質: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 変質期
- Transformation period
- 質取行為
- Shichitorikoi (Action of demanding compensation)
- 質志鍾乳洞
- Shizushi calcareous cave
- 変質・消滅期
- Decline and extinction
- 当世書生気質
- Tosei Shosei Katagi
- 氏姓制の変質
- Change in the Quality of the System of Clan Names and Hereditary Titles
- 梅雨前線の性質
- Nature of baiu front
- 知行概念の変質
- Changes in the chigyo concept
- 泉質は放射能泉。
- Spring quality is radioactive spring.
- 質量単位としての両
- Ryo as the weight unit
- 泉質は全く異なる。
- Spring quality of each of these two hot springs is completely different from each other.
- 大名領国制への変質
- Change to the daimyo-ryogoku system (the system that daimyo control feudal domains)
- 地質調査による解析
- Analysis on Geological Survey
- 飛行時間質量分析計
- Time-of-Flight mass spectrometers
- Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- 学生の「公開質問状」
- 'Open letter' from students
- 岩は荒い珪石質である。
- The rocks are silica stones.
- 二村に質屋一軒冬こだち
- One pawn shop/for two villages/a grove in winter
- 植物性たんぱく質が豊富。
- Tofu is rich in plant protein.
- 淀殿を人質として江戸に置く
- Yodo-dono shall stay in Edo as a hostage.
- 泉質は単純温泉と塩化物泉。
- Spring quality is chloride spring and simple hot spring.
- 812年停止(実質廃止)。
- It became ineffective (practically abrogated) in 812.
- どちらも実質的な配流である。
- Both of the cases were exile in a practical sense.
- タンパク質や脂肪分が少ない。
- Low content of protein and fat
- 泉質は塩化物泉や単純温泉など。
- Spring quality is chloride spring, simple hot spring and so on.
- いずれの泉質も源泉温度が低い。
- In every hot spring, the source temperature is low.
- 金春秋は人質としてとどまった。
- Kinshunju stayed as a hostage.
- 実質的な指揮者は吉田忠左衛門。
- Chuzaemon YOSHIDA was the one who actually took the lead.
- Bowman-Birk型阻害物質
- Bowman-Birk inhibitor
- 質問状の内容について言及がある。
- Remarks concerning the open letter are seen in this novel.
- 湖沼水質保全特別措置法指定湖沼。
- The lake is designated under the Law Concerning Special Measures for Conservation of Lake Water Quality.
- 現代の地方銀行に近い性質を持つ。
- It had a similar disposition like a local bank of today.
- パーティクルカウンター、質量濃度計
- Particle counters and mass monitors
- こうして大内氏は実質的に滅亡した。
- This is how the Ouchi clan virtually ruined.
- 材質は主に銅で、アンチモンを含む。
- Mostly the material was copper including antimony.
- 東北地方 - 広く硬質頁岩が分布。
- Tohoku region: Production areas of hard shale are widely spread throughout the Tohoku region.
- ポンド (質量)(ヤード・ポンド法)
- Pound (mass) (the imperial system of units)
- - 新羅が金多遂を遣わして人質にした。
- - Silla sent Kintasui as a hostage.
- - 黄砂等の光学的な性質を観測できる。
- These instruments can be used for measuring optical characteristics of kosa and others.
- - 黄砂等の化学的な性質を観測できる。
- This instrument can be used for measuring chemical characteristics of kosa and others.
- 父 小川琢治(地質学者・京大名誉教授)
- His father was Takuji OGAWA (a geologist and the professor emeritus of Kyoto University).
- これは他の作品とはやや異質な感がある。
- This looks quite different to his other works.
- 品質保証、安全管理上の意味合いもある。
- It is also for the guarantee of the quality and for security.
- 清晃を室町殿(実質上の将軍)に擁立した。
- He attempted to place Seiko in the position of Muromachi-dono, which in reality was equivalent to Shogun.
- その大きさは時代や布の材質により異なる。
- The size that tan represents differ depending on times and materials of textile.
- 官幣社・国幣社は、実質的には差異はない。
- There is no actual differences between Kanpeisha and Kokuheisha.
- 2007年には日本の地質百選に選定された。
- In 2007 it was selected as one of Japan's top 100 geological features (Chishitsu Hyakusen).
- 生来蒲柳の質(つまり病弱)だったとされる。
- It is said that he was Horyu no Shitsu (poor in health) by nature
- 寝殿がなく対の屋二つが並ぶやや質素な作り。
- It is a modest building consisting of two wings placed side by side but no main hall.
- 中山間地帯の粘土質が栽培に適するとされる。
- It is believed that the clay soil of the semi-mountainous area is suitable for growing.
- 唐よりも日本との交流が質量ともに大きかった。
- Interaction with Japan was greater than with Tang in terms of both quality and quantity.
- このため質量の単位としては「匁」が普及した。
- This made 'monme' spread as a weight unit.
- 橘氏の実質上の祖は県犬養三千代とされている。
- The substantial ancestor of the Tachibana clan is said to have been Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo.
- 後に守護が独自で賦課する守護段銭へ変質した。
- However, those taxes were later changed to shugo-tansen, the tan-sen imposed by shugo in their own right.
- 作風は、一般に素朴で質実、写実的と言われる。
- The new culture's creative style is generally described as simple, plain, and realistic.
- (2-a)御家人所領の売買及び質入れの禁止。
- Article 2-a specified the prohibition of trading and pawnage of shoryo (territory) of Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu).
- - 後の夕張炭鉱など北海道の地質調査 (米)
- - Worked as a geological surveyor at various sites, including the site that later became the Yubari Coal Mine in Hokkaido
- 寄生地主の中には質屋などの金融業を兼業した。
- Some parasitic landlords had a side business as a moneylender such as a pawnshop.
- 唐代になるとその質量が11%ほど縮小している。
- In the period of Tang Dynasty, the mass decreased by about 11 percents.
- 現在の質屋のように物品を質草として担保とした。
- Like modern pawnshops, they required borrowers to leave goods as collateral.
- その質草に相当する金額の金銭を高利で貸与した。
- They loaned money equivalent to the value of the pawned item at high interest.
- 封建国家が変質を遂げる過程での出来事であった。
- The incident occurred during the course of change in the feudal nation.
- この数値は、田中正造の国会質問でも使用された。
- This number was used when Shozo TANAKA was summoned to the hearing at the Diet.
- この協定に基づき、水質検査などが行われている。
- Based on this agreement, water quality tests and other surveys have been conducted.
- 実質的に貴族院における政友会の別働隊となった。
- It became practically a supporting group of Seiyukai.
- 銘柄内でも品質により数段階の等級に分けられる。
- There are also several rankings within a brand according to the quality.
- その結果、実質的には収入が半減することになった。
- In effect, the law reduced the income from nengu for samurai families by half.
- 礼銭・一献料はその性質上、様々な別名が存在する。
- The reisen and ikkenryo were, by their very nature, called according to different names.
- 義高は大姫の婿という名目の人質として鎌倉へ下る。
- Under this pretext, Yoshitaka was ordered to Kamakura, where he was effectively held as a hostage.
- 斤(きん)は、尺貫法の質量(重量)の単位である。
- Kin (Catty) is a weight unit in the East Asian system of weights and measures.
- この種銭の善し悪しが私鋳銭の品質を大きく左右する。
- The quality of shichusen produced greatly depends on the quality of this tanesen.
- 1刻 (2時間) 内に複数の質問が出た場合への対処
- In the event where more than one question is raised within one koku
- 材質は、銅製の他、鉄、精鉄、真鍮製のものがあった。
- Copper was a common material, but iron, refined iron and brass were also used available.
- つまり実質的に慶喜による政権掌握が続くことになる。
- This meant that Yoshinobu continued to have practical control over political administration.
- 匁(もんめ)とは、尺貫法における質量の単位である。
- Monme is a weight unit in the Japanese traditional system of weights and measures.
- 尺貫法における他の質量の単位は、以下のようになる。
- The weight units under the traditional Japanese system of weights and measures are as follows:
- 地質的には変成岩と古生代・中生代の水成岩からなる。
- Geologically, it consists of metamorphic rock and hydroenic rock in the Paleozoic era and the Mesozoic era.
- 封戸と湯沐は呼び方の違いであり、実質は同じである。
- Fuko and Tomokuyu are different names, but are practically the same thing.
- 江戸時代以降の近世においては、小作料へと変質した。
- In the early-modern times, namely during the Edo period, the nature of Kajishi changed into kosakuryo (rent paid by tenant farmers).
- これらの私鋳銭は品質が劣悪な鐚銭のものが多かった。
- Many of these privately minted coins were low-quality bitasen coins (whose surfaces were worn away).
- - 黄砂等の質量、濃度、粒子の大きさを観測できる。
- These instruments can be used for measuring, the mass, densities and sand grain sizes of kosa and others.
- 時頼は質素かつ堅実で、宗教心にも厚い人物であった。
- Tokiyori has been characterized as frugal, down-to-earth and religious.
- このとき、人質として岐阜市の信長のもとに送られた。
- Ujisato was then sent as a hostage to Nobunaga who was in Gifu City.
- また遊牧民の世界観の開放的な性質も指摘されている。
- The open nature of the world view of nomads is also pointed out.
- 天日ではなく乾燥機で干す方法もあり、品質は落ちる。
- A drying machine is also introduced in drying process, but machine-dried kelp is inferior to sun-dried kelp in quality.
- 後に鉄砲の質・量双方の増加により主力を鉄砲に譲った。
- Later, the principal power was transferred to the guns because of both improved quality and increase in the quantity of guns.
- 質量の1銭(匁)の基準が開元通寳というわけではない。
- Therefore, the weight of 1 sen (monme) was not based on the Kaigen-tsuho
- - 黄砂等の光学的な性質、粒子の大きさを観測できる。
- These instruments can be used for measuring optical characteristics and the sizes of sand grains of kosa and others.
- 同一の郷居住者を対象とする質取行為→郷質(ごうじち)
- Shichitorikoi targeting a resident living in the same go (an administrative unit of provincial land) => gojichi
- 同一の村居住者を対象とする質取行為→村質(むらじち)
- Shichitorikoi targeting a resident living in the same village => murajichi
- 三好氏は細川氏を実質的に補佐する重臣にまで成長した。
- Then, the Miyoshi clan gained power to become senior vassal who practically supported the Hosokawa clan.
- 神婚神話や海幸山幸神話などとはまったく異質であった。
- It was totally different from myths dealing with marriages between gods, or the legend of Umisachi Yamasachi.
- 思想的には別として次の天上説と実質的には同じである。
- Although it is different in a thought, it is substantially the same as the following theory of tenjo (in the sky).
- 両者の間には隠逸に対する本質的な考え方の変移がある。
- The existence of these two types of recluses demonstrates an essential change in the views about recluse over times.
- 7日、武藤金吉は衆議院で、暴動に関する質問を行った。
- On 7, Kinkichi MUTO asked questions about the riot at the House of Representatives.
- 11世紀中葉に王朝国家体制が変質(後期王朝国家)した。
- In the mid-11th century the dynastic nation system transformed itself (to the late dynastic nation).
- 一文銭1000枚分の質量として定められたのが貫である。
- The total mass of 1,000 of 1 mon coins was defined as 1 kan.
- この一枚の質量は1/10両で、これを1銭(匁)とした。
- The mass of 1 coin of the Kaigen-tsuho was defined as a 10th ryo or 1 sen (monme).
- これは「両」が本来の質量の基本単位であったためである。
- This was because the basic weight unit in Japan was 'ryo.'
- 質量の単位としての両は、古代中国で生まれたものである。
- Ryo as the weight unit originated in ancient China.
- その場合、上位者は一揆を実質上の家臣団として編成した。
- Thus the higher rank person virtually could use that ikki as a group of vassals.
- これは、先に述べた後鳥羽による歌合から続く性質である。
- This was a characteristic that continued from the Utaawase of Gotoba mentioned earlier.
- - 地質学者・小川琢治・小雪夫妻の三男として生まれる。
- He was born as the third son to a geological scientist Takuji OGAWA and his wife Koyuki.
- 本来「石」は「せき」と読む重量(質量)の単位であった。
- Koku' (石) was essentially an unit of weight, pronounced 'seki.'
- 一方で生活の質を向上させ、修養にも通じているといえる。
- On the other hand, it is also said that they have improved the quality of life and are related with training.
- 質量(度量衡の「衡」)は、現代では貫を基本の単位とする。
- At present, the basic unit of mass ('weights' of the weights and measures system) is kan.
- それを裏付けるように、鈴鹿山脈の主要な地質は礫岩である。
- This is evidenced by the fact that the Suzuka Mountains consist mainly of a layer of conglomerate.
- 高度成長にともなって湖水の水質汚濁や富栄養化がすすんだ。
- As the economy grew rapidly, the lake's water quality degraded and it became increasingly eutrophic.
- 檜山村・梅田村・三ノ宮村・質美村が合併し、瑞穂村が発足。
- Hinokiyama-mura, Umeda-mura, Sannomiya-mura and Shitsumi-mura were merged to form Mizuho-mura.
- 同一の令制国居住者を対象とする質取行為→国質(くにじち)
- Shichitorikoi targeting a resident living in the same ryoseikoku (province) => kunijichi
- (2-b)既に売却・質流れした所領は元の領主が領有せよ。
- Article 2-b specified that shoryo (territory) which had been already sold or foreclosed should be possessed by the original feudal lord.
- 動物性タンパク質としてはウミガメやジュゴンを食用とする。
- Sea turtles and dugongs were consumed for food as sources of animal protein.
- 乾燥した昆布は水分を吸収すると膨張するという性質をもつ。
- Dried kelp has the property of swelling when it absorbs moisture.
- 宗族的関係も儀礼を中心としたものに変質したとする説もある。
- Another theory is that the Sozoku-based relations became ceremonial.
- 匁は貫とともに真珠の質量の単位として国際的に使われている。
- Monme, along with kan, is still used as an international weight unit for a pearl.
- 量目(質量)および金品位が一定に定められた計数貨幣である。
- It is counting currency with definite ryome (a weighed value) and karat.
- 編纂の実質的中心は、菅原道真と大蔵善行の二人と推測される。
- It is assumed that SUGAWARA no Michizane and OKURA no Yoshiyuki were responsible for the majority of the compilation work.
- 質問は10ヶ条あり、主だった5条は次のような内容であった。
- There were 10 questions, and five major questions were as follows.
- 建物は質素な平屋建て二棟で、うち一棟は移住後増築したもの。
- He had two one-story simple houses, and one of them was added after he moved into the original one.
- 問題の性質が性質なだけに、腫れ物を触る行為になりかねない。
- It risks the danger of reopening old wounds by the very nature of the issue.
- これによって寛政の改革の政策は実質的に継続することとなる。
- Kansei Reforms were substantially continued by these people.
- 心白(「構造」参照)が大きく、タンパク質の含有量が少ない。
- It has a large shinpaku (white part in the center of rice) (refer to 'Structure'), and the protein content is small.
- 初代頼朝の時は実質的にトップだったが、その後形骸化していく。
- When Yoritomo was the first shogun, it was practically a top rank, but later became a mere façade.
- また、劣悪な質の私鋳銭などの流通により、撰銭などが発生した。
- The circulation of the extremely poor quality shichusen also led to erizeni (selecting refined coins).
- 慶長小判の質量は京目一両を基に複雑なやり取りの上決められた。
- The weight of Keicho Koban (the Japanese gold coin of oval shape minted in the Keicho era [1596 to 1615]) was determined based on 1 ryo of Kyome by taking complicated factors into consideration.
- なお上記場所についての異説の坂も舗装前は同様の地質であった。
- Soil found at other slopes mentioned above is similar in composition as to the description above, before the roads were paved.
- 地質学的には地球の深部から隆起した地層で塩基性の岩盤を持つ。
- Mt. Oe is geologically comprised of stratum with basic bedrock pushed up deep from within the earth.
- 地質は流紋岩で、浸蝕による奇岩が多く見られ、瀑布が点在する。
- The soil is composed of rhyolite and many uniquely shaped rocks due to erosion can be seen, together with waterfalls scattered throughout the area.
- 突っ込んだ話は行われず、若干の質問・応答のみで終了となった。
- Additionally, during the meeting they did not pursue in depth discussion, but instead, concluded this meeting with several sessions of questions and answers.
- オランダ語の通詞は長崎市にいるので質問することも難しかった。
- There were some interpreters in Nagasaki City, which was however too far to ask any question to them.
- このような状況からみて、狩猟具が武器に変質したと考えられる。
- It is thought from these circumstances that tools for hunting became weapons.
- 両者は本質的に異なる概念であるため、詳細はそれぞれの節に記す。
- Since the two concepts are substantially different, they are detailed respectively.
- これらは、律令制の実質を維持していこうとする意思の表れだった。
- All this shows that the government was trying to maintain the essence of the Ritsuryo system.
- 日清両国が出兵し、日本から軍を率いた花房義質公使が派遣された。
- Both Japanese and Qing sent their forces; the Japanese force was led by Yoshimoto HANABUSA, the minister to Korea, was also sent.
- 黒田孝高は、息子黒田長政を織田信長に人質として差し出している。
- Yoshitaka KURODA had proffered his son, Nagamasa KURODA as hostage to Nobunaga ODA.
- また、日本の五円硬貨の質量は3.75gで、ちょうど1匁である。
- The Japanese 5 yen coin has the weight of 3.75 grams, or 1 monme.
- 実質的に都市的な共同体でも、「村」とされている箇所も多かった。
- Many communities in urban sites were regarded as 'villages'.
- 「俳句とは何か」という、本質的問いに対する答えは多数存在する。
- There are many answers to the fundamental question of 'What is a haiku?'
- 同一の荘園居住者を対象とする質取行為→荘質(しょうじち・庄質)
- Shichitorikoi targeting a resident living in the same shoen (private estate) => shojichi
- だが、目安箱は本質的に封建制度の下で将軍が設置したものである。
- However, meyasubako was originally established by a shogun under the feudal system.
- アメリカの思惑の本質・捕鯨船の物資補給を目的とした寄港地の確保
- The true motive of the United States government was the need for ports to supply whaling ships.
- 新羅は弥武を人質にし、別に12人を才伎人にしたが、弥武は病死。
- Silla took Yabu hostage and made another 12 saigijin, but Yabu died of sickness.
- そのため2年栽培のものに近い質を目指した1年の促成栽培もある。
- Therefore, a forcing culture method has been deployed to produce L. japonica with high quality similar to biennial-typed L. japonica in a year.
- 高級品に関しては今のところ海外製は品質が劣るため影響は少ない。
- By contrast, high-grade products have not been affected so much since the quality of import products is inferior.
- これは度量衡の変更によるもので実質的にはほぼ同量と言われている。
- It is said that the above revision was made only because of the change of the system of weighs and measures and the actual amount remained unchanged.
- その多くは出替奉公であったが実質的には譜代であることも多かった。
- Most of them served on a pretext of a rotating basis, but many of them were actually hereditary.
- そこで言う「社会的・階級的特質」が「在地領主的性格」なのである。
- This 'social and social class aspect' was ' characteristic of a lord of a manor.'
- 質量の単位の銭(匁)は、この系統とは独立して発生したものである。
- The sen (monme), a unit of mass, came into existence separately from this system.
- ただし鋳造貨幣というものは質量を均一に作成することは困難である。
- However, it is difficult to mint coins with uniform mass.
- 「渋柿のごときもの」、これはたしかに俳句の本質の一面といえよう。
- Like an astringent persimmon,' definitely expresses one of the key essence of haiku poetry.
- 一般に、政治的統一は民族的等質性の結果ではなくむしろ原因である。
- In general, political integration is not a result of racial homogeneity but a cause.
- 設備がととのった9世紀には良質の紙を製造し「紙屋紙」と称された。
- In the ninth century when the facilities were well-furnished, it produced papers of good quality and they were called 'kamiya-gami' (kamiya paper).
- 村の戸長は勝手に村人の質地を自分の名義に変えてしまい裁判となる。
- The officer who was in charge of administrative affairs of this village arbitrarily transferred villagers' pawned lands into his possession, and was sued.
- 事実、解放令の後、明治政府は実質的な解放政策を一切行わなかった。
- In fact, Meiji Government did not carry out any substantial emancipation policy after Kaiho Rei at all.
- この性質を利用して、医療用拡張器の原材料として昆布が利用される。
- For this property, kelp is used as a raw material to produce the medical dilator.
- 特有の品質が求められるため、通常の食用米や一般米とは区別される。
- Because a specific quality is required, it is distinguished from typical food rice or general-purpose rice.
- 交趾 当時実質的に中部ベトナムを領有していたフエの阮氏政権である。
- Giao Chi was governed by the Guen clan in Hue, which actually ruled Central Vietnam at the time.
- 田沼は、それまでの農業依存体質を改め、重商主義政策を実行に移した。
- Tanuma reformed a conventional structure depending on agriculture, and put a Mercantilism policy into action.
- 従来の百済のほかに、朝鮮半島で守勢にたった新羅も人質を送ってきた。
- Hostages were sent not only from Baekje as in the past, but also from Silla which was on the defensive in the Korean peninsula.
- 従って、実質的には京極高広より宮津藩が成立したといってよいだろう。
- Therefore, it might be said that Miyazu han was substantially established by Takahiro KYOGOKU.
- なお、これによって実質的に大内家は滅亡したとする見解も有力である。
- Meanwhile, there is a popular view that the Ouchi clan would have substantially fallen by this revolt.
- 十七文字という限定された語数で、言葉に形と質感を与える効果を持つ。
- It has the effect of giving form and texture to the words though they have the limit of seventeen syllables.
- 質問27および28に記されたいわゆる「忠誠登録」が論争の的となる。
- Questions 27 and 28, the so-called 'Loyalty Registration' became subject of controversy.
- 吹元銀は釻場(ませば)で質量を改め、銀見役により品位が改められた。
- Cupellated silver was reassessed of its silver content at the maseba and its quality determined by the silver inspector.
- なお、押出し決行日は、田中の国会質問日があえて選ばれたものである。
- By the way, the date of demonstration was selected to coincide with the day when Tanaka would pose a question about a mining pollution problem at the National Diet session.
- 米粒の含むその他の成分、すなわちタンパク質や脂肪は雑味の元となる。
- The other ingredients contained in rice grain, such as protein and fat, are the cause of zatsumi (undesirable flavors in sake).
- 検田(けんでん)とは、農耕地の面積や耕作者・土質などを調査すること。
- Kenden was a survey of farmland, recording area, cultivator, soil and so forth.
- 借用書などに高質を取ることを認める文言を入れあるのが一般的であった。
- It was common to include a statement of approval for imposing kojichi in promissory notes and in a document such as an 'I owe you.'
- 金貨・丁銀は鎌倉時代以前の発足時はその質量によって価値が定められた。
- When gold coins and Chogin were first introduced before the Kamakura period, those values were evaluated by measuring the mass.
- また、この時までに関東政権は関東南部の実質的な支配権を獲得している。
- By this time, the Kanto government had effectively obtained control of Southern Kanto.
- 江戸時代には、肥後熊本藩主細川氏の筆頭家老で実質の八代城主になった。
- In the Edo period, they served the lord of the Kumamoto Domain in Higo Province, the Hosokawa clan as Hittokaro (head of chief retainers), and became the lord of Yatsushiro-jo Castle.
- 下の復元平面図を他と比べれば、その会所としての異質さがわかるだろう。
- By comparing the reconstructed ground plan shown below with others, factors setting the kaisho apart could be perhaps understood.
- この大きさの粒は、地質学においては砂というよりも「泥」に分類される。
- In geology, these sizes of grains are classified as mud rather than sand.
- (雖歩驟各異 文質不同 莫不稽古以繩風猷於既頽 照今以補典敎於欲絶)
- Their pace is different, whether fast or slow, so is their reality, whether simple or gorgeous. All emperors have never failed to look back upon antiquity, and to try to properly reestablish the ancient teachings that were almost collapsed, to enlighten the today's world through such teachings, and to stop the loss of ancient wisdom.
- 実質的な隠居料であった大和国宇陀郡の領地は、五男の織田高長が継いだ。
- The fief in Uda County in Yamato Province, which had been assigned to Nobukatsu as a substantial retirement stipend, was inherited by his fifth son, Takanaga Oda.
- もっとも、府県会設置は、地方自治と議会制に向けた実質的前進であった。
- Setting up prefectural assemblies was substantial progress towards local autonomy and the parliamentary system.
- 精米した白米を炊く事で、質量・重量とも大幅(約2.2倍)に増加する。
- By steaming polished rice, it largely increases in volume and weight (about 2.2 times).
- また、仙台藩ではさらに要害などと称して実質上の城を多数維持し続けた。
- In addition, the Sendai Domain also kept many actual castles by calling them fortresses.
- 降伏後は自ら人質となり上洛し戦後処理にあたり、島津氏の存続に貢献した。
- After the surrender, he made himself a hostage and went to Kyoto for post-war activities; that contributed to the continuance of the Shimazu clan.
- 唐は黄巣の乱によって致命傷を受け、形骸のみを残して、実質上は滅亡した。
- The Tang Dynasty got a fatal wound from the Huang Chao Rebellion, and even though it still had the outward appearance of being in power, it had, in reality, already fallen.
- 官奴婢や私奴婢は、売買や質入の対象となるなど、非人道的な扱いを受けた。
- Kunuhi and shinuhi, who were traded and pawned, were not treated as human beings.
- 実質減封となる場合もあったので、中堅以下の家臣であってもこれを嫌った。
- Even the middle or lower-ranked vassals disliked this reform because it could have diminished their territory substantially.
- 土倉役は土倉が抑えている質物の員数に応じて徴収されたと考えられている。
- It is believed that dosoyaku was charged in accordance with the number of items held by a doso.
- しかしながら、丁銀および豆板銀の通貨単位は量目(質量)の実測値である。
- However, the currency unit of Chogin (collective term of silver) and Mameitagin (name of an Edo-period coin) was the actual measurement value of weight.
- 漢の度量衡では嘉量の質量が『漢書律歴志』に「重二鈞」と記載されている。
- There is a description in 'Book of Han, Treatise on rhythm and the calendar' that the mass of Chia-ling standard measure was fixed at '4 kin' (鈞) in the weights and measures system in Han Dynasty.
- 当時、日本の絹は品質が劣り、高級衣料として中国絹が好まれたためである。
- It was because at that time, Japanese favored Chinese silk as luxury garments over low-quality Japanese ones.
- そのため量目の単位としての匁は江戸時代を通じて均質性が維持されている。
- Monme as the unit of weight was therefore kept homogeneous throughout the Edo period.
- 三組両替および番組両替には酒屋および質屋などを兼業するものも多かった。
- Many mikumi and bangumi exchangers often ran liquor shops or pawnshops.
- 義昭の嫡男・義尋は、信長の人質となったあと出家して大乗院門跡を継いだ。
- Yoshiaki's heir Yoshihiro became a priest after being a hostage of Nobunaga, and succeeded Daijoin monseki.
- 赤井氏の実質的な指導者として、氷上郡を中心に丹波で大きな勢力を誇った。
- As a substantial leader of Akai clan, he wielded his power in Tanba area centering around Hikami District.
- 江戸幕府は政権の安定のため、大名とその重臣の身内から人質をとっていた。
- The Edo bakufu held hostages from feudal lords and their senior vassals to stabilize their administration.
- 逆に悪質な販売店では、初期不良品を「相性の問題だ」で済ます場合もある。
- On the other hand, vicious dealers might falsely blame the problem as 'the problem of compatibility' even if it was a defective product in the first place.
- しかし、会長はこれを受け入れ、会長を辞職した上で水質審議委員となった。
- However, the chairman accepted the offer and resigned as the chairman, and became member of the Council of Water Quality.
- 一方、田中正造は事実を知らず、国会で鉱毒問題に関する質問を行っていた。
- Shozo TANAKA, however, was not informed what was going on in Kawamata when he was raising questions about the copper-mine poisoning at the National Diet session.
- この実質加増は文化 (元号)4年(1807年)2月7日に元に戻された。
- The ownership of those lands were returned on March 15, 1807 to rectify this issue.
- しかしながら、ワサビ自身もこの物質によって大きくなれない(自家中毒)。
- However, wasabi itself is affected by this substance and is not able to grow bigger (self-poisoning).
- 盛氏の死後、二階堂氏からの人質の二階堂盛義の子が婿養子として後を継いだ。
- After the death of Moriuji, the son of Moriyoshi NIKAIDO, a hostage from the NIKAIDO clan, succeeded Moriuji as Moriuji's adopted son-in-law.
- このため、転じて質の悪い下等の馬の事を一般に「駄馬」と呼ぶようになった。
- This is how inferior horses of poor quality came to be generally referred to as 'daba.'
- 「公開質問状」執筆者の中岡哲郎とほぼ同世代の作家である城山の自伝的小説。
- It is an autobiographical novel written by Shiroyama, a novelist of the same generation as Tetsuro NAKAOAKA, an author of the 'open letter.'
- 開城後、織田信長が人質としていた女子供を虐殺した戦いとしても有名である。
- It is also famous as a war after which Nobunaga ODA slaughtered women and children who had been kept as hostages.
- この唐使を送るため、倭国側は守大石らの送唐客使(実質遣唐使)を派遣した。
- In order to send Ryutokuko back to Tang, Wakoku dispatched MORI no Oishi and others as the Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty.
- 室町時代になると、一国平均役は段銭(たんせん)という形に変質していった。
- During the Muromachi period, ikkoku heikinyaku changed into tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan).
- これは品質が低く、鐚銭と区別しにくい南宋戦時貨や明銭そのものにも及んだ。
- Other low-quality coins, such as those minted during the war era of Southern Sung Dynasty and coins in Ming as well, were handled in the same way.
- しかしながら、化学物質が分解されて有害なものになることも懸念されている。
- However, there is also concern about chemicals that might decompose into dangerous ones.
- 近衛前久、信尹の文化人の資質を受け継ぎ、諸芸道に精通した文化人であった。
- He inherited the quality of Sakihisa KONOE and Nobutada KONOE, becoming a person of culture familiar with various arts.
- 同時期の土師器とは色と質で明瞭に区別できるが、一部に中間的なものもある。
- It is easily-distinguishable from the contemporary Haji ware by its color and quality, but some are intermediate between the two.
- 一、陪臣ノ質人ヲ献ズル所ノ者、追放・死刑ニ及ブベキ時ハ、上意ヲ伺フベシ。
- • When you expel or execute a retainer whose relatives are hostages of the bakufu, you must obey the bakufu's orders.
- 精米の度合は物によって異なるが、諸白など上質な酒では精米の度合いが高い。
- How well the rice is to be polished differs depending on the grade of sake, and morohaku and other high quality kinds of sake use highly polished rice.
- 須恵器と同じ時代に並行して作られたが、土師器のほうが品質的に下であった。
- The pottery was made in the same age as Sue pottery (unglazed earthenware) but was inferior in quality to Sue pottery.
- もともと、昆布には硫酸基をもつ物質が含まれており、菌の繁殖を妨げていた。
- A substance equipped with a sulfate radical is originally contained in kelp, which prevents the growth of bacteria.
- 質の高い漢文体で書かれ、記事には出典を明らかにし、考証にも気を配っている。
- It is written in splendid kanbun form and has historical authenticity to some extent because the sources of articles are definite.
- 需要が増えるにしたがって悪質な私鋳銭や粗悪な渡来銭も流通するようになった。
- As demands for these currencies increased, Shichusen (coins made privately) and low-quality Torai-sen (coins imported from China) became circulated.
- そして、太閤検地によって名主という地位・権限は実質的に消滅することとなる。
- And finally the land survey conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI resulted in the elimination of the position and authority of myoshu.
- この戦いで義昭が信長に敗れて京都から追放され、実質的に室町幕府は滅亡した。
- Yoshiaki lost the battle and was expelled from Kyoto, leading to the virtual downfall of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- さらに瀬戸内地方の神戸市新方遺跡からの人骨も縄文的形質を備えているという。
- Moreover, human bones excavated from the Shinpo site located in Kobe City in the Setouchi region also showed some Jomon characteristics.
- ただしこの場合、長女と次女は養女であり、実質は次女となる)として生まれる。
- However, in this case, the first and second daughters were adopted ones, so essentially she was the second daughter).
- 当世書生気質(とうせいしょせいかたぎ)は、坪内逍遙(春の屋おぼろ)の小説。
- Tosei shosei katagi (The Character of Modern Students) is a novel written by Shoyo TSUBOUCHI (a nom de plume: Harunoya Oboro).
- 銅と鉄の品質は世界最高で、その武器は最も鋭く、紙の技術は並ぶ国がなかった。
- The quality of copper and iron were the best in the world, and weapons made out of those materials were very sharp while Japan also stood unrivaled in the art of paper products.
- 材質はすべて象牙でできたものを第一とし、それを「丸撥」(まるばち)と呼ぶ。
- As for the materials, those made entirely of ivory are considered best, and they're called 'marubachi' (rounded plectra).
- 材質は、欧米のフリントロック銃やパーカッション銃に附属したものは鉄製である。
- Ramrods that accompanied Western flintlock and percussion guns were made of steel.
- 天正14年(1586年)、秀吉は生母の大政所を人質として家康のもとへ送った。
- In 1586, Hideyoshi sent his real mother, Omandokoro (the mother of a Kanpaku), to Ieyasu as a hostage.
- これによって10世紀以降、律令国家は王朝国家(前期王朝国家)に変質を遂げた。
- As a result of this, the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes was changed into the dynastic nation-state, or the early dynastic nation-state, from around the 10th century.
- 文政7年(1824年)には改鋳されてほぼ同質の新型の南鐐二朱銀が発行された。
- After the re-mint in 1824, new Nanryo Nishu Gin of similar quality were issued.
- 皇后宮も中宮もその本質はあくまで皇后であり、両者の間に優劣や上下関係はない。
- Both Kisai no miya and chugu were essentially empresses between whom there was no difference or hierarchical relationship.
- また在地社会では悪党・惣村などが出現し、荘園公領制の変質化が急速に進行した。
- In the local societies, Akuto (persons against the established social control system in medieval times) and soson (communities consisting of peasants' self-governing associations) appeared in history, effectively and rapidly changing the shoen koryo sei.
- 同一の所(都市・町・所領・座)居住者を対象とする質取行為→所質(ところじち)
- Shichitorikoi targeting a resident living in the same place (city/town/shoryo [territory]/za [trade guild]) => tokorojichi
- しかし、家重は虚弱体質であり、言語障害もあったため、後継として不安視された。
- However, Ieshige had a weak construction and a speech defect, and was questioned as a successor.
- さらには書き手や文書の性質によって、漢字と仮名などの使い方はまちまちである。
- Furthermore, depending on the writer and the nature of document, usage of using kanji characters and kana differ.
- 公の性質を持った宮廷関係の歌、旅で詠んだ歌、自然や四季をめでた歌などである。
- Specifically, they include the poems about public court life, poems composed during travel, and poems describing the beauty of nature and seasonal changes.
- 須恵器(すえき)は、日本で古墳時代から平安時代まで生産された陶質土器である。
- Sueki is earthenware which was produced during periods from Kofun to Heian in Japan.
- 伊賀は古琵琶湖層に由来する粘土質の土壌のため、農耕に苦労する土地柄であった。
- Iga Province was geographically unsuitable for cultivation because of its clayey soil deriving from ancient Biwa Lake layer.
- 訳:幕府に人質を出している家臣を追放・死刑に処す際には、幕府の命を伺うこと。
- Translation: When you expel or execute a retainer whose relatives are hostages of the bakufu, you must obey the bakufu's orders.
- 質量の単位としての石は現在の中国でも使用されている(zh石 (质量单位))。
- Koku is still used in China as a unit of mass.
- 貞時は、政治の実権を内管領から取り戻し、実質的な得宗専制を一層強化していった。
- Sadatoki regained real political power from Uchi-Kanrei and further strengthened the Tokuso autocracy.
- 春から夏に季節が移り変わる際、東アジアでは性質の違うこれらの気団がせめぎ合う。
- When the season changes from spring to summer in East Asia, those air masses with different nature struggle with each other.
- その時期ににサンゴ礁が出来たため良質の石灰岩が産出する場所として知られている。
- Around that time, coral reefs were formed, therefore, it is known as a place where good limestone is produced.
- 松井氏は細川家臣でありながら、実質上の肥後八代支藩3万石の大名格藩主であった。
- Although the Matsui clan was one of retainers of the Hosokawa family, they were regarded as a domain lord almost equal to daimyo, since they practically ruled vast land of 30.000 koku of Yatsushiro Domain in Higo Province.
- これに怖気づいた義昭は、7月18日に嫡男の義尋を人質として差し出して降伏した。
- On August 25 (July 18 in old lunar calendar), horrified, Yoshiaki surrendered to Nobunaga, sending Yoshihiro, his eldest son, as a hostage to Nobunaga.
- 料紙は、上質の麻紙で、表面に雲母砂子(きらすなご)を散らしたものを用いている。
- The Koya-gire was transcribed on high-quality hemp paper made of plant fibers, and for the front cover a material was used that featured scattered glittering mica dust.
- これらの質の悪い銭が流通の大半を占めるようになり、鐚銭と呼ばれるようになった。
- These bad quality coins called 'bitasen' accounted for a larger part of the currencies in circulation.
- 関ヶ原の戦いの前に、東軍諸大名から人質を取ろうとしたことも奸臣説を呼び込んだ。
- The fact that Mitsunari tried to take hostages from the feudal lords of the eastern army gave rise to the rumor of demonic behavior.
- これは孝明天皇の陵墓が質素であることに感動したためである(『德川慶喜公伝』)。
- He did so because he was moved by the fact that Emperor Komei's tomb was very simple ('Tokugawa Yoshinobu-ko Den').
- このため、三条西家本の本文が良質の本文とは言えないとする理解が広まっていった。
- For the above reasons, there spread the understanding that the text of the Sanjonishike manuscript is not exactly a good one.
- そのため新羅系須恵器(若しくは陶質土器)が伝播していた可能性が否定しきれない。
- For that reason, the possibility that Silla-group Sueki (or earthenware) was spread cannot be denied.
- しかし、用語としては日本で製作された還元焔焼成の硬質の焼物だけを須恵器という。
- However, the term 'Sueki' refers to only hard earthenware created in Japan and fired in an oxygen-reduction atmosphere.
- 金本位制はほかのドルペッグ制などとは違った固定相場制としての特質を持っている。
- Gold standard system has a characteristic of fixed exchange rate system, which is different from dollar peg system, etc.
- 定住生活には、植物質食料、特に堅果類が食料の中心になっていたと想像されている。
- The main food source is thought to be of plant foods especially nuts during the sedentary life.
- 上記に見た王朝国家体制のあり方に、11世紀中期頃から変質が見られるようになった。
- The status of Dynastic polity explained above started to change from the mid-11th century.
- 尺貫法という名称は、長さの単位に尺、質量の単位に貫を基本の単位とすることによる。
- The term 'Shakkanho' represents two basic units, shaku for measuring length and kan for measuring mass.
- 宝永四ツ宝丁銀のように質が悪いという意味から四ツ宝銭(よつほうせん)と呼ばれる。
- They were called Yotsuho-sen because the quality was poor like Hoei Yotsuho Chogin.
- 日本は唐の冊封はうけなかったものの、実質的には唐に臣従する朝貢国の扱いであった。
- Although Japan did not receive sakuho (homage by the Chinese emperor) from Tang, it was essentially treated as a tributary state which served Tang as a subject.
- しかし、材質(五位以上は四菱紋)や額や纓の処理によって着用者の身分や年齢を示す。
- However, materials and finishes of a hitai and an ei represent a person's rank or age; for example, material called yotsubishimon is used for those who are at the Fifth Rank or higher.
- その後、御家人筆頭である北条氏が幕府政治を実質的にリードする執権政治が確立した。
- After that, the regency in which the Hojo clan, the head of gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), practically controlled the bakufu politics was established.
- 7月13日、三成は諸大名の妻子を人質として大坂城内に入れるため軍勢を送り込んだ。
- On July 13, Mitsunari sent the army to take the feudal lords' families as hostages and keep them in Osaka Castle.
- アメリカ合衆国側は金貨、銀貨はそれぞれ同一質量をもって交換すべきあると主張した。
- The United States of America insisted that equivalent weights of gold coins and equivalent weights of silver coins should be exchanged.
- 条約港となった横浜、神戸、長崎などでは外国人居留地(実質的な租界)も設置された。
- Foreign settlements were established in treaty ports in Yokohama, Kobe and Nagasaki.
- また人質として江戸に置かれていた大名の妻子についても帰国を許可することとなった。
- The daimyo's wives and children who were forced to live in Edo as hostages were allowed to return to their domain.
- 過料を科す定めは多いが、その性質は一様でなく、適用される法理・手続も数多くある。
- There are many laws and regulations for imposing punishment of Karyo, but those legal characteristics are not uniformly formed and there are many legal principles and procedures applicable.
- 材質が木製であることや呪術的な文様などから実戦用ではなく祭具用と考えられている。
- They are believed to have been used as a ceremonial implement not used in an actual battle since they are made of wood and have magical patterns.
- なお、イクラの皮は消化されにくいため、食物アレルギー源となりやすい蛋白質である。
- As the membrane of the salmon roe is difficult to digest, it is a protein likely to become an allergen.
- 根来・雑賀の鉄砲衆は、その質量両面において戦国時代随一の鉄砲隊だったと言ってよい。
- It can be said that the unit of gun fighters of Negoro and Saiga shu was the strongest both in quality and quantity in the Sengoku period.
- 葛城皇子は孝徳の治世下で実質的に改革を推進しており、天皇と不仲になっていたらしい。
- The Emperor Kotoku was on bad terms with Katsuragi no Miko, who was the de facto leader of the political reforms during the reign of Kotoku.
- 特徴的な色は、粘土中の赤い酸化第二鉄が還元されて酸化第一鉄に変質するために現れる。
- The characteristic color emerges when red ferric oxide in the clay changes into ferrous oxide through reduction.
- その間に持豊配下の兵士が「陣立」と称して洛中の土倉・質屋を襲撃して財物を強奪した。
- During that time, soldiers under Mochitoyo attacked doso (underground warehouse) and pawnshops in the capital and robbed properties calling it as a 'battle array.'
- 竣工が銅山の閉山後だったこともあり、水質検査では異常な値はあまり検出されていない。
- Probably because the completion of construction was after the closure of the mines, abnormal values in the water quality tests have not been often detected.
- また、元谷中村民以外も一緒に移住したが、実質的には元谷中村民救済の意味が強かった。
- Although people, who had not lived in Yanaka Village, also moved to such towns at that time, the measures of the movement and acceptance had been originally to relieve the ex-residents of Yanaka Village.
- 金本位制というのは本質的に強い引き締め圧力を持ち、拘束性を持つ政策レジームである。
- Gold standard system is a governmental policy that fundamentally has a strong financial tightening effect and restriction.
- 発行数量が多すぎたため、一部ではインフレーションで実質的価値が消滅したのもあった。
- Since there was too much military currency issued, some of them became worthless due to inflation.
- なお、「髄脳」とは「和歌の本質を説いた書物」の意であり、歌論書を示す普通名詞である。
- Incidentally, 'zuino' refers to 'the documents that described the essential part of waka,' and it is a noun to refer to the treatise on waka poetry.
- 田沼時代のインフレを収めるため、質素倹約と風紀取り締まりを進め、超緊縮財政で臨んだ。
- In order to subside inflation beginning in the Tanuma government, Sadanobu implemented the policy of simple and frugal life, controled public morals, and administered on an ultra-austerity budget.
- このように会所は、権力者の邸宅内にあって無縁の者と深く関りをもつ、異質な空間だった。
- Like this, Kaisho was located within the residence of a powerful ruler and was a unique space that had a deep connection with unrelated people.
- なお、元老院 (日本)に対する下院のつもりであるが、実質は官選の事務官会議であった。
- It was the lower house of the Genroin (Japanese Senate) was actually the assembly of administrative official appointed by government.
- 一般的に記紀に登場する天沼矛の別名とされているが、その位置付けや性質は異なっている。
- It is generally regarded as another name of Amenonuboko which appears in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki ('Records of Ancient Matters' and 'Chronicles of Japan'), but the two halberds have different status properties.
- 坪内逍遥の『小説神髄』を読んで満足しなかった四迷が『当世書生気質』に対抗して書いた。
- Dissatisfied with Shoyo TSUBOUCHI's 'Essence of Novels,' Shimei wrote this novel in rivalry with 'Tosei shosei katagi' (The Character of Modern Students).
- 水質基準は経済企画庁の提案による銅0.06ppmという値で、1968年に決定された。
- In 1968 the water-quality standard was resolved, and as for copper, they fixed it at 0.06ppm by the suggestion of the Ministry of Economic Planning.
- 結局、大韓帝国成立後も実質的に李氏朝鮮王朝と同様の政体が朝鮮を支配することとなった。
- After all, with a similar constitution, the Yi Dynasty Korea, in fact, ruled Korea after the establishment of the Korean Empire.
- 実質的に明治時代「賊軍」となったのは西南戦争での旧薩摩藩士族とその同調者のみである。
- During the Meiji period, only feudal retainers of the former Satsuma Domain and their followers were virtually treated as a 'rebel army'.
- 仏教にはそのような性質がもともと具わっていたことが神仏習合を生んだ大きな要因であった。
- Such nature of Buddhism was the key factor of the birth of shinbutsu-shugo.
- また、この戸籍では宗門人別の性質を残すため、寺、氏神の記載があった(明治18年廃止)。
- Moreover, there were descriptions of Buddhist temples and ujigami (a guardian god or spirit of a particular place in the Shinto religion) in this family register in order to maintain the religious doctrine by the follower (it was abolished in 1885).
- 貫(かん)は、尺貫法における質量の単位、また江戸時代以前の秤量銀貨の通貨の単位である。
- Kan is a weight unit in the traditional Japanese system of weights and measures, and it was also a Japanese currency unit for the silver coin used as the currency by weight before the Edo period.
- 明治政府は琉球王国を琉球藩として日本に組み入れ、更に沖縄県として実質的国内化を図った。
- The Meiji government incorporated the Ryukyu dynasty into Japan as Ryukyu domain and further changed it to Okinawa prefecture.
- 担保物件は貸与側の所有へと移転(質流れ)することとなり、富の集中・蓄積が進んでいった。
- Therefore, the collateral passed to the lenders, with the result that the concentration and accumulation of wealth advanced.
- 黄砂は、大気汚染物質などと一緒に大気中に長くとどまり、周辺の雲の色を茶色く変色させる。
- Kosa remains in the air for a long time together with air-polluting substances and makes the color of the clouds around it brownish.
- 材質は晒に限定され、家紋を背中、両胸、袖、袴の腰板と左右の相引下、合計8カ所に入れた。
- Its material was limited to bleached cotton, and Kamon (family crest) was put on eight places in total, back, chests, sleeves, koshiita and both sides of slacks side seam of hakama.
- また、水質汚染や廃棄物によって土壌が汚染され、植物が枯れて乾燥化を進めている例もある。
- In some cases, the soil polluted due to contaminated water and waste has killed plants, expanding dry areas.
- いずれも兵数・装備の質から東征軍には全く歯が立たないことを見越したうえで出撃していた。
- Due in greater part to the smaller numbers of their troops and inferior quality of their equipment, each individual unit fully comprehended these apparent disadvantages, but rallied their forces, nevertheless.
- また印綬の色、鈕(ちゅう、印の持ち手)の形や材質によって身分が区別されるようになった。
- Also, social position was discriminated by the color of inju (a thick string of seal) and the material and shape of the grip.
- 3月に嫡子源義高 (清水冠者)を人質として鎌倉に送る事で両者の対立は一応の了解がつく。
- In March, the conflict between the two sides was temporarily settled by sending his heir Yoshitaka to Kamakura (Shimizu no Kanja) as a hostage.
- その後直ちに国宝に指定されており、この作品の高い画質が与えた衝撃の強さを物語っている。
- Immediately after that, it was designated as a National Treasure, indicating the huge impact that the excellent quality of this work had.
- そのような「品質管理」の状況を物語る遺跡として堺市の深田遺跡や小角田遺跡が挙げられる。
- Such 'quality control' can be seen at Fukada Remains and Kokanda Remains in Sakai City.
- 明和4年(1767年)より長崎で主に貿易専用に銅銭が鋳造されたが質は悪いものであった。
- Copper coins were minted especially for international trade in Nagasaki after 1767, but their quality was poor.
- 当時、利根川にはほとんど橋がかかっておらず、川を渡れる場所は実質的に川俣しかなかった。
- In those days there were no bridges over the Tone-gawa River and the only way to cross the river was to use a floating bridge in Kawamata.
- このため、次第に暦道も科学的な暦学から陰陽道的な色を帯びたものに変質していくことになる。
- Therefore, rekido, which was originally a scientific study of the calendar, began to take on the flavor of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang, an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements).
- このように議政官の任務は非常に重要であり、実質的に国政の意思決定を左右する組織であった。
- As such, the giseikan had very important duties and virtually controlled political decision-making.
- 金一両は元来一両(大宝律令では小両、延喜式以降は10匁)の質量の砂金という意味であった。
- Originally, 1 ryo of gold meant 1 ryo (or 1 small ryo under the Taiho Code, 10 monme under the Engi Code and thereafter) of gold dust.
- 「それでは人的戦力を消耗する一方ではないか?」と質問して担当将校を返答に窮させたという。
- Therefore, he put a question to the officer, saying 'I think the suicide squad only results in the waste of manpower resources,' which embarrassed the officer in finding the answer.
- 902年(延喜2年)、醍醐天皇により班田が行われたが、実質的にこれが最後の班田となった。
- Handen Shuju carried out in 902 under the instruction of the Emperor Daigo was the last Handen Shuju in effect.
- 鐚銭(びたせん)とは、日本の中世後期に流通した銭貨の中で、品質が著しく劣悪なものをいう。
- Bitasen was a coin of very poor quality among those circulated during late Medieval Japan.
- 戦時の司令部であった場所を平定後も政策発信地とし、実質的に武家政権の政庁となっていった。
- The place where wartime headquarters was located turned to the place where government policies were dispatched and became a substantive administrative office of the military government.
- 原勝郎が『吾妻鏡の性質及其史料としての價値』を表したのはそれに対する警鐘だったのだろう。
- It would have been as a warning against this that Katsuro HARA came out with 'The Nature of Azuma Kagami and Its Worth as a Historical Material.'
- 現在まで、フランス語圏における唯一の完訳であり、また訳の質も非常に高く、評価を得ている。
- Today it remains the only complete translation in French-speaking countries, and the quality of translation is quite excellent; therefore, the work has gained a reputation.
- 近衛の、どことなく陰がある反抗的な気質はこのころに形成された、と後に本人が述懐している。
- Konoe's somewhat shadowy and rebellious temperament was formed during this period, as he himself later reminisced.
- そのため実質的に当地は将軍御所として機能し、公家や武家らが訪れて華やかな儀礼も行われた。
- That made it possible for this place to virtually function as the shogun's palace; the kuge (court nobles) and buke (samurai warriors) visited, and gorgeous rituals were also held here.
- 教会ではそのとき復活祭の説教を行っているところであり、珠は修道士にいろいろな質問をした。
- When she arrived the church, an Easter sermon was being given and Tama asked various questions to a monk.
- 通常、和歌の本質論は歌論と称し、それ以外の和歌に関する諸知識を求める学問を歌学と称する。
- Usually, a discussion of the essence of waka is called a karon (treatise on waka poetry) and the study of various knowledge concerning waka other than karon is called kagaku.
- 良質灰吹銀に偽造の慶長銀の極印を打ち「似せ大黒」を作成し、輸出するといったことも行われ、
- This lead to the creation and export of forged Daikoku coins with fake Keiko stamp impressions made from good cupellated silver.
- 外務省二等巡査(事由 弁理公使花房義質を護衛中 戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
- A second-rank policeman in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (due to death in action while staying on guard for Minister Resident Yoshimoto HANABUSA: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
- そのため、石山本願寺の第一次挙兵は、実は1月もたたないうちに実質的には終わったのである。
- Therefore, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple's first rising actually ended in less than a month.
- 良質の枯節どうしをぶつけると、「カンカン」と硬い木材同士を叩いたような乾いた音を発する。
- Hit a good-quality karebushi against another one, and there will be a clanging sound similar to what one hears when striking a piece of hard timber against another piece.
- これはメディアの性質上、映像が含まれており、テレビ画面上に映像と歌詞を表示して使われた。
- In the nature of the medium, it included images, and was capable of displaying the images and the lyrics on the TV screen.
- 出羽燦々のさらなる改良を狙ったもので、同種より玄米品質は優るが、収量性がやや低くなった。
- The further improvement of Dewa sansan was pursued, whereby the quality of unpolished rice was improved and the yield was slightly decreased.
- 箱館裁判所は、諸藩領を廃止するものではなかったが、実質的に諸藩の上位に立つ権威を行使した。
- Although the Hakodate Court was not meant for disabling these feudal domains, it exercised a power over them in practical terms.
- 性質の違う2つの空気(気団という)がぶつかる所は大気の状態が不安定になり、前線が発生する。
- In any place where two air masses which are different in their natures collide with each other, the state of air becomes unstable and a front is spawned.
- 北側の気団同士、南側の気団同士は、性質が似ていることなどから衝突せず、前線は形成されない。
- Between air masses in the north or between air masses in the south, no collision occurs and no front is formed because they have similar nature with each other.
- 1951年4月1日 船井郡桧山村、梅田村、三ノ宮村及び質美村が合併して、瑞穂村として発足。
- April 1, 1951: Mizuho-mura was formed as a result of the merger of the villages of Hiyama-mura, Umeda-mura, Sannomiya-mura and Shitsumi-mura of Funai-gun.
- これは四国征伐の武功による加増と言われているが、実質は40万石から20万石もの減封である。
- This transfer was believed to be the reward for his military achievement in the Shikoku Conquest and his hereditary rice stipend had to increase; however, in fact, the stipend was decreased from 400,000 koku (72156 cubic meters) to 200,000 koku (36078 cubic meters).
- 検非違使の庁例は、使庁の流例ともいわれ、律令の刑法とはちがった性質の慣習法として通用した。
- The cho-rei (law enacted by the kebiishi) of kebiishi was considered the historical custom of the kebiishi agency, and was valid as a common law different in nature from the criminal law of ritsuryo.
- 仁和寺門跡である守覚法親王の質問を受けて、従三位兵部卿であった基親が著したと言われている。
- Motochika, Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) and Minister of the Hyobu-sho (Ministry of Military Affairs), is said to have written the book after being asked questions by the chief priest of the Ninna-ji Temple, Cloistered Imperial Prince Shukaku,
- のち撫養の三好氏に実質的に取って代わられるが、細川氏自体は江戸時代まで撫養として存続した。
- Later, the Miyoshi clan in Muya virtually replaced, but the Hosokawa clan itself continued to exist until the Edo Period as Awayakata (yakata was a title given to privileged sengoku daimyo.)
- 室町時代以後、朝廷の土地支配権が実質上消滅すると、幕府のみが没官権限を有するようになった。
- The right to control territories on the part of the Imperial Court was practically diminished to none after the Muromachi period, and only the bakufu had authority to confiscate.
- 俳句評論家の山本健吉はエッセイ「挨拶と滑稽」のなかで、俳句の本質として3ヶ条をあげている。
- Kenkichi YAMAMOTO, a haiku critic, cites three things that are essential to haiku poetry in his essay, 'Aisatsu to Kokkei' (Compliments and Humor).
- このため新貨条例では金本位制をうたっていながら、実質的には金銀複本位制を採ったことになる。
- It means that bimetallism was practically adopted, though the New Currency Regulation announced the gold standard system.
- この言質が謀反の疑いと取られ範頼は伊豆国修善寺町に幽閉され、後に自害したと伝えられている。
- It is said that these words were taken to mean that Noriyori was instigating a rebellion, thus he was confined in Shuzenji town, the Province of Izu, and killed himself.
- 評の設置により、地方豪族らは半独立的な首長から、評を所管する官吏へと変質することとなった。
- By the establishment of koori, the status of each local gozoku was changed from a semi-independent local chief to a government official who administered koori.
- 田畑永代売買禁止令では田畑の質入を禁止していなかったため、質流れと言う形で売買が行われた。
- Because the prohibition on the sale of the arable lands did not restrict pawnage of cultivated fields, farmlands were bought and sold under foreclosure.
- 奈良時代に設置された宮(後期難波宮)と合わせて京として実質を伴ったとする見解が有力である。
- It is strongly thought that the Zenki Naniwa no Miya Palace functioned as the capital together with the Koki Naniwa no miya Palace (the Late Naniwa no Miya Palace) which was built during the Nara period.
- この日花房義質が『万国公法』と『星軺指掌』を朝鮮側に寄贈し、同時に国際法の説明をしている。
- On that day, Yoshimoto HANABUSA presented 'Bankoku Koho' and '星軺指掌' to Korean side and explained international law at the same time.
- その結果、室町前期のうちに国衙機構は守護所に取り込まれ、ほとんどの国衙は実質的に消滅した。
- As a result, during the early Muromachi Period, the political structure of the Kokuga was absorbed by Shugosho and practically most of Kokuga disappered.
- 呉服屋らが請負って設立された江戸亀戸の銭座で大規模に鋳造が行われ、良質で均質なものとなった。
- A large-scale minting was conducted at zeniza in Kameido, Edo, which was established by giving a contract to Gofuku-ya kimono shops and so on, and good-quality and homogeneous coins came to be minted.
- この間の264年間を「江戸時代」もしくは「徳川時代」と呼び、徳川家が実質的に日本を支配した。
- The 264 years of the Edo bakufu are referred to as the 'Edo period' or 'Tokugawa period,' and the Tokugawa family took a significant amount of control over Japan.
- 中国では現在でも「銭」が質量の単位となっており、メートル法採用後、1銭=5グラムと規定した。
- In China, 'sen' serves as the weight unit even today, and after the metric system was adopted, 1 sen was set at 5 grams.
- 上述のように、先に匁という単位があって、その1000倍の質量として貫が定められたものである。
- As mentioned above, the weight unit of monme had existed, and kan was devised as its 1000 times weight.
- 例えば中国では160匁(中国では「銭」)に相当する斤が質量の基本の単位として使用されていた。
- In China, for example, kin (reads as 'jin' in pinyin) was used as a basic weight unit which was equalized with 160 monme (or 160 'sen' [reads as 'qian,' in pinyin] in China).
- 朝廷が行政能力をもっていないため、引き続き旧幕府が新政府下の実質的な政権を担う予定であった。
- The former Shogunate was to continue to take hold of the government even under the new government, for the Imperial Court did not have any administrative functions.
- だが利用者数を見ると寺田駅 (京都府)(近鉄京都線)が一番多く、実質この駅が中心とも言える。
- However, looking at the number of passengers, Terada Station (Kyoto Prefecture) on the Kintetsu Kyoto Line can be said to be the working central station of Joyo City.
- 1872年外務丞(外務大臣)・花房義質が釜山に来航し、草梁倭館を接収して日本公館と改称した。
- In 1872, Yoshimoto HANABUSA, Minister for Foreign Affairs, arrived in Busan and confiscated Choryang-dong Wakan to rename it as the Japanese diplomatic mission.
- この提案は吉田寮側の事情もあり一度は断られたが、学生センターはこの事案を実質水面下で進めた。
- Although the above proposal was once declined by Yoshida dormitory, the student center pressed forward with this case behind closed doors.
- 対馬藩はこの中国産品の中継貿易によって巨額の利益を上げ、藩の禄高は実質10万石以上とされた。
- The Tsushima clan made huge profits from this relay trade of Chinese products, with its stipend was estimated as over 100,000 koku (approximately 18 million liters of crop yield).
- その後、国司が実質的に消滅する室町時代まで、国司の遥任が収まることはなく、常態化していった。
- After that, until the Muromachi period when kokushi was virtually extinct, the yonin of kokushi did not stop and became ordinary practice.
- 百済の滅亡と遺民の抗戦を知ると、人質として日本に滞在していた百済王子扶余豊璋を百済に送った。
- Hearing of the fall of Baekje and the resistance of the people left (those keeping old traditions after the fall of their dynasty), she sent Buyeo Pung, the prince of Baekje who was staying in Japan as a hostage, back to Baekje.
- 4月に清晃を京都にある自邸に招き入れ、実質的に第11代将軍・足利義高として擁立したのである。
- In April, they invited Seiko to their residence in Kyoto, and supported him to become the 11th shogun Yoshitaka ASHIKAGA.
- 相性(あいしょう)とは、二人ないし複数の人間が各々持つ性質や性格が合うかどうかのことである。
- Aisho refers to the compatibility of qualities and characters between two or more people.
- つまり、臣は王権に対して相対的な独自性を有するが、連は大王への臣従をその本質としたのである。
- In other words, Omi were relatively independent towards the regime, while Muraji regarded vassalage to the great king their essential.
- その後、徳川光圀が編纂させた『大日本史』が、その「三大特質」の一つとして大友天皇紀を立てた。
- 'Dainihonshi' (Great history of Japan) compiled by order of Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA contained a history of Emperor Otomo as one of its 'three characteristics'.
- 1551年5月5日に守護代で、実質的に河内の国主といえた器量人の守護代遊佐長教が暗殺された。
- On May 5, 1551, Naganori YUSA, who was resourceful shugodai considered as an actual landed daimyo of Kawachi, was assassinated.
- 更に平安時代中期以後には、遣唐使廃止の影響で中国からの新規の学問風潮の流入が実質上停止された。
- In addition, new trends of studies substantially stopped coming in from China after the mid Heian period following the discontinuance of Japanese envoys to the Tang Dynasty.
- この改革は、律令制の再興を意図したものだったが、これにより律令制は大きく変質することとなった。
- Though aimed at restoring the Ritsuryo system, these reforms, ironically, significantly transformed it.
- このため、景虎は残る長尾方の北信濃国人衆への支配を強化して、実質的な家臣化を進めることになる。
- Therefore, Kagetora strengthened the control of the remaining local samurai landowners in the northern Shinano area, and became to make efforts to make them retainers of the Nagao family.
- 独立した予算を立て、久春古丹にあった公議所を樺太開拓使庁と改称した他は、実質的変化はなかった。
- The independent budget was made, and the Kogisho (the lower house) located in Kushunkotan was changed to the Sakhalin Development Commissioner, but there were no substantial changes.
- 質量単位の貫は1000匁に当たり、明治時代に 1貫 3.75キログラム(kg) と定義された。
- 1 kan was, as a weight unit, equalized with 1000 monme (a traditional Japanese weight unit), and in the Meiji period, 1 kan was set at 3.75 kilograms.
- 鎌倉時代になると、大内一族は周防の国衙在庁を完全に支配下に置き、実質的な周防の支配者となった。
- In the Kamakura period, the Ouchi family completely subjected the local officials of kokuga zaicho (provincial government offices) in Suo Province to its rule, and became a substantial ruler of Suo Province.
- その一方、ヨーロッパ封建制と本質的に異なる、日本独自の主従関係であるとする見解も出されている。
- On the other hand, another opinion has been proposed that the master-servant relationship is specific to Japan, being fundamentally different from that found in European feudalism.
- 歌学(かがく)は、和歌の本質・作法、古歌の解釈、故実、歴史など和歌に関する総てを研究する学問。
- Kagaku is a study that researches everything related to waka, such as its essence and mannerisms, the interpretation of old waka, ancient practices and history.
- また近衛の責任追及も行われるようになり、砲艦に呼び出され軍部と政府の関係について質問があった。
- Furthermore, as investigations into Konoe's accountability seemed likely to continue, he was summoned to a gunboat and questioned on the relationship between the government and the military.
- 文字面を変えて実質的に旧国名を取ったものにはむつ市、いわき市、さぬき市、奥州市、甲州市がある。
- Concerning municipalities which changed characters for names and adopted old provincial names virtually, there are Mutsu City, Iwaki City, Sanuki City, Oushu City, and Koshu City.
- 京都大学同学会は5ヵ条からなる「公開質問状」を作成し、天皇に渡すことを計画していたが拒否された。
- The Kyoto University Dogakukai prepared an 'open letter' concerning five points and planned to submit it to the Emperor, but its acceptance was rejected.
- これに対して野心は無いと答え、人質に母親を差し出せと織田信長の命に従わず、亀裂は決定的になった。
- Murashige ARAKI replied that he had no ambition, but refused Nobunaga's requirement to submit his mother as a hostage and the chasm became decisive.
- これは、実質上の通貨の切り上げになると同時に銅銭を多く取り扱う大商人に有利な制度として定着した。
- This meant actual revaluation of currency and at the same time, it became established as a favorable system for merchant princes who handled a great number of copper coins.
- 社会構造が急速かつ大幅に変質していき、従前の社会体制の荘園公領制を支えていた職の体系が崩壊した。
- Social structure changed quickly and in large scale and the Shiki system that had supported shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the traditional social regime.
- また方形の貨幣は流通に従って四隅が摩耗するなど、品質の低下が激しく、円形通貨の必要性も叫ばれた。
- In addition, round shaped coins were needed since square coins drastically deteriorated as their four corners became worn through circulation.
- シャリとワサビの質が高くないと出来ないため、一般的には無く、あっても裏メニューである場合もある。
- However, since high-quality boiled rice and wasabi are required in preparation, it isn't available at ordinary sushi bars or is served only to regular clients.
- この物質は周辺の土壌を殺菌し、根に菌を住まわせる必要がある一般的な植物が生えないようにしている。
- This substance kills bacteria in the surrounding soil and hinders the growth of other plants that require bacteria in their roots.
- 特に高い糖度や雑味の原因となるタンパク質量の低さを実現するのに永田農法が貢献しているといわれる。
- It is said that the Nagata agricultural method helps produce particularly high sugar content and low protein content, which is the cause of Satsuma (undesirable taste in sake).
- このため、永徳2年から遠くない時期に武家執奏はその役目を終えて実質上廃止となったと考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that bukeshisso finished its purpose in approximately 1382 and was abolished.
- 中世から近世初期にかけて押買・押売は、質取行為と並んで市場における悪習として取締りの対象とされた。
- From the middle ages to the beginning of the modern era, oshigai and oshiuri along with pawn taking, were regulated as unacceptable customs in markets.
- 秀吉は光秀を6月13日 (旧暦)からの山崎の戦いで破り、信長の実質的な後継者の道を歩むことになる。
- By defeating Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki on July 12, Hideyoshi practically became Nobunaga's successor.
- 高質(こうじち)は、中世日本において債権が債務不履行に陥った債権者の財産を私的に差し押さえる行為。
- During the Middle Ages in Japan, a kojichi was the act of privately seizing the assets of a debtor whose credit had fallen into default.
- 既に実質上の大王だった葛城皇子の祖母であり、飛鳥嶋宮に住んだことから没後には嶋皇祖母命と称された。
- As she was the grandmother of Katsuragi no Miko, who had already become actual okimi (great king), and she lived in Shimanomiya (detached palace) in Asuka, she was called Shima no sumemiya no mikoto.
- こうして軍事貴族や地方の富豪百姓らは武士へと成長していったが、その本質は平安貴族に他ならなかった。
- The military nobles and rich local farmers developed into samurai like this, but they were none other than Heian nobles in essence.
- そこで三成は、鳥居の配下に甲賀衆がいるのを見て、長束正家と共に甲賀衆の家族を人質にとって脅迫する。
- Mitsunari and Masaie NATSUKA took the families of Kogashu as hostages and threatened the kogashu (local samurai based in Koga County, Omi) who served under Torii.
- 昔気質で気の利かない性質の為、引き取られてからも源氏を「こちらが恥ずかしくなる」と度々閉口させた。
- Her old-fashioned way of thinking and tactless nature often made Genji say 'I am ashamed' and embarrassed even after she was taken in by him.
- しかし中世に到り仏教の影響のもと、この神話には様々な解釈が生み出され、天沼矛の性質も変容していく。
- In the medieval period, however, this myth came to be interpreted in various different ways under the influence of Buddhism, causing changes in the characteristics of Amenonuboko.
- 坪内逍遥の『小説神髄』や『当世書生気質』と出会った露伴は、文学の道へ志す情熱が芽生えたと言われる。
- Discovering 'Shosetsu shinzui' (The Essence of Novels) and 'Tosei shosei katagi' (The Character of Modern Students) by Shoyo TSUBOUCHI, he passionately pursued literature.
- その意味では新潟県側の一揆のみを「悌輔騒動」と呼ぶべきであろうが、事件の性質から合わせて記述する。
- In that respect, only an uprising in Niigata should be called 'Teisuke turmoil', but considering the characteristics of these two incidents, they will be described in this article together.
- 同年設置された政府の水質審議会指定河川から渡良瀬川が除外されたことも運動を大きくする原因になった。
- Another cause that led to the fuelling of the movement was that Watarase-gawa River was excluded from the Water Quality Designated Rivers established by the government in the same year.
- このため、幕府も開国の流れを止めるのは得策でないと判断し、実質的に同法令は放棄されることとなった。
- Therefore, the Edo bakufu judged that it would not be good policy to stop the trend toward the opening of the country to the world, and eventually the law was abolished.
- いろいろな米からそれぞれの米の特質を生かし、いろいろな味や香りの酒が造られるようになってきている。
- The conditions have changed so that sake with various tastes and flavors are produced from various varieties of rice by utilizing the properties of rice.
- 石井進は、本宣旨は頼朝に大きな行政権を与えたのであり、その実質上の効果は極めて大きかったとしている。
- According to Susumu ISHII, this decree gave Yoritomo huge executive power and its substantial effect was extremely profound.
- だが、黒田は甲陽軍鑑に着目し、「記憶違いはあるが、悪意の捏造はなく、体験に基づく良質な史料」と断定。
- Focusing on Koyo Gunkan (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family), however, Kuroda determined that 'lapses of memory were seen, but the stories are not maliciously fabricated; this is a historical material of good quality based on their experiences.'
- また、国衙の機能を実質的に吸収し、国衙の支配する公領(郡・郷・保など)を自らの支配下へと組み込んだ。
- They practically absorbed the functions of kokuga and subjected koryo (gun, go, ho) governed by kokuga to their control.
- 西洋のヤード・ポンド法などと同様、当初は身体の一部の長さや、穀物の質量などが単位として使われていた。
- Like in the yard-pound system in the West, the dimensions of the human body parts, the mass of grain, and so on, had been used as units.
- ただし例外として天皇には、緊急勅令や独立命令を発する権限など、実質的な立法に関する権限が留保された。
- But for special cases, the emperor reserved practical legislative powers such as issuance of emergency edicts and independent orders.
- 丹波の黒大豆といえば主に篠山市で採れるものをさすが、福知山も丹波の良質の黒大豆生産地で知られている。
- The Tanba black soybean mainly refers to a soybean harvested in Sasayama City, but, Fukuchiyama is also known as a place where quality Tanba black soybean is produced.
- 11世紀中期には官物の税率が公田官物率法により「段別三斗」に固定化され土地税としての性質が強まった。
- The Koden kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of Kanmotsu) fixed the tax rate of the Kanmotsu at 'Danbetsu santo' (54 lit. of rice per 10a) in the mid 11th century, by which Kanmotsu increasingly assumed the characteristics of land tax.
- すなわち、節にのっていれば、五音・七音以外の音節数であっても実質的には「字余り・字足らず」ではない。
- Therefore, as long as it is read in a singsong manner the poem doesn't essentially seem to have 'extra syllables or insufficient syllables,' even if it doesn't consist of lines with five and seven syllables.
- 弥生時代の道具類を材質から分類すると、大きく石器、木器・青銅器・鉄器・土器などに分けることができる。
- Tools used in the Yayoi period can be divided into materials, such as; stoneware, woodenware, bronze-ware, ironware, and earthenware.
- 人質となっていた母(野際陽子)を信長(渡哲也)が見殺しとしたことが本能寺の変の動機のひとつとされた。
- The cause of Honno-ji no Hen was presented as Nobunaga's (Tetsuya WATARI) leaving Mitsuhide's hostage mother (Yoko NOGIWA) to die.
- 主力が消耗する前に和睦に持ち込もうという義久の判断で、伊集院忠棟を人質として秀長に和睦を申し入れた。
- Before the bulk of his force were decimated, Yoshihisa, deciding that discretion was the better part of valor, proposed a cessation of hostilities to Hidenaga, offering in exchange for the hostage Tadamune IJUIN.
- 家康は次男・於義丸を秀吉の養子(=人質)として差し出し、「羽柴秀康(のちの結城秀康)」とし講和した。
- Ieyasu concluded a peace by providing his second son Ogimaru to Hideyoshi as Hideyoshi's adopted son (= a hostage), 'Hideyasu HASHIBA (later Hideyasu YUKI)'.
- 従って1ドル銀貨の約1/3の量目(質量)である一分銀3枚を持って1ドルに換えるべきであると主張した。
- Thus three ichibu-gin silver coins, weighing about one third of a one-dollar silver coin, should be converted to one dollar, he argued.
- 実質的な解放政策は士農工商を根幹から否定したため長州藩は幕府からはますます遠ざけられることになった。
- Because the substantial policy of liberation meant to deny flatly Shinokosho (hereditary four-status order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants), bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) became to avoid Choshu Domain more and more.
- ここまでに鋳造された寛永通寳は古寛永と呼ばれ、以前に広く流通した輸入銭と比較して良質のものであった。
- Kanei Tsuho which had been minted by this time was called Kokanei, and had a better quality than imported coins which had been widely circulated.
- しかし、実質酒造業者に添加されたために慶応3年(1867年)には酒造業者の直接納付に切り替えられた。
- The merchants, however, shifted the myogakin virtually onto breweries, so the myogakin was changed to be collected directly from breweries in 1867.
- 当日は自衛でしのいだ公使館員一行は夜間に、花房義質公使以下28人は自ら公使館に火を放ったといわれる。
- It is said that the group of legation staff members who had managed to protect themselves during the daytime, 28 people, including the Minister Yoshimoto HANABUSA, set fire to the legation that night.
- そこには日本や西欧と同質の差別的視線を共有することで、同等の存在になりたいという願望が透けて見える。
- This also reveals their desire to be equal to Japan and Western European countries by sharing a discriminatory view point of the same nature.
- 当時、松平広忠は今川義元の庇護を受けるため、息子の竹千代(家康)を駿府に人質として送ろうとしていた。
- It was Hirotada MATSUDAIRA's intention to sell his son Takechiyo (Ieyasu) to Sunpu at that time in order to gain the support of Yoshimoto IMAGAWA.
- 小国氏は、質の高い資料において断続的に見られており、戦国期に至っても信用できる系図を持った氏族である。
- The Oguni clan appears intermittently in reputable historical materials and has a reliable genealogy even until to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.
- 五大老の筆頭となった家康は秀吉死後の和平交渉でも主導権を握り、実質的な政権運営者へとのし上がってゆく。
- Ieyasu, who became the top of Gotairo, gained the control of the peace talks after Hideyoshi's death and pushed his way up to the virtual operator of the government.
- 律令国家が王朝国家へと変質し、朝廷から地方行政(国衙・受領)へ行政権を委任する過程で成立したとされる。
- It is said that this system was established in the process in which the ritsuryo-code-based nation was changed to a dynastic nation and the Imperial Court entrusted its administrative rights to the local administrative organs (kokuga [provincial government offices] and zuryo [the head of the provincial governors]).
- これら3者は実質的には大差がなく、これに伴う戸籍人口の増加は国司・郡司の考課にも反映された(考課令)。
- There was no substantial difference among these three types of people, and population increases in the family registers associated with their registration reflected on the ability rating of the Kokushi (provincial governors) and Gunji (local magistrates) (kokaryo (regulation on the efficiency rating of government officials)).
- これを聞いた豊臣家では大坂城は秀吉公以来の居城であり、この要求を徳川家康の実質的の宣戦布告と受け取る。
- The Toyotomi Family, hearing this proposal, took this demand as a proclamation of war, because Osaka-jo Castle had been their castle since Hideyoshi.
- 「王」の身位は天皇との血縁関係で決まり、本来は官職に付随する性質のものではない(詳しくは皇族を参照)。
- Whether the title of 'prince' could be given or not was decided by the blood relationship with the emperor, and so a certain post was not essentially accompanied by the title (for details refer to the article of 'Imperial Family.')
- 自らが本能寺の変で倒れる1582年までには日本中央部を制圧し、天下統一の寸前までを実質的に成し遂げた。
- By the time he himself was killed in the Honnoji Incident in 1582, he had conquered the central part of Japan and had virtually accomplished everything up to the verge of unification of the whole country.
- さらに、その1,2年前に青表紙本系統の極めて良質な写本であると考えられた大島本の存在が明らかになった。
- Moreover, the Oshima-bon manuscript, which was considered a quite good-quality manuscript of the Aobyoshi-bon line was found one or two years before.
- このとき、父・貞氏が没した直後であり高氏は派兵を辞退するが、幕府は妻子を人質として重ねて派兵を命じた。
- The incident had taken place just after his father's death, so Takauji at first had refused his help to the shogunate, but the Kamakura shogunate took his wife and children as hostages to make Takauji follow its order.
- 1891年からたびたび田中正造が国会で質問したにもかかわらず、政府は積極的には鉱毒対策を行わなかった。
- Although from 1891 Shozo TANAKA frequently raised the issue of the pollution at the Diet, the government did not actively take any anti mining pollution measures.
- だが、同時に政府財政が逼迫すると安易な値上げや品質の引き下げなどが行われて、人々を苦しめる事となった。
- However, when the income of the government was strained, it easily led to price rise and lowered quality, which caused troubles for common people.
- 華陽院は竹千代が人質に出される前から駿府にいたため、織田方の於大の方の子を密かに受け取れる環境にない。
- Since Kayouin had been in Sunpu before Takechiyo was taken hostage, she could not have been able to secretly receive the child (Takechiyo) of Odai no kata from the ODA clan.
- 織田信長と対決するにあたり、荒木村重は足利義昭、毛利輝元、顕如のもとに人質と誓書を差し出し同盟を誓った。
- Before confronting Nobunaga ODA, Murashige ARAKI had submitted hostages and written an oath to Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, Terumoto MORI and Kennyo to promise alliance.
- 匁は、元々中国で用いられた名称は「銭」であり、銭貨(日本では一文銭)一枚の質量を単位としたものであった。
- Monme was used in China by its original name 'chen' (pronounced 'sen' in Japanese), which was based on the mass of 1 coin (in Japan, a coin of 1 mon).
- 江戸時代264年にわたって、日本の実質上の君主・支配者として武家社会を含む日本社会全体の頂点に君臨した。
- Over a period of 264 years during the Edo period, it topped the whole of the Japanese society, which included the samurai world, practically as the monarch and ruler of Japan.
- なお十巻本の写本の中でも「下総本」とそれに連なる系統の本は、他の本と異なる記述を持つなど異質の本である。
- Of the 10-volume manuscripts, 'Shimosa book' is unique because the contents of it and of the books related to it are quite different from those of other 10-volume books.
- しかし、領地内に大きな鉱山をもたなかったことから、根本的な解決方法である良質の銅銭発行が行われなかった。
- However, although issuing high-quality copper coins could lead to a fundamental solution of the problem, he could not do it because he didn't have a large mine in his territory.
- それでこれまでに重源は、良質な材木を求めて吉野や伊勢に赴いたけれども、ここでも充分に用は果たせなかった。
- Accordingly, looking for quality wood, Chogen already visited Yoshino and Ise only to fail in fulfilling his mission.
- 大川親子、岡田親子ともに最初はサラリーマン的立場であった幹部が実質上の世襲オーナー化する例が続いている。
- Toei has continued a style of patrimonial management exemplified by Okawa and his son, followed by Okada and his son taking the helm of the company; they were originally employed as salaried executives but later became actual owners of the company.
- 前回説得する側に回った田中も、今度は説得することはなく、押出し決行日に合わせて国会で質問することにした。
- Tanaka, who had previously dissuaded peasants from going for the demonstration, was now agreeable to their plan and decided to put questions to the National Diet session on the day of the demonstration.
- もっとも、貴族院議員の性質上、再選を目指す必要がない議員も多く、大半の場合、院内会派の拘束力は弱かった。
- As most Kizokuin councilors did not need to worry about re-election, the bond between the members within the Innai groups was weak.
- 初期の通信カラオケは、音楽音質の悪さと映像のバリエーションが貧弱などクリアしなければならない面もあった。
- The online karaoke in the early years had some problems to be solved, such as poor sound quality of music and poor variations of images.
- そのため、実質を重視する商人にとって名目貨幣は受け入れ難く、含有銀量をもって取引しようとするものであった。
- So for business people, to whom value was important, nominal money was something hard to accept and they wanted to trade on the basis of silver content.
- 丁銀の通貨単位としては質量の測定値である貫および匁がそのまま用いられ、こちらは銀1000匁が銀1貫となる。
- Kan and monme, which were originally the weight units, also served as the currency units of the silver coin used as the currency by weight, and 1000 monme of silver was equalized with 1 kan of silver.
- 最狭部に架かる琵琶湖大橋を挟んだ北側部分を北湖(太湖)、南側部分を南湖と呼び、水質や水の流れなどが異なる。
- The part of the lake to the north of the Biwako Ohashi Bridge, which was built at the narrowest point, is called the Northern Lake or 'Taiko,' while the part to the south is called the Southern Lake; accordingly, the water quality and water flow differ between them.
- 世襲財産は華族家継続のための財産保全をうける資金であり、第三者が抵当権や質権を主張することは出来なかった。
- By 'setting the hereditary property,' kazoku could have the protection to maintain the family status, and no third party was allowed to mortgage or pledge it.
- 本来は非公式の会合であり、意思決定も統裁合議制に則って行われていたが、次第に実質上の政策決定期間となった。
- Originally these meetings were informal in nature, and although decisions were made in accordance with the tosai-gogisei (a system under which the role of members was merely to advise the single individual vested with final decision-making power), the Jin no Sadame gradually became a de facto institution for government policy-making.
- 荘園・公領内部で、百姓階層の経済力向上と均質化が進んだことで、百姓階層は名主を中心に団結するようになった。
- As the farming class improved its economic status and became more homogenized, peasants learned to act together led by myoshu farmers.
- また、こうした悪銭は良質な「精銭」とくらべ低価値に設定されたり、支払時に受け取り拒否されることが多かった。
- Also, the akusen was sometimes set to lower price compared to 'Seisen' (refined coins) of good quality, or often refused to be accepted.
- 荘園公領制の変質が、社会各層における対立を顕在化させ、南北朝の争いを大義名分とする全国的な抗争が展開した。
- Changes in the nature of shoen koryo sei made confrontations in each social class of the nation apparent, developing into nation-wide confrontations with the confrontation between the Northern Court and the Southern Court used as a legitimate reason.
- 直径は0.8寸(2.4センチメートル)、量目(質量)は0.7匁(2.6グラム)前後であり、慶長通寳に近い。
- It is about 0.8 sun (2.4 cm) in diameter and 0.7 monme (2.6 g) in weight (mass), and is similar to Keicho Tsuho.
- 担(たん、元の用字は擔)は、中国の尺貫法(尺斤法。市制 (単位系)・台制)の重量(質量)の物理単位である。
- Tan (the letter 擔 was used in Yuan) was a unit of weight (mass) under the Chinese shakkanho (the system of measuring length by the shaku and weight by the kan) (shakusekiho, Chinese traditional system of measurement [unit system], Taiwanese traditional system of measurement).
- 近代に入って行われた源氏物語の写本調査の中でに山脇毅によって良質な河内本の写本として初めて発見された写本。
- This was found to be a good quality Kawachibon manuscript by Takeshi YAMAWAKI during his research on manuscripts of The Tale of Genji performed in recent period.
- 佐野出身の衆議院議員田中正造は1891年以降、たびたび国会で鉱毒の質問を行い、鉱毒の害は全国に知れ渡った。
- Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives from Sano made enquiries at the parliament beginning in 1891, and the damages by the mining pollution became public throughout the nation.
- 宝暦年間には「日本第一の土地」とまで称されて、「江戸っ子」と呼ばれる独自の気質を持った町人たちが台頭した。
- By the Horeki era, Edo had gained recognition as 'Japan's foremost land' spurred by the emergence of the town people called as 'Edokko' for their distinctive spirit.
- 朝鮮側の史書『三国史記』からも度重なる倭の侵攻や新羅や百済が倭に王子を人質に差し出していたことが知られる。
- A Korean history book, 'Samguk Sagi' (History of the Three Kingdoms), also provided evidence of these same events; there were details describing repeated invasions into the Korea Kingdoms by Wa and the taking hostage of the princes of Silla and Paekche.
- また、清滝寺 (浜松市)にある信康の墓所が質素で、後に改葬もされていないとして、実子でない根拠としている。
- MURAOKA argues that the tomb of Nobuyasu in Hamamatsu City is modest and that no reburial has been done because Nobuyasu was not Ieyasu's biological child.
- その代表的な論客である安田元久は、武士団を「一定の時代」における、ひとつの構造的特質をもったものととらえる。
- Motohisa YASUDA, who was the main critic of that argument, considered bushidan as one form of a special structural aspect for 'a fixed period.'
- 南鐐二朱銀(なんりょうにしゅぎん)とは、江戸時代に流通した銀貨の一種で、初期に発行された良質の二朱銀を指す。
- Nanryo Nishu Gin was a type of silver coin circulated in the Edo period and was high-quality Nishu (1/8 of 1 Ryo) gin issued in the early Edo period.
- 例えば、奈良時代の聖武天皇は、実質的に孝謙天皇よりも上位者とされていたし、平安後期に始まる院政も同様である。
- For example, in the Nara period, Emperor Shomu was ranked higher than Empress Koken, and it was the same in the cloistered governments that started at the end of the Heian period.
- 湯船は本来は木の浴槽でありながら、そうであることは全く分からないほどに黄褐色の石灰質の析出物が付着している。
- Brownish yellow calcareous deposits adhere to the inside of a bathtub to the extent that people cannot recognize that the bathtub is made of wood.
- 足利尊氏は三山検校の意向を受けて在地で実務に当たる熊野三山奉行を新設することで、これを実質の面で後押しした。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA granted Sanzan Kengyo's wish and gave a practical support by newly creating a post, Kumano Sanzan Bugyo (magistrate), to manage practical business in a local land.
- 1907年、東京市麻布区市兵衛町(現・港区 (東京都))に地質学者・小川琢治・小雪夫妻の三男として生まれる。
- He was born in 1907 to a geological scientist Takuji OGAWA and his wife Koyuki as their third son in Ichibei-cho Town, Azabu Ward, Tokyo City (present Minato Ward (Tokyo Prefecture)).
- 織田信長は人質としてやってきた氏郷を見て一目でその実力と才能を見抜き、娘の冬姫を与えることを約束したという。
- It is said that when Ujisato came to Nobunaga ODA as a hostage, Nobunaga realized his abilities at a single glance and promised his daughter Princess Fuyu's hand in marriage.
- しかしこの戦いで日本側が物質的に得たものは無く、見返りとしての恩賞は御家人たちの満足のいくものではなかった。
- However, Japan gained nothing materially out of this war, and the rewards granted to vassals did not satisfy them.
- 後三年の役が平定された後は、奥州藤原氏が奥羽一帯の実質的な支配者となり、陸奥国司は徴税官的側面が強くなった。
- After the Gosannen War was suppressed, the Oshu-Fujiwara clan became the effective ruler of Ou region and the position of kokushi of Mutsu Province became more like a revenue agent.
- 国や地域によって均質・一様でない華夷秩序(の束)に、最終的には取って代わったのが西欧起源の条約体制であった。
- At last, treaty system originated in western countries replaced kaichitsujo (or a batch of such kaichitsujo) that was not homogeneous or uniform depending on country or district.
- 皇太子時代、チャクリー王朝からタイ国民の蛋白質不足について相談を受け、養殖の容易なティラピアを50匹寄贈した。
- Asked about protein shortage spreading among Thai people by the Chakkri Dynasty, he donated 50 tilapias, a kind of freshwater fishes having characteristics of easily cultivable.
- 坊門を家号としたのは信隆の子の坊門信清と坊門隆清の代からとされるが、実質的には信隆が坊門家の祖であると言える。
- It is thought to be in the time of Nobukiyo BOMON and Takakiyo BOMON, Nobutaka's sons, that 'Bomon' was first used as a family name, but in any case, the substance of the matter is that Nobutaka can be called the founder of the Bomon family.
- また、黄砂に吸着されて運ばれるさまざまな物質のうち、有毒な物質による生物への被害や環境汚染が問題視されている。
- Various substances are stuck to kosa and are carried with the kosa, but the damage and environmental pollution caused by harmful substances of them are considered constituting a problem.
- 諸神社の儀式遂行とその財源たる所領等の保障を目的に、既売却地・質流れ地等の無償返付を内容とした法令を発布した。
- With a view to facilitating the performance of rituals by and securing the estates and other assets of Shinto shrines which would support financing of their performance, the governing authorities promulgated mainly providing for free returning of sold or forfeited land lots.
- 中村正直の「人民の性質を改造する説」(第30号)、西周の「国民気風論」(第32号)などにその特徴が濃厚である。
- This character was apparently shown in 'An idea to change people's character' (No.30) written by Masanao NAKAMURA and 'A theory on people's sprit' (No.32) by Amane NISHI.
- 議論を公開するという点で外向的、意見が統一されてないという点で拡散的であることを『明六雑誌』は性質としていた。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' had characteristics such as outward in the point of having the discussion open to public while diffusive in the point of their opinion not unified.
- 小判の規定量目(質量)は四匁七分六厘(17.76グラム)であり、一分判は一匁一分九厘(4.44グラム)である。
- Koban's regular ryome (mass) is 4 monme 7 bu 6 rin (17.76 gram), and Ichibuban's is 1 monme 1 bu 9 rin (4.44 gram).
- 長年の恨み説の中で登場する八上城攻囲に関して、人質とされている光秀の母親が偽者(叔母)であったとする説もある。
- With regard to the siege of Yagami-jo Castle that appears in the long-held-grudge theories, Mitsuhide's mother, who was held as a hostage, may have been an impostor (Mitsuhide's aunt).
- 明治初年の書生社会の風俗と気質をうつすことを主眼として、下宿生活、牛肉屋、楊弓店などで書生らが遊ぶ様子も描く。
- The main purpose of this work was to describe the customs, manners and temperaments of student society in 1868, and there are those scenes depicting the daily lives at their board and lodgings, or students at play in those popular places such as beef specialty restaurants or yokyu (a small-sized bow originally made from willow) parlors.
- 大名証人制度(だいみょうしょうにんせいど)は江戸幕府が大名およびその重臣から人質をとって江戸に住まわせた制度。
- Daimyo shonin seido was the system that the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) held hostages from feudal loads and their senior vassals and put them up in Edo.
- なお、共通法は、その性質上当然に(領土ではない関東州や南洋群島も含む)外地にも施行されるべき法律とされていた。
- The Common law was considered applicable to overseas territories (including the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Sea Islands which were not Japan's territories) due to the nature.
- このダムは常時水質検査が行われ、結果が随時公表されているが、そのような多目的ダムは日本にはほとんど存在しない。
- This dam has been constantly being tested for its water quality and the results have been published, and these kinds of multi-purpose dams are rare in Japan.
- その後、執権職は貞時に代わって北条氏支流の4人が次々に受け継いだが、貞時は得宗として幕府を実質的に支配し続けた。
- After this, when Sadatoki left the position of Shikken (regent), he was succeeded by four men from the branch line of the Hojo clan in succession; Sadatoki himself retained the position of Tokuso (patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), however, which means that he held the real power to control the bakufu.
- 坂本賞三らはこの時期を王朝国家体制の変質期であるとして、同時期以前を前期王朝国家、以降を後期王朝国家と区分する。
- Shozo SAKAMOTO etc. defined this period as the changing period of the Dynastic polity and based on it, they separate the Dynastic polity period into the early Dynastic polity period and the late Dynastic polity period.
- いずれにしても質量的に額面(寛永通宝100枚分)の価値は全くない貨幣で、経済に混乱を起こし偽造も相次いだという。
- As it was not worth its face value (100 Kanei-tsuho [coins first minted in 1636 of Kanrei era]) at all in terms of weight, it brought about economic confusion and forging became common.
- 質量の単位としての両は、匁の倍量(貫、斤の分量)単位で、日本では1両=10匁=1/100貫=1/16斤とされた。
- As a weight unit, ryo had a heavier scale than monme (former Japanese weight unit) and a lighter scale than kan and kin (kan and kin were both former Japanese weight units), and in Japan, 1 ryo, 10 monme, 0.01 kan, and a 16th kin were equalized.
- 11世紀末になると天皇家の家督者たる太上天皇が実質的な国王(治天の君)として君臨し、政務に当たる院政が始まった。
- At the end of the 11th century the government by a retired emperor in which a retired emperor who is the reign of the Imperial Family reigns as the real king (Chiten no kimi [the retired emperor in power]) began.
- 10世紀前期に従来の租税収取体系が変質したことに伴い、権門層(有力貴族・寺社)は各地に私領(私営田)を形成した。
- With the change in the tax collecting system in the 10th century, influential classes (influential aristocracy, temples and shrines) took over private land (shieiden: lands directly governed by such powers) in many places.
- この韻律は開音節という日本語の特質から必然的に成立したリズムであって、俳句の制約とか、規則と考えるべきではない。
- This rhythmic pattern is something that inevitably formed from the characteristics of the Japanese language called 'kaionsetsu' (open syllable), and it should not be considered as a restriction or rule that exits solely for the haiku.
- このため、天皇との関係次第によってその権限は左右される性質のものであった(現に道長と三条天皇とは疎遠であった)。
- For this reason, the nature of the authority was dependent upon the relationship with the Emperor (in reality, Michinaga and Emperor Sanjo were alienated from each other).
- この再入内で定子は実質的に還俗し、長保元年(999年)11月7日 (旧暦)、一条天皇の第一皇子・敦康親王を出産。
- After re-entering the court, she gave birth to Emperor Ichijo's first son, Imperial Prince Atsuyasu, on November 7, 999.
- こうした父母の血を享けて、定子は聡明な資質を持ち、和漢の才に通暁したばかりでなく、明朗快活な性格に育ったらしい。
- Having the blood of such parents in her veins, Teishi grew up to be wise and well-versed in both Japanese and Chinese, with a bright and cheerful personality.
- 延暦年間には復活したが、人員削減政策の一環として861年からはここの官職は任命されなくなり、実質的に廃止された。
- Shuyoshi was revived in the Enryaku era, but it was abolished practically because nobody came to be appointed as government posts of Shuyoshi from 861 due to part of downsizing measures.
- 永禄4年(1561年)に家臣の吉田城 (三河国)代小原鎮実に命じ、松平(徳川)側の人質を城下の龍拈寺口で殺した。
- In 1561 Ujizane ordered his vassal Shizuzane OHARA, who was jodai (vassal who manages the castle while the lord is not in the castle) of Yoshida-jo Castle (Mikawa Province), to kill the hostage from the Matsudaira (Tokugawa) side at the entrance of Ryunen-ji Temple located under the castle.
- 平安時代末期に大学寮が廃絶すると、学科としての明法道の実質は消滅して、博士が私塾を開いて律令を講義するようになる。
- In the late Heian period, after Daigakuryo was eliminated, the department of Myohodo practically disappeared and the doctors gave lectures of ritsuryo in their private schools.
- 原則的には場所の制約を受けず(質取行為では禁じられているアジール的空間や権力者の保護下でも)に請求が可能であった。
- In principle, the levy of a kojichi was not restricted by location and it was possible to claim it even in places with right of asylum or when the debtor was under the protection of authorities (these were regarded as extraterritorial areas in the case of Shichitori, which was the attachment of property of a third party living in the same area of a debtor in default).
- なお、当時用いられた分銅の質量単位は「両」であったが、小判の通貨単位との混同を避けるため「両」は用いられなかった。
- At that time, the mass unit for the fundo (counterweight) was called 'ryo' but it was also the unit for oval gold coins so, to avoid any confusion, the 'ryo' unit was not used in weighing Chogin.
- 「豊臣氏」は本姓であって、「織田氏」(本姓は平朝臣)や「徳川氏」(本姓は源朝臣)などといった名字とは性質が異なる。
- Toyotomi' was its honsei (original name) and it is different in character from the myoji (family name) in such cases as the 'Oda clan' (honsei was Taira no Ason) and the 'Tokugawa clan' (honsei was Minamoto no Ason).
- この事件で西国随一の戦国大名とまで称されていた大内氏が実質的に滅亡し、西国の支配構造は大きく変化することとなった。
- This incident resulted in virtual fall of the Ouchi clan, which was called as the greatest Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in Saigoku (western part of Japan) and great change in ruling structure of Saigoku.
- この2人は長慶の傀儡であり、ここに将軍・管領という室町幕府の権力者を擁した三好政権が実質的に機能することとなった。
- These two were puppets for Nagayoshi and here the Miyoshi's government with the powerful persons of the Muromachi bakufu of shogun and kanrei practically began to function.
- 生涯権力や金銭に対する執着は乏しく、この淡白な性質は上級公卿に生まれた育ちの良さからくるものであったと考えられる。
- He was but little attached to power and money throughout his life, and this mellow personality of his can be considered to come from his birth as a nobleman in an elite court with good upbringing.
- 歌風は率直質実を旨としながらつよい情感をてらうことなく表現するもので、季の歌はもちろんだが恋歌や雑歌に優れていた。
- Saigyo's style of poems was direct in expressing strong emotions while being straightforward and simple, showing a particular talent with poems about love and general matters in addition to the various seasons.
- 1840年代前半に幕府により実施された天保の改革は質素倹約を旨とし、贅沢品とみなされた浮世絵は規制の対象となった。
- Tenpo Reforms implemented by the shogunate in the first half of the 1840s encouraged simplicity and frugality and ukiyo-e became the target of regulation because it was deemed as a luxury item.
- すなわち字名(所在地の地名)・地目(種類)・品位(上・中・下・下々からなる品質)・面積・分米(石高)・名請人である。
- The entries were 'azana' (name of the location), 'chimoku' (category of the land), rank of the land's fertility (high/middle/low/very-low), area of the land, 'bunmai' (yield from the land), and 'naukenin' (farmer certified as the owner of the paddy, the field, and the house, who was entitled and obliged to cultivate its land, and was responsible for nengu and shoyaku).
- その後の1302年に三沢為長(為仲)が、因幡国鹿野町を経て往来し、この地で良質な砂鉄を採取して野たたら製鉄を始めた。
- In 1302, Tamenaga (also known as Tamenaka) MISAWA often visited this manor through Shikano-cho, Inaba Province, and started iron manufacturing by means of 'no-tatara-seitetsu' (iron manufacturing method) using high quality iron sand which could be obtained in the area.
- 彼らは、生産基盤となる動産を集積し、安定経営を達成した富豪層の保護、隷属関係よって統率された存在に変質を遂げていた。
- Instead, they had already changed into the subordinates of wealthy peasants, who had hoarded movables necessary for farming and had achieved sustainable management.
- かつては京友禅を鴨川の流れにさらす「友禅流し」が行なわれていたが、水質悪化などが問題となり1970年代に中止された。
- Kyo-Yuzen fabrics used to be rinsed in the Kamogawa River (called 'Yuzen Nagashi'), but, due to water pollution, the method was discontinued in the 1970's.
- 律令法の継受法としての性質を強調するあまり、それが日本法制史上に果たした役割を過小に評価するのは、事実と合致しない。
- It would be unfaithful to the factual evidence to underestimate the role of ritsuryo law in the history of the Japanese legal system by placing too much emphasis on the philosophy behind ritsuryo law as an adopted law.
- 和薬種改会所(わやくしゅあらためかいしょ)は、江戸時代に江戸幕府が設置した和薬種の品質管理のための鑑定を行った機関。
- Wayakushu aratame kaisho was an agency established by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) during the Edo period, which performed quality control check on domestic (Japanese) materials of medicines.
- そして、そのどれが元の形なのかわからない状況であり、良質の青表紙系の本文を保存した古写本は存在しないといわれてきた。
- It was hard to tell which manuscript was the original, and it had been said that there was no old manuscript which preserved good texts from the Aobyoshi-bon line manuscripts.
- 元隣の解説についても、出席者からの元隣への質疑、それに対する元隣の応答という形式で記述されていることも特徴的である。
- He characteristically describes his commentary in the form of participants' questions about it and his responses to them.
- また、同じ日本人といえども、時代によって日本人の性質や性格は現在とは大きく異なるということも念頭に置かねばならない。
- Although they are the same Japanese, it has to be taken into consideration that their characters are much differ from age to age.
- ともすれば似たようなケースでもシチュエーションが違えば結果も大きく変化するなど、事前に判るような性質のものでは無い。
- Even in similar cases, the result can be greatly different depending on the situation; this is not something which can be predicted beforehand.
- 縄文文化は日本列島のどの地域でも同質のものだったのではなく、多様な地域性を備えた文化群であったことが指摘されている。
- It is pointed out that the Jomon culture was not uniform in all the regions in the Japanese archipelago, but was a collection of cultural styles representing many regional differences.
- この質朴とも言える趣致は道教の清浄の概念に由来し、貴族的な雅趣と庶民的な野趣を併せ持つ「清」という価値で表現される。
- This simple taste originated from the idea of cleanness in Taoism and was expressed as a value of 'cleanliness' which encompassed both aristocratic elegant taste and folksy rustic favor.
- これは政府予算が議会側によって人質に取られて妥協を強いられる事の無いようにという趣旨で井上毅が提案したものであった。
- This article was drafted by Kowashi INOUE in order to prevent the administration from having to compromise on political policies in order to have the budget plan approved at the Diet.
- 耐冷性、耐倒伏性、心白発現率、蒸米吸収率にすぐれ、「淡麗で綺麗な酒質」を得られるとの定評があるが、耐病性にやや弱い。
- It has excellent resistance to cold, resistance to lodging and good rates of shinpaku manifestation and steamed rice absorption, and it's generally agreed that 'thin and sharp, clean sake quality' can be obtained, but it's weak in its resistance to disease.
- 佐藤によれば、それは頼朝の譲歩だといえるが、後段において実質的な国衙在庁指揮権が頼朝の権利として公認されたのだとした。
- It could be regarded as the result of a compromise by Yoritomo, but in the latter part, the substantial right to command the local officials of kokuga was officially approved as the right of Yoritomo in return, according to SATO.
- 王朝国家体制の特質は、律令国家体制が基調としていた個別人身支配を放棄し、土地に対する課税・支配を基調とした点にあった。
- What characterized the Dynastic polity regime was the adoption of the principle of tax on land as a replacement for the principle of people-based governance, which had been the basic principle of the Ritsuryo regime.
- しかし、慶喜は将軍職も辞任せず(24日に辞職)、幕府の職制も当面残されることとなり、実質上は幕府支配は変わらなかった。
- However, Yoshinobu did not immediately resign from the position of shogun (he resigned on October 24), as governance by the shogunate still remained the same with the administrative system still in effect for the time being.
- 形状は、ナマコ形と呼ばれるやや不揃いな棒状の銀塊で、量目(質量)は不定だがおおよそ43匁(約161.25グラム)前後。
- Chogin were various seacucumber-shaped silver ingots; although their rime (weighed value or mass) were not the same, they were approximately 161.25g.
- これらを区別するため、質量単位の方を貫目(かんめ、一貫分の目方の略)、通貨単位の方を貫文(かんもん)という場合もある。
- To make a distinction, kan as a weight unit is sometimes called kanme (an abbreviation for 1 kan 'mekata' [weight]), and kan as a currency unit is sometimes called kanmon.
- 応安の半済令により、守護は実質的に荘園・公領の半分を簒奪することとなり、荘園の解体が緩やかに進行していくこととなった。
- Based on the practice of the hanzei law of Oan, provincial constables disfranchised half of the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government virtually, thereby resulting in the gradual demise of manors.
- このため、丹波国は甲斐国や尾張国、土佐国のように一国単位で結束した歴史を持ちにくい性質があり、丹波の歴史を複雑化した。
- For this reason, Tanba was harder to unite as one province than other provinces like Kai, Owari and Tosa, and that made the history of Tanba complicated.
- 特に美濃国で作られた絁(絹織物)である美濃絁と上総国で作られた布(麻織物)である望陀布は、古くから品質は上質とされた。
- Especially, Mino ashiginu (silk textile) made in Mino Province and Modano nuno (hemp fabric) made in Kazusa Province had enjoyed an established reputation for their high quality from old times.
- 平安時代中期ごろに律令制が崩壊し、荘園・国衙領を支配単位とする体制が確立していくと、勧農の内容も次第に変質していった。
- Around the middle of the Heian period, the ritsuryo governmental system collapsed, a system whereby shoen and kokuga region were governing units was established and the contents of kanno gradually changed.
- 柏原文太郎(のち中央大学附属高等学校第3代校長)を実質的な責任者として運営され、1898年から1918年まで存続した。
- Tokyo-dobun-shoin was run by Buntaro KASHIWARA (later the third principal of Chuo University Senior High School) as a substantial person in charge and it existed from 1898 to 1918.
- だが、当時幕府財政は破綻寸前であり、改税約書が結ばれた当時には既に幕府はこれよりも質を落として貨幣を発行し続けていた。
- However, the financial affairs of the bakufu at the time were on the verge of collapse, and by the time the kaizeiyakusho was concluded, the bakufu had already lowered the quality of coins even more and continued issuing them.
- 翌年には開港場で行われていた銀貨100円に対して金貨101円の金銀比価を両者同等に改めて実質上の金銀複本位制となった。
- Furthermore, in the next year, Japan had to equalize the exchange ratio that, in the open ports, had been 100 yen silver coin to 101 yen gold coin, thus choosing a virtual gold and silver bimetallism.
- こうして岐阜城に孤立してしまった信孝は、三法師を秀吉に引き渡し、生母の坂氏と娘を人質として差し出すことで和議を結んだ。
- In this way Nobutaka was isolated at Gifu Castle, sent Sanposhi to Hideyoshi, and concluded a peace in exchange for hostage of his mother SAKA-shi and daughter.
- しかし、広い意味での宗教的な感覚は、冠婚葬祭や年中行事などの場面で、他宗教とは異質な独自の信念が意識されることがある。
- However, original beliefs which differ from those of other religions are seen in a broader sense in ceremonial occasions and annual events.
- 朝鮮半島のものは、普通名詞的に陶質土器と呼ばれるか、伽耶土器・新羅土器・百済土器などもう少し細分した名で呼ばれている。
- The earthenware created in Korean Peninsula goes by just 'earthenware' as a common name or by slightly more subdivided names such as Kaya ware, Silla ware and Baekje ware.
- 定享は質素倹約や新田開発を主とした藩政改革を断行したが、効果が見込めず、また定享自身が若死にしたため、失敗に終わった。
- Reformations based mainly on scrimping and saving along with development of new fields were carried out by Sadamichi, although these turned out unsuccessful and failed after all when Sadamichi died young.
- これにより、義昭は実質的に信長の傀儡となり、信長の許可無しでは政治に影響力を保つことすらほとんどできなくなったのである。
- Accordingly, Yoshiaki virtually became Nobunaga's puppet, and he could even hardly keep his political influence without Nobunaga's permission.
- さらに黄鍾の管の容積(810立方分)を1龠(0.5合)、黄鍾の管に入る秬黍1,200粒の質量を12銖(0.5両)とした。
- Meanwhile, the volume of Kosho (810 cubic bu) was defined as 1 yaku (0.5 go [a unit of mass]), and the mass of 1,200 grains of black mille, which could fill up the inside of Kosho, was defined as 12 shu (0.5 ryo [a unit of mass]).
- ただし、国際的に匁 (momme) が真珠の質量の単位として使われており、それとともに貫 (kan) も使用されている。
- However, as the weight unit of a pearl, monme, along with kan, is still used as an international weight unit.
- そのため信長は、明智光秀と細川藤孝を使者として義昭のもとに送り、自らの剃髪と人質を差し出すことを条件にして和睦を求めた。
- So, Nobunaga sent Mitsuhide AKECHI and Fujitaka HOSOKAWA as emissaries to Yoshiaki in order to make peace with him on the condition that he would take the tonsure and send hostages.
- これは律令制が稲作を制度の中心に据えており、稲作に適さないシラス (地質)の広がる九州南部には適合しなかったためである。
- This was because southern Kyushu was a vast stretch of volcanic ash and sand inappropriate for rice cropping while the ritsuryo system was centered on rice cropping.
- 同年、尾張国に侵攻した義元が桶狭間の戦いで織田信長に討たれたため、実質的にも家督を相続して今川家の第10代当主となった。
- In the same year, Yoshimoto, who invaded Owari Province, was killed by Nobunaga ODA at the Battle of Okehazama, and therefore, he effectively inherited the family leadership and became the 10th head of the Imagawa family.
- 班田制の衰退とともに田地の課税方式自体が変質し、輸祖田と輸地子田が公田、田租と地子が租穀として一括把握されるようになった。
- According to the decline of handensei (Ritsuryo land allotment system), taxation system of rice fields itself changed and eventually, yusoden and yujishiden were integrated into koden (rice fields administered directly by a ruler) and denso and jishi were integrated into sokoku.
- 多くは実質的な目的よりも職場や友人、地縁的な付き合いの延長としての色彩が強く、中には一人で複数の無尽に入っている人もいる。
- There is a strong suggestion that many of them are an extension of working places, friends, and territorial associations rather than fulfilling the original purpose, and occasionally one person joins more than one Mujin.
- しかしこのような処理は、硬貨を故意に腐食劣化させる行為であり、酸化を早めたり、緑青を発生させたり、質量を減らすことになる。
- However, this also erodes and deteriorates the coins themselves, as it encourages the process of oxidation, develops verdigris, and reduces the coin's mass.
- 大仏殿再建を名目として造営料国となった周防国も、実質的には東大寺の知行国であり、大仏殿再建後も東大寺の知行下にあり続けた。
- Suo province that was assigned to the task of reconstructing Daibutsu-den Hall (the great Buddha hall) of Todai-ji Temple was virtually a chigyo-koku province of Todai-ji Temple, and the province continued being under control of Todai-ji Temple even after the work to reconstruct Daibutsu-den Hall was completed.
- 馬一頭が運ぶ荷物の目方(質量)を表す駄法と関連があるとされる記事が、1300年頃に編纂されたとされる『拾芥抄』の中にある。
- 'Shugaisho' (an ancient encyclopedia), which is said to have been compiled around 1300, has an article that it is related to daho (a system of weight units, seen for the load carried by a horse).
- 両(りょう)は、尺貫法における質量の単位であり、また、近世の日本における金貨、および中国における秤量銀貨の通貨単位である。
- Ryo served as a weight unit in the traditional East Asian system of weights and measures, and also served as a currency unit in Japan and in China; in Japan, the unit of gold coins in the early modern ages, and in China, the unit of hyoryo ginka (silver coin used as currency by weight).
- 芸能音楽やスポーツ界関係者を招いた皇居でのお茶会や赤坂御苑での園遊会が催された際には、出席した各関係者に詳しい質問をする。
- When guests from the public entertainment and music world and the sport world are invited to the tea parties held at the Imperial Palace, or to the garden parties held at Akasaka Imperial Garden, the Emperor asks them questions in detail.
- このように同じ舞鶴市ながら違った顔を持っており、(旧)舞鶴市と東舞鶴市以来の「東西舞鶴の張り合い気質」が今でも残っている。
- As such, the east and west of Maizuru possess different characteristics, between which there still remains an 'east and west competition,' which dates back to the times of Old Maizuru City and Higashi-Maizuru City.
- 会所の本質たる主室には、もともとの会所としての機能、寄合の場としての機能をたもっていたので、そういう飾るための設備がない。
- The essential quality of the master guest room already functioned as the kaisho and the Yoriai so that it did not have equipment to be decorated as such.
- 経済的には、地方の在地領主である武士の土地所有制度が法的に安定したため、全国的に開墾がすすみ、質実剛健な鎌倉文化が栄えた。
- Economically, the system by which warriors, the de facto landowners in rural areas, could own and control land had now been legally stabilized, sparking a country-wide cultivation of land and leading to a vigorous flourishing of Kamakura culture.
- 中期には北部九州各地で少しずつその形態を変えながらも基本的には同じ形質的特徴を共有する成人用大型甕棺が北部九州に定着する。
- In the middle period, the earthenware slightly changed its shape, but a large kamekan (earthenware jar-coffin) for adult, which had the same basic characters as previous earthware, was established in northern Kyushu.
- 高倉と清盛の相次ぐ死は、国政における最高権威と実質的指導者が一挙に失われたことを意味し、平氏にとって致命的な打撃となった。
- The deaths of Takakura and Kiyomori in succession meant the sudden loss of the sovereign and the leader of the administration, and represented a serious blow to the Taira clan.
- 先立って書かれた坪内逍遥の『当世書生気質』に色濃く残っていた戯作文学の影響を排し、日本の近代小説の始まりを告げたとされる。
- It is said that he removed the influence of gesaku literature, which had still remained strong in Shoyo TSUBOUCHI's 'Tosei shosei katagi' (The Character of Modern Students) written ahead of time, and told the beginning of modern Japanese novels.
- いわゆる汚れ仕事として嫌われたために、実質的には世襲ではあったものの、形式的には代替わりの際には新規召抱えの体裁を踏んだ。
- Since their job was disliked as it was so-called a dirty job, they formally employed a new person when his predecessor left his office although it was substantially hereditary.
- 遠征軍の主力が出羽清原氏によると見られることから、実質上の総大将は清原貞衡で、源頼俊の失脚はそれほど影響が無かったと見る。
- In this theory, the main force of the expedition troops was assumed to be the group led by Kiyohara clan of Dewa Province, therefore the downfall of MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi did not affect the course of this war.
- そのため、焼成温度は須恵器に劣る600~750度で焼成されることになり、橙色ないし赤褐色を呈し、須恵器にくらべ軟質である。
- For this reason, firing occurs at 600 to 750 degrees, lower than for Sue pottery, creating pottery that is either orange or rust-colored and softer than Sue pottery.
- 天正13年(1585年)11月13日、家康に人質時代から近侍しており、岡崎城代であった石川数正が豊臣秀吉のもとに出奔した。
- In January 2, 1586, Kazumasa ISHIKAWA, Deputy Governor of Okazaki Castle, who had been an attendant to Ieyasu since the time when he was sold, fled to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 鎌倉幕府は、頼朝以来、鎌倉殿の個人的な資質に依拠するところが大きく、その組織も鎌倉殿の家政機関を発展させただけのものだった。
- The Kamakura Bakufu largely depended on the personal character of the Kamakura-dono and the organization only developed to become a domestic governing institution of the Kamakura-dono.
- また、東南アジア貿易が盛んであった時には、木材の品質もよく造船技術も優れていたシャムのアユタヤで大量の船が注文・購入された。
- During the time when the trade with Southeast Asia countries flourished, numerous ships were ordered and purchased in Ayutthaya in Siam, due to the excellence of the construction and the quality of Thai wood.
- 明智光秀らの使者の言を一旦聞き入れ自ら安土城に赴き母親を人質に釈明すべく有明城を出立した荒木村重は、途中茨木城に立ち寄った。
- Murashige ARAKI, who accepted once the words of the emissaries including Mitsuhide AKECHI and departed Arioka-jo Castle to visit Azuchi-jo Castle and make explanation by himself offering his mother as a hostage, dropped at Ibaraki-jo Castle.
- 小判の通貨としての単位である「両」と区別する意味で「匁」が用いられることになり、一般的に質量の単位としては匁が広く普及した。
- Therefore, 'monme' was used to distinguish 'ryo' for showing mass from 'ryo' as the currency unit of koban (former Japanese oval gold coin), which resulted in the wide spread of monme as a general unit for measuring mass.
- ところが、右京すなわち「長安」側は湿地帯が多かったことなどから程なく廃れ、市街地は実質的に左京すなわち「洛陽」だけとなった。
- However, Ukyo, otherwise known as the 'Choan' side, soon fell out of use due to its many wetland areas, leaving Sakyo, or 'Rakuyo' as it was also known, as the only urban area.
- さらに、守護は荘園領主らと年貢納付の請け負い契約を結び、実質的に荘園への支配を強める守護請(しゅごうけ)も行うようになった。
- Moreover, the shugo signed, together with the manor lords, a contract to manage the payment of customs, and served as the shugo-uke, who had substantially greater control over the manor.
- Furthermore, the Shugo made contracts with the lords of the manors for collection of the annual tribute, and began to conduct Shugouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a provincial constable to manage his manor and pay the customs), which strengthened their actual rule over the manors.
- 舞鶴鎮守府が設置され、軍需都市として発展した旧東舞鶴市(東舞鶴)では、住民気質が全く異なり、舞鶴市東西分離運動が活発化した。
- People in the old Higashi-Maizuru City (Higashi Maizuru) where Maizuru Chinju-fu was founded and developed as a military city, were quite different, which brought a movement to life to separate the two cities.
- これに反発した忠隆を廃嫡・勘当、家康に人質として差し出していた三男・内記(忠利)を跡継ぎとし、徳川家への臣従の意思を表した。
- Tadaoki showed a will of vassalage to the Tokugawa family by disinherit Tadataka who opposed the order, and made his third son Naiki (Tadatoshi), who had been presented at Ieyasu as a hostage, the successor.
- 9世紀~10世紀ごろ、律令制の解体にともなって、律令上の租税体系である租庸調制も次第に崩壊し、官物・雑役へと変質していった。
- Around the 9th or 10th century, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and the Soyocho tax system collapsed and as a result, the taxes due changed into kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zatsueki (odd-job tasks).
- 当時、名主職は相伝や譲与できる権利と認識されており、農村社会内部の均質化によって、名主の地位や権利は徐々に分割されていった。
- In this period, myoshu rights were already recognized as rights that could be inherited or sold, and as rural society became more and more homogenized the position and rights of myoshu were split into smaller elements.
- 近代以前の国家においては、権利は人民には有せず国家など権力を保有する者に対する功労の恩典として授けられる性質のものであった。
- In a state before the modern era, rights did not belong to the people, but they were types of favors given to those in power such as a state for their distinguished services.
- これにより、実質的に室町幕府は滅亡したのである(ただし、なおも義昭自身は征夷大将軍の地位にあり、従三位の位階も保っていた)。
- With that, Muromachi bakufu practically went to ruin. (However, Yoshiaki was still in the position of Seii taishogun and held Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).)
- 結局は海外への流出分も含めて実質的には明治初期の混乱に乗じて殆どが切り捨てられて地金扱いされたのが実態であったとされている。
- In the end, the situation was thought to be that counterfeit money, including those that circulated abroad, were mostly thrown away and handled as metal, in essence, under the cover of the confusion during the beginning of the Meiji period.
- ただし、三好氏が実質的に支配したのは四国や畿内などの限られた地域であるため、単なる戦国大名としての一政権としての見解もある。
- Since the Miyoshi clan governed only a limited region, including Shikoku and Kinai, sometimes the Miyoshi's government is regarded just as one of the government of a daimyo in the Sengoku period.
- 地域的支配権の源泉は自分自身の所有する財産や武力であり、広域政権の権威を権力の本質的な源泉とする地方官は豪族とは呼ばれない。
- The source of regional sovereignty was its own properties and military force, and the Chihokan (a local official) whose power substantially derived from the authority in a broader-based political power was not called Gozoku.
- 1663年武家諸法度を改正(寛文令)し、殉死を禁止し、大名からの人質を出す証人の制を廃止した(これを寛文の二大美事という)。
- The bakufu revised Buke Shohatto (Kanbunrei) in 1663, and forbade junshi (following one's master to the grave) and abolished the system of Shoninnosei (forcing daimyo to offer a hostage) (these two measures were called 'two good actions in the Kanbun era').
- 六朝および唐においては華麗にして典雅な貴族趣味が好まれたが、宋代になると庶民的な質素さを基調とする趣致が好まれるようになる。
- While a gorgeous and elegant taste of nobility had been favored in the Six Dynasties and the Tang, a folksy and simple taste came to be favored in the Sung period.
- 能力や素質があるが家柄が低いために要職に就けないといった旧来の不都合を解消し、良質の人材を登用することをその目的としている。
- The system aimed to eliminate conventional inconvenience that a talented and able person could not assume an important post because of his family lineage, and to use personnel of good quality.
- このため、対等な盟友と関係は形式的なものとなり、実質的に家康は信長の臣下という立場になり家康もその立場を甘んじて受け入れた。
- This led the equal relationship of allies into formal one that Ieyasu become the virtual vassal of Nobunaga which Ieyasu accepted.
- 552年(538年説あり)に仏教公伝した当初には、仏は、蕃神(となりのくにのかみ)として日本の神と同質の存在として認識された。
- In 552 (in 538, according to another theory), when Buddhism was officially introduced into Japan, Buddha was recognized as banshin (a deity of a neighboring country) and equivalent to a Japanese deity.
- 近代立憲国家の一般的な理解でさえも押しつぶされたこととなり、ここに大日本帝国憲法による立憲政治は、その実質を失ったことを示す。
- Due to this incident, the definition of a modern constitutional nation became obscure, and Japan's constitutionalism based on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan broke down.
- 後の唐代に「斤」、「両」の質量が縮小し、開元通宝が1/10両の基準で鋳造されたため、10銭(匁)と等しいとされるようになった。
- And later in Tang Dynasty, the weight standard of 'kin' and 'ryo' was reduced and Kaigen Tsuho ('Kai Yuan Tong Bao' in pinyin, a coin of the Tang Dynasty China) was minted at the weight of a 10th of 1 ryo which was equivalent to 10 sen (or 10 monme).
- 新将軍足利義勝は要求を受け入れ、差し押さえられてから20年未満の質物の返還など、山城一国平均での徳政令を発布(嘉吉の徳政令)。
- The new shogun Yoshikatsu ASHIKAGA accepted the demand and issued Tokuseirei throughout the Yamashiro Province which ordered the return of things that had been pawned no more than 20 years prior (Order for the Acts of Virtuous Government in Kakitsu era).
- 斗南は風雪が厳しく実質的には8000石程度で、移住した旧藩士と家族は飢えと寒さで病死者が続出し、日本全国や海外に散る者もいた。
- With strong wind and snow, Tonami practically had only 8 thousand goku of territory; many retainers of the former Shogunate and their family who moved there became ill and died from hunger and cold weather, and some of them moved to a new place in Japan or overseas.
- 長い時間で見た場合、古代家産制を継承した家司制度が平安時代の変質を通じて中世主従制へと転換していったと考えることが可能である。
- In the long term, it is likely viewed that the Keishi system inheriting the ancient family property system came to be converted into the medieval master-servant system through the transformation in the Heian period.
- その費用は家質差配所冥加金だけから支出されることとし、十川築地代銀貸付利銀および堀江上荷船船床銀は城内金蔵に納めることにした。
- It was decided that the dredging expense should be paid out only from the license tax received from Kajichi Sahaisho, and Togawa Tsuijidai-gin Kashitsuke Rigin (interest from the sales of the reclaimed land of Togawa) and Horie Uenibune (freighters) Funadoko-gin were to be stored in the treasury of the castle.
- 例えば「青表紙本」系統の写本の中で最も良質な本文であるとされ、現在多くの校訂本の底本に採用されている飛鳥井雅康筆の「大島本」。
- For example, 'Oshimabon,' which was handwritten by Masayasu ASUKAI, is considered to have the best quality of all the manuscripts of the 'Aobyoshibon' line and is still used today as the original text for many revised books.
- 仮名序は、冒頭で和歌の本質とは何かを解き明かした後、和歌の成り立ちについて述べ、次いで、和歌を6分類し各分類について説明する。
- The preface explains the nature of waka in the opening sentence, followed by the history of waka, and then divided into six waka groups, each of which is explained further.
- 作者が仏教的修行を積み、それにより本質的に確立されたさびの境地をさらに高次化し、対象を飄然と率直に表現しようとする詩情を言う。
- Karumi is a state that a poet can achieve by pursuing the teachings of Buddhism and essentially establishing a state of sabi, after which they further pursue this state so that they can describe the subject abruptly and candidly.
- 大名の妻子は江戸への在住を義務づけられ、家老クラスの重臣については、彼らの身内から交替で証人(人質)を提出させて江戸においた。
- Wives and children of feudal lords were required to live in Edo and senior vassals such as Karo (chief retainer) put pawns (hostages) in Edo from their family members in turn.
- 江華島事件の問罪を前面に押し出しながら、実質的には条約を締結し、両国の懸案で長年解決しなかった近代的な国際関係を樹立すること。
- While emphasizing the reproof of the Ganghwa Island incident, they practically tried to conclude a treaty and establish modern international relationship with Korea, which had been left unsettled for many years.
- 9月には、外務権少丞吉岡弘毅を釜山広域市に遣り、明治5年1月には、宗義達を外務大丞に任じ、9月には、外務大丞花房義質を派した。
- In September, the government sent Gaimu-shojo (Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Koki YOSHIOKA to Busan, and in February 1872, they appointed Yoshiakira SO as Gaimu-taijo (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), and then, they sent Gaimu-taijo Yoshimoto HANABUSA to Korea in September.
- この時期の王朝国家の変質を示す指標としては、公田官物率法の制定、別名の積極的な設定、所領相論審判権の太政官への集中化などがある。
- What demonstrates the change of Dynastic polity occurred at that time are the establishment of Koden kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute), active establishment of bechimyo and the centralization of shoryo soron shinpanken (jurisdiction of the disputes concerning the ownership of land) to Dajokan (Grand Council of State).
- 15日には淀殿が人質として江戸に行く替わりに、篭城浪人の為の加増を条件とした和議案が豊臣方より出されるが、家康はこれを拒否する。
- On 15th the Toyotomi side showed a proposal of compromise with a condition that in return for Yodo-dono going to Edo as a hostage, Toyotomi's rokudaka (amount of rokudaka [salary]) should be raised for the ronin in the castle, which Ieyasu refused (the old calendar).
- 坂の名である「雲母」の由縁は、この山道が花崗岩の砕けた地質であり、土砂中に雲母が含まれていることによる、とされるが、異説もある。
- The reason why the name of the slope is Kirara is said to be due to the inclusion of cracked granite, which includes Kirara (雲母: mica), but other theories exist as well.
- 頼朝は、既に実質的に東国を支配していたが、この宣旨発給は、頼朝が東国支配権を政府に公認され、その正統性を獲得したことを意味する。
- Yoritomo already effectively controlled the East country, but this imperial order officially recognized and legitimized Yoritomo's right to rule the East country.
- こうして室町期の守護のうち領国支配の強化に成功した守護や、守護に取って代わった守護代・国人は、戦国大名へと変質・成長していった。
- The shugo in the Muromachi period that had succeeded in strengthening the control of the province, as well as the shugo-dai and the kokujin that had overthrown the shugo, gradually evolved into the Sengoku daimyo.
- こうして一品親王の重要性は急速に失われていき、天皇・あるいは外戚の庇護を受けた親王・内親王への待遇付与へと変質することになった。
- In this way, the importance of Ippon Shinno rapidly disappeared, and transformed to the treatment allowance to the imperial princes and princesses who were patronized by the emperor or maternal relatives.
- 伊東玄朴の蘭学塾「象先堂」にあった『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』全21巻を佐野常民が勝手に持ち出し30両で質入してしまったと言われている。
- It was said that Tsunetami SANO carried away 'Doeff Halma' complete in 21 volumes in 'Shosendo,' the Institute for Western Studies led by Genboku ITO, and pawned it for 30 ryo.
- 村社会は相互互助的な性質を持つ一方で内部には経済的階層や家柄による家格などが存在し、村の秩序維持のための青年組織などが存在した。
- The village community is characterized by a mutual aid system while having an internal economic hierarchy and a rating based on family lines, in addition to a youth organization to maintain the order of the village.
- 丹波八上城に人質として母親を預けて、身の安全を保障した上で降伏させた元八上城主の波多野秀治・波多野秀尚兄弟を、信長が勝手に殺害。
- Nobunaga killed two former masters of Yagami-jo Castle in Tamba, brothers Hideharu HATANO and Hidehisa HATANO, whom Mitsuhide had forced to surrender by leaving his mother at the castle as a hostage to assure their safety.
- 寛文6年(1666年)3代目太郎左衛門の次男・八兵衛は高知城下にでて質屋を開業(屋号は才谷屋)し、酒屋、呉服等を扱う豪商となる。
- Hachibei, who is the second son of the third generation Tarozaemon, moved to and opened a pawnshop (shop name: Saitaniya) in the town around Kochi castle, and then became a wealthy merchant running a liquor shop and dealing with kimono fabrics and other goods.
- ほぼ全巻揃った青表紙本系の写本の中では最も良質のものとされており、「源氏物語大成」を初めとする多くの校本の底本に採用されている。
- It is considered the best among the Aobyoshi-bon line manuscripts which are almost complete set of volumes, and adopted as a source book for many variorums such as 'Genji monogatari taisei.'
- 南関東や南九州の早期前半の遺跡では、植物質食料調理器具である石皿、磨石、敲石、加熱処理具の土器も大型化し、出土個体数も増加する。
- In the remains found in the southern Kanto region and southern Kyushu in the first half of the earlier period, the cookware for plant foods such as stone dishes, mill stones, hammer stones, and heat-treated earthenware grew in size and the number of excavated objects increased.
- また別格官幣社は国家皇室の忠臣を祭神とする性質上、官幣小社と同等の待遇をうけたが、国幣小社よりも上位であったということではない。
- Also, by its nature that loyal subjects to the country or imperial family are enshrined, Bekkaku Kanpeisha was treated equally to Kanpei shosha, but it does not mean that they were in a higher rank than Kokuhei shosha.
- 日本でも絹は古代から産出したが、中国産に比べると品質が悪く、太平の世の到来で高級衣料である中国絹に対する需要が増大したためである。
- Silk was produced in Japan from ancient times but was poor in quality compared to Chinese, and the peaceful era saw an increase in the desire for Chinese silk which was needed to produce expensive clothing.
- これは二分金の含有金量および銀量の地金価値の合計が、アメリカ合衆国のenGold dollarの実質価値に近いことも関係していた。
- This is also because the total of content and purity of gold of nibukin was close to substance value of one gold US dollar.
- このため、周辺から流入する生活排水や農業排水の排出が滞ることになり、水質悪化による漁獲量の減少、マラリアの発生などの問題が生じた。
- Consequently, it led to a situation where domestic sewage and agricultural runoff in the surrounding areas became backed up, contributing to various problems including reduced catches of fish due to the deteriorated water quality and outbreak of malaria.
- しかし、これは彼らが朝廷を軽視していたというよりも鐚銭ばかりが流通していて権力者でさえ良質な銭貨が入手困難であった事を示している。
- So many akusen circulated that even powerful persons could hardly obtain good quality coins, and Yoshihide was forced to disrespect the Imperial court.
- なお、協定に基づく水質検査の結果、降雨時の堆積場からの水質が環境基準を超えていることがあることを群馬県が2005年に指摘している。
- By the way, in 2005 Gunma Prefecture pointed out the water quality tests based on the agreement showed that water from the deposit site had exceeded the environmental standards sometimes during rainfall.
- 近年の研究には、公使館の人々を人質として生かし、列強との外交交渉を有利に運ぶ材料として清朝が考えていたという主張をするものもある。
- Some modern studies state that the Qing dynasty was planning to keep people of the legation alive as hostages and use them to make profitable diplomatic deals.
- さらに、付け加えられた映像バリエーションの質もこれに加わり当初の印象は質よりも楽曲の多様性と早期提供度合いにそのメリットがあった。
- Furthermore, with the poor variation of the added images, the initially impressed merit was the variety of songs and early supply of new songs rather than the quality.
- 地質調査の結果、平安遷都より古い時代の高野川は、(現在のように)出町柳で鴨川と合流していたわけではないという可能性が指摘されている。
- A geological investigation result points out that, before the Japanese capital was moved to Heian-kyo, the Takano-gawa River might not have been merged into the Kamo-gawa River at Demachiyanagi (as at present).
- 既売却地・質流れ地の無償返付,所領や債権債務についての訴訟(雑訴)の円滑処理などを行うことを通じて、旧体制へ復帰を図る目的があった。
- The aim was to return to the old system by voluntary restoration of sold or foreclosed property and smooth processing of court cases (zasso) regarding property and debts.
- (その前の藤原高藤は危篤となった天皇の外祖父である大納言に対する礼遇であるため、実質は奈良時代末期の藤原魚名以来191年ぶりである)
- (As the previous appointment was out of respect for FUJIWARA no Takafuji, the Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and maternal grandfather of the emperor who was in critical condition, it was in fact the first time in 191 years since FUJIWARA no Uona at the end of Nara period.)
- そのためこれらの薩土同盟・薩土芸同盟は、翌年1月の鳥羽・伏見の戦いにおいて薩長官軍側の優勢が判明するまで実質的な威力には乏しかった。
- Until the;ead pf Satsuma and Choshu forces became apparent in the Toba-Fushimi War that took place in January of the following year, these alliances between Satsuma and Tosa, and Satsuma, Tosa and Aki, were not able to exercise power.
- 忍者の使う道具としては手裏剣やまきびしと同様に良く知られているが、良質な鍛鉄で作られるためとっさの代用以外はあまり利用されなかった。
- Kunai is well known as well as shuriken (ninja throwing stars, multi-pointed throwing weapon) and makibishi (small, spiked caltrops used by ninja) as tools used by ninja, but kunai was little used except the case where it was needed immediately as a substitution because it was made of a high quality wrought iron.
- キリスト教国家かどうかという国家の特質的なものから、国家制度という具体的・技術的な条件へと国家容認の条件が変化を意味するからである。
- More specifically, former characteristic conditions to be diplomatically recognized as a state, such as being Christian country changed to more concrete and technical conditions.
- 酒造りにおける醸造工程では、麹菌と酵母がデンプンと水をアルコールと二酸化炭素に変えていくので、米に含まれるデンプン質が重要視される。
- In the brewing process for sake, koji mold and yeast change starch and water into alcohol and carbon dioxide, and therefore the starch contained in the rice grain is considered important.
- 正徳 (日本)4年(1714年)、品位を慶長のものへ復帰した正徳小判正徳丁銀の発行を踏まえ、一文銭も文銭と同様の良質なものに復帰した。
- In 1714, in the light of the issuance of Shotoku Koban and Shotoku Chogin whose quality levels were returned to those of Keicho Koban and Keicho Chogin, the quality of one-mon coin was returned to a level equivalent to that of monsen.
- 地質的には地表より300mは花崗岩の砂が山より堆積しており、それ以降1040mまでは粘土質で、1040m以降は岩盤層に変化しています。
- Geologically, sand from granite from the mountain was deposited for 300 meters from the ground surface and, below that to 1,040 meters; it consists of argilliferous soil and, after 1,040 meters, base rock layer..
- 現在では祝日法において天皇誕生日は「天皇の誕生日を祝う」と定められており、実質上天皇誕生日と天皇誕生祝日の分離は困難であると思われる。
- At present, the Act on National Holidays prescribes that the Emperor's Birthday is a day 'to celebrate the birthday of the Emperor' and it is practically difficult to separate the Emperor's Birthday from the day to celebrate the Emperor's Birthday.
- - 「教育基本法改正に伴い愛国心の表現を盛り込む事が、戦前の国家主義的な教育への転換になるのでは」という在日外国報道協会代表質問に対し
- This remark was made in reply to the question from representative of Foreign Press in Japan, 'Will including the expression of patriotism following the revision of the Fundamental Law of Education result in the conversion of the education style to the prewar nationalistic education?'
- 戦国大名が登場すると、守護大名の存在を前提とした守護領国制も変質し、守護領国制は事実上解体されて、大名領国制と呼ばれる体制へ移行した。
- With the appearance of the Sengoku daimyo, the shugo-ryogoku system, for which the existence of shugo-daimyo was prerequisite, was changed and dissolved in fact, replaced with the system called 'daimyo-ryogoku sei' (daimyo-ryogoku system).
- そうした私鋳銭ばかりでなく南宋の戦時貨や明銭自体も不良銭が混じるなど品質劣悪なものが普通だったため、これらを総称して「悪銭」といった。
- Not only Shichusen, but wartime coins of the Chinese Southern Sung Dynasty and Minsen (bronze coins produced during Ming Dynasty) mingled with poor quality coins and were usually of poor quality, therefore they were collectively called akusen.
- 創始者と言える西鶴の業績が最も著名であり、江島其磧の『世間子息気質』『世間娘容姿』など一部を除き、後に続いた作品に有名なものは少ない。
- The works of Saikaku, who is considered the founder, are the most famous and, excepting some works such as 'Seken musuko katagi' (Characters of worldly young men), and 'Seken musume yoshi' (Looks of worldly young women) by Kiseki EJIMA, there were few famous works published after that.
- 「女子教育の過程およびその性質如何は大に一国の文化に関係すること更に疑ひを容れざる所にして、想ふに一人も異論を唱ふるものなかるべし。」
- There is no doubt that the process and the contents of women's education largely relate to a nation's culture, and I believe that no one can be opposed to this.'
- 最も良質な青表紙本の写本であると言われている大島本でも本来の本文に対して河内本に基づくと見られる多くの訂正の跡を確認することができる。
- Even Oshima bon, which is said to be the best quality manuscript of Aobyoshibon, contains many traces of revisions to the original text that seem to be based upon Kawachibon.
- だが、実質的には騎馬武者に率いられたその従者(武家奉公人)及び徴集された農兵による歩兵部隊であった(これは当時の一般的な軍制である)。
- The cavalry was in fact the infantry comprised of mounted warriors and their attendants (buke hokonin or servants of a samurai family) as well as conscripted peasant soldiers (which was a common military organization of the time).
- これらの細かい社格の区別は大して実質的な待遇の差異を伴わず、特に官国幣社においては官幣社と国幣社の区別の意義などははっきりしなかった。
- These detailed distinctions in shrine ranking did not cause much difference in actual treatment, and especially for Kankoku heisha, the significance of distinction between Kanpeisha and Kokuheisha was not clear.
- 見た目、口当たり、味、ともに本物のイクラとほとんど見分けがつかないが、本物のイクラは熱湯をかけるとタンパク質が変化して表面が白く濁る。
- The look, texture and taste are virtually indistinguishable from the real salmon roe however the real salmon roe turns white when put in hot water due to changes in the protein.
- 1946年6月9日未明、パトロール中の七条警察署の巡査が、不審人物5人を発見し職務質問をしようとしたところ、中の1人から突然発砲された。
- A constable from the Shichijo Police station, who was making his rounds in the early hours of June 9, 1946, saw five suspicious people, and when he tried to question them, was shot by one of them.
- 白雉2年(651年)に左大臣巨勢徳陀子が倭国の実質的な首班となっていた中大兄皇子(後の天智天皇)に新羅征討を進言したが採用されなかった。
- In 651, the Minister of the Left Kose no Tokuda counseled Prince Naka no Oe (later to become Emperor Tenchi), who was the actual head of state at the time, to send a punitive force to Silla, but this plan was not adopted.
- これらを通じて、土地支配上の武士の立場は、荘官・下司として荘園領主に代わって荘園を管理するだけの立場から実質的な領主へと変化していった。
- In these conditions, the position of samurai regarding the control over land changed from being mere managers of shoen, tax collectors and subordinates to the rightful owners, to essentially supplanting the titular owners and assuming de facto control over the shoen.
- 紀伊山地には、山の中腹部に平坦に近い緩斜面が見られることがあり、地質的には紀伊山地がかつて隆起準平原であったときの名残と考えられている。
- There are gentle (almost even) slopes halfway up the Kii Mountains, and they are considered to be traces that the Kii Mountains was once a upheaval semi-plain in terms of geology.
- 9世紀・10世紀頃、統治体制が律令制的な枠組みから、新興階層の富豪層である田堵などに依存した名田と呼ばれる分権的な体制へ変質していった。
- Around the ninth and tenth centuries, the nation-governing system based on a framework like the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) had changed into a decentralized system called myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) relying on rich farmers called tato who constituted a new wealthy class.
- 慶長6年(1601年)、直江兼続と共に上洛して家康に謝罪し、また正室菊姫を人質として家康へ差し出したことにより、上杉氏の存続は許された。
- In 1601, Kagekatsu travelled to Kyoto with Kanetsugu NAOE to apologize to Ieyasu, as well as had Kikuhime, his wife, taken by Ieyasu as a hostage; this allowed for the survival of the Uesugi clan.
- 雑誌の性質上、娯楽性には欠けていたものの、イソップ寓話やグリム童話やハンス・クリスチャン・アンデルセンなど、外国文学の翻案も紹介された。
- Due to the nature of the magazine, Jogaku Zasshi was not entertaining but it introduced adaptations of foreign literature such as Aesop's Fables, Grimm's Fairy Tales and works of Hans Christian Anderson.
- 漆塗りに使う漆液は、長時間空気にさらすと硬化する性質があるので、保存するときには漆液が空気に触れないよう、表面に密着させた紙で蓋をする。
- The lacquer liquid used for lacquering has a property to be harden when it is exposed to air for a long time, so when you preserve it, it should be covered with the paper stick to the surface without exposing lacquer liquid to air.
- しかしながら、奈良時代を過ぎるとほとんどの氏族の姓(カバネ)が朝臣(あそん)になってしまい、八色の姓も甚だ形式的なものに変質してしまう。
- However, almost all clans were granted the kabane ason after Nara period, and therefore Yakusa no Kabane system also lost its meaning and existed in name only.
- 北宋の米芾は『画史』において書画鑑賞の本質的な意義は「清玩」することにあると述べているが書画の芸術性が社会に認識されたことを示している。
- BEI Futsu in the Northern Sung Dynasty described in his work, 'Gashi (the history of paintings)' that the significance of viewing calligraphic works and paintings was in 'doing Seigan (appreciating something beautiful),' which showed that artistic quality of calligraphic works and paintings came to be recognized in society.
- だが、次第に見識よりも天皇との血筋関係が任官において重要視されるようになると、式部卿である親王に代わって式部大輔が実質的な長官となった。
- However, as the blood relationship with the Emperor became more important in appointment than the political discernment, the Shikibu no Taifu (Senior Assistant Minister) came to be recognized as the substantial Secretary instead of the Imperial Prince appointed to the Shikibu-Kyo.
- 当初は有力な公民に対する賦課として行われる形式を採っていたが、11世紀中期の官物率法の成立を機に次第に土地に対する賦課へと変質していった。
- Originally it was a tax on prominent citizens, but with the establishment of Kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute) in the middle of the 11h century, it transformed into a tax against land.
- この報告を聞いた織田信長は、「このよし聞食及ばれ、不便に思食され候といへども、侫人懲のため、人質御成敗の様子、山崎にて条々仰さる」とした。
- Hearing this report, Nobunaga ODA said, 'Having heard this, I feel a pity for them, but in order to punish sycophants, we should kill hostages in Yamazaki.'
- しかし、戦国大名による一円支配が伸展するにつれて、惣村の自治権も剥奪されていき、惣掟も消滅するか、自治色を薄めた内容へと変質していった。
- However, as Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) started to rule the entire region, the autonomy of the soson was divested, and the autonomy of the so-okite thinned out or disappeared.
- このため、撰銭の完全なる解決は、江戸時代に江戸幕府が安定した品質の寛永通宝を発行し、私鋳銭を厳しく禁ずるようになるまでの長い時間を要した。
- Therefore, the problems concerned with the erizeni act did not dissolve for a long time until, in the Edo period, the Edo bakufu issued Kanei Tsuho coins with stable quality and severely prohibited minting coins privately.
- 正盛は預所となり、周辺の東大寺領も取り込んで立荘するなど、白河の政治権力を後ろ盾に東大寺や国衙の支配を除去して実質的な土地所有に成功した。
- Masamori became the custodian of this shoen (private estate) and annexed the nearby Todai-ji Temple property, gaining actual land ownership by eliminating control by the Todai-ji Temple and the Kokuga (provincial offices) with the backing of Shirakawa's political power.
- しかし、抄訳であることに加えて、翻訳の質が悪いことから、当時においても殆ど注目されなかった(後述のウェイリーは、参照していたようである)。
- However, it was an abridged translation, and the quality was poor, so it didn't attract very much attention (WALEY, as mentioned later, seems to have read it).
- 西日本を中心に銀山から山出しされた灰吹銀に極印を打ち、その量目(質量)に応じて実質価値が定まる秤量銀貨が大口取引に利用されるようになった。
- Mainly in western Japan, large-amount transactions were conducted in 'shoryo ginka' or silver coins which were hallmarked pieces of cupelled silver mined from a silver mine and whose real values were determined by their weight (mass).
- また、註釈・解説としての性質上、先行の抄物の内容をそのまま踏襲することはしばしば見られ、この点において一般の文学作品などとは性質が異なる。
- Also, due to the nature of commentary and explanation, it was common to see shomono which emulated the contents of previous compositions, in this way shomono differs from general literary works.
- また舶来品に対しては、1ポンド (質量)(453.6グラム)に値が近い120匁(450グラム)を1斤とし、これを英斤(えいきん)と呼んだ。
- And for foreign goods, 1 kin was equalized with 120 monme (450 grams), since it was nearly equal to 1 pound (453.6 grams), which was called eikin (British kin).
- 多用な新種の開発にともなって同年、食糧庁検査課長による通達により「品種固有の特性をふまえ、形質全体で判断する」という内容へ規制緩和された。
- In keeping with the development of various new varieties, the regulation was loosened in 1998 through a notification by the Manager, Inspection Department of the Food Agency, to state that 'it should be determined by taking all characters into consideration based on the properties proper to the variety.'
- それは、京都大学教授の林屋辰三郎が指摘するように、そもそも幕府というものの本質をいずれに置くのか、歴史学上未確定であるところによるとされる。
- As Tatsusaburo HAYASHIYA (scholar of Japanese history, professor of Kyoto University) pointed out, to begin with, it is uncertain where the essence of bakufu lies in terms of historical science.
- 一方で律令制の変質に伴い、大寺社が所領拡大を図る動きが始まり、地方の神宮寺も対抗上、大寺院の別院として認められることを望むようになってきた。
- On the other hand, as the system of the ritsuryo legal codes changed, major temples and shrines had started to aim at territorial expansion while local Jingu-ji Temples had begun to desire to be approved as a branch temple of main temples.
- こうした状況下では、算道は実質上明経道に吸収された書道・音道に代わって成立した紀伝・明経・明法・算の4道の中で最下位に転落することとなった。
- Under these circumstances, Sando fell to the bottom among the four studies of Kiden (biographical history), Myogyo (study of classic Confucian writings), Myobo (law), and San (arithmetic); these had been established to replace Shodo and Ondo, which were actually absorbed into Myogyo-do.
- 律令制社会の実態を観察すると、本質的な奴隷身分は奴婢などの賎民に限られており、社会全体に奴隷制が存在していなかったことが明らかになっている。
- By studying the reality of the society based on the Ritsuryo system, it has become apparent that slavery did not generally exist in society because the essential slave class was limited to the nui and other senmin.
- 例えば、長さの単位としては基本単位である尺の100分の1が1分(ぶ)、質量の単位としては基本単位である両の100分の1が1分(ふん)となる。
- For instance, a 100th of the shaku, a basic unit of length, is called 1 bu (分), while a 100th of the ryo, a basic unit of mass, is called 1 fun.
- しかし、今川氏の人質として幼少時代を駿府で過ごした徳川家康が、1585年に駿府を本拠地にし、城下の整備に尽くしたため、元の活気をとり戻した。
- However, as Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who spent his childhood in Sunpu as a hostage for the Imagawa clan, decided in 1585 to make Sunpu as his stronghold and made efforts to develop the castle town, Sunpu recovered its vigor.
- 福知山駅は福知山線の始点となり、また舞鶴線は東舞鶴駅に始まり綾部駅が終点となっているが、多数の列車が乗り入れるため福知山駅が実質終点である。
- The Fukuchiyama Line starts from Fukuchiyama Station, while the Maizuru Line starts from Higashi-Maizuru Station and ends at Ayabe Station, but, Fukuchiyama Station is essentially a terminal due to its status as an end-of-line for most trains.
- だが、そうした公事宿・公事師の中には悪質な者も存在しており、そうした公事宿・公事師に騙されて却って財産を失うケースも頻発して人々を苦しめた。
- However, there were also some bad kujiyado and kujishi, and they often caused distress to people by cheating and taking away their property.
- 開国以後、江戸幕府は金の海外流出を食い止めるために金貨の質を落としたが、そのために物価は上昇、社会は混乱し、欧米商人も経済的な打撃を受けた。
- After Japan opened its country to the world, the Edo bakufu lowered the quality of gold coins to stop the outflow of gold to foreign countries, but because of this, prices rose, the society was in confusion, and European and American merchants also took a hard hit economically.
- 鎌倉時代前期か中期にかけて和歌の本質を論じた歌論書が数多く作られたが、中でも藤原俊成・藤原定家の幽玄・有心の歌論は後世の歌学の基礎となった。
- From the early to the mid-Kamakura period, many karon books discussing the true essence of waka were written, among which were FUJIWARA no Toshinari and FUJIWARA no Sadaie's 'Yugen' and 'Ushin,' which later became the foundational texts for kagaku in later generations.
- また、内地人とは異なる慣習を持つ者が住む地域に対して内地に施行されていた法令をそのまま外地にも施行するのが相当かという実質的な問題も生じた。
- Also, a practical question arose about whether it was proper to apply the laws, which had been enforced in the inland, without any modifications to Gaichi, where residents had different customs from the inland inhabitants.
- 定信は将軍吉宗の孫にあたり、吉宗の改革を理想としたため、田沼時代のインフレを収めるため、質素倹約・風紀取り締まりを進め、超緊縮財政で臨んだ。
- Sadanobu, the grandson of the eighth Shogun Yoshimune, regarded Yoshimune's reforms as ideal ones, so he encouraged frugality, watched over public morals, and drew up an extremely reduced budget in order to put an end to inflation from the Tanuma period.
- 一般的に並酒、片白、諸白、御膳酒と酒質が高級になっていくにつれ精米歩合が上がるため減量分は大きくなるり、酒垂れ歩合は低い値をとるようになる。
- Higher quality of sake, i.e., gozenshu (high quality sake), morohaku (sake of 100% polished white rice), katahaku (sake brewed from polished white rice as kakemai and unpolished rice as kojimai), and namizake (sake brewed from unpolished rice), in that order, usually has the higher rice-polishing ratio, greater decrease volume, and smaller sakedare percentage.
- そこで幕府は、米を酒に加工しておけば良質な形での貯蔵となり、また他藩や江戸表へ輸送する際も米より便利であるとして、おおいに酒造りを奨励した。
- Therefore the bakufu greatly encouraged sake brewing, saying rice could be stored with good quality when processed into sake and sake could also be shipped more easily to other domains and Edo than rice.
- 院庁は、白河院~後鳥羽院の院政最盛期を経て、室町時代前期に院政が実質を持たなくなるまで、朝廷(中央政府)の重要な政務機関として機能し続けた。
- After the height of Insei from the Retired Emperor Shirakawa to the Retired Emperor Gotoba, In no cho continued to function as an important political institution of the Imperial Court (central government) until Insei lost substance in the early Muromachi period.
- そして同年4月の桶狭間の戦い直前、元信は家康(元康)の嫡男で駿府に人質としてあった竹千代(のちの松平信康)を誘拐して遠江国に逃走したという。
- It is said then that, in May 1560, just before the Battle of Okehazama, Motonobu kidnapped Takechiyo (later known as Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA), the legitimate son of Ieyasu (Motoyasu), who was held hostage in Sunpu and ran away to Toutomi Province.
- しかし、土地課税原則のもとでは、田地の存在さえ把握していればそこを実質的に経営している富豪層から収取すべき租税を収取することが十分可能となる。
- Under the principle of tax on land, however, the government can collect tax from wealthy peasants who eventually manage the land in question only by confirming the existence of land.
- だが次第に質量と額面が乖離するようになり鎌倉時代には金一両は5匁、銀は4.3匁となり、鎌倉後期には金一両が4.5から4.8匁へと変化している。
- But as times went by, the weight of ryo became far apart from the value of ryo; in Kamakura period 1 ryo of gold was equivalent to 5 monme and that of silver 4.3, then in the late Kamakura period, 1 ryo of gold turned to be 4.8 monme from 4.5.
- 地名や職掌にかかわる名が一般的ななかで植物の名を氏名とするのは稀有なことであり、彼女の生んだ皇子たちは橘を名のって、橘氏の実質上の祖となった。
- As names related to place names or official duty were popular, it was rare for plants to be used as family names, and Imperial princes she bore used the name of Tachibana and became the founders of the Tachibana clan.
- 律令制における租が、平安初期~中期に律令制が崩壊・形骸化したことにともなって、年貢へと変質したが、貢租(こうそ)という別称に名残が残っている。
- As the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on a set of codes) collapsed during the early to mid-Heian period, the system of taxation called so (tax) evolved into the nengu; the name nengu (annual tribute), however, kept something from its precedent, 'koso' (the tribute-tax).
- 国文学者の久松潜一は『上代日本文学の研究』において、旋頭歌の本質は問答的に口誦するところにあるとの考えを示し、他の研究者もこれを支持している。
- A scholar of Japanese literature Senichi HISAMATSU argued in his book 'Jodai Nihon bungaku no kenkyu ' (Study on premodern Japanese literature) that the true nature of Sedoka is the recitation of a poem in the style of question-and-answer, and other scholars support this theory.
- 小牧・長久手の戦いの後、必要に迫られて一時徳川方に母と妹を人質に差し出したが、そこで母を粗略に扱った本多重次を後に家康に命じて蟄居させている。
- After the battle of Komaki and Nagakute he had to provide his mother and sister as hostages to TOKUGAWA side temporally, and later he had Ieyasu bind over Shigetsugu HONDA because he had given his mother shabby treatment.
- 勧善懲悪を否定し、写実主義を主張した文学論『小説神髄』の執筆に続いて、明治18年4月に書き始め、6月に『一読三歎 当世書生気質』第1巻を刊行。
- After writing in 'Shosetsu shinzui' (The essence of the novel), about a literary criticism that refused to accept didacticism and advocated realism, he began to write 'Ichidoku santan Tosei shosei katagi' (literally, 'the character of modern students that makes you sigh three times every time you read it') in April 1885 and published the first volume in June.
- シンセサイザー機能に加えデジタル録音データ再生機能(いわゆるサンプリングデータ再生機能)をもつようになり再生装置は音質向上、機能向上している。
- With the function of reproducing digital recorded data (so-called sample data reproduction function) in addition to the synthesizer, the reproduction device has improved in view of sound quality and function.
- 9世紀に入り、軍団 (古代日本)が形骸化し実質的に消滅していくと、郡司・富豪層や俘囚が「発兵勅符」に基づいて軍事力として編成されるようになった。
- In the ninth century when the private warrior bands (in ancient Japan) became nominal and effectively disappeared, gunji (district officials), the rich and powerful class, and fushu (the indigenous tribes of the north-eastern Japan who became allies of the Imperial Court) were formed as military forces under 'hatsuhei-chokufu' (an imperial order authorizing the mobilization of soldiers).
- さらに、これらの山脈は、東西方向に走る地質構造に影響されて、果無山脈、大塔山地といった東西方向に走る山脈を多数派生・交差させながら発達している。
- These mountain ranges are influenced by the geological structure that extends east and west, and derives and crosses a lot of mountain ranges including the Hatenashi Mountain Range and the Oto mountains which run east and west.
- 平安時代に入り、桓武天皇の792年に健児の制が成立して軍団、兵士が廃止され、国土防衛のため兵士の質よりも数を重視した朝廷は防人廃止を先送りした。
- During the Heian period, in 792 during the reign of Emperor Kanmu, the Kondei-no-sei (national militant organization) was established which abolished legions and troops, and the Imperial Court, which placed importance on the quantity rather than the quality of soldiers for national defense, postponed the abolition of sakimori.
- 荘園を構成する田畠は主に皇帝よりの恩賜地や墾田、質入や買入による購入、寄進、更には暴力を伴う強奪などの手法によって獲得されたものも含まれていた。
- The fields (of rice and other crops) which made up the shoens included the land from the Emperor, the new rice field, the land by purchase or by pawning or donation and also land acquired by robbery with violence and so on.
- 紫上系と玉鬘系の間に質的な違いが存在することを認めつつも、そこから何らの証拠も無いままで成立論に向かうのは「気ままな空想」に過ぎないとするもの。
- He argues that the composition theory is just 'a flight of fancy' without grounds, even if it is admitted that there are differences in quality between the Murasaki no Ue series and the Tamakazura series.
- すり潰すための石器である磨石と対になり、ドングリなど種実類の製粉など植物加工をはじめ、顔料や土器の材質となる石の粉砕などの用途が考えられている。
- It is considered that they were used with a mill stone as a pair and were used for grinding acorns or various seeds to produce flour, or for grinding stones to get materials for pigment or earthenware.
- 「古典四書」はいわゆる超古代文書(古史古伝)ではなく、通常の「神典」から代表的・基本的な四書を出したもので、実質は「神典」の言い替えにすぎない。
- Koten shisho' are not the so-called super-ancient documents (koshi koden) but instead four representative and basic literature were picked from the usual 'Shinto scriptures,' and therefore it is just another term for 'Shinto scriptures.'
- 幕府の同心は、幕臣であっても旗本ではなく御家人身分であるが、同心筆頭クラスは80石(俵)五人扶持程度の俸禄を受けたので、実質的には100石近い。
- Doshin of the bakufu were not hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) but bakushin (shogun's retainers), which were in the gokenin (shogunal retainers) class, and upper ranked doshin received an eighty-koku (crop) salary and a ration for five persons, which means they substantially had a hundred-koku income approximately.
- このため、荘園内に残されていた臨時雑役免除などを持たなかった公民と寄人の差は実質上消滅することになり、以後は荘民という語が用いられるようになった。
- Therefore, the difference within the shoen between komin and yoriudo such as whether they were exempt from temporary zoyaku disappeared in actuality and the term shomin was used subsequently.
- 織田政権(おだせいけん)とは、天正元年(1573年)(実質的には永禄11年(1568年))から天正10年(1582年)まで成立した日本の武家政権。
- The Oda government is a samurai government which existed in Japan from 1573 (virtually 1568) to 1582.
- ほとんど全ての守護請において、旱魃や洪水などを名目的な理由として年貢未進が毎年のように行われ、請所である荘園・公領は実質的な守護領となっていった。
- Under almost every Shugouke, there were non-payments of nengu every year on the pretext of droughts or floods, and shoen and koryo managed under ukedokoro virtually turned into Shugoryo (guardian's territory).
- 黄鍾管の体積が一龠部(やく)であり、これに入る黍1200粒を12銖(しゅ。朱はこれの略字)とし、これを二つ合わせた質量すなわち24銖を1両とした。
- In short, the volume of an kosho pipe (= 1 yaku) is the same as the volume of 1200 proso millet grains, and the weight of the 1200 grains was set equal to 12 shu (銖; 朱 in abbreviation), and twice the 12 shu, or 24 shu, was set equal to 1 ryo.
- しかし、この中には現在でも地域間対立や地理的要件の不一致などの問題を孕んでおり名目上は一つの県でありながら、実質上は別の県という地域が少なくない。
- However, some of the newly created prefectures still have problems in regional confrontation and geographic inconsistencies to this day, and there are cases where a prefecture is actually divided into two regions.
- 得宗邸で行われる北条一門や御内人の私的会合である寄合が評定衆による幕府の公式の合議体(評定)に代わって実質上の幕政最高機関となり、専制体制を築く。
- A body made up of the Hojo clan and their miuchibito that held private meetings at the Tokuso residence effectively replaced the bakufu's official advisory body, the Hyojoshu (Council of State), as the highest organ of the shogunate administration and established the autocracy system.
- 院政期になり北面武士・追捕使・押領使・各地の地方武士団が成立すると、質を重視する院は次第に防人軍団の規模を縮小し、大宰府消滅とともに消えていった。
- When Hokumen no Bushi (Northern Guard), Tsuibushi (Pursuit and Apprehension Agents), Oryoshi (Suppression and Control Agent) and regional samurai groups formed during Japan's period of cloistered imperial rule, the cloistered emperors who emphasized the quality of troops gradually reduced the sizes of sakimori legions, and the system eventually vanished along with the Dazaifu.
- 江戸時代に江戸幕府が安定した品質の寛永通宝を発行し、渡来銭や私鋳銭を厳しく禁ずるようになると、鐚銭は見られなくなり、撰銭も行われなくなっていった。
- As the Edo bakufu put Kanei Tsuho (coins) of stable quality into circulation and strongly prohibit Torai-sen and Shichusen, akusen disappeared and Erizeni was not carried out any more.
- 黄砂の年間発生量は年間質量の比較で、降下量は日本で1年間に1km2あたり1 - 5トン、北京で1ヵ月間に1km2あたり15t程度と推定されている。
- Concerning the amount of kosa (in weight) produced yearly, it is estimated that 1 to 5 tons per a square kilometer fall in Japan yearly and around 15 tons per a square kilometer in Beijing monthly.
- 備前国を手中にした宇喜多直家は時代を読む目があった人物のようで、羽柴秀吉が播磨姫路城に入ると降伏、自分の嫡子宇喜多秀家を秀吉に人質にするなどした。
- Naoie UKITA, who acquired the Bizen Province, seemed to have the capability to understand the characteristics of the age and he surrendered when Hideyoshi HASHIBA entered Himeji-jo Castle in Harima and made his heir, Hideie UKITA, a hostage for Hideyoshi.
- 制作スタッフは必殺シリーズを作ってきた松竹(実質は京都映画撮影所)で娯楽作品ながらも必殺シリーズ特有の映像美も兼ね備えた丁寧な作りがなされている。
- The creative team was Shochiku, which made the dramatic TV series of Hissatsu Shigotonin (actually, Kyoto Film Studio), and despite its being an entertainment it was made elaborately with the visual beauty so characteristic of Hissatsu series.
- 「問題17条」と呼ばれる17条からなる質問形式においてまず攘夷の是非について問い、もし攘夷を行う場合についての対応策について公議人の意見を求めた。
- Following the questioning form consisted of 17 questions called 'article 17', they first questioned whether proceed the expulsion of foreigners or not and asked for the opinion of the lower house members about the measurement in case of the expulsion of foreigners implemented.
- 伯耆国船上山にて挙兵した後醍醐天皇討伐のために父・尊氏が鎌倉幕府軍の総大将として上洛した際、母・登子とともに北条氏の人質として鎌倉へ留め置かれる。
- When his father, Takauji, went to the capital as a general commander of the Kamakura Shogunate's army to suppress the force that Emperor Godaigo was raising on Mt. Senjo in Houki Province, he and his mother, Touko, were held in Kamakura as hostages of the Hojo clan.
- 結局、実質価値に満たない名目貨幣としての銀貨は国際的には通用しないとハリスに押し切られ、同種同量交換の1ドル=3分の交換比率を承諾することになる。
- In the end, HARRIS won the dispute by insisting that nominal silver coins to which a higher value than their real value was attached would not be internationally accepted, and forced the bakufu to accept an exchange rate of 3 bu to the dollar where the same quantity of the same material was being exchanged.
- また、10日ごとに(「延喜式」では毎月1度)市における時価を上中下の3等に分けた(その中でも更に高値安値などの3段階表記をしたため、実質は9等)。
- Also, divided prevailing price in the cities into three ranks as upper, middle, lower (each was described as three ranks further such as expensive or cheep, so it was actually nine ranks) every 10 days (once a month in the 'Engishiki' [an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers]).
- なお琉球は、その実質的な支配者である薩摩藩が廃藩置県によって県となったことを受け、翌1872年、独立王国から日本国に帰属する琉球藩へと改められた。
- In 1872, a year after the Satsuma Domain, the practical ruler of Ryukyu, became Ken by the Haihan-chiken, Ryukyu was changed from an independent kingdom to the Ryukyu Domain which belonged to Japan.
- ところが、律令政治の変質とともに貴族・官人社会において求められるのは、実務文章の作成能力よりも漢詩などの文学文章の作成能力に移るようになっていった。
- Meanwhile, with a change in quality of the ritsuryo political system, what was required in the society of nobles and government officials changed from the ability of business writing to that of literary writing, such as composing Chinese poetry.
- 中世の民衆意識においては何かしら偉業を成し遂げるためには個人的な資質だけなく、血統的な資質もなければいけないというようなことが漠然と考えられていた。
- During the medieval ages, people vaguely thought that not only personal assets but also genealogical assets were necessary in order to accomplish great deeds.
- なお、音博士の音道と書博士の書道 (大学寮)は、明経道の学習を補助するための学科であり、平安時代中期には明経道に実質的に統合されたと考えられている。
- Incidentally, Ondo (study of pronunciation of the Chinese language) taught by On Hakase (professors of pronunciation of Chinese language) and Shodo (calligraphy) taught by Sho Hakase (professors of calligraphy) were subjects that supplemented the study of Myogyodo, and it is considered that the two subjects were practically integrated with Myogyodo by the middle of the Heian period.
- このように慶雲の改革は、大宝律令の施行に伴う不具合を調整することを意識して行われたものであり、さらなる国家体制強化を図ろうとする性質のものであった。
- As seen from the above, the political reform in the Keiun era was carried out in order to adjust the flaws experienced when administering Taiho code, and its fundamental characteristic was to strengthen the national polity.
- そこに軍人長官を置いて実質的な軍政を敷こうとする陸軍の要求をかわしたい西園寺が、これを阻止すべく自分の息のかかった中川を樺太に送った人事と見られる。
- It seems that SAIONJI wanted to fend off the army's intent of virtually establishing a military regime by placing a military administrator in Karafuto, and sent Nakagawa, a faithful person to him, to Karafuto in order to block the army's plan.
- 西欧近代小説の理念が輸入され、坪内逍遥の『小説神髄』、二葉亭四迷の『小説総論』『浮雲 (二葉亭四迷)』などによって実質的に近代の日本文学が出発した。
- The idea of the modern Western novel was imported into Japan and modern Japanese literature essentially began with works such as Shoyo TSUBOUCHI's 'Shosetsu shinzui' (The essence of the novel), FUTABATEI Shimei's 'Shosetsu soron' (General theory of the novel) and 'Ukigumo' (the drifting cloud).
- その後、秀吉は天正14年(1586年)には妹・朝日姫を家康の正室として、さらに母・大政所を人質として家康のもとに送り、配下としての上洛を家康に促す。
- After that in 1586 Hideyoshi had his sister Asahihime marry Ieyasu and provided his mother Omandokoro to Ieyasu as a hostage, and promoted Ieyasu to come up to Kyoto as a vassal of Hideyoshi.
- 不平等条約(ふびょうどうじょうやく)とは、条約の性質に基づいてなされた分類の一種で、ある国家が他の国家に、自国民などに対する権力作用を認めない条約。
- An unequal treaty is a category that is formed on the basis of the nature of the treaty, under which one state does not approve the enforcement of authority by another state over nationals of the former state.
- しかしこれらには宋~明中葉の一般官田のように国家財政収入を支える国有地としての意味はなく、学田を除くと、利用を許可された個人の私有地の性質を帯びた。
- However, these lands were, in nature, not the state lands like the general kanden in the period from Song to mid-Ming which supported the national fisacal revenue, and except 学田, they were in the nature of private properties held by individuals who were permitted to use.
- 逆に、精米の工程で削り落とされるその外殻部は、デンプンだけでなくタンパク質や脂肪を含んだ混合体なので、空気が入っても光を反射するから白色透明である。
- On the other hand, the outer part, which is scraped off in the process of rice polishing, consists of a mixture containing not only starch but also protein and fat; therefore, as it reflects light even if air enters, it is white but transparent.
- 家斉の治世は、はじめ質素倹約の政策が引き継がれたが、貨幣悪鋳による出目の収益で幕府財政が一旦潤うと、大奥での華美な生活に流れ、幕政は放漫経営に陥った。
- At the beginning of Ienari's government, the policy of simple and frugal life was succeeded, but when the finance of the shogunate government recovered temporarily by minting new currency with low content of gold and silver, which brought profit margin to the government, administration fell into a lax management at an extravagant expense of the harem (ooku).
- 中でも石見銀山産出の銀で作られた、石州銀(ソーマ銀)(佐摩)は良質で量的にも潤沢であったが、銀産地による品位のバラつきは取引上甚だ不便なものであった。
- Among them, Sekishu silver coin (Soma Silver) (from Sama), which was made of silver produced in Iwami silver mine, was in high quality and abundant; however, the quality in general was inconsistent according to mines, causing quite inconvenience in trade.
- その為、天皇に質問された出席者は「陛下が自分のことについてこちらがドキッとするほどお詳しいので恐縮に堪えません」などと記者団に感想を述べることが多い。
- Therefore, those guests asked by the Emperor frequently make comments to the press that 'I am quite embarrassed because his Majesty had so profound knowledge of me as to make me surprise.'
- しかし、吉良氏自体は京都にあって将軍家の近臣として仕える他は三河や武蔵にあって守護職を世襲することもなく実質的には小領主としての勢力しか持たなかった。
- However, besides the Kira clan remained in Kyoto and served as a trusted vassal of the shogun family, the clan did not inherit the shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) in Mikawa Province, or Musashi Province, their substantial power was limited to that of a small feudal lord.
- これまでの元禄銀による支払いは故意に悪質の銀貨を渡していたとの誤解を避けるため、対馬藩では貿易取引において「特鋳銀(とくちゅうぎん)」と称したという。
- It is said that the Tsushima Domain did not use this name in the trade and used another name 'Tokuchugin' (the silver coin minted for special purposes) to avoid misunderstanding for Genrokugin by Korean side; that is, the Tsushima Domain did not want the Korean side to think that payments up to that point was intentionally made by using low quality silver coins.
- 寛永13年(1636年)より幕府は各地銭座に寛永通寳の鋳造を請負わせたが、これは良質の銭貨であったにも拘らず、価値は鐚銭と等価に設定されたのであった。
- Since 1636, bakufu had made zeni-za (an organization in charge of minting coins during the Edo period) across the country cast Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty), whose value was set the same as Bitasen (low quality coins whose surfaces were worn away), though it was good quality coin.
- 天正6年(1578年)、謙信が死去すると、北条家からの人質として送られてきた謙信の養子で義兄(または義弟)上杉景虎との相続争いが勃発する(御館の乱)。
- After the death of Kenshin in 1578, a dispute over the line of succession broke out--Kagetora UESUGI, who was Kenshin's adopted son sent from the Hojo clan as a hostage and was Kagekatsu's elder (or younger) brother (the Otate Disturbance).
- 708年(和銅元年)元明天皇の大嘗祭のとき、天武天皇の時代から仕えていることを称されて杯に浮かぶ橘とともに橘宿禰の姓を賜り、橘氏の実質上の祖となった。
- In 708, at the Daijosai (a festival to celebrate the succession of an emperor) of the Empress Genmei, Michiyo was praised for serving the Imperial court since the era of the Emperor Tenmu and was given the kabane (hereditary title) of TACHIBANA no Sukune commemorated with a tachibana (mandarin orange) floating in a cup, which made her effectively the founder of the Tachibana clan.
- この意見書ならびに議決の影響で民法や商法の施行をめぐる議論が活発化したことから、この意見書並びに議決が実質的に民法典論争(商法も含)のきっかけである。
- From the fact that this written opinion and the influence of the decision activated the discussions on the Civil Code and the Commercial Code, the written opinion and were substantially triggered the Minpoten Ronso (including the Commercial Code).
- そのため、南樺太に施行すべき法律を勅令で定めるほか、施行される法律については勅令により若干の地方的又は種族法的な性質を有する特例を設ける方式を採った。
- Thus, laws which should be enforced in Southern Sakhalin were specified by the imperial edicts, and for such laws the edicts also established some exceptions having regional or tribal characteristics.
- これは、清代に外国との貿易のために各国と結んだ単位についての協定における定義がそのまま使われているもので、ヤード・ポンド法のポンド (質量)に等しい。
- Set in the agreement concluded between the Qing Dynasty and other countries on units for trade, the unit of shima kin is still used today, and 1 shima kin is equal to 1 pound that is standardized in the yard-pound system.
- 金子は、当初「元老院」と仮称していたが、伊藤博文は外国の元老院は選挙による選出だから今回の議院とは性質が異なると否定し、その結果「貴族院」に決定した。
- Kaneko called Kizokuin 'Genroin' (the Chamber of Elders) initially but Ito disagreed with Kaneko because the Chambers of Elders overseas were selected by election and not in the same way as that of Japan; as a result, it was decided to call it as 'Kizokuin' (The House of Peers).
- さらに秀吉の軍は美濃に進駐、稲葉一鉄などから人質を収めるとともに、12月20日 (旧暦)(1583年1月13日)には岐阜城にあった織田信孝を降伏させた。
- Hideyoshi's force then occupied Mino Province and took hostages from Ittetsu INABA and others, finally forcing Nobutaka ODA in Gifu-jo Castle to surrender on January 13, 1583.
- それゆえ義満の許で朝廷が運営される状況を見せられた挙句、康暦2年12月15日 (旧暦)(1380年)に実質上の全面敗北のまま帰座に追い込まれてしまった。
- Therefore, Kofuku-ji Temple was forced to sit back and watch the court managed under Yoshimitsu, and on December 15 (by the lunar calendar), 1380, it was forced to return to Nara with their demands almost completely rejected.
- 「私達は一個の人間として貴方を見る時、同情に耐えません」で始まるこの質問状は、当時学生であった中岡哲郎(のち大阪市立大学教授)の執筆によるものであった。
- This open letter, which started with the phrase 'When we look at you as an individual human being, we cannot help but feel compassion,' was written by a student, Tetsuro Nakaoka (he later became a professor of Osaka City University).
- 「南鐐」とは「南挺」とも呼ばれ、良質の灰吹銀、すなわち純銀という意味であり、実際に南鐐二朱銀の純度は98パーセントと当時としては極めて高いものであった。
- Nanryo' was also called 'Nantei' meaning high-quality cupellated or pure silver, and in fact the purity of Nanryo Nishu Gin was quite high at that time by 98%.
- これらは、従来とは異質の統治体制を築こうとするものであり、律令制の再編成とする見解が多数派だが、桓武天皇の時代期をもって、律令制の終焉とする論者もいる。
- It is generally accepted that the aim was to establish a system of government different from the one that had existed up till then by reorganizing the Ritsuryo system, although there is another opinion that Emperor Kanmu's reign marked the end of the Ritsuryo system.
- 福知山市では和紙の原料となる良質のコウゾがよく取れたことに加え、上記の漆産業も盛んであったことから、主に漆をこすために使用される和紙の名産地とも栄えた。
- Fukuchiyama also flourished as a well-known production area for Washi paper mainly used to filter lacquer due to paper mulberries of good quality being harvested as raw materials for Washi paper, together with the active lacquer industry in Fukuchiyama City,
- 実質的に全国の土地を支配していた武士を天皇が直接支配することは全く前例のないことである上、性急な政策であったため武士たちの支持を得ることはできなかった。
- Over and above the fact that to the samurai, who had owned the lion's share of land throughout the country, having the Emperor assert direct control over that land was entirely unprecedented, Emperor Godaigo's government was also impetuous, ensuring that it would not receive the support of the samurai class.
- しかしながら、契丹や金、元などに圧迫された南宋の時代になると質の悪い戦時通貨を大量に発行、インフレが横行し、銭のレートが下がってますます大量に流入した。
- However, entering the era of Southern Sung Dynasty, which was oppressed by Kittan (Khitan/Khitai), Chin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, the Southern Sung Dynasty issued lots of low-quality coins under a state of war, causing rampant inflation, causing the downgraded values of the coins, and resulted in forcing more and more coins to be brought into Japan.
- 質量は金一枚(京目拾両)すなわち四十四匁を基準としているが、実際には吹き減りおよび磨耗などを考慮し二分の入り目が加えられ、四十四匁二分が規定量目である。
- The standard weight was one plate of gold (165 grams), which was equivalent to 44 monme; however, the actual standard weight was 44 monme and 2 bu with additional 2 bu as decrease in the weight at the time of minting and abrasion were taken into consideration.
- 式部省もしくは兵部省が選考して太政官が任命するが、実質的な任命権限は省にあり、更に選考には補任される官職が属する官司の意向も考慮されてと考えられている。
- The appointment was made by Dajokan upon selection by Shikibu-sho or Hyobu-sho (the Ministry of Military), but the ministry substantially held the appointing power, and furthermore, it is considered that the selection was conducted in consideration of an intention of government official who would supervise a government post to subject to Bunin.
- 村重謀反のとき、信長は翻意するよう説得に向かった孝高が帰ってこないのは村重に寝返ったからだと判断し、人質として預けられていた長政を殺害するように命じた。
- When Murashige rose in revolt, Yoshitaka was sent to persuade him to reconsider but, with Yoshitaka not returning for a prolonged period of time, Nobunaga jumped to the conclusion that Yoshitaka had defected to the Murashige side and ordered to kill Nagamasa who was left with Nobunaga as a hostage.
- 1905年のポーツマス条約によってロシアは北緯50度以南の樺太島の割譲および租借地遼東半島の日本への移譲を認め、実質的に日露戦争は日本の勝利に終わった。
- By the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905, Russia approved the cession of Sakhalin Island from 50 degrees north latitude to the southern end as well as the handover of Liaodong Peninsula, a leased territory, to Japan, thus the Russo-Japanese War substantially ended with the Japan's victory.
- 今日で言う憲法とは異なり、官僚や貴族に対する道徳的な規範を示したものであり、今日の国家公務員法、地方公務員法、国家公務員倫理法に近い性質のものと言える。
- Unlike today's constitution, it stipulates moral codes for bureaucrats and nobilities, and it can be said that its nature is similar to the National Public Service Act, Local Public Service Act and National Public Service Ethics Act of the present day.
- やがて西郷隆盛の下野と西南戦争での死、紀尾井坂の変での大久保利通の暗殺によって薩摩閥は勢いを失い、実質的に伊藤博文や山縣有朋ら長州閥の一人勝ちとなった。
- Then Satsuma clique lost its momentum after Takamori SAIGO went into opposition and died in Seinan War and Toshimichi OKUBO was assassinated in Kioizaka Incident, so Choshu clique including Hirobumi ITO and Aritomo YAMAGATA virtually reigned supreme.
- 衆議院議員であり、農民運動の先導者であった田中正造は、1900年2月15日、事件に関する質問演説を行っている途中で、当時所属していた憲政本党を離党した。
- Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives and a leader of the peasant movement, announced his departure from the Kenseihon Party which he was then affiliated when he was questioning the Kawamata Incident at the Diet meeting on February 15, 1900.
- 江戸時代に入ると、江戸幕府(幕府においては慶長7年(1602年)と正徳_(日本)元年(1711年))や諸藩が公定駄賃を定めて悪質な業者の排除に乗り出した。
- As it became the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (in 1602 and 1711 by the feudal government), along with various domains set out to eliminate malicious businesses by setting an official carriage charge.
- 明治政府は有栖川宮熾仁親王を鹿児島県逆徒征討総督(総司令官)に任じ、実質的総司令官になる参軍(副司令官)には山縣有朋陸軍中将と川村純義海軍中将を任命した。
- The Meiji government appointed Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito to Governor-General on Suppression of the rebellion of Kagoshima Prefecture (supreme commander), and appointed Lieutenant General of the Imperial Army Aritomo YAMAGATA and Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA to Sangun (seconds-in-command), which were to be the virtual supreme commanders.
- 三郷および近在の農民に至るまで、その所有する家屋敷、土蔵、諸株、髪結床その他を質物に書き入れ、金銀貸借する時はかならず証文を差配所に提出し、奥印を請けた。
- Farmers in Sango and nearby villages, borrowers had to write down their possessions such as houses, storehouses, various shares, barber shop in possesion and so on, and when they borrowed gold and silver, they had to submit a deed with a seal of approval to the Sahaisho.
- 家質差配所とは明和4年12月江戸の町人清右衛門、大坂周防町津国屋長右衛門および住吉屋町紙屋利兵衛の3人が1年に冥加金9950両を差し出し、許可を得たもの。
- Kajichi Sahaisho came into existence in 1767 when three men (Kiyoemon who was a merchant of Edo, Tsu no Kuniya Choemon who was from Suomach, Osaka, and Kamiya Ribee from Sumiyoshiyamachi) paid annual license tax of 9950-ryo for their business as an agent for managing Kajichi Sahaisho.
- 本公事とは家督や土地、境界、姦通(現行犯を除く)、小作、奉公人関係など権利関係の争いを指し、金公事とは金利利息の付いた金銭貸借及び預金・質権訴訟を指した。
- Honkuji referred to conflict related to right for family estate, land, border, adultery (excluding flagrant offender), kosaku (tenant farming), work as servant and so on, while kanekuji referred to suits related to loan subject to interest, deposits or right of pledge.
- 剣術は塚原卜伝に学び、波々伯部貞弘、日置流雪荷派から弓術の印可を、弓馬故実(武田流)を武田信豊 (若狭武田氏)から相伝されるなど武芸にも高い素質を示した。
- He showed a natural aptitude for the martial arts, for example, learning swordsmanship from Bokuden TSUKAHARA, getting a license of Japanese archery from Sadahiro HAHAKABE/Sadahiro HOKABE and from the Heki-ryu of the Sekka-ha school, and being given the transmission of Kyuba Kojitsu rule (of the Takeda School of Horseback Archery) from Nobutoyo TAKEDA, a lord of the Wakasa Takeda clan.
- しかしこの法令に嫌悪感を抱いた徳川御三家で水戸藩主の徳川光圀は、綱吉に上質な犬の皮を20枚(一説に50枚)送りつけるという皮肉を実行したという逸話が残る。
- There is also a tale that Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA (from one of the three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) who hated the law sent Tsunayoshi 20 pedigree dog skins as an ironic symbol.
- つまり、内地の法律を勅令により施行する措置は採らず(性質上外地にも施行される法律を除く)、勅令を関東州に対して発することにより立法権を行使することにした。
- That is, the government did not enforce the laws of the inland (excluding the laws that should be enforced in the region due to its nature) in the Kwantung Leased Territory with the Imperial edicts, but exercised the legislative power by issuing the Imperial edicts to the Kwantung Leased Territory.
- この法制は画一的に実施されたわけではなく、大藩では大身の一門や家臣が実質上の城を持ち、現実には複数の城を維持している例も見られ、かなり弾力的に運用された。
- This decree was not implemented uniformly but practiced flexibly very much, and when it came to a large scale domain, families or vassals of high rank or income were the substantial castle owners and, in fact, there were some examples that some of them kept several castles.
- 手を焼いた伊藤は、明治天皇に貴族院が法案成立に協力するよう求める勅語を出させ、従わせたことがある(貴族院はその性質上、勅語には従わざるを得ないのである)。
- A troubled Ito asked the Meiji Emperor for an Ordinance to require Kizokuin to co-operate on pending the legislation and forced them to accept it (they had no option but to follow the Emperor's Ordinances.)
- しかし、泰時が確立した集団指導体制・明確な法令による司法体制は、個人的な資質などの不安定な要素に左右されることはなく、安定した政治結果を生み出すものだった。
- However, the judicial system by collective leadership system and clear codes established by Yasutoki was not determined by unstable factors such as a personal character, and gave rise to stable political results.
- その報酬は国衙から給与されていたが、平安後期以降、律令制に基づく国衙機構が大きく変質し再編成が行なわれると、手工業者への報酬に代えて給田が設定されていった。
- The payment was paid by the Kokuga, but in the late Heian period, the Kokuga organization based on the Ritsuryo system was dramatically reorganized and Kyuden were given to handicraftsmen as payment instead.
- 「侫人」(ねいじん)とは荒木村重や約束を守らない荒木久左衛門らを指しており、不便と思いながらも「荒木一族は武道人にあらず」と人質全員を処刑するように命じた。
- Sycophants' means Murashige ARAKI, Kyuzaemon ARAKI who did not keep his word, and so on, and although he felt pity, he ordered to execute all hostages telling 'Araki family are not samurai.'
- なお、明治以降新貨条例が施行され、1両は1円 (通貨)と等価とされ、(二分金の金銀含有量の実質価値と日本の金貨一円金貨 の純金含有量の価値がほぼ等しかった。
- Since the Meiji period, the New Currency Act became effective and 1 ryo was determined as equivalent to 1 yen (the value of contained amount of gold and silver of nibukin and purity of gold of 1 yen coin were almost equivalent).
- 平成14年(2002年)に国土交通省「第二期水環境改善緊急行動計画」の対象河川に選定され、水に親しむことのできる環境づくりや水質改善などの整備を進めている。
- In 2002, Nishitakase-gawa River was selected as a target river for 'The Second Urgent Action Strategy for Water Environment Improvement' by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and progress is underway to develop environment to enjoy water and to improve water quality.
- 憲法学会の学説では、日本国憲法下の現行体制を立憲君主制とは捉えず、また天皇は元首ではないとするのが通説であるが、実質的に元首であるという見解を示す説もある。
- The common theory of the constitution study group is that the current system under the Constitution of Japan is not considered as the constitutional monarchy and therefore the Emperor is not the head of state; but there are some theories that believe the Emperor is practically the head of state.
- しかし、鎌倉後期ごろになると、地頭が荘園・公領支配へ進出していったことにより、名を中心とした生活経済は急速に姿を消していき、従来の荘園公領制が変質し始めた。
- However, in the late Kamakura period, since Jito (a manager and lord of the manor) moved into the governance of the manor and public land, the livelihood and economy that had been dependent on the myo rapidly disappeared, and the conventional shoen koryo sei began to change.
- 会所では、付書院とか違い棚とか押板とか、唐物の飾りの場としての性質、後世の書院造につながる設備が注目されるが、そういったものがあるのは、附属の小部屋である。
- People focused on the characteristic of Kaisho having the Tsukeshoin (a type of window), Chigaidana (a set of staggered shelves), oshiita, the place to decorate with karamono and equipment that would lead to the later Shoinzukuri (architecture of a study room), but it is the adjoining small room that has those items.
- ナイフ形石器は、製作・使用された時期や地域、素材となった剥片の性質、刃潰し剥離が施された部位、あるいは全体の形の違いなどから、下記のような型式に区分される。
- Stone tools resembling a knife are categorized into the following types according to the period or region that they were made or used, the nature of the materials of flake, the parts blunted and exfoliated, or the difference of overall shapes.
- 元々病弱な体質でこの当時も風邪をひき病臥していた容保は、はじめ家臣の西郷頼母らの反対により固辞するも、慶永らの強い勧めによりこの大役を引き受けることとなる。
- Katamori, who had a weak constitution and was sick in bed with a cold around that time, at first firmly refused the appointment by objections from Tanomo SAIGO and other vassals, but finally accepted on the urging of Yoshinaga and others.
- これがもともと異なる本文を持つ写本を元にしたために異なるのかそれとも絵巻物の詞書という性質上もともとの本文を要約するなどの改変を加えたためなのか不明であり。
- It is unknown whether they are different because they are based on manuscripts that have different texts or because modifications such as the abstraction of the original texts were done in accordance to the nature of Kotobagaki of picture scrolls.
- 明治維新や文明開化により、様々な西洋の風習が日本に入り、それらはかつての中華文化と同じ様に日本文化と融合して手が加えられ、変化・変質して独特な展開を遂げた。
- Various western customs came into Japan due to the Meiji restoration, but this civilization and enlightenment developed in its own way, having changed by assimilating with Japanese custom, like Chinese culture had in the past.
- なお、やはり東京都が実験を進めていた、スギにマレイン酸ヒドラジドを注入することにより着花を抑制するとの計画は、材質に影響が出るなどのこともあって中止となった。
- Experiments in which Tokyo treated Japanese cedar trees with maleic hydrazide in order to inhibit flower development were discontinued due to effects on the quality of the timber.
- 平安時代初期には完全に変質したものとなり、824年には右大臣藤原緒嗣が「渤海使は商人であるので、今後は外交使節として扱わないように」と言うほどのものとなった。
- In the beginning of the Heian period, the Balhae envoys had completely transformed to the extent in 824, FUJIWARA no Otsugu, who was udaijin (minister of the right) commented 'These men are merchants, so do not treat them as diplomatic envoys.'
- 日本の計量法では、尺貫法の単位はほぼ全廃されているが、匁だけは真珠の質量の計量に限定して使用して良い単位となっている(ただし表記は平仮名の「もんめ」である)。
- The Japanese Measurement Act has abolished almost all units used under the traditional system of weights and measures, but it allows monme (written in 'もんめ' in hiragana [the cursive form of kana, the Japanese syllabary]) to be used merely for weighing a pearl.
- これが、外宮が内宮に祭祀の順番(外宮先祭:内宮より外宮の祭祀が先行する古くからの習慣。何故そうするのか謎とされている。)だけでなく、実質優越する根拠となった。
- This explains the order of Saishi (religious service) (Geku Sensai: an old custom that Geku precedes in Saishi over Naiku [the inner shrine of Ise] and is not known exactly why) as well as Geku practically predominating over Naiku.
- そのような悪い状況の中でも本来対抗勢力である鳥羽法皇や平氏等院政勢力と巧みに結びつき、保元の乱に続く、平治の乱でも実質的な権力者藤原信西とは対称的に生き延び、
- However, he was able to survive under these circumstances by crafting alliances with Cloistered Emperor Toba and the Taira clan, with whom had originally been foes, and lived through the Hogen Disturbance and the Heiji Revolt, when FUJIWARA no Shinzei had exercised the real power.
- 最初の翻訳という性質上仕方ないことであるが、『解体新書』には誤訳も多かったため、のちに大槻玄沢が訳し直し、『重訂解体新書』を文政9年(1826年)に刊行した。
- Not a few mistranslation was found in 'Kaitai Shinsho' although it was naturally unavoidable in any attempt of new translation, so that Gentaku OTSUKI subsequently retranslated it and published 'Jutei Kaitai Shinsho' (re-revised Kaitai Shinsho) in 1826.
- 1872年9月対馬藩と交替するために来朝した花房義質が、春日丸に乗ってきたことから、日本を西欧勢同様、衛正斥邪の対象として、前述のように食糧の供給を停止した。
- In September of 1872, Yoshimoto HANABUSA came to Korea by the ship named Kasugamaru to interchange with the Tsushima clan, so Korea considered Japan a target under Eisei Sekija (Korea's foreign policy during this period to respect the justice and exclude the evil; in this case Japan was regarded as evil) as well as Western Europe.
- 戦国末期には宗族組織はほとんど崩壊あるいは変質していたため、諸侯は支配地の住民を宗族に基づいて支配するのではなく、個別人身的な支配関係を構築していったとされる。
- By the end of the Zhangguo period, Sozoku organizations collapsed or changed their nature, therefore, lords started to build rulers-and-subjects relations with people in their domain individually instead of ruling them based on Sozoku.
- 質量は金一枚すなわち京目拾両(四十四匁)を基準としているが、実際には色揚げによる減量および磨耗などを考慮し二分の入り目が加えられ、四十四匁二分が規定量目である。
- The mass of a Tensho oban was to be the same as a Kin (plate of gold), equivalent to kyome (unit of weight of Kin) ten ryo (a unit of weight), as well as forty-four monme (a monetary unit), however, counting loss during the process of finishing, re-dyeing and wear during circulation, it was regularly minted of the equivalent gold to forty-four monme two bu (forty-four monme is about 165g, forty-four monme two bu is about 173.25g).
- 直違橋二〜十一丁目については、「町」としては10町、「大字」としては1大字にカウントするため、上述の「28町」と「19大字」とは実質的には同じ区域を指している。
- Since 2-chome to 11-chome Sujikaibashi are counted as 10 towns or as one Oaza, the above '28 towns' and '19 Oaza' indicate substantially the same district.
- 天橋立の風光明媚さとは裏腹に、野田川水系の下水道整備が遅れたため、阿蘇海に流入する川の水質悪化にともない、阿蘇海や天橋立をはさむ宮津湾でも水質汚濁が進んでいる。
- Although the scenery of Amanohashidate is entrancingly beautiful, the quality of water in the Aso-kai and Miyazu Bay across the Amanohashidate has been increasingly polluted due to the delay of sewage work in Noda-gawa River system, which flows into Aso-kai.
- 慶長3年(1598年)秀吉が死去すると、五大老の筆頭である徳川家康が頭角を現し朝鮮遠征軍撤退の和平交渉でも主導権を握り実質的な政権運営者へとのし上がっていった。
- When Hideyoshi died in 1598, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was the leader of the Council of Five Elders (五大老), started to distinguish himself and took the lead in negotiations for peace through the withdrawal of the army, which had advanced into Korea; subsequently, he became the person who virtually controlled the government.
- また、荘園領主・国司と請負契約を結び、収入の中から領主・国司へ年貢納入する一方で、実質的に荘園・国衙領を支配していく守護請(しゅごうけ)も行われるようになった。
- Moreover, making a contract with the landholders of shoen and the kokushi (provincial governors) to pay them nengu from income, shugo virtually dominated the shoen and the territories of kokuga, which were called 'shugo-uke' (the work undertaken by shugo).
- これらは鋳造による出目の幅が大きい名目貨幣であることが密鋳に拍車をかけ、銀台に金を鍍金したものや、亜鉛および鉛分を多く含む銀貨など悪質なものが多く見受けられる。
- As these were nominal money of which the breadth of profit gained by minting was big, minting without official permission was accelerated, and those minted coins included many inferior quality coins such as silver coins with gold plating, silver coins which contained much ink and lead, and so on.
- 中には所領を増加させる御家人もいたが、没落傾向にある御家人も少なくなく、所領を売却したり、質入するなどして失い、幕府への勤仕ができない無足御家人も増加していった。
- Some gokenin, some increased the number of territories they held but a considerable number went into decline, with an increase in the number of musoku gokenin (a vassal without territory) who sold or pawned their territories and were unable to work for bakufu.
- さらに11世紀から12世紀にかけて荘園または荘園公領制が成立すると、それまで国家租税とされていた官物の収取権が、荘園領主へ移譲されていき、官物は年貢へと変質した。
- Furthermore, when the shoen or the shoen koryo-sei (the system of public lands and private estates) was established from the 11th century to the 12th century, the right to collect kanmotsu which had been considered as national land tax was transferred to lords of manors and the kanmotsu changed its nature to nengu (land tax).
- このうち、国司には中央から派遣されたが、郡司・里長はかつての在地首長である地域の豪族層が終身官として任命され、実質上自分の支配地域を行政単位として認められていた。
- The provincial governor was sent from the central government, whereas the local magistrate or village chief was appointed for life from local powerful clans who had ruled the area, which virtually meant that they were approved to govern the areas they originally ruled as administrative districts of the central government.
- なお、律令制とは、律令に基づく制度を意味する用語であり、律令自体については律令の項を、律令の持つ法典としての性質などについては律令法の項を、それぞれ参照されたい。
- The term Ritsuryo system refers to the system based on the Ritsuryo codes; for the Ritsuryo codes, see the section 'Ritsuryo,' and for features of the Ritsuryo codes, see the section 'Ritsuryo law.'
- 東アジア各国で制度としての律令制が崩壊・消滅してしまった後も、法典としての律令法は多かれ少なかれ変質しながらも存続していき、法令としての効力をある程度保っていた。
- Even after the collapse or the discontinuation of the Luli as a ruling and administrative system among each of the Eastern Asian countries, the codes of Luli as a law code remained by altering its form and application to some extent, and kept its force as a law.
- このことで、太上天皇の地位は後任の天皇から与えられることに根拠を持つものに変質し、在位の天皇の優位性が確立して、二頭政治・二重権力の弊害は解消されることになった。
- This led to a change in the position of retired emperor as a position to be given by the coming emperor, and established the superiority of the residing emperor, relieving the harmful effects of diarchy/dual power.
- 砂や砂に付着した物質によって、土壌や海洋へミネラルが供給され、植物や植物プランクトンの生育を促進する作用もあり、黄砂に土壌を肥やす効果があることも指摘されている。
- Through sand and the substances stuck to sand, minerals are supplied to soil and sea and consequently the growth of plants and phytoplankton is advanced, and therefore, it is pointed out that kosa provides effects which enrich the quality of soil.
- 初出の『拾遺和歌集』を始めとする勅撰集にも数多く入集しており、歴代の中でも質量共に際立っている点において、後の斎院式子内親王と並ぶ双璧として名高い斎王歌人である。
- Many of her poems were included in the imperial waka anthologies, notably the first appearance of the 'Shui wakashu' (Collection of Poetic Gleanings), making her stand out both in quality and quantity from the crowd of poets even of successive generations, and is one of the pair of matchless jewels, Saio kajin (poet-priestesses), along with Imperial Princess Sai-in Shishi, who came after her.
- 昭和10年(1935年)12月28日神宝が秦真次(皇道派の実質リーダーの真崎甚三郎の腹心でもあった)の手により東京市・靖国神社の遊就館の松田常太館長にたくされた。
- On December 28, 1935, the sacred treasures were given to Tsuneta MATSUDA, who was chief of Yushukan of the Yasukuni Jinja Shrine in Tokyo by Shinji HATA (who was also a close confidant of Jinzaburo MAZAKI, the actual leader of Kodo-ha - Imperial Way' faction).
- 朝鮮側の強い反対があったものの、日本の公使花房義質が日朝間を頻繁に往来して、ついには1880年12月漢城に公使館を設置し長期滞在して既成事実化することで決着した。
- Despite of strong protest by Korean side, Yoshitomo HANABUSA, a ministry of Japan frequently visited Korea, finally placed a legation in Hanseong in December 1880 and stayed there for long period, so that he became a virtual ministry in Korea.
- その政治的基盤及び軍事的・経済的基盤は頼朝が平氏追討などで獲得した関東知行国、関東御領であるが、その本質は鎌倉殿と御家人の封建的主従関係を基礎とする御家人制にある。
- The political, military and economical base was Kanto chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) and Kanto domains which Yoritomo acquired by searching out and destroying the Taira clan and its allies, but the essence was the lower-ranking vassal system whose base was a feudal master-servant relationship between Kamakura-dono and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- 徳川方の兵士は「栄華を極めた三成はさぞ華美を尽くしたのだろう」と思い、我先にと城内に乱入したが、城の壁は粗壁であり、また何の装飾もない質素な作りとなっていたという。
- The story goes that the soldiers in the Tokugawa army, thinking 'Since Mitsunari possessed such luxury, surely the castle will be completely full of wondrous splendors,' each scrambled to be the first to break into the castle, but they discovered the castle had plain, unadorned walls, and was in fact a very spartan building without any decorations at all.
- また通常、小判および分金は製造過程で一枚ずつ厳密な量目(質量)の検査が行われるが、この一朱判に関しては、五両ないし十両一括で量目の検査が行われるという始末であった。
- And, it was usual to strictly inspect ryome (a weighed value) (mass) for each Koban and Bukin during the manufacturing process, but for this Isshuban, ryome was inspected only for every bunch of five ryo or ten ryo.
- 本能寺の変の首謀者である明智光秀の討伐において最大の功績を上げた豊臣秀吉は、信長の嫡孫にあたる三法師(織田秀信)を傀儡の後継者として指名し、信長の実質的後継を奪う。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who had the greatest record of achievements after hunting down and killing Mitsuhide AKECHI--the ringleader of the Incident at Honnoji temple--nominated Hidenobu ODA, the grandson of Nobunaga, as a puppet ruler (Hidenobu was only two at the time), thereby usurping the lion's share of successional power for himself.
- 君主位譲位者が後継者の後見として実質的な政務を行うという政治体制は、恒久的な制度としては世界史的にきわめて稀であり、他にはヴェトナムの陳朝にその例を見る程度である。
- The political system where a person who abdicates the throne conducts virtual political affairs is extremely rare as a permanent system in world history, and basically the only similar case is that of the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam.
- また、黄砂自体はアレルギー物質ではないものの、汚染物質が付着したときに何らかの相乗効果を及ぼし、汚染物質が人体に及ぼす悪影響を増幅させている可能性も指摘されている。
- Although kosa itself is not allergen, the following possibility is pointed out: When pollutants stick to kosa, some synergistic effects are generated and the bad effects that the pollutants would affect human bodies are amplified.
- 発生地ではない日韓も、黄砂に付着する大気汚染物質の発生源である自国企業関連の工場や、砂漠化につながる木材・農産品・畜産品の輸入などを通しても関わっており責任がある。
- Japan and South Korea, where no kosa is produced, are concerned with kosa as well because the factories of companies in these nations generate air pollutants that stick to kosa and because they import wood, agricultural products and livestock products that may cause desertification, and therefore, they are also responsible.
- これに例外はある(義政の東山殿会所)が、その場合は会所の中でも、たとえば将軍の居室として定められたところに接していて、会所の本質たる主室に接するところにはなかった。
- However, there was an exception (Higashidono Kaisho of Yoshimasa) even among Kaisho for it was connected to a place designated as a living quarter for the shogun, and it was not connected to the true nature of Kaisho or the master guest room.
- その結果が23日に纏められたものの、その質問自体が攘夷の方策について徹底的に問い質したもので、答えに詰まった公議人達は「攘夷は不可である」との回答を寄せたのである。
- Although the result was wrapped up on 23rd, the question itself was thoroughly about the policy of expulsion of foreigners so the lower house members who were stuck for an answer replied 'expulsion of foreigners are impossible.'
- 信長の死後に台頭した羽柴秀吉(豊臣秀吉)に天正14年(1586年)6月、秀吉に養子であった甥の畠山義真(当時は上杉義真)を人質として差し出し、臣従して命脈を保った。
- To survive after the rise of Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) following Nobunaga's death, Kagekatsu had Yoshizane HATAKEYAMA (he had assumed the name of Yoshizane UESUGI at that time), Kagetora's adopted son and nephew, taken by Hideyoshi as a hostage in June 1586, and rendered homage and service to Hideyoshi.
- 換言すれば、作者が感情移入やテレパシーを介し、自然風物や身辺の対象に入り込んで、その本質に触れたことにより得たものが、そのまま句として表出するような表現技法である。
- In other words, Karumi is a form of expression through which a poet can deeply communicate with nature or their surroundings via empathy or telepathy and feel the essence of the subject, from which the poet can express what they felt through poetry.
- 松尾尊兌は、ここに始まる大正デモクラシーが一部の都市知識人による脆弱な輸入思想ではなく,戦後民主主義に直結する性質を有する、広汎な民衆運動であったことを説いている。
- Takayoshi MATSUO (a Japanese historian) argues that Taisho Democracy, starting with the Taisho Seihen, was not a vulnerable foreign idea superficially scooped by some urban intellectuals but a widespread popular movement that had some characteristic directly reflected in the Japanese democracy after World War Ⅱ.
- 農民67名が逮捕され、うち51名が兇徒聚集罪などで起訴されたが、1902年12月25日、仙台控訴審で起訴無効という判決が下り、実質的に全員不起訴という形で決着した。
- Of those 67 peasants arrested in the Kawamata Incident, 51 persons were charged with mass rioting, but on December 25, 1902 the Sendai Court of Appeal finally decided to drop the case and none of them were charged with any crimes.
- このころ現実のヴェトナムは黎朝の名目的皇帝のもとに北に「トンキン」と呼ばれた鄭氏政権、南に「コーチシナ」と呼ばれた阮氏政権が実質的に支配を二分している状況にあった。
- Around that time, Vietnam was practically divided into two administrations, the Trinh clan administration called 'Tonkin' in the north and the Nguyễn clan administration called 'Cochinchine' in the south, under a nominal emperor of the Lê dynasty.
- 同時に彼は日本統治そのものについては朴正煕政権との類似性などをあげ、軍事独裁の一形態であり、韓国の資本家に独裁政権への依存体質をもたらす原因になったとも述べている。
- At the same time, he pointed out the similarity of the Japanese rule to Chung-hee PARK's government, and said it was one form of military dictatorship, and caused Korean capitalists' dependence on dictatorship.
- 皇居の所在地を都とする見方に照らせば鎌倉は古都とは言えないが、幕府の所在地が実質的政治の中心だったという歴史から東京のマスコミなどでは鎌倉を古都と称する場合が多い。
- Though Kamakura cannot be referred to as an ancient capital when seen from the standpoint that 'an ancient capital' must be a place where Imperial residence existed, the Tokyo media often describe Kamakura as an ancient capital, since Kamakura was once a political center of the Kamakura Shogunate which held the reigns of government.
- 第一に、本判決は、最高裁が、肖像権を初めて認めた事例である(「肖像権」という権利を認めたわけではないが、実質的にこれと同じ憲法上の利益を認めたものと認識されている)。
- First, in this judgment the right of portrait was guaranteed for the first time (it was not 'the right of portrait' itself that was guaranteed, but it has been recognized that the same constitutional benefit was guaranteed).
- 下京区の流域の一部では、堆積していた有害物質が雨水によって溶け出しても下流まで押し流すまでに至らず、さらに堆積していき、悪臭や水質汚濁の原因になっているところもある。
- In parts of the watershed section in Shimogyo Ward, while rain water dissolves accumulated harmful substances, it is not sufficient enough to move those substances downstream, causing foul odors and water pollution in some areas.
- 熊野古道の中では、起点から熊野本宮大社までを最短距離(約70キロメートル)で結び、奥高野から果無山脈にかけての紀伊山地西部の東西方向に走向する地質構造を縦断してゆく。
- It is the shortest route among Kumano-kodo, the distance from the starting point to Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine is about 70 kilometers, and it goes over the geologically unique area from Okukoya to the Hatenashi Mountain Range which rises from the east to the west in the western part of the Kii Mountains.
- 日本における黄砂濃度の最高値は、黄砂以外も含む浮遊粒子状物質(SPM)の参考値ではあるが、2002年に0.79mg/m3(790µg/m3)という値が観測されている。
- The maximum kosa density ever observed in Japan was 0.79 mg per cubic meter (790µg per cubic meter) in 2002, although the value is to be used only as a reference, because it actually is a density value of suspended particulate matter (SPM) including kosa.
- 奉行所はこれを取り上げなかったために、正月22日から24日にかけて大坂市中に暴動が発生し、紙屋、津国屋をはじめとし、家質差配所に関係する者の家々に乱入し、打ち壊した。
- As the magistrate's office did nothing with these protests, riots occurred in the town of Osaka from March 10 through March 12, and people broke into and destroyed houses whose owners were related to Kajichi Sahaisho including Kamiya and Tsunokuniya.
- 更に江戸幕府も大名救済と商業抑制のために宝暦11年(1761年)以後、幕府御用金の藩への実質的な貸付や幕命から商人に対して親藩への強制的な貸付命令を行うようになった。
- In addition, in 1761, the Edo bakufu started loaning bakufu goyokin (special tax imposed on merchants for the bakufu) to domains and ordering merchants to arrange loaning to domains that were related to the Tokugawa clan in order to save Daimyo and control merchants.
- 武家の棟梁であり、実質的な第一執政者である征夷大将軍に、後継者が決まっていないことは国家の一大事であり、無難に嫡男に決まったケース以外は、頻繁に政治問題となっている。
- It was a national crisis that the successor of the Seii taishogun, who was the leader of samurai class and the practically main administrator, was not determined, and it often became a political problem unless the oldest son succeeded the Seii taishogun.
- しかし、当時源氏物語本文についての研究が急速に進展しており、河内本系の写本の本文よりも青表紙本系の写本の本文の方がより良質な本文であることが次第に明らかになってきた。
- However, as the text study of The Tale of Genji was rapidly advanced at that time, it was gradually revealed that the text of the Aobyoshi-bon line manuscript was better than that of the Kawachi-bon line.
- 最近の研究によれば最初から別本系統の本文であるとされている初音帖を除いて補訂前の元々の本文は大体において藤原定家の自筆本などに近い良質の青表紙本系統の本文と見られる。
- According to the latest study, the original text before the revisions looks overall like a good-quality text of the Aobyoshi-bon line similar to the manuscript written in Sadaie's own hand and others, except for the chapter 'Hatsune' (The First Warbler), which was considered to be a text of the Beppon line (outside the Aobyoshi-bon and Kawachi-bon lines) in the first place.
- こと歳のせいにして都合の悪い質問をはぐらかしたり、「島津久光はあまり好きじゃなかった」「鍋島直正はずるい人だった」と本音を漏らすあたり、彼の性格と当時の心境が窺える。
- He used his age as an excuse to evade unpalatable questions and he let out his true feelings by saying, 'I didn't really like Hisamitsu SHIMAZU' and 'Naomasa NABESHIMA was a cunning fellow'; from these comments, one can see his personality and what he was feeling at that time.
- 義政期には唐物の管理や鑑定を行っていた同朋衆能阿弥にが「御物御画目録」(280幅、東京国立博物館所蔵)を編纂し、材質・形態別の分類を行い、画家や画題、賛者などを記した。
- During the period of reign of Yoshimasa, Noami, the doboshu (the shogun's attendants in charge of entertainment), who was responsible for the maintenance and appraisal of Karamono, compiled 'Gomotsu One Mokuroku' (an inventory of selected Chinese paintings in the Ashikaga collection) (280 sets, owned by Tokyo National Museum), sorting the works by materials and styles, and recording the names of the painters, the subjects of the paintings and sanja (person who appreciates the work and writes appraisal in it).
- これは明治24年(1891年)公布の度量衡法において、貫は国際キログラム原器の4分の15の質量(すなわち15/4キログラム 3.75キログラム)と定められたものである。
- The Weights and Measures Act promulgated in 1891 provided that the unit mass of kan is equal to 15 over 4 of the international kilogram standard (namely, 15 over 4 kilograms or 3.75 kilograms).
- 貫は通貨の単位(1000文。江戸時代には一般的に省陌法と称して960文。明治時代には10銭)としても用いられたので、区別のために質量の方は貫目、通貨の方は貫文と呼んだ。
- As the kan was also used as the currency unit (1 kan equals 1,000 mon; in the Edo period, 1 kan equaled 960 mon under the Shohaku method [currency exchange rate in Edo period]; in the Meiji period, 1 kan equaled 10 sen), the kan for representing mass was called kanme, while that for representing the currency was called kanmon, to make clear the difference between them.
- ただ当時発足したばかりの日本軍は地方農村部などの次男・三男を集めた集団であり、飯や日本食で育った彼らの中には、あまりに異質な西洋の料理に対して拒否感を示す者も見られた。
- The early stage of Japanese military was formed by the group of young people composed of the second or third sons collected from rural and agricultural regions; they had grown up by eating traditional Japanese food with rice-centered diet, thus some could not easily accept such Western style dishes so different from their eating habit.
- 実際には鎌倉幕府の摂家将軍や宮将軍、江戸幕府の大政委任論のように、幕府もまた朝廷の実質とは一線を画しつつも、朝廷から分離してその存在を考えることはできないものであった。
- As a matter of fact, the bakuhu also could not exist without the Imperial Court while keeping the characteristic of its own which is different from the one in the Imperial Court, such as Sekke Shogun and Miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) from Kamakura bakufu, and Taisei-ininron (a theory holding that government powers were delegated to the Shogun by the Tenno) of Edo bakufu.
- しかし、寿永2年(1183年)後白河法皇から『寿永二年十月宣旨』によって実質上の関東支配が公認されると、以仁王「令旨」は効力を失い、頼朝も寿永年号を使用するようになる。
- But in 1183 (Juei 2), when he was given de facto authorization to control the entire Kanto thanks to the 'Proclamation of the tenth month of the second year of Juei' issued by cloistered emperor Goshirakawa, the usefulness of prince Mochihito's command was at an end, and Yoritomo at last began using the Juei era name on his documents.
- 小さな砂粒が大きな石になる例には、細石やストロマトライトなどが知られており、またチャート(SiO2)や石灰質岩により他の岩石破砕物を固結する例もよく見られることである。
- Examples of small grains of sand becoming a large stone, consisting of pebbles and stromatolite are well-known and it is often seen that homstone (SiO2) and calcareous rock consolidates broken pieces of other rocks.
- 銭貨の原型である母銭は、手彫りにより製作された彫母銭を原型とし、彫母銭→錫母銭→銅母銭→通用銭という順で鋳写される工程が採られ、均質な銭貨が大量生産されるようになった。
- A matrix coin, which was a prototype of a coin, was made by using a hand-carved matrix coin, and mass production of homogeneous coins was made possible by the process of transcriptive molding from a carved matrix coin to a tin matrix coin, then to a copper matrix coin, and then to a coin in currency.
- 明和2年(1765年)以降は金座および銀座 (歴史)が鋳銭事業を兼任することになり、定座としての銭座が確立し、鋳銭に対する幕府の支配が強化され、銭貨の均質化が図られた。
- As kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) and gin-za concurrently took charge of mintage of coins after 1765, zeniza was established as a fixed guild and the bakufu strengthened the control of mintage and tried to homogenize coins.
- 一つは大形で文字も整った比較的良質なものであり、もう一つは小型で質も劣悪であり永楽通宝から「永樂」を削除し「慶長」を嵌め込み変造した鋳型を用いたと思われる私鋳銭である。
- One was comparably big and good quality with well-raised letters, and the other was small and bad quality, a private mint coin made in the molds which had originally been used for the 'Eiraku Tsuho coin' but were modified for the 'Keicho Tsuho coin' by changing the letters of 'Eiraku' to 'Keicho.'
- 制度上はともかく最終的に、実質的な待遇を見た場合には、官国幣社、神饌幣帛料供進指定神社(府県社と郷村社の一部)、それ以外の神社の3段階の社格となったということができる。
- No matter how the system was like, from the point of view of the actual treatment, it can be said that shrines were eventually divided into the following three rankings: Kankoku heisha, Shinsen heihaku-ryo kyoshin shitei jinja (shrines which was able to receive Shinsen heihaku-ryo Fee from local public bodies; Fukensha and some of Gosha and Sonsha), and any other shrines.
- そのような状況の中で翌天正8年(1580年)3月1日、朝廷は本願寺へ勧修寺晴豊と庭田重保を勅使として遣わして年寄衆の意向を質し、本願寺は和議を推し進めることで合意した。
- Then, in March 26, 1580, the Imperial Court sent imperial envoys, Haretoyo KAJUJI and Shigeyasu NIWATA, to Hongan-ji Temple to confirm the will of the Toshiyorishu (senior vassals) and they agreed to proceed with the peace talks.
- 福知山は度重なる福知山市福知山と由良川に対して桑は洪水に強かったことや、由良川の水素イオン指数値が製糸に適した水質であったことなどから、古くから養蚕業が栄えたまちである。
- Fukuchiyama was a city where sericulture was active for a long time due to the mulberries resistance to repeated overflows of the Yura-gawa River into Fukuchiyama in Fukuchiyama City; also the pH value of the Yura-gawa River has shown that its water quality was suitable for yarn-making.
- 律令制が確立した当初において、政治意思決定に天皇が占める位置は絶対的なものとされていたが、9世紀ごろから貴族層が実質的な政治意思決定権を次第に掌握するようになっていった。
- At the beginning of the time when the Ritsuryo system was established, the position of the Emperor in the political decision making was to be unquestioned but from around the ninth century, the noble hierarchy gradually started to have the right of decision making.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)により、天皇家と公家勢力の権力及その権威が低下すると共に、足利幕府の成立以来、足利将軍家の権威は天皇家に迫り、実質的に日本の君主としての役割を担った。
- Due to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the power and authority of the Imperial Family and Court noble declined, and at the same time, the Ashikaga Shogun Family's authority advanced on that of the Imperial Family and he practically served the role of the monarch of Japan.
- また、同じく韓国で2003年、黄砂の飛来する前後に行われた疫学調査では、尿の成分測定で多環芳香族炭化水素(PAH)に属する発ガン性物質が平均で25%増加したと発表された。
- Also in South Korea, it is reported in 2003 that analyses of urine samples in epidemiological investigations conducted before and after kosa arrived showed that carcinogens belonging to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) increased by 25 percent on average when kosa arrived.
- 構図における大胆な空間把握と、顔料の性質を熟知した上になりたつさまざまな独創に支えられた鮮やかな彩色は、相共に強烈な不安定さを生み出し、見るものを魅了しまたおののかせる。
- The bold sense of space in his compositions and the vivid colors, which he created independently after studying the properties of various pigments, together generate a powerful volatity that both attracts and repels.
- なお、隼人研究家の中村明蔵は、球磨地方と贈於地方の考古学的異質性から、熊襲の本拠は、都城地方や贈於地方のみであり、「クマ」は勇猛さを意味する美称であるとの説を唱えている。
- Akizo NAKAMURA, a scholar of Hayato, advocated a theory that the base of Kumaso was only the regions of Miyakonojo and Soo from the archeological difference of Kuma and Soo regions, and 'Kuma' was a eulogistic name to indicate dauntlessness.
- 結果として発表時の4割程度の支出に留まり、米価格の下落には至らず、1918年末には米騒動当時の価格まで上昇したが、国民の実質収入増加によって騒動が再発することはなかった。
- As only about 40 percent of the announced budget were eventually spent, the rice price did not drop but rose to the price during the rice riots in the end of 1918, but riots never occurred any more since people's actual income had increased.
- ただしこの条文は自動参戦規定との矛盾を抱えていたため、実質的な効力は期待できなかったが、これは日本、イギリス、ロシアの3国を強く警戒するアメリカの希望によるものであった。
- This provision was contradictory to the provision for automatic participation in the war so that there was no expectation of its substantial effect, but it was added at the request of the US which was increasing its vigilance against the three countries: Japan, Britain and Russia.
- 安政条約によって外国商人が外国銀貨で日本の商品を購入することが許されたが、当時の質量に基づく相場はSpanish dollar 100枚に対して一分銀が311枚であった。
- Since the Ansei Treaty had been signed, foreign merchants were allowed to buy Japanese goods with foreign silver coins, and their exchange rate at that time was 311 ichibu-gin silver coins against 100 Spanish dollar.
- 9世紀以降は土師器工人集団(土師部)と須恵器工人集団(陶部)との交流が活発になり、轆轤土師器、土師質土器などと呼ばれる両者の中間様式の土器が多量につくられるようになった。
- From the ninth century, exchange between groups of Haji craftsmen (Hajibe) and Sue craftsmen (Tobe) grew, resulting in the creation of a large volume of earthenware that is midway between the two in terms of design, such as Rokuro-haji and Haji-shitsu pottery.
- よって、古代の賎民と中世以降の被差別民、さらに近代以降被差別部落と呼ばれるようになった江戸時代の被差別民共同体との歴史的連続性はなく、性質の異なる起源を有したと考えられる。
- Therefore, it can be concluded that the ancient lowly persons and those discriminated after the medieval period as well as communities of discriminated people during the Edo period which came to be called burakumin (people come from or live in special hamlets) in the modern period and after were not connected historically and had different origins.
- しかし、内閣総理大臣は機務奏宣権(天皇に裁可を求める奏請権と天皇の裁可を宣下する権限)と国務大臣の奏薦権(天皇に任命を奏請する権限)を有したため、実質的な権限は大きかった。
- However, since prime ministers had the rights to petition approval of the emperor, to announce the emperor's approval, and to petition appointment of ministers to the emperor, they could exercise strong powers.
- そのような永続的な衝突を可能にしたほど経済が急速に質量ともに発達していき、それまでの無名の庶民が様々な形で成功を収めることができる経済成長期であったことが時代を支えていた。
- This period was supported by the fact that it was a period of economic growth in which nameless average persons could achieve success in various forms thanks to rapid quantitative and qualitative developments which enabled such endlessly repeated quarrels.
- …歩驟(ほしう)各異(おのおのこと)に、文質同じくあらずと雖も、古を稽(かむが)へて風猷を既に頽れたるに縄(ただ)し、今に照らして典教を絶えむとするに補はずといふことなし。
- Their pace is different, as to whether it is fast or slow, so is their reality, whether it is simple or gorgeous. All emperors have never failed to look back upon antiquity, and to try to properly reestablish the ancient teachings that had almost collapsed, to enlighten today's world through such teachings, and to stop the loss of ancient wisdom.
- 近代的な欧米の法体系が流入して「法律(法体系)の一元化」が求められた結果、全く同趣旨の法令でありながら官吏向けの法令と一般向けの高札が並存するのは明らかに異質であったこと。
- The inflow of a modern European judicial system promoted the 'unification of the law (legal system),' therefore it was obviously an awkward situation that two variants of a single code co-existed in a government official version and in Kosatsu version for general public;
- 応仁の乱後、幕府における椀飯は行われなくなり、その一方で一般の武家社会においては家臣が主君を接待する儀式から、年始や節供などに主君が家臣を接待する儀式へと変質を遂げていった。
- After the Onin War, oban was not conducted at the bakufu any more, but within the ordinary buke society, it transformed from a ceremony where vassals entertained their lord into a ceremony where the lord entertained his vassals in the beginning of the year and Sechi (seasonal) times.
- 豊臣政権(とよとみせいけん)は、天正18年(1590年)、(ただし、実質的には天正13年(1585年))から、慶長8年(1603年)まで成立していた豊臣氏による日本国の政権。
- The Toyotomi government was a Japanese government that ruled the country from 1590 (in fact, 1585) to 1603.
- (司馬遼太郎『坂の上の雲』より)この返答は、国際法上の解釈から言えば違法と言えるものではないが、この状態ではどの外交ルートもあるわけではなく、実質的には戦争開始の通告である。
- (From 'Saka no ue no Kumo' [Clouds Above the Hill] by Ryotaro SHIBA) While this reply is not unlawful from the perspective of international law, in this particular situation where there were no other diplomatic routes available, it was in effect, a declaration of war.
- なお、中心市街地の人口は1985年度の約8,400人から2000年度には約6,300人に減少しており、また実質商品販売額も約170億円から約110億円と35%も減少している。
- The population of the central town area of Maizuru City decreased from about 8,400 in FY1985 to about 6,300 in FY2000, with total net sales of merchandise also decreasing by 35% from about \1.7 billion to about \1.1 billion.
- 北山殿の会所は、奥向きの庭、異質な建物の舎利殿のとなりにあったともいわれているし、訪問した客から見れば、多種多彩なものが一度にはいってくる、豪奢な景色になっていたことだろう。
- The kaisho of Kitayamadono was said to have a garden at the back and Shariden (a hall that stores the bones of Buddha) with a unique architecture that must have been a colorful and luxurious scenery with various objects for the visiting guest.
- だが、院政が始まると朝廷の実質的頂点である太上天皇に荘園が集中するようになり、白河天皇や鳥羽天皇も規制に乗り出すものの、この矛盾によって荘園整理政策は破綻してしまうのである。
- However, when insei (rule by a retired emperor) began, manors concentrated around the retired emperor, who was virtually at the top of the Imperial court; for example, despite efforts at regulation by Emperor Shirakawa and Emperor Toba, such a contradiction caused the manor consolidation agenda to fail.
- 秀吉没後、徳川家康は関ヶ原の戦いに勝利して、諸大名の有無を言わさず配置換えを行い、大坂の役で豊臣氏を滅ぼし、徳川氏一統が日本の実質的支配者とすることを諸大名に徹底確認させた。
- After Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA won the Battle of Sekigahara, carried out the change of daimyo's territories autocratically, subverted the Toyotomi clan in Osaka no Eki (the Siege of Osaka) and made all daimyo acknowledge and confirm that the Tokugawa clan became the virtual ruler of Japan.
- 江戸時代には商人資本の成長や農村への商品経済の浸透、それらによる身分制の変質など、村落共同体の動揺は一揆や打ちこわしを招き、幕府や諸藩は幕政改革や藩政改革を行い再編を試みる。
- During the Edo period, the growth of merchant capital and the penetration of the commodity economy to agricultural villages contributed to the transformation of the hierarchy of village communities, which, however, caused such turmoils in the community as uprising peasants and destructive riots, and compelled both Bakufu (shogunate) government and Han (local domain) governments to try to reform their political systems.
- 第二條 日本國政府ハ韓國ト他國トノ間ニ現存スル條約ノ實行ヲ全フスルノ任ニ當リ韓國政府ハ今後日本國政府ノ仲介ニ由ラスシテ國際的性質ヲ有スル何等ノ条約若ハ約束ヲナササルコトヲ約ス
- ARTICLE II. The Government of Japan undertake to see to the execution of the treaties actually existing between Corea and other Powers, and the Government of Corea engage not to conclude hereafter any act or engagement having an international character except through the medium of the Government of Japan.
- 更に院政期において公家社会が再編される中で官職昇進次第や極位極官が出自によって決定される傾向が強まっていくと、古代からの貴族諸氏は一門に分化して中世的な「家」へと変質していく。
- Furthermore, as the aristocratic society was restructured during the cloistered government, promotion path to official positions and the final achievable position/rank became determined more by birth, and the aristocratic clans from the ancient times differentiated into each mon and transformed into the 'Ie (family, house)' of the middle ages.
- 大鳥圭介の南柯紀行では、ブリュネを「未だ年齢壮(わ)かけれども性質怜悧(れいり)」カズヌーブを「頗る勇敢であり松前進軍のときにも屡(しばしば)巧ありたり」と好意的に書いている。
- Keisuke OTORI left favorable comments in his Nanki Kiko, saying, Brunet is 'still young but quite smart', Cazeneuve is 'very brave and often showed a great performance in the military advance to Matsumae'.
- 前述のように、東西方向に走る山脈はこうした地質構造に支配されており、一方、南北方向に走る山脈には東西方向からの圧力による波状変形が見られるが、断層は乏しく、地質は連続的である。
- As described above, the mountain ranges that stretch east to west are influenced by such geological structures while the mountain ranges that stretch south and north have continuous geology with few dislocations and some rolling deformations by the pressure from the east and the west.
- 足利政権では将軍尊氏や足利家執事の高師直と実質的政務を任された尊氏実弟の足利直義が対立し、やがて全国的な争乱に発展する観応の擾乱が起こり、これを契機に南朝は再び勢力を回復する。
- The Shogun Takauji and the Ashikaga family chamberlain KO no Moronao became antagonized by Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, who was in charge of the actual governance, leading to the Kanno Disturbance where a nation-wide battle broke out and due to this incident, the Southern Court regained its power.
- 更に戦後の一時期において唱えられた雑戸を中世の賎民の源流とする説は成立しがたく、雑戸制度の実質は天平16年の時点で事実上廃止され、以後は名目化の一途をたどっていったと思われる。
- Additionally, the theory advocated at one time after the war that senmin in the medieval period has its roots in zakko is far from true, and it is presumed that zakko system was effectively abolished in 744 and had become nominal ever since.
- 「和歌の家」としての京極派は、藤原北家御子左流に属し、御子左家の嫡男二条為氏の庶弟京極為教とその子京極為兼に始まるが、実質的には為兼によって和歌の流派としての京極派は生まれた。
- The poetic school of the Kyogoku family, known as a 'Waka family,' belonged to the Mikohidari lineage of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan; Tamenori KYOGOKU, the commoner brother of Tameuji NIJO--the Mikohidari family's rightful heir--started the Kyogoku school together with his son Tamekane KYOGOKU, but in reality it was through Tamekane that the Kyogoku school came into true being as a prominent waka school.
- このとき幕府は銭貨の質の管理および、需要が逼迫していた銅の統制を強めていた関係上から、銭の背面に鋳造地を示す文字を鋳出させたり、また面文に特徴を持たせて鋳銭地の明確化を図った。
- The bakufu tried to specify the location of mintage by making letters indicating the location of mintage cast on the back side of coins and by making letters on coins different according to the location of mintage, for the purpose of maintaining the quality of coins and strengthening copper regulation, which was in urgent demand.
- 内容としては、心白発現率の大きさ、精米特性の態様、製麹性すなわち日本酒麹造りへの造りやすさ、日本酒麹造り(はぜこみ)の良し悪し、日本酒蒸し、粗タンパク質含有率などが挙げられる。
- Contents are the magnitude of the shinpaku manifestation rate, the aspect of seimai tokusei, the property of rice malt production (in other words, the ease of producing rice malt for sake), the merits and demerits for producing rice malt for sake (hazekomi), the nihonshumushi content of protein, etc.
- 律令法を総体としてとらえ、法としての構造と特質を明らかにする試みや、律令法に基づいて形成された国家の歴史的特質の解明などは、ようやくその究明に緒がつけられたというのが実情である。
- As it stands, investigation has finally begun in an attempt to grasp the ritsuryo law holistically and to clarify its legal structure and characteristics, and on the clarification of the historical characteristics of a nation formed based on ritsuryo law.
- 原勝郎が1898年(明治31年)に『吾妻鏡の性質及其史料としての價値』を表してから15年経っても、まだ当時の歴史学会には吾妻鏡絶対主義とでもいうような風潮がかなりあったのだろう。
- Even 15 years after Katsuro HARA came out with 'The Nature of Azuma Kagami and Its Value as a Historical Material' in 1898, there seemed to be a great tendency to regard Azuma Kagami as absolute truth.
- そのため、名目だけの官職があてがわれたり、散位(品階のみで官職を持たないこと)となる者も少なくなく、実質を持つ官職を得ることでようやく官僚序列の中に参加することができたのである。
- Therefore, some officials received nominal government post, and many officials became Sani (official only with Hinkai and without a government post), so the official was able to join the bureaucrats hierarchy system eventually by having the real government post.
- このダムは鉱毒対策を目的の中に入れていなかったが、参議院議員近藤英一郎(当時)が商工委員会で質問を行った結果、このダムについては「水質保全に特に留意」することとされた経緯がある。
- This dam had not been for controlling mining pollution, however, after Eiichiro KONDO, a member of the House of Councilors (at that time) enquired at the committee of commerce and industry, it was concluded that 'it is especially important to keep water quality of this dam.'
- しかし、改税約書違反の悪質な金貨を鋳造していた事実が明らかとなったために諸外国からの抗議を受け、明治政府が太政官札への全面切り替えと造幣局 (日本)建設を決めたために廃止された。
- However, because the fact that kin-za was casting inferior gold coins in violation of kaizei-yakusho (revised agreement on trade attached to the Ansei Five-Power Treaties) was revealed, it met with protests by many foreign countries and kin-za was abolished because the Meiji Government decided full switchover to dajokansatsu (government note) and construction of the mint bureau.
- むしろ、実質的な経済政策の多く、特に貨幣政策における高品位主義、また長崎貿易の政策は吉宗もその方針の正しさを認識しており、正徳の治で行なわれた改革の内容はそのまま承継されている。
- On the other hand, since Yoshimune recognized the righteousness in many of the economic policies, especially the principle of high grade currency policy as well as the trading policy in Nagasaki, he took over such reforms from Shotoku no chi.
- 律令制の租税である租が変質したと考えられる官物・年貢に対して、雑徭など人身別賦課を引く雑公事・夫役・臨時雑役などを指して称した(庸・調の後身に関しては官物説と雑役説の両方がある)。
- Whereas Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and Nengu (land tax) are considered as the transformation of the tax, So (rice tax) of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), Zoyaku indicated Zokuji (all miscellaneous dues in the form of non-rice products and labor), Buyaku (labor service), Rinji Zoyaku (extraordinary irregular levies) that are considered as a continuance of a per-capita tax, Zoyo (irregular corvee) (regarding what the taxes of Yo [labor or alternative goods] and Cho [textile goods or alternative money] transformed into, there are two theories: one theory asserts Kanmotsu and another Zoyaku).
- 備後国の鞆の浦にいた足利義昭(実質的には毛利氏)に頼り朝倉家を再興しようと奔走した朝倉宮増丸、及び家督後継者と擬せられていた朝倉景忠がいるが、中国戦線の悪化により不成功に終わった。
- There was Miyamasumaru (宮増丸) ASAKURA, who scrambled to restore the Asakura family depending on Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA (in reality depending on the Mori clan) who was stationed at Tomonoura in Bingo Province, as well as Kagetada ASAKURA, who was falsely presumed to be the successor of the family reign, although their attempt was failed due to the deteriorated war situation against China.
- 新政権の三職を集めて行われた初めての会議であったが、上記のごとく岩倉・大久保・後藤を除けば小御所会議での実際の発言はすべて議定からなされており、実質的には諸侯会議の色彩が強かった。
- Despite it was the first meeting held between the three offices of the new administration, all the statements were exclusively made by legislatures during Kogosho Conference except for Iwakura, Okubo and Goto as above-mentioned, thus it was substantially very much like a lords conference.
- また、仙台小槌銀および合津銀判などは通貨としては手の込んだつくりであり、質量および額面は一般の通貨との整合性が見られないことから、流通目的というよりは祝鋳銭の部類と考えられている。
- Sendai Kozuchigin and Aizu Ginban are elaborate in their designs as a currency, and as there is no consistency in weight and nominal value with those of a general currency these coins are thought to have been used as Shukuchusen (coins to celebrate) rather than for circulation.
- その後、縄文時代と弥生時代の差を何に求めるべきかという本質的な論争が研究者の間で展開され、集落の形態や墓の形態、水田の有無、土器・石器など物質文化の変化など様々な指標が提案された。
- After that, the essential subject of the difference between the Jomon and Yayoi periods, was argued between researchers and various indicators were proposed, including forms of settlement, forms of graves, presence or absence of paddy fields and changes in artifacts such as earthenware and stoneware.
- 19日の会談終了後、澤と大隈・伊藤は直ちに久世治作・上野景範・花房義質ら若手官僚と東京の有力両替商からなるチームを編成して全国の開港場・開市場で外国人の保有二分金の検勘を開始した。
- After the conference ended on the 19th, SAWA, OKUMA, and ITO immediately organized a team with young bureaucracy and influential money exchangers in Tokyo, and started conducting authenticity tests on foreigner's nibukin at open ports and markets.
- 北条時宗は鎌倉の龍ノ口刑場(江ノ島付近)で杜世忠以下5名を斬首に処した(これは、使者が日本の国情を詳細に記録・偵察した、間諜(スパイ)としての性質を強く帯びていたためと言われる)。
- Tokimune HOJO executed Shizhong DU and other four men at Tatsunokuchi Execution Site (near Eno-shima Island) (it is said to have been because the envoys were mostly spies in nature, recording and investigating the conditions of Japan in detail).
- 木戸孝允の命日が1877年5月26日、西郷隆盛の命日が1877年9月24日、大久保利通の命日が1878年5月14日であり、実質的な宰相になった順番で、時期を同じくして死去している。
- Takayoshi KIDO's anniversary of the death is May 26,1877, Takamori SAIGO's September 24,1877, and Toshimichi OKUBO's May 14, 1878, as in order of when they became virtual saisho, and they died almost around the same time.
- 「一定の時代」に存在するということは、その時代の社会構造の中に存在基盤を持つということであり、武士団の中核たる武士は、単なる武芸者ではなく一定の「社会的・階級的特質」を体現している。
- Because it lasted for a 'fixed period' it meant that it had already established a fundamental existence within society, and bushi that formed the core of bushidan embodied not simply someone who practiced martial arts, but had a fixed 'social and class aspect.'
- 後南朝は、嘉吉の乱で滅亡した赤松氏の再興を目指す赤松遺臣によって、1457年(長禄元年)に南朝後裔の自天王・忠義王なる兄弟が殺害され、神璽が奪還されることによって、実質的に滅亡した。
- But in 1457, the gonancho forces were essentially ruined when they were betrayed by the surviving retainers of the AKAMATSU clan, who were seeking to restore the clan after their annihilation in the Kakitsu rebellion; the Southern Court descendants, the brothers Jitenno and Chugio, were assassinated, and the Grand Jewels were restolen.
- 市の位置的中心地であり、市役所への最寄り駅である駅は、JR奈良線の宇治駅 (JR西日本)であるが、利用者数は近鉄京都線の大久保駅 (京都府)が一番多く、実質こちらが市の中心駅である。
- The Uji Station (JR West) on the JR Nara Line is located in the center of Uji City and the closest to the city hall, but the Okubo Station (Kyoto Prefecture) on the Kintetsu Kyoto Line, ranking first in the number of passengers, is the de facto central station of the city.
- しかし平家打倒の治承・寿永の乱を経て、寿永2年/治承7年(1183年)に後白河天皇から東国における統治権的支配権(東海道・東山道の実質的支配権)を認める寿永二年十月宣旨を与えられる。
- After the Jisho Juei Revolt, during which the Taira government collapsed, he was handed a Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (a written decree from the Emperor and the Great Council of State) by Emperor Goshirakawa in 1183, which granted him sovereign authority (effective control of Tokaido and Tosando) over the eastern provinces.
- しかし上述の様に足軽の中には常時雇用される者もおり、そうした者達は実質的には何代も同じ主君に仕え、同時に武士の一員として遇されていた事から、傭兵と封建兵の中間に位置する存在と言える。
- However, as stated above, there were ashigaru who were employed full-time and would serve the same master for several generations, and there were also ashigaru who were treated as samurai, so it can be said that ashigaru occupied a status intermediate between those of mercenaries and feudal soldiers.
- そこで李氏朝鮮は高麗時代からの民族雑居状態の解消と、官営貿易で利益を独占する事を望み、室町幕府や九州探題、対馬の実質的な支配者である宗貞茂に対して倭寇および私貿易の取締りを要求した。
- At this point, the Joseon dynasty wanted to cull society of its multiethnic character, which had been the norm during the Goryeo period (918 - 1392), and achieve a monopoly over trade profits by bringing trade under government control, so they requested that the Muromachi bakufu, the tandai (military commissioner) of Kyushu, and Sadashige SO, the de facto ruler of Tsushima island, bring both Wako activity and private trade under control.
- 関ヶ原の戦いが勃発する直前の慶長5年(1600年)7月16日 (旧暦)(8月24日)、大坂玉造の細川屋敷にいた彼女を、西軍の石田三成は人質に取ろうとしたが、ガラシャはそれを拒絶した。
- On August 24, 1600, just before the Sekigahara War, Mitsunari ISHIDA of the West army tried to hold Garasha, who was in the Hosokawa residence in Tamatsukuri, Osaka, as a hostage, but she refused.
- 姓(カバネ)の制度は、壬申の乱(672年)の後、天武天皇が制定した八色の姓によって有名無実化されていき、臣、連ですら序列の6、7番目に位置づけられ、その地位は、実質上、無意味化した。
- After the Jinshin War (occurred in 672), the kabane system existed in name only when Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) system was installed by the Emperor Tenmu, which put omi and muraji in sixth and seventh from the top, and thus those titles no longer held any values.
- 質の悪さはMIDIデータが悪いというよりはMIDI再生装置側のクオリティの低さによってもたらされたものであり、その実態はアナログ録音されたプロの演奏と比べて全く比べ物にならなかった。
- The poor sound quality was brought by the poor quality of the MIDI player rather than the MIDI data, and the actual condition was far from the analog recorded professional performance.
- この事件と同じ1951年、同学会を中心に京大生が企画・開催した「綜合原爆展 (京大)」は盛況を呼び、京都市民から好意的に迎えられていた(「質問状」でも天皇の原爆展参観を要望している)。
- In 1951, the same year as this incident, students of Kyoto university with the Dogakukai in the center held 'The synthetic exhibition of the A-bomb (Kyoto University),' and it attracted many people and was favorably received by the citizens of Kyoto (in the open letter, they asked the Emperor to visit the A-bomb exhibition).
- 金拾両(じゅうりょう、44匁)は一裹(つつみ)あるいは一枚と呼ばれ、後に大判の量目(質量)の基準となり、銀拾両(43匁)は同じく一裹あるいは一枚と呼ばれ、後に丁銀の量目の基準となった。
- 10 ryo (or 44 monme) of gold was called 1 tsutsumi, or 1 mai, which later became the weight standard of oban (former Japanese large gold coin of oval shape), and similarly, 10 ryo (or 43 monme) of silver was called 1 tsutsumi or 1 mai as well, which later became the weight standard of chogin.
- 以上のことから、事件の真の首謀者は他ならぬ称徳天皇自身であったとし、指名者が非皇族の道鏡であったという問題点を克服するために宇佐八幡宮の神託を利用したのが事件の本質であったとしている。
- From the above, HOSOI makes a point that the true ringleader of this incident was none other than Empress Shotoku herself, and the true nature of this incident was that the empress used the oracle from the Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine to overcome the problem that the person whom she wanted to appoint as her successor was Dokyo who was from a non Imperial family.
- これに対し、家臣を城下に集めて専任の常備軍(この常備軍は西洋軍事史で規定されるそれとは全くの別物である事に注意)とすれば、上記の要求を満たせる上、兵の錬度、武具の質も上げることができた。
- In contrast, if the feudal lords gathered their vassals around their castles and set them as a full-time regular army, they were able to meet the needs mentioned above and to improve soldiers' skillfulness and the quality of arms (notice: in this case the regular army mentioned here is totally different from the one stipulated in the history of military in the Western countries).
- 両人は直ちに領内の村々に新政の趣旨を教えて回り、この巡回が終了した直後の明治4年(1871年)2月15日に出張所管内の寺院に出頭を命じ、宗教改革の一環である寺院の合併について質問をした。
- Both monks immediately taught the aim of new government around the villages in the domain and just after the end of the teaching tour, on February 15, 1871, Hattori issued a summons to appear in the temple in the branch office, and asked them about the merger of the temples which was a part of the Reformation.
- 主として朝廷・院庁より個々の事件・問題に対する律令格式などによる法的解釈を諮問された場合の解答として行われるが、天皇や公卿などからの個別の質問や自問答による解答なども含まれる場合がある。
- It is mainly responses to the Imperial Court and In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) asking for legal interpretation of Laws of codes and ethics (conduct) concerning specific accidents and problems, but sometimes it contains answers to specific questions from the Emperor and Kugyo (the top court officials) and self-answered questions.
- 変質しない石は不老不死の象徴であり、ここで石を選んでいれば人間は不死(または長命)になることができたが、バナナを選んでしまったために人間は死ぬようになった(または短命になった)のである。
- A changeless stone is a symbol of immortality, so if people chose a stone, they would be immortal (or live long); but they chose a banana and people are destined to die (or have a short life).
- 唐令では、職田(職分田)は官職を有する官人へ支給され、公廨田は官庁の収入源として規定されたのに対し、日本の大宝令では、両者とも官人を対象としたものであり、両者間の本質的な差異はなかった。
- Under Torei (codes in the Tang era), shikiden (or shikibunden) were provided to the government officials who held governmental posts and kugaiden were a source of revenue for governmental institutions, while under the Taiho code, both were provided to government officials and there were no fundamental difference between the two.
- 政治制度の改革が進められる一方で、外交面では高向玄理を新羅へ派遣して人質を取る代わりに形骸化していた任那の調を廃止して朝鮮三国(高句麗、百済、新羅)との外交問題を整理して緊張を和らげた。
- While reforms of the political system were carried out, on the diplomatic front, TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro was sent to Silla and, in exchange for a hostage, the tax payment in kind by Minama, which had lost its substance, was abolished to straighten up diplomatic problems with three Korean countries (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla) and ease the tension.
- (2) 神戸市北区山田町藍那では、雌垣村(現・茨木市)で手に入れた種が良質の酒米に育ち、1890(明治23)年の博覧会で日本一となったことから地名を取って山田穂と命名されたと伝えられる。
- (2) In Aina, Yamada-cho, Kita Ward, Kobe City (Town), it is said that seeds obtained in Megaki-mura (the present-day Ibaraki City) grew into high-quality sakamai, which, as it was honored as Japan's best at the exhibition of 1890, it was named Yamadaboafter the name of the place.
- こうした中で座も変質していき、本所から自立した営業集団に転化したり、官衙や領主との結びつきを強めて中にはこれらを新たな本所するものが出現したり、座衆の数を制限して世襲特権化を図ろうとした。
- Under these circumstances, za were also gradually changed. Some za tried to become a trade group independent of their honjo, or some tried to have closer ties to government offices and feudal lords to have them as their honjo, and some attempted to establish a hereditary privilege by limiting the number of members in their za.
- また、一元方程式に帰着した後、和算では数値解法で実数解を求めるのであるが、そのためには実数解の定性的性質(存在範囲、重解、個数)が解明され、効率的なアルゴリズムが確立されなけらばならない。
- In Japanese mathematics, when it comes to reducing single variable equations, the real root is calculated; to accomplish this the qualitative properties (existence domain, repeated root, conclusion, 個数) of the real solution are solved, and to this end a practical algorithm has to be established.
- 池田亀鑑は第2段階の作業として古注集成の編集に入ったが、もともと頑健な体質であったとは言い難い池田が体を壊したことや戦中・戦後の混乱があったこともあって本格的な古注集成の完成は一旦断念した。
- As the second stage of his work, Kikan IKEDA started compiling a collection of old annotations, but he gave up completing a full-scale collection because IKEDA, who was not necessarily in robust health by nature, got sick, and due to the chaotic period during and after the war.
- 大正10年(1921年)の山脇毅による「平瀬本源氏物語」の発見をはじめとする河内本諸写本の発見等によりすでに失われてしまったと考えられていた良質の河内本系の本文が実際に利用可能になったこと。
- The good-quality Kawachi-bon line text which had been considered already lost actually became available thanks to Hatasu YAMAWAKI's discovery of the various kinds of Kawachi-bon manuscripts such as 'Hirase-bon manuscript of The Tale of Genji' in 1921.
- 寛永12年(1635年)の参勤交代制度のもとでは、諸大名は1年毎に江戸と自領を行き来し、妻子は人質として江戸に常住しなければならないと同時に、その旅費や江戸の滞在費を全て大名に負担させていた。
- Under the sankin-kotai system established in 1635, daimyo, in addition to residing in Edo and their own feudal domains each for one year, leaving their own families in Edo permanently as hostages, had to pay their own travel costs and living costs in Edo.
- なお、山岸徳平は、首書源氏物語や湖月抄などの江戸時代の版本の本文に近い本文を持つ宮内庁書陵部に証本として伝えられていたいわゆる『三条西家本』の本文のほうがこの大島本より良質の本文であるとした。
- Tokuhei YAMAGISHI believed that the text of the so-called 'Sanjonishike manuscript,' which had been conserved in the Imperial Household Archives as a shohon (a verified text), being closer to the text of books printed during the Edo period such as the Shusho Genji monogatari (Tale of Genji with Headnotes) and Kogetsusho (The Tale of Genji Moon on the Lake Commentary), was better than the text of this Oshima-bon manuscript.
- 芥川は、物質的な幸福だけを真の幸福と考える若侍と、精神の内部における幸福を最大視する翁と、この相対する二つの型の人間の会話を最後において、種類の異なった幸福感を示し、原作に多少の綾を付与した。
- Akutagawa added a conversation of two types of people, a young samurai who takes only the physical comforts as happiness and an old man who regards psychological satisfaction as most important, at end of the plot of its original to show two different kinds of feeling of happiness and his own color.
- 日朝で激しいやりとりがあったが、弁理公使花房義質が日朝間を頻繁に往来して、ついには1880年12月漢城に公使館を設置し長期滞在して既成事実化するようになると、朝鮮側も黙認せざるを得なくなった。
- During the severe discussion between the two sides, minister resident Yoshimoto HANABUSA traveled often between Japan and Korea, and finally Japan established a consular office in Hanseong in December 1880, Hanabusa stayed there for a long term to create a fait accompli, and Korea had no choice but to concede.
- 東宝では指示がなくても数日前から霧吹きして伸ばしておくのが常識だったと言われるが、撮影所間の勢質の違いと量産体制に徹するあまり完全主義の黒澤に合わせることができなかった当時の社風を伝えている。
- This anecdote illustrates Toei's culture at that time which was at odds with the perfectionist nature of Kurosawa, because Toei's top priority was mass-production; this was quite different from rival Toho where the curtains were always sprayed and made smooth without any specific instruction even a few days before filming.
- 明代、国家教学となった朱子学は、科挙合格という世俗的な利益のためにおこなわれ、また体制側でも郷村での共同体倫理確立に朱子学を用い、道徳的実践を重んじた聖人の学としての本質を損なうようになった。
- During the Ming Dynasty, Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) became the national education and learning was practiced for worldly profit to pass the Kakyo, and was used by the establishment to create community morals in autonomous villages, causing the learning of the saints, which valued moral practice, to deteriorate.
- 天正10年(1582年)2月1日、新府城築城のため更に賦役が増大していたことに不満を募らせた義昌はついに勝頼を裏切り、織田信忠(信長の長男)に弟の上松義豊を人質として差し出し、織田氏に寝返った。
- On February 1, 1582, Yoshimasa, who was displeased with Katsuyori's policy to effectuate another increase in forced labor for the construction of Shinpu-jo Castle, finally betrayed Katsuyori and defected to the Oda clan by sending his younger brother, Yoshitoyo UEMATSU, to Nobutada ODA (Nobunaga's eldest son) as a hostage.
- 近代以前において馬は最も重要な輸送手段であったから、優れた馬(駿馬)は軍事や行政用として用いられるのが常であり、輸送に用いられた駄馬は人を乗せて早く走らせることの出来ない質の良くない馬であった。
- Since a horse was the most important means of transportation before modern times, swift horses (shunme) were usually reserved for military or government use, and the daba used for transportation were poor quality horses that were unable to run fast while carrying a person.
- しかし、メートル条約加入後の1891年に制定された度量衡法では、1貫は国際キログラム原器の質量(1キログラム)の 4分の15 (3.75 kg) と定義され、匁はその1000分の1と定められた。
- After joining the Treaty of the Meter, Japan enacted the Weights and Measures Act in 1891, which set 1 kan at 3.75 kilograms or 15 over 4 of 1 kilogram, defined by the international prototype of the kilogram, and equalized 1 monme with one 1000th kan.
- 『枕草子』には、「ものはづくし」(歌枕などの類聚)、詩歌秀句、日常の観察、個人のことや人々の噂、記録の性質を持つ回想など、彼女が平安の宮廷ですごした間に興味を持ったものすべてがまとめられている。
- In 'The Pillow Book,' she wrote about everything of interest to her during her life in the Imperial Court of the Heian period, and it includes 'Monowazukushi' (listing items like Utamakura (a place famed in poetry)), excellent poems, observations on daily life, comments on people, and reminiscences, so it also seems to be a record, etc.
- しかしながら明治末期ころから本格的な古写本の所在の調査とその比較が始まり、大島本など良質な本文を持つとされる古写本がいくつも発見されることにより青表紙本をもとに校本を作成することが可能になった。
- However, since around the late Meiji period, a thorough investigation of the place where the old manuscripts were kept and their comparison were begun, and many old manuscripts of fine quality such as Oshima-bon were found, which made it possible to make a variorum edition of the Aobyoshi-bon manuscripts.
- 当時の朝廷には政権を運営する能力も体制もなく、一旦形式的に政権を返上しても、公家衆や諸藩を圧倒する勢力を有する徳川家が天皇の下の新政府に参画すれば実質的に政権を握り続けられると考えてのことである。
- As the Imperial Court at that time had no ability and system to come into power, Yoshinobu thought that the Tokugawa family could practically have control over political administration if the family, which had a power to overwhelm Kugeshu (court nobles) and domains, participated in the new government under the Emperor even if the family formally returned the power.
- これは、バックグラウンド黄砂が、地上から排出される大気汚染物質に含まれているSO42-(硫酸イオン)とほとんど混ざっていないことを意味し、普通の黄砂とは異なる経路を通ってきていることを示している。
- This indicates that background kosa is slightly mixed with SO42- (sulfide ion) included in air pollutants exhausted on the ground level and that this type of kosa is generated through paths different from those through which ordinary kosa is generated.
- それから9年後の1898年(明治31年)に、原勝郎 (歴史家)は、『吾妻鏡の性質及其史料としての價値』を表し、歴史研究における「史料批判」の重要性を強調して、安易に盲信することへの警鐘を鳴らした。
- Nine years later in 1898, Katsuro HARA published 'The Nature of Azuma Kagami and Its Worth as a Historical Material,' emphasizing the importance of 'criticism of the historical materials' and warning people not to believe them easily and blindly.
- 亀山院政下の弘安7年5月20日 (旧暦)(1284年7月4日)、同年6月25日 (旧暦)(8月7日)に鎮西神領興行回復令が元寇に対する恩賞として出され、売却、質入済の旧神領の無償回復が打ち出された。
- On July 4, 1284 when Cloistered Emperor Kameyama had the virtual reins of government, Chinzei Shinryo Kogyo Kaifukurei (Order to Restore Rituals in Shrine Estates in Kyushu) was issued on August 7 in the same year to reward those who had contributed to the victory against Genko, and recovery of former shrine estates already sold or pledged by then was made possible gratis under this order.
- 借銭・本銭返・年季売などは現時点で決済を行い、決算後に利息や収穫物などによる返済が元金の半額を越えていれば、質物となった田畠や物品、及び半額を超過した支払分を直ちに本主(元の所有者)に返還すること。
- Debts, honsengaeshi (a trade of real estate with the agreement of buying back in the Middle Ages), nenkiuri (land sold for a predetermined period, usually ten years, after which it would revert to its owner), etc. shall be settled right now, and in the case where payment for interest and payment in harvest exceed half of the principal amount after the settlement, fields and goods in pledge and payment in excess of half of the principal shall immediately be returned to honshu (original owner).
- また天龍寺船の天龍寺船が入元の際、倭寇を警戒する元の官憲に入港を阻止されていることは、幕府の公的な公認というものが実質上の意味(密貿易船(倭寇)ではないことの証明)を有していなかったことを示している。
- Also a record that Yuan officials on the alert for wako obstructed the entry of a Tenryujibune into harbor when it tried to land Yuan shows that an official approval of the bakufu was substantially ineffective (which did not establish its identity of not being a smuggling ships [wako]).
- これに、左内は興に乗って、なぜ富めるものの八割が貪酷で残忍なのか、そして、真にすばらしい働き者の人がなぜ貧しいままなのか、これは、仏教にいう前業のせいなのか、儒教のいう天命のせいなのか、と質問をした。
- Sanai becomes interested in him, and asks some questions like why eight of ten rich people are greedy and cruel, why the honest hard worker can't be rich, whether it is because of the actions in former lives in the Buddhist context, and whether it is because of the Will of Heaven in the Confucian context.
- また神聖ローマ皇帝フランツ1世 (神聖ローマ皇帝)の妃マリア・テレジアは本来「皇后」であるが、彼女自身がハンガリー王国・ボヘミア女王を兼ねる実質的な君主であり、日本語でも「女帝」と表されることが多い。
- Maria Theresa, the wife of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (the Holy Roman Emperor) would be 'Kogo' but as she was practically the ruler, serving also as the Queen of Bohemia, she is often translated as 'Jyotei.'
- その後、1952年(昭和27)年になり、大江山製錬所の事業再開が計画され、大江山鉱山の鉱石よりはるかに良質な鉱石を南太平洋のフランス領ニューカレドニアから輸入することが始まって、以後、今日に至っている。
- Later, in 1952, the business of Oeyama Smeltery was planned to be resumed; subsequently, it has continued its business to this day since ore far better than one from Oeyama Mine started to be imported from New Caledonia of the French possessions in the South Pacific Ocean.
- 父(天武天皇)の元に身を寄せたと思われる(『万葉集』から高市の正妃となったとする説もある)が、敗北した近江側の実質的な皇后として、また天皇の皇女として依然として大変複雑な辛い立場にあったことは疑いない。
- While she is thought to have put herself under the protection of her father (Emperor Tenmu) (Some say in 'Manyoshu' [the oldest anthology of tanka] she became the lawful wife of Takechi), there is no doubt that she remained in a very complicated and awkward situation as the empress in substance of defeated Omi side or as an Imperial princess of the Emperor.
- 当時の社会ならではの制約・お約束的展開はあるものの、本来的個人的性質と社会的に期待される役割との差異を浮き彫りにする本作品は、ジェンダーという枠を越えて、近代的小説に近い重要な要素を持つと言われている。
- Though it contains a conventional and banal plot that was often seen in those days, the work is said to have an important element that makes the story more like a modern novel beyond the matter of gender, exposing the difference between a human's innate nature and his or her social role.
- これは元寇による膨大な軍費の出費などで苦しむ中小御家人を救済するためと理解されてきたが、現在ではむしろ御家人所領の質入れ、売買の禁止、それによる幕府の基盤御家人体制の維持に力点があったと理解されている。
- Although it was regarded as a relief for minor vassals suffering from a lot of war expenditure because of the Mongol Invasions, it is now considered to be more like the prohibition of pawning and trading vassalages to maintain the vassal system as a base of the shogunate.
- しかし加藤清正の妻をはじめとする一部には脱出され、さらに細川忠興の正室・細川ガラシャ(明智光秀の娘)に人質となることを拒絶され屋敷に火を放って死を選ぶという壮烈な最期を見せられて、人質作戦は中止された。
- However, some of the wives escaped, including that of Kiyomasa KATO, and moreover, Garasha HOSOKAWA, who was Tadaoki HOSAKAWA's official wife and Mitsuhide AKECHI's daughter, refused to be taken as a hostage and committed suicide by setting fire to her residence, which resulted in her tragic death; therefore, the operation was deemed a failure and stopped.
- 秀吉の死後、徳川家康(東軍)と石田三成(西軍)らの争いが始まると、東軍につき、ガラシャは西軍の人質になることを拒んで自害、幽斎は田辺城_(丹後国)で2ヶ月に及ぶ籠城戦を戦い、忠興は関ヶ原の戦いで活躍した。
- When the battle between Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (the eastern army) and Mitsunari ISHIDA (the western army) started after the death of Hideyoshi, the family sided with the eastern army, there, Garasha committed suicide refusing to be a hostage of the eastern army, Yusai fought in a siege of Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province) for two month and Tadaoki did distinguished service in the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 慶長期は小判師が吹屋職人を率い、各自で製造した判金を後藤役所に持参し、品位および量目(質量)を改めた上で極印の打印を受け両替商に売却することにより発行されるという、いわゆる「手前吹き」という形式であった。
- In the the Keicho Period, Kobanshi leaded Fukiya craftmen, submitting bankin (gold coins) they had made to Goto office, selling it to exchanger after correcting a carat and ryome (a weighed value) and having hallmark printed on it, which was called the form of Temaebuki.
- もちろん令外の官の成立ははやく九世紀にさかのぼるものであり、また摂関政治を通じて貴族身分内部の再編がおこなわれつづけたのであり、律令体制の質的な変化は院政以前にゆっくりとではあるが進行していたものである。
- Of course, formation of ryoge no kan dates as early as the ninth century and reorganization within nobles continued through regency, and a qualitative shift of ritsuryo system was going along slowly but steadily before cloister governments.
- なお、地租改正に先立って、政府は、に田畑永代売買禁止令を解除して既に形骸化していた土地の売買禁止の合法化を行い、には地所質入書入規則及び動産不動産書入金穀貸借規則を定めて土地を担保とした貸借も合法化した。
- In addition, before land-tax reform, the government legalized buying and selling of land by lifting the prohibition of sale and purchase of farming land which was already lacked in substance in 1872; in 1873 the government also legalized the borrowing and lending of money by using land as collateral by setting the regulations on pawing and listing real estates and regulations on listing movable property and real estate property for borrowing and lending of money and goods.
- 内容は、前文で「朕は汝ら軍人の大元帥なるぞ」と天皇が統帥権を保持することを示し、続けて、軍人に忠節・礼儀・武勇・信義・質素の5つの徳目を説いた主文、これらを誠心をもって遵守実行するよう命じた後文から成る。
- The rescript consists of the preamble, the main part and the last part: the preamble indicates Emperor holding supreme command, saying 'Being Emperor, I myself am commander in chief,' the main part tells military men five types of virtue of loyalty, courtesy, military prowess, faithfulness, and frugality, and the last part orders soldiers and sailors to follow and practice them sincerely.
- 例外的に、真珠の取引単位は直径はセンチメートル、ネックレス等の長さはインチとされ、質量はグラム表記したことで混乱を招いた歴史があることから、世界的に「匁(もんめ、momme)」が国際単位として使われている。
- Exceptionally, a unit 'monme' (or momme) is globally used as an international unit for dealing with pearl because of the confusions resulted from inconsistent unit systems: The diameter of a pearl was written in centimeter, the length of necklaces and others was in inch, the mass was in gram.
- これに伴い、明治4年(1871年)の新貨条例では質量の単位には匁が公式に採用され(ただし、第二次大戦前までは銭も併用されていた)、匁は貫の1000分の1と規定され、1匁=3.756521グラムと定められた。
- Instead, monme was officially adopted as the weight unit by the New Currency Act in 1871 (though sen was used in parallel before World War II) and 1 monme was equalized with a thousandth kan, and the weight of 1 monme was set at 3.756521 grams.
- ついで、同年12月13日辰刻(午前九時頃)に尼崎城の近く、織田信忠が陣をはっていた七つ松に有岡城の本丸にいた人質が護送され、97本の磔柱を建て家臣の妻子122名に死の晴着をつけ、鉄砲で殺害されたようである。
- Around nine o'clock in the morning on January 9, 1580, hostages in honmaru of Arioka-jo Castle were sent to Nanatsumatsu where Nobutada ODA had taken up a position and 97 crosses were erected and 122 wives and children of subordinates were made to wear festive dress and killed with guns.
- だが、次第に「祖法」化してしまい、田畑永代売買禁止令のように御定書制定の翌年には実質上廃止された法令が、御定書に載せられているがために有効な法律とされて明治4年(1871年)まで存続するなどの弊害もあった。
- But it gradually became progenitor law and produced negative effects like denpataietaibaibaikinshirei (a ban on buying and selling fields [of rice and other crops]), which was abolished in effect the year after the enactment of Kujigata-osadamegaki but remained in force until 1871 since it was described in Kujigata-osadamegaki.
- 元文3年(1738年)5月 (旧暦)に薬種問屋・薬種屋ら薬種業者が真物を覚えて品質が向上したことを理由に廃止されたが、実際は薬種流通の統制につながる和薬種改会所に対して業者の反感が強かったからと言われている。
- In June 1738, the kaisho was abolished because the quality of the materials improved as drug traders such as wholesale drug companies or drug sellers learnt to recognize genuine products; however, the true reason is said to be that there was a strong backlash from the traders against the possibility of the control of medicinal material distribution by Wayakushu aratame kaisho.
- 量目(質量)は銀一枚すなわち四十三匁(約161グラム)を基準としたが、実際には20匁(約75グラム)から60匁(約225グラム)程度のものまで存在するなど不定であり、取引には天秤で量目を定めてから用いられた。
- Standard of weight was a piece of silver, which is 43 monme (unit of weight), that is about 161 grams, but actually it ranged from 20 monme, that is about 75 grams, to 60 monme, that is about 225 grams, and it was used for trading after determinig the amount by weight.
- だが、前述の外国人に対する等価引換が34万両、太政官布告による引換が判明分だけで157万両であり、現在判明している政府発行の悪質な金貨(事実上の贋貨)が381万両であるから、それよりも遥かに少ないことになる。
- However, the amount by the exchange in equal value for foreigners was 340 thousand ryo as mentioned above, and the amount by the exchange following the edict of Daijokan, which had become clear was 1.57 million ryo, while the amount of the bad quality gold coins (actually counterfeit coins) issued by the government, which is recognized today is 3.81 million ryo, so the former ones are much smaller than the latter.
- 日本人が、仏は日本の神とは違う性質を持つと理解するにつれ、仏のもとに神と人間を同列に位置づけ、日本の神々も人間と同じように苦しみから逃れる事を願い、仏の救済を求め解脱を欲しているという認識がされるようになった。
- As Japanese people realized that the Buddha had a nature different from Japanese deities, they began to regard deities and human beings on the same level and thought that like human beings, Japanese deities also wish deliverance for salvation of the Buddha to end suffering.
- ただし、その多くは明治維新が行政制度のみならず教育・産業・金融などを含めた総合的な改革であったという本質への理解には及ばず、形だけの改革や一面だけを捉えた「上からの改革」に終始したため、成功に至った例は少ない。
- However, most of the reforms in other Asian countries were not successful, because they didn't understand that the Meiji Restoration was a comprehensive reform including an administration system, an educational system, industry, and finance, so these reforms were just formal or 'top-down' reforms looking at just one aspect of the Meiji Restoration.
- この地で見つけることができる菫青石という鉱物が熱水変質を起こし雲母化した天然記念物の鉱石桜石の霊力によって封じられた鬼の涙が湧いたものが湯の花温泉であり、桜石が転じて節分の豆撒きの風習となったという伝承がある。
- Yunohana-onsen is said to be a hot spring made from the tears of an Oni which were closed by a numen of Cherry Stone, natural treasure, which was transformed into mica due to hydrothermal alteration of mineral called cordierite which was found here, and it is said that the custom to throw beans during Setsubun (Bean Throwing Night) was developed from the Cherry Stone.
- 元来は、オスマン帝国が恩恵的にフランス、オランダ、イギリスに対して与えていたカピチュレーションの制度において、治外法権その他を認めていたものだが、産業革命以後は西欧経済圏への従属を企図したものに変質していった。
- Originally, an unequal treaty was to approve extraterritoriality and other conditions in the capitulation system which was beneficially given to France, the Netherland and the United Kingdom by the Ottoman Empire, but such treaties gradually transformed into ones aiming for subordination to the Western European economic zone after the Industrial Revolution.
- 政府は死刑をもって取り締まろうとするものの、専売品があまりにも高価で劣悪過ぎたために却って良質な密売品の方が値段が安くなったために、密売品販売による利益は厚く、誘引となったために根絶する事が出来なかったという。
- The government tried to regulate it by death penalty, but they could not exterminate the trafficking because the monopoly products were so expensive and so bad that high-quality trafficked products became less expensive, inviting bigger profits.
- しかし、次第に蝦夷島が安東氏の統制から離れ始め、特に蝦夷において被官であった蠣崎氏が上国守護職に加えて松前守護職を名乗ったことを追認せざるを得なくなるなど、戦国時代 (日本)前期には実質上北出羽の一豪族となった。
- However, Ezogashima began to leave from the Ando clan's control, and as a result, in the earlier Sengoku Period the clan degraded practically to a mere local ruling lord in the northern Dewa Province, as particularly the clan had to echo the fact that the Kakizaki clan, who had been the hikan in Ezo, proclaimed its position of Matsumae shugo (military governor of Matsumae) as well as Kaminokuni shugo.
- しかし官人層内部での地位格差が広がり、律令体制が本来意図していた能力主義とは異質に、特定の氏族から世襲的に官人が供給されるようになると、官人の役割をその属する家系ごとに措定するようになり、家系ごとの専門化がすすんだ。
- However, as disparity of positions within government officials became wider and government officials became to be supplied from certain clans by heredity, not by meritocracy as intended by the ritsuryo system, roles of government officials became to be determined by the family lines to which they belonged and role of each family line became specialized.
- その後、寛文8年(1668年)から天和 (日本)3年(1683年)までの期間に呉服屋の後藤縫之助らが鋳銭を請負い、江戸亀戸に大規模な銭座が設けられ、このとき鋳造された寛永通寳は文銭と呼ばれ、均質で良質なものであった。
- Later, during the period from 1668 to 1683, Nuinosuke GOTO, Gofuku-ya kimono shop, undertook mintage, establishing large zeniza in Kameido, Edo, and Kanei Tsuho which was minted in this period, called Bunsen, had homogeneous and excellent qualities.
- 7月11日には近衛前久の猶子として関白宣下を受け、天正14年(1586年)9月9日には豊臣の姓を賜ってこれを羽柴から豊臣への改姓と誤解されることが非常に多いが、羽柴は名字、豊臣は本姓であり、両者は性質が異なる別物である。
- On July 11 he was assigned to be Kanpaku as an adopted son of Sakihisa KONOE and given a surname of TOYOTOMI; this is understood as a change of surname from HASHIBA to TOYOTOMI, but HASHIBA was a family name (myoji) and TOYOTOMI was a surname (honsei), so they were different.
- 1883年(明治16年)に東京の上野公園で「第一回水産博覧会」が、1908年(明治41年)に「大日本水産会第一回鰹節即売品評会」が開催されるなど、各地で鰹節の品評が行なわれ、東の焼津節・西の土佐節の品質が高く評価された。
- Katsuobushi fairs were held nationwide, such as 'the First Fisheries Exhibition' in Ueno Park, Tokyo, in 1883, and 'Japan Fisheries Association's First Katsuobushi Fair and Spot Sale' in 1908, and at those fairs Yaizu-bushi (of eastern Japan) and Tosa-bushi (of western Japan) were highly evaluated for their quality.
- また、契約期間中に買主に違約があった場合には売主は本銭返と同じように直ちに買戻しが認められた(本銭弁償文言)をはじめ、売主の課役負担や抵当物件の処理、入質の設定、罪科文言などの多くの条件が契約を記した証文中に記されていた。
- Furthermore, most contracts had many provisos written into them that stipulated the wording of what constituted a crime or breach to ensure that if the buyer broke the agreement made with the buyer during the contract period, it would be recognized that the seller would immediately buy back whatever was sold, just as with a honsengaeshi (a land sale that had the seller buy the land back in such a situation; nenki-uri were also worded in such a way as to have sellers buy back whatever had been sold), and moreover, that the seller's obligations for labor (and the distribution of other assignments) as well as the collateral offered for the sale would be disposed of, and that those possessions which could be sold would be pawned.
- 室町・戦国時代 (日本)の混乱時代、農業生産高は爆発的に増加したが、各地にモザイクのように存在する割拠勢力はそれぞれ消長を繰り返し、また支配下にも多くの自立領主がいるため、自領の実質総農業生産高を把握するのも困難であった。
- In the tumultuous years of the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), there was a tremendous increase in agricultural production, but because all Japan had become a jigsaw puzzle made up of nodes of local authority who went through an endless cycle of prosperity and decline, and because the period also saw many feudal lords begin to declare their independence, it became extremely difficult to keep track of the true total agricultural productivity even on the land within one's own jurisdiction.
- 道三の名として、法蓮房・松波庄五郎(庄九郎)・西村正利(勘九郎)・長井規秀(新九郎)・長井秀龍(新九郎)・斎藤利政(新九郎)・道三などが伝わるが、良質な史料に現れているのは、藤原(長井)規秀・斎藤利政・道三などのみである。
- Dosan was known by various names such as: Horenbo, Shogoro (Shokuro) MATSUNAMI, Masatoshi (Kankuro) NISHIMURA, Norihide (Shinkuro) NAGAI, Hidetatsu (Shinkuro) NAGAI, Toshimasa (Shinkuro) SAITO and Dosan; however, Norihide FUJIWARA (NAGAI), Toshimasa SAITO and Dosan are the only ones that appear in reliable historical materials.
- 平安時代後期以後は、実質上の最高職である左右馬頭に河内源氏の著名な武者が相次いで任じられた事から馬寮の職は武士の憧れの官職の一つとされた(平安時代末期格式など規定されていた実際の大允・少允の定員は計二十名であったと言う)。
- After the late Heian period, by reason that prominent samurai of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) was successively assigned to Sama no kami and Uma no kami which were substantially the highest post, the post of Meryo was regarded as one of the government posts longed for by samurai (it is said that the full number of Daijo (Senior Secretary) and Shojo (Junior Secretary) was 20 in total as regulated in the Kakushiki code (amendments and enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)) at the end of Heian period).
- 日本において、キリスト教が実質的に禁じられるのは徳川家康の命による1614年(慶長19年)のキリスト教禁止令以降のことになるが、家康の禁教令も言い回しなど基本的な部分においてこの秀吉のバテレン追放令にならうものとなっている。
- Christianity was practically prohibited in Japan after the Ban on Christianity was issued in 1614 ordered by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and his prohibition edict also basically followed this Edict expelling the missionaries by Hideyoshi in the wording.
- なお、旧幕府時代、名目上は独立国でありながら実質上薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球王国に関しては、廃藩置県の際に「琉球藩」が設置されて日本国家内に取り込まれることとなり、1879年(明治12年)に沖縄県として正式に県に編入された。
- In addition, the Ryukyu Kingdom, which was nominally an independent country but actually was under the control of Satsuma Clan in the Shogunate period, belonged to Japan when Ryukyu domain was established at the time of Haihan-chiken, and then Ryukyu was formally incorporated into Japan as Okinawa prefecture in 1879.
- その江戸幕府においても高家が大名に礼儀作法を伝授する際に受け取る「束脩」などは一種の幕府公認の礼銭であり、かの『忠臣蔵』の最初の場面である浅野長矩と吉良義央の遣り取りも実は「束脩」の性質を巡るトラブルと考える事も可能である。
- In the Edo bakufu, however, the 'sokushu' (initiation fees) that Koke (government position in charge of rituals and ceremonies) received from Daimyo when teaching manners can be considered to be a type of reisen officially recognized by the bakufu; in fact, it is possible to assume that the fight between Naganori ASANO and Yoshihisa KIRA in the first scene of the 'Chusingura' (The treasury of Loyal Retainers) was over the nature of the 'sokushu.'
- が、この正徳の改鋳後も対馬藩はまだ、正徳3年(1713年)分の往古銀を受け取っておらず、正徳銀は良質とはいえ極印が異なることから交易に差し支えるとして陳情に努め、正徳4年(1714年)7月にようやく従来の往古銀を受け取った。
- However, the Tsushima Domain still did not receive Ninjindai Oko Chogin allocated for the year of 1713 after this reminting, and they thought paying with Shotoku Chogin would hinder the trade because the hallmark differed from that of Ninjindai Oko Chogin although Shotoku Chogin was good quality, and therefore, they petitioned the Shogunate repeatedly for Ninjindai Oko Chogin to be delivered to the Tsushima Domain and they finally received the coin in 1714.
- 株仲間における事務所・集会所を会所と呼称し、役員や事務職員などが詰めて共有財産の管理や外部との交渉、所属商人との連絡や管理、重要決定を定める会合の招集、商品の品質検査など、株仲間や所属商人、取扱商品に関する管理などを行った。
- An office or a gathering place for kabunakama (a merchant guild) was called 'kaisho,' and the officers or clerical staff who were stationed there carried out management of the guild, its member merchants and dealing commodities, including the management of common properties, negotiations with outside parties, communication and management of its member merchants, organization of meetings for crucial decisions, quality check of commodities, etc.
- 中世における家門とは、家督を有する当主とその管領(管理)のもとにある家業・家職・家記(日記)・家屋・寺院・道具及びその共有者である当主夫婦・親子を中心とした親族集団を指し、家門そのものも家督とともに継承される性質のものであった。
- The term for family in the Medieval Age referred to a kinship group that was mainly composed of the family head who owned the family estate and the family business, trade, record (diary), their house, temple and tools under his reign (control), as well as his wife and children, who were the joint owners; the family itself, as well as the family estate, was succeeded to the descendents.
- 質取行為(しちとりこうい)とは、中世日本において、別の地域に住む債務者から弁済を受けられなかった債権者が、債務者と同一の地域に住む第三者(債務者との面識の有無は問わず)の身柄あるいは財物を債務の賠償として私的に差し押さえる行為。
- In the medieval Japan, Shichitorikoi was an action of a creditor, who could not receive compensation from a debtor living in a different region, to capture a third person who lived in the same region as the creditor (regardless of whether the person is acquainted with the debtor or not) or to privately confiscate the person's properties as compensation for the debt.
- 荘園支配の階層には荘園領主である「本所や領家」、その代官である「預所」、現地での実質支配者で、多くの場合寄進者である「庄司(下司)」の3段階があるが、その最上位が権門といわれる「上皇をふくめての貴族層」や、大寺院・神社が位置する。
- The shoen ranks included 'honjo (head of shoen lords) and ryoke,' their deputy, 'azukaridokoro,' and three classes of 'Shoshi or Geshi,' the actual local ruler and in many cases, donor, but the top most rank was the 'Kenmon' which included 'aristocrats including the retired emperor' and those of temples and shrines.
- またこの籠城組の全体的な指導者はイギリス公使クロード・マクドナルドであったが、籠城戦に当たって実質総指揮を担ったのは柴五郎であり(各国中で最先任の士官だったから)、解放後日本人からだけでなく欧米人からも多くの賛辞が寄せられている。
- The general leader of this besieged group was the British envoy Claude MacDonald but the actual leader during the siege was Goro SHIBA (since he was the most senior military officer), and he received much praise from not only Japanese but also European and US parties after the release.
- とりわけ味噌汁は、主食を食べるに際しての食欲増進の役割をおかずと共に果たすと同時に、味噌に含まれる大豆の蛋白質は、かつての低蛋白の日本食における主要な蛋白源であったし、労働で汗とともに消耗する塩分の補給に大きな役割を果たしていた。
- With staple food, miso soup especially enhanced the appetite together with side dishes and soya beans in miso, a major source of protein when Japanese food was lacking in protein and this also helped to restore salt lost from sweating doing physical labor.
- この時代、良質な写本の多くは大名や公家、神社仏閣などに秘蔵されており、どこがどのような写本を所蔵しているのかということすらほとんどの場合明らかではなかったため、複数の写本を実際に手にとって具体的に比較することは事実上不可能であった。
- In this time, most of the manuscripts in good condition were treasured by Daimyo (feudal lord), Kuge (court noble), shrines and temples, and it was not mostly revealed who had what kind of manuscript, so it was virtually impossible to take several manuscripts at one time and make a concrete comparison between them.
- この三条西家系統の本文については、「源氏物語湖月抄」や「首書源氏物語」といった江戸時代の版本を調査する中で、当初「これらの江戸時代の版本の本文は三条西家系統の由緒正しい本文を使用している良質の青表紙系統の本文である。」とされていた。
- While studying the printed books of the Edo period such as the 'Genji Monogatari Kogetsusho' and the 'Shusho Genji monogatari,' at first the text of this Sanjonishike manuscript was considered, 'The text of these printed books of the Edo period is the good text of the Aobyoshi-bon line using the text of Sanjonishike line with a history.'
- つまり、ヤマタノオロチというのは古代日本にとってかつては強大な外敵であり、彼に人質を差し出して臣下の礼を取っていたという事実を隠し、如何に悪い魔物であったかを誇張するかのようにして、自らの正当性を保とうとした大和民族の工夫といえる。
- In other words, Yamata no Orochi was a powerful foreign enemy of ancient Japan, and it can be said to have been invented by the Yamato race, who tried to prove the appropriateness of their behavior, hiding the fact that they offered a person as a hostage to him and gave their fealty to the country, exaggerating how bad the monster was.
- 実際に国会質疑等でも取り上げられてはいるが、答弁はその場しのぎのごまかしを繰り返すばかりであり、大きな進展はない(こうしたことは林野庁の予算が少ないためであり、国が第一次産業を軽視しているのが根本的な原因との見方もないわけではない)。
- Diet discussions take place but lead only to repeated ad hoc piecemeal measures with no major progress made (there are those who consider the fundamental reasons of this to be the small budget allocated to the Forestry Agency and neglect of the nation's primary industry).
- その性質上当然に施行されるべき法律は別として、朝鮮統治のために設置された朝鮮総督府の長たる朝鮮総督が発する命令(制令)という形で立法権を委任するほか、内地に施行される法律につき勅令で朝鮮にも施行することができるようにする方針を採った。
- With the exception of the laws that should be enforced in Korea for its nature, the government delegated the legislative power to the governor-general of Chosen Sotokufu, which was founded for the administration of Korea, by granting authority to issue orders (laws) and also allowed the laws enforced in the inland to be enforced in Korea with imperial edicts.
- 縄文時代(じょうもんじだい)は、年代でいうと今から約16,500年から約3,000年前(紀元前10世紀)、地質時代では更新世末期から完新世にかけて日本列島で発展した時代であり、世界史では中石器時代ないし新石器時代に相当する時代である。
- The Jomon period is approximately from 16,500 to 3,000 years ago (the tenth century B.C.) in terms of date, developed from the end of the Pleistocene epoch to the Holocene epoch in the Japanese archipelago in terms of geological age, and is comparable to the Mesolithic period or the Neolithic period in terms of the world history.
- 来学当日、群集整理に協力しむしろ混乱を鎮める側に回っていた同学会に厳しい処分が下されたのは、先述した公開質問状の内容と、それに対する世論の反発(後述)を考慮したことによるものと考えられている(解散された同学会は1953年に再建された)。
- It is considered that the Dogakukai, which cooperated to regulate the crowd and restore quiet on the day of Emperor's visit, was punished severely because of the content of the open letter mentioned above and the backlash in public opinion (Dogakukai was reconstructed in 1953).
- また後で登場する千葉氏も名馬の保有で有名であり、『平家物語』の中で平山季重が自分の馬は千葉氏から手に入れたものだと自慢したり、鎌倉時代初期に源頼朝周辺に何度も献馬したりするなど、良質な「牧」を管理しているというイメージがあったようである。
- The Chiba clan, which is mentioned later, was also famous for owning meiba and Sueshige HIRAYAMA boasted in the 'Tale of Heike' that his horse was bought from the Chiba clan and donated a horse to associates of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the early Kamakura period, and gave the impression of managing good quality 'maki.'
- そのため、平氏政権は、武士に出自しながら旧来の支配勢力と同質化してしまったと批判されたのに対し、在地領主層=武士階級から構成される鎌倉幕府は、旧来の支配階級を打倒した画期的・革新的な存在だとして、階級闘争史観などにより高く評価されていた。
- Therefore, the Taira clan administration was criticized as becoming as one with the conventional control forces even though they were born as bushi, as regards to the Kamakura bakufu, which consisted of the local landowner class (bushi class), and was considered as a novel and significant existence due to their toppling of the conventional control class and was highly rated in the history of class conflict.
- 偽書である『南方録』では、新古今和歌集(実際は新古今和歌集には見当たらない)の藤原家隆の歌「花をのみ まつらん人に やまざとの ゆきまの草の 春をみせばや」を利休の茶の心髄としており、表面的な華やかさを否定した質実な美として描かれている。
- 'Namboroku', a forged text, says that a poem created by FUJIWARA no Ietaka was included in 'Shin Kokin Wakashu' (there is no poem like this in the collection though) and it describes well the essence of Rikyu's tea ceremony, which denied superficial decoration and pursued substantial beauty. The poem goes like this: to the people who consider only flowers beautiful, I would like to show the grass in the snow which brings the spring.
- のみならず「日本の統治政策は同時代に欧米諸国の行った異民族統治とは異質で、善政である」「植民地という言葉は諸外国が異民族統治に対して行った悪政に使われる言葉である」という認識から、双方を一緒に植民地という言葉で形容することへの批判がある。
- Furthermore, there is criticism of using the word colony for both, based on the recognition that 'the Japanese governing policy was different from the rule of different ethnic groups by Western countries in the same era, and was good politics,' and 'colony is the word to express the misrule conducted by foreign countries to rule different ethnic groups.'
- 他方実定法とは立法機関のような人為的な存在によって作り出されてきた法律で、形而上的な普遍性を法源として採用せず、法とは一定の地域・時代の中でのみ有効であることを自覚する性質を持つもので、具体的には蓄積されてきた判例や慣習法、制定法を指す。
- On the other hand, positive law is a legislation created by aritificial existence such as a legislative organ which does not adopt metaphysical generality as a source of law and has a nature to understand the law to be effective only in a certain region and era and, in other words, it means accumulated court cases, customary law and statutes.
- 『吾妻鏡』1254年(建長6年)5月1日条の「人質の事(人間を質入すること)沙汰有り。・・・凡そ御制以後質人の事は、一向停止すべきの由と。此の如く申し沙汰すべきの旨、相州より問注所に仰せらると。勧湛・實綱・寂阿奉行たり」などはその例である。
- For example, according to the entry from 'Azuma Kagami' dated May 1, 1254, 'There is an announcement about taking hostages. … Taking hostages must be prohibited. This announcement has been sent from Soshu to Monchujo. 勧湛・實綱・寂阿奉行たり'
- 特に、古くからの地域における首長層を再編した郡司層の首長権への精神面での服従構造と、経営の安定性を欠く零細百姓層の経営維持を保証する出挙は、本来古代日本とは異質な社会である唐代中国社会を成立背景とした律令制が、日本で成立する上で重要であった。
- In particular, the structure of mental obedience to the chieftaincy of Gunji (local magistrates), who used to be the chiefs of village community since ancient times, as well as suiko (a kind of official loan system), which was supposed to guarantee the sustainable management of small-hold peasants, were quite important for maintaining the Ritsuryo system in Japan since this system was originally created in the context of Chinese society of the Tang Dynasty, a quite different society from that of Japan.
- 3つの形態に分かれた機構を共通にしようとすれば既に中央政府から派遣された官吏によって統治される形式が採られていた「府」・「県」とは違い、知藩事と藩士によって治められた「藩」の異質性・自主性が「三治一致」の最大の障害となることは明らかであった。
- In unifying three different systems, it was obvious that the different nature of 'han', which were governed by chihanji and hanshi unlike 'fu' and 'ken' that were governed by the government officials, became the biggest obstacle for 'sanchi-icchi'.
- 本当に薬効があったかは疑わしく、1948年(昭和23年)薬事法改正に伴う製造販売許可申請において、厚生省は「成分本質効能に関する客観性のある科学的調査研究がなされていない」として石田散薬に限らず、黒焼き全ての薬効を認めないという方針を示した。
- In 1948, in response to its manufacturing license application with the enforcement of amendments to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, the Ministry of Health and Welfare concluded that all charred medicines, including the Ishida Sanyaku, did not meet government criteria for efficacy, saying 'any clinical, scientific researches into their components, qualities and efficacy have not been carried out.'
- 鎌倉幕府がそれ以前の武家政権である平氏政権と最も異なる点は「問注所」(後に評定所)と呼ばれる訴訟受付機関を設置したことで、これまでは地所の支配権をめぐる争いは当事者同士の武力闘争に容易に発展していたものをこれにより実質的に禁止することになった。
- The most striking difference between the Kamakura bakufu and the prior warrior government run by the Taira clan was the bakufu's creation of what was called the Monjusho (hereafter referred to as the Hyojosho or 'Office of Arbitration'), an organization devoted to hearing and ruling on legal disputes over land ownership; until this office was founded, final authority to own land rested with the side whose military might was greatest and disputes were resolved in a simple way--through force--but the new office substantially reduced such bloody conflicts.
- だが、当時の江戸幕府は成立したばかりであり、国内最大の経済都市である堺市・大坂を幕府と敵対する豊臣氏が支配していた事や全国経済の把握が進んでいなかった事、更に悪質な私鋳銭も出回ったこともあって、全国的な流通には至らなかったものと考えられている。
- The Edo Shognate had in fact just been established at the time, and it seems that the Keicho Tsuho coins were not distributed nationwide because Osaka and Sakai, the most economically developed cities, had been ruled by the Toyotomi Clan, who had felt hostility against the Edo Shogunate; the national economy had not been fully understood; and private low quality coins had been distributed.
- 墳丘の築造にあたっては、盛り土部分を堅固にするため砂質土や粘性土を交互につき固める版築工法で築成されるものも多いこと、こうした工法は飛鳥時代や奈良時代に大規模な建物の基礎を固める工法として広く使用されていることが、修繕時の調査などで判明している。
- For construction of most tumulus, sandy soil and cohesive soil were alternately tamped down using method called the hanchiku method (a method of making the core of a podium), which was used to make the banking part harder, and according to surveys which were conducted during the repair of buildings of the Asuka and Nara periods, the method was generally used to develop a solid base of large buildings in ancient times.
- 1962年、水質審議会に渡良瀬川専門部会を設け、毛里田村期成同盟会会長が会長を辞職すれば、この会長を審議会委員に加えてよい、という内容の政治的な妥協がはかられたが、当初、毛里田村同盟会は同盟会の運動の分断を図ろうとするものだとして激しく抵抗した。
- In 1962, the government established Watarase-gawa River Committee in the Council of Water Quality and offered a compromise that they would accept the chairman of the Morita Village Association as a member of the official committee if he resigned as chairman of the association, however, at the beginning the members of the Morita Village Association strongly objected it thinking the government was trying to divide the local association.
- 諸国から設置都市に送られてきた和薬種及び都市を通過して他の地域に向かう薬種は全て会所にて検査を受けて薬種の真偽及びその品質を検査した後に検印(焼印もしくは紙札)を得ることが義務付けられた(対象となる薬種が大量の場合は、会所役人が出張して検査した)。
- All the domestic materials of medicines sent from various districts to the cities where the agency was set up, as well as those sent to other districts passing through the cities, were obligated to receive a seal of approval (a brand or paper tag) after being inspected at kaisho for their genuineness and quality (if the amount of the materials was large, visiting inspection was performed by officials of the kaisho.)
- 『万国公法』などの近代国際法は、世界中の主権国家が互いに平等であり(「諸国平行の権」)、それは国家間の様々な権利と義務に基づくのだという「理念」を東アジアに伝えたが、それは華夷秩序における中国の圧倒的な優位を当然とする秩序観とは異質なものであった。
- Modern international law including 'Bankoku Koho' brought a 'principle' to East Asia that all sovereign nations in the world are equal (Right to equality of nations) and the equality is based on wide variety of rights and duties between countries, but the thought is completely different from the point of view of Kaichitsujo, which admits China dynasty to maintain a 10-to-1 advantage.
- しかし実質的な内容が簒奪であっても表向きは「自主的に血縁関係が無い有徳の人物に君主の地位を譲る」禅譲と称されることがあり、これは前王朝から王位・帝位を獲得した方法について、肯定的ないし賞賛する立場からの表現であり、批判的な立場からは「簒奪」とされる。
- However, even when it was practically an usurpation, sometimes, it is officially referred as a peaceful transfer of power by 'giving the position of the monarch voluntarily to someone with virtue who are not related by blood ties' which is an expression from a favorable standpoint or in praise of the method to acquire the crown from the former dynasty and it is referred as 'usurpation' from a critical standpoint.
- 川浚え費用は、1772年(安永 (元号)元年)には、(1)家質差配所の冥加金910両(銀換算で54貫600目)、(2)十川築地代銀貸付利銀80貫596匁8分、(3)堀江上荷船船床銀64貫200匁、その内2貫目は船床銀の徴収料になるから62貫200目。
- In 1772, the expense of dredging came from the following three sources: (1) The license tax received from Kajichi Sahaisho: 910-ryo (in silver 54 kan [unit of volume, approx. 3.75 kg] and 600 monme [unit of volume, approx. 3.75 g]), (2) Togawa Tsuijidai-gin Kashitsuke Rigin (interest from the sales of the reclaimed land of Togawa) 80-kan 596-monme and 8-bu (unit of volume, approx. 0.375 g) in silver, (3) Horie Uenibune (freighters) Funadoko-gin 64-kan and 200 monme in silver, but 2 kan out of 64 kan and 200 monme, was Funadoko-gin (boat registration fee), so the net was 62 kan and 200 monme.
- 但し、現憲法の「公共の福祉」による制限も法律による人権の制限の一種であり、現在教育の現場で解説されるように「旧憲法のそれは非常に制限的であり、現憲法のそれは開放的である」とする程の本質的な差はないとする意見もある(但し、比較的な傾向としては肯定する)。
- However, limitations for the sake of the 'public welfare' defined by the current constitution could be also a kind of limitation of human rights, some people opposed to the common idea instructed at schools, 'the former constitution was too restrictive, but the current constitution was unlimited' and they thought there was not radical difference between two constitutions (but they approved the relative difference).
- このように家康は小判を基軸とする「両」の貨幣単位による通貨の全国統一を理想としたが、四進法の計算の煩雑性、実質を重視する観点などから秤量銀貨を使用する商人の力は依然として強大で権力で抑えるまでには至らず、既存の体系を其のまま踏襲する形となったとされる。
- Like that, Ieyasu's ideal was the unification of the currency of the whole country using currency unit'Ryo' based on Koban, however, he was forced to follow the existing system due to cumbersome calculation of quaternary and powerful merchants who used a silver-by-weight standard for real value reasons who couldn't be supressed by authority.
- 元禄8年(1695年)9月に貨幣吹替え(改鋳)が行われ、品位が低下した元禄丁銀が発行された際、この吹替えのことを朝鮮側に伝えず、対価支払い用には依然良質な慶長銀を確保して支払いに充てていたが、やがて慶長丁銀の確保が困難となり、一旦人参貿易が打ち切られた。
- When reminting of currency was done and Genroku Chogin with low silver content was issued in October 1695, the Tsushima Domain did not inform Korea of this reminting and continued to pay for Korean ginseng with Keicho Chogin with good quality; however, it gradually became difficult for the Tsushima Domain to secure Keicho Chogin, so the trade of Korean ginseng was terminated.
- ただ、意外性の強いお触れであったために江戸の人々は次々に裏をかいておちょくり、そのため幕府側も次々に詳細なお触れで対抗するという、ある意味で不幸なループに陥り、そのため、実質をはるかに上回る「面白い話」として後世に伝えられてしまったのではないか、という。
- However, as the contents of the law were surprising, people in Edo made fun of them, to which the Shogunate responded by issuing further detailed instructions in succession, entering a viscous circle which lead to future generations hearing of them as 'curious tales' which differed greatly from the reality.
- 商品の質(消費期限 / 賞味期限の長短)によっても行商範囲は異なり、取れたその日に消費される必要のある生鮮食品は都市周辺部や都市内部で採れたり作られた食品を運んで売り歩くが、より長期間の保存ができる物品などでは都市から都市へと渡り歩くような業態も存在する。
- The area for peddling differs depending on the type of products (length of expiry period or best-before period), which means some types of fresh food required to be eaten on the day they are gathered are often sold in peripheral areas and urban areas, but products which can be stored for long periods are sometimes sold by peddlers moving from city to city.
- 1924年 埴原正直駐米大使の書簡により連邦議会が排日に傾き、5月の合衆国移民法1924 (排日移民法)成立により、正式には7月1日以降、実質的には6月24日、移民船「シベリア丸」でサンフランシスコ港に到着した移民を最後に日本人の移民が全面的に禁止される。
- In 1924, due to the letter from Masanao HANIHARA, the U.S. Congress took on a hostile attitude toward Japanese, and the Immigration Act, 1924 (Japanese Exclusion Act) passed in May, and officially after July 1st, though in reality from June 24th onwards, Japanese immigration was totally banned and those who arrived in San Francisco Harbor on the 'Siberia' were the last Japanese immigrants to the U.S.
- 慶長19年(1614年)(設立時期は諸説あり確定的でない)に長崎市芊(すすき)原、後に大村町、島原町北入込に設立された銀座は、主に銀の海外への不正持ち出しの監視、良質灰吹銀輸出の防止の役割を果たし、京の銀座より銀見役および銀座手代が一年毎に交代派遣された。
- Nagasaki-ginza reportedly established in 1614 (exact date unknown) in Susukihara in Nagasaki City and later in Omuracho, Shimabaracho and Kitairikomi operated chiefly to prevent illegal export of silver and prevent outflow of quality cupellated silver and was staffed by a silver inspector or ginza assistant manager dispatched alternately for one-year assignments.
- そのため、時期によって差異はあるものの、その性質上当然に施行されるべき法律は別として、台湾統治のために設置された台湾総督府の長たる台湾総督が発する命令 (法律)(律令)という形で立法権を委任する(委任が包括的であったため、憲法違反ではないかという議論が起きた。
- Therefore, although some variations were observed depending on the period, the government delegated the legislative power to the governor-general of Taiwan Sotokufu, which was founded for the administration of Taiwan, by granting authority to issue orders (laws or ordinances) with the exception of the laws that should be enforced in Taiwan for its nature (The delegation was comprehensive, so some people argued that it might be against the Constitution).
- こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
- To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.
- 講和内容は豊臣家側の条件として、本丸を残して二の丸、三の丸を破壊し、外堀を埋める事、淀殿を人質としない替わりに大野治長、織田有楽斎より人質を出す事が提出され、これに対し徳川家が、秀頼の身の安全と本領の安堵、城中諸士についての不問を約すことで、和議は成立している。
- The establlished compromise included the following contents; the Toyotomi side should destroy Ninomau (the second bailey) and Sannomaru (the third bailey), leave Honmaru as it was, fill up the outer moat of the castle and, instead of Yodo-dono, Harunaga ONO and Urakusai ODA should offer hostages: the Tokugawa side should guarantee the safety of Hideyori and approval of his main domain and overlook soldiers in the castle.
- 歌合に歌を詠進することになった小式部内侍に、四条中納言(藤原定頼)が「丹後のお母さん(和泉式部は当時、夫の任国である丹後に下っていた)の所に、代作を頼む使者は出しましたか。使者は帰って来ましたか」などと意地の悪い質問をしたのに対し、その場で詠んだ歌とされている。
- When she was to present a poem, Shijo Chunagon (vice-councilor of state - FUJIWARA no Sadayori) asked her maliciously 'if she had already sent a messenger to her mother in Tango (Izumi Shikibu lived in Tango, where her husband was working) in order to ask her to compose a poem instead, and if the messenger had already come back yet,' so it is said that she composed a poem on the spot.
- 1871年(明治4年)7月14日、実質的な最終決済をする参議内閣に薩長土肥一人ずつの参議を供給することとなったため(参議に推された順番で、長州:木戸孝允、薩摩:西郷隆盛、肥前:大隈重信、土佐:板垣退助)、これ以降、薩長土肥出身者が参議の大部分を占めることになった。
- Because on July 14, 1871 it was decided that each domain in the Satchodohi should supply one Sangi (councilor) to the Sangi cabinet, which effectively had the final say of constitutional matters (according to the order in which they were recommended, the members of the Sangi cabinet were Kogoro KATSURA from Choshu, Takamori SAIGO from Satsuma, Shigenobu OKUMA from Hizen, and Taisuke ITAGAKI from Tosa); thereafter, a majority of the Sangi cabinet was made up of people from the Satchodohi.
- その後、光圀は父徳川頼房の死去により家督を相続し、公務が多忙となったため事業からは遠ざかっていたが、幕府では寛文2年(1662年)に林鵞峰に命じて編年体の史書『本朝通鑑』の編纂を開始しており、光圀は林鵞峰を藩邸に招いて面談し、編纂方針や正統問題について質問している。
- Then, Mitsukuni succeeded to the family after his father, TOKUGAWA Yorifusa, died and became busy with official duties, so that he stayed away from the enterprise, but the government ordered HAYASHI Gaho to compile a chronicle of Japan, 'Honchotsukan' and Mitsukuni asked HAYASHI Gaho about compiling policy and legitimacy, in person.
- 2004年(平成16年)9月から東京文化財研究所が、蛍光X線分析法や高精細デジタル画像解析などの最新技術で化学的分析を行っており、顔料には純度の高い品質のよい物(おそらくは輸入品)が使用されている事や、人物や炎については下書きがなく一気に描かれたことなどが判明した。
- The National Research Institute for Cultural Properties has been using the most modern techniques such as X-ray florescent analysis and high resolution digital image analysis to conduct scientific analyses of the scroll since September 2004 and has found that a very pure and high quality paint (most possibly imported from abroad) was used and that there are no outline sketches for the people and flames which means that they were drawn in one go.
- 唐田令では、官人永業田および賜田は無制限に売買・貼賃(ちようちん)(質入れあるいは賃貸のこと)の自由を有し、庶人の永業田は特別の場合には売買を許され、口分田(くぶんでん)は原則としては売買を禁じ、例外的にこれを許し、諸田地の貼賃なども、原則的に禁止されるにとどまった。
- Under toden law, kanjin-eigyo-den (hereditary field of officials) and farmland given by the Emperor, could be bought, sold, pledged, or rented without any limits, selling and buying of hereditary fields of commoners were permitted under special circumstances, selling and buying rights for farmland equally given to common people was forbidden in principle and allowed only in exceptional circumstances, and pledging or renting of various farmlands was forbidden in principle.
- また元の侵攻は阻止したものの、今までの幕府の戦争と違い全くの外国が相手であったため、この戦いによって実質的に獲得したものは何も無く、そのため出征した武士(御家人)への恩賞の支払いが少なかったこともあって、「いざ鎌倉」といった幕府と御家人との信頼関係を損ねる結果となる。
- And although the bakufu managed to fend off the Mongol invasions, these two battles were unlike any previous conflicts in that the enemy was from a genuinely foreign country, meaning that no land to speak of had been confiscated and thus that there was very little with which to reward the warriors (gokenin) who had fought to repulse the invaders, which led to a souring of the relationship between the bakufu and its gokenin, who had faithfully responded to the bakufu's emergency summons.
- また、周辺の工場は地下水をくみ上げ、さらに汚染水地下水浸透禁止の水質汚濁防止法が改正されるまでは、汚染水を意識的に地下に浸透していた工場も多く、琵琶湖周辺の工場地帯の地下水汚染は進んでおり、世界一の閉鎖性水域の琵琶湖の水環境を守るために、早急の対策が必要と言われている。
- Because factories around Lake Biwa pumped the water out of the ground, and many of them dumped effluents deliberately until the Water Pollution Control Law was amended to prevent them from discharging effluents into the ground, the contamination of underground water in the factory area near the lake has worsened, and some people have strongly urged quick action in order to protect the water in what is the world's most enclosed watershed area.
- 秤量銀貨が商人に広く受け入れられたのは、秤量により実質価値を定めることの合理性、「貫」、「匁」、「分(ふん)」を単位とする十進法の計算の利便性、また馬蹄銀などの銀錠(銀挺、灰吹銀と呼ばれる銀塊)を高額取引用通貨の中心とする中国との取引が盛んであったことなどが挙げられる。
- The reason that silver by weight standard was widely accepted by merchants are as follows; 1. Rationality where value is defined by standard 2. Convenience where calculation is made by decimal method by the unit of 'kan','monme' and 'fun'(unit of weight) 3. Trade with China, where ginjo (silver mass called by gincho and cupellated silver) such as batei-gin was the main currency for trading by high price, was frequently conducted.
- 茣蓙目の細かいものは前期、粗目で均質な製作となった元禄小判に類似するものは明暦の大火以降に鋳造されたと推定され後期鋳とされるが、約95年に亘る発行とはいえ初期に多量に鋳造され、その後産金の減少に伴い鋳造が衰退したと推定されることもあり、現実に後期のほうが現存数は少ない。
- Keicho Kobans with fine straw matt mark were casted in the early period and the ones made coarsely and uniformly resembling Genroku Koban (oval coin) were thought to be cast in the late period, after the Great Fire of Meireki, and during about 95 years of issuance of Keicho Koban, it was presumed that it was cast in large number in the eary period, but became less in the late period according to the declining volume of gold production, and actually now more Keicho Koban in the late period remain.
- これは本来質量単位としての一両の目方の砂金と言う意味であったが、鎌倉時代には金一両は五匁、銀一両は4.3匁と変化し、文明 (日本)16年(1484年)、室町幕府により京目(きょうめ)金一両は4.5匁(約16.8グラム)と公定され、それ以外のものは田舎目(いなかめ)とされた。
- This meant gold dust in weight of 1 ryo which was originally a mass unit, but in the Kamakura period kin 1 ryo was 5 monme and gin (silver) 1 ryo was 4.3 monme and in 1484 the Muromachi bakufu determined Kyome kin 1ryo as 4.5 monme (about 16.8 gram) and the others as inakame (unit of measure in old Japan).
- 1932年のコミンテルンテーゼ(いわゆる32年テーゼ)は、共産主義革命を日本で行うため日本の君主制をロシア帝国の絶対君主制であるツァーリズムになぞらえて「天皇制」と表記し、天皇制と封建階級(寄生地主)・ブルジョワジー(独占資本)との結合が日本の権力機構の本質であると規定した。
- Comintern These of 1932 (so-called these of 32) likened the Japanese monarchism to the tsarism of Russia which was the absolute monarchy and rendered the Japanese monarchism as 'Tennosei' (Emperor System) and defined that the combination of the Emperor system, parasitic landowners (privileged people under the feudal system) and bourgeoisie (monopolistic capitalists) is the essence of the Japanese power mechanism.
- 2001年にアジアの黄砂発生源を3つに区分(中国西部・中国北部・黄土高原)して行われた黄砂の成分分析では、質量が多い順にケイ素が24 - 30%、カルシウムが7 - 12%、アルミニウムが7%、鉄が4 - 6%、カリウムが2 - 3%、マグネシウムが1 - 3%ほどを占めた。
- According to component analyses of kosa conducted in 2001 at the three typical kosa source places (the western area of China, the northern area of China and the Loess Plateau) in Asia, the kosa included, in the larger mass order, silicon (24 to 30 percent), calcium (7 to 12 percent), aluminum (7 percent), iron (4 to 6 percent), potassium (2 to 3 percent) and magnesium (1 to 3percent).
- 田口掬汀は、海老瀬村の鉱毒被害者向けの診療所の医師に聞いた話として、忙しくて統計はとっていないが、ひと月に2300名を越える患者を診断し、うち半数が眼病であったが、これは地質が及ぼす結果だろうとこの医師は推測していることを佐藤儀助編『亡国の縮図』(1902年)で紹介している。
- In 'Bokoku no Shukuzu' (The Epitome of the Perishing Nation) (1902) compiled by Gisuke SATO, Kikutei TAGUCHI refered to a doctor's story; the doctor had been working at a clinic for the victims of the mining pollution in Ebise Village, and although he had not taken statistics because he was very busy, he treated over 2,300 patients in a month and a half of them suffered from eye diseases, and he estimated they were caused by some qualities of the lands.
- これまで酒屋たちは基本的に、幕府からどのような政策が下っても自分の商売に実質的な損をきたさないように、酒造株高と酒造米高の格差をうまく利用し、あらかじめ求められた数値を水増し申告しておくなどして対処してきたが、この十分の一役米に対しては今までの「商人マジック」が使えなかった。
- Until then, breweries had basically taken advantage of the difference between shuzokabu amount and the amount of rice for brewing sake to deal with any policies made by the bakufu, such as by overstating the required value in advance, so that their business would not suffer a loss, but 'the merchants' magic' they had used could not work on the obligatory supply of the one-tenth amount of rice for sake brewing.
- この案をほぼそのまま継承した「戸籍編成例目」が翌明治3年(1870年)3月に正式に大蔵省から太政官に提出されたが、戸籍を大蔵民部省(当時、大蔵省と民部省が実質統合されていたことから付けられた俗称)が行うことに東京府知事大木喬任を始めとして地方官が反対したことから実現しなかった。
- Following this proposal as it almost was, 'Koseki hensei rei moku (family register formation illustration list)' was presented officially by Okurasho (Ministry of Treasury) for Dajokan in March of the next year (1870), but it did not materialized because chihokan (local officials) led by Takato OKI, the Governor of Tokyo Prefecture, who opposed for Okura-Minbusho (commonly called due to the fact that Okurasho and Minbusho were virtually unified) to deal with the family register
- 足利義満の死後には天皇が家門安堵の権限を回復するようになるが、その一方で軍事力を持たない公家社会においては室町幕府や守護大名の軍事力に依存しなければ家領の保全が不可能であったために、天皇が家門そのものを安堵し、将軍が家領の実質面での安堵を行うという共同体制が長く続くことになった。
- After his death, the emperors regained the authority to approve families, but since there was no military force in the court nobles' society it was impossible to maintain family estates without depending on the military force of the Muromachi bakufu or the Shugo (Military Governor) Daimyo; thus the cooperative system in which emperors approved of the names of families and shoguns literally approved of family estates continued for a long time.
- ただし、神功皇后や倭姫命などの例があるように古代の女性皇族で巫女的な資質をもっていた人がいてもまったく不思議ではないが、記紀をみる限り、飯豊女王について巫女的な要素が直接うかがわれるような記述があるわけではなく、あまり巫女的な面を強調しすぎることには慎重であるべきとする説もある。
- However, it is not strange that there existed people who had a miko-type character in ancient female Imperial families like Empress Jingu or Yamato hime no mikoto and so on, but in 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan' there is no description which suggests that Iitoyo no himemiko had a miko-type character and some theories say that you should be careful to emphasize her miko aspect too much.
- 李氏朝鮮との国交問題が暗礁に乗り上げている中、朝鮮の宗主国である清との国交締結を優先にすべきとの考えから1870年7月27日(明治3年6月29日 (旧暦))柳原前光・花房義質を派遣して予備交渉を行い、次いで正規の大使として伊達が送られ、副使となった柳原とともに詰めの交渉を行った。
- While the issue on the diplomatic relations with Joseon Dynasty was stranded on a reef, Japan considered that the diplomatic relations with Qing which was a suzerain power of Korea should be concluded in priority to that, therefore, Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA and Yoshimoto HANABUSA were sent for the preliminary negotiations on July 27, 1870, followed by Date, a legitimate commander-in-chief, who led the negotiations to the final conclusions along with above mentioned Yanagiwara who had been appointed as a vice commander prior to it.
- 幕末は、徳川宗家の当主が征夷大将軍職に就き、幕府の主宰者として君臨する幕藩体制が変質し、崩壊していく過程であり、また、鎖国すなわち海禁政策を抛棄して開港し、外国との通商貿易の開始によって日本が世界的な資本主義市場経済に組み込まれ、社会そのもののあり方が劇的に変化していく過程でもある。
- The bakumatsu can be described as the period in which the feudal system characteristic of the shogunage by the head of the Tokugawa family collapsed, or the period in which the social structure dramatically changed as the country abolished the long-held closed-door policy and started trading with foreign countries, eventually becoming a member of the global capitalist market economy.
- 「三職推任問題」は、本能寺の変の直前の出来事であり、その性質上、信長が即答可能な問題ではないこと、京への立ち寄りの理由の1つは、それへの返答にあったと考えられることは、上記根拠への疑問を投げかける(信長が返答することを阻止するためにこの日程で本能寺を襲ったと解する事は可能ではある)。
- The facts that 'sanshokusuininmondai' occurred immediately before Honnoji Incident and from its nature, it was not a matter for which Nobunaga could answer instantly and it seems that the purpose of making stopover at Kyoto was to give his answer raise a doubt with respect to the above-described grounds (It is possible to interpret that Mitsuhide attacked the Honno-ji Temple in order to prevent Nobunaga from giving an answer).
- 侍従職と東宮職はそれぞれ天皇一家、皇太子一家の側近奉仕という特質上、皇位継承があった場合、東宮職の職員は即位した天皇皇后について侍従職に移り、逆にもとにいた侍従職のほとんどの職員が、大行天皇の皇后であった皇太后の側近奉仕をする皇太后宮職に移るか、新皇太子の側近奉仕をする東宮職に移る。
- The Board of Chamberlains and Togu-shiki (the Board of the Crown Prince's Affairs) serve specifically as aides for Emperor family and the Crown Prince family respectively, so if the Crown Prince succeeds to the throne, all Togu-shiki move to the Board of Chamberlains with the new Emperor and Empress and most of the former Board of Chamberlains staff move either to serve for the Empress Dowager who was the Empress of Taiko-Tenno (the departed emperor) or to become Togu-shiki to serve new Crown Prince.
- この座は豊臣秀吉が死去して以後長く空位で、江戸時代に入ってからは基熈が実質上初めての就任(実際には徳川家康・徳川秀忠父子が就任しているが、ともに実際の朝廷の政務に当たった事は無い)であり、東山上皇・徳川家宣双方からともに厚い信頼を受けていた基熈であったからこそ可能となった就任といえる。
- This rank was vacant for a long time after the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Motohiro was the first to be inaugurated to the position during the Edo period (Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Hidetada TOKUGAWA were actually assigned to this position but did not participate in the imperial court government), and Motohiro, who had deep trust from both the Emperor Higashiyama and Ienobu TOKUGAWA, was inaugurated to the position.
- これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである(ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している)。
- Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)
- 聖武天皇の出家(神⇒仏)、孝謙太上天皇の再即位(仏⇒神)など神仏混交が進み天皇の地位が変質するなか、孝謙天皇(称徳天皇)の看病禅師として宮中に入り、寵愛されるようになっていた道鏡は、天皇に準ずる法王に即位し、家政機関も設置されるなど事実上の女帝との共同統治者となり仏教事業や神祇を司った。
- While Shinto and Buddhist deities progressed to commingle and the position of the Emperor was transformed, with the entry of Emperor Shomu into priesthood (God to Buddha) and the re-enthronement of the Retired Empress Koken (Buddha to God), Dokyo, who entered the imperial court as a nursing-dhyana-priest for Empress Koken (Empress Shotoku) and had been favored by her, was enthroned as the Priest Emperor, acting correspondingly with the Emperor, and he became the de-facto co-governor with the Empress, in charge of the management Buddhism business and religious ceremonies for gods of heaven and earth.
- この本文は、現在確認されている限りで最も古い時代に記された『源氏物語』の本文ということになるが、「絵巻の詞書」というその性質上もともとの本文の要約である可能性などもあるため本来の『源氏物語』本文をどの程度忠実に写し取っているのか解らないとして本文研究の資料としては使用できないとされている。
- This text is the oldest among the existent texts of 'The Tale of Genji,' but it could be a summary of the work considering the fact that it was 'Kotobagaki of Emaki'; therefore, it is doubtful that the text is true to the original 'The Tale of Genji,' and it is considered unsuitable for the material of the text study.
- 家康の嫡男松平信康は織田信長の命で切腹させられており、次男の結城秀康は豊臣秀吉(後に結城晴朝)の養子に出したため、後継は早くから三男の徳川秀忠に定めていたが、関ヶ原の戦いでの遅参など、資質に疑問を持った家康が四男松平忠吉も含め、功臣たちに後継者は誰が良いかを尋ねたという逸話が伝わっている。
- Ieyasu's eldest legitimate son Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA killed himself by order of Nobunaga ODA, and the second son Hideyasu YUKI was adopted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (and later by Harutomo YUKI), so the third son Hidetada TOKUGAWA was determined early on as his successor, but there was an episode that Ieyasu had a question about Hidetada's capability because he arrived late in the Battle of Sekigahara, and Ieyasu asked his vassals, including the fourth son Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA, who was the appropriate successor.
- この偽物説は、過去いくつかの書籍で取り上げられていたが、丹波味土野には、口伝として光秀の母堂を隠しその身を守ってきたとする伝承があり、これに信をおくとすれば、長年の恨み説の中で八上城に関する部分は人質である叔母の犠牲は伴うものの、本能寺の変の原因の主因としては考慮からはずしてもよいことになる。
- Though this idea has been picked up by several books, it has been transmitted orally that Mitsuhide's mother was held and protected in Tamba Midono, and if we believe this, this theory can be discounted as a major cause of Honno-ji no Hen, though Mitsuhide sacrificed his aunt as a hostage.
- 室町幕府や戦国大名なども市場や道路などのいわゆる「アジール」的な場所での質取行為は禁止したものの、前述の地縁に関する認識の存在と慣習法としての一般認識の存在、他に債務者に対して債務返済への心理的圧力としてある程度までは有効性があったことから、規制は行われても禁止にまで踏み切った法は存在しなかった。
- While the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) banned Shichitorikoi in so-called sanctuary-like places such as markets and streets, there were only restrictions and was no law to ban the actions because Shichitorikoi was effective as the existence of the above-mentioned cognition of the group responsibility in a local community and the general cognition as a common law and mental pressure on the debtor to pay for his or her debt.
- 西郷は2月12日に東海道先鋒軍の薩摩諸隊差引(司令官)、14日に東征大総督府下参謀(参謀は公家が任命され、下参謀が実質上の参謀)に任じられると、独断で先鋒軍(薩軍一番小隊隊長中村半次郎・二番小隊隊長村田新八・三番小隊隊長篠原国幹らが中心)を率いて先発し、2月28日には東海道の要衝箱根町を占領した。
- Saigo was appointed the Satsuma group's Sashihiki commander of the Tokaido spearhead army on February 12th, and he was appointed the Shimo-sanbo staff of Tosei-daitokufu (Kuge was the appointed staff officer, the office of shimo-sanbo was the actual staff officer), then left first with the spearhead army (Hanjiro NAKAMURA, who was the Ichiban-shotai Taicho (commander of the first platoon), Shinpachi MURATA, who was the Niban-shotai Taicho (commander of the second platoon), and Kunimoto SHINOHARA, who was the Sanban-shotai Taicho (commander of the third platoon), and they occupied an important part of the Hakone Town of Tokaido.
- 大日本帝国憲法、衆議院議員選挙法が公布された翌日(1889年(明治22年)2月12日)、黒田は鹿鳴館で開催された午餐会の席上において「超然主義演説」を行って政党との徹底対決の姿勢を示したが、その一方で立憲改進党前総裁(実質は党首)で外務大臣 (日本)の大隈重信を留任させて条約改正の任にあたらせた。
- The day after the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the election law of the members of the House of Representatives were issued (February 12, 1889), KURODA made the speech called 'speech of the doctrine of superiority' in order to show his attitude to cope with the political parties to the bottom in the luncheon held at Rokumeikan, and on the other hand, he had Shigenobu OKUMA, who was also the former president of the Constitutional Progressive Party, stay in the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) to assign the mission to revise the treaty.
- 古代(奈良時代、平安時代)から中世前期(鎌倉時代)における日本では、天皇を中心とした政治体制が維持されており、国家における天皇が政治を行っていた政府(御所)のことを意味することが多い(ただし、皇位から離れた天皇(太上天皇)が実質の政務を行う院政も「天皇家の当主」を中心としていることでは差異はほとんどない)。
- In Japan, from the ancient times (the Nara Period, the Heian Period) to the early Middle Ages (the Kamakura Period), the political system centered on an emperor was kept, and the Imperial court often means the government (gosho, or the Imperial Palace) in which an emperor carried out politics (however, the Imperial court was similar to Cloister government in wich Daijo Tenno, a retired Emperor, carried out politics).
- その一方で、近年では宇多天皇が醍醐天皇に譲位して法皇となった後に天皇の病気に伴って実質上の院政を行っていた事が明らかになった事や、円融天皇が退位後に息子の一条天皇が皇位を継ぐと政務を見ようとしたために外祖父である摂政藤原兼家と対立していたという説もあり、院政の嚆矢を後三条天皇よりも以前に見る説が有力となっている。
- On the other hand, the view that insei started before the reign of Emperor Gosanjo has become more prevalent in recent years, since it is increasingly apparent that Emperor Uda conducted virtual insei after he abdicated to Emperor Daigo to become Hoo (法皇) as the result of the new Emperor's illness, and based on the view that Emperor Enyu was opposed to Kaneie FUJIWARA, a regent and his maternal grandfather, since Enyu tried to participate in political affairs after his abdication and succession of the throne by his son, Emperor Ichijo.
- 例えば、波多野秀治の件は現在では城内の内紛による落城と考えられており、光秀の母を人質とする必要性は考えられないとされている)、織田信長・豊臣秀吉を英雄とした明治以来の政治動向に配慮し、学問的な論理展開を放棄してきたことが挙げられる(ただし、ルイス・フロイスの記述など、明らかに同時代の資料も存在しない訳ではない)。
- for example, the incident with Hideharu HATANO is now considered to have been a surrender due to internal strife, which does not require Mituhide's mother for a hostage), and academic rationality was put aside in favor of government policy starting in the Meiji Period, when Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI were honored as heroes (although there are some materials from, such as Luis Frois's writings).
- そして明治政府もまた、明治元年4月から翌年2月にかけて幕府から接収した金座_(歴史)・銀座_(歴史)において、質の劣る金貨を約381万両、銀貨を約224万両、合計約605万両を鋳造した(これは一応政府が発行した公式通貨であるが、政府自らが規定した貨幣としての基準を満たしていないという点では贋貨となんら変わりがない)。
- The Meiji Government took over the kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) and the gin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) from Shogunate, also coined around 3.81 million ryo low quality gold coins, around 2.24 million ryo silver coins, for a total amount of around 6.05 million ryo from April 1868 to the February of next year (this was more or less, the official currency issued by the government, but from the point of view that it didn't meet the monetary standard defined by the government itself, it was not much different from counterfeits).
- 例えば、恋人として付き合った結果としてお互いの長所も短所も好ましい性質と感じて結婚に至ったり、どうも所定の上司の前で緊張してしまって良い結果が出せず叱られてばかりだとか、所定の部下に対してだけ態度に不満があって強く注意してしまいがちだとか、あるいはあの同僚とは一緒に話していても楽しくないが、別の同僚とは話が弾む...などである。
- For example, as a result of getting to know each other as lovers, two people consider themselves compatible by taking into account both the good and bad qualities in each other and decide to get married; or one always gets nervous in front of a certain boss, and because of it, cannot bring a good result and gets scolded all the time; or one cannot help reprimanding a certain subordinate because of his/her attitude; or one always has great conversations with a certain co-worker, but not with another.
- しかし、仮にそうであった場合でも、律令的氏姓制度が形骸化するに連れて、氏(ウヂ)と姓(カバネ)とが世襲化により一体化され、その構成員もいたずらに増え過ぎてしまったため、のちにヤマト王権(天武天皇)自身が八色の姓(やくさのかばね)によって全く新たな官位制度と連動させつつ氏姓の制(うじかばねのせい)を実質的に無意味化せざるを得なかった。
- However, even if it was the case, Emperor Tenmu (Yamato sovereignty) had to create the Yakusa no Kabane system which resulted in the dysfunction of the original kabane system since the kabane were given to too many people, and uji and kabane became integrated through heredity as the system of clans and hereditary titles based on a ritsuryo legal code remained simply as a form.
- 当初は巨済島または鬱陵島の割譲を要求していたが、軍艦4隻と寺内正毅大隊長が率いる兵1500人が到着する6日前に、既に清国が反乱を鎮圧し、主導権を握っていたことと、アメリカ合衆国が軍艦を派遣し威圧をかけてきた事から交渉担当の花房義質李氏朝鮮公使は方針を変更させ、馬建忠(在朝清軍の隊長李鴻章の外交秘書)の仲介を経て上記の内容に落ち着いた。
- At first, Japan was demanding the cession of Geoje Island or Utsuryo Island, however, six days before the arrival of four warships and 1,500 soldiers led by Daitaicho (Battalion Chief) Masatake TERAUCHI, Qing had already subdued the rebellion and taken the initiative, and the United States of America had dispatched warships to put pressure on Japan, both of which led Yoshimoto HANABUSA, the Japanese Minister to Yi Dynasty Korea who was in charge of the negotiation, to change the original demands to the ones stipulated in the treaty, mediated by Jianzhong MA (a diplomatic secretary to Hung Chang LI, the captain of the army of Qing).
- 陸奥国では古くから砂金が産出し、質量に応じて取引に使用されていたが、やがてこれを鎔融して極印を打った練金(ねりきん)あるいは竹流金(たけながしきん)としたものが用いられるようになり、さらに内部まで金でできていることを証明するため、板状に打ち延ばした蛭藻金(ひるもきん)などの判金が製作されるようになり、当初これらは秤量貨幣として通用した。
- The sakin (gold dust) which had been produced in Mutsu Province from time immemorial was used for transactions on the basis of quality and quantity; and in the course of time, nerikin (agglutinate gold) made of dissolved sakin with a hallmark put on or takenagashikin (gold agglomeration made by putting dissolved sakin into a bamboo cylinder) began to be used, and furthermore bankin (gold coins) such as hirumokin (gold plate like a leaf of hirumo [a plant which grows on the sea sand]) which were made by beating gold blocks into the form of plates began to be made, and at first they were circulated as Hyodo kahei (currency valued by weight).
- だが、銅銭を多く保有して多額の取引を行う大商人には実質上の資産価値の増大に繋がる一方、短陌を外してしまうと銅銭本来の公定価値に戻ってしまう(宋代の公定価値を元にすると、短陌を外した銅銭を全て合わせても77枚分の価値しか有しないために、23枚分の損となる)ために、日常生活において小額の取引がほとんどである庶民にとっては大変不利な制度でもあった。
- However, while it led to the increase in property value of merchant princes who owned a lot of copper coins and carried out trading, it was a very unfavorable system for ordinary people whose trading was mostly with a small amount of money in daily life because if tanhaku wasn't adopted, the value returned to the primary official value of the copper coin (if it was calculated based on the official value in the age of Sung, the total value of coppers without tanhaku would be just the value of 77 coins, thus it resulted in a loss of 23 coins).
- 元寇での戦役や異国警護の負担から没落した無足御家人の借入地や沽却地を無償で取り戻すことが目的と理解されてきたが、現在ではむしろ御家人所領の質入れ、売買の禁止、つまり3ヶ条の(2-a)所領処分権の抑圧が主であり、(2-b)はその前提として失った所領を回復させておくといった二次的な措置であり、それによる幕府の基盤御家人体制の維持に力点があったと理解されている。
- It used to be understood that the purpose of the policy was to repossess, without compensation, the lands sold due to drying up and the lands lent to musoku gokenin (vassal without territory) who got impoverished due to the military campaign at the time of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan and the burden of guarding against the invasion by foreign countries, but it is now understood that the main purpose was rather to prohibit pawnage and trading of shoryo by Gokenin, which means the depression of right to dispose of shoryo as specified in 2-a among the three Articles, and 2-b was a secondary measure to have the lost shoryo returned to Gokenin as the premise of implementing 2-a, all of which seem to put weight on maintaining the Gokenin system which was the foundation of bakufu.
- その傍証として、ワケ号を負う履中・反正とは根本的に異質な名であることや、この2天皇から病気を理由に愚か者として軽蔑されていて、即位が円滑に行われなかったという所伝、当時の有力豪族たる蘇我・葛城氏の系譜に、武内宿禰の子として若子宿禰という人物の存在が伝えられ、時代が重なること、さらには、倭王済(允恭)と倭王珍(反正に比定される)の血縁関係を記さない『宋書』の問題などが挙げられる。
- Collateral evidences for that include: a fact that his name is fundamentally different from those of Richu and Hanzei which bear the title of wake (which means 'coming into being'); a legend that he was despised by these two Emperors as a fool because of his illness and his accession to the throne did not proceed smoothly; a story told in genealogies of Soga and Katsuragi clans which were the influential Gozoku of the time that there was reportedly a person known as WAKUGO no Sukune who was a son of TAKENOUCHI no Sukune at a period which overlaps that of Ingyo; and a problem in the 'So-jo' (the Book of Song) that it does not describe any blood relationship between King Sai of Wa (Ingyo) and King Chin of Wa (identified with Hanzei).
- 中には会社組織として営業無尽をするものが多く現れるようになったものの、これらの事業者には脆弱な経営、詐欺的経営や利用者に不利な契約をさせる者も多かったが、当時は、これを規制する法令がなかったため、業界団体無尽集会所などを中心に規制する法律の制定が求められるようになり、1915年に旧・無尽業法が制定され、免許制となり、悪質業者は排除されていった(注:現在の「無尽業法」は1931年に改めて制定)。
- Though many Mujin dealers operated as a company organization and they often had fragile or fraudulent management or concluded contracts unfavorable to users, there was no law to regulate them in those days, therefore, enactment of a regulation law was demanded mainly by industrial groups, Mujin meeting places, and others, and thereby the old Mutual Loan Business Act was enacted in 1915 to make it a licensing system (note: the current 'Mutual Loan Business Act' was newly enacted in 1931).
- 17世紀前半はソーマ銀(佐摩、石見国)、ナギト銀(長門国)、セダ銀(佐渡国)およびタジマ銀(但馬国)等といわれる灰吹銀が多量に輸出され、幕府は慶長14年(1609年)令で良質の灰吹銀の輸出を原則禁止とし、決済は慶長丁銀で行うよう定め、その一方で不正な灰吹銀の密輸出が横行し、丁銀および灰吹銀の輸出高の比率は不明であるものの、当時世界有数の産出高を誇った石州銀などは、その多くが慶長銀に鋳造されて輸出されたことになる。
- In the first half of 17th century, a large amount of cupellated silver such as soma silver (Sama, iwami Province), nagito silver (Nagato Province), seda silver (Sado Province) and tajima silver (Tajima Province) was exported, and bakufu, in principle, prohibited export of good quality cupellated silver by the Order of 1609 and decided that settlement was made by keicho-chogin whereas although ratio of export of cho-gin and cupellated silver was unknown by frequent illegal export of cupellated silver, many of ishu-gin that had been proud of producing largest amount in the world was minted to keicho-gin and then exported.
- 理由はこの両名が武田勝頼と内通していたという訴えが五徳姫より信長にもたらされたためであるが、当時、もはや盟友とは名ばかりであり、実質的に織田を盟主とする従属国であった家康には信長の要求を拒否し、同盟を破棄して戦うだけの実力も無かったため、家康は要求に従って信康と築山殿を処刑するしかなかったと言われている(もっとも、この時期信康と家康、厳密に言えば家康家臣団との対立が激しくなっており、信康粛清は信長の要求ではないとする説が近年では有力視されている)。
- That's because Gotokuhime (Princess Toku) told Nobunaga that Nobuyasu and Tsukiyama-dono secretly communicated with Katsuyori TAKEDA; while Ieyasu, the Nobunaga's allies of sorts and the virtually dependent to the leader Oda, had no power neither to deny Nobunaga's order, nor to fight with him by abrogating the alliance, it is said that he had no choice but to execute Nobuyasu and Tsukiyama-dono (although the confrontation of Nobuyasu and Ieyasu, more precisely Nobuyasu and the vassals of Ieyasu was getting intense at this time, therefore, a theory is getting dominant in recent years which advocates that the purge of Nobuyasu was not Nobunaga's demand).