍(および海軍の一部)は軍人勅諭を政府や議会に対する自らの独立性を担保するものと位置づけていた(陸軍の一部には「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」について「政府や政治家が何を言おうと気にする必要はない、ということだ」という解釈すらあったという)。
- On the side of the Army (and a part of the Navy), however, since the imperial rescript was given by Emperor ahead of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there was an idea that the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors secures their independence from the government and the parliament (Some members of the Army even interpreted 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.' as 'Military men need not care about what the government and statesmen say').
- 六月初旬にはイギリス海軍中将シーモア(Edward Hobart Seymour)率いる連合軍約2000名が北京を目指したが、義和団によって破壊された京津鉄道(北京-天津間)を修繕しながら進軍したため、その歩みは遅く、また廊坊という地では義和団及び清朝正規兵董福祥の甘軍によって阻まれ、天津への退却を余儀なくされた。
- Around two thousand members of the allied forces led by Vice Admiral Edward Hobart Seymour of the British marines headed for Beijing at the beginning of June by repairing and marching along the Beijing-Tianjin Railway (Beijing to Tianjin) but this proved to be slow, and progress was hindered by the Boxers as well as 甘軍 of the official Qing dynasty army led by Dong Fuxiang at Langfang, and they were forced to retreat to Tianjin.
- その後、総理となった犬養毅が軍縮をしようとしたところ、五・一五事件で決起将校に殺害され政党政治が終結を迎え、戦時中には軍の圧力により逼塞状態にあった鳩山一郎が、戦後に総理就任を目前で連合国軍最高司令官総司令部からこの時の事を追及されて、軍部の台頭に協力した軍国主義者として公職追放となるなど皮肉な歴史を辿る事となった。
- Later, ironic histories were repeated, which means that Tshuyoshi INUKAI, who became Prime Minister tried to do disarmament, was killed by an officer who rose in revolt at the May 15th Incident, then the party government came to an end, and Ichiro HATOYAMA who was confined during the war by the military pressure was accused by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers and purged as a militarist cooperated the rise of the military just before the assumption of the Prime Minister after the war.
- なお、資料によってはこの勅諭の末尾に「御名御璽」と表記しているものがあるが、この勅諭は明治天皇の署名(印刷物等に表記する場合は「御名」)のみで御璽を捺さずに陸海軍に直接下賜する形式を採った(軍内部には「明治15年陸軍省達乙第2号」として陸軍大臣から布達された)ため、印刷物の場合は「御名」のみ表記されるのが正確である。
- By the way, although some materials show this imperial rescript with letters of 'Onna (name) gyoji (imperial seal)' at the end, Emperor Meiji signed the rescript without putting gyoji ('Onna' was written on prints) and gave it directly to the Army and the Navy (It was notified by Minister of Army to the members of the Ministry as 'Meiji 15, Ministry of Army, Otsu No.2'), and therefore, to be exact only 'onna' was inscribed on prints.
- 明治憲法下では軍の統帥権が天皇にあったが、編成権(部隊編成、予算編成など)に関しては国務大臣が補弼するのか。それとも、憲法に明記されていなかったが、慣習的に軍令については国務大臣が輔弼せず統帥部(陸軍:参謀総長。海軍:軍令部総長)が補弼することとなっていたことにより、その大権に含まれるのかどうかが大きな論点となっていた。
- Under the Meiji Constitution, the supreme command of the army belonged to the Emperor, but whether the organization rights (troop organization, budget organization, etc.) were assisted by the Minister of State or, although it was not described in the Constitution, or it was included in the supreme command, because the military orders were assisted traditionally not by the Minister of State but by the supreme command staff (the Chief of the Military General Staff, the President of the Naval General Staff) was the major point of the dispute.
- しかし、現役の自衛官が防衛大臣を兼ねることはともかく、かつて職業軍人であった者や自衛官であった者が、防衛大臣に就任すること自体は憲法違反にあたらないと解されている(例えば、旧海軍経理学校出身の中曽根康弘(中佐)、松野頼三(少佐)、山下元利(中尉)らや陸上自衛隊自衛官(二等陸尉)であった中谷元が防衛庁長官に就任している)。
- However, whether or not an active Self-Defense Official concurrently serves as a Secretary of State for Defense, it is understood that appointment of a career military man or a Self-Defense official to a Secretary of State for Defense itself is not illegal (For instance, Yasuhiro NAKASONE (lieutenant colonel) who graduated from the Naval Paymasters' School, Raizo MATSUNO (major), Ganri YAMASHITA (lieutenant), and Gen NAKATANI who was in the Japanese Self-Defense Forces (First Lieutenant) were appointed to Chief Secretary of State for Defense).
- 明治14年に大阪府に編入されたことは廃藩置県後の県の整理の一環と見られるが、全国的に見ればその作業は完了しており、逆に大き過ぎる県の分割の方に問題が移りつつあった中での合併であった(現実に堺県の合併以後、北海道の再編と太平洋戦争後のアメリカ合衆国軍の軍政施行によって一時廃止された沖縄県以外に都道府県が廃止された例はない)。
- The fact that Sakai Prefecture was incorporated into Osaka Prefecture in 1881 was seen as part of the reorganization of prefectures after Haihan-chiken, yet, from the national level, the work had already been completed; therefore, it was more about the merge in the midst of the problem associated with partition of prefectures that were too big (in reality, after the merge of Sakai Prefecture, there have been no cases where the administrative divisions of Japan have been abolished, except for the reorganization of Hokkaido and the temporary abolition of the Okinawa Prefecture due to the military polices implemented by the US military after the Pacific War).
- 大日本帝国憲法第5条 天皇は帝国議会の協賛を以て立法権を行ふ、大日本帝国憲法第64条 第1項 国家の歳出歳入は毎年予算を以て帝国議会の協賛を経へしにより、軍の編成・維持のための予算は議会が決定する物であるが、統帥部は、軍事に関する情報を内閣に通さず天皇に報告(帷幄上奏)できたため、国務大臣(内閣)が関わる必要がないと言う考えが大勢を占めた。
- The constitution of the Empire of Japan the Article 5 said that the Emperor acts the legislative power with a support of Imperial Diet, and the Article 64, Provision 1 said that the state annual expenditure and revenue was committed by a support of Imperial Diet with annual budget, so that the budget for the organization and maintenance of the army should have been decided by Imperial Diet, however, as Supreme Command Staff could make comments on military affairs to the Emperor with full responsibility of the results without confirmation of the Cabinet, (Iaku-joso) the idea that the Minister of State (Cabinet) would not be necessary for the process occupied in general.
- 4月下旬に始まった帝国議会において、ロンドン海軍軍縮会議締結に対し、軍令部が要求していた、補助艦の対米比7割に満たないとして条約締結拒否を言ったにもかかわらず、この条約を結んだことを理由に、野党の立憲政友会総裁の犬養毅と鳩山一郎が衆議院で、「軍令部の反対意見を無視した条約調印は統帥権の干犯である」と政府を攻撃、続いて枢密院議長倉富勇三郎もこれに同調する動きを見せた。
- Despite the Army demanded to reject the conclusion of the treaty of London Naval Conference on Disarmament, at the Imperial Diet opened in the latter half of April, because the proportion of the auxiliary ships unreached to 70 percent comparing to that of the United States, the government concluded the treaty, so that Tsuyoshi INUKAI, the President of the Opposition Rikken seiyukai, and Ichiro HATOYAMA attacked the government at the House of Representatives appealing 'The conclusion of the treaty ignoring the opposite opinion given by the Army means the interference and violate of supreme command,' and following that the Chairman of the Privy Council Yuzaburo KURATOMI showed his attitude to sympathize with that.
- 戦国大名としての徳川氏にも右筆は存在したと考えられるが、徳川家康の三河国時代の右筆は家康の勢力拡大と天下掌握の過程で奉行・代官などの行政職や譜代大名などに採用されたために、江戸幕府成立時に採用されていた右筆は多くは旧室町幕府奉行衆の子弟(曾我尚祐)や関ヶ原の戦いで東軍を支持した豊臣政権の右筆衆(大橋重保)、関東地方平定時に家康に仕えた旧後北条氏の右筆(久保正俊)などであったと考えられている。
- Although Yuhitsu existed in the Tokugawa clan as a warring lord, because those Yuhitsu who were working for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA when he was in Mikawa Province were appointed to administrative posts, such as Bugyo or Daikan, or Fudai Daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) as Ieyasu expanded his influence and subdued various regions to unify Japan, it is thought that many of them who were hired as Yuhitsu when the Edo Bakuhu was established were the children of the Bugyo-shu belonged to the former Muromachi Bakuhu (Naosuke SOGA), the Yuhitsu-shu of the Toyotomi government (Shigeyasu OHASHI), supported the 'eastern' army at the Battle of Sekigahara, and the Yuhitsu of the former Gohojo clan, served Ieyasu when he subdued Kanto region.