身: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 身分と家柄
- Social status and family lineage
- 例:身の丈
- For example: Mi no take
- 三世一身法
- Sanze-isshin Law (a law allowing farmers who cleared new lands to own them for a period of three generations)
- 鯰絵の前身
- Forerunners of namazu-e
- 身分統制令
- Edict on Change of Status (an edict with three articles issued in 1591)
- 新しい身分秩序
- New order of the social status
- 土佐国の出身。
- He was from Tosa Province.
- 徳川慶勝の保身説
- The theory of Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA's self-protection
- 樺太出身の有名人
- Famous people from Karafuto
- 15歳で単身渡米。
- He went to the U.S. at the age of 15 by himself.
- 備中国玉島の出身。
- He was born in Tamashima, of Bicchu Province.
- 「汝身者如何成也」
- How is your body formed?'
- 人身に関する年紀法
- The Nenkiho on people
- 大奥女性の身分と立場
- Status and position of ladies in O-oku
- 刑罰の一覧身分刑参照。
- Refer to the social status list of punishment.
- 大尉は全身凍っていた。
- He was frozen all over.
- 女優の司葉子は分家出身。
- An actress Youko TSUKASA was born into a branch family of the Shoji family.
- - 女子挺身隊勤労令公布
- Proclamation of Joshi Teishintai (Women's Volunteer Corps)
- 赤ん坊の後身に関する伝承
- The tradition concerning what happened later to the baby
- 毛利氏の元に身を寄せる。
- He stayed with the Mori clan.
- 貴遁-身分の高い人を利用。
- Kiton-Making use of a high-ranking person.
- 賎遁-身分の低い人を利用。
- Senton-Making use of a low-ranking person.
- 太夫自身の墓もここにある。
- Tayu's grave is also located here.
- 現在の霞山会の前身である。
- It was a predecessor of the current Kazankai.
- 出家して身の安全を図った。
- He entered into priesthood to secure his own safety.
- 議長は高鍋藩出身の秋月種樹。
- The chairman was Tanetatsu AKIZUKI who came from Takanabe Domain.
- 身分制についても同じである。
- The same was true with the class system.
- 時雨の身いはゞ髭ある宗祇かな
- Staying in an early winter shower--it is as if I were Sogi with a beard.
- 身分低い桐壺更衣を寵愛した。
- He bestowed favor upon Kiritsubo no Koi despite her rank being low.
- 越後国新発田藩出身、旧姓中山。
- His hometown was Shibata Domain, Echigo Province.
- その中身は以下のとおりである。
- And the contents were as follows :
- 議長代行が薩摩藩出身の森有礼。
- The acting chairman was Arinori MORI who came from Satsuma Domain.
- 現・角川映画 (企業)の前身。
- It was the predecessor of present-day Kadokawa Pictures.
- 藤原式家の出身で父は藤原公葛。
- He was from the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan and his father was FUJIWARA no Kimikatu.
- 藤原南家の出身で父は藤原清邦。
- He was from the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and his father was FUJIWARA no Kiyokuni.
- 大阪府堺市(現在の堺区)出身。
- She was born in Sakai City (present-day Sakai Ward), Osaka Prefecture.
- この結果女三宮は薫を身ごもる。
- As a result, Onna san no miya conceived Kaoru.
- が、すでに病の身となっていた。
- However, he had already become ill.
- 日本で活躍するハワイ出身の歌手。
- A singer from Hawaii who works in Japan.
- これが現在の集集線の前身である。
- This was the predecessor of the Jiji Line.
- 自身も三位中将という高官だった。
- He himself was a high official, Sanmi no chujo (lieutenant general of Sakone-fu with Sanmi rank).
- 「吾身亦層層鑄也 尚有凸餘處一」
- My body grew and it had a part that grew too much (meaning a penis).'
- 大化前代の職業部の後身とされる。
- Shinabe is believed to be the successor of shokugyobe before the Taika Reforms.
- 酒色に溺れ身を持ち崩したとされる。
- He is said to have gone off the rails, indulging himself in alcohol and women.
- 太刀身の柄端に合わせられる刀装具。
- Tsuka-gashira is the equipment of a sword which is attached to the edge of a hilt.
- 戸主自身が婚姻し別戸籍に去ったとき
- In case of leaving for another household register because of marriage
- 「妾身層層鑄成 然未成處有一處在」
- My body grew, but there is a part that did not grow (meaning the female genitalia).'
- 訳者・校閲者たちは長崎唐通事出身。
- Translators and proofreaders were originally Nagasaki Totsuji (Chinese translator).
- このことは身分差の出現を意味する。
- This implies the emergence of class difference.
- 皇族身位令(明治43年皇室令第2号)
- Imperial Family Status Ordinance (Imperial family's Act No. 2 in 1910)
- 県令(都道府県知事)の前身に当たる。
- It was the predecessor of Kenrei (prefectural governors).
- 夫の単身赴任そして康平元年秋の病死。
- Then comes the description of her husband's relocating to a new post without taking his family, and his death from illness in the autumn of 1058.
- 藤原京家の出身、参議藤原浜成の曾孫。
- He was from the Capital House of the Fujiwara clan, and he was the great-grandchild of Sangi (councillor) FUJIWARA no Hamanari.
- 水の底で身を清めると二神が生まれた。
- Another two gods were born by his purifying himself at the bottom of the water.
- 徳川慶喜の身柄を備前藩に預けること。
- Condition Article Number One: Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA would be in custody of the Bizen Domain.
- 政虎自身はこの間に、八幡原に布陣した。
- Meanwhile, Masatora himself arranged his forces in Hachimanbara in a battle formation.
- 飛騨国出身、五位の大工で名は檜前杉光。
- He is from Hida Province and a carpenter holding goi (Fifth Court Rank), called Sugimitsu HIZEN.
- しかし、家康自身は飛鳥井派門弟である。
- Ieyasu himself, however, was a student of the rival Asukai school.
- 水の表面で身を清めると二神が生まれた。
- Another two gods were born by his purifying himself on the surface of the water.
- 水の中程で身を清めると二神が生まれた。
- Another two gods were born by his purifying himself in the middle of the water.
- 次いで多いのが真壁や笠間の出身者である。
- The second most common place of birth was Makabe or Kasama.
- したがって信長自身も弾正忠を称している。
- Therefore, Nobunaga called himself danjo no chu.
- 日本で活躍するカリフォルニア出身の歌手。
- A singer from California who works in Japan.
- 駿河国島田(現在の静岡県島田市)の出身。
- He was from Shimada, Suruga Province (present-day Shimada City, Shizuoka Prefecture).
- 解身地獄 滋賀・MIHO MUSEUM蔵
- Hell of Dismemberment; MIHO Museum collection, Shiga Prefecture
- 「汝(いまし)が身(み)はいかに成れる」
- How is your body formed?'
- 改めて源氏との身分の差を思い知らされる。
- She is made acutely aware of the difference in social standing between her and Genji.
- 広義では中国大陸出身者を含む場合もある。
- In a broad sense, the term could include persons from the Chinese Continent.
- 自身は飯盛山城から両軍の総指揮を執った。
- Nagayoshi acted as the commander for both armies in the Imoriyama-jo Castle.
- 授刀衛 - 奈良時代に新設、近衛府の前身。
- Jyutoei (Division of Inner Palace Guards): newly established in the Nara period, and the predecessor of Konoefu (Headquarter of the Inner Palace Guards).
- 外衛府 - 奈良時代に新設、近衛府の前身。
- Gaiefu(Headquarter of the Outer Palace Guards): newly established in the Nara period, and the predecessor of Konoefu (Headquarter of the Inner Palace Guards).
- 桐壺帝の第八皇子で、母は大臣家出身の女御。
- He is the eighth prince of the Emperor Kiritsubo, and his mother was a nyogo (a high-ranking lady in the court (a consort of an emperor)) from a ministerial family.
- 当の娘は身分違いすぎると気が進まなかった。
- The daughter herself was reluctant because of the difference in their social standing.
- 大宰帥の前身にあたる「筑紫率」に任命された。
- He was appointed to Tsukushi no kami, which is the predecessor of Dazai no sochi.
- その後鐸自身が大型化し、表面に飾りが加わる。
- And from later on dotaku itself grew in size with a decoration added on the surface.
- - 樺太金融を前身とし、大正5年に商号変更。
- Formerly Karafuto Finance Co., changed its trade name in 1916.
- 遊ぶ子供の声きけば、我が身さえこそ動がるれ。
- When I hear children playing, I am thrilled as my body moves.
- 貴人の行跡(身分の高い人の笑いのエピソード)
- Behavior of a noble (a funny episode of a noble)
- そのご何回もこの女性に逢うが身元不明である。
- Although he met this lady many times after that, he did not know her identity.
- 鯰絵の前身と言える絵画の一つに大津絵がある。
- Otsu-e could be considered a forerunner of namazu-e.
- 「わが身はなりなりて成り余れる処一処あり。」
- My body grew and it had a part that grew too much (meaning a penis).'
- 「わが身はなりなりて成り合はざる処一処あり」
- My body grew, but there is a part that did not grow (meaning the female genitalia).'
- 高野自身も共働店を開設してその活動を支援した。
- Takano himself opened a synactic shop and supported the activity.
- 彼自身は、この覚書に関しては、こう考えていた。
- He thought about this memorandam as follows.
- 後に電車化され、現在の東京都電車の前身となる。
- The service was later developed to be operated by electric trains, becoming the origin of Tokyo Electric Railway.
- ただし、奴婢の身分から解放される場合もあった。
- However, Nobi was emancipated in some cases.
- 一言主神は孔雀明王の化身であると書かれている。
- Hitokotonushi no Kami is referred to as an incarnation of Kujaku Myo-o.
- 前身は内蔵衣縫造(きぬぬいのみやつこ)とされる。
- Its predecessor is believed to have been Uchikura Kinunui no miyatsuko.
- 主身に金象嵌の文字が表裏計61字刻印されている。
- On the front and back sides of the main body, 61 letters in all inlaid with gold were inscribed.
- 四月、開放された奴婢の身分を庚寅年籍で確定する。
- In April, the status of freed slaves was ascertained in Koin no Nenjaku.
- 女は親の持ってくる縁談も断って独身のままでいた。
- The girl remained single, refusing any marriage arrangements her parents brought to her.
- 「みお(を)つくし」…「身を尽くし」/「澪標」。
- Mi(w)otsukushi: 'mi (w)o tsukushi' (to dedicate oneself)/'mi(w)otsukushi' (channel buoys).
- 師長は忠実に書簡を贈って自身の嘆きをうちあける。
- Moronaga sends a letter to Tadazane confessing his lamentation in it.
- 花園天皇自身はこの日記を『等閑記』と称している。
- Emperor Hanazono himself called this diary 'Tokanki.'
- 「目鼻口手足は人の並なれど、心一つで廃る身体ぞ」
- Depending on the state of mind, a body can decline even though the eyes, nose, mouth, hands and feet are healthy.'
- 明治元年(1868年)以降は全身分を含む本籍人口。
- Since 1868, the figures represent total population of all classes registered in the family registry.
- 升は元々は両手で掬った量に由来する身体尺であった。
- Originally, sho was an anthropomorphic unit that represented the quantity scooped up with both hands.
- 後には官僚出身の勅選議員も多く所属することとなる。
- Later on, the group produced many Chokusen councilors with a bureaucratic background.
- また一部には身分制度を否定したりする思想が現れた。
- There were also a few thoughts which opposed the class system.
- また明治政府自身もそのように解釈するようになった。
- Also the Meiji government itself interpreted it like that.
- ただし上洛の際は定めの通り、役目は身分によること。
- However, when going to the capital (Kyoto) roles depend on predefined social status.
- 大身旗本や大名などは基本的に処罰の対象外であった。
- As for greater vassals and feudal lords, they were basically removed from the objects of punishment.
- 「けれども、その中身を見れば稚拙なところが多い。」
- However, if you take a look at them, you will find that most of them have been written with awkward brushstrokes.'
- 崇徳は讃岐で自身の不運を嘆きながら日を送っていた。
- Sutoku spends his days lamenting his misfortune at Sanuki.
- その道に入らむと思ふ心こそ我身ながらの師匠なりけれ
- Your interest in something is itself a credible instructor inside you.
- 名古屋電気鉄道(名古屋市電の前身)における焼き討ち
- Arson at Nagoya Denki Tetsudo (former name of Nagoya Shiden) (Nagoya City Train).
- 長巻は、ほぼ刀身と同じ長さの柄を持つ大太刀である。
- Nagamaki is a long Japanese sword with a handle the same length as the blade.
- この9名のうち、8名は薩摩藩・長州藩の出身者だった。
- Out of these nine, eight hailed from the domains of Satsuma and Choshu.
- 日本の律令制における身分は、良民と賎民に大別される。
- Class under the Japanese Ritsuryo system was roughly divided into 'ryomin' (good citizens) and 'senmin' (low citizens).
- しかし、中の君は一夜の関係で中納言の子を身ごもった。
- Naka no Kimi became pregnant with Chunagon's child through this one-night relationship.
- 浮舟の母(中将の君)も身分違いの縁談に消極的だった。
- The mother of Ukifune (Chujo no kimi) was also passive about this morganatic marriage.
- また、定家自身の体験に基づいていない記録も含まれる。
- Moreover, the diary includes some entries that are not based on Teika's personal experience.
- 身に着けていた物を脱ぐことによって十二神が生まれた。
- 12 gods came into being as he took off what he had been wearing.
- のち水野自身、自説をネオ狩猟騎馬民族説と呼んでいる。
- Later Mizuno himself called his as the theory of dynasty established by the neo-hunting horseback races.
- - カリフォルニア州出身のヒップホッププロデューサー。
- A hiphop producer from the State of California.
- 欧米諸国はその大半が身分制度を廃し、平等を唱えていた。
- Most of Western countries had abolished the social class system and advocated equality of status.
- 山梨県内では戦国以前からの馬の全身骨格が出土している。
- The complete skeleton of a horse before the Sengoku period was excavated in Yamanashi Prefecture.
- 刑の執行は、非人頭に身柄が引き渡されることで完了する。
- Carrying out a sentence was completed by transferring custody to Hinin-gashira.
- 江戸時代には身分や居住地域・従事職能等が固定化された。
- In the Edo period, the social status, the residential areas and the occupational functions were fixed.
- 昼装束(ひのしょうぞく):儀礼用の服、束帯用の装身具。
- Hino shozoku (literally day dress): traditional formal court dress, and accessories for ceremonial court dress.
- 源氏自身も既に紫の上を妻にしていたため実現しなかった。
- Regardless, as Genji himself had already married Lady Murasaki, it never happened.
- 洒落本を前身に19世紀初頭頃から書かれるようになった。
- Derived from sharebon book (a pleasure quarter novelette), ninjobon books were written from the beginning of the 19th century.
- 一方で鯰絵自身もまた、後世の風刺画に影響を与えている。
- On the other hand, namazu-e itself influenced the satirical drawings of later ages.
- 初期の形状は柄と刀身が直線的であるもの(直刀)が多い。
- Most of its earlier form has straightened hilt and sword body (straight sword).
- 生まれつき身体からよい薫がするため、そうあだ名される。
- He gets the nickname because he has a sweet smell from birth.
- 冠位により身につけることの出来る衣服や礼法が決められた。
- Clothes which could be worn and manners were determined according to the cap rank.
- 「あら楽や思ひは晴るゝ身は捨つる浮世の月にかゝる雲なし」
- I feel at ease because my mind is clear and I give up my body to the floating world, where no cloud covers the moon.'
- 「従来武士が双刀を帯びていたのは倒敵護身を目的とした。」
- Originally, samurai warriors were wearing double swords to attack enemies and protect themselves.'
- 相馬誠胤の身柄の奪取に一旦は成功するものの一週間で逮捕。
- NISHIGORI succeeded in getting Tomotane back, but was arrested in a week.
- なお、木戸孝允ら藩士出身の新政府実力者たちの署名はない。
- However, there are no signatures of kingmakers of the new government including Takayoshi KIDO.
- 公家・僧侶・その他身分の高い者は、その定めの例外とする。
- The rule omits kuge (court nobles), monzeki (successors of a temple) and those of high rank.
- 桐壺帝の寵愛を一身に受けたが、源氏が3歳の時に病で死去。
- Although she stood in high favor with Emperor Kiritsubo, she died due to sickness when Genji was three years old.
- 42、43歳頃、母后の崩御、自身の病のため出家を急いだ。
- At the age of 42 or 43, his mother passed away, and he became a priest quickly due to his mother's death and his own sickness.
- 大名身分に喧嘩両成敗の適用は伊達村和の事例ぐらいしかない。
- The only case Kenka Ryoseibai was used for someone of feudal lord rank was Murayori DATE.
- 「地水火風空のうちより出し身のたどりて帰るもとのすみかに」
- I was born from the five elements (earth, water, fire, wind, and sky), and now I'm returning to my original place.'
- 桂川甫周は法眼桂川甫三の子であり、後には自身も法眼となる。
- Hoshu KATSURAGAWA, a son of Hogen Hosan KATSURAGAWA, was later ranked also Hogen.
- 691年(持統5)三月、良・賤身分を区別する規定を定める。
- In March 691, rules were set for distinguishing the status of individuals.
- 士大夫階級にとっての本拠地であり、ほぼ出身地を示していた。
- It was meant to be the home ground for shitaifu (Scholar-bureaucrats), which nearly indicated their hometown.
- また大君の身代わりを求める薫に浮舟の素性と所在を明かした。
- In addition, she told Kaoru, who had been seeking out a woman as a substitute for Oigimi, about Ukifune's lineage and whereabouts.
- 高山家 - 一説には高山友照と高山右近はこの高山家の出身。
- The Takayama family - In one theory, Tomoteru TAKAYAMA and Ukon TAKAYAMA came from this Takayama family.
- その後、新政府自身が彰義隊の武装解除に当たる旨を布告した。
- Later, the new government declared by statement to order the disarmaming of the Shogitai troops.
- 集治監(しゅうじかん)とは明治に作られた現代の刑務所の前身。
- Shujikan were the predecessor of modern-day prisons created in the Meiji period.
- (2)犯罪による非人への身分移動を伴う刑罰を非人手下という。
- Punishment which was to be relegated to Hinin due to committing a crime or violating the laws was called Hinin-teka.
- 年が明けたら出家を果たす考えの源氏は、身辺を整理しはじめる。
- Genji, who is planning to become a priest after the New Year comes and begins to tidy things up.
- しばらく独身を通した後、「胡蝶」で源氏の養女玉鬘に求婚する。
- He stayed single for a while until he proposed to Tamakazura, an adopted daughter of Hikaru Genji, in the chapter 'Kocho' (Butterflies).
- 寄合所としても使用され、町内の事務処理も自身番屋で行われた。
- Jishinban was used as yoriaijo (meeting place) as well, where the community-related matters were handled.
- 自身番は町内を見回り、不審者がいれば捕らえて奉行所に訴えた。
- Patrolling the community, jishinban caught suspicious individuals and handed them over to the magistrate's office.
- 日本刀独自の反りは少なく、「直刀」に分類される刀身形状である。
- It has only slight warpage unique to Japanese swords and the body of the blade is classified into 'Straight sword.'
- 1885年 石川県出身の白山谷喜太郎(しらやまだに きたろう。
- In 1885, Kitaro SHIRAYAMADANI from Ishikawa Prefecture
- 華族の中にも特権身分制度に疑問を持ち爵位を返上する者も現れた。
- Some people from the peerage wondered about the privileged class system and gave up their peerage.
- 明治新政府の要職や陸海軍の幹部には薩長出身者が多く占めていた。
- A majority of the officers in important posts in the new Meiji Government and the armed forces came from Satcho.
- 中宮(皇后・皇太后・太皇太后)の身辺警護は中宮舎人(中宮職)。
- Chugu Toneri (officer of the household of Chugu [an empress, an empress dowager and a grand empress dowager] in Chugushiku [office of Chugu]) guarded Chugu.
- 東宮(とうぐう・皇太子)の身辺警護は東宮舎人(東宮坊舎人監)。
- Togu Toneri (officer of the palace of Togu [a Crown Prince] in Tonerigen [the office of servants of Togu] of Togubo [Togu's household]) guarded Togu.
- 全長73.5センチメートル、中央の身幅3.15センチメートル。
- The total length is 73.5 cm, and the width in the middle of the blade is 3.15 cm.
- 一度は信長自身も負傷する大敗を喫したことがあった(石山合戦)。
- Nobunaga himself was once wounded while being badly defeated (Ishiyama War).
- 光源氏の長男(実は異母兄冷泉帝がいるが、夕霧自身は知らない)。
- He is the eldest son of Hikaru Genji (in fact, Emperor Reizei is his older half brother by a different mother, but Yugiri does not know the truth).
- しかし狭衣は身分低い飛鳥井女君を侮って名前すら明かさなかった。
- However, Sagoromo thinks little of Asukai no Onnagimi whose social status is low, and does not even reveal his name.
- 初期には町の地主自身が番屋で警備をしたため、自身番と呼ばれた。
- Security officers were called jishinban because, in the early days, local landlords themselves were stationed in ban-ya as such (Self [or selves] is translated as 'jishin' in Japanese).
- 内外官(ある官司の官人が他の官司の職務を兼ねる場合の身分規定)
- This Article 'Naige-kan' (government officials staying inside and outside of Kyoto) prescribed status of a government official who is engaged in two different jobs of different officers.
- 身分は低くても将軍自身の意思を受けて行動する特殊な立場にあった。
- They were in a unique situation in which they worked under the direct command of the shogun despite of their low position.
- 台湾女性は本当に台湾出身であったことが判明し、一件落着となった。
- The matter was settled when they turned out to be from Taiwan in fact.
- 三世一身法の施行により墾田の実施が増加したのはほぼ確実であろう。
- It is almost certain that enforcement of the Sanze-isshin Law contributed to the increase of new rice fields.
- これは当時日本自身が欧米列強から強く要求されていたものであった。
- This was exactly the same as the strong request from the western powers imposed on Japan in those days.
- 長身で丸味があり、変化のある衣の線、アルカイク・スマイルが特徴。
- Statues are tall and rounded and features include an archaic smile and clothes with a variety of folds.
- 浮舟の内情を知る女房は、浮舟が淀川に身を投げたのではと思い惑う。
- Nyobo (a court lady), who knew about Ukifune's situation, feared that Ukifune might have thrown herself into the Yodo-gawa River.
- その中身の満載となった稲穀のことは、不動穀(ふどうこく)と呼ぶ。
- The rice in the husk which became full was called Fudokoku.
- 黒田は、事業には私利で動かない官吏出身者をあてるべきだと主張した。
- KURODA claimed that those who once had been government officials should be assigned to the development business because they would not work for themselves.
- 初期のころは、藩自身が藩札会所などを設けて藩札の発行を行っていた。
- Early on, domains themselves established hansatsu-kaisho (exchanger of han bills) to issue han bills.
- 接骨や打ち身、捻挫、筋肉痛、また切り傷等に効用があるとされていた。
- The powder was considered to work for bonesetting, bruise, muscle pain, and cut.
- 元々は、大人が両手を一杯に広げた長さとして定義された身体尺である。
- Originally, it is one of anthropomorphic units defined as the length of adult's outstretched arms.
- 世阿弥自身の直談に拠ったものであり、最も信頼しうる根本資料である。
- This was based on talks held with Zeami himself and is one of the most trustworthy fundamental resources.
- 尺の長さが当初の倍近くになったため、丈も人の身長の倍程度となった。
- When shaku became twice as long as the first length, jo also became twice the length of the body.
- また、良賤身分を定める原簿の機能を付随するようになったようである。
- The function as an original record to determine each person's status seems to have been added to this registration system.
- 真女児は自分の夫をなくし身寄りのない境遇を打明け、豊雄に求婚した。
- Manago tells him that she lost her husband and is alone now, then she proposes marriage to him.
- 朱雀帝は自身が源氏の魅力に及ばぬことを認め、朧月夜を責めなかった。
- Emperor Suzaku admitted that Genji's magnetism outdid his own and did not blame Oborozukiyo.
- しかし、彼自身の身分が高くなるにつれて、壮年期には出番が激減した。
- However, as his own rank grew higher and he entered manhood, he appeared significantly less often.
- まず西村以外は下級武士あるいは庶民といった下層出身者であったこと。
- At first, they were from lower stratum such as lower-ranking samurai or common people except Nishimura.
- と自身の無常観にからめて赤舌日を忌む当時の風習を批判したのである。
- He criticized the then customs to avoid Shakuzetsu-nichi Day in relation to his own view of life as something transient and empty.
- また、長慶自身も次第に連歌などの文芸に溺れて政務を顧みなくなった。
- Also, Nagayoshi himself became carried away with literature such as renga (linked verse) and tossed up government affairs.
- 足立大尉は上郡駅から乗車しており、護身用の拳銃や短刀を所持していた。
- He got on the train at Kamigori station with a gun and a short sword for self defense purposes.
- 募集方法が変えられ、もはや士族出身者を積極採用することはなくなった。
- With the changed recruitment method, former shizoku were no longer preferentially employed.
- 綏靖天皇については即位前紀の神武天皇崩御の年と自身の即位元年にある。
- As to the Emperor Suizei, it is described both in the year of Emperor Jinmu's death before enthronement (即位前紀) and the first year of his enthronement.
- そして恋しい藤壺の身代わりに理想的な女性に育てようと考えるのだった。
- Then he considered bringing her up to an ideal lady instead of Fujitsubo, whom he loved.
- 源氏は身分を隠したまま五条辺りに住う夕顔 (源氏物語)と関係を持つ。
- Disclosing his identity, Genji has a sexual relationship with Yugao, who lives around Gojo.
- 誓約によって身の潔白を証明したスサノオは、そのまま高天原に居座った。
- Proving his innocence by ukehi (a divination), Susano (capricious younger brother of Amaterasu Omikami) sill stayed in Takamagahara (plain of high heaven).
- (天皇の期待を一身に受けて、出発する日本武尊像は栄光に満ちている。)
- (The image of Yamato Takeru no Mikoto, who sets off as the focus of the emperor's expectations, is full of glory.)
- 倭建命はこれを神の使いだと無視をするが、実際は神自身の化身であった。
- Yamato Takeru no Mikoto thought it was a messenger of the deity and ignored it, but in fact, it was the deity itself in the guise of a boar.
- それらによって自身の辞官納地(官職・領土の返上)が決定されてしまう。
- In conclusion, the decision of these meetings resulted in; Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA being subjected to the Jikan Nochi (an order to surrender the shogunate post, including other official court rankings, governmental postings, and all of his domains, including territories ruled, to the Imperial Court).
- 鼠小僧は美しい着物を身に付け、薄化粧をして口紅まで注していたという。
- It is said that Nezumi kozo (a benevolent robber of the later Edo period) wore beautiful kimono with light makeup and even some lipsticks on his lips.
- 水戸を初めとする茨城県では、身内で争うことを「天狗」と呼ぶ地域もある。
- In some places in the Ibaraki Prefecture, including Mito, call internal conflict 'Tengu.'
- 前掲の例でも、和泉府中駅は前身の阪和電気鉄道時代からこの駅名であった。
- In cases of examples cited above, the name Izumi Fuchu Station already existed when the station was under the management of the private company Hanwa Electric Railways.
- 八丈島への終身流刑は27人、81人が禁固、謹慎など多数に至るに及んだ。
- A lot of people were punished; 27 people were sentenced to life deportation to Hachijo-jima Island, 81 people were sentenced to imprisonment and house arrest and so on.
- 江戸時代に、日本の消防歴史、自警団の役割をしていた自身番の詰所のこと。
- They were stations for guards (jishinban) during the Edo period, who worked as vigilante corps (jikeidan), which made the history of firefighting in Japan.
- 義嗣の身柄は仁和寺から相国寺へ幽閉されて10月20日に出家させられた。
- Yoshitsugu was moved from Ninna-ji Temple and confined in Shokoku-ji Temple, and on October 20 (old calendar) was forced to enter the priesthood.
- 江戸幕府は政権の安定のため、大名とその重臣の身内から人質をとっていた。
- The Edo bakufu held hostages from feudal lords and their senior vassals to stabilize their administration.
- これは身分格差が著しい当時の国内賃金水準からしても極めて高額であった。
- Even compared to national wage levels in an era when the status difference between social classes was very large, such a salary was extremely high.
- 場合によっては元の身分に復帰することもできたという(足洗い・足抜き)。
- Those who became Hinin for some reason could return to their original status in regular society if certain conditions were met (Ashi-arai ・Ashi-nuki).
- 戸主は、家の統率者としての身分を持つ者であり戸籍上は筆頭に記載された。
- Head of a family is considered as a leader of a Ie and his/her name was put at head of a koseki.
- 我が心あやしくあだに春くれば花につく身となどてなりけむ(拾遺集404)
- Why did my heart become so shameless and attached to the flowers during spring? (Shui Wakashu 404).
- 将軍足利義教時代の幕政や世相、貞成親王の身辺などについて記されている。
- The diary is about the government and social conditions in the Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA period, the private life of Imperial Prince Sadafusa, and so on.
- かれは、みずから住職に嫌われ自分自身の将来をも無価値に追い込んでゆく。
- He himself leads the chief priest to dislike him and drives his own future into worthlessness.
- 源氏(みなもと)の名字からもわかるように、先祖は皇族に連なる家の出身。
- As her family name of MINAMOTO (Gen) suggests, her ancestors were related to the Imperial family.
- もっぱら主人の身辺に直接かかわる雑務を果たす身分の高い使用人であった。
- They were high-ranking servants who took care of solely domestic chores of their master.
- また、チャウ自身も日本に渡って奔走し、その人生を民族独立運動に捧げた。
- Chau also went to Japan himself and made every effort to further the independence movement, devoting his life to it.
- 平たくいえばサラリーマン的な生活スタイルを身につけたということになる。
- In plain words, Bunjin came to develop a lifestyle similar to that of salaried workers today.
- 伯夷や屈原の身の処し方は後世の士人(文人)たちに大きな影響を及ぼした。
- The ways of living of Hakui and Kutsugen gave a great influence on the future generations of Shijin (Bunjin).
- 華族を身分の高い順から、公爵・侯爵・伯爵・子爵・男爵の5爵に区分した。
- The peerage was divided into five classes: duke, marquis, count, viscount and baron, in descending order of rank.
- 江戸幕府は身分制社会であり、法や捜査は決して近代的でないし平等でもない。
- The Edo bakufu was a society structured based on one's status, and the law and investigations were neither modern nor equal.
- この後製薬業界に転身してグラクソ・スミスクライン研究開発部門会長に就任。
- He transferred to the pharmaceutical industry and became Chairman of Research and Development of Glaxo Smithkline.
- 冬の深夜であり寒さが身にしみ、この後派出所に行ったために事件が露見した。
- Being cold in the middle of a winter night, Nakajima went to a police box, and the murder was discovered.
- 第八十五国立銀行(第八十五銀行)→埼玉銀行(埼玉りそな銀行の前身の一つ)
- The 85th National Bank (Daihachijugo Bank) -> the Saitama Bank (one of the predecessor of the Saitama Resona Bank).
- このように判官以上と主典との間には身分上の大きな断絶がもうけられていた。
- As seen previously, there was a big gap in the status between Hangan or higher and Sakan.
- 与曽女が再び神に顕現を願うと、身の丈三丈、およそ9mの僧形の大神が出現。
- When Yosome asked the god to reveal himself again, a big god, about nine meters tall in the shape of a priest, appeared.
- 治天の君に仕えた乳母の血縁者や、中流貴族の国司(受領)出身者が多かった。
- Many of them were blood relatives of menoto (wet nurses) who served Chiten no kimi, or middle-class nobles who formerly served as Kokushi (also called Zuryo; provincial governors.)
- 百済の名門氏族出身でありながら、孫の名前が高句麗を意味する高麗であること
- Machi MOKU was from a prestigious clan in Baekje; however, his grandchild's name was Goryeo which referred to the kingdom of Goguryeo.
- 何せむにへたのみるめを思ひけん沖つ玉藻をかづく身にして(後撰集1099)
- Why did I give my heart to miru (a trough shell) on the foreshore even though I am a fisherman who takes alga by diving in offshore? (Gosen Wakashu 1099)
- やがて源氏自身がかつて父桐壺帝を裏切ったように、女三宮の密通が発覚する。
- After a while, Onna San no Miya's affair becomes apparent, just like Genji, who once betrayed his father Emperor Kiritsubo.
- 「身体に障りがある」との偽りの噂を気にすることなく玉鬘に結婚を申し込む。
- Ignoring a false rumor that 'she had something abnormal in her body,' he proposed marriage to Tamakazura.
- 場合によってはさらに108の石を身体に巻き付けて、行者の生還を防止する。
- In some cases 108 pieces of stone were tied to the practitioner's body to deter him from coming back alive.
- また、平均身長も162~163センチぐらいで、縄文人よりも数センチ高い。
- Their average height was 162 cm to 163 cm, which was several centimeters taller.
- 今まで自由に作れた陵墓を身分に合わせて作ることの出来る陵墓を規定し直した。
- The imperial mausoleum which could be prepared was redefined according to the position, even though the mausoleums could be built freely until then.
- 水戸藩出身の一橋慶喜は事態の収拾を図るため自ら天狗党追討を朝廷に願い出た。
- Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI from the Mito Domain tried to end the affairs and offered the Imperial Court that he himself would track down and kill Tenguto.
- しかしながら、それでは、合戦経過がほとんど何も書けなくなり、身も蓋もない。
- We could not, however, write almost anything about the progress of the battle, which is too simple.
- 治安を妨げ又は人の身体財産を害する目的による爆発物の使用等を処罰する布告。
- Provides penalties for using explosive substance for threatening public safety or for causing bodily harm to others.
- 第八十国立銀行(第八十銀行)→1897年に第七銀行(四国銀行の前身)に合併
- The 80th National Bank (Daihachiju Bank) -> merged into the Daishichi Bank (the predecessor of the Shikoku Bank) in 1897.
- 少数派ではあったが、終身議員のみで構成されており、強い影響力を持っていた。
- It was only a small group but with lifetime members and extensive authority.
- 作者名が空白となっている曲については、世阿弥自身の作曲であると考えられる。
- Songs, for which the playwrights are not given, are thought to have been written by Zeami himself.
- この観点からであれば、三世一身法は律令の不備を補完する法令だったと言える。
- From this point of view, the Sanze-isshin Law can be said to be the law to complement loopholes of the Ritsuryo codes.
- さく花に思ひつくみのあぢきなさ身にいたつきの入るも知らずて(拾遺集405)
- How meaningless it is to attach to blossomed flowers, and you have no idea that disease is breaking into your body (Shui Wakashu 405).
- 仲忠は母にいぬ宮へ秘琴を伝えるようお願いし、いぬ宮は琴の秘技を身につける。
- Nakatada asks his mother to initiate Inumiya into the secret of the hikin, and Inumiya masters the special technique of the hikin
- その後まもなく病を得て、息子の身の上を念じながら、同年10月末に薨去した。
- After a while, she became ill and passed away at the end of October of the same year, praying to the gods for their safety.
- 44番 逢ふことの 絶えてしなくは なかなかに 人をも身をも 恨みざらまし
- No. 44: If I never saw her again, I would neither blame her nor lament my misery.
- 源氏は明石の御方の上洛をうながすが、身分を思う彼女はなかなか肯んじえない。
- Genji encourages lady Akashi to come up to the capital, but she is concerned about her social standing.
- (居醒泉でようやく醒めた日本武尊だが、病身となり、尾津から能褒野へ到る。)
- (Yamato Takeru no Mikoto at last regained his senses at Isamegai, but became sick and went from Otsu to Nobono.)
- 自身番(じしんばん)は、江戸時代に江戸や大阪などの町人地で設けられた番所。
- Jishinban is a bansho (an ancient form of security office) installed in downtown areas in Edo and Osaka during the Edo period.
- 開眼師は別当の定遍、呪願師は信円、導師は覚憲、開眼の筆は法皇自身がとった。
- The Cloistered Emperor painted the pupils of the Great Buddha supported by Johen, administrator of the Temple, Shinen, invocation reader, and Kakuken, ceremony leader.
- 信雄は、上野の領地を四男の織田信良に与え、自身は大和2万8000石を領した。
- After Nobukatsu gave his territory in Kozuke Province to his forth son Nobuyoshi ODA, he began to rule Yamato Province which produced 28,000 koku.
- 事件後に来た幕府の検分役に重傷の身で気丈に応対して、検分役を感心させている。
- After the incident, inspectors sent from the bakufu were very impressed seeing him acting brave even with such a severe injury.
- 江戸時代前期に、身分制度(士農工商)が成立し、末端の工商の部分にあてられた。
- With the class system (warrior, farmer, craftsman and merchant classes) established in the early Edo period, Chonin was ranked the two lowest classes in the category.
- おまけに称徳天皇は独身であったために子供はおらず、皇太子は立てられなかった。
- In addition, because the Empress Shotoku was a single person, there was no candidate for Crown Prince.
- 後には人口が多い平民が主流になり、その出身地は東北と北陸地方とが多くなった。
- In later years, the mainstream of immigrants was shifted to commoners, the most populous social class, from Tohoku and Hokuriku regions.
- こうした背景の中、藩閥出身で陸軍の影響力が強い第三次桂太郎内閣が組閣された。
- The third administration of Taro KATSURA, a member of the Meiji oligarchy representing dominant former feudal domains and strongly influenced by the Japanese Imperial Army, was formed under these circumstances.
- 令に則った戸籍を介して個別に人身を把握して、個別人身支配が始まったのである。
- Governing individuals began by keeping tabs on individuals via family registers organized in accordance with laws.
- 冠位の無い良民は白い衣を身につける事とされ、これは白丁(はくてい)と呼ばれた。
- Ryomin (law-abiding people) without cap ranks were determined to wear white clothes and they were referred to as hakucho (ordinary people).
- 欽明朝では、古代の戸籍制度が造られ、国造・郡司の前身的な国家機構が整備された。
- The Kinmei era saw the preparation, implementation and establishment of the ancient family registration system; this was followed by the kuninomiyatsuko (provincial governor) and Gunji (district official) which were predecessors of state organizations.
- 逆に非即位説の論者は、臣下の身で勝手に天皇の称号を与える不遜を咎めて応酬した。
- The advocates of the non-enthronement theory, on the other hand, blamed opponents by saying that it was insolent that commoners gave titles of emperors.
- 韓国統監府を前身とし、大韓帝国を改組・統合したが主要高官はほぼ日本人であった。
- Its predecessor was Kankoku Tokan-fu (Resident General of Korea), and the Korean Empire was reorganized and integrated, but the major high officials were mostly Japanese.
- その理由は「諸侯会議を以て第一着の事業と考え」たためと福岡自身が回顧している。
- Fukuoka himself looked back that it was because he thought 'establishment of lords conference is the first work to be done.'
- 一般市民の身分制度は士農工商と呼ばれる階級制であり、武士が民衆を支配していた。
- The class system of common people was the hierarchy of soldiers (samurai), farmers, artisans, and merchants, called shinokosho, and the samurai controlled the others.
- いずれにせよ、この計画を遂行するため、三世一身法が施行されたと考えられている。
- Anyway the Sanze-isshin Law is thought to be enforced to carry out this project.
- 不思議なことに、薫の体には生まれつき仏の身にあるといわれる芳香が備わっていた。
- Strangely, Kaoru smelled sweet by nature, which was said the same smell as Buddha's.
- 身寄りのなくなった少女を、源氏は父兵部卿宮に先んじて自らの邸二条院に連れ帰る。
- Ahead of her father, Hyobukyo no Miya, Genji took the girl, who had lost her relatives to depend on, to his residence, Nijoin.
- 事件後、銅山側は全従業員をいったん解雇し、身元の明らかなものだけを再雇用した。
- After the riot, the operator of the mine once fired every worker, and rehired only those who could be identified.
- 社伝によると道行はその後捕らわれの身となり、草薙剣は宮中で預かることになった。
- According to the shrine's biography, Dogyo was held in captivity, and the Kusanagi no tsurugi was kept in the Imperial Court after that.
- こうした負担は在地領主自身が行うとともに、必要に応じて百姓達にも負担を求めた。
- These loads were borne by local lords themselves, and as necessary, they also demanded peasants to share the burden.
- これに驚いた惣右衛門が倒れた隙に、三之允は里右衛門の抜き身を取って逃げ帰った。
- Being astonished, Soemon fell, and taking this opportunity, Sannojo fled with the drawn sword.
- これが後の律令制における郡司の前身である(職名は「評督」などが想定されている)。
- The above status (the official title of which is assumed as 'koori no kami' or the like) was a former form of Gunji (local magistrate).
- 秩禄処分により俸禄(家禄)制度は撤廃され、廃刀令の施行など身分的特権も廃された。
- According to Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), the government abolished not only Horoku (stipend) or Karoku (hereditary stipend) system, but hierarchical perquisite such as implementation of decree banning the wearing of swords.
- 水戸藩地域からの出身者で公務員となったものはいるが、ほとんどが下級の警官である。
- Some became government employee from the Mito Domain, but most of them were lower class policemen.
- そのため同地には現在も浪士の出身家系の旧家が残り、浪士の遺品も多く伝わっている。
- As a result, families with roshi lineage remain in the region even today, and many artifacts left by deceased roshi have been handed down through the generations.
- 元々は手を広げたときの親指の先から中指の先までの長さを1尺とする身体尺であった。
- The shaku was originally an anthropomorphic unit that 1 shaku was defined as the length between the tips of thumb and middle finger of open hand.
- 1871年の琉球島民殺害事件にたいして薩摩藩出身者を中心に台湾出兵が建言された。
- In response to the murders of some Ryukyu sailors in 1871, politicians mainly from the Satsuma Domain strongly suggested the dispatch of troops to Taiwan.
- 冷却後、中身を取り出すと、湯道棒の先に多数の銭が結合した、いわゆる枝銭ができる。
- After cooling, a so-called edasen (money tree), which consisted of many coins at pointed ends of the sprue runner rod, could be taken out of the molds.
- 天皇の身辺を警護した内舎人(うどねり・中務省)・大舎人(おおとねり・大舎人寮)。
- Udoneri (ministerial equerry in Nakatsukasasho [Ministry of Central Affairs]) and otoneri (imperial attendants in Otoneriryo [Bureau of otoneri]) guarded an emperor.
- 結果、長州藩内の被差別身分が差別から解放される事となり部落の生活水準は上昇した。
- As a result, people in buraku (hamlet) in Choshu Domain were liberated from discrimination raising the standard of living.
- もっとも、これらは全て実資の没後の命名であり、実資自身は『暦記』と呼称していた。
- But in fact all of these names were coined after Sanesuke's death; he himself called it the 'Rekki' (calendrical record).
- この五柱の神は、特に性別はなく、独身のままに子どもを生まずに身を隠してしまった。
- These five gods did not have certain sex, and they hide away without getting married and giving birth to children.
- 禁秘抄(きんぴしょう)は、第84代順徳天皇自身の手による有職故実の解説書である。
- Kinpisho is a book written by the 84th Emperor Juntoku on the history and origin of imperial court ceremonies, whereby serving as an instruction manual for the rules and etiquette concerning such ceremonies.
- (ここで吉備武彦を越(北陸方面)に遣わし、日本武尊自身は信濃(長野県)に入る。)
- (Here Yamato Takeru no Mikoto sent KIBI no Takehiko to Koshi (present-day Hokuriku area), and he himself went on to Shinano (present-day Gunma Prefecture).)
- 元末に王冕が印刻に適した柔らかい石材(青田石)を発見し自身で篆刻するようになる。
- After a soft stone (qingtian stone) which was suitable for seal-engraving was discovered by WANG Mian in the end of the Yuan period, Bunjin began to engrave a seal by themselves.
- マーティン自身は長年中国に留まっていたため、漢語の読み書きにも不自由はなかった。
- As Martin had lived in China for many years, he had no difficulty in reading and writing Chinese language.
- 補陀落渡海(ふだらくとかい)は、日本の中世において行われた、捨身行の形態である。
- Fudaraku-tokai is a form of the ascetic practice of sacrifice performed in medieval Japan.
- この遠征は翌年になっても続いたため、政元の身辺には軍がいないという事態が続いた。
- This expedition continued in the next year, and so Masamoto did not have any army around himself for quite a while.
- これは吉良出身の作家の尾崎士郎が自らの随筆『吉良の塩』の中で唱えていたものである。
- It was discussed in the book 'Kira no Shio' (Kira's Salt) written by an author named Shiro OZAKI who was from Kira.
- 桂内閣の後に組閣したのは、海軍大将で薩摩藩出身の山本権兵衛(第一次内閣)であった。
- The KATSURA cabinet was succeeded by the cabinet of Gombei YAMAMOTO, a full Admiral from Satsuma domain (the first YAMAMOTO cabinet).
- このようなことが最上徳内や間宮林蔵などの農村出身者の活躍に一枚買っているといえる。
- These contributed to the achievements of Tokunai MOGAMI and Rinzo MAMIYA, who were from rural communities.
- 政府は財源確保のため723年(養老7年)には、三世一身法を施行して開墾を奨励した。
- Therefore, the government promoted land reclamation by enforcing Sanze Isshin no Ho in 723 to secure revenues.
- 特に高梨氏とは以前から縁戚関係を結んでおり、父長尾為景の実母は高梨家出身であった。
- In particular, with the real mother of Tamekage NAGAO, Kagetora's father, being from the Takanashi family, the Nagao family had a relation with the Takanashi family for a long time.
- 順庵自身もこの本に興味があったに違いないが、彼が買える金額ではなかったのであろう。
- There is no doubt that Junan wanted the books himself; however, he lacked the funds to purchase them.
- 更に、法令などにおいて、政府自身が実は3%が高率であることを認めている部分がある。
- Furthermore, in the regulations and so on, the government itself actually admitted that 3% was a high rate.
- 都落ちの最中、俊成の屋敷へ赴き自身の歌を書いた巻物を俊成に託した逸話が有名である。
- There was a famous anecdote that he visited Toshinari's residence and left his poems on a scroll with Toshinari upon leaving the capital.
- 本文では、スサノオが機屋に馬を投げた際、アマテラス自身が驚いて梭で傷ついたとある。
- The text of Nihonshoki describes that when Susano cast a dead horse into the weaving hall, it was Amaterasu who was so frightened that injured herself with a shuttle.
- 「薫」は本名ではなく、生まれつき身体にえもいわれぬ芳香を帯びていたことに因む通称。
- Kaoru' was not his real name, but a nickname based on the fact that he had an indefinable sweet scent by nature.
- 『楚辞』九歌の「国殤」には「身既に死して神以て霊・魂魄毅として鬼雄となる」とある。
- Kokusho' of the 9th song of 'Kinji' states that when you die, your body dies but by the power of god, your soul turns into a demon.'
- 養老3年(719年)には五位以上の家に事業・防閤・仗身などを置くことが認められた。
- In 719, households of the Fifth Rank or higher were allowed to have Jigyo, Boko and Joshin.
- 作者自身が付けたのかどうかについて、直接肯定ないし否定する証拠は見つかっていない。
- No evidence has been found to confirm or deny the supposition as to whether the author applied the names or not.
- 発見時の様子を東奥日報は「直立せしまま身動きもせずキョロキョロせしのみ」と報じる。
- Tonippo (local newspaper of Aomori Prefecture) reported the circumstances of his discovery as, 'He didn't move, standing upright, just looking around.'
- 第五十七国立銀行(第五十七銀行)→1940年に中越銀行(北陸銀行の前身の一つ)に買収
- The 57th National Bank (Daigujushichi Bank) -> purchased by the Chuetsu Bank (one of the predecessor of the Hokuriku Bank) in 1940.
- 第三十国立銀行(三十銀行)→1929年三十四銀行(三和銀行の前身の一つ)に買収される
- The 30th National Bank (Sanju Bank) -> purchased by the Sanjushi Bank (one of the predecessor of the Sanwa Bank) in 1929.
- また、実務面でもその身分の種別数が少ない方が事務処理に便利であるという側面もあった。
- And their less variety of social status was functional with regard to office work matter of fact.
- - 大倭長岡・陽胡真身(各4町)、矢集虫麻呂・塩屋吉麻呂(各5町)、百済人成(4町)
- YAMATO no Nagaoka and YAKO no Mami (39,668 square meters for each), YATSUME no Mushimaro and SHIOYA no Kichimaro (49,585 square meters for each), and KUDARA no Hitonari (39,668 square meters)
- また、本人一代限り(相続は認めない)として賜与された一身田も、賜田の範疇に含まれる。
- 一身田 (Isshinden, or a farmland given for his lifetime without the permission of inheritance) was also included as part of shiden.
- 唐がこの掃討を行っている隙に、新羅自身も670年に旧百済領に侵攻し、唐軍を駆逐した。
- While the Tang forces were trying to quell the uprising, the Silla forces invaded the former Kudara territories in 670 and drove the Tang forces out.
- 「身分」よりも「財」が優越する社会が到来し、結果的に日本の近代化を進めることなった。
- In the society, importance became to be placed on 'money' more than on 'social status', resultantly advancing the modernization of Japan.
- 当初の寸は親指の幅を指す身体尺であったと考えられている(これはインチも同様である)。
- Sun is thought to have originated from an anthropomorphic unit for showing the breadth of a thumb (just the same as inch).
- 入鹿が山背大兄王一族を滅ぼした暴挙を聞いた蝦夷は「自分の身を危うくするぞ」と嘆いた。
- When Emishi heard about Iruka's outrage against Prince Yamashiro no Oe and his family, he responded by saying 'you put yourself in danger.'
- 門左衛門自身についても、摂津国尼崎市の広済寺に自筆と伝えられる養生訓が伝わっている。
- Monzaemon himself left health care instructions believed to be in his own handwriting in Kosai-ji Temple in Amagasaki City, Settsu Province.
- 同年8月には藤原氏出身の光明皇后の立后を宣言するなど藤原四兄弟政権の成立に協力した。
- In September of the same year, Imperial Prince Toneri announced the investiture of the Empress Komyo, who came from the Fujiwara clan to cooperate in the establishment of the administration of four brothers of Fujiwara clan.
- 北の方の死後、一時八の宮の愛人となるが、浮舟を身ごもったことで疎んじられ側を離れた。
- She became the Eighth Prince's lover temporarily after the death of his wife, but was treated coldly because she became pregnant with Ukifune and left his side.
- ただし、大井自身は完全な新党ではなく、自由党の別働隊であるとする立場を表明していた。
- However he clearly announced that he regarded the Toyo Jiyuto as a branch of the Jiyuto and that it was not a completely new party.
- ここでの隠逸とは山林などに身を隠すような隠遁と異なり、単に官を退くことと捉えてよい。
- Their recluses can be simply understood as retirements from official ranks, unlike hiding in mountains or forests.
- 法曹界に身を置きながら、外交官でもあった経験が結実したのが、『国際法原理』であった。
- His experiences as a diplomat while belonging to the judicial circle evolved into the work, 'Elements of International Law.'
- 名称は唐の律令制にある同名の制度に由来されるが、唐のように賎民身分とはされていない。
- Zakko took its name from the groups of the same name under the ritsuryo system of Tang Dynasty, although they were not included in senmin (one of the two main castes of the ritsuryo system, meaning humble or lowly people) class, unlike in the Tang Dynasty.
- この制度を導入していた小藩では、家老などの上級層は、家老であっても小身な者が多かった。
- In the small domains involved in this system, most of the upper class, including even the Karo officers, earned only a humble stipend.
- 数学知識が必要となるため、頭か助は必ず算博士が兼ねるなど大学寮の算道出身者が活躍した。
- Since knowledge of mathematics was required, persons from Sando (study of mathematics) of Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) played active roles like Sanhakase (Doctor of Numbers) concurrently took a position as Kami (Director) or Suke (Deputy Director).
- 第九十六国立銀行(柳川銀行)→福岡県南部18行で合併し筑邦銀行(福岡銀行の前身の一つ)
- The 96th National Bank (Yanagawa Bank) -> merged with 18 banks in the southern part of Fukuoka Prefecture and became the Chikuho Bank (one of the predecessor of the Fukuoka Bank).
- だが、超然主義者の前首相山縣有朋を始め、松方自身が率いる薩摩藩藩閥からも反対論が出た。
- However, there was opposing argument from the previous prime minister, Aritomo YAMAGATA holding on to the doctrine of superiority as well as Satsuma Domain clique led by MATSUKATA himself.
- 身分や年齢の制限を満たすための便法として養子縁組を行なうものがあり、屯田養子といった。
- In order to fill the requirements of social status and age, adoptions were arranged: Those children were called Tonden Adopted Children.
- 後に今文公羊学を掲げる康有為自身も吉田松陰の『幽室文稿』を含む陽明学を研究したという。
- It is said that Kang Youwei, who was to establish the Jinwen Gongwang school, studied Yomeigaku, including 'Yushitsu Bunkou'('Manuscripts from a Darkened Room') written by Shoin YOSHIDA.
- 明治天皇自身がこれを呼ぶときは単に「誓文」という(例えば1875年の立憲政体の詔書)。
- The Emperor Meiji called that just 'seimon' (Charter Oath), (for example in Rikkenseitai no Shosho in 1875).
- 論語にある「志士仁人(ししじんじん)は(…)身を殺して以て仁をなすなり」が語源である。
- The term Shishi is derived from a phrase in 'The Analects (of Confucius)' that was 'Shishi, a person of virtue accumulates virtues by killing himself'.
- 菊池はのち甲府で逮捕されたが、終身刑に減刑され、1905年出獄し、1914年に死去)。
- Though Kikuchi was arrested in Kofu, his death sentence being commuted to life in prison, was released from prison in 1905, and died in 1914).
- 最多入集歌人は『金葉和歌集』撰者の源俊頼(52首)で、俊成自身(36首)がそれに次ぐ。
- The poems selected most were composed by MINAMOTO no Toshiyori (52 poems), who was a selector of 'Kinyo Wakashu' (Kinyo Collection of Japanese Poems); Toshinari's poems were selected the second most (36 poems).
- ついにある夜、薫は思いを打ち明けて近づくが、懐妊の身の中の君がいとおしくなり自制した。
- One night, at last, Kaoru went to tell her about his feelings, but he found the pregnant Naka no Kimi adorable, and restrained himself.
- 1293年(正応6年)4月に、今度は執権北条貞時自身がその平頼綱を討つ(平禅門の乱)。
- In April of 1293, regent Sadatoki HOJO himself killed TAIRA no Yoritsuna (known as the Taira no Zenmon Disturbance).
- 乙若は身内をことごとく殺す義朝の末路は碌なものにはならないことを呪いつつ、処刑される。
- Otowaka is killed while cursing the future of Yoshitomo, who has killed all his relatives.
- 贈答歌が14組含まれるため、嘉喜門院自身の歌は88首、他人の歌が14首収録されている。
- Of them, there are 14 exchanged poems, so the poems made by Kakimon-in herself were 88, and 14 poems composed by others were collected together.
- なお、明治に『蘭学事始』を発行した福沢諭吉は、前野良沢と同じ豊前国中津藩の出身である。
- It should be noted that Yukichi Fukuzawa who published 'Rangaku Kotohajime' in the Meiji Period came from the same Nakatsu domain of the Province of Nakatsu as Ryotaku Maeno.
- 自らの属する集団に自発的に献身する「集団主義」が、日本人同士のつながり方を特徴づける。
- The relationships between Japanese people are characterized by 'groupism;' Japanese spontaneously devote themselves to the group which they belong to.
- 源氏も夕霧 (源氏物語)がなかなか身を固めないことを案じ、それとなく他の縁談を勧める。
- Genji was also anxious about Yugiri, who had difficulty getting married, and encouraged him indirectly to marry another woman.
- 「雲隠」を含めないときには中身の多い「若菜 (源氏物語)」を上下に分けて2帖に数える。
- When excluding the 'Kumogakure' from the fifty-four chapters, people divide 'Wakana' (Spring Shoots) (The Tale of Genji) which contains a lot of content into two parts and regard them as two chapters.
- 清少納言の出身階級を忘れひたすら上流に同化しようとした浅薄な様の現れである(秋山虔)。
- It is a representation of her shallowness trying to forget her original social rank and assimilate herself to the upper class. (Ken AKIYAMA)
- また印綬の色、鈕(ちゅう、印の持ち手)の形や材質によって身分が区別されるようになった。
- Also, social position was discriminated by the color of inju (a thick string of seal) and the material and shape of the grip.
- また正宗自身も故人となった現在では、正宗版より正確な地下家伝の出版はまず期待できない。
- Besides, now that Masamune himself has already passed away, another edition of the Jige Kaden more accurate than Masamune's edition is unlikely to be published.
- ところが、筑前国守護代の杉興連によって身柄を確保されてしまい、再び周防に連れ戻された。
- However, he was detained by the Shugodai (deputy military governor) in Chikuzen Province, Okitsura SUGI and brought back again to Suo.
- 大藩の家老は大名並みに1万石以上の石高を有し、自身の知行地に城や陣屋を持つものもあった。
- Some Karo officers in large domains were provided with 10,000 koku or more of rice crop and possessed a castle or jinya in their own territories.
- 文物だけでなく、知識を身につけた留学生や留学僧も日本に戻って指導的な役割を果たしている。
- It was not only products of culture that were brought back; scholars and monks who obtained knowledge in Tang returned to Japan and played leading roles.
- 豊臣政権の五奉行であった石田三成・長束正家・増田長盛は元々豊臣秀吉の右筆衆出身であった。
- Mitsunari ISHIDA, Masaie NAGATSUKA, Nagamori MASHITA, included in the Gobugyo (five Bugyo) of the Toyotomi government, were originally the members of Yuhitsushu belonged to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 魅力的な源氏の求愛に惹かれ悩みながらも、身分が釣り合わない立場であることを理解していた。
- She is attracted to Genji's charm and his courtship, but at the same time she is afflicted because she understands that they belong to different classes.
- 藤原家隆・源実朝を高く評価する傍ら、自身の歌の入集を最小限に抑えた定家の態度は興味深い。
- He also reduced his own poems to a minimum while holding poems by FUJIWARA no Ietaka and MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in high regard, deepening interest in Teika's attitude toward poetry selection.
- 抽選会には益田自身も参加し、また、旧所蔵者の山本唯三郎にも1枚が譲渡されることになった。
- Masuda himself participated in the lottery, and it was decided that one of the pictures was given to its former owner Tadasaburo Yamamoto.
- 『贈右大臣正二位大久保利通葬送略記・乾』によると大久保は全身に16箇所の傷を受けていた。
- According to 'The attendance at a funeral: The conferral of the posthumous rank, the Udaijin (minister of the right), Shonii (Senior Second Court Rank), Toshimichi OKUBO: the summary and Kan (乾),' Okubo received sixteen wounds to his body.
- 太刀身の柄端を飾る刀装具である柄頭が、蕨の若芽のように渦をまくのがデザイン的特徴である。
- An accouterment of sword, tsuka-gashira (pommel) which decorates the hilt of the sword is characteristic for its circinate design like crosier of bracken.
- 預となった者は自宅もしくは特定の施設(公事宿・自身番屋など)にて一定期間謹慎・蟄居した。
- A person who was imposed on azuke had to be suspended for a certain period at home or at a specified facility (kujiyado, jishinbanya, etc.).
- 御庭番が幕臣としての身分を隠し、遠国に実情を調査に出かける旅行のことを「遠国御用」という。
- Onkokugoyo is the inspection trip to rural areas that the oniwaban made with their identity concealed.
- 1942年 6月、ハワイ出身の日系人兵士によってアメリカ陸軍第100歩兵大隊が編成される。
- In June 1942, the U.S. Army's 100th Infantry Battalion was constituted by Japanese soldiers from Hawaii.
- 第九十一国立銀行(第九十一銀行)→1928年に十二銀行(北陸銀行の前身の一つ)に合併される
- The 91st National Bank (Daikyujuichi Bank) -> merged into the Juni Bank (one of the predecessor of the Hokuriku Bank) in 1928.
- そして元康の死を秘匿し、その身代わりとして立てられたのが、世良田二郎三郎元信であるとする。
- In order to conceal the death of Motoyasu, Jiro Saburo Motonobu SERATA was selected to replace him.
- 泰盛と縁戚関係のあった金沢貞顕は下総国に蟄居の身となり、宇都宮景綱、長井宗秀らが失脚した。
- Sadaaki KANESAWA, Yasumori's relative, was confined in Shimousa Province and Kagetuna UTSUNOMIYA and Munehide NAGAI fell from power.
- 当時、低い身分の職と見なされていた人力車夫に勲位と勲章を与えることはきわめて異例であった。
- At that time, Rickshaw drivers were basically people from lower class families, and it was a rare case that they were given the Order of Merit and the medal.
- 伊藤自身が初代総裁となり、伊藤系官僚と憲政党(旧自由党)・帝国党が中心となって創立された。
- Ito himself became the first president of the party which was established on the initiative of the bureaucracy leaning toward Ito, Kensei Party (former Liberal Party), and Empire Party.
- 芭蕉が主体たる蕉門俳諧は芭蕉自身諸国を行脚し、深く自然と人生に思いを秘め「正風」を弘めた。
- Basho was the core of Shomon (Basho School) Haikai, and he traveled to various parts of the country to spread 'Shofu' (right style) with deep thought over the nature and human life.
- 移民である柵戸は城柵の周辺に出身地域ごとに居住地を定められ、周辺を開墾したと見られている。
- Sakuko, or immigrants, were located, according to where they were from, around josaku in which they lived and cultivated the land.
- 文人にとって書道はもっとも身近な芸であり、これをしない文人はいないといっても過言ではない。
- Calligraphy was the most familiar art to Bunjin and it is no exaggeration to say that there was no Bunjin who did not do calligraphy.
- 身分の高い堂上家は、その出自や歴代当主の生没年、および叙位の履歴などを詳細に記録してきた。
- The high-ranking Tosho-ke families had detailed records of their origins, the dates of birth and death of their successive heads, and the history of their investiture.
- 3月7日には駿府で大総督有栖川宮熾仁親王と対面し、慶喜の謝罪状と自身の歎願書を差し出した。
- Then, on March 7th, the prince had a meeting with the Dai Sotoku (the commander of the temporary army) Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, at Sunpu, there he presented two letters to Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito; One, was an apology letter from Yoshinobu, the other one was his own petition for Yoshinobu and the Tokugawa family.
- そのため逓信輸送が危険であるとして、軍隊の護衛と従事者が護身用の拳銃で自衛していたという。
- Transportation of posts was regarded as dangerous and was protected by soldiers and the transporters defended themselves by a gun for self-defense.
- その後江戸時代に至っても、騎馬が許されるか、徒歩で戦場に出る身分かで士分が大きく分かれた。
- Even in the Edo period, the rank of Samurai differed greatly based on whether they were allowed to ride a horse on a battlefield or not.
- この年金は終身年金であったが、戦争の拡大に次ぐ拡大で受章者が急増し国庫の大きな負担になった。
- This yearly pension continued for the rest of each recipient's life, and as the scope of Japan's wars continued to widen, the number of recipients rapidly surged, developing into a significant burden on the national treasury.
- 1417年(応永24年)、氏憲の死後に自分の身に対する危険を感じた足利義嗣は京都を脱出する。
- Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, who feared for his safety after the death of Ujinori, escaped from Kyoto in 1417.
- 1885年に内閣制度ができたあとも、薩長出身者の多くが内閣総理大臣、国務大臣、元老となった。
- After the establishment of cabinet system in1885 many people from Satsuma and Choshu became prime minister, ministers of state and Genro (senator).
- 縫部司の前身は大蔵衣縫造(おおくらのきぬぬいのみやつこ)で官人の衣服製造が主な職掌であった。
- The predecessor of Nuibe no tsukasa was Okura no Kinunui no miyatsuko, and its main duty was the production of officials' clothes.
- 廃止時には定員が91名にまで増員され、その多くが元老院廃止後にそのまま貴族院議員に転身する。
- When it was abolished the quota was increased to 91, the most of them transferred to the House of Noble after the abolition of Genroin.
- 特権的身分制度が設けられ、韓国の旧皇族は王公族に、韓国併合に功績あるものは朝鮮貴族となった。
- A privileged class system was established, which made former imperial families of Korea become royals and those who made an achievement on the annexation of Korea become Korean nobles.
- 723年(養老7)に出された三世一身法によって墾田は孫まで三代の間で私財化が認められていた。
- Sanze Isshin Ho (the law to permit farmers to own their newly cultivated lands for three generations) was issued in 723, and allowed ownership of konden for three generations.
- 動乱を経た西晋以降、本貫はその人物の出身地とは乖離して始祖の出自を示す系譜上の意味となった。
- After the upheavals in the West Jin period, hogan was detached from its use as an indication one's birthplace, to a genealogical meaning that indicates the origin of the first ancestor.
- 巻名は光源氏が詠んだ和歌「恋ひわたる身はそれなれど玉かづらいかなる筋を尋ね来つらむ」に因む。
- The title of this chapter was derived from the waka poem that Genji composed, 'My love lives on as it did long ago, but tendril wreath, what winding stem led you to me?'
- 亡父観阿弥の教えをもとに、世阿弥自身が会得した芸道の視点からの解釈を加えた著述になっている。
- On the basis of the lessons given by the deceased father, Kanami, Zeami added to this book his own interpretation from a standpoint of the art he acquired himself.
- 破談で家に身の置き場のなくなった浮舟は、今は匂宮の北の方となった異母姉の中の君に預けられた。
- After the marriage proposal was withdrawn, Ukifune couldn't stay at home any more and she was put in custody of her elder paternal half-sister Naka no kimi, who was then the wife of Nioumiya.
- 匂宮は三日間中の君の元に通い続けたが、その後は身分柄思うように宇治を訪問することができない。
- Nioumiya kept visiting Naka no kimi for three days, but after that he could not visit Uji as he liked due to his social status.
- 寛文5年(1665年)兄香川正恒は、岩国出身の儒学者宇都宮三近に「陰徳記序」を書いてもらう。
- In 1665, his elder brother Masatsune KAGAWA had Sankin UTSUNOMIYA, a Confucian scholar from Iwakuni, write the preface to the Intokuki.
- タイトルが、「花の色は うつりにけりな いたづらに わが身世にふる ながめせし間に」である。
- The title was 'The flowers lost their colors, while I set myself in this life and became lost in thought as time went by in vain; during spring the rain continually fell down.'
- 市井の女にふさわしくない教養に興味を持った源氏は、身分を隠して彼女のもとに通うようになった。
- Genji, who got interested in the woman who is intelligent unlike an ordinary person, concealed his social status and went to visit her often.
- だが、そこまでの経緯が経緯ゆえにもはや嵐自身も乗り気ではなく、僅か2作品で打ち止めとなった。
- But because of these circumstances, Arashi was not very enthusiastic; only two films were made, and that was the end of it.
- 刊行された後、小林秀雄 (批評家)らに高く評価され、梶井自身が文壇に認められる作品となった。
- After it was published the story was highly praised by critics such as Hideo KOBAYASHI, and contributed to Kajii's reputation in the literary world.
- 晴れて許された源氏は都へ戻ることになったが、その頃既に明石の御方は源氏の子を身ごもっていた。
- Genji was forgiven in public and would go back to the capital, but Lady Akashi was already pregnant with Genji's child by then.
- 一方で、優柔不断で特に女性関係には消極的だが、身分低い女房などが相手の時は積極的に事を運ぶ。
- On the other hand, he had indecisiveness and especially passive in relationships with women, but carried things out quickly if his partner was a lower level court lady.
- 身分統制令(みぶんとうせいれい)とは天正19年(1591年)に豊臣秀吉が発した3ヶ条の法令。
- The Edict on Change of Status was an edict with three articles issued in 1591 by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 義和団では、それらが乗り移った者は、刀はおろか銃弾すら跳ね返すような不死身になると喧伝した。
- The Boxers declared that the people who possessed them became immortal beings who could repel not only swords but bullets too.
- 古田は、「倭」とは九州のことであり「邪馬壹國」(「邪馬台国」)は九州王朝の前身であるとした。
- FURUTA determined that `wa' refers to Kyushu, and Yamatai Koku (Yamatai Kingdom) was the predecessor of the Kyushu dynasty.
- 続いて10月7日 (旧暦)(11月25日)には内蔵助自身も江戸へ出立する(第二次大石東下り)。
- Kuranosuke made his way to Edo as well on November 25 (the Oishi's second trip down to the east).
- 1888年(明治21年)政府は、長州藩出身の絵師、浮田可成(うきたかせい)に旗の絵を描かせた。
- In 1888 the Meiji government ordered Kasei UKITA, a painter of Choshu Domain, to draw the Imperial standards.
- 第百二十一国立銀行(百二十一銀行)→1897年に三十四銀行(三和銀行の前身の一つ)に合併される
- The 121st National Bank (Hyakunijuichi Bank) -> merged into the Sanjushi Bank (one of the predecessor of the Sanwa Bank) in 1897.
- 非公選の皇族議員・華族議員・勅任議員によって構成され、解散はなく、議員の多くが終身任期だった。
- The Kizokuin was not made up of publicly elected officials, but of councilors from the Imperial family, members of the peerage, and Chokuningiin (appointees of the emperor); it was never dissolved and most of the councilors had life tenure.
- この後すぐに獄に移され、永手、百済王敬福、船王らの監督下、杖で全身を何度も打つ拷問が行われた。
- Soon after the confession, he was transferred to a jail and tortured by repeated beating with a stick under the supervision of Nagate, Kyofuku KUDARANOKONIKISHI, Prince Fune, and others.
- 外地官署所属職員の身分に関する勅令(昭和21年勅令第287号)など法令に外地の語があらわれた。
- The term Gaichi appeared in the laws, such as the imperial edict regarding the positions of the staff members of Gaichi offices (Imperial edict No.287 of 1946).
- 御家人側のせめてもの家の保身が、嫡男による単独相続への変化、ある面では「家」の確立とも言える。
- Shifting to a single succession by the legitimate eldest son was the vassals' only way of protecting themselves, and so it can be said to be the establishment of a 'Family' in a sense.
- そこで、嫁を迎えて身持ちを固めさせようと、吉備津神社の神主、香央造酒の娘と縁組がまとめられた。
- So, he comes up with the idea of taking a woman as his son's wife in order to make him behave, and he arranges a match between his son and Miki KASADA, a daughter of the head priest at Kibitsu Shrine.
- かかわりのある女君たちに別れを告げ、紫の上の身上を心配しつつ、京を去る源氏の姿はあわれぶかい。
- It is pitiful to see Genji, worried about lady Murasaki, say good-bye to all the women with whom he has had relations and leave Kyo.
- 翌寛和元年(985年)母娘共に帰京するが、この頃既に徽子女王は病身であったらしく、同年卒した。
- The following year mother and daughter returned to the capital together, but Queen Kishi seems already to have been suffering from an illness at this point, and she died one year later.
- それを耳にした玉鬘は、光源氏に引き取られた自身の幸福をしみじみと感じ、光源氏に心を開いてゆく。
- Hearing the rumor, Tamakazura becomes keenly aware of her luck in being adopted by Hikaru Genji, and gradually opens her heart to him.
- 四方髪(よもがみ)とは、忍者が用いる忍術の一つで、自分の身を守るために、複数の人物に化けること。
- Yomogami is one of ninjutsu (ninja art) used by ninja, disguising himself as multiple persons in order to save himself.
- 第六十六国立銀行(第六十六銀行)→1920年に県内6銀行と統合し(旧)藝備銀行(広島銀行の前身)
- The 66th National Bank (Dairokujurku Bank) -> integrated with six banks in the prefecture in 1920 and became the (former) Geibi Bank (the predecessor of the Hiroshima Bank).
- 江戸時代末期に至るまで官職と位階は身分や家格を示す標準となり、宮廷生活における権威を持っていた。
- The posts and Ikai were the standard to show social and family status and had strong authority in court life until the end of Edo Period.
- けれども今広くこの人間世界を見渡すと、賢い人愚かな人貧乏な人金持ちの人身分の高い人低い人とある。
- However, looking around the world of human beings, we can see the wise and the fool, the rich and the poor, and the noble and the common.
- なお、帝国議会開設に先立ち、1884年(明治17年)に華族令を定めて、華族に身分的特権を与えた。
- Prior to the opening of the Imperial Diet, the government established the Peerage Law to give Kazoku hierarchical privileges.
- 身体尺は人によって長さが異なるので、後の時代に一定の長さを1尺とする公定尺を定めるようになった。
- Because the anthropomorphic unit was varied in its length depending on the user, an official shaku unit was defined by a particular length for 1 shaku later years.
- およそ考えられるかぎりのあらゆる制約条項を,いったい生身の兵隊が守れるとでも思ったのであろうか。
- Did they think on earth that natural soldiers could follow every clause of restriction imaginable?
- その許可の証として旅行中所持していることを義務付けられ、現代のパスポートや身分証明書に相当する。
- Travelers were obliged to carry it as a proof of the permission during their travels, and it is equivalent to the present passport and identity card.
- 6月11日には毛里田村の農民らが足尾を訪れるが、古河側は自身に責任はないという主張を繰り返した。
- On June 11, the peasants of Morita Village visited Ashio, however the Furukawa side just repeatedly disclaimed any responsibility for the damages.
- 顧客を身分が下の者とみなして「意見を聞いてやる」という姿勢が、傲慢で不愉快だと指摘する声もある。
- Therefore, the attitude to consider customers as people in lower social status and to allow customers to tell their opinions is regarded arrogant and uncomfortable for some people.
- そこには人口、性別、年齢から一人ひとりの身体的特徴までが里長(郷長)によって書き上げられていた。
- The Satoosa (village chief) wrote in the population as well as each individual's gender, age and bodily characteristics in the keicho.
- 薫の身体の芳香に対抗して着衣に薫物を焚き染めていることから、「匂宮」と呼ばれている(「匂宮」)。
- He was called 'Niou Miya,' because he burnt incense to infuse the scent into his cloth, competing with Kaoru, who smelled sweet. ('Niou Miya').
- 38番 忘らるる 身をば思はず 誓ひてし 人の命の 惜しくもあるかな(「拾遺和歌集」恋四870)
- No. 38: I no longer care about my sorrow because I'm sunk into oblivion, but I hold only your life dear because of being afraid that you, who forgot me after such a solemn vow, might get your just deserts. ('Shui Wakashu' Love-4, 870)
- 為朝はたった一矢で船を沈めるなど奮戦するが、多勢に無勢を悟って、息子の首をはねて自身は切腹する。
- Tametomo fights desperately, sinking a boat with a single arrow, but he sees the futility of contending against heavy odds, so he cuts off his son's head and commits hara-kiri.
- 宗祇にとっても、実隆は自身と朝廷との間の連絡役や相談相手として、なくてはならぬ存在となっていた。
- For Sogi, Sanetaka was a consultant and an important person who made contact with the Imperial court for him.
- 「上流は流れが速い、下流は流れが弱い」と言って、最初に中流に潜って身を清めた時に二神が生まれた。
- When he first dove into the middle stream to purify his body, saying, 'The upper stream flows too swift and down stream too weak,' two gods came into being.
- 巻名は作中で明石の尼君が詠んだ和歌「身を変へて一人帰れる山里に聞きしに似たる松風ぞ吹く」に因む。
- The title comes from the waka poem composed by the Akashi Nun in the chapter, 'When I came back to a village in the mountain after taking the veil, a wind was blowing in the pines that was familiar to what I had heard in the old days.'
- つまり、上記の三角関係を想定させるような歌から、彼女自身のイメージが後附けされたものとみてよい。
- Descriptions of her appearance were added based on the above poems which suggest a love triangle.
- (『日本書紀』では日本武尊が伊吹の神の化身の大蛇をまたいで通ったことから、神に氷を降らされる。)
- (In the 'Nihonshoki,' Yamato Takeru no Mikoto had walked over the deity of Ibuki in serpent guise, and had had hail rained down upon him by the deity.)
- 群山記の巻一から巻六までは、伴存自身が書簡の中で風土志と呼んでいるように、吉野群山の地誌である。
- As Tomoari called it Fudo-shi (Book on Climate and Culture) in a letter, from Volume one to six, it is topography of Yoshino Mountains.
- 中には諏訪氏一族などのように、御家人でありながら、陪臣である筈の御内人へと転身を図るものまでいた。
- In the end, in spite of being direct vassals of the shogunete, Gokenin, some of them changed their position into indirect vassals, Miuchibito, such as the Suwa clan.
- 御庭番の前身は、吉宗が将軍就任前に藩主を務めていた紀州藩お抱えの薬込役と呼ばれる役人たちであった。
- The predecessors of oniwaban were officials called kusurigomeyaku (gunpowder charger) in Kishu domain where Yoshimune was the lord before becoming shogun.
- 後から来日した宣教師たちも同様に各地の大名に謁見し、領内布教の許可や大名自身への布教を行っている。
- Missionaries who came to Japan after Xavier's time also went to see daimyo in various places throughout Japan, and just as Xavier had, they obtained permission to spread Christianity in the domains of those daimyo, and also proselytized to the daimyo themselves.
- 石川麻呂が表文を読み進めるが子麻呂らは現れない、恐怖のあまり全身汗にまみれ、声が乱れ、手が震えた。
- As ISHIKAWA no Maro carried on reading the memorials, he began sweating and his voice and hands started shaking since Komaro did not show up.
- 3つの岩は、東映の前身である東京映画配給、太泉映画、東横映画の3社の統合と結束をイメージしている。
- The three rocks really represent the integration and solidarity of the predecessors of Toei: Tokyo Eiga Haikyu (Tokyo Film Distribution Company), Oizumi Films, and Toyoko Film Company.
- 正統派は久原を総裁に任命し、革新派は旧昭和会のうち望月圭介・山崎達之輔ら政友会出身者を合流させた。
- The orthodoxy faction appointed Kuhara to the president and the reformists invited Keisuke MOCHIZUKI and Tatsunosuke YAMAZAKI from the former Showa Party who had originally belonged to the Seiyu Party.
- 逆髪という姉が逢坂の関まで尋ねてきて、2人の障害をもった身をなぐさめあい、悲しい別れの結末になる。
- His older sister, called Sakagami, visited Osaka no seki to care for the pairs infirmities, and their parting was a sad one.
- 23番 月見れば 千々に物こそ 悲しけれ わが身一つの 秋にはあらねど(「古今和歌集」秋上193)
- No. 23: Seeing the moon, somehow I become extremely melancholic, and I even feel as if the autumn has come only for me, though I know it's not so. ('Kokin wakashu' Autumn I, 193)
- その美貌と当世風で華やかな人柄から朱雀帝の寵愛を一身に受ける一方、源氏との逢瀬も密かに続けていた。
- While receiving the favor of Emperor Suzaku due to her beauty and her modern, fashionable personality, she continued to meet in secret with Genji.
- 現在のような形で1冊にまとめたのが伊行自身なのか後人の手によるものなのかについては両説が存在する。
- As to whether it was compiled into its current single volume form by Koreyuki himself or by a later hand, there are theories supporting either view.
- 特別身分高い出自ではなかったが、桐壺帝の寵愛を一身に受けていたため、他の女御、更衣たちから疎まれた
- She was not particularly a woman of noble origin, but she won Emperor Kiritsubo's favor, therefore she was shunned by other court ladies and Koi.
- 下級貴族の出身(中西進ら文学系研究者の一部からは百済系帰化人説も出されている)で、姓は臣(おみ)。
- He came from a family of lower-ranking nobles (some literary scholars such as Susumu NAKANISHI stated that he was a naturalized citizen from the kingdom of Baekje), and his kabane (hereditary title) was Omi.
- が、碓から生み出される餅が白鳥に変身する話が『山城国風土記』などに見られ、白鳥との関連も伺わせる。
- However, the story of a piece of rice cake, which is made using a mortar, turning into a white bird is seen in the 'Yamashiro-koku Fudoki' (regional gazetteers of Yamashiro Province) and other records, and that implies some sort of a connection to a white bird.
- 官印(かんいん)とは、中国や日本において身分証明・公的証明のために官吏・役所に配られた官製の印章。
- A Kanin is an official seal given to government officials and offices to prove their social and public status in China and Japan.
- そのため、病気やお産などの際に身体から遊離した魂を屋根の上で衣を振るなどして招き戻す祭祀を行った。
- Therefore, during child labor or illness, a ritual of waving clothes on the roof was performed to lead the soul back to the body.
- つまり文人は王侯・貴族・官僚・地主・地方豪族などの支配者的な階級・地位の出身者がほとんどであった。
- So, most of Bunjin were from ruling class and status such as royalty, bureaucracy, landlord and local powerful family.
- 薙刀は長い柄の先に反りのある刀身を装着した武具で、当初は「長刀」(なぎなた、ながなた)と呼ばれた。
- Naginata (Japanese halberd) is a weapon with a blade warpage attached to the top of a long handle, and was originally called 'Naginata' or 'Naganata.'
- 犯罪を犯し、捕縛された無宿は「武州無宿権兵衛」、「上州無宿次郎吉」等、出身地を冠せられて呼ばれた。
- A mushuku who had committed crime and been arrested was called by a name with prefixed name of his native place, such as 'Bushu-Mushuku-Gonbei' (homeless Gonbei from Bushu) or 'Joshu-Mushuku-Jirokichi' (homeless Jirokichi from Joshu).
- なお、薩摩藩では家格が整備されるまで、後年に御小姓与と新番の身分に分別された武士を大番と呼んでいた。
- In Satsuma Domain, until the social ranks were organized, the samurai whose family ranks were later divided into okoshogumi and shinban (new guards) were called oban.
- 第百四十六国立銀行((旧)廣島銀行)→1920年に県内6銀行と合併し(旧)藝備銀行(広島銀行の前身)
- The 146th National Bank ([former] Hiroshima Bank) -> merged with six banks in the prefecture in 1920, and became (former) Geibi Bank (the predecessor of the Hiroshima Bank).
- また、防人制も人民負担の軽減から健児制に取って代わられ、農民徴用も九州地方出身者のみに限定している。
- The system where soldiers were garrisoned at strategic posts in Kyushu was replaced with the 'kondei' system of military service for the purpose of lightening the burden on the people, and only peasants from northern Kyushu were conscripted.
- なお、明治天皇の言葉といっても、天皇自身が声に出した言葉ではなく、実際には三条実美が読み上げている。
- The Emperor Meiji didn't actually read out these sentences but Sanetomi SANJO read out in behalf of the Emperor.
- 西洋のヤード・ポンド法などと同様、当初は身体の一部の長さや、穀物の質量などが単位として使われていた。
- Like in the yard-pound system in the West, the dimensions of the human body parts, the mass of grain, and so on, had been used as units.
- 華僑・華人の間では、中国における祖先の出身地を示すものとして本貫の語が用いられる(本籍・原籍とも)。
- Among the Chinese residents and Chinese descents that are living abroad, the word hongan is used to indicate the hometown of ancestors in China (for both the registered address and the original domicile).
- 源氏物語を読みふけり、物語世界への憧憬に過ごした少女時代、度重なる身内の死去によって見た厳しい現実。
- She describes her young girlhood when she had been absorbed in reading the Tale of Genji and her yearning for the world of that story, and the grim reality that she faced by the repeated deaths of her family and people close to her.
- 藤原氏の主流である藤原北家の出身で藤原道長の曾孫にあるが、官位には恵まれず従五位衛門府にとどまった。
- Although he was from the Northern House, the main stream of the Fujiwara clan and the great-grandson of FUJIWARA no Michinaga, he was not favored with promotions and remained Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank), Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards).
- 旧益田家本甲巻は、火象地獄、咩声地獄、飛火地獄、剥肉地獄、沸屎地獄、解身地獄、鉄山地獄の7図がある。
- The old Masuda-ke ko version consists of seven paintings: Hell of the Flaming Elephant, Hell of Shrieking Sounds, Hell of the Shooting Flames, Hell of the Skinning, Hell of Boiling Feces, Hell of Dismemberment, and Hell of Iron Mountain.
- - 戦国時代 (日本)を終結させた現在の愛知県出身の3人の武将、織田信長・豊臣秀吉・徳川家康を指す。
- refers to Nobunaga ODA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the three busho (Japanese military commander) from present-day Aichi Prefecture, who brought the Sengoku period to an end.
- 突出部に紐や天然アスファルトが付着して出土した例があり、また石匙を身につけたまま埋葬された例もある。
- When excavated, some of the unearthed ishisaji retained a string or a clod of natural asphalt on its projected part, and some excavated bodies were wearing ishisaji.
- 以上の54帖の現在伝わる巻名は、紫式部自身がつけたとする説と、後世の人々がつけたとする説が存在する。
- There is an opinion that it was Murasaki Shikibu who named the titles of the existent 54 chapters, but some people believe the name of each chapter has come about through posterity.
- 未決中に重病になった無宿の拘留者や身寄りのない15歳未満の幼年者は、非人頭が管理する溜に預けられた。
- A person of mushuku who became sick during detention pending trial or a person under the age of 15 who had no relatives was taken to tamari, which was managed by hiningashira (the head of people who belonged to none of the four 'classes' of the Edo period and was therefore considered an outcast)..
- 上級身分の武士や事件そのものが重大である場合には寺社奉行・勘定奉行も加わった五手掛によって行われた。
- When a samurai with a high status was involved or the case itself was a serious one, jisha-bugyo (a government officer in charge of shrines and temple) and kanjo-bugyo (in charge of financial affairs) also attended the trial, making it Gote-gakari.
- 余剰人員のうち優秀な者が親衛隊的な性格の奥詰銃隊や遊撃隊(奥詰の後身)などとして陸軍へと編入された。
- Among redundant soldiers, excellent members were transferred to rikugun as soldiers of okuzume musket unit, which was a kind of bodyguard organization, or as soldiers of Yugekitai (command unit who backs up okuzume).
- 正一位から従五位下までの14階が天皇から直接授けられる勅授とされ、貴族身分として位置づけられていた。
- The 14 ranks from Shoichii (Senior First Rank) to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) were considered as chokuju (ranks given directly by the emperor) and regarded as noble status.
- なお、浪士は全員播磨国赤穂郡出身のように思われがちだが、赤穂出身者は大石内蔵助を含めて半数程度である。
- Furthermore, people tend to assume that all the roshi were from Ako County in Harima Province, but actually less than half of them including Kuranosuke OISHI were from Ako.
- 小藩(1万石)の家老は、家老連綿の家格の出身者の場合で、おおむね300石前後の蔵米取りの者が多かった。
- In small (10,000-koku) domains, most of the Karo officers whose families had occupied the Karo post for generations earned around 300 koku of kuramai (rice crop given as salary).
- また、薩摩・長州の均衡をとって西郷の縁戚である川村を加えて薩摩出身者の動揺を防ぐ等の意も含まれていた。
- Also, the government had other purposes including that of balancing Satsuma and Choshu by involving KAWAMURA, who was a relative of SAIGO, to prevent those from Satsuma from being upset.
- ただし、実際には言継自身が清原氏や広橋兼秀所蔵の『歴名土代』から書写したことを原本の識語に記している。
- However, in fact, Tokitsugu himself noted in the original books that he transcribed it from 'Ryakumyo dodai' possessed by the Kiyohara clan or Kanehide HIROHASHI.
- また、元谷中村村民の島田宗三は、自身の父と祖父は、鉱毒水を飲んで胃を冒されて死亡した、と主張している。
- Sozo SHIMADA, an ex-resident of Yanaka Village claimed his father and grandfather had died from a stomach illness caused by drinking the polluted water.
- 鏡山いざたちよりて見てゆかむ年へぬる身は老いやしぬると(古今集899。左註に黒主の歌かとする説を記す)
- Let's drop by Mt.Kagami (鏡山) and look at myself in a mirror like its name (鏡 means mirror, 山 means mountain) whether I get old or not (Kokin Wakashu 899, there was a comment that said it might be Kuronushi's poem).
- 少年の日、高麗の人相見が彼に告げた「その身は帝王にあらず、臣下にあらず」という予言はみごとに的中する。
- When he was a boy, a Goryeo physiognomist prophesied that he would become neither Emperor nor subject, which comes true.
- その後源氏は二条東院の末摘花 (源氏物語)や空蝉 (源氏物語)を訪問、女君たちの身の回りに気を配った。
- Then Genji looked in on Suetsumuhana (The Safflower) (The Tale of Genji) and Utsusemi (lady of the cicada shell) (The Tale of Genji) at the east lodge at Nijo, and was considerate of his lesser ladies.
- 朱雀帝時代から斎院を長く続けたたため婚期を逃し、そのまま独身を貫き通して出家、物語の表舞台から消える。
- Because she had been Saiin for a long time since the reign of Emperor Suzaku, she missed the chance to get married, remained single, became a nun, then stepped off the center stage of the tale.
- 五位以上の身分の者の事跡については、正史に記載しなければならなかったが、人麻呂の名は正史に見られない。
- The achievements of someone ranked as fifth grade or higher had to be recorded in an official history, but Hitomaro's name does not appear in any of them.
- すなわち「妻妾論」の根底には 一夫一婦制が自然という観念があったし、また自身の結婚も契約結婚であった。
- In other words, on the background of 'A theory of wives and concubines' he had an idea that the practice of monogamy was natural, and his marriage itself was a contract marriage.
- これらの年中行事においては呪術的な要素はあまり見られず、自身の家族における家内安全の祈願が中心となる。
- In these annual events, any magical element is rarely seen, and prayer for family's safety remains at the core.
- 実は西自身は紛失されたものと思っており、この書は西のあずかり知らぬところで勝手に出版されたものである。
- However Nishi believed that the book was lost and he was not aware of the publication.
- 切り札である慶喜の身柄や徳川家の軍装に関して、西郷の再東下より前に妥協するつもりはなかったためである。
- Therefore, he had no intention in compromising with any of his opponent's staff on conditions in the treatment or custody of Yoshinobu and the armed forces of the Tokugawa family, until the arrival of Saigo from Kyoto to the Kanto.
- その後、律令制の進展によって賎民身分の削減を目的として雑戸から解放されて公民に編入される例が増加した。
- Later on, with the development of the ritsuryo system, increasing number people were liberated from zakko status and became citizens for the purpose of decreasing senmin classes.
- 明末に朱子学に対する批判が起こると、「修身斉家治国平天下」(『大学』)という儒教思想にも変化が起こった。
- When the criticism against Neo-Confucianism was stirred up in the end of the Ming era, there also were changes in the Confucian philosophy of '修身斉家治国平天下' (in order to put 'Tenka' in order, first train one's own moral, then put own family in order, then put the nation in order, and finally bring peace into Tenka) ('Daigaku' [the Great Learning]).
- 「丈」は長い棒を手に持った形をかたどったものであり、そこから身長、身の丈(みのたけ)を表すようになった。
- Jo' was modeled after the shape of a hand holding a long stick, whence it came to stand for body length, mi no take (身の丈; body length).
- ただ、綱吉が丙戌年生まれの為、特に犬が保護された(綱吉自身犬好きで、100匹の狆犬を飼っていたという)。
- However, as the Shogun Tsunayoshi was born in the year of the Dog, one of the twelve animals of the Oriental zodiac, dogs were treated with special care (he himself was especially fond of dogs and it is said that he owned 100 of them).
- 三世一身法施行の前年の閏4月25日(旧暦)、太政官が奏上し裁可された政策の中に百万町歩開墾計画があった。
- On June 17 in the previous year of the enforcement of the Sanze-isshin Law, there was a project for a million hectares of land cultivation among the policies which Dajokan (Grand Council of State) had reported to the throne and was approved.
- この悲嘆を距離を置いて描く為に、男性の自身や従者でなく、仕える女房という体裁をとったとも考えられている。
- It is also considered that in order to write his lament objectively, he didn't write it from the male point of view such as Tsurayuki himself or his servant, but from a court lady's view.
- その後、四条大納言藤原公任の息男であり、自身も歌人として名高い中納言藤原定頼からたびたびの求愛を受けた。
- Subsequently, Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Sadayori, who was the oldest son of Shijodainagon FUJIWARA no Kinto, often made approaches to her.
- 花の色は移りにけりな いたずらに 我が身「よにふるながめ」せし間に…「夜に降る長雨」/「世に経る 眺め」
- Within the poem, 'Hana no iro ha utsurinikerina itazurani wagami 'yonifuru nagame' seshi mani,' the 'yonifuru nagame' is interpreted twice. One interpretation is 'the long spell of rain in the evening' and the other is 'pass the time in the world (while) watching,' which lets the poem carry both meanings as: 'The color of the cherry blossoms has faded, and I have vainly passed the time in the world while watching the rain falling.'
- 彼女のモデルに関しては、境遇や身分が似ているため、作者である紫式部自身がモデルではないかと言われている。
- It is said that her model would be the author, Murasaki Shikibu, because of the resemblance to her circumstances and status.
- 蛇性の婬(じやせいのいん) - 男が蛇の化身である女につきまとわれるが、最後は道成寺の僧侶に退治される。
- A Serpent's Lust - A man is stalked by a woman who is an incarnation of a serpent, but she is at last destroyed by a monk of the Dojo-ji Temple.
- 義昭は反織田勢力に呼びかけ、自身を盟主に織田家に反発する近畿地方の諸勢力を団結させ、包囲網が結成された。
- Yoshiaki formed anti-Nobunaga network; he called for anti-Nobunaga powers and united them in Kinki region under his leadership.
- 没官(もっかん/ぼっかん)とは、律令法において科された付加刑の1つで、人身または財物を官が没収すること。
- Mokkan (also read as Bokkan) is one of supplementary punishments in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and it refers to the confiscation of corpus or property by the authority.
- 1584年の小牧・長久手の戦い以後は信雄自身が暗愚ということもあって、天下への表舞台の影響力を急速に失う。
- But after the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, the clan's power of influence plunged downward on the front stage of the world due to Nobukatsu's incapability.
- しかし資本がないため関西貿易商会(黒田と同郷で薩摩出身の五代友厚らの経営)が払下げを引受けることになった。
- However, due to a lack of financial resources, Kansai-boeki-shokai (a company run by Tomoatsu GODAI, who was from Satsuma just as KURODA) agreed to buy the properties.
- 関所の番人は陪臣身分ではあったが幕府の役人であっても祝儀名目の通行料を支払わされるなど大変な権勢を誇った。
- The status of the guards at the barrier checkpoints was baishin (indirect vassal), but in fact such guards came to wield enormous influence due to the fact that passersby, under the guise of giving 'tips,' were made to pay passage fees despite the fact that the guards were shogunal officials.
- 「三十年来一夢中 捨レ身取レ義夢尚同 双親臥レ病故郷在 取レ義捨レ恩夢共空」(「レ」は漢詩文訓読の返り点)
- I have been following my dream for thirty years, so dedicating myself to honor is exactly what I have been dreaming of, but as my parents are ill and bedridden, it would be vain to neglect my debt of gratitude and grasp at my dream.'
- 第十一国立銀行(十一銀行)→第百三十四国立銀行と統合し愛知銀行 (東海銀行の前身)(現三菱東京UFJ銀行)
- The 11th National Bank (Juichi Bank) -> integrated with the 134th National Bank and became the Aichi Bank (the predecessor of the Tokai Bank) (the current Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ).
- 彼は全身ずぶ濡れのうえ、脱いだ衣類を小脇に抱えていた為、警察官は無賃乗車もしくは窃盗犯とみて詰問していた。
- He was soaking wet and had his own clothes in his arms; therefore, the policeman interrogated him thinking that he had caught a train without paying or committed robbery.
- なお、貴族院に替わって戦後の国会を構成した参議院には、当初旧貴族院議員の多くが転身立候補して当選している。
- For the House of Councilors which took over the Kizokuin to make up the Diet after the wars, many old members of Kizokuin ran and initially won the elections.
- 幕末に活躍した人びとには、勤皇方、幕府方を問わず、下級藩士・郷士・町人など軽輩階層出身者であった者が多い。
- Many of people who played active roles at the end of the Edo period, whether pro-imperial or pro-shogunate, came from these derogatory class such as lower-rank samurai, country samurai, merchants.
- 参勤交代で江戸に単身赴任する各藩の家臣はかなりの数に上り、この結果、江戸の人口の約半数が武士となっていた。
- Because a large number of vassals of each clan went to Edo leaving their families in their domains owing to sankin-kotai, warriors accounted for about half the population in Edo.
- 佐野出身の衆議院議員田中正造は1891年以降、たびたび国会で鉱毒の質問を行い、鉱毒の害は全国に知れ渡った。
- Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives from Sano made enquiries at the parliament beginning in 1891, and the damages by the mining pollution became public throughout the nation.
- 石川麻呂自身は649年に冤罪で自害し、讒言した弟の蘇我日向も大宰府に左遷させられた(口封じとの説もある)。
- Ishikawamaro himself was prompted to commit suicide when he was falsely charged in 649, and his younger brother, SOGA no Himuka, whose accusations led to his Ishikawamaro's death was demoted and transferred to Dazaifu (It is speculated that SOGA no Himuka was transferred as a means to keep him silenced.)
- 亡き姉大君の身代わりの「人形(ひとがた)」にしばしば例えられ、性格的にもイメージとしても「流される」女性。
- She was often compared with 'hitogata' (a doll) that substitutes her deceased sister Oikimi and judging from her personality as well as image, she was a woman who tend to be 'influenced.'
- 続いて義朝が為朝の守る門を攻めるが、鎌田の軍勢が蹴散らされ、義朝自身も兜の飾りを射ぬかれるなど窮地に陥る。
- Additionally, Yoshitomo attacks the gate that Tametomo is guarding, but KAMATA's army is defeated and Yoshitomo himself is driven into a difficult situation in which an ornament of his battle helmet is shot through with an arrow.
- 帝(桐壺帝)はそれほど身分の高い家の出ではない桐壺更衣を寵愛し皇子を儲けるが、更衣はやがて病死してしまう。
- Emperor (Emperor Kiritsubo) falls in love with Kiritsubo no Koi, a lower class court lady, and she bears him an Imperial prince, but she soon dies of a disease.
- 厭世心の強い薫は「俗聖」八の宮に興味を持って文通を始め、後には自身で宇治に訪れて親交を深めるようになった。
- Kaoru, who had a strong pessimistic view of life, got interested in Hachi no Miya, 'the saint who is still in this world', began correspondence with him and later he himself paid a visit to Uji and deepened friendship with him.
- 当時、田中は与党議員だったため、自身が農商務大臣に直接かけあうことで収拾がつけられると考えていたとされる。
- Tanaka, who then was a member of the ruling party, thought he would be able to settle down this problem through discussion with the Minster of Agriculture and Commerce.
- 本書執筆のための調査は文政年間(1818年~1829年)にはじまったことが伴存自身の記述から分かっている。
- It is clear that the survey for Gunzanki was conducted between 1818 and 1829 due to Tomoari's statement.
- また、火の番も重要な役割であり、自身番屋の多くには、屋根に梯子(小規模な火の見櫓)や半鐘が備えられていた。
- In addition, watching out for fire was jishinban's another main responsibility and many jishinban-ya had their roofs equipped with a ladder (small fire watchtower called hinomi-yagura) and hansho (fire bell).
- また家老は、主君のための責任要員的な性格があったとの指摘もあり、主君の身代わりとして責任を取ることもあった。
- It has also been pointed out that the Karo post was had the feature of taking responsibility instead of one's master, and actually, some Karo officers took the blame in place of their masters.
- また町政や公事にも参加し、町年寄を選ぶ選挙権や被選挙権を持つなど、社会的身分や公的権利・義務を持つ者である。
- They participated in local politics and public events, also held social status, as well as public rights and obligations, which entitled them voting right and eligibility for machi-doshiyori (ward head) selection.
- なお、尹徳栄子爵(朝鮮貴族)、朴泳孝侯爵(朝鮮貴族)と辜顕栄(台湾出身)は勅選議員として貴族院議員になった。
- Viscount Deogyeong YUN (Korean peerage), Marquis Yonghyo PAK (Korean peerage) and Xianrong GU (Taiwanese) became Kizokuin councilors as Chokusen councilors.
- 叛は国に背いて偽(敵国・反乱者)に従うこと、反は君主の身に危害を及ぼすことなので、謀反と謀叛は意味が異なる。
- While disobedience means betraying one's home country and obeying a false master (enemy, insurgents), countering means threatening one's lord's life, and so a scheme of disobedience and a scheme of countering differ in meaning.
- また、新しい県令などの上層部には旧藩とは縁のない人物を任命するためにその県の出身者を起用しない方針を採った。
- In order to appoint persons who had no relation with a former domain to a senior post such as kenrei, a policy to not appoint those that hailed from prefecture in question was adopted.
- 奇兵隊は身分制度にとらわれない武士階級と農民や町民が混合された構成であるが、袖印による階級区別はされていた。
- Although Kiheitai Army had a mixed personnel organization which consisted of samurais who were free from the class system, peasants and citizens from any social rank, they were hierarchically distinguished by the emblem on sleeves.
- どの帝の御代であったか、それほど高い身分ではないのに帝(桐壺帝)から大変な寵愛を受けた方(桐壺更衣)がいた。
- In a certain reign, there was a lady (Kiritsubo no Koi) not of the first rank whom the Emperor (Emperor Kiritsubo) loved more than any of the others.
- そして、子が親を斬り、叔父を甥が斬り、兄が弟を流罪にし、女性も身を投げる「日本の不思議」であると結んでいる。
- It also makes a conclusion regarding the 'oddity of Japan,' because of the incidents in which a son kills his father, a nephew kills his uncle, an older brother exiles his younger brother and a woman hurls herself toward a certain death.
- 天然の薫香が身から発するために「薫」、それに対抗して名香を常に焚きしめているために「匂宮」と二人は呼ばれる。
- He is called 'Kaoru' because he gives off natural sweet scent from his body, while Nioumiya suffuses his clothes with the fragrance of fine incense which will be called 'Niou Miya.'
- 事が露見し冷泉帝の身に危機が及ぶことを恐れた藤壺は、源氏にも身内にも知らせず桐壺帝の一周忌の後突然出家した。
- Fujitsubo, afraid that their affairs would be laid bare and that it would plunge Emperor Reizei into a crisis, suddenly becomes a Buddhist nun after the first year's anniversary of Emperor Kiritsubo's death, without telling either Genji or any other member of her family about it.
- なお、大井自身は第2回衆議院議員総選挙における選挙干渉の影響で落選していた(第3回衆議院議員総選挙で復帰)。
- Meanwhile, Oi lost the second general election of the members of the House of Representatives due to the Cabinet's intervention in the election (He was reelected in the third general election of the members of the House of Representatives).
- 殿上人・雲客と呼び、昇殿を許されない地下人との間に明確な区別があり、公家社会における身分基準の基本とされた。
- There was a clear-cut distinction between people called tenjobito (high-ranking courtiers who were allowed to enter the Imperial Palace) or Unkaku (same meaning as tenjobito) and Jigenin (court officials who were not Tenjobito) whose shoden was not permitted, which was a basic standard of social status in a court noble society.
- 堀田本と構成が異なり、原本にない図を加えたところもあり、「名山図志」という書名も伴存自身が採った物ではない。
- The construction of the books is different from the Hotta-bon and some illustrations, which did not exist in the original, were added; and the part of the title 'Meizan Zushi' was not chosen by Tomoari.
- これらの人々に次ぐ7代の長厳は修験者ではあるが園城寺とは関係がないばかりか、真言宗系の仁和寺の出身であった。
- Cyogen, the 7th-generation Kumano Sanzan Kengyo after these predecessors, was a ascetic Buddhist monk; however, he not only had no association with Enjo-ji Temple, but also was from the Shingon Sect line's Ninna-ji Temple.
- 雪中行軍参加者のほとんどは岩手県、宮城県の農家の出身者であり、普段冬山などに接する機会がない者たちであった。
- Most of the soldiers who joined the march were from farm families in Iwate Prefecture and Miyagi Prefecture, having had no chance to climb winter mountains before.
- 第百三十四国立銀行(百三十四銀行)→第十一国立銀行と統合し愛知銀行 (東海銀行の前身)(現三菱東京UFJ銀行)
- The 134th National Bank (Hyakusanjushi Bank) -> integrated with the 11th National Bank and became the Aichi Bank (the predecessor of the Tokai Bank) (the current Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ).
- 世話を焼く妹尼たちの前ではかたくなに心を閉ざし、身の上も語らず、物思いに沈んでは手習にしたためて日を過ごした。
- In the presence of imotoama and others who attended her, she stubbornly shut her mind, told nothing about her conditions and spent the day doing Tenarai (writing practice) in a pensive mood.
- 夫はこの妻を見ると苦しいこともすべて忘れてしまい、常に一緒におり、この妻のためなら身の危険も財産もいとわない。
- Her husband forgets his sufferings every time he sees her, and always stays with her, not minding that he will be put in danger or lose his fortune for her.
- 和歌所設置に際し、撰者を含む十一名の寄人と開闔源家長が任命され、後鳥羽院自身も歌を親選したりして深く関わった。
- When the Wakasho Agency was established, 11 Yoryudo (clerks), including the anthologists, and the kaigo (post) MINAMOTO no Ienaga, were chosen, and the ex-emperor Gotobain was deeply involved in the work, such as in choosing poems.
- 幕末期に徳山藩出身で後に有栖川宮家に仕えた国学者飯田忠彦によって執筆されて、嘉永4年(1851年)に完成した。
- During the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the book was written by Tadahiko IDA, who was a scholar of Kokugaku (National Learning) from Tokuyama Domain and served the Arisugawa no Miya family later and it was completed in 1851.
- 自身が京へ上ってからも、田舎育ちで受領の娘という身分の低さであまたの源氏の愛人達にひけをとるのではと懸念した。
- Even after she herself went up to Kyoto, she was apprehensive that she might be outdone by Genji's numerous lovers due to her humble origin in being a local governor's daughter who had been reared in the country.
- また外国における公使は、容易に逮捕されないなど外交特権をもつことを相互承認し、公使の身分保障を約束されていた。
- It was acknowledged with each other that ministers in foreign countries have diplomatic privileges such as one for not easily arrested and guarantee of status for ministers were promised.
- 挙兵時は尊皇攘夷の旗印の下に集った志士達であったが、身内虐待の情報による動揺は藤田らも抑えることができなかった。
- Those patriots gathered under the emblem on flag of Sonnno Joi when the army was raised, but they, even Fujita and other core members, could not help feeling disturbed about their family being abused.
- このため、大川自身も計画に参加した大日本帝国陸軍将校によるクーデター計画・十月事件を「錦旗革命事件」とも称する。
- Thus, the October Incident in which OKAWA participated, plotted by the military officers of Imperial Japanese Army, was also called 'Kinki Revolution Coup.'
- それによって陰陽師の身分もなくなる事になり、陰陽師たちは庇護を失い転職するか、独自の宗教活動をするようになった。
- This deprived Onmyoji of their social status, and Onmyoji, who lost patronage, changed jobs, or went into their own religious activities.
- 特に、沖縄県出身の言論人太田朝敷が、抗議の中心となり、沖縄県全体に非難の声が広がり、県出身者の展覧を止めさせた。
- In particular, Chofu OTA, a media figure from Okinawa, led the protest movement, raising a chorus of complaints throughout Okinawa Prefecture, which put an end to the display of the Okinawa people.
- 過去の経験の蓄積、良好な土地選定、農民出身者が多かったことなど、好条件が重なり、後期屯田の経営は好成績を収めた。
- Under favorable conditions such as accumulated past experiences, favorable land choices and a large number of former farmers, the management of the late-period tondenei settlements gained good results.
- しかし、大航海時代を経て強力な海洋技術を身につけた西欧諸国に対して対等に渡り合える力は当時のアジアにはなかった。
- However, many Asian countries during this time did not have the capability to compete on equal terms with West European countries that had already mastered strong oceanic technology through the Age of Geographical Discovery.
- その出身より前期武官総督期、文官総督期、後期武官総督期に分類することができ、各総督の平均在任期間は2年半である。
- The period can be divided based on the background of the Governor-General: the early period of military governor-general, the period of civilian governor-general and the later period of military governor-general, and the tenure of each was two years and a half on average.
- そしてニコライから直接聖アンナ勲章を授与され、当時の金額で2500円の報奨金と1000円の終身年金が与えられた。
- They were given the Anna medal by Nicholas himself, and also given a reward of 2,500 yen plus an additional 1,000 yen pension, which was a tremendous sum for the time.
- 李氏朝鮮時代、日常生活に浸透した朱子学を思想的基盤とした両班は知識人・道徳的指導者を輩出する身分階層に発展した。
- During the Yi Dynasty Korea period, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty), which had Neo-Confucianism permeate their daily lives as their ideological foundation, grew into a status hierarchy that produced intellectual people and ethical leaders.
- 1577年に信長自身率いる大軍をもって和泉国・河内国から紀伊に侵攻(第一次紀州征伐)し、雑賀衆に服属を誓わせた。
- In 1577, a large force led by Nobunaga himself invaded the Kii region (The First Conquest of Kishu) through Izumi Province and Kawachi Province, and forced Saikashu to swear their allegiance.
- 「古今和歌集」仮名序では、「詞はたくみにて、そのさま身におはず、いはば商人のよき衣着たらんがごとし」と評される。
- In 'Kokin Wakashu' Kanajo (Preface of Kokinwakashu written in kana by KI no Tsurayuki), it was written that 'his poems are excellent, but his appearance is not good enough, as a merchant wearing good cloth.'
- そのため、貴子は末流貴族の出身ながら関白の嫡妻、かつ中宮の生母として栄達し、高階成忠は従二位と朝臣の姓を賜った。
- Although she was a descendant of a lower-ranking noble, she rose to a high dignified position, becoming the first wife of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) and a mother of Chugu (the second consort of an emperor), and moreover, TAKASHINA no Naritada was raised to Junii being given the title of a chieftain, Ason.
- 第二次世界大戦前の日本の京都を舞台に、9歳で身売りされ芸者として生きた1人の女性の波乱の人生を描いた物語である。
- The story was set in Kyoto, Japan before World War II and was about the eventful life of a woman who was sold at the age of nine and lived as a geisha (Japanese professional female entertainer at parties).
- また大宝令で停廃されていた采女肩巾田(うねめのひれだ。采女の経費を充当するために出身地に置かれた田)を復活した。
- Also, the Uneme no hireda (rice fields which were kept in one's home province to appropriate the cost to keep maids-in-waiting at the court) was revived.
- また、身分が低く、常假・別假などが保障されていない下級官人も数ヶ月に1度は請假解を出して休暇を請う場合があった。
- There were also some cases where government officials of low ranks, who were not guaranteed 'Joka' and 'Bekka,' submitted Shokage once in several months to request their leave.
- 国家・天皇に対する犯罪のみならず、神社や尊属に対する犯罪も八虐に数えられており、身分による社会秩序を重視している。
- Not only crimes against nation or emperor, but also those against shrines or ancestors were included in the Hachigyaku, which indicates the fact that the social order based on status was valued.
- 伊藤自身が本国に送った手紙では、グナイストは極右で付き合いきれないが、シュタインは自分に合った人物だと評している。
- Ito said in his letter to Japan that he could not be associate with Gneist because he was a right-wing extremist, but had a good chemistry with Stein.
- しかし幕府の側からすると、身分としてはあくまでも「御雇い」であり、臨時雇用の色合いの濃い立場の低い扱いではあった。
- However, from the point of view of the bakufu, these employees were and would always remain of 'oyatoi' (hired) status, and as such, their social position was fully as low as that of temporary employees.
- 一般に三世一身法は、後の墾田永年私財法と併せて、律令体制の根幹である公地公民制の崩壊の第一歩だ、と考えられている。
- Generally the Sanze-isshin law is considered to be the first step for collapse of the Kochi-komin Sei (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens) which is a basis of the Ritsuryo system, along with the later Konden Einen Shizai Law.
- 大君は父宮の遺志を継ぎ宇治の主として独身を貫く決意をしており、その一方で妹の中の君を薫と結婚させようと考えている。
- Oigimi had decided to become celibate for good as a master of the Uji residence, following her late father's will, but, on the other hand, she was planning to marry her younger sister, Naka no kimi, to Kaoru.
- また、幼いこどもたちが処刑されたことを知った為義の北の方も嘆きのあまりに川面に身を投げて夫やこどもたちの後を追う。
- Also, Tameyoshi's wife, knowing that her young children are dead, throws herself down the river to death in the excess of her grief, following her husband and children.
- そして、あれは保身のための謀略であったと弁解し、金忠夫婦の仲介もあって、ついに豊雄は真女児と結婚することとなった。
- She also makes the excuse that it was a trick in order to protect herself, and through the Kanatada couple's intervention Toyoo at last marries Manago.
- 絵柄は数種の構図が知られており、高貴な身分を示す繧繝縁の畳に伏し美麗な几帳の陰に姿を隠したものが最も一般的である。
- Among the various styles of portrait composition known, it was most common to show people of noble birth seated on tatami mats with dyed rims, their figures hidden behind beautiful screens.
- 梶井自身結核に冒されていた(後に結核により早世)こともあり、梶井の作品には本作のほかにも肺病の主人公の作品が多い。
- As a tuberculosis patient himself (and dying young due to the illness), many of the protagonists in Kajii's stories have lung disease.
- 押し殺した妬心が、抑制のうしなわれるたびに身からあくがれでて、源氏の愛する女君たちにあだを成すようになるのである。
- The jealousy she suppressed came out whenever she lost control and harmed the ladies Genji loved.
- また、表記の解釈は同様で、「鏡王の女(むすめ)」とは額田王自身のことを指すのではないかという新説も提出されている。
- A new hypothesis derived from the same assumption states that '女 (daughter of) 鏡王' might actually have been Nukata no Okimi herself.
- 義視自身は結局将軍にはなれなかったが、9代将軍となった義尚が早世したため、義視の子・足利義稙が10代将軍となった。
- Yoshimi himself could not become shogun, but after the ninth shogun Yoshihisa died young, a son of Yoshimi, Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, became the 10th shogun.
- 百姓で3,000石以上の収穫をあげれば勲位六階、1,000石以上は終身庸を免除、八位以上の者は勲位一階を昇叙する。
- Farmers who contributed a crop of over 3,000 koku from their harvest were promoted to the sixth rank in the kuni (order of merit), those who contributed over 1,000 koku received tax exemption for life, and those who already held the eighth court rank or higher were promoted by one rank in the kuni.
- 其角は早速「年の瀬や水の流れも人の身も」と発句し、大高はこれに「あした待たるるこの宝船」と返し、仇討ちをほのめかす。
- Kikaku straightaway started the poem by saying 'the end of the year, the flow of water and even people's lives are,' and Otaka completed and hinted at the revenge by saying 'waiting for the treasure ship to come the next day.'
- その結果、元勲級の閣僚が1人もいなくなり、薩長出身者が全閣僚の半数を割るなど、いつ倒れてもおかしくない状況になった。
- As a result, the situation was that the cabinet could be fallen at any time with no Cabinet member of genkun (the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration) class left, and less than half of the Cabinet members from Satsuma and Choshu.
- 日本酒はたんなる贅沢品ではなく、地方、とくに東北・北陸などの北国諸藩においては身体を温めるための生活必需品であった。
- Sake was not just a luxury but a necessity of life for people in rural areas, especially in domains in northern regions such as Tohoku and Hokuriku, to warm up.
- 芸娼妓解放令(げいしょうぎかいほうれい)とは、明治政府が1872年に発した遊女の人身売買の規制などを目的とした法令。
- The Geishogi Kaiho Rei is a law issued by the Meiji Government in 1872, whose main aim was to control human traffic of prostitutes.
- 七支刀(しちしとう)の名は、鉾に似た主身の左右から三本ずつの枝刃を出して計て七本の刃を持つ形に由来すると考えられる。
- It is considered that the name of seven-pronged sword was derived from the shape of sword which looks like a halberd and has seven blades in total; From the right and left sides of the main body, three branch blades stick out respectively.
- 『戦国の武将たち』によると、この「阿古」なる人物は荒木村重の側室で身辺を警護する女武者ではなかったかと解説している。
- 'Sengoku no Bushotachi' (literally, Commanders in Sengoku Period) gave an explanation that this person called 'Ako' could be Murashige's concubine who was a female warrior who guarded Murashige's security.
- だが県の役人は江戸時代の刑罰では死刑囚の身体を破壊するものであり、生き返ったなどといった前例があるわけでもなかった。
- However the officers of the prefecture had never heard the precedent about a condemned who resuscitated because they considered punishments of Edo Period were supposed to destroy a condemned phisically.
- 諸外国側の要求は日本在留外国人の身柄の安全保証と当該事件の日本側責任者の厳重処罰、すなわち滝の処刑というものであった。
- The requirements from the foreign countries were the guarantee of safety of the foreigners living in Japan and the severe punishment of the Japanese who was in charge of the incident, which meant the execution of TAKI.
- 劇画『カムイ外伝』では、主人公・カムイが追っ手から逃れるために、前述の民間の黒鍬に混じって身を潜めるシーンが登場する。
- 'Kamui Gaiden' (Kamui the Ninja: Stories Other Than the Legend), a gekiga (graphic novel), has a scene in which the main character, Kamui, holes up in the aforementioned civilian kurokuwa in order to escape from chasers.
- 貴族院出身者の多くは、憲法への賛成は占領下の便宜的な態度であるとして、のちに日本国憲法憲法改正論議論者となっていった。
- Most ex-Kizokuin councilors insisted that agreeing to the Constitution had been just for convienience and became advocates for the revision of the Constitution of Japan.
- 御史大夫は、新しい官名で、後の納言の前身で、大化前代以来、大臣・大連の下にあった国政参議官、大夫の制を官制化したもの。
- The Gyoshi Taifu was also a new official position, which was later changed to Nagon (councilor), and was to transform the system of Kokusei sangi kan (government councilor) and Daibu (master), which had been under Daijin (minister) and Omuraji (military chief) since before the Taika Reform, into the new government-regulated system.
- 定享は質素倹約や新田開発を主とした藩政改革を断行したが、効果が見込めず、また定享自身が若死にしたため、失敗に終わった。
- Reformations based mainly on scrimping and saving along with development of new fields were carried out by Sadamichi, although these turned out unsuccessful and failed after all when Sadamichi died young.
- 戦後の論功行賞は、非難の的だった鹿児島出身将校に厚く、勇戦した他藩出身者に薄かったため、1人の将校が抗議の切腹をした。
- The postwar grant of honors was greater to officers, native to Kagoshima Prefecture who were targets of criticism and smaller to those from other domains who fought bravely, which caused one officer to commit seppuku for protest.
- 屯田兵の下士兵卒には東北諸藩の士族出身が多かったので、戊辰戦争の敵だった鹿児島県士族を相手とするこの戦争に奮い立った。
- There were many former shizoku from Tohoku Domains among noncommissioned officers, and therefore, they were spurred to fight against shizoku in Kagoshima Prefecture, who were enemies in the Boshin War.
- 八条目とは三綱領の細目で「格物」・「致知」・「誠意」・「正心」・「修身」・「斉家」・「治国」・「平天下」の八つである。
- The Eight Steps are the eight detailed items of Sankoryo, consisting of investigation of things ('kakubutsu'), extension of knowledge ('chichi'), sincerity of the will ('seii'), rectification of the mind ('seishin'), cultivation of personal life ('shushin'), regulation of family ('seika'), national order ('chikoku') and world peace ('heitenka').
- 江戸時代に入ると戦死する機会が少なくなったことにより、自然死の場合でも近習等ごく身近な家臣が追い腹をするようになった。
- When Japan entered the Edo period, occasions to die in a battle field decreased, as the result of which close retainers, such as attendant, came to commit suicide to follow his dead master even when the master died of natural cause.
- 大正政変後、公家出身の西園寺は大正天皇から望まれていた第3次桂内閣への協力を拒否した政治的責任を取って辞表を提出した。
- After Taisho Coup, Saionji, who was originally from court noble, took political responsibility and resigned office because he had refused Emperor Taisho's request to support the Third Katsura Cabinet.
- 「日本映画史に残る大失敗作」「大佛が作家としての自身のキャリアに自ら疵を付けた」と酷評された程の悲惨な結果に終わった。
- It came to a miserable end when it was severely criticized as 'the flop that would go down in Japanese movie history,' or 'Osaragi stained his own career as a writer.'
- その容姿は、『角兵衛獅子』に「身長五尺五寸ぐらい。中肉にして白皙、鼻筋とおり、目もと清(すず)し。」という描写がある。
- Regarding his features and figure, he was depicted in 'Kakubei Jishi' as 'a man of about 165 cm in height, medium build, with a fair-complexion, a well-formed nose and beautiful eyes.'
- 養賢には吃音以外、身体に何の障害も無かったのだが、それだけのために青春期らしき明るさも恋愛もすべて抛棄して生きていた。
- Although Yoken had no physical disability except his stammer, that alone caused him to live out his youth giving up all of his hopefulness and love.
- この北海道から東京までの道程が「身には疾あり胸には愁あり、悪因縁は逐(お)えども去らず」に始まる突貫紀行の題材である。
- His return route from Hokkaido to Tokyo became the subject of his Tokkan Kiko (Journal of a Desperate Journey) which begins with the following passage: 'Physically wounded, mentally depressed, I cannot ward off misfortune no matter how hard I may try.'
- 神成文吉大尉は、秋田県の出身で、陸軍教導団を経て陸軍歩兵二等軍曹に任官し、順次昇進して陸軍歩兵大尉となった人物である。
- Captain Bunkichi KANNARI, from Akita Prefecture, was assigned as a staff sergeant of the Army Infantry after having trained in Rikugun Kyododan (an academy established to train noncommissioned officers) and became Army Infantry Captain, being promoted sequentially.
- 議員の任期は原則として7年で、皇族議員、華族議員のうち公爵・侯爵議員、勅任議員のうち勅選議員については終身議員とされた。
- In principle, the term for councilors was seven years but the Imperial family, the princes and marquis councilors from the peerage, and Chokusen Councilors (see below) from the Chokunin Councilors had life tenure.
- 彼らは城下に住み藩主から俸禄を貰っていた武士である藩士とは明確に区別され、また一段下の身分として差別されることもあった。
- Country samurai were clearly distinguished from the feudal retainers living in a castle town and recieving salary from the lord, and sometimes discriminated as a lower-rank samurai.
- さて、寄進の際に出される目録は相手が上位の身分者(寺社に鎮座する神仏を含む)であったため、相応の儀礼を伴うものとなった。
- Mokuroku given with a donation were required to have a certain degree of formality since the recipients were senior persons (including Buddha and other deities enshrined at temples and shrines).
- 持氏は憲実追討のため近臣の一色直兼に軍を与えて差し向け、自身も武蔵国府中高安寺(東京都府中市 (東京都))に陣を構える。
- Mochiuji not only gave a troop to Naokane ISSHIKI, his trusted vassal, to dispatch for hunting down and killing Norizane, but also he himself built a base of operations in Fuchu Koan-ji Temple of the Musashi Province (Fuchu City, Tokyo Megalopolis).
- 参議である板垣退助は閣議において居留民保護を理由に派兵を主張し、西郷隆盛は派兵に反対し、自身が大使として赴くと主張した。
- Sangi (the Councilor) Taisuke ITAGAKI insisted that Japan dispatch the military for protecting Japanese residents in Korea, whereas Takamori SAIGO opposed to send the military and insisted that he himself go to Korea as an ambassador.
- バンダイナムコゲームスから、「花吹雪」「花吹雪2」という名前の全身シール機(プリント倶楽部、またはプリクラ)が出ている。
- Namco Bandai Games Inc. produced sticker makers large enough for one to step into named 'Hanafubuki' and 'Hanafubuki 2.'
- 姫君自身も源氏に好意を寄せているが、源氏の恋愛遍歴と彼と付き合った女君たちの顛末を知るにつけ妻になろうとまでは思わない。
- She also had a liking for Genji, but she did not want to be his wife, because she often heard about his many love affairs and what had become of the women who had been involved with him.
- この巻の中身として想定されているような場面については、作者は構想上の理由であえて省略したのだとしても別に矛盾は生じない。
- Considering the scenes that are regarded as the contents of this chapter, there are no particular inconsistencies even if we suppose that the author purposely omitted them for structural reasons.
- 五色の賎の1つである陵戸と似た法的身分であるが、雑戸には公民と同様に義倉負担の義務を有するところが陵戸とは異なっている。
- Zakko and ryoko (imperial tomb guard) which was one of Goshiki no sen (the base people of five colors) were similar in terms of legal status, but are different in that zakko, as with citizens, were obliged to be involved in giso (to stockpile grain in case of famine).
- 近江国における旗本札発行旗本の特徴としては、交代寄合または旗本寄合席といった大身旗本が発行元となっている点が挙げられる。
- Hatamoto-satsu issued in the Omi Province was provided with the feature that the money was issued by high-class Hatamoto with kotaiyoriai or hatamoto yoriaiseki (a family rank of high-ranking hatamoto, direct vassal of the shogun) status.
- ここに示される田の調とは、田地面積に応じて賦課される租税であり、後の律令制における租庸調の前身に当たるものと見られている。
- It is recognized that 'Cho' for rice field provided for in this article was a land tax imposed according to the area of rice field allotted to each farmer, which was the predecessor form of Soyocho taxes imposed under the later-established Ritsuryo system.
- 主に帯刀を許されない身分の者(農民・商人・職人)の護身用の武器として、また、日本の武術各流派では隠し武器として用いられた。
- Kusarigama was mainly used as a weapon of self-defense for the rank of people who were not permitted to wear a sword (peasants, merchants, craftsmen) and in addition it was used as a hidden weapon in various schools of Japanese martial arts.
- JRとその前身である日本国有鉄道は、同じ地名が重複しそうな時には、後から置かれた駅名に旧国名を頭に付けることを原則とする。
- JR and its predecessor the Japanese National Railways had a rule in that when a new station was built and the place name of the new station was going to overlap with the existing place name, a name of an old provincial name to be prefixed to the name of the station that came later.
- 岡山県出身の作家内田百間の『汽笛一声』で、この事件を元に「鴨方の大尉殺し」という芝居が仕組まれていたとの記載があるという。
- 'Kiteki Issei' by the writer Hyakken UCHIDA from Okayama Prefecture included a content that a play, 'Kamogata no Taii Goroshi' (Murder of a Senior Lieutenant in Kamogata) had created based on the case.
- その後も一君万民論は朝野における思想的底流として根強く、断続的に天皇の権威強化と皇室以外の身分特権の縮小がなされていった。
- Meantime, as the Ikkunbanmin-ron theory was still robust as an undercurrent ideology at the court and among ordinary people, the authority of the emperor was consequently reinforced, and the privileges to the nobles other than the Imperial Family became gradually reduced.
- 海軍では出身地閥より閨閥が重視される傾向が生まれ、海外留学経験・海軍兵学校での席次ともに夫人の血縁が出世の要件と言われた。
- The Navy became inclined to value Keibatsu Blood Connection more than the hometown clique and it was said that the blood relationship of one's wife was the factor of career progress along with experience of studying abroad and the class standing at Naval Academy
- 1871年の廃藩置県後に整った新しい官制で、薩長土肥の出身者が参議や各省の卿の大部分を独占したため、藩閥政府が形成された。
- Under newly-organized governmental system after Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871, most of the councilors and chiefs of the ministries were occupied by the people from Sacchodohi, and the domain-clique government was organized.
- 純友はこの元名の代行として現地に派遣されて運京租税の任にあたるうちに富豪層出身の舎人ら海賊勢力と関係を結んだとされている。
- Sumitomo is said to have established a relationship with the pirates, the toneri (servants) of the Fugo-so (the upper class), after being dispatched to the province to replace Motona and while he was delivering tax money to Kyoto.
- 王陽明自身は「吾が心に省みて非なれば、孔子の言といえども是とせず」と言い切ってはいても、未だ経書への姿勢は謙虚さがあった。
- Although Wang Yangming said, 'if I reflect on myself and find nothing wrong, I cannot accept it as correct even if Confucius says it is,' he still treated the Classics respectfully.
- 例えば「身長4寸」と言われれば、それが5尺4寸の意味であるということは、尺貫法が広く使われていた時代にはほぼ常識であった。
- For example, when someone said '4 sun for height,' it meant 5 shaku and 4 sun, and this was almost common sense when the East Asian traditional system of weights and measures was widely used.
- 五衛府(ごえふ)とは、天皇の身辺警護をはじめ、宮城の警護、京内の夜間巡回などを主な任務とする律令制下の中央軍事組織をいう。
- Goefu was the central military organization under the Ritsuryo System whose main missions were the personal protection of an emperor, the protection of Kyujo (place where an emperor lives), the night patrol in Kyoto and so on.
- 乱後、崇徳院は讃岐に流され、自身の罪業を償うために五部大乗経をしたため、朝廷に石清水八幡宮か長谷寺へと納経の許可を求める。
- Subsequent to the disturbance, Sutoku-in was exiled to Sanuki, and copied the Five Volumes of Mahayana Sutras in order to atone for his sins, asking the Imperial Court to dedicate a copy to Iwashimizu-Hachimangu Shrine or Hasedera Temple.
- 伊井春樹は伊行自身による大幅な改訂が行われたためであるとしており、冷泉家本を第一次本、前田家本を第二次本であるとしている。
- Haruki II believes that this is due to major revisions by Koreyuki himself, and regards the Reizeike manuscript as the first version and the Maedake manuscript as the second version.
- が、この辞世歌については、人麻呂が自身の死を演じた歌謡劇であるとの理解(伊藤博)や、後人の仮託であるとの見解も有力である。
- However, there are some influential theories about the death poem; one says that it is a song-drama in which Hitomaro himself pretended he was dying (Haku ITO) and another says that it is just a pretext provided by people of later generations.
- またそのためには、役所や官吏自身も自分たちが国家の承認を得た公的な立場にある存在であることを証明しておかなければならない。
- For such occasions, the government offices and officials were also required to prove that they were in an official position approved by the nation.
- これを「大坂一乱」または「河内国錯乱」と呼ぶ(石山御坊(大坂)は摂津国だが、実賢支持者に河内出身者が多くいたためである)。
- This is called 'Osaka ichiran' (A Disturbance in Osaka) or 'Kawachikoku sakuran' (Kawachi Province Disturbance) (this is because many supporters of Jitsugen were from Kawachi while Ishiyama Gobo [Osaka] was located in Settsu Province).
- また、地下家には、在野の者が何らかの功績が認められて官位を与えられ、新家として新たに地下の身分を与えられるものも多かった。
- In addition, there were many Jige-ke families who had originally been outside the circles of power, but were promoted out of recognition for their contributions and newly given the status of Jige as new families.
- 現代でも、庚申堂を中心とした庚申信仰の行われている地域では、軒先に身代わり猿を吊り下げる風習が見られ、一目でそれと分かる。
- In the areas where Koshin belief centered on a Koshin hall is deeply rooted, the custom of hanging a monkey effigy from the edge of the eaves is observed, an obvious manifestation of the belief.
- また、四民平等においては武士階級の身分的特権は廃止の必要があり、軍事的にも伝統的特権意識は軍制改革において弊害となっていた。
- According to the idea of equality of all Japanese people, samurai warriors' privileges should be abolished, and their sense of perquisite was a bottleneck in military reforms.
- 身近な街の古い建物にも関心が高まっており、例えば道端の祠のようなものでも、地域の歴史を物語るものとして評価されることがある。
- There is growing interest in old buildings with no particular significance; a small roadside shrine, for instance, is a valuable symbol of local history.
- 地域的支配権の源泉は自分自身の所有する財産や武力であり、広域政権の権威を権力の本質的な源泉とする地方官は豪族とは呼ばれない。
- The source of regional sovereignty was its own properties and military force, and the Chihokan (a local official) whose power substantially derived from the authority in a broader-based political power was not called Gozoku.
- 第八国立銀行→1886年第百三十四国立銀行に合併→第十一国立銀行と統合し愛知銀行 (東海銀行の前身)(現三菱東京UFJ銀行)
- The Eighth National Bank -> merged into the 134th National Bank in 1886 -> integrated with the 11th National Bank and became the Aichi Bank (the predecessor of the Tokai Bank) (the current Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ).
- 平安時代以降には、皇族・公卿など高い身分にある者、または、上級の官職や博士など官職に対しても、俸給が支給されるようになった。
- During the Heian Period and later, men in higher positions such as the Imperial Family and Kugyo, as well as upper ranked government officials and Hakase (Professors), were also receiving remuneration.
- 当時、人売りによって売買される奴隷の価格は二十銭から三十銭とされており、身分もわからない子供の値段として五貫文は高額すぎる。
- In those days, the price of a slave was 20 to 30 sen, so the price of 5 kan (1,000 kan=10,000 yen) seems too expensive for a child with unknown status and background.
- 刀剣は太刀、短刀などの刀身のみ指定されているものと、飾剣(かざりたち)のようにおもに外装が指定対象になっているものとがある。
- In the sub-category of swords, in many cases, only the blade of the tachi (long sword), tanto (dagger) or other swords are made a national treasure, while in the case of kazari-tachi (decorative swords), most often it is the exterior bodywork (the hilt, etc.), not the blade, that is named a national treasure.
- 観世長俊は観世座の「脇の仕手」として棟梁である大夫を補佐した名人であり、また自身も作者としていくつかの能を残した人物である。
- Nagatoshi KANZE was a famous master performer who supported the leading part at the Kanze-za Theater, and also wrote several of his plays.
- 抑商政策が採られて株仲間は解散を命じられ、大名に囲米を義務づけて、旧里帰農令によって江戸へ流入した百姓を出身地に帰還させた。
- He adopted the commerce suppression policy, the dissolution of trade guilds (kabunakama) and the compulsory reservation of rice in a domain (kakoimai), and enforced a law to make peasants coming to Edo return their agricultural communities with financial support.
- また、1917年のロシア帝国崩壊後は日本が一手に利権の扶植に走り、ついに1932年には自身の傀儡国家である満州国を建国した。
- Japan immediately sought to fill the vacuum after the disintegration of the Russian Empire in 1917, and finally established the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932.
- 紫の上の憂慮はひとかたならず、源氏自身もほんの少女にすぎない彼女に対して愛情を感じられないが、兄帝の願いを無下には断れない。
- Lady Murasaki is deeply concerned with this, and while Genji himself can't feel affection for the third princess because she is a mere child, he also can't turn down his older brother and the Emperor's offer.
- この一連の記事によって、幸徳秋水らは山縣有朋の恨みを買い、それが幸徳自身に処刑という厳しい処置が課される原因となったという。
- Due to a series of articles on this topic, Aritomo YAMAGATA resented Shusui KOTOKU, and this led to the severe measures of KOTOKU's execution.
- 中国において士人とは時代的変遷はあるものの概ね、儒家としての人文的教養を身につけ、支配的・指導的な立場にある者のことをいう。
- In China, although it has been changed through periods, Shijin usually refers to a person who has an education of literature as Confucianist and a ruling or leading status.
- これに対して同書は板垣監修の書であり、仮に板垣自身が関与したとしてもその事実を記載をするとは考えにくいとする史料批判がある。
- Others, however, have criticized ITAGAKI's account on the basis that he himself edited the book and so is an unreliable source.
- 13代将軍徳川家定正室として江戸城大奥の総責任者であった天璋院(近衛敬子)は、薩摩国の出身で島津斉彬の養女であった縁がある。
- As the seishitsu (legal wife) of the thirteenth Shogun, Iesada TOKUGAWA, Tenshoin (Sumiko KONOE) was the person chiefly responsible for management of affairs inside Edo-jo Castle Ooku (the inner palace of Edo-jo Castle); in addition, she was from Satsuma Province and was the adopted daughter of Nariakira SHIMAZU, so she had connections with Satsuma (the new government side).
- なおこのことから正成自身も忍者であったかのように言われることがあるが、正成自身はむしろ普通の戦働きでならした侍であったらしい。
- For this reason, Masanari is sometimes told as if he was Ninja himself, but Masanari rather seemed to be a warrior who showed a great performance in general battlefields.
- 大名の妻子は江戸への在住を義務づけられ、家老クラスの重臣については、彼らの身内から交替で証人(人質)を提出させて江戸においた。
- Wives and children of feudal lords were required to live in Edo and senior vassals such as Karo (chief retainer) put pawns (hostages) in Edo from their family members in turn.
- 正式名称は不明だが当時の法令を収集した政府刊行の法令全書の目録には、「穢多非人ノ称ヲ廃シ身分職業共平民同様トス」と書かれいる。
- In the catalogue of a complete works book of laws published by the Government whose formal title is not known, it is stated that 'names of Eta and Hinin are to be abolished and their status and trades are to be the same as Heimin (commoner)'.
- 会の議事細則は府県会自身が定めて府知事・県令が許可し(第9条)、議長と副議長は府県会の議員から公選して府知事・県令が認可する。
- Fuken-kai's detailed regulations for proceedings were set by Fuken-kai itself and were approved by the prefectural governor (Article 9), and the chairman and vice-chairman were to be elected by public election from among prefectural councilors and were approved by the prefectural governors.
- 位階のうち五位以上の者には位田・位封・位禄・位分資人が給与されるなど多くの特権が与えられており、特別の身分階層を形成していた。
- Those at the Fifth Rank or above received a number of privileges such as being granted fields, fiefs, stipends, and servants, and developed into a special social class.
- しかし、それ以前に身請されて結婚、あるいは囲われる者も多く、また一部はやり手、縫い子となり、一生を廓の中で過ごす者も存在した。
- Though, there were many yujo who were redeemed and got married or kept by a man; there were also some yujo who became yarite (female managers) or nuiko (literally, a girl who sews), spending their whole life in the red-light district.
- また藩兵の軟弱さを嘆いた長州藩士高杉晋作は、新たに武士以外の身分を含む奇兵隊などの諸隊を結成し、後の長州藩の武力となっていく。
- In the meantime, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, a member of the Choshu clan, lamented their weak troops and started to form new groups to include ordinary, non-samurai class people, such as Kihei-tai (a cavalry squad), which could help the Choshu clan.
- しかし同月末に外国船に反撃され、砲台を占拠されるなど、実際には攘夷の困難さを身をもって知ることとなる(四国艦隊下関砲撃事件)。
- However, the foreign vessels fought back at the end of the same month and occupied the gun battery in Choshu (the Battles of Shimonoseki); actually, this incident provided a good opportunity for the Choshu clan to reconsider how difficult it would be to expel foreigners.
- しかし実際には、新政府発足以来、この4藩出身者の中で熾烈な権力闘争・路線闘争が展開されることによって明治政府が運営されていた。
- However, virtually since the inauguration of the new government, the Meiji Government was administered in an environment of severe conflict over authority and policy among the former members of the Four Domains.
- 多くの伝承では赤ん坊は成人して高徳の僧侶になったとするものが多いが、実在の僧侶で、この赤ん坊の後身であるとされている例がある。
- Many traditions say that the baby has grown up to be a distinguished monk of virtue, and there are some examples of real monks who were said to be identified as this baby.
- しかし、これは穂積以貫が記録した『難波土産』に門左衛門の語として書かれているだけであり、門左衛門自身が書き残した芸能論はない。
- This idea was introduced as Monzaemon's by Ikan HOZUMI in 'Naniwa Miyage' (Souvenir of Naniwa) but there are no theories on performing art written by Monzaemon himself.
- こうした急進的な木戸・大隈路線に大久保利通は警戒を強め、得能良介・松方正義ら薩摩藩出身者を大蔵省に入れて大隈を牽制しようとした
- Toshimichi OKUBO got so alarmed by the radical line of Kido and Okuma, therefore he brought Ryosuke TOKUNO and Masayoshi MATSUKATA into the Ministry of Treasury in attempted to put a brake on Okuma.
- ---江戸は女性の比率が二割といわれ独身の男性が非常に多く、宮使いで制約の多かった下級武士の専門の弁当屋として成り立っていた。
- It is said that female accounted for only 20 percent and unmarried males occupied large part of the population of Edo city; in those circumstances, makanai vendors sold box lunches to lower-ranking samurai, who served as the government officials under many restrictions.
- 自身番は、地元住民が交代で役割を担っていたことから、現在も地域の安全の拠点となる消防団の詰所や公民館として跡地が残る場所が多い。
- Because local citizens took turns to work as guards, the tradition lives to this day, and many of these stations remain today as volunteer fire stations, which are bases for local security, or community centers.
- また、元亀3年(1572年)に信長が京都に自身の屋敷を建てた際には、3月に顕如から万里江山の一軸と白天目の茶碗を贈呈されている。
- When Nobunaga built his own residence in Kyoto in 1572, Kennyo presented him with a scroll depicting Wan Li Jiang Shan mountain and a Shiro Tenmoku tea bowl in April.
- 「御雇(おやとい)」とは(とくに外国人に限らず)武家でない身分の者を、その専門技芸において幕府の「御用」に徴用することを指した。
- Oyatoi' refers to the hiring of someone (unnecessary to be a foreigner) who does not belong to a samurai family for his or her special skills or knowledge in order to accomplish the bakufu's 'goyo' (official business).
- 特に古代から近世に至るまで身近な大国であった中国の中華文化の影響は大きく、文学、言語、宗教に至るまで、中華文化由来の文化は多い。
- The nearby nation of China, prominent from ancient to modern times, had a particularly great effect on literature, language and religion, many aspects of which came from Chinese culture.
- このとき院であった崇徳は自身の息子である重仁親王の即位を期待するが、美福門院の差し金で、即位したのは四宮(後白河天皇)であった。
- Sutoku, who has already been cloistered, expects his son Prince Shigehito to succeed to the throne, but instead Prince Yon no Miya (Emperor Goshirakawa) takes the throne at the prompting of Bifukumonin.
- この原則は江戸幕府にも継承され、人身の永代売買を禁じるとともに『御成敗式目』第41条を根拠に譜代下人の年紀は最大10年とされた。
- This principle was inherited by the Edo bakufu, which banned Eitai baibai (buying and selling permanently) of a person, and the Nenki of fudai genin (low-ranked people in the hereditary succession) was set to a maximum of 10 years on the ground of the 'Goseibai-shikimoku' Article 41.
- 国家学会(こっかがっかい)は、1887年(明治20年)2月に設立された東京大学法科大学(東京大学法学部の前身)の研究団体である。
- Kokkagakkai is a study group at law school of the University of Tokyo (the predecessor of the Faculty of Law at the University of Tokyo) founded in February 1887.
- 身分的には下層社会であったが、優れた技術力と豊富な資金量は武士を圧倒する面もみせ、独自の都市文化(町人文化)の形成発展に寄与した。
- In the social status, they ranked at lower position but showed superiority over the samurai class at times with their outstanding craftsmanship and abundant financial resources, which contributed to the development of distinctive urban cultures (Chonin culture [townsmen culture].)
- 右足を踏み出し、次に左足を踏み出した時の、起点から踏み出した左足までの長さ(日本語でいう「2歩」)を「1歩」とする身体尺であった。
- Bu was body measurement and 'one bu' was the length of two steps.
- 清浦は枢密顧問官に転身する1906年まで貴族院議員として研究会に所属し、研究会を政党に対抗するための牙城として育成する事に努めた。
- Kiyoura belonged to Kenkyukai as a member of the House of Peers and made efforts to develop the faction as a stronghold to compete with political parties until 1906 when he became a Privy Councillor.
- また「穿・衣・吃飯、即ち是れ人倫物理なり」とも述べ、食欲や衣服を身につけようとすることは人間の本来の自然だとし、人欲を全肯定した。
- He also stated that appetite and desire to wear clothes are innate human nature, meaning these are approved desires.
- 彼らはその身の中で、万民を救うという士大夫的責任感と「知行合一」とを結合させ、以下に述べるような社会批判を繰り広げていくのである。
- They combined the shidafu elite's idea of responsibility for giving relief to the nation with the idea of 'chigyo goitsu' and developed the criticisms to be described below.
- 真田隊や毛利隊がどれだけ家康自身に迫ったのかは諸説あり、そのため後世の錦絵や再現イラスト、歴史漫画では様々な想像図が描かれている。
- There are several theories on how closely the Sanada troop and the Mori troop chased after Ieyasu himself, and a variety of drawings on imagination were made on nishikie (colored woodblock prints), illustrated reenactment, and historical manga (comic books) in later ages.
- そのため、長俊自身の作品、また長俊の父である観世小次郎信光、そして同時代に活動した金春禅鳳については、特に信頼度の高い資料である。
- As such, this is a particularly reliable resource for the works of Nagatoshi himself as well as his father, Nobumitsu KANZEKOJIRO, and Zenpo KONPARU, who was also active during this period.
- また、『兵範記』によれば、処刑は息子である義朝自身が実行したと考えられるが、物語では鎌田正清と波多野義通によっておこなわれている。
- According to 'Heihan-ki,' he was executed by his son Yoshitomo, but the tale says Masakiyo KAMATA and Yoshimichi HATANO killed him.
- ところが、その小松が病に倒れてしまった(翌年36歳で急死)ために、病床の小松が代役として推挙したのが肥前藩出身の大隈重信であった。
- However, because KOMATSU became sick (suddenly died next year, at the age of 36), the man who KOMATSU recommended as his substitute was Shigenobu OKUMA from the Hizen Domain.
- また、安政以降改定がなされなかったため、最後の改訂から明治維新で地下という身分が消滅した時点までの当主が判らないという欠点もある。
- It also has the defect that because it was not revised after the Ansei era, it cannot identify the heads during the period from the last revision to the Meiji Restoration, when the status of Jige was discontinued.
- これを直ちに事実とすることには問題があるものの、陶部の工人(陶人)が新羅や百済の出身を多く抱えていたことの反映とみる考え方がある。
- This could not be soon regarded as a fact, but may be considered as a reflection of the fact that many of the Suebe craftsmen came from Silla and Baekje.
- 名張市の出身で、表面上は伊賀一帯を仕切る土豪だったが、裏では伊賀忍者の上忍で、伊賀忍者を統括する3人組の一人であったと言われている。
- Tanba was originally from Nabari City and his public face was a Dogo (powerful local clan), who was responsible for the whole Iga Province, but he was a Jonin of Iga Ninja behind the scenes, and one of three rulers of the Iga Ninja.
- 「力士に腕を折られる」や「商家の跡取り息子が身代を潰す」等、福沢諭吉の人間性を見る上でも、当時の世相を見る上でも興味深い表現が多い。
- Many interesting expressions, such as 'an arm broken by a sumo wrestler', or 'a son of a merchant who took his father's business ruins the business', can be found in his writing, providing good insights for us to review how the society of the time worked, and to understand Fukuzawa himself.
- 白兵抜刀攻撃に対抗するため、官軍は士族出身の兵卒を選び抜刀隊を組織したが、討ち破られたため、3月13日、新たに警視抜刀隊を組織した。
- The government army formed Battotai (drawn sword squad) with soldiers selected from the warrior class for the close fighting with swords but it was defeated; then, on March 13, the government army newly formed the Keishibatto-tai troop (drawn sword squad of police officers.)
- 平安時代から続く、丑の刻参りという呪術があり、古くは神木(神体)に釘を打ち付け、自身が鬼となって恨む相手に復讐するというものである。
- There is an occult art called Ushi no koku mairi that has continued from the Heian period, which one would drive a nail into a sacred tree, become a demon and invoke a curse on a hated enemy.
- 山内弘一は大和朝廷が中国から導入した自身を中心とし周辺国を蔑む天下的世界認識や華夷思想によって朝鮮半島の新羅を「蕃国」と位置づけた。
- Koichi YAMAUCHI has pointed out the following; the Yamato Dynasty positioned Silla of the Korean Peninsula as a 'barbarian country' by the recognition of the world which put itself on the center and despised surrounding countries and the Sinocentrism which were introduced by China.
- しかし、著者である慈円自身が見たことがない、と言っているように、本当に『保元物語』のことを言っているのかどうか、不安視されてもいる。
- However, as the author Jien himself wrote that he had not been able to see it, it is questioned that the account really refers to 'Hogen Monogatari.'
- また、国事犯や大名が処罰される場合にも大名家への預が行われ、単なる預と終身赦免がないことを前提とした「永預(ながあずけ)」があった。
- Also, when kokujihan (political prisoner) or daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) was punished, they were taken to a daimyo family, and there were systems of 'azuke' and 'nagaazuke,' in which there is no remission in lifetime.
- しかし、これには身分・家格を廃して四民平等を導入せねばならず、すなわち江戸時代の特権階級のうち最大の人口を占める武士の解体を意味する。
- However, the universal conscription required to abolish the social and family status and introduce the equality of all people, which meant nothing but the dissolution of the samurai class that accounted for the largest part of the privileged class in the Edo period.
- 御庭番は、庭の番の名目で御殿に近づくことができため、報告にあたっては御目見得以下の御家人身分であっても将軍に直接面会することもあった。
- The oniwaban could get close to the shogun's palace due to their duty as the garden security guard and sometimes met the shogun in person to report the intelligence they collected even though they were just a Gokenin (retainers) which was the lower position than Omemie (the vassals with the privilege to have an audience with the shogun.)
- 天皇、貴族から下級官人、防人など様々な身分の人間が詠んだ歌を4500首以上も集めたもので、成立は759年(天平宝字3)以後と見られる。
- It is thought that the Manyoshu was completed after 759, with more than 4,500 poems composed by people of different birth from emperors and nobles to lower ranked officials and Sakimori (soldiers garrisoned at strategic posts in Kyushu in ancient times), and so on.
- そのため、伊行自身による改訂のほかに別人が独立した注釈書にするために編纂するに当たって大幅な内容の取捨選択が行われたと考える説もある。
- For this reason, there is a theory that in addition to the revisions by Koreyuki himself, someone else made significant decisions on what to include when compiling the Genji Shaku into an independent commentary.
- ところが、その最中に親平氏政権派の高倉上皇が死去、続いて2月4日 (旧暦)(1181年3月20日)には清盛自身も謎の高熱を発して死去。
- However, the pro-Taira clan government, retired Emperor Takakura died in the midst, and subsequently Kiyomori himself also died on March 3, 1181 due to misterious high fever.
- これは貯蔵を目的としたものではなく大量の出玉を来店客にアピールすることを目的としているため、蓋がなく中身が直接見えるようになっている。
- Because the box is not intended to be used for storage but to appeal the amount of balls to other customers, it has no cover and its inside can be seen directly.
- また、三角寛は『上記』の発見場所と同じ大分県出身であり、『上記』には三角寛だけが紹介したサンカ文字とよく似ている文字が使用されている。
- Also, Kan MISUMI was from Oita prefecture where 'Uetsufumi' was discovered, and characters very similar to Sanka characters are used in 'Uetsufumi' which only Kan MISUMI introduced.
- すなわち、奈良時代当時、三世一身法や墾田永年私財法の施行によって、公地公民制や律令制に大きな破綻が訪れるという意識は存在していなかった。
- That is, when Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were enacted in the Nara Period, these Laws were not regarded as leading to collapse of Kochi Komin sei and the Ritsuryo system.
- しかし、大正政変を経て誕生した「桂新党」(立憲同志会→憲政会)は立憲政友会とともに政党政治をリードすることになる立憲民政党の前身である。
- However, it should be noted that the 'Katsura Shinto' (Katsura New Party) established after the period of Taisho Seihen was the forerunner of the Rikken Minseito (Party of Democratic Constitutionalism), which would lead party politics along with the Seiyukai (later, Katsura Shinto was developed into the Rikken Doshikai [Party of Comrades of Constitutionalism] and then into the Kenseikai [Party of Constitutionalism]).
- 1879年に内務省 (日本)直轄の集治監が小菅(現在の東京拘置所の敷地にあった)と宮城(宮城刑務所の前身)を皮切りに全国各地に作られた。
- Starting in Kosuge (which was located on the site of today's Tokyo Detention House) and Miyagi (the predecessor of Miyagi Prison) in 1879, Shujikan were built across the country under the direct control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan).
- 『申楽談儀』同様に世阿弥自身の発言であり極めて重要な資料だが、「○○作」「××曲」の定義については議論が分かれており、注意が必要である。
- Like 'Sarugaku Dangi,' this is an extremely important resource, as it contains the words of Zeami himself; but it should be used with caution because the opinion is divided regarding the definition of 'written by XX' and 'composed by XX' notation.
- なお「あさきゆめみし」ではこの幻は光源氏の霊として描かれており、後には身の処遇に迷う浮舟に仏門の道を指し示す導き手としても登場している。
- In the meantime, this phantom is depicted as the spirit of Hikaru Genji in 'Asaki Yume mishi' (Japanese contemporary comic based on the Tale of Genji) and it also appears as a guide who instructed Ukifune, who was wondering what to do with herself, to enter the Buddhist priesthood.
- 権門出身で気が強く、その激しさは藤壺中宮の母后が桐壺帝からの入内要請に恐れをなしたほどだったが、それだけ重々しい存在感を示す女性である。
- Lady Kokiden came from a powerful family and was so fierce that the mother of Fujitsubo Chugu was afraid of the request from the Emperor Kiritsubo to send her daughter into the court, but it was a proof of her dignified presence.
- 朝廷軍は壊走し、別将の丈部善理ら戦死者25人、矢にあたる者245人、川で溺死する者1036人、裸身で泳ぎ来る者1257人の損害を出した。
- The Imperial army routed and suffered a loss of 25 soldiers killed including an officer HATSUSEBE no Zenri, 245 hit by arrow, 1036 drowned in the river, and 1257 naked to cross the river.
- その兼実自身も驚くほど、守護地頭の設置申請が朝廷の諸国に対する支配権を大きく変え得る内容の権能を要求したものであったということができる。
- As the Kanezane was surprised, it seemed that the application to place shugo and jito included the request of capacity and power that could change the influence of the Imperial Court towards the various districts dramatically.
- 御庭番出身の者が出世すれば当然に軽輩の職務である御庭番からは離れることになるがその子が新たに幕府に出仕するときは御庭番となる定めであった。
- When an oniwaban got a promotion, he naturally resigned the position of oniwaban which was for the lower-class retainers, however when his child stared working for the bakufu, the first position of this child had to be the oniwaban.
- しかしながら、単なる商工身分の者全般を町人と呼ぶわけではなく、特にブルジョワ階級である旦那衆のことを指し、家屋敷を所有する者のことを言う。
- It must be noted that the term was not used for all the people classified in artisans and merchants classes but referred to the owners and the masters who made up the bourgeoisie and possessed their own estates.
- そのため、安土桃山時代に武士と百姓間の職業的・身分的な分離が進み、関ヶ原の戦いと江戸時代初期の大大名の盛んな加増・移封によって完成された。
- Therefore, the separation of the occupations and social ranks between samurai and peasants progressed in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and it was completed by the Battle of Sekigahara and by actively adding or changing Daidaimyo's (a feudal lord having a greater stipend) territories in the early Edo period.
- 現存する養老律令の田令には、農地開墾に関する規定がないことから、特に墾田を推奨するため、三世一身法を特別措置法的に定めたものと考えられる。
- It is considered that the Sanze-isshin Law was established as a special measure especially to urge cultivation of rice fields because there were no regulations concerning the cultivation in the Denryo (the law about providing rice fields) of the existing Yoro Ritsuryo code.
- ただし、征韓論の中心的人物であった西郷自身の主張は出兵ではなく開国を勧める遣韓使節として自らが朝鮮に赴く、むしろ「遣韓論」と言う説もある。
- However, it is said that the insistence of Saigo, who was the central figure of Seikanron, was not on dispatching military but on his himself going there as a Japanese official diplomatic delegation and on asking Korea to open its country to the world (this insistence is called 'Kenkanron' [the insistence on sending delegations to Korea).
- 近時、元木泰雄は、弟たちを処刑したのは義朝自身の意思で、対立状態の続く河内源氏を統制するためにおこなったものではないかとの推測をしている。
- Yasuo MOTOKI recently made a conjecture that Yoshitomo would have killed the younger brother and others in order to control Kawachi Genji (Minamoto clan), being in conflict.
- まだ道貞の妻だった頃、冷泉天皇の第三皇子為尊親王(977年-1002年)との熱愛が世に喧伝され、身分違いの恋だったとて親から勘当を受けた。
- While she was still Michisada's wife, her love affair with the third son of Emperor Reizei, Prince Tametaka (977 - 1002), became the gossip of the court, and she was disowned by her father for loving someone above her station.
- 天暦五年(951年)には学生の身ながら和歌所の寄人となり、梨壺の五人の一人として『万葉集』の訓点作業と『後撰和歌集』の撰集作業に参加した。
- In 951, though he was still a student, he became a member (yoriudo) of the Wakadokoro (Bureau of Poetry), editing the Man'youshu and selecting waka for the Gosen Wakashu as one of the 'Five Gentlemen of the Pear Chamber.'
- イザナギは、黄泉の穢れから身を清めるために、竺紫(つくし)の日向(ひむか)の橘の小門(をど)の阿波岐原(あはきはら)へ行って、禊を行った。
- Izanagi went to Awaaki-hara by the river-mouth of Tachibana of Himuka in Tsukushi and performed a purification ceremony to purify himself from the Yominokuni's impurity.
- ワカヒルメはオオヒルメすなわちアマテラスの分身であり、スサノオの行為によってアマテラスが死んだというのが元々の伝承ではないかと考えられる。
- The original transmission is thought to have suggested that Wakahirume should be Ohirume, other self of Amaterasu, and the reckless demeanor of Susano should cause the death of Amatersu.
- このため、天平12年8月14日_(旧暦)(740年)には、一定年限ごとに中身を入れ替えるために太政官符と鑰の交付を受けることが命じられた。
- For this reason, on September 13, 740, the order was made to receive the official document issued by the Daijokan and key at regular intervals to change the content of the fudoso.
- 著者は不明であるが、勧修寺流吉田経房の『吉記』をはじめ同流の出身者の日記が多く引用されていることから、勧修寺流関係者説が有力とされている。
- The authors are unknown, but one theory widely accepted is that it was written by the people concerned with the school of Kaju-ji Temple because many quotations had come from diaries of the people from the school, including 'Kikki' (diary of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA) of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA from the school of Kaju-ji Temple.
- 写本の吉野郡名山図志、和州吉野郡名山図志、吉野郡山記といった題によっても知られるが、伴存自身が書名として採ったのは和州吉野郡群山記である。
- The book is known with titles such as manuscripts 'Yoshinogun Meizan zushi', 'Washu Yoshinogun Meizan zushi' and 'Yoshino Gunzanki', but the title that Tomoari chose for himself was 'Washu Yoshinogun Gunzanki'.
- 江戸時代も年代が経つにつれて、一代家老が登用される例が微増して行き一代家老に対して、家老連綿の家柄である門閥出身の家老を、永代家老と呼んだ。
- Over the years in the Edo period, the examples of an Ichidai-garo officer being appointed increased little by little, and in contrast to these Ichidai-garo officers, the Karo officers from families that had produced a Karo officer for generations were called Eidai-garo (permanent Karo).
- このため、後身銀行である現在の銀行の設立年月日はこの時期になっているものが多く、国立銀行の設立日は「創業日」として扱われているケースが多い。
- Therefore, the dates of establishment of many current banks, which are the successors to the National Banks, are around that period, and the dates of establishment of the National Banks are often regarded as 'the dates of foundation.'
- 尾張国(愛知県西部)出身の戦国大名である織田信長は、駿河国の今川氏を撃退し、斎藤氏から美濃国を奪取したのち、上洛を目的として近江に侵攻した。
- Nobunaga ODA, a feudal lord from Owari Province (the western part of Aichi Prefecture), fought off the Imagawa clan of Suruga Province and seized Mino Province from the Saito clan, then they invaded Omi in order to go to the capital.
- 律令制社会の実態を観察すると、本質的な奴隷身分は奴婢などの賎民に限られており、社会全体に奴隷制が存在していなかったことが明らかになっている。
- By studying the reality of the society based on the Ritsuryo system, it has become apparent that slavery did not generally exist in society because the essential slave class was limited to the nui and other senmin.
- まず朱子は「親」を「新」と読み替え、「民を新たにす」(自分自身の明徳を明らかにした君子が、他者にまでそれを及ぼし革新する)という風に解した。
- Zhu Xi read the word 'qin', meaning 'being affectionate,' as 'xin,' meaning 'new,' and interpreted 'xinmin' as 'renovating the people', meaning that a man of virtue, who has discoverd his own virtue, spread it to others and renewed them.
- 通行手形持参人の身元、旅行の目的(諸国寺社参拝等)、関所通過の要請、関係諸官への便宜・保護要請、発行者の身分所在地等、などが記載されている。
- Identity of the person who carried the tsuko-tegata, purpose of travel (such as visiting temples and shrines in various provinces), request for passing sekisho, request for convenience and protection to related officers, identity and address of the issuer and the like were written on it.
- 『千載和歌集』の編者として知られる藤原俊成の曽祖父に当たり、長家自身も、勅撰集に44首の作品が入首するなど、歌壇の中心的人物の一人であった。
- He was a great-grandfather of FUJIWARA no Toshinari, who was known as the editor of 'Senzai Wakashu' (Collection of Japanese Poems of a Thousand Years), and he himself was one of the central figures of poetry circles with 44 poems chosen for Chokusen shu (anthology of poems collected by Imperial command).
- 朝廷軍は壊走し、別将の丈部善理ら戦死者25名、矢にあたる者245名、川で溺死した者1,036名、裸身で泳ぎ来る者1,257名の損害を出した。
- The Imperial army took to flight, leaving 25 soldiers killed, including the adjutant general HATSUSEBE no Zenri, 245 soldiers shot by arrows, 1,036 soldiers drowned in the river and another 1,257 soldiers who crossed the river without clothes.
- これを不服として忍者側は村役人に訴え出たが、村役人側は、士分としての身分を放棄して帰農するか、棒役を務めるならば仲介に立つと申し渡したという。
- Ninja's side appealed to a village officer for their discontent, but the village officer's side is said to have told them that they would be served as mediator only if Ninja's side returns to field renouncing their social status of samurai class or accepts to be served as boyaku.
- 武士と庶民のような身分違いと町奉行所管轄の江戸の町民と寺社奉行所管轄の宗教者の裁判、天領の領民と藩領民など原告と被告の領主が異なる場合である。
- Examples are trials between different social status such as samurai and common people, or the plaintiff and defendant having different lords, such as trials between the Edo townspeople and people of religion controlled by the Jisha-bugyo and between people of the shogun's demesne and people of the land of domains.
- 第九十五国立銀行(九十五銀行)→百三銀行、農商銀行、紀阪銀行、紀阪貯蓄銀行と改名した後1925年に山口銀行(三和銀行の前身の一つ)に合併される
- The 95th National Bank (Kyujugo Bank) -> changed the name, from the Hyakusan Bank, the Nosho Bank, the Kihan Bank, to the Kihan Savings Bank, and then in 1925, merged into the Yamaguchi Bank (one of the predecessor of the Sanwa Bank).
- 傷を治してからまず捨て身の覚悟でやるために自分の墓を用意して、それから京都・奈良・大阪を見物しながら日本刀や仕込み杖、猟銃を買い時機を待った。
- After healing the wounds, Kumataro prepared a tomb for himself to fight the enemy at all risk, and then, visited Kyoto, Nara and Osaka to buy Japanese swords, sword canes and hunting guns, and bode his time.
- また1910年から1920年代中頃までは朝鮮人の平均身長も伸びており「朝鮮人の生活水準が着実に向上していたのは明らか」とする見解も存在している
- There also exists a view that the Korean's average height increased from 1910 to the mid 1920s, which 'clearly shows that the Korean living standard steadily improved.'
- そのため身分制度は混乱し、ある地方では37%居た奴婢が2%まで減少し、代わりに人口の9%に過ぎなかった両班が70%を占めるという状況も起きた。
- This is why the class system fell into disorder, and Nobi decreased from 37% to 2% in one region, but such event caused a situation that Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) who made up only 9% of the population increased to 70%.
- 一方、一方系諸本は壇ノ浦の戦いで海に身を投げながら助けられ、出家した平徳子による念仏三昧の後日談や侍女の悲恋の物語である「灌頂巻」を特立する。
- Meanwhile, the books of the Ichikata version contains 'Kanjo no maki' (the Initiate's Chapter), a tragic love story of a waiting woman, and a sequel to the story in which TAIRA no Tokuko, who was saved after she threw herself into the ocean in the Battle of Dannoura, became a nun and was leading a life devoted to praying to Buddha.
- 中島みゆきの舞台「夜会」Vol.5(1993年)のタイトルが、「花の色は うつりにけりな いたづらに わが身世にふる ながめせし間に」である。
- A title of the play by Miyuki NAKAJIMA, 'Yakai' Vol. 5 (1993), was 'The flowers lost their colors, while I set myself in this life and became lost in thought as time went by in vain; during spring the rain continually fell downward.'
- しかしながら、策伝の俗姓を「平林」とすること、金森氏の仏教宗派は曹洞宗であること、以上2点は策伝が金森氏出身であることに疑問を残す部分である。
- Two lingering doubts remain about Sakuden's status as having been born into the Kanamori clan, however: his secular surname of 'HIRABAYASHI' and the Kanamori clan's (Buddhist) denominational affiliation with the Soto sect.
- しかし実子を持たず確かな後見ある正妻でもなかったため、朱雀帝の女三宮の降嫁が決まった時には衝撃を受け、自分の身の不安定さに改めて気付かされる。
- Because she has no children of her own and no powerful guardian, she is shocked when she learns that Emperor Suzaku's daughter, Onna San no Miya, is going to get married to Genji, and she realizes how vulnerable she is.
- それにたいして僧侶は一般的な僧服等を身に着けているものの、賽神を仏教によって権威付ける存在として扱われ、宗派による儀式の違いなども存在しない。
- On the other hand, although Buddhist monks wear general uniforms of a monk, they are only expected to serve to authorize sainokami with Buddhism, so there is no difference in the ceremony carried out between each religious school.
- 本人1代のみの終身禄や期限が定められていた年限禄、俸禄ではなく一時金のみ支給されたものに比べて、永続性を持つ面においてより上位の待遇と言えた。
- Eiseiroku was considered superior for its perpetuity, unlike other rewards such as Shushinroku, which only lasted for a generation, Nengenroku, which had a fixed period of grant, and a one-off payment, which was not a horoku (salary).
- 仇教事件の頻発は、一般民衆の中に、西欧及びキリスト教への反感を醸成し、外国人に平身低頭せざるを得ない官僚・郷紳への失望感を拡大させたといえる。
- These frequent Kyukyo Incidents built antipathy toward Western Europe and Christianity and spread the loss of trust toward the bureaucracy and Kyoshin (those who worked under government officials), who were obliged to bow to the foreigners demands.
- 朱印船制度は初代将軍徳川家康が制度化したものであり、家康自身が直接発行したものも多く、余人がそれを取り消すことは事実上不可能だったからである。
- The shuinsen regulations were institutionalized by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the first Shogun and many of the shuinjo were issued by Ieyasu himself, so the cancellation of shuinjo was virtually impossible
- しかし、学問的な興味だけではなく、生活様式や風俗・身なりに至るまで、オランダ流(洋式)のものを憧憬し、模倣するような者まで現れるようになった。
- However, not only from academic interest, but also the yearning of their way of living, customs, and personal appearance, people copied the Dutch (or Western) style came to appear.
- 人身の没官としては、謀反・大逆者の父子・家人(ただし、80歳以上あるいは篤疾者は免除)は没官となり、官奴司に配属されて官奴婢となる(賊盗律)。
- As examples of confiscation of corpus, the father and children as well as the retainers of a rebel and traitor were confiscated (those over the age of 80 and seriously ill or disabled were exempted), and they became kannuhi (government-owned slave) under Kannushi (an office belonged to the Imperial Household Ministry under the Ritsuryo system, which administered kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer) and Meiseki (cards that showed official ranks, names and ages)) (Zokutoritsu or criminal punishments on serious crimes such as rebellion, murder, burglary and human trafficking).
- 中世の惣領と庶子の所領争いや、同じ時代でもお家騒動のような実利面がなく、瑣末とも思える身分的上下・対等という形式をめぐって争われたものである。
- Unlike disputes that would result in actual benefits, such as those over shoryo (territory) between soryo (heir) and other children during the medieval period, or internal squabble over headship rights in a daimyo family in the Edo period, this head-and-branch family dispute was about trivial formality such as superiority or equality in social standing in the same clan.
- 長慶の病没後、これに乗じて実権を回復せんとした将軍足利義輝を暗殺してしまい(永禄の変)、自身の支配の正当性を大きく揺るがしてしまうことになる。
- After Nagayoshi died from an illness, the Miyoshi clan assassinated shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA who tried to take back the real power (Eiroku Incident), and the Miyoshi clan greatly shook their own righteousness to control.
- 敦賀市の古老がかつて(戦時中頃か)身近な人々に語った記憶によれば、処刑に引き出された党員は、逃亡を阻止するためか、両足を竹に括られていたという。
- An old man in the Tsuruga City once (maybe during the war) told someone close to him that the legs of Tenguto members who were to be executed were tied with a bamboo in order to prevent them from running away.
- 幕府の同心は、幕臣であっても旗本ではなく御家人身分であるが、同心筆頭クラスは80石(俵)五人扶持程度の俸禄を受けたので、実質的には100石近い。
- Doshin of the bakufu were not hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) but bakushin (shogun's retainers), which were in the gokenin (shogunal retainers) class, and upper ranked doshin received an eighty-koku (crop) salary and a ration for five persons, which means they substantially had a hundred-koku income approximately.
- なお、この設立時以前にも「秋田銀行 (1896年-1941年)」という名称の銀行が第四十八銀行(第四十八国立銀行の後身行)とは別に存在していた。
- Further, the bank named 'Akita Bank' (1896-1941) existed separately from the Daishijuhachi Bank (the successor to the 48th National Bank) before this establishment.
- 一君万民論は藩閥体制打倒とデモクラシー導入の大義として掲げられ、身分的特権のみならず財閥などの経済的権力に対抗するイデオロギーとしても機能した。
- The Ikkunbanmin-ron theory was used as a great cause of toppling the domain clique system and introducing democracy, and it functioned as an ideology to oppose not only to the inherited privileges but also to the powerful wealthy class, most notably Zaibatsu (industrial and financial conglomerates).
- 」とあるが、三世一身法の施行からまだ20年しか経っておらず、三代を経過して農民の意欲が減退するという事態が本当に生じたかは、疑問が残る所である。
- However, it still remains doubtful whether farmers of the third generation were really discouraged after only twenty years from the enforcement of the Sanze Isshin Law.
- これを受けた天皇は直ちに了解し、威仁親王に到着までのニコライの身辺警備を命ずるとともに、即刻北白川宮能久親王を見舞い名代のために京都へ派遣した。
- Emperor Meiji accepted the request of Imperial Prince Takehito immediately, and ordered him to guard Nicholas until the Emperor arrived in Kyoto, and hastened to send Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa to Kyoto on behalf of him.
- また義堂周信の日記『空華日用工夫集』によれば、足利義満は義堂との議論において、しばしば自身の政の対象として「天下」「天下之人」を問題としている。
- According to 'Kugenichiyokufushu,' the diary of Gido Shushin, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA often talked on 'Tenka' and 'the people of Tenka' as the objects of his politics in the discussion with Gido.
- 治承・寿永の乱によって、右京大夫は親しく交わった多くの平家の公達の非業の死を目の当たりにし、世の浮き沈みや人の命のはかなさを身をもって体験した。
- Due to the Jisho-Juei Civil Wars, Ukyo no Daibu saw with her own eyes the untimely death of many high-ranking nobles in the Taira family who were close to her, and learned the ups and downs of the world and the transience and ephemerality of human life through her own experiences.
- ただし、中で身分の高い斎宮女御徽子のみは繧繝縁(うんげんべり)の上畳(あげだたみ)に座し、背後に屏風、手前に几帳を置いて、格の高さを表している。
- The only exception is the portrait of the High priestess (Saigu) Kishi; she is sitting on a tatami mat with ugen-beri (a hem made of silk fabrics colored in one color with sequential layers from light to dark) with a folding screen at the back and a kicho (a curtained frame put up to screen royal personages or noble ladies from direct view of those around them) at the front to indicate her noble status.
- 1970年代後半頃から、終身雇用・年功序列などの「日本的経営」が日本の経済発展の基盤にあるという論調が多く見られるようになった(日本的経営論)。
- Since around the latter half of the 1970s, the tone of argument as follows could be seen a lot; 'Japanese-style management' such as lifetime employment and a seniority system form the foundation of economic development in Japan (Japanese-style management).
- 判官あるいは主典が欠くのを補うために女嬬・采女、更に仕女・炊女(かしぎめ)のような後宮職員令にも掲載されない更に身分が低い女性達が置かれていた。
- In order to fill in the lacking posts of a hangan and a sakan, women in a lower social status who did not appear even in the Goku Shikiin (staff) Code such as nyoju/uneme and shijo/kashigime were employed.
- 全国の人民をして世界万国の学術に通じるようにさせ、そのため東西南京に大学校、町や村に小学校を設置して身分・居住地を問わず教育を与えるべきである。
- It is required to let common people learn so that they could obtain a same academic level as other countries of the world, and for that, it is necessary to establish colleges in the major cities and elementary schools in towns and villages to provide with an education regardless of ranks and place of residence.
- 『幼学綱要』(ようがくこうよう)とは、明治天皇の勅令を受けた侍講元田永孚によって編纂され、1882年12月2日に宮内省より頒布された勅撰修身書。
- 'Yogaku Koyo' (Principles of Early Education) is the 'shushin' (moral education) book compiled by Nagazane Motoda, lecturer in the Imperial Household, under the command of Meiji Emperor and distributed by the Department of the Imperial Household on December 2, in 1882.
- 貴族院の成立後、議員の身分ごとに院内会派結成の動きが見られたが、男爵出身者にはこうした動きが見られず、木曜会→研究会などの各会派に分散していた。
- After the House of Peers was established, there was a movement in formation of a faction within the Diet in accordance with the rank of a councilor, but it was not for baronial members, so the members in the Mokuyo-kai dispersed into every faction such as the Kenkyu-kai.
- 8~9世紀において改賜姓がさかんに行われているのは、八色の姓において、上級の氏姓にもれた下級の身分の者や、これらの農民を主な対象としたものである。
- During the period between the eighth century and the ninth century there were many changes made in the hereditary titles; this change was geared to the people with the lower social position who were excluded from the rank of higher hereditary position in the Yakusa no Kabane Reform as well as these peasants.
- 1865年(慶応元年)、長州藩では松下村塾出身の高杉晋作らが馬関で挙兵して保守派を打倒するクーデターを起し、倒幕派政権を成立させる(功山寺挙兵)。
- In 1865 in the Choshu Domain, Shinsaku TAKASUGI who was a graduate from Shokason Juku (a private school to foster young intellectuals), raised an army in Bakan to stage a coup to beat the conservatives in the domain, and established a domain government to overthrow the bakufu (raising an army at Kozan-ji Temple).
- 第七国立銀行(第七銀行)→1904年に任意解散(1896年、当行及び第八十国立銀行の株主協同により土佐銀行(四国銀行の前身)を設立し、業務を移管)
- The Seventh National Bank (Daishichi Bank) -> voluntarily dissolved in 1904 (in 1896, the Tosa Bank [the predecessor of the Shikoku Bank] was established by cooperation of the shareholders of the Seventh National Bank and the 80th National Bank, and business was transferred thereto).
- 随員には騎馬・徒歩の武士の他、火縄銃、弓 (武器)などの足軽や道具箱や槍持ちなどの中間(人足)、草履取や医師などの大名身辺に仕える者たちが連なる。
- Attendants were consisted of warriors, horse-riding or on foot, ashigaru (common foot soldier) carrying matchlock gun or bow (arm), chugen (a rank below common soldier) (or ninsoku 〔coolie〕) carrying tool box or spear, and people who took care of daimyo such as zoritori (sandal bearer, equivalent to a batman) and doctors.
- ちなみに上古21代天皇は、「伊邪那岐身光天津日嗣天日天皇」といい、イザナギ(『古事記』では伊邪那岐命、『日本書紀』では、伊弉諾神)にあたるとする。
- The twenty-first emperor of the Joko dynasty is called 'Izanagi mihikari amatsu hitsugi amehino sumiramikoto' and corresponds to Izanagi (Izanagi no mikoto, in 'Kojiki' (literally, records of ancient matters) and Izanagi no kami in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan)).
- 1881年5月、高知県の酒造業者300名が政府に対して造酒税の引下げ嘆願を提出するとともに、地元出身の自由民権運動の指導者植木枝盛に助力を求めた。
- In May 1881, 300 brewers from Kochi Prefecture presented the government with a petition for the reduction of sake brewing tax and at the same time sought cooperation from Emori UEKI who was the leader of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and was also from Kochi.
- 翌々年、南郷らは山縣有朋系官僚出身の勅撰議員である平田東助や船越衛と結んで計18名の勅撰議員で茶話会を発足させ、本部を内幸町の幸倶楽部に設置した。
- Two years later, Nango and the others joined with Tosuke HIRATA and Mamoru FUNAKOSHI, who were members of the House of Peers by imperial nomination, originally from government offices and both protegees of Aritomo YAMAGATA, and inaugurated Sawakai with an initial total of 18 members by imperial nomination with a headquarter set up in Saiwai Club in Uchisaiwaicho.
- 日本陸軍はスナイドル銃を主力装備としていたが、その弾薬は薩摩藩が設立した兵器・弾薬工場が前身である鹿児島属廠で製造され、ほぼ独占的に供給されていた。
- The Japanese Army had Snider rifles as the main weapon, and the ammunition was manufactured and almost exclusively supplied by the Kagoshima arsenal, which had been developed from the arms and ammunition plant set up by the Satsuma Domain.
- しかし、清韓自身は家康の諱を「かくし題」とした意識的な撰文であると弁明しており、五山の僧の答申はいずれも諱を避けなかったことについて問題視している。
- However, Seikan himself expressed an apology that the inscription was selected intentionally because it included a phrase with Ieyasu's imina hidden in it, and each priest in the Gozan reported that it was a problem that Seikan did not avoid Ieyasu's imina.
- 木棺のうち刳りぬき式のものは、巨木を縦に二つに割って、それぞれ内部を刳りぬき、蓋と身とが作られたものと考えられ、「割竹式木棺」と呼び習わされている。
- A hollowed out wooden coffin is called a 'Sakitake-shiki mokkan' (split bamboo type wooden coffin) and made of a big tree which is divided into two pieces; the inside of both pieces is then hollowed out and became a cover and body of the coffin.
- 芳賀によると、公家社会、門閥社会の中で生まれ育った実隆は、身分制度を絶対視する思想に染まっており、下克上の現象をとうてい理解しうるものではなかった。
- According to Haga, Sanetaka, who was brought up in a society of court nobles and distinguished families, got affected by the idea of seeing a class system as more important than anything else, and couldn't understand revolts of vassals against their lords at all.
- 巻頭歌人にして最多入集は選者雅世の父飛鳥井雅縁(29首)であり、雅世(18首)自身、雅経(18首)・飛鳥井雅有(14首)ら選者の先祖の優遇が目立つ。
- The selector Masayo's father, Masayori ASUKAI's poems were selected most (29 poems) and one of his poems was put at the beginning of the book; besides it is obvious that the poems by the selector's ancestors were treated favorably: Masayo's own poems (18 poems), Masatsune's (18 poems), and Masaari ASUKAI's (14 poems) were frequently selected.
- 戸籍法や地租改正、身分解放令も直ちには実施されなかったものの、ここでの提言が発案となっているなど、日本におけるシンクタンクの先駆け的な存在であった。
- Though the Family Registration Law, land-tax reform, and abolition of the class system were not carried out immediately, they were all created based on proposals made in the structure, and it was kind of a pioneer among Japanese think tanks.
- しかし、奈良時代に入ると三世一身法や墾田永年私財法により、人民による土地の私有が認められると、土地の公有という公地公民の原則が次第に形骸化していった。
- When Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were enacted to permit people to privately own lands in the Nara Period, the Kochi Komin principle of the public ownership of the lands gradually became a dead letter.
- 福澤も自身が主催する「時事新報」などを通じて長沼村民を支え続け、明治30年3月、内務大臣より、正式に無償払い下げの許可が下り、長沼村の利権が回復した。
- FUKUZAWA had kept supported people in Naganuma village through 'Jiji Shinpo' which he hosted, finally, granted disposal without charge officially by a Minister of Home Affairs, and Naganuma village recovered the concession in March 1897.
- 一方、評論家・作家の金完燮や日本の保守層を代弁する人物として、拓殖大学の教授で済州島出身呉善花などは日本による統治を肯定的に評価する本を執筆している。
- On the other hand, Kim Wansop, a critic and writer, and O Seonhwa from Jeju, a professor at Takushoku University and a representative of the Japanese conservatives, wrote books in which the Japanese rule was positively evaluated.
- 当初は苗字帯刀も許されず、例外的に護身用の脇差だけを持つ事が許されたが、三河譜代の黒鍬については、世襲が許され、後には御家人の最下層格の扱いを受けた。
- At first, kurokuwa were not permitted to adopt a surname or wear a pair of swords except for a short sword for self-defense, but those kurokuwa of fudai in Mikawa Province were allowed hereditary succession and were treated as the lowest rank of Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) later.
- 系列会社にも当てはまるが、東映の作品は基本的に中身より量をメインとしており、「数打てば当たる」のごとく企画などは常に見切り発車の状態で実行されている。
- With regards to production policy, both Toei and its affiliates basically prioritize quantity over quality; projects are carried out without detailed examination of their feasibility, along the lines of the proverb 'He that oft shoots at last shall hit the mark.'
- (柳が収集活動を行っていた時代の日本では「李朝」という用語が一般的で、柳自身ももっぱら「李朝」を用いているが、本項では「朝鮮王朝時代」の表記を用いる)
- (The term 'Richo' was generally used in Japan when Yanagi was engaged in collection and Yanagi himself used 'Richo', but in this section, the term 'Korean Dynasties period' is used.
- マーティン自身も認めるように、翻訳は原典の大意を生かしつつ要約したものであり、原典に挙げられた事例の詳細な説明や時日、注釈は省略されていることが多い。
- As Martin himself admitted, the translation was such that summarized the original using its drift, and detailed explanation of cases, data on timing and commentaries shown in the original were often omitted.
- 逆に第2次松方内閣では立憲改進党の後身である進歩党_(明治)との事実上の連立体制(松隈内閣)が形成されてこれを自由党が攻撃するという構図も形成される。
- The practical coalition cabinet was formed as the Progressive Party (in the Meiji Period) which was the Constitutional Progressive Party (the Showai Cabinet (Sho was defined as Masayoshi MATSUKATA while Wai was Shigenobu OKUMA)) in the Second Matsukata Cabinet, and the Liberal Party attacked them.
- ただし、間諜といっても、実際には時々命令を受け、江戸市中の情報を将軍に報告したり、身分を隠して地方に赴き情勢を視察したりしていた程度であるとされている。
- Even though they were secret agents, their actual jobs were not so serious, for example, informing the shogun of the news in Edo city and visiting rural areas for inspection with their identity concealed.
- また、士農工商などといわれる身分制度によって武士を支配階級に位置づけた(もっとも士農工商という言葉は当時の階級を正確に表してはいないと指摘されている)。
- Samurai (warriors) were positioned at the governing class in the hierarchy called 'Shinokosho' ('warriors, peasants, artisans and merchants') (Although it is pointed out that the term of 'Shinokosho' was not correctly representing the order of hereditary social status at that time.)
- 8代将軍となった徳川吉宗は、紀州徳川家の出身であり、それまでの幕政を主導してきた譜代大名に対して遠慮することなく、大胆に政治改革を主導することとなった。
- The eighth Shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA came from the Kishu Tokugawa family (a branch of Tokugawa family), so he had the courage to lead the political reforms without hesitation toward 'fudai daimyo,' who had led politics of the Edo bakufu until then.
- 寛永17年(1640年)10月19日、大番頭であった9000石の大身旗本である植村家政が、2万5000石に加増されて大名となり、再び高取藩が立藩された。
- On December 2, 1640, Iemasa UEMURA, who was Taishin hatamoto (hatamoto [a direct retainer of the Shogun] whose income from the land is high [greater hatamoto]) with 9,000 koku and was serving as Oban gashira (a captain of great guards), became Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) with the landholdings increased to 25,000 koku, and Takatori Domain was re-established.
- その藤原四兄弟が737年(天平9年)に天然痘の流行で相次いで死亡すると、皇族出身の橘諸兄が下道真備(のちの吉備真備)や僧玄ボウを参画させて政権を担った。
- After the four Fujiwara brothers died one after another in 737 because of an epidemic of smallpox, TACHIBANA no Moroe, who was from the Imperial Family, assumed control of the government by making SHIMOTSUMICHI no Makibi (later KIBI no Makibi) and the monk Genbo participate in the government.
- 出身地はこの他にも福島県小野町とする説、茨城県新治郡新治村大字小野とする地元の言い伝えなど、生誕伝説のある地域は全国に点在しており、数多くの異説がある。
- There are many different local traditions throughout Japan that say this is the place where ONO no Komachi was born, like Onomachi, Fukushima Prefecture, and Oaza Ono, Nihari Town, Nihari-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture.
- 身の危険を感じた出張所役人は庄屋宅を脱し、出張所に応援を求めるべく逃亡したが、暴徒はそれを追跡し投石および竹槍で攻撃したため、役人は抜刀して道を急いだ。
- Even though the officers from the branch office who feared for their physical safety escaped from the house to the branch office for help, they made the best of their way with a drawn sword because the violent followers chased and attacked them with rocks and bamboo lancings.
- だが、管領細川政元はこれに強く反対し、間もなく義尚自身も病死したために本願寺討伐の件は中止されて幕府から要求されていた加賀門徒の破門も有耶無耶とされた。
- However, since Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA objected to it and also Yoshihisa died from a disease, subjugation Hongan-ji Temple was canceled, and the excommunication of the Kaga-monto (Kaga-sect) was left up in the air.
- 旅行者・従者の身分、姓名、年齢、携行品、行き先、旅行目的、交付申請、申請に対する審査、交付年月、交付官司の官職名、氏名等が、過所に記載される内容となる。
- Descriptions such as social status, name, age and belongings, destination, purpose of traveling of traveler and attendant, application for issuance, examination for application, date of issuance, and post and name of government official in charge of issuance were contained in Kasho.
- ---昭和30年頃まで存在したといわれ、江戸時代の物売りそのままの装束で半纏(はんてん)を身にまとい、天秤棒で薬箱を両端に掛け担いで漢方薬を売っていた。
- It is said that Josai vendors were around until 1955, selling Chinese herbal drugs by carrying them in a pair of medicine chests on a pole and they wore the same hanten (a short coat originally for craftsmen worn over a kimono) as monouri in the Edo period.
- この法制は画一的に実施されたわけではなく、大藩では大身の一門や家臣が実質上の城を持ち、現実には複数の城を維持している例も見られ、かなり弾力的に運用された。
- This decree was not implemented uniformly but practiced flexibly very much, and when it came to a large scale domain, families or vassals of high rank or income were the substantial castle owners and, in fact, there were some examples that some of them kept several castles.
- 彼らは「諸侯でさえも貧しい(財政難で多額の負債を抱えた)時節である。貧しいは愧ることではなく、実を置いても立身する(名声を得る)ほうがいい」と考えている。
- They believe that, 'when even feudal lords are poor (having debts due to financial problems), being poor is not a shame and making achievements (winning fame or recognition) at the expense of money is better.'
- 信長自身が出陣したことで徳川に対する義理(後詰)も果たしている(ただし、第一次高天神城の戦いで事実上見捨てており、少なくとも武田を退かせる必要はあった)。
- He did his duty to the Tokugawa clan by leading his troops (as the rear guard) (although he at least should have made the Takeda force retreat before abandoning the battle after the first battle at Takatenjin-jo Castle).
- 8代将軍となった徳川吉宗は、紀州徳川家の出身であり、それまで幕政を主導してきた譜代大名に対して遠慮することなく、大胆に政治改革をおこなった(享保の改革)。
- Yoshimune TOKUGAWA from the Kishu Tokugawa family assumed the position of the eighth shogun, and implemented dynamic political reforms with no regard for the feelings of the hereditary vassal daimyo who had taken the initiative in the shogunate government until then (Kyoho Reforms).
- 若紫:後深草院は想いを寄せていた自身の乳母であった、大納言典侍(だいなごんのすけ)の娘である二条を引き取るが、これは多分に『源氏物語』の若紫を連想させる。
- Young Murasaki: The passage where Gofukakusa-in takes and raises Lady Nijo, the daughter of his beloved wet nurse Dainagon-no-suke, is strongly reminiscent of Young Murasaki in 'The Tale of Genji.'
- 最新の科学技術を使って原本を精確に複写した平成復元模写と違い、絵に櫻井清香自身の個性が反映されているため、原本とはまた違った絵画作品となっているとされる。
- Unlike Heisei fukugen mosha (picture scroll restored and reproduced during the Heisei period that precisely reproduced the original using the latest science and technology, the personality of Kiyoka SAKURAI herself is reflected in the pictures, so it is a different style of painting art from the original.
- 老僧は伴存を「体躯肥大の人にて、両刀を帯び居たり」と述べており、これらから、頑健な身体と強靭な精神を以って研究に邁進した博物学者の姿が今日に伝わってくる。
- The old priest described Tomoari as 'a big man with swords on both sides', so we can image the scholar of natural history with a healthy body and strong mind who carried out his study vigorously.
- 道中諸法度(どうちゅうしょはっと)は、道中条目(どうちゅうじょうもく)とも呼ばれ、江戸幕府が大名・公家や幕府役人などの特定身分の者に対して出した交通法規。
- Dochu Shohatto, also referred to as Dochu Jomoku, is traffic regulation issued by the Edo bakufu to people of specific status, such as daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), Court nobles and officials of the bakufu.
- 赤穂藩浅野家家臣は士分だけでも300名以上いたが、このうち討ち入りに参加したのは46名で(寺坂は士分ではなく足軽身分)、8割以上が討ち入りに参加していない。
- There were more than 300 retainers of the Asano family in Ako Domain; however, those who took part in the raid were 46 (Terasaka was a foot soldier and not in the samurai class), and more than 80% of them did not participate.
- 伊藤は同年暮れに意見書を提出し、漸進的な改革と上院設置のための華族制度改革を提議した(後者は公家出身の岩倉が嫌う点であるが、伊藤は敢えて提出したのである)。
- Ito submitted written opinion and proposed gradual reform and reform of new peerage system to set up a upper house (IWAKIRA, who was from court noble family disliked the latter opinion but ITO submitted this daringly).
- 解放令(かいほうれい)とは、明治4年8月28日 (旧暦)(1871年10月12日)に明治政府が行った穢多非人等の身分の廃止などの旨を記した太政官布告である。
- Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) is the edict of Dajokan (The Grand Council of State) that mainly announced the abolition of the social status system like Eta (a status of group who were the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system and usually involved in handling human bodies or animal carcasses) and Hinin (a status of group who were the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system and often ex-convicts or vagrants) made by the Meiji Government on October 12, 1871.
- この事件により、山本権兵衛内閣は総辞職、警視総監・湯浅倉平、警視庁警務部長・正力松太郎らが懲戒免職、難波の出身地である山口県の知事が2ヶ月間の減給となった。
- Due to the Incident, the Gonbei YAMAMOTO cabinet resigned en masse, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Commissioner Kurahei YUASA and Director of Police Administration of Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Matsutaro SHORIKI were given a dishonorable discharge, and the governor of Yamaguchi Prefecture, where Nanba was born, was reprimanded with a pay cut for two months.
- その中で使い古された具足を身に付けている者達を発見し、「あの者らは甲州からの家臣団であろう」と言い、確認が取れると「あれこそが本来の赤備え」と言ったという。
- Ieyasu is said to have told, discovering some warriors in worn-out armor among them, like 'Those warriors should be the vassals from Koshu.', and after the confirmation, 'That is a real Akazonae.'
- 彼自身は冤罪を主張していたほか、二度も電気椅子にかけるのは残虐で異常な刑罰であると主張したが、いずれも受け入れられず、1947年に再度電気椅子に座らされた。
- He claimed his innocence and insisted if the execution by electrical chair will be carried out twice, the punishment is cruel and aberrant, however his claim was not accepted and he forced to sit on the electrical chair again in 1947.
- が、やがてそういった枠組みを受容するだけではなく、人間という中身も変革(雑誌のことばでいえば「民心の一新」)することを目指す啓蒙思想 (日本)が興ってきた。
- However, the enlightenment thought (Japan), which aimed not only to accept such schemes but also to reform people's mind (by the words in the bulletin, 'Refurbishing of people's mind'), soon appeared.
- 平安時代以降、江戸時代に至るまで官位即ち位階と官職は公家や武家の身分制の中で活用されてきたが、勲等については時代が後になるにつれ用いられることが少なくなった。
- From the Heian period to the Edo period, the official court rank, i.e., the court rank, and the government post were used in the class system of the court nobles and warriors, but the medals for merit gradually fell out of use later in the history.
- 貞篤は水戸藩松平氏の出身で、天誅組の乱鎮圧などに貢献するなどはじめ佐幕派であったが、慶応4年(1868年)の戊辰戦争では新政府に協力して京都守備を務めている。
- Sadaatsu was from the Matsudaira family of the Mito Domain, and while he first supported Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun side) by contributing to the suppression of the Tenchu-gumi Incident, he helped the new government in the Boshin War in 1868 and defended Kyoto.
- 晩年は日本人共済会(現ニューヨーク日系人会)の設立、貧しく身寄りのない日本人のための墓地の購入、日本人信用組合の組織化など、同胞のための社会奉仕にも尽くした。
- In his later years, he worked hard for the welfare of his fellow Japanese by founding the Japanese Mutual Aid Society (the present day Japanese American Association of New York), purchasing a graveyard for underprivileged Japanese with no relatives, and organizing the Japanese Credit Cooperative.
- 従来府県における選挙事務を統括していた府県知事自身が選挙の対象となったこともあって、この改正により各道府県に選挙管理委員会が設置され知事の管轄から分離された。
- Since prefectural governors who used to be in charge of the election became the target of the election, this revision established the election management committee in each prefecture and segregated the election from the jurisdiction of prefectural governors.
- 王陽明自身は「天理を存し人欲を去る」という朱子学的な側面を捨てきってはいなかったが、下で述べるように、その弟子達は人欲を自然なものとして肯定していくのである。
- Wang Yangming did not completely deny the concept close to Shushigaku that 'awareness of the heavenly principal expels human desires', but his disciples gradually began approving these desires as natural.
- 武士階級も一部処罰されているが、武士の処罰は下級身分の者に限られ、最高位でも微禄の旗本しか処罰されていない(もっとも下記にあるように、武士の死罪は出ている)。
- The warrior class was also partially subject to punishment, although this was limited to the lower classes and in the highest ranks only the vassals were punished (however there was a case of a warrior being sentenced to death, see below.)
- しかし当時の後宮は中宮安子を始めとして摂家出身の妃が多く、そんな中で徽子女王は最も高貴な出自故に有力な後見を欠き、また頼りになる兄弟や皇子にも恵まれなかった。
- But the inner palace in those days was filled with consorts from the family of regents and advisors (a different branch of the Fujiwara clan), and Empress Anshi first among them; although she was the one of the highest birth among all these women, Queen Kishi gradually lost her influential supporters, and was not blessed with brothers or imperial princes (i.e., sons) on whom she could rely.
- 下記の分類は前述の『日本超古代秘史資料』を基本としているが、その後、他の文献写本が発見されるに従って吾郷清彦自身によって徐々に改訂が繰り返され増殖していった。
- The following classification is based on the above-mentioned 'Nihon Chokodaihishi Siryo,' but later, as copies of other documents were found, Kiyohiko AGO himself repeatedly revised the classification as it grew.
- モンゴルは露蒙協定締結以後も、ロシアや中国と外交交渉を重ねていくことになるが、国際法の知識はモンゴルの外交使節にとって早急に身につけねばならないものであった。
- After the conclusion of the Russo-Mongolian Agreement, Mongolian diplomatic agents had to urgently gain knowledge of international law for further diplomatic negotiations with Russia and China.
- そもそも当時、公地公民制という概念が存在していなかった可能性が高く、また三世一身法・墾田永年私財法は、むしろ律令制を補強することを目的として制定されたのである。
- There is a high possibility that the notion of Kochi Komin sei did not exist at that time and therefore, institution of Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were rather aimed at reinforcing the Ritsuryo system.
- 他方大名に囲米を義務づけ、江戸へ流入した百姓を出身地へ強制的に帰還させ(旧里帰農令)、また棄捐令を発して旗本・御家人らの救済を図るなど、保守的な傾向が強かった。
- On the other hand, he implemented various conservative policies, such as compelling 'daimyo' to take 'kakoimai' (rice storage system in case of emergency), issuing 'Kyurikino-rei' (the decree that forced peasants flowing into Edo to return to their hometowns) and 'Kien-rei' (the decree to relieve 'hatamoto' and 'gokenin' [an immediate vassal of the shogunate] from their economic difficulties).
- 鉄砲は高価で貴重な兵器であったため、軍役として鉄砲を用意するよう義務付けられるのはある程度大身の者であることを考慮すると、この軍役率はそのまま参考にはならない。
- This rate cannot be taken at face value because only men of significantly high rank could have been obliged to provide for military service teppo which were expensive and rare at the time.
- 一方、その中で山口県(旧長州藩)だけは逆にかつての「宿敵」である旧幕臣出身の県令を派遣して成功を収め、その後の地方行政における藩閥の発言力を確固たるものとした。
- By contrast, kenrei who used to be a retainer of bakufu, a former 'enemy 'of the Choshu domain, was dispatched to Yamaguchi Prefecture (former Choshu domain), and contributed to strengthening the influence of hanbatsu (domain clique) in local administration.
- 銀屋(ぎんや/かなや/かねや)あるいは銀吹屋(ぎんふきや)と呼ばれた銀地金の売買および精錬などを手掛ける者が現れ、後の銀座 (歴史)および両替商の前身となった。
- Ginya (also known as Kanaya, or Kaneya) who dealt with the silver ingot trade and Ginfukiya, silver refiners, appeared and became the predecessor of the later Ginza (silver mint) and money-exchange businesses.
- 遂には近習、特に主君の寵童(少年愛近世相手を務める者のうち、特に主君の寵愛の深い者)出身者、重臣で殉死を願わないものは不忠者、臆病者とまで言われるようになった。
- People even went so far as to call an attendant, especially the master's chodo (a boy who stands high in the favor of his master among those who entertain pederasts) and the chief retainer who didn't wish to commit junshi an unfaithful follower and a coward.
- 古代中国の周代に、歩幅2歩分(右足を踏み出し、次に左足を踏み出した時の、起点から踏み出した左足までの長さ)を「歩 (尺貫法)」という長さの単位(身体尺)とした。
- In ancient China during Zhou Dynasty, 'bu' (the old Japanese system of weights and measures) was established as the unit of length, specifying the length of two steps forward (by stepping forward with right leg first and left leg next, and measuring the travelled distance from the starting point to the left foot; this is a unit based on the measurement of human body parts [a anthropomorphic units]).
- 流された讃岐でも厳重に監視されることになり、崇徳は光源氏・在原行平・淳仁天皇(淡路廃帝)ら、かつて流離にあった人々に自身を重ね合わせて、我が身の不運を思い嘆く。
- He is to be kept under surveillance even at Sanuki, where he has been exiled, and Sutoku identifies himself with Hikaru Genji, ARIWARA no Narihira and Emperor Junnin (Awaji haitei, or the eliminated emperor), who had once gone into exile, lamenting the harshness of his fate.
- 一方、薩摩藩出身ながら抜本的な財政改革に踏み切らない大隈に不満を抱いていた大蔵大輔の松方正義は佐野の大蔵卿就任と同時に伊藤の後任の内務卿に転じて大蔵省を去った。
- In the meantime, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, from Satsuma Domain, discontent with Okuma who would not carry out a radical financial reform, left the Ministry of the Treasury to take the position of Minister of Interior to replace Ito at the occasion of Sano's assumption of Minister of the Treasury.
- そこで明治19年(1886年)、鉄道局長の井上と総理大臣の伊藤博文、陸軍の大立者山縣有朋(3人とも長州藩出身)が相談して東海道へルートを変更することが決定した。
- Thus in 1886, the change of the route to Tokaido was decided after the consultation among Railroad Director INOUE, Prime Minister Hirobumi ITO and the leading figure of the Army Aritomo YAMAGATA (all three were from the Choshu Domain).
- 老中が各奉行から伺いが立てられた刑事事件に関する事案を評定所に諮問し、その答申である評議書を犯罪の事例、犯罪者の身分・年齢・性別などのよって分類・整理したもの。
- It was the documents by classifying and sorting Hyogisho, the reports of the criminal cases which each bugyo (magistrate) had asked the roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) to consult Hyojosho (conference chamber), by the case of crime, and the status, age, and gender of criminal, and so on.
- しかし彼らは逆に堀部安兵衛に論破されて急進派になってしまったため、元禄14年(1701年)10月20日 (旧暦)(11月19日)大石内蔵助が自身で江戸へ下向する。
- However, since they were convinced by Yasubei HORIBE and joined the radicals, Kuranosuke OISHI came down to Edo on November 19, 1701.
- 当時の世情として太田朝敷や沖縄県民は、大日本帝国の一員であり本土出身者と同じ日本民族だとの意識が広まりつつあったため、他の民族と同列に扱うことへの抗議でもあった。
- At that time, the people in Okinawa were increasingly more conscious that those who lived in Okinawa, including Chofu OTA, were citizens of the Empire of Japan and are in the same ethnic group as the people on mainland Japan, so the protest was also meant to complain about being treated equally to the other ethnic groups.
- このうち、国司には中央から派遣されたが、郡司・里長はかつての在地首長である地域の豪族層が終身官として任命され、実質上自分の支配地域を行政単位として認められていた。
- The provincial governor was sent from the central government, whereas the local magistrate or village chief was appointed for life from local powerful clans who had ruled the area, which virtually meant that they were approved to govern the areas they originally ruled as administrative districts of the central government.
- それに加え、家族の身分関係の変動(婚姻、養子縁組など)について戸主の同意を必要とするものがあったため、家族が家を去るか否かにつき戸主の意向に左右されることになる。
- In addition, regarding changes of status (due to marriage, adoption or other backgrounds) family members need agreement of their head of a family, so the decision of leaving the household is made by the head of the family.
- 女楽:若菜・下巻にある女楽を模して行うことになったが、紫の上に東の御方、女三宮に祖父隆親の娘があてられ、二条は一番身分の低い明石の御方として琵琶を弾くこととなる。
- Onnagaku: An onnagaku is held imitating the one held in the second volume of Wakana ('New Herbs,' a book from 'The Tale of Genji'), in which the lady of the east wing represents Murasaki-no-ue (Lady Murasaki), the daughter of Nijo's grandfather, Takachika, represents Onnasan-no-miya (the Third Princess), and Lady Nijo herself, playing the Biwa lute, represents Akashi-no-okata (Lady Akashi), the most humble of the three.
- 2度の流刑の背景には「徳政」の推進を通じて朝廷の権威を取り戻そうとしていた伏見天皇と鎌倉幕府の対立が激化して、為兼が天皇の身代わりとして処分されたという説もある。
- The background for why he was twice punished with exile lies in his promoting of the idea of 'benevolent rule,' in which he and Emperor Fushimi sought to restore true power to the imperial court and fell into an intensifying conflict with the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); one explanation has it that Tamekane served as scapegoat for the Emperor, being punished in his stead.
- 修理大仏司の長官は兼任として行隆ともう一人、異例ながら身分の低い官務家の小槻隆職が長官として任ぜられ、また後に、次官小槻有頼、判官大江国通、主典仲原資広がついた。
- The posts of director for repair of the Great Buddha were assumed concurrently by Yukitaka and extraordinarily by OTSUKI no Takamoto, who was in the lower official position while OTSUKI no Ariyori took the post of deputy director, Kunimichi OE the third-highest ranking post, and Sukehiro NAKAHARA the forth-highest ranking post.
- 有力な家臣を排除することで自身の権力を強化しようする藩主がいる一方で、家臣にとって不利益だったり、無能な主君を隠居や押込などの手段で廃立しようとする家臣も存在した。
- There were lords who aimed to strengthen power by eliminating top retainers, as well as retainers who sought to do away with lords who behaved against their interests or who were incompetent by means of coercive retirement, house arrest, etc.
- 明治元年正月、福井藩出身の参与由利公正が、坂本龍馬の船中八策と似ている部分が多い議事之体大意五箇条を起案し、参与東久世通禧を通じて議定兼副総裁の岩倉具視に提出した。
- New Year in 1868, Sanyo (councilor), Kosei YURI from Fukui Domain made up Gijinoteitaii Five Articles which was partially similar to Senchu hassaku (the basic outline of the new regime drawn up by Ryoma SAKAMOTO) and submitted to gijo (official post) and vice-president, Tomomi IWAKURA through Sanyo, Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE.
- 近世の大和民族は、世界的に見ても識字率が高い民族であり、江戸時代に海外から来日した外国人は、大和民族が身分や男女の別なく文字が読める事を驚きと共に本国に伝えている。
- In modern times, the Yamato race has such a high literacy rate on a global basis that a foreigner who came to Japan in the Edo period reported that he was surprised that the Yamato people were able to read regardless of their status or sex.
- 換言すれば、作者が感情移入やテレパシーを介し、自然風物や身辺の対象に入り込んで、その本質に触れたことにより得たものが、そのまま句として表出するような表現技法である。
- In other words, Karumi is a form of expression through which a poet can deeply communicate with nature or their surroundings via empathy or telepathy and feel the essence of the subject, from which the poet can express what they felt through poetry.
- 皇后の名の中にある「タタラ」とは、たたら吹き製鉄の時に用いられる道具であり、このことは、皇后の出身氏族が、製鉄と深い関係があったことを物語っていると考えられている。
- It is considered that the empress was from a clan which was involved in iron-making because 'Tatara' in the name of the empress was a device used in tatarabuki iron-making (a method of making iron by using a tatara (bellows)).
- 罪状が書かれた木の捨札や紙で出来た幟、刺股や槍を持った非人身分の雑色が周りを固め、南北町奉行所の与力と同心が検視役として罪人を挟む形で後ろを固め、江戸市中を辿った。
- The criminal was paraded through the streets of Edo, surrounded by zoshiki (town officials), whose social status was hinin (the people who belonged to none of the four 'classes' of the Edo period and were therefore considered outcasts), who carried such articles as a wooden 'sutefuda' on which the details about the crime were written, paper banners, two-pronged weapons and spears, with a group of coroners consisting of yoriki (police sergeants) and doshin (police constables) of South or North town magistrate's office of Edo who guarded the rear part of the procession sandwiching the criminal.
- これに陸奥宗光農商務大臣が抗議して辞任(陸奥は解散以前は現職衆議院議員。今回は自身は出なかったが、弟分である岡崎邦輔(従弟)・星亨の推薦人であった)、品川も辞任した。
- The Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Munemitsu MUTSU protested against this by own resignation (MUTSU was an incumbent House of Representatives member before dissolution. He did not stand in this time, but commended his younger brother by courtesy, Kunisuke OKAZAKI (cousin) and Toru HOSHI), and SHINAGAWA also resigned.
- そのような状況下で、消極論者の右大臣岩倉具視を擁しながら、漸進的な伊藤博文・井上馨(長州閥)とやや急進的な大隈重信(参議・大蔵卿・肥前藩出身)を中心に運営されていた。
- Under the condition, the dispute regarding introduction of constitutional government system was led by Tomomi IWAKURA, Minister of the Right, who was in a passive attitude, Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, who aimed gradual introduction (Choshu clique), and Shigenobu OKUMA (Sangi, Okura-kyo [Minister of the Treasury], from Hizen Domain), who aimed earlier introduction.
- 右近は秀吉の宣教師追放令で大名の地位を追われ、その後、新庄直頼が3万石で高槻に入ったが、1600年の関ヶ原の戦いで改易され、その身柄は蒲生秀行 (侍従)に預けられた。
- Ukon was removed from his rank of Daimyo by the edict expelling Christian missionaries, afterward, Naoyori SHINJO entered Takatsuki with 30,000 koku, but he was forced to change his rank in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and he was handed over to Hideyuki GAMO (palace staff).
- そこで村田三介は三将に寡兵が随従する策を、野村忍介は野村自身が寡兵を率いて海路で小浜に出て、そこから陸路で京都に行き、行幸で京都にいる天皇に直接上奏する策を主張した。
- Then, Sansuke MURATA said that a small army should accompany the three leaders, whereas Oshisuke NOMURA said that he would lead a small army to Obama by sea and from there to Kyoto by land to directly report the matters to the Emperor who would be there for an imperial visit.
- 特に男装の女児である「若君」が宰相中将に素性を知られ身を許してしまうシーンは、本作品のクライマックスの一つでもあり、本作品が「退廃的」と批評される一因ともなっている。
- The scene in which Saisho no Chujo reveals the truth about a lady in the male clothes, or 'young prince,' and has a relationship with her is one of the climactics in this work, but it's also one of the reasons why this work is considered 'decadent.'
- 文化人類学、社会学的研究としての日本人論もある一方で、民族主義的心情に基づく日本人自身による自国、自民族の特殊性を殊更強調するように書いた論考も数多く出版されている。
- There are discourses on Japanese people from the view of cultural anthropology or the study of sociology, while many books are also written by Japanese writers and published in order to emphasize especially their own peculiarity based on their feelings of nationalism.
- 一君万民論(いっくんばんみんろん)はただ一人の君主にのみ生来の権威・権限を認め、その他の臣下・人民の間には原則として一切の差別・身分差を認めないとする思想・主張である。
- Ikkunbanmin-ron is a theory in which constitutional authority is given to only one ruler, and under this sovereignty any discrimination and distinction from social status shold not be allowed among all other people.
- 純友が武芸と説得によって鎮圧した海賊は朝廷の機構改革で人員削減された瀬戸内海一帯の富豪層出身の舎人たちが、税収の既得権を主張して運京租税の奪取を図っていたものであった。
- The pirates that Sumitomo restrained through persuasion and martial arts were toneri (servants) of the Fugo-so (the upper class) from around the Seto Inland Sea, who had been laid off due to institutional reform by the Imperial Court with the aim of claiming vested interest in tax revenue that was sent to the capital.
- 非人(ひにん)は、主に、(1)日本中世の特定職能民・芸能民の呼称であり、次第に被差別民の呼称となり、(2)江戸時代には、穢多(えた、長吏)とともに賎民身分の呼称である。
- The term Hinin is used to describe mainly (1) persons who worked in special occupations or as entertainers in feudal Japan; however they gradually became victims of discrimination, and (2) in the Edo Period, Hinin as well as Eta (Chori) were described as people of the lower classes.
- ドイツの参加理由は、露仏の接近を妨害すること、ロシアの注意を東に向けて欧州における脅威を減らすこと、ドイツ自身の極東への野心、また皇帝が主張した黄禍論などに基づいている。
- The reasons why Germany joined the intervention was 1. to impede closer ties between Russia and France, 2. to divert Russia's attention from Europe to the Far East to lessen its threat to Europe, 3. to fulfill its own ambition in the Far East, and 4. to combat the 'yellow peril' claimed by the Emperor himself.
- 戦国時代には戦国大名の一部は自身の居城の城下町に服属した武士を集めるようになり、豊臣秀吉が大坂城・聚楽第・伏見城で支配下に服した大名に屋敷を与え、そこに妻子を住まわせた。
- During the Sengoku Period, some Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) allowed their subjects to reside in their castle towns and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI set up the residences near Osaka Castle, Jurakudai, Fushimi Castle for his subjects and their families.
- 大正年間に出土した時はには完全であったが、その後刀身の半分が失われたために銘文もわずか末尾の12文字しか残っているに過ぎず、しかもさびが進んでいて解読できる御字が少ない。
- When it was excavated during the Taisho era, it was in perfect condition, but later a half of the blade's body was lost, therefore only twelve letters of inscription from the bottom remained, and moreover there were only a few letters to be deciphered because of rust.
- フランコ自身は王政復古を望んでいたが、フアン (バルセロナ伯)元皇太子がフランコ体制を支持せず、フランコ自身が首相と摂政を兼ねる総統に就任して全権を掌握する体制が続いた。
- Although Franco himself desired to restore royal rule, former Crown Prince Juan (Count of Barcelona) did not support the Franco government, so that Franco assumed the post of supreme ruler which covered both the posts of prime minister and regent and maintained the political system in order for him to keep full power of control over the nation..
- ただし、義満については自身を「日本国王=治天」として位置づけているという研究もあり、後代に明確化される「天下人」概念に比べると、いまだに過渡期であったと見ることもできる。
- However, some researchers argue that Yoshimitsu defined himself as 'Nihon kokuo (the king of Japan) = chiten' and that his notion was still in a transitional stage compared with the notion of 'Tenkabito' (the ruler of Tenka) clarified later.
- そのため、研究者の間では様々な呼び方があり、「身分解放令」「賎民解放令」と呼ぶ例、中には「解放」の名称を使用せず「賤称廃止令」「廃称令」「廃止令」などと呼称する人々もいる。
- Therefore the edict is called in various names among researchers, some calling it 'edict of emancipation of the class system' or 'edict of emancipation of lower class people' and other calling it without the word 'emancipation' 'edict of abolition of names of lower class people ', 'edict of abolition of status names', or 'edict of abolition'.
- フランシスコ・ザビエルは戦国時代 (日本)の日本をよく理解し、まず各地の戦国大名たちに領内での布教の許可を求め、さらに布教を円滑に進めるために大名自身に対する布教も行った。
- Francis Xavier understood society in the Warring States period extremely well; first he sought permission to proselytize from daimyo all over Japan, and then, in order to ensure his missionary work would go smoothly, even began proselytizing to the daimyo themselves.
- また、江戸城は徳川氏の征夷大将軍の居城であり、江戸は幕府の政庁が置かれる行政府の所在地であると同時に、自身も天領を支配する領主である徳川氏(徳川将軍家)の城下町でもあった。
- The Edo Castle was the residence of successive Tokugawa shoguns, or Seii taishogun (literally, 'the great general who pacifies barbarians'), and the city of Edo was both the site of bakufu administrative organs and the personal castle town of the Tokugawa Clan that ruled over the shogunal domain.
- 松尾 芭蕉(まつお ばしょう、寛永21年(1644年) - 元禄7年10月12日 (旧暦)(1694年11月28日))は現在の三重県伊賀市出身の江戸時代前期の俳諧師である。
- Basho MATSUO (1644 - November 28, 1694) was a haikai (seventeen-syllable verse) poet from present-day Iga City, Mie Prefecture in the early Edo period.
- 更に大久保は当時はまだ表にする事は避けていたものの、贋貨整理の過程で自分の出身である薩摩藩が秘かに贋貨を作っていた事実が内外に明らかになった時の反響を危惧していたのである。
- Furthermore, OKUBO was still avoiding to reveal this at the time, but he was apprehensive about the response when the fact was made clear during the disposing process of counterfeit money that his own domain, the Satsuma Domain, was secretly making counterfeit money.
- 宇多天皇の頃より、天皇の日常の居所が清涼殿に定着化され、儀式や公事への参加あるいは天皇に近侍して身辺の雑用や宿直・陪膳などの職務を行うためには昇殿は欠かせないものであった。
- From the era of Emperor Uda, the emperor's daily whereabouts were fixed in the Seiryoden; therefore, shoden was indispensable for enabling those of suitable rank to participate in ceremonies and public duties or deal with the emperor's personal affairs in their capacity as an attendant and carry out duties such as taking the night watch or waiting on the emperor at table.
- 奈良海軍航空隊(ならかいぐんこうくうたい)及びその前身組織・三重海軍航空隊奈良分遣隊(みえかいぐんこうくうたい ならぶんけんたい)は、大日本帝国海軍の部隊・教育機関の一つ。
- Nara Naval Air Corps and its predecessor, Nara Detachment of Mie Naval Air Corps, were one of the troops and educational institutions of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- 大化の改新ののち、律令国家の形成におよぶと、古代の戸籍制度によって、氏姓はかつての部民(べみん)、つまり一般民衆にまで拡大され、すべての階層の国家身分を表示するものとなった。
- When Japan formed a nation under the ritsuryo codes after the Taika Reforms, the clan names and the hereditary titles became given to Bemin (people who belonged to the Yamato Dynasty); in other words, the system of clans and hereditary system was expanded to the general public and Uji and Kabane came to a way to reveal one's social position in the hierarchy of the state.
- 江戸時代には商人資本の成長や農村への商品経済の浸透、それらによる身分制の変質など、村落共同体の動揺は一揆や打ちこわしを招き、幕府や諸藩は幕政改革や藩政改革を行い再編を試みる。
- During the Edo period, the growth of merchant capital and the penetration of the commodity economy to agricultural villages contributed to the transformation of the hierarchy of village communities, which, however, caused such turmoils in the community as uprising peasants and destructive riots, and compelled both Bakufu (shogunate) government and Han (local domain) governments to try to reform their political systems.
- 藩閥(はんばつ)は明治から大正にかけて、日本の政府と軍の要職を占めた旧・西南諸藩(薩摩藩・長州藩・土佐藩・肥前藩のいわゆる薩長土肥)出身者のグループに対する批判的呼称である。
- Hanbatsu (domain clique) is a critical designation for the group of people from the former domains in southwest Japan (the domains of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen; they were so-called, Sacchodohi), who occupied important posts in the Japanese government from the Meiji to the Taisho period.
- これは、名目上は前年正月に三好氏が京都を攻めたことへの報復であったが、信長自身「三好氏の次は本願寺だ」という発言があったとされており、その本当の目的は本願寺への脅迫であった。
- This was conducted nominally in retaliation for the Miyoshi clan's attack on Kyoto on the New Year's Day of the previous year, but Nobunaga's true intention was to threaten Hongan-ji Temple because he himself allegedly said, 'The next target of Miyoshi is Hongan-ji Temple.'
- 戦国時代 (日本)では、主君を違える行為は一般的に発生していたが、江戸時代に入ると「脱藩は臣下の身で主を見限るものとして」許されない風潮が高まり、討手が放たれることもあった。
- During the Sengoku Period of Japan it was a frequent occurrence for samurai's to part from their masters, but from the Edo Period it became an unforgiveable crime for a vassal to abandon his lord and many times pursuers were sent after them.
- それでも、義家の声望は依然として高く、承徳2年(1098年)法皇は義家に院の昇殿を許し、義家は感激したが、武士の身分を低く見る当時の公卿社会はこれすらも納得しない風潮だった。
- Nevertheless, Yoshiie maintained high reputation and the Cloistered Emperor allowed him access to the imperial court in 1098, with which he was moved, but the climate at that time was such that the Kugyo (high court noble) community which considered the social status of samurai to be low did not take it well.
- 一方、大正中期の1920年に日本初の建築デザイン運動として、堀口捨己・山田守・石本喜久治・森田慶一・瀧澤眞弓等の東京帝国大学建築学科出身者が集まり分離派建築会の活動が始まった。
- Meanwhile, in 1920, the mid Taisho era, the first Japanese architectural design movement was beginning with a group of graduates from the Department of Architecture of Tokyo Imperial University including Sutemi HORIGUCHI, Mamoru YAMADA, Kikuji ISHIDA, Keiichi MORITA and Mayumi TAKIZAWA; it was called Bunri-ha Kenchikukai.
- 江戸時代 名前、出生などの具体的記録は残っていないが、既に移民が開始されていた中国人により、日本人女性が人身売買同然にアメリカに連れて行かれ、売春宿で働かされていたとの記録有。
- Even though there are no specific records from the Edo era including names and births, records do show that Japanese women were trafficked by Chinese immigrants to the U.S. to work in U.S. brothels.
- しかし、将校の地位を占めた鹿児島県出身者には戦意が乏しく、8月2日の一瀬川の戦いを観戦したある官軍将校は、屯田部隊で「戦争をしているのは下士兵卒で将校ではない」と評したという。
- However, some officers, natives of Kagoshima Prefecture had little will to fight: A certain army officer who watched the battle at the Ichisegawa river remarked that 'it was not officers, but noncommissioned officers who were fighting'.
- 元々、徳川家康自身が岡崎市出身の一大名であったように、岡崎を初めとする西三河系の地名が、江戸には多く移植されている(例:秋葉原 三河の隣国、遠江国の秋葉山本宮秋葉神社に由来)。
- Many place names of Nishimikawa beginning with Ozaki, have been transposed to locations in Edo (For example, 'Akihabara' was a name for a country bordering Mikawa, which originaltes from the Akihayama Motomiyaakiha Shrine of the former country of Totoumi.), because Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was originally the daimyo of Mikawa Province (present-day Okazaki City of Aichi Prefecture in Western Japan.).
- 康和4年(1102年)7月28日条には、「相撲が強いと言われているが、もっと骨法を身に付けなければ…」との意味の批評が書いており、関東の武士ではなく、京武者であることがわかる。
- In the section of September 19, 1102, there was a review that 'Although he is said to be a strong sumaibito, he has to learn more koppo (a martial art with bare hands),' which shows that he was a samurai in the imperial capital rather than a samurai in the Kanto region.
- (ただし、本来は人身に対する名別であり、在家別のような家屋(及び附属する宅地・田畠・住民をセットとする)に基づく賦課や反別のような土地に基づく賦課は後世に発生したものである)。
- (Tax was originally imposed on a person, but the imposition of tax on a person's house (including adjacent residential land, fields and residents) and that on the area of a person's rice field were established in later generations.)
- これは世襲によって終身の議員身分が保証された公爵議員・侯爵議員や天皇の直接任命による勅撰議員の存在によって選挙による議席の大幅拡大が望めない貴族院においては驚異的な数字であった。
- This was a surprising number in the House of Peers because large increasing in the number of seats through election was unlikely due to the presence of duke and marquis members whose positions were secured for life by heredity and members directly nominated by the Emperor.
- 江戸時代に様々に差別されてきた穢多・非人などの身分及び呼称(とそれに伴う死牛馬取得権など)が1871年(明治4年)8月28日の太政官布告(解放令)で一挙に廃止されることになった。
- Such social status and naming as Eta and Hinin and the like (as well as acquisition rights of carcasses of beasts accompanying them) were to be abolished at once by Dajokan fukoku (proclamation of Kaiho Rei by Grand Council of State) on August 28, 1871.
- より具体的には「長篠の戦いの緒戦で、武田軍は家老山県昌景を一番手として織田陣営を攻め立てたに対し、織田軍の足軽は身を隠したままひたすら鉄砲を撃ち、誰一人前に出ることはなかった。」
- More specifically, 'when the Takeda army led by Karo (chief retainer) Masakage YAMAGATA attacked the Oda side at the start of the Battle of Nagashino, the ashigaru (common foot soldiers) of the Oda army, none of whom stepped forward and who hid themselves, kept shooting the teppo.'
- 「風癲白痴の者」、「懲役一年以上実決の刑に処せられた者」、身代限(破産)の処分を受け負債の弁償を終えていないもの、官吏および教員は、選挙と被選挙の資格を持たなかった(第13条)。
- 'Those who are insane or idiotic,' those who have been sentenced to more than 1 year in prison,' those who have been declared bankrupt and have not finished paying for debts were not eligible to vote nor run for election.
- 調査が規制されていることに関して、英語圏のメディアにおいては、宮内庁が陵墓指定古墳の調査を認めない理由は天皇家が朝鮮半島出身である証拠を公けにしたくないからであるとする説がある。
- Mass media in English-speaking countries say that the Imperial Household Agency refuses investigations of kofun designated as Imperial mausoleums because the Imperial Family are trying to hide evidence showing that they are originally from the Korean Peninsula.
- その範囲は、中央官制・法制・宮廷・身分制・地方行政・金融・流通・産業・経済・教育・外交・宗教政策など多岐に及び、日本をアジアで最初の西洋的国家体制を有する近代国家へと変貌させた。
- The restoration affected all areas of life, such as the organization of the central government, legislation, the Imperial court, the class system, the local administration, the distribution system, industry, education, diplomacy, and religious policy, and effectively converted Japan into the first Western-style modern state in Asia.
- 江戸時代後期になると、側室はたとえ我が子が将軍世子であっても自身の地位は一介の女中のそれと同等にとどまり、我が子が将軍になって初めてお上(おかみ、将軍)の最近親として礼遇された。
- In the late Edo period, the concubines' position were the same as a jochu even if her child became the Shogun's heir, and only after her son became a shogun, she was treated very well as the closest relative of Okami (Shogun).
- 景戒は、下の巻三十八に自叙伝を置いて妻子とともに俗世で暮らしていたと記しており、国家の許しを得ない私度僧に好意的で、自身も若い頃は私度僧であったが後に薬師寺の官僧になったという。
- Keikai included his autobiography in Chapter 38 of Volume 3 in which he wrote that he lived with his wife and children in the secular society, and, having been a shidoso (lay Buddhist monk) himself in his youth albeit became an official monk of Yakushi-ji Temple later on, was sympathetic with lay Buddhist monks who were not recognized as legitimate Buddhist monks by the state.
- すなわち「妻を好い身代の商人の家から向かへた」という設定は「十露盤(ソロバン)の桁」を変えれば日英同盟の寓喩であり、「知足」のテーマは対華21ヶ条要求への批判として浮上してくる。
- That means that 'marrying a wife from a wealthy merchant' was 'digit of an abacus,' a metaphor for the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, and the theme of being satisfied with 'one's lot in life' could be a criticism of the 21 Demands to China.
- 今の教育は「文部省の専制的裁断に屈従した教育」であるから、それを「各自治体におけるそれらの教育委員の自由裁量に一任」し、それによって「教育が国民自身のものとなる」と主張している。
- She argued that education of the times was 'an education submissive to the Ministry of Education's despotic decisions' but it should be 'left to a discretionary power of the board of education of each municipality' in order to realize 'education for the people.'
- だが、9月13日に薩摩藩からの自訴状が集議院(公議所の後身)で明らかにされると、諸藩の代表からは薩摩や土佐が自らの不祥事を告白した潔さを評価して穏便な処分を求める意見が相次いだ。
- However, when the jisojo from the Satsuma Domain was made known at shugiin on September 13, opinions from domains' representatives came up one after another asking for a gentle punishment appraising the honorable way the Satsuma and Tosa Domains confessed their misconduct voluntarily.
- 令外の官が広汎に成立した中世においては、このような現実的な需要を受けて実際的な政務処理を律令法の条項と照らし合わせてその法的側面の補強をおこなう明法家という職務身分家系も登場した。
- In the medieval period when ryoge no kan formed widely, families called Myobo-ke (scholars of the law) with a duty of lawyers emerged responding such realistic demands to reinforce legal aspects of practical governmental affairs by checking them against stipulations of ritsuryo codes.
- 一方、幕府創設以来の御家人達にとって、一段身分が低く、あくまでも北条家の家臣に過ぎない内管領・御内人が権勢を振るう事への反発は強く、それら外様御家人層の多くが泰盛方に加わっていた。
- On the other hand, Gokenins since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu were offended by Uchi-Kanrei and Miuchibito since Uchi-kanreia holding the reins of power despite they were of lower ranks than Gokenin and, as a result, most of tozama gokenin (nonhereditary lower-ranking vassal in the Kamakura period) joined Yasumori's party.
- 芸娼妓解放令は直接的に機能したとは言い難い状態であったが、同令がきっかけとなり、貧農の娘の身売りを防ぐために、女性に対して教育や軽工業に対応する技能習得の場が設けられた地方もある。
- The Geishogi Kaiho Rei wasn't very effective in changing the situation directly; however, as its by-product, in some regions, opportunities for women to study and to achieve vocational skills for light industry were created with the intent of preventing poor peasants from selling their daughters into prostitution.
- 幕府は城米奉行・譜代諸藩に対して、毎年城米の中身を入れ替えて有事に備えることを命じ、譜代藩の転封の際には引継ぎの一環として、法規通りの城米備蓄の有無と備蓄の方針の確認が求められた。
- The bakufu ordered jomai bugyo and fudai shohan to change the jomai every year and prepare for emergency, and when fudai domains changed the territory, they were required to check whether there is jomai stock based on regulations and the policy of the stock.
- 薩長土(さっちょうど)は、幕末期、「雄藩」と呼ばれ、多くの志士を輩出し、明治維新の原動力となった薩摩藩、長州藩、土佐藩の「勤皇三藩」の総称、あるいは、この3藩出身の志士たちの総称。
- Sacchodo was called 'Yuhan' (powerfull domain) in the end of Edo period, and produced many patriotic samurais, and a generic name of 'Royal three Domains,' Satsuma Domain, Choshu Domain, and Tosa Domain which were the of the Meiji Restoration, or a generic name of the patriotic Samurais from these three Domains.
- 会津出身の軍人である柴五郎は、当時は少年であったが、大久保の非業の死を聞いて、西郷隆盛の非業の死とあわせて「両雄非業の最期を遂げたるを当然の帰結でなりと断じて喜べり」と書いている。
- When Goro SHIBA, a military man from Aizu and then a young boy heard of Okubo's unnatural death, he combined it with that of Takamori SAIGO and wrote, 'I am absolutely pleased that the two great men ended their lives in unnatural death, which was a natural consequence.'
- 『上記』自身の序文によると、貞応2年(1223年)に源頼朝の落胤とも伝えられている豊後国守護の大友能直が、『新はりの記』や『高千穂宮司家文』等の古文書をもとに編纂したとされている。
- According to the preface of 'Uetsufumi,' in 1223, Yoshinao OTOMO, Bungo no kuni no kami (Governor of Bungo Province), who was known to be an illegitimate child of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, edited it based on the ancient documents 'Shinharinoki' or 'Takachiho-guji Kabun'.
- その他にも、生仏が東国出身であったので、武士のことや戦の話は生仏自身が直接武士に尋ねて記録したことや、更には生仏と後世の琵琶法師との関連まで述べているなど、その記述は実に詳細である。
- It also has a detailed record that Shobutsu was from Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region), so he directly asked the warriors about the war and recorded it, and furthermore, it mentions the relevance between Shobutsu and a biwa (Japanese lute) -playing minstrel in later years.
- この時、台風により出漁できず食料の蓄えもわずかだったにもかかわらず、住民は、浴衣などの衣類、卵やサツマイモ、それに非常用のニワトリすら供出するなど、献身的に生存者たちの回復に努めた。
- Despite few food reserves since the typhoon had stopped people from fishing, they provided clothes such as yukata, and eggs, potatoes and even chickens they had kept for an emergency, and dedicated themselves to care for the survivors.
- 以上のことから、事件の真の首謀者は他ならぬ称徳天皇自身であったとし、指名者が非皇族の道鏡であったという問題点を克服するために宇佐八幡宮の神託を利用したのが事件の本質であったとしている。
- From the above, HOSOI makes a point that the true ringleader of this incident was none other than Empress Shotoku herself, and the true nature of this incident was that the empress used the oracle from the Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine to overcome the problem that the person whom she wanted to appoint as her successor was Dokyo who was from a non Imperial family.
- そのため、長屋王を中心とする朝廷は722年(養老6年)に百万町歩開墾計画を立て、計画遂行を期して723年(養老7年)には田地開墾を促進する三世一身法(さんぜいっしんのほう)を施行した。
- As a result, the Imperial Court lead by Prince Nagaya established a plan in 722 to reclaim a million hectares and, in order to ensure successful execution of the plan, enforced a law called Sanze Isshin no Ho in 723.
- 平仮名を駆使した和文の簡潔な口語体で書かれ、総じて軽妙な筆致の短編が多いが、中関白家の没落と主君・定子皇后の身にふりかかった不幸を反映して、時にかすかな感傷が交じった心情の吐露もある。
- It was written in the plain vernacular using Hiragana (the Japanese cursive syllabary), and most of the chapters were written in a witty style, but sometimes sentimental lamentation appears reflecting the fall of the Michitaka FUJIWARA's family and unhappiness gone through by her majesty Empress Teishi.
- 陸奥は非藩閥出身であり政府内部では伊藤の信頼によって政治的な基盤を得ているような状態であったが、逆に藩閥政治家とは敵対関係にあった自由党 (明治)の中島信行・星亨とは盟友関係にあった。
- Mutsu was from non-domain clique and gained political foundation inside the government only by Ito's confidence, but he was a sworn friend of Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA and Toru HOSHI who belonged to the Liberal Party (Meiji) that had an adversarial relationship with statesmen of domain cliques.
- なお織田信長は、尾張国半国守護代たる織田氏(清洲三奉行尾張国守護代家 / 織田大和守家とも)の分家で代々の当主が「弾正忠」を自称していた一族(清洲三奉行弾正忠家と称される)の出身である。
- In addition, Nobunaga ODA came from a clan whose successive lords called themselves 'danjo no chu' (Kiyosu sanbugyo [three magistrates of Kiyosu] danjo no chu family), and the clan was a branch family of Oda clan, the shugodai (deputy military governor) of half part of Owari Province (also called Kiyosu sanbugyo in Owari province shugodai family or the Oda Yamatonokami family).
- 配下には町奉行所から目代として派遣された与力、同心、寄場差配人(模範的な人足の中から選抜された身寄が遠国にいる人足の身元を引き受ける保証人の類)、医師、心学の教師、船頭等が所属していた。
- Also working for Ninsokuyoseba were Yoriki (police sergeant), who was sent by the town magistrate's office as Mokudai (Deputy), Doshin (police constable), and Yoseba Sahainin (the kind of sponsor who guarantees the characters of the criminals who were chosen out of the exemplary criminals and whose relatives were living away from Edo), doctors, teachers of Shin school (popularized blend of Buddhist, Shinto and Confucian ethical teachings in the Edo period), boatmen and others.
- これら万次郎が幕府に徴用されたのは、英語話者やアメリカ滞在者としての経歴だけでなく、アメリカの目的が捕鯨基地であり、万次郎自身がそのアメリカの捕鯨船船員であったことも無視できないだろう。
- The Shogunate valued Manjiro, not only for his English proficiency and experience in America, but also for his experience as a seaman on an American whaler, relating to America's intention that it would set up the base for whaling in Japan.
- 御台所は、公家・宮家・天皇家から迎えるのが慣例となっていた(例外は、11代将軍徳川家斉御台所・広大院と天璋院の2人で、どちらも島津家出身であったが、近衛家に養女となった上で輿入れした)。
- Generally, a midaidokoro came from a court noble family, a house of an imperial prince or the Imperial family (there were two exceptions, Kodaiin and Tenshoin, midaidokoro of the 11th Shogun Ienari TOKUGAWA, although they came from the Shimazu family, they were adopted by the house of Konoe, and then married with the shogun).
- 日本文学における第一級の資料である事は勿論だが、方言による歌もいくつか収録されており、さらにその中には詠み人の出身地も記録されていることから、言語学の資料としても非常に重要な資料である。
- The Manyoshu is unquestionably an outstanding source within Japanese literature, and as it contains poems written in dialects from the places the composers were from it is also a very important source within linguistics.
- 地震の発生直後から出版が始められた鯰絵は身を守る護符として、あるいは不安を取り除くためのまじないとして庶民の間に急速に広まり、流行が収束するまでのおよそ2ヶ月の間に多数の作品が作られた。
- Namazu-e publication began immediately after the earthquake, spread rapidly among the common people as a gofu (talisman) to protect their lives and to remove anxiety and many works were made within a two month period until the fad subsided.
- 幕府旗本の場合は、3,000石以上の大身旗本、及び家禄が約400石ながら、交代寄合であった徳川将軍家の本家筋に当たる松平郷松平家の家系など特別な場合を除き、家老は置かれないのが通例である。
- For the Hatamoto of the bakufu, it was custom for no Karo to be appointed, except for large Hatamoto with 3,000 or more koku of rice crop, special cases such as lineage to the Matsudaira family, masters of the Tokugawa shogun family, who although only possessing roughly 400 koku of rice crop, had kotaiyoriai status,
- 道鏡の左遷はこの時代の典型的な政変であり、清麻呂が光仁朝で重用されなかったのは、彼が元々地方豪族出身でなおかつ称徳天皇の側近層であった以上、光仁天皇側とのつながりは希薄だったと解している。
- HOSOI thinks that the demotion of Dokyo is a typical political change of the time and that the reason Kiyomaro did not receive an important position in the court of Emperor Konin was that originally he came from a powerful local clan and he was a member of close advisers to Emperor Shotoku and his connection with the side of Emperor Konin was not so close.
- 一部の急進派は長野県北相木村出身の菊池貫平を筆頭とし、さらに農民を駆り出して十石峠経由で信州方面に進出したが、その一隊も11月9日には佐久郡東馬流(現小海町)で鎮台兵の攻撃を受け壊滅した。
- Some radicals led by Kanpei KIKUCHI from Kitaaiki-mura Village in Nagano Prefecture, together with peasants, advanced to Shinshu area via Toishi Pass; however, the troop was also destroyed by the attacks of the Chindai Army in Higashimanagashi in Saku County (now Koumimachi) on November 9.
- その後自身の怠惰によりそのような状態が長く続いてきたが、あるときしかるべきところから写本を借りてきて家の少女らに命じて写本を作らせ、その後もいろいろなところにある写本と照合した。」とある。
- Due to his laziness, the manuscript had not existed for a long time, but one day he borrowed a manuscript from a reliable place, ordering the little girls in his house to transcribe the manuscript, and after that comparing with various manuscripts in different places.'
- 編成乗組員は251名(士官17名、准士官6名、水兵228名)、投降時の乗組員は235名で、ロシア、ウクライナ、ベラルーシ、タタール、ドイツ、ラトビア、エストニア等の出身者で構成されていた。
- The crew consisted of 251 members (17 commissioned officers, 6 warrant officers and 228 seamen) and 235 out of them, who were from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Tatar, Germany, Latvia, Estonia and so on; were on duty when the Irtysh surrendered.
- ここでは、高麗の前身の国家である「百済」を引き合いに出し「手掌ヲ穿傷......」(手の平に穴をあけてそこへ縄を通す」の意)云々のやり方を、朝鮮半島において古来より続く伝統的行為としている。
- He here explains that making a hole in the palms to lace a rope through was a traditional act continuing from ancient times in the Korean peninsula, taking 'Baekje,' which was the predecessor of Goryeo, for example.
- 国際的に極度の円安状況だったこともあるが、当時の欧米からすれば日本は極東の辺境であり、外国人身辺の危険も少なくなかったことから、一流の技術や知識の専門家を招聘することが困難だったことによる。
- The high salaries were partly due to the fact that the yen was extremely weak internationally, but mainly because of the difficulty in convincing top-class experts in technology and knowledge to come to Japan, which from the perspective of Westerners was a country on the extreme eastern edge of the Far East, a country moreover that held considerable physical danger for foreigners.
- 「橘の小島の色はかはらじをこのうき舟ぞゆくへ知られぬ」(橘の茂る小島の色のようにあなたの心は変わらないかも知れないけれど、水に浮く小舟のような私の身は不安定でどこへ漂ってゆくかも知れません)
- 'Tachibana no kojima no iro ha kawaraji o, kono ukifune zo yukue shirarenu' (While I believe your heart will not change like the color of islands with tachibana (mandarin orange tree) thickly grown, I am not sure where I am going to since I am in an unstable position like Ukifune.
- その一方で女御への興味も強く持っていたが(「絵合」)、女御は母の恋人であった源氏が近寄る事を厭い、源氏自身も亡き御息所の遺言で強く諌められていたため、未練を抱きつつもあくまで後見役に徹した。
- However, Genji was strong;y interested in the nyogo ('Eawase'), but since the nyogo did not want Genji, who was her mother's lover, to come close to her and Genji himself was strongly constrained by the late Miyasudokoro's will, he played the role of guardian while being attached to her to some extent.
- 秋成自身の序文には、書き下すと、「雨は霽れ月がは朦朧の夜、窓下に編成して、以て梓氏に畀ふ。題して雨月物語と云ふ」とあり、雨がやんで月がおぼろに見える夜に編成したため、ということが書いてある。
- The preface written by Akinari says, 'I edited this at night with a hazy moon after the rain, to hand it to a publisher. That's why this is titled Ugetsu Monogatari.'
- この六朝時代に「文人」という呼び名が職業・身分という意味合いを離れ、士人の生き方のひとつの選択肢として、あるいはひとつの精神的な価値観として認識され、これ以降もその意味で使われるようになる。
- In the Six Dynasties Period, the title 'Bunjin' lost its meaning as an indication of their profession or status and began to be recognized as a choice in the way of living or a sense of spiritual value for Shijin, and was continuously used in that sense after that.
- 地方によっては、単身者や核家族が居住するワンルーム・マンションの増加など、近隣地域と住人の関係が疎遠になる例もあり、地元神社の氏子への加入や、祭礼の寄付などをめぐり問題を生じている地域もある。
- In some local areas, relations within neighboring districts and residents have become weak mainly due to increase of one-room condos in which singles and nuclear families live, while other areas have problems over whether to become parishioners of a local Shinto shrine and contributing to rites and festivals of the shrine.
- 日本国内でも娼妓という「人身売買」が公然と行われており、奴隷売買を非難する資格がないとのこの批判により、日本は公娼制度を廃止せざるを得なくなり、同年10月に芸娼妓解放令が出される契機となった。
- Human trafficking' for prostitute was practiced openly in Japan, and it was in no position to condemn slavery; after this criticism, Japan was forced to abolish prostitution, and in October of the same year, an emancipation edict was issued, freeing all prostitutes.
- 冠位十二階に組み込まれていなかった、大臣(おおおみ)が身につけていた紫冠が上から5,6番目に置かれ、さらにその上に置かれた冠位の為、朝廷に非常に大きな功績があった功臣のみに送られる冠位であった。
- Taishokkan was bestowed to only meritorious vassals who accomplished great achievements to the Imperial Court since it was placed at a higher cap rank than Murasaki no koburi; Murasaki no koburi had been worn by Oomi (a highest officer in national politics of the Yamato dynasty) and had not been included in the Kan I junikai, but was then demoted to the fifth or sixth from the top.
- それによれば、後裔氏族として御村別(みむらわけ、伊曽乃神社社家)・因支首(いなきのおびと)・和気公(わけのきみ)などが伝えられ、円珍自身も和気公の一族であった(俗名を和気公広雄)ことが知られる。
- According to this genealogy, the descendant clans included Mimurawake (Isono-jinja Shrine shake [family of Shinto priests serving a shrine on a hereditary basis]), INAKI no Obito and Wakenokimi, and Enchin himself is known to have been a member of the family of Wakenokimi (The secular name of Enchin was Hiroo WAKENOKIMI).
- 数の桁の名称や単位、掛け算九九などの基礎的な知識のほか、面積の求め方などの算術を日常生活に身近な話題をもとに解説しており、一冊で当時の生活に必要な算術全般をほぼ網羅できるような内容となっている。
- This book covers almost all important mathematics useful for daily life in the Edo period, from basic knowledge of naming of numbers, units, and the multiplication table to explanation of mathematics with familiar examples such as calculation of area.
- 最大会派研究会_(貴族院)の台頭に憂慮を抱いていた朝日倶楽部と庚子会(懇話会の後身)が合同して53名(公爵2名・伯爵3名・子爵7名・男爵5名・勅撰議員17名・多額納税議員19名)にて結成された。
- The Doyokai was formed when the Asahi Club and the Koshikai (which was the successor to the Konwakai), fearing the emergence of a maximal faction, Kenkyukai (in the House of Peers), joined forces to reach 53 members (two Dukes, three Counts, seven Viscounts, five Barons, 17 members by imperial decree, and 19 high taxpayers).
- また本来は人身の労働によって負担する筈の公事が在家別・反別など財力に応じた負担に移行するようになったほか、代銭納や公事銭と呼ばれる金銭を負担させることを目的とした賦課も広く行われるようになった。
- Also, kuji that had been supposed to be paid with labor came to be load corresponding to financial power such as zaikebetsu or tanbetsu, and an imposition demanding money called daisenno or kujisen also began to be applied.
- 新政府要人である横井小楠暗殺事件で島流し(島流し刑の最後の例)となった上平主税が、伊豆新島への終身流刑(約十年後特赦)となった際、流刑船内で同じく島流しとなる新選組最後の局長・相馬主計と出会った。
- Chikara UEHIRA, who was exiled to Nii-jima Island of Izu (the last case of banishment) because of his involvement in the assassination of Shonan YOKOI, a key figure in the new government (he was later given a special pardon after ten years), met Kazue SOMA, who was the last head of Shinsen-gumi and was also banished to the island, on an exile ship.
- このとき被差別部落民は賎民解放令に基づき、平民として編入されたが、一部地域の戸籍には新平民や、穢多、非人等と記載されたり等、差別は色濃く残った(一部は明治19年式戸籍や身分登記簿にも登載された)。
- Although Burakumin (modern-day descendants of Japan's feudal outcast group) was then registered as commoners based on the Lowly People Liberation Law, they were registered as new commoners, Eta (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (people whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses)), Hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (often ex-convicts or vagrants)), etc., in the family register of certain areas, leaving a strong sense of discrimination (a part of which was also registered in the family register or the social status registration of 1886).
- これは東育ちの受領の子で音楽の嗜みもない浮舟が、二人から宮廷的な教養と趣味を身につけていない田舎者として見下され軽んじられていたことの傍証であるとの見方がある(ただし浮舟自身が詠んだ和歌は多い)。
- Some people assert that this is collateral evidence proving the fact that Ukifune, who was brought up in the eastern region of Japan as a daughter of zuryo (provincial governor) and didn't acquire the knowledge of music, was played down by them as a country-bred woman with no courtly culture and hobbies (however, there were a lot of waka poems composed by her).
- 源氏にのめりこんでいく御息所は、彼を独占したいと渇望しながらも、年上だという引け目や身分高い貴婦人であるという誇りから素直な態度を男に見せることができず、自分を傷つけまいと本心を押し殺してしまう。
- Miyasudokoro became obsessed with Genji and longed to monopolize him, but due to her sense of inferiority as an older woman and her pride that she was a high-standing noblewoman, she could not show a frank attitude to him and she subdued her real feelings with the intention not to hurt herself.
- 更に江戸幕府自身も正徳元年(1711年)に巡見使に対する出訴を処罰の対象外とし、享保6年(1721年)には改めて直訴を禁じるとともに、目安箱を設置して箱訴による合法的越訴が許容されることとなった。
- Furthermore, the Edo bakufu itself decriminalized a suit to jyunkenshi (an inspector sent by the Edo bakufu throughout Japan) in 1711 and once more banned jikiso in 1721, but it prepared a meyasubako (complaints box), allowing legal osso by hakoso (appeal from a box).
- だが、翌年黒田が行った「超然主義演説」や山縣有朋らの反対、条約改正を巡る井上自身と黒田との対立もあって運動は低調となり、1889年夏には事実上計画は中止され、『自治新報』も1890年に廃刊された。
- However, the movement cooled down due to 'the doctrine of superiority' of Kuroda, the opposition of Aritomo YAMAGATA, as well as the conflict between Inoue and Kuroda regarding the treaty revision, and the plan was abolished in the summer of 1889 while 'Jichisei Shinpo' discontinued publication in 1890.
- とりわけ開化派人士や、幼児等も含むその近親者への残酷な処刑は福澤らをして激しい失望感を呼び起こし、福澤は、天津条約締結の前月には自身が主宰する時事新報の紙面において、いわゆる脱亜論を発表するに至る。
- As FUKUZAWA and his colleagues were deeply disappointed by the cruel execution to the sophisticated people of the Progressive Party and their relatives including children in particular, FUKUZAWA came to publish Datsua ron (a theory of turning away from Asia) in the Japanese newspaper Jiji Shinpo led by himself, on the previous month of the Tientsin Convention.
- 明治維新は欧米列強に抑圧されたアジア諸国にとって近代化革命の模範ともなったが、やがて日本自身が列強側の国家として、帝国主義的な領土・権益獲得の立場となったことから、かえって反発を呼ぶことにもなった。
- The Meiji Restoration in Japan was a model for the modern revolution of the various Asian countries which were suppressed by powerful western countries, but Japan also received resistance from them because Japan itself became a powerful imperialistic country trying to obtain lands and interests.
- このため、岩倉や伊藤らは侍補を廃止して親政路線を停止しようと図ったが、明治天皇自身が元田永孚・佐々木高行ら侍補に心を寄せて彼らを私的なブレーンとして遇し、彼らが期待する君主像を実現させようと試みた。
- So Iwakura and Ito eliminated the position of jiho to eradicate the course of direct imperial rule but the Emperor Meiji himself sided with jiho such as Nagazane MOTODA and Takayuki SASAKI, treating them as his private brains, and tried to realize their ideal monarch.
- ただし、この時代の発生期の武士の所領は、後世、身分地位の確立した武士の安定した権利を有する所領と異なり、毎年国衙との間で公田の一部を、経営請負の契約を結ぶ形で保持するという不安定な性格のものであった。
- However, at that time, the territories of the Samurai were acquired through annual contracts of undertaking management of a part of Kuden (field administered directly by a ruler) with the Kokuga (provincial government) and were therefore unstable, unlike in later years when the Samurai's status and rights were better established.
- 御息所が、己の髪や衣服から芥子(悪霊を退けるための加持に用いる香)の匂いがするのを知って、さてはわが身が生霊となって葵の上にあだをなしたか、と悟りおののく場面は物語前半のクライマックスのひとつである。
- The scene in which Miyasudokoro notices that her hair and clothing had the smell of mustard (incense used in incantation to exorcise evil spirits) and knew that she herself became a wraith causing harm to Aoi no ue and her trembling in fear is one of the climaxes of the first half of the story.
- その後、この年の10月1日に詔を発し、皇族や諸臣らに対して聖武天皇の言葉を引用して、妄りに皇位を求めてはならない事、次期皇位継承者は聖武天皇の意向によって自ら(称徳天皇)自身が決める事を改めて表明する。
- Afterwards, on November 7 of the same year Empress Shotoku issued an imperial rescript and expressed her intention to the Imperial family members and court retainers by quoting Emperor Shomu's words that they were forbidden to seek the Imperial Throne for no reason, and as for the next heir to the Imperial Throne, the Empress Shotoku herself would decide taking the will of Emperor Shomu into consideration.
- これは貴族階級である官人層とそれ以外の被支配階級である平民の身分上の格差を定めるものではあったが、同時に能力主義によってその役割を定めるものであり、本来的には世襲制的な法構造を持つものではないといえる。
- While this system was to define disparity of positions between government officials who are in the noble class and the other commoners who are in the subordinate class, it was, at the same time, to determine one's role based on meritocracy, and did not have hereditary law structure inherently.
- 天和 (日本)3年(1682年)、賤ヶ岳の七本槍の1人として知られる加藤嘉明の孫で、外様の石見国吉永藩(1万石)藩主・加藤明友が祖父と自身の功により1万石の加増を受け、2万石で近江国水口城主となり立藩。
- The Minakuchi Domain was founded in 1682 by Akitomo KATO, a tozama (outsider feudal lord) of the Yoshinaga Domain in Iwami Province (with a fief yielding 10,000 koku of rice), who became the lord of the Minakuchi-jo Castle in Omi Province with 10,000 koku of rice increased to 20,000 in total because of the military exploit by himself and his grandfather, Yoshiaki KATO, known as one of the seven excellent military commanders in Hideyoshi's army at the battle of Shizugatake (Shizugatake-no-shichihon-yari).
- それに対して大江広元から意見を求められた北条泰時は、「郎従の身として諸院宮昇殿の者を殺害するなど、武士の本分にもとる行為だ。それも白昼路上で行うなどもってのほか。直ちに厳罰に処すべきである」と言ったと。
- OE no Hiromoto asked Yasutoki HOJO's opinion about it, and he replied, 'it is a sin against Bushi's duty for a follower to kill those who are eligible to enter the In and other palaces, to say nothing of the fact that it happened on the street in a broad daylight. He should be punished at once.'
- 租庸調として国衙などに置かれた正倉に納付された稲穀は、正倉の中身が満載となると検封を経て不動穀とされたが、これに対して検封されていない正税の稲穀は国司の判断によって賑給などの非常の出費などに用いられた。
- Rice in husk collected through Soyocho tax system and placed in a shoso of kokuga (provincial government office compounds) became fudokoku after inspection and sealing when the shoso was filled, while the rice in husk before inspection and sealing was used in case of emergency, like almsgiving, according to the judgement of kokushi (an officer of a province).
- その後の資料の増加によって芹沢による編年は若干の修正を必要とするとみなされているが、大筋では、長身で幅が狭く舌部の返しの未発達なものから、基部の返しが鋭くなったものへと変遷することは広く認められている。
- Even though the chronology proposed by SERIZAWA is believed to need revision as a result of the increased number of materials unearthed since then, his general line of argument that the form underwent a change from being an elongated point with a primitive lingual barb to being one with a sharp bottom barb is widely accepted.
- 明治時代、事実上武士が滅び、その思想のみがいたずらに活用されだした武士道爛熟期にあって、元武士階層出身者が中心となって臣民教育政策が施されたが、これはそこで歴史観が改められるのと同時に造られた標語である。
- In the Meiji period, the age of samurai ended in effect, but the Bushido way of thought was used unnecessarily during its mature period, therefore mainly ex-samurais carried out subject education policy and the catch-phrase was made when the historical view was changed.
- もちろん令外の官の成立ははやく九世紀にさかのぼるものであり、また摂関政治を通じて貴族身分内部の再編がおこなわれつづけたのであり、律令体制の質的な変化は院政以前にゆっくりとではあるが進行していたものである。
- Of course, formation of ryoge no kan dates as early as the ninth century and reorganization within nobles continued through regency, and a qualitative shift of ritsuryo system was going along slowly but steadily before cloister governments.
- 蘇我氏自身の出自はともかく、渡来系の氏族と深い関係にあったのは確かなようで、王権の職業奴属民としての役割を担っていた渡来人の品部の集団などが持つ当時の先進技術が蘇我氏の台頭の一助になったと考えられている。
- Regardless of the origins of the Soga clan, its deep ties with migrant clans is without-doubt, immigrants to ancient Japan; and it is thought that the rise of the Soga clan was aided by the relatively advanced technologies introduced to Japan by Shinabe (technicians in offices) who were toraijin (settlers), who became subjects to royal authority as indentured professionals.
- 白河法皇は義家の武力を身辺警固に大いに活用する一方で、前陸奥国受領のまま昇進はさせず、あまつさえ寛治5年(1091年)には諸国の百姓に義家への田畑の寄進の禁止を命じる宣旨を出し、その力を抑え込もうとした。
- While the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa was utilizing Yoshiie's military power to guard himself, he did not allow the promotion of Yoshiie from zuryo (provincial governor) of Mutsu Province, and moreover he tried to suppress the power of Yoshiie by issuing the senji (imperial decree) prohibiting peasants in various districts from donating the fields to Yoshiie in 1091.
- 井上円了による東洋大学(前述の哲学館(1887年創立)の後身)は、男子専門だった私立学校で、日本で初めて女子の入学を許可(1916年)し、さらに女性教員を世に送り出すなどした、最初の共学の私立大学である。
- Toyo University (successor of the above-mentioned Tetsugakukan, built in 1887) established by Enryo INOUE, was a boys-only private school that became Japan's first coeducational private university; the school admitted girls (in 1916) for the first time in Japan and also produced women teachers.
- 武士がなぜ存在するのかを突き詰めて考えた山鹿の結論は武士は身分という制度ではなく自分が(封建)社会全体への責任を負う立場であると定義をすることで武士となり、(封建)社会全体への倫理を担うとするものであった。
- Yamaga deeply as to why samurai existed and came to the conclusion that it was not just a social status, but a responsible position to the whole (feudal) of society and to the ethics of the entire (feudal) society.
- もっとも、鎌倉幕府初期の政所や問注所を運営していたのは、京都出身の明法道や公家法に通じた中級貴族出身者であったために全く鎌倉幕府が蓄積してきた法慣習が律令法・公家法と全く無関係に成立していた訳ではなかった。
- However, because Mandokoro, the Office of Administration, and Monchujo, the Office of Inquiry of early Kamakura bakufu were operated by people of the middle-ranked nobles from Kyoto with knowledge of Myobodo (study of Codes) and kugeho, the usage of the law accumulated by the Kamakura bakufu was not established unrelated to the ritsuryo law and the kugeho.
- しかしこの銘文自体が、「天皇」、「東宮聖王」などの語や「大御身労賜時」といった日本的な表現が使用されており、推古朝では早過ぎることや、書風に初唐の趣があることから初唐代のものとする説などがあり、疑問が多い。
- However, from the fact that on the inscription itself, words such as 'tenno' (emperor) and 'togu' (crown prince), and Japanese expressions such as 'oomimi itazuki tamaishitoki' (the emperor is sick) are used, which are too early to be used for the reign of Empress Suiko, and also from the fact that the writing style had a tenor of the early Tang period; accordingly there are theories that these expressions are from the early Tang period, leaving many questions.
- また編者三善為康が身近な「反故」を集めたと自ら述べているように、編者が生きた平安時代末期の史料が特に多く収録されていることから、平安時代中紀以降末期にかけての律令政治の実態を伝える貴重な文書集となっている。
- As the editor, MIYOSHI no Tameyasu himself stated that he had collected 'hogo' (scraps of paper), the book, including many historical materials especially in the end of Heian period when he lived, makes itself a valuable collection of monjo that reports realities of government according to the Ritsuryo code from the middle to the end of the Heian period.
- これが成功を収め不動産や金融業に乗り出し、現在の元町 (神戸市)、三宮といった神戸港周辺の都市開発や神戸女学院の前身である女子寄宿学校・神戸ホームの創立に関わるなど、神戸の街づくりに多大な影響を及ぼしている。
- After this success, he expanded his business into real estate, financial business and at the same time was involved in urban development around Kobe Port such as Moto-machi (Kobe City) and Sannomiya, and foundation of Kobe Home, the boarding school for female students which was a predecessor of Kobe College (Kobe Jogakuin), exercising a major influence on Kobe's development.
- そのため、1926年(昭和元年)から自身が進めていた源氏物語の校本作成事業において、それまで河内本系統の写本を元に作業を進め、1931年(昭和6年)に一度は完成し、完成記念の展観会まで催された原稿を破棄した。
- For that reason, during the project of making a variorum for Genji Monogatari that he himself had been engaged in since 1926, he destroyed the notes that he had already composed based upon the manuscripts of the Kawachi-bon line, the very notes that he had once completed in 1931and had even held an exhibition to celebrate.
- 更に国司の引継ぎの際にも不動倉の引継ぎを巡るトラブルが続いたことから、天平宝字7年3月24日 (旧暦)の乾政官符によって、国司交替の際には必ず開封の手続を行って中身を確認するとともに中身の入れ替えを行わせた。
- Furthermore, since troubles on the fudoso warehouse occurred continuously in taking over the position of provincial governor, the kanseikanpu (another name of dajokanpu) was issued on May 15, 763, that in a transfer of the provincial governor, confirmation of the content as well as replacement of the content required to be done.
- 大隈は当初は参議木戸孝允の支援を受け、木戸と同じ長州藩出身の伊藤博文・井上馨や旧幕臣の渋沢栄一らを登用して、新貨条例制定、予算制度導入、造幣局 (日本)・印刷局の建設、廃藩置県・地租改正の実施などに尽力する。
- Okuma initially made efforts toward the enactment of the New Currency Regulation, introduction of budget system, construction of Mint Bureau (Japan) and Printing Bureau, implementation of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) and land-tax reform with support from a councilor Takayoshi KIDO and by employing Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, who were from the same Choshu Domain as Kido, and Eichi SHIBUSAWA, a former retainer of shogun.
- 長州藩出身の広沢真臣が薩摩や土佐などの贋貨鋳造藩から罰金を徴収してそれを引換の元手にすることで40両前後にまで引き上げる案も出されたものの、前述のように穏便な処置を望む意見が占める中では実現は困難と思われた。
- A proposal to collect a fine from domains which coined counterfeit money such as Satsuma and Tosa, and using this as a fund for the exchange, and raising the price to around 40 ryo was put out by Saneomi HIROSAWA from the Choshu Domain, but this was thought to be difficult to realize as most opinions desired a gentle punishment, like written above.
- これは裏を返せば後見人である蓮淳自身の権力拡大が目的であったが、形式上は「法主を頂点とした権力機構の確立」という実如以来の方針に忠実に従ったものであったから、この大義名分を前に異論を挿める者は存在しなかった。
- This actually aimed to expand the guardian Renjun's authority, but formally he was following the policy that had been kept since Jitsunyo, 'the establishment of the power structure with hoshu at the top,' and for this legitimate reason, no one could raise an objection against him.
- 国文学界には、『新古今和歌集』の「法橋行遍」を、熊野出身で熊野速玉大社の社僧・御師を家業とする行遍とする説と、鎌倉時代中期に活躍した東寺四長者の1人である大僧正行遍(1181年 - 1264年)とする説がある。
- Among classical Japanese scholars, there are two theories about 'Hokkyo Gyohen' in 'Shinkokin Wakashu': one is that the Gyohen was onshi (a low-ranking Shinto priest), who was from Kumano and a shaso of Kumano-hayatama-taisha Shrine, while the other is that it was daisojo (a Buddhist priest of the highest order), Gyohen (1181-1264), one of the four chief priests of To-ji Temple, who did remarkable work during the mid-Kamakura period.
- 由利の出身藩である越前藩のために横井小楠が著した「国是三論」において「一国上の経綸」という章があり、そこでは主に財政経済について論じられていることから、その影響を受けた由利は経綸の語を専ら経済の意味で用いていた。
- In Kokuze Sanron (the Three Major Discussion of State Policy) written by Shonan YOKOI for Echizen Domain where Yuri came from, there is a chapter '一国上の経綸 (the administration of affairs of state) ' in which finance and economy were mainly discussed, because Yuri who was affected by that, always used the word '経綸' as economy.
- 都に届けられた貞任の首級に降人となった郎党が泣きながらクシで髪を整えたこと、老武士の佐伯経範の奮戦死、安倍則任の妻の幼子を抱いての投身等。個人の印象的な説話により、単なる合戦記録を超えた文学として評価されている。
- The diary is praised as a work that surpasses simple war records for its impressive stories of individuals such as those of Sadato's followers who had surrendered used a comb to, while in tears, tidy the hair of his decapitated head after it arrived in the capital; the death of an old samurai named Tsunenori SAEKI who died after fighting bravely; ABE no Norito's wife who jumped to her death with her baby in her arms.
- この際、作者の紫式部が受領階級の娘であり妻であったという、当時の身分・階級制度の中では高いとは言えない地位にあったことも、本文を忠実に写し取り伝えていこうとする動機を欠く要因になったとする意見も学者の中には多い。
- Some scholars state that the author Murasaki Shikibu was a daughter and wife of Zuryo rank, which was not a high rank in the hierarchy of those days, and this meant people would copy her work less faithfully.
- また、同国の将軍・関羽が中国最大の鹹湖である「解池」がある河東郡 (中国)解県の出身であったために、元々は塩の密売人であったという伝説が伝えられ、そこから後に関羽を「商売の神様」とする考えが生まれたと言われている。
- Also, since Yu GUAN, General of Shu, was from Hai County, Hedong (China), which has 'Hai Lake,' the biggest saltwater lake in China, a legend was transmitted that he was a trafficker of salt, and later this led to the idea that Yu GUAN was 'a god of trade.'
- その後は、藤原純友の乱を平定した藤原忠文や、阿衡事件に関与した藤原佐世等を輩出したものの、平安時代中期以降は儒学によって立身する家系として数家がしばらく血統を保つのみとなり、鎌倉時代まで続いた家はほとんどなかった。
- Thereafter, Fujiwara Shikike produced FUJIWARA no Tadabumi, who put down FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War, and FUJIWARA no Sukeyo, who was involved with the Ako Incident, but from the middle of the Heian period, only a couple of families managed to keep their lines known as those that rose on the basis of Confucianism, and few could remain until the Kamakura period.
- 第4代藩主・織田長清の頃には長清自身が優れた文化人であったことも影響して藩校・遷喬館が設立され、藩士に文武が奨励され、さらに長清によって織田氏や信長の記録である織田真記15巻が編纂されるなど、芝村藩は全盛期を迎えた。
- During the time of Nagakiyo ODA, the fourth lord of the domain, the domain school Senkyokan was established by the influence of Nagakiyo who was a man of culture, and both literary and military arts were encouraged to the clansmen; furthermore, 15 volumes of Oda Shinki, which was records of Oda clan and Nobunaga were compiled by Nagakiyo; thus, the cultural activities in the domain reached its peak.
- これを受けて大久保や西郷、土佐藩出身のの佐々木高行らは、薩摩・土佐両藩が自ら自首したこと、両藩は私利私欲のためではなく、維新実現のための軍備調達の必要からやむを得ず行ったことであるとして両藩への恩赦を求めたのである。
- In response to this, OKUBO and SAIGO, and Takayuki SASAKI from the Tosa Domain asked for pardon for both countries, as the Satsuma and Tosa Domains surrendered themselves, and as both domains unavoidably issued counterfeit money, not for self-interest, but because of the necessity for armament supplies to realize the restoration,
- 青龍山野中寺(やちゅうじ)の弥勒像台座の下框(かまち)部分には「丙寅年四月大旧八日癸卯開記 栢寺智識之等詣中宮天皇大御身労坐之時 請願之奉弥勒御像也 友等人数一百十八 是依六道四生人等此教可相之也」という陰刻がある。
- There is an inscription in the lower part of pedestal of Maitreya statue in Seiryuzan Yachu-ji Temple: 'On April of 666, the Emperor Chugu became ill and monks and 118 followers of Kashiwa-dera Temple made this Maitreya statue to pray for his health as well as happiness of all people.'
- そもそもこの法度の対象に含まれるのは、大政委任を受けた征夷大将軍の指揮下に置かれて自身も武家官位の任命対象である「武家」や僧官の任命対象である「僧侶」など、朝廷と将軍によって任官された全ての身分が拘束されるものである。
- This law was applied to all the classes which were appointed by the imperial court and the bakufu including 'samurai families' which were to be appointed the official court rank for samurai under the command of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') that is delegated the administration of the country, and 'Buddhist monks' who were to be appointed the official rank for Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by Imperial Court).
- 香山は上司と相談する為に4日の猶予をくれるように頼んだが、ペリーは3日なら待とうと答え、さらに親書を受け取れるような高い身分の役人を派遣しなければ、江戸湾を北上して、兵を率いて上陸し、将軍に直接手渡しすると脅しをかけた。
- When KAYAMA asked Perry to give him 4 days to talk with his superiors, Perry answered that he would wait three days, and further threatened that if the Shogunate did not dispatch a high ranking officer to whom he could hand the letter, he and his men would sail to the north of Edo Bay and hand the letter directly to the Shogun.
- 豊臣方も同じく兵糧に加え弾薬の欠乏や徳川方が仕掛けた心理戦、大砲で櫓・陣屋などに被害を受けて将兵は疲労し、また豊臣家で主導的立場にあった淀殿も本丸への砲撃で身近に被害が及び、態度を軟化させて和議に応じたという(16日)。
- With lack of army provisions and ammunition, psychological warfare that the Tokugawa side conducted, and damages of the towers and camps by cannons, the Toyotomi officers and soldiers had been exhausted, and also Yodo-dono, who was in a leading position in the Toyotomi Family, having seeing damage around her brought by bombardments to Honmaru, Toyotomi side decided to take a softer line, and agreed to have peace negotiations (16th) (the old calendar).
- 武士の人口は、参勤交代に伴う地方からの単身赴任者など、流動的な部分が非常に多く、その推定は20万人程度から100万人程度までとかなりの幅があり、最盛期の江戸の総人口も68万人から150万人まで様々な推定値が出されている。
- Estimates for the samurai residing in Edo vastly ranges between two-hundred thousand and one million due to many fluctuating factors such as the unaccompanied assignments of regional samura in accordance to the requirements of the Sankinkotai system, and the total population for Edo during its apex has ranged from 680,000 to 1.5 million.
- 本文中(手習の巻)に現れる「夕霧」(より正確には「夕霧の御息所」)という表記が「夕霧」という巻名に基づくと見られるとする理由により少なくとも夕霧を初めとするいくつかの巻名は作者自身が名付けたものであろうとする見解もある。
- Some people think that at least a few of the titles, such as 'Yugiri,' were applied by the author because the word 'Yugiri' (more precisely, 'Yugiri, concubine of the Emperor') which appears in the text (Tenarai), is based on the chapter's name.
- 第四十三国立銀行(四十三銀行)→1930年田辺銀行、紀伊貯蓄銀行、紀陽銀行(以上三行は現在の紀陽銀行)、大同銀行、三十四銀行(以上二行は三和銀行を経て三菱東京UFJ銀行)、六十八銀行(南都銀行の前身の一つ)の6行に分割買収
- The 43rd National Bank (Shijusan Bank) -> divided into six banks of the Tanabe Bank, the Kii Savings Bank, the Kiyo Bank (above three banks are the current Kiyo Bank), the Daido Bank, the Sanjushi Bank (above two banks became the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ after the Sanwa Bank), and the Rokujuhachi Bank (one of the predecessor of the Nanto Bank) and purchased in 1930.
- いまや徹底した反共主義の持ち主であった朴は在日本朝鮮人連盟(朝連、在日本朝鮮人総聯合会の前身)への参加を避け、1946年10月に在日本大韓民国民団の前身となる在日本朝鮮居留民団を結成し、初代団長を1949年2月まで勤めた。
- Bokuretsu who came out of prison as a committed anticommunist did not join Zai Nihon Chosenjin Renmei (present-day, Chongryon or General Association of Korean Residents in Japan) but formed Zai Nihon Chosen Kyoryumindan (present-day, Mindan or Korean Residents Union in Japan) in October 1946 and presided as the first organization head until February 1949.
- 1871年8月29日(7月14日 (旧暦))に、薩摩・長州藩出身の指導者により廃藩置県が実施され、都道府県制度が設置され(当初は3府302県、直後に整理され3府72県)、中央政府から都道府県知事を派遣する制度が実施された。
- Therefore, on August 29, 1871, the leaders from Satsuma domain and Choshu domain abolished feudal domains and established prefectures instead (Haihan-chiken), and the modern prefecture system of Japan was established (at first, there were 3-fu and 302-ken, and soon after the system was organized to 3-fu and 72-ken), and then the system of dispatching the prefectural governors from central government was implemented.
- ただし冷泉帝の出生は秘事であり、また公的には女三宮の生んだ薫が源氏の子(次男)とされている(なおこの占いのためもあってか、源氏は始め女三宮が身篭ったと聞いてもすぐには信じず、後に柏木 (源氏物語)との密通を知り納得した)。
- However, Emperor Reizei's birth was a secret, and Onna San no Miya's child was officially recognized as his second son, Kaoru (because of the prediction, Genji doesn't believe Onna San no Miya is pregnant at first, but it makes sense later when he learns of her affair with Kashiwagi).
- 「薄雲」帖で亡くなったことから、出家後は後世の読者から「薄雲女院(うすぐも の にょいん)」と呼ばれている(なお、作中では藤壺が「女御」「女院」と呼ばれたことはなく、藤壺の身分については研究者の間でも意見が分かれている)。
- Since she died in the volume of 'Usugumo' (Wisps of Cloud), she was called 'Usugumo no Nyoin' after taking vows by the readers of later eras (Fujitsubo is never called 'nyogo' and 'nyoin' in the book and the opinions of researchers on Fujitsubo's position are divided).
- しかし中国に対し冊封・朝貢を行っていた周辺諸国も、次第に欧米列強の植民地へと変えられていき、また清朝自身もロシアのイリ地方地方占領や清仏戦争、日本の台湾出兵、日清戦争などアヘン戦争以降の度重なる列強からの外圧にさらされた。
- However, as those Asian countries which conducted sakuho and choko to the Qing dynasty became colonies of western countries and America, the Qing dynasty was also put pressure continuously by powerful countries after the Opium War, especially when Ili region was seized by Russia, the Sino-French War, the Taiwan expedition and the Japanese-Sino War occurred.
- 1890年の帝国議会開設に備えて貴族院議員の選出が行われたが、このうち子爵出身者であった山内豊誠・加納久宜・堀田正養らが政策研究と懇親を兼ねた団体として同年の9月22日に子爵議員を中心として立ち上げた政務研究会を源流とする。
- Prior to the establishment of the Imperial Diet in 1890, members of the House of Peers were elected, among which, members selected from viscounts including Toyoshige YAMAUCHI, Hisayoshi KANO, Masayasu HOTTA formed a group named Seimukenkyukai, which was mainly composed of viscount councilors, to study political affairs and to promote mutual friendship on September 22, 1890, and that was the origin of Kenkyukai.
- しかしゲオルギオスに竹の杖で背中を打たれ、ニコライに随伴していた人力車夫の向畑治三郎に両足を引き倒され、同じくゲオルギオス付き車夫の北賀市市太郎に自身の落としたサーベルで首を斬りつけられた後、警備中の巡査に取り押さえられた。
- But, Prince George struck TSUDA's back with his bamboo cane, and then a rickshaw driver in Nicholas's entourage, Jisaburo MUKOUHATA grabbed TSUDA's legs and pulled him to the ground, and furthermore, a rickshaw driver in George's entourage, Ichitaro KITAGAICHI picked up TSUDA's saber and injured TSUDA's neck with it, and finally TSUDA was arrested by a patrol officer.
- 器財埴輪では、蓋が高貴な身分を表象するものであることから、蓋形埴輪も同様な役割と考えられているほか、盾や甲冑などの武具や武器形のものは、その防御や攻撃といった役割から、悪霊や災いの侵入を防ぐ役割を持っていると考えられている。
- About Kizai Haniwa, lid-shaped Haniwa are thought to have represented high class lineage, because the lid was the symbol of that, and Haniwa shaped like weapons or arms such as shields and armors, are thought to have placed to prevent invasion of an evil spirit or calamity, because of their acrual purpose of defending or attacking.
- 西園寺は古い元老制度を廃止するためあえて元老の追加には同意しなかったが(山本権兵衛などが候補としてあげられた)、五・一五事件による政党内閣の崩壊と軍部の台頭、自身の高齢化によって西園寺単独による後継選定は不可能な状態となった。
- SAIONJI chose not to give his consent to add a new genro, (even though some, such as Gonbe YAMAMOTO, had been nominated) because he was trying to abolish the old genro system; however, it became an impossible task for him to select a successor on his own, because of the party cabinet's collapse and the military emergence resulting from the May 15th Incident as well as his own aging.
- これには「無二無三」に主人に奉公す、といい観念的なものに留まる「忠」「義」を批判するくだりや、普段から「常住死身に成る」「死習う」といったことが説かれていたが、藩政批判などもあったせいか禁書に付され広く読まれることは無かった。
- In this book it was written serving 'nothing else' but a lord and criticized ideological 'loyalty' and 'justice' and encouraged 'being ready to die any time' and 'learning death', but was banned probably due to its criticizing the administration of the domain and was not read widely.
- 身分制度については、江戸幕府下の「士農工商」の別を廃止し、旧武士階級を士族、それ以外を平民とし、「四民平等」を謳う一方、旧公家・大名や一部僧侶などを新たに華族として特権的階級とすると同時に、宮内省の支配の下に置くことになった。
- Regarding the class system, the government advocated equality of all people, abolishing the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants under the Edo Shogunate, and changing former samurai class to the warrior class and the rest of classes to commoner class, whereas they gave the privileges of nobility to former court nobles, feudal lords, and some of the Buddhist monks so as to put them under the control of the Ministry of the Imperial Household.
- しかし名古屋高等検察庁時代に死刑執行に立ち会った三井環元検察官によれば死刑執行された死刑囚の身体は30分間ぶら下げるのが慣例となっており、30分もぶら下げることで「確実に」死亡しているため、現在では蘇生する可能性は皆無である。
- However according to Takamki MITSUI, former prosecutor, who attended executions when he was working at the High Public Prosecutors' Office in Nagoya, a body of a condemned usually is hanged about 30 minutes and the condemned will be dead for sure, there is no possibility of resuscitation today.
- 『続日本紀』には、陸奥按察使紀広純は、はじめ呰麻呂を嫌ったが、後にはなはだ信用するようになったこと、しかし同じ俘囚出身である牡鹿郡大領の道嶋大盾は呰麻呂を見下して夷俘として侮り、呰麻呂は内心深く恨んでいたことが記載されている。
- 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) describes that the Inspector of Mutsu (Mutsu no azuchi) KI no Hirozumi disliked Azamaro at first then fully trusted him later, but Azamaro secretly bore a deep grudge against MICHISHIMA no Otate, Dairyo of Oshika County, who was the same barbarian as Azamaro, looked down on Azamaro as Ifu (Emishi).
- 三世一身法(さんぜいっしんのほう)とは、奈良時代前期の養老7年4月17日 (旧暦)(723年5月25日)に発布された格(律令の修正法令)であり、墾田の奨励のため、開墾者から三世代(又は本人一代)までの墾田私有を認めた法令である。
- Sanze-isshin Law (sanze isshin no ho) is kyaku (amended laws of Ritsuryo codes) which was issued on May 29, 723 during the early Nara period, and the law which allowed a land cultivator to own his land privately for three generations (or only for his own generation) in order to encourage to cultivate rice fields.
- 質取行為(しちとりこうい)とは、中世日本において、別の地域に住む債務者から弁済を受けられなかった債権者が、債務者と同一の地域に住む第三者(債務者との面識の有無は問わず)の身柄あるいは財物を債務の賠償として私的に差し押さえる行為。
- In the medieval Japan, Shichitorikoi was an action of a creditor, who could not receive compensation from a debtor living in a different region, to capture a third person who lived in the same region as the creditor (regardless of whether the person is acquainted with the debtor or not) or to privately confiscate the person's properties as compensation for the debt.
- 大日本帝国陸軍のドイツ式組織への改革や帝国大学令・小学校令などの制定に代表される教育改革、市町村制の確立などが行われ、伊藤自身も井上毅・金子堅太郎・伊東巳代治と大日本帝国憲法草案を作成するなど、立憲体制への準備が着々と進められた。
- The preparation for constitutional system progressed steadily as the reform of Imperial Japanese Army toward German-style system, education reform such as Imperial University Law and Primary School Order and establishment of local authority system were carried out, and Ito himself made the draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan along with Kowashi INOUE, Kentaro KANEKO, and Miyoji ITO.
- ところが、倉庫令では倉庫内の穀は一定期間(最長で9年)ごとに中身を入れ替えて腐敗を防止する規定があるにも関わらず、不動倉の封印が厳重であったために、封印後は放置された状況となり、各地の不動倉で不動穀が腐敗するという事件が相次いだ。
- However, in various provinces, incidents, in which fudokoku became putrid, occurred one after another; it was because the fudoso was kept sealed so strictly; the warehouses virtually had been left alone for a long time in spite of the fact that there was a regulation that the rice in the husk kept in the fudoso had to be changed regularly (the maximum interval was 9 years) to prevent the putrefaction.
- 大老井伊直弼の弾圧により慶勝が隠居すると、金鉄組は没落し、竹腰兵部少輔が新藩主徳川茂徳のもとで藩政を取り仕切ったが、桜田門外の変以降竹腰兵部少輔は失脚、慶勝が隠居の身ながら藩政の前面に出、金鉄組とともに頻繁に上洛して政局にあたった。
- The crackdown on Tairo (chief minister) Nosuke II forced Yoshikatsu to be secluded and the Kanetetsu group was on decline and under the new lord of the domain Mochinaga TOKUGAWA, Takenokoshi Hyobu shoyu took domain duties, but after the Sakuradamongai no Hen (The Incident Outside the Sakurada-mon Gate), Takenokoshi Hyobu shoyu was toppled and Yoshikatsu advanced to administration of the domain though he was in retirement and he often went to the capital (Kyoto) with the Kanetetsu group to take the helm of state.
- 当初は無宿である者のみを送ったが、天明8年(1788年)には敲や入墨の刑に処されたが身元保証人がいない者、文化(元号)2年(1805年)には人足寄場での行いが悪い者、追放刑を受けても改悛する姿勢が見えない者まで送られるようになった。
- Though at first only homeless people were sent, the scope of who could be sent gradually widened, beginning in 1788 with those who had been punished with flogging or tattooing and had no personal guarantor, continuing in 1805 with those who had acted poorly at their work-houses, and finally extending to those who had shown no contrition for their crimes even after enduring exile.
- 例えば、額から右眼にかけて致命的な傷痕があり、更に右手首を骨折していた人骨が見つかっているが、右手首の骨折は、攻撃から身を守る際につけられる、防御創と呼ばれる種類の傷としては一般的なもので、争いによる受傷者である可能性は極めて高い。
- For example, a human bone with fatal wound across the forehead to right eye and broken right wrist, which is a typical defensive wound that happens when defending from attack, was excavated, and it is very likely that the person was wounded by fighting.
- 台湾総務長官は、前身である民政長官などを含め水野遵、曽根静夫、後藤新平、祝辰巳、大島久満次、宮尾舜治、内田嘉吉、下村宏、賀来佐賀太郎、後藤文夫、河原田稼吉、人見次郎、高橋守雄、木下信、平塚広義、森岡二郎、斎藤樹、成田一郎が就任している。
- Successive Chief of Home Affairs and its forerunners such as Director of the Home Affairs Bureau (民政長官) included Takashi MIZUNO, Shizuo SONE, Shinpei GOTO, Tatsumi IO, Kumaji OSHIMA, Shunji MIYAO, Kakichi UCHIDA, Hiroshi SHIMOMURA, Sagataro KAKU, Fumio GOTO, Kakichi KAWARADA, Jiro HITOMI, Morio TAKAHASHI, Shin KINOSHITA, Hiroyoshi HIRATSUKA, Jiro MORIOKA, Itsuki SAITO and Ichiro NARITA.
- ナイフ形石器(ナイフがた せっき)とは、後期旧石器時代に特徴的な、石刃(刃器)などの剥片に刃潰し剥離(剥片自身がもつ鋭い側縁の一部をナイフの刃のように残し、ほかの側縁を鈍くつぶす調整剥離)を加え、現在のナイフに似た形に仕上げた石器である。
- Stone tools resembling a knife were characteristics to the end period of the Paleolithic period, and they were made by blunting and exfoliating flakes like stone knives (blades) (i.e. Exfoliation was adjusted so that the sharp edge of flake would be partly remained like a knife blade and the rest of the edge would be blunted), and by forming the flakes into a shape similar to modern knives.
- 公布前の1889年(明治22年)5月、東大法学部出身者で組織されるイギリス法系の法学士会は春季総会において『法典編纂ニ関スル意見書』を発表するとともに、拙速な法典編纂を改めるべきであることを内閣や枢密院 (日本)に働きかけることを議決した。
- In May, 1889 before the publication, the British Law Hogakushi-kai Association consisting of graduates from the University of Tokyo Faculty of Law presented 'Hoten Hensan ni Kansuru Ikensho (written opinions on Compiling Legal Codes' in its spring assembly and decided that they should appeal to the Cabinet and the Sumitsu-in (Privy Council) to correct rapid compilation of legal codes.
- 10月14日-15日に開かれた閣議は紛糾したが、採決で同数になった結果、この意見が通らないなら辞任する(西郷が辞任した場合、薩摩出身の官僚、軍人の多数が中央政府から抜けてしまう恐れがある)とした西郷の言に恐怖した議長の三条が即時派遣を決定。
- The cabinet meeting held on from October 14 to 15 got complicated, but chairman SANJO who was afraid of SAIGO's remark that he will resign when his idea couldn't put through as a result of a tie (there is a possibility that numerous bureaucracies and military men from Satsuma will leave from central government in case of Saigo's resignation), determined immediate dispatch.
- 翌年に意次が失脚すると、親田沼派の大名であったということから、田沼派の徹底的な粛清を図る松平定信によって天明8年(1788年)5月6日伏見奉行在職中、不正、服務規程違反などがあったために改易され、相模国小田原藩主大久保家にお預けの身となった。
- When Okitsugu was overthrown the following year, as he was a feudal lord of pro-Tanuma group, he was imposed sanctions for committing fraud and violating service regulations while in Fushimi bugyo on June 9, 1788, and left to the Okubo family, the lord of the Odawara Domain, Sagami Province, by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA who tied to purge the Tanuma group thoroughly.
- また家康本陣を守備していた藤堂高虎の一代記である高山公実録にも「御旗本大崩れ」と記され、藤堂勢は一応の応戦はしたものの、真田隊の勢いの前では効果無く、ほどなく家康は本陣を捨ててしまい、高虎自身も、家康の安危を確認できなかったと振り返っている。
- Also in Kozankojiroku, a biography of Takatora TODO, who guarded the Ieyasu headquaters, there is a description of 'a great collapse of hatamoto (direct retainers of the shogun)' and Takatora, reviewing the battle, says in the biography that his troop fought back more or less, but was overwhelmed by the Sanada troop, and Takatora himself could not confirm the safety of Ieyasu, who abandoned the headquarters shortly afterward.
- そこでの決議をもとに、請願活動や高利貸との交渉を行うも不調に終わり、租税の軽減・義務教育の延期・借金の据え置き等を政府に訴えるための蜂起が提案され、大宮郷(埼玉県秩父市)で代々名主を務める家の出身である田代栄助が総理(代表)として推挙された。
- Based on the decisions they made there, they had petitioning activity and negotiations with usurers only to fail, therefore, an uprising was proposed in order to make an petition for tax reduction, postponement of compulsory education and deferment of debt to the government, and Eisuke TASHIRO, whose family acted as a nanushi (village headman) for generations in Omiyago (Chichibu City, Saitama Prefecture) was recommended for their representative.
- 承平8年(938年)2月、身の置き所のなくなった平貞盛は東山道をへて京へ上ろうと出立するが、朝廷に告訴されることを恐れた将門は100騎を率いてこれを追撃、信濃国信濃川で追いついて合戦となり、貞盛側の多くが討たれるも、貞盛は身ひとつで逃亡に成功。
- Having no idea what to do with hiimself, TAIRA no Sadamori left for Kyoto via Tosando Road in Feburary 938, but was chased by Masakado with his 100 horsemen who feared action from the Imperial Court; Sadamori escaped following a battle at Shinano-gawa River in Shinano Province, although many of his men were killed.
- あらかじめ目付クラス以上のある程度の身分有る者で、腕の立つ者、腕力強健な者を側に控えさせておき、家老一同が藩主の前に並び「お身持ち良ろしからず、暫くお慎みあるべし」と藩主に告げ、家臣が藩主の刀を取り上げ、座敷牢のような所へ強制的に監禁してしまう。
- With those who skilled in the martial arts or are strong-muscled in the position of Metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers) or higher in waiting in the side, chief retainers say to their lord, 'You behaved very badly, so you should be confined' and vassals take swords away from the lord and imprison him to a place such as a confinement room.
- 薩摩藩の島津久光が不満を述べた以外は目立った反撥はなかった(すでに中央軍制が整い、個別の藩が対抗しにくくなっていたこと、藩財政が危機的状況に陥り、知藩事の手に負えなくなったこと、旧藩主が華族として身分・財産が保証されること、などが理由とされる)。
- There was no remarkable objection except that Hisamitsu SHIMAZU in Satsuma Domain complained about the system (the reasons why there were so few objections are that it was difficult for each domain to oppose the already organized central military system; governors were not able to deal with the serious financial problems in their domains; and former governors of feudal domains were assured their position and properties as nobles).
- 帰国の日も近づいた或る夜、母后は、あの女性は実は自分の化身だったと言い、宇文会は阿修羅、私は第二天の天衆、あなたは天童、二人は阿修羅懲戒のため天から下されたのだ、人世に生まれたばっかりにみだりごころも起こったのだと秘密を明かし、形見に鏡を渡した。
- One night, when the day of his return was coming up, the empress dowager said that the mysterious lady was her other self and disclosed the secret that 'Ubunkai was Asura, I am tenshu (a god) of dainiten (the second god) and you are a tendo (the embodiment as a child of a ferocious god who protects the Buddhist Law) and both were sent from the svarga to punish Asura but obscene thoughts occurred because we are born into this world' and gave him a mirror as a memento.
- なお、『日葡辞書』には“越訴”を「一旦却下されるか和解するかした後に再びむしかえして新たに提起された訴訟」、“直訴”を“直奏”の派生語として「国王または大身の主君に自ら面と向かって申し上げること、また口頭か文書かで直接訴え出ること」と記されている
- 'Nippo jisho' (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary) defined 'osso' as 'renewing a suit that was once rejected or settled' and 'jikiso' as a derived word from 'jikisou' meaning 'speaking directly to the King or the great lord, or appealing in speech or in writing.'
- しかし、それら異本は、著者自身が一度も用いなかった「名山図志」なる語を書名としたり、正しくは「志」とすべきところを「誌」と書き誤るといった書誌学的な過誤だけでなく、学術的な博物誌であるにもかかわらず名所案内として解題するなど問題の多いものである。
- However, those alternative versions have problems not only bibliographical mistakes such as using the new title of 'Meizan zushi', a word the author never used, and misspelling '志' with '誌', but also the title was changed for a tourist information book when the original was an academic book on natural history.
- だが、公民や品部のように一般の戸籍には編入されず、「雑戸籍」という特殊な戸籍が作成されてその身分は技術とともに世襲化されて官司に直接付属されるなど、賎民に準じた扱いを受けていたと考えられている(ただし、一部には功労によって位階を授かる者もいた)。
- Zakko, however, are believed to have been treated in a similar way to senmin (with the exception of some who were given ikai [Court rank] in recognition of their contribution), as seen from the facts that they were registered not in the general family register in which citizens and shinabe (technicians in offices) were listed but in the special family register called 'zakkoseki,' and that they passed on their social status as well as skills in a hereditary manner under the direct control of government offices.
- 小林平八郎と清水一学は吉良家臣として劇作などに取り上げられ、上野介の身代わりとなって奮戦する小林平八郎の姿や、泉水にかけられた橋の上で二刀を構えた清水一学が赤穂浪士を大いに苦しめ、赤穂浪士第一の剣客堀部安兵衛と大立ち回りを演じる場面が描かれている。
- Heihachiro KOBAYASHI and Ichigaku SHIMIZU often appears in plays which show Heihachiro KOBAYASHI sacrificing himself by fighting for Kira and Ichigaku SHIMIZU with two swords in his hands tormenting Ako Roshi greatly on the bridge over a pond in the yard, as well as battling a mass fight with the most skilled swordsman among Ako Roshi, Yasube HORIBE.
- 現在、これらを前身として存続している銀行のうち、国立銀行時代のナンバーを引き継いでいないところのほとんどは、1930年代から1940年代前半の政府の施策として、銀行の1県1行主義に伴う戦時統合により、新たな法人として設立されているところが多くみられる。
- Currently, many of the surviving banks which used to be the National Banks but did not take over the numbers at the time were established as new legal entities by the integration in wartime according to the principle of one bank per one prefecture under the government measures of 1930 to early 1940.
- これらの公事はかつての庸や調などの人身に対する賦課の延長上にあり、荘園や国衙領に居住する者が「名主百姓の役」である公事を負担することが平民百姓=自由民としての義務と考えられていた(これに対して年貢・所当は田地への賦課である租の延長上に捉えられている)。
- These kuji were on the extended line of the imposition on human body such as cho or yo in the earlier days, so it was considered that bearing kuji of 'myoshu hyakusho no eki' was for people living in the manor or kokugaryo an obligation as commoner peasants = free people (on the other hand, nengu and shoto were positioned on the extended line of so that was an imposition to rice field).
- 賦課を負担する対象となる主体によって百姓役・田堵役・名役・荘役・御家人役・守護役・受領役・下司役・預所役・家司役・本所役などがある(重複しているものもあるが、間違いではなく中間的身分にある者は賦課する主体にも負担する対象にも成り得たことを意味している)。
- Corresponding to the tax payer, there were hyakushoyaku (peasant tax), tatoyaku (cultivator tax), 名役, shoyaku, gokeninyaku (shogunal retainer tax), shugoyaku (provincial constable tax), zuryoyaku (provincial governor tax), gesuyaku, azukaridokoroyaku, keishiyaku (household superintendent tax), honjoyaku and so on (some of those overlapped, but it's not a mistake, it shows some people in the middle rank could have been a tax imposer as well as a tax payer.
- 「交戦団体」とは、分離独立・政府転覆を企図した場合で、「土地をよこせ」といった要求のための実力行使などは次元の低いもので該当しない(榎本自身は、別に日本からの「分離独立」や「新政府転覆」を企てているわけでは無いので、「交戦団体」認定を受ける必要性は無い)。
- A 'warring group' can be used in case of attempting separation and independence from Japan or overthrow of the government, therefore, any use of the force for a demand such as taking away someone's land is not serious and is not applable (Enomoto had no intention to attempt 'separation and independence' from Japan nor 'overthrow of the government', so his group did not need to be certified as a 'warring group'.)
- だが、調査によって贋貨鋳造の事実が無い事が確認されていた長州藩や肥前藩出身者は、自分達は苦労の末に軍費を自前で調達したのに薩摩や土佐が違法手段で調達していたという事実に反発して、両藩から罰金を取ってそれを贋貨と正貨の引換の原資に充てるべきであると主張した。
- However, people from domains that were confirmed of having no truth in coining counterfeit money due to investigation, such as those from the Choshu or Hizen Domains, were offended by the fact that they supplied war expenditures at their own expense after sustained effort, while the Satsuma and Tosa Domains supplied them with illegal methods, and insisted that a penalty should be taken from both domains and that this should allot to the government funds for the exchange of counterfeit and specie money.
- 全体として、保守的な公家の立場を主張し、天皇と公家(=摂関家と村上源氏)が日本国を統治して武士を統率するのが理想の国家像であるとする(特に公家や僧侶を「人(ひと)」、武士を「者(もの)」と明確に区別しているところに彼の身分観の反映がなされていると言われる)。
- Overall, Chikafusa places emphasis on the standpoint and position of the conservative aristocracy, and argues the combination of Emperor with court nobility (which really refers to the family of Sekkan (regents) and the Murakami branch of the Minamoto clan), joining together to rule all Japan and taking a leadership role over the warrior class, was the ideal polity (in particular, he draws a very clear distinction between nobles and Buddhist priests, whom he terms 'the (good) people,' and warriors, called just 'persons,' thereby reflecting, it has been argued, his own views of social status).
- 忍秘伝や万川集海といった忍術書には忍刀の記載がなく「折れにくいよう重ね厚く幅広い脇差及び錐刀を用いる」という内容が剣術の項にあること(江戸時代以降は武士階級以外の庶民は役所に届出がありさえすれば旅の護身用や仇討ち認可などの理由により脇差までの携行が許された)。
- In ninja art books, such as Ninhiden or Shukai BANSEN, there is no description of shinobigatana, but a description that 'use thick and wide wakizashi and uchigatana and put them not to break (after the Edo period, common people other than samurai were allowed to carry wakizashi for self defense or revenge if they made registrations at public offices).
- 同法によれば過料には3貫文もしくは5貫文の(一般的な)「過料」、10貫文の「重き過料」、本人の財力に応じた「身上に応じ過料」、本人の家の規模(財力に準じる)に応じた「小間に応じ過料」、地域単位で罰する場合石高に応じた「村高に応じ過料」の5つの事例に整理された。
- According to the law of Kujigata-osadamegaki, the penalty of Karyo was organized into five cases; 'Karyo' was three kanmon (3 kanmon = 30 yen) or five kanmon (5 kanmon = 50 yen); 'A heavy Karyo' was ten kanmon (10 kanmon = 100 yen); 'Karyo adjusted by wealth (or fortune)' was dependent on a personal financial position (or wealth); 'Karyo adjusted by Koma (a small room which used as a measurement unit to calculate the scale of the house)' was dependent on the scale of the personal household (adjusted by wealth); 'A Karyo adjusted by Muradaka (total yields of a village)' was dependent on Kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period) of the region when law enforcement would punish a particular region in total.
- 道灌の時代、現在の神田川 (東京都)並びに日本橋川の前身である平川(平河)は日比谷入江に流れ込んでおり、西に日比谷入江、東に江戸湊(但し『東京市史稿』は日比谷入江を江戸湊としている)がある江戸前島周辺は中世には、浅草や品川湊と並ぶ、武蔵国の代表的な湊であった。
- In the time of Dokan, the Hirakawa River (present-day, Kanda-gawa River and Nihonbashi-gara River in Tokyo) poured into Hibiya inlet, and the area around Edo Maejima east of the Hibiya cove and west of the Edo-minato Port served as an influential port of Musashi Province during the medieval period rivalling the ports of Asakusa and Shingawa (however, in the 'Tokyoshi Shiko', Hibiya inlet is identified as Edo-minato Port).
- 前官礼遇を受けるには一定期間の在任が必要で、陸軍出身の首相である林銑十郎と阿部信行がその条件を満たしていなかったために、陸軍への配慮から改正されたという(前官礼遇とは首相・国務大臣等の要職を一定期間経験したものに対して現職者に準じる礼遇を賜る当時の制度である)。
- A Prime Minister was required to hold his post for a certain period of time to be granted the privileges later, and it is assumed that the definition was revised in consideration of the army because the two Prime Ministers, Senjuro HAYASHI and Nobuyuki ABE from the army, had not satisfied the condition (The system that existed in those days in which a person who had for a certain period of time occupied an important post such as a Prime Minister or a Minister of State was granted the same privileges as an incumbent was called 'zenkan reigu'.).
- 御庭番に関する記述では、「御庭番は台命を受けるや直ちに幕府御用達呉服店に赴き秘密の部屋で変装し家族にも告げずに直ちに出発する」などとしたものをよく見かけるが、御庭番自身の談話や彼らの書き残した記録や幕府に残る公的記録から、これは伝説に過ぎないことがわかっている。
- The statements about oniwaban often say, 'As soon as the oniwaban received a mission, they went to a clothes shop owned by the bakufu, masqueraded as someone else in a secret room of the shop, and left Edo immediately with no notice to their family,' however, the oniwaban's writings and the bakufu's official records show that it was just a story.
- 1854年の開国以来の混沌とした政治情勢を受けて半ば非常時の体制へ移行したものであるが、その主導者は幕府自身(幕閣)ではなく、薩摩藩主の父・島津久光および朝廷の公武合体派公卿らに主導されて出された勅使による圧力の下、やむを得ず改革を迫られたというのが実情である。
- Although the bakufu shifted to the quasi-emergency regime due to the chaotic political situation since the opening of the country to the world in 1854, such change was not initiated by the bakufu itself (the cabinet officials of the Shogunate) but was forced under the pressure from the imperial envoy dispatched by the initiation of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU who was the father of the the lord of the Satsuma Domain as well as the court nobles supporting Kobu Gattai (an idea of uniting the court and the shogunate), so the reality was that the shogunate had no option but to carry out the reform.
- 講和内容は豊臣家側の条件として、本丸を残して二の丸、三の丸を破壊し、外堀を埋める事、淀殿を人質としない替わりに大野治長、織田有楽斎より人質を出す事が提出され、これに対し徳川家が、秀頼の身の安全と本領の安堵、城中諸士についての不問を約すことで、和議は成立している。
- The establlished compromise included the following contents; the Toyotomi side should destroy Ninomau (the second bailey) and Sannomaru (the third bailey), leave Honmaru as it was, fill up the outer moat of the castle and, instead of Yodo-dono, Harunaga ONO and Urakusai ODA should offer hostages: the Tokugawa side should guarantee the safety of Hideyori and approval of his main domain and overlook soldiers in the castle.
- 1871年(明治4年)7月14日、実質的な最終決済をする参議内閣に薩長土肥一人ずつの参議を供給することとなったため(参議に推された順番で、長州:木戸孝允、薩摩:西郷隆盛、肥前:大隈重信、土佐:板垣退助)、これ以降、薩長土肥出身者が参議の大部分を占めることになった。
- Because on July 14, 1871 it was decided that each domain in the Satchodohi should supply one Sangi (councilor) to the Sangi cabinet, which effectively had the final say of constitutional matters (according to the order in which they were recommended, the members of the Sangi cabinet were Kogoro KATSURA from Choshu, Takamori SAIGO from Satsuma, Shigenobu OKUMA from Hizen, and Taisuke ITAGAKI from Tosa); thereafter, a majority of the Sangi cabinet was made up of people from the Satchodohi.
- 芸能・園芸の「芸」(ゲイ)は当用漢字公布まで用いられた旧字体では「藝」(ゲイ)という書体だったが、戦後になって当用漢字(常用漢字の前身)が公布されてからは新字体として「芸」(ゲイ)に簡略化されたため、もとからある「芸」(ウン)と同形衝突(一致)してしまったのである。
- The character '芸' that is used for 芸能 and 園芸 is derived from the traditional form '藝' which was simplified into 芸 as a new character form published for use as common-use kanji (then 'toyo-kanji' now superseded by 'joyo-kanji') after the war, resulting in integration of character form with the character 芸 that was older in existence and in use.
- そして桶狭間で義元が信長に討たれて今川氏が混乱すると、「世良田二郎三郎元信」は同志を集めて浜松城を落とし、さらに勢いに乗じて三河を攻略しようとしたが、松平元康と名乗っていた家康に敗れて降伏し、信康の身柄を元康に返還することを条件に罪を許され、その家臣になったという。
- When Yoshimoto was killed in the Battle of Okehazama and the IMAGAWA Clan became disorganized, 'Jiro Saburo Motonobu SERATA' and his comrades captured Hamamatsu-jo Castle and tried to occupy Mikawa Province, but were defeated by Ieyasu (Motoyasu at that time), and forced to submit to him and return his son, Nobuyasu, and became the vassal of Ieyasu.
- 賀茂祭(葵祭、4月 (旧暦)の中の酉の日)の御禊(斎院が加茂川の川原で体を禊する)の日、身分を隠して見物していた源氏の愛人・六条御息所の一行は、同じくその当時懐妊して体調が悪く気晴らしに見物に来ていた源氏の正妻・葵の上の一行と、見物の場所をめぐっての車争いを起こす。
- On the day of the purification ceremony (when the Saiin (an Imperial Princess appointed to serve the deities of the Kamo-jinja Shrines) performs her ablutions on the beach of the Kamo river) of the Kamo festival (also called the Aoi (Hollyhock) Festival, which is held on the day of the Rooster in the Fourth Month (old lunar calendar)), there occurs a dispute over where to park the spectators' carriages between the retainers of Rokujo no Miyasudokoro, one of Genji's lovers who had been watching without disclosing her identity, and the retainers of Lady Aoi, Genji's lawful wife who was pregnant at that time and had been in poor physical condition and so was there to watch the event for some diversion.
- ところが蓮如の最後の妻でその死後も石山御坊に在住していた蓮能は畠山氏出身で、また摂津・河内の門徒達もその関係により長年畠山氏と友好的な関係を維持してきたためにこの決定に不満を抱き、蓮能の長子で石山御坊の住持であった蓮如の9男で17歳の実賢を擁立して法主交替を求めた。
- However, since Renno, the last wife of Rennyo, who kept living in Ishiyama Gobo after Rennyo's death, was from the Hatakeyama clan and also since the followers in Settsu and Kawachi had long kept a friendly relationship with the Hatakeyama clan for that reason, they were dissatisfied with the decision and asked to change hoshu by backing up Jitsugen at 17, who was the 1st son of Renno, the 9th son of Rennyo and a chief priest of Ishiyama Gobo.
- 一方、江戸において「(御)番所」は町奉行所を指していたが、この他にも江戸城の城門に設置された御門番所、武家地の警備のために辻などに置いた辻番所、両国橋などの主要な橋のたもとに置かれた橋番所、町人地の木戸に設けられた木戸番屋、その他町内に配された自身番屋などがあった。
- In Edo, bansho meant machi-bugyo-sho (magistrate's office), but there were many types of bansho such as gomon-bansho installed at the castle gate of Edo Castle, tsuji-bansho installed in the streets of samurai residences, hashi-bansho installed at the foot of major bridges like Ryogoku-bashi Bridge, kido-banya (simple lodging house) installed by kido (town gate), and jishin-banya installed inside a town.
- 信長軍はすぐさま、配下の九鬼水軍など三百余艘で木津川 (大阪府)河口を封じたが、毛利水軍は数の利を生かして火矢や焙烙玉(中に火がくすぶっており、目標に当たると中身が出て一気に燃え広がる武器)で信長軍の船を焼き払い、大勝して本願寺に兵糧・弾薬を届けた(第一次木津川口海戦)。
- In response, the Kuki navy, a Nobunaga army's vassal, blocked the estuary of Kizu-gawa River (Osaka Prefecture) with around 300 ships but the Mori navy, outnumbering the enemy, burnt out ships of the Oda army using flaming arrows and horokudama bombs (A fire smolders inside this weapon and, when it hits a target, fire comes out and suddenly spreads.) and sent Hongan-ji Temple the supply after the complete victory (the first Naval Battle of Kizu-gawa River Estuary).
- また、華族制度改革や将来の内閣_(日本)制度導入を巡って、岩倉との間に見解の相違があることも明らかになってきた(岩倉は華族に維新の功臣が加えられることや既存の律令制・太政官制度に基づいた大臣制が廃止されることで、公家出身の自分が政府の中枢から排除されることを警戒していた)。
- In addition, there was conflict of views between Iwakura and Ito regarding reform of the peerage system and introduction of cabinet (Japan) system in future (Iwakura worried about adding new meritorious retainers during the Meiji Restoration to the peerage and abolishment of institution of ministers based on existing the ritsuryo system [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code] and Dajokan [Great Council of State] system, because he thought he would be excluded from the center of the government.)
- 岩崎は決して公の場では言及しなかったが、彼女自身の自伝「Geisha, A Life(アメリカでの書籍名。イギリスでは「Geisha of Gion」として出版)」によって小説「Memoirs of Geisha」が如何に芸者の生活を忠実に表現できなかった事に感情を害した。
- Although Iwasaki never mentioned it in public, she suggested in her autobiography 'Geisha, A Life' (title for the US edition; 'Geisha of Gion' was the title for the UK edition) that she was offended by the novel 'Memoirs of a Geisha' because it did not provide a faithful description of the life of a geisha.
- その一方で道長自身は自らが示した新儀(御堂流)の作法を小野宮流など他家の公卿にも強要しようとしていたことが藤原実資の『小右記』(長和2年正月2日条及び治安 (日本)元年7月25日・26日条など)に記されており、御堂流の手法で公家社会の故実を統一しようとする意図も有していた。
- On the other hand, it was written in 'Shoyuki' (in the article on February 20, 1013, or the article on September 10 and 11, 1021 and so on of the diary) by FUJIWARA no Sanesuke that Michinaga tried to force his new style (Mido-ryu) on Kugyo (court nobles) of other families such as Ononomiya family, so he had an intention of unifying ancient practices in the court noble society with Mido-ryu.
- が、過度に儒学に傾倒していた綱吉は将軍として不安視され、大老酒井忠清は鎌倉時代の宮将軍の例にならい、後西天皇の皇子・有栖川宮幸仁親王を江戸に迎えて将軍に据えようとしたとされる(有栖川宮の祖とされる高松宮好仁親王の室は越前松平家出身(徳川家康の曾孫)、ただし近年は異説もある)。
- Tsunayoshi who was excessively devoted to Confucianism was questioned as shogun and Tairo (chief minister) Tadakiyo SAKAI tried to invite a prince of Emperor Gosai, Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Yukihito, to Edo and put him up as shogun, following the example of miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) in the Kamakura period (the wife of Imperial Prince Yoshihito TAKAMATSUNOMIYA, who was said to be an ancestor of Arisugawa no Miya, came from the Echizen Matsudaira family [a great-grandchild of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA], but there is another theory recently.).
- 事件後の神護景雲3年10月の詔勅によって称徳天皇自身が改めて皇位継承者を自らが決める意思を強調していること(坂本太郎 (歴史学者)以来、これを道鏡への譲位断念と解釈されるが、細井は皇族の軽挙を戒めているが、天皇が意中の人物(道鏡を含めて)を求める旨を強調したに過ぎないとする)。
- That the Empress Shotoku emphasized her intention again to appoint the successor to the Imperial Throne herself in an imperial rescript issued in November 769, which was after the incident; (Since the time of Taro SAKAMOTO [historian], this has been interpreted as the renunciation to let Dokyo ascend the throne; Hosoi thinks that it was no more than that the empress only emphasized her intention to enthrone a person in her mind [including Dokyo] while cautioning Imperial family members and court nobles not to act rashly.)
- これは天平勝宝7歳(755年)に徴集された防人の詠んだ歌を、防人を率いてきた各国の部領使(ことりづかい)に命じて記録、上進させたもので、拙劣歌として半数近く(82首)が棄てられてはいるものの、採用された歌については作者の名前から出身国(国によっては郡名まで)まで逐一記されている。
- Regarding these poems, captains of the Sakimori who were conscripted in 755 from each province were commanded to record and submit the poems composed by the Sakimori guards; among the originally collected poems, 82, or almost half of them, were not included as they were felt to be not skillful enough, and the selected poems were registered with the composers' names, and the provinces they came from (the counties they came from in some cases were also included).
- 特に加賀国においては教団への保護の約束を信じて蓮如自身が一揆とともに守護富樫氏の内紛に加担(文明_(日本)5年の「多屋衆決議文」)し、その後教団の力を恐れた富樫氏が弾圧を加えたため門徒らが激しく抵抗し、結果的に富樫氏を倒して一国を領有する事態となってしまっていた(加賀一向一揆)。
- Especially in Kaga Province, Rennyo himself participated in the internal conflict of the Togashi clan, a provincial military governor, along with the Ikki army, believing Togashi's protection for his religious community ('Taya-shu ketsugi bun' [Resolution of Taya Group] in 1473), but after that, the Togashi clan who feared the power of the religious community oppressed them which the followers fiercely resisted to the extent that they overthrew the Togashi clan and owned the province (Kaga Ikko-Ikki Revolt).
- しかし、恩赦そのものが濫発されたうえ、本来政治とは無関係である寛永寺や増上寺による口添えの存在、しかもその口添えは受刑者の家族しか出来ない事など(独身者には困難である)様々な問題を抱えており、更に個々の受刑者の恩赦の是非は評定所の個別の審議を経たためにその適用基準も曖昧であった。
- This system had various problems, however, including that of pardons granted too frequently; of temples Kanei-ji and Zojo-ji that were supposedly apolitical were allowed to recommend pardons; of recommendations that only the family of a convict were allowed to ask for (thus it was hardly possible for convicts who had no relatives); and of obscure criteria for granting a pardon because the conference chamber discussed the propriety of each case separately.
- 甕棺内に頭部を除く全身が埋葬されていたと考えられる事例が見つかっており、しばしば戦闘の際に敵に頭部を切り取られた死者を連れ帰り、埋葬したものと理解されているが、このような例が本当に戦闘の犠牲者なのか、それとも何らかの儀礼的行為によるものなのかは実際のところは未だ論証されていない。
- Also in some cases, kamekan with whole body except the head part were excavated, and these were interpreted as an enemy taking the victim's head from the battle field and the victim's body was taken back to the settlement for burial, however it is not proven if they really were victims of a battle, or if it was the result of some ritual.
- 元来、外国官(後の外務省)にいた肥前藩出身の大隈が財政を扱うようになったのは、江戸幕府及び明治政府及び諸藩による大量の悪金(贋金)発行の事実が発覚し、諸外国より抗議が殺到したことにより、明治政府の貨幣改革に一転して外交交渉が付随することになった特殊事情によるものである(高輪談判)。
- Okuma, who was from Hizen Province and used to work for Office of Foreign Affairs (later Ministry of Foreign Affairs), started to handle financial matters, as a revelation of a mass issuance of bad money (false currency) by the Edo Shogunate, the Meiji government and various domains triggered a flood of protests from foreign countries, and thus diplomatic negotiation suddenly became necessary for the currency reform of the Meiji government (Takanawa negotiation).
- 1415年、上杉禅秀が関東地方において乱を起こした際、満重(小栗判官の父の名であるがここでは小栗判官自身)は管領足利持氏に攻め落とされ、落ち延びるが、相模国の国に10人の家来とともに潜伏中に見初めた相模横山家(横山大膳・横浜市戸塚区俣野に伝説が残る)の娘照手姫と結婚の約束を交わす。
- In 1415, when Zenshu UESUGI started a revolt in Kanto region, Mitsushige (which is the name of Ogurihangan's father but refers to Ogurihangan himself in this context) ran away as he was defeated by the shognate deputy Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, but Oguri became engaged to the Princess Terute, a young woman from Yokoyama family (Daizen YOKOYAMA's legend remains in Matano, Totsuka Ward, Yokohama City) in Sagami Province, whom he fell in love with while hiding together with 10 of his retainers in Sagami Province.
- しかし相模女子大学の待井新一教授によれば、「評価すべきは、女手(おんなて)といわれる仮名で物語風に歴史を書いている事で、女性にも読んでもらう史書を目指し女性による女性のための歴史物語を完成させた点、はじめて歴史と文学とを結合させ歴史を身近なものにした点では画期的な事」、として挙げられる。
- However, according to Professor Shin'ichi MACHII of Sagami Women's University, 'It should be appreciated that it writes history in a 'story' style using kana (also called 'woman's hand'), and that it was revolutionary in terms of being a history to be read by women, in making a historical tale by women and for women, combining history and literature to make history familiar.'
- 例えば、足利義尚の将軍就任後、その伯父、内大臣日野勝光が政務を取り仕切っていたことが知られているが、軍政面で、公家出身の勝光に判断できないものについては、政所執事伊勢貞宗の決裁を受けるよう指示していた(=軍政面は、足利義政側近である伊勢貞宗の管轄であったこと)が、この日記で知ることができる。
- For example, it is known that, after Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA assumed the position of shogun, his uncle, Katsumitsu HINO, who was Naidaijin (the Minister of the Interior) completely controlled affairs of state, but we can know from this diary that, in military administration, for matters which Katsumitsu who was a noble in his roots could not make judgment, it was instructed to get the approval of the steward of the office of administration, Sadamune ISE (Military administration was in the hand of Sadamune ISE, who was a close retainer of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA.).
- しかも、源氏物語の登場人物の中で本名(と思われるもの)が明らかなのは身分の低い光源氏の家来である藤原惟光と源良清くらい(玉鬘 (源氏物語)を含める説もある)であり、光源氏をはじめとして大部分の登場人物は本文中にはその官職や居住地などのゆかりのある場所の名前に由来する「呼び名」しか記されていない。
- In addition, of the characters in The Tale of Genji, the people whose (possible) real names are known are only FUJIWARA no Koremitsu and MINAMOTO no Yoshikiyo, lower-class servants of Hikaru Genji (some people include Tamakazura, too, in them), but in the tale, most of the characters including Hikaru Genji are known by their 'nicknames' which were derived from their official positions or the names of their related places such as their residences.
- しかも旧雑戸の人々は身分的に公民から雑戸に戻された訳ではない事は天平勝宝年間以後に雑戸籍が作成された事実が無いことからも明らかであり、旧雑戸の人々が徴用されたとしても、実際には律令で定められた雑徭の範疇で官司に奉仕したと考えられる(これは同様の解放経過を辿った馬飼のその後の待遇からも推定できる)。
- In addition, the rank of former zakko people was not changed from the citizen to zakko again, as is obvious from the fact that zakkoseki was not prepared after the Tenpyo-shoho era, thus they are thought in fact to have served government offices within the scope of zoyo defined under the ritsuryo codes even when requisitioned (this can also be assumed from the subsequent treatment of umakai which followed the similar emancipation process.)
- 伊藤がプロシア式の憲法導入の決意を固めたのは、現地で指導を受けたロレンツ・フォン・シュタインの助言(シュタイン自身はドイツの立憲体制を批判してドイツを追われた学者であったが、日本の国情を研究した上でむしろ日本の方がドイツ本国以上にプロシア式の条件に符合していると説いた)によるものであるとされている。
- Ito decided on introduction of Prussia style constitution because of advice by Lorenz von Stein, who lectured Ito in Germany (Stein was opposed to the constitutional government system in Germany and was exiled from Germany, but after he studied about Japan, he realized that the Prussia style constitutional government system would be more appropriate for Japan than for Germany).
- 木戸はこの事情を知って、4月17日付で吉井友実に託して大久保に送った手紙において、貨幣の流通の現状は「全身不随」であり、このような状況を放置しては大政一新(明治維新)はままならないこと、そして遠回しながら薩摩藩が自ら贋貨製造の事実を明らかにしなければ、維新における薩摩藩の名声は地に落ちることになると説いた。
- KIDO found out about these circumstances, and on a letter dated April 17 which he entrusted Tomozane YOSHII and sent to OKUBO, he explained that the present situation of the currency circulation is 'totally paralyzed,' and that if this situation is left alone the Imperial Rule Restoration (Meiji Restoration) would not go as they wanted, along with indirectly saying that if the Satsuma Domain did not reveal by themselves the fact that they were manufacturing counterfeit money, the Satsuma Domain's reputation regarding the restoration would be ruined.
- 伊藤らは天皇と宮中側の関係を改めさせようとしたが、急速に立憲制が確立することで公家出身の門地に依存してきた自分の地位が危うくなることを危惧した三条や岩倉は、元田や佐々木らの宮中側勢力を完全に抑えることには消極的で、大隈財政末期の外債発行問題などでは宮中側と連携して太政官側を動かそうとする動きも見せたのである。
- While Ito and others attempted to change the relationship between the Emperor and the Imperial court, Sanjo and Iwakura were disinclined to completely suppress the power of Imperial court side including Motoda and Sasaki, in fear that their own status defended by the lineage of court noble would be undermined by the rapid establishment of constitutionalism, and they even cooperated with the Imperial court side to put pressure on the Dajokan side over the problem of the issuance of foreign bonds in the closing days of Okuma finance.
- 660年代後半、都を近江宮へ移していた天智天皇は同母弟の大海人皇子を皇太子(日本書紀には「皇太弟」とある。また、大海人皇子の立太子そのものを日本書紀の創作とする説もある)に立てていたが天智天皇10年10月17日 (旧暦)(671年11月26日)、自身の皇子である大友皇子を太政大臣につけて後継とする意思をみせ始めた。
- In the late 660s, Emperor Tenchi who transferred the capital to Omi no miya had originally designated his younger maternal half-brother Prince Oama as Crown Prince (according to the Nihonshoki [Chronicles of Japan], the younger brother of an Emperor. And also there is a theory that the story of Prince Oama was designated as heir was itself a fiction in the Nihonshoki) but on November 26, 671, he designated his own son Prince Otomo as Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) beginning to show his will to let Prince Otomo succeed to the throne.
- アジア系移民で特に母国の公用語に英語が含まれない国出身の家庭では、英語以外の母国語が使われるケースが多いが、その中でも日系人に限り、半数以上の家庭で英語のみが使われ、英語が主流という家庭も含めるとほぼ4分の3までもが家庭内でも英語を会話に用いており、日本語が使われているケースは他非英語系アジア移民の率の半分ほどである。
- Even though Asian immigrant families, especially those whose mother tongues do not include English, often use other languages than English at home, more than half of Japanese immigrant families use only English at home, and if you include the families who use mainly English in this number, this proportion climbs to 3/4 of households, and Japanese families who use Japanese is as low as a half of the rate of non English speaking Asian immigrants using their native tongues at home.
- しかし、現役の自衛官が防衛大臣を兼ねることはともかく、かつて職業軍人であった者や自衛官であった者が、防衛大臣に就任すること自体は憲法違反にあたらないと解されている(例えば、旧海軍経理学校出身の中曽根康弘(中佐)、松野頼三(少佐)、山下元利(中尉)らや陸上自衛隊自衛官(二等陸尉)であった中谷元が防衛庁長官に就任している)。
- However, whether or not an active Self-Defense Official concurrently serves as a Secretary of State for Defense, it is understood that appointment of a career military man or a Self-Defense official to a Secretary of State for Defense itself is not illegal (For instance, Yasuhiro NAKASONE (lieutenant colonel) who graduated from the Naval Paymasters' School, Raizo MATSUNO (major), Ganri YAMASHITA (lieutenant), and Gen NAKATANI who was in the Japanese Self-Defense Forces (First Lieutenant) were appointed to Chief Secretary of State for Defense).
- 金完燮の『親日派のための弁明』(2002)では、一進会の運動を、李氏朝鮮政府の圧政をはねのけようとする農民階級(東学党→進歩会)と、支配階級出身で朝鮮の近代化をめざす改革派知識人グループ(維新会)、そして朝鮮近代化を支援することで「攻撃的な防御」を確保しようとする日本、の3つの改革勢力が結集されたものとして高く評価している。
- In 'Explanation for the sake of pro-Japan' by Kim Wansop (2002), the author highly evaluated the Isshinkai's movement, comparing their movment with a concentration of three revolutionary powers consisted of peasants who tried to reject the oppression of Joseon Dynasty Government (Togaku-to => Shinpo-kai), the group consisted of revolutionary intellectuals from governing class aimed at modernization of Korea (Ishin-kai) and Japan which tried to secure the 'aggressive protection' by supporting the modernization of Korea.
- 現在、大阪城天守閣で所蔵されている、自らも大坂の役に参戦した黒田長政が絵師を集めて描かせたとされる屏風絵「大坂夏の陣図屏風」の左半分には、徳川方の雑兵達が大坂城下の民衆に襲い掛かり、偽首を取る様子や略奪を働き身包みを剥がすところ、さらには川を渡って逃げる民衆に銃口を向ける光景、そして女性を強姦にする様子などが詳細に描かれている。
- At the left hand of painting of 'Osaka Natsu no Jinzu Byobu' (Folding screen with painting of Summer Sieze of Osaka) in the possession of the Tenshukaku (keep or tower) of Osaka-jo Castle, which Nagamasa KURODA who joined in the war ordered painters to make, there are detailed scenes that warriors of Tokugawa side assaulted the public in the town of Osaka-jo Castle, trying to get nisekubi (fake head as a proof to kill someone for awards), plundering and despoiling their possessions including clothes, shooting those who try to escape crossing over river, and raping women, and so on.
- しかし、仮にそうであった場合でも、律令的氏姓制度が形骸化するに連れて、氏(ウヂ)と姓(カバネ)とが世襲化により一体化され、その構成員もいたずらに増え過ぎてしまったため、のちにヤマト王権(天武天皇)自身が八色の姓(やくさのかばね)によって全く新たな官位制度と連動させつつ氏姓の制(うじかばねのせい)を実質的に無意味化せざるを得なかった。
- However, even if it was the case, Emperor Tenmu (Yamato sovereignty) had to create the Yakusa no Kabane system which resulted in the dysfunction of the original kabane system since the kabane were given to too many people, and uji and kabane became integrated through heredity as the system of clans and hereditary titles based on a ritsuryo legal code remained simply as a form.
- 更に漢文・古文などを「よきものではあるがそこまでして勉強するものではない」(意訳)として、その意義を否定こそしないが、世間で扱われている程の価値があるものではない、と言って儒学者や朱子学者が言う様な難しい字句のある漢文や古文を学ぶより、まず日常的に利用価値のある、読み書き、計算、基本的な道徳などの「実学」を身につけるべきだと書かれている。
- Fukuzawa also encouraged to acquire certain skills that could be practically used in everyday life, such as reading and writing, calculation, fundamental ethics, rather than learning Chinese and classics that had long been encouraged to learn but were rather abstruse and unpractical, and were good and appropriate only for Confucian or Neo-Confucian scholars, while Fukuzawa never denied the value of those classics, just implying that they were good, but were not the subjects you really had to study diligently.
- 第2次山縣内閣期に山縣系官僚出身で平田との結びつきが強かった大浦兼武・小松原英太郎・安広伴一郎が勅撰議員に任命されて茶話会に加入すると、勢力が拡大する方向に向かい、多額納税議員や男爵議員からも加入者を得て、平田が内大臣に立った明治末期から大正初期にかけて最大で67名の議員を擁して桂園時代においては桂太郎を支え、研究会と勢力を競うまでに成長した。
- When, during Yamagata's second term as cabinet head, Kanetake OURA, Eitaro KOMATSUBARA, and Banichiro YASUHIRO, bureaucrats who were all protegees of Yamagata, were appointed to the House of Peers by imperial selection and thereafter joined the Tea Party, the influence of the Tea Party began to grow, and they managed to acquire members from among the large-scale taxpayers and the barons, and during Hirata's tenure as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, from the late Meiji period into the early Taisho period, the group possessed 67 members at its largest; the Tea Party supported Taro KATSURA during the Keien period (1905-1912), and its power and influence grew to rival the Kenkyukai's.
- 但しこれらの伝承は「紫式部が源高明の死を悼んで『源氏物語』を書き始めた」とするどう考えても歴史的事実に合わない説話や、紫式部が菩薩の化身であるといった中世的な神秘的伝承と関連づけて伝えられることも多かったため、古くからこれを否定する言説も多く、近世以降の『源氏物語』研究においては『源氏物語』の成立や構成を考えるための手がかりとされることはなかった。
- However, these traditions have been told in relation to the tale that 'Murasaki Shikibu began writing to comfort her sorrow over the death of MINAMOTO no Takaakira,' which is not true to the historical fact, or in a mysterious medieval folktale that Murasaki Shikibu was an incarnation of Bodhisattva; thus there have been many statements that deny them since old times, and they haven't been taken as clues to consider the formation and structure of 'The Tale of Genji' in the study of 'The Tale of Genji' since modern times.
- 留守政府は岩倉使節団派遣中は人事を凍結する約束であり、西郷隆盛に調整役としての期待が大きかったが、西郷自身が「強兵」を維新の主軸に置いており、「強兵」を推進しようとする山縣有朋に対しては自説の士族主体の志願兵構想を撤回して彼の構想する徴兵制の確立に協力し、山城屋事件で山縣が辞任に追い込まれた時でさえ、これを擁護して山縣追い落としを図る薩摩出身者を宥めている。
- Rusu-seifu had promised to freeze personnel affairs during the absence of Iwakura Mission and Takamori SAIGO had been greatly expected to work as a coordinator, but SAIGO placed 'kyohei (powerful army)' as one of the top priorities of the Restoration, supported Aritomo YAMAGATA, who was promoting 'kyohei,' to establish a plot of the conscription system instead of realizing SAIGO's own idea of the warrior-class-centered volunteer system, and persuaded people from Satsuma not to throw YAMAGATA out of power even when YAMAGATA came to a crisis of being forced to step down due to the Yamashiroya incident.
- 『』(巻之一)の「」によると、批判の評論は1873年(明治6年)から1874年(明治7年)にかけて激しくなり、「明治七年の末に至りては攻撃(こうげき)罵詈(ばり)の頂上(ちやうじやう)を極め遠近(ゑんきん)より脅迫状(けふはくじやう)の到來(たうらい)、友人の忠告(ちうこく)等今は殆んど身邊(しんぺん)も危(あやう)きほどの塲合(ばあい)に迫り」というほどであった。
- Critical reviews became rampant in 1873 to 1874, one account explains the situation as 'a barrage of severe criticisms became abusive at the end of 1874, and he received intimidating letters from across the country, even endangered his friends who tried to give advice to Fukuzawa.
- しかしながら鎌倉時代以降の『源氏物語』が古典として重要な教養の源泉であるとされた以後の時代に作成された写本は、証本となしうる信頼できる写本を元に注意深く写しとって、きちんと校合などもした上で完成させることが一般的であったが、それ以前、平安時代には『源氏物語』等の物語は広く普及し多くの写本が作られており、その中には源麗子本等の身分の高い人物が自ら作ったと見られる写本もあった。
- 'The Tale of Genji' after the Kamakura period was treated as an important intellectual source of classic knowledge, and in those days it was a general practice that manuscripts would be copied carefully from a reliable manuscript that could be the shohon (premised book) and completed after collation; however, in the Heian period stories like 'The Tale of Genji' were diffused widely and many manuscripts were made, and among them was a manuscript made by upper-class people such as MINAMOTO no Reishi.
- ここにおいて大久保も事の重大さを認識して、吉井や鹿児島市滞在中の西郷隆盛ら薩摩藩出身者と相談した上で大久保個人による形式で薩摩藩への建白書を提出して「皇国(日本)の安危興亡」を救うために「御国(薩摩藩)」が身を犠牲にすることで「天下に大義を唱える」ことが可能となることを論じて、直ちに贋貨鋳造を取りやめて事実を明らかにすることで、薩摩藩が他藩に対して優位に立てると主張したのである。
- Here, OKUBO became aware of the importance of the matter, and after consulting people from the Satsuma Domain such as YOSHII and Takamori SAIGO who was staying in Kagoshima City, OKUBO presented a petition individually, arguing that when 'your domain (the Satsuma Domain)' sacrifices its life to save the 'empire's (Japan) crisis,' then it becomes possible to 'preach the justice to the world' and he also insisted that by stopping the coining of counterfeit money and revealing the truth, the Satsuma Domain would be able to have an advantage over other domains.
- 貴重書収集・副本作成の作業には天皇自身も深く関与し、その宸筆によって本文・外題が記されたものが多く、蔵書印も後西天皇(「明暦」)・東山天皇(「元禄」)・桜町天皇(「延享」)・後桜町天皇(「明和」)など在位中の元号を用いたものや「皇統文庫」という統一印を用いる例(後西・桜町・孝明天皇)などが使用され、孝明天皇のように「統仁」・「此華」・「天淵」などの独自の蔵書印を作成する天皇もいた。
- Emperors themselves were deeply involved with the collection of the precious books and production of copies, and many of the contents and titles were written by the Shinpitsu (emperor's own handwriting), as for book collection seals, the era names on the throne such as the Emperor Gosai ('Meireki era'), the Emperor Higashiyama ('Genroku era'), the Emperor Gosakuramachi ('Meiwa Era') and so on were used, or unified seal called 'imperial line bunko' was used (for example, the Gosai Emperor, the Sakuramachi Emperor and the Emperor Komei), and some emperors made unique book collection seals such as 'Osahito,' 'Konohana,' 'Tenen' and so on, like the Emperor Komei.
- これについては南紀派による画策であると言われているが、家定自身も廃人もしくはそれに近い重態ではあったものの、完全に意思能力が失われていたわけではないため、本人の意向で自分の対抗馬である慶喜を嫌って個人的に気にかけていた慶福を指名したとする見方もある(家定の側小姓で後に勘定奉行などを歴任した朝比奈閑水の回想によれば、家定は「自分より慶喜の方が美形」という理由で慶喜に反感を抱いていたと記している)。
- This is said to be a plan made by the Nanki group, but some stated that Iesada, although being almost disabled or in a critical condition, did not lose his mental capacity completely and appointed Yoshitomi whom he liked personally because he disliked his rival Yoshinobu (according to the reflection of Kansui ASAHINA who was Iesada's attendant page and later served as kanjo bugyo [commissioner of finance], Iesada hated Yoshinobu because 'Yoshinobu was more handsome than him').
- その理由として、御誓文と同時に出された宸翰に出てくる「旧来の陋習」の語がそもそも鎖国攘夷の意味に限定されていないこと、また木戸孝允自身が「打破すべき封建性」「打破すべき閉鎖性」の意味で「旧習」「旧来の陋習」「陋習」という言葉を広く使用していること、また、大久保利通でさえ木戸の「旧来の陋習」と同じ意味のことを「因循の腐臭」とより痛烈に批判していること、つまり、薩長いずれも密留学をさせ倒幕に立ち上がった開明的雄藩であったにもかかわらず長州の木戸より薩摩の大久保のほうが藩主父子・出身藩の内部事情などのためにより批判的にならざるを得ない危険な封建性・閉鎖性をより自覚していたということ(寺田屋事件~西南戦争)、更に、岩倉具視も他の文書で「天地の公道」という全く同じ言葉を万国公法とはおよそ次元の異なる「天然自然の条理というような意味」で用いていることなどが挙げられている。
- As the reason, they explained that the word 'evil customs of the past' in shinkan (Imperial letter) issued at the same time as Charter Oath was not restricted to national isolation as well as expulsion of foreigners, and Takayoshi KIDO himself used the words 'old customs', 'evil customs of the past' and 'conventions' widely as meaning of 'feudalism to be conquered' or 'closed nature to be conquered', and even Toshimichi OKUBO severely criticized the same thing as 'evil customs of the past' mentioned by Kido for 'corrupt smell of old customes', in other word, though both Satsuma and Choshu provided overseas education secretly and were liberal domains led the movement of overthrowing the Shogunate, Okubo from Satsuma recognized more about dangerous feudalism as well as closed nature than Kido from Choshu, Okubo had to criticize more extreme because of internal affair regarding father and son of the lords of his domain and internal circumstances of his domain (The Teradaya Incident - Seinan War), moreover Tomomi IWAKURA also used just the same words 'the laws of Nature' as 'reason of nature' in other document, which meant totally different from international public law.