貿易: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 貿易
• trade (foreign)
• commerce
• foreign trade
• traffic
• Trading
• International trade

• 貿易品
• articles of commerce

• 貿易風
• trade wind
• trade winds

• 貿易船
• trading vessel

• 貿易法
• trade law

• 貿易量
• amount of trade
• trade volume

• 密貿易
• smuggling
• illicit commerce

• 貿易上
• trade (foreign)

• 貿易商
• trader
• tradesman

• 片貿易
• one-sided trade
• one way (unbalanced) trade

• 貿易港
• trade port

• 貿易業
• trading business

• 日元貿易
• Trade between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty

• 日宋貿易
• Trade between Japan and the Song Dynasty
• Nisso Boeki (Japan-Sung Trade)

• 日明貿易
• Japan-Ming trade
• Trade between Japan and Ming Dynasty China

• 貿易措置
• trade measure

• 貿易戦争
• trade war

• 貿易する
• trade

• 貿易業者
• trader

• 世界貿易
• world trade

• 沿岸貿易
• cabotage

• 相互貿易
• bilateral trade

• 多角貿易
• multilateral trade

• 三角貿易
• trilateral trade
• Triangular trade

• 仲継貿易
• transit trade
• entrepot trade

• 中継貿易
• transit trade
• entrepot trade

• 仲介貿易
• intermediary trade
• trade conducted via an agency
• triangle trade

• 対米貿易
• trade with the United States

• 自由貿易
• free trade

• 国際貿易
• international trade
• international trading

• 奴隷貿易
• slave trade
• History of slavery

• 加工貿易
• processing trade

• 迂回貿易
• commodity shunting
• roundabout trade

• 遠洋貿易
• ocean trade
• trade by sea

• 域内貿易
• regional trade
• intra-trade

• 海外貿易
• international trade
• foreign trade
• overseas trade

• 外国貿易
• foreign trade
• external trade

• 互恵貿易
• reciprocal trade

• 勘合貿易
• licensed trade

• 管理貿易
• controlled trade
• government-managed trade

• 通過貿易
• transit trade

• 南蛮貿易
• Nanban trade (lit. Southern barbarian trade) (1543-1641)
• Nanbanboeki

• 極東貿易
• Kyokuto Boeki Kaisha, Limited

• 貿易保険
• trade insurance

• 貿易摩擦
• trade friction
• trade contrade

• 貿易赤字
• trade deficit
• trade loss

• 貿易障壁
• trade barrier

• 毛皮貿易
• fur trade

• 日米貿易
• trade between Japan and USA

• 保護貿易
• protective trade
• protected trade
• protection
• Protectionism

• 貿易会社
• trading company

• 貿易収支
• trade balance
• balance of trade

• 貿易黒字
• trade surplus

• 貿易報告
• Cargo Report

• 貿易統計
• trade statistics

• 両面貿易
• two-way communication

• 日明貿易へ
• Proceeding with trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China

• 日本貿易会
• Japan Foreign Trade Council (JFTC)

• 貿易風逆転
• trade inversion

• 貿易不均衡
• trade imbalance

• 保護貿易の
• protective

• 貿易産業省
• Department of Trade and Industry

• 自由貿易制
• free trade

• 中継ぎ貿易
• transit trade
• entrepot trade

• 国際的貿易
• international trade

• 交換貿易制
• barter system

• 無制限貿易
• unlimited trade
• unrestricted trade

• 反対貿易風
• antitrade winds
• countertrade

• 貿易依存度
• degree of dependence on foreign trade

• 貿易自由化
• trade liberalization
• trade liberalisation
• liberalization of trade

• 貿易外収支
• invisible trade balance

• 食糧貿易課
• Grain Trade Division

• 貿易保険課
• Trade Insurance Division

• 貿易審査課
• Trade Licensing Division

• 貿易振興課
• Trade and Investment Facilitation Division

• 貿易管理課
• Trade Control Policy Division

• 貿易・内政
• Trade, Domestic Affairs

• 居留地貿易
• Trade in the Settlements

• 香辛料貿易
• Spice trade

• 貿易・投資
• trade and investment

• 貿易見本市
• trade fair

• 互恵的貿易
• reciprocal trade

• 開放貿易体制
• open trading system

• 朱印船貿易家
• Shuinsen trading family

• 国際貿易憲章
• Charter of International Trade Organization
• International Trade Charter

• 保護貿易主義
• protectionism

• 保護貿易論者
• protectionist

• 自由貿易主義
• free trade

• バーター貿易
• barter trade

• 国際貿易機構
• International Trade Organization

• 世界貿易機関
• World Trade Organization (Organisation)
• WTO
• WTO World Trade Organization

• 自由貿易地域
• free trade zone
• free trade area

• 自由貿易帯域
• free trade zone
• free trade area

• 自由貿易協定
• Free Trade Agreement
• FTA
• ｆree trade agreement
• Free trade area
• Free trade agreements

• 対日貿易赤字
• trade deficit with Japan

• 韓国貿易協会
• Korean Traders' Association

• 日米貿易摩擦
• Japan-US trade friction

• スイッチ貿易
• switch trade

• 関西貿易会社
• Kansai Boeki Gaisha (Kansai Trading Company)

• 国際貿易課長
• Director, International Trade Division

• 日本貿易保険
• Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI)

• 武器貿易条約
• Arms Trade Treaty

• 環球貿易広場
• International Commerce Centre

• 日本の貿易史
• History of Japan's trade

• 対外貿易投資
• foreign trade investments

• 通関貿易統計
• Trade data

• 輸出貿易管理令
• Export Trade Control Ordinance
• Export Trade Control Order

• 特定の貿易義務
• specific trade obligation

• 貿易センター駅
• Boueki Center Station (st)

• 貿易交渉委員会
• Trade Negotiation Committee
• Trade Negotiations Committee

• 日本貿易振興会
• JETRO
• Japan External Trade Organization

• 不公正貿易慣習
• unfair trade practices

• 保護貿易主義の
• protectionist

• 貿易開発委員会
• Committee on Trade and Development

• 国際貿易委員会
• International Trade Commission

• 多角的貿易交渉
• multilateral trade negotiations
• MTN

• 連邦貿易委員会
• Federal Trade Commission
• FTC

• 輸入貿易管理令
• Import Trade Control Order

• 木材貿易対策室
• Wood Products Trade Office

• 【貿易管理部】
• Trade Control Department

• 香港貿易発展局
• Hong Kong Trade Development Council

• 勘合貿易の上表文
• Johyobun during the tally trade

• 朱印船貿易の終末
• The end of Shuinsen trading

• 欧州自由貿易連合
• European Free Trade Association

• 北米自由貿易協定
• North American Free Trade Agreement
• North America Free Trade Agreement

• 日本貿易振興機構
• Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO)

• 輸出貿易調査機構
• British Export Trade Research Organization

• 国連貿易開発会議
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

• 貿易外取引委員会
• Commission on Invisible Exports

• 新多角的貿易交渉
• new round of multilateral trade negotiations

• 安全保障貿易管理
• Security Export Control

• 関税貿易一般協定
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (abolished in 1995)
• GATT

• ロシア東欧貿易会
• Japan Association for Trade with Russia & Central-Eastern Europe (ROTOBO)

• 貿易サービス収支
• balance on goods and services

• 輸出貿易管理規則
• Export Trade Control Ordinance

• サービス貿易室長
• Director, Services Trade Division

• 水産物貿易対策室
• Fishery Products Trade Office

• 上海対外貿易学院
• Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade

• 日本貿易保険部会
• Nippon Export and Investment Insurance Subcommittee

• 対外経済貿易大学
• University of International Business and Economics

• 中欧自由貿易協定
• Central European Free Trade Agreement

• 米国国際貿易委員会
• ITC International Trade Commission

• イギリス貿易振興会
• British Export Trade Research Organization

• カリブ自由貿易連合
• Caribbean Free Trade Association

• 国際商品貿易委員会
• Commission on International Commodity Trade

• 米国貿易緊急委員会
• Emergency Committee for American Trade

• 中南米自由貿易連合
• Latin American Free Trade Association

• 漁場と貿易の中心地
• fishing and trading center

• 貿易経済協力分科会
• Trade and Economic Cooperation Committee

• 安全保障貿易審査課
• Security Export Licensing Division

• ５．貿易経済協力局
• Trade and Economic Cooperation Bureau

• 安全保障貿易管理課
• Security Export Control Policy Division

• 安全保障貿易国際室
• Office of International Affairs for Security Export Control

• アムトルグ貿易会社
• Amtorg Trading Corporation

• 貿易に従事する人々
• people engaged in trade

• 貿易取引、異国被下銀
• For Trade (Ikokukudasaregin [Chogin used for trade with Korea and as present for Joseon Missions and Missions from Ryukyu, current Okinawa Prefecture])

• 経済・貿易・対外関係
• Economy, trade and external relations

• 日本国際貿易促進協会
• Association for the Promotion of International Trade, Japan

• 北大西洋自由貿易地域
• North Atlantic Free Trade Area

• 貿易ルートをドロップ
• Drop Trade Route

• 特殊貿易措置小委員会
• Subcommittee on Special Trade Measures

• 安全保障貿易検査官室
• Security Export Inspection Office

• 中国国際貿易センター
• The China World Trade Center

• 北東アジア貿易タワー
• Northeast Asia Trade Tower

• 国際連合貿易開発会議
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

• 貿易・サービス収支
• Goods & Services Account

• ポルトガル人との貿易
• Trade with Portuguese

• 保護貿易主義の支持者
• an advocate of protectionism

• 外国為替及び外国貿易法
• Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law
• Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act

• 貿易に関する技術的障害
• technical barrier to trade

• 海外貿易開発協会（財）
• JODC
• Japan Overseas Development Corporation

• 険悪な日米間の貿易問題
• nasty Japanese-American trade problems

• 外国貿易を規制する法令
• a statute that would regulate foreign trade

• 『自由貿易日本経済論』
• 'Jiyu Boeki Nihon Keizairon' (A Study of Free Trade and the Japanese Economy)

• ワイン貿易の主要な中心
• a major center of the wine trade

• 貿易用語として広まった
• widely used as a trading language

• 国際貿易・経済担当大使
• Ambassador for International Economic Affairs

• 安全保障貿易情報調査室
• Office of Intelligence and Analysis for Export Control

• バンコク国際貿易展示場
• Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre

• 地中海世界の貿易の歴史
• History of the Mediterranean

• エスクロ･バーター貿易
• escrow barter trade

• 財団法人日本貿易振興会
• Japan External Trade Organization

• ASEAN自由貿易地域
• ASEAN Free Trade Area

• 朝鮮王朝との国交と貿易。
• Diplomatic relations and trade between Japan and the Korean royal dynasty

• 日明貿易の際使用された。
• It was imposed on the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China.

• 貿易と環境に関する委員会
• Committee on Trade and Environment

• WTO (世界貿易機関)
• World Trade Organization (WTO)

• アラビア式沿海貿易用帆船
• dhow

• 輸入貿易管理令の一部改正
• Partial Revision of the Import Trade Control Order

• 貿易障壁を課す政府の命令
• a government order imposing a trade barrier

• 貿易が国富を増大させた。
• Trade increased the country's wealth.

• 日本は貿易に頼っている。
• Japan depends on foreign trade.

• 彼は貿易で財産を築いた。
• He made his fortune from commerce.

• 世界貿易機関紛争処理室長
• Director, WTO Dispute Settlement Division

• 安全保障貿易管理小委員会
• Subcommittee on Security Export Control Policy

• 貿易・投資データレビュー
• trade and investment data review

• 南蛮貿易でもたらされたもの
• What was brought to Japan through nanbanboeki

• 浜松町世界貿易センタービル
• Hamamatsuchou World Trade Center Building

• 外国為替及び外国貿易管理法
• Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law

• 関税と貿易に関する一般協定
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (abolished in 1995)
• GATT

• 輸出貿易管理令別表第一関係
• Re: Appended Table 1 of the Export Control Order

• 自由な国際貿易を支持する人
• an advocate of unrestricted international trade

• 父は堺の貿易商・納屋才助。
• His father was Saisuke NAYA, a trader in Sakai.

• 父は貿易業に従事している。
• My father is engaged in foreign trade.

• 両岸経済貿易文化フォーラム
• Cross-Straits Economic Trade and Culture Forum

• 第3回世界貿易機関閣僚会議
• World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999

• 長崎でアメリカと貿易すべき
• Japan should trade with America from the port of Nagasaki.

• 貿易・投資政策担当副次官補
• Deputy Assistant Secretary for Trade and Investment Policy

• 自由貿易について定めた条項。
• The provision regulated on free trade.

• 関税及び貿易に関する一般協定
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

• 南太平洋地域貿易経済協力協定
• South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Co-operation Agreement

• 貿易の技術的障害に関する協定
• Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

• 日本貿易振興機構(ジェトロ)
• JETRO Japan External Trade Organization

• 外国貿易を制御する政府の政策
• a government's policy controlling foreign trade

• 貿易は諸国の発展を促進する。
• Trade helps nations develop.

• ある貿易会社に勤めています。
• I'm working for a trading firm.

• 彼女は貿易会社の事務員です。
• She is a clerk of the trading company.

• これ以上貿易路をたどらない。
• Do not follow this trade route any more.

• 彼は外国貿易に従事している。
• He is engaged in foreign trade.

• 貿易は南宋末期まで行われた。
• The trade continued until the end of Southern Sung Dynasty.

• サービスの貿易に関する一般協定
• General Agreement on Trade in Services
• GATS

• 投資・貿易及びサービス有限会社
• trade, investment, and services company

• 財務省貿易統計の商品分類コード
• Commodity Classification Codes used in Trade Statistics of the Ministry of Finance

• 貿易交渉は棚上げになっている。
• The trade negotiations are still up in the air.

• 私達は自由貿易には反対である。
• We stand against free trade.

• 彼の仕事は貿易に関係している。
• His work is concerned with international trade.

• 僕は将来、外国貿易をやりたい。
• I'd like to engage in foreign trade in the future.

• 日本はカナダとの貿易が盛んだ。
• Japan does a lot of trade with Canada.

• 私は将来、外国貿易をやりたい。
• I would like to engage in foreign trade in the future.

• 関税および貿易に関する一般協定
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

• WTO/貿易と環境に関する委員会
• WTO/Committee on Trade and Environment

• 絶滅に瀕する種の貿易に関する条約
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

• 中華人民共和国対外貿易経済合作部
• Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation

• 彼の兄は貿易会社に勤めています。
• His brother works for a trading company.

• 貿易の活動は最近衰えてきている。
• The activity of foreign trade has been declining of late.

• 日本は多くの外国と貿易している。
• Japan trades with many foreign countries.

• 対外貿易は巨額の収入をもたらす。
• Foreign trade brings in a large income.

• 不公正貿易政策・措置調査小委員会
• Subcommittee on Unfair Trade Policies and Measures

• 日朝修好条規付録及び貿易規則の交渉
• The negotiation of the subsidiary agreements of Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity and trade regulations.

• 貿易に関連する投資措置に関する協定
• Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures

• その会社は自由貿易を支持している。
• The company stands for free trade.

• 僕の父は海外貿易の仕事をしている。
• My father is engaged in foreign trade.

• 日本は米国と大量に貿易をしている。
• Japan does a lot of trade with the United States.

• 二国間の貿易は着実に増加している。
• Trade between the two countries has been steadily growing.

• 貿易赤字は金銀で決済するしかない。
• Consequently, the only way to eliminate the trade deficit was by finding a solution to the gold and silver problem.

• 中には朱印船貿易を行うものも現れた。
• Some of the merchants ventured into foreign trade using ships with a shogunal charter called Shuinsen.

• 釜山・江華港を貿易港として開港する。
• To open Busan Port and Ganghwa Port as trading ports.

• 平安時代には日宋貿易の拠点となった。
• Kanzaki Manor was a center of trade between Japan and Song Dynasty China during the Heian period.

• 世界貿易機関を設立するマラケシュ協定
• Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization

• 外国貿易 （第四十七条―第五十四条）
• Foreign Trade (Articles 47 to 54)

• 兵庫県神戸市の貿易商の家に生まれる。
• He was born into a family of traders in Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture.

• あの候補者は自由貿易の擁護者である。
• That candidate stands for free trade.

• 貿易障壁は戦争終結後解除されました。
• Trade barriers were lifted after the war ended.

• 私たちは貿易に頼らなければなかった。
• We had to depend on trade.

• 日本はカナダと大量の貿易をしている。
• Japan has a lot of trade with Canada.

• 日本は米国と多額の貿易を行っている。
• Japan has much trade with the USA.

• 今月は国際貿易見本市が開かれている。
• We are having an international trade fair this month.

• 健全な経済には国際貿易が必要である。
• International trade is vital for healthy economies.

• 今にも両国間に貿易摩擦が生じそうだ。
• Trade friction might arise between the two nations at any moment.

• 彼は外国貿易に従事して２０年になる。
• He has been engaged in foreign trade for twenty years.

• 外国貿易に制限を加えるべきではない。
• We should not put restrictions on foreign trade.

• 奴隷貿易とその廃止を記念する国際デー
• International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition

• 次に条規附録及び貿易規則に関する交渉。
• The second stage was to negotiate the affiliated provisions and trade rules.

• 以降長崎貿易はあまり振るわなくなった。
• Trade in Nagasaki then became sluggish.

• 多国間環境協定による環境目的の貿易措置
• trade measures for environmental purposes pursuant to multilateral environment agreements

• GATT（関税と貿易に関する一般協定）
• GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

• 知的所有権の貿易関連の側面に関する協定
• Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
• TRIPS

• 輸入貿易管理令の一部改正に伴う経過措置
• Transitional Measures Accompanied with the Partial Revision of the Import Trade Control Order
• Transitional Measures upon Partial Revision of the Import Trade Control Order

• 藩の洋式砲術、貿易関係の役職を務める。
• He held a position responsible for the domain's Western style firearms and trade relations.

• 国際貿易を制限する規制または政策の総称
• any regulation or policy that restricts international trade

• イギリス人はそのころ茶の貿易を始めた。
• The English entered into the tea trade at that time.

• その貿易商は戦後に莫大な財産を築いた。
• The merchant accumulated tremendous fortune during the postwar era.

• 日本はイギリスと多くの貿易をしている。
• Japan does a lot of trade with Britain.

• 高い関税が国際貿易の障害となっている。
• High tariffs have become a barrier to international trade.

• 私は彼女が貿易摩擦について話すと思う。
• I think that she will discuss trade friction.

• 首相が両国間の貿易協定に調印しました。
• The Prime Minister signed a trade agreement between the two countries.

• 日朝間の貿易は無関税にするという通告。
• It was a notification that taxes would not be imposed on trade between Japan and Korea.

• 世界貿易機関の加盟国において行われる実演
• performances which take place in a member state of the World Trade Organization;

• 別紙様式第四による仲介貿易取引許可申請書
• a written application for permission for the brokerage transactions following the form prescribed in Appended Form 4:

• 中世以降、貿易と産業の国際的中心であった
• has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages

• あらゆる国々に平等な貿易機会を認める政策
• the policy of granting equal trade opportunities to all countries

• 貿易風とは反対方向に吹き上げる上層部の風
• wind in the upper atmosphere blowing above but in the opposite direction from the trade winds

• 私の父は長年、外国貿易に従事しています。
• My father has been engaged in foreign trade for many years.

• 代表団は貿易交渉を大きく前進させました。
• Representatives made a major breakthrough in the trade talks.

• 日本は、世界の多くの国々と貿易している。
• Japan trades with lots of countries in the world.

• 穀物に対するいくつかの海外貿易が起こった
• some overseas trade in grain arose

• 貿易の制限を行ったり、禁止してはならない。
• They cannot restrict nor prohibit trade.

• OECD/貿易と環境に関する合同専門家会合
• OECD/Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment

• 以前の世界貿易センターの敷地は、破壊された
• the site of the World Trade Center before it was destroyed

• 領内での布教活動を保護し、南蛮貿易を行う。
• He protected the missionary work in the territory and carried out trade with Spain and Portugal.

• また、対朝貿易にも応仁の乱以降力を入れた。
• Furthermore, after the Onin War, he also focused on trade with Korea.

• 彼等は貿易問題について臨時の会合を開いた。
• They held a special session on trade problems.

• 貿易不均衡が大きな問題であるように思える。
• The trade imbalance bulks large in our minds.

• その国は貿易上の赤字の穴埋めに懸命である。
• The country is trying hard to make up for her trade deficit.

• 私には息子がいるが、貿易会社に勤めている。
• I have a son, who works for a trading company.

• ――スウェーデンの木材貿易やシカゴ平和会議
• --the great deal in the Swedish timber trade and the Peace Conference at Chicago

• 長崎町政の他、オランダとの貿易も担当した。
• In addition to Nagasaki town governance, duties included trade with Holland.

• 日本人商人との貿易は居留地内に限定された。
• Trade between foreigners and Japanese merchants was only permitted within these settlements.

• 彼らは海外貿易の多くをを外国貨物船で行った
• they did much of their overseas trade in foreign bottoms

• 長崎地方は古く中国大陸との貿易の歴史がある。
• The Nagasaki region historically traded with the Chinese continent in olden times.

• 世界中とのすべての地域との貿易を遮断する法律
• For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

• 西から東へ吹く風で、熱帯の貿易風上に横たわる
• winds blowing from west to east and lying above the trade winds in the tropics

• 父親の跡を継いで貿易業や土木事業にも携わる。
• Following in his father's footsteps, he also engaged in a trading business and civil engineering works.

• 高関税が自由貿易への最大の障害になっている。
• High tariffs are the chief obstacles to free trade.

• これにより足利家が勘合貿易の主導権を握った。
• As a result, the Ashikaga clan held the initiative in the tally trade with China.

• 伊勢平氏を実行部隊として日宋貿易に力を入れた。
• He put his efforts into trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China, placing Ise-Heishi in charge.

• 南蛮貿易で潤った当時の華やかさをうかがわせる。
• This indicates the pomp of that time where people made money through trades with Spain and Portugal.

• 貿易が官営から私営に移行していることが窺える。
• It is inferred that by those days the management of trade had already been transferred from the government to a private organization.

• ちなみにこれにより年間の貿易船数も制限された。
• Incidentally, this ordinance also restricted the number of trading ships annually.

• 住吉社船以来、実に10年ぶりの貿易船となった。
• It was the first trading ship in ten years after Sumiyoshi-jinja zoeiryotosen.

• 外国為替及び外国貿易法の一部改正に伴う経過措置
• Transitional Measures Accompanying Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act

• 国際貿易に関する大統領の政策を実施する行政機関
• the executive agency that administers the President's policies on international trade

• 明治33年（1900年）中国貿易にも進出した。
• In 1990, he also started the trading with China.

• 貿易赤字について慎重に協議しなければならない。
• We must deliberate seriously on trade deficit.

• その国の外国貿易はこの港に完全に依存している。
• The country's foreign trade totally depends on this port.

• 貿易は朝鮮半島の高麗を含めた三国間で行われた。
• The trade was done among the three countries including Goryeo in the Korean Peninsula.

• 勘合貿易が行われるようになると倭寇は沈静化する。
• With the start of the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty), wako lost momentum.

• 織田信長・豊臣秀吉は基本的に南蛮貿易を推奨した。
• Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI basically promoted nanbanboeki.

• 世界貿易機関の加盟国の国民である放送事業者の放送
• broadcasts transmitted by broadcasting organizations which are nationals of any of the member states of the World Trade Organization;

• 米国、カナダ、メキシコの間の自由貿易のための合意
• an agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico

• 両国の間では貿易摩擦がいつ生じてもおかしくない。
• Trade friction might arise between the nations at any moment.

• 現在の日米貿易摩擦の原因は何であると思いますか。
• What do you think has caused the present trade friction between Japan and the U.S.?

• 我が国は近隣諸国との貿易を促進させねばならない。
• We must promote commerce with neighboring countries.

• 国の貿易収支は輸出が輸入を上回るときが良好である
• a nation's balance of trade is favorable when its exports exceed its imports

• また、倭館には貿易のために対馬藩士が常駐していた。
• At that time, persons from the Tsushima Domain stationed at the Wakan for trade.

• 鎖国は貿易の権限を幕府が制限・管理した政策である。
• Seclusionism was a policy by which the Bakufu controlled and managed the authority of trade.

• 松前藩の松前氏は蝦夷地で北方貿易をおこなってきた。
• The Matsumae clan in the Matsumae Domain had engaged in trade between the northern part of Japan and the Northern Song Dynasty China in Ezo (inhabited area of Ainu).

• 世界貿易機関の加盟国にある放送設備から行われる放送
• broadcasts transmitted from broadcasting facilities located within any of the member states of the World Trade Organization.

• 外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部改正に伴う経過措置
• Transitional Measures Accompanying Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act

• 言葉の違う外国人同士の貿易のために使われる人工言語
• an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages

• ロシアの最も古い都市および中世の重要な貿易センター
• Russia's oldest city and an important trading center in the Middle Ages

• いわゆる貿易摩擦はいつの日か避けることができよう。
• So-called trade friction could be avoided some day.

• 新しい貿易区域の計画はまだ実施の段階にありません。
• Plans for a new trade zone are still on the drawing board.

• 日本とアメリカは互いに最も重要な貿易相手国である。
• Japan and the U.S. are the most important trading partner to each other.

• アメリカの対日貿易赤字は解決の見通しがありません。
• There is no end in sight to the U.S. trade deficit with Japan.

• 日本で最初の人工港を博多に築き貿易を本格化させた。
• He built the artificial harbor in Hakata for the first time in Japanese history and began trade in earnest.

• しかし財政難に悩む諸藩による密貿易は続けられていた。
• However, such domains suffering from financial difficulties continued illegal trade.

• 中国貿易では一億枚単位の取引さえ普通に行われていた。
• In trade with China, transactions of using a unit of 100 million coins were not unusual at that time.

• このようにして鎖国体制が成立し、南蛮貿易は終了した。
• The national isolation policy was established in this way, consequently ending nanbanboeki.

• さらに新納・五代に貿易商社設立の話を持ちかけている。
• In addition, he proposed the establishment of a trading company to NIIRO and GODAI.

• アルバートは外国貿易をしていて、しばしば外国へ行く。
• Albert is engaged in foreign trade and often goes abroad.

• 世界貿易の変動パターンが次の表で明らかにされている。
• The shifting pattern of world trade is made clear in the following table.

• 国際貿易業者はどうにか切り抜けようと頑張っています。
• International traders are struggling just to get by.

• ソビエト政府はヨーロッパとの貿易を拡大したいと言った
• the Soviets said they wanted to increase trade with Europe

• 貿易による経済交流と文化発展に寄与することとなった。
• He contributed to the cultural development and financial exchange through trade.

• 密貿易が恒常化し恒居倭と朝鮮人との間に癒着が進行する。
• Illegal trading became normalized, and collusive relationships between kokyowa and Korean people were accelerated.

• 貿易商の叔父に連れられて唐へ行き、長安で金剛智に入門。
• He went to Tang with his uncle, a merchant, and became a disciple of Kongochi at Choan.

• ２国間の貿易上のアンバランスを改善しなければならない。
• The trade imbalance between two nations should be improved.

• 貿易は商品の両方向の流れ、すなわち輸出と輸入からなる。
• Foreign trade consists of a two-way flow of commodities-export and import.

• 平安時代末期から鎌倉時代前期にかけて日宋貿易で栄えた。
• It flourished through the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China from the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period.

• 日本では大宰府の監督のもとで鴻臚館貿易が行われていた。
• In Japan, trade via the Korokan (International Reception Hall in the then capital, Heian-kyo [present day Kyoto]) was being conducted under the supervision of the Dazaifu (local government office in Kyushu region).

• この多くは勘合貿易を通じて日本に持ち込まれたものである。
• Most of them were imported through the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) to Japan.

• 堺市の町を一大貿易港として整備するなど精力的に活動した。
• He acted energetically and made achievements including developing the town of Sakai City as a big trading port.

• なかには石見国浜田藩のように、藩ぐるみで密貿易に関った。
• Some domains, including the Hamada Domain of Iwami Province, were concerned with illegal trade involving the whole domain.

• 松前藩の収入のほとんどは北方貿易によって支えられている。
• The Matsumae Domain derived most of its income from the trade between the northern part of Japan and the Northern Song Dynasty China.

• 貿易船は翌徳治2年（1307年）にも再航した模様である。
• The trading vessel seem to have traveled again in 1307.

• 1890年、貿易を志して森村市左衛門の森村組に入社する。
• He aspired to engage in trading and joined Ichizaemon MORIMURA's Morimura Gumi in 1890.

• 国際貿易禁止令がその国の経済にとって最後の頼みでしょう。
• An international trade ban could be the last straw for that country's economy.

• 日本の貿易依存度はＧＮＰ比としては必ずしもそう高くない。
• Japan's dependence on foreign trade is not necessarily very high as a percentage of GNP.

• 日本は収支を合わせるためには貿易に頼らなければならない。
• Japan must depend on foreign trade to make ends meet.

• 新貿易協定は国際経済に新風を吹き込むことになるでしょう。
• The new trade accord will pump fresh blood into the international economy.

• その政権の基盤は奥州で豊富に産出された金と北方貿易である。
• Its political power based on gold which was mined abundantly in the Oshu region and trade between northern part of Japan and Northern Song Dynasty China.

• 筑紫館はまた外国商人らの検問・接待・貿易などに用いられた。
• Moreover, Tsukushi-no-murotsumi was used for various purposes such as inspection of foreign merchants, entertainment and trade.

• 長崎は幕府の天領として幕府の直接管理で貿易がおこなわれた。
• Nagasaki was regarded as a shogunal demesne, where trade was carried on under the direct control of the Bakufu.

• 外国貿易船又は航空機が自己の用に供する船用品又は航空機用品
• Supplies for vessel or aircraft to be used for foreign vessels or aircrafts:

• 紀元前5世紀から紀元前3世紀までの主要な貿易の中心地だった
• was a major trade center from the 5th century BC to the 3rd century BC

• GDPと雇用率、貿易の全般的な後退で、6ヶ月から1年間続く
• a widespread decline in the GDP and employment and trade lasting from six months to a year

• また大友義鎮は同時にキリスト教を保護し南蛮貿易を盛んにした。
• Yoshishige OTOMO protected Christianity and promoted trade with Spain and Portugal.

• 他方清との間ではその冊封を受けず限られた貿易のみを容認した。
• The Tokugawa shogunate did not have a Sakuho relationship with Qing dynasty and allowed limited trade.

• 元来、朝鮮との貿易に経済を依存していた宗氏は対応に苦慮した。
• The So clan had basically been dependent upon trade with Korea and they racked their brains on how to cope with the situation.

• この政令は、輸入貿易の管理に関して規定することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Cabinet Order is to provide for control of import trade.

• 貿易が開始されると、朝鮮側の米輸出過多となり米価が高騰した。
• After starting trade, Korean rice was exported excessively, and price of rice soared.

• 17歳の時長崎に出て貿易に従事、藩命によって金・米を扱った。
• He moved to Nagasaki at the age of 17 and engaged in trading, in which he handled gold and rice due to the domain order.

• 神埼は日宋貿易に着目していた平忠盛以来、平家が知行していた。
• Kanzaki was under the enfeoffment by the Taira family since the time of TAIRA no Tadamori who was interested in the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China.

• 日本海側の中国地方の大名が南蛮貿易を行った事例は希少である。
• There were little cases that a daimyo in Chugoku region on the Sea of Japan side had Nanban boeki (trade with Spain and Portugal).

• 特に平清盛は宋との貿易に熱心で、以降大量に宋銭が輸入される。
• In particular, TAIRA no Kiyomori was eager to trade with Sung, and a large amount of the Sung currency was imported after that.

• また、この頃は、唐宋 (王朝)商船との私貿易の中心となった。
• In addition, Dazai-fu was the center of private trade with merchant ships of Tang and Song dynasties (China) around this time.

• 日中間の正式の外交貿易は行われず、一般人の渡航は禁止された。
• The official trade between Japan and China stopped, and ordinary people's overseas travel was prohibited.

• 宋の商人は主に博多や越前敦賀へ来航し、私貿易が行われていた。
• The merchants in Sung mainly came to Hakata and Tsuruga, Echizen Province, to do private trade with Japanese.

• 16世紀になると日朝関係が悪化し、貿易も衰退の一途を辿った。
• In the middle of 16th century, the relationship between Korea and Japan worsened and the trade between both countries declined.

• 今後は国際貿易港たる舞鶴港を中心とした産業育成を急がれている。
• In the future industrial development should be hurried with Maizuru Port as an international trade port in center.

• 第九款　通商については、各々の人民に任せ、自由貿易を行うこと。
• Provision 9 - free trade should be allowed, and left to the people of both countries.

• さらに三井財閥による（外務省黙認のもとでの）密貿易が発覚した。
• Mitsui-zaibatsu's secret trade with Joseon (to which the Ministry of Foreign Affairs gave silent approval) was discovered.

• これにより、多数の商社が続々と設立され貿易に乗り出していった。
• This situation led to the continuous spout of companies and their getting into trading business.

• 1433年に家督を持豊に譲り、日明貿易に関する横領疑惑で失脚。
• After he yielded his position as head of the family to Mochitoyo in 1433, he was downfallen due to his alleged involvement in a misappropriation case related to the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China.

• 開国（かいこく）とは、鎖国の反対で外国と交際・貿易をすること。
• The opening of a country to the outside world (as opposed to national isolation) means to interact and trade with foreign countries.

• ミラノの飛行機墜落事故は世界貿易センターでの攻撃とよく似ている
• The plane crash in Milan mirrored the attack in the World Trade Center

• ベルナルディーノ・デ・アビラ・ヒロンはスペインの貿易商人である。
• Bernardino de Avila GIRON was a Spanish trading merchant.

• つまり外交だけでなく貿易の権限を幕府が制限・管理した体制である。
• In other words, Japan's national isolation indicated a regime in which the Bakufu restricted and controlled not only authority of diplomacy, but also controlled trade.

• 南蛮貿易に関係のない内陸部などでもキリシタン大名は増えていった。
• The number of Christian daimyo continued to increase, even in landlocked regions and other areas unconnected the trade with Spain and Portugal.

• 対馬藩の宗氏は中世から対朝鮮の外交、貿易の中継ぎをになってきた。
• The So clan in the Tsushima Domain had assumed the role of coordinating the diplomatic exchanges and trade between Japan and Korea since the Medieval period.

• これら扇は、日宋貿易における日本の重要な輸出品の一つでもあった。
• Such fans were important exports from Japan in the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China.

• パーシー人の商人は、その多くが綿貿易によって一財産を築いていた。
• Many of the Parsee merchants have made great fortunes there by dealing in cotton.

• 清海鎮は現在の全羅南道莞島郡に相当し、任務は奴隷貿易禁圧である。
• Cheonghaejin is current Wando District, South Cholla Province and his task was to suppress the slave trade.

• これによって南蛮・朝鮮などの貿易品の取引を行ない、栄華を極めた。
• Following this, he traded products with the Southeast Asian countries and Korea among others, and reached his highest prosperity.

• サミット参加国は、自由貿易問題を協議事項のトップにおいています。
• The summit nations put free trade at the top of the agenda.

• 評論家たちは、保護貿易主義について人騒がせのうそを言っています。
• Critics are just crying wolf about protectionism.

• ただ、横浜、神戸においては旧居留地を中心とする貿易が続いていた。
• Nonetheless, in Yokohama and Kobe, trade continued to be largely centered around the areas of the former settlements.

• 足利義満は、日明貿易の一元支配を望み、数次にわたって使節を送る。
• Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA sent an envoy to the Ming several times, in hopes of monopolizing the trade between Japan and the Ming.

• 貿易・海外進出に関し先行する日本にとって有利なものとなっている。
• It was advantageous to Japan, which was leading trade and advancing into overseas markets.

• この貿易において、日本の銅は国内よりも非常に高値で明に輸出された。
• In this trade, the copper of Japan was exported to the Ming at an extremely higher price than the domestic price.

• 個別事業では和田埠頭整備促進を含む、舞鶴港貿易振興事業費に2億円。
• Among the individual projects, \0.2 billion was budgeted for the Maizuru Port trade promotion project including the promotion for the construction of Wada Warf.

• 日本海側でも有数の国際貿易港の舞鶴港を中心に重厚長大産業から成る。
• It is an area of heavy industries centering around Maizuru Port, which is one of the Japan's leading international trade ports on the Japan Sea side.

• それ以外にも領内を大洋に接する諸藩でも密貿易を度々おこなっていた。
• In addition to these domains, a number of other domains with territories facing the ocean frequently traded illegally as well.

• しかしながら、宋との貿易が良好になり、次第に大量の宋銭が流入した。
• However, as trade with Sung became prosperous, lots of coins minted in Sung were gradually brought into Japan.

• 家康の頃はキリスト教は禁止されてはいたものの貿易は推奨されていた。
• In Ieyasu's era, Christianity was banned but trade with Portugal and Spain was not prohibited.

• 海外貿易による経済力と優れた武将陣、巧みな外交により版図を拡げた。
• He expanded his territory with the economic power gained through overseas trade, strong busho and clever diplomacy.

• 「監視署」とは、日ソ国境の北緯50度線の密貿易を監視する官署である
• 'Guard Post' is a government office, which watched out for smuggling at the border to Russia at fifty northern latitude.

• これは明との生糸貿易が主に秤量銀貨で決済されたことも関係している。
• This was partly related to the silk trade with Ming China settled in the shoryo silver coins.

• 貿易自由化された輸入ウィスキーの消費はこの後十年で約20倍になった。
• 10 years later, the amount of consumption of whisky which was imported by trade liberalization became about 20 times larger.

• 首府マニラが新大陸とのガレオン貿易の要港で、中国船の来航も多かった。
• Its capital, Manila, was the strategic port of the galleon trade with the New World, and many Chinese ships arrived there.

• 琥珀のロザリオを手にして、ラクダの傍らをゆっくり歩く貿易商人の話。
• of the merchants, who walk slowly by the side of their camels, and carry amber beads in their hands;

• 昨年は輸出が好調の反面、輸入が落ち着いていたので貿易収支は改善した。
• The nation's trade balance improved last year as exports were strong, while imports remained steady.

• 同盟内の自由貿易を促進し、非加盟国に対しては共通の関税を課す国家連合
• an association of nations to promote free trade within the union and set common tariffs for nations that are not members

• 博多はこれらの発祥だという説がある（詳細は博多日宋貿易の項目を参照）。
• A theory suggests that Hakata was the birthplace of these foods in Japan (Refer for details to the section of the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in Hakata).

• しかし、牙符改給は義澄・政元による日朝貿易の再統制には繋がらなかった。
• Even with the renewal of Gafu, Yoshizumi and Masamoto could not take control of the Japan-Korea trade.

• また多くの弟子を育て、彼らは日明貿易を行う際に幕府の外交顧問となった。
• In addition, he fostered many disciples, who played roles as diplomatic counselors in the trade between the Ming Dynasty and Japan.

• 特に開国後の貿易開始に伴う経済の困難と西洋の学問の流入に関心を抱いた。
• He was especially interested in economic difficulties and inflow of western learning associated with the initiation of trade after Japan opened its country.

• 禁制品および薬剤貿易および不正資金浄化のための活動的な南アフリカの中心
• an active South American center for contraband and drug trafficking and money laundering

• 輸入割り当て量についての多国間貿易交渉は暗礁に乗り上げてしまいました。
• Multilateral trade negotiations ran aground over import quotas.

• 鎖国時代から貿易港として機能した長崎港は、1854年に国際開放された。
• The port of Nagasaki, which had functioned as a trading hub since the beginning of the period of national isolation, was opened internationally in 1854.

• プロシアの貿易商R.ガルトネルは、幕末より七飯で開墾事業を行っていた。
• The Prussian trader, Gaertner had been engaged in cultivation business in Nanae town since the last days of Edo period.

• 五山は幕府の保護を受け、日明貿易を行う足利義満の外交的顧問役でもあった。
• The Gozan temples enjoyed the patronage of the bakufu, and in fact served as advisors and diplomats for Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in the trade between Japan and Ming China.

• 結果、必要物資の供給及び密貿易の停止が朝鮮側から宣言される事態となった。
• As a result Korea declared a suspension of the supply of necessary goods and illegal trades.

• 貿易量を少しでも増やすべくオランダ船のトン数は徐々に増えていったという。
• To increase the amount of trade as much as possible, it is believed that the tonnage of ships from the Netherlands gradually increased.

• 薩摩藩が琉球王朝を攻略、支配したことで、琉球を通じての貿易が認められた。
• Having conquered and ruled the Ryukyu Dynasty, the Satsuma Domain was allowed to carry on trade via Ryukyu.

• 有害な化学物質及び農薬の国際貿易における事前通報・合意手続きに関する条約
• Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

• 明治初期の『貿易備考』には、近江国の桐生、出雲国の意宇の名をあげている。
• In the 'Boeki biko' (remarks on trade) published in the beginning of the Meiji period, Kiryu in Omi Province and Ou in Izumo Province are listed.

• 第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の一六の項の改正規定　平成十一年七月十八日
• The part of the provision of Article 2 that revises row 16 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order:　July 18, 1999

• 「ある貿易船で料理番をしていたときに、水を汲みにいったことがありますぜ」
• 'I've watered there with a trader I was cook in.'

• 大船を仕立てて、インドシナ・フィリピンなど南洋方面に出かけて貿易をした。
• He traded in big ships to the South Sea, such as Indochina and the Philippines.

• どんな理由があろうと、せっかく軌道に乗せた貿易を失墜させたのは大失態だ。
• Whatever the reason, forfeiting the trade that we finally got on track is a fiasco.

• 日本は資源が乏しい国にもかかわらず、国際貿易のお陰で経済大国に発展した。
• Though it is poor in natural resources, Japan has become an economic superpower thanks to international trade.

• とある毛皮貿易商が、以前に御者としての仕事を持ちかけてきたことがあった。
• A fur importer had once offered him a place as driver.

• このため18世紀には広州に欧米諸国の商館が設置され、広東貿易が行われた。
• Thus, in the 18th century, Western trading houses were established in Guangzhou for the purpose of Cantonese trade.

• 紀ノ川河口付近を抑えることから、海運や貿易にも携わっていたと考えられる。
• It is believed that Saikashu were also involved in marine transportation and trade as they controlled the area near the estuary of the Kino-kawa River.

• 並行して、キリスト教の制限と貿易の管理強化をすすめ、社会の安定化に努めた。
• In parallel, the bakufu made efforts to stabilize society through restricting Christianity-related activities and strengthening the control of trade.

• 大内義興は勘合貿易を掌握して勢力を伸張、一時は中国九州7カ国に覇を唱えた。
• Yoshioki OUCHI increased his power by holding complete control of the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and for a certain period assumed the leadership in seven countries in Chugoku and Kyushu.

• また正式の通交使節との公貿易では、大蔵経など朝鮮の書籍も日本に輸出された。
• In the public trade with the formal missions for friendship, a lot of Korean books including Daizo-kyo Sutra (the Tripitaka) were imported into Japan.

• ちなみに1882年の朝清商民水陸貿易章程では清の宗主権が明文化されている。
• As a side note, Korea-Qing Land and Commercial Sea Activity Treaty singed in 1882 explicitly expressed Qing's suzerainty.

• 開国・貿易開始以降、内外の金銀比価が違ったために発生した金貨が大量に流出。
• After opening the country to start trading with foreign countries, a lot of gold coins flowed out of the country because of the difference in the value of gold and silver between Japan and its trading partners.

• 輸入貿易管理令（昭和二十四年政令第四百十四号）の一部を次のように改正する。
• Part of the Import Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 414 of 1949) shall be revised as follows.

• 安土桃山時代から江戸時代初期にかけて、博多を拠点として海外貿易を行なった。
• In the Azuchi-Momoyama and early Edo periods, Soku carried on overseas trade based in Hakata.

• 田沼意次は印旛沼・手賀沼干拓を実施し、蝦夷地開発や対ロシア貿易を計画する。
• While Okitsugu TANUMA carried out reclamation works for the Inba-numa and the Tega-numa lakes, he planned the development of Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu) and the trade with Russia.

• アメリカ人が貿易赤字を累積したのは、限度を超えたぜいたくをしたからですよ。
• Americans accumulated their trade deficits by living far beyond their means.

• 中国人もオランダ人同様、長崎唐人屋敷で長年日本貿易を行ってきた歴史がある。
• Historically, the Chinese, just like the Dutch, had been trading with the Japanese in Nagasaki for a very long time; their trading activities were conducted at the Tojin yashiki.

• 神戸に進出した華僑は富裕な貿易商が多く、彼らは北野町とその西に居を構えた。
• Many of the overseas Chinese who entered Kobe were wealthy traders; they settled in the town of Kitanocho and to the west of it.

• 1510年には朝鮮側が制裁として貿易統制を加えたことによって三浦の乱が発生。
• In 1510, the Sanpo War erupted after the Korean Government imposed trading control as sanctions.

• 1411年（応永18）貿易を一時停止するが、6代将軍足利義教時代に復活する。
• They stopped trading temporarily in 1411, but the trade between two countries was resumed in the period of the sixth Shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.

• 具体的には民間には海外進出を禁じ、公的には貿易のルートを朝貢のみに限定した。
• To be specific, in private sectors advancing overseas was prohibited, and an official sector for the trading route was restricted only to choko (paying tribute to the court).

• そこで、貿易商人が博多に長く滞留することなく、船を早く回航する必要が生じた。
• Therefore, trading merchants had to navigate ships constantly without staying in Hakata long.

• 第一条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の一の項（一）の改正規定　平成十四年九月三十日
• The part of the provision of Article 1 that revises row 1, (i) of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order:　September 30, 2002

• 日本はガット自由貿易体制における最大の受益者の一つだったということができる。
• Japan has been one of the greatest beneficiaries of the free trade system under the GATT regime.

• 寺の建設資金調達のため、天龍寺船という貿易船が仕立てられたことは著名である。
• It is well known that trading vessels named Tenryu-ji-bune were launched in order to raise the funds to build the temple.

• この三つの機関とは国際通貨基金、国際復興開発銀行、関税・貿易一般協定である。
• The three organizations are the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

• 足利義満は明徳の和約を遂げ、また日明貿易を行い明皇帝から日本国王に冊封された。
• Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA completed the Meitoku treaty to unify the Northern and Southern Courts, conducted trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China and was awarded the title of King of Japan by the emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

• その時期については室町時代の勘合貿易とする説、その後の慶長年間とする説がある。
• In one theory, it is assumed that the time is the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) in the Muromachi period, and in another theory, the later Keicho era.

• 戦国時代 (日本)より長崎市を有し、南蛮貿易を通じた豊かな経済力を誇っていた。
• The domain included Nagasaki City from the Sengoku, or Warring States, period (Japan) and enjoyed a strong economy thanks to trade with Europe.

• また開国後の貿易で日本への米輸出による米価高騰と食糧危機が民衆を圧迫していた。
• Also rice exports to Japan due to trade after opening of the country caused soaring rice prices and food crisis and put people's lives under pressure.

• しかし、対中国貿易において圧倒的に輸入超過であり、徐々に金銀が流出していった。
• However, Japan's trade with China showed an overwhelming excess of imports and gold and silver gradually flowed out of Japan.

• 室町幕府は勘合符を掌握することで日明貿易を統制下に置き、幕府の財源としていた。
• By grasping kangofu, the Muromachi bakufu placed the Japan-Ming trade under control and made it as a source of revenue.

• 初めは九州探題渋川満頼、その後大友氏の配下で明や李氏朝鮮との貿易で活躍した。、
• He was active in trade with the Ming Dynasty in China and the Yi Dynasty in Korea, firstly under the Kyushu Tandai (local commissioner) Mitsuyori SHIBUKAWA, and then under the Otomo clan.

• 田中 勝介（たなか しょうすけ、生没年不詳）は、江戸時代初期の京都の貿易商人。
• Shosuke(勝介)TANAKA (dates of birth and death unknown) was a trading merchant of Kyoto in the early Edo period.

• 元山は単に貿易の要所としてだけでなく、対ロシアの拠点としての機能も重視された。
• Wonsan was considered as an important site not only for trade, but also as a foothold against Russia.

• 日朝貿易は以前と同じく対馬藩に委ねられたものの、幕府の厳しい管理下に置かれた。
• The Japan-Korea Trade was under the bakufu's severe control although it was put into the hands of the Tsushima Domain as before.

• 細川氏と大内氏が実権を巡り衝突（寧波の乱）して、以後大内氏が貿易の実権を握った。
• The Hosokawa and Ouchi clans clashed over who would hold true authority over the trade (in what was called the Ningbo Turmoil); following this, the Ouchi clan managed to seize de facto control over the China trade.

• 義弘は本拠が大陸と近い地理を活かして李氏朝鮮との貿易を営み巨万の富を蓄えていた。
• Making the most of the close proximity of his seat of power to mainland Asia, Yoshihiro also worked to build trade relations between the Ouchi and the Joseon dynasty in Korea, thereby amassing a vast fortune.

• 琉球王国と中国（福州）との貿易により琉球にもたらされ、三線（サンシン）となった。
• It was brought to Ryukyu through trade between the Ryukyu Kingdom and China (Fuzhou), and became sanshin.

• こうした国際色豊かな酒の交流は、江戸時代初期の朱印船貿易へと引き継がれていった。
• Those exchanges of sake among various countries continued to the trading by shogunate-licensed trading ship in the beginning of the Edo period.

• 1980年代からの日米貿易摩擦の中で1991年にオレンジの輸入自由化が始まった。
• Amid the Japan-US trade conflicts from the '80s, import liberalization of orange started in 1991.

• その後延喜3年（903年）の太政官符には朝廷による買上前の貿易が厳禁されていた。
• The Daijokanpu issued in 903, however, showed that the Dazaifu strictly prohibited any prioritized purchase before the Imperial Court.

• そのため、日本との貿易決済用銭貨として永楽通宝が鋳造されることとなったのである。
• As a result in China, Eiraku-tsuho was minted as an instrument to settle the trade with Japan.

• 南蛮貿易によるキリシタン文化の影響も受け、大胆で派手な柄行き・色使いの物が多い。
• They were influenced by the Christian culture imported through Nanban-Boeki (trade with Southern Barbarians) and thus there are many bold and gaudy design kosodes.

• 対明貿易は、博多商人と連携し、堺商人と組んだ細川氏と競合しつつ遣明船を派遣した。
• In cooperation with merchants from Hakata, he sent ships to Ming China, competing with the Hosokawa family, which had ties with Sakai merchants.

• 堀田正睦へは、積極的に海外へ進出して貿易を行うべきであると意見書を提出している。
• In the written opinion to Masayoshi HOTTA, he said that Japan should actively advance overseas to trade with other nations.

• 貿易収支は輸出３１４０億ドル、輸入２３０億ドルで、７６０億ドルの黒字を計上した。
• The trade balance registered a surplus of $76 billion, with exports reaching $314 billion and imports $238 billion.

• これは、大輪田泊を利用して外国貿易をおこなうのに便利な地を選んだものと思われる。
• This is because he seems to have chosen a convenient place for foreign trade using Owada no tomari.

• 朝鮮王朝にとって公貿易は利益を産み出すものではなく国庫を圧迫する要因となっていた。
• For the Korean Dynasty, the public trade was not a source of benefits, and it was rather a great strain on the national treasury.

• 「壱岐焼酎」は世界貿易機関のTRIPS協定に基づく産地表示の保護指定を受けている。
• 'Iki shochu' has been designated as a protected production area based upon an Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization

• 義政は日朝貿易も同様に財源化することを意図し、朝鮮王朝に牙符制の導入を申し入れる。
• Yoshimasa also sought to make the Japan-Yi dynasty trade as a source of revenue and made a proposal to the Yi-Dynasty to introduce Gafusei.

• レコードでこれに固定されている音が最初に世界貿易機関の加盟国において固定されたもの
• phonograms comprising sounds first fixed in any of the member states of the World Trade Organization;

• 明王朝（1368年 - 1644年）は海禁を行い、倭寇などによる密貿易が行われた。
• During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), China closed its seaports giving rise to an increase in illegal trade including one by wako (Japanese pirates).

• 渤海からは薬用人参や毛皮などが、日本からは絹・綿などの貿易が見られるようになった。
• Bo Hai exported Yakuyo ninjin (ginseng) and fur products to Japan, and Japan exported silk and cotton products to Bo Hai.

• これは幕府とその影響下にある商人による貿易利益の独占を図ったものであるとも言える。
• It can be said that the Shogunate planned to monopolize the profit gained by trading of raw silk threads by themselves and the merchants under their influence through the Itowappu system.

• 米国と、米国の対仏貿易に干渉しようとした英国との間の戦争（1812年−1814年）
• a war (1812-1814 ) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France

• 8世紀には、地中海貿易が壊滅したことで、農村の自給自足体制が急速に確立されていった。
• As the Mediterranean trade collapsed during the eighth century, the self-sufficient system in villages came to be rapidly established.

• 制限貿易で、1401年（応永8）から1549年（天文18）まで19回に渡り行われる。
• This trade was a restricted trading, carried out 19 times from 1401 to 1549.

• 17世紀前半の朱印船貿易時代の伊勢商人が持ち込んだ伊勢うどんをルーツとする説がある。
• A theory suggests that the noodles originated in Ise Udon, which was introduced there by Ise merchants who engaged in the trade by shogunate-licensed trading ships called Shuinsen in the first half of the seventeenth century.

• 糸印の本来の用途は、日明貿易における生糸輸入時の信証に利用したとする説が有力である。
• A reliable theory is that itoin was originally used as seal of approval when trading raw silk in Japan-Ming trade.

• これらの中国銭は、中国（北宋・元 (王朝)など）との貿易を通じて日本にもたらされた。
• These Chinese coins were brought to Japan through trade with China (Northern Sung Dynasty or Yuan).

• 道喜は博多区・平戸市と移り、慶長年間に長崎本博多町に住み、古物商と貿易を生業とした。
• Michiyoshi lived in Hakata-ku, Hirado city, and Motohakata machi during the Keicho era, and made his living by secondhand dealer and trading.

• 平清盛の長男、平重盛の養女を妻とし、大宰府における平氏政権、日宋貿易の代行者となる。
• He took an adopted daughter of TAIRA no Shigemori, TAIRA no Kiyomori's eldest son, to his wife; he acted as a representative of the administration of the Taira clan in Dazai-fu in charge of the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China.

• 足利義満はこれに応じ日本国王に封じられ勘合符を使用して独占的に貿易を行うようになる。
• Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA responded to this demand, was appointed King of Japan and started to monopolize the trade with Ming using Kangofu (certificate to show that a ship was lawfully registered by Ming).

• 政界から引退して福原の山荘へ移り、日宋貿易および瀬戸内海交易に積極的に取り組み始めた。
• He retired from the political scene and moved to his mountain retreat in Fukuhara to start actively participating in Japan-Song trade and Seto Inland Sea trade.

• 明治の開国を通じ神戸が国際貿易港として発展し、大阪・京都も都市の近代化が進んでいった。
• After the opening of Japan to the world in the Meiji era, Kobe had been developed as an international trade port and modernization of the cities in Osaka and Kyoto had also advanced.

• しかし豊臣政権・江戸幕府と長崎は中央政権直轄領となり、貿易利潤を喪失することとなった。
• However, under the Toyotomi regime and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the domain no longer benefited from the profits of this trade because Nagasaki became a demesne of the central government.

• 貿易を掌握し、みずからが多くの渡来銭を抱える有力者は、その価値の低下を恐れたのである。
• This is because those persons who controlled the foreign trade and possessed lots of coins brought from China were afraid that the values of these coins were downgraded.

• 鎖国（さこく）は、江戸幕府が日本人の海外交通を禁止し、外交・貿易を制限した政策のこと。
• National Isolation ('Sakoku' in Japanese) refers to the policy of seclusion by which the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) prohibited Japanese citizens from going abroad, while imposing restrictions on diplomatic exchanges and trade with foreign countries.

• 数ヶ月後に結ばれた条規附録や貿易規則で定められた関税自主権などもスムーズに承認された。
• Tariff autonomy, which was prescribed in the affiliated provision and trading rules concluded several months later, was also approved smoothly.

• 明は中国人の日本渡航を禁止しており、これら中国人は密貿易で渡来し、在住する者であった。
• Ming forbid voyage to Japan, and these Chinese people arrived while trading in secret and lived in Japan.

• 第一条第一項第四号の仲介貿易取引許可申請書及び同条第二項の申請の理由を記載した添付書類
• a written application for permission for the brokerage transactions prescribed in Article 1, paragraph (1), item (iv) and an attachment stating the reason for the application as prescribed in paragraph (2) of the same Article:

• 細川氏と李氏朝鮮との交易（日朝貿易）をめぐって争ったが、これに勝利して朝鮮と通交する。
• He won in a dispute with the Hosokawa clan over a foreign trade (Japan-Korea Trade) with Joseon Dynasty and had relations with Korea.

• 主家の滅亡とともに商人に転身し、慶長から元和年間にかけて海外貿易を行なうようになった。
• Upon fall of the master's house, Soku became a merchant who carried on overseas trade in Keicho and Genna eras.

• 図表２を見ると、これらの貿易サイクルのいくつかは非常に短期のものであることが判明する。
• A glance at Chart 2 will reveal that some of these trade cycles are very short-lived.

• 明和4年（1767年）より長崎で主に貿易専用に銅銭が鋳造されたが質は悪いものであった。
• Copper coins were minted especially for international trade in Nagasaki after 1767, but their quality was poor.

• 平氏政権が成立し、平氏は勢力基盤であった伊勢国の産出する銀などを輸出品に貿易を行った。
• With the establishment of Taira clan government, the Taira clan did trade with silver produced in Ise Province, which was the basis of the force of the clan, as an export item.

• 平氏一門は知行国支配と日宋貿易で財を増し、10数名の公卿、殿上人30数名を占めるに至る。
• The Taira clan's fortune steadily grew thanks to their management of the provinces in which they were enfiefed and to Japan's trade with Song China, until there were over 10 Taira family members among Kugyo (the top court officials), as well as more than 30 tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace).

• また、南蛮貿易によりもたらされたヨーロッパのレベックやヴィオールに起源を求める説もある。
• In another theory, it is considered that Kokyu originates from the Rebec or Viol brought to Japan from Europe through trade with Spain and Portugal.

• 南京市を経て、首都北京市まで赴き、直接貿易に関わり、銅と生糸・明銭などの交易に携わった。
• He went up to the capital Beijing via Nanjing and worked directly in the trade of copper, raw silk and Ming coins.

• 応仁の乱後は日明貿易の日本における主導権は大内氏や細川氏、堺や博多の商人に移っていった。
• After the Onin War, the initiative for trade with Ming gradually moved to the Ouchi clan, Hosokawa clan and merchants in Sakai or Hakata.

• 朝鮮側の雇用が前提とはいえ、日本の商船が開港地以外での沿岸貿易が許される余地があること。
• Although the employment of Korean people was a prerequisite condition, it was possible for the Japanese merchant ships to exercise coastal trade at places other than the cities where ports were opened.

• この当時、攘夷派および世人から最も悪評を浴びていたのが、薩摩藩と外夷との密貿易であった。
• At that time, the point of greatest contention for the Joi group and also people in general was smuggling between the Satsuma Domain and foreigners.

• さらに清盛は大宰大弐に就任することで日宋貿易に深く関与することになり、経済的実力を高めた。
• And through his position as second-in-command (Daini) of Dazaifu (an important outpost in Kyushu), Kiyomori also became a major participant in the Japanese trade with Song China, and thus increased the economic might of the Taira as well.

• この頃、日宋貿易につながる海上交通ルート・瀬戸内海は、海賊の跋扈が大きな問題となっていた。
• Around this period, the Seto Inland Sea, part of the sea route in trade between Japan and Song, was infested with pirates.

• これは対馬藩が山がちで耕作に向いておらず、朝鮮との貿易なくては窮乏が必至となるためである。
• This was because the land of the Tsushima Domain was mountainous and not fitted for farming and was forced to remain in a poor state without trade with Korea.

• 16世紀末、琉球貿易により堺市に中国の三弦がもたらされ、短期間の内に三味線へと改良された。
• At the end of the sixteenth century, Ryukyu trade brought Chinese sanxian into Sakai City, and it was improved in a short period to become shamisen.

• 貿易に関係のないポルトガル人とその妻子（日本人との混血児含む）287人をマカオへ追放した。
• 287 Portuguese, including their families (half-Japanese half-Portuguese children were also contained), whose jobs were irrelevant to trade were banished to Macau.

• ただし、秀吉は南蛮貿易の実利を重視していたため、この時点では大規模な迫害は行われなかった。
• However, since Hideyoshi placed emphasis on the actual profit that he could receive from Japan's trade with Spain and Portugal, a great persecution was not executed at this point.

• 卒業の半年前に大学を中退し1878年パリ万国博覧会の通訳として貿易商社に入社しとして渡仏。
• He dropped out of the university six months before graduation and got employed by a trading company as an interpreter at the Paris World Exposition, and consequently went to France in 1878.

• 『太閤記』などによれば、安土桃山時代にルソン島に渡海し、貿易商を営むことで巨万の富を得た。
• According to books including 'Taikoki' (Chronicle of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), he crossed the sea to Luzon island in the Azuchi-Momoyama period and accumulated enormous wealth as a trader.

• 寧波の乱以降、日明貿易の主体は大内氏に移っていたが、形式上は室町幕府の正式な使節であった。
• Although the Ouchi clan actually managed the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China after the Neiha war, it was formally an official envoy of the Muromachi bakufu.

• 米国の海軍将軍で、海軍の遠征を日本ヘ導き、1854年に米日間の貿易関係を開く条約に署名した
• United States admiral who led a naval expedition to Japan and signed a treaty in 1854 opening up trade relations between United States and Japan

• 博多で酒屋や金融業を営むかたわら、明や李氏朝鮮とも日朝貿易を行なって巨万の富を築き上げた。
• While running both a sake shop and banking business in Hakata, he engaged in the Japan-Korea Trade with Ming and Yi Dynasty Korea, thereby acquiring enormous wealth.

• 16世紀中ごろの大内氏の滅亡で日明貿易は終焉を迎え、明も海禁政策をとるようになっていった。
• After the destruction of the Ouchi clan in the middle of 16th century, the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China came to an end and Ming also enacted a policy to prohibit trade.

• すなわち長崎に入る異国船の数を制限し、かつ貿易額そのものにも制限を加えるというものである。
• It limited the number of foreign ships coming into Nagasaki as well as the amount of trade itself.

• 対馬藩はこの中国産品の中継貿易によって巨額の利益を上げ、藩の禄高は実質10万石以上とされた。
• The Tsushima clan made huge profits from this relay trade of Chinese products, with its stipend was estimated as over 100,000 koku (approximately 18 million liters of crop yield).

• 幕府が派遣する使節には博多や堺市などの有力日本商人が随行し、その間で私的な貿易が行われていた
• Missions dispatched by the bakufu were accompanied by influential Japanese merchants from Hakata and Sakai City, and private trade was conducted among them.

• 1990年代に世界貿易機関の勧告により、ウィスキーの酒税が下がる一方で焼酎の酒税は上昇した。
• In the wake of a WTO recommendation issued in the 1990s, the tax rate for whisky was lowered while the rate for shochu was raised.

• それ以降、明や清との朝貢貿易の利益のため江戸幕府と中国への両属とする体制が幕末までつづいた。
• Since then, the islands had belonged to China and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who sought benefits from tribute trade with the Ming and Quing dynasties.

• 私的な交易は認めず、冊封体制と呼ばれる国家間の公式な朝貢貿易に限定しようとした（海禁政策）。
• It did not authorize private trading but attempted to authorize only the official international tribute trading called sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system) (Kaikin Policy [the policy to forbid private people to trade with foreign countries]).

• 外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第二十一条第二項の規定による許可
• Permission granted under the provisions of Article 21, paragraph (2) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949); and
• Permission granted under the provision of Article 21(2) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949); and

• この政令は、世界貿易機関を先立するマラケシュ協定が日本国について効力を生ずる日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the date on which the Marrakesh Agreement preceding the World Trade Organization comes into effect with regard to Japan.

• 関税の引き下げと輸入割当の削減によって貿易を促進するための多国間条約で創設された国際連合機関
• a United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas

• 肥前国神崎荘の預所となった忠盛は、大宰府の関与を排除して日宋貿易にも直接介入するようになった。
• When he became the Azukari dokoro of Kanzaki no sho (imperial estate) in the Hizen Province, he eliminated the influence of Dazaifu (the governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima under the ritsuryo system) and became directly involved in trade between Japan and Song.

• 遣明船には博多や堺などの有力商人も同乗し、明政府の許可を得た商人との間で私貿易が行われていた。
• Powerful merchants in Hakata and Sakai, etc. also got on Kenminsen, carrying on private trades with merchants who had obtained permission from the Ming government.

• また日本酒は、朱印船貿易により東南アジア各地に作られた日本人町やその国の王族などへ輸出された。
• In addition, sake was exported to Japanese quarters and royal families in various places in Southeastern Asia through the trading by shogunate-licensed trading ship.

• 天竜寺船、勘合貿易により中国との往来は絶えることはなく、銅銭が大量輸入され、唐物が珍重された。
• Since the coming from and going to China were never discontinued due to Tenryuji-bune (Heavenly Dragon Ship) and the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty), a large amount of copper coins were imported, and karamono (things imported from China) were highly esteemed.

• その際、大名たちの歓心を得るために、布教の見返りに南蛮貿易や武器の援助などを提示した者もいる。
• In order to win favor with these daimyo, and in return for permission to proselytize, some missionaries agreed both to support Japan's trade with Spain and Portugal and to provide them with weapons.

• 第二条中輸出貿易管理令第二条第一項第一号の二、別表第二及び別表第七の改正規定　平成四年七月一日
• The part of the provision of Article 2 that revises Article 2, paragraph (1), item (i)-2 of the Export Trade Control Order, appended table 2, and appended table 7:　July 1, 1992

• 1612年、朱印船貿易の特権を得ることに成功し、主にベトナム北部に船を派遣し、莫大な富を得た。
• In 1612, he successfully obtained the special privilege in the shuinsen boeki, and he acquired a tremendous amount of wealth by sending ships mostly to Northern Vietnam.

• その後、日本政府黙認のもとでおこなわれていた三井財閥による日朝間の密貿易が1873年発覚した。
• Later, in 1873, Mitsui-zaibatsu's secret trade with Korea to which the Japanese government gave its silent consent was discovered.

• わしの方法でやるなら、スモレット船長に少なくとも貿易風のところまでは戻ってもらおうじゃねぇか。
• If I had my way, I'd have Cap'n Smollett work us back into the trades at least;

• 作中では朱印船貿易家として描かれているが、時代的にはジャンク船を使っていたとも考えられている。
• He was depicted in the drama as a Shuin-sen trader (who traded with ships licensed by the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]); however, considering his time, he would have used junk (unlicensed) ships.

• その後、宗像の大名である宗像氏によって、日朝・日宋貿易の際に重要な役割を果たしたと考えられる。
• After that, he is thought to have played an important part in the aspects of the Japan-Korea and the Japan-Sung trades conducted under the Munakata clan, Daimyo of Munakata.

• 武士層が信仰した禅宗は北条氏得宗家も保護していたため、民間の渡来僧は貿易船に便乗して来日した。
• As the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan also supported the Zen sect that samurai class worshiped, the private monks from China came to Japan on board the trade ships.

• 南宋との経済交流は蒙古襲来（元寇）へも影響し、南宋の滅亡後も延長として日元貿易が行われている。
• Japan's economic exchange with Southern Sung affected the Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan, and the trade between Japan and Yuan Dynasty was done even after the fall of Southern Dynasty as the extension of the trade.

• 標準貨幣は永楽通宝であったが、室町幕府は貨幣を鋳造せずに日明貿易で明銭を輸入して流通させていた。
• The standard currency in use during the period was the Eiraku tsuho (Chinese Ming-dynasty copper coins); the Muromachi bakufu never minted its own coins, instead importing these Ming copper coins by means of Japan's trade with Ming China and then having them circulate.

• 大陸との貿易の推進を図る義満にとっても朝鮮と強いつながりを持つ義弘の存在は目障りなものになった。
• To Yoshimitsu, who was trying to plan how to proceed in forging trade links with mainland Asia, the existence of someone like Yoshihiro, possessing as he did such a strong bond with Korea, must have been quite obtrusive.

• 朝鮮王朝は倭寇に防備情報が漏れることを恐れており、密貿易のみならず癒着そのものも問題視していた。
• The Korean Dynasty worried about a leakage of their defensive preparations to wako, and they regarded the collusive relationships as a serious problem.

• 日本国外への輸出は、江戸時代初期に朱印船貿易によって東南アジアに輸出されていた多くの実績がある。
• In history, sake was exported to Southeastern Asia through the trading by shogunate-licensed trading ship in the early part of the Edo period.

• 平家台頭後は日宋貿易に熱心だった平清盛が肥後守に就任するなど、平家による肥後国統制が強化される。
• After the rise of the Taira family, TAIRA no Kiyomori, who was enthusiastic about the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China took the post of the Governor of Higo Province, thus the Taira family's controlling over Higo Province was strengthened.

• このため正徳 (日本)5年（1715年）に海舶互市新例（正徳長崎新令）を定めて貿易量を制限した。
• The Bakufu then enacted the Kaihakugoshi Shinrei (or the Shotoku-Nagasaki Shinrei) in 1715 in an effort to control the amount of trade.

• 1600年につくられた英国の会社で、インドと東南アジアにある新しい英国植民地との貿易を発展させた
• an English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia

• 江戸時代、鎖国令によって海外との交流は禁止され、オランダ一国だけが長崎出島で貿易を許されていた。
• During Edo period, exchanges with foreign countries were prohibited by the ordinance of national isolation and only the Netherlands was permitted to do trade in Dejima of Nagasaki.

• しかし室町幕府が求心力を失った後、再び倭寇が出没するようになり、また日朝貿易は一時的に中断した。
• However, after Muromachi bakufu lost its centripetal force, wako (Japanese pirates) made frequent appearances and Japan-Korea trade was interrupted for some time.

• 越前守でもあった平忠盛は日宋貿易に着目し、後院領である肥前国神崎荘を知行して独自に交易を行った。
• TAIRA no Tadamori, who was also Echizen no kami (Governor of Echizen Province), aiming at the trade between Japan and China, governed Kanzaki no sho (imperial estate) in Hizen Province which was goinryo (lands attached to the place of a retired emperor), and did his own trade.

• 倭寇は朝鮮半島や中国沿岸部、東南アジアにわたる東アジア地域で活動し、海賊行為や密貿易などを行った。
• The Wako were active throughout East Asia, along the coasts of China and the Korean peninsula to Southeast Asia, and were involved in acts of piracy and smuggling.

• 輸出貿易管理令別表第一の一の項の中欄に掲げる貨物の外国相互間の移動を伴う当該貨物の売買に関する取引
• Transactions related to the buying and selling of the goods listed in the middle column of row 1 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order involving the movement of the goods between foreign states.

• 三代四郎次郎清次は引き続き幕府御用達商人をつとめ、更に朱印船貿易での特権を獲得し、莫大な富を得る。
• The third generation Shirojiro Kiyotsugu continued to serve as a merchant holding the bakufu's warrant, and furthermore, he obtained the special privilege to the shuinsen boeki (trading by ships with a shogunal charter for foreign trade from the late 16th century to the mid-17th century) and he acquired great wealth.

• ローマ帝国は多くの文化を内包しており、広大な貿易網に依存し、多くの境界線を維持しようと試みていた。
• It had incorporated many cultures, depended on a vast network of trade, tried to defend many borders,

• 忠盛は諸国の受領を歴任したことに加えて、日宋貿易にも従事して莫大な富を蓄え、平氏政権の礎を築いた。
• He created immense wealth from serving as the governor of several provinces and from trading between Japan and the Song Dynasty; and, this established the base of the Taira clan government.

• そして義持の代から中断していた勘合貿易を再開させて財政政策を見直すなど、幕府権力の強化につとめた。
• He then restarted the tally trade with China that had been suspended since Yoshimochi's time and reviewed financial policy in order to reinforce the government's power.

• 幕府の対外情報源は、出島において貿易を許可されていた中国（清）とオランダの「風説書」が主であった。
• The bakufu received information about foreign countries from countries that were allowed to trade in Dejima, such as China (Qing) and the Netherlands which provided 'Fusetsugaki' (documents about foreign information).

• だが、鎌倉幕府は民間貿易を認め、鎮西奉行が博多を統治して幕府からの御用商船を派遣するようになった。
• But, Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) allowed private trade and came to have Chinzei Bugyo (Defense Commissioner of the West) govern Hakata and send official merchant ships of the bakufu.

• 一方、貿易決済としての小判および丁銀の流出は止むことが無く、通貨の絶対量の不足が深刻となってきた。
• Whereas outflow of koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) and chogin (collective term of silver coin) from the country as trade settlement did not stop, thereby absolute amont of currency was extremely in short supply.

• 恒居倭のなかには倭館の関限を超えて居住する、漁業や農業に従事する、密貿易を行う、倭寇化する者もいた。
• Some kokyowa breached the limitation of wakan to live there, engaged in fishery or agriculture, conducted illegal trade, or became wako (Japanese pirates).

• 室町時代に入ると、明が日本との貿易決済のために鋳造した永楽通宝が日本国内に広く普及するようになった。
• Entering the Muromachi period, Eiraku-tsuho coins, which the Ming Dynasty minted for payments in trade with Japan, became used widely in Japan.

• 簒奪の為の準備の一つであるとの説がある（ただし、貿易の利便性を高める為、冊封を受けたとの説もある）。
• There is a theory that says this was in preparation for usurpation (another theory says that sakuho was received in order to enhance convenience of trading).

• その骨子は輸入規制と商品の国産化推進であり、長崎に入る異国船の数と貿易額に制限を加えるものであった。
• The main points were import restrictions and promotion of domestic production, while limiting the number of foreign ships coming to Nagasaki and the amount of trade.

• 江戸時代以前の大手メジャーは、政商として商圏を国際的に拡大し、多方面にわたる貿易に乗り出していった。
• The major sakaya having existed in the Edo period or before started expanding their business internationally as seisho, advancing into various trade fields.

• 宗旦好みは幅67cm高さ50cmほどと小振りの真塗りで、琉球貿易により到来した唐物の卓を象ったもの。
• Sotan konomi is rather small (67 cm wide and 50 cm high) and varnished with black lacquer; it was modeled after a Chinese table which was brought through the Ryukyuan trade.

• 申請人が本邦において貿易その他の事業の経営を開始しようとする場合は、次のいずれにも該当していること。
• In cases where the applicant intends to commence the operation of international trading or any other business, he/she must fulfill all of the following requirements.

• 松平春岳の援助を受けて父とともに浪の平海岸一帯の埋立事業をして港湾を整備し貿易の進展に尽くしている。
• With the support of Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Kendo, he and his father reclaimed Namino-taira coasts and equipped port facilities in the area, making a great contribution to the growth of trading.

• だが賭けてもいいが、貿易や海運関係のニュースがあれば、フックは気晴らしも釣りもすっかり投げ捨てるね」
• But I bet if there were big news about timber or shipping, he would drop his fun and his fish all right.'

• 1870年、神戸市栄町通 (神戸市)に資本金30万円で製茶貿易商店を設立するも、事業不振により倒産。
• In 1870, he opened a tea manufacturing and trading store in Sakaecho-dori in Kobe City with a capital of 300,000 yen, but he went bankrupt because of slump in business.

• 明治18年、甥の外海鉄治郎と組合組織で「伊藤外海組」をはじめ、神戸に事務所をおいて、直貿易を始める。
• In 1885, he founded 'Ito Sotoumi Gumi' in the form of associative organization along with his nephew Tetsujiro SOTOUMI; they set the office in Kobe and began a direct trade.

• 仁治3年（1242年）西園寺公経が宋に派遣した貿易船は10万貫の銭貨を持ち帰ったと記録に残っている。
• In 1242, a trading ship that Kintsune SAIONJI dispatched to Sung brought back 100,000 kan worth of coins.

• 日宋貿易に関心を寄せた平忠盛は独自にこれを活発にし、輸入品を朝廷にもたらして権力を持つようになった。
• TAIRA no Tadamori who was interested in the trade between Japan and Sung, made the trade prosperous and grasped authority by bringing imported goods to the Imperial Court.

• 朝貢国が政治的に中国に従属している度合いはきわめて多様であり、多くの場合は朝貢貿易の側面が強かった。
• The degree to which tributary countries politically depended on China greatly varied, and in many cases, tributary trading was a principal duty in the system.

• 義教の死後中断していた勘合貿易を宝徳3年（1451年）に復活させ、これは以後16世紀半ばまで続いた。
• After Yoshinori's death, in 1451, he restored the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) that had been discontinued, and it continued until mid-16th century.

• 当時の日朝貿易における日本側の輸出品は胡椒・丹木・朱紅・銅・金等であり、朝鮮側の輸出品は綿布であった。
• In the trade between Japan and Korea of those days, Japan exported pepper, tanboku (sacred tree), shubeni (scarlet pigment), copper, and gold, while Korea exported cotton cloth.

• 同年に藤原秀衡が鎮守府将軍になるが、日宋貿易の輸出品である金の貢納と引き換えに任じられたと推測される。
• The same year, FUJIWARA no Hidehira became Chinjufu shogun (Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank) but was assumed to have received the position in exchange for donations of gold, which was an export in Japan-Song trade.

• 彼らは倭館の関限を超えて居住し、田地を購入して耕作、朝鮮半島沿岸での漁、密貿易など様々な活動を行った。
• They expanded their residential area beyond the boundary of the permitted Japanese settlement, and they had various activities such as the purchase of farming land to grow agricultural products, the fishing at the coastal area of the Korean Peninsular, and illegal trading.

• 1510年には三浦の乱が起こり一旦は関係が断絶するが、1512年に壬申約条が結ばれ再び貿易は行われる。
• Although the relationship was once severed following the Sanpo disturbance that erupted in 1510, Jinshin Yakujo (immigration rule where the Korean Dynasties warned the So clan) was concluded in 1512 and trading was resumed.

• したがって、琉球がさかんに貿易をしていた15世紀頃にタイ王国やマラッカから原型が渡来した可能性がある。
• Therefore, there is a possibility that the origin of Kucho was brought to Okinawa from the Kingdom of Thailand or Malacca in the fifteenth century when Ryukyu actively conducted trade with these areas.

• 鹿児島で生産される「薩摩焼酎」は、世界貿易機関のTRIPS協定に基づく産地表示の保護指定を受けている。
• 'Satsuma shochu' produced in Kagoshima, has been designated as a protected production area based upon an Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization

• その他の説として、南北朝時代に元 (王朝)から禅僧の往来や貿易によって伝えられたもの、という説がある。
• There are other theories that somen was transferred from the Yuan Dynasty through exchanges of zen monks and trading in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• この命令は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律の施行の日（平成四年一月一日）から施行する。
• This Order shall come into effect as of the date of enforcement of the Act for the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (January 1, 1992).

• この命令は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律の施行の日（平成十年四月一日）から施行する。
• This Order shall come into effect as of the date of enforcement of the Act for the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (April 1, 1998).

• この政令は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律の施行の日（平成十年四月一日）から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the date of enforcement of the Act on the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (April 1, 1998).

• この政令は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律の施行の日（平成四年一月一日）から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the date of enforcement of the Act on the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (January 1, 1992).

• 肥料、銀行、紡績、貿易、海運、新聞、桟橋、鉄道などの経営を手がけ、今日の多くの名門企業の前身を築いた。
• He conducted many businesses such as fertilizer dealing, banking, spinning, trading, shipping, dock management, and railway management, and built the foundations of today's many prestigious companies.

• 猟官運動が盛んに行われたのは長崎奉行であり、貿易に絡む賄賂に近い副収入が見込めたことで人気が高かった。
• The Nagasaki magistrate post was the most coveted one, because additional income, being close to bribes, was expected in relation with trade, and therefore, various maneuvers were conducted to get the post.

• ちょうどメキシコも、東アジアとの貿易の為に日本、または清と交流を持ちたいと思っていた矢先のことだった。
• Mexico was also considering having a diplomatic exchange with Japan or Qing to start international trading with East Asia.

• また、1641年（寛永18年）には貿易港としての地位を失った代償として平戸も加えられて6ヶ所となった。
• Additionally, in 1641 Hirado was allowed to become the member of the itowappu nakama in return for vacating their position as a port of trade; so, the total numbers of Itowappu nakama expanded to six locations.

• 1882年には大阪貿易会社が設立されて紡績業が確立し、日清戦争、日露戦争を経て日本の産業革命が進んだ。
• In 1882 the Osaka trading company was founded to establish spinning industry and then industrial revolution in Japan was proceeded after the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War.

• 勘合貿易で倭寇と区別 博多、堺市、坊津（鹿児島県南さつま市坊津町）から出航し、寧波で勘合符を照査させる。
• Licensed trade missions--to be distinguished from smuggling and piracy by Wako--set sail from Hakata, Sakai, and Bonotsu (today's Bonotsu-machi, Satsuma City, Kagoshima Prefecture), and goods were checked and inspected upon arrival in Ningbo, China.

• 日明貿易には、両国により正式の渡航船であることを証明する勘合符が用いられたことから、勘合船とも呼ばれた。
• These ships were also called Kangosen since both governments issued a certificate called Kangofu in order to prove the visiting ships were lawfully registered ships for Nichi-Ming trade.

• しかし懐良親王には朝貢貿易を主催する財力も、倭寇を取り締まる海軍力もなく、明の期待に沿えぬまま退場した。
• However Imperial Prince Kanenaga who did not have the financial abilities to host the tribute trade nor the force of the navy to crack down on wako left the status without meeting the Ming expectations.

• 幕府は物価高騰と流通の混乱を防ぐため、60年に五品江戸廻送令を発して貿易の統制を図ろうとするが失敗する。
• To prevent price increases and confusion in distribution, in 1860 the bakufu issued a regulation to control foreign trade called the Gohin Edo Kaisorei, which proved unsuccessful.

• 懐良親王の勢力が駆逐された後は、幕府や九州の大名が「日本国王良懐」と称して対明貿易を行う変則状態が続く。
• After Imperial Prince Kanenaga fell from power, there occurred an abnormal situation in which the shogunate government and the feudal lords in Kyushu traded with the Ming under the name of 'Ryokai, the king of Japan.'

• また、同法の画期的な部分は次回来航期限を定めた信牌交付や長崎の行政改革による貿易管理の強化の部分にある。
• One of the revolutionary points of this law was to issue Shinpai (信牌) (port-entry permit) which set the next port entry due date and the enhanced trading management through administrative reforms in Nagasaki.

• 幕府はこれらの莫大な造営費用を確保するために、新たな財源として、貿易船による収入という手段に注目していた。
• To obtain a huge amount of revenue to cover these building expenses, the bakufu paid attention to the income brought about by trading vessels as a new revenue source.

• 東福寺造営料唐船の如く、この船は（新安沈船）は東福寺（現京都市東山区）造営を名目とした貿易唐船と見られる。
• Like the Tofuku-ji zoeiryotosen (a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to the Yuan Dynasty in order to make profits to cover the costs of repair and construction on Tofuku-ji Temple), this ship (the wrecked ship found in Shinan, South Korea)is considered to have been a trading vessel to be dispatched for the purpose of building the Tofuku-ji Temple (Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City).

• 1094年（寛治8年）5月25日、遼と私貿易を行ったことをとがめられ、従二位に降格の上、停職を命じられた。
• On July 16, 1094, he was blamed for having private trade with Liao and was suspended from office, dropping to the rank of Junii (Junior Second Rank).

• しかし資本がないため関西貿易商会（黒田と同郷で薩摩出身の五代友厚らの経営）が払下げを引受けることになった。
• However, due to a lack of financial resources, Kansai-boeki-shokai (a company run by Tomoatsu GODAI, who was from Satsuma just as KURODA) agreed to buy the properties.

• 強いて類別すれば、条規そのものは日米和親条約にあたり、付録及び貿易規則・公文は日米修好通商条約に該当する。
• If it must be classified, the stipulation itself corresponded to the Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan, while the Appendix, and trade regulations and official documents corresponded to the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan.

• 元は慣習的な単位であったが、清代に外国との貿易のために各国と単位についての協定を結び、公式の単位となった。
• It was originally a conventional unit, but it became the official one in the era of Qing when the Qing dynasty concluded the treaty on units with foreign countries for the purpose of foreign trade.

• そうした中勃発した島原・天草一揆は、キリスト教禁止の徹底と、幕府による管理貿易である鎖国の完成へとつながる。
• In such a situation, the occurrence of Shimabara/Amakusa uprisings led the bakufu to the complete prohibition of Christianity and the complete national isolation that allowed only bakufu-controlled trade.

• 平和な時代が始まったため刀剣の国内需要は低下したが、明への重要な貿易品としての生産も行われるようにもなった。
• Domestic demand for swords decreased since the era of peace started, but production for important exports to Ming also started.

• この政令は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律の施行の日（昭和六十二年十一月十日）から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the date of enforcement (November 10, 1987) of the Act on the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act.
• This Cabinet Order shall come into force as from the date of enforcement of the Act for Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (November 10, 1987).
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the date of enforcement of the Act for Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (November 10, 1987).

• この政令は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律の施行の日（昭和五十五年十二月一日）から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into force as from the date of enforcement of the Act for Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (December 1, 1980).
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the date of enforcement of the Act for Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (December 1, 1980).

• 貿易規則そのものには穀物の輸出入及び港税が不当に低く抑えられていることを除けば、さして問題となる箇所はない。
• Except for the unfairly low tariff on the export and import of grains and on the ports, there were no points that caused a problem in the trade regulation itself.

• 病から回復した清盛は福原京に別荘を造営して、かねてからの念願だった厳島神社の整備・日宋貿易の拡大に没頭する。
• After recovering from the illness, Kiyomori built a cottage in Fukuharakyo and immersed himself in development of Itsukushima-jinja Shrine and expansion of trade with the Sung Dynasty of China as he had always wanted to.

• 薩長同盟を介した秘密貿易で武器や艦船を購入し、近代的な軍制改革が施されていた長州軍の士気は、極めて高かった。
• The Choshu army was full of fighting spirit, as it had purchased weapons and battleships through secret trading via the Satsuma-Choshu alliance and had undergone military reform.

• 貿易障壁を減らし、そのメンバーの間で協力を増強するために第二次世界大戦後に組織されたヨーロッパ諸国の国際組織
• an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

• この頃北海道に渡るということは、その後の渡米以上の遠隔地への探検旅行でこれは、関西貿易会社に関してであった。
• Going to Hokkaido at that time was a long-distance exploration travel, exceeding the level of going to the United States in later years, and this travel was for Kansai Boeki Gaisha (Kansai Trading Company).

• 義満は1392年に南北朝合一を行い、1399年（応永6）には独自に私貿易を行っていた大内義弘を応永の乱で討つ。
• Yoshimitsu accomplished the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts in 1392, and then defeated Yoshihiro OUCHI in the Oei War in 1399 who had individually carried on private trade.

• 両事変後、朝鮮において日本は経済的に進出し、90年代朝鮮の貿易で日本は輸出の90%以上、輸入の50%を占めた。
• Since the two incidents that occurred in korea, Japan had promoted an economic presence, and Japanese exports amounted to more than 90% and Japanese imports accounted for 50% in Korean trade during the 1890's.

• この交流は朝貢貿易の形態を取ったため、渤海からの貢物に対して、日本側では数倍の回賜でもって応える義務が生じた。
• Due to the exchanges being in the form of a tribute trade, Japan was obligated to send return gifts of several times more value after receiving tributes from Bokkai.

• これに基づく価格を估価（こか、沽価）と呼び、租税の物納や日本国外との貿易の価格や交換の基準としても用いられた。
• The prices based on the law were called koka, which were used as standards for calculating taxes paid in kind, prices in trading and conversion rates for goods.

• 同じ頃、堺の茶人兼豪商である千宗易や天王寺屋道叱らと懇意になり、数奇者として、朝鮮貿易業者として交歓しあった。
• At the same time, he became friendly with Soeki SEN and Doshitsu TENNOJIYA, who were masters of tea ceremony and wealthy merchants in Sakai, and they associated with each other as tea masters and Japan-Korea traders.

• 大正7年（1918年）11月に休戦協定が成立した後も、輸出はますます活況を呈し、貿易商社は大きな収益を挙げた。
• After the cease-fire agreement was concluded in November 1918, roaring export of Japan enabled trading companies to earn large profits.

• 一見双方平等のようであるが、貿易に関する力量がすでに異なっていたため、朝鮮側にとって著しく不利なものであった。
• It seemed an equal treaty at a glance, but the ability to trade was already different, so it was remarkably disadvantageous to Korea.

• 安土桃山時代には、日本各地はもとより東南アジア諸国との南蛮貿易に進出する酒屋もあらわれ、豪商として育っていった。
• In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, some sakaya advanced into trade with Spain and Portugal through eastern Asian nations as well as various places in Japan, growing into wealthy merchants.

• これらは秋田城が独占していた対北海道蝦夷貿易がこの地区の新興階層の手に移行したことを示唆しているとする人もいる。
• According to some, this shows that trade with the Emishi in Hokkaido, which Akita-jo Castle had monopolized, was taken over by the emerging class of people in these regions.

• 明治22年（1889年）同新聞を本山彦一に譲り、神戸に兼松商店（のちの兼松江商、現兼松）を創設、日豪貿易に従事。
• In 1889, he handed over the administration of 'Osaka Mainichi Shimbun' to Hikochi MOTOYAMA, and established Kanematsu Shoten (later known as Kanamatsu Esho, currently known as Kanematsu) and worked in the trading between Japan and Australia.

• その後平清盛は大輪田泊を改修するなど貿易を振興し、そこから得られる利益をもとに平氏政権を磐石なものにしていった。
• After that, TAIRA no Kiyomori developed trade with Sung into prosperity by improving Owada no tomari and built a strong political system on the basis of profits from this trade.

• 室町時代末期、日朝・日明貿易の実権が大名に移り、力を蓄えさせたと共に、室町幕府の支配の正当性が薄れる結果になった。
• Towards the end of the Muromachi period, the real power of the trade between Japan and Korea and that between Japan and the Ming moved to daimyo, making daimyo gain power and making weaker the validity of the control by the Muromachi bakufu.

• また、二年前（1971年）にはウィスキーの貿易自由化が発表され、前年（1972年）にはワインブームが始まっている。
• In addition, two years before (1971), trade liberalization of whisky was announced and in the previous year (1972) a wine boom began.

• さらに宣教師や商人によって日本人が奴隷として奴隷貿易事件が発生し、ここに至って豊臣秀吉はバテレン追放令を発布した。
• In addition to that, a slave-trade incident occurred in which missionaries and merchants sold Japanese people into slavery, which finally made Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI decide to issue the order expelling Jesuit missionaries.

• 博多には平安時代の日宋貿易以来、北宋から渡来した商人が居を構える「唐房」あるいは「大唐街」と呼ばれる街域があった。
• Since the start of trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty during the Heian period, there had been a residential area called 'Tobo' or 'Daitogai,' residential areas in which merchants from Northern Sung Dynasty resided.

• 義政は日朝貿易権の統制を重要視しており、牙符を極秘裡に私蔵し在京有力守護に対しても王城大臣使の派遣を許さなかった。
• Yoshimasa regarded controlling over the right of Japan-Korea trade as important such that he secretly owned Gafu and did not allow even the influential shugo (military governor) living in the capital to dispatch the Ojo-daijin envoy.

• 国際貿易の対象となる特定の有害な化学物質及び駆除剤についての事前かつ情報に基づく同意の手続に関するロッテルダム条約
• Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

• 別子銅山を経営し、神戸市に銅貿易をなし、また再製茶及び樟脳製造業を行い、滋賀県坂田郡醒ヵ井村において生糸業を営む。
• He managed the Besshi dozan copper mine, engaged in trading copper, operated the business of producing saiseicha (remanufactured tea) and camphor and carried out raw silk business in Samegai Village, Sakata County, Shiga Prefecture.

• 1856年（安政3）、堀田正睦が老中首座・外国事務取扱となると、貿易取調御用掛に任じられ、外交上の機密文書を担当。
• In 1856, when Masayoshi HOTTA became the head of Roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shognate) and came to be in charge of foreign affairs, Nishimura was appointed to Boeki Torishirabe Goyogakari (general affairs official of the Imperial Household in charge of trade) to handle classified diplomatic documents.

• 勘定所は、幕府財政の収支、天領での年貢徴収、長崎貿易、郡代・代官の勤怠、貨幣改鋳など財政に関する事務一切を扱った。
• The Kanjo-sho office dealt with all finance-related matters, including the balance of the bakufu's finance, the collection of tax in Tenryo (the areas controlled directly by the bakufu), trade at Nagasaki, the attendance of the Gundai officers and of the Daikan officers, and reminting coins.

• チベット・モンゴル・ネパールでは貿易商から財の神としての信仰を集め、チベットでは福の神としての民間信仰も生まれた。
• In Tibet, Mongolia and Nepal, Daikokuten was worshipped by traders as a god of wealth and in Tibet, a folk belief in Daikokuten as a god of good luck began to spread.

• イスラム帝国の拡大に従って、従来からのヨーロッパとアジアを結ぶ中継貿易の役目に加えて、地域内の交易も盛んになった。
• As the caliphate expanded, regional trade flourished in addition to the traditional intermediate trade between Europe and Asia.

• 中島飛行機は第二次世界大戦中に急速に発達した財閥で、軍用機の生産から鉱山・貿易・水産などの非飛行機部門にも進出した。
• Nakajima Airplane was a zaibatsu that grew rapidly during World War II and later expanded its business from military aircraft production to non-aircraft businesses such as mining, trade and commercial fishing.

• そのため、正統な日本料理店に認証を与える制度「日本食レストラン推奨制度」を日本貿易振興機構(JETRO)がはじめた。
• Therefore, the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) has started 'The system of recommending Japanese restaurants,' a system to certify legitimate Japanese restaurants.

• このため、第二次世界大戦前は寒天が日本の重要な貿易品であったが、第二次世界大戦中は戦略的意味合いから輸出を禁止した。
• This made kanten one of the major export items before World War II, but, during the war period the exportation of kanten from Japan was banned for strategic reasons.

• 清の中国支配が始まり、清国との貿易で長崎には多くの清国商人が渡来し、彼らが清国の戯曲や民謡といった民間音楽を伝えた。
• After the Qing dynasty began in China, many Qing merchants came to Nagasaki for trade and they introduced the people's music, such as Qing plays and minyo.

• このため明国官憲の監視が及ばず、中国商船は合法的に来航できる東南アジア諸港で日本船との出会い貿易が行われたのである。
• As a result, Chinese trading ships met and traded with Japanese ships in ports at Southeast Asia where they could travel legally and outside the watchful eyes of the government authorities of the Ming Dynasty.

• 勘合符(かんごうふ)は日明貿易等に用いられた、明と朝貢国間の正式の来貢、通交船であることを証明する明が発行した割符。
• Kangofu was a tally or trading license issued by the Ming dynasty and used in trade, such as the Ming-Japanese trade, to confirm authorized tribute and trade ships between the Ming dynasty and a tributary state.

• ホンコンはシナとの貿易における地位をマカオと争ってきたが、今はシナの物資は大部分がホンコンに運ばれ、貯蔵されている。
• Hong Kong has beaten Macao in the struggle for the Chinese trade, and now the greater part of the transportation of Chinese goods finds its depot at the former place.

• ただし、当時の明側では日本を「十年一貢の国」（十年に1度しか朝貢貿易を許可しない国）としていたため入国を拒否された。
• However, he was refused entry because the Ming dynasty in those days determined Japan as 'a country of one tribute in ten years' (a country which could be allowed the tribute trade once in ten years).

• あなたは大いなる貿易の知恵によってあなたの富を増し、その富によってあなたの心は高ぶった。 (エゼキエル書 28:5)
• by your great wisdom [and] by your traffic you have increased your riches, and your heart is lifted up because of your riches-- (Ezekiel 28:5)

• 具体的には清国船は年間30艘、交易額は銀6000貫にまで制限し、また和蘭船は年間2隻、貿易額は3000貫に制限した。
• In particular, the number of ships from Qing was limited to 30 and the trade amount to 6,000 kan of silver (kan is a unit of volume, approx.3.75 kg) per year, and ships from Holland was limited to 2 and the trade amount to 3,000 kan per year.

• 平安末期の平氏政権期から鎌倉時代にかけて日宋貿易が行われ、鎌倉仏教とともに精進料理や文人画などの中国文化が流れ込んだ。
• The trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China was implemented during a period from the Taira clan government in the late Heian period to the Kamakura period, and Chinese culture such as vegetarian dishes and literati painting were imported along with Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura period).

• 日中関係史において、元寇による関係悪化（13世紀）と日明貿易（15世紀）の間の時期をつなぐ、半官半民的な交易船である。
• In the history of the relationship between Japan and China, those vessels were semi-official trading ships that likened to the period when relations worsened due to the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan (13th century) and the period when Japan and the Ming dynasty in China started trade (15th century).

• しかし、その後の江戸幕府は禁教政策に加え、西国大名が勢力を伸ばすことを警戒したので海外との貿易を制限するようになった。
• However, after that, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), being afraid that daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) in western Japan would expand their power, and imposed restrictions on foreign trade in addition to the ban of Christianity.

• 結局、日朝貿易を室町幕府の統制下に置こうという義政の目論見は無に帰すが、牙符制そのものは文禄・慶長の役まで続けられる。
• As a result, Yoshimasa's plan to place Japan-Korea trade under the control of the Muromachi bakufu failed, but Gafusei was observed until Bunroku Keicho no Eki.

• この政令は、平成十七年一月一日から施行する。ただし、第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第二の改正規定は、公布の日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from January 1, 2005; provided, however, that the part of the provision of Article 2 that revises appended table 2 of the Export Trade Control Order shall come into effect as from the date of promulgation.

• 1506年（永正3年）遣明使の正使に任じられて1511年（永正8年）明に渡り、貿易品の価格交渉や文人との交流を行った。
• He was appointed as the senior envoy of Kenminshi (Japanese envoys to Ming Dynasty China) in 1506 and in 1511, he went to Ming and was involved in the price negotiation of trade products while exchanging with cultured persons there.

• 二度に渡る遣明船往来の詳細を『策彦入明記』として克明に記録しており、末期の日明貿易を知る上での貴重な史料となっている。
• He precisely recorded the details of the two visits of the Envoy Ship Dispatched to Ming China as 'Sakugen nyuminki,' which is important historical reference material to study and to know about the last days of the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China.

• その後、しばしば横浜市に出向いて絵を売り込み、外国貿易が次第に盛んになっている時期「茶箱廣重」の名で外国人に知られた。
• After this, he often went to Yokohama City to sell his works, and as foreign trade gradually increased, he became known to foreigners as 'Hiroshige of tea box' (because he painted labels attached to tea boxes used for shipping).

• そのほかに貿易商および商人の取引、ならびにアラビヤの諸王と国の代官たちからも、はいってきた。 (列王紀1 10:15)
• besides that which the traders brought, and the traffic of the merchants, and of all the kings of the mixed people, and of the governors of the country. (1 Kings 10:15)

• また朝鮮半島からの遣日本使を迎え入れ、逆に遣新羅使、遣渤海 (国)使を派遣するなど外交的・貿易的なつながりを持っていた。
• Japan had a diplomatic and commercial relationship by accepting envoys to Japan from the Korean Peninsula, and sending Kenshiragi-shi (Japanese envoy to Shilla) and Ken-Bokkaishi (Japanese envoy to Balhae).

• この日本側の措置に東莱府使は激怒して、10月には日本公館への食糧等の供給を停止、日本人商人による貿易活動の停止を行った。
• Toraifu side was so angered by these acts that they stopped supply of food etc. to Nihon Kokan and also prohibited the trading activities by Japanese traders.

• 長い間貿易と侵略のためのルートとなっていたが、オーストリアのインスブルックとイタリアのボルツァーノをつなぐアルペンの山道
• an Alpine mountain pass connecting Innsbruck in Austria with Bolzano in Italy that has long been a route for trade and for invasions

• 支那国政府は、成るべく速に外国人の居住及貿易の為自ら進で山東省に於ける主要都市を開くことを約す。其地点は別に協定すべし。
• The Chinese Government engage to open of their own accord, as soon as possible, certain important cities and towns in the Province of Shantung for the residence and commerce of foreigners. The places to be so opened shall be decided upon in a separate agreement.

• 結果、幕府としては従前同様に日朝貿易は対馬藩に委ねたほうが得策と判断し、宗義成は無罪、柳川調興は津軽地方に流罪とされた。
• As a result, the Edo bakufu judged that it would be wise to leave Japan-Korea Trade to the Tsushima Domain as before, and Yoshinari SO was found innocent while Shigeoki YANAGAWA was sentenced to banishment to the Tsugaru region.

• また臨時的収入として勘合貿易による収益があり、後に五山などの禅寺に対する保護と見返りとした献金や分一銭なども収入に加えた。
• The bakufu also made extra income by the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming Dynasty) and further augmented the income by counting the money donated by Zen temples (temples belonging to the Zen sect) such as gosan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) in exchange for its protection over such temples, and buichi-sen (a commission for issuance of a debt cancellation order).

• 至本は貿易の成否に関わらず、帰国時に現金5000貫文を納めることを約して、予定通り翌康永元年（1342年）8月に元へ渡航。
• Shihon promised to offer 5,000 kanmon regardless of the outcome of the trading, and sailed to Yuan in September 1342 as scheduled.

• 「葛西殿」は葛西谷（現鎌倉市小町）に居を構え、得宗領などを支配し、対元 (王朝)貿易に関わっていた女性である事が知られる。
• Kasaidono lived in Kasai-dani Valley (now Komachi, Kamakura City), managed the fief owned by the Tokuso family (head of the Hojo clan) and was involved in trading with China (the Yuan Dynasty), according to the historical materials.

• 大宰府の長官は現地に赴任しないのが当時の慣例になっていて、日宋貿易を直接掌握する狙いがあったとしても不可解な行動といえる。
• As it had been standard practice at that time that the chief of Dazaifu remained in the capital rather than relocating to the Province, Yorimori's action was incomprehensible, even taking into consideration the fact that he aimed to directly assume control of trade between Japan and Sung China.

• 経済都市･大坂は貿易港であった難波津や石山御坊寺内町、豊臣政権の拠点など幾度かその都市の性格を変えながら発展を続けてきた。
• Osaka is an economic center that continued its development over the course of history by changing its function--as a trade port (Naniwa no Tsu), as a temple town under Ishiyama Gobo Temple, and more later as the seat of the Toyotomi government.

• また日本に倭寇対策を求めたのは李氏朝鮮も同様で、これを機に両国間で使節派遣が行われるようになり、貿易も盛んになっていった。
• Yi Dynasty Korea also demanded that Japan take countermeasures against wako (Japanese pirates) and seizing on the opportunity, envoy exchanges came to be conducted and trade between the two countries prospered.

• また、東南アジア貿易が盛んであった時には、木材の品質もよく造船技術も優れていたシャムのアユタヤで大量の船が注文・購入された。
• During the time when the trade with Southeast Asia countries flourished, numerous ships were ordered and purchased in Ayutthaya in Siam, due to the excellence of the construction and the quality of Thai wood.

• 元や明ではすでに銅銭の信用が低下しており、貿易を独占するような権門や大商人たちはこれを安い元手できわめて容易に入手していた。
• In the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, the credibility of copper coins had been degraded, and the influential families and the merchants engaging in large-scale trade who monopolized oversea trade could get these coins by selling inexpensive things and quite easily.

• 日朝貿易を経済的基盤としていた宗氏は事態の打開を図り、1547年に偽日本国王使を派遣した結果、締結されたのが丁未約条である。
• The Teibi Yakujo that was concluded when the So clan, who were economically dependent on Japan-Korea trade, managed to effect a breakthrough in the situation and a pseudo King of Japan envoy was dispatched in 1547.

• 町人資本による印旛沼・手賀沼の干拓事業、さらに長崎貿易を推奨し、特に俵物など輸出商品の開発を通じて金銀の流出を抑えようとした。
• He proceeded land reclamation of Inbanuma Pond and Teganuma Pond by investing merchant capital, and encouraged foreign trade in Nagasaki, but at the same time promoted product development such as roasted sea cucumbers and dried abalones (tawaramono) for the purpose of reducing the export of gold and silver from Japan.

• 至本は貿易の成否に関わらず、帰国時に現金5000貫文を納めることを約し、予定の通り翌康永元年（1342年）8月に元へ渡航した。
• Shihon was promised 5000 kanmon (approximately 50,000 yen) on his return regardless of the outcome of trade; he sailed to Yuan in September 1342, the following year, as scheduled.

• 徳川家康はスペインとの貿易に積極的姿勢を見せ、京都の商人田中勝介を当時スペイン領のヌエバ・エスパーニャ（メキシコ）に派遣した。
• Ieyasu TOKUGAWA adopted the posture of actively promoting trade with Spain, and sent Shosuke TANAKA, a merchant in Kyoto, to Nueva Espana (present Mexico) that was a territory of Spain at that time.

• 九州探題や守護・国人のような大勢力に対しては外交と公貿易を兼ねた通交が許可され、それら通交使節を派遣する船は使送船と呼ばれた。
• Such powers as Kyushu tandai (the Military Governor of Kyushu), shugo (provincial governor appointed by the shogun), and kokujin (native chieftains, certain local powers) were authorized to have traffic for both diplomatic and commercial purposes, and the ships which brought those envoys were called Shisosen (envoy sending ship).

• 外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第二十一条第二項（大蔵大臣の許可を要する資本取引）の規定による許可
• Permission granted under the provisions of Article 21, paragraph (2) (Capital Transactions for Which Permission of Minister of Finance is Required) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949);
• Permission granted under the provision of Article 21(2) (Capital Transactions for Which Permission of Minister of Finance is Required) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949)

• 輸出貿易管理令（以下「輸出令」という。）別表第一の二の項の経済産業省令で定める仕様のものは、次のいずれかに該当するものとする。
• Goods with specifications prescribed by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in row 2 of the appended table 1 of the Export Control Order (referred to hereinafter as the 'Export Order') shall fall under any of the following.

• 外国為替及び外国貿易法（以下「法」という。）第六十七条第一項の規定により第一号に規定する貨物に係る輸入の承認に条件を付する権限
• The authority under Article 67, paragraph 1 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act') to attach conditions to import approval for goods prescribed in item 1

• 肥後における治績は良好で、田麦を特産品化し南蛮貿易の決済に当てるなど、世に知られた治水以外に商業政策でも優れた手腕を発揮した。
• His administration in Higo was a great success, and in particular he exhibited his remarkable ability, beyond the well-known flood control, in commercial policies such as making wheat a local specialty and using it to settle trade with Spain and Portugal.

• 唯一の例外であった平戸藩にある平戸の場合も同藩に莫大な収入を与え続けていたオランダとの貿易の権利を幕府が剥奪した代償であった。
• The only exception in this was Hirado of the Hirado Domain, but it was a trade off in compensation for the Edo Bakuf's seizing of their trading rights to the Netherlands, which provided enormous revenue to the Hirado Domain.

• 薩摩藩の援助により、土佐脱藩の仲間と共に長崎で社中（亀山社中・のちに海援隊_(浪士結社)）を組織し、物産・武器の貿易を行った。
• With the assistance of Satsuma clan, Ryoma together with his peers who also fled from Tosa clan established shachu (Kameyama-shachu, later Kaientai (ronin's association)) in Nagasaki and carried on trade of goods and arms.

• 中国との貿易で日本から乾物が中国へと持ち込まれ、中華料理の材料となったものも多い（俵物三品　ふかひれ、干しアワビ、干しなまこ）。
• As part of trade between China and Japan, Japanese desiccated foods were a commodity brought into China (Three types of desiccated foods were often used as an ingredient in Chinese food: shark fin, dried abalone and, dried sea cucumber).

• そのため国内の混乱にも乗じて私貿易船が横行し、いわゆる「前期倭寇」と呼ばれる、江南沿岸や朝鮮半島への海賊行為も行うようになった。
• This led to the prevalence of private trading ships taking advantage of the domestic confusion, resulting in the emergence of piracy, or so called 'early wako' along Konan coasts and Korean Peninsula.

• 第一条中外国為替管理令第十八条の改正規定並びに第二条中輸出貿易管理令第四条第二項及び別表第二の二の改正規定　平成四年六月二十六日
• The provisions revising Article 18 of the Foreign Exchange Control Order in Article 1, and the provisions revising Article 4, paragraph (2) of the Export Trade Control Order and appended table 2-2 in Article 2:　June 26, 1992
• The part of the provision of Article 1 that revises Article 18 of the Foreign Exchange Control Order and the part of the provision of Article 2 that revises Article 4, paragraph (2) of the Export Trade Control Order and appended table 2-2:　June 26, 1992

• 長州藩の武備恭順や大村益次郎たちによる秘密貿易を口実として幕府側（会津藩・新撰組）は、第二次長州征討（長州征討）を強行してくる。
• The shogunate side (the Aizu clan and Shinsengumi) forcefully made a second conquest of Choshu on the pretext of its nominal submission to the shogunate accompanied by secret armament as well as Omura's secret trading with foreign countries.

• また、中国の明王朝とも独自の貿易を行ない、瀬戸内海では細川氏と対立し、北九州から中国地方、さらに中央と勢力を大きく拡大していた。
• In addition, he independently traded with the Ming Dynasty in China and expanded his influence to Kitakyushu (northern Kyushu) and Chugoku regions and even to the central part of Japan after fighting with the Hosokawa clan in Seto Inland Sea.

• また、別件で、浜田藩ぐるみで竹島密貿易を行っていたこと（竹島事件）も発覚し、名を下野守と改めさせられたうえ、永蟄居を命じられた。
• Additionally, it was revealed that Hamada Domain as a whole committed the smuggling at Takeshima Island (Takeshima Incident), consequently Yasuto was renamed Shimotsuke no kami and given eichikkyo (life incarceration).

• また、北前船の終着地、あるいは、長崎貿易の交易品の中継地としての役割や、淀川を利用した京への水運の拠点としての役割も大きかった。
• The city also played an important role as the terminal for Kitamae-bune cargo ships that traveled trade routes in the Sea of Japan, a relay station for trading goods that were exported through Nagasaki, as well as the center of distribution by water along the Yodogawa River to the city of Kyo (Kyoto).

• また、ヨーロッパとの交易（南蛮貿易）が開始し、火縄銃やキリスト教などが伝来し、それまでの戦術や日本の宗教観念に大きな影響を与えた。
• Trade with European countries (trade with Spain and Portugal) started, and matchlock guns and Christianity were brought to Japan, significantly affecting fighting techniques and religious concepts that Japanese had until then.

• 法第二十五条第一項第二号又は令第十八条第四項（仲介貿易取引に係るものに限る。）の規定による経済産業大臣の許可を受けようとする居住者
• a resident who intends to obtain permission from the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry pursuant to the provision of Article 25, paragraph (1), item (ii) of the Act or Article 18, paragraph (4) of the Order (limited to those which pertain to the brokerage transactions); or

• また、弘治2年（1556年）には、勘合貿易の再開を求めて明に使者を派遣したが、明からは正統な大内氏当主としての承認を拒まれている。
• In 1556 he called for the reopening of the tally trade between Japan and the Ming dynasty and sent envoys to the Ming dynasty, but they refused to accept him as the rightful head of the Ouchi clan.

• 呂宋 助左衛門（るそん すけざえもん、永禄8年（1565年）? - 没年不詳）は、戦国時代 (日本)の和泉国堺市の貿易商人である。
• Sukezaemon RUSON (1565? - year of death unknown) was a trader in Sakai City, Izumi Province during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States [in Japan]).

• 信長は諸外国との貿易を前提に宗室を保護しようとしたが、天正10年（1582年）の本能寺の変で死去したため、この目論見は露と消えた。
• Nobunaga tried to protect Soshitsu on the condition of having trade with foreign countries, but as Nobunaga died in the Honnoji Incident in 1582, Soshitsu's plan was cancelled.

• 1592年に始まる文禄・慶長の役によって日朝の国交は断絶し、戦争直後対馬藩が送った貿易再開を求める使者が帰ってこないことが多かった。
• The Bunroku-Keicho War beginning in 1592 severed the diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea, and just after the war, there were many envoys who were dispatched to Korea by the Tsushima clan to ask for trade resumption but they never returned to Japan.

• 文久3年7月（1863年8月15日）に発生した薩英戦争ではイギリス海軍の捕虜となったが、その後藩命によりイギリスとの貿易に従事する。
• GODAI was captured by the British navy in the Anglo-Satsuma War that occurred on August 15, 1863, but later he engaged in trade with England by the order of the Domain.

• これらの中国銭は、中国（北宋・元 (王朝)など）との貿易を通じて日本にもたらされたが、日本でもこれらの貨幣を私的に鋳造する者が現れた。
• These Chinese coins were brought into Japan through trade with China (during the Baisong, Yuan Dynasty, for example) and such coins also came to be privately minted in Japan.

• しかし、外国との貿易港である舞鶴西港は、商港でありながら漁港でもあるため、近年海運の主役となっている大型コンテナ船の就航が難しかった。
• However, the Maizuru Nishi Port, port for foreign trade, functions not only as a commercial port but also as a fishing port; therefore, there was difficulty in operating service for large-scale container vessels which have recently played a leading part in marine transportation.

• 南蛮貿易により日本にもたらされた唐辛子は、文禄・慶長の役の日本軍によって朝鮮半島にももたらされ、キムチ等の韓国・朝鮮料理の礎を築いた。
• Red pepper, brought to Japan through trade with Spain and Portugal, was introduced to the Korean Peninsula by the troops of Japan in the Bunroku-Keicho War and established the basis of Korean cuisine such as kimchi.

• 12回にわたる交渉の結果、8月24日（旧暦7月6日）、細目に当たる修好条規付録（11款）と章程にあたる貿易規則（11則）が定められる。
• As a result of negotiations over 12 times, details for subsidiary agreements of the Treaty of Amity (11 provisions) and the precise rules of trade regulations (11 rules) were established on August 24.

• 榎本は貿易商で、島津・毛利・山内・前田・蜂須賀ら大名家が幕府に内緒で銃を買い入れていた武器商人で、維新後は生糸の輸出で財をなしていた。
• Enomoto was a trader and a weapon dealer from whom feudal lord families including Shimazu, Mori, Yamauchi, Maeda and Hachisuga had purchased guns secretly from the shogunate, and after the Meiji Restoration, he made a fortune by export of raw silk thread.

• アメリカ合衆国は石炭補給基地の確保や、日本沿岸で漂流した自国民やその財産の保護、日本との自由貿易などの理由で日本との通商を試みていた。
• The United States of America reached out Japan for the purpose of establishing free trade, securing a coal supply-base, and protecting American castaways and their property, and freely trading with Japan.

• この法令は、江戸問屋の保護と物価高騰の抑制を目的としていたが、すぐに列強各国から、条約に規定する自由貿易を妨げる、と強い反発を受けた。
• Although this law was intended to protect warehouse merchants in Edo and to control steep price rise, it immediately met with strong opposition from powerful countries insisting that the law would hamper free trade policy as specified in the treaties.

• 同後半の黒船来航と日米和親条約締結を契機として、幕府の管理貿易体制（鎖国）は解かれ、結果として幕府の威信は低下し、朝廷の権威が増大した。
• With the arrival of Kurofune (the black ships of Commodore Matthew Perry) and the conclusion of Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan as the turning point, the trade system controlled by the bakufu (Sakoku) was dissolved, resultantly lowering the authority of the bakufu and increasing the authority of the Imperial Court.

• こうしたことに加え、南蛮貿易による異文化との接触や朝鮮陶法の伝播などにより、文化は新たな時代を向かえ“桃山文化”と呼ばれることになった。
• In addition to the above, through contact with different cultures via trade with Spain and Portugal, the spread of manufacturing techniques of Korean pottery, etc., culture entered a new era and came to be referred to as the 'Momoyama culture.'

• 積極的な海外貿易推進者であった戦国大名の分国法「大内氏掟書」には自分への貢納銭は撰銭し、庶民は撰銭するななどと虫のいいことを記している。
• 'Ouchi-shi Okitegaki' (collections of laws and regulations established by the Ouchi clan), a bunkokuho (the law individual Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) enforced in their own territories) of a Sengoku daimyo who promoted oversea trade actively, includes the following rather selfish description: The erizeni act shall be carried out for the coins paid as taxes but it is not permitted for the general public to carry out the erizeni act.

• 第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の二の項の改正規定のうち同項（十五）に係る部分並びに同表の三の二の項及び六の項の改正規定　平成八年一月三日
• The part of the provision of Article 2 that revises row 2 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order (limited to the part related to (xv) of the same row), and the provision for revising row 3-2 and row 6 of the same table:　January 3, 1996

• 令第十八条の三第二項の規定による経済産業大臣の許可を受けようとする同条第一項の規定により仲介貿易取引について許可を受ける義務を課された者
• a person who has been obliged to obtain permission for the brokerage transactions pursuant to the provision of Article 18-3, paragraph (1) of the Order and who intends to obtain permission from the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry pursuant to the provision of paragraph (2) of the same Article.

• 五代が日本でも桟橋をつくって貿易の便をはかりたいと考え、鴻池、住友、藤田とともに神戸桟橋会社を1884年（明治17年）11月に発足した。
• GODAI wanted to build a dock in Japan to make trading easier, and so established Kobe Sanbashi Kabushikigaisha (Kobe Dock Company) with KONOIKE, SUMITOMO, and FUJITA in November, 1884.

• ソロモンが馬を輸入したのはエジプトとクエからであった。すなわち王の貿易商はクエから代価を払って受け取ってきた。 (列王紀1 10:28)
• The horses which Solomon had were brought out of Egypt; and the king's merchants received them in droves, each drove at a price. (1 Kings 10:28)

• ソロモンが馬を輸入したのはエジプトとクエからであった。すなわち王の貿易商人がクエから代価を払って受け取って来た。 (歴代志2 1:16)
• The horses which Solomon had were brought out of Egypt and from Kue; the king's merchants purchased them from Kue. (2 Chronicles 1:16)

• ツロにむかってこれを定めたのはだれか。ツロは冠を授けた町、その商人は君たち、その貿易業者は地の尊い人々であった。 (イザヤ書 23:8)
• Who has planned this against Tyre, the giver of crowns, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honorable of the earth? (Isaiah 23:8)

• 当時朝鮮貿易に大きな利権を持っていた対馬の早田左衛門太郎は1426年、慶尚左右道各地で任意に交易できるようにして欲しいと朝鮮政府に訴えた。
• In 1426, Saemontaro SODA from Tsushima, who had great interests in the foreign trade of Korea at that time, pleaded to the Korean Government for free trade at any place in left and right sided provinces of Gyeongsang.

• 越境してきた密偵はたとえ幕府関係者であろうと厳しく断罪し、情報の漏洩防止に努め、密貿易によって外貨を蓄え続け、幕府に勝る軍事力を獲得した。
• Any spies entering its territory were severely punished, even if they were related to Bakufu, and thereby the clan endeavored to avoid the leakage of information, continued to accumulate foreign currency through secret trade with overseas countries, and acquired military power exceeding that of Bakufu.

• 村井章介は、この船は博多を拠点とする貿易商人が主体となったもので、東福寺や幕府は多くの荷主の中の一つに過ぎなかったのではないかと推測する。
• Shosuke MURAI suggests that trading merchants based in Hakata were main sponsors for this ship and that Tofuku-ji Temple and the bakufu were only the shipper.

• この命令は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律（昭和五十四年法律第六十五号）の施行の日（昭和五十五年十二月一日）から施行する。
• This Order shall come into effect as of the date of enforcement of the Act for the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Act No. 65 of 1979) (December 1, 1980).

• この政令は、外国為替及び外国貿易法の一部を改正する法律（平成十四年法律第三十四号。次条において「改正法」という。）の施行の日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the date of enforcement of the Act on the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Act No. 34 of 2002; referred to as the 'Revised Act' in the following Article).

• この政令は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律（昭和五十四年法律第六十五号）の施行の日（昭和五十五年十二月一日）から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the date of enforcement (December 1, 1980) of the Act on the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Act No. 65 of 1979).
• This Cabinet Order shall come into force as from the date of enforcement of the Act for Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Act No. 65 of 1979) (December 1, 1980).

• 後に薩摩藩密貿易の拠点とも言われた坊津（現在の南さつま市坊津町）の地頭となったところからみても、剣術だけの人物でなかったことは確かである。
• Considering that Chui was made the jito (manager and lord of manor) of Bonotsu (present-day Bonotsu-cho, Minami-Satsuma City), which was later to become known as a smuggling center of the Satsuma clan, there is no doubt that he was more than just an excellent swordsman.

• 鹿児島町吏、さらに大坂の蔵屋敷用達を命ぜられたが、貿易に着目して藩庁を説き、西洋型帆船数隻を購入して薩摩国産物を畿内に輸送、巨利を博した。
• Although he was assigned as a Kagoshima municipal officer and Kurayashiki-warehouses officer, he convinced the domain to purchase a few Western sailing ships and gained an enormous profit by transporting goods from Satsuma to eastern regions.

• 五品江戸廻送令（ごひんえどかいそうれい）は、江戸幕府が1860年（万延元年）に発令した生糸・雑穀・水油・蝋・呉服を対象とした貿易統制法令。
• The Law for Transporting Five Articles through Edo was a law for trading control over raw silk thread, cereals, hair oil, wax and draperies issued by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1860.

• 柳川は、家康の覚えも良く、幕閣有力者からの支持もあり、「幕府も日朝貿易の実権を直接握りたいであろう」との推測から、勝算があると考えていた。
• Yanagawa stood high in Ieyasu's favor, and received support from influential cabinet officials of the Shogunate, and conjecturing that the bakufu hoped to seize real power over Japan-Korea Trade, he believed that he stood a fair chance of success.

• 人参代往古丁銀（にんじんだいおうこちょうぎん）とは宝永7年（1710年）から、高麗人参貿易取引専用に鋳造された丁銀の一種で秤量銀貨である。
• Ninjindai Oko Chogin refers to silver coins minted from 1710 for exclusive use for trade of Korean ginseng, and it was a silver-by-weight standard.

• これについても兼実は「夷狄（いてき）」の秀衡を任じたことは「乱世の基」であると非難しているが、これらの施策により日宋貿易は本格化していった。
• Kanezane also wrote regarding this and argued that promoting the 'barbarian' Hidehira was 'the cause of more troubled times,' but these actions led to further developments in Japan-Song trade.

• 嘉吉条約（かきつじょうやく）とは、日本史での室町時代、1443年（日本暦嘉吉3年）に朝鮮王朝と対馬国の宗貞盛との間で結ばれた貿易協定である。
• Kakitsu Treaty was a trade agreement concluded between Korean Dynasties and Sadamori SO of Tsushima Province in 1443, the Muromachi period in Japan.

• さらに三浦周辺の地方官吏や辺将（朝鮮王朝の地方武官）に止まらず朝鮮王朝中央高官の中にさえ、商人に便宜を図り密貿易に関与する者が出現している。
• In addition to local officials and hensho (local governors) around Sanpo, some higher-ranked officials of the central government of the Korean Dynasty began to provide merchants some assistance and participate with them in the illegal trading.

• またこの間、オランダが日本貿易を独占するため、スペインなどの旧教国に日本植民地化の意図があり、危険であると幕府に助言したことも影響している。
• In addition, during the riot, in order to monopolize trade with Japan, the Netherlands advised the shogunate government that it would be dangerous for Japan to trade with Catholic countries such as Spain because they intended to colonize Japan.

• さらに勝元は勘合貿易の問題から大内教弘、河野通春らと敵対していたが、宗全はこれを支援するなどしたことから、細川と山名の対立構造が生じ始めた。
• Furthermore, Katsumoto fought against Norihiro OUCHI and Michiharu KONO due to tally trade issues, but Sozen supported them, and this led to a conflict between the HOSOKAWA and YAMANA clans.

• 周防・長門・石見・豊前・和泉・紀伊の6カ国の守護を兼ね貿易により財力を有する強大な大内氏の存在は将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満の警戒を誘った。
• The Ouchi clan had become so powerful - simultaneously shugo of six provinces, Suo, Nagato, Iwami, Buzen, Izumi, and Kii, and possessing great wealth thanks to their trade - that they were bound to put Yoshimitsu, who was aiming to establish a system of despotic rule by the Shogun, on his guard.

• 結局、日本の交渉担当者は「関白降表」という偽りの降伏文書を作成し、明側には秀吉の和平条件は「勘合貿易の再開」という条件のみであると伝えられた。
• At last, the person in charge of negotiations for Japan prepared a false instrument of surrender titled 'Kanpaku kohyo' (literally, letter of surrender by Kanpaku) and it was reported to Ming that Hideyoshi's only condition for peace was 'restart of the tally trade' (between Japan and the Ming Dynasty).

• 第一条中輸出貿易管理令別表第二の三五の項の改正規定（「グループＩＩ」の下に「及びグループＩＩＩ」を加える部分に限る。）　平成十五年二月二十四日
• The part of the provision of Article 1 that revises row 35 of appended table 2 of the Export Trade Control Order (limited to the part adding the term 'and group III' below 'group II'):　February 24, 2003

• 砂金の産出や中国との貿易等により莫大な経済力を蓄え、京都の宇治平等院を凌ぐ規模の無量光院跡を建立するなど、北方の地に王道楽土を現出させている。
• He gained enormous economic strength by the production of gold dust, trade with China and so on and established a realm of peace and prosperity in the northern land as in construction of Muryokoin Temple which exceeded Uji Byodoin Temple in Kyoto in scale.

• これを受け三条は「貿易の催進を要する為、彼我共に輸出入税を徴するなし。是通商章程中の要旨なり」（句読及び強調、加筆者）と使節団に訓示している。
• In response to this, Sanjo instructed the envoy 'In order to promote trade, export and import duties will not be imposed on both sides. This is the point of the provision of trade (punctuation and emphasis were improved by a writer).'

• 工場経営や外国貿易を手がけていた父の元、3人兄弟の長男として奈良県生駒郡平城村大字押熊（現奈良市押熊町）に生まれ、少年時代は大阪府で過ごした。
• Born in Ouaza-Oshiguma, Heijou Town, Ikoma County, Nara Prefecture (present day Oshiguma Town, Nara City), the oldest of three sons to a father who was involved in factory management and foreign trade, he spent his youth in Osaka.

• その先祖は江戸時代初期に漁村(大村藩の密貿易の港兼用)代官所の手代(算盤方)として郷士格村役人の家より出仕、後に勘定方藩士として取り立てられた。
• His ancestors from a family of goshi, or village officer, status had served as (accounting) clerks in the local government of a fishing village (also a smuggling port of the domain of Omura) at the beginning of the Edo period, and were later promoted to accounting officer status.

• この事件の後、幕府は国書に記す将軍の称号を「日本国王」から「日本国大君」に改め、京都五山の僧に外交文書作成や使節の応接、貿易の監視などを命じた。
• After this incident, the Edo bakufu changed the shogun's title which should be stated in any diplomatic letters from 'King of Japan' to 'Tycoon of Japan,' and told Buddhist priests in Five Great Zen Temples of Kyoto to prepare diplomatic papers and receptions for envoys, and to observe trades.

• 1173年（承安 (日本)3年）には摂津国福原京の外港にあたる大輪田泊（現在の神戸港の一部）を拡張し、3月に正式に国交を開いて貿易振興策を行う。
• In 1173 he extended Owada no tomari (part of present Kobe Port), which was the outer port of Fukuhara-kyo (Capital of Fukuhara), Settsu Province, and established diplomatic relations with China to promote trade.

• 土佐藩脱藩後、貿易会社と政治組織を兼ねた亀山社中・海援隊 (浪士結社)の結成、薩長連合の斡旋、大政奉還の成立に尽力するなど、志士として活動した。
• After having fled from Tosa clan he acted as a royalist, exerting himself into establishing Kameyama-shachu, later Kaientai (a society of master less samurai), a mixture of a trading company and a political organization, mediating collaboration between Satsuma and Choshu, and realizing Taisei-hokan (the Restoration of the Imperial rule).

• しかしながら、主として軍事的な理由においてソウル特別市まで上る事を朝鮮側から拒否され、釜山広域市に貿易目的で設立された倭館で返礼の儀式が行われた。
• However, the Korean side did not permit the envoy to come up to Seoul Special City mainly for military reasons, and a ceremony for the return call was held at Wakan (consular office) in Pusan Metropolitan City.

• 室町時代には日明貿易によって引き続き中国文化が持ち込まれ、この時期に輸入された織物や陶器、書画などは、現代に残る伝統工芸品の技術に流れ込んでいる。
• In the Muromachi period, Chinese culture continued to be brought in by the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China, and textiles, earthenware, and calligraphic works and paintings which were imported during this time fed into techniques of traditional crafts remaining in the modern age.

• 特筆すべき点としては、天文 (元号)18年（1549年）のフランシスコ・ザビエル来日以来の南蛮貿易によってもたらされた南蛮文化の影響が挙げられる。
• One should remember the impact of European culture, which had occurred through trade with Spain and Portugal since the arrival in Japan of Francisco Xavier in 1549.

• 足利義満は、応永8年（1401年）に僧の祖阿と博多商人の肥富を派遣し、明との交易を申し入れ、明の使者から「永楽の勘合符」を得て、勘合貿易が始まる。
• Kango trade started in 1401 when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA proposed to start the trade with Ming by dispatching a Buddhist monk Soa and a merchant in Hakata Koitomi and received 'Eiraku kangofu' from the envoy of Ming.

• 南蛮貿易が始まるとヨーロッパからガレオン船と呼ばれる竜骨 (船)を使った現在我々が普通に見る船底が尖った波の揺れに強い船が入港されるようになった。
• When nanbanboeki started, ships with a keeled bottom, called galleon ships, with a now ordinary V-shaped bottom resistant to waves, began to enter ports in Japan.

• 第三十四条第三号中「外資に関する法律（昭和二十五年法律第百六十三号）」を「外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）」に改める。
• 'Act on Foreign Capital (Act No. 163 of 1950)' in Article 34, paragraph (3) shall be replaced with 'Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Act No. 228 of 1949).'

• 大宰大弐を務めた時は日宋貿易に深く関与し、安芸守・播磨守を務めた時は瀬戸内海の海賊を伊勢平氏勢力下の水軍に編成して瀬戸内海交通の支配を強めていった。
• He was deeply involved in Japan-Song trade when he was Dazai no daini (the next seat position of Dazaifu), and he organized the pirates in the Seto Inland Sea as a naval force under the Ise Heishi (Taira clan) when he was governor of the Aki and Harima Provinces and strengthened his control over Seto Inland Sea transportation.

• 1月に、いわゆるガイアツに押し切られた形でウィスキーの貿易自由化が行なわれ、飲用に供するすべての酒は数量や取引金額の制限なく輸入できるようになった。
• In January, trade of whisky was liberalized by pressure from foreign countries, so called Gaiatsu, which enabled all liquors for drinking to be imported without any limit of quantity and transaction amount.

• 法制上、泡盛自体は日本全国で製造することができるが、「琉球泡盛」という表示は世界貿易機関のTRIPS協定に基づいて沖縄県産の物のみに認められている。
• Legislatively, Awanori itself is allowed to be produced throughout the country, but labeling it as 'Ryukyu Awamori' is only allowed on products from Okinawa Prefecture based on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization.

• 結果、和泉国・紀伊国・周防国・長門国・豊前国・石見国の6カ国を領する守護大名となり、李氏朝鮮とも独自の貿易を行うなどして大内氏の最盛期を築き上げた。
• As a result, he became a shugo daimyo with the territories of six provinces, such as Izumi Province, Kii Province, Suo Province, Nagato Province, Buzen Province and Iwami Province, and built the height of the Ouchi clan's prosperity, along with the trading with Yi Dynasty Korea on its own accord.

• 斯波義将は義満の没後も将軍足利義持を補佐し、朝廷から義満に対する太上天皇の尊号を追号する事を拒否したり、勘合貿易の廃止を提言するなど影響力を持った。
• Yoshimasa SHIBA assisted the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA even after the death of Yoshimitsu, and he was so influential that he declined to accept the offer by the Imperial Court to give the posthumous title of Emperor Daijo (a Japanese Emperor who abdicated in favor of a successor) to Yoshimitsu and offered suggestions to abolish the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty).

• 抜け道もいくつか存在し、薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球を通じた中国、東南アジアとの仲介貿易、松前藩を介したアイヌ・ロシアとの交易などがおこなわれていた。
• There were several loopholes, for example, intermediary trade with China and Southeast Asia through Ryukyu under the control of Satsuma Domain and trade with Ainu and Russia through the Matsumae Domain.

• 後述の天龍寺船派遣（1342年）の際に日元間の貿易船が10年間途絶していたとあることから、この住吉社船が鎌倉時代における最後の寺社造営料唐船である。
• A record says that trading ships had been suspended for ten years before the Tenryu-ji zoeiryotosen mentioned later was dispatched in 1342, indicating that this Sumiyoshi-jinja zoeiryotosen was the last Jishazoeiryotosen during the Kamakura period.

• 国際貿易の対象となる特定の有害な化学物質及び駆除剤についての事前のかつ情報に基づく同意の手続に関するロッテルダム条約附属書ＩＩＩ上欄に掲げる化学物質
• Chemical substances listed in the upper column of Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

• 不平等条約的性格が看取されるのは、この時貿易規則とは別に、宮本小一から趙寅熙に渡された公文（「修好条規付録に付属する往復文書」）の中においてである。
• The character as an unequal treaty can be seen in the official document ('the correspondence attached to the appendix of the treaty of amity') which was handed over from Okazu MIYAMOTO to In Hee CHO, apart from the trade regulations.

• 慶応元年8月25日（1865年10月15日）にはブリュッセルにおいてモンブランと新納・五代との間で12箇条からなる貿易商社設立の契約書が交換された。
• On October 15, 1865 in Brussels, Montblanc and NIIRO and GODAI exchanged the twelve-article contract to establish a trading company.

• 当初は舞鶴西港に発着していたが、増大する輸送力に対応するため、1990年（平成2年）舞鶴東港に国内貿易の拠点埠頭として整備されたのが、前島埠頭である。
• Initially, the ferry arrived at and departed from Maizuru-Nishi Port (Maizuru West Port); Maejima Wharf was constructed in Maizuru-Higashi Port (Maizuru East Port) in 1990 as a core wharf for domestic trade and to cope with increased transportation occurring in Maizuru-Nishi Port.

• 第9則　指定された開港場以外において密貿易を行い、その地の官僚に摘発された時は、日本の管理官に引き渡し、日本側は没収した金品を全て朝鮮側に交付すべし。
• Regulation 9 - If illegal trade at a site outside the appointed ports was exposed by the government officials of the area, the criminal would be given over to the officer of the Japanese administration, and Japan should return all of the confiscated money and goods to Korea.

• 張保皐は、海賊達を平定するに当たって、武力での鎮圧ではなく、奴隷貿易よりも安定して高収入が得られる海運業・造船業の仕事を与える方策を用いたといわれる。
• It is said that, to settle pirates, Bogo JANG provided them with employment in sea transport and boat building businesses from which they could earn more and have a stable income, rather than suppressing them with military power.

• これは、清代に外国との貿易のために各国と結んだ単位についての協定における定義がそのまま使われているもので、ヤード・ポンド法のポンド (質量)に等しい。
• Set in the agreement concluded between the Qing Dynasty and other countries on units for trade, the unit of shima kin is still used today, and 1 shima kin is equal to 1 pound that is standardized in the yard-pound system.

• 平成10年（1998年）4月の「外国為替及び外国貿易法」の改正により規制が緩和され、一般企業でも外国為替および外貨両替を扱うことができるようになった。
• After 'The Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law' was revised in April 1998, the former restriction was lifted, enabling any commercial company to deal with foreign exchange and foreign money exchange.

• これまでの元禄銀による支払いは故意に悪質の銀貨を渡していたとの誤解を避けるため、対馬藩では貿易取引において「特鋳銀（とくちゅうぎん）」と称したという。
• It is said that the Tsushima Domain did not use this name in the trade and used another name 'Tokuchugin' (the silver coin minted for special purposes) to avoid misunderstanding for Genrokugin by Korean side; that is, the Tsushima Domain did not want the Korean side to think that payments up to that point was intentionally made by using low quality silver coins.

• 外国との条約を遵守して、貿易産業を興して人々を重視させ、外国とは懇親をもって相交わる事を国論（国家の方針）とし、外国人の殺傷などは容認すべきではない。
• It is necessary to observe treaties with foreign countries, to create a trading industry in order for people to engage in, and to set up a Kokuron (nation's policy) for exchanging a friendship with foreign countries, while killing or hurting foreign people should not be accepted.

• 彼らは欧米列強が直ちに不平等条約を破棄しなとしたいならば、日本も安政条約の原則通りに外国人に対して外国人居留地以外の居住を認めず貿易を統制するとした。
• They insisted that the allied western powers abolish the unequal treaties immediately, otherwise Japan would abide by the basic principles, stated in the Ansei Treaties, to prohibit foreign residents from living outside foreign settlements and to restrict trading activities.

• 三浦の乱以前には、九州・中国地方の諸勢力も朝鮮王朝から図書を受け通交していたが、三浦の乱を境に通交権は宗氏に集中し、日朝貿易の独占が行われるようになる。
• Before the Sanpo War, other local powers in the Kyushu and the Chugoku regions received tosho (a bronze seal which was required for trading with Korea) and also practiced amicable relations with the Korean Dynasty, but after the Sanpo War, the trading rights placed only in the hands of the So clan, which allowed the clan to monopolize the Japan-Korea trade.

• しかいながら、偽使（守護大名や国人が将軍の名前を詐称して勝手に交渉すること）の横行や日朝貿易の不振により、必要性が減殺したためだと説明されることもある。
• However, it was also explained that the envoys were not dispatched, because gishi actions (the actions in which shugo daimyo or kokujin negotiated with the Korean side using the name of shogun without getting permission) were rampant and because such a mission became unnecessary since trade between the two nations had became sluggish.

• 日本は開国したため国外との貿易が発展し、絹糸（生糸）と絹製品の輸出額は全輸出額のうち大きな割合をしめ、世界的に日本は絹の生産地とみなされるようになった。
• As Japan opened the country and trade with countries abroad grew, the export of silk yarn and silk products accounted for a major part of the total amount of export; Japan began to be regarded as the world's silk supplier.

• マルコ・ポーロの東方見聞録に登場する黄金の国ジパングのイメージは、奥州藤原氏（後に安東氏）による十三湊大陸貿易によってもたらされたと考える研究者もいる。
• Some researchers believe that the image of the golden country of Jipang, which is mentioned in 'The Travels of Marco Polo,' was brought about through trade with the Asian continent through the port of Tosaminato by the Oshu-Fujiwara clan (later the Ando clan).

• この政令施行前に貿易等臨時措置令（昭和二十一年勅令第三百二十八号）に基く命令の規定による輸出の許可を受けた者は、第一条第一項の承認を受けたものとみなす。
• A person who has obtained permission for export pursuant to the provision of an order based on the Ordinance on Temporary Measures for Trade, etc. (Imperial Ordinance No. 328 of 1946) prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order shall be deemed to have obtained permission set forth in Article 1, paragraph (1).

• この政令は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律の施行の日（平成十年四月一日）から施行する。ただし、附則第三条の規定は、公布の日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the date of enforcement (April 1, 1998) of the Act on the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act; provided, however, that the provision of Article 3 of the Supplementary Provisions shall come into effect as from the date of promulgation.

• 天文 (元号)6年（1537年）周防国の戦国大名大内義隆の主催により、明に勘合貿易船（遣明船）を派遣を計画した際に、副使に任命される（正使は湖心蹟鼎）。
• In 1537 when an authorized tally trade ship (Envoy Ship Dispatched to Ming China) was planned to be dispatched to Ming hosted by Yoshitaka OUCHI who was Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) of the Suo Province, he was assigned to the vice-envoy (at this time seishi (senior envoy) was Sekitei KOSHIN).

• その不在中に住友総本店幹部の間に、三井財閥、三菱財閥の隆盛に圧倒されていた状況もあって、住友も時流に乗って商事貿易に進出すべきであるとの意見が強まった。
• During his absence, in the head office of Sumitomo, some executives began to insist that Sumitomo should start a trading business to keep up with the times, partly because they felt overwhelmed by the prosperities of the other conglomerates including the Mitsui-zaibatsu and the Mitsubishi-zaibatsu.

• このほかに貿易商および商人の携えて来たものがあった。またアラビヤのすべての王たちおよび国の代官たちも金銀をソロモンに携えてきた。 (歴代志2 9:14)
• besides that which the traders and merchants brought: and all the kings of Arabia and the governors of the country brought gold and silver to Solomon. (2 Chronicles 9:14)

• その後、公家・武家・寺院に権力が分散し、税の畿内集中が弱まることもあったが、室町幕府や南朝 (日本)が置かれたり、貿易により兵庫や堺が伸張して富を集めた。
• Thereafter, although the power was dispersed in court nobles, samurai families and temples, and the concentration of taxes in Kinai region was sometimes weakened, wealth was taken in with the establishment of the the Muromachi shogunate government and the South Court (Japan) as well as the expansion of Hyogo and Sakai by trade.

• この措置によって東南アジアで朱印船と競合することが多かったオランダ東インド会社が莫大な利益を得、結局は欧州諸国としては唯一、出島貿易を独占することになる。
• Due to this measurement, the Dutch East India Company that often competed with Shuinsen gained a huge profit, and it monopolized the Dejima trading post among European nations.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱を経て、それまで伝統的であった公家文化と、新興の武家文化の融合が特色で、明との勘合貿易、禅宗を通じて大陸文化の影響も受けている。
• Characteristically it is a fusion of the traditional culture of nobility and the new-risen culture of the samurai class through the upheaval in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and it is also influenced by continental culture through Kango trade with the Ming (dynasty) and Zen sect (Buddhism).

• 居留地の海岸に近い方には貿易のための商館や倉庫が建造され、中ほどにはホテル、銀行、病院、娯楽施設が並び、眺望が良い山手には洋風の住宅･領事館が建てられた。
• Trading company facilities and warehouses were constructed in the areas of the settlement near the coast in order to promote trade, while hotels, banks, hospitals and entertainment facilities lined the streets in the center of the settlement; Western-style houses and consulates were constructed in the Yamate area, which featured beautiful views.

• 対馬藩は回答使の返書も改竄し、1617年、1624年と三次に渡る交渉でもそれぞれ国書の偽造、改竄を行い、1609年には貿易協定である己酉約条を締結させた。
• The Tsushima Domain also modified the reply brought by the responder, as well as diplomatic messages of the second and the third negotiations respectively held in 1617 and in 1624, and the domain forged and modified the sovereign's message, so that the Kiyu Agreement (trade agreement between Korea and Tsushima Domain) was concluded in 1609.

• そのため、調理法から衛生面まで基準を設け、本物の「日本食」を提供するレストランを認定する制度をJETRO（ジェトロ／日本貿易振興機構）や農林水産省は設けた。
• Therefore, JETRO (the Japan External Trade Organization) and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries have established a system to certify the restaurants that offer genuine Japanese dishes, based on the criteria set not only for the cooking methods but sanitation.

• しかしその直後に義満は後継者不指名のまま急死し、四代将軍となった足利義持や幕府重臣により先例無しとして太上法皇位の追号も取りやめられ、朝貢貿易も停止された。
• However, immediately afterward, Yoshimitsu died suddenly without assigning the successor and the posthumous title of Daijo Hoo and tribute trade were halted by Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, the fourth shogun and senior vassals of the bakufu, since they were historically unprecedented.

• 明は日本と国交を結ばないまま滅亡し、明に代わって中国を支配するようになった清は、すでに日本が鎖国を取ったため貿易は行うが、正式な国交を持とうとはしなかった。
• Ming was ruined without having diplomatic relations with Japan and Qing, which began to control China after Ming, because Japan adopted a national isolation policy, conducted only trade, but had no official diplomatic relations.

• 元和 (日本)・寛永年間には、朱印船貿易をする船は従来より外航に用いられたジャンクやガレオン・さらには和船の特徴を引き継いだ、朱印船を主力とするようになる。
• In the Genna and Kanei eras (1615 - 1644), the shuinsen that inherited features of wasen in addition to those of the junks and galleons, which had been used for sailing over oceans, became used mostly for shuinsen-using trade.

• 長崎貿易の決済には金銀が多用されたが、この結果、日本の国内通貨量のうち金貨の4分の1、銀貨の4分の3が開幕から元禄までの間に海外に流出したと新井は計算した。
• Since a lot of gold and silver were used in the trade between Holland and Japan, Arai estimated that a quarter of gold coins and three quarter of silver coins circulated in Japan went overseas between the beginning of the Edo period to the Genroku era.

• 法別表第一の二の表の投資・経営の項の下欄に掲げる活動|一　申請人が本邦において貿易その他の事業の経営を開始しようとする場合は、次のいずれにも該当していること。
• Investor/Business Manager|(i) In cases where the applicant intends to commence the operation of international trading or any other business, he/she must fulfill all of the following requirements.

• キリスト教は1549年（天文 (元号)18年）にフランシスコ・ザビエルによってカトリックが日本に伝えられて以来、貿易などを通して信者（キリシタン）が増加した。
• Since 1549, when Catholicism was firstly introduced to Japan by Francis Xavier, the number of Christians increased, stimulated by trade and other factors.

• 世界貿易機関の加盟国の国民（当該加盟国の法令に基づいて設立された法人及び当該加盟国に主たる事務所を有する法人を含む。以下同じ。）をレコード製作者とするレコード
• phonograms the producers of which are nationals of any of the member states of the World Trade Organization ("nationals" includes juridical persons established under the laws and regulations of such member state and those who have their principal offices in such member state; the same shall apply hereinafter.);

• 前条の規定による改正前の輸入貿易管理令（次項において「旧輸入令」という。）第二十一条第一項の規定に基づき許可を受けた取引又は行為については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to transactions or acts for which permission was obtained based on the provision of Article 21, paragraph (1) of the Import Trade Control Order prior to revision pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article (referred to as the 'Old Import Order' in the following paragraph), the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.
• With regard to any transactions or acts permitted under Article 21, paragraph 1 of the Import Trade Control Order prior to the revision by the preceding Article (hereinafter referred to as the 'Old Import Order' in the next paragraph), provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• この政令の施行前に改正前の輸入貿易管理令第九条第一項ただし書の規定による許可を受けた者は、改正後の同令第九条第一項ただし書の規定による確認を受けたものとみなす。
• A person who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, permission under the proviso of paragraph 1 of Article 9 of the Import Trade Control Order after the revision shall be deemed to have obtained confirmation under the proviso of paragraph 1 of Article 9 of the same Order after the revision.

• 治承4年（1180年）6月、一門の反対を押し切り、平氏の拠点である国際貿易港の大輪田泊（現在の兵庫県神戸市）を望む地への遷都を目指して福原京福原行幸を強行する。
• In July, 1180, overriding resistance from the clan, Kiyomori visited Fukuhara in Fukuharakyo in an attempt to relocate the capital to a place where the base of the Taira clan, which was an international trading port, Owada no tomari, (Owada port, currently in Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture), could be overlooked.

• この状況が一時的に崩れるのは戦国時代 (日本)であり、大和民族は日本人として世界各国と貿易するようになり、これまでの価値観とは全く異なるものに触れるようになる。
• In the Sengoku period, the situation changed temporarily as the Yamato race began trading with foreign countries as Japanese, being exposed to something different from their traditional values.

• 日本国及び中華民国は、貿易、海運その他の通商の関係を安定した且つ友好的な基礎の上におくために、条約又は協定をできる限りすみやかに締結することに努めるものとする。
• Japan and the Republic of China will endeavor to conclude, as soon as possible, a treaty or agreement to place their trading, maritime and other commercial relations on a stable and friendly basis.

• 16世紀末期から17世紀初頭の南蛮貿易及びキリスト教布教活動の際、関西以西にイエズス会の修道士によって、また江戸にフランシスコ会の修道士によって伝わったとされる。
• During trades with Spain and Portugal, and Christian missionary work from the end of the 16th century through the beginning of the 17th century, ojiya was believed to have been introduced to the Kansai region and parts west by the Jesuits and to Edo by the Franciscan monks, respectively.

• 天龍寺船（てんりゅうじぶね）は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)、京都天龍寺造営費捻出のために室町幕府公認の下、元 (王朝)へ派遣された貿易船（寺社造営料唐船）である。
• Tenryuji-bune refers to official trading vessels of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), dispatched to Yuan Dynasty in order to raise funds to build Tenryu-ji Temple during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• 内容は株仲間の結成、銅座などの専売制の実施、鉱山の開発、蝦夷地の開発計画、俵物などの専売による外国との貿易の拡大、下総国印旛沼の干拓に着手する等の政策を実施した。
• They executed policies such as the formation of trade guilds (kabunakama), the monopoly system of the copper guild and so on, mine development, the Ezo (current Hokkaido) development plan, the expansion of foreign trade by exclusive selling of sea products (dried sea cucumber, dried abalone, and shark-fin), and the reclamation of the Inba marsh in Shimosa province.

• 戦国時代は粗悪な数打物の大量生産を招来したが、一方で原料を生産する鉄鋼業は国内におけるたたら技術の進歩、南蛮貿易による鉄砲の伝来によって急速な進歩を遂げる事になる。
• The Sengoku period (period of warring states) gave rise to mass production of inferior Kazu-uchi mono (mass products), but on the other hand, the steel industry which produced the material made a rapid advance in Tatara (bellows) technology and with the arrival of guns by trading with Westerners.

• 特定外国文化財を輸入しようとする者は、外国為替及び外国貿易法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第五十二条の規定により、輸入の承認を受ける義務を課せられるものとする。
• Any person who intends to import specified foreign cultural property shall comply with the obligation to obtain import approval pursuant to the provisions of Article 52 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949).

• 応永年間（1394年～1428年）の初め、博多の商人肥富（こいとみ、こいつみ・こいずみとも）が明から帰国し、室町幕府3代将軍足利義満に日明貿易の利について説得した。
• At the beginning of the period from1394 to 1428, Koitomi (also known as Koitsumi, Koizumi), a merchant of Hakata, came back to Japan from Ming and convinced Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun of the Muromachi bakufu of the interests of the Japan-Ming trade.

• この条約では、東京と大阪の開市および、箱館（現函館市）、神奈川（現横浜市神奈川区）、長崎、兵庫（現神戸市兵庫区）、新潟市の五港を開港して外国人の居住と貿易を認めた。
• These five treaties called for the opening of the cities of Tokyo and Osaka and of five ports, namely Hakodate (the modern-day city of Hakodate), Kanagawa (today's Kanagawa ward in the city of Yokohama), Nagasaki, Hyogo (currently Hyogo ward in the city of Kobe) and Niigata, and also permitted foreigners to live and trade in these areas.

• 1158年に平清盛が大宰大弐になると、平氏政権の基盤である日宋貿易の意図もあり、やがて北九州での政治的中心地は、大宰府から20キロメートル北の博多（福岡市）へ移る。
• In 1158, when TAIRA no Kiyomori became Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General), the political center in Kitakyushu was transferred to Hakata (Fukuoka City), 20 kilometers north of Dazai-fu to promote the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China, which was the basis of the Taira clan government.

• 室町時代に入り、明が日本との貿易用に鋳造した永楽通宝などが日本国内で流通するようになると、明の江南で作られた私鋳銭や、日本国内で作られた私鋳銭も次第に混入していった。
• As the Muromachi period began and Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) minted in China during the Ming Dynasty for trade with Japan were circulated in Japan, Shichusen minted in Konan (Jiangnan) China and Shichusen minted in Japan were gradually mingled together.

• 1404年（応永11年）以降は日本に対して交付される貿易許可証である勘合符を所持する事で倭寇と区別し、正式な遣明使船である事が確認できる勘合船に限られるようになった。
• After 1404, the Ming Dynasty distinguished the official traders from wako by issuing Kangofu to Japan, limiting the trade to the kangosen (trading vessels with Kangofu between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period) because it was easily confirmed as an official vessel of Kenminshi (Japanese envoys to Ming Dynasty China).

• また現代的視点では長崎の出島・堺を始めとした有力港湾を幕府直轄若しくは親藩・譜代大名領に組み入れることにより、幕府による管理貿易を行い収益を独占したという研究がある。
• Research from a modern standpoint suggests that the Bakufu implemented controlled trade to monopolize profits, which was realized by incorporating the flourishing harbors, such as Dejima in Nagasaki and Sakai, into dominions under direct control of the Bakufu or Daimyo domains of Fudai and Shinpan (hereditary Daimyo and relatives of the Tokugawa family).

• 同年6月、五代友厚は中野梧一、広瀬宰平、杉村彦太郎、藤田伝三郎その他の有志とはかり、資本金100万円をもって関西貿易社を創立し、本社を大阪靭北通一丁目三番地においた。
• In June, 1881, Tomoatsu GODAI established Kansai Boekisha (Kansai Trading Company) with the capital of one million yen along with Goichi NAKANO, Saihei HIROSE, Hikotaro SUGIMURA, Denzaburo FUJITA, and other interested members, and set up its headquarters at 3-banchi, 1-chome, Utsubo Kita-dori, Osaka.

• 南蛮貿易のもたらす実利を重視した秀吉は京都にあった教会（南蛮寺）を破却、長崎の公館と教会堂を接収してはいるが、キリスト教そのものへのそれ以上の強硬な禁教は行っていない。
• Hideyoshi destroyed the Kyoto Church (Nanban-dera Temple) and confiscated the diplomatic offices and churches in Nagasaki, but did not uncompromisingly prohibit Christianity itself more than that because he highly regarded the practical gains brought by trade with Spain and Portugal.

• 第五条の規定の施行の際現に同条の規定による改正前の外国為替及び外国貿易管理法附則第三条第一項の規定によりされている届出に係る株式等の取得については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to the acquisition of a share, etc. pertaining to a notification, which has actually been given pursuant to the provision of Article 3, paragraph 1 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act prior to the revision by Article 5 at the time of the enforcement of Article 5, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 義満は生前から義持と折り合いが悪かったとされ、対朝廷・公家政策、守護大名統制政策、明との勘合貿易などの外交政策をはじめとする義満の諸政策は義持によって一旦は否定された。
• It is said that during his life Yoshimitsu did not get along well with his son Yoshimochi, and the policies that Yoshimitsu introduced, such as the Imperial Court policy, control of the aristocracy and Shugo Daimyo, and foreign policy including trade with Ming, were denounced by Yshimochi.

• 大内氏の場合は、勘合貿易による富や大陸文化の摂取もあって、城下町の山口市には画僧雪舟をはじめ、多くの僧侶・学者・公家が集まり、「大内版」とよばれる出版事業もおこなわれた。
• Since the Ouchi clan accumulated wealth by the tally trade and adopted the culture of the continent, many priests, scholars, and court nobles including an artist monk, Sesshu, gathered at its castle town in Yamaguchi City, where a publishing business called 'Ouchi printing' was also carried out.

• 2007年度（平成19年）の一般会計は322億3403万円で、医師不足で機能縮小を余儀なくされている舞鶴市民病院への補助助成や舞鶴港貿易振興事業費などに重点をおくもので、
• The general account for Maizuru in FY 2007 was \32,234,030,000 which weighed on assistance provided to the Maizuru Municipal Hospital, which faced a shortage of doctors and cutbacks in various functions, together with focus placed on trade promotion project expenditure towards the Maizuru Port.

• 現在は大きく2つの港に分れており、東港が海上自衛隊舞鶴地方総監部が鎮座する軍港、西港が中華人民共和国・大韓民国・ロシアなどへの定期航路をもつ国際貿易港として発展している。
• It is largely divided into two ports--East Port and West Port; East Port is a navy port where the Maritime Self-Defense Force Maizuru District Headquarters is located; West Port has been developed as an international trade port having regular services heading to and from countries such as the People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea, and Russian Federation.

• また、中央においては都（平安京）における価格安定や大宰府における対外貿易の統制（輸入品の多くは平安京で消費されたために、両者には連動性があった）の估価が必要とされていた。
• In addition, koka was required to stabilize the prices in the capital (Heian-kyo) and to control foreign trade in Dazai-fu (local government offices in Kyushu region) (because the imported goods were mostly consumed in Heian-kyo, prices there and foreign trade were closely related).

• 牙符制は日明貿易における勘合符制と同様、一つの符を二つに裂いた割符を以って使節の査証を行なう制度であり、勘合符の代わりに牙符あるいは象牙符とも呼ばれる通信符が使用された。
• Like kangofusei (tally system) in the Japan-Ming trade, Gafusei was a system where a tally was split into two halves and used for certifying an envoy where the communication tally called gafu (seal tally) or zogefu (ivory tally) was used in place of the kangofu.

• この政令における財務大臣と経済産業大臣の所管事項の区分は、法及び外国為替及び外国貿易法における主務大臣を定める政令（昭和五十五年政令第二百五十九号）の定めるところによる。
• Classification of matters under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Finance and the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in this Cabinet Order is according to what is specified by the Act and the Cabinet Order to Determine Competent Ministers in the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Cabinet Order No. 259 of 1980)

• 楚州の新羅人約語（通訳のこと）・劉慎言に帰国の便船探しを頼み（彼は新羅語・唐語・日本語を操れるトリリンガルであった）、彼の見つけた新羅商人金珍の貿易船に便乗して帰国する。
• He asked Shun-yin LAU, the Sillan interpreter from Chuzhou (a trilingual who could speak Sillan, Chinese, and Japanese), to find a ship to Japan, and they returned on the ship of Jin KIM, a Sillan merchant.

• 両締約国は、その貿易、海運その他の通商の関係を安定した、かつ、友好的な基礎の上に置くために、条約又は協定を締結するための交渉を実行可能な限りすみやかに開始するものとする。
• The High Contracting Parties will enter into negotiations at the earliest practicable date for the conclusion of treaties or agreements to place their trading, maritime and other commercial relations on a stable and friendly basis.

• 恒居倭の増加に伴い、恒居倭による漁場の占拠、恒居倭の倭寇化、密貿易の恒常化及び恒居倭と朝鮮人の癒着、三浦周辺朝鮮人の納税回避、朝鮮人水賊の活発化など、様々な問題が噴出する。
• The increased population of kokyowa caused various problems such as the occupation of fishing grounds by kokyowa, the pirate-like behavior by kokyowa, the consistent illegal trading accompanied by a collusive relationship between kokyowa and Koreans, tax evasion by some Korean who lived in the vicinity of Sanpo, and the emergence of Korean pirates.

• この省令の施行前に輸出貿易管理令第二条第一項第二号の規定により承認を受けた場合において、その承認を受けたところに従ってする貨物の輸出又は輸入については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to the import or export of goods carried out in accordance with the permission granted prior to the enforcement of this Ministerial Ordinance pursuant to the provision of Article 2, paragraph (1), item (ii) of the Export Trade Control Order, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 実業家としては、東京府知事高崎五六から提案された府の士族授産金処理事業としての南洋交易を引き受け、明治23年（1890年）に南島商会を組織し、貿易船天祐丸で南洋渡航を行う。
• As a businessman he became active in a South Seas trading venture at the suggestion of Tokyo governor Goroku (Itsumu) TAKASAKI, which was funded by shizoku jusan kin (grants for the retraining of samurai), and in 1890 formed the Nanto (South Sea Islands) Company, voyaging to the South Seas on the Tenyu Maru (Heaven's Help) trading vessel.

• これについては、清盛は延暦寺・園城寺・興福寺など寺社勢力の干渉を避けるためとも、また、宋 (王朝)との貿易拡大によって海洋国家、西国国家の樹立を目指していたとも指摘される。
• As for this, it is pointed out that Kiyomori tried to avoid interference from the forces of temples and shrines such as Enryaku-ji Temple, Enjo-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple and so on, or he aimed to establish the maritime state or Saigoku (western part of Japan [esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki]) state by expanding the trade with the Sung (dynasty).

• 日本国は、各連合国と、貿易、海運その他の通商の関係を安定した且つ友交的な基礎の上におくために、条約又は協定を締結するための交渉をすみやかに開始する用意があることを宣言する。
• Japan declares its readiness promptly to enter into negotiations for the conclusion with each of the Allied Powers of treaties or agreements to place their trading, maritime and other commercial relations on a stable and friendly basis.

• 江戸時代初期、優れた薬効があり高価であった高麗人参は日本国内で栽培することができず、もっぱら朝鮮半島からの輸入に頼り、この貿易は対馬藩が担当し決済は慶長丁銀で行われていた。
• As Japanese people did not have knowledge about how to grow Korean ginseng, which was expensive because it had excellent beneficial effect used as a medicine in the early Edo period, its supply depended solely on the import from the Korean Peninsula, and the Tsushima Domain was in charge of this trade and the settlement was done by Keicho Chogin.

• 清国船は年間30艘、交易額は銀6000貫にまで、オランダ船は年間2隻、貿易額は3000貫に制限され、従来は輸入品であった綿布、生糸、砂糖、鹿皮、絹織物などの国産化を奨励した。
• By limiting the annual number of ships from Qing to 30 and the value of trade to 6,000 kan (a unit) of silver, while from the Netherlands the anual number of ships, 2 and the value of trade to 3,000, these regulations encouraged domestic production of hitherto imported goods, such as cotton cloth, raw silk, sugar, buckskin, silk fabric and so on.

• 鎖国政策は、江戸幕府の法令のなかでは徹底された部類ではあったが、特例として認められていた松前藩、対馬藩や薩摩藩では、幕府の許容以上の額を一種の密貿易（抜荷）としておこなった。
• Although Bakufu-issued ordinances on isolation policies were implemented consistently, the Matsumae Domain, the Tsushima Domain and the Satsuma Domain, all of which were dealt with as special domains, carried out a variety of illegal trades (also called Nukeni in Japanese), making transactions in excess of the tolerable amount set by the Bakufu.

• 勘合船の経営者の室町幕府や細川氏・大内氏などの守護大名、寺院などが勘合船の帰港後に輸入品の売値総額（日本国内の価格に換算した総額）の1割をその船に便乗した貿易商から徴収した。
• The managers of kangosen (trading vessels between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period), such as the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), namely the Hosokawa clan or Ouchi clan, etc. and temples, collected about a tenth of the total amount of selling prices (the amount converted into Japanese domestic prices) of the imported goods from the traders who had been on board the vessels.

• この命令は、外国為替及び外国貿易法（以下「法」という。）第五章に規定する対内直接投資等及び技術導入契約の締結等について、報告及び届出の手続その他必要な事項を定めるものとする。
• The purpose of this Order is to provide for reporting and notification procedures and other necessary matters with regard to inward direct investment, etc. and the conclusion of technology introduction contracts, etc. as prescribed in Chapter V of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act').

• 法第三十条第三項に規定する政令で定めるものは、経済協力開発機構条約（同条約第五条（ａ）の規定に基づき決定された経常的貿易外取引の自由化に関する規約に係る部分に限る。）とする。
• What is specified by a Cabinet Order prescribed in Article 30, paragraph (3) of the Act shall be the Treaty of Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (limited to the part pertaining to the Code of Liberalization of Current Invisible Operations decided pursuant to the provision of Article 5-(a) of said Treaty).

• 朝鮮側における密貿易の担い手は三浦周辺住民・地元商人・漢城大商であったが、中でも三浦周辺住民と恒居倭の癒着ぶりは「相親相愛, 不啻如兄弟, 言語飮食, 利害緩急, 無不共之。」
• The major Korean participants in the illegal trading were residents around Sanpo, local merchants, and major merchants in Hansung, and the relationship between the residents around Sanpo and kokyowa was specially described as follows:

• この「糸印」とは、室町時代中期から後期にかけて、中国からの貿易船により運ばれた絹糸の受領印として、絹糸と共に荷受主に渡され、荷受主発行の受領書に受領印として押されたものである。
• 'Itoin' was a receipt stamp for silken threads imported by trading ships from China, which was handed with the threads to consignee and stamped on the receipt issued by the consignee from the middle to the end of the Muromachi period.

• やがて時代が下って北宋・高麗・遼の商人とも交易を行ったが、11世紀には、聖福寺 (福岡市)・承天寺・筥崎宮・住吉神社 (福岡市)ら有力寺社や有力貴族による私貿易が盛んになった。
• Trade had been realized with the merchants from the Northern Sung dynasty, the Goryeo dynasty and the Liao dynasty as well, however, private trade developed by influential temples including Shofukuji Temple (in Fukuoka City), Jotenji Temple, Hakozakigu Shrine and Sumiyoshijinja Shrine (in Fukuoka City), and powerful nobles was prosperous in the 11th century.

• しかし、2003年に中国から輸入枠の割り当て申請があり、自国の輸入枠減少を恐れた韓国が日本の海苔市場の自由化を要求、2004年、最終的に世界貿易機関へ協定違反として提訴している。
• However, because China applied for the import quota in 2003, South Korea, which feared the reduction of its import quota, asked for the liberalization of the nori market in Japan, but in 2004 South Korea finally filed a complaint with World Trade Organization (WTO) for breach of agreement.

• なお、軍港及び国際貿易港たる舞鶴港を有し、海上自衛隊舞鶴地方総監部や第八管区海上保安本部、国土交通省舞鶴港湾事務所など日本海広域を指揮監督する海事機関があるのも特徴の1つである。
• Characteristically, it also has Maizuru Port which is a naval as well as international trade port, and maritime organizations to control and supervise a wide area of the Sea of Japan such as Maritime Self-Defense Force Maizuru District Headquarters, Maizuru Ports Office of the Eighth Regional Coast Guard Headquarters, and Kinki Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.

• 彼は、幕府開設から元禄までの間、長崎貿易の決済のために、金貨国内通貨量のうちの4分の1、銀貨は4分の3が失われたとし、長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にして、この法令を出した。
• He concluded that from the opening of the shogunate government in Edo to the Genroku era, a quarter of domestic gold currency and three quarters of domestic silver currency were lost due to the settlement of foreign trades in Nagasaki, and issued this regulation using the proposal of the Nagasaki magistrate Kiyosuke OOKA.

• むしろ、実質的な経済政策の多く、特に貨幣政策における高品位主義、また長崎貿易の政策は吉宗もその方針の正しさを認識しており、正徳の治で行なわれた改革の内容はそのまま承継されている。
• On the other hand, since Yoshimune recognized the righteousness in many of the economic policies, especially the principle of high grade currency policy as well as the trading policy in Nagasaki, he took over such reforms from Shotoku no chi.

• 鳥羽天皇の信任の厚かった平忠盛は、後院領荘園（天皇の隠居所の所領）であった肥前国神埼荘の知行を通じて日宋貿易を開始し、舶来品を院に進呈して院の近臣としてみとめられるようになった。
• TAIRA no Tadamori, who was confided in by Emperor Toba, began the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China through chigyo (enfeoffment) of Kanzaki-no-sho in Bizen Province, which was Goin Palace's manor (territory of Emperor's retreat), and came to be admitted as In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) by presenting imported goods.

• 安土桃山時代、南蛮貿易によって商品流通が国際化すると、他所酒のなかには南蛮酒として琉球の泡盛、中国・朝鮮の珍酒や薬草酒、アラビアや地中海方面からのアラックやワインなども入ってきた。
• In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, commercial distribution was internationalized by the trade with Spain and Portugal, and sake of southern barbarians, Awamori from Ryukyu, a rare sake and herb liquor from China and Korea, arak (anise-flavored liqueur) and wine from Arabia and the Mediterranean regions also entered Kyoto as yosozake.

• 貿易は鎖国政策を布いていたために、主流は長崎市の唐人屋敷における中国、出島におけるオランダとの交易であるが、対馬藩を仲介した李氏朝鮮との倭館での交易も幕府の公認を受けたものだった。
• Under the seclusion policy, foreign trades were mainly limited to those with China at the Chinese residential area in Nagasaki, and with the Netherlands at Dejima island, but also through Tsushima Domain, trade with Yi Dynasty of Korea was authorized by the shogunate government at the consular office (wakan).

• 1875年に起きた江華島事件の後、日朝間で結ばれた条約であるが、条約そのものは全12款から成り、それとは別に具体的なことを定めた付属文書が全11款、貿易規則11則、及び公文がある。
• The treaty was concluded between Japan and Korea after the Ganghwa Island incident in 1875, and consisted of 12 provisions of the treaty itself, 11 affiliated documents providing concrete contents, 11 trade rules, and official documents.

• バテレン追放令（-ついほうれい・伴天連追放令）は1587年7月24日（天正15年6月19日 (旧暦)）に筑前箱崎において豊臣秀吉が発令したキリスト教宣教と南蛮貿易に関する禁制文書。
• The Edict expelling Jesuit missionaries was a prohibition document concerning the mission of Christianity and trade with Spain and Portugal issued by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in Chikuzen Hakozaki, in July 24, 1587.

• 義政の祖父にあたる足利義満や父の足利義教ら歴代将軍は唐物志向が強く、日明貿易により宋 (王朝)・元 (王朝)などの中国絵画（唐物）を収集し、「天山」「道有」などの鑑蔵院が押された。
• As the successive shoguns including Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (Yoshimasa's grandfather) and Yoshinori ASHIKAGA (Yoshimasa's father) had a strong taste for Karamono (things imported from China), they collected Chinese paintings (Karamono) of Sung (dynasty), Yuan (dynasty), etc., through trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty, and the paintings were affixed with the seal of Kanzo in (a collector's seal, which was impressed on Sung and Yuan period paintings) such as 'Tenzan' and 'Doyu'

• この間、平氏一門は隆盛を極め、一族で主要官位を独占し、全国に500余りの荘園を保有し、日宋貿易を推進して莫大な財貨を手にし、平時忠をして「平氏にあらざれば人にあらず」といわしめた。
• This was the most prosperous time for the Taira clan, as they dominated all important official posts, owned over 500 manors across the country, and gained huge profits from promoting Japan-Sung trade, and this led TAIRA no Tokitada to comment 'only members of the Taira clan should be considered legitimate human beings.'

• 末吉孫左衛門（すえよし まござえもん、元亀元年（1570年） - 元和 (日本)3年3月26日 (旧暦)（1617年5月1日））は、江戸時代初期に朱印船貿易で活躍した大坂の大商人。
• Magozaemon SUEYOSHI (1570 to May 1, 1617) was a great merchant in Osaka who was very active in Shuinsen Boeki (trading by ships with a shogunal charter for foreign trade) during the early Edo period.

• 特にイギリスは幕末以来薩摩藩と多額の取引を行っており、その際に支払われた贋金が無効と言う事になれば、イギリスの商人や企業が打撃を受け、日本の貿易は大混乱に陥る事を警戒したのである。
• England in particular had traded large amounts of money with the Satsuma Domain since the end of Edo period, and Parkes was cautious about the possibility that if the counterfeit money paid during this time was to become invalid, English merchants and businesses would suffer losses, and Japanese trade would fall into great confusion.

• 倭館に居住することを許された日本人は、対馬藩から派遣された館主以下、代官（貿易担当官）、横目、書記官、通詞などの役職者やその使用人だけでなく、小間物屋、仕立屋、酒屋などの商人もいた。
• Other than the manager of the wakan dispatched by the Tsushima clan, among Japanese who were allowed to reside in the wakan were officers such as local governors (governors in charge of trading), Yokome (job title in samurai family, the job involves watching over officers), the secretary, translators; their respective employees; and also merchants like haberdashery shop owners, tailors, and liquor shop owners.

• 中国では同様の政策を海禁政策と呼ぶが、中国の場合は主として沿海地域の倭寇をも含む海賊からの防衛及び海上での密貿易を禁止することが目的とされており、日本の鎖国と事情が異なる面もあった。
• A similar policy was called the Sea Traffic Ban Policy in China, but in this case, the policy was aimed to protect the coastal areas from pirates including Japanese pirates and to forbid illegal overseas trading, so that the situation in China was different with the national isolation of Japan to some extent.

• 大宝律令には都の東西両市における估価をはじめ、貿易や口分田などの公田からの納税（地子）を代物で納める（あるいは、地子を中央へ送るために地子交易を行う）ときの估価などが規定されている。
• Taiho Code defined the koka in the cities on both east and west of the capital, and the koka for in-kind payment of taxes on trade or taxes on fields administered directly by a ruler (jishi), such as kubunden (the farm land given to each farm in the Ritsuryo system) (or when conducting jishi trade in order to send jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system to the central govenment)).

• 輸出貿易管理令別表第一及び外国為替令別表の規定に基づき貨物又は技術を定める省令（第八条第九号、第十四条の二及び第二十八条については、平成二十年経済産業省令第五十五号までの改正に対応）
• Ordinance of the Ministry Specifying Goods and Technologies Pursuant to Provisions of the Appended Table 1 of the Export Control Order and the Appended Table of the Foreign Exchange Order (Amendments up to Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry No. 55 of 2008 are reflected in Article 8, item (ix), Article 14-2, and Article 28)

• このほか秀吉の意を受け、水軍指揮と海外貿易の適地であった八代に麦島城を築城し（八代はルイス・フロイスが『フロイス日本史』で絶賛した土地であった）、重臣の小西行重を城代として配置した。
• In addition, at the request of Hideyoshi, he built the Mugishima-jo Castle in Yatsushiro which was suitable to command of the navy and overseas trading (and praised by Luis FROIS in 'Frois's History of Japan'), and his senior vassal Yukishige KONISHI was appointed to the castle keeper.

• 角倉素庵（すみのくら そあん、元亀2年6月5日 (旧暦)（1571年6月27日） - 寛永9年6月22日 (旧暦)（1632年8月7日））は、江戸時代初期の土木事業家、書家、貿易商。
• Soan SUMINOKURA (June 27, 1571-August 7, 1632) was a civil engineering worker, calligrapher, and trading merchant in the early Edo period.

• 東京・横浜の外国人に対しては21日に各国公使を通じて提出させた二分金の検勘を23日より開始して、東京では同日中、日本屈指の貿易港であった横浜でも25日までに終わらせることに成功した。
• For foreigners in Tokyo and Yokohama, the authenticity test for the nibukin they handed in through ministers of each country started on the 23rd, and the officials succeeded in finishing on the same day in Tokyo, and even in Yokohama, which was the Japan's leading trading port, they managed to finish by the 25th.

• 足利義満が急死すると、4代将軍の足利義持は斯波義将に補佐され、義満に対する太上天皇の追号を辞退し、勘合貿易での明との通商を一時停止するなど義満の政策を否定し幕政を守旧的なものに改める。
• When Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA suddenly died, the fourth Shogun, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, was supported by Yoshimasa SHIBA, and refused to bestow the posthumous name of Emperor Daijo on Yoshimitsu; he also repudiated Yoshimitsu's policies, for example by temporarily halting the tally trade with Ming China, and sought to return the bakufu government to a more conservative stance.

• この政令は、外国為替及び外国貿易法（以下「法」という。）第五章に規定する対内直接投資等及び技術導入契約の締結等に関する事項の管理若しくは調整又は報告に関し必要な事項を定めるものとする。
• This Cabinet Order shall provide for necessary matters concerning the management or adjustment or report of matters relating to inward direct investment, etc. and the conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc. prescribed in Chapter V of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act').

• また、政治的には日宋貿易に見られるような財政基盤の開拓、経が島築造に見られるような公共事業の推進など、時代の矛盾に行き詰まりつつあった貴族政治に新生面を切り開いた優れた政治家であった。
• In terms of politics, he was an excellent politician who achieved a breakthrough for the aristocracy that was gradually being left behind by changes of the times, by developing a financial infrastructure as seen in the Japan-Sung trade and promoting public projects such as construction of Kyoga-shima Island.

• また、この間、840年（承和 (日本)7年）には日本との通交を拒否されたが、翌年には民間の交易が認められ、北九州の官人や入唐僧などと貿易を通じて深くかかわっていたことが記録されている。
• It is also recorded that, although a friendship with Japan was rejected in 840, trade between ordinary citizens was allowed the next year and Koreans formed close friendships with government officials in Kita-Kyushu (Northern Kyushu) and Nyuto-priests (priests who went to China to study) through trade.

• 日米修好通商条約や安政五カ国条約の締結により、1859年（安政6年）から函館港・横浜港・長崎港の3港で貿易が開始し、港に居留する外国商人と日本の商人との間で取引が行われるようになった。
• Following the conclusion of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan as well as the Ansei Commercial Treaties, trade started in three ports such as Hakodate Port, Yokohama Port and Nagasaki Port from 1859, and merchants in Japan began to have dealings with foreign merchants living in these ports.

• この頃の後白河と清盛の関係は良好で、嘉応2年（1170年）福原にある清盛の別荘で宋人を引見して日宋貿易に興味を示し、承安元年（1171年）12月には清盛の娘・平徳子が高倉天皇に入内する。
• During this time the relationship between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori was favorable, Goshirakawa showed his interest in the trading between Japan and Sung, when he granted a person from Sung an audience at Kiyomori's villa in Fukuhara in 1170, TAIRA no Kiyomori's daughter, TAIRA no Tokuko officially entered the Imperial Palace to become Emperor Takakura's wife in December 1171.

• 幕府の力がしだいに弱まるようになると有力寺社（相国寺、三十三間堂など）や有力守護大名（細川氏、大内氏など）が船主となり、これに博多や堺の商人、瀬戸内海の町、水夫が結びついて貿易を行った。
• With the power of bakufu gradually declining, influential temples/shrines (Shokoku-ji Temple, Sanjusangendo Temple etc) or influential shugo-daimyo (territorial lords as provincial constables) (the Hosokawa clan, the Ouchi clan etc.) became the shipowners and traded in corporation with merchants in Hakata and Sakai as well as sailors in the towns located in the coastal region of Seto Inland Sea.

• この政令の施行前にイランを仕向地とする貨物の輸出について輸出貿易管理令第一条第一項の規定による承認を受けた者がその承認を受けたところに従つてする貨物の輸出については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to export of goods conducted, as permitted, by a person who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, permission under Article 1, paragraph (1) of the Export Trade Control Order with respect to export of goods to Iran, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable

• しかし、後に新井白石らの推定による貿易決済としての海外流出高と、元禄小判銀への吹替え（改鋳）高などから推定した数値によれば、丁銀および豆板銀の合計で120万貫（約4,500トン）である。
• However, by the amount distributed to foreign country as trade settlement estimated by Hakuseki ARAI later and value estimated by reminting to genroku-kobangin, total of chogin and mameitagin were 1,200,000 kan (about 4,500 ton).

• しかし承久の乱（1221年）以降の天皇の権威の失墜は著しく、元寇に当たっての外交的処理や唐船派遣などの外国貿易など、いずれも鎌倉幕府の主導の下に行われており、武家一元化の動向を示していた。
• However, the loss of the Emperor's authority after the Jokyu War (1221) was remarkable, and like diplomatic efforts against Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) and foreign trade, sending ships to Tang, they were both lead by the Kamakura Bakufu, and showed the unity of power amongst Buke.

• これらの西忍の交易活動は、帰国後興福寺に報告され、大乗院主尋尊によって「大乗院寺社雑事記」「唐船日記」などに詳細に記されており、当時の日明勘合貿易の実際を知る上での貴重な史料となっている。
• His trading activities were reported to Kofuku-ji Temple after their return and put on record in detail in such documents as 'Daijoin jisha zojiki (Miscellaneous Records of the Daijo Temple and Shrine)' and the 'Tosen Nikki' (lit. 'Tosen Journal') by Jinson of Daijo-in, which serve as valuable historical data to describe the actual activities of trading between two countries in those days.

• これに対して、「自由主義史観」では、歴史解釈は「類似」し、「平行」する現象の存在により成立するので、幕府が外交権・貿易権を有した江戸時代がすでに絶対主義体制であったと考えられる、としている。
• On the other hand, in the 'liberalism view of history', interpretation of history is determined with the existence of 'similar' and 'parallel' phenomenon; therefore, it says that in the Edo period when the Bakufu (shogunate) who had the diplomatic rights and the trading rights, it was thought to have already been under a system of absolutism.

• 「秀吉の降伏」を確認した明は朝議の結果「封は許すが貢は許さない」（明の冊封体制下に入る事は認めるが勘合貿易は認めない）と決め、秀吉に対し日本国王の称号と金印を授けるため日本に使節を派遣した。
• After confirming 'Hideyoshi's surrender,' Ming decided by deliberation of the court that 'Ho is allowed but Ko is not allowed' (It is allowed to join the sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system of Ming, but tally trade is not allowed), and dispatched an envoy to Japan to confer the title of the king of Japan and a gold seal on Hideyoshi.

• 第一条中外国為替管理令別表の二の項の改正規定のうち同項（二）に係る部分、第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の二の項の改正規定のうち同項（十二）に係る部分及び次項から附則第四項までの規定　公布の日
• The part pertaining to row 2 (ii) among the provisions revising row 2 of the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Control Order in Article 1, the part pertaining to row 2 (xii) among the provisions revising row 2 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order in Article 2, and the provision of the following paragraph to paragraph (4) inclusive of the Supplementary Provisions:　the date of promulgation

• また、「交易」を重視する立場から、外国との通商貿易をすすめ、産業の振興をも「交易」として捉えて国内における自律的な経済発展の方策を建議し、そのために幕府・藩を越えた統一国家の必要性を説いた。
• In addition, from his position of emphasizing 'commerce', he pushed forward overseas trade, and suggested the domestic scheme of autonomous development of industry looking on the development of industry also as 'commerce', and for this, advocated the necessity of united nation beyond bakufu and han.

• 関係国と日本国との間における千九百四十五年九月二日後の貿易及び金融の関係の再開の結果として日本国の管轄内にはいつた財産、権利及び利益。但し、当該連合国の法律に反する取引から生じたものを除く。
• property, rights and interests which have come within its jurisdiction in consequence of the resumption of trade and financial relations subsequent to September 2, 1945, between the country concerned and Japan, except such as have resulted from transactions contrary to the laws of the Allied Power concerned;

• 元が南宋の首都臨安を攻略してその国土の主要部を奪った日本の建治2年（1276年）に日本の商船が明州（慶元）から無事帰国しているのを始めとして、元は日本商船の来航と貿易を容認する政策を採った。
• Yuan Dynasty adopted the policy to allow Japanese merchant ships to travel and trade in their country; for example, the Japanese merchant ship returned safely home from Mingzhou (Qingyuan) in 1276 when Yuan Dynasty conquered Rinan, the capital of Southern Sung Dynasty, and took over the major part of the country.

• 外国為替及び外国貿易法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号。以下「法」という。）第四十八条第一項の規定により経済産業大臣に輸出の許可を申請しようとする者　別表第一で定める様式による輸出許可申請書二通
• a person who intends to apply for export permission pursuant to the provision of Article 48, paragraph (1) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949; hereinafter referred to as the 'Act') to the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry:　two sets of a written application for export permission following the form prescribed in Appended Table 1;

• しかし、当時銭貨を鋳造していなかった日本では貨幣経済の発達に伴い、大量の銅銭を必要とし、また「唐物」と呼ばれる陶磁器を初めとした中国の文物の需要も依然旺盛で、貿易船の必要性が減ずることはなかった。
• However the necessity for the trading vessels never faded because the development of money economy required a large quantity of copper coins in Japan, where coins were not cast in those days, and because the demands for Chinese products of culture including ceramic ware, pottery, and chinaware called 'karamono' (things imported from China) were still intense.

• 第二条第二号中「引揚」を「引揚げ」に、「外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第三十二条又は第四十五条の規定に基きその移転又は輸入が認められた日」を「その輸入の日」に改める。
• The terms 'the day on which the transfer or import was approved based on the provision of Article 32 or Article 45 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Act No. 228 of 1949)' in Article 2, item (ii) shall be revised to 'the date of the import.'

• 別表第一の二で定める様式による輸出承認申請書（同項第二号に該当する場合にあっては、別表第二で定める様式による委託加工貿易契約による輸出承認申請書）三通（経済産業大臣が別に定める場合にあっては、二通）
• three (or, in the case where it is specified separately by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, two) sets of a written application for export approval following the form prescribed in Appended Table 1-2 (or, in the case where it falls under item (ii) of the same paragraph, of a written application for approval of export under a contract for processing deal trade following the form prescribed in Appended Table 2); and

• この政令の施行前にハンガリーを仕向地とする貨物の輸出について改正前の輸出貿易管理令第一条第一項の規定による許可を受けた者がその許可を受けたところに従ってする貨物の輸出については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to export of goods conducted, as permitted, by a person who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, permission under Article 1, paragraph (1) of the Export Trade Control Order prior to the revision with respect to export of goods to Hungary, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• また天龍寺船の天龍寺船が入元の際、倭寇を警戒する元の官憲に入港を阻止されていることは、幕府の公的な公認というものが実質上の意味（密貿易船（倭寇）ではないことの証明）を有していなかったことを示している。
• Also a record that Yuan officials on the alert for wako obstructed the entry of a Tenryujibune into harbor when it tried to land Yuan shows that an official approval of the bakufu was substantially ineffective (which did not establish its identity of not being a smuggling ships [wako]).

• 物資は、遥かに人間以上に、地球の表面を移動し続けている偉大な旅行者なのだ。再現のない物資の流れが世界中で交換されているが、それは地球上の人の住む場所で貿易に関わらないところはほとんどないことを意味する。
• Goods are the great travelers over the earth's surface, far more than humans, which means that hardly an inhabited spot on the globe is untouched by trade.

• 平氏政権滅亡後の鎌倉時代には日宋間の正式な国交はなかったが、鎌倉幕府は民間貿易を認め、文治元年（1185年）に九州に設けられた鎮西奉行は、博多を統治して幕府からの御用商船を宋へむけて派遣することとした。
• During the Kamakura period after the decline of the Taira clan government, there were no official diplomatic relations between Japan and the Sung dynasty, but the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) allowed private trade and in 1185 chinzei bugyo (a magistrate of Kyushu region) established in Kyushu governed Hakata and sent bakufu-controlled commercial ships to Sung.

• 外国為替及び外国貿易法（以下「法」という。）第四十八条第一項に規定する政令で定める特定の地域を仕向地とする特定の種類の貨物の輸出は、別表第一中欄に掲げる貨物の同表下欄に掲げる地域を仕向地とする輸出とする。
• Export of certain kinds of goods to certain regions specified by a Cabinet Order under Article 48, paragraph (1) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act') shall be the export of the goods listed in the middle column of appended table 1 to the regions listed in the lower column of the same table.

• 株仲間の奨励策による運上金・冥加金の徴収、町人資本による印旛沼・手賀沼の干拓事業を行ういっぽう、長崎貿易の推奨（特に俵物など輸出商品の増産）など、積極的に改革を推し進め、幕府財政を立て直すことに成功した。
• He aggressively pushed forward his reforms, such as collecting business taxes and forced contribution in exchange for promoting 'kabu nakama,' doing reclamation works of Inba-numa Lake and Tega-numa Lake with merchants' funds, and promoting trade with foreign countries at Nagasaki - particularly through production increase of goods for export, including 'tawara mono' (goods in straw bags), thereby succeeding in reconstruction of bakufu finance.

• 1544年に発生した蛇梁倭変により、1512年に宗氏と朝鮮王朝の間で締結された壬申約条は破棄され、日本国王使（室町幕府使節）および大内氏・少弐氏の使節を除き、日本からの通交（外交を兼ねた貿易）は禁じられた。
• In the saryan wahen (Coup of Shinryo IWAYA) which occurred in 1544, the Jinshin Yakujo concluded between the So clan and the Yi-Dynasty in 1512 was denounced; thereafter, trading (trade concurrent with a diplomacy visit) from Japan was inhibited except for the King of Japan envoy (the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] envoy) and the envoys from the Ouchi clan and the Shoni clan.

• 内閣は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第二十六条、第四十八条、第四十九条、第六十七条、第六十九条及び附則第四項の規定に基き、並びに同法の規定を実施するため、この政令を制定する。
• The Cabinet hereby enacts this Cabinet Order pursuant to the provisions of Article 26, Article 48, Article 49, Article 67, and Article 69 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act and the provision of paragraph (4) of the Supplementary Provisions, and for the purpose of implementing the same Act.

• エジプトから輸入される戦車一両は銀六百シケル、馬は百五十シケルであった。このようにして、これらのものが王の貿易商によって、ヘテびとのすべての王たちおよびスリヤの王たちに輸出された。 (列王紀1 10:29)
• A chariot came up and went out of Egypt for six hundred shekels of silver, and a horse for one hundred fifty; and so for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, they brought them out by their means. (1 Kings 10:29)

• 安政一分銀の発行によっても貿易港周辺の市中における一分銀の払底は解消されず、ハリスは幕府に対し一分銀の早急な増鋳を要求したが、発行は思うように進捗せず、洋銀に刻印を打って、三分として通用させるよう要求した。
• The scarcity of ichibu-gin silver coins in cities around the trading port was not improved by issuance of Ansei ichibu-gin silver coins, so HARRIS requested the bakufu to increase mintage of ichibu-gin silver coins in a prompt manner, but they were not emitted so promptly; thus HARRIS requested the bakufu to engrave a mark on foreign silver coins and to make them circulate as 3 bu.

• 一方、二朱銀については一分銀の半分の額面にもかかわらず、約4/3倍の含有銀量であり、出目獲得を目的とした悪貨の発行に慣れた幕府にとって良貨は多量に発行できるものでなかったため、貿易取引に限定するものとした。
• Meanwhile, as Nishu gin silver coins contained about four thirds of silver in spite that its face value was half of ichibu-gin silver, the bakufu decided to limit the use of those coins to international trade because it could not emit a large quantity of good money, accustomed to emitting bad money for the purpose of acquiring marginal gain.

• だが、元の日本侵略の要因として経済的な利権を求めたことが挙げられるように、元側に日本との経済的関係を望む意向が強く、反対に日本側も日宋貿易によって確立された中国大陸との経済的関係の維持を望む意向が強かった。
• However, one of the reasons why Yuan Dynasty wanted to invade Japan was to gain the economic advantage; therefore, Yuan Dynasty was eager to establish the economic ties with Japan and Japan also had a strong desire to maintain the economic ties with the Chinese continent established by the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China.

• 第一条中輸出貿易管理令第十一条第一号並びに別表第二の三六、三七及び四三の項の改正規定並びに第二条の規定　文化財の不法な輸入、輸出及び所有権移転を禁止し及び防止する手段に関する条約が日本国について効力を生ずる日
• The provisions in Article 1 to revise Article 11, item 1 and appended table 1, row 36, row 37, and row 43, and the provision of Article 2:　the day when the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property becomes effective in Japan.
• The part of the provision of Article 1 that revises Article 11, item (i) of the Export Trade Control Order, and row 36, row 37, and row 43 of appended table 2, and the provision of Article 2:　The day on which the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property comes into effect in Japan

• この政令の施行前に改正前の輸出貿易管理令第一条第一項の規定による承認を受けた者がその承認を受けたところに従つてする貨物の輸出であつて、改正後の同令第一条第一項の規定の適用のあるものについては、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to export of goods conducted, as permitted, by a person who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, permission under Article 1, paragraph (1) of the Export Trade Control Order prior to the revision, to which the provision of Article 1, paragraph (1) of the same Order after the revision applies, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• この政令の施行前にチェッコ又はスロヴァキアを仕向地とする貨物の輸出について改正前の輸出貿易管理令第一条第一項の規定による許可を受けた者がその許可を受けたところに従ってする貨物の輸出については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to export of goods for which a person, who had obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, permission under Article 1, paragraph (1) of the Export Trade Control Order prior to the revision with regard to export of goods to Czech or Slovakia, conducts according to the permission, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.
• With regard to export of goods conducted, as permitted, by a person who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, permission under Article 1, paragraph (1) of the Export Trade Control Order prior to the revision with respect to export of goods to the Czech Republic or Slovakia, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 三浦の乱の講和条約である壬申約条では、島主歳遣船（対馬から通交のため毎年派遣される貿易船）を50隻から25隻に削減、多くの深処倭（対馬以外の日本人のこと）名義の歳遣船の停止等、宗氏に通交の抑制を強いるものであった。
• The Jinshin Yakujo, which was a peace treaty ending the Sanpo War, forced the So clan to restrain the dispatching of trade ships so as to force the reduction of toshu saikensen (Annual Tribute Ships to Korea from the Lord of Tsushima, and trade ships annually dispatched from Tsushima for trading and diplomatic visits) from 50 to 25, and to stop dispatching saikensen under the name of many shimuchowe (Japanese people other than the residents of Tsushima).

• 国民に対する食料の安定的な供給については、世界の食料の需給及び貿易が不安定な要素を有していることにかんがみ、国内の農業生産の増大を図ることを基本とし、これと輸入及び備蓄とを適切に組み合わせて行われなければならない。
• In consideration of the fact that the world's food supply and demand and trade have some uncertainties, stable food supply to the citizens shall be secured by increased domestic agricultural production as a base together with appropriate combination of import and reserve.

• この政令の施行の日前に外国為替及び外国貿易法第二十七条第一項の規定によりされた届出及び同法第五十五条の五第一項の規定によりされた報告に係る同法第二十六条第二項に規定する対内直接投資等については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to inward direct investment, etc. prescribed in Article 26, paragraph (2) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act that pertains to a notification given pursuant to Article 27, paragraph (1) of the same Act or a report made pursuant to Article 55-5, paragraph (1) of the same Act prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• この法律による改正前の外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（以下「旧法」という。）第三十一条第一項、第三十二条第一項、第三十四条又は第三十五条の規定に基づき認められ又は許可を受けた取引又は行為については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to transactions or acts approved or permitted pursuant to Article 31, paragraph 1, Article 32, paragraph 1, Article 34 or Article 35 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act prior to the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Old Act'), the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 平清盛は、高倉天皇と平家一門の反対を押し切って遷都を強行したが、それは宋 (王朝)との貿易拡大によって海洋国家の樹立を目指したためともいわれ、都市整備が進めば平氏政権による「福原幕府」のようなものになったとも言われる。
• TAIRA no Kiyomori forced through his plan for the transfer of the capital, despite objections from Emperor Takakura and the Taira family, and it is said that he was aiming to establish a maritime state by expanding trade with the Sung (dynasty), and that if the city had been built, a powerful feudal government under the control of the Taira clan, a kind of 'Fukuhara Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)', would have been established.

• この政令は、外国為替及び外国貿易法（以下「法」という。）第一章、第三章及び第四章に規定する支払等、資本取引その他の取引又は行為に係る管理又は調整並びに法第六章の二の規定による報告等に関し必要な事項等を定めるものとする。
• This Cabinet Order shall specify necessary matters, etc. in regard to the payment, etc. prescribed in Chapters I, III and IV of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act'), control or coordination pertaining to capital transactions or other transactions or acts, and the report, etc. pursuant to the provisions of Chapter VI-II of the Act.

• 製法は明時代の中国における軟落甘（小麦粉・米粉を水飴や脂肪で練り固めて乾燥させた菓子。西～中央アジアに由来するといわれ、元 (王朝)時代に中国に伝来した）に基づき、室町時代に日明貿易で伝わり、茶道の勃興によって広まった。
• The recipe is based on that for nanrakukan (a sweet made by drying the kneaded mixture of wheat flour or rice flour and starch syrup and fat, which is said to have originated from the western and central Asia and to have subsequently been introduced to China in the Yuan Dynasty era) produced in the Ming Dynasty era in China; the nanrakukan was introduced to Japan in the Muromachi period through the Japan-Ming trade (the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China) and became popular along with the rise of the tea ceremony.

• 瀬戸内航路の確保、大宰府の対外交渉権の接収、摂津国大輪田泊の修築・宋船入港許可などによって日宋貿易を拡大した平清盛は、治承3年（1179年）に太平御覧を購入して書写させ、写本は手元において、摺本を高倉天皇に献上している。
• TAIRA no Kiyomori expanded trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China through securing a route through the Inland Sea, acquiring the right to publicly negotiate with Sung from Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), restoring Owada no tomari (Owada port) in Settsu Province as well as acquiring port entry permission for vessels from Sung at Owada no tomari; in 1179, he purchased Taihei Gyoran and had it copied, dedicating surihon (printed book) to Emperor Takakura with the copied version at hand.

• この政令の施行前にイランを仕向地とする貨物の輸出について輸出貿易管理令第一条第一項又は第二条第一項の規定による承認又は許可を受けた者が、その承認又は許可を受けたところに従つてする貨物の輸出については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to export of goods conducted, as approved or permitted, by a person who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, approval or permission under Article 1, paragraph (1) or Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Export Trade Control Order with respect to export of goods to Iran, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 経済産業大臣は、外国貿易及び国民経済の健全な発展を図るために必要があると認めるときは、第九条第一項の規定による輸入割当てに当たり、輸入の期間、貨物の原産地、船積地域その他輸入に関する事項について条件を付することができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, when he/she finds it necessary in order to achieve the sound development of foreign trade and the national economy, attach conditions to an import quota allocated under Article 9, paragraph 1 with respect to the period of import, place of origin or place of shipment of goods and other matters concerning import.

• 安政5年（1858年）、日米修好通商条約の勅許を江戸幕府が要請した際に、忠彦は幟仁親王の長男・大宰帥有栖川宮熾仁親王に対して「諸外国は陽に貿易を求めて陰に邪教（キリスト教の意）を布教せんとしている」という意見書を出した。
• In 1858, when Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) requested for imperial sanction on The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, Tadahiko submitted a written opinion to Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) and the eldest son of Imperial Prince Takahito, saying that 'foreign countries are publicly seeking trade but are privately trying to propagate heresy (referring to Christianity).'

• 日本からは主に生糸が輸出されたが、生糸などの輸出品は、国内市場よりも貿易市場の方が高値で取引されていたため、生産地と市場を仲立ちしていた在郷商人は、江戸などの大都市の問屋ではなく、直接、開港場へ生産品を卸すようになった。
• Japanese main export was raw silk thread, and because exported goods such as raw silk thread were exchanged at higher prices on the trading market than on the domestic market, local merchants, who mediated between a place of production and market, began to sell products wholesale directly at open ports, not to warehouse merchants in big cities such as Edo (now Tokyo).

• 江戸時代から日本唯一の対外貿易港であった長崎の居留地には、当初、多数の外国人が押しかけて繁栄したが、明治になると長崎居留地はそれほど発達せず、むしろ上海市を中心とする中国租界在住の欧米人の保養地として賑わうようになった。
• Nagasaki was the only port that had been open to international trading since the Edo period, and as such the settlement had flourished due to the large number of foreigners who had taken up unofficial residence there; beginning in the Meiji period, however, it saw comparatively little development, and indeed prospered more as a sort of health resort for foreigners living in Shanghai and other concessions in China rather than as a settlement in its own right.

• 場所は現在の兵庫県神戸市中央区 (神戸市)から兵庫区北部にあたり、平氏の拠点のひとつである貿易港の大輪田泊（現在の兵庫港・神戸港西部）に人工島の経が島（経ヶ島）を築き整備拡張した港を見下ろす山麓に都を置くことが計画された。
• The plan was build Fukuhara-kyo in an area extending from Chuo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture to northern Hyogo Ward, and it would stand at the foot of a mountain looking down over an expanded Owada no Tomari (present-day Hyogo Port/western Kobe Port), a trading port and one of the bases of the Taira clan, where an artificial island named Kyogashima Island was to be built.

• 財物の没官としては、謀反・大逆者の財産、盗品や賄賂、密貿易などによる不法取得物（その範疇は近代刑法典の贓物よりは狭い）、犯禁の物（民間での所持が禁じられた物）、倍贓（盗品を盗んだ者に対して倍にして償う罰）に対して科された。
• As examples of confiscation of properties, the properties of traitors, possessions, stolen goods, bribes, illegally obtained goods such as goods brought in by contraband trades (what fall under the category of illegally obtained goods here, however, is fewer than that of aganaimono (stolen goods) defined in the modern Penal Codes), and prohibited objects (goods which were banned among the general public) were confiscated, and baizo (the penalty which was given to a thief to recompense by paying back twofold of what he/she stole) was given.

• 更に明治11年（1878年）5月27日には大蔵卿大隈重信の建議を受けて正式に金銀複本位制を採用して、これまで開港場のみで通用を許していた1円銀貨及び貿易銀を日本国内でも強制通用力のある貨幣として扱い、その無制限使用を許した。
• On May 27, 1878, Japan formally adopted the gold and silver bimetallism according to the proposal by Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury) Shigenobu OKUMA, and designated one yen silver coins and silver trade coins that had been used only in the open ports as legal-tender coins and allowed their unrestricted use.

• 牙符制が導入されるまで日本国王使・王城大臣使に対する査証の手段は存在せず、1450年代から貿易利権を目当てに王城大臣使を名乗る偽使が出現し、1470年代には偽使により「朝鮮遣使ブーム」と呼ばれる偽王城大臣使の大量通交が発生する。
• No endorsement for the King of Japan envoy nor the Ojo-daijin envoy existed until Gafusei was introduced, and from the 1450s, pseudo envoys representing the Ojo-daijin envoy appeared with the intention of acquiring the rights and interests of trading, and in the 1470s, diplomatic boom by pseudo envoys called 'sending of diplomatic missions to Korea boom' occurred.

• 日本国政府及び中華人民共和国政府は、両国間の関係を一層発展させ、人的往来を拡大するため、必要に応じ、また、既存の民間取決めをも考慮しつつ、貿易、海運、航空、漁業等の事項に関する協定の締結を目的として、交渉を行なうことに合意した。
• The Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China have agreed that, with a view to further promoting relations between the two countries and to expanding interchanges of people, the two Governments will, as necessary and taking account of the existing non-governmental arrangements, enter into negotiations for the purpose of concluding agreements concerning such matters as trade, shipping, aviation, and fisheries.

• この政令は、昭和六十三年十二月二十日から施行する。ただし、第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の五の項、一六の項、一九の項、二五の項、四六の項、六九の項、九三の項、一三〇の項、一三一の項及び一五五の項の改正規定は、公布の日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from December 20, 1988; provided, however, that the part of the provision of Article 2 that revises row 5, row 16, row 19, row 25, row 46, row 69, row 93, row 130, row 131, and row 155 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order shall come into effect as from the date of promulgation.

• 自動車を製造する行為（他の者（外国為替及び外国貿易法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第六条に規定する非居住者を除く。以下この項において同じ。）の委託（主務省令で定めるものに限る。以下この項において同じ。）を受けて行うものを除く。）
• Acts of manufacturing Vehicles (except for entities receiving an entrustment (limited to that specified by ordinance of the competent minister; the same shall apply hereinafter in this paragraph) from another entity (excluding the non-residents prescribed in the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949), Article 6; the same shall apply hereinafter in this paragraph)

• 輸出貿易管理令別表第一の二から一六までの項の中欄に掲げる貨物の外国相互間の移動を伴う当該貨物の売買に関する取引（当該取引に係る貨物の船積地域又は仕向地が同令別表第三に掲げる地域であるものを除く。）であつて、次のいずれかに該当するもの
• Transactions related to the buying and selling of the goods listed in the middle column of rows 2 to 16 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order involving the movement of the goods between foreign states (excluding those in which the goods pertaining to the transactions are shipped from or exported to the regions listed in appended table 3 of the said Order), which fall under any of the following.

• この政令の施行前に改正前の輸入貿易管理令第四条第一項又は第八条第一項の規定による輸入の承認を受けた者がその承認を受けたところに従つてする貨物の輸入であつて、改正後の同令第四条第一項の規定の適用のあるものについては、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to the import of goods conducted, as approved, by a person who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, import approval under Article 4, paragraph 1 or Article 8, paragraph 1 of the Import Trade Control Order prior to the revision, which is subject to the provision of Article 4, paragraph 1 of the same Order after the revision, provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 令第十五条第二項の規定による経済産業大臣の許可を受けるに際し、同条第三項の規定により外国為替及び外国貿易法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号。以下「法」という。）第二十四条第一項及び第二項の規定による許可の申請を併せて行おうとする居住者
• a resident who intends to file an application for permission pursuant to the provisions of Article 24, paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949; hereinafter referred to as the 'Act') in block as prescribed in the provision of Article 15, paragraph (3) of the Order when applying for permission to the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry pursuant to the provision of paragraph (2) of the same Article; or

• 一方で、不平等条約上、有利な側にある国の国民が、不利な側にある国で犯罪を犯した際に、その国の裁判所にて裁くことができない状態となるため、治安問題が増大するという問題や、関税率の操作で貿易において不当に利益をあげ得る、などの問題がある。
• Meanwhile, there are some problems such as security matters are increased, or the people can gain unreasonable profits in trade due to manipulation of tariff rates, since the people of a country standing in a favorable position under the unequal treaty cannot be put on trial in the court of a country in an unfavorable position when the people have committed a crime in the latter country.

• 幕府は、それまで流通していた古丁銀、極印銀などの領国貨幣に代え、慶長銀による秤量銀貨の統一を理想としたが、貿易対価の支払いによる多額に上る海外流出のため地方まで慶長銀が充分に行渡らず、通貨の統一には元禄銀の登場を待たねばならなかった。
• The ideal of bakufu was to use solely keicho-gin by unification of weight standard in place of currency of daimyo's territory such as kocho-gin and gokuin-gin that had been used before that, but keicho-gin was not distributed as far as local areas since a large amount of money was distributed to foreign countries as a result of payment of trade, and thereby they had to wait for arrival of genroku-gin for unification of currency.

• この貿易自由化を皮切りとして、やがて洋酒の輸出国は、日本の従価税のかけ方では輸入酒に運賃や保険料の分まで税金がかかってしまうとして、アルコール度数に応じて課税するという西洋諸国の税制に日本も変更するようさらなる要求をしてくることとなる。
• Triggered by this trade liberalization, exporting countries of foreign liquors requested Japan to change the taxation in accordance with the degree of alcohol because an ad valorem duty in Japan was imposed on imported liquors with including transport costs and insurance costs.

• 上記のごとく寺社造営料唐船は、幕府や寺社側の必要性から派遣されたというのが通説であったが、近年の研究では、むしろ貿易船の主体は博多などの商人であり、利潤の一部を寺社の造営費用にあてるというのは看板に過ぎなかったとの見方が提唱されている。
• A prevailing view on the Jishazoeiryotosen was that, as described above, they were dispatched out of necessity of the bakufu or shines and temples, but recent studies suggest that merchants in Hakata rather had the purpose of trade and that the willingness to use a part of profits for the building expenses were only a pretext.

• 翌承安3年（1173年）、清盛は答礼使を派遣し、また、後白河院からは大輪田泊までの商船通航許可を得て宋の商船に瀬戸内海を航行させ、また、後白河院が宋の使者に答物を贈ったことによって、宋とのあいだに正式に国交が開かれて日宋貿易が拡大した。
• In 1173 Kiyomori sent toreishi (errand to return call or visit), got the license for passage of merchant ships to Owada no tomari from Goshirakawa, made the Sung merchant ships pass through Seto Inland Sea and expanded the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China because Goshirakawa gave a present to the Sung messenger in return and the diplomatic relations with Sung were officially opened.

• 1551年（天文 (元号)20）に義隆が家臣の陶晴賢による謀反（大寧寺の変）によって滅亡すると、後を継いだ大内義長（大友義鎮の弟）は、1556年（弘治 (日本)2）と翌年に兄・大友義鎮とともに貿易再開を求める使者を派遣した（『明実録』）。
• After Yoshitaka was killed in a rebellion (the revolt of Daineiji) plotted by a retainer Harukata SUE in 1551, Yoshinaga OUCHI (younger brother of Yoshishige OTOMO), who had succeeded Yoshitaka as the lord of the Ouchi clan, issued orders with his brother Yoshishige OTOMO and sent an envoy to the Ming in 1556 and 1557 for seeking the resumption of trade (from 'Ming jitsuroku' [authentic account on the Ming]).

• パークスは薩摩藩・長州藩を支援して明治政府の成立に協力していた経緯があるだけに、政府が極秘で改税約書に違反した悪貨を鋳造していることに気づいていたが、これを放置しておくことは日本と貿易を行うイギリス商人の利益に反することであると考えていた。
• Having the background of cooperating with the formation of the Meiji Government by supporting the Satsuma and Choshu Domain, Parkes realized that the Meiji Government was breaking the kaizeiyakusho and secretly coining bad money, but thought that leaving this matter alone would go against the profit of English merchants who were trading with Japan.

• 当初は貿易目的のためにキリシタンを保護していたが次第に宗麟自身もキリスト教の教義に惹かれるようになり、遂には入信し日向にムシカ（理想郷。漢字表記は務志賀とされる。現在の宮崎県延岡市無鹿町の付近）の建国を夢見て耳川の合戦を引き起こすことになる。
• At first, Sorin protected Christians for the purpose of trade, but he was soon attracted to the doctrine of Christianity, and finally joined and caused the Battle of Mimi-kawa while dreaming about building Mushika (ideal world, represented as 務志賀 in Chinese characters, around present-day Mushikamachi, Nobeoka City, Miyazaki Prefecture) in Hyuga Province.

• この政令は、国際貿易の対象となる特定の有害な化学物質及び駆除剤についての事前のかつ情報に基づく同意の手続に関するロッテルダム条約が日本国について効力を生ずる日から施行する。ただし、別表第二の三五の項の改正規定は、平成十六年一月一日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the day on which the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade comes into effect in Japan; provided, however, that the provision for revising row 35 of appended table 2 shall come into effect as from January 1, 2004.

• 伊達政宗は仙台藩とスペインとの通商（太平洋貿易）を企図し、1613年（慶長18年）、仙台領内において、スペイン帝国国王フェリペ3世 (スペイン王)の使節セバスティアン・ビスカイノの協力によってガレオン船・サン・フアン・バウティスタ号を建造した。
• Masamune came up with a project plan to open trade between Sendai Domain and Spain (a trading oversea via Pacific Ocean); in 1613, Masamune built a galleon ship within Sendai Domain with the cooperation of Sebastián Vizcaíno, the envoy of the King of Spain, Felipe III, which was then named as San Juan Bautista.

• まず、安土桃山時代から江戸時代初期の20年ほど日本に貿易商として滞在していたアビラ・ヒロンの記した『日本王国記』によると、かつて都（京都）を荒らしまわる集団がいたが、15人の頭目が捕らえられ京都の三条河原で生きたまま油で煮られたとの記述がある。
• First of all, according to 'Relation of Japan (Relacion del Reino de Nippon a que llaman Corruptante Japon)' written by Avila GIRON who lived in Japan as a trading merchant for about 20 years between the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the early Edo period, it is noted that there was a group that ransacked Kyoto at one time, but 15 ringleaders were caught and they were boiled alive in oil at Sanjo-gawara in Kyoto.

• 申請人が本邦における貿易その他の事業の管理に従事しようとする場合は、事業の経営又は管理について三年以上の経験（大学院において経営又は管理に係る科目を専攻した期間を含む。）を有し、かつ、日本人が従事する場合に受ける報酬と同等額以上の報酬を受けること。
• In cases where the applicant is to engage in the management of international trading or any other business in Japan, he/she must have at least 3 years' experience in business operation and/or management (this includes any period he/she has spent studying business operation and/or management at the post-graduate level) and must receive no less remuneration than would a Japanese national for comparable work.

• 国民に対する水産物の安定的な供給については、世界の水産物の需給及び貿易が不安定な要素を有していることにかんがみ、水産資源の持続的な利用を確保しつつ、我が国の漁業生産の増大を図ることを基本とし、これと輸入とを適切に組み合わせて行われなければならない。
• Stable supply of marine products to the citizens shall, in view of the world's marine products supply and demand and trade have some uncertainties, be secured, while maintaining sustainable utilization of fishery resources, by increased domestic fishery production as a base in an appropriate combination with import.

• この政令は、平成二年一月二十日から施行する。ただし、第一条中外国為替管理令別表の一二の項の改正規定並びに第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の二六の項、三二の項、三四の項、四三の項、一〇〇の項、一一七の項及び一二四の項の改正規定は、公布の日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from January 20, 1990; provided, however, that the provisions revising row 12 of the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Control Order in Article 1, and the provisions revising row 26, row 32, row 34, row 43, row 100, row 117, and row 124 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order in Article 2 shall come into effect as from the date of promulgation.
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from January 20, 1990; provided, however, that the part of the provision of Article 1 that revises row 12 of the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Control Order and the part of the provision of Article 2 that revises row 26, row 32, row 34, row 43, row 100, row 117, and row 124 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order shall come into effect as from the date of promulgation.

• 江戸幕府の鎖国政策の進展により、幕府公認の朱印船の海外渡航すら難しくなり、1633年老中奉書船以外の海外渡航や帰国を禁止する第1次鎖国令が発令され、1635年にはすべての日本人の海外渡航と帰国を禁止する第3次鎖国令が発令されて朱印船貿易は終末を迎えた。
• It became increasingly more difficult even for government-certified Shuinsen ships to travel to other countries due to the isolationist policy of the shogunate government; in 1633, the First Seclusion Order, which forbade all ships other that those carrying official letters of the shogunate government to visit or return from other countries, was issued; and in 1935, the Third Seclusion Order, which forbade all Japanese to travel to or return from other countries, was issued, bringing an end to Shuinsen trade.

• 舞鶴港が1951年（昭和27年）に重要港湾に指定、また1995年（平成7年）には日本海側港湾では初めてFAZ（輸入促進地域）の指定を受けるなど、中華人民共和国や大韓民国、ロシアなど定期コンテナ航路を有する国際貿易港を持つ交流・物流都市としての性格を持つ。
• Since Maizuru Port was designated as an Important Port in 1951 and also designated the first among the Japan Sea coast ports as FAZ (Foreign Access Zone), it has thus taken on the characteristic of a logistics/trade city functioning as an international trade port with periodical container carrier routes between the People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation.

• この政令の施行前に第二条の規定による改正前の輸入貿易管理令第四条第二項の規定により外国為替公認銀行の輸入の承認を受けた者がその承認を受けたところに従ってする貨物の輸入であって、改正後の同令第四条第一項の規定の適用のあるものについては、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to export of goods conducted, as permitted, by a person who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, permission for import by a certified foreign exchange bank under Article 4, paragraph (2) of the Import Trade Control Order prior to the revision under Article 2, to which the provision of Article 4, paragraph (1) of the same Order after the revision applies, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• この政令は、平成七年一月一日から施行する。ただし、第一条中輸出貿易管理令第二条第一項第三号及び第四条第二項ただし書の改正規定並びに同令別表第二に四五の項を加える改正規定は、関税定率法等の一部を改正する法律（平成六年法律第百十八号）の施行の日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into force as from January 1, 1995; provided, however, that the provisions in Article 1 to revise Article 2, paragraph 1, item 3 and the proviso of paragraph 2 of Article 4 of the Export Trade Control Order and to revise appended table 2 of the same Order by adding row 45 shall come into force as from the date of enforcement of the Act for Partial Revision of the Customs Tariff Act, etc. (Act No. 118 of 1994).
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from January 1, 1995; provided, however, that the part of the provision of Article 1 that revises Article 2, paragraph (1), item (iii) and the proviso to Article 4, paragraph (2) of the Export Trade Control Order, and the provision for adding row 45 to appended table 2 of the same Order shall come into effect as from the date of enforcement of the Act for Partial Revision of the Customs Tariff Act, etc. (Act No. 118 of 1994).

• 内閣は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第二十六条、第二十七条第一項第一号、第五十二条、第五十四条、第五十五条、第六十六条、第六十七条、第六十九条及び附則第四項の規定に基き、並びに同法の規定を実施するため、この政令を制定する。
• The Cabinet hereby enacts this Cabinet Order in accordance with the provisions of Article 26, Article 27, paragraph 1, item 1, Article 52, Article 54, Article 55, Article 66, Article 67, and Article 69 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act and the provision of paragraph 4 of the Supplementary Provisions, for the purpose of implementing the same Act.

• 元禄8年（1695年）9月に貨幣吹替え（改鋳）が行われ、品位が低下した元禄丁銀が発行された際、この吹替えのことを朝鮮側に伝えず、対価支払い用には依然良質な慶長銀を確保して支払いに充てていたが、やがて慶長丁銀の確保が困難となり、一旦人参貿易が打ち切られた。
• When reminting of currency was done and Genroku Chogin with low silver content was issued in October 1695, the Tsushima Domain did not inform Korea of this reminting and continued to pay for Korean ginseng with Keicho Chogin with good quality; however, it gradually became difficult for the Tsushima Domain to secure Keicho Chogin, so the trade of Korean ginseng was terminated.

• 1414年には将軍足利義持が琉球王の献上物に対する返礼の書状を贈っており、1441年には足利義教が琉球を薩摩国の島津氏の属国とする事を認めており、さらに幕府には琉球奉行が設置されて貿易の統制を行おうとしており、室町時代には琉球が「日本」として認識されていた。
• In 1414, the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA responded to the tributary gifts sent to him from the Ryukyu Kingdom with an official letter, while in 1441, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA declared the Ryukyu islands to be a vassal state of the Shimazu clan, lords of Satsuma Province; furthermore, the bakufu created the office of Ryukyu Hoko (shogunal magistrate of the Ryukyus) in an attempt to exert control over Ryukyu trade, meaning that it was during the Muromachi period that the Ryukyus began to be seen as part of Japan.

• 寺社造営料唐船（じしゃぞうえいりょうとうせん）は、14世紀前半（鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて）に、主要な寺社の造営（修復・増築を含む）費用を獲得することを名目として、幕府の認可の下、日本から元 (王朝)に対して派遣された貿易船群のことである。
• Jishazoeiryotosen is a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to the Yuan Dynasty under authorization of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for the purpose of making profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of major temples and shrines in the first half of the 14th century (from the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts -Japan).

• 対内直接投資等に関する政令（昭和五十五年政令第二百六十一号）第二条から第五条まで、第八条、第十三条及び第十四条の規定に基づき、並びに外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）の規定を実施するため、対内直接投資等に関する命令を次のように定める。
• Based on the provisions of Articles 2 to 5 inclusive, Article 8, Article 13 and Article 14 of the Cabinet Order on Inward Direct Investment, etc. (Cabinet Order No. 261 of 1980) and in order to implement the provisions of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Act No. 228 of 1949), the Order on Inward Direct Investment, etc. is hereby established as follows.

• 第十一項に規定する代理する権限を有する者の商号、名称又は氏名及び本店若しくは主たる事務所の所在地又は住所（非居住者（外国為替及び外国貿易法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第六条第一項第六号に規定する非居住者をいう。以下この条において同じ。）である届出者に限る。）
• the trade name or name, and the location of the head office or principal office or the domicile, of a person who has the authority of representation as prescribed in paragraph (11) (limited to a Notifier who is a Non-resident (meaning a Non-resident as defined in Article 6, paragraph (1), item (vi) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949); hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article));

• 大阪株式取引所（現・大阪証券取引所）、大阪商法会議所（現・大阪商工会議所、初代会頭は五代友厚）、大阪商業講習所（現・大阪市立大学、大阪市立天王寺商業高等学校）、大阪製銅、関西貿易社、共同運輸会社、神戸桟橋、大阪商船、阪堺鉄道（現・南海電気鉄道）などの設立に関わった。
• He made efforts to establish instititions such as Osaka Stock Exchange (present Osaka Securities Exchange) the Osaka Chamber of Commercial Law (present the Osaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the first chairman was Tomoatsu GODAI), and Osaka Commercial Training Institute (present Osaka City University and Osaka Municipal Tennoji Business High School), and companies such as Osaka Seido (copper metallurgy company), Kansai Boeki (trading company), Kyodo Unyu (transporting company), Kobe Sanbashi (shipping company), Osaka Shosen (shipping company), and Hankai Railway (present Nankai Electric Railway Co., Ltd.).

• セントラルパーク・メディア社のジョン・オドネル、アニメイゴ社のロバート・ウッドヘッド、A.D.ヴィジョン社のジョン・レドフォードは、ソ連からの侵略の脅威が消え、日本がアメリカの活発な貿易相手として称揚されはじめたことで、日本にずっと容易に出張できるようになったのだった。
• John O'Donnell of Central Park Media, Robert Woodhead of AnimEigo, and John Ledford of A.D. Vision were able to travel to Japan much more freely because the threat of an actual Soviet invasion was lifted, coupled with Japan's much longer promotion as one of America's active trade partners.

• 前項の場合において、外国為替及び外国貿易法第二十一条第四項の規定に基づき定められた政令の規定のうち特別国際金融取引勘定の経理に関する事項に係るものに違反する事実が生じた場合の当該利子で当該事実が生じた日の属する計算期間に係るものについては、前項本文の規定は、適用しない。
• In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, where any event has occurred that is in violation of the provision of a Cabinet Order established pursuant to the provision of Article 21(4) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act, which pertains to the matters concerning the settlement of a special international financial transactions account, the provision of the main clause of the preceding Article shall not apply to any interest pertaining to the accounting period that includes the day on which such event has occurred.

• 令別表中欄に掲げる技術（宇宙開発に関する日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の協力に関する交換公文に基づき我が国に移転された技術を除く。）を輸出貿易管理令（昭和二十四年政令第三百七十八号。以下「輸出令」という。）別表第三に掲げる地域において提供する取引であって、防衛大臣が行うもの
• transactions which are conducted by the Minister of Defense, and through which the technology listed in the middle column of Appended Table of the Order (except for the technology which has been transferred to Japan based on the exchange of notes concerning the cooperation in space exploitation between Japan and the United States) is provided in the regions listed in Appended Table 3 of the Export Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 378 of 1949; hereinafter referred to as the 'Export Order');

• その販売する商品を容器包装に入れ、又は容器包装で包む行為（他の者（外国為替及び外国貿易法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第六条に規定する非居住者を除く。以下この項及び次項において同じ。）の委託（主務省令で定めるものに限る。以下この項において同じ。）を受けて行うものを除く。）
• The act of putting goods to be sold into containers or wrapping such goods in packaging (excluding the act conducted based on entrustment (limited to those specified by the ordinance of the competent ministry; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) from other persons (excluding non-residents prescribed in Article 6 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949); hereinafter the same shall apply in this and the next paragraph)

• 令別表中欄に掲げる技術（宇宙開発に関する日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の協力に関 する交換公文に基づき我が国に移転された技術を除く。）を輸出貿易管理令（昭和二十四年政令第三百七十八号。以下「輸出令」という。）別表第三に掲げる地 域において提供する取引であって、防衛大臣が行うもの
• transactions which are conducted by the Minister of Defense, and through which the technology listed in the middle column of Appended Table of the Order (except for the technology which has been transferred to Japan based on the exchange of notes concerning the cooperation in space exploitation between Japan and the United States) is provided in the regions listed in Appended Table 3 of the Export Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 378 of 1949; hereinafter referred to as the 'Export Order');

• 以上に見るように、政治世界における武力が占める比重の増加、後白河と清盛の強い連携、後白河と滋子の関係、高倉の即位、清盛の大臣補任、日宋貿易や集積した所領（荘園）に基づく巨大な経済力、西国武士や瀬戸内海の水軍を中心とする軍事力などを背景として、1160年代後期に平氏政権が確立した。
• As shown above, the Taira clan administration was established in the latter half of the 1160s due to increased influence of military force in the political scene, strong collaboration between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori, the relationship between Goshirakawa and Shigeko, Takakura's ascension, Kiyomori's support of the Daijin, substantial financial power based on Japan-Song trade and accumulated properties (shoen), and military power based on the western bushi and the Seto Inland Sea naval force.

• 鉄砲の伝来は、初期の火縄銃の形式が東南アジアの加圧式火鋏を持った鳥銃に似ている事や東南アジアにおいても先行して火縄銃が使われていた事などから、種子島への鉄砲伝来に代表されるようなヨーロッパ経由でなく倭寇などの密貿易によって東南アジア方面から持ち込まれたとする説がある（宇田川武久説）。
• Based on the facts that the mechanism of early matchlock guns is similar to that of the choju (guns for bird hunting) of Southeast Asia with a pressurized serpentine arm and the use of matchlock guns in Southeast Asia preceded to use in Japan, some researchers (such as Takehisa UDAGAWA) argue that matchlock guns were introduced into Japan not via Europe, as typified by the introduction of firearms to Tanegashima Island, but through illicit trades with Southeast Asia by wako.

• 幕末は、徳川宗家の当主が征夷大将軍職に就き、幕府の主宰者として君臨する幕藩体制が変質し、崩壊していく過程であり、また、鎖国すなわち海禁政策を抛棄して開港し、外国との通商貿易の開始によって日本が世界的な資本主義市場経済に組み込まれ、社会そのもののあり方が劇的に変化していく過程でもある。
• The bakumatsu can be described as the period in which the feudal system characteristic of the shogunage by the head of the Tokugawa family collapsed, or the period in which the social structure dramatically changed as the country abolished the long-held closed-door policy and started trading with foreign countries, eventually becoming a member of the global capitalist market economy.

• 第一条中輸出貿易管理令別表第二の三五の項の改正規定（「グループＩＩ」の下に「及 びグループＩＩＩ」を加える部分を除く。）　平成九年九月十七日に採択されたオゾン層を破壊する物質に関するモントリオール議定書の改正（締約国の第九回 会合において採択されたもの）が日本国について効力を生ずる日
• The part of the provision of Article 1 that revises row 35 of appended table 2 of the Export Trade Control Order (excluding the part adding the term 'and group III' below 'group II'):　The day on which the revision to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted on September 17, 1997 (the revision adopted at the Ninth Meeting of the Parties), comes into effect in Japan

• 全29条から構成され、貿易における日本への待遇を欧米と同様とする（第9条）、日本に領事裁判権を認める（第22条）、条約改訂は批准書交換より10年後にのみ提議出来、半年以内に合意が成立しなければ、自動的に10年間延長されてその期間改訂出来ない（第26条）、など、日本に有利な内容であった。
• It consists of 29 articles which were in favor of Japan, for example, the Article 9: To treat Japan the same as other western countries in commerce, the Article 22: To accept Japanese consular jurisdiction, the Article 26: The revision of the treaty can be proposed only after ten years from the exchange of the instruments of ratification, and if agreement is not reached in a half year after the term of revision started, the treaty is automatically extended for another 10 years and it cannot be revised during the period.

• 令第十八条第一項に規定する経済産業省令で定める役務取引は、外国為替及び外国貿易法における主務大臣を定める政令（昭和五十五年政令第二百五十九号。次条第一項において「主務大臣政令」という。）第一条第一号イに掲げる取引又は同号ハに掲げる取引に該当する役務取引で次の各号の一に該当する取引とする。
• Service transactions specified by a Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry as prescribed in Article 18, paragraph (1) of the Order shall be transactions listed in Article 1, item (1), (a) of a Cabinet Order to Determine Competent Ministers in the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Cabinet Order No. 259 of 1980; hereinafter referred to as the 'Cabinet Order Determining Competent Ministers' in paragraph (1) of the following Article) or service transactions falling under the transactions listed in (c) of the same item, which fall under any of the following items:

• 改正後の対内直接投資等に関する政令第六条の四第二項の規定は、この政令の施行の日以後にする外国為替及び外国貿易法第三十条第一項に規定する技術導入契約の締結等（以下この項において「技術導入契約の締結等」という。）について適用し、同日前にした技術導入契約の締結等については、なお従前の例による。
• The provision of Article 6-4, paragraph (2) of the Cabinet Order on Inward Direct Investment, etc. after the revision shall apply to the conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc. prescribed in Article 31, paragraph (1) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act which will be made after the date of enforcement of this Cabinet Order (hereinafter referred to as 'conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc.' in this paragraph), and with regard to the conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc. which was made prior to said date of enforcement, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 改正後の対内直接投資等に関する政令第六条の四第二項の規定は、この政令の施行の日以後にする外国為替及び外国貿易法第三十条第一項に規定する技術導入契約の締結等（以下この条において「技術導入契約の締結等」という。）について適用し、同日前にした技術導入契約の締結等については、なお従前の例による。
• The provision of Article 6-4, paragraph (2) of the Cabinet Order on Inward Direct Investment, etc. after the revision shall apply to the conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc. prescribed in Article 31, paragraph (1) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act which will be made after the date of enforcement of this Cabinet Order (hereinafter referred to as 'conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc.' in this Article), and with regard to the conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc. which was made prior to said date of enforcement, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 第一条中特許法第三十条第三項の改正規定、第五条の規定（商標法第十条第三項、第十三条第一項、第四十四条第二項及び第六十三条の二の改正規定を除く。）及び第九条の規定　平成七年七月一日又は世界貿易機関を設立するマラケシュ協定が日本国について効力を生ずる日（以下「発効日」という。）のいずれか遅い日
• the provisions of Article 1 of this Act revising Article 30, paragraph (3) of the Patent Act, the provisions of Article 5 of this Act (excluding the provisions revising Article 10, paragraph (3), Article 13, paragraph (1), Article 44, paragraph (2) and Article 63-2 of the Trademark Act), and the provisions of Article 9 of this Act　July 1, 1995 or the day on which the Marrakech Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization takes effect in Japan (hereinafter referred to as the 'Effective Date' ), whichever is later.

• 令第十八条第一項に規定する 経済産業省令で定める役務取引は、外国為替及び外国貿易法における主務大臣を定める政令（昭和五十五年政令第二百五十九号。次条第一項において「主務大臣 政令」という。）第一条第一号イに掲げる取引又は同号ハに掲げる取引に該当する役務取引で次の各号の一に該当する取引とする。
• Service transactions specified by a Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry as prescribed in Article 18, paragraph (1) of the Order shall be transactions listed in Article 1, item (1), (a) of a Cabinet Order to Determine Competent Ministers in the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Cabinet Order No. 259 of 1980; hereinafter referred to as the 'Cabinet Order Determining Competent Ministers' in paragraph (1) of the following Article) or service transactions falling under the transactions listed in (c) of the same item, which fall under any of the following items:

• 内閣は、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第六条、第九条、第十 一条の二、第十五条から第十八条まで、第二十条から第二十五条まで、第六十六条、第六十七条、第六十九条、第六十九条の二及び第六十九条の四の規定に基づ き、並びに同法の規定を実施するため、この政令を制定する。
• The Cabinet, pursuant to Article 6, Article 9, Article 11-2, Articles 15 to 18 inclusive, Articles 20 to 25 inclusive, Article 66, Article 67, Article 69, Article 69-2, and Article 69-4 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Act No. 228 of 1949), and in order to enforce the provisions of the said Act, shall enact this Cabinet Order.

• 日本国又はパリ条約の同盟国、世界貿易機関の加盟国若しくは商標法条約の締約国の政府又は地方公共団体の監督用又は証明用の印章又は記号のうち経済産業大臣が指定するものと同一又は類似の標章を有する商標であつて、その印章又は記号が用いられている商品又は役務と同一又は類似の商品又は役務について使用をするもの
• is comprised of a mark identical with, or similar to, an official hallmark or sign indicating control or warranty by the national or a local government of Japan, a country of the Union to the Paris Convention, a member of the World Trade Organization or a Contracting Party to the Trademark Law Treaty which has been designated by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, if such a trademark is used in connection with goods or services identical with, or similar to, the goods or services in connection with which the hallmark or sign is used;

• この政令は、薬事法及び採血及び供血あつせん業取締法の一部を改正する法律の施行の日（平成十七年四月一日）から施行する。ただし、第五条の規定は輸出貿易管理令の一部を改正する政令（平成十五年政令第五百三十一号）の施行の日又はこの政令の施行の日のいずれか遅い日から、附則第九条の規定は公布の日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the date of enforcement of the Act for Partial Revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act and the Blood Donation Brokerage Control Act (April 1, 2005); provided, however, that the provision of Article 5 shall come into effect as from the later of either the date of enforcement of the Cabinet Order for Partial Revision of the Export Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 531 of 2003) or the date of enforcement of this Cabinet Order, and the provision of Article 9 of the Supplementary Provisions shall come into effect as from the date of promulgation.

• 外国貿易及び国民経済の健全な発展を図るため、我が国が締結した条約その他の国際約束を誠実に履行するため、国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与するため、又は第十条第一項の閣議決定を実施するため、貨物を輸入しようとする者は、政令で定めるところにより、輸入の承認を受ける義務を課せられることがある。
• For the purpose of achieving the sound development of foreign trade and the national economy, sincerely fulfilling obligations under the treaties and other international agreements Japan has signed, making Japan's contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace, or implementing a cabinet decision set forth in Article 10, paragraph 1, any person who intends to import goods may be obliged to obtain import approval pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order.

• この政令は、薬事法及び採血及び供血あつせん業取締法の一部を改正する法 律の施行の日（平成十七年四月一日）から施行する。ただし、第五条の規定は輸出貿易管理令の一部を改正する政令（平成十五年政令第五百三十一号）の施行の 日又はこの政令の施行の日のいずれか遅い日から、附則第九条の規定は公布の日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from the date of enforcement of the Act for Partial Revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act and the Blood Donation Brokerage Control Act (April 1, 2005); provided, however, that the provision of Article 5 shall come into effect as from the later of either the date of enforcement of the Cabinet Order for Partial Revision of the Export Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 531 of 2003) or the date of enforcement of this Cabinet Order, and the provision of Article 9 of the Supplementary Provisions shall come into effect as from the date of promulgation.

• 具体的には神国である日本でキリスト教を布教することはふさわしくないということ、領民などを集団で信徒にすることや神社仏閣などの打ちこわしの禁止、宣教師の20日以内の国外退去などと同時に、この法令が南蛮貿易を妨げるものでなく、布教に関係しない外国人商人の渡来に関してはなんら規制を設けないことが示されている。
• Concretely the following is described, that is, it is not appropriate to Christianize Japan, the land of the Shinto gods, it is forbidden to form a group of Christians and believersm, to destroy shrines and temples, and the missionaries should leave Japan within twenty days, and at the same time this edict does not prevent trade with Spain and Portugal and there are no restrictions on foreign merchants who have not come to spread Christianity in Japan.

• この法律は、外国為替、外国貿易その他の対外取引が自由に行われることを基本とし、対外取引に対し必要最小限の管理又は調整を行うことにより、対外取引の正常な発展並びに我が国又は国際社会の平和及び安全の維持を期し、もつて国際収支の均衡及び通貨の安定を図るとともに我が国経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, on the basis of the freedom of foreign exchange, foreign trade and other foreign transactions, to enable proper expansion of foreign transactions and the maintenance of peace and security in Japan and in the international community through the minimum necessary control or coordination of foreign transactions, and thereby to ensure equilibrium of the international balance of trade and stability of currency as well as to contribute to the sound development of the Japanese economy.

• この政令の施行前に改正前の輸出貿易管理令別表第一の五から一四までの項の中欄に掲げる貨物の輸出について同令第一条第一項又は第二項の規定による許可を受けた者がその許可を受けたところに従ってする貨物の輸出であって、改正後の同令第一条第二項及び第二条第一項第一号の規定の適用のあるものについては、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to export of goods conducted, as permitted, by a person who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, permission under Article 1, paragraph (1) or paragraph (2) of the Export Trade Control Order prior to the revision with respect to export of goods listed in the middle column of row 5 to row 14 of appended table 1 of the same Order, to which the provisions of Article 1, paragraph (2) and Article 2, paragraph (1), item (i) of the same Order after the revision applies, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• これらの外国語学校は外交・貿易・布教など海外活動実務者の養成機関として位置づけられ、旧制高等学校 - 帝国大学進学者にとって必須の教養であった英語・フランス語・ドイツ語のみならず、中国語・ロシア語・スペイン語・ポルトガル語・マレー語・印度諸言語など、よりマイナーな語学の教育を重視していたという点に特徴がある。
• Those schools of foreign languages were positioned as institutes for training of people who would conduct some activities in foreign countries such as diplomatic activities, trading or missionary work, and what characterized those schools was that they emphasized education of minor languages such as Chinese, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese, Malay and Indian languages other than English, French, and German, the essential academic subjects for those who intend to enter Imperial universities from senior high schools (old education system).

• この政令の施行前に改正前の輸出貿易管理令別表第一の五から一四までの項の中 欄に掲げる貨物の輸出について同令第一条第一項又は第二項の規定による許可を受けた者がその許可を受けたところに従ってする貨物の輸出であって、改正後の 同令第一条第二項及び第二条第一項第一号の規定の適用のあるものについては、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to export of goods conducted, as permitted, by a person who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, permission under Article 1, paragraph (1) or paragraph (2) of the Export Trade Control Order prior to the revision with respect to export of goods listed in the middle column of row 5 to row 14 of appended table 1 of the same Order, to which the provisions of Article 1, paragraph (2) and Article 2, paragraph (1), item (i) of the same Order after the revision applies, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• さらに朝鮮に対する基本姿勢として、三条はこの江華島事件に対して「相応なる賠償を求む」べきとしながら、使節団の目的を「我主意の注ぐ所は、交を続くに在るを以て、・・・和約を結ぶことを主とし、彼能我が和交を修め、貿易を広むるの求に従ひときは、即此を以て雲揚 (軍艦)の賠償と看做し、承諾すること」だと述べていた（強調、加筆者）。
• Furthermore, as a basic attitude towards Korea, Sanjo considered 'Japan should require suitable compensation,' while stating about the purpose of the envoy 'the main objective is to continue the negotiation, then conclude a treaty of peace, when they conclude the peace treaty and obey the demand to expand trading, we should regard this attitude as compensation for the battle ship and accept it' (emphasized and amended by the writer).

• しかし、九州平定後、博多箱崎に滞在していた1587年7月24日（天正15年6月19日 (旧暦)）に同地に滞在していたポルトガル側通商責任者（カピタン・モール）ドミンゴス・モンテイロおよび当時のイエズス会日本地区の責任者であったコエリョに対して宣教師の退去と貿易の自由を宣告する文書を手渡してキリスト教宣教の制限を表明した。
• However, after suppression in Kyushu, he announced restrictions on the Christian mission while staying in Hakata Hakozaki in July 24, 1587 and handed over a statement to expel the missionaries and have freedom of trade to Domingos Monteiro (Capitão-mór) in charge of commerce from the Portugal side who stayed there and to Coelho in charge of the Japan division in the Society of Jesus of that time.

• 直接出資者（当該権利を有する居住者（外国為替及び外国貿易法第六条第一項第五号前段に規定する居住者をいう。ロにおいて同じ。）をいう。ハ及びニにおいて同じ。）が適格機関投資家又は法第六十三条第二項若しくは第六十三条の三第一項の規定に基づく届出を行った者（法第六十三条第一項第二号に掲げる行為を業として行う者に限る。）であること。
• that a Direct Equity Investor (meaning the Resident (meaning a Resident as prescribed in the first sentence of Article 6, paragraph (1), item (v) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act; the same shall apply in sub-item (b)) who holds said rights; the same shall apply in sub-items (c) and (d)) is a Qualified Institutional Investor or a person who has made a notification under the provisions of Article 63, paragraph (2) or Article 63-3, paragraph (1) of the Act (limited to a person engaged in the acts listed in Article 63, paragraph (1), item (ii) of the Act as a part of business);

• 外国為替及び外国貿易管理法第二十二条第一項第四号の規定による届出（当該届出につき、同法第二十三条第二項の規定による大蔵大臣の勧告を受けることなく同条第一項の規定により当該届出に係る当該株式等の取得を行ってはならない期間を経過している場合又は当該勧告を受け同条第四項の規定により当該勧告を応諾する旨の通知がされている場合に限る。）
• Notification made under the provisions of Article 22, paragraph (1), item (iv) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (limited to the case where the period during which the acquisition of the Shares, etc. pertaining to the notification is prohibited under the provisions of Article 23, paragraph (1) of that Act has already expired without receiving a recommendation with regard to the notification from the Minister of Finance provided in Article 23, paragraph (2) of that Act or the case where said recommendation has been given with regard to the notification and the Bank, etc. has notified its acceptance of the recommendation under the provisions of Article 23, paragraph (4) of that Act).

• 外国為替及び外国貿易管理法第二十二条第一項第四号の規定による届出（当該届出につ き、同法第二十三条第二項の規定による大蔵大臣の勧告を受けることなく同条第一項の規定により当該届出に係る当該株式等の取得を行ってはならない期間を経 過している場合又は当該勧告を受け同条第四項の規定により当該勧告を応諾する旨の通知がされている場合に限る。）
• Notification made under the provision of Article 22(1)(iv) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (limited to the case where the period during which the acquisition of the Shares, etc. pertaining to the notification is prohibited under the provision of Article 23(1) of that Act has already expired without receiving a recommendation with regard to the notification from the Minister of Finance provided in Article 23(2) of that Act or the case where said recommendation has been given with regard to the notification and the Bank, etc. has notified its acceptance of the recommendation under the provision of Article 23(4) of that Act).

• 首都否定論の立場からは、『平家物語』などの文学作品に語られる「福原遷都」の実態については、平氏政権が和田（神戸市）方面への遷都を目的として福原に行宮を置いたに過ぎず、それによって平安京が従来の首都機能を失った様子も特に見られないことから、建前はどうあれ、福原は京都の機能を軍事・貿易面で補完する事実上の副都に留まった、とする主張がある。
• From the standpoint of negative capital, on the actual condition of 'Transfer of the capital to Fukuhara' talked in the literary work such as 'the Tale of Heike,' some insist that the Taira clan government set Angu (tentative capital) in Fukuhara only for the purposes of transfering the captial toward Wada (Kobe City), and since Heian-Kyo did not lose any function as a traditional capital, Fukuhara ended up being the sub-capital to complement Kyoto in military and trade functions.

• 弘化元年（1845年）江戸に出て大垣藩用人に武家奉公した後に旗本など奉公先を転々とするが、長崎奉行牧義制の納戸役として嘉永5年（1853年）のオランダ使節来訪問題に対応し、続いて箱館奉行堀利煕の用人としてその樺太・蝦夷地巡回に随行するなど対外問題に遭遇、更にその経験を大阪町奉行鳥居忠善に買われて貿易問題を担当して同家の家老として抜擢された。
• After GO went to Edo (present-day Tokyo) to serve yonin (officer handling domestic economy) of the Ogaki Domain in 1845, he frequently changed the person whom he served including hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu), after which serving as officer in charge of storage room, of the Nagasaki bugyo Gisei MAKI, he handled receiving the visit from the Netherlands envoy in 1853 and later on he took office as yonin for the Hakodate bugyo Toshihiro HORI to attend him on a tour to Sakhalin and Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu), encountering a variety of foreign issues; moreover, his rich foreign experience was thought highly of by the magistrates of Osaka Town Tadayoshi TORII to be selected for a chief retainer of the Torii family in charge of trade issues.

• この政令は、平成十九年六月一日から施行する。ただし、第二条中輸出貿易管理令第四条第一項第四号の改正規定（「又は別表第四に掲げる地域を仕向地とする貨物」を削る部分及び「を輸出し」を「を別表第四に掲げる地域以外の地域を仕向地として輸出し」に改める部分に限る。）、同令別表第四の改正規定及び同令別表第七の改正規定は、平成十九年一月十五日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from June 1, 2007; provided, however, that the provisions revising Article 4, paragraph (1), item (iv) of the Export Trade Control Order in Article 2 (limited to the part which deletes the phrase 'or goods to be exported to the regions listed in appended table 4' and the part which revises the term 'exported' to 'exported to the regions other than those listed in appended table 4'), the provisions revising appended table 4 of the said Order, and the provisions revising appended table 7 of the said Order shall come into effect as from January 15, 2007.
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from June 1, 2007; provided, however, that the part of the provision of Article 2 that revises Article 4, paragraph (1), item (iv) of the Export Trade Control Order (limited to the part deleting the phrase 'or goods to be exported to the regions listed in appended table 4' and the part changing the phrase 'export (goods)' to 'export (goods) to regions other than those listed in appended table 4'), the provision for revising appended table 4 of the same Order and the provision for revising appended table 7 of the same Order shall come into effect as from January 15, 2007.

• 外国貿易その他の対外取引に関する文書又は商品の売買その他の国内取引に係る契約書、貨物引換証、船荷証券若しくはこれらに準ずる国内取引に関する文書の作成（港湾運送事業法第二条第一項第一号に掲げる行為に附帯して行うもの及び通関業法（昭和四十二年法律第百二十二号）第二条第一号に規定する通関業務として行われる同号ロに規定する通関書類の作成を除く。）の業務
• work to prepare documents concerning foreign trade and other external transactions or documents concerning domestic transactions, such as contracts for the buying and selling of commodities, railway bills of landing, shipping bills of landing or other documents equivalent thereto (excluding incidental work performed with the acts listed in item (i) of paragraph (1) of Article 2 of the Port Transport Business Act and work to prepare customs documents prescribed in (b) of item (i) of Article 2 of the Customs Business Act (Act No. 122 of 1967) performed as customs work prescribed in the same item);

• この政令は、平成十九年六月一日から施行する。ただし、第二条中輸出貿易管理 令第四条第一項第四号の改正規定（「又は別表第四に掲げる地域を仕向地とする貨物」を削る部分及び「を輸出し」を「を別表第四に掲げる地域以外の地域を仕 向地として輸出し」に改める部分に限る。）、同令別表第四の改正規定及び同令別表第七の改正規定は、平成十九年一月十五日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from June 1, 2007; provided, however, that the part of the provision of Article 2 that revises Article 4, paragraph (1), item (iv) of the Export Trade Control Order (limited to the part deleting the phrase 'or goods to be exported to the regions listed in appended table 4' and the part changing the phrase 'export (goods)' to 'export (goods) to regions other than those listed in appended table 4'), the provision for revising appended table 4 of the same Order and the provision for revising appended table 7 of the same Order shall come into effect as from January 15, 2007.

• 第一条中外国為替管理令別表の一の三の項、五の二の項、七の二の項、一〇の項及び二六の項の改正規定並びに第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の二一の項、二二の項、五五の項、七四の項、七七の二の項、九三の項、一一一の項、一一二の項、一二〇の項、一四七の項、一四八の項、一五三の項、一五四の項、一五九の項、一八三の項及び一八四の項の改正規定　平成元年十月二十六日
• The provisions revising row 1 (iii), row 5 (ii), row 7 (ii), row 10, and row 26 of the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Control Order in Article 1, and the provisions revising row 21, row 22, row 55, row 74, row 77 (ii), row 93, row 111, row 112, row 120, row 147, row 148, row 153, row 154, row 159, row 183, and row 184 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order in Article 2:　October 26, 1989

• 織田信長、伊達政宗、大友義鎮ほか有力大名の海外との通商、豊臣秀吉の南蛮貿易により南蛮酒として古酒（くーす）と称される琉球泡盛や、桑酒、生姜酒、黄精酒（おうせいしゅ）、八珍酒、長命酒、忍冬酒（にんどうしゅ）、地黄酒（じおうしゅ）、五加皮酒（うこぎしゅ）、豆淋酒（とうりんしゅ）などなどの中国・朝鮮の珍酒や薬草酒、さらにヨーロッパからのワインも入ってきた。
• Ryukyu Awamori, which was called kusu (old awamori) as nanbanshu, unique liquors and herb liquors from China and Korea such as kuwazake (rice wine with mulberry), rice wine with ginger, oseishu (rice wine with Japanese Solomon's seal), hatchinshu (Eight unique sake), chomeishu (Longevity sake), nindoshu (Lonicera sake), jioshu (Rehmannia root sake), ukogishu (Siberian Ginseng sake) and torinshu (black soybean sake), as well as wine from Europe were imported through overseas trade by powerful Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) such as Nobunaga ODA, Masamune DATE, and Yoshishige OTOMO, and the trade with countries in South Seas mainly Spain and Portugal by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.

• 第一条中外国為替管理令別表の一の三の項、五の二の項、七の二の項、一〇の項及び二 六の項の改正規定並びに第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の二一の項、二二の項、五五の項、七四の項、七七の二の項、九三の項、一一一の項、一一二の項、一 二〇の項、一四七の項、一四八の項、一五三の項、一五四の項、一五九の項、一八三の項及び一八四の項の改正規定　平成元年十月二十六日
• The part of the provision of Article 1 that revises row 1-3, row 5-2, row 7-2, row 10, and row 26 of the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Control Order and the part of the provision of Article 2 that revises row 21, row 22, row 55, row 74, row 77-2, row 93, row 111, row 112, row 120, row 147, row 148, row 153, row 154, row 159, row 183, and row 184 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order:　October 26, 1989

• 国外において商業用レコードの製作を業とする者が、実演家等保護条約の締約国の国民、世界貿易機関の加盟国の国民又はレコード保護条約の締約国の国民（当該締約国の法令に基づいて設立された法人及び当該締約国に主たる事務所を有する法人を含む。）であるレコード製作者からそのレコード（第八条各号のいずれかに該当するものを除く。）の原盤の提供を受けて製作した商業用レコード
• a commercial phonogram manufactured by those engaged in the business of manufacturing commercial phonograms outside this country, from the matrix of the phonogram (other than those phonograms with respect to which any of the four items of Article 8 applies) received from the producer of phonogram who produced said phonogram and who is a national of any of the contracting states to the Convention for the Protection of Performers, etc., the members of the World Trade Organization or the Contracting States to the Phonograms Convention ("nationals" includes juridical persons established under the laws and regulations of such contracting state or member and those who have their principal offices in such Contracting State or member).

• 日本国のぶどう酒若しくは蒸留酒の産地のうち特許庁長官が指定するものを表示する標章又は世界貿易機関の加盟国のぶどう酒若しくは蒸留酒の産地を表示する標章のうち当該加盟国において当該産地以外の地域を産地とするぶどう酒若しくは蒸留酒について使用をすることが禁止されているものを有する商標であつて、当該産地以外の地域を産地とするぶどう酒又は蒸留酒について使用をするもの
• is comprised of a mark indicating a place of origin of wines or spirits of Japan which has been designated by the Commissioner of the Patent Office, or a mark indicating a place of origin of wines or spirits of a member of the World Trade Organization which is prohibited by the said member from being used on wines or spirits not originating from the region of the said member, if such a trademark is used in connection with wines or spirits not originating from the region in Japan or of the said member;

• 日本国としては、国際連合への加盟を申請し且つあらゆる場合に国際連合憲章の原則を遵守し、世界人権宣言の目的を実現するために努力し、国際連合憲章第五十五条及び第五十六条に定められ且つ既に降伏後の日本国の法制によつて作られはじめた安定及び福祉の条件を日本国内に創造するために努力し、並びに公私の貿易及び通商において国際的に承認された公正な慣行に従う意思を宣言するので、
• WHEREAS Japan for its part declares its intention to apply for membership in the United Nations and in all circumstances to conform to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations; to strive to realize the objectives of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; to seek to create within Japan conditions of stability and well-being as defined in Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations and already initiated by post-surrender Japanese legislation; and in public and private trade and commerce to conform to internationally accepted fair practices;

• さて、先の検勘の際に強引な日程を組んだ背景には、外国との関係の都合上贋貨と正貨の等価交換をやむなく認めたものの、実際に全ての贋貨を同じように正貨と等価で引き換えた場合には明治政府の財政が破綻するのは目に見えていたからであり、その額をなるべく抑制したいという明治政府と貿易関係の維持のために政府の崩壊に至る事態は避けたいと考える外国公使との思惑の一致があったからである。
• Now, the main reason behind the scheduling of such a tight agenda for the authenticity testing was that, while the exchange of equivalent amounts of counterfeit for specie was accepted as unavoidable given the government's relationship with foreign countries, it was clear that if all the counterfeit money was exchanged for specie of an equivalent price, the Meiji Government would face financial ruin, so the Meiji Government wanted to keep this amount to a minimum; at the same time, the foreign ministers of Japan's trading partners wanted to avoid a situation in which the government might collapse so as to ensure that they could maintain their trade relationships with the Meiji Government, so the motives of both sides coincided.

• 第一項第二十三号及び第二十四号に掲げる者に係る届出者の直近日における有価証券の残高並びに同項第二十五号に掲げる者に係る届出者の資本金若しくは出資の額又は基金の総額を本邦通貨に換算する場合には、同項第二十三号から第二十五号までに規定する届出の時における外国為替相場（外国為替及び外国貿易法第七条第一項に規定する基準外国為替相場又は裁定外国為替相場をいう。）によるものとする。
• The conversion of the balance of Securities held by the Notifier for persons as listed in items (xxiii) and (xxiv) of paragraph (1) at the Latest Date, and the conversion of the amount of the stated capital or the contribution, or the total amount of the funds of the Notifier for a person as listed in item (xxv) of that paragraph, into Japanese currency shall be made by using the exchange rate (meaning the Basic Exchange Rate or the Arbitrated Exchange Rate as prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act) at the time of a notification under any of items (xxiii) to (xxv) inclusive of that paragraph.

• 清はそれまで広州一港に貿易を限っていたがイギリス(大英帝国)は1840年と1857年のアヘン戦争および第二次アヘン戦争により南京条約(1842年)、天津条約(1858年)および北京条約(1860年)を結び多額の賠償金と香港、九竜半島の割譲、上海など11港の開港と領事裁判権の承認、関税自主権の喪失、片務的最恵国待遇、公使の北京駐在、キリスト教の公認と保護などを清に認めさせた。
• Although the Qing dynasty had allowed foreign trade only at Canton port, Britain (the British Empire) concluded the treaties of Nanjing (in 1482), Tianjin (in 1858), and Beijing (in 1860) after First Opium War and the Second Opium War in 1840 and 1857 to make Qing dynasty pay a large amount of reparations, cede Hong Kong and Kawloon island, open 11 ports including Shanghai, recognize consular jurisdiction, abandon tariff autonomy, grant one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, permit an envoy to stay in Beijing, and officially recognize and protect Christianity.

• 第一条中外国為替管理令別表の一の二の項、五の三の項、八の二の項、八の三の項、九の二の項、一二の二の項、一二の三の項、一八の二の項及び二五の項の改正規定並びに第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の一七の項、二六の項、八〇の項、九〇の項、九八の項、一〇二の項、一〇三の項、一〇五の項、一一〇の項、一二一の項、一二六の項、一三六の項、一三七の項及び一五一の項の改正規定　平成元年十月十六日
• The provisions revising row 1 (ii), row 5 (iii), row 8 (ii), row 8 (iii), row 9 (ii), row 12 (ii), row 12 (iii), row 18 (ii) and row 25 of the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Control Order in Article 1, and the provisions revising row 17, row 26, row 80, row 90, row 98, row 102, row 103, row 105, row 110, row 121, row 126, row 136, row 137, and row 151 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order in Article 2:　October 16, 1989

• 第一条中外国為替管理令別表の一の二の項、五の三の項、八の二の項、八の三の項、九 の二の項、一二の二の項、一二の三の項、一八の二の項及び二五の項の改正規定並びに第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の一七の項、二六の項、八〇の項、九〇 の項、九八の項、一〇二の項、一〇三の項、一〇五の項、一一〇の項、一二一の項、一二六の項、一三六の項、一三七の項及び一五一の項の改正規定　平成元年 十月十六日
• The part of the provision of Article 1 that revises row 1-2, row 5-3, row 8-2, row 8-3, row 9-2, row 12-2, row 12-3, row 18-2, and row 25 of the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Control Order and the part of the provision of Article 2 that revises row 17, row 26, row 80, row 90, row 98, row 102, row 103, row 105, row 110, row 121, row 126, row 136, row 137, and row 151 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order:　October 16, 1989

• 非居住者（外国為替及び外国貿易法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第六条第一項第六号に規定する非居住者をいう。第百二十六条において同じ。）である顧客から前条第一号から第三号まで及び第五号から第七号までに掲げる事項について同意を得た上で、同条第四号に掲げる事項については時差を考慮して必要な幅を持たせた同意の範囲内で商品取引員が定めることができるものとして商品市場における取引等の委託を受ける行為
• an act to accept the consignment of a Transaction on a Commodity Market, etc., as a Future Commission Merchant may stipulate within the scope of the consent that has been extended considering time differences with regard to the matters set forth in the preceding Article, item (iv), after obtaining consent for the matters set forth in item (i) to item (iii) and item (v) to item (vii) of the same Article from a customer who is a Non-Resident (which means Non-Resident as prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (1), item (vi) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (Act No. 228 of 1949); the same shall apply in Article 126);

• 外国為替及び外国貿易管理法第二十二条第一項第四号（居住者による対外直接投資に係る届出）の規定による届出（当該届出につき、同法第二十三条第二項（資本取引に係る内容の審査及び変更勧告等）の規定による大蔵大臣の勧告を受けることなく同条第一項の規定により当該届出に係る当該株式若しくは持分の取得を行つてはならない期間を経過している場合又は当該勧告を受け同条第四項の規定により当該勧告を応諾する旨の通知がされている場合に限る。）
• Notification made under the provisions of Article 22, paragraph (1), item (iv) (Notification of Outward Direct Investment by Resident) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (limited to the case where the period during which the acquisition of the shares or the equity pertaining to the notification is prohibited under the provisions of Article 23, paragraph (1) of that Act has already expired without receiving a recommendation from the Minister of Finance provided in Article 23, paragraph (2) of that Act (Examination on Contents of Capital Transactions and Recommendation to Change Thereof) or the case where said recommendation has been given with regard to the notification and the Bank has notified its acceptance of the recommendation under the provisions of Article 23, paragraph (4) of that Act).

• 外国為替及び外国貿易管理法第二十二条第一項第四号（居住者による対外直接投資に係 る届出）の規定による届出（当該届出につき、同法第二十三条第二項（資本取引に係る内容の審査及び変更勧告等）の規定による大蔵大臣の勧告を受けることな く同条第一項の規定により当該届出に係る当該株式若しくは持分の取得を行つてはならない期間を経過している場合又は当該勧告を受け同条第四項の規定により 当該勧告を応諾する旨の通知がされている場合に限る。）
• Notification made under the provision of Article 22(1)(iv)(Notification of Outward Direct Investment by Resident) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (limited to the case where the period during which the acquisition of the shares or the equity pertaining to the notification is prohibited under the provision of Article 23(1) of that Act has already expired without receiving a recommendation from the Minister of Finance provided in Article 23(2) of that Act (Examination on Contents of Capital Transactions and Recommendation to Change Thereof) or the case where said recommendation has been given with regard to the notification and the Bank has notified its acceptance of the recommendation under the provision of Article 23(4) of that Act)

• 次条第二項に定めるものを除き、外国為替及び外国貿易法（以下「法」という。）第二十七条第一項の規定によりこの命令の施行の日（以下「施行日」という。）前にされた届出に係る対内直接投資等（以下「施行日前の届出に係る対内直接投資等」という。）で、施行日前に同条第二項に規定する対内直接投資等を行ってはならない期間（同条第三項又は第六項の規定により当該期間が延長された場合には、当該延長された期間）が満了したものについては、なお従前の例による。
• Except for what is provided for in paragraph (2) of the following Article, for inward direct investment, etc. pertaining to a notification that has been given prior to the date of enforcement of this Order (hereinafter referred to as the 'enforcement date') pursuant to the provisions of Article 27, paragraph (1) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act') (said inward direct investment, etc. shall be hereinafter referred to as the 'inward direct investment, etc. pertaining to a notification prior to the enforcement date') with regard to which the period during which inward direct investment, etc. may not be carried out as prescribed in paragraph (2) of the same Article (where said period has been extended pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (3) or paragraph (6) of the same Article, said extended period) has expired prior to the enforcement date, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 次条第二項に定めるものを除き、外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（以下「法」という。）第二十七条第一項の規定によりこの命令の施行の日（以下「施行日」という。）前にされた届出に係る対内直接投資等（以下「施行日前の届出に係る対内直接投資等」という。）で、施行日前に同条第二項に規定する対内直接投資等を行ってはならない期間（同条第三項又は第六項の規定により当該期間が延長された場合には、当該延長された期間）が満了したものについては、なお従前の例による。
• Except for what is provided for in paragraph (2) of the following Article, for inward direct investment, etc. pertaining to a notification that has been given prior to the date of enforcement of this Order (hereinafter referred to as the 'enforcement date') pursuant to the provisions of Article 27, paragraph (1) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act') (said inward direct investment, etc. shall be hereinafter referred to as the 'inward direct investment, etc. pertaining to a notification prior to the enforcement date') with regard to which the period during which inward direct investment, etc. may not be made as prescribed in paragraph (2) of the same Article (where said period has been extended pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (3) or paragraph (6) of the same Article, said extended period) has expired prior to the enforcement date, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 銀行等（外国為替及び外国貿易法（以下この条において「法」という。）第十六条の二に規定する銀行等をいう。）が、この政令の施行前に、法第十八条第一項の規定の例により同項各号に定める事項の確認を行い、かつ、当該確認に関する記録を作成してこれを保存している場合には、当該確認を同項に規定する本人確認と、当該記録を法第十八条の三第一項に規定する本人確認記録とそれぞれみなして、この政令による改正後の外国為替令第十一条の五第一項及び第二項の規定を適用する。
• Where banks, etc. (meaning banks, etc. prescribed in Article 16-2 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act')) have confirmed matters prescribed in the items of Article 18, paragraph (1) of the Act in accordance with the provision of the said paragraph and have created and preserved a record pertaining to the confirmation, the confirmation and the record shall be deemed to be the identity confirmation prescribed in the said paragraph and the record of the identity confirmation prescribed in Article 18-3, paragraph (1) of the Act, respectively. The provisions of Article 11-5, paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Foreign Exchange Order after the revision by this Cabinet Order shall apply to such confirmation and record.

• この政令の施行の際現に旧管理令第十七条の規定によりされている許可の申請に係る取引又は行為のうち外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律（以下「改正法」という。）による改正後の法（以下この項において「新法」という。）第二十九条第一項の規定により届け出なければならないものについては、当該申請は、この政令の施行の日（以下「施行日」という。）に同項の規定によりされた届出とみなして、新法（第三章、第四章及び第六章を除く。）及びこの政令の規定を適用する。
• Of the transactions or acts pertaining to the application for a permission which have actually been made pursuant to the provision of Article 17 of the Old Control Order at the time of the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, with regard to those for which a notification shall be given pursuant to the provision of Article 29, paragraph (1) of the Act after the revision (hereinafter referred to as 'New Act' in this paragraph) by the Act on the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (hereinafter referred to as 'Act on Revision'), said application shall be deemed to be the notification given pursuant to the provision of the same paragraph on the date of enforcement of this Cabinet Order (hereinafter referred to as 'date of enforcement'), and the New Act (excluding Chapters III, IV and VI) and the provision of this Cabinet Order shall apply.

• 経済産業大臣は、前二項に定める場合のほか、特定の種類の若しくは特定の地域を仕向地とする貨物を輸出しようとする者又は特定の取引により貨物を輸出しようとする者に対し、国際収支の均衡の維持のため、外国貿易及び国民経済の健全な発展のため、我が国が締結した条約その他の国際約束を誠実に履行するため、国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与するため、又は第十条第一項の閣議決定を実施するために必要な範囲内で、政令で定めるところにより、承認を受ける義務を課することができる。
• In addition to cases prescribed in the preceding two paragraphs, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may impose, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, on a person who intends to export specific kinds of goods or to export goods to the specified regions or a person who intends to export goods through specified transaction the obligation to obtain approval, to the extent necessary to maintain equilibrium of the international balance of trade, to achieve the sound development of foreign trade and the national economy, to sincerely fulfill obligations under the treaties and other international agreements Japan has signed, to make Japan's contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace, or to implement a cabinet decision set forth in Article 10, paragraph 1.

• この政令の施行前にイラン以外の外国の地域からのイランを仕向地とする貨物の移動を伴う貨物の売買契約を締結することについて輸入貿易管理令第二十一条第一項の規定による許可を受けた者又は同項に規定する債権の発生等の当事者となることについて第二条の規定による改正前の同令第二十一条第六項の規定により認められた者が、同条第一項の規定による許可を受け、又は同条第六項の規定により認められたところに従つて同条第一項に規定する債権の発生等の当事者となることについては、なお従前の例による。
• Where a person who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, permission under Article 21, paragraph 1 of the Import Trade Control Order for concluding a sales contract of goods involving the transfer of goods to Iran from a foreign region other than Iran or approval under Article 21, paragraph 6 of the same Order prior to the revision by Article 2 for becoming a party concerned with the generation of a claim, etc. prescribed in paragraph 1 of the same Article, becomes a party concerned with the generation of a claim, etc., prescribed in paragraph 1 of the same Article as permitted under paragraph 1 of the same Article or approved under paragraph 6 of the same Article, provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 相互放棄を条件として、日本国政府は、また、政府間の請求権及び戦争中に受けた滅失又は損害に関する請求権を含むドイツ及びドイツ国民に対するすべての請求権（債権を含む。）を日本国政府及び日本国民のために放棄する。但し、（ａ）千九百三十九年九月一日前に締結された契約及び取得された権利に関する請求権並びに（ｂ）千九百四十五年九月二日後に日本国とドイツとの間の貿易及び金融の関係から生じた請求権を除く。この放棄は、この条約の第十六条及び第二十条に従つてとられる行動を害するものではない。
• Subject to reciprocal renunciation, the Japanese Government also renounces all claims (including debts) against Germany and German nationals on behalf of the Japanese Government and Japanese nationals, including intergovernmental claims and claims for loss or damage sustained during the war, but excepting claims arising out of trade and financial relations between Japan and Germany after September 2, 1945. Such renunciation shall not prejudice actions taken in accordance with Articles 16 and 20 of the present Treaty.

• 次条第三項に定めるものを除き、この法律による改正前の外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（以下「旧法」という。）第二十六条第三項の規定によりこの法律の施行の日（以下「施行日」という。）前にされた届出に係る対内直接投資等（以下「旧法の規定による届出に係る対内直接投資等」という。）で、施行日前に同条第四項に規定する対内直接投資等を行つてはならない期間（旧法第二十七条第一項又は第三項の規定により当該期間が延長された場合には、当該延長された期間）が満了したものについては、なお従前の例による。
• Except what is prescribed in paragraph 3 of the next article, with regard to inward direct investment, etc. pertaining to a notification given prior to the enforcement of this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Date of Enforcement) pursuant to the provision of Article 26, paragraph 3 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act prior to the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Old Act') (hereinafter referred to as the 'Inward Direct Investment, etc. Pertaining to a Notification Pursuant to the Provisions of the Old Act') for which the period in which the inward direct investment, etc. shall not be made prescribed in paragraph 4 of the said article (in cases where the period has been extended pursuant to the provision of Article 27, paragraph 1 or 3 of the Old Act, the extended period) has expired prior to the Date of Enforcement, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• この法律の施行の際現に旧法第二十六条第四項に規定する対内直接投資等を行ってはならない期間が満了していない旧法の規定による届出に係る対内直接投資等で、この法律による改正後の外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（以下「新法」という。）第二十六条第三項の規定により報告しなければならない対内直接投資等に該当するものについては、施行日の前日において当該期間が満了したものとみなして、当該届出をした外国投資家は、施行日以後当該対内直接投資等を行うことができる。この場合において、当該届出は、当該対内直接投資等が行われた日において同項本文の規定によりされた報告とみなす。
• With regard to the Inward Direct Investment, etc. Pertaining to a Notification Pursuant to the Provisions of the Old Act, for which the period in which the inward direct investment, etc. shall not be made prescribed in Article 26, paragraph 4 of the Old Act has not actually expired at the time of the enforcement of this Act and which falls under the inward direct investment, etc. that shall be reported pursuant to the provision of Article 26, paragraph 3 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act revised by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Act'), a foreign investor who has given the notification may make the inward direct investment, etc. on and after the Date of Enforcement, deeming that the said period has expired on the previous day of the Date of Enforcement. In this case, the notification shall be deemed to be a report made pursuant to the provision of the main clause of the said paragraph on the day when the inward direct investment, etc. was made.

• 法人税法第百四十一条第一号に掲げる外国法人で外国為替及び外国貿易法第二十一条第三項に規定する非居住者であることにつき財務省令で定めるところにより証明がされたものが、平成十年四月一日から平成二十年三月三十一日までの間に、同項に規定する金融機関に預入し、又は貸し付けた預金又は貸付金で同項に規定する特別国際金融取引勘定（次項において「特別国際金融取引勘定」という。）において経理されたものにつき、支払を受ける利子については、法人税を課さない。ただし、当該利子のうち、当該外国法人の国内において行う事業に帰せられるものその他の政令で定めるものについては、この限りでない。
• Where, during the period from April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2008, a foreign corporation listed in Article 141(i) of the Corporation Tax Act, which has been certified, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance, as falling under the category of nonresident prescribed in paragraph (3) of Article 21 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act, has made deposits or provided loans to a financial institution prescribed in the said paragraph, and settled such deposits or loans in a special international financial transactions account prescribed in the said paragraph (referred to in the next paragraph as a 'special international financial transactions account'), corporation tax shall not be imposed with respect to any interest on the deposits or loans to be received by the said foreign corporation; provided, however, that this shall not apply to any interest which is attributed to a business conducted by the said foreign corporation in Japan or which is otherwise specified by a Cabinet Order.

• この政令の施行前に改正前の輸入貿易管理令第十条第二号又は第三号の規定による許可を受けた者は、その者が同令第四条第一項の規定による輸入の承認を受けた場合を除き、その許可を受けたところに従つてする貨物の輸入であつて、改正後の同令第四条第一項第二号又は第三号の規定の適用のあるものについては、これらの規定による輸入の承認を受けたものとみなす。この場合において、当該許可に付された条件は当該輸入の承認に付された条件となるものとし、当該輸入の承認の有効期間については改正後の同令第五条第一項中「その承認をした日」とあるのは「この政令の施行の日」と続み替えて同条の規定を適用する。
• Where a person, who has obtained, prior to the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, permission under Article 10, item 2 or item 3 of the Import Trade Control Order prior to the revision, exports goods as permitted, and such export of goods is subject to Article 4, paragraph 1, item 2 or item 3 of the same Order after the revision, such person shall be deemed to have obtained import approval under the same items, except where that person has obtained import approval under Article 4, paragraph 1 of the same Order. In this case, any conditions attached to the permission shall be deemed to be conditions attached to the import approval, and the provision of Article 5, paragraph 1 of the same Order shall be applied to the valid period of the import approval by replacing the term 'the date of approval' in the same paragraph with 'the date of enforcement of this Cabinet Order.'

• この命令の施行の際現に外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律による廃止前の外資に関する法律（昭和二十五年法律第百六十三号。以下「旧外資法」という。）第十条、第十一条第一項、第十二条第一項、第十三条第一項、第十三条の二又は第十三条の三の規定によりされている申請又は届出に係る取引又は行為については、この命令による廃止前の外資に関する法律施行規則（以下「旧施行規則」という。）、外国投資家が株式又は持分を取得する場合のうち資産の運用にあたるものを定める省令及び外資に関する法律の規定により日本銀行に取り扱わせる事務の範囲を定める省令は、この命令の施行後においても、なお効力を有する。
• For transactions or acts pertaining to any application or notification that has been made pursuant to the provisions of Article 10, Article 11, paragraph (1), Article 12, paragraph (1), Article 13, paragraph (1), Article 13-2, or Article 13-3 of the Act on Foreign Capital prior to its abolition by the Act for the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (the Act on Foreign Capital [Act No. 163 of 1950] so abolished shall be hereinafter referred to as the 'Old Foreign Capital Act') as of the time of the enforcement of this Order, the Ordinance for Enforcement of the Act on Foreign Capital prior to its abolition by this Order (the Ordinance for Enforcement of the Act on Foreign Capital so abolished shall be hereinafter referred to as the 'Old Ordinance for Enforcement'), the Ordinance Specifying the Cases of Acquisition of Shares or Equity by Foreign Investors that Are Deemed to be Investment Activities, and the Ordinance Specifying the Scope of Affairs to be Handled by the Bank of Japan Pursuant to the Provisions of the Act on Foreign Capital shall remain in force even after the enforcement of this Order.

• 登録商標がパリ条約の同盟国、世界貿易機関の加盟国若しくは商標法条約の締約国において商標に関する権利（商標権に相当する権利に限る。）を有する者の当該権利に係る商標又はこれに類似する商標であつて当該権利に係る商品若しくは役務又はこれらに類似する商品若しくは役務を指定商品又は指定役務とするものであり、かつ、その商標登録出願が、正当な理由がないのに、その商標に関する権利を有する者の承諾を得ないでその代理人若しくは代表者又は当該商標登録出願の日前一年以内に代理人若しくは代表者であつた者によつてされたものであるときは、その商標に関する権利を有する者は、当該商標登録を取り消すことについて審判を請求することができる。
• Where a registered trademark is a trademark pertaining to a right to a trademark (limited to a right equivalent to a trademark right) held by a person in a country of the Union to the Paris Convention, a member of the World Trade Organization or a Contracting Party to the Trademark Law Treaty or a trademark similar thereto, and the designated goods or designated services thereof are goods or services pertaining to the said right or goods or services similar thereto, and further, the application for trademark registration was filed without the approval of the person who has the right pertaining to the trademark, without a just cause, by his/her agent or representative or by his/her former agent or representative within one year prior to the filing date of the trademark registration, the person who has the right pertaining to the trademark may file a request for a trial for rescission of the trademark registration.

• この政令は、平成二年十一月一日から施行する。ただし、第一条中外国為替管理令別表の一の項、一の二の項、一〇の二の項、一一の二の項、一三の項、一七の項及び一九の項の改正規定並びに第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の二の項、九の項、一五の項、二九の項から三〇の項まで、四六の項、五三の項、五八の項、七一の項、七五の項から七七の項まで、八九の項、九二の項、九三の項、一〇六の項、一〇八の項、一〇九の項、一一八の項、一二一の項、一二二の項、一二五の項から一二七の項まで、一二九の項から一三一の項まで、一四〇の項、一四二の項、一四四の項、一四五の項、一四九の項、一五三の項、一五五の項及び一六五の項から一六七の項までの改正規定は公布の日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from November 1, 1990; provided, however, that the provisions revising row 1, row 1 (ii), row 10 (ii), row 11 (ii), row 13, row 17, and row 19 of the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Control Order in Article 1, and the provisions revising row 2, row 9, row 15, rows 29 to 30 inclusive, row 46, row 53, row 58, row 71, rows 75 to 77 inclusive, row 89, row 92, row 93, row 106, row 108, row 109, row 118, row 121, row 122, rows 125 to 127 inclusive, rows 129 to 131 inclusive, row 140, row 142, row 144, row 145, row 149, row 153, row 155, and rows 165 to 167 inclusive of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order in Article 2 shall come into effect as from the date of promulgation.
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from November 1, 1990; provided, however, that the part of the provision of Article 1 that revises row 1, row 1-2, row 10-2, row 11-2, row 13, row 17, and row 19 of the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Control Order, and the part of the provision of Article 2 that revises row 2, row 9, row 15, row 29 to row 30, row 46, row 53, row 58, row 71, row 75 to row 77, row 89, row 92, row 93, row 106, row 108, row 109, row 118, row 121, row 122, row 125 to row 127, row 129 to row 131, row 140, row 142, row 144, row 145, row 149, row 153, row 155, row 165 to row 167 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order shall come into effect as from the date of promulgation.

• この政令は、平成二年十一月 一日から施行する。ただし、第一条中外国為替管理令別表の一の項、一の二の項、一〇の二の項、一一の二の項、一三の項、一七の項及び一九の項の改正規定並 びに第二条中輸出貿易管理令別表第一の二の項、九の項、一五の項、二九の項から三〇の項まで、四六の項、五三の項、五八の項、七一の項、七五の項から七七 の項まで、八九の項、九二の項、九三の項、一〇六の項、一〇八の項、一〇九の項、一一八の項、一二一の項、一二二の項、一二五の項から一二七の項まで、一 二九の項から一三一の項まで、一四〇の項、一四二の項、一四四の項、一四五の項、一四九の項、一五三の項、一五五の項及び一六五の項から一六七の項までの 改正規定は公布の日から施行する。
• This Cabinet Order shall come into effect as from November 1, 1990; provided, however, that the part of the provision of Article 1 that revises row 1, row 1-2, row 10-2, row 11-2, row 13, row 17, and row 19 of the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Control Order, and the part of the provision of Article 2 that revises row 2, row 9, row 15, row 29 to row 30, row 46, row 53, row 58, row 71, row 75 to row 77, row 89, row 92, row 93, row 106, row 108, row 109, row 118, row 121, row 122, row 125 to row 127, row 129 to row 131, row 140, row 142, row 144, row 145, row 149, row 153, row 155, row 165 to row 167 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order shall come into effect as from the date of promulgation.

• 外国為替及び外国貿易法（昭和二十四年法律第二百二十八号）第二十一条第三項に規定する金融機関が、平成十年四月一日から平成二十年三月三十一日までの間に、外国法人で同項に規定する非居住者であることにつき財務省令で定めるところにより証明がされたものから預入を受け、又は借り入れる預金又は借入金で同項に規定する特別国際金融取引勘定（以下この条において「特別国際金融取引勘定」という。）において経理したものにつき、当該外国法人に対して支払う利子については、所得税を課さない。ただし、同法第二十一条第四項の規定に基づき定められた政令の規定のうち特別国際金融取引勘定の経理に関する事項に係るものに違反する事実が生じた場合の当該利子で当該事実が生じた日の属する計算期間に係るものについては、この限りでない。
• Where a financial institution prescribed in paragraph (3) of Article 21 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949) has received deposits or borrowings during the period from April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2008, from a foreign corporation that has been certified, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance, as falling under the category of nonresident prescribed in the said paragraph, and settled such deposits or borrowings in a special international financial transactions account prescribed in the said paragraph (hereinafter referred to in this Article as a 'special international financial transactions account'), income tax shall not be imposed with respect to any interest on the deposits or borrowings to be paid to the said foreign corporation; provided, however, that where any event has occurred that is in violation of the provision of a Cabinet Order established pursuant to the provision of Article 21(4) of the said Act, which pertains to the matters concerning the settlement of a special international financial transactions account, the provision of the main clause of this Article shall not apply to such interest pertaining to the accounting period that includes the day on which such event has occurred.

• パリ条約（商標法（昭和三十四年法律第百二十七号）第四条第一項第二号に規定するパリ条約をいう。）の同盟国、世界貿易機関の加盟国又は商標法条約の締約国において商標に関する権利（商標権に相当する権利に限る。以下この号において単に「権利」という。）を有する者の代理人若しくは代表者又はその行為の日前一年以内に代理人若しくは代表者であった者が、正当な理由がないのに、その権利を有する者の承諾を得ないでその権利に係る商標と同一若しくは類似の商標をその権利に係る商品若しくは役務と同一若しくは類似の商品若しくは役務に使用し、又は当該商標を使用したその権利に係る商品と同一若しくは類似の商品を譲渡し、引き渡し、譲渡若しくは引渡しのために展示し、輸出し、輸入し、若しくは電気通信回線を通じて提供し、若しくは当該商標を使用してその権利に係る役務と同一若しくは類似の役務を提供する行為
• use of a trademark identical or similar to a trademark subject to a right relating to a trademark (such right shall be limited to a right equivalent to a trademark right; hereinafter simply referred to as a 'right' in this item) in a contracting state of the Paris Convention (which means the Paris Convention as defined in Article 4, paragraph (1), item (ii) of the Trademark Act (Act No. 127 of 1959)), in a member of the World Trade Organization or in a contracting party to the Trademark Law Treaty, for goods or services identical or similar to those to which such right pertains, or assignment, delivery, display for the purpose of assignment or delivery, export, import or provision through a telecommunications line of goods identical or similar to the goods to which such right pertains using such trademark, or provision of services identical or similar to the services pertaining to which such right pertains using such a trademark, by an agent, representative, or a person who, within one year preceding the date of the use, was an agent or representative of the owner of such right, without justifiable grounds nor the consent of the owner of such right

• 金融機関等（改正法による改正後の外国為替及び外国貿易法（以下この条において「新法」という。）第二十二条の二第一項に規定する金融機関等をいう。）が、改正法の施行前に、新法第十八条第一項又は第二十二条の二第一項の規定に準じ顧客等（新法第二十二条の二第一項に規定する顧客等をいう。）を特定するに足りる事項の確認を行い、かつ、当該確認に関する記録を作成してこれを保存している場合には、施行前本人確認済み行為（当該確認を本人確認（新法第十八条第一項及び第二十二条の二第一項の規定による本人確認をいう。）と、当該記録を本人確認記録（新法第十八条の三第一項に規定する本人確認記録をいう。）とみなして改正後の第十一条の五第二項を適用するときにおける同項に規定する本人確認済みの顧客等との間の行為に該当する行為をいう。）は、改正後の第十一条の五第二項に規定する本人確認済みの顧客等との間の行為とみなす。
• In the case where financial institutions, etc. (which refer to financial institutions, etc. prescribed in Article 22-2, paragraph (1) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act revised by the Revised Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Act' in this Article)) have confirmed matters sufficient to identify customers, etc. (which refer to customers, etc. prescribed in Article 22-2, paragraph (1) of the New Act) pursuant to the provision of Article 18, paragraph (1) or Article 22-2, paragraph (1) of the New Act, prior to the enforcement of the Revised Act, and have created and preserved a record pertaining to the confirmation, acts with identified customers prior to enforcement (which refer to acts falling under those with identified customers prescribed in Article 11-5, paragraph (2) after the revision in the case where the provision of the said paragraph are applied, deeming the confirmation to be identity confirmation (which refers to identity confirmation under Article 18, paragraph (1) and Article 22-2, paragraph (1) of the New Act) and the record as a record of identity confirmation (which refers to a record of identity confirmation under Article 18-3, paragraph (1) of the New Act)) shall be deemed to be acts with identified customers prescribed in Article 11-5, paragraph (2) after the revision.

• この政令の施行の際現に旧令第十条、第十一条、第十三条、第十五条、第十七条、第十九条又は附則第九項の規定によりされている許可又は承認の申請（以下この項において「旧令に基づきされた申請」という。）に係る取引又は行為のうち外国為替及び外国貿易管理法の一部を改正する法律（次項において「改正法」という。）による改正後の法（以下この項において「新法」という。）及びこの政令の規定により許可を受けなければならないものについては、旧令に基づきされた申請は、新法及びこの政令の相当規定によりされた許可の申請と、旧令に基づきされた申請に係る取引又は行為のうち新法第二十二条第一項又は第二十四条第二項の規定により届け出なければならないものについては、旧令に基づきされた申請は、この政令の施行の日にこれらの規定によりされた届出とそれぞれみなして、新法（第五章及び第六章を除く。）及びこの政令の規定を適用する。
• Among transactions or acts pertaining to an application for permission or an approval which has been filed at the time of enforcing this Cabinet Order, pursuant to the provisions of Article 10, Article 11, Article 13, Article 15, Article 17, or Article 19 of the Old Order or paragraph (9) of the Supplementary Provisions (hereinafter referred to as an 'application filed based on the Old Order' in this paragraph), an application filed based on the Old Order with regard to those for which permission shall be obtained under the provisions of the Act revised by the Act on the Partial Revision of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act (referred to as the 'Revised Act' in the following paragraph) (hereinafter such Act shall be referred to as the 'New Act' in this paragraph) and this Cabinet Order shall be deemed to be an application for permission filed pursuant to the relevant provisions of the New Act and this Cabinet Order. Among transactions or acts pertaining to an application filed based on the Old Order, an application filed based on the Old Order with regard to those for which notification shall be given pursuant to the provisions of Article 22, paragraph (1) or Article 24, paragraph (2) of the New Act shall be deemed to be notification given as on the date of enforcement of this Cabinet Order pursuant to these provisions. The provisions of the New Act (excluding Chapter V and Chapter VI) and this Cabinet Order shall apply to such transactions and acts.

• この法律による廃止前の外資に関する法律（以下「旧外資法」という。）第十条、第十一条第一項、第十二条第一項又は第十三条第一項の認可（次項の規定によりなお効力を有するものとされるこれらの規定による認可を含む。）を受けたものが、この法律の施行後において、当該認可を受けたところに従つて行う取引又は行為であつて、この法律による改正後の外国為替及び外国貿易管理法（以下「新法」という。）第二十条第二号、第四号若しくは第五号若しくは第二十六条第二項各号（第二号及び第五号を除く。）に掲げる取引若しくは行為又は新法第二十九条第一項に規定する取引若しくは行為を行おうとする場合には、新法第二十二条第一項、第二十六条第三項又は第二十九条第一項に規定する届出については当該届出がされたものと、新法第二十三条第一項、第二十六条第四項又は第二十九条第三項に規定する取引又は行為を行つてはならない期間については当該期間を経過したものとみなして、新法の規定（第十六条及び第二十一条第二項の規定を除く。）を適用する。
• Where a person who has obtained approval set forth in Article 10, Article 11, paragraph 1, Article 12, paragraph 1 or Article 13, paragraph 1 of the Act on Foreign Capital prior to its abolition by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Old Foreign Capital Act') (including approval pursuant to these provisions which are deemed to remain in force pursuant to the provision of the next paragraph) intends to commit, after the enforcement of this Act, a transaction or act that shall be committed in compliance with the approval, which is the transaction or act listed in Article 20, item 2, 4 or 5 or the items of Article 26, paragraph 2 (excluding items 2 and 5) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act revised by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Act') or the transaction or act prescribed in Article 29, paragraph 1 of the New Act, the provisions of the New Act (excluding the provisions of Article 16 and Article 21, paragraph 2) shall apply, deeming that the notification prescribed in Article 22, paragraph 1, Article 26, paragraph 3 or Article 29, paragraph 1 has been given and that the period in which transactions or acts prescribed in Article 23, paragraph 1, Article 26, paragraph 4 or Article 29, paragraph 3 shall not be conducted has elapsed.

• ものづくり基盤技術は、我が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を支えることにより、生産の拡 大、貿易の振興、新産業の創出、雇用の増大等国民経済のあらゆる領域にわたりその発展に寄与するとともに、国民生活の向上に貢献してきた。また、ものづく り基盤技術に係る業務に従事する労働者は、このようなものづくり基盤技術の担い手として、その水準の維持及び向上のために重要な役割を果たしてきた。我ら は、このようなものづくり基盤技術及びこれに係る業務に従事する労働者の果たす経済的社会的役割が、国の存立基盤を形成する重要な要素として、今後におい ても変わることのないことを確信する。しかるに、近時、就業構造の変化、海外の地域における工業化の進展等による競争条件の変化その他の経済の多様かつ構 造的な変化による影響を受け、国内総生産に占める製造業の割合が低下し、その衰退が懸念されるとともに、ものづくり基盤技術の継承が困難になりつつある。 このような事態に対処して、我が国の国民経済が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を通じて今後とも健全に発展していくためには、ものづくり基盤技術に関 する能力を尊重する社会的気運を醸成しつつ、ものづくり基盤技術の積極的な振興を図ることが不可欠である。ここに、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策 を総合的かつ計画的に推進するため、この法律を制定する。
• By way of supporting the development of the manufacturing industry, which is Japan's fundamental industry, core manufacturing technology has contributed to the development of all areas of the national economy such as expansion of production, promotion of trade, creation of new industries, and increase in employment, and has contributed to improving the lives of the citizenry. In addition, workers engaged in operations pertaining to core manufacturing technology have played an important role in maintaining and improving the level of the technology in their capacity as supporters of such core manufacturing technology. We believe that the economic and social role of such core manufacturing technology and workers who engage in operations pertaining thereto will continue to be an important element in the foundation of the existence of the State in the future. Recently, however, due to changes in the employment structure, changes in competitive conditions resulting from factors like the progress of industrialization overseas, and other diverse and structural changes in the economy, the share of the manufacturing industry in Japan's gross domestic product has fallen, and concerns about a decline in the industry have grown, and the smooth succession of core manufacturing technology is becoming difficult. In order to deal with such a situation and to maintain the sound development of Japan's national economy through the development of the manufacturing industry, which is a fundamental to the State, that the active promotion of core manufacturing technology is indispensable, while a social tendency to respect abilities related to core manufacturing technology is enhanced. We hereby establish this Act so as to drive forward measures for the promotion of core manufacturing technology in a comprehensive and organized manner.