貨: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 百円銀貨
- The 100-yen silver coin
- 十円硬貨
- Juen-koka (10-yen coin)
- 地方貨幣
- Chiho Kahei (Local Currency)
- 貨物支線
- Freight branch line
- Branch line for freight transportation
- Freight feeder line
- 外貨準備
- foreign reserves
- Foreign-exchange reserves
- 指定通貨
- designated currencies
- specified currencies
- 外貨債権
- exchange claims (obligations in foreign currency)
- 流通貨幣説
- Circulating money theory
- 百円白銅貨
- The 100-yen cupronickel coin
- 貨幣状湿疹
- nummular dermatitis
- nummular eczema
- 安物雑貨店
- dime store
- five-and-dime store
- five-and-ten
- 貨幣の流通
- monetary circulation
- 外貨保有高
- foreign currency holdings
- 手持ち外貨
- foreign-exchange holdings
- 日本の通貨
- Japanese currency
- Japanese currency and coinage
- 貨幣状角膜炎
- keratitis nummularis
- 銭貨の鋳造法
- Method of mintage of coins
- 主な領国貨幣
- Major ryogoku kahei
- 大型貨物列車
- freightliner
- linertrain
- ソブリン金貨
- sovereign
- Sovereign (British coin)
- 複数通貨注文
- multicurrency order
- 欧州通貨協定
- European Monetary Agreement
- 国際通貨市場
- International Monetary Market
- 外貨負債残高
- foreign currency liabilities
- 外貨資産残高
- foreign currency assets
- 三貨制度の成立
- Formation of the Sanka (Tri-metallic) Monetary System
- 貨物専用駅に。
- It was converted to a freight station.
- 新貨条例の制定
- Establishment of New Currency Regulation
- アラブ通貨基金
- Arab Monetary Fund
- 外貨割り当て額
- currency allowance
- 高精度な通貨値
- high-precision currency value
- 通貨信用委員会
- Commission on Money and Credit
- アジア通貨単位
- Asian Monetary Unit
- 犯罪(貨物等)
- criminal (cargo, etc.)
- 日本の銀貨も参照
- Also refer to Japanese silver coins.
- 明治の悪贋貨問題
- Meiji's bad counterfeit money problem
- ローマ時代の貨幣
- coins of Roman date
- 国際コンテナ貨物
- international container cargo
- 通貨の変換レート
- currency conversion rate
- 欧州通貨協力基金
- European Monetary Cooperation Fund
- 流通貨幣か厭勝銭か
- Circulating money or incantation coin?
- 通貨単位としての両
- Ryo as a currency unit
- 江戸時代以前の貨幣
- Currencies before the Edo Period
- 通貨改革と贋貨処理
- Currency reform and counterfeit money disposal
- 通貨ロケール ID
- currency locale identifier
- アジア通貨金融機関
- Asian Currency Unit
- 外貨両替を扱う両替商
- Foreign Exchange Dealers
- 全線の貨物営業廃止。
- Freight car services were discontinued throughout the line.
- 貨物支線(浜田港線)
- Freight branch line (Hamadako Line)
- (貨)仙崎駅が開業。
- The Senzaki freight station commenced operation.
- (貨)浜田港駅廃止。
- The Hamadako freight station was abolished.
- (貨)馬潟港駅廃止。
- The Makatako freight station was abolished.
- 贋貨・悪貨の交換問題
- The problem of exchanging counterfeit and bad money.
- 鉄道貨物集配システム
- rail freight collection and distribution system
- 金属としての十円青銅貨
- Ten-yen Bronze Coins as Metal
- (貨)馬潟港駅が開業。
- The Makatako freight station commenced operation.
- (貨)浜田港駅が開業。
- Hamadako freight station commenced operation.
- 旧貨幣は漸次廃止する。
- The old currency was gradually abolished.
- 贋貨発行藩に対する処分
- Punishment for domains which issued counterfeit money
- 通貨切り下げを実施する
- devalue the currency
- 受取人に対する支払通貨
- currency of payment to the payee
- (貨)新舞鶴港駅が開業。
- Freight depot Shin-Maizuruko Station opened.
- ギニー金貨のように黄色の
- yellow as a guinea
- 複数通貨トランザクション
- multicurrency transaction
- ブルーミングデール百貨店
- Bloomingdale's
- 1957年:百円銀貨発行。
- 1957: The 100-yen silver coin was issued.
- 大物駅、(貨)長洲駅廃止。
- Daimotsu Station and (freight train) Nagasu Station were discontinued.
- 新貨条例制定と造幣寮の設置
- The set up of the New Currency Regulation System and the Mint Dorm
- これは特に金貨本位制という。
- This is especially called gold specie standard system.
- 現在発行されている百円硬貨。
- This is the 100-yen coin that is currently issued.
- 1874年:新一円銀貨発行。
- 1874: New one-yen silver coin was issued.
- 1870年:旧一円銀貨発行。
- 1870: Former one-yen silver coin was issued.
- 1948年:一円黄銅貨発行。
- 1948: One-yen brass coin was issued.
- 日本貨物鉄道(鉄道事業者):
- Japan Freight Railway Company (railway business operator)
- Japan Freight Railway Company (railway operator) :
- 保線用の貨122号車を廃車。
- Freight car 122, which had been used for track maintenance, was abandoned.
- 高輪談判と新通貨制度への移行
- Takanawa negotiation and shift to new currency system
- 硬貨の中で最も製造枚数が多い。
- It has the highest mintage of any current coin.
- 柘植~貴生川間の貨物営業廃止。
- The freight service between Tsuge Station and Kibugawa Station was abandoned.
- 貨幣の国家管理は急務といえた。
- The state control of currency was an urgent task.
- 国際通貨金融問題国家諮問委員会
- National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems
- 日本で最初の流通貨幣と言われる。
- It was the first currency circulated in Japan.
- 1967年:現行百円白銅貨発行。
- 1967: Current 100-yen cupronickel coin was issued.
- 江戸時代に鋳造された主な地方貨幣
- Major Chiho Kahei (Local Currencies) Minted during the Edo Period
- 京都~丹波口間の貨物営業が廃止。
- Freight service between Kyoto and Tanbaguchi was abolished.
- 二見 - 川端間 72C 貨物線
- Futami (Station)- Kawabata (Station) 72C freight line
- 自動販売機に25セント貨を入れる
- drop a quarter in a vending machine
- 電気貨物自動車の共同利用システム
- Electric Truck Sharing System
- 明治天皇北陸巡幸と50銭銀貨の下賜
- Emperor Meiji's visit to Hokuriku and granting of a silver coin of fifty sen
- 贋貨と正貨の交換比率と期限の決定。
- The decision of the time limit and exchange rate of the counterfeit and specie money.
- 受取人の預金口座の通貨と異なる通貨
- The currency which differs from the currency of the account of the payee
- 金貨 (『スバル』、1909年9月)
- Gold Coin ('Subaru,' September 1909).
- 元文の通貨は以後80年間安定を続けた。
- The Genbun currency remained stable for 80 years.
- 日本貨物鉄道が全線で鉄道事業者となる。
- The Japan Freight Railway Company became a railway business operator for every line.
- 今までの兌換硬貨との交換の義務の廃止。
- The abolition of the earlier obligation of banks to exchange issued notes for convertible coins
- このことは国内の通貨残高減少を意味する。
- This indicates decrease in domestic money stock.
- そのため、小型の銭貨が大量に発行された。
- Therefore, large quantities of small-sized coins were issued.
- 銀座の貨幣鋳造機能は江戸に全て移された。
- This marked the full transition of minting function to Edo.
- 流通通貨・・・日本銀行発行の円 (通貨)
- Monetary circulation ⋯ Yen (currency) issued by the Bank of Japan
- 流通通貨・・・朝鮮銀行発行の朝鮮圓(円)
- Monetary circulation ⋯ Korean Yen issued by the Bank of Korea
- 流通通貨・・・日本銀行発行の日本圓(円)
- Monetary circulation ⋯ Yen issued by the Bank of Japan
- 1955年:現行一円アルミニウム貨発行。
- 1955: Current one-yen aluminum coin was issued.
- 諱は無名(ありな)、字は貨成(かせい)。
- His Imina, a personal name that is not spoken out of respect while the individual is alive, was Arina, and his Azana (or adult name) was Kasei.
- 1931年12月に金貨兌換停止となった。
- In December 1931, conversion to gold was stopped.
- 通貨の補助単位として「銭」「厘」を導入。
- The supplementary unit of currency, 'sen' and 'rin' were introduced.
- 年間の旅客収入42万円と貨物収入2万円。
- The annual passenger service revenue was 420,000 yen and the freight service revenue was 20,000 yen.
- 江戸時代の地方貨としては初めての物である。
- Sendai Tsuho was the first provincial coin in the Edo period.
- これは世界史上類を見ない貨幣制度であった。
- This was a unique monetary system in world history.
- 国鉄EF64形電気機関車・各種コンテナ貨車
- JNR/JR Electric Locomotive Type EF 64/Container freight cars
- また、万年通宝(銅貨)10枚分に相当した。
- The currency was also equivalent of 10 coins of Mannen-tsuho (copper coin).
- 廃物投棄禁止、貨物の脱落防止設備規定違反等
- violation of provisions prohibiting the disposal of waste and provisions ordering mounting equipment to prevent falling of cargos
- また日本人は朝鮮銅貨を運輸することができる。
- Also Japanese people can carry Korean copper coins.
- 貨幣偽造があれば、その国の法に照らし罰する。
- Forgery of currency should be punished based on the law of the country.
- 貨幣価値は4文 (通貨単位)として通用した。
- Its monetary value (currency unit) was four mon (currency unit during the Edo period).
- 皇朝十二銭以来の日本で鋳造された銭貨である。
- This is the first coin that was minted in Japan since Kocho Junisen coins.
- これらが「地方銀」と呼ばれる領国貨幣である。
- These were called 'Chihogin', the territorial currency of Daimyo.
- 詳細は伯備線運行形態、山口線貨物列車を参照。
- For details, refer to the form of operation of the Hakubi Line and the freight trains of the Yamaguchi Line.
- 日本貨物鉄道が全線の第二種鉄道事業者となる。
- The Japan Freight Railway Company became a type II railway business operator for every line.
- この12%分が銀座の貨幣鋳造手数料にあたる。
- This 12% is the fee for minting coin in ginza.
- 贋貨を発行した諸藩に対する処分の実施の是非。
- The rights and wrongs of enforcement of punishment for the domains which issued counterfeit money.
- これによって銀貨も事実上の本位貨幣となった。
- Since then, silver coins were also treated as virtual standard money.
- 貨幣は従来の宋銭に加えて明銭が併用されていた。
- Ming currencies in addition to the Sung currencies that had already been in use became used additionally.
- そして貨幣取引に制限を加えるべきであるとした。
- He insisted on adding limitation on money transaction.
- 11月1日 - 長門市~幡生間の貨物営業廃止。
- November 1: Freight service in the Nagatoshi - Hatabu section was abolished.
- 下賜の品は明治4年鋳造50銭銀貨1個であった。
- He was granted a silver coin of fifty sen minted in 1871.
- なお、貨物線も旅客列車の運行に活用されている。
- Moreover, this freight line is used in the operation of traveler trains.
- こうして大量の金貨(小判)が日本から流出した。
- In this way large volume of koban (gold coin: former Japanese oval gold coin) were flown out from Japan.
- 既存ストック[既設の貨物線などの路線について]
- existing infrastructure
- これら2種の100円銀貨の品位は.600である。
- The content of silver in these two types of 100-yen silver coins is 0.600.
- 貨幣収集界では小判金の名称が広く用いられている。
- The name 'kobankin' is widely-accepted among coin collecting world.
- 銀貨については『諸国灰吹銀寄』などに記述がある。
- Silver coins are described in 'Shokoku Haifuki Gin' (various districts' cupelled silver collection), etc.
- 貨物側線用地は保守用基地等に現在利用されている。
- The land for freight side tracks is now used for maintenance space or the like.
- 日本貨物鉄道が貴生川~草津間の鉄道事業者となる。
- The Japan Freight Railway Company became a railway business operator for the line between Kibugawa Station and Kusatsu Station.
- 銅器や玉材、銭貨といった器物の鑑賞家でもあった。
- In addition, he was a critic of utensils such as bronze ware, beads and coins.
- 4月1日 - 日本貨物鉄道の第二種鉄道事業廃止。
- April 1: The Japan Freight Railway Company left the Type II railway business.
- 太平元宝(たいへいげんぽう)は、日本古代の銀貨。
- Taihei-genpo refers to the silver coin in ancient times in Japan.
- この時点でほとんどの藩は贋貨作りを中止している。
- By this time, most domains had stopped making counterfeit money.
- IMO/ばら積み液体及び気体貨物に関する小委員会
- IMO/Subcommittee on Bulk Liquid and Gases
- 銀貨鋳造の吹元銀には大別して二通りの形式があった。
- Cupellated silver minting was divided largely into two types.
- 律令政府が定めた通貨単位である1文として通用した。
- The coin was designated as one Mon, the unit of currency set by the Ritsuryo government (an ancient Japanese government of centralized governance).
- 従って昭和43年と刻印された一円硬貨は存在しない。
- Therefore, there are no one-yen coins on which 'Showa 43' is incused.
- 1953年:十円硬貨発行(製造は1951年から)。
- 1953: 10-yen coins were issued (the coins were manufactured from 1951).
- 勘定奉行荻原重秀の献策による貨幣の改鋳を実施した。
- At the suggestion of Kanjobugyo (Commissioner of Finance) Shigehide OGIWARA, the currency was re-minted.
- 貨物支線 馬潟~馬潟港間 (1.0km) が開業。
- The Makata - Makatako section of the freight branch line (1.0 km) came into operation.
- 丹波口~二条間、米子~東松江間の貨物列車設定廃止。
- Freight service in the Tanbaguchi - Nijo section and the Yonago - Higashi-Matsue section was abolished.
- 客車は、国鉄トキ25000形貨車からの改造である。
- For passenger cars, Japanese National Railways freight cars, Toki 25000, were remodeled.
- 日本で初めて金貨である甲州金(碁石金)を鋳造した。
- Koshu gold (Goishi gold), the first gold coin of Japan was minted.
- これにより貨幣発行量が減少し、景気を冷え込ませた。
- This reduced the amount of currency emitted, cooling the economy.
- 通貨減少により国内の金利は上昇し設備投資が減少する。
- The reduction of the money stock causes a rise in interest rates, which leads to the reduction in capital investment.
- このため、銀座で出された銀貨の包みを常是包と呼んだ。
- For this reason, the wrapping used for silver coins issued at the Ginza was called Jouze-zutsumi.
- 銀貨の統一に向けて堺市、京都の銀吹屋20人を集めた。
- 20 silversmiths from Sakai and Kyoto were summoned to Osaka to work for standardization of coinage.
- 領内の通用を藩札のみに限り、正貨の流通を禁じていた。
- The domain prohibited coins and only allowed han bills to be circulated.
- 銭文(貨幣に表された文字)の書体も顕かな違いがある。
- There were also significant differences in the calligraphic style called zenimon (the letters displayed on a coin).
- その貨幣価値は1/4両に相当し、また4朱に相当する。
- The currency value was equivalent to 1/4 ryo or 4 shu.
- その貨幣価値は、1/16両、また1/4分に相当する。
- Its currency value was equivalent to one sixteenth of ryo and a quarter of bu (unit of currency, 4 bu = 1 ryo).
- その後、生産者が所有する藩札の正貨への兌換を行った。
- Then, they accepted the momen-tegata owned by the producers and gave coins in exchange.
- 両替商の信用を下に貨幣が流通した当時の状況が窺える。
- This gives a glimpse of the situation at the time in which coinage was circulated on the exchangers' credit.
- 実際、仙崎支線の開通当初は美祢線の貨物支線であった。
- In fact, the Senzaki Branch Line was originally a freight branch line of the Mine Line when it came into operation.
- 10月1日 - 湖山~伯耆大山間の貨物列車設定廃止。
- October 1: Freight service in the Koyama - Hoki-Daisen section was abolished.
- 山科駅 - 京都駅 - (貨)梅小路駅 - 西大路駅
- Yamashina Station - Kyoto Station - Umekoji Freight Station - Nishioji Station
- 日本の貨幣単位として「円 (通貨)」を正式採用した。
- The 'Yen' (currency) was officially adopted as the Japanese unit of currency.
- 文久永宝(ぶんきゅうえいほう)は、幕末に流通した銭貨。
- Bunkyu Eiho coin was a coin circulated at the end of the Edo period.
- このときの銭貨は俗称荻原銭(おぎわらせん)と呼ばれる。
- Coins minted at this time were commonly called Ogiwasa-sen.
- 銀地金の買上および銀貨の包封などの役割りにとどまった。
- They were also in charge of purchasing silver bullion and wrapping and sealing silver coins.
- 同じく貨幣との兌換の藩札としては、金札、銭札があった。
- Other han bills exchangeable for coins included kinsatsu (exchangeable for gold coins) and zenisatsu (exchangeable for copper coins).
- それ自体を利用するほか、丁銀の補助貨幣的な役割をもつ。
- They could be used on their own or in the role of auxiliary coins of Chogin (coins in the form of long oval silver slugs).
- 中国では早くから銅銭による貨幣統一政策が採られていた。
- In China a unified monetary policy based on copper coinage had been implemented since earlier times.
- 本位貨幣を金貨とし、1円金貨を原貨とする(金本位制)。
- Gold coin was specified as the standard money, and 1 yen gold coin as the standard coin (gold standard system).
- しかし通貨統一には元禄期の改鋳を待たねばならなかった。
- However, monetary unification wasn't realized until reminting of a coin in Genroku Period.
- つまり、金そのものを貨幣として実際に流通させる事である。
- This actually means to circulate gold itself as currency.
- しかし、私鋳銭は大量に出回り、貨幣価値も下落していった。
- However, large quantities of Shichusen circulated and the currency value decreased.
- また大量の貨幣を運ぶのを避けるため、手形取引も発達した。
- Bill account also spread with convenience to avoid carrying a large amount of coins.
- また金属製品としては、銭貨、鏡、刀装具、鋲等が出土した。
- Also, metal ware such as coins, mirrors, accouterments of swords, and tacks were unearthed.
- 豆板銀(まめいたぎん)は、江戸時代に流通した銀貨の一種。
- Mameitagin is a name for silver coins circulated in the Edo Period.
- これが徳川幕府に継承され、江戸時代の通貨の基軸となった。
- This system was succeeded to Tokugawa shogunate which was basis for the currency in the Edo period.
- 一分金(いちぶきん)とは、江戸時代に流通した金貨の一種。
- Ichibu kin gold coin was a kind of gold coin that was distributed in the Edo period.
- その貨幣価値は1/8両に相当し、また1/2分に相当する。
- The currency value was equivalent to 1/8 ryo or 1/2 bu.
- 小判(こばん)とは、江戸時代に流通した金貨の一種である。
- Koban is a kind of gold coin that was distributed in the Edo period.
- ディーナール金貨・ディルハム銀貨が代表的な貨幣であった。
- The gold dinar and the silver dirham were leading coins.
- 1979年(昭和54年)7月1日 - (貨)惣川駅廃止。
- July 1, 1979: (Freight train) Sogawa Station was discontinued.
- また、新貨条例や造幣局 (日本)設置のきっかけとなった。
- Furthermore, this led to the New Currency Act and the set up of the Mint (Japan).
- 宋銭がもたらされたことは日本の貨幣経済制度を促進された。
- Sung currency promoted the Japanese monetary economy.
- その一方で大隈は近代的な貨幣制度を実施する計画を進めた。
- At the same time, OKUMA was proceeding the plan to enforce the modern currency system.
- 一般には、金貨本位制と金地金本位制を含めて金本位制という。
- In general, a gold standard system included both gold specie standard and gold bullion standard system.
- 1959年:百円銀貨のデザインが鳳凰から稲穂へ変更される。
- 1959: Design of The 100-yen silver coin was changed from hoo to ears of rice.
- 客車、貨車を含めると、実に膨大な作業であったことがわかる。
- It can be assumed that the number of the forms was enormous including the number of passenger and freight cars.
- 以後このような名目貨幣が丁銀の流通を凌駕するようになった。
- From that time, the nominal money like this came to surpass Chogin in circulation.
- 江戸時代、小判・丁銀・銭貨の為替レートは日々変動していた。
- In the Edo period, the exchange rate among koban, chogin, and copper coin fluctuated day by day.
- 二朱金 (にしゅきん)とは、江戸時代に流通した金貨の一種。
- Nishukin is a kind of gold coin distributed in the Edo period.
- 量目(質量)および金品位が一定に定められた計数貨幣である。
- It is counting currency with definite ryome (a weighed value) and karat.
- また藩札および旗本札なども地方貨幣の部類に入るものである。
- Paper currencies used in various domains and Hatamoto-satsu (paper currency used by direct retainers of the Shogunate) are also regarded as local currencies.
- 清国は、戦争賠償2億両(約3億円 (通貨))を日本に支払う。
- Qing pays 200 million taels (about 300 million yen [currency]) as war reparations to Japan.
- 1両が現在の貨幣価値に換算したらどの程度になるかは諸説ある。
- There exist various theories about how much currency value 1 ryo has today.
- 発行高は多額に上り、小判のような本位金貨を凌駕するに至った。
- The issued amount was very high surpassing standard gold coins like koban.
- 小型薄小な金貨で使い勝手が悪いためか、鋳造量は伸びなかった。
- The small and thin coin was inconvenient and not casted in large quantity.
- 額面は2分であり、その貨幣価値は1/2両、また8朱に等しい。
- The face value was nibu and the currency value was equivalent to 1/2 ryo or 8 shu.
- 二分金(にぶきん)とは、江戸時代に流通した金貨の一種である。
- Nibukin is a kind of gold coins that was distributed in the Edo period.
- 二条~湖山間、出雲市~江津間、益田~長門市間の貨物営業廃止。
- Freight service in the Nijo - Koyama section, Izumoshi - Gozu section and Masuda - Nagatoshi section was abolished.
- 現金(旧型機では硬貨および千円札に限る)でのチャージが可能。
- The card is rechargeable by cash (old-type machines only accept coins and 1,000 yen bills).
- 1929年(昭和4年)4月15日 梅田駅に阪急百貨店が開店。
- April 15, 1929: The Hankyu Department Store was opened at Umeda Station.
- よく知られているように明代中期以後、急速に貨幣経済が浸透する。
- As is well known, a monetary economy had rapidly spread throughout the country from the middle of the Ming period.
- その後、貨幣経済の進展に伴って、次第に困窮する農民が出てきた。
- After that, as the monetary economy developed, the number of farmers who lived in poverty gradually increased.
- 流通通貨・・・台湾銀行発行の台湾圓中国語:zh台湾銀行券(円)
- Monetary circulation ⋯ Taiwan Yen issued by the Bank of Taiwan (Chinese:zh), Taiwan banknote (yen)
- また、日本の五円硬貨の質量は3.75gで、ちょうど1匁である。
- The Japanese 5 yen coin has the weight of 3.75 grams, or 1 monme.
- 外国通貨と自国通貨の両替のみならず振替業務や貸付業務も行った。
- Besides exchanging foreign currencies for domestic currencies or vice versa, they handled money transfer and lending.
- 現代では主に、空港などで外貨の両替を行う店舗および窓口を指す。
- In modern times the money changer mainly refers to stores and windows at airports that handle foreign money exchange.
- 17歳のときに中国上海に渡り雑貨商を商い、1年後に長崎に帰る。
- He moved to Shanghai in China to deal in a variety store, and then returned to Nagasaki one year later.
- - 明治天皇北陸巡幸に際し優等生として50銭銀貨を下賜される。
- He was granted a silver coin of fifty sen (old currency unit) as an honor student by Emperor Meiji when he visited the Hokuriku (central prefectures of Japan facing the Japan sea) region.
- このようにして、少ない正貨の準備金を運用してこれを増加させた。
- In this way, the proceeds were increased by utilizing the small amount of the reserves in the form of specie.
- 金融では1871年に新貨条例を、1872年に国立銀行条例を布告。
- About financial system, the government proclaimed the New Currency Regulation in 1871 and the Regulation of National Bank in 1872.
- ただし鋳造貨幣というものは質量を均一に作成することは困難である。
- However, it is difficult to mint coins with uniform mass.
- 実際には、幕府の行っていた貨幣改鋳の妨げになるとの思惑であった。
- However, the actual reason was that han bills would interrupt the Currency Reform conducted by the shogunate.
- 銭貨は時の銭相場に応じて両替商に売却されることにより発行された。
- Coins were issued by selling them to ryogaesho (money exchangers) in accordance with their current market value.
- (通貨として実際的に使用されたのは明治中期頃までと推定される)。
- (It is estimated that such coins were actually used as currency until around the mid-Meiji period.)
- 40日間の公募期間で、一円硬貨だけで2,581点の応募があった。
- During the 40-day period of public appeal, there were 2,581 applications for the one-yen coin alone.
- 主として有功の将士に対する褒章用の貨幣であり、金銭と銀銭がある。
- They were used mainly as rewards to honor military officers, and there were gold coins and silver coins.
- 江戸幕府は、大量に蓄積された金銀を原資に貨幣制度の改革を行った。
- The shogunate government in Edo reformed the currency system using a large amount of accumulated gold and silver.
- 一朱金(いっしゅきん)とは、江戸時代に流通した金貨の一種である。
- Isshukin refers to a kind of gold coin circulated during the Edo period.
- 田沼意次の在任中に幕府財政の貨幣収入が増えたことは特筆に価する。
- It is important to note that the monetary income of the shogunate finances increased when Okitsugu TANUMA was on duty.
- 各地から様々な地金や秤量貨幣などが流入して通貨として用いられた。
- Bullions and ingot currencies which came from other regions were used as currencies.
- また、関西方面と北陸方面を経由する貨物列車も多数運行されている。
- Freight trains, which pass the Kansai and Hokuriku areas, are frequently operated.
- 8月1日 - 貨物支線 西浜田~浜田港間 (2.3km) 開業。
- August 1: The Nishi-Hamada - Hamadako section of the freight branch line (2.3 km) came into operation.
- 後に伊地知姓に改め、貨幣局出仕、琉球在番、後修史の編纂に携わる。
- Later, he changed his family name to Ichiji, and held the position of Shusshi (supernumerary government official) at the Currency Bureau and Ryukyu-zaiban (resident officer in Ryukyu (present Okinawa), and he also took charge of compilation of the neo-historiography.
- 『商店經營三十年』 - 新宿への百貨店進出に対する策をまとめた本
- '30 years of store management' – A book organizing the countermeasures against the advance of department stores in Shinjuku.
- それに伴い1899年に日本銀行兌換券を発行、この券と金貨を交換。
- Coupled with that, in 1899, the Bank of Japan issued the Bank of Japan convertible notes and they exchanged them for gold coins.
- こうして、明治4年5月10日「新貨条例」が太政官から布告された。
- Thus, 'New Currency Regulation' was declared by Dajo-kan (Grand Council of State) on May 10, 1871.
- 1897年(明治30年)10月1日貨幣法の施行により廃止された。
- It was abolished when a new coinage act was enacted on October 1, 1897.
- 明治時代、造幣局 (日本)により江戸時代の貨幣の分析が行われた。
- In Meiji period, the coin of Edo p;eriod was analyzed by Minting Authority in Japan.
- In Meiji period, Minting Authority in Japan analyzed the coin in Edo period.
- In Meiji Period, the currency of Edo period was analysed by Mint Bureau (Japan).
- 新しい通貨制度の決定とそれを実施するための新たな造幣施設の建設。
- The decision of the new currency system, and the construction of a new mint to enforce this.
- すでに民間では、無文銀銭が通貨として使われていたと考えられること。
- It is assumed that Mumon-ginsen coin (Japan's oldest private silver coin) was already used among the general public.
- 二朱銀(にしゅぎん)とは、江戸時代末期の日本で流通した銀貨の一種。
- Nishu gin silver is a kind of silver coin circulated in Japan in the end of Edo period.
- 和同開珎以前に存在した貨幣として、無文銀銭と富本銭が知られている。
- Coins issued before Wado-kaichin included the Mumonginsen Coin and the Fuhonsen Coin.
- 江戸時代においては貨幣の製造が行われたものの、石高制が維持された。
- Although money was produced during the Edo period, kokudaka sei was maintained.
- これは古い十円硬貨をピカピカにするという子供の遊びにもなっている。
- Making old 10-yen coins shiny in this way is also a favorite pastime among children.
- 一方中国では秤量銀貨の実測値一両(大両)を銀一両(銀両)と表した。
- Meanwhile in China, 1 ryo (larger ryo) with actual measured value of hyoryo ginka was equivalent to 1 ryo of silver (ginryo).
- それ以降、1朱という額面の貨幣は一朱銀に取って代わられる事になる。
- After that, as a currency with a face value of one shu, Isshugin (silver coin) came to be used instead.
- これは明との生糸貿易が主に秤量銀貨で決済されたことも関係している。
- This was partly related to the silk trade with Ming China settled in the shoryo silver coins.
- 5月15日 - 貨物支線 正明市~仙崎間 (2.2km) が開業。
- May 15: The Shomyoichi - Senzaki section of the freight branch line (2.2 km) came into operation.
- 1928年(昭和3年)9月3日 - 貨物支線 桃山~伏見間が廃止。
- September 3, 1928: The freight branch line between Momoyama Station and Fushimi Station was abolished.
- ブレトン第二次大戦後の通貨・金融問題処理のために取り決められた協定
- Bretton Woods Agreements
- 金貨・丁銀は鎌倉時代以前の発足時はその質量によって価値が定められた。
- When gold coins and Chogin were first introduced before the Kamakura period, those values were evaluated by measuring the mass.
- 明和年間以前は銀座は専ら丁銀および豆板銀すなわち秤量銀貨を鋳造した。
- Before Meiwa Period, the ginza minted coins was based on weight, such as Chogin silver and mameitagin silver.
- このように、銀貨と金貨を共に本位貨幣とする制度を金銀複本位制という。
- In this way, the system in which both silver and gold coins were set as standard currency is called bimetallism.
- そのため、良貨を普及するためには悪貨の流通を制限しなければならない。
- Therefore, the circulation of low-quality coins must be restricted to have high-quality coins used more widely.
- 額面は記載されておらず、量目によって貨幣価値が決まる秤量銀貨である。
- They did not have any face value but they were a silver-by-weight standard in which the value was decided by the weight.
- 貨幣経済を振興しようと思ったきっかけは、徳川吉宗による政治にあった。
- The politics of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA provided an occasion to promote a monetary economy.
- そうしないと出国時に余剰の貨幣を再両替することができないこともある。
- In failing to do so, they may not be able to change surplus money back into their own currencies when they leave the countries.
- 11月7日 - 貨物支線 西浜田~浜田港間 (2.3km) が廃止。
- November 7: The Nishi-Hamada - Hamadako section of the freight branch line (2.3 km) was abolished.
- それまで日本は兌換貨幣(金との交換が保証された通貨)を使用していた。
- Until then, Japan had used convertible currency (currency guaranteed to exchange for gold).
- しかし金本位制のため金貨不足のせいで銀貨がよく使われるようになった。
- However, this gold standard system caused gold coins to fall short of the requisite amount and silver coins came to circulate more widely instead.
- 現在、造幣博物館および貨幣博物館が所蔵し、現存はこれのみと見られる。
- Mint Museum and Currency Museum of the Bank of Japan own them, which are thought to be all Hachiburyouban exist now.
- しかしながら、丁銀および豆板銀の通貨単位は量目(質量)の実測値である。
- However, the currency unit of Chogin (collective term of silver) and Mameitagin (name of an Edo-period coin) was the actual measurement value of weight.
- 貨幣価値は100文 (通貨単位)とされたが、実際には80文で通用した。
- Its currency value was fixed to 100 mon, but in reality, it was passable as 80 mon.
- 708年に発行された和同開珎より年代は古く、日本で最初の貨幣とされる。
- It is older than Wado-kaichin issued in 708, therefore it is considered as the oldest coin in Japan.
- 天正通宝(てんしょうつうほう)は、日本の安土桃山時代に発行された貨幣。
- Tensho-tsuho are coins that were issued during the Azuchimomoyama period.
- 都城の造営は短期間にすすめられたが、貨幣の鋳造のスピードもはやかった。
- Construction of the capital was carried out in a short time period, and production of coins was also carried out speedily.
- また、そうなった場合にはもはや良貨をそのまま発行するのは得策ではない。
- Once such a situation occurs, it is not a good policy to continue issuing high-quality coins.
- 収集的価値を重んじる場合、硬貨にこれらの処理を施すことは禁忌とされる。
- In terms of the value of the 10-yen coins from a collectors point of view, such treatment of these coins should be avoided at all costs.
- 秤量銀貨の量目を定め、包封することは両替商の重要な仕事のひとつである。
- Deciding the ryome of silver-by-weight coins and packing them in bags was one of the important jobs for money-exchangers.
- このような地方貨幣および彷鋳銭は密鋳故に古文書による記録史料が乏しい。
- There are not many historical materials left with records on local currencies and Bochusen because they were minted secretly.
- 1997年(平成9年)3月22日 - 江津~岡見間の貨物列車設定廃止。
- March 22, 1997: Freight service in the Gozu - Okami section was abolished.
- 1963年(昭和38年)6月1日 - 長門市~仙崎間の貨物営業を廃止。
- June 1, 1963: Freight service in the Nagatoshi - Senzaki section was abolished.
- 兌換用の正貨確保の確実さから、姫路藩の木綿手形は高い信用を付与された。
- The momen-tegata of Himeji Domain had high credibility because they could steadily secure coins for exchange.
- 無文銀銭(むもんぎんせん)は、日本最古の貨幣といわれている私鋳銭銀貨。
- Mumon-ginsen coin is the Japan's oldest private silver coin.
- 水たまりに十円硬貨を入れておくとボウフラが発生しなくなるといわれている。
- It is said that putting 10-yen coins in a puddle of water discourages the development of mosquito larva.
- 貨幣価値は、裏面に波形が刻まれているものが4文 (通貨単位)に相当した。
- For the value of the currency, Kanei-tsuho which was inscribed with raised markings, was equivalent to four Mon (a 'mon' was a unit of copper currency in Edo and 4,000 mon were equal to 1 ryo (a unit of gold currency)).
- 寛永通宝(かんえいつうほう)は、日本の江戸時代を通じて広く流通した銭貨。
- Kanei-tsuho refers to coins that were in wide use throughout the entire Edo period in Japan.
- 大判は一般流通を前提とした通貨ではなく、恩賞および贈答用のものであった。
- Oban was not a currency minted to be used for regular circulation, and it was for rewards and gifts.
- ただし、期間と場所を限定した場合、軍票が通貨の代わりに流通した例もある。
- However, there were some examples that military currency did work as real currency in limited periods and areas.
- 筑豊炭田の石炭輸送により、1899年からは貨物収入が旅客収入を上回った。
- From 1899 on, the cargo revenue exceeded the passenger revenue because of the coal transport from the Chikuho Coal Mines.
- 輸送した人員は88万6千人、馬13万8千頭、貨物26万2千トンに達した。
- In all, it transported amount reached 886,000 passengers, 138,000 horses and 262,000 tons of cargo.
- 開国・貿易開始以降、内外の金銀比価が違ったために発生した金貨が大量に流出。
- After opening the country to start trading with foreign countries, a lot of gold coins flowed out of the country because of the difference in the value of gold and silver between Japan and its trading partners.
- 宋銭(そうせん)とは、中国・北宋代に鋳造された貨幣である銅銭のことである。
- Sung currency is copper coins which were minted in China during the Baisong period.
- やがて、灰吹銀を譲葉のような形状に叩き伸ばして極印を打った銀貨が登場した。
- At that time, a silver coin with a hallmark was introduced, and this was made by beating silver that had been refined by cupellation into a leaf shape.
- 管轄(事業種別):西日本旅客鉄道(鉄道事業者)・日本貨物鉄道(鉄道事業者)
- Administration (type of business): West Japan Railway Company (Railway Business Operator) and Japan Freight Railway Company (Railway Business Operator)
- 学校、教会、YMCA、病院、百貨店、住宅など、その種類も様式も多彩である。
- He designed a number of buildings of various types, including schools, churchs, YMCAs, hospitals, department stores, and houses.
- 名阪全通に伴い、官設鉄道との間でこの区間の旅客・貨物を巡る競争が始まった。
- Once the Meihan route opened, competition for freight and passengers in this sector emerged against the Government Railway Company.
- 1913年(大正2年)6月21日 - 貨物の取扱いを新設の梅小路駅に分離。
- June 21, 1913: Cargo started being handled in a separate form by the newly opened Umekoji Station.
- 最新式の鋳造機を香港から購入し、贋造が難しい近代的な貨幣鋳造が開始された。
- After buying state-of-the-art minting machines from Hong Kong, a modern way of minting currency was introduced to prevent forgery.
- 中世ヨーロッパでは、自国で安定した金貨もしくは銀貨の供給が不可能であった。
- In the medieval period, European countries could not provide a stable supply of gold or silver coins by themselves.
- 銅または真鍮製の寛永通宝は、明治維新以後も貨幣としての効力が認められ続けた。
- Kanei-tsuho which was made of copper or brass continued to be recognized as a currency around the period of the Meiji Restoration.
- 1957年に戦後初めての銀貨として鳳凰を意匠とする100円銀貨が発行された。
- In 1957, the 100-yen silver coin was issued with the design of a 'Hoo' (a mythological sacred bird in Chinese lore, a phoenix) as the first silver coin minted after the war.
- 『三貨図彙』によると流通用の銅銭も鋳造されたと言われるが、詳細は不明である。
- According to the 'Sankazui,' bronze coins were cast for use as a currency but details are not known.
- 一方中華人民共和国では、当時秤量銀貨(銀錠)の額面単位に「両」を用いていた。
- In the People's Republic of China at that time, the 'ryo' unit was used to show the face value of silver-by-weight standard coins.
- 開業前には堅田と近江今津で貨物営業を行う計画もあったが、結局実現しなかった。
- Before the Kosei Line was opened, there was a plan to have freight transportation service between Katata Station and Omi-Imazu Station, but ultimately the plan was abandoned.
- 日用雑貨小売を営む自宅の二軒隣りに、七歳年上の藤野天光(天光)が住んでいた。
- His family ran a convenience goods store at their house, and Tenko FUJINO, who was seven years senior to Yoshio FUJIMAKI, lived two doors away from there.
- そして、国立銀行が発行する銀行券には金貨などの兌換硬貨との交換を義務付ける。
- And then, national banks were put under obligation to exchange the bank notes for convertible coins such as gold coins.
- 従って、内乱が終結した後には直ちに明治政府が通貨改革を行うことを望んでいた。
- Therefore, he hoped that the Meiji Government would carry out a currency reform immediately after the civil war ended.
- 貨幣の基準単位を「両」から「圓(円)」に切り替え(旧1両を新1円とする)る。
- The standard of currency unit was changed from 'ryo' to 'yen' (1 ryo to 1 yen).
- 額一分判(がくいちぶばん)は長方形短冊形の金貨で慶長一分判と同じ形状である。
- Gaku Ichibuban is a rectangular reed-shaped gold coin with the same shape as Keicho Ichibuban.
- これにより日本国内には大量のメキシコ銀が流入し、明治時代の銀貨の材料となった。
- For this reason, large amount of Spanish dollars flooded into Japan and were used for minting silver coins during the Meiji Period.
- 背面に波を描きウコン色に輝くこの銭貨は波銭(なみせん)とも呼ばれ好評であった。
- The coin which had a display of waves on the reverse side and struck turmeric gleam was called Nami-sen (literally, 'wave coin') and was well received.
- しかし、実態は東日本で主に金貨、西日本で主に銀貨が流通するというものであった。
- In fact, however, gold coins circulated in eastern Japan, while silver coins circulated in western Japan.
- また、受章者には功一級で900円 (通貨)、功七級で65円の年金が支給された。
- Those who won this medal were also provided with a yearly pension of 900 yen if first-grade or 65 yen for seventh-grade.
- 他に会津藩発行の貨幣としては、寛永通寶、天保通寶の密鋳銭、会津銀判などがある。
- Aizu Domain also issued coins including the Kanei Tsuho, the Micchusen of Tenpo Tsuho and the Aizu Ginban.
- 1878年には1円銀貨の国内一般通用が認められ、事実上の金銀複本位制となった。
- In 1878, 1 yen silver coins were approved for circulation in Japan, so that the system became bimetallism virtually.
- 「100」の文字は現行五十円硬貨の「50」と類似したデザインが用いられている。
- For the character for '100,' a design similar to the character for '50' on current 50-yen coin is used.
- 更に、荘園領主の居住地から遠い地方では金銭や軽貨など運搬が簡易な物が望まれた。
- The owner of a shoen who lived far away from it wanted the shoen residents to bring money or other light freight that was easy to transport.
- これらの郵便局では日本切手がそのまま使用されており、現地通貨で販売されていた。
- Japanese stamps were used in these post offices and they were sold in the local currency.
- 一般の小売は銭遣いが中心であり、銭一枚は一文 (通貨単位)という単位であった。
- General retail market was traded in zeni (the auxiliary currency) where one zeni was equivalent to one mon (a unit of currency).
- 貨物列車は、伯耆大山駅~米子駅間と岡見駅~益田駅間で運行されているのみである。
- Freight trains are in service only in the sections of Hoki-Daisen Station - Yonago Station and Okami Station - Masuda Station.
- その後安定してくるようになり、1897年に貨幣法を制定、金本位制を確定させる。
- From then on, the economy became gradually stabilized and in 1897, the Coinage Law was enacted and the gold standard was formalized.
- これを憂慮した大蔵卿松方正義は、一時的な銀本位制導入による通貨安定を模索した。
- Concerned about this situation, Okura-kyo Masayoshi MATSUKATA sought for a way to currency stability through the introduction of a temporary silver standard system.
- この場合、その国の通貨は一定量の金の量で表すことができ、これを法定金平価という。
- In this case, the currency of the country can be converted into the certain amount of gold, which is called mint parity of gold.
- 洋銀(ようぎん)とは、幕末から明治初期にかけて日本に流入した外国製の銀貨のこと。
- Yogin is a foreign silver brought in to Japan at the end of the Edo Period through the beginning of the Meiji Period.
- アメリカ合衆国側は金貨、銀貨はそれぞれ同一質量をもって交換すべきあると主張した。
- The United States of America insisted that equivalent weights of gold coins and equivalent weights of silver coins should be exchanged.
- なお、この際に五十円硬貨もデザインが変更となり、デザインはともに一般公募された。
- At the same time, the design of the 50-yen coin was also changed and both designs were sought from the public.
- 銀銭の発行が早かったのは、秤量貨幣としての銀の通用の伝統があったためとみられる。
- The reason silver coins were issued earlier is believed to be the tradition of circulation of silver coins as Hyoryo kahei (currency valued by weight).
- )古金銀はそれぞれの含有金銀量に基づいて定められた交換比率で新貨幣と交換された。
- Old gold and silver were exchanged to new currencies in exchange rates based of contained amount of gold and silver.
- 甲州金の通貨単位は「1両=4分=16朱=64糸目」という四進法の単位系であった。
- The currency units of Koshu-kin had the quaternary numeral system, in which '1 ryo, 4 bu, 16 shu, and 64 itome were equalized.'
- 小判、丁銀および銭貨を手数料を取って交換、売買すなわち両替した商店から始まった。
- It began with stores where 'koban' (oval gold coins), 'chogin' (silver coins) and copper coins were exchanged for a commission and were traded, that is, changed for other currencies.
- 関ヶ原の合戦に勝利した徳川家康は全国統一への一歩として貨幣制度の整備に着手した。
- Victorious in the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA began to reform the monetary system as a first step towards the unification of the country.
- 尼ヶ崎駅(後の尼崎港駅)、(貨)長洲駅、伊丹駅、池田駅(現在の川西池田駅)開業。
- Amagasaki Station (later Amagasaki-ko Station), (freight train) Nagasu Station, Itami Station and Ikeda Station (currently Kawanishiikeda Station) began operating.
- 百貨店や呉服専門店で意匠の仕事に従事した後、25歳頃より家業である截金を継いだ。
- After he became engaged in design work at a department store and a specialty shop selling kimonos, he took over the family kirikane business around the age of 25.
- 1円金貨の含有金を純金2分1.5グラムとする(1アメリカ合衆国ドルに相当する)。
- The gold content of 1 yen gold coin was specified as 1.5-gram to pure gold 2 bu (it was equivalent to 1 U.S. dollar).
- -新通貨の発行決定・金札(太政官札)を正貨同様の通用(等価化)・金札相場の廃止。
- Decision to issue new currency, using the Kinsatsu (Dajokan-satsu) as the same as a specie (in equal value), and the abolition of the market price of kinsatsu.
- 国内にある当行の本支店または他の金融機関にある受取人の預金口座への外貨建送金取引
- Foreign currency remittance translations payable to payee accounts held at the head office or branches of the Bank in Japan or, payable to payee accounts held at other financial institutions in Japan
- しかし、第一次世界大戦により各国政府とも金本位制を中断し、管理通貨制度に移行する。
- But, each nation had discontinued gold standard system due to the aftermath of World WarⅠand shifted to managed currency system.
- 天保通宝(てんぽつうほう)とは、江戸時代末期から明治にかけての日本で流通した銭貨。
- Tenpo-tsuho (a coin first minted in Tenpo era [1830 to 1843]) was a coin that circulated in Japan during the end of the Edo period and Meiji period.
- 実際には、銀のみを法的に本位貨幣とする純粋な銀本位制の例は、歴史上あまり多くない。
- In fact, there are not many examples of a genuine silver standard for which silver is the only legal standard currency in history.
- 日本においては1871年6月に「新貨条例」を制定し、形式上は金本位制が採用された。
- In Japan, New Currency Regulation was established in June, 1871, and the gold standard was adopted formally.
- その貨幣価値は金貨である二朱金と等価とされ、1/8両に相当し、1/2分に相当する。
- It is treated as equal to Nishu kin gold, a gold coin, in currency value and worth 1/8 ryo, that is, 1/2 bu.
- これらのうち不当に低く評価された金貨は問題外とされ、論争の焦点は銀貨へと絞られた。
- Of those arguments, gold coins were left out of the negotiation because they were too lowly valued, and the negotiation was focused on silver coins.
- 銭貨は新都の造営にやとわれた人びとへの支給銭など宮都造営費用の支払いに利用された。
- The coins were used to pay costs involved in building the capital, such as construction workers' wages.
- 「両替」という言葉は両替商で一両小判を秤量銀貨や銭貨に換(替)えたことに由来する。
- The Japanese word 'ryogae' (exchange) came from changing (in Japanese, 'kae' or 'gae') 1 ryo of koban at an exchange house into various other coins, such as hyoryo ginka and the copper coin.
- 中世期に入ると、ヨーロッパの商業は衰退を見せるが、東方からの貨幣流入は継続された。
- In the Middle Ages an inflow of currencies from the East continued although commerce declined in Europe.
- 1907年(明治40年)8月 大仏線廃線(1907年旅客駅廃止:貨物駅として存続)
- August on 1907: The Daibutsu Line was demolished (the train station was closed in 1907 and remained as a freight station).
- 同時期に発行された貨幣との交換比率は、10枚で開基勝宝(金銭)1枚分と定められた。
- The exchange rate with the currencies issued at the same time was set at 10 coins of Taihei-genpo for one coin of Kaiki-shoho (a gold coin).
- 金貨との交換義務を持つ兌換紙幣の発行権を持ち、当初は第一から第五の4行が設立された
- The National Bank had the right to issue the convertible currency, which had the obligation to replace with gold coins, and at first, four banks from the First to the Fifth National Banks were established.
- しかし、実際に新通貨「円」が施行されるまでは、この後2年の歳月を要することになる。
- However, it took two years after the approval to put the new currency 'yen' into effect.
- 3月18日に東京に入った大隈は各国公使と会談する一方で、贋貨整理案の策定を急いだ。
- OKUMA, who entered Tokyo on March 18, talked with ministers of each country while hurrying to work out the counterfeit money disposal plan.
- 明治4年(1871年)に新政府が新通貨制度の構築のために藩札類の発行状況を調べた。
- In 1871, the new government checked the Han-satsu and the like that had been issued, to establish a new currency system.
- しかし、金貨の流出と政府不換紙幣の大量発行によって、金貨はほとんど流通しなくなった。
- However, gold coins were scarcely circulated, because they outflowed and the government issued huge sum of irredeemable currency.
- 藩札発行の目的は、自領内の貨幣の不足を補い、通貨量の調整機能を担わせることであった。
- The purposes of issuing han bills were to supplement coins in times of shortages and to adjust the amount of coins in circulation within territories.
- 江戸時代には、小判同様の計数貨幣の金貨として、二分金、一分金、二朱金、一朱金がある。
- In the Edo period, there were nibukin, ichibukin, nishukin and isshukin as gold coins of counting currency like koban.
- 万延二分判と同様、万延小判より純金量が劣る改鋳による出目獲得を目的とした貨幣である。
- As Manen nibuban, it was casted with less purity of gold than Manen koban to earn profit by recasting.
- 日本貨物鉄道が丹波口~二条間、湖山~出雲市間、江津~益田間の第二種鉄道事業者となる。
- The Japan Freight Railway Company became a type Ⅱrailway business operator of the Tanbaguchi - Nijo section, Koyama - Izumoshi section and Gotsu - Masuda section.
- 事業用車の2文字目は日本国有鉄道の貨車に準じていて、京福時代には「デワ」も存在した。
- As to the type of car used for operation, the second letter is based on the type of freight car of Japan National Railways (JNR), and the type 'Dewa (デワ)' also existed during the Keifuku era.
- 大量の贋貨(政府発行の悪貨を含む)の流通は物価を不安定化させ経済にも悪影響を与えた。
- The circulation of great amounts of counterfeit money (including bad money issued by the government) made the prices destabilize and gave a bad influence on the economy.
- その後明治30年(1897年)の貨幣法によって金本位制への復帰を果たすことになった。
- Later, Japan again chose the gold standard system through the Currency Act enacted in 1897.
- 7月22日に太政官布告が出され、人民は10月末までに官に贋貨を提出するように命じた。
- On July 22, the edict of Daijokan was put out, which ordered citizens to submit counterfeit money to officials by the end of October.
- 鐚銭の理解には、単に贋金や加工銭などのほかに、中国などの通貨の実体を知る必要がある。
- To have more accurate knowledge about bitasen coins, it is necessary to know the facts about currencies in China and other nations concerned, in addition to having knowledge about false coins and modified coins.
- 日本統治期間中、台湾銀行は台湾総督府の委託を受け台湾での貨幣台湾銀行券を発行していた。
- During the period of Japanese rule, the Bank of Taiwan, on the Taiwan Sotoku-fu's request, issued Bank of Taiwan notes, currency used in Taiwan.
- 和同開珎発行後に旧貨幣(富本銭)との交換基準が定められたという記録が発見されないこと。
- No record has been found that the standard was set to exchange old coins (fuhonsen) after Wado-kaichin was issued.
- これが通貨単位としての貫であり、その銭1000枚分の質量が質量単位としての貫となった。
- And this was the kan as a currency unit, and the weight of the 1000 coins became the kan as a weight unit.
- 国家の分裂や慢性的な銅銭不足によって金銀や絹などの軽貨が代用貨幣として用いられていた。
- However, the partition of the nation and the chronic shortage of copper led to the usage of light coins including gold, silver or silk as substitutes.
- 各占領地域で発行されたため、軍票の通貨単位も異なり、多くのシリーズがあり、種類が多い。
- Since they were issued in many Japan-occupied areas, the monetary unit of military currency varied and there were various series and kinds.
- また、元々日本では海上交通(海運)が栄えていたものの、貨物・人員の輸送量が増えていた。
- Although seaborne traffic (marine transport) had been developed in Japan, transport of men and freight was increasing.
- 銭座(ぜにざ)とは、江戸時代に寛永通寳を始めとする銭貨を鋳造した組織あるいは機関である。
- Zeniza is an organization or agency which minted coins including Kanei Tsuho during the Edo period.
- 金座(きんざ)とは、江戸幕府において金貨鋳造あるいは鑑定・検印を行った場所あるいは組織。
- Kin-za was a place or an organization in charge of casting or appraising and approving of gold coins in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- しかし銭貨の流通量が少なかったため、銭貨需要に応えるべく、日本から寛永通宝が輸出された。
- However, due to a small quantity of circulated coins, Kanei-tsuho was imported from Japan in order to respond to the demand for coins.
- これ以降大黒常是家は鋳造された銀貨に「常是」の略号を刻印して銀貨の極印・包装を担当した。
- From then on he stamped the name 'Jouze' on newly minted coins as a hallmark and wrapped them with official seals.
- しかし、金銀地金の確保などの事情により、この金銀複本位制が形骸化して銀貨のみが流通した。
- According to some reasons such as securing gold and silver metal, however, the bimetallism became a mere formality that only silver coins circulated.
- また藩は凶作のため正貨で米を買い集めなければならなくなり、兌換の資金が流出してしまった。
- Because of the poor harvest the domain also had to buy rice with coins normally reserved for exchanges of han bills.
- 室町時代前後、商品経済の発達に伴って貨幣の流通が著しく増えて税の銭納化も進められていた。
- Around the Muromachi period, increasingly more money became circulated corresponding to progress in commodity economy, and use of money for paying taxes was promoted.
- 「悪貨は良貨を駆逐する」という表現で知られる16世紀イギリスの財政家Greshamの説。
- Proposed by Gresham, a financier in England in the sixteenth century, this theory is known from the expression; 'low-quality coins expel high-quality coins.'
- 尚、江戸時代初期鋳造の慶長小判慶長二分判も存在するがこれは試鋳貨幣的存在であるとされる。
- Keicho nibuban that was casted in the early Edo period is considered as proof coin.
- 1975年(昭和50年)4月1日 - 貨物支線 東松江~馬潟港間 (1.0km) 廃止。
- April 1, 1975: The Higashi-Matsue - Makatako section of the freight branch line (1.0 km) was abolished.
- 日本では平安時代の皇朝十二銭以来久しく途絶えていた中央政府による鋳造貨幣であるとされる。
- In Japan, it was considered as the first mintage issued by the central government after many years, since the 'Kocho -Jyunisen' coin (the twelve types of coins minted by the imperial court) was discontinued in the Heian Period.
- 封包した贋の二分金は9月より翌年3月にかけて各開港場・開市場で順次正貨に引き換えられた。
- Encapsulated counterfeit nibukin were exchanged for the specie money one by one at each open port and market from September to March of the next year.
- ところが、筑前藩のみはこの後も金札(太政官札)の偽造に切り替えて贋貨作りを継続し続けた。
- However, the Chikuzen Domain alone still continued to make counterfeit money by switching to forgery of the kinsatsu (Dajokan-satsu) even afterwards.
- 富本銭(ふほんせん) / 富夲銭(ふとうせん)は、683年頃に日本でつくられた銭貨である。
- Fuhonsen coin or Futosen coin are coins made in Japan around 683.
- 711年~800年の蓄銭叙位令などが示すように畿内大和は8世紀まで通貨経済は皆無であった。
- As shown in Chikusen-joirei (an ordinance to ordain a court rank to someone who saved a certain amount of money) from 711 to 800, there was no currency used for economy in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), Yamato Province until the eighth century.
- 8世紀以後、ヤマト王権は九州王朝の富本銭等を参考にして和同開珎等の貨幣を発行したのである。
- After the eighth century, the Yamato kingship issued currency including Wado-kaichin based on Fuhonsen of the Kyushu dynasty.
- これらの貨幣には金座および銀座による極印以外に両替商極印が多数打たれたものが見受けられた。
- Many of these coins were hallmarked by the Kinza and Ginza as well as money changers.
- 1955年(昭和30年)6月25日 天満橋~塩小路間の貨物営業を廃止、(貨)塩小路駅廃止。
- June 25, 1955: The freight operation between Tenmabashi Station and Shiokoji Station was discontinued, and Shiokoji (freight) Station was closed.
- 1871年に新貨条例が出され、「円 (通貨)」を貨幣とする最初の近代貨幣制度が導入された。
- In 1871, New Currency Regulation was issued and the first modern monetary system was introduced to Japan which designated 'yen (currency)' as Japanese currency.
- このため新貨条例では金本位制をうたっていながら、実質的には金銀複本位制を採ったことになる。
- It means that bimetallism was practically adopted, though the New Currency Regulation announced the gold standard system.
- 大名は米を主に税金として集めたが江戸時代は貨幣経済なので何かするときは換金する必要がある。
- Feudal lords collected mainly rice as taxes, but they had monetary economy in Edo period therefore it was necessary to turn rice into cash.
- 元亀、天正年間頃から商取引に活発に銀貨が使用されるようになると、貫、匁の表記が多くなった。
- After the silver coin started to be used actively for trading from Genki and Tensho era, kan (unit of weight) and monme were used frequently.
- その回収は明治元年4月19日の布告をもって13箇年をかぎり、正貨に交換すべきことを約した。
- The government decree issued on May 11, 1868 promised that Dajokan bills would be redeemed for hard currency within 13 years after their issuance.
- 朝鮮側は朝鮮銅貨である常平銭を日本人が使用することを禁じようとしたが、日本側に押し切られた。
- Korea tried to prohibit use of the Korean copper coin called Sangpyeong Tongbo by Japanese people, but it failed because of opposition from Japan.
- 当初は、1個が1文(または1銭)の等価価値を持った通貨であり、これを小平銭(小銭)と称した。
- At first, one coin was worth one mon (or one sen) and it was called shohei sen (sho sen).
- これにより、今まで最も古い貨幣とされてきた708年発行の和同開珎よりも古い可能性がでてきた。
- As the result, possibility arose that Fuhonsen coin was older than Wado-kaichin issued in 708, which had been considered as the oldest coin.
- 中国の元 (王朝)の制度に取引貨物の価格に1割、粗悪品はその2/3を官に納める制度があった。
- In the Yuan (Dynasty) in China, there was a system in which a tenth of the value of transactional cargo, or two thirds of the value in case of inferior goods, was paid to the authorities.
- 当初郡国制では諸侯に貨幣鋳造権や軍事権が認められていたが、徐々にこのような権力は回収された。
- Under the Gun Ken system, the right of coinage and military right were granted at first, but those rights were gradually forfeited.
- また、天保年間に大判と小判の中間的な貨幣として五両判が発行されたが、ほとんど流通しなかった。
- Also during the Tenpo period, goryoban was issued as a medieval currency between oban and koban, however it was seldom distributed.
- 西日本では俗称「小粒」といえば豆板銀を指したが、東日本ではこのような角型の小額金貨を指した。
- In western Japan, a familiar name 'kotsubu' referred to mameitagin (name of a small round-type of silver coin in the Edo period), but in eastern Japan it referred to small rectangular gold coin.
- しかし、古代日本には和同開珎より以前に無文銀銭や富本銭(683年)などの貨幣が存在している。
- In ancient Japan, currency such as Mumon-ginsen coin (Japan's oldest private silver coin) or Fuhonsen (683) coin existed before the appearance of Wado-kaichin.
- 1999年(平成11年)3月31日 - 日本貨物鉄道の第二種鉄道事業(貴生川~草津間)廃止。
- March 31, 1999: The Japan Freight Railway Company left the type II railway business (between Kibugawa Station and Kusatsu Station).
- 2004年(平成16年)4月1日 - 日本貨物鉄道の第二種鉄道事業(湖山~伯耆大山間)廃止。
- April 1, 2004: The typeⅡrailway business of Japan the Freight Railway Company (Koyama - Hoki-Daisen section) was abolished.
- このため貨幣鋳造量は減少し、デフレーションにより物価は次第に下落して不況に陥ることになった。
- Fot this reason, the amount of minted coin was reduced and commodity price gradually went down as a result of deflation, which resulted in recession.
- この発見によって学会では一時、富本銭が「日本最初の流通貨幣(通貨)」だとする説が有力となった。
- Because of the discovery, the theory that Fuhonsen coin was 'the first distributed coin' became widely accepted in academic meetings for a period of time.
- ここで登場したのが、メキシコ8レアル銀貨などに「改三分定」と刻印を打印した改三分定銀であった。
- This is how 'Aratame-sanbu-sada' gin (silver coins revised to 3 bu) were created, by engraving a mark 'Aratame-sanbu-sada' on Mexican 8-real silver coins.
- 出来上がった銭貨は検査場にまわされ、合格したものは銭緡(ぜにさし)にまとめて金蔵に納められた。
- When finished, coins were sent to the inspection center, and accepted coins were threaded, made into a bundle called zenisashi and then stored in the kanegura (gold storehouse).
- 今後銀相場がさらに高くなった場合、違法な貨幣損傷等取締法行為の対象にされる恐れが潜在的にある。
- If the value of silver were to go even higher, there is a potential risk that the coin will become subject to illegal acts against the Act on Control of Damaging and Other Acts Related to Coins.
- 都市では貨幣経済が定着していたため、地子は銭貨で納入されるのが一般的であり、地子銭と呼ばれた。
- In urban areas where the money economy was already in place, jishi was usually paid in coined money and was called jishisen.
- (強いて言えば秤量貨幣に近く、現代的に解釈すれば、金地金(インゴット)に相当するものと言える。
- When you come right down to it, it was more like a currency by weight and modernly interpreted, it was equivalent to ingot.
- これは銀台金メッキのものは貨幣司による劣位二分金と考えられ、これは「止め分」が多いからである。
- It is because gold plating silver coins are considered as lower rank nibukin of kaheishi which are mostly with 'tomebu'.
- 日本国内では以前、外国為替および外貨両替を扱うことができるのは外国為替公認銀行に限られていた。
- In former times only the authorized foreign exchange banks were allowed to handle foreign exchange and foreign money exchange in Japan.
- 1917年(大正6年)1月17日 深草車庫で火災1形車両15両、電動貨車など4両の19両焼失。
- January 17, 1917: A fire broke out at Fukakusa Depot, and 19 cars (15 cars of Type 1, 4 electric freight cars, among others) were destroyed by the fire.
- 尺の系統とは別に、通貨(寛永通宝)の直径を基準とする「文 (長さ)」(もん)という単位があった。
- Besides the unit system of shaku, a unit 'mon' that was based on the diameter of the coin (Kanei Tsuho) was also used for measuring length.
- 清に先立つ明では、銅銭使用を禁じ、紙幣に切り替えていたが、清代になってから銭貨の使用が復活した。
- In the Ming Dynasty prior to the Qing Dynasty, the use of copper coins was prohibited, and copper coins were replaced by paper money, but in the Qing Dynasty, the use of coins was revived.
- (これは、幕府によって日本の銀貨には一種の信用貨幣的な価値が付与されていたという事情もあった。)
- (This was due to the fact that the shogunate had granted a sort of credit currency value to Japan's silver.)
- しかし、京・畿内を中心とした地域の外では、稲や布などを物品貨幣とする交易が広くおこなわれていた。
- However, outside of the area around Fujiwarakyo and Kinai, trade based on material currencies such as rice plant and cloth was widely conducted.
- そして輸入品であった永楽銭などに代わり、銭座を設けて寛永通宝などの国内貨幣を鋳造し、流通させた。
- In stead of imported bronze coins, Eirakusen, from the Ming Dynasty, the shogunate government established the coinage guild to mint domestic coins such as Kanei Tsuho coin for the circulating money in the country.
- 発行される前年の1954年、この一円硬貨と(旧)五十円硬貨のデザインが戦後初めて一般公募された。
- In 1954, one year before it was issued, designs for this one-yen coin and (former) 50-yen coin were sought from the public for the first time after the war.
- これは、実質上の通貨の切り上げになると同時に銅銭を多く取り扱う大商人に有利な制度として定着した。
- This meant actual revaluation of currency and at the same time, it became established as a favorable system for merchant princes who handled a great number of copper coins.
- 左内の有名なところといえば、富貴を願って倹約を尊び、暇なときには部屋に金貨を敷き詰め、楽しんだ。
- Sanai is known for respecting thrift, desiring riches and honor, as well as for his way of killing time, which is to set gold coins on the floor in the room.
- こうした通貨間の交換を図るために9世紀にはサッラーフ(şarrāf)と呼ばれる両替商が成立した。
- In the 9th century money changers called 'sarraf' came into being to facilitate the exchange of such foreign currencies.
- 日米修好通商条約などの通商条約の締結によって諸外国の銀貨が日本国内で使用できることが定められた。
- Due to the conclusion of commerce treaties with foreign countries including Treaty of amity and commerce between Japan and U.S.A., it came to be possible to use foreign silver coins in Japan.
- 明治4年12月より、旧貨幣(万延小判金・寛永通宝・天保通宝など)と新銭貨との交換が行われている。
- The old currencies (Manei-koban-kin, Kanei-tsuho, Tenpo-tsuho and others) were exchanged for the new ones since December, 1871.
- また方形の貨幣は流通に従って四隅が摩耗するなど、品質の低下が激しく、円形通貨の必要性も叫ばれた。
- In addition, round shaped coins were needed since square coins drastically deteriorated as their four corners became worn through circulation.
- 信用貨幣論者である勘定奉行の荻原重秀でさえ、「此大銭の事はよからぬこと」と申したとのことである。
- Even Shigehide OGIHARA, kanjobugyo (commissioner of finance), who believed in coin said that 'ozeni was not good.'
- 藩は木綿手形形式の藩札で木綿を生産者から買い取り、買い取った木綿を大坂などで売却して正貨に換えた。
- The domain bought cotton from producers using momen-tegata and exchanged the cotton for coins outside of the domain, in places such as Osaka.
- 江戸時代に入ると幕府は寛永通宝の流通を始め貨幣政策を強化したため、私鋳銭は徐々に姿を消していった。
- In the Edo period, however, as the bakufu enforced its policy on currency by starting to circulate Kanei Tsuho coins, shichusen gradually disappeared.
- 金座などで用いられた公式の名称は一分判(いちぶばん)であり『三貨図彙』には一歩判と記載されている。
- The official name used in kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) was ichibu ban, which also appeared in 'Sankazue' (Picture Collection of Three Coins: History of Coinage in Japan) using different Kanji character, 一歩金.
- 4月1日 - 日本貨物鉄道の第二種鉄道事業(丹波口~二条間、東松江~出雲市間、江津~岡見間)廃止。
- April 1: The type Ⅱrailway business of the Japan Freight Railway Company (the Tanbaguchi - Nijo section, Higashi-Matsue - Izumoshi section and Gozu - Okami section) was abolished.
- また、「サンダーバード」・「雷鳥」・「きたぐに」の向日町~大阪間の回送列車は北方貨物線を経由する。
- On the other hand, the 'Thunderbird,' 'Raicho' and 'Kitaguni' limited express trains proceed via the Hoppo Freight Line when they're deadheaded in the section between Mukomachi Station and Osaka Station.
- 京都から南紀・関西空港方面へ向かう列車は吹田信号所・梅田貨物線を経由して環状線に入るルートを取る。
- The trains heading for the direction of Nanki/Kansai International Airport take a route that incorporates the Osaka Loop Line through Suita signal station and the Umeda Freight Line.
- 実際、明治6年(1873年)頃から銀価格の下落が進むにつれ、金貨の国外流出はいっそう激しくなった。
- In fact, as silver price dropped since around 1873, more gold coins flowed outside the country.
- 一方、貿易決済としての小判および丁銀の流出は止むことが無く、通貨の絶対量の不足が深刻となってきた。
- Whereas outflow of koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) and chogin (collective term of silver coin) from the country as trade settlement did not stop, thereby absolute amont of currency was extremely in short supply.
- 1989年にJR足尾線で貨物が廃止になると、原料鉱石の搬入量が減少し、鉱毒はさらに減少したとされる。
- It is explained that because from 1989 JR Ashio Line no longer carried cargo and the imports of the raw material ore were reduced, the mining pollution was decreased.
- 仁治3年(1242年)西園寺公経が宋に派遣した貿易船は10万貫の銭貨を持ち帰ったと記録に残っている。
- In 1242, a trading ship that Kintsune SAIONJI dispatched to Sung brought back 100,000 kan worth of coins.
- 奈良時代中期の文献でさえ初めての通貨発行を和同開珎が出された708年(和銅元年)と記述していること。
- Even literature from the mid Nara period described that the first currency that as issued was Wado-kaichin in 708.
- これにより、「最古の貨幣発見」「歴史教科書の書き換え必至か」などとセンセーショナルな報道がなされた。
- As the result, it was reported sensationally that 'the oldest coins were found' and 'history textbook must be revised.'
- また外国人の1ドル銀貨から一分銀への両替要求が多額に上ったため、開港場では一分銀は瞬く間に払底した。
- Furthermore, ichibu-gin silver coins got scarce at the treaty ports in no time because foreigners demanded exchanges of so many one-dollar silver coins into ichibu-gin silver coins.
- それでも小判の流出は短期間の間に多額に上り国内の深刻な金貨の不足を起こすような危機には違いなかった。
- Nevertheless, so large a quantity of koban was taken out of Japan in so short a time that there was a serious shortage of gold coins in Japan.
- 従って1ドル銀貨の約1/3の量目(質量)である一分銀3枚を持って1ドルに換えるべきであると主張した。
- Thus three ichibu-gin silver coins, weighing about one third of a one-dollar silver coin, should be converted to one dollar, he argued.
- 額面は天秤による量目の実測値で、商取引において銀何貫、銀何匁と表記される銀目取引の通貨単位であった。
- Chogin, whose value was determined by its actual weight in ryome (a weighted value) using a balanced scale, was the currency unit for Ginme (silver grain) trade, and it was referred to as 'Silver X kan' (1 kan=3.75 kg) or 'Silver X monme' (1 monme=3.75 g).
- 二朱金、二分金とともに小判、一分判に対し一両あたりの含有金量が低く抑えられ、補助貨幣的に用いられた。
- Since the amount of gold contained in one ryo against Koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) and Ichibuban was held down as well as Nishukin gold coin and Nibukin gold coin, Isshukin was used as subsidiary coin.
- そこでは、有力農民を経営にあたらせ、畿内で流通貨幣としても有用に機能しうる舂米を利益として得ていた。
- He put influential peasants in charge of management and obtained shomai (rice made by pounding it in a mortar) as profit that was used as current money in Kinai region.
- 一方で、堺市の環壕遺跡からは宋銭、明銭、および琉球貨幣などに混じって66枚の慶長通寳が出土している。
- However, along with Sung coins, Ming coins, and Ryukyu currency, 66 Keicho Tsuho coins were excavated in the Kango remains in Sakai City.
- 江戸幕府から政権を引き継いだ明治政府が直面した課題は、貿易による外貨獲得と不平等条約の改正であった。
- The Meiji government took over issues from the Edo feudal government such as the acquisition of foreign currencies and revision of unequal treaties.
- 13世紀に入ると、絹・布が持っていた貨幣価値を銭貨が駆逐し、次第に年貢も銭貨で納められるようになった。
- After the 13th century, the currency value that silk or cloth had had was driven away by coins and nengu (land tax) was also gradually paid in coins.
- しかし、形も重量もほぼ同じ銭貨を極端に異なる価値として位置づけたため、借金の返済時などの混乱が続いた。
- However, the confusion continued when people were repaying their debts since Wado-kaichin and Mannen-tsuho coins had a diffferent value even though they had almost the same shape and the same weight.
- なおこの一円黄銅貨は戦後発行であるが、素材金属価格の高騰により鋳つぶしされる危険があるため、失効した。
- This one-yen brass coin was issued after the war, but because there was a risk that the coins may be melted due to an increase in price for the raw metal, production was ceased.
- 特に戦国時代においては、自給自足体制の崩壊とともに支配階層の貨幣に対する需要が高まった事から普及する。
- Especially during the Sengoku period, the system of kandaka became more widespread, since the demand for money increased as a result of the collapse of the self-sufficient structure of society.
- 貫高制(かんだかせい)とは、土地の収穫高を通貨単位である貫を用いて表わした土地制度・税制・軍制のこと。
- The Japanese term 'Kandaka sei' refers to the land system, tax system, and military system which used the currency unit 'kan' to calculate the yield of rice for a given piece of land.
- そのため、小判および一分金に並ぶ貨幣として南鐐二朱判(なんりょうにしゅばん)と呼ぶべきとする説がある。
- Some believe that 'Nanryo Nishu Ban' would be a more appropriate term to describe this currency as it belongs to the same category as Koban (flat, oval gold coins that were used in the Edo period) and Ichibukin (flat gold coins with a value of 1/4 of 1 ryo Koban).
- また、江戸時代後期には、一分金と等価の額面表記銀貨、一分銀が発行されて以降は一分金の発行高は激減した。
- Also in the late Edo period, ichibu gin silver coin which had equivalent face value as ichibu kin gold coin was issued and after that the issued amount of ichibu kin decreased dramatically.
- 一朱金、二分金とともに、小判、一分判に対し一両あたりの含有金量が低く抑えられ、補助貨幣的に用いられた。
- Both isshukin and nibukin included less gold par one ryo compared to koban and ichibuban and used as subsidiary currencies.
- 一朱金、二朱金とともに 小判、一分金に対し一両あたりの含有金量が低く抑えられ、補助貨幣的に用いられた。
- Both isshukin and nishukin included less gold per one ryo compared to koban and ichibuban and used as subsidiary currencies.
- 明治4年より新通貨に引き替えられた際の引替率は、五匁札は1銭3厘、壱匁札は3厘、弐分札は2厘であった。
- In 1871, when bills were exchanged for the new currency, a five monme bill was exchanged for one sen three ri, a one monme bill for three ri, and a two bu bill for two ri.
- 唐の開元通宝など北宋までの良貨(精銭)に比べ5円玉程度と小さく、卵の殻のように極めて薄いものもあった。
- Compared with high-quality coins issued during the era of the Northern Sung Dynasty, such as Kaigen-tsuho during the Tang Dynasty, they were as small as the present five-yen coin, with some of them as thin as an eggshell, and were made unevenly.
- 現存数は慶長通寳よりもさらに少なく、広く流通したとは考えられず試鋳貨幣にとどまった可能性も考えられる。
- As the number of the coins in existence are much smaller than that of Keicho Tsuho, it seems unlikely that these coins were widely distributed, and it is possible that they were minted just as trial coins.
- 日本国外においては古くから国境を越えた交易が盛んであり、外貨両替、金融などを扱う両替商が多く存在した。
- Outside Japan where cross-border transactions flourished from ancient times, there were many money changers who dealt with foreign money exchange and finance.
- 金銀貨の両替や米・綿・油などの商品の取引相場を定めて取引を行う、取引所・事務所としての役割を果たした。
- Kaisho served as an exchange market and a trading office, where the exchange market rate was determined for exchanging gold and silver currencies and the trading of such as commodities as rice, cotton and oil was undertaken.
- 明治維新後、新通貨に引き替えられた際の引替率は、五匁札は4銭2厘、壱匁札は8厘、弐分札は2厘であった。
- After the Meiji Restoration, bills were exchanged for the new currency; a five monme bill was exchanged for four sen two ri, a one monme bill for eight ri, and a two bu bill for two ri.
- 明治8年9月、明治政府は米高によって給する禄を各地方3箇年の平均相場に換算して貨幣で支給した(金禄)。
- In September, 1875, the Meiji government supplied cash currency to each region, in the amount equal to 3 years worth of roku-type reward distributed in rice (Kinroku).
- 永銭とは、室町時代から、江戸幕府による貨幣制度が整う江戸時代初期まで全国的に流通した永楽通寶銭を指す。
- Eisen referred the Eiraku-tsuho coins (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) that were used throughout the nation from the Muromachi period to the early Edo period when the currency system by the Edo bakufu was established.
- 匁は、元々中国で用いられた名称は「銭」であり、銭貨(日本では一文銭)一枚の質量を単位としたものであった。
- Monme was used in China by its original name 'chen' (pronounced 'sen' in Japanese), which was based on the mass of 1 coin (in Japan, a coin of 1 mon).
- 例えば加賀藩では銀細工師集団である金沢市銀座があり江戸時代の初期にかけて領国貨幣である極印銀を鋳造した。
- In Kaga domain, for example, the Kanazawa city ginza had a group of silversmiths, who minted silver coins hallmarked as domain currency in the early Edo Period.
- 和同開珎(わどうかいちん、わどうかいほう)は、708年(和銅元年)に、日本で鋳造・発行された銭貨である。
- Wado-kaichin (can be called Wado-kaiho) was the coin minted and issued in Japan in 708.
- 一円硬貨1枚を製造するのにかかるコストは1円以上で、造れば造るほど赤字となっているという話は有名である。
- It is well known that the cost to mint a one-yen coin is higher than one yen, and the more they mint, the more money they lose.
- この徳政令は、当時、普及しつつあった貨幣経済に深刻な影響を与えるとともに、社会に大きな動揺をもたらした。
- The Tokuseirei deeply influenced monetary economy prevalent at the time, bringing great unrest to the society.
- この単位が日本に伝わり、日本では、一文 (通貨単位)銭の目方であることから「文目」(もんめ)とも呼んだ。
- When this unit sen was introduced into Japan, it was called 'monme,' which was an abbreviation for mekata (weight) of 1 mon-sen.
- 『続日本紀』等の記事やその銭文が示すとおり、ヤマト王権が発行した最初の貨幣は和同開珎(708年)である。
- As described in the articles including 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), and its Senbun (letters engraved on coins), the first currency issued by Yamato kingship is Wado-kaichin (708).
- 貴穀賤金(きこくせんきん)は、江戸時代の経済思想のひとつで、米穀をとうとび、貨幣をいやしめるというもの。
- Kikokusenkin refers to one of the economic thoughts during the Edo period, which respected rice and abhorred money.
- この会談で日本が官民の(二分金を中心とした)贋貨の回収と近代貨幣制度の導入を国際公約とすることになった。
- At this conference, the collection of counterfeit coins of Japanese citizens (centered around nibukin) and the introduction of the modern currency system were decided as international commitments.
- さらには加賀藩や筑前藩、久留米藩などの、戦争に積極的とはいえなかった藩までが贋貨を鋳造するようになった。
- Furthermore, domains such as Kaga, Chikuzen, and Kurume Domain who did not actively participate in the war also started coining counterfeit money.
- 中国戦線で使用した日本円以外にもペソやギルダーなどのさまざまな通貨単位の軍用手票が各占領地で発行された。
- Not only the military currency in Japanese yen used during the China-Japan battles, but also other kinds of military currency in various currency units such as peso and guilder were issued in the Japan-occupied areas.
- 法定された金銀比価と市場価格のバランスが崩れると、市場価格が有利な方の貨幣が退蔵される可能性が高かった。
- When the proper balance was lost between the market price and the legally fixed exchange ratio between gold and silver, the currency that had more advantageous market price was likely to be kept as dead storage.
- この場合、その国の通貨は一定量の銀の量を持って表すことができ、商品の価格も銀の価値を標準として表示される。
- In this case, the currency of the country is represented as a certain amount of silver, and silver value is set as default for commodity price.
- 富本銭と和同開珎との関係、貨幣としての価値、流通範囲、機能などはまだ不明な点が多く、今後の研究課題である。
- There are still many questions regarding the relationship between Fuhonsen coin and Wado-kaichin, the value as currency, region of distribution, the function, and so on, which merit further research.
- 藩札は表書きの金銀などの兌換保証が前提であったが、実際には、藩にそれだけの正貨が用意できたところは少ない。
- Although han bills carried a face value, and were promised to be exchangeable for gold or silver coins, few domains could prepare enough coins to honor that promise.
- 一分銀払底の打開策として7月29日に、ハリスはメキシコ銀および1ドル銀貨を一分銀に改鋳することを提案した。
- As a solution to the scarcity of ichibu-gin silver coins, HARRIS proposed to remint Mexico silver and one-dollar silver coins into ichibu-gin silver coins on July 29.
- 日本に輸入された宋銭は、日本社会における貨幣利用の進展に役立ち、仏教経典の輸入は鎌倉仏教にも影響を与える。
- The Sung currency imported into Japan helped the development of currency use in Japan, and the imported Buddhist scriptures affected Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura period).
- 708年5月には銀貨が発行され、7月には銅貨の鋳造が始まり、8月に発行されたことが続日本紀に記されている。
- The Shoku Nihongi (Chronciles of Japan, continued) mentioned that Wado-kaichin, made of silver, were issued in May 708, the minting of the copper Wado-kaichin coins began in July of the same year, and the copper coins were issued in August of that same year.
- 丁銀(ちょうぎん)とは、日本国内において主に商取引用として室町時代後期から明治維新まで流通した銀貨である。
- Chogin is the name of the silver coins which were in circulation, mainly for business transaction, from the late Muromachi period to the Meiji Restoration in Japan.
- ただし秤量銀貨の通貨単位は、小判の通貨単位の「両」との混同を避ける意味から「匁」および「貫」が用いられた。
- However, to avoid mixing up 'ryo' of the currency unit for koban, 'monme' and 'kan' were used as the currency unit for hyoryo ginka.
- そのため、実質を重視する商人にとって名目貨幣は受け入れ難く、含有銀量をもって取引しようとするものであった。
- So for business people, to whom value was important, nominal money was something hard to accept and they wanted to trade on the basis of silver content.
- 丁銀の通貨単位としては質量の測定値である貫および匁がそのまま用いられ、こちらは銀1000匁が銀1貫となる。
- Kan and monme, which were originally the weight units, also served as the currency units of the silver coin used as the currency by weight, and 1000 monme of silver was equalized with 1 kan of silver.
- これを基にした貨幣法の国会審議のなかで政府委員として田口卯吉など反対派への説得に努め同法の制定に貢献した。
- He participated in Diet deliberations for the currency law as a government delegate and made an effort to make the opposition group including Ukitchi TAGUCHI understand the system, and as a result, he contributed to the establishment of this law.
- しかし買米が米価引上げに必ずしも大きな効果のなかったことは草間直方「三貨図彙」物価之部その他に散見される。
- However, according to the chapter in Naokata KUSAMA's ' Sankazue' (Picture Collection of Three Coins: History of Coinage in Japan) regarding prices, the Kawase-mai-rei Law was not always effective.
- また江戸時代後期以降は幕府の意図的な銀単位通貨流通量抑制政策のために手形や藩札類による取引も盛んであった。
- In addition, after the late Edo period, the bakufu took the policy of intentionally controlling the amount of the silver-based currencies that was being circulated, and therefore, lots of promissory notes and Han-satsu were used for transactions.
- 明治政府は最後まで体面上悪貨鋳造の事実を認めることを拒否したが、複数の藩が贋貨を鋳造していた事実を認めた。
- The Meiji Government refused to admit the fact that they coined bad money until the end for the sake of appearance, but they did admit the fact that several domains had coined counterfeit money.
- 旅籠の宿泊代は概ね一泊200~300文(現在の貨幣価値で3000~5000円程度に相当)程度が一般的だった。
- Accommodation fee in hatago was generally around 200 to 300 mon (corresponding to 3,000 to 5,000 yen in present currency value) per night.
- 仙台藩により天明4年(1784年)に発行された仙台通宝のように貨幣形式のものも広義の藩札に含める場合がある。
- Sendai Tsuho, which was a coin issued by Sendai Domain in 1784, was also broadly referred to as a han bill.
- 仮に50円とした場合の百円銀貨に含まれる銀の価格は (50x4.8x0.6)144円となり額面金額を超える。
- Assuming it is 50 yen, the price of silver contained in a 100-yen silver coin is (50x4.8x0.6) 144 yen, which exceeds the face value.
- 政府は、こののちも銅銭の鋳造をつづけ、10世紀の乾元大宝まで12回にわたり国家的に銭貨の鋳造はおこなわれた。
- The government continued to manufacture copper coins and, until the issue of the new currency Kengen Taiho in the tenth century, as many as 12 rounds of production were carried out.
- 形状は小粒の銀塊で、重量は不定だが1匁(約3.75グラム)から10匁(37.5グラム)程度の秤量銀貨である。
- Shaped like small silver slugs with a weight of between about 1 monme (approx. 3.75 g) to 10 monme (approx. 37.5 g), Mameitagin are silver coins that were valued by weight.
- 南鐐二朱銀(なんりょうにしゅぎん)とは、江戸時代に流通した銀貨の一種で、初期に発行された良質の二朱銀を指す。
- Nanryo Nishu Gin was a type of silver coin circulated in the Edo period and was high-quality Nishu (1/8 of 1 Ryo) gin issued in the early Edo period.
- 江戸期の鋳造量は、小判金と一分判金を合わせた総量を「両」の単位をもって記録されており、本位貨幣的性格が強い。
- The total casting amount including koban and ichibu bankin was recorded in 'ryo' and they had a character of standard coin.
- 明治に入り、銭 (曖昧さ回避)は円 (通貨) の1/100の日本の補助貨幣の単位として使用することとなった。
- In the Meiji period, sen was ranked the secondary currency unit of a hundredth value of 1 yen in Japan.
- また「分」を「ぶ」と発音せず「ふん」と呼んだのは金貨の通貨単位である一分金(ぶ)との混同を避けるためである。
- And here, it is called 'fun' rather than 'bu' to avoid mixing up with bu which was used as the currency unit of a gold coin, ichibu-kin (a former Japanese gold coin of 1 bu).
- また、蓄銭叙位令(711年~800年)などが示すように畿内大和では8世紀になっても通貨経済は未発達であった。
- As shown in Chikusen-joirei (an ordinance to ordain a court rank to someone who saved a certain amount of money) (711-800), economy using currency was undeveloped even after the eighth century.
- C五百円券は500円硬貨の登場(昭和57年(1982年))後も、昭和60年(1985年)まで製造されていた。
- The 500 Yen note (C) was manufactured until 1985 even after 500 Yen coins began circulation in 1982.
- さらに地方の都市にも開業されるようになり、大坂の両替商を中心に互いに連絡を取り合い三貨制度の発達に貢献した。
- Exchangers also started business in provincial cities, keeping close contact mostly with those in Osaka and contributing to the development of the tri-metallic monetary system.
- 彼らは都市の広場にバンコ(banco)と呼ばれる台を設置してその上で貨幣の量目を計ったり、交換業務を行った。
- The money changers installed a platform called 'banco' on which they weighed or exchanged currencies.
- MBSタイガースナイター - 「ブレーブス・ダイナミック・アワー」では阪急百貨店とともに提供したラジオ番組。
- MBS Tigers Nighter (baseball night game) - A radio program cosponsored by the company and Hankyu Department Store and rebroadcasted in 'Braves Dynamic Hour.'
- しかし、清を中心とする周辺諸国はいずれも銀本位制を採っており、洋銀と同価値の1円銀貨の発行を余儀なくされた。
- However, neighboring countries including Qing adopted the silver standard system and Japan was obliged to issue one yen silver coins that were equivalent to foreign silver coins.
- 第二次世界大戦後、米ドル金為替本位制を中心とした国際通貨基金体制(いわゆるブレトン・ウッズ体制)が創設された。
- After World War II, IMF-led framework (International Monetary Fund led frame work; so-called the Bretton Woods system) was founded and gold and dollar standard system was established.
- 銀座(ぎんざ)とは、中近世の日本の政権において貨幣の鋳造および銀地金の買売を担った場所に与えられた呼称である。
- Ginza is a name used for mints in the medieval and modern ages of Japan, where coins were manufactured and silver bullion was bought and sold.
- 国家主導の都市や寺院の建設には莫大な費用がかかり、動員された人々への支払いに充てる通貨が必要とされていたこと。
- Urban and temple construction led by the state needed enormous expenses and currency was necessary to pay organized people.
- 駄賃馬稼(だちんうまかせぎ)とは、近代以前の日本においてウマの背中に貨物や人を乗せて輸送に従事する職業のこと。
- Dachin-uma kasegi refers to an occupation in Japan before modern times that engaged in the transportation of freight and people by carrying them on horseback.
- また、農業生産の向上は、手工業や広い範囲での流通を劇的に進展させ、さらに貨幣経済の普及をもたらすこととなった。
- An increase in agricultural production brought about not only dramatic progress in manual industry and commerce over a wide area but also the development of a monetary economy.
- 丁銀および豆板銀すなわち秤量銀貨は、その量目に応じて価値が定められるものであり、取引の度に秤量が必要であった。
- Chogin and mameitagin silver coins whose values were determined by weight required weight measurements at each transaction.
- かくして三貨制度(小判、丁銀、銭貨)が確立することになるが、これは既存の貨幣の流通形態を踏襲するものであった。
- With this the sanka (tri-metallic, i.e., gold, silver and copper) monetary system was built on the existing system of currency distribution.
- 後世の両替商はこうした業者が後述の三貨制度の確立によって両替の分野にも関わるようになったものと考えられている。
- These money dealers, precursors to the later money changers, came to enter the exchange business after the sanka seido or tri-metallic monetary standard was established, as mentioned below.
- 地方貨幣で広く流通したと考えられるのは仙臺通寳、箱館通寳、秋田鍔銭、秋田波銭および琉球通寳ぐらいのものである。
- Reginal currencies that are thought to have been widely circulated are just Sendai Tuho, Hakodate Tuho, Akita Tubasen, Akita Namisen, and Ryukyu Tuho.
- それに伴い1885年に日本銀行兌換銀券(この紙幣と同額の銀貨と交換することの保証券)を発行、増えた銀貨を回収。
- Coupled with that, in 1885, the Bank of Japan issued the Bank of Japan convertible into silver notes (notes guaranteed to be exchanged for the same amount of silver coins) and withdrew excessive silver coins.
- 江戸時代の千両箱を模しており、円 (通貨)に換算して数百万円〜数千万円の価値があるものを貯蔵することができる。
- Such boxes are the imitation of sen-ryo-bako in the Edo period, and they can store valuable goods from millions to tens of millions of yen (currency).
- 贖銅(しょくどう、ぞくどうとも言う)は、実刑の代わりに罪相当額の銅(ないし財貨)を官司へ納入する換刑であった。
- Shokudo or zokudo is a penalty charge which was paid with copper (or money) to a government official in an amount that corresponds to the crime in exchange for imprisonment.
- 更に贋貨鋳造を行っていたその他の藩からも後日政府によって摘発された場合の後難を恐れて自訴状を出す藩が相次いだ。
- Additionally, other domains which were coining counterfeit money successively submitted a jisojo, fearing future problems that would occur in the case that they were exposed by the government later.
- いずれにしても質量的に額面(寛永通宝100枚分)の価値は全くない貨幣で、経済に混乱を起こし偽造も相次いだという。
- As it was not worth its face value (100 Kanei-tsuho [coins first minted in 1636 of Kanrei era]) at all in terms of weight, it brought about economic confusion and forging became common.
- 南鐐二朱銀の貨幣面の表記は「以南鐐八片換小判一兩」であったが、安政二朱銀では「二朱銀」と単刀直入なものになった。
- A sentence was written on the surface of Nanryo Nishu gin silver which said 'Eight coins of Nanryo can be exchanged with a koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) of 1 ryo,' but merely a simple word 'Nishu gin' was written on that of Ansei Nishu gin silver.
- 秀吉の発行した貨幣には他に天正大判((1588年(天正16年))、文禄通宝(1592年(文禄元年))などがある。
- Other coins that Hideyoshi issued include Tensho Oban (1588) and Bunroku-suho (1592).
- 例えば、上記殺虫効果は、銅イオンが溶出することによると考えられるが、銅イオンが溶出すれば当然十円硬貨は腐食する。
- For example, the pesticidal effect described above is caused by the elution of copper ion from the coin, which of course causes the erosion of 10-yen coins.
- この小判および分金の通貨単位は武田信玄による領国貨幣である甲州金の四進法(両、分、朱)を取り入れたものであった。
- The currency units of koban and bukin were based on the adopted quaternary (ryo, bu, shu) of Koshu gold which was territorial currency employed by Shingen TAKEDA.
- 一方、中国においては銀錠と呼ばれる銀の塊の重量を測り、それに基づいて貨幣としての価値を決定した(銀両/テール)。
- Meanwhile, in China, a mass of silver, called silver sycee, served as the currency, whose value depended on its weight, and its currency unit was ryo (also known as ginryo or tael).
- 慶長小判の時代は、一分判より低額のものは寛永通寳一文 (通貨単位)銭しかなく、一分は公定相場で一貫文に相当する。
- In the period of Keicho koban (a type of gold coin used in the Keicho era), the ichi mon (a currency unit of the Edo period) coin was the only type of Kanei tsuho (old copper coin) that was worth less than the ichibuban (ichibu was equivalent to 1 kan mon (1,000 mon) according to the official quotation).
- 新政府から釈放された後は京都に戻り、レモネード屋や雑貨屋、剣術道場などを開いたが、あまり流行らず困窮したという。
- After he was released from the new government, he returned to Kyoto and started various businesses including a lemonade shop, a variety shop, a kenjutsu dojo, however, it is said that he lived in poverty because his businesses gained little popularity.
- 特に一般の商人や民衆には金銀貨の真贋を見分けることは難しく、外国商人の中にも贋貨を入手して損害を受ける者も出た。
- Particularly, it was difficult for general merchants and people to distinguish real gold and silver coins from the fake, and there were foreign merchants who also acquired counterfeit money and suffered damage.
- しかし後の貨幣改鋳により含有率や質量の劣る小判が発行されるようになり、質量単位と通貨単位との乖離はさらに拡大した。
- However, Keicho koban with inferiority in the gold content and mass was frequently produced later, which resulted in the further separation of the mass and the face value.
- また金融制度でも旧幕府時代の貨幣制度を改めて、通貨単位として「円 (通貨)」を導入(1871年。新貨条例を参照)。
- The financial system was also revised, changing the currency system of the Shogunate period and adopting the 'yen'as the currency unit in 1871 (refer to the article of the 'New Currency Regulation').
- なお十円硬貨にかぎらず硬貨を故意に腐食させることは、貨幣損傷等取締法により罰せられる可能性があるので注意されたい。
- In addition, one should note that the act of eroding coins including 10-yen coins is punishable by law due to the Act for the Regulation of Damaging, etc. of Subsidiary Coins.
- なお、当時用いられた分銅の質量単位は「両」であったが、小判の通貨単位との混同を避けるため「両」は用いられなかった。
- At that time, the mass unit for the fundo (counterweight) was called 'ryo' but it was also the unit for oval gold coins so, to avoid any confusion, the 'ryo' unit was not used in weighing Chogin.
- 明和年間までは、西日本で銀貨、東日本で金貨が一般的に用いられ、しかも両者の為替レートは変動相場制で、不安定だった。
- Until the end of Meiwa period, not only were used silver coins in western Japan and gold coins in eastern Japan commonly, but also the exchange rate between those coins were flexible and unstable.
- 甲州金は田舎目一両すなわち4匁(約14.9グラム)を基準としてつくられ、この通貨単位が小判の額面1両の基となった。
- Koshu-kin was produced based on 1 ryo of Inakame, that is, 4 monme (about 14.9 grams), and the currency units became the basis for koban's face value, 1 ryo.
- 安土桃山時代には四進法の通貨単位の便宜を図るためか、京目金一両は四匁四分と変化し、田舎目金一両は四匁前後となった。
- In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, to set the currency unit based on the quaternary notation system, kyome kin 1 ryo was changed to 4 monme 4 bu and inakame kin 1 ryo was changed to about 4 monme.
- 天下統一に先立ち、徳川家康は大判より小型のもので墨書を極印に改め一般流通を想定した通貨を発行する構想を持っていた。
- Before his unification of the whole country, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA had planned to issue a form of currency for general distribution that would be smaller than the oban and would have an engraving instead of ink writing.
- 田沼の経済政策は、市中に流れる貨幣の流通速度をコントロールして経済を活性化させる目的があったとする説が有力である。
- The dominant explanation is that Tanuma's economic revitalization policies were intended to control the distribution speed of money in the market.
- また、京都の銀座 (歴史)(貨幣鋳造所)の役人で裕福であった中村内蔵助(1669 - 1730)とも親交があった。
- He was also acquainted with Kuranosuke NAKAMURA (1669 - 1730), a rich man who was an official at the mint in Ginza in Kyoto.
- が、その後貨物列車の減少などもあり、設備を維持する必要性が薄れたため、2004年に単線用信号設備の使用を停止した。
- However, due to the decreased number of freight trains, it became less necessary to maintain the equipment, so the use of the signal equipment for the single track was stopped in 2004.
- 明治10年頃には市場では銀貨の流通量が金貨を上回るようになり、大蔵卿・大隈は金銀複本位制の導入を建議するにいたる。
- Around 1877, the amount of silver coins in circulation exceeded that of gold coins in the market, so Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury), OKUMA proposed to introduce bimetallism.
- また、1両が4分、1分が4朱という一部4進法が用いられる貨幣体系も外国人からは分かりにくく、改善が求められていた。
- Besides, the currency system partially using quaternary (1 ryo was equal to 4 bu, and 1bu was equal to 4 shu.) was too difficult for foreigners to understand and its improvement was required.
- 宝永通宝(ほうえいつうほう)とは、江戸時代に鋳造された銭貨の一種で宝永5年(1708年)に発行された十文銭である。
- Hoei tsuho is a kind of coin minted in Edo period, which was issued in 1708.
- 初期の都だった南京に集められたため「京銭」といわれた夥しい数の戦時通貨のほか、明のインフレ通貨も事情は同じである。
- The situation is the same for coins made during the inflationary period of Ming, in addition to those in the war state, a huge number were issued and called 'Kinsen' (京銭) because they were concentrated in Nanjing, the capital of Ming Dynasty (南京) during its early period.
- 日本人が日朝双方の貨幣を使用することができるようにする条項も、三条から譲歩してはいけないと訓示されていたものである。
- Sanjo also instructed that the provision stating that Japanese people could use currencies of Japan and Korea was not to be compromised.
- 江戸時代前期は、寛永通寳などの銭貨鋳造は民間の商人らによる請負事業であり、江戸幕府の許可制によるものが中心であった。
- In the early Edo period, mintage of coins including Kanei Tsuho was conducted mainly by private contractors, based on the bakufu's approval.
- 銀本位制(ぎんほんいせい、silver standard <英>)とは、一国の貨幣制度の根幹を成す基準を銀と定めた。
- The silver standard is a system in which silver forms the basis of a monetary system of a country.
- その後、各藩札の正貨との実交換相場による藩札回収を始めたが、処理を完了したのは明治12年(1879年)6月であった。
- Although the government started to withdraw han bills in exchange for coins at the actual rate after issuing the order, they only completed withdrawing in June 1879.
- 造幣局 (日本)では便宜上年号の記された面を「裏」としているが、明治時代の硬貨と異なり法律上、百円硬貨に表裏はない。
- The Japan Mint defines that the side on which the year is marked is the tail side for convenience sake, however, unlike coins from the Meiji period, the 100-yen coin legally has no head or tail.
- その甲斐あってか、秤量銀貨に馴染んでいた西日本でも徐々に浸透、丁銀、豆板銀といった秤量銀貨を少しずつ駆逐していった。
- Due to this development or not, it was gradually integrated in western Japan where a silver-by-weight standard had been familiar and was driving out Chogin and Mameitagin slowly
- 北宋代以降の中国では、開元通宝という唐代の銭貨の質量が、質量の単位基準として用いられ、それを「銭」(せん)と呼んだ。
- In China, a copper coin called Kai Yuan Tong Bao was minted for the first time in the age of the Tang dynasty, and from the age of Northern Sung dynasty, the coin's weight began to be used as a weight unit called 'sen' (in piyin, 'qian').
- 秀吉は、政策面では織田信長を踏襲し、楽市楽座・朱印船貿易による商業振興と都市の掌握・貨幣鋳造による商業統制を行った。
- Hideyoshi followed Nobunaga ODA's policies; he promoted business by Rakuichi-Rakuza (a policy of free-market economy) and a trade by Red seal ships, controlled cities and regulated business by an issue of coins.
- これらは広く流通し特に銀札は江戸時代後期に流通高が減少した丁銀などの秤量銀貨の代役を務め、銀目取引の主導権を握った。
- These currencies were widely circulated, and in particular, Ginsatsu took an initiative for silver transaction by weight by acting as a substitute of silver coins whose value was determined by weight such as Chogin, which were decreased in circulation in the later Edo period.
- 1984年(昭和59年)2月1日 - 貨物支線(尼崎港線)塚口~尼崎港間 (4.6km) が廃止(貨)尼崎港駅廃止。
- February 1, 1984: The freight feeder line (Amagasaki-ko Line) between Tsukaguchi and Amagasaki-ko (4.6 km) was discontinued, and (freight train) Amagasaki-ko Station was discontinued.
- その大型機械を使う保守間合いを確保するため、深夜に通過する貨物列車を単線で使用をするための設備(単線並列)を設けた。
- To secure space for the use of large maintenance equipment, a facility (which is parallel to a single track) was installed so as to have freight trains pass through the single track late at night.
- その名の通り千両の貨幣を収納することを目的とした箱で、小判あるいは一分金の包塊(25両)が40個分収納可能であった。
- As the name indicates, it was a box to store 1000 ryo, and a sen-ryo-bako was just enough to hold 40 koban or 40 wrapped lumps of ichi-bu-kin (a kind of gold coin) (equivalent to 25 ryo).
- だが、当時の天保一分銀の品位 (等級)は洋銀に対して高いにも拘らず額面が地金価値よりも高く設定された名目貨幣であった。
- However, the Tempo ichibu-gin silver coin was nominal money in that its face value was set higher than its bare metal value, but the grade of the silver coin was still higher than that of Spanish dollar.
- 藩札には貨幣ではなく物品との兌換を明示した預り手形(現在の商品券に相当)形式のものもあり、この種のものでは米札が多い。
- Some han bills were used as a form of azukari-tegata (equivalent to a modern gift certificate) marked for exchange with a commodity, mostly rice, instead of coins.
- 当時の日本で貨幣経済の中心をなした宋・元・明などの銅銭(永楽銭など)、絹、羅、紗などの織物、生糸、薬材、書画、工芸品。
- Copper coins (such as Eiraku-sen) of Sung, Yuan and Ming which were the basis of money economy in Japan, textile such as silk, lightweight fabric and gauze, raw silk thread, medicine, calligraphic works/ paintings and handicrafts.
- これらは魔除けやまじない、戦乱を避けて蓄蔵したとの解釈もあるが、悪貨への交換を避けるため良貨を保管したとの見方もある。
- According to a theory, these coins were stored underground to ward off evil spirits, as a charm or for avoiding the disturbance of war, but according to another theory, they were stored to prevent them from being exchanged with low-quality coins.
- しかし、流通による磨耗からすぐに銀色の地金が姿を現し、さらに火災に遭うと固体拡散のためか銀貨同然の光沢となったという。
- However, it is said that a silver colored bare metal appeared immediately due to abrasion by circulation, and furthermore, Isshukin became as glossy as silver coins maybe because of solid diffusion when it suffered from a fire.
- これらを区別するため、質量単位の方を貫目(かんめ、一貫分の目方の略)、通貨単位の方を貫文(かんもん)という場合もある。
- To make a distinction, kan as a weight unit is sometimes called kanme (an abbreviation for 1 kan 'mekata' [weight]), and kan as a currency unit is sometimes called kanmon.
- そのため、湖西線内の貨物列車はすべて山科から近江塩津まで無停車で通り抜けている(ダイヤ上特急等を待避する停車はある)。
- Accordingly, all freight trains traveling on the Kosei Line pass through from Yamashina Station to Omi-Shiotsu Station without stopping (some trains stop to allow the passing of limited express trains, etc., for the sake of the schedule).
- だが、当時幕府財政は破綻寸前であり、改税約書が結ばれた当時には既に幕府はこれよりも質を落として貨幣を発行し続けていた。
- However, the financial affairs of the bakufu at the time were on the verge of collapse, and by the time the kaizeiyakusho was concluded, the bakufu had already lowered the quality of coins even more and continued issuing them.
- 備中国の永銭勘定や九州北部・四国西部の銭匁札などと並んで、江戸時代の貨幣経済システムを語る場合に興味深い商習慣である。
- This is an interesting business custom when talking about the monetary economy system in the Edo period, together with the Eisen-kanjo (a calculational procedure using Eiraku-tsuho [bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty] as a fictional unit) in Bitchu Province and senme-satsu in the northern part of Kyushu and in the western part of Shikoku.
- とりあえず、大隈の通貨改革は明治政府の方針、そして国際公約として認められたが、その実現までにはまだ4つの課題があった。
- OKUMA's currency reform was recognized as the Meiji Government's policy along with as an international pledge for the moment, but to be realized, there were four problems.
- この場合の支払通貨、為替相場および手数料等については、関係各国の法令、慣習および関係銀行所定の手続に従うこととします。
- In this case, laws, regulations, customs and practices of the relevant countries, as well as certain procedures prescribed by the Banks Concerned, shall be observed in respect to the currency of payment, foreign exchange rate, charges and such.
- 同じく開港場にて日本の貨幣使用が認められている点も西欧の対日条約と同じであるが、それらでは銅貨の輸出は認められていない。
- The use of Japanese currency at the cities with open ports was permitted in the treaties between Japan and the countries in Western Europe, where the export of copper coins was not allowed, however.
- 鎌倉時代・室町時代には、田地の面積は、その田で収穫することのできる平均の米の量を通貨に換算し「貫」を単位として表された。
- During the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the dimensions of rice fields were represented in units of 'kan,' which were converted from the average rice yield from the rice field.
- 2006年に日本銅センターが行った実験によって銅イオンの殺虫効果が確認されたが、なるべく新しい硬貨を使う方がいいという。
- An experiment carried out by the Japan Copper Center in 2006 proved the pesticidal effect of copper ion, and according to the experiment, new coins are more effective.
- 当時流通していた元文小判の1/2の量目であるが、品位が約14%低く出目獲得を目的とし、補助貨幣に位置すべきものであった。
- Shinbun nibuban had half the ryome (weighed value) of Genbun koban (which was in circulation at that time), and it was 14% lower in terms of its karat value; it was positioned as a subsidiary currency since it was issued to make a profit through recoining.
- 明治4年(1871年)より新通貨に引き替えられた際の引替率は、一匁札及び百文札はは8厘、三分札及び弐分札は2厘であった。
- In 1871, when bills were exchanged for new currency, 1 monme and 100 mon bills were exchanged for 8 ri, and 3 bu and 2 bu bills for 2 ri.
- だが、金貨の国外への流通が激しく、明治8年(1875年)には新しくアメリカ合衆国の貿易ドル銀貨と同等の貿易銀を発行した。
- As huge amount of gold coins fled outside the country, Japan had to issue silver trade coins equivalent to silver trade dollars of the United States in 1875.
- また外貨決済の8~9割をロンドンで行っていたが、1914年の8月に手形輸送が途絶した(当時はシベリア鉄道で輸送していた)。
- Japan also operated its 80-90% of foreign exchange settlements in London until the disruption of the transportation of exchange bills in August 1914 (Trans-Siberian Railway transported bills at the time).
- しかし、これらは広い範囲には流通しなかったと考えられ、また、通貨として流通したかということ自体に疑問も投げかけられている。
- However, it is thought that Fuhonsen coins were not circulated widely; furthermore, there is doubt if the coins were actually circulated as currency.
- しかしこのような処理は、硬貨を故意に腐食劣化させる行為であり、酸化を早めたり、緑青を発生させたり、質量を減らすことになる。
- However, this also erodes and deteriorates the coins themselves, as it encourages the process of oxidation, develops verdigris, and reduces the coin's mass.
- 両(りょう)は、尺貫法における質量の単位であり、また、近世の日本における金貨、および中国における秤量銀貨の通貨単位である。
- Ryo served as a weight unit in the traditional East Asian system of weights and measures, and also served as a currency unit in Japan and in China; in Japan, the unit of gold coins in the early modern ages, and in China, the unit of hyoryo ginka (silver coin used as currency by weight).
- これより前の慶長14年(1609年)に幕府は三貨の御定相場として「金一両=銀五十匁=永楽通宝一貫文=鐚銭四貫文」と定めた。
- Previously, in 1609, the shogunate implemented the following fixed exchange rate: '1 ryo of gold was equal to 50 monme of silver, which was equal to 1 kanmon of Eiraku-tsuho, which was equivalent to 4 kanmon of bitasen.'
- 四条河原町交差点南東角の阪急百貨店、及び同北東角のコトクロス阪急河原町、両方にビル外面に「阪急河原町駅」と表記されている。
- Hankyu Kawaramachi Station' is written on the exteriors of both the Hankyu Department Store, on the southeast corner of the Shijo-Kawaramachi intersection, and the Kotocross Hankyu Kawaramachi building, on the northeast corner of the same intersection.
- 1895年に勃発した日清戦争で発行、10両、5両、1両、5銭、2銭5分の清時代の通貨単位の軍票を1895年2月に発行した。
- The military currency in the currency of the Qing period; ten ryo, five ryo, one ryo, five sen, and two sen and five bu was issued in February, 1895 when Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1895.
- また寳永通寳には、二文字が鋳込まれた二字寳永(にじほうえい)および二字永十(にじえいじゅう)と呼ばれる試鋳貨幣が存在する。
- Kanei-tsuho also had two types of proof coin, Nijihoei (two characters hoei) and Nijieiju (two characters eiju) on which two characters were inscribed.
- このため各国はアメリカの通貨アメリカ合衆国ドルとの固定為替相場制を介し、間接的に金と結びつく形での金本位制となったのである。
- This made each country adopt gold and dollar standard system in which its currency was indirectly linked to the gold through the fixed exchange rate system with US dollar, the currency of the United State of America convertible into gold.
- 小判の通貨としての単位である「両」と区別する意味で「匁」が用いられることになり、一般的に質量の単位としては匁が広く普及した。
- Therefore, 'monme' was used to distinguish 'ryo' for showing mass from 'ryo' as the currency unit of koban (former Japanese oval gold coin), which resulted in the wide spread of monme as a general unit for measuring mass.
- 平城京が持統天皇期の藤原京の発展形であったのと同様、和同開珎もまた富本銭の発展形であり、また唐の銭貨にならったものであった。
- It the same way as Heijokyo was a developed form of Fujiwarakyo of the Emperor Jito's period, Wado Kaichin was also a developed form of Fuhonsen coins and also followed the example of Tang coinage.
- 次いで渡英して、額面100ポンド (通貨)に対して発行価格を93ポンドまで値下げし、日本の関税収入を抵当とする好条件を提示。
- Then, he went to England, where he made an attractive proposal to reduce the issue price of the bond to 93 pounds per 100-pound (Currency) face value, and offered a cut of Japanese revenue from tariffs as a security.
- 元禄二朱判(げんろくにしゅばん)は元禄小判と同品位であり、量目が1/8につくられており、本位金貨に位置づけられるものである。
- Genroku nishuban was same karat as Genroku koban and had 1/8 ryome (a weighed value) and was positioned as standard gold coin.
- 生活は非常に苦しかったために、筆を折ることも決意したが、雑貨店を開いた吉原_(東京都)近郊での生活はその作風に影響を与えた。
- Because she lived in great poverty, she sometimes made up her mind to stop writing, but her life in the neighborhood of Yoshiwara (Tokyo Prefecture), where she opened a variety shop, influenced the style of her works.
- このように国内に三種類の通貨が同時に流通することとなり、これらの取引を円滑に行うためには、これらの通貨間の両替が必要となる。
- In this way the three types of currencies were circulated in the country at the same time, and therefore, cross-currency exchange was required to facilitate the currency transactions.
- 阪急ドラマシリーズ - 関西テレビで放送されていた番組で、近畿地区では阪急百貨店・阪急不動産とともにスポンサーとなっていた。
- Hankyu Drama Series - A TV program televised on Kansai Telecasting Corporation (KTV) and, together with Hankyu Department Store and Hankyu Realty Co., Ltd., the company was a sponsor of the series.
- ところが事件発生地である広東の紳民はこれに憤激し、辰丸が釈放される19日に国恥記念大会を結集し、日貨排斥を決議したのである。
- But the residents of Guangdong, where the incident had happened, got indignant, held a meeting for commemorating the national shame on March 19, when Tatsumaru was to be released, and decided on expulsion of Japanese products.
- 江戸幕府が全国的な貨幣統一を確立するのは豊臣氏が滅亡してその全国支配が確立した後に発行された寛永通宝の発行まで待つ事になる。
- Nationwide currency by the Edo Shogunate was not established until the Kanei Tsuho coin, which was issued after the Edo Shogunate established the government of the entire nation when the Toyotomi clan was ruined.
- 本格的な客貨両用鉄道は1830年にイギリスで開通したリバプール・アンド・マンチェスター鉄道で蒸気機関車ロケット号を使用した。
- Full service passenger and cargo railroad service by Liverpool and Manchester Railway came on line in 1830 in England pulled by a locomotive 'Rocket'.
- また、先に中止させた大隈による通貨改革の布告への反対を撤回したため、改めて4月29日をもって交付されることとなったのである。
- Also, because OKUBO withdrew his opposition to the currency reform declaration by OKUMA which he had canceled before, the reform was rescheduled to be issued on April 29.
- 大隈や伊藤は当初、贋金貨100両に対する実際の価値を20両前後と見て、それに多少上乗せをして25両で引き換えることを考えた。
- In the beginning, OKUMA and ITO evaluated that 100 counterfeit ryo had around 20 ryo worth actually, so added a little more to this to exchange it for 25 ryo.
- 特に政府が頼りにしていた薩摩藩・土佐藩が自前の贋貨を大量に自己の領民に流通させている可能性があることもその危惧を高めていた。
- Particularly since the Satsuma and Tosa Domains which the government depended on, might have been circulating large amounts of counterfeit money to their people, it further raised its uneasiness.
- 関ヶ原の戦いに勝利した徳川家康は、日本国内の覇権を意識し、1601年(慶長6年)、京都伏見区の伏見城下に貨幣鋳造所を設立した。
- After his triumph in the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA set up a mint near Fushimi Castle in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, in 1601.
- この貨幣が実際に流通したのか、たんなる厭勝銭(まじない用に使われる銭)として使われたに留まったかについては学説が分かれている。
- There are different theories as to whether the coin was actually distributed or just used for incantation.
- 銭貨の通貨単位としては1000文が1貫文となるが、江戸時代には省陌法と称して960文をもって1貫文とすることが一般的であった。
- Officially, 1 kanmon was equalized with 1000 mon, but commonly, 960 mon was regarded as 1 kanmon in the Edo period, and the latter way was called shohaku method.
- 新貨条例(しんかじょうれい)は、明治4年5月10日 (旧暦)(1871年6月17日)に制定された、近代日本最初の貨幣法である。
- Established on June 17, 1871, the New Currency Regulation was Japan's first coinage act of modern times.
- 更に横浜正金銀行に直輸出荷為替資金を供給してこれによって獲得した輸出代金を日本国外で正貨形式受け取らせて日本国内に導入させた。
- He also provided Yokohama Shokin Ginko (Yokohama Specie Bank) with the funds for direct export documentary bills, made the bank receive the export proceeds in the form of specie outside Japan which it earned from the funds, and introduced the proceeds into the country.
- 日本では、明治4年5月10日 (旧暦)(1871年6月17日)に制定された新貨条例によってヨーロッパに倣って金本位制を定めた。
- Japan adopted the gold standard system according to the New Currency Act enacted on June 17, 1871 and following the movement in Europe.
- また、荻原は御用商人からの収賄や貨幣改鋳に関して巨額の利益を収めたなど、汚職の噂が絶えなかった(新井著「折たく柴の記」による)。
- In addition, there were endless corruption rumors for Ogiwara such as bribes from government contractors and enormous amounts of profit in relation with reminting the coins (in accordance with 'Oritaku Shiba no ki' [autobiographical essay] written by Hakuseki ARAI).
- 8.8匁の量目の20ドル金貨は1匁当り銀19匁すなわち1枚あたり、銀167.2匁と評価され、1ドル当たりでは銀8.36匁である。
- A twenty-dollar gold coin weighing 8.8 monme (about 33g) can be converted to 627g of silver because 1 monme (3.75g) of gold coin is equal to 71.25g of silver, and so one dollar is valued at 31.35g of silver.
- 富本銭は、1798年(寛永10年)の古銭目録に、「富本七星銭」として図柄付きで載っており、昔から貨幣研究家の間では知られていた。
- Fuhonsen coin was in the list of old coins in 1798 as 'Fuhon Shichiseisen' with illustrations and was known among coin researchers since early times.
- 清盛らが大量に輸入した宋銭は、一時はインフレーションを起こし、貨幣経済の発展をうながすなど中世の日本経済に大きな影響をあたえた。
- The Sung currency which Kiyomori and so on imported in high volume caused a temporary inflation and had a large impact on the medieval Japanese economy, promoting the development of money economy and so on.
- それまで官設鉄道が保有していた路線延長2,525km、機関車769両、客車1,832両、貨車10,821両を大きく上回っている。
- Those figures far exceeded the ones Japanese Imperial Government Railway had possessed with 2525 km in length of the railway, 769 locomotives, 1832 passenger carriages, and 10821 freight cars.
- むしろ、撰銭がおこなわれ、かつ一定の制限のもとであるにせよ公認された事実は、中国貨幣経済の信用度に大きな打撃を与えたことになる。
- The fact that erizeni acts were carried out and were officially permitted, even though some restrictions were imposed, impacted the credibility of the money economy in China greatly.
- 丁銀は額面の記載されていない秤量貨幣で、本来は使用のごとに量目を量る必要があるが、それでは扱いづらいため、包銀の形で用いられた。
- Because Chogin did not have a face value and was Hyodo kahei (currency valued by weight) and their Ryome needed to be weighed every time they were used, they were inconvenient, so they were used in the form of Hogin.
- また畿内大和は8世紀まで通貨経済は皆無であったが「國國有市、交易有無、使大倭監之。」とあり倭では交易が盛んであったことが窺える。
- In Yamato Province of Kinai region, there was no currency used for economy, but, Wa seemed to have been active in trade as it is stated that 'there is market in cities and trading is monitored by high ranking Wa.'
- また、銅材を輸出して銅銭(元銭)を輸入するという構造も当時、貨幣を鋳造することが出来なかった日本の特殊事情を反映したものである。
- Also, the practice of exporting copper materials and importing copper coins (the Yuan currency) indicates the Japan's special circumstance, the fact that Japan did not have the ability to cast copper into coins at the time.
- 1903年(明治36年)1月5日 天王寺 - 第五回内国勧業博覧会開業貨物営業開始、3月1日旅客営業開始、8 - 9月に施設撤去
- January 5, 1903: In Tennoji, the fifth Naikoku kangyo hakurankai (National Expo) opened and started freight operation, and on March 1the passenger service also started, but the facility was removed in August and September.
- 商品流通・貨幣経済の発展に伴い、諸物価の基準であった米価は江戸時代を通じて下落を続け、「米価安の諸色高」と言われた状況にあった。
- As goods distribution and a monetary economy developed, the rice price, which served as a standard of other commodities' price, continued falling throughout the Edo period, so people then said that rice price was low while other commodities' was high.
- 実際には、流通に足りる金貨が常備できない、高額になりがちな金貨は持ち運びが不便などの理由により、金貨を流通させられない場合が多い。
- In practice, it often happens that gold coins are not suitable for circulation of currency due to the shortage of the reserved coin and its inconvenience of portability due to its value.
- 事態に気付いた江戸幕府が通貨制度の改革に乗り出す頃には大量の金が日本から流出し、江戸市中は猛烈なインフレーションに見舞われていた。
- When the Edo bakufu noticed the situation and started to reform the currency system, a large amount of gold began flowing out of Japan, which created severe inflation in the city of Edo.
- 明治4年(1871年)より新通貨に引き替えられた際の引替率は、銀十匁札は1銭、銭十匁札は9厘、壱匁札は銀札、銭札共に1厘であった。
- In 1871, when bills were exchanged for the new currency, 10 monme of ginsatsu was exchanged for 1 sen, 10 monme of zenisatsu for 9 ri, and both 1 monme of ginsatsu and 1 monme of zenisatsu for 1 ri.
- 神功開宝発行の後、779年(宝亀10年)に和同開珎、万年通宝、神功開宝の3銭は、同一価を持つものとされ、以後通貨として混用された。
- After the issue of the Jingu-kaiho coin, all three types of coins, Wado-kaichin, Mannen-tsuho, and Jingu-kaiho, were determined to have an equal value in 779 and they were all together used as the currency thereafter.
- 政府が定めた価値が地金の価値に比べて非常に高かったため、発行当初から、民間で勝手に発行された私鋳銭の横行や貨幣価値の下落が起きた。
- The value of the coin determined by the government was significantly higher than the value of the bullion; therefore, the rampacy of Shichusen issued by civilians without permission from the government and declining of the currency value occurred.
- イギリス留学の費用は、2004年現在の貨幣価値にして約5億円で、130日の航海後の4人は飢えたカラスのようだったと記録されている。
- The expenses required to study in England at that time were about 500 million yen in terms of the monetary value as of 2004, and there is a record describing the four people after the 130-day voyage as starving crows.
- また、京都山陰線ホーム(30番はるかホームなど)からの下り列車は梅小路貨物駅構内を通り、通称はるかルートなどと書かれる場合もある。
- Additionally, outbound trains that start from the platforms of Kyoto Sanin Line (Platform No. 30 for Haruka, etc.) pass through the Umekoji Freight Station, and consequently this route is sometimes called the Haruka (faraway) route.
- 慶長丁銀(けいちょうちょうぎん)とは江戸時代の初期、すなわち慶長6年(1601年)7月に鋳造開始された丁銀の一種で秤量銀貨である。
- Keicho-chogin is a kind chogin (collective term of silver) which started to be minted in July 1601, the beginning of Edo period, and it is a silver coin by weight standard as well.
- 慶長小判(けいちょうこばん)とは江戸時代の初期すなわち慶長6年(1601年)より発行された小判で一両としての額面の計数貨幣である。
- Keicho Koban had been issued since 1601, during the early period of the Edo period,and was currency by table having one Ryo value per one Koban.
- -金札・正貨の交換を禁じ(等価であるため)、「太政官札」の呼称を禁じる(太政官以外に通貨発行機関が存在するとの誤解を与えるため)。
- Forbid the exchange of kinsatsu/specie money (because they are equivalent), and forbid the naming 'Dajokan-satsu' (because this would lead to a misunderstanding that another organization that issues currency besides the Daijokan exists).
- 金鉱山より買い入れた山出金、古金貨、輸入印子金などを鎔解し、塩および硫黄を加えて含まれる銀と反応させ精錬して一定の品位の焼金とした。
- Mountain golds purchased from gold mines, old gold coins and imported gold ingots were melted, and then salt and sulfur were added thereto to react with silver included in gold and then refine to produce a certain carat of pure gold.
- 寛永通宝真鍮当四文銭の成功により銀座 (歴史)が潤ったことに対抗し、金座御金改約の後藤三右衛門の発案により高額の銭貨の発行へ至った。
- Opposing the fact that the successful circulation of the Kanei-tsuho shinchu toshimonsen (bronze Kanrei-tsuho equivalent to four mon) made gin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) affluent, Sanemon GOTO, the Kin-za Okane aratame-yaku (an organizer of kin-za), proposed issuing more coins of higher rates.
- だが、明和2年(1765年)9月の五匁銀発行を皮切りに明和9年(1772年)9月の南鐐二朱銀発行以降は計数銀貨の鋳造が主流となった。
- However, currency based on value stamped on the coin became mainstream with the issue of Gomommegin in September 1765, followed by others such as the Nangyo nishu-gin of September 1772.
- 当時の日本はまだ米や布を基準とした物々交換の段階であり、和同開珎は、貨幣としては畿内とその周辺を除いてあまり流通しなかったとされる。
- Bartering with rice and cloths as standards was still the main method of obtaining necessary materials at the time in Japan; therefore, Wado-kaichin did not circulate as the currency well in Japan except in the Kinai region and its surrounding area.
- 京都~草津間は複々線で、外側の2線(外側線)は主として優等列車、貨物列車が使用し、内側の2線(内側線)は新快速・普通が利用している。
- The rail track between Kyoto and Kusatsu is a quadruple track: the two outside rail lines (outer lines) are for higher-category trains and freight trains, the inside two lines (inner lines) are for Special Rapid trains and local trains.
- これに関連して、東海道線の下り通過線は現在廃止されており、当駅を通過する吹田方面行きの貨物列車は7番のりばを通過する形になっている。
- In relation to this setup, the Tokaido Line outbound track for nonstop trains is currently not used; instead, the freight trains toward Suita Station pass through Platform 7.
- その他に豊臣政権時代に定められてそのまま継承された京都の銀貨地子や宇治市・宇治田原町の茶に対する賦課(茶役)などによる収入があった。
- Aside from that, the Edo bakufu procured income from silver jishi (land taxes under the ritsuryo system) in Kyoto--established in the period of the Toyotomi government--and a tax on tea (chayaku) in Ujitawara-cho, Uji city.
- 車輌は、木造客車や貨車の改造は木工技術があったので開通当初から実行していたが、蒸気機関車の製作は近代技術の習得に応じて進んでいった。
- While the modifications of wooden passenger and cargo trains were done by Japanese craftsmen with woodworking skills from the start of the opening however, steam engine production made progress as they learned and gained the skills of modern technology.
- 秤量銀貨の通貨単位は、安土桃山時代以前は銀拾両すなわち四十三匁を銀一枚とする単位を用いていたが、これは主として賞賜目的のものである。
- The unit of currency of silver by weight standard was ginten (ten is 10) ryo where 43 monme was a piece of silver before Azuchi- Momoyama Period, but it was used mainly for giving prize.
- これは、多くの西日本諸藩などと同様に、明治新政府により銀貨幣の通用が停止されたのちに金・銭単位通貨として発行された紙幣と推測される。
- This was assumed the paper money was issued as currency of gold or sen unit as well as many clans in western Japan did after Meiji new government stopped the circulation of silver currency.
- 外国為替法規上の(非)居住者と非居住者との間における国内にある当行の本支店または他の金融機関にある受取人の預金口座への円貨建送金取引
- Remittance transactions in yen between residents and nonresidents, or nonresidents and nonresidents, as defined in the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law and its corresponding regulations, payable to payee accounts held at the head office or branches of the Bank in Japan or, payable to payee accounts held at other financial institutions in Japan
- すなわち、銭貨の需要が生じたとき幕府は随時、鋳銭希望者を公募し、銭貨を大量生産する能力を持つ者に期限を区切って鋳銭を命じたのであった。
- That is, when there was a demand for coins, the bakufu publicly sought contractors who were willing to mint coins, and placed an order for coins with a definite deadline with those who were capable of mass production of coins.
- 例えば日本は1913年12月末の時点で日銀正貨準備は1億3千万円、在外正貨2億4,600万円であり、在外正貨はすべてロンドンにあった。
- For example, in Japan, at the end of December 1913, the gold reserve of Bank of Japan was 130 million yen and the overseas gold reserve that all was in London was 246 million yen.
- 元禄赤穂事件の際に、家老の大石良雄がすぐさま藩札を額面の6割交換という高い率の銀正貨で回収し、城下の混乱を抑えた話はつとに有名である。
- It was well known that Yoshio OISHI, the chief retainer, collected han bills in exchange for silver coins at a high rate (60 percent of the face values) and controlled social unrest when the Genroku Ako incident happened.
- また、金銀の備蓄も底が見え始め、の元禄小判元禄丁銀の発行を発端に出目獲得および通貨拡大のため品位を低下させる改鋳が行われるようになる。
- Since stockpiled gold and silver also began to dry up, coins with low content of gold and silver were reminted in order to gain a profit margin and expand currency in circulation, beginning with the issue of Genroku Koban (gold coin) and Genroku Chogin (silver coin) in 1695.
- 代銭納(だいせんのう)とは、中世日本の荘園・国衙領・武家領などにおいて、公事や年貢、地子などの納入を現物に代わって貨幣で納入する制度。
- The term Daisenno means the system of paying kuji (public service), nengu (tribute), and/or jishi (land tax) in cash, instead of in kind, that was introduced in medieval Japan at the shoen (manor), kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office), and/or bukeryo (territories of samurai family).
- 地子交易(じしこうえき)とは、律令制において国司が公田から得た地子稲を中央に上供する際に運搬に便利なように軽貨に交換(売買)すること。
- Jishi Koeki refers to the exchange (buying and selling) of rice as a land tax that was collected from koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) by a provincial governor under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code); rice was exchanged for light commodities that were easier to carry and submit to the central government.
- 著作も多く、『蘭学階梯』の序文や『泰西輿地図説』、『古今泉貨鑑』、『新撰銭譜撰』12巻、『良貨分量考』など、多くの貴重な著作を残した。
- He wrote a lot of great books including the preface of the 'Rangaku Kaitei' (an introductory book of the Western science study by Masatsuna KUTSUKI), 'Taisei Yochi Zusetsu' (a geography book by Masatsuna KUTSUKI), 'Kokonsen Kakagami' (a numismatic book on ancient and temporary coins by Masatsuna KUTSUKI), 'Shin Sensen Fusen' (a numismatic book by Masatsuka KUTSUKI) Vol. 12, and 'Ryoka Bunryoko' (a numismatic book on material of coins by Masatsuna KUTSUKI).
- 明治5年までに新通貨を発行して金札との交換を行うまでの間、金札の流通を妨げてはならない(金札が新通貨発行までの正貨の代替となるため)。
- The circulation of kinsatsu must not be prevented until the new currency is issued and is exchanged with the kinsatsu by 1872 (this is because the kinsatsu was a substitution of the specie until the new currency was issued).
- ただし、実際には接収された金座は新政府貨幣司の統制下となり明治政府の軍費支払に充てるために翌年2月まで新政府が用いる金貨を鋳造していた。
- However, the requisitioned kin-za was actually under the regulation of Kaheishi (currency office) of a new government and cast gold coins to be used by the new government until February of the following year to apply the money to payment of military expenditure of the Meiji Government.
- しかし、宋朝の財政がインフレーション状態に陥り逼迫してくると、当5銭(5文銭)や当10銭(10文銭)という貨幣も鋳造されるようになった。
- However, as the financial situation of the Sung dynasty fell to inflation and got into trouble, other coins such as to gosen (equivalent to five sen) and to jussen (equivalent to ten sen) were minted.
- しかしその後、改鋳により含有率、質量とも劣る小判が発行される様になり、質量単位としての両と通貨単位としての両の乖離は拡大することなった。
- After that, however, reminted koban became inferior both in percentage of gold and in weight, then ryo as the weight unit became far apart from ryo as the currency unit.
- 領国貨幣は主に商取引に用いられた地方極印銀などをいい、また戦国時代に手柄を立てた者に対する恩賞として用いられた金銀貨も含める場合が多い。
- Ryogoku kahei referred to chiho hallmark silver used mainly for commercial transactions, and in many cases included gold and silver coins, which were awarded to those who had rendered distinguished services in the Sengoku period.
- 吉宗は以前の改鋳が庶民を苦しめたこともあり、改鋳に否定的であったが、改鋳は差益を得る目的ではなく、純粋に通貨供給量を増やすものであった。
- Yoshimune was opposed to recoinage because previous cases of recoinage punished the public, however, the object of the coinage was not to gain marginal profits but to increase money supply for its own sake.
- 後に山県有朋はこの宸翰の内容を知って驚愕し、密かに2万円(現在の貨幣価値に換算すれば数億円以上の価値になる)で譲渡するように働きかけた。
- Aritomo YAMAGATA was shocked when he later found out about the contents of that letter, and secretly tried to get it for 20,000 yen (worth several hundred million yen in today's money).
- また、地方から租税として集められた貨幣や地金を公式の通貨に換金して政府に納入するジャフハズ(jahbadh)と呼ばれる御用業者もあった。
- Money dealers called 'jahbadh' changed the currencies and bullions collected in various places as taxes into the official currencies, which they delivered to the government.
- 「タカラヲ賤ンズルトテ、ナゲスツルニハアラズ、五穀ヲ第一トシテ、金銀コレヲ助ケ、五穀下ニミチミチテ、上ノ用ニ達スルヲ貨ヲ賤ズトイフナリ」
- Abhorring money does not mean throwing money away, it just places the most importance on gokoku (five kinds of grain) and gold and silver are to help gokoku flourish on the ground, so that money is abhorred for gokoku to flourish,'
- 複数の国が存在していて、それらの国が金本位制を採用している場合、流通している通貨が異なっても事実上「金」が世界共通の通貨であることになる。
- When there are several countries, which implement gold standard system, 'gold' is practically the universal currency even though their currencies in circulation are different.
- 「富本」というのは、唐代の百科事典『芸文類聚』が引く『東漢観記』の「富民之本在於食貨」(民を富ませる本は食貨に在り)という故事に由来する。
- The word 'Fuhon' is derived from a historical event 'food and money are the source to enrich people' of 'Tokankanki' from encyclopedia 'Geimon-ruiju' (a Chinese encyclopedia, literally 'Collection of Literature Arranged by Categories').
- 私鉄から引き継がれた鉄道路線の延長は4,550km、未開業線292km、機関車1,118両、客車3,101両、貨車20,850両であった。
- The succeeded length of the private railways was 4550 km, unopened line 292 km with 1118 locomotives, 3101 passenger carriages, and 20850 freight cars.
- 元禄時代の経済の急成長により、貨幣経済が農村にも浸透し、四木(桑・漆・檜・楮)・三草(紅花・藍・麻または木綿)など商品作物の栽培が進んだ。
- Thanks to the rapid growth of the economy in the Genroku era, the monetary economy spread to agricultural communities too, and the commercial crops such as mulberry, lacquer, hinoki cypress, paper mulberry, safflower, indigo, hemp and cotton began to be cultivated more and more.
- 忠成は財政再建のために文政期から天保期にかけて8回に及ぶ貨幣改鋳・大量発行を行なっているが、これがかえって物価騰貴などを招くことになった。
- Attempting to rebuild the bakufu's finances, Tadanari recoined and mass-issued currency on eight occasions between the Bunsei and Tenpo eras, though these attempts ultimately brought negative effects, such as price increases.
- 西日本を中心に銀山から山出しされた灰吹銀に極印を打ち、その量目(質量)に応じて実質価値が定まる秤量銀貨が大口取引に利用されるようになった。
- Mainly in western Japan, large-amount transactions were conducted in 'shoryo ginka' or silver coins which were hallmarked pieces of cupelled silver mined from a silver mine and whose real values were determined by their weight (mass).
- 人参代往古丁銀(にんじんだいおうこちょうぎん)とは宝永7年(1710年)から、高麗人参貿易取引専用に鋳造された丁銀の一種で秤量銀貨である。
- Ninjindai Oko Chogin refers to silver coins minted from 1710 for exclusive use for trade of Korean ginseng, and it was a silver-by-weight standard.
- 兄で雑貨商の成石勘三郎(1880年2月5日 - 1931年1月3日)も大逆事件で逮捕され、死刑判決後に無期懲役となり、1929年に仮釈放。
- His brother, Kanzaburo NARUISHI (February 5, 1880 - January 3, 1931) who engaged in the sales business of general merchandise, was also arrested for Kotoku Incident (also known as Taigyaku Jiken [the High Treason Incident]); his death sentence was reduced to life imprisonment after the trial, and later he was released on parole in 1929.
- 路線299マイル16チェーン (単位)(開業線280M72C、未開業線18M24C)機関車121、客車571、貨車1273が引き継がれた。
- Line 299 mile, 16 chain (unit value) (opened line 280M72C, unopened line 18M24C), 121 locomotives, 571 passenger cars and 1273 freight cars were passed on.
- 新貨条例は金本位制を制定したものであったが、実際には国内外の貨幣事情から、その後も金本位制は実現せず、事実上は金銀複本位制が実態となった。
- Although the New Currency Regulation stipulated the gold standard system, bimetallism was practically used since the gold standard system wa snot put into practice because of the currency circumstances at home and abroad.
- 硬貨の鋳造技術も旧態依然の未熟なものであり、江戸時代以来、偽造金銀銭が多く流通しており、貿易決済にも用いられたため諸外国からの苦情が殺到。
- Because a lot of forged gold and silver coins had circulated since the Edo period as coin casting technology was outdated and immature and they were used for trade settlement, a lot of complaints were made by foreign countries.
- 新貨幣生産を担うべき造幣局予定地の火災(明治2年11月)による設備の焼失や、市場に流通する偽金・不換紙幣の整理に時間を割かれたためである。
- It was because it took a lot of time to recover from the destruction of facilities by fire (in November 1869) at the planned site of Mint Bureau which was to produce new currencies, and to clean up fake money and inconvertible paper currencies circulating in the market.
- 八両判(はちりょうばん)は中央上部に長方形枠の「大判」、下部に「光次(花押)」、外周に小型の桐紋極印が十二箇所打たれた大判形の金貨である。
- Hachiryoban is a gold coin with rectangluar frame around 'Oban' on the upper center, 'Mitsutsugu (Kao[written seal mark]) ' on the lower part, small 12 Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) hallmarks are imprinted on outer circumference.
- 松方は中央銀行を設置する一方で漸進的に紙幣消却を進め、紙幣流通量と正貨保有量が同じ水準となった時点で兌換紙幣に切り替えていく方針を定めた。
- Matsukata established the Bank of Japan, and at the same time, he progressively moved forward with the incineration of paper money, setting a policy of converting the paper money into the convertible paper money when the paper money supply reached the level equal to the specie holdings.
- 銀遣いの上方にあることから丁銀鋳造の中心地となり、駿河、後に江戸とともに貨幣鋳造を担い、これは寛政12年(1800年)の銀座改革まで続いた。
- Located in the Osaka area where coinage was used heavily, it became the center of Chogin silver minting and continued to operate alongside other ginzas in Sunpu and later in Edo, until the ginza reform in 1800.
- 同月21日、太政官に設立された貨幣司(かへいし)は旧金座、銀座で二分金および一分銀などを鋳造し、明治2年(1869年)2月5日に廃止された。
- On April 21, the currency office established under Dajokan (Grand Council of State) minted 2-bu gold coins and 1-bu silver coins at the former kinza and ginza but it closed on February 5, 1869.
- 宝永の札遣い停止令を経て、元文5年(1740年)に、藩財政窮乏の緩和、藩経済の発展に対応した通貨量増大などを目的として藩札の発行を再開した。
- After the order for the suspension of bills in the Hoei era lapsed, in 1740 the domain again issued han bills to ease financial poverty and to increase the amount of currency for economic growth.
- 市中に流通している天保一分銀は2.3匁(8.62グラム)であり、1ドル銀貨は26.73グラムであるから100ドルは一分銀310枚に相当する。
- As Tenpo ichibu-gin silver in circulation weighs 2.3 monme (8.62g) and a one-dollar silver coin weighs 26.73g, one hundred dollars are equal in value to 310 ichibu-gin silver coins.
- そこで室町幕府や多数の大名が撰銭令を度々発令し、悪銭と良銭の混入比率を決めたり、一定の悪銭の流通を禁止することを条件に貨幣の流通を強制した。
- Therefore, the Muromachi bakufu and many daimyo promulgated Erizenirei many times, specifying a mixing ratio of low-quality currencies to high-quality currencies or forcing to circulate currencies in the condition that the circulation of certain low-quality currencies should be prohibited.
- 1951年(昭和26年)から1958年(昭和33年)にかけて製造された十円硬貨には、その縁にギザがあり、俗にギザ十(ギザジュウ)と呼ばれる。
- As 10-yen coins produced between 1951 and 1958 have an engrailed rim, they are nicknamed 'Giza-ju' (jaggy 10-yen).
- 甲州金および江戸時代の通貨体系となった「両」および「分」は、これを基に定められた可能性が高く、薬種の量目も金銀の単位体系に準じたものである。
- ryo' and 'bu,' which were incorporated into Koshu-kin and the currency system of the Edo period, were highly likely to have been based on the previously-mentioned system, and the weight units' system of drugs was modeled after that of gold and silver.
- また、豊臣秀吉は天正大判および天正通宝などいわゆる太閤金銀銭を発行したが、全国統一を前提とした大判、丁銀などは領国貨幣に含めないことが多い。
- Also, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI issued so-called Taiko (retired imperial regent) Kinginsen (gold and silver coins), such as Tensho-Oban (gold coins issued in 1588) and Tensho-Tsuho (coins issued in 1587); however, in many cases, Oban, Chogi, etc., which were intended for the unification of the whole country, are not included in ryogoku kahei.
- 開国以後、江戸幕府は金の海外流出を食い止めるために金貨の質を落としたが、そのために物価は上昇、社会は混乱し、欧米商人も経済的な打撃を受けた。
- After Japan opened its country to the world, the Edo bakufu lowered the quality of gold coins to stop the outflow of gold to foreign countries, but because of this, prices rose, the society was in confusion, and European and American merchants also took a hard hit economically.
- 以後、大隈(4月17日会計官副知事専任、7月6日大蔵省発足により大蔵大輔に移行)を主導として通貨改革に関する様々な布告が出されることとなる。
- Afterwards, various declarations concerning the currency reform were put out with OKUMA (on April 17 he became a full-time finance office vice prefectural governor, and on July 6, he transferred to Okura no taifu [a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury] due to the establishment of Ministry of finance) as the main leader.
- しかし、世界恐慌による金融市場の混乱による銀錠の流出を受けて1935年に銀本位制を放棄(銀元廃両改元)(管理通貨制度に基づく法幣導入)をした。
- However, confusion of financial market because of the Great Depression led outflow of silver coins, so the silver standard was abandoned (the abandonment of the old 'tael' and its replacement with the 'yuan'; adoption of legal currency based on controlled currency system) in 1935.
- また1ドル銀貨すなわち外国銀貨は地金と見做されるため純銀量6匁2分(23.2グラム)に対し二六双替である通用銀(天保丁銀)16匁と評価される。
- As a one-dollar silver coin, a foreign silver coin, is regarded as bare metal, its pure silver content, 23.2g, is valued at 60g of common silver currency (Tenpo Chogin), because 10 monme (37.5g) of pure silver is purchased at silver mint for 97.5g of Tenpo Chogin.
- 年号には他に「天正十七」、「天正十九」と書かれたものが存在するが、全体の現存数は数品と見られ、貨幣博物館および造幣博物館などに展示されている。
- Although there remain other Tensho hishi oban which were minted in the seventeenth and nineteenth year of Tensho era, at present Tensho hishi oban is very rare, and some of those are displayed in Currency Museum, Mint Museum and so on.
- 唐代以後、中国王朝が発行する銅銭は高い信用価値をもって通用されて日本をはじめとする周辺諸国においても自国通貨に代わって用いられるようになった。
- Since the period of the Tang Dynasty, copper coins issued by the Chinese dynasty were prevailed with high creditworthiness, so Japan and other neighboring countries started using them instead of the local currency.
- 鎌倉時代後期には、異国警固などの出費が増大しただけでなく、貨幣経済の浸透や分割相続制によって幕府を支える中小御家人の零細化・疲弊が進んでいた。
- In the late Kamakura period, middle and small classes of gokenin who supported the Shogunate not only had to increase their expenditures for military service in the Kyushu area to provide against the invasion of the Yuan Dynasty, but also became gradually insignificant and impoverished due to the penetration of the money economy and divided succession.
- 小判1枚の貨幣価値に相当し、したがって二分金2枚に、一分金、一分銀4枚に相当し、また二朱金、南鐐二朱銀8枚に、一朱金、一朱銀16枚に相当する。
- 1 ryo had currency value as 1 koban (former Japanese gold coin of oval shape) which 1 ryo was equivalent to 2 nibu-kin (former Japanese gold coin of 2 bu), 4 ichibu-kin (former Japanese gold coin of 1 bu) or ichibu-gin (former Japanese silver coin of 1 bu), 8 nishu-kin (former Japanese gold coin of 2 shu) or Nanryo nishu-gin (former Japanese silver coin of 2 shu), 16 isshu-kin (former Japanese gold coin of 1 shu) or isshu-gin (former Japanese silver coin of 1 shu) accordingly.
- 空港などにおいて、主に入国者および出国者を対象に、2国間の通貨を手数料を徴収して、為替相場に応じて外貨両替を行う窓口または店舗を両替商と呼ぶ。
- A money changer is a window or store at an airport that exchanges the currency of one country for that of another at exchange rates on behalf of those who leave or arrive at the country for a commission.
- 改正前の内容には兌換硬貨と銀行券との交換の為に紙幣に見合うだけの兌換硬貨を用意する必要があったため、改正により貨幣制度に大きな影響を及ぼした。
- Before the amendments, the banks must always keep the amount of convertible coins comparable to the sum of the notes they issued, so the amendments, which abolished this restriction, made a great influence to the monetary system.
- 関ヶ原の合戦に勝利した徳川家康は幕府設立に先立ち、貨幣制度の整備を重要課題の一つとし、後藤庄三郎光次に全国流通を前提とした小判の鋳造を命じた。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had won the Battle of Sekigahara, made the improvement of currency system one of the most important tasks before the foundation of Bakufu, ordering Shosaburo Mitsutsugu GOTO to cast Koban which were supposed to be circulated across the country.
- このため、中国の条約港で流通している銀貨を日本に持ち込んで金に両替し、再び中国に持ち帰り銀に両替するだけで、一攫千金濡れ手で粟の利益が得られた。
- As a result, merely by bringing some of the silver circulating in the treaty port of China into Japan and exchanging it for gold and then taking that gold back to China and exchanging it for silver, people had found a very easy way by which to get rich quick.
- 鎌倉中期から徐々に発展してきた貨幣経済や商業・流通経済を政策に取り込んだ体制の維持の成功は、豊臣秀吉や蒲生氏郷など多くの模倣者や追随者を生んだ。
- He succeeded in maintaining this system by adopting a monetary economy and commodity markets which gradually developed after the mid-Kamakura period; this success also gave rise to many imitators and followers such as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ujisato GAMO.
- また、流通経済が発達しなかったため銀などの貨幣による売買が成立せず自給自足が基本の朝鮮民とは物々交換などで食料の調達を行わなければならなかった。
- In addition, as distribution economy had not developed, selling and buying using currency such as silver did not exist and procurement of food had to be conducted by barter exchange with Korean people who had been living by self-sufficient economy.
- 17世紀末の品位を低下させた元禄小判元禄丁銀を発行するに至り、ようやく金座および銀座 (歴史)による領国貨幣の回収が進行し通貨統一が達成された。
- At the end of 17th century when lower-quality Genroku Koban (oval gold coins) and Genroku chogin (oval silver coins) were issued, the calling-back of ryogoku kahei by kin-zas (organizations in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) and gin-zas (organizations in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) made progress and the unification of currency was achieved at long last.
- また、多くの書籍の装幀、広告宣伝物、日用雑貨のほか、浴衣などのデザインも手がけており、日本の近代グラフィックデザインの草分けのひとりとも言える。
- Moreover, he designed a lot of book covers, advertising items, daily goods and yukata (an informal cotton kimono for summer), and he was one of the pioneers of modern graphic design.
- さらに慶長丁銀と伴に慶長金銀(けいちょうきんぎん)と呼ばれ、徳川家康による天下統一を象徴する、江戸幕府による初期の貨幣として重要な位置を占める。
- Keicho Chogin and Keicho Koban are called Keicho Kingin (gold and silver of Keicho), having vital importance as the early currency by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), representing domination of the whole country by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- しかし、一貫して金銀の純度を下げる方向で改鋳をし続けた結果、実態の経済規模と発行済通貨量が著しくアンバランスになりインフレーションが発生していた。
- However, he repeatedly reminted coins by consistently degrading the purity of the gold and silver, and this caused inflation due to a significant imbalance of actual economic scale and currency circulation.
- 幕藩体制の確立と共に全国に普及、創鋳から30年ほど経った寛文年間頃には、永楽通宝をはじめとする渡来銭をほぼ完全に駆逐し、貨幣の純国産化を実現した。
- Shin-Kanei-bunsen which spread across the country along with the establishment of shogunate system almost completely expelled Torai-sen (coins imported from China) including Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) in around the Kanbun era about 30 years after the first minting, and domestic production of all coins was realized.
- そこで旧幕府軍において資金調達を担当していた会計奉行の榎本道章と、副総裁の松平太郎は、貨幣を偽造してばら撒き、「脱走金」の悪名を流すことになった。
- So, Michiaki ENOMOTO, Accounting Bugyo who had ever been in charge of fund raising at the Old Bakufu, and Taro MATSUDAIRA, Vice-President, counterfeited money for circulation, and they became notorious for 'Deserter's money' for this reason,
- 結局、実質価値に満たない名目貨幣としての銀貨は国際的には通用しないとハリスに押し切られ、同種同量交換の1ドル=3分の交換比率を承諾することになる。
- In the end, HARRIS won the dispute by insisting that nominal silver coins to which a higher value than their real value was attached would not be internationally accepted, and forced the bakufu to accept an exchange rate of 3 bu to the dollar where the same quantity of the same material was being exchanged.
- ただし大量生産される鋳造貨幣というものは質量を一定に製作することは困難で(最大2倍程度のばらつきはある)、質量の基準が開元通寳というわけではない。
- However, mass-produced metallic currency was difficult to be equalized in weight (at worst, the disparity was as large as almost twice) so Kai Yuan Tong Bao could not be said the standard of the weight of currencies.
- しかし明治時代以降は日本国内では尺貫法としては専ら「貫」、「匁」が使用され、「両」は新貨条例にも度量衡法にも登場せず、ほとんど使用されなくなった。
- From the Meiji period in Japan, however, only 'kan' and 'monme' became used in the traditional Japanese system of weights and measures, and 'ryo' became rarely used because it was neither mentioned in the New Currency Act nor in the Weights and Measures Act.
- この様な貨幣は市場に出ると当時としては余にも高額なものであったため、金屋および銀屋などの両替商に持ち込まれ、銭貨に替えて使用されることが多かった。
- Once these coins entered the market, many of them were taken to money changers, such as gold shops or silver shops, and converted to senka (base metal coins) for use, as the precious metals were worth more than their money value.
- そこで、全国の藩の約8割に当たる244藩、14の代官所、9の旗本領が紙幣の発行を確認し、これらは全て紙幣ごとに新貨交換比率が設定されて処理された。
- Then, after confirming that 244 clans, approximately 80 percents of all clans in the nation, 14 magistrate's offices, and 9 Hatamoto territories had issued paper money, the government specified a rate of exchange, to be used to exchange each of these paper moneys for a new currency, to correct the situation.
- 元明天皇即位の翌年にあたる708年(慶雲5年)正月、武蔵国が銅を献上したのを機に「和銅」と改元され、翌2月には、貨幣の鋳造と都城の建設が開始された。
- In January 708 which was the year after the enthronement of the Empress Genmei, the name of the era was changed to 'Wado' (literally, 'Japanese copper') after the presentation of copper from Musashi Province and, in February next year, production of coins and construction of the capital commenced.
- 明治時代に通貨単位として円 (通貨)(円)が導入されたが、切り替え時に「1圓は1両と等価」とされ、しばらくの間は「圓」のことを「両」とも呼んでいた。
- In the Meiji period, yen was introduced as the currency unit, however, '1 yen was equivalent to 1 ryo' in changeover phase, so 'yen' was called 'ryo' for a while.
- 金貨の通貨単位としての両は武田信玄により、鋳造を命じられた甲州金により確立され、江戸幕府に継承されたもので、1両は4分に等しく、また16朱に等しい。
- As the currency unit of gold coins, ryo was established by Koshu-kin (the gold coin minted in Koshu Province), which Shingen TAKEDA ordered to coin, and handed down to the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); 1 ryo was equalized with 4 bu, or 16 shu (bu and shu were former Japanese currency unit).
- 1893年には貨幣制度調査会特別委員となり、日清戦争後の賠償金により金本位制への移行がなされた際には、金本位制実施を主張する復命書の起草にあたった。
- He became an extraordinary member of the committee of the currency system research in 1893, and when the government adopted the gold standard system because of the compensation after the Japanese-Sino War, he made a draft report on why the gold standard system should be carried out.
- 近江国野洲(現滋賀県野洲市)に生まれたが、父 安治が嵯峨 (京都市)の豪商角倉家に仕え運漕(船で貨物を運ぶ仕事)をしており、一家で京都に移り住んだ。
- He was born in Yasu, Omi Province (present Yasu City, Shiga Prefecture) but his family moved to Kyoto as his father Yasuharu was serving Suminokura family, a wealthy merchant in Saga (Kyoto City), and working as Unso (a work that carries freights on a ship).
- 各国がいったん自国通貨と金との交換比率を決定すると金平価も自動的に決定され、各国通貨当局は金平価を維持させるために、国内の金融政策が追随する形をとる。
- Once each country determines an exchange rate between home currency and gold, the parity of gold becomes automatically fixed, and the currency authority in each country introduces monetary policy, which is adjusted to the financial situation to sustain the parity of gold.
- 寛永3年(1626年)、水戸市の豪商である佐藤新助が銭貨の不足を理由に銅銭の鋳造を幕府および水戸藩に願い出て、許可されたのが寛永通寳の始まりであった。
- Kanei Tsuho was born when Shinsuke SATO, a wealthy merchant in Mito City, asked the bakufu and the Mito Domain for permission to mint copper coins due to a short supply of coins in 1626, and was granted such permission.
- 幕府自体は、貨幣流通にこだわり続けたが、幕末の慶応3年(1867年)に江戸横浜通用札、江戸および関八州通用札、兵庫開港札の三種類の金札紙幣を発行した。
- The shogunate kept trying to circulate coins, but in 1867, at the end of the Edo period, they finally issued three kinds of kinsatsu such as the Edo Yokohama Tsuyo-satsu, the Edo and Kanhassyu Tsuyo-satsu and the Hyogokaiko-satsu.
- それには十分な正貨準備が不可欠であったが、実際には、藩札発行で得られる実通貨の納庫を目論み、これによって藩の財政難の解消を試みる場合がしばしばあった。
- Such issuance was supposed to be based on a sufficient amount of standard coins retained by the domain, but actually, in most cases, domains tried to collect as many circulating coins as possible in exchange for issued han bills for the purpose of improving their financial situation.
- 家斉の治世は、はじめ質素倹約の政策が引き継がれたが、貨幣悪鋳による出目の収益で幕府財政が一旦潤うと、大奥での華美な生活に流れ、幕政は放漫経営に陥った。
- At the beginning of Ienari's government, the policy of simple and frugal life was succeeded, but when the finance of the shogunate government recovered temporarily by minting new currency with low content of gold and silver, which brought profit margin to the government, administration fell into a lax management at an extravagant expense of the harem (ooku).
- が、江戸時代前半には小判の通貨体系としての「両」の基となった、武田信玄による甲斐国の領国貨幣を引き継いだ甲州金に限り領内通用を条件に発行が認められた。
- However, Ieyasu used Ryogoku Kahei issued by Shingen TAKEDA as the basis of 'ryo,' the monetary system of koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) in the early period of Edo period, and for this reason, he permitted issue of Koshukin, a successor of the local currency established by Shingen TAKEDA, with the condition that the currency was only to be used within the Kai Province.
- これまでの元禄銀による支払いは故意に悪質の銀貨を渡していたとの誤解を避けるため、対馬藩では貿易取引において「特鋳銀(とくちゅうぎん)」と称したという。
- It is said that the Tsushima Domain did not use this name in the trade and used another name 'Tokuchugin' (the silver coin minted for special purposes) to avoid misunderstanding for Genrokugin by Korean side; that is, the Tsushima Domain did not want the Korean side to think that payments up to that point was intentionally made by using low quality silver coins.
- 平成10年(1998年)4月の「外国為替及び外国貿易法」の改正により規制が緩和され、一般企業でも外国為替および外貨両替を扱うことができるようになった。
- After 'The Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law' was revised in April 1998, the former restriction was lifted, enabling any commercial company to deal with foreign exchange and foreign money exchange.
- 条件が厳格であったために次第に成り手に事欠くようになったために、寛保3年(1743年)には許可制ながらも空船時の一般貨物の搬送も許されることとなった。
- Bakufu's requirement was so strict that the number of jomai sekisen decreased, and then in 1743, the bakufu allowed jomai sekisen to carry general cargo under its license system.
- 大隈は同年3月輔相三条実美に対し、通貨単位を両から円に改めること、10進法を基本とすること、硬貨を方形ではなく円形とすることなどを建白し、了承された。
- In March 1869, OKUMA petitioned Sanetomi SANJO, a hosho (chief administrative officer) to change the currency unit, from ryo to yen, adopting the decimal system, and to change the shape of coins, from square to round, and then all of them were approved.
- 寛永13年(1636年)より幕府は各地銭座に寛永通寳の鋳造を請負わせたが、これは良質の銭貨であったにも拘らず、価値は鐚銭と等価に設定されたのであった。
- Since 1636, bakufu had made zeni-za (an organization in charge of minting coins during the Edo period) across the country cast Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty), whose value was set the same as Bitasen (low quality coins whose surfaces were worn away), though it was good quality coin.
- 樺太東線:大泊港駅 - 古屯駅(414.4km) :支線 落合駅 (樺太庁) - 栄浜駅(10.3km) :貨物線 栄浜駅 - 栄浜海岸駅(1.8km)
- Karafuto East Line: Otomari Port Station - Koton Station (414.4km) : Branch line Ochiai Station (Karafuto-Cho) - Sakaehama Station (10.3km) : Freight Line Sakaehama Station - Sakaehama Kaigan (coast) Station (1.8km)
- 1999年1月19日には、奈良県明日香村から大量の富本銭が発見され、最古の貨幣は和同開珎という定説が覆る、教科書が書き換えられるなどと大きく報道された。
- A large quantity of Fuhonsen coins were discovered in Asuka-mura, Nara Prefecture in January 19, 1999; therefore, the reports, the established theory that Wado-kaichin was the oldest coin would be overturned and textbooks would be rewritten, came out.
- 当時、銀座 (歴史)において用いられた正式名称は「小玉銀」であるが、『金銀図録』および『三貨図彙』などの古銭書には「豆板銀」という名称で収録されている。
- At that time, the formal name used at Ginza (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) was 'Kodamagin,' but in the books of old coinage, such as 'Kinginzuroku' (Gold & Silver catalog) and 'Sanka zui' (Illustrations of the three types of money), it was recorded under the name of 'Mameitagin'.
- 更に当時は「財貨」であるより以前に、朝廷の諸行事の装飾の貴重にして重要な材料であり、ほとんど陸奥からしか手に入らなかった砂金の「不貢金」を起こしている。
- In addition, there was the issue of 'bu-kokin' (lack of gold supply), with gold dust,which was more an important material for decorations used in imperial court ceremonies rather than a 'commodity,' coming mostly only from Mutsu.
- 13歳も時・平田家へ奉公・平田佐次郎主人の船の船員・ボーイとなり・18歳で支配人・23歳で500石の伊宝丸を買収船主・江戸四日市間の貨物運搬に従事する。
- At the age of 13, he was articled to the Hirata family and became a sailor and porter of the ship of his master, Sajiro HIRATA, and at age 18 became a manager and at age 23 bought up Ihomaru, a ship carrying a load of 500 koku, and as a ship-owner he was in the business of carrying cargoes between Edo and Yokkaichi.
- 現代においても、金の地金(インゴット)や地金型金貨を貯蔵する箱が「千両箱」として貴金属商社などから販売されている(購入者に無料で贈り物することもある)。
- Even now, boxes to store gold bullions (ingot) or bullion bars are sold at noble metal trading companies as 'sen-ryo-bako' (sometimes such boxes are offered to purchasers as free gifts).
- そして9月12日 (旧暦)(同じく10月14日)には、新橋駅(後に貨物専用の汐留駅 (国鉄)となり、現在は廃止)~横浜駅間開業の式典が新橋駅で催された。
- The opening ceremony of the line between Shinbashi Station (which later became Shiodome Station [Japanese National Railways] used only for cargo trains and is disused at present) and Yokohama Station was held at Shinbashi Station on October 14.
- その反面、国鉄の保有する車輌は蒸気機関車だけでも174形式1118両、客車3067両、貨車20884両におよび、運用・整備・修理に大きな困難が発生した。
- On the other hand, it amassed a huge fleet of trains with 1,118 Model 174 locomotives, 3,067 passenger trains, 20,884 cargo trains and consequently faced an enormous difficulty for operation, maintenance, and repair.
- また「大黒像」、「常是」、「寳」に加えて家紋の一覧沢瀉(おもだか)の極印が打たれた澤瀉丁銀(おもだかちょうぎん)は初期の試鋳貨幣的存在と考えられている。
- In addition to 'daikokuzo','joze' and 'ho', omodaka-chogin where hallmark of family crest of ichiran-omodaka was inscribed was regarded to be the trial of minting coin in the beginning.
- 明治維新後、廃藩置県によって明石藩が明石県を経て飾磨県となった明治5年(1872年)4月から明治6年(1873年)12月までの間、新通貨に引き替えられた。
- During a period from April 1872 to December 1873, during which Akashi Domain became Akashi Prefecture and then a part of Shikama Prefecture as a result of Haihan-chiken after the Meiji Restoration, han bills were exchanged to the new currency.
- しかしながら、高額貨幣は、東日本は金貨(小判)が、西日本は銀貨(丁銀)が流通の基本となっており、その相場も日々変動したため、両替商などの金融業を発達した。
- However, in the eastern Japan gold coins (koban) were circulated as large denomination coins, while in the western Japan, silver coins (chogin), and the exchange rate fluctuated on a daily basis, the financial industry including money brokers developed.
- また、明和期以前は一分判より低額面のものは寛永通寳一文 (通貨単位)銭であったため、この中間を補佐する貨幣の需要が高かったことも流通が普及した要因である。
- Another reason for Nanryo Nishu Gin circulating well was that auxiliary currency in between was much in demand because Kanei Tsuho Ichimon Sen (a coin currency unit) had been the only lower face value than Ichibu Ban (Koban) before the Meiwa era.
- ちなみに万延二分金一両分(2枚)=明治二分金一両分(2枚)=(新通貨単位)一円金貨という、貨幣基準で新貨幣単位「円 (通貨)」が定められたといわれている。
- It is said that new currency 'yen' was determined according to the currency standard that 1 ryo (2 coins) of Manei nibukin = 1ryo (2 coins) of Meiji nibukin = (new currency unit) 1 yen gold coin.
- 送金依頼人が次の各号に定める通貨を送金通貨として送金を依頼した場合には、受取人に対する支払通貨は送金依頼人が指定した通貨と異なる通貨となることもあります。
- In the case the applicant requests a remittance being made in the currency provided for in any of the following Subparagraphs, the currency of payment to the payee may differ from the currency originally designated by the applicant.
- 長崎貿易の決済には金銀が多用されたが、この結果、日本の国内通貨量のうち金貨の4分の1、銀貨の4分の3が開幕から元禄までの間に海外に流出したと新井は計算した。
- Since a lot of gold and silver were used in the trade between Holland and Japan, Arai estimated that a quarter of gold coins and three quarter of silver coins circulated in Japan went overseas between the beginning of the Edo period to the Genroku era.
- のちの大蔵卿松方正義によって増税・官営企業の払い下げ・通貨整理がなされ、兌換紙幣の発行が出来るようになり、日本が欧米列強に並ぶ近代国家になる下地が作られた。
- Through tax increases, transfer of government-owned companies to private ownership, and sorting out of currency, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, later Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury), made it possible to issue convertible currency, establishing a base on which Japan could become a modern nation ranked with European and US powers.
- 一例として19世紀、ヨーロッパ諸国の多くも金銀複本位制を採っていたが、銀産出高の増加などにより銀の市場価格が下落、金貨との法定金銀比価との間に開きができた。
- As an example, in the nineteenth century, many of European countries adopted the bimetallism, but there was wide gap of legal exchange ratio between gold and silver because silver production increased and its market value declined.
- なお、明治以降新貨条例が施行され、1両は1円 (通貨)と等価とされ、(二分金の金銀含有量の実質価値と日本の金貨一円金貨 の純金含有量の価値がほぼ等しかった。
- Since the Meiji period, the New Currency Act became effective and 1 ryo was determined as equivalent to 1 yen (the value of contained amount of gold and silver of nibukin and purity of gold of 1 yen coin were almost equivalent).
- この貨幣も慶長通宝と同様に正式な鋳造記録が確認されておらず、江戸幕府によるものであるか、民鋳の鐚銭であるのか、あるいはその発行目的など依然不明な銭貨である。
- Like the Keicho Tsuho coin, an official minting record of this currency has not been confirmed, and there are some uncertainties such as whether it was issued by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), whether it was privately minted Bitasen (low quality coins whose surfaces were worn away), the purpose of the issuance, etc.
- だが、『続日本紀』769年の記事で大宰府の役人が都に「大宰府言。此府人物殷繁。天下之一都會也。」と報告しているように北部九州では既に通貨経済が活発であった。
- As the article in 769 of 'Shoku Nihongi'(Chronicle of Japan Continued) states that an official of Dazai-fu reported 'this city is lively with people and blooming as a trading center. It is the most prosperous place in Japan' to the capital, in the northern Kyushu, the economy using currency was already active.
- 加えて参勤交代や御用普請などの公儀(江戸幕府)の命令に基づく事業を遂行するためには、全国的な貨幣である幕府発行正貨の調達と中央市場への依存が不可欠であった。
- In addition, it was essential to procure national currency issued by the Edo bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and to depend on the central market, in order to accomplish projects ordered by the bakufu such as Sankinkotai (a system under which daimyo were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) and Goyofushin (civil engineering works ordered by the bakufu).
- そこで、藩は年貢米や特産品を江戸や大坂にて売却してその代金(幕府発行正貨)あるいはそれをもって購入した必要物資を国許あるいは江戸屋敷に送金して経費にあてた。
- Therefore, a domain sold their annual rice tax and their local special products in Edo and Osaka to earn national currency issued by the bakufu, or they sometimes purchased necessary goods with the earned money, and they sent such money or those goods to their hometown or their residence in Edo to set aside for their expenses.
- また「PiTaPa」は電子マネーとしても利用できることから百貨店や地方公共団体なども参加している(参加事業者・導入時期はPiTaPaのページを参照のこと)。
- As 'PiTaPa' can be used as an electric money card, department stores and local public bodies have participated in the system (please see the PiTaPa section for the details of participants and the introduction period).
- 会計官副知事となった大隈は、とりあえず太政官札と準備中の新貨幣との交換を約束するとの布告を出して強制的に太政官札を通用させる一方、正金との引き替えを禁じる。
- OKUMA, who became the vice governor of accounting, forced to circulate Dajokan-satsu with his edict to promise the Dajokan-satsu could be exchanged for the new currencies to be prepared, whereas he prohibited exchanging Dajokan-satsu for specie money.
- この吹替えは、より高品位の銀貨への復帰であるため、市場から回収された低品位の元禄丁銀および宝永丁銀から灰吹銀および精銅を分離する、銀銅吹分けが必要であった。
- This reminting was a return to the silver coin at higher karat, and a method of spliting silver and broze in cupellating was needed to seperate cupellated silver and refined bronze in genroku-chogin and hoei-chogin at lower karat which were collected from market.
- この相場を元に新貨条例制定後の旧銅貨の通用価値が規定され、一圓は一両と等価となり、一両=10000文という基準から、これらの銭貨は以下の様な通用価格となった。
- The value of the old copper coin after the establishment of New Currency Regulation was set based on this market price; one yen became equivalent to one ryo; furthermore, using the standard rate of one ryo = 10000 mon, the currency rates of the coins became the following:
- 貨幣経済の浸透や百姓階層の分化とそれに伴う村落社会の形成といった13世紀半ばから進行していた日本社会の変動は、元寇の影響によってますます加速の度合いを強めた。
- Changes in Japanese society having been progressing since the middle thirteenth century, such as the development of the monetary economy, hierarchization of the peasant class and formation of rural communities, were further accelerated by the influence of Genko.
- 貨幣経済の進展にともない、諸物価の基準であった米価は下落を続け(米価安の諸色高)、それを俸禄の単位としていた旗本・御家人の困窮が顕著なものとなったからである。
- This is due to the fact that along with the process of the monetary economy, the price of rice, which was used as a standard in pricing various commodities, kept falling (the general price rice in spite of the low price of rice), and it became obvious that shogunate direct retainers (hatamoto) and low-level vassal, whose salary was determined based on rice price, were hard up financially.
- 青銅で造られた十円硬貨は、ソース (調味料)、酢、醤油、レモン汁、洗剤等に浸すと、表面の金属酸化物や汚れが溶出したり脱落して一見未使用硬貨のような光沢を放つ。
- Ten-yen coins are made of bronze, and as such, when immersed in Worcestershire sauce, vinegar, soy sauce, lemon juice, or even detergent, the metal oxide and dirt on the surface is eluted or dissolved, and the coins look shiny as though they had never been used.
- これは、丁銀と同品位の少額貨幣である豆板銀を合わせて一定の量目(恩賞および献上用には銀一枚43匁、商取引用には五百目など)にし、紙に包んで封印したものである。
- A Hogin was a sealed paper bag that contained both Chogin and Mameitagin of the same quality that had been combined to attain a certain ryome (e.g. one silver sheet of 43 monme for a prize or present and 500 ryome for business transactions).
- 日本で外貨両替を扱っているのは、主に銀行および空港などの両替窓口であるが、海外ではこれに加えて大都市および観光地などでも両替商を多く見かけるのが一般的である。
- While banks and exchange bureaus at airports mainly handle foreign money exchange in Japan, foreign exchange dealers are also found in major cities and sightseeing spots outside Japan.
- 日本では1871年(明治4年)に「新貨条例」を定めて、新貨幣単位円 (通貨)とともに確立されたが、まだ経済基盤が弱かった日本からは正貨である金貨の流出が続いた。
- In 1871, Japan introduced gold standard system with a new currency unit, yen (circulated money), by enacting 'New Currency Act,' but vulnerable economic infrastructure in Japan at that time allowed gold coin, specie, to flow out continuously.
- なお、オランダのユトレヒトを訪問した際にドイツ系写真家によって撮影されたと見られる写真4点が、ユトレヒトの貨幣博物館に所蔵されていた記念アルバムから発見された。
- Four pictures, which might have been taken by a German photographer while Yukichi was in Utrecht of the Netherlands, have been found in the memorial photo album kept in the Money Museum in Utrecht.
- 幕府は惣領制を御家人支配の基盤としたが、実はこの時期、武士団分割相続と惣領制により中小御家人は零細化し、そして貨幣経済の進展に翻弄されて多くは崩壊を初めていた。
- Although the shogunate set the eldest son system (for the succession of the head of the family) as a foundation for the ruling vassals, in fact, the minor vassals were declining because of the divided succession of bushi class and the eldest son system, and much of the vassal system began to collapse, being buffeted by the progress of a monetary economy.
- むしろ、陸上・海上交通によって自国・外国間の貨幣の流入・流出が盛んであったヨーロッパ・イスラム世界・中国などでは日本よりも以前から両替商の活動が記録されている。
- Rather, in Europe, Islamic world and China where currencies frequently came to and went from the countries through land and sea traffic, the records of money changers' activities predated those of the Japanese counterpart's.
- これらは鋳造による出目の幅が大きい名目貨幣であることが密鋳に拍車をかけ、銀台に金を鍍金したものや、亜鉛および鉛分を多く含む銀貨など悪質なものが多く見受けられる。
- As these were nominal money of which the breadth of profit gained by minting was big, minting without official permission was accelerated, and those minted coins included many inferior quality coins such as silver coins with gold plating, silver coins which contained much ink and lead, and so on.
- そこでイギリス東洋銀行の助言により、本位貨幣である一円金貨とは別に便宜上、貿易用の一円銀貨(のち「貿易銀」と呼ばれる)を鋳造し、開港地に限り無制限通用を認めた。
- Then, on the advice of Oriental Bank of the U.K., 1 yen silver coins (called 'silver trade dollar' later) were minted for convenience in addition to 1 yen gold coins as the standard money and the use of them only in the ports open to foreign countries was permitted without limitation.
- だが、西南戦争に伴う不換紙幣増発によって生じたインフレーションで金貨・銀貨ともに国外への流出や退蔵が深刻化して, 本位貨幣としては名目上の存在となってしまった。
- However, due to the inflation caused by the overissue of inconvertible currencies accompanying the Seinan War, both gold and silver coins fled Japan or were kept as dead storage to a great extent and came down to just nominal stanrdard money.
- 万治2年(1659年)、幕府は寛永通寳の輸出を禁止したため、長崎市中島銭座では貿易取引専用に中国の銭貨を模した銅銭を鋳造し、その一連の銭貨は長崎貿易銭と呼ばれる。
- As the bakufu prohibited Kanei Tsuho from being exported in 1659, zeniza in Nakajima, Nagasaki City minted copper coins imitating Chinese coins only for the purpose of international trade, and those coins were called Nagasaki Boeki-sen.
- 日本の本位金貨(旧1,2,5,10,20円、新5,10,20円)も1987年(昭和62年)5月31日限りで流通停止になり、名実ともに管理通貨制度の世の中になった。
- Japanese standard gold coins (old 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 yen, and new 5, 10, 20 yen) withdrew from circulation on May 31, 1987, which was the beginning of the world with managed currency system both in name and in reality.
- 明治初年に政府は銀通貨の通用を停止したため、それ以降、新貨幣制度が開始され藩札の発行が禁止される明治4年までに発行された藩札は、金単位あるいは銭単位の額面である。
- Since the government banned the circulation of silver coins in 1868, han bills were only issued with values in gold or copper until 1871, when han bills were eventually taken out of circulation due to the arrival of the new currency system.
- 消費税導入前はスーパーマーケットなどで細々と流通している程度であったが、導入以降は五円硬貨とともに流通量が激増したため、特に平成に入ってから大量に製造されている。
- Before the consumption tax was introduced, the coins were sparsely used in supermarkets etc., however, after the tax was introduced, the supply significantly increased as well as that of five-yen coins, so they began to be minted in high volume especially during the Heisei period.
- 北宋代以降の中国では、開元通宝(開通元寳との説もあり)と呼ばれる唐代の銭貨10枚の質量が24銖すなわち1両という基準でつくられ、1枚あたりの質量を「銭」と呼んだ。
- In China in and after Northern Sung Dynasty, a coin was minted in a manner that the weight of 10 coins of Tang dynasty called Kai Yuan Tong Bao (or Kai Tong Yuan Bao) equaled 24 zhu, that is to say, 1 ryo (tael), and a weight of the one coin was called 'sen' (銭).
- 一方、丁銀から南鐐二朱銀への改鋳が進行するにつれ、市中における秤量銀貨の不足により銀相場の高騰を招き、天明6年(1786年)には金1両=銀50匁をつけるに至った。
- On the other hand, as Chogin was reformed to Nanryo Nishu Gin, the shortage of silver coins by weight standard in market caused a steep rise in the price of silver, 50 monme of silver per 1 ryo of gold in 1786.
- さらに、膽澤開珎、加越能通用、阿州通宝および土佐官券の類は試鋳貨幣にとどまり現存も数品を数える様な稀少なものがほとんどであり、流通した形跡は全く確認されていない。
- Furthermore, currencies such as Isawa Kaichin, Kaetsuno Tuyo, Ashu Tuho, and Tosa Kanken stayed in the trial phase of currency minting, and there are few actual coins left without any evidence of actual use.
- この会社は以来、数々の機関車や客貨車を製造してきたが、1912年、汽車製造株式会社(通称 汽車会社)に名を変え、1972年、川崎重工業に吸収合併されて幕を閉じた。
- This company had produced various locomotives and passenger and freight carss since the establishment, but in 1912 its name was changed to Kisha Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha (commonly called Kisha Kaisha), and in 1972, it was merged into Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. to end its history.
- 開業翌年の1873年の営業状況は、乗客が1日平均4347人、年間の旅客収入42万円と貨物収入2万円、そこから直接経費の23万円を引くと21万円の利益となっている。
- The year after the opening in 1873, it had an average of 4347 passengers a day and an annual passenger income of 420,000 yen plus cargo income of 20,000 yen and subtracting the direct operating expenses of 270,000 yen, it netted 210,000 yen.
- 江戸時代に入ると貫、匁の表記が主流となり、銀何匁(銀何貫)と表記されこれを銀目と称し、また秤量銀貨は商人の通貨であったことから、商品取引相場の多くは銀建であった。
- In Edo period, kan and momen were mainly used to express the weight such as silver by what monme (silver by what kan), which was called ginmoku, and since silver coins were used by weight standard as a currency of merchant, trading was conducted mainly by silver.
- 享保丁銀(きょうほうちょうぎん)とは正徳 (日本)4年(1714年)8月に発行された丁銀の一種で秤量銀貨であり、正徳丁銀(しょうとくちょうぎん)と呼ぶ場合もある。
- Kyoho-chogin is a silver coin by weight standard as well as a kind of chogin that was issued in September 1714, and it was called by 'Shotoku-chogin'as well.
- この分銅は「両」を基本単位としており、「匁」は補助単位であるが、秤量銀貨の通貨単位は、小判の通貨単位の「両」との混同を避ける意味から「匁」および「貫」が用いられた。
- For these counterweights, 'ryo' was used as a base unit and 'monme' a secondly, while 'monme' and 'kan' were used for the currency unit for Hyoryo ginka, to avoid being mixed up with 'ryo,' the currency unit for koban.
- 江戸時代には秤量銀貨の実測値が通貨単位として使用され、元禄13年(1700年)に丁銀60匁は小判1両に相当すると公定されたが、実態は市場経済による変動相場であった。
- In the Edo period, the currency value of Hyoryo ginka (the silver coin used as the currency by weight) depended on its weight, and in 1700, 60 monme of chogin (silver coin) was officially equalized in value with 1 ryo of koban (former Japanese gold coin of oval shape), however, it was actually floating rate by the market economy.
- 公式な呼称は小判であり『三貨図彙』では「小判」と明記されているが、『金銀図録』および『大日本貨幣史』などの古銭書には小判金(こばんきん)という名称で収録されている。
- The formal name is koban, which was clearly mentioned in 'Sankazue' (Picture Collection of Three Coins: History of Coinage in Japan), however, ancient coin books including 'Kinginzuroku' (Gold & Silver catalog) and 'Dainihon Kaheishi' (Great history of Japanese coins) called it kobankin.
- なお、新大阪から大阪環状線を通りで阪和線に入る下りの特急「はるか」や「くろしお (列車)」は、茨木駅構内(第3出発)から貨物線に入り、吹田信号場経由で新大阪に入る。
- Moreover, the outbound limited express trains starting from Shin-Osaka and entering to the Hanwa Line through the Osaka loop Line, such as the airport express 'Haruka' and limited express 'Kuroshio,' enter the freight line at the Ibaraki Station Yard (departure number 3) and proceed to Shin-Osaka Station via Suita signal station.
- 金銀複本位制(きんぎんふくほんいせい)とは、金貨・銀貨両方を本位貨幣としてその鋳造と輸出入の自由を保持し、なおかつ固定化した金銀比価を保持する通貨制度のことである。
- The gold and silver bimetallism refers to a currency system where both gold and silver coins are designated as standard money; freedom of minting, importing and exporting such money is maintained; and fixed exchange ratio between gold and silver is maintained
- 金本位制(きんほんいせい、gold standard <英>)とは、一国の貨幣の価値を金に裏付けられた形で表すものであり、商品の価格も金の価値を標準として表示される。
- Gold standard system is a monetary system that a fixed quantity of gold represents value of the currency in a country, and so the prices of goods also represent a certain value of gold.
- 加えて明和5年(1768年)から寛永通寳真鍮當四文 (通貨単位)銭の鋳造を請負い、これ以降、文久永宝に至るまで四文銭の鋳造は銀座の指導監督のもと行われることとなった。
- The ginza later became responsible for minting the Kan'ei Tsuho shinchu-yonmon (currency unit) coin from 1768, marking the start of yonmon coin minting under the supervision of the ginza until the Bunkyu and Eiho periods
- 宝永2年(1705年)に藩札の調査が行われ、それを受けて幕府発行の貨幣の流通が滞るとして宝永4年(1707年)、すべての藩札の使用が禁止された(宝永の札遣い停止令)。
- After an investigation of han bills in 1705, the shogunate prohibited their use in 1707 because han bills prevented the circulation of coins issued by the shogunate (the order for the suspension of bills in the Hoei era).
- 農業生産の向上や商工業及び交通の発達によって貨幣流通が盛んになるにつれて広く行われるようになり、室町時代には最初から銭納を想定した公事に対してもこの名称が用いられた。
- It was widespread, as money became circulating more rapidly due to agricultural production increase, and development of commerce, industry, and transportation; and in the Muromachi period, this name was also applied to kuji which was decided to be paid by money from the beginning.
- 起点は山科駅だが、京都駅まで全ての普通列車が直通しているほか、大阪発着の北陸・東北へ向かう特急列車や北陸・北海道方面と関西・九州方面を結ぶ貨物列車が全線を通り抜ける。
- Although the Kosei Line starts at Yamashina Station, all local trains run through to Kyoto Station, and limited express trains from Osaka Station to Hokuriku or Tohoku and freight trains connecting Hokuriku or Hokkaido and Kansai or Kyushu pass the Kosei Line.
- 明和2年(1765年)以降は金座および銀座 (歴史)が鋳銭事業を兼任することになり、定座としての銭座が確立し、鋳銭に対する幕府の支配が強化され、銭貨の均質化が図られた。
- As kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) and gin-za concurrently took charge of mintage of coins after 1765, zeniza was established as a fixed guild and the bakufu strengthened the control of mintage and tried to homogenize coins.
- しかし、その後の経済発展により生じた銭貨不足を補うため、明暦2年(1656年)、幕府は江戸浅草鳥越 (台東区)および駿河国沓谷(くつのや)に銭座を設け鋳銭を命じている。
- In 1656, however, in order to make up for scarcity of coins due to the subsequent economic development, the bakufu established zeniza in Torigoe, Asakusa, Edo (Taito Ward) and in Kutsunoya, Suruga Province and ordered mintage.
- 具体的な施策として総督府は地籍整理、公債発行、統一貨幣と度量衡の制定以外に、多くの産業インフラの整備を行うと共に、専売制度と地方税制の改革による財政の建て直しを図った。
- The measures taken by the Sotoku-fu included the land registry readjustment, issuing of public bonds, formulation of standard currency and weights and measures systems as well as financial reforms by introducing monopoly system and local tax system.
- 銭貨の原型である母銭は、手彫りにより製作された彫母銭を原型とし、彫母銭→錫母銭→銅母銭→通用銭という順で鋳写される工程が採られ、均質な銭貨が大量生産されるようになった。
- A matrix coin, which was a prototype of a coin, was made by using a hand-carved matrix coin, and mass production of homogeneous coins was made possible by the process of transcriptive molding from a carved matrix coin to a tin matrix coin, then to a copper matrix coin, and then to a coin in currency.
- 1905年(明治38年)7月13日 - 貨物支線 塚口~長洲間(1.2M≒1.93km)が再開業、長洲~尼ヶ崎間(1.7M≒2.76km)が再開、東海道線と立体交差化。
- July 13, 1905: The freight feeder line between Tsukaguchi and Nagasu (1.2M≒1.93km) and the section between Nagasu and Amagasaki (1.7M≒2.76km) were restarted and crossed the Tokaido Line by means of overpasses and underpasses.
- 1950年(昭和25年)1月30日 - 四宮車庫の火災によって焼失した大津線車両22両のうち復旧困難な客車15両と老朽電動客貨車各1両(20形1両、撒水車1両)を廃車。
- January 30, 1950: Out of 22 passenger cars of the Otsu Line that were destroyed by the fire at Shinomiya Shako-depot, 15 passenger cars that were deemed impossible to repair were abolished in addition to an aging electric passenger car and a freight car (a model 20 car and a sprinkler car).
- 金本位制の理念は古くからあったと思われるが、金貨は貨幣として実際に流通させるには希少価値が高過ぎたため、蓄財用として退蔵されるか、せいぜい高額決済に用いられるかであった。
- The idea of gold standard system is thought to have long been existed, but gold coins were too valuable to be circulated for practical purposes as a currency, so people hoarded gold for accumulation of wealth or spent it only for expensive payments.
- その後の紙幣整理と兌換紙幣の発行によって姿を消し、明治30年(1897年)の公布による金本位制移行とともに1円銀貨の国内流通は停止され、洋銀の国内における地位も低下した。
- The ichibu-gin silver coins disappeared after the rearrangement of paper money and the issuance of convertible currency, and in concurrence with the transition to the gold standard system in 1897, the distribution of the one-yen silver coin was halted in Japan and the value of the Spanish dollars dropped significantly in Japan.
- 金座成立以後、後藤家は御金改役(ごきんあらためやく)として本石町の役宅において金貨の鑑定と検印のみを行い、実際の鋳造は小判師(こばんし)などと呼ばれる職人達が行っていた。
- After the establishment of kin-za, the Goto family only worked for appraising and approving of gold coins as Gokin Aratame-yaku (inspector of gold coins) at the official residence in Hongoku-cho and actual casting was performed by workmen called koban-shi.
- 安政条約によって外国商人が外国銀貨で日本の商品を購入することが許されたが、当時の質量に基づく相場はSpanish dollar 100枚に対して一分銀が311枚であった。
- Since the Ansei Treaty had been signed, foreign merchants were allowed to buy Japanese goods with foreign silver coins, and their exchange rate at that time was 311 ichibu-gin silver coins against 100 Spanish dollar.
- このため外国人大使は1ドル銀貨をまず一分銀3枚に交換し、両替商に持ち込んで4枚を小判に両替して、国外に持ち出し地金として売却すれば莫大な利益が得られるというものであった。
- As a result, foreign ambassadors could make a large profit by first exchanging a one-dollar silver coin into three ichibu-gin silver coins, further exchanging four ichibu-gin silver coins into koban at ryogaesho (money exchangers), taking koban out of Japan and selling them as bare metal.
- 新安沈船から引き揚げられた遺物には白磁、青磁の天目茶碗などおよそ1万8000点におよぶ陶磁器や、約25トン・800万枚もの銅貨、そして346点もの積荷木簡が含まれていた。
- Relics (of the past) pulled up from the wrecked ship included 18,000 ceramic ware items including white and celadon porcelains and tenmoku tea bowls, 8 million copper coins weighing 25 tons, and 346 pieces of tsumini mokkan (narrow, long, and thin pieces of wood strung together that were used to write names of trading items on).
- 明治維新前後は大阪、横浜などで綿糸・雑貨の商業に従事し、明治6年(1873年)から明治14年(1881年)まで三井組銀行部大阪支店に勤務、取締役兼堂島米商会所重役となる。
- Around the Meiji Restoration, he was engaged in the business of cotton and general merchandise in Osaka and Yokohama, and from 1873 to 1881, he worked at the Osaka branch of Mitsuigumi Ginkoubu (currently known as Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) and became the CEO and executive of Dojima Rice Market Firm.
- 21世紀に入った現代でも、海産物に関しては海から遠い山間部や、また流通の主流が集中する都会から遠い離島や僻地などの地域を中心に食品や生活雑貨一切の行商の仕事が残っている。
- Even in our time of the 21st century, peddling of seafood still remains in the mountains far from the seas and peddling of all kinds of food and everyday goods also remains mainly in solitary islands or remote areas far from urban areas where the mainstream of circulation centers.
- ところが、正貨の貨幣価値が3分の1に下落したこと、また諸外国との貿易の開始によって国内産品が輸出に向けられたことによって、幕末期の日本経済はインフレーションにみまわれた。
- However, the Japanese economy in the end of Edo era encountered inflation due to the reduction of their currency value by one third and domestic products being exported through trade with foreign countries.
- しかし金貨の不足から経営不振に陥り、やむなく国立銀行条例を改正し不換紙幣の発行が認められるようになってからは銀行の数が急増し、新たな国立銀行紙幣(不換紙幣)が発行された。
- But they ran into financial difficulty due to the lack of gold coins, and since the regulation of national bank was forced to be amended to permit issuance of inconvertible currency, the number of banks increased abruptly and new Kokuritsu Ginko Shihei (inconvertible currency) was issued.
- 例えば、自国において金流出が起こったとする、その国では民間の兌換請求によって金を買い戻していることになるから、必然的に自国通貨のマネーサプライの減少をもたらし、均衡に至る。
- For example, gold flowing out of the home country means that the private sector is repurchasing gold through their requests for conversion, and the reduction of the supply of its home currency will eventually bring equilibrium to domestic economy.
- また国立銀行条例による国立銀行 (日本)(ナショナルバンク)を経て、通貨発行権を独占する中央銀行としての日本銀行設立(1882年)など、資本主義的金融制度の整備も行われた。
- Also, the capitalistic financial system was organized, including the foundation of the Bank of Japan in 1882, formerly the National Bank of Japan under the National Bank Act, which dominates the right of issuing currency as the central bank.
- 地子銭の納入は決して多くはなく、一部の都市(京)などにとどまっていたが、中世末期の戦国時代 (日本)ごろになると、農村部でも銭貨による地子納入の事例が見られるようになった。
- The payment of jishisen was not much in any sense and it was limited to some big cities (imperial capital) but cases of jishi payment in coins became common even in rural areas in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in the end of the medieval period (Japan).
- 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館のサイトによると、元文期を基準として米価では1両=約4万円、賃金で1両=30~40万円、そば代金では1両=12~13万円に相当するとの事である。
- According to the web site of Currency Museum at Bank of Japan's Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, with the standards in Genbun era (1736 to 1741), 1 ryo is equivalent to about 40,000 yen in rice price, to 300,000 to 400,000 yen in wage, and to 120,000 to 130,000 yen in buckwheat noodles price.
- 更に大久保は当時はまだ表にする事は避けていたものの、贋貨整理の過程で自分の出身である薩摩藩が秘かに贋貨を作っていた事実が内外に明らかになった時の反響を危惧していたのである。
- Furthermore, OKUBO was still avoiding to reveal this at the time, but he was apprehensive about the response when the fact was made clear during the disposing process of counterfeit money that his own domain, the Satsuma Domain, was secretly making counterfeit money.
- 江戸時代を通じて常に小判と伴に鋳造され、品位(金の純度)は同時代に発行された小判と同じで、量目(重量)は、ちょうど小判金の1/4であり、小判金とともに機軸通貨として流通した。
- Through the Edo period, it was casted and distributed as key currency with koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) and the purity of gold was same as koban issued in the same period and the ryome (a weighed value) was 1/4 of koban.
- 正徳2年(1712年)9月、新井白石は勘定奉行の荻原重秀を罷免に追い込み、度重なる秤量銀貨吹き替えによる混乱を是正しようと、慶長の幣制へ復帰するべく吹替え(改鋳)に着手した。
- In October 1712, Hakuseki ARAI discharged Hideshige OGIWARA who was a kanjobugyo (commissioner of finance), and started to remint to go back to the system of keicho currency in order to stop confusion caused by repetitive reminting of silver by weight standard.
- このとき幕府は銭貨の質の管理および、需要が逼迫していた銅の統制を強めていた関係上から、銭の背面に鋳造地を示す文字を鋳出させたり、また面文に特徴を持たせて鋳銭地の明確化を図った。
- The bakufu tried to specify the location of mintage by making letters indicating the location of mintage cast on the back side of coins and by making letters on coins different according to the location of mintage, for the purpose of maintaining the quality of coins and strengthening copper regulation, which was in urgent demand.
- 事実であれば通説よりも早い発行であるが、水野氏備後福山藩・結城藩水野家が廃絶する前に正貨である銀貨との兌換が行われ、ほぼ全てが回収されたとあり、伝来するものがなく確認できない。
- Even if the common belief was correct, there is no proof of that because almost all of the han bills were collected and exchanged for silver coins before the Mizuno clan of Bingo-fukuyama Domain and the Mizuno family of Yuki Domain died out.
- 尚、小判については正徳小判から享保小判への変更に付き若干の品位向上となったが、丁銀についても金貨とのバランスの関係から初期の頃に品位を若干向上させる変更を行ったとする説もある。
- As for koban (former Japanese oval gold coin), the karat was upgraded a little when shotoku koban was changed to kyoho koban, and there is a theory that the karat of chogin was also upgraded in the early stage to keep a balance with gold coin.
- むしろ、実質的な経済政策の多く、特に貨幣政策における高品位主義、また長崎貿易の政策は吉宗もその方針の正しさを認識しており、正徳の治で行なわれた改革の内容はそのまま承継されている。
- On the other hand, since Yoshimune recognized the righteousness in many of the economic policies, especially the principle of high grade currency policy as well as the trading policy in Nagasaki, he took over such reforms from Shotoku no chi.
- しかし、改税約書違反の悪質な金貨を鋳造していた事実が明らかとなったために諸外国からの抗議を受け、明治政府が太政官札への全面切り替えと造幣局 (日本)建設を決めたために廃止された。
- However, because the fact that kin-za was casting inferior gold coins in violation of kaizei-yakusho (revised agreement on trade attached to the Ansei Five-Power Treaties) was revealed, it met with protests by many foreign countries and kin-za was abolished because the Meiji Government decided full switchover to dajokansatsu (government note) and construction of the mint bureau.
- しかし、1971年8月15日のいわゆるニクソン・ショック以降は金と米ドルの兌換が停止され、各国の通貨も1973年までに変動為替相場制に移行したため、金本位制は完全に終焉を迎えた。
- However, after the so-called Nixon Shock on August 15, 1971, the United States of America announced the discontinuance of the conversion of US dollar into gold and each country shifted to floating exchange rate system by 1973, which brought the complete end to gold standard system.
- 富本銭発行直後に贋金(私鋳銭)を禁じる法令が出されたとする記録がなく、その最初の例が和同開珎発行後であること(もし、富本銭が流通貨幣ならば、贋金の存在を放置していたことになる)。
- There is no record of an act that prohibits shichusen (counterfeit money) just after the issue of Fuhonsen coin, and such act was first established only after the issue of Wado-kaichin, which means shichusen was allowed if Fuhonsen coin was circulating money.
- 彼は、幕府開設から元禄までの間、長崎貿易の決済のために、金貨国内通貨量のうちの4分の1、銀貨は4分の3が失われたとし、長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にして、この法令を出した。
- He concluded that from the opening of the shogunate government in Edo to the Genroku era, a quarter of domestic gold currency and three quarters of domestic silver currency were lost due to the settlement of foreign trades in Nagasaki, and issued this regulation using the proposal of the Nagasaki magistrate Kiyosuke OOKA.
- 1997年(平成9年)10月27日 - 大津線で廃車となった260形261-262号車、貨122号車の台車をアメリカ合衆国のシーショア・トロリー博物館とミネソタ博物館に無償譲渡。
- October 27, 1997: Model 260 cars of 261-262 and a model 122 freight car that ceased to run on the Otsu Line were donated to the Seashore Trolley Museum and the Minnesota Transportation Museum in the U.S., respectively.
- 伊藤の建議どおり当時欧米では金本位制が主流になりつつあったとはいえ、清をはじめアジア諸国は依然として銀主体の経済圏であり、また対外交易でも洋銀(メキシコドル銀貨)が通用していた。
- As ITO's proposal, though the gold standard system was becoming a mainstream in Europe and the United States at that time, Asian countries including Qing were still a silver-oriented economic area and nickel silver (Mexican dollar silver coin) was used for foreign trade.
- 幕末、ヨーロッパの万国博覧会に出展した幕府や各藩の工芸品や美術品はすぐれた装飾品として絶賛され、日本の工芸へのヨーロッパからの関心が高まり、外貨を稼ぐ輸出品となる可能性が開かれた。
- In the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the shogunate and some domains put handicrafts and art works in international European exhibitions, and they were highly praised as excellent decorations, so that Japanese crafts attracted the attention of European people, and their export enabled Japanese to gain foreign currency.
- 領国貨幣(りょうごくかへい)とは、戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代初期に掛けて、各地大名が領内通用として鋳造を命じた金貨および銀貨であり、領国金銀(りょうごくきんぎん)とも呼ばれる。
- Ryogoku (daimyos' own territory) kahei (coins) are gold and silver coins which daimyos (Japanese feudal lords) at various places ordered to mint for circulation in their territories from the Sengoku period to the early Edo period, and are also called Ryogoku Kingin (gold and silver).
- この間、平氏一門は隆盛を極め、一族で主要官位を独占し、全国に500余りの荘園を保有し、日宋貿易を推進して莫大な財貨を手にし、平時忠をして「平氏にあらざれば人にあらず」といわしめた。
- This was the most prosperous time for the Taira clan, as they dominated all important official posts, owned over 500 manors across the country, and gained huge profits from promoting Japan-Sung trade, and this led TAIRA no Tokitada to comment 'only members of the Taira clan should be considered legitimate human beings.'
- しかしながら『図録 日本の貨幣』では海外流出高を高く見積もりすぎているとして、輸出高として『本朝寳貨通用事略』による2,397,600両を採用し、13,024,000両としている。
- However,'catalogs money in Japan' estimated the amount of currency exported to foreign countries 13,024,000 ryo, adopting 2,397,600 ryo based on 'Honcho Houka Tsuyoujiryaku', saying 'The Book of interrogation copy about the year and old high gold and silver coinage'estimates it too high.
- 慶長大判、慶長小判および慶長小判慶長一分判、慶長丁銀および慶長丁銀慶長豆板銀を総称して慶長金銀(けいちょうきんぎん)と呼び、徳川家康による天下統一を象徴する貨幣として位置付けられる。
- Keicho Oban, Keicho Koban (small-sized coin), Keicho Ichibuban, Keicho Cho-gin, and Keicho Mameita-gin are generically called Keicho Kingin (gold and silver of the Keicho era) and they are positioned as symbolic currencies of the unification of the whole country achieved by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 山科まで内側線を走る普通電車は18‰の勾配で東海道本線を乗り越すが、特急列車や貨物列車など外側線運転の列車は10‰の緩勾配用に設けられた分岐線を通っていき、トンネル内で合流している。
- Local trains running on the inner track to Yamashina Station pass over the Tokaido Main Line at a slope of 18‰, while limited express trains and freight trains running on the outer track pass a branch track provided for a slope of 10‰ and join the Tokaido Main Line in the tunnel.
- 下り大阪止め列車を京都総合運転所へ入庫させるときは大阪駅を下り方面に進み、塚本駅通過後、北方貨物線に西側から入り、そのままJR京都線(外側線)に合流する(出庫のときはこの逆ルート)。
- When the outbound train that ends at Osaka Station is deadheaded to the depot of Kyoto General Operation Station, it goes outbound from Osaka Station, and after passing Tsukamoto Station it enters the Hoppo Freight Line from the west side in order to directly join the JR Kyoto Line (outer line) (and to start from the depot, the train turns back on the same route).
- 紙幣整理(しへいせいり)とは、明治初期に出された明治政府及び国立銀行 (明治)発行の紙幣を整理・縮減して日本銀行発行の兌換紙幣に変換することで通貨制度・信用制度の信頼回復を図る政策。
- Shihei seiri (paper money readjustment) was a policy of seeking to recover the public trust in the currency system and the credit system by readjusting and reducing the amount of the notes that were issued by the Meiji government and the National Bank (in the Meiji period) and first went into circulation in the early Meiji period, and by converting the notes into the convertible paper money issued by the Bank of Japan.
- しかし、御家人の凋落は、元寇時の負担だけではなく、惣領制=分割相続制による中小御家人の零細化、そして貨幣経済の進展に翻弄された結果であり、そうした大きな流れを止めることは出来なかった。
- However, since the decline of Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) resulted from not only the burden at the time of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan but also the downsizing of mid- and small-scale Gokenin to ultrasmall-scale Gokenin due to the Soryo system (the eldest son system for the succession of the head of the family) referring to division of succession, and from being buffeted by the progress of monetary economy, it was impossible to stop such a big movement.
- だが、皇朝十二銭の廃絶などで貨幣流通が衰退する一方で代納品による租税の物納やそれに伴う交易による中央への上供品の購入が一般化すると、交換の価値基準としての估価が求められるようになった。
- However, with the elimination of Kocho-Junisen (twelve coins casted in Japan), circulation of currency fell, and on the other hand, with the wide-spread use of in-kind tax payments and purchasing goods from the trade related to the in-kind tax payments to deliver to the central government, koka was called for as the standards for prices.
- 全国通用を前提とするものであるが、金鉱山が主に常陸国、甲斐国、伊豆国および佐渡国などに位置し、金貨の一般通用は家康により新たに取り入れられた政策であったため主に関東地方を中心に流通した。
- It was planned to circulate nationwide, however, the distribution was mainly in Kanto Region because gold mines were located in Hitachi, Kai, Izu and Sado Provinces and the policy of circulating gold coins in public was newly adopted by Ieyasu.
- その起源は室町時代であり「三貨図彙」によれば、「神の家は、本国は勢州にて京室町に仕官し、秤座免許せられ、夫より代々都住也」と記述され、神氏 (秤座)が秤座を支配していたことがうかがえる。
- Hakari-za originated in the Muromachi period, and according to 'Sankazue' (Picture Collection of Three Coins: History of Coinage in Japan), saying that 'The Zin family came from Sei-shu (Ise Province), served in Kyo-Muromachi, got a license of hakari-za and lived in the capital since then,' hakari-za was controlled by the Zin family.
- 送金の受付にあたり、送金資金を送金通貨と異なる通貨により受領する場合に適用する為替相場は、先物外国為替取引契約が締結されている場合を除き、当行の計算実行時における所定の為替相場とします。
- When receiving the request for remittance, the Bank shall apply the Bank's applicable foreign exchange rate at the time when the actual calculation is made by the Bank when the funds to be remitted are received in a currency other than the currency to be remitted, except for cases where a forward foreign exchange contract is in place.
- その一方で、新通貨制度では天保通宝一枚=8厘(寛永通宝一枚=1厘)と換算されたために、新時代に乗り遅れた人やそれに適応するだけの才覚の足りない人を揶揄して「天保銭」と呼ぶ事もあったという。
- On the other hand, as one Tenpo-tsuho coin was converted as eight rin (one Kanei-tsuho coin was one rin) in the new monetary system, it is said that people who were way behind the times or people who did not have ability to do so were sometimes cynically called 'Tenpo sen.'
- これに加えて、各藩が出していた藩札の回収・処理を行って全国一律の貨幣制度を実現する必要性もあった(藩札も最終的には発行元の藩がその支払いを保証したものであるから、その藩の債務扱いとなる)。
- In addition, it was required to call in hansatsu (bills usable only in a particular domain) issued by each domain and introduce a uniform monetary system throughout the country (hansatsu constituted a part of domain's debts since the domain guaranteed its repayment as the issuer).
- また、物価騰貴は株仲間に原因ありとして株仲間の解散を命じる低物価政策を実施したが、その一方で低質な貨幣を濫造して幕府財政の欠損を補う政策をとったため、物価引下げとは相反する結果をもたらした。
- Also, he dissolved merchant guilds as a part of the low-price policy, as he placed a blame on them for rising goods prices, but he minted low-quality coins to compensate the finance shortage of bakufu at the same time, which brought about an outcome completely opposite to a price reduction.
- 朱子学者であった新井白石は、経済発展よりも徳川家康による「貨幣は常に尊敬に値する素材で吹き立てられるべき」という言葉通りに江戸幕府の道義を重んじたのであったが、状況は慶長期とは一変していた。
- Rather than economic development,Hakuseki ARAI who was a Neo-Confucian scholar emphasized moral of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) based on the motto by Ieyasu TOKUNAGA 'currency must be reminted by material which is respected all the time,'but the situation changed drastically from Keicho era.
- 「船員は救命ボートに移るように説明したが、日本人乗客は船内に籠もって出ようとしなかった(ノルマントン号は貨物船なので、日本語が話せる乗客向けのスタッフはいない)ので、やむなくそのままにした。」
- `Although the crew told the Japanese passengers to board the lifeboats, they stayed inboard and refused to leave the ship, which left the crew no choice but to give up on them (There were no attendants who could speak Japanese because the Normanton was a cargo ship.)'
- その一方、一般の御家人層では、異国警固番役や長門警固番役などの新たな負担を抱えるとともに、貨幣経済の普及に十分対応しきれず、分割相続による所領の細分化などもあり、急速に階層分化が進んでいった。
- On the other hand, common gokenin had to shoulder new burdens such as Ikokukeigobanyaku (military service imposed on gokenin in the Kyushu area by the bakufu in order to protect themselves against the invasion force of the Yuan dynasty) and Nagato keigoban (guards to protect Nagato Province against an invasion by a foreign country), which made it difficult for them to cope with the emerging monetary economy; moreover, their territories were broken up due to divided inheritance, so the social hierarchy rapidly diversified.
- 文政7年(1824年)5月から鋳造が始まり、同年7月2日より初めて発行されたが、金純度も低く偽金貨のような色を呈し割れやすいもので、その上、小さくて扱いづらく紛失しやすい事もあり不評であった。
- The minting started in May 1824, and the first coin was issued on July 27 of the same year, but Isshukin was not popular because of low purity of gold, its color looking like a false gold coin and fragility, and also because it was lost easily due to a small size and difficulty in handling.
- その結果、太政官の許可を得次第、3月30日(末日)をもって「新通貨の発行決定・金札(太政官札)を正貨同様の通用(等価化)・金札相場の廃止」という第1弾の新方針を布告する準備が整うまでに至った。
- As a result, they went as far as preparing for the first proclamation of their new policy such as 'decision to issue new currency, using the kinsatsu (Dajokan-satsu) as the same as a specie (in equal value), and the abolition of the market price of kinsatsu' on March 30, once permission from the Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was received.
- 一般の人民は自分の持っている通貨の真贋を見極められないのに、ある日突然それは贋金だからとその価値を4分の1にされたら人々は大混乱に陥り、各地で一揆や打ちこわしなどの騒ぎに発展する危険性がある。
- There was danger that the general public would fall into great confusion if they were suddenly told that what they had was counterfeit money and was only worth ¼ of the real value, especially since they could not tell apart their currency from counterfeit or specie, and this could develop into to an uproar such as uprisings or vandalism.
- 豆板銀については持ち運び可能な銀秤(ぎんばかり)により随時秤量しての支払いが可能であり、また現金を銭緡(ぜにさし)で持ち歩くよりも携帯に便利で、適宜両替商で銭貨に替えて使用するなど、重宝された。
- Mameitagin were used widely, as they enabled each payment by weighing them with a portable Ginbakari (scale for silver) and were exchanged into silver coins at money changers as needed because they were easier to carry than cash in Zenisashi (a string to bundle coins).
- 寛永通宝銭貨および鉄銭は、江戸の亀戸および京都の七条を中心として、全国各地の銭座で鋳造が行われたが、これらの大部分は江戸幕府の許可による公鋳銭で全国通用を目的とし、通常地方貨幣としては扱わない。
- Minting of Kanei Tuho coins and Tessen coins was done in Zeniza (organization in charge of minting coins during the Edo period) of various regions such as Kameido in Edo and Shichijo in Kyoto, and many of such coins were Kochusen, coins permitted by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which were supposed to be used throughout the country, and therefore, these coins were usually not treated as a local currency.
- ところが、天皇と義懐、そして父の代からの側近で天皇の乳兄弟でもある藤原惟成が中心となって推進した荘園整理令などの新制の発布、貨幣流通の活性化など、革新的な政策は関白の藤原頼忠らとの確執を招いた。
- However, innovative policies such as promulgation of a new system including shoen seiri rei (Manor Regulation Acts) and vitalization of currency circulation that were promoted mainly by the emperor, Yoshichika and FUJIWARA no Koreshige, who was close to the emperor since the age of his father and a foster brother of the emperor caused conflicts with FUJIWARA no Yoritada, who was the kanpaku, etc.
- 大量の予算を充足する目的から、会計事務掛由利公正(福井藩士。のち由利公正)が導入した不換紙幣太政官札(10両、5両、1両、1分、1朱の5種)が大量に発行され、政府貨幣の信用が著しく低下していた。
- In order to secure a large budget, a lot of inconvertible paper currency, Dajokan-satsu (state bill) 5 types; 10 ryo, 5 ryo, 1 ryo, 1 bu, and 1 shu), introduced by an accountant, Kosei YURI (a feudal retainer of the Fukui clan, Kosei YURI later) was issued and the credibility of the government currency significantly fell off.
- 続いて2日後には岩倉具視にも別に書簡を送り、通貨改革を行なわなければ却って「万民の信」を失い、外国からは不正の汚名を着せられることになるとして、大久保に対する説得と大隈への助力を求めたのである。
- Two days following this, KIDO sent a separate letter to Tomomi IWAKURA, asking him to persuade OKUBO and helping OKUMA, saying that if the currency reform is not put through, the 'people's trust' will be lost and Japan would be branded by foreign countries with fraud.
- 翌年の寛永14年(1637年)、流通のために充分な量の銭貨を確保するため3座に加えて、水戸、仙台、三河国三河吉田藩、松本市、高田市、長門国萩市、備前国岡山市、および豊後国竹田市の8座が増設された。
- In 1637, for the purpose of securing the sufficient number of coins for circulation, in addition to the three zeniza stated above, eight more zeniza were established in Mito, Sendai, Mikawa-Yoshida domain in Mikawa Province, Matsumoto City, Takada City, Hagi City in Nagato Province, Okayama City in Bizen Province and Takeda City in Bungo Province.
- 基本的には、朱墨の半印がされた文字と、筆記の漢数字(一方は朱:赤で記載)のある大きめの縦長(縦:82cm 横:36cm)の紙で、裏面には献上物、数、付帯貨物、正使以下の乗船者数などを記入したもの。
- Basically, the Kangofu was a long sheet of paper, large in size (82 cm long by 36 cm across), on which the matching seals with letters in red ink and handwritten Chinese kanji numbers (one of which was written in red ink) were printed, and on the other side of the document the type and number of articles for presentation, supplementary cargo, the number of passengers including the chief delegate were listed.
- しかし、当時銭貨を鋳造していなかった日本では貨幣経済の発達に伴い、大量の銅銭を必要とし、また「唐物」と呼ばれる陶磁器を初めとした中国の文物の需要も依然旺盛で、貿易船の必要性が減ずることはなかった。
- However the necessity for the trading vessels never faded because the development of money economy required a large quantity of copper coins in Japan, where coins were not cast in those days, and because the demands for Chinese products of culture including ceramic ware, pottery, and chinaware called 'karamono' (things imported from China) were still intense.
- 明治4年(1871年)5月、新貨条例公布の際、当初1戔(匁)=3.756574グラムとされたが、同年9月に訂正され1戔=3.756521グラムと定められたため、1両=37.56521グラムとなる。
- When the New Currency Act was promulgated in June 1871, the weight of 1 sen (monme) was set at 3.756574 grams at first, and then in October of the same year, it was reset at 3.756521 grams, so the weight of 1 ryo became 37.56521 grams.
- その後日清戦争や日露戦争、第一次世界大戦(青島攻略戦)などの対外戦争で日本政府が占領地で発行しており、太平洋戦争(大東亜戦争)では中国および東南アジアの占領地各地で現地通貨建てのものが使用された。
- Afterwards, during such wars against foreign countries as Sino-Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War and the First World War (the war for captureing Tsingtao), Japanese government issued its military currency in the occupied areas and during the Pacific War (The Greater East Asian War), Japanese military currency was issued in the occupying areas, including China and Southeast Asia, based on the local currency.
- 1825年(文政8年)、イギリスのストックトン - ダーリントン間で蒸気機関車を用いた貨物鉄道の運行が開始され、1830年(文政13年)にはリヴァプール - マンチェスター間に旅客鉄道も開業する。
- In Britain, operation of the steam locomotive railway for freight transport was started between Stockton and Darlington in 1825, and in 1830, passenger railway service was also started between Liverpool and Manchester.
- 貨幣司二分判(かへいしにぶばん)は明治元年(1868年)明治新政府が金座を接収し、造幣局 (日本)の開局までの経過措置として10ヶ月の期間鋳造されたもので、明治二分金(めいじにぶきん)とも呼ばれる。
- Kaheishi nibuban was casted for 10 months as a progress measure until opening of minting authority when the New Meiji Government took over kin-za in 1868 and is called Meiji nibukin.
- キリスト教禁令についてのイギリス公使ハリー・パークスとの交渉などで手腕を発揮するとともに、明治2年(1869年)からは会計官副知事を兼務し、高輪談判の処理や新貨条例の制定などの金融行政にも携わった。
- He showed his abilities in negotiation with English minister Harry PARKS on the prohibition of Christianity, also, he concurrently held the post of vice governor of accounts from 1869, engaged in the handling of the Takanawa negotiation and financial administration such as the establishment of the New Currency Regulation.
- 両替商はやがて小判および丁銀の金銀両替および、為替、預金、貸付、手形の発行により信用取引を仲介する業務を行う本両替(ほんりょうがえ)と、専ら銭貨の売買を行う脇両替(わきりょうがえ)に分化していった。
- Money changers were later divided into 'Honryogae' (main exchangers) who handled changing koban and chogin, i.e., gold and silver, money orders, deposits, lending and credit transactions agency through the issuance of credit bills, and 'Wakiryogae' (subsidiary exchangers) who specialized in copper coinage transactions.
- また江戸時代後期以降は幕府の意図的な銀単位通貨流通量抑制政策のために手形や藩札による取引も盛んであったため、藩札が発行した藩の思惑に反して藩領を超えた比較的広い範囲にまで流通していた場合も少なくない。
- After the late Edo period, trading with tegata (drafts) or han bills was active due to a policy adopted by the shogunate to control the amount of silver coins in circulation, so han bills were sometimes extensively circulated outside the issuing domain, against the expectations of the domains who had issued those han bills.
- 万延二朱判(まんえんにしゅばん)は万延元年(1860年)4月10日より発行された二分金万延二分判と同品位で1/4の量目につくられており万延二分判と伴に事実上本位貨幣的地位の主導権を握っていたといえる。
- Manen nishuban had the same karat as nibukin Manen nibuban issued on May 30, 1860 and the ryome was 1/4 and was positioned as standard coin taking initiative with Manen nibuban in effect.
- 第一次日韓協約により韓国政府に派遣された財政顧問・目賀田種太郎は、韓国政府の財政を立て直すとして、韓国の造幣局であった典圜局を廃止させ、大阪にある造幣局に銭貨の製造を委託させるなどの施策を行っていた。
- Tanetaro MEGATA, a financial advisor dispatched from Japan to the Korean government under the terms of the First Japan-Korea Agreement, initiated several measures to rebuild the finances of the Korean government, including the abolishing of the 典圜局, the Korean mint; Megata commissioned a mint in Osaka to manufacture coins instead.
- その為、勘定吟味役(後に勘定奉行)に荻原重秀を登用し、元禄小判を行い、幕府は貨幣発行益(シニョレージ(seigniorage))を得たけれども、インフレーションを招き庶民の生活を苦しめることとなった。
- Therefore, the bakufu appointed Kanjoginmiyaku (a post of the Edo bakufu to support commissioners at the finance ministry) Shigehide OGIWARA (later he became kanjo bugyo [commissioner of finance]) to gain profit from money emissions (seignoirage) by issuing Genroku Koban (oval gold coin), however, it in turn caused inflation, which threatened the common people's life.
- だが、管理の厳格化と小判師の分散化を防止するために元禄11年(1698年)に邸外の鋳造施設を廃止して金座役宅(後藤宗家邸)の敷地内に鋳造施設を設置して、以後江戸での金貨鋳造はここでのみ行うことになった。
- However, in order to prevent tightening of control and decentralization of koban-shi, in 1698 casting facilities outside the residence were abolished and casting facilities were located on the grounds of the official residence of kin-za (the residence of the head family of the Goto family) only where casting of gold coins was performed thereafter.
- 貨幣収集界には天保6年から翌年鋳造分を「長郭」あるいは「中郭」、8年から13年までのものを「細郭」、弘化4年以降のものを「広郭」とする説もあったが、これでは現存数と鋳造数の比率に整合しないとの説もある。
- In the world of collecting coins, a opinion that claimed that coins minted between 1835 and the following year were called 'Chokaku' or 'Chukaku,' those between 1837 and 1842 were 'Saikaku,' and those after 1847 were 'Kokaku,' but the other argued that this categorization did not match the ratio of the number of existing coins and coins minted.
- また、量目が四十四匁二分の大判の道具値段が八両二分と評価されており、十両分では五十二匁となり、金座の貨幣鋳造手数料にあたる分一金四匁四分を差し引き四十七匁六分となり、一両では四匁七分六厘とする説もある。
- The price of the Oban whose ryome is 44 monme 2 bu evaluated as 8 ryo 2 bu,10 ryo of which equals 52 monme, deducing Ichibukin 4 monme 4 bu as commission charges for kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) equals 47 monme 6 bu, making 1 ryo equal 4 monme 7 bu 6 rin.
- 一方、二朱銀については一分銀の半分の額面にもかかわらず、約4/3倍の含有銀量であり、出目獲得を目的とした悪貨の発行に慣れた幕府にとって良貨は多量に発行できるものでなかったため、貿易取引に限定するものとした。
- Meanwhile, as Nishu gin silver coins contained about four thirds of silver in spite that its face value was half of ichibu-gin silver, the bakufu decided to limit the use of those coins to international trade because it could not emit a large quantity of good money, accustomed to emitting bad money for the purpose of acquiring marginal gain.
- の南鐐二朱銀発行以降、次第に両を基軸とする、分、朱の単位をもつ計数銀貨が増加し始め、1837年の一分銀発行に至って、丁銀のような秤量銀貨を凌駕するようになり、銀貨は小判の通貨体系に組み込まれることになった。
- After the issue of Nanryo Nishu silver coins in 1772, the amount of circulation of denomination silver coins with the unit of ryo (a base unit), bu and shu, began to increase, and in 1837, when Ichibu gin silver coins were issued, these coins came to surpass that of the currencies by weight, such as chogin, so silver coins were incorporated in the currency system of gold coin (koban).
- 慶長6年(1601年)には、伏見銀座から慶長丁銀が鋳造され、以後、江戸幕府によって品位を一定に定められた丁銀が発行され、元和 (日本)年間以降は常に小額通貨である同品位の豆板銀(小玉銀)を伴って発行された。
- In 1601, Keicho Chogin (oval silver coins) were made in Fushimi Ginza (silver mint) and since then, Chogin of a consistent standard had been coined by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and after the Genwa era, Mameitagin (small coins) of the same quality were made as a permanent small currency unit.
- これに伴い、明治4年(1871年)の新貨条例では質量の単位には匁が公式に採用され(ただし、第二次大戦前までは銭も併用されていた)、匁は貫の1000分の1と規定され、1匁=3.756521グラムと定められた。
- Instead, monme was officially adopted as the weight unit by the New Currency Act in 1871 (though sen was used in parallel before World War II) and 1 monme was equalized with a thousandth kan, and the weight of 1 monme was set at 3.756521 grams.
- また、貨幣吹替および飢饉の影響などによる変動はあったものの、米1石(当時の人一人の一年分の米消費量にほぼ相当する)の価格は1両前後であり、元禄年間から幕末の世情不安に至る前まで、ほぼこの前後の水準で推移した。
- Although some fluctuations were seen under the influence of reminting, famine, and others, the price of 1 koku rice (nearly equal to the amount consumed by a person per year) was around 1 ryo from the Genroku era (1688 to 1704) until just before the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate when the Japanese society became unstable.
- 計画時は東海道本線の線路容量が限界になるであろうとの予測により、山科から片町線長尾駅 (大阪府)に抜ける新線を作り、貨物列車を新設の長尾操車場に、特急列車を片町線からJR東西線経由で大阪に入れる構想であった。
- In the planning stage of the Kosei Line, with the estimate that the track volume of the Tokaido Main Line would reach its limit, it was planned to construct a new line that would run from Yamashina Station to Nagao Station (Osaka Prefecture) on the Katamachi Line and to have freight trains enter a new Nagao yard and limited express trains enter Osaka Station from the Katamachi Line via the JR Tozai Line.
- 一両小判に加えて、その1/4の額面にあたる一分金が江戸時代を通じて常に小判と同時に鋳造されたが、これは金品位は小判と同一であり、量目は小判の1/4につくられ、小判と同様、本位貨幣的な性格を有するものであった。
- Along with Ichiryo Koban, Ichibukin whose value is one fourth of Ichiryo Koban, was cast constantly during Edo period at the same time of Koban, and its gold carat is the same as Koban, ryome is one fourth of Koban,used as standard money like Koban.
- 円歩金(えんぶきん)は表面中心部に桐紋、さらに周囲にも五箇所の桐紋、裏面は中心に後藤庄三郎光次の花押、周囲に五箇所の桐紋の極印が打たれた円形の金貨であり、形状は西洋金貨風で日本の金貨としては異例のものである。
- Enbukin was oval gold coin which had Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) on the center of head, Kiri-mon of Gokasho around it, Kao (written seal mark) of Shosaburo Mitsutsugu GOTO on the center of tail, hallmark of Kiri-mon of Gokasho around it, and its western gold coin shape was unusual for Japanese gold coin.
- 大隈は当初は参議木戸孝允の支援を受け、木戸と同じ長州藩出身の伊藤博文・井上馨や旧幕臣の渋沢栄一らを登用して、新貨条例制定、予算制度導入、造幣局 (日本)・印刷局の建設、廃藩置県・地租改正の実施などに尽力する。
- Okuma initially made efforts toward the enactment of the New Currency Regulation, introduction of budget system, construction of Mint Bureau (Japan) and Printing Bureau, implementation of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) and land-tax reform with support from a councilor Takayoshi KIDO and by employing Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, who were from the same Choshu Domain as Kido, and Eichi SHIBUSAWA, a former retainer of shogun.
- だが、一般の人々には正貨と贋貨の区別をつける方法が無く(そもそも簡単に区別がつけられるのであれば、外国人に対する検勘は必要がないことになる)、かつ贋貨の方が大量に出回っているために全く意味が無かったのである。
- However, there was no method for regular people to make a distinction between a specie and counterfeit money (if there was a way to make this distinction, there would have been no reason to go through an authenticity test for foreigners in the first place), and besides, large amounts of counterfeit money were circulating so it was pointless.
- 長州藩出身の広沢真臣が薩摩や土佐などの贋貨鋳造藩から罰金を徴収してそれを引換の元手にすることで40両前後にまで引き上げる案も出されたものの、前述のように穏便な処置を望む意見が占める中では実現は困難と思われた。
- A proposal to collect a fine from domains which coined counterfeit money such as Satsuma and Tosa, and using this as a fund for the exchange, and raising the price to around 40 ryo was put out by Saneomi HIROSAWA from the Choshu Domain, but this was thought to be difficult to realize as most opinions desired a gentle punishment, like written above.
- しかし、当該国がマネーサプライの拡大を嫌った場合、他の資産を民間に売却することによって自国通貨供給の拡大を阻止するという操作が可能であり、このような金不胎化政策はかならず他の国に金融引き締めを強いることになる。
- However, if the country does not want to increase the money supply, it can control and hamper the expansion by disposing of state-owned assets to the private sector, and such gold sterilization policy will impose credit crunch on other countries.
- さらに寛永16年(1639年)、駿河国井之宮に銭座が設けられたが、寛永17年(1640年)、前年に銭貨の相場が下落したことを受け、また軽薄な品が少なくないという理由から一旦、全銭座における鋳造停止が命じられた。
- In addition another zeniza was established in Inomiya, Suruga Province in 1639, but mintage was temporarily prohibited in all the zeniza in 1640 because of a drop in the value of a copper coin in the previous year, and because many coins were too light.
- 松方・大隈、そして組閣の功労で日本銀行総裁に抜擢された岩崎の手によって、「大隈財政」・「松方財政」の悲願でありながら実現できなかった金本位制の確立が3月26日公布の貨幣法によって実現する(同年10月1日施行)。
- By MATSUKATA, OKUMA, and IWASAKI who was promoted as the Governor of the Bank of Japan due to achievement in the Cabinet organization, establishment of gold standard system which was a long-cherished wish of OKUMA Finance' and 'MATSUKATA Finance' but have not been achieved yet was finally realized with the Coinage Act issued on March 26 (enforced on October 1 of the same year).
- 戦地で軍票額面価格を維持するために、いつでも正銀貨と引換を希望すれば、戦地所在の横浜正金銀行各支店、内地指定の金庫、韓国金庫派出所、野戦郵便局、韓国、北中国所在の日本普通郵便局、第一銀行出張所で軍票を受入れた。
- In order to keep the nominal value of that military currency, the Japanese government made it possible for the owners to exchange the currency with silver at every branch of Yokohama Specie Bank, Ltd. located at the front, assigned depositories in Japan, detached offices of Korean depository, Yasen (open battle) Post Office, Japanese common post offices at Korea and nothern China and detached offices of First Bank.
- しかし、当時は東洋市場においては銀貨による対外支払いが一般的であった為、1円銀貨(量目は416グレーン)ならびに、当時の洋銀に相当する420グレインの量目の貿易銀を発行し、貿易などの対外支払用貨幣として使用した。
- In the East market during that time, however, foreign payment was generally done by silver coins; therefore, 1 yen silver coin (weighed value: 416 grain) and silver coins of weighed value of 420 grain equivalent to German silver were issued for trade, and used as means of foreign payment for trade.
- また、西日本から北陸、東北各地には銀山が多く点在し、ここから産出される灰吹銀に極印を打った極印銀(ごくいんぎん)および小額取引のためにそれを切遣いした切銀(きりぎん)が秤量銀貨として取引に用いられるようになった。
- Also, gokuin-gin (hallmarked cupelled silver) made by putting hallmarks to haifuki-gin (cupelled silver) produced at many silver mines which were dotted from western Japan to Hokuriku and Tohoku regions, and kirigin which were used by cutting gokuin-gin into smaller (rectangular) pieces (each with a hallmark) began to be used as silver-by-weight standard for transaction.
- 生活苦打開のため、吉原_(東京都)遊郭近くの下谷龍泉寺町(現在の台東区竜泉一丁目)で荒物と駄菓子を売る雑貨店を開いたが1894年(明治27年)5月には店を引き払い、本郷区丸山福山町(現在の西片一丁目)に転居する。
- In order to relieve her straightened circumstances, she opened a variety shop which sold cleaning implements and penny candy in Shitaya Ryusenji-cho (present Ryusen 1-chome, Taito Ward), but closed the shop in May 1894 and moved to Maruyama Fukuyama-cho, Hongo Ward (present Nishikata 1-chome).
- 一方で、比良おろしと呼ばれる山からの強風により過去に貨物列車が停車中に倒された例があるなど、速度規制や運転見合わせになることも多く、「サンダーバード」など湖西線を通過する特急が米原経由で迂回運転されることもある。
- Meanwhile, due to Hiraoroshi (strong winds from the mountains) the speed limit is often applied or the operation is regulated on the Kosei Line (in the past a freight train actually overturned while stopping), and the Limited Express 'Thunderbird,' etc., sometimes goes around via Maibara Station instead of passing the Kosei Line.
- 1987年から1988年にかけて「くろしお_(列車)」、1988年から1989年まで「くろしお_(列車)」の愛称で国鉄381系電車電車を用いて京都~白浜駅間に関西本線・関西本線阪和貨物線・阪和線経由で運転された。
- A limited express which had the nickname 'Kuroshio XX' from 1987 to 1988 and 'Kuroshio XX' from 1988 to 1989, the JNR/JR Limited Express Series 381ran between Kyoto Station and Shirahama Station via the Kansai Main Line, the Kansai Main Line Hanwa Freight Line and the Hanwa Line.
- 学者のあり方から妾の是非(男女同権論等)、哲学や信教の自由などの宗教論、文字改良論などの教育論、死刑廃止論等の社会問題関連、貨幣・貿易等の経済諸問題、はては妖怪の類まで、非常に広きにわたる論説・翻訳を扱っている。
- It dealt with articles and translations in wide areas, ranging from the style of scholar, right and wrong of concubine (feminism etc.), Philosophy, religious arguments including freedom of faith, educational arguments such as an opinion to improve letters, social problems such as the abolition of death penalty, economic problems such as currency and trades, to specters.
- 一方、国庫準備正貨高は1270万円から4227万円に増加し、金融市場にて正貨1円に対して紙幣1円80銭に換算されていたものが1円8厘となって、正貨と紙幣の価値がほぼ均しくなり、兌換紙幣発行の条件が整う事となった。
- By contrast, the national treasury reserves in specie increased from \12.7 million to \42.27 million, and since \ 1 in specie, which had been equivalent to a \1.80 note, came to \1.008 in the financial market, which meant that, with the specie money and the paper money being almost equal in value, conditions for issuing convertible paper money were established by then.
- 『金銀図録』および『大日本貨幣史』によれば、文禄4年(1595年)鋳造となっているが、この説を採ると駿河墨書小判が家康のものであることと矛盾が生じ、豊臣秀吉の家臣である中村一氏が鋳造させたものであるとの説もある。
- According to 'Kinginzuroku' (Gold & Silver catalog) and 'Dainihon Kaheishi' (Great History of Japanese Currency), it was cast in 1595, however, this was contradictory to the theory that Suruga Sumigaki Koban was initiated by Ieyasu; therefore, another theory holds that it was ordered to cast by Kazuuji NAKAMURA, vassal of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 明治時代に引換回収された天保通寳は5億8674万枚にも上り、これは金座および貨幣司が鋳造したものを1億枚以上も上回る数であり、かつ流通高のすべてが回収されたわけではないため、密鋳は2億枚程度に達したものと思われる。
- The Tenpo-tsuho coins immobilized and exchanged during the Meiji period totaled 586,740,000 which is 100 million more coins than those minted at the kin-za and the Kaheishi, and considering not all the Tenpo-tsuho coins were immobilized, the number of coins secretly minted is thought the be around 200 million.
- しかし、これまで明治二分金とされてきた「止め分」は圧倒的に現存数が多く、こちらが発行高が多い万延二分金であり、現存数の少ない「撥ね分」は貨幣司二分金(明治二分金)であるとする方が整合するとの説が有力になりつつある。
- There is another theory that is gradually becoming more popularity: since there are a lot of extant 'tomebu' that had been considered to be Meiji nibukin, they are now considered to be Manen nibukin, which had a greater circulation, and few extant 'hanebu' are considered to be kaheishi nibukin (Meiji nibukin).
- 東海道本線の馬場(現在の膳所)~京都間が東山トンネル経由の現在線に切り替えられた1921年のその日に、京都~稲荷間の旧東海道本線と稲荷~桃山間の新線が奈良線となり、京都~伏見間が廃止、伏見~桃山間が貨物線化された。
- In 1921, the Tokaido Main Line between Baba (currently Zeze) Station and Kyoto Station was switched to the current line via the Higashiyama tunnel; and on the same day the old Tokaido Main Line between Kyoto Station and Inari Station and a new line between Inari Station and Momoyama Station came to serve as the Nara Line, whereby the line between Kyoto Station and Fushimi Station was abolished and the line between Fushimi Station and Momoyama Station was made a freight line.
- また慶長14年(1609年)に幕府は三貨の御定相場として金一両=銀五十匁=永楽通宝一貫文=鐚銭四貫文と定めたが、これは目安とされ実態は変動相場制で市場に委ね、相場が行き過ぎた場合は幕府が介入するというものであった。
- In 1609, bakufu decided the market price of three currency as 1ryo=silver 50 monme = Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) 1 kanmon=Bitasen (low quality coins whose surfaces were worn away) 4 kanmon, however, it was introduced just as criterion and in reality, it was flexible rate which was left to market, and was intervened by the government in the case that the rate went too far.
- 以上のように、軍票は通貨のような体裁と流通形態をしていて、商品券のような物と誤解される場合があるが、法律上の扱いは法定通貨でも有価証券でもなく領収書であり、最終的には相手国政府当局に提出して現金化する事が必要である。
- As stated above, military currency was sometimes mistaken as a voucher since it had an appearance and a circulation system as if it were usual paper money; however, legally, it was only a receipt, not a legal tender or marketable securities, and had to be encashed by the government of the military force.
- このような秤量銀貨は取引の度に秤量するという煩雑さを伴うため、銀座および両替商で賞賜目的には銀一枚(43匁)、および商取引などには500匁毎にまとめ、和紙で包み封印をした、「包金銀」の形で取引に使用されるようになった。
- Since silver by weight standard needs many works by weighing at each trade, at ginza and currency exchange, it was defined to be a piece of silver (43 momen) for giving as prize and 500 momen for trading, where it was used as 'gold and silver by wrapping' that was wrapped by Japanese paper with seal.
- 文政7年(1824年)には量目を減少させた、文政南鐐二朱銀/新南鐐二朱銀(ぶんせいなんりょうにしゅぎん/しんなんりょうにしゅぎん)を発行し、その後、天保8年(1837年)発行の天保一分銀に計数銀貨は完成を見たのであった。
- In 1824, Bunsei Nanryo Nishu Gin/Shin (new) Nanryo Nishu Gin were issued with less ryome and, in 1837, production of countable silver coins was completed with Tenpo Ichibu Gin.
- 外国商人達は日本側のこうした強硬なやり方に不満を抱いたものの、公使達がこれを受け入れていること、正貨との等価交換によって不十分ながらも補償を受けられたと判断されたことで損害賠償などを求める動きは一応収束することになった。
- Foreign merchants were discontent with these drastic measures, but the movements such as asking for compensation for loss were put an end, because the ministers had accepted these measures, and also because, although they judged that it was not enough, they still received compensation through equivalent exchange with specie money.
- 続いて5月10日(1871年6月17日)には円 (通貨)を基本単位とし、通貨の補助単位として「銭」「厘」を導入して、1円100銭、1銭10厘とする新貨条例が公布され、日本は近代的な貨幣制度への第一歩を踏み出すことになった。
- On June 17, 1871 of the following year, the yen (currency) was made the basic unit, the 'sen' and 'ri' were introduced as the supplementary unit, the New Currency Act was proclaimed, making 1 yen 100 sen, and 1 sen 10 ri, and Japan took its first step towards a modern currency system.
- 車両は国鉄トキ25000形貨車の改造車5両編成 (SK300-1+SK100-1+SK100-11+SK100-2+SK200-1) で、トロッコ嵯峨寄りに国鉄DE10形ディーゼル機関車 (DE10 1104) を連結する。
- The tram is composed of five remodeled Japanese National Railways Toki 25000-type cars (SK300-1, SK100-1, SK100-11, SK100-2, SK200-1) connected to a Japanese National Railways DE10-type diesel locomotive (DE10 1104) on the Saga Torokko Station side.
- 更に明治11年(1878年)5月27日には大蔵卿大隈重信の建議を受けて正式に金銀複本位制を採用して、これまで開港場のみで通用を許していた1円銀貨及び貿易銀を日本国内でも強制通用力のある貨幣として扱い、その無制限使用を許した。
- On May 27, 1878, Japan formally adopted the gold and silver bimetallism according to the proposal by Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury) Shigenobu OKUMA, and designated one yen silver coins and silver trade coins that had been used only in the open ports as legal-tender coins and allowed their unrestricted use.
- 荻原は元禄期、いままでの高純度の慶長小判慶長丁銀を回収し金銀含有率の低い元禄小判元禄丁銀を発行し、家宣時代になってからも将軍の承諾を取り付けることなく独断で宝永小判宝永丁銀を発行し、幕府財政の欠損を補うという貨幣政策をとった。
- In the Genroku era, Ogiwara withdrew high-purity Keicho Koban (gold oval coins) and Keicho Chogin (silver oval coins) and issued Genroku koban and Genroku chogin, low in gold and silver content, and, under the reign of Ienobu, he issued Hoei koban and Hoei chogin anew on his own authority without obtaining permission from the Shogun as a monetary policy to make up a government deficit.
- また、大名貸に伴う大坂から江戸への貨幣の流出は、江戸商人による大坂からの物資買付とともに、武士とその生活を支える商工業者による消費都市江戸と「天下の台所」と呼ばれた大坂との間に高度な為替の仕組を生み出す間接的な要因にもなった。
- Also, money outflow from Osaka to Edo due to daimyogashi and Edo merchants buying goods from Osaka became remote causes of creating a sophisticated system of currency exchange between Edo, a consumer city of samurai and people in trade and manufacture who supported lives of samurai, and Osaka, a city called 'the kitchen of Japan.'
- もちろん、実際には内乱に乗じた他の諸藩や民間でも同様の贋貨作りが行われており、明治2年3月に外国官(後の外務省)より公議所に対して3,000万両の贋貨が外国商人の手に落ちたという「風説」があると報告されている(「問題四条」)。
- Of course in reality, many other domains and people took advantage of the civil war and had counterfeit money made similarly, and a rumor was reported by the Foreign Office (the later Ministry of Foreign Affairs) to the public chamber that 30 million counterfeit ryo fell into the hands of foreign merchants.
- 小判に対し、大判(大判金)も江戸時代を通して発行されていたが、大判は一般通貨ではなく、恩賞、贈答用のもので金一枚(四十四匁)という基準でつくられ、計数貨幣としてではなく、品位と量目および需要を基に大判大判相場によって取引された。
- As opposed to koban, oban (obankin) (large-sized old Japanese gold coin) were also issued through the Edo period, it was not general currency but as reward grants and gifts in the standard of kin 1 mai (44 monme) and was traded not as counting currency but as oban market rate based of the karat, ryome and demand.
- 東北地方は度重なる冷害、飢饉にあえいだ一方で鉱山が多く金属資源は潤沢であったことから、幕末期に盛岡藩および久保田藩を中心に銀判および當百文銅銭および鉛銭など、数多くの貨幣が密鋳されたが、幕府には既にそれを取り締まる力はなかった。
- The Tohoku region suffered from cold-weather damage by the cold-weather and famine repeatedly, but on the other hand, there were many mines in the region and metal resources were abundant, so at the end of the Edo period, the Morioka Domain and the Kubota Domain secretly minted many coins of silver, copper, and lead without a permission from the bakufu because the bakufu no longer had enough power to control these activities.
- 明治政府による富国強兵のもと、外貨獲得のために日本の近代化を支えたものは水の豊富な長野県諏訪地域における製糸業であり、みねを始め多くの女性労働者が家族との別れを惜しみつつ野麦峠を越え出稼ぎに出る,当時はそんな時代だったのである。
- Under the policy of governments of the Meiji period 'Fukoku Kyohei' (fortifying the country, strengthening the military), the filature in Suwa area of Nagano Prefecture where richly endowed with water supported modernization of Japan to earn foreign currency, and many female workers like Mine reluctantly left their family home and went over the Nomugi Pass for work, that was quite usual in those days.
- 安政二朱銀(あんせいにしゅぎん)は日米和親条約による安政6年(1859年)6月2日の横浜港の開港に備えて、同年5月25日より小判の海外流出防止の目的で貿易取引専用に鋳造された計数銀貨であり、貿易二朱(ぼうえきにしゅ)とも呼ばれる。
- Ansei Nishu gin silver was Keisu ginka (a silver coin whose value is determined by the amount written on it) minted only for international trade after June 25, 1859, with an intention to prevent the outflow of koban to foreign countries in preparation to the opening of Yokohama Port scheduled for July 1, 1859, due to Japan-U.S. Treaty of Peace and Amity, and it was also called Boeki Nishu (Nishu for international trade).
- 石見銀山を領内に抱える毛利元就は石州丁銀などを発行し、黒川金山など多くの金山を抱える武田信玄による甲州金は、徳川幕府の小判の通貨体系(両、分、朱)に引き継がれ、上杉謙信も天正越座金を発行したとされるが、いずれも現存数は稀少である。
- It is said that Motonari MORI, who had the Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine in his territory, issued Sekishu chogin, etc., that Koshu Kin (gold coins) were minted by Shingen TAKEDA, who had many gold mines such as the Kurokawa Gold Mine, etc., and were succeeded by the koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) currency system (ryo, bu, shu) of the Tokugawa shogunate, and that Kenshin UESUGI issued Tensho Etsuza Kin; however in each case very few actual examples of them currently exist.
- さらに幕末の文久2年(1862年)、薩摩藩は琉球の救済を名目に、3年の年限つきで琉球通宝當百文 (通貨単位)銭の発行を申し出て許可されたが、これは藩財政の建て直し目的とした天保通宝密鋳の隠れ蓑とて用意周到に準備されたものであった。
- Furthermore, at the end of the Edo period, in 1862, the Satsuma Domain petitioned the bakufu for the issuance of Ryukyu Tsuho Hyaku (hundred) Mon coins with an issue limit of 3 years in order to save Ryukyu and this petition was granted, but this petition was carefully prepared by the Satsuma Domain to secretly cover up minting of Tenpo Tsuho secretly to recover the Domain's weak finance.
- また、会計官では不換紙幣としての太政官札の企画を推進してきた副知事の由利公正が従来の財政問題を巡る路線対立に加えて、外交問題から太政官札の位置付け変更に踏み込んだ通貨改革の流れに発展してきたことに対する不満から辞意を表明していた。
- Furthermore, Kosei YURI, the vice prefectural governor who promoted the the plan of the Dajokan-satsu as the inconvertible paper currency at the finance office, expressed his will to resign because of his dissatisfaction with the confrontation on the existing financial issues along with his dissatisfaction with the circumstances that the diplomatic issue had grown into a monetary reform which even involved the change of position of Dajokan-satsu.
- また中国との交易に精通していたハリスは日本の一両も中国と同様に銀一両(テール/37.3グラム)と考え、1ドル銀貨は約3/4テールの量目に相当し一分銀の量目が偶然にも約1/4テールであったことも1ドル=3分の根拠としての口実となった。
- HARRIS, familiar with the trade with China, considered 1 ryo in Japan to be 1 ryo (tael; 37.3g) of silver just as 1 ryo in China, and drew his conclusion also from the fact that a one-dollar silver coin weighed about three fourths of a tael and an ichibu-gin silver coin happened to weigh about one fourth of a tael.
- 表面上部に桐紋を囲む扇枠、中央上部に長方形枠の「貮分」、下部に「光次(花押)」、裏面は中央に花押、左下に小判師のものと思われる極印が打たれ、現存極めて稀少であり一枚は造幣博物館が所蔵しているが、試鋳貨幣的な存在であったと考えられる。
- There is fan shape frame around Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) on the upper part of its head, 'Nibu' with rectangular frame on the upper center, 'Mitsutsugu (Kao[written seal mark]) 'on the lower part, Kao on the center of tail, imprinted hallmark which likely to be Kobanshi's on the lower left, and it is thought to be like a proof coin because it scarcely exists now, one of which Mint Museum owners.
- やがて戊辰戦争が始まると、外国より武器を輸入するための戦費調達を目的として奥羽越列藩同盟の会津藩・仙台藩・二本松藩・久保田藩などが贋貨を鋳造し始め、続いて薩摩藩・土佐藩・芸州藩・宇和島藩・佐土原藩・郡山藩などの官軍諸藩もこれに続いた。
- When the Boshin War eventually started, the Oetsu-reppan alliance: the Aizu, Sendai, Nihonmatsu, Kubota, and other domains started coining counterfeit money, followed by Imperial army domains such as Satsuma, Tosa, Geishu, Uwajima, Sadowara, and Gunyama Domain, for the purpose of raising capital to import weapons from overseas.
- 幕府は、それまで流通していた古丁銀、極印銀などの領国貨幣に代え、慶長銀による秤量銀貨の統一を理想としたが、貿易対価の支払いによる多額に上る海外流出のため地方まで慶長銀が充分に行渡らず、通貨の統一には元禄銀の登場を待たねばならなかった。
- The ideal of bakufu was to use solely keicho-gin by unification of weight standard in place of currency of daimyo's territory such as kocho-gin and gokuin-gin that had been used before that, but keicho-gin was not distributed as far as local areas since a large amount of money was distributed to foreign countries as a result of payment of trade, and thereby they had to wait for arrival of genroku-gin for unification of currency.
- 天保通寳は寛永通寳5~6枚分の量目に過ぎず、吹き減りおよび工賃を差し引いても一枚10文前後のコストで製造可能である為、幕府は地方での発行を「禁制」として認めなかったが、幕末期に偽装工作としての地方貨幣発行の陰で各藩による密鋳が横行した。
- Since the Tenpo-tsuho only weighed five or six Kanei-tsuho coins and it was possible to produce a coin in 10 mon even less labor charge and reducing the weight by minting, the bakufu did not admit to issue the coin in local areas as 'Kinsei' (taboo), however some clans secretly minted the Tenpo-tsuho behind the imitative deception of the local coin issuance in the end of the Edo period.
- 一方江戸幕府は御定相場として慶長14年(1609年)に、金1両は、銀50匁(約187グラム)、銭4貫文(4,000文 (通貨単位))に等価と布告し、後の元禄13年(1700年)に、金1両は、銀60匁(約225グラム)、銭4貫文と改正した。
- Meanwhile, Edo bakufu set the mint par of exchange, proclaiming in 1609 that 1 ryo of gold was equalized to 50 monme of silver (about 187 grams), or to 4 kanmon (or 4000 mon) of copper, then later in 1700, proclaimed again that 1 ryo of gold became 60 monme of silver (about 225 grams), or 4 kanmon of copper.
- つまり、当時の政府もその具体額は把握しておらず、将来的にも全容を明らかにするのは困難である(3,000万両は過大であるとしても、現在明らかになっているだけで800万両近くあり、それを遥かに上回る金額の悪貨・贋貨が発行されたと考えられる)。
- In other words, the government at the time also did not know the concrete amount of fake money coined, and even in the future, uncovering the whole truth would be difficult (even if 30 million ryo is exaggerated, the amount made clear presently is still close to 8 million ryo, and much more bad money and counterfeit money is thought to have been issued.)
- そこでパークスは他の4国公使と協議して、7月6日に明治政府に対して覚書を送付して、政府が大隈の方針を貫徹出来るのか、そして諸藩が発行した贋貨について政府がどうするのかを確認するための協議を政府側と持つことを希望することを通知したのである。
- Here, Parkes consulted with ministers of the other four countries, and on July 6, he sent a memorandum to the Meiji Government notifying their request for the government to hold a conference to confirm that the government would be able to carry out Okuma's policy, and also confirm what the government was going to do about the counterfeit money that the domains issued.
- 元明朝においても国制改革はさらに加速し、和銅元年(708年)には、初の流通貨幣である和同開珎の発行、および長安の造形に倣った本格的都城となる平城京遷都の詔が発せられた(平城京は長安と同じく大極殿を北端に置く。実際の遷都は2年後の和銅3年)。
- During the reign of Empress Genmei, the national reform further accelerated, and in 708, the first currency Wado-kaichin was issued and an imperial decree to announce the transferring of the capital to Heijo-kyo, which was the full-scale capital modeled after Changan, was issued. (As in Changan, Daigokuden in Heijo-kyo was located at the northernmost part. The transfer of the capital was realized two years later in 710.)
- パークスは薩摩藩・長州藩を支援して明治政府の成立に協力していた経緯があるだけに、政府が極秘で改税約書に違反した悪貨を鋳造していることに気づいていたが、これを放置しておくことは日本と貿易を行うイギリス商人の利益に反することであると考えていた。
- Having the background of cooperating with the formation of the Meiji Government by supporting the Satsuma and Choshu Domain, Parkes realized that the Meiji Government was breaking the kaizeiyakusho and secretly coining bad money, but thought that leaving this matter alone would go against the profit of English merchants who were trading with Japan.
- 更にこうした一連の遣り取りが内外に伝わると2月28日には横浜居留地の商人たちが会合を開いて明治政府に贋貨によって生じた損害賠償を求める事を決議し、更に一部の商人が今後の回収に期待して暴落した贋貨を買い占めるなど様々な思惑が動き出し始めていた。
- Furthermore, when this series of exchange spread around Japan and foreign countries, people began to move on their various ideas, for example, merchants of Yokohama settlement held a meeting on February 28, and decided to seek compensation from the Meiji Government for the damage caused by counterfeit money, or some merchants started to buy up the counterfeit money which had slumped anticipating the next recall.
- 安政二分判(あんせいにぶばん)は安政3年(1856年)5月から鋳造が始まり、同年6月28日より発行され、量目は天保小判の1/2であるが、金品位は1/3強に過ぎず低品位金貨としては一朱金に次ぐものであり、改鋳による出目獲得を目的としたものである。
- Ansei nibuban was started to be casted from June, 1856 and issued from July 29 of the same year and the ryome was 1/2 of Tenpo koban, however the karat was only over 1/3, low karat gold coin next to isshukin to earn profit by recasting.
- この様に領国内にある金山および銀山から産出される材料を元に、金屋(きんや)および銀屋(ぎんや)といった業者により金貨および銀貨が鋳造されたが、これらは火縄銃などの兵器および、生糸、高麗人参などの輸入代金の支払いに当てられ、多量に海外へ流出した。
- As mentioned above, gold and silver coins were minted by vendors such as kinya (gold shops) and ginya (silver shops) from the materials produced at gold mines and silver mines in daimyos' own territories, however, they were used as payments for importing weapons such as hinawaju (matchlock guns), raw silk thread, Asian ginseng, and so on, and a large amount of them flowed to foreign countries.
- 明治8年(1875年)には、これまでメキシコドルに一致させてきた一円銀貨の品目(銀含有率)を米ドルの貿易銀貨と一致させることとし、正式に「貿易銀」と呼称し、事実上の本位貨幣として扱われることとなった(なお、新貨条例は「貨幣条例」と改称された)。
- In 1875, though 1 yen silver coin content (silver content percentage) had been equivalent to that of Mexico dollar, it became equivalent to silver trade coins of the U.S. dollar, called 'silver trade dollar' formally, and was handled as de facto standard money (New Currency Regulation was renamed 'The Currency Act').
- -三都府(東京・京都・大阪)にある金札を回収して各府藩県に対して禄高1万石あたり2,500両分を6・7月の2回に分けて交付するので、それに相当する正貨を所定期間までに会計官に納付すること(この場合の「正貨」には贋金が混じっている事を黙認している)。
- Since kinsatsu in the three prefectures (Tokyo/Kyoto/Osaka) was to be collected, and each prefecture would be issued 2,500 ryo for each stipend of ten thousand Goku crop yields, in twice of June and July, the specie which corresponds to this is to be payed to the finance office by the appointed time (it was silently accepted that the 'specie' in this case had counterfeit money mixed in it).
- こうした中、儒教では利益の追求は欲望を生み出して人間を堕落の方向に向かわせると考えられ、商工業に携わること自体が本来の人間があるべき姿に反する行為として否定的に捉えられていたが、実際には貨幣経済や産業の発達により商人が経済の主導権を握るようになった。
- In Confucianism, it was thought that profit pursuing would lead to desires that would ultimately cause a human being to deteriorate and that activities of involved in commerce and industry themselves would be contrary to what a human being should be; nevertheless, under the above-mentioned circumstances, merchants took the initiative in an economy based on the development of a monetary economy and industry.
- だが、実際には当時(版籍奉還以前)の明治政府は諸藩に対して命令を下す権限を持っておらず(従って明治政府の命令である太政官布告ではなく、要請に近い太政官達が出されていた)、特に薩摩・土佐両藩は「戦勝国」の立場を利用してその後も贋貨を鋳造続けたのである。
- However, in reality, the Meiji Government at the time (before the return of lands and people to the emperor) did not have the authority to give orders to various domains (therefore the notice of Daijokan [Grand Council of State], which was more of a request, was issued instead of the edict of Daijokan, which was a command from the Meiji Government), and particularly the Satsuma and Tosa Domains used their position as a 'victor country' and still continued to coin counterfeit money.
- 金本位制が法的に初めて実施されたのは、1816年、イギリスの貨幣法(55 GeorgeIII.c.68)でソブリン金貨(発行は1817年)と呼ばれる金貨に自由鋳造、自由融解を認め、唯一の無制限法貨としてこれを1ポンドに流通させることになってからである。
- The first legal implementation of gold standard system was Coinage act (55 GeorgeIII.c.68) in 1816, England, in which the country gave the governmental recognition of free coinage and melting to the gold coin called sovereign (coined in 1817) and circulated the coin as the only unrestrained legal currency, one pound.
- 明治政府の成立後、江戸幕府発行の貨幣に替わるものとして太政官札(金札)5種(10両・5両・1両・1分・1朱)が発行されたが、財政補完を目的として高額金札ばかりが発行され、1分・1朱がほとんど発行されなかったために、民間の需要に応えることが出来なかった。
- After the Meiji government was established, the 5 kinds (10 ryo, 5 ryo, 1 ryo, 1 bu, 1 shu) of Dajokan-satsu (Kinsatsu, a golden bank note) were issued as an alternative to the currency issued by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), but only expensive Kinsatsu were issued in order to complement public finance, and 1 bu or 1 shu were rarely issued, so they could not accommodate public demand.
- このように家康は小判を基軸とする「両」の貨幣単位による通貨の全国統一を理想としたが、四進法の計算の煩雑性、実質を重視する観点などから秤量銀貨を使用する商人の力は依然として強大で権力で抑えるまでには至らず、既存の体系を其のまま踏襲する形となったとされる。
- Like that, Ieyasu's ideal was the unification of the currency of the whole country using currency unit'Ryo' based on Koban, however, he was forced to follow the existing system due to cumbersome calculation of quaternary and powerful merchants who used a silver-by-weight standard for real value reasons who couldn't be supressed by authority.
- 元禄8年(1695年)9月に貨幣吹替え(改鋳)が行われ、品位が低下した元禄丁銀が発行された際、この吹替えのことを朝鮮側に伝えず、対価支払い用には依然良質な慶長銀を確保して支払いに充てていたが、やがて慶長丁銀の確保が困難となり、一旦人参貿易が打ち切られた。
- When reminting of currency was done and Genroku Chogin with low silver content was issued in October 1695, the Tsushima Domain did not inform Korea of this reminting and continued to pay for Korean ginseng with Keicho Chogin with good quality; however, it gradually became difficult for the Tsushima Domain to secure Keicho Chogin, so the trade of Korean ginseng was terminated.
- その後イギリス総領事のオールコックは著書『大君の都』の中で日本の本位貨幣である天保小判が金貨4ドル分の金を含有し、一分銀には素材価値以上の価値が設定されていたことにより金貨流出につながったことを認めているが、それは小判の大量流出が起こった後のことであった。
- Later, an English consul general ALCOCK, in his book 'Okimi no Miyako' (the capital of the tycoon), admitted that gold coins were poured out of Japan because a value higher than that of raw materials was attached to ichibu-gin silver coins while Tenpo koban, Japanese standard coins, contained the same amount of gold as gold coins worth four dollars, but it was after the massive outpouring of koban.
- だが、調査によって贋貨鋳造の事実が無い事が確認されていた長州藩や肥前藩出身者は、自分達は苦労の末に軍費を自前で調達したのに薩摩や土佐が違法手段で調達していたという事実に反発して、両藩から罰金を取ってそれを贋貨と正貨の引換の原資に充てるべきであると主張した。
- However, people from domains that were confirmed of having no truth in coining counterfeit money due to investigation, such as those from the Choshu or Hizen Domains, were offended by the fact that they supplied war expenditures at their own expense after sustained effort, while the Satsuma and Tosa Domains supplied them with illegal methods, and insisted that a penalty should be taken from both domains and that this should allot to the government funds for the exchange of counterfeit and specie money.
- ところが、平家と後白河法皇の確執が深まった治承3年(1179年)、宋銭による資金力が平家を台頭させたと考える法皇の意を受けた松殿基房や九条兼実が「宋銭は(日本の)朝廷で発行した貨幣ではなく、私鋳銭(贋金)と同じである」として、宋銭流通を禁ずるように主張した。
- Meanwhile, in 1179 when discord between the Taira family and the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa deepened, Motofusa MATSUDONO and Kanezane KUJO, with the intention of the Cloistered Emperor who thought the funds the Taira family got through the Sung currency was the source of their emergence, insisted on banning the circulation of the Sung currency as 'they are not coins that (Japanese) Imperial Court issued and they are the same as Shichusen (counterfeit money)'.
- このため輸出用の御用銅は不足し、また慶長小判慶長丁銀から元禄小判元禄丁銀および宝永小判宝永丁銀への吹き替えによる金銀貨の品位低下および経済発展による銭貨不足から銭相場の高騰を招き、元禄年間終盤から宝永年間初頭にかけて、一両=3,700文前後をつけるに至った。
- Therefore, the copper for export was in short supply, and lowering of karat of gold and silver coin caused by reminting from keichokoban-keichochogin to genrokukoban-genrokuchogin and hoeikoban-hoeichogin as well as short supply of currency as a result of economic development caused appreciation of currency where 1 ryo(unit of currency) fluctuated around 3,700 mon (unit of currency) from the end of genroku era to the beginning of hoei era.
- 特に断りが無い場合には1497年以後メキシコ(当初はスペイン領)を中心とする、スペイン系の中南米諸国で鋳造されて国際決済で長く用いられてきたSpanish dollar (メキシコドル/メキシコ銀)といわれる、量目420グレーンの8レアル銀貨を指す場合が多い。
- In most cases unless otherwise specified, Yogin refers to the so-called Spanish dollar, 8 real silver coin of 420 grains of weight, which was coined in Mexico (then-Spanish colony) and other Central and South American countries of Spanish origins and had long been used in international settlement since 1497.
- そこで幕府は、安政6年(1859年)6月1日より、天保小判の量目の4/5倍に低下させた安政小判と、量目がほぼ1ドル銀貨の半分である安政二朱銀を発行し、これにより1ドル=一分に誘導し、かつ金銀比価を国際水準に対しやや金高に設定された17.21に是正しようと試みた。
- Thus the bakufu emitted Ansei koban, which had been made lighter to four fifths of Tenpo koban, and Ansei Nishu gin silver coins, which weighed almost half as much as a one-dollar silver coin, on June 30, 1859, in an attempt to shift to an exchange rate of 1 bu to the dollar and to modify the exchange ratio between gold and silver to 17:21, a ratio a little more favorable to gold than the international standard.
- 天保8年(1837年)8月から鋳造された五両判はもともと大判座の後藤十五代真乗が発案したものであったが、通貨であることを理由に金座に鋳造担当を奪われたことから大判座の財政難対策に苦慮していたところに登場した大判鋳造であり、大判座救済策の意味合いもあったとされる。
- Go-ryo ban (five-ryo coin) minted from August 1837 was originally the idea of Shinjo GOTO the fifteenth of Obanza (an organization associated with minting); however, the coin is also said to have been intended for bail-out measure for the organization because Oban minting emerged at the time when the organization was struggling to cope with economic difficulties after they had lost the role to mint coins to kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) because the coin was currency.
- 小判の鋳造は当初、家康の領国貨幣時代は江戸から始まったが、慶長6年(1601年)頃から京都、慶長12年(1607年)から元和 (日本)2年(1616年)頃までは駿河国、さらに、元和7年(1621年)から当時最大の産金を誇った、佐渡国にも金座が設立され鋳造された。
- Casting of Koban started in Edo during the time of Ieyasu's territory currency, then kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) was built in Kyoto around 1601, in Suruga Province between 1607 and 1616 and in Sado Province, which boasted the largest amount of gold mining.
- 明治4年(1871年)の新貨条例制定後Spanish dollar とほぼ同品位の貿易銀を鋳造し、明治11年(1878年)5月27日にこれを1円銀貨として日本全国に通用させる太政官布告を公布、翌年9月12日には洋銀と貿易銀との平価通用が布告された(金銀複本位制)。
- In 1871, the New Currency Act was enacted and on May 27, 1878, the edict of Dajokan (Grand Council of state) was issued to coin silver trade dollars in Japan equivalent to Spanish dollars and use the trade dollar as one-yen silver coin across the nation, and on September 12, the following year, the gold and silver standard system was declared to allow the use of Spanish dollars and silver trade dollars in accordance with the exchange rate set between the both governments (gold and silver bimetallism).
- 商工会議所ビル自体は解体されたが、居留地の一角を占める百貨店大丸神戸店が自ら所有していたウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ設計の近代建築をLive Lab West(現旧居留地38番館)として店舗化し、さらに周辺の近代西洋建築へ高級ブティックを積極的に出店していった。
- A department store Daimaru Kobe, which was in The Foreign Settlement, made the modern architecture it owned designed by William Merrell Vories into the shop as Live Lab West (now The Former Foreign Settlement 38th Building), opening up luxury boutiques aggressively in modern western architectures nearby, though Chamber of Commerce and Industry Building itself had been torn down.
- これらの内、鉄銭は明治6年(1873年)12月25日に、天保通寳は明治24年(1891年)末をもって通用停止となったが、文久永寳などの銅銭は昭和28年(1953年)末の「小額通貨の整理及び支払金の端数計算に関する法律」により廃貨措置がとられるまで法的に通用力を有した。
- Among these coins, Tetsusen coin was abolished on December 25, 1873, and Tenpo Tsuho coin in 1891, however, bronze coins such as Bunkyu eiho coins were still legally valid until they were demonetarized by the enactment of the 'Small Currency Disposition and Fractional Rounding in Payments Act' (Shogaku tsuka no seiri oyobi shiharaikin no hasukeisan ni kan suru horitsu).
- このように軍隊が所属する国家の通貨制度とは分離して軍票を使用する制度を用いるのは、自国の通貨を使用すると通貨供給量が激増し、結果的にはインフレーションで経済破綻する恐れがあるほか、敵国に自国通貨が渡ると工作資金になる危険性があるなど、戦略面からの要請があるためである。
- The reason a military force used their military currency instead of using their own country's monetary system was as follows; the total money supply might increase drastically, which could lead to inflation and economic disaster if they used their own country's currency; the country's currency might be used for power-keeping maneuver if their enemy country got it.
- 秤量銀貨が商人に広く受け入れられたのは、秤量により実質価値を定めることの合理性、「貫」、「匁」、「分(ふん)」を単位とする十進法の計算の利便性、また馬蹄銀などの銀錠(銀挺、灰吹銀と呼ばれる銀塊)を高額取引用通貨の中心とする中国との取引が盛んであったことなどが挙げられる。
- The reason that silver by weight standard was widely accepted by merchants are as follows; 1. Rationality where value is defined by standard 2. Convenience where calculation is made by decimal method by the unit of 'kan','monme' and 'fun'(unit of weight) 3. Trade with China, where ginjo (silver mass called by gincho and cupellated silver) such as batei-gin was the main currency for trading by high price, was frequently conducted.
- 内容は大きく分けて、天部、歳時部、地部、神祇部、帝王部、官位部、封禄部、政治部、法律部、泉貨部、称量部、外交部、兵事部、武技部、方技部、宗教部、文学部、礼式部、楽舞部、人部、姓名部、産業部、服飾部、飲食部、居処部、器用部、遊戯部、動物部、植物部、金石部の30部門からなる。
- The contents are classified into 30 sections, including sections of Ten (gods of the heavens), Saiji (events throughout the year), Chi (earthy section), Jingi (gods of heaven and earth), Teio (emperors), Kani (official ranks), Horoku (stipend), Seiji (politics), Horitsu (law), Senka (currency), Syoryo (measurement), Gaiko (diplomacy), Heiji (military), Bugi (martial arts), Hougi (technology), Shukyo (religion), Bungaku (literary), Reishiki (code of etiquette), Gaku (dance and music), Jin (personnel), Seimei (surname), Sangyo (industry), Fukushoku (garment), Inshoku (eat and drink), Kyosho (living home), Kiyo (art), Yugi (amusement), Dobutsu (animal), Shokubutsu (plant), and Kanaishi (metal).
- 「10文を探すのに50文を使うのでは、収支償わないのではないか」と、ある人に嘲られたところ、藤綱は応えて「10文は少ないがこれを失えば天下の貨幣を永久に失うことになる。50文は自分にとっては損になるが、他人を益するであろう。合わせて60文の利は大であるとは言えまいか」と。
- When a person laughed at him saying 'if you spend fifty-mon to search for ten-mon, you will not make up for the loss,' then Fujitsuna responded, 'although ten-mon is small amount of money, losing it means losing the money of the country forever. Fifty-mon will be the loss for me but it will benefit someone else. Can't we say that the profit of sixty-mon in total would be big?'
- 特に当時の欧米を中心とした通貨制度の主流が金本位制であったこと、当時の小判の形状が対外的な運搬・流通などに不便であったことから、代わりに対外決済の分野で最もよく使われていた二分金の贋貨鋳造が盛んに行われ、中には銀貨に金鍍金を施した贋貨とほとんど変わりのないものまで出現した。
- Especially because at the time, the currency system centered around Europe and America was mainly the gold standard system, along with the fact that the shape of the koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) of this period was inconvenient for external transport and circulation, instead, the coining of counterfeit nibukin, which was the most used in the field of external settlement, was done frequently, and even gilded silver coins which were not so different from the forfeit coins appeared.
- 一方、明治8年(1875年)に大蔵省が刊行した『新旧金銀貨幣鋳造高并流通年度取調書』の中で、世上流通高を10万両、海外流出高を410万両と見積もり、元禄小判などへの改鋳高を10,527,055両として推定した数値によれば、小判および一分金の合計で14,727,055両である。
- On the other hand, Koban and Ichibukin were cast 14,727,055 ryo in total,estimating the amount of circulation in the country 100,000 ryo and in the foreign countries 4,100,000 ryo and the amount of the reminted coin such as Genroku Koban 10,527,055 ryo, according to ' The Book of interrogation copy about the year and old high gold and silver coinage'.
- 明治2年1月7日、パークスの呼びかけでフランス・アメリカ・イタリア・ドイツの各国公使が相次いで新政府に対して「新政府(明治政府)が改税約書に違反した通貨を鋳造しているという噂があるために通貨の相場が暴落して商人たちが損害を受けている」として贋貨一掃のための措置を採る事を要求した。
- On January 7, 1869, with the call of Parkes, ministers from France, America, Italy, and Germany successively demanded the new Japanese Government to take measures to wipe out the counterfeit money because 'since there are rumors that the new government (Meiji Government) are coining money that goes against the kaizeiyakusho, the market place for money is crashing and merchants are suffering damage.'
- 元来、外国官(後の外務省)にいた肥前藩出身の大隈が財政を扱うようになったのは、江戸幕府及び明治政府及び諸藩による大量の悪金(贋金)発行の事実が発覚し、諸外国より抗議が殺到したことにより、明治政府の貨幣改革に一転して外交交渉が付随することになった特殊事情によるものである(高輪談判)。
- Okuma, who was from Hizen Province and used to work for Office of Foreign Affairs (later Ministry of Foreign Affairs), started to handle financial matters, as a revelation of a mass issuance of bad money (false currency) by the Edo Shogunate, the Meiji government and various domains triggered a flood of protests from foreign countries, and thus diplomatic negotiation suddenly became necessary for the currency reform of the Meiji government (Takanawa negotiation).
- ノルマントン号事件(Normanton Incident)とは、1886年(明治19年)10月24日にイギリス船籍の貨物船、ノルマントン号(Normanton、より英語に忠実な表記は「ノーマントン」)が、紀伊国沖(和歌山県東牟婁郡串本町潮岬沖)で座礁沈没した事から始まった事件である。
- The Normanton Incident refers to an event that occurred when the Normanton, a cargo ship of British registry, ran aground and sank off the coast of Kii Province(Cape Shiono-misaki, Kushimoto Town, Higashimuro County, Wakayama Prefecture) on October 24, 1886.
- まず、1882年(明治15年)から3年間、前年度(1881年/明治14年)の歳出額で据え置くこと、その一方で煙草税・酒造税などの増税を行い、そこから生み出された歳入の余剰分を2分割して半分を紙幣消却に、もう半分を正貨形式で保有して、然るべき兌換紙幣への切替時の準備金とすることとした。
- First, he proposed that the government held the expenditures expected during the three years starting in 1882 at the level of the previous year (1881), and that at the same time it raised taxes on cigarettes and brewery and evenly divided the excess of revenue from those taxes so that it could spend half of the excess on the incineration of paper money and hold the other half in the form of specie to keep as reserves for the future when it would be converted into convertible paper money.
- 第4条第4項、第9条第3項、第11条第1項第3号の規定による送金資金等または返戻金の返却にあたり、当行が送金依頼人にそれらの資金を送金通貨と異なる通貨により返却する場合に適用する為替相場は、先物外国為替取引契約が締結されている場合を除き、当行の計算実行時における所定の為替相場とします。
- When repaying the Remittance Funds or refunds provided for in Article 4, Paragraph (4); Article 9, Paragraph (3); and Article 11, Paragraph (1), Subparagraph (iii); the Bank shall apply the Bank's applicable foreign exchange rate at the time when the actual calculation is made by the Bank when such amounts are to be returned to the applicant in a currency other than the remitted currency, except for cases where a forward foreign exchange contract is in place.
- これは徳川家康が通貨統一にあたり、以前から秤量銀貨が大坂を中心として商人に広く使用されている実情を踏まえ、この形態をそのまま継承し、慶長銀を豊臣秀頼の膝元である上方に流通させることにより、常に天下は徳川のものであることを知らしめ全国統一を円滑に進めるという、したたかな政略のひとつであった。
- In unification of the currency, it was Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's ambitious strategy to show people that he was a ruler of the country facilitating the smooth unification of the country, by way of taking over the system in which silver by weight standard had been widely used among merchants centering around Osaka, as well as distributing the keicho-chogin in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area), the base of Hideyori TOYOTOMI.
- そこで2月30日に伊達の名において各国公使に対して政府は現在の通貨(公式にはそれが改税約書違反の悪貨とは認めなかった)を今後は鋳造せずに新貨幣の準備が整うまでは太政官札で対応していくこと、太政官以外の組織・個人はたとえ諸侯であっても貨幣を鋳造するものは処罰の対象となることを通知したのである。
- Here, in the name of DATE, the government notified minsters from each country that Japan will not coin the current currency from now on (they did not formally recognize this as bad money violating the kaizeiyakusho), that the daijokan money would be used until the preparations for the new currency is completed, and that if organizations and individuals besides the daijokan coin currency, they will be subject to punishment, even if they are lords.
- だが、明治天皇の東京行幸を目前に控えて大隈は直ちに京都からパークスのいる横浜市に動くことは出来ず、大隈は外国官知事伊達宗城(宇和島藩)らと協議の結果2月5日に内外に向けて近いうちに新貨幣を発行することを発表し、パークスには神奈川県知事を兼務していた外国官判事寺島宗則が宥めるように指示している。
- However, as Emperor Meiji's Tokyo Gyoko (Emperor's going out to Tokyo) was nearing, OKUMA could not immediately move from Kyoto to Yokohama City where Parkes was, so he and others such as foreign governor Munenari DATE (Uwajima Domain) had a conference, resulting in an announcement to Japan and foreign countries on February 5, that they would issue new currency in the near future, and for Parkes, he instructed officer of Foreign Affairs Council Munenori TERASHIMA, who was also the governor of Kanagawa Prefecture, to appease.
- その後の三国干渉による遼東半島の代償の3000万両(112万kg)を上乗せして合計800万kg(現在価値で銀1kgが5,000円程度なので、4000億円前後。当時価格で日本の国家予算8,000万円の4倍強の3億6000万円前後)以上の銀を日本は中国に対して3年分割でイギリス・ポンド金貨にて支払わせた。
- With 30 million taels (1.12 million kg) added as a compensation for the return of the Liaodong Peninsula due to the Triple Intervention, Japan forced China to pay the total amount of over 8 million kg of silver (equivalent to around 400 billion yen according to the present value where a kilogram of silver is converted to about 5,000 yen, or equivalent to around 360 billion yen according to the value of that time, meaning over four times the then Japanese state budget, 80 million yen) by the British pound gold in three-year installments.
- さて、この2月30日の新政府からの通告以後、一旦は相場が安定してきたために明治政府の方針を見守ることにしていたパークスは、大隈の予想以上の急激な方針とその後の独自調査で予想以上に莫大な量が流通していることが判明した諸藩による贋貨が版籍奉還後に「新政府とは無関係である」と切り捨てられる事を憂慮していた。
- Now, since after the notification by the new government on February 30, the market price was steady for a while, Parkes decided to watch over the Meiji Government's policies, but after seeing that OKUMA's policy was more sudden than expected and after finding out through independent investigations that the amount of counterfeit money circulated by various domains was bigger than expected, he became worried that those things would be discarded after the return of lands and people to the emperor saying that 'it is unrelated to the new government.'
- 開港場では6月2日より1ドル銀貨との引き換えが始まったが、この二朱銀は開港場のみでしか通用せず、もともと日本国内全般に含有銀量の多い二朱銀を流通させることが困難であり、一般に流通しているのは依然一分銀であったため、国内では一分銀に両替しないと通用しないと定められた大凡貨幣としての機能を欠くものであった。
- These Nishu gin silver coins started to be exchanged with one-dollar silver coins at treaty ports on June 2, but they could be used only in those ports and lacked functions of a common currency because they had to be exchanged into ichibu-gin silver coins for domestic use, for it was difficult to distribute Nishu gin silver coins, which contained comparatively much silver, all over Japan in the first place, and ichibu-gin silver coins were still generally in circulation.
- 地子稲収入は畿内・伊賀国では正税の補充に、大宰府管内諸国では対馬国・多禰国(後に廃止)の公廨の補充に、陸奥国・出羽国では兵士の兵糧や蝦夷への狄禄の補充に充てられ、他の令制国では中央に近い諸国や沿岸諸国では舂米の形で、それ以外の国々では地子交易を行って軽貨の形で太政官厨家に納入されることが定められていた。
- Jishito revenue was used for replenishment of shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and Iga Province, and for maintaining public offices for Tsushima Province and Tane Province (abolished later) in provinces within Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), and for replenishment of army provisions for soldiers and for stipends to Ezo (northerners) in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, and in other provinces under ryoseikoku (province), jishito was paid to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) in the form of shomai (rice made by pounding it in a mortar) in provinces near the central government or sea and in the form of keika (fabrics such as silk or cotton or other local specialties) after doing jishi trade in provinces other than those.
- 木戸はこの事情を知って、4月17日付で吉井友実に託して大久保に送った手紙において、貨幣の流通の現状は「全身不随」であり、このような状況を放置しては大政一新(明治維新)はままならないこと、そして遠回しながら薩摩藩が自ら贋貨製造の事実を明らかにしなければ、維新における薩摩藩の名声は地に落ちることになると説いた。
- KIDO found out about these circumstances, and on a letter dated April 17 which he entrusted Tomozane YOSHII and sent to OKUBO, he explained that the present situation of the currency circulation is 'totally paralyzed,' and that if this situation is left alone the Imperial Rule Restoration (Meiji Restoration) would not go as they wanted, along with indirectly saying that if the Satsuma Domain did not reveal by themselves the fact that they were manufacturing counterfeit money, the Satsuma Domain's reputation regarding the restoration would be ruined.
- 慶應元年(1865年)11月からは大坂難波に設置された銭座でも鋳造が始まり4年(1868年)1月まで行われ、大政奉還の後、新政府に設立された貨幣司は慶應4年(1868年)4月23日より明治3年(1870年)8月5日までに63,913,752枚を鋳造し、天保6年からの総鋳造高は484,804,054枚とされる。
- It was also minted in the gin-za located in Naniwa of Osaka from December 1865 to January 1868, and after the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor), Kaheishi (a government office taking over the kin-za and the gin-za) established by the new government minted 63,913,752 coins from May 15, 1868 to August 31, 1870; therefore the total number of coins minted from 1835 is said to be 484,804,054.
- 駿河墨書小判(するがすみがきこばん/するがぼくしょこばん)は天正大判と類似の槌目(つちめ)で大判と同形式の楕円形の小判であり「駿河京目壹两(花押)」と墨書され、京目一両小判(きょうめいちりょうこばん)あるいは駿河墨判(するがすみばん)とも呼ばれ、家康が天正年間に駿河国に移ってから鋳造させた領国貨幣との説があるが定かでない。
- Suruga Sumigaki Koban consists of a large-sized old Japanese gold coin with hammer tone resembling Tensho-Oban and a oval koban with the same style as Oban,having written 'Suruga kyoumoku ichiryo (kao)' in ink, called Kyoume Ichiryo Koban or Suruga Sumiban, and a theory has it that it was daimyos' own territory currency Ieyasu ordered to cast after he moved to Suruga Province in Tensho era, however, which is not clear.
- 元禄から宝永にかけての小判および丁銀の改鋳以降、品位が低下し通貨量が増大した金銀貨に対し銭相場が高騰し、また別子銅山からの銅の産出が増大したことを受け、元禄13年(1700年)3月から宝永5年(1708年)1月にかけては京都糸割符人により七条に銭座が設けられ、薄肉小型の寛永通寳が鋳造され、同年の2月からは宝永通宝が鋳造された。
- Because the value of copper coins rose against that of gold and silver coins, whose quality level had decreased and whose circulation had increased since the remintage of koban (oval gold coin) and Chogin (collective term for silver), and also because Besshidozan Copper Mine started to produce more copper, zeniza was established in Shichijo by members of itowappu nakama (the thread tally union) in Kyoto from April 1700 to January 1708 to mint a thin and small type of Kanei Tsuho, and Hoei Tsuho after February 1708.
- 11歳で地歌「屋島」に箏の手を付けるなど幼少より楽才秀で、1852年(嘉永5年)には藩の命で尾張の盲人支配頭となり、五人扶持を賜り、尾張徳川家の諸行事での演奏、例えば先祖供養の際の平曲演奏や、雛の節句での胡弓の演奏などを勤めたのをはじめ、松坂屋(現松坂屋百貨店)の当主の婚礼祝いの曲を作ったりと、名古屋の名士音楽家として活躍した。
- Yoshizawa excelled in music from an early age, adding a koto part to the jiuta 'Yashima' at the age of eleven; in 1852, he was given responsibility for visually impaired people in Owari (present-day Aichi Prefecture) by the domain, with a stipend for five persons, and became a celebrated musician in Nagoya, performing at various occasions for the Owari Tokugawa family, including playing Heikyoku at memorial services for their ancestors, playing the kokyu at the Dolls' Festival, and composing a song for the marriage ceremony of the head of the family that owned Matsuzakaya (present-day Matsuzakaya Department Stores).
- 「右の子細〔貨幣流通の弊害を指す〕どもをつねづねよく心得居て、総体正物にて取引すべき事は少々不便利はありとも、やはり正物にて取引をして金銀の取引のすぢをばなるべきだけはこれを省き、なほまたさまざまの金銀のやりくりなどをも、なるべきだけは随分これを止め、またなすべきことを金銀にて仕切るやうのすぢはなほ更無用にあらまほしきことなり」
- You should always keep in mind the above details (the negative effect of money circulation) and deal in real things though it is a little inconvenient to deal in real things all the time, and avoid the transaction by gold and silver as much as possible, and stop to handle gold and silver as much as possible, and also, it is desirable that gold and silver would not limit what you have to do.'
- 交換された貨幣が日本国内において一般に流通するものではなく、かつ1ドル銀貨の日本国内での購買力を1/3に低下させるというこの政策にハリスおよびラザフォード・オールコックら外国人大使は条約違反であると強く抗議し、6月22日、幕府は手落ちを認め以後は1ドル銀貨を一分銀3枚で引き換えるよう開港場奉行に申し渡し翌23日に通用が停止された。
- Such Japanese policies, in which one-dollar silver coins were exchanged with coins which were not generally circulated in Japan and the buying strength of one-dollar coins in Japan was lowered to one-third, provoked harsh protests from foreign ambassadors including HARRIS and Rutherford ALCOCK, who insisted that such policies violated the treaty, and so the bakufu, admitting its mistake, ordered kaikojo-bugyo (commissioner of treaty port) to exchange a one-dollar silver coin with three ichibu-gin silver coins from June 22, and terminated circulation of Ansei Nishu silver coins on the next day, June 23.
- このため、安政5年(1858年)の日米修好通商条約締結の際、約8.6グラムの質量を持つ一分銀は偶然にも質量としての一両の約1/4であることから額面通り銀1/4両であり、中国の銀一両の約3/4の質量である1ドル銀貨=一分銀3枚という日本側に不利な交換比率を主張する口実をタウンゼント・ハリスに与えることになり、小判流出の一因となった。
- When the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan was concluded in 1858, the fact that about 8.6-gram ichibu-gin was coincidentally equivalent to around one fourth ryo in weight, which was worth of one fourth ryo of silver at face value, provided Townsend Harris with the excuse of insisting unfavorable exchange rate for Japan that three ichibu-gin coins changed one-dollar silver coin which was about three fourth weight of Chinese one ryo of silver and led koban flow out.
- 陸奥国では古くから砂金が産出し、質量に応じて取引に使用されていたが、やがてこれを鎔融して極印を打った練金(ねりきん)あるいは竹流金(たけながしきん)としたものが用いられるようになり、さらに内部まで金でできていることを証明するため、板状に打ち延ばした蛭藻金(ひるもきん)などの判金が製作されるようになり、当初これらは秤量貨幣として通用した。
- The sakin (gold dust) which had been produced in Mutsu Province from time immemorial was used for transactions on the basis of quality and quantity; and in the course of time, nerikin (agglutinate gold) made of dissolved sakin with a hallmark put on or takenagashikin (gold agglomeration made by putting dissolved sakin into a bamboo cylinder) began to be used, and furthermore bankin (gold coins) such as hirumokin (gold plate like a leaf of hirumo [a plant which grows on the sea sand]) which were made by beating gold blocks into the form of plates began to be made, and at first they were circulated as Hyodo kahei (currency valued by weight).
- 廃藩置県後、新通貨が整備されて普及するまでは、太政官札・民部省札などといった藩札類似の政府発行紙幣、旧幕府領に設置された府県のいくつかが発行した札、新政府が各地の商業中心地に開設させた為替会社や通商会社が発行した札などと並び、藩札に円銭厘の単位を示した大蔵省印が加印された藩札が、新貨交換比率が設定された寛永通寶銭などの銭貨と共に使用された。
- After Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and until the new currency had spread and circulated, the government issued the following: Daijokan bills and Minbusho bills (bills issued by the government akin to han bills); bills issued by prefectures placed in the old shogunate's territories; bills issued by exchange companies and commerce companies (companies established in the heart of commerce in various places by the government); han bills with a stamp of the Ministry of Finance showing yen, sen, and ri (units of old currency); and coins with a newly established exchange rate, such as Kanei Tsuho.
- 第一に、上記に掲げた太閤蔵入地約200万石、第二に、直轄領とした金山・銀山(佐渡国佐渡金山、石見国石見銀山、但馬国生野銀山)から上がる金銀の収益(金銀の収益を背景に、平安時代に発行された皇朝十二銭以来となる国内発行の貨幣(天正大判・天正通宝)を発行)、第三に、商業が発達した都市(大坂、堺、京都、伏見、長崎)を直轄地とすることから上がる収益であった。
- First, by gaining approximately two million koku from the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi; second, by gaining profits of gold and silver from gold and silver mines, which were part of Hideyoshi's directly controlled territories (Sado Gold Mine of Sado Province and Iwami Silver Mine of Iwami Province and Ikuno Silver Mine of Tajima Province) (Hideyoshi issued the new coins, 'Tensho-Oban' and 'Tensho Tsuho' after a long interval since 'Kocho-Junisen' (twelve coins casted in Japan) had been issued in the Heian period; third, gaining profits by directly controlling cities where commerce had developed (Osaka, Sakai, Kyoto, Fushimi and Nagasaki).
- このように、商人は「お上」の命に唯々諾々と従う存在であるのだから、政治的基盤が未だ脆弱で「お上」としての権威を十分に持っているとは言えない明治政府が慌てて貨幣改革を行うことによって、万が一命令が行き渡らずに「お上」(=明治政府)に対する「万民の信」の無さと無力ぶりを内外に示すことになっては政権の崩壊につながると考え、通貨改革を不要不急のことと捉えていた。
- Like it says above, merchants were people who obediently followed the Okami (political authorities)'s orders, so OKUBO thought that if the Meiji Government, which was still feeble and did not have enough authority as the 'Okami' (political authorities) reformed the currency in a flurry, by doing so if in the worst case scenario, the orders did not get across, this would reveal the lack of 'people's trust' in the 'Okami' (political authorities) (Meiji Government) and their powerlessness to their own country and foreign countries, which would lead to the collapse of the government, therefore he considered the monetary reform was nonessential and nonurgent.
- 近藤守重のおよび草間直方の『三貨図彙』には戦国時代から江戸時代に掛けての多くの金貨および銀貨が収録されているが、その中でも領国貨幣には後世の創作によると思われるものまで含まれ、またそれが後世に図録を元に作成され、今日、玩賞品(がんしょうひん)として扱われているものも少なくないが、確固たる記録に欠けるものが多く、本来の通貨であるか玩賞品であるか判明していないものも存在する。
- 'Sankazue' (Picture Collection of Three Coins: History of Coinage in Japan), authored by Morishige KONDO and Naokata KUSAMA, includes many gold and silver coins issued from the Sengoku period to the Edo period, among which there were even those created later on and not a few of which were made using the old diagrams and are now treated as ganshohin (ornamental items), but many of them lack accurate records, and it is unknown whether some of them were originally circulated coins or ganshohin.
- 東国には甲斐国の黒川金山を始めとして、伊豆国の土肥鉱山、常陸国および陸奥国と金鉱山が多く偏在し、さらに江戸時代初期は多額に上る銀の日本国外流出に対し、主に中国から印子金(いんすきん)が輸入されていたため貨幣鋳造用地金の準備も整い、また家康は甲州金を手本とし基本通貨を金貨とする方針であったことから、「江戸の金遣い」と呼ばれるように、小判は江戸を中心とする関東地方で主に流通した。
- Koban was circulated mostly in Kanto region around Edo as it was called 'financial habit of Edo', because in Togoku, there were many gold mines such as Kurokawa Kinzan (Kurokawa Gold Mine) in Kai Province, Doi Mine in Izu Province, Hitachi Province and Mutsu Province, in addition, the preparation of metal for currency casting was completed as Insu gold was imported mainly from China against the outflow of the large sum of silver from Japan in the early Edo period, and Ieyasu planned to make gold basic currency after the Koshu gold.
- ここにおいて大久保も事の重大さを認識して、吉井や鹿児島市滞在中の西郷隆盛ら薩摩藩出身者と相談した上で大久保個人による形式で薩摩藩への建白書を提出して「皇国(日本)の安危興亡」を救うために「御国(薩摩藩)」が身を犠牲にすることで「天下に大義を唱える」ことが可能となることを論じて、直ちに贋貨鋳造を取りやめて事実を明らかにすることで、薩摩藩が他藩に対して優位に立てると主張したのである。
- Here, OKUBO became aware of the importance of the matter, and after consulting people from the Satsuma Domain such as YOSHII and Takamori SAIGO who was staying in Kagoshima City, OKUBO presented a petition individually, arguing that when 'your domain (the Satsuma Domain)' sacrifices its life to save the 'empire's (Japan) crisis,' then it becomes possible to 'preach the justice to the world' and he also insisted that by stopping the coining of counterfeit money and revealing the truth, the Satsuma Domain would be able to have an advantage over other domains.
- 更に北清事変の際に結ばれた北京議定書に基づいて1903年10月8日に上海市において、全13条からなる日清(両国間)追加通商航海条約(にっしん(りょうこくかん)ついかこうかいじょうやく)が締結され、日本人と清国人の共同経営事業(第4条)、日本人の商標・著作権保護(第5条)、清国の貨幣制度・度量衡統一義務(第6・7条)・日本の清国司法改革支援と達成後の治外法権撤廃義務(第11条)が定められた。
- In addition, on the basis of the Boxer Protocol, which had been concluded after the Boxer Rebellion (the Boxer Uprising), the Sino-Japanese Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, which consisted of 13 articles, was concluded in Shanghai City on October 8, 1903, and the principal articles are as follows; the Article 4: To start commercial partnership between Japanese and Chinese, the Article 5: the protection of Japanese trademark and copyright, the Article 6 and 7: The obligation to fix the standard of weights and measures, the Article 11: To support Chinese judicial reform by Japanese and the obligation to abolish extraterritoriality after the reform is completed.
- その後、通貨改革によって正貨・贋貨を問わず全ての現行貨幣を引き揚げて早急に(既に大隈より明治5年11月までという案が出されていた)に引き換えを行うこと、応急措置として外国人の所持する二分金(実は一番問題となっていた政府及び諸藩発行の悪貨・贋貨でもあった)の検査を行って、封包を行って検印を施し、それを行ったものについてはたとえ贋貨であっても正貨と等価による納税または交換を認めることを了承させられたのである。
- After this, the Japanese government was forced to consent to pulling out all current currency, regardless of it being specie or counterfeit (it was already proposed by OKUMA that this would be done by May 11), and exchanging it immediately, and as a temporary measure, the nibukin owned by foreigners (this bad money/counterfeit issued by the government and domains was the biggest problem) were to be examined, encapsulated, put a stamp of approval, and handed out, and those that went though this were to be accepted as tax payment or exchange equivalent to the specie even if it was counterfeit.
- 三権分立の「政体」に始まり、大院・小院の2院制の「議事院」「学校」「変制」、封建制から郡県制への移行や世襲制の廃止、税制改革まで唱えた「国体」「建国術」「製鉄法」「貨幣」「衣食」女子教育を勧めた「女学」遺産の平均分与の「平均法」「醸造法」「条約」「軍艦国体」「港制」「救民」「髪制」寺の学校への開放を唱えた「変仏法」「商律」「時法」太陽暦の採用を勧めた「暦法」西洋医の登用を訴えた「官医」と内容は多岐にわたる。
- His petition dealt with a wide range of matters: 'Constitution,' i.e. the separation of the administrative, legislative, and judiciary branches of government; 'Giji-in' (Diet), i.e. having a bicameral parliament with a lower and upper house; 'Schools'; 'System reform'; 'National polity,' i.e. the shift from the feudal system to the county/prefecture system, abolishment of the hereditary system, and tax system reform; 'Nation building techniques'; 'Iron and steel production'; 'Currency'; 'Food and clothing'; 'Education for women' that promoted the education of girls; 'Heikin-ho' (averaging method), i.e. the average distribution of property; 'Brewing methods'; 'Treaties'; 'National warship program'; 'Harbor regulations'; 'Citizen welfare'; 'Laws concerning hair'; 'Henbutsu-ho' (laws concerning temples), i.e. the opening up of temple schools to the public; 'Shoritsu' (commercial laws); 'Jiho' (timetable method); 'Rekiho' (method of making calendars), i.e. the promotion of the adoption of the solar calendar; and 'Kani' (office doctor), i.e. the promotion of the adoption of Western medical science.
- JR西日本発足後、湖西線内と北陸トンネル内にて最高速度を160km/hに引き上げることが検討され、その一環としてJR西日本681系電車が製造されたが、日本の鉄道信号機改良(北越急行ほくほく線のように6灯式信号機の設置)等のコストが嵩むこと、一方足の遅い普通列車や電気機関車が牽引する貨物列車や客車列車が存在することなどにより、結果として5~10分程度の短縮にしかならず、費用対効果が薄いと判断されて見送られるに至った。
- After the establishment of JR West, the increase in maximum speed up to 160 km/h on the Kosei Line and within the Hokuetsu tunnel was examined, and at the same time the JR (West)/Hokuetsu Express' Limited Express Series 681 was manufactured as part of the plan; however, because of high costs for the improvement of railroad signals (e.g., installation of six-light signals on the Hokuetsu Express Hokuhoku Line) and the existence of low-speed local trains or freight trains and passenger trains pulled by electric locomotives, the travel time was estimated to be shortened by only 5 to 10 minutes, and consequently the operation at a maximum speed of 160 km/h was called off due to the low cost-effectiveness.