識: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 『晩悔堂印識』
- 'Bankaido Inshiki'
- 武士道と近代の意識
- Bushido and the modern awareness
- 町立知識の森図書館
- Chishiki-no-mori (Forest of Knowledge) Town Library
- 歴史認識・歴史叙述
- Recognition of history and descriptions of history
- 江戸の人口と識字率
- Population and literacy rate in Edo
- 風呂敷に関する知識
- Knowledge on Furoshiki
- 日本における国歌の認識
- Recognition of the national anthem in Japan
- 不十分な知識による調理
- Preparation Without Sufficient Knowledge
- 日本人の空間概念・意識
- Japanese people's concept and consciousness of space
- 「知識は失敗より学ぶ。
- 'Knowledge can be obtained through failures.
- 「丹田」の意識を重視する
- There is an emphasis on consciousness of the inner part of the lower abdomen, just beneath the navel.
- 興福寺で禅・唯識を学ぶ。
- At the Kofuku-ji Temple he studied Zen and vijnapti-matra (aka yuishiki or consciousness-only, a theory that all existence is subjective and nothing exists outside of the mind).
- 昭和四十四年 中村勝五郎識す
- Katsugoro NAKAMURA, 1969
- 教門・・・・知識・教養など。
- Kyomon…Knowledge and education
- 渋みは、日本の美意識の1つ。
- Astringency is one of the Japanese aesthetic senses.
- 二重標識を用いるモザイク解析
- mosaic analysis with double markers
- MADM
- 社会生活(民俗知識) (2件)
- Social life (folk knowledge) (2)
- 主に日本で認識されている西洋料理
- The Western dishes recognized in Japan
- 社会生活(民俗知識) (15件)
- Social life (folk knowledge) (15 entities)
- Social life (folk knowledge) (15)
- 1709年 『詩経小識』を執筆。
- 1709: Wrote 'Understanding of Shikyo' (Chinese poetry).
- ─ 大迫大尉・知識大尉(2個中隊)
- Captain OSAKO, Captain CHISHIKI (two companies)
- 武士の一般常識をまとめたとされる。
- The book is believed to have covered general samurai wisdom.
- 京都の泉涌寺で唯識・倶舎を修める。
- He learned Yuishiki and Kusha (sutra of the Kusha sect) at the Sennyu-ji Temple in Kyoto.
- また、代々博識としても知られていた。
- The family was known for its learnedness.
- 中世には仏教的な歴史意識が広まった。
- During the medieval period, history became widely understood based upon Buddhism.
- 当時の茶に関する知識を網羅している。
- It covers the knowledge of tea at the time.
- 百川は書画の鑑識家としても活躍した。
- Hyakusen was also active as a judge of calligraphic works and paintings.
- 1994年に知識工学科が開設される。
- In 1994, Faculty of Knowledge Engineering was established.
- 渋み(しぶみ)は、日本の美意識の1つ。
- Astringency is one of the Japanese aesthetic senses.
- 隋・唐の進んだ学問知識を日本に伝えた。
- He introduced Sui's and Tang's advanced knowledge into Japan.
- 12月には法号「不識庵謙信」を称した。
- In January 1571, he referred to himself 'Fushikian Kenshin' a posthumous Buddhist name.
- 2008年度より知識工学専攻から改組。
- It was reorganized from Knowledge Engineering as of the 2008 academic year.
- 日本人の郷土意識と強く結びついた信仰。
- The faith is closely related with local patriotism of Japanese.
- 知識社会基盤構築のための情報学拠点形成
- Informatics Research Center for Development of Knowledge Society Infrastructure
- 一、智識ヲ世界ニ求メ大ニ皇基ヲ振起スヘシ
- 1. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.
- 一 智識ヲ世界ニ求メ大ニ皇基ヲ振起スヘシ
- 5. 智識ヲ世界ニ求メ大ニ皇基ヲ振起スヘシ(Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.)
- 民俗知識に関して用いられるもの (7件)
- Items used in relation to folk knowledge (7).
- 森鴎外は直接には花子との面識はなかった。
- Ogai MORI was not personally acquainted with Hanako.
- 国府の具体像に関する知識は皆無に近かった。
- Almost no one had knowledge concerning a concrete image of Kokufu.
- 彩紀のことを意識しているような描写もある。
- There are also hints that he is interested in Saiki.
- 漢洋折衷の学識と医術で稽医館の晩年を飾る。
- He contributed to the last stage of Kei Hospital using the blending of Chinese and western knowledge and medicine.
- それら狼藉は悪事ではなく当時の常識であった。
- They were not considered wrongdoing, but were generally accepted.
- 知識試験と実技試験、面接試験に分かれている。
- The examination consists of a knowledge examination, a practical examination and an interview examination.
- 幼少のころから読書家で、非常に博識であった。
- Ekiken had liked reading since his childhood and had a wide knowledge of various matters.
- その深い法律知識を見込まれて民部省に入った。
- His deep knowledge of law was recognized and he entered the Minbusho (the Ministry of Popular Affairs).
- 従ってその意識が強く表れ得るのは都市である。
- Therefore a stronger faith in Ubusunagami can be seen in cities.
- しかし、事件前から面識があったかどうかは不明。
- However, it is not clear whether they had known each other before the incident.
- すなわち極めて同志意識・連帯意識が濃厚であった。
- In other words, they had extremely strong comradeship and solidarity.
- そのため、敷居は意識してまたぎ越えるようにする。
- Therefore, you are required to stride over shikii rails consciously.
- 円満な常識をそなえ、理非分別のあるすぐれた人物。
- Jitsugoto is an excellent wise man with a well-balanced common sense.
- 新たな日本の中央政権として認識されるようになる。
- The new government began to be recognized as the new central administration of Japan.
- 同時代における著明な有識家として後世に名を残す。
- His name was recorded as one of the prominent intellectuals who lived during this period.
- 教学上の知識が豊富で、律・天台の講演に尽力した。
- His knowledge on religious doctrines was affluent, and he devoted himself to lectures on Ritsu (Precepts) and Tendai.
- また単に私的に武装する者は武士と認識されなかった。
- And those who were privately armed were not recognized as bushi.
- 歌合に対する、文芸としての意識が高まったのである。
- It was because the awareness of Utaawase as an art and literature was gaining ground.
- この言葉の語源としては、常識とは異なる意見もある。
- There is an extraordinary opinion on the origin of this word.
- 着物の隆盛は大坂町人の財力と美意識がささえていた。
- The prosperity of kimono was supported by the financial power and aesthetic sense of the townspeople of Kamigata.
- 幼名は高貴宮(あてのみや)、諱は識仁(さとひと)。
- His childhood name was Atenomiya (Prince Ate), and his posthumous name was Satohito.
- 神剣の祟りは相当なものと認識されていたようである。
- The curses of the sacred sword appear to have been considered to be extremely powerful
- 惣村の内部は、平等意識と連帯意識により結合していた。
- The members of the soson associated with one another based on equality and community.
- むしろ認識と実践(あるいは体験)とは不可分と考える。
- Instead, it is considered that recognition and practice (or experience) are inseparable.
- (福岡案第四条)智識を世界に求め大に皇基を振起すべし
- (The 4th article of Fukuoka draft) 智識を世界に求め大に皇基を振起すべし (Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.)
- (由利案第三条)智識を世界に求め広く皇基を振起すへし
- (The 3rd article of Yuri draft) 智識を世界に求め広く皇基を振起すへし (Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.)
- 風情(ふぜい)は、日本古来より存在する美意識の1つ。
- Fuzei is one of the aesthetic feelings which have existed from ancient times in Japan.
- 知識人においては個人主義・理想主義が強く意識された。
- Individualism and idealism won attention among the educated people.
- 行政との関係、「してやっている」という意識の拡がり?
- Relationships with administration
- 学問に優れ、儒教や仏教に広い知識を有していたという。
- It was said that he excelled academically and had a wide knowledge of Confucianism and Buddhism.
- 廃仏毀釈で衰えていた唯識・法相の教えを再興した学僧。
- Join was also a scholar monk who restored the teachings of Yuishiki (consciousness-only, the basic doctrine of the Japanese Hosso school) and Hosso, which were deteriorated by Haibutsu-kishaku (anti-Buddhist movement at the beginning of the Meiji era).
- 徳川光圀はその大胆さと見識を愛して側近として用いた。
- Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA favored him for his boldness and knowledge and kept him as a close aid.
- この頃に梅田雲浜と出会い、国事についての知識を得た。
- At this time, he met Unpin UMEDA and acquired knowledge concerning affairs of State.
- 小浜で学んだ知識をもって、大津に湖南塾を開いている。
- He opened Konanjuku in Otsu with the knowledge that he learned in Obama.
- 実際、氏子という意識や自覚を持たずにいる場合も多い。
- In fact, many people do so without knowledge or awareness of being shrine parishners.
- これは倭国を中国と別個の天下とする意識の現れとされる。
- This is said to indicate that they were aware that both Wa and China was separate sovereign states.
- (現代表記)智識を世界に求め、大いに皇基を振起すべし。
- (modern written Japanese) 智識を世界に求め、大いに皇基を振起すべし。(Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.)
- といった商品ランク意識があったことには疑いを容れない。
- Ranking sake in this way well known and led to little doubt.
- 儒学も、大名たちにとって必要な学問と認識されはじめた。
- Confucianism also began to be recognized as the learning essential to daimyo.
- 「星」は我が国においては標識としての黒点の意味がある。
- The word 'hoshi' means black point as a target in Japan.
- アウトドア(いずれも日本では趣味としての認識が強い。)
- Outdoor sports (any of these are recognized as hobbies)
- したがって、意識して見ようとすれば見えない存在である。
- Thus, it is the existence that cannot be seen when a conscious effort is made to see it.
- その他、多くの勤皇の志士と面識があったといわれている。
- It is said that he knew many of the other Kinno no shishi personally.
- 見た目は道祖神と酷似しているが、以下の条件で識別可能。
- Ohanjin looks very similar to Doso-jin (a god who prevents evil spirits from coming) in appearance, but can be distinguished by the following features.
- そして、実生活に必要とされる知識や技術の教育が行われた。
- Then the students received education on knowledge and skills required for daily life.
- しかし、民衆の間では鐚銭を忌避する意識は根強く残存した。
- But there a deep-rooted consciousness existed among common people to avoid bitasen.
- 日本の令では唐令を意識的に修正して実施した形跡がみえる。
- The Japanese ryo (administrative code) shows traces of conscious revisions that were made to the torei for implementation.
- そうした知識に通じた者を有識者(ゆうそくしゃ)と呼んだ。
- People who are well versed in such knowledge were called yusokusha.
- いき(粋)とは、日本の美意識(美的観念)のひとつである。
- 'Iki' is a Japanese aesthetic sense (aesthetic concept).
- 一般に同店が元祖の一つであると消費者から認識されている。
- In general, this restaurant is recognized by consumers as one of the original restaurants.
- 京風ラーメンとは京懐石を意識して作られた薄味のラーメン。
- Kyo-style ramen is a bland ramen created based Kyo kaiseki (Kyoto's traditional local cuisine).
- 巻き物(書物)に似た形から、知識が増える事を願う縁起物。
- Furthermore, date-maki has been eaten to pray for success in the academic field because of its appearance, which is similar to that of a rolled book.
- 博識で学問だけでなく紀行書なども著すなど多彩な面がある。
- Razan was not only well-read, but had a number of other interests, including the penning of books on his travels and other subjects.
- 後に会談したペリーは、彼の人物と学識をほめたたえている。
- Perry praised his personality and scholarship when he later held a meeting with Ayasaburo.
- それ以上に教養としての漢文の知識が必要とされたことによる。
- Instead, in Japan, the knowledge of Chinese classical literature was more welcomed as a requirement for cultural refinement.
- その場合でも、同族的な意識が党としての結合の基礎をなした。
- Even in such case, being aware of the same clan became the basis for unification.
- 本項目における用語の使用も凡例の一つと認識する必要がある。
- Therefore, the use of terminology even in this section should be acknowledged as an explanatory note.
- これでは10倍以上の兵力差があり、常識的に合戦にならない。
- The military powers illustrated in 'Gyokuyo' indicates a difference of more than ten times in the number of opposing cavalrymen, so it was unrealistic to believe a battle occurred.
- また、江戸で事前の調査を行い予備知識を蓄えてから出発した。
- They also conducted a prior investigation in Edo to go on a trip with advance knowledge.
- 更に和歌・連歌にも通じるなど、当時の知識人の1人であった。
- Takatada was one of intellectuals of those days being also acquainted with waka and renga (linked verse).
- 職務に関して怠慢が甚だしく、常識に欠ける面があったらしい。
- It is said that he was very sloppy with work and lacking in common sense.
- (このために一般には「前関白」と認識されている事が多い。)
- (For this reason, he is often believed to have been the 'former Kanpaku.')
- 漢方医による五臓六腑説など、身体機能認識の誤謬を指摘した。
- In the book, he pointed out fallacious understandings of bodily functions such as Gozo-roppu-setsu developed by Chinese medicine doctors.
- 学識頭は律令制における大学頭の前身であると考えられている。
- Fuminotsukasa is deemed to have been a predecessor of Daigakuno kami under the ritsuryo system.
- また、朝鮮側も日本側が入貢と見なしていたことは認識していた。
- The Korean side also recognized that the Japanese side considered Chosen Tsushinshi as coming for paying tributes.
- 同書をもって初めて歴史認識が明確に示されたとする見解もある。
- According to some opinions, this book is the first one in which a recognition of history was clearly described.
- 小泉八雲『常識 (小泉八雲)』(『骨董 (小泉八雲)』収録)
- 'Common sense (Yakumo KOIZUMI)', a novel by Yakumo KOIZUMI, included in 'An antique (Yakumo KOIZUMI)':
- 鎌倉時代は武士が政権を獲得した時代と一般には認識されている。
- The Kamakura period is generally recognized as the period in which warriors managed to seize political power.
- さらに唐の律令制度を実際に運営する知識として国博士を置いた。
- Further, Kunihakase (planner of new policies) was appointed as a knowledgeable person to actually administer the rituryo system of Tang.
- だが、秀吉にはそのような戦国時代の「常識」は通用しなかった。
- However, Hideyoshi did not have such a 'common sense' in the Sengoku period.
- とくに仁鶴は、初代桂春團治を意識した爆笑落語で人気を集めた。
- Especially Nikaku gained popularity with hilarious rakugo consciously imitating Harudanji KATSURA I.
- 元は当初、金の継承を標榜しており南宋は意識されていなかった。
- Yuan originally called for succeeding Chin, and the Southern Song Dynasty was unrealized.
- 識者や市民から、早期の庭園完全復旧の声が非常に高まっている。
- Scholars and city residents strongly request that the garden be fully restored in the near future.
- それら知識の中に酒造りに関わる農法や醸造技術が含まれていた。
- Such knowledge included farming methods and brewing technologies concerning sake brewing.
- 近年では誤りであるという認識が広まり、行われることは少ない。
- However, in recent years this has come to be recognized incorrect and is no longer widely seen.
- そのため初期読本は古典的知識を持つ知識人層によって書かれた。
- For this reason, early Yomihon books were written by intellectual elites who had the knowledge in the classics.
- そのため百姓が差別的な用語であるという認識は薄まってきている。
- Thus, there is less recognition that the term 'hyakusho' is a discriminatory term.
- 歴史学が実証主義を重視しすぎ、歴史認識や史学方法論を軽んじた。
- History had placed too much importance on positivism and treated recognition of history and methodologies of history lightly.
- 近世期の合理的・実証的歴史認識の一つの到達点が富永仲基である。
- The peak of the rational and fact-based recognition of history in the early-modern times was reached by Nakamoto TOMINAGA..
- 此の如くして、鑑識し得たるの多少を以て勝敗を為すなり。とある。
- The participant who is able to guess these incenses more correctly than others becomes the winner.
- このように、から揚げとザンギを別物として認識している人もいる。
- As seen above, there are some people who distinguish karaage from zangi.
- 建国記念日審議会は、学識経験者等からなり、総理府に設置された。
- The Council for National Foundation Day consisting of experienced academics was established in the Prime Minister's Office.
- 文政のお蔭参りでは、60年周期の「おかげ年」が意識されていた。
- Okage mairi of the Bunsei era occurred in consideration of 'okage year' (the year following the transfer of a deity to a new shrine building) which came about every 60 years.
- それが経房を通じて京都朝廷にも認識されていたと考えられている。
- It is considered that this fact was recognized by the Imperial Court in Kyoto through Tsunefusa.
- 現在、神社の神域は、単なるイベント会場と意識されることがある。
- Today Shiniki can be regarded just as an event site.
- これにより衰亡寸前だった天皇の権威が再認識されることとなった。
- In this situation, the authority of Emperor, having been on the brink of ruin, came to be recognized again.
- すなわち朝鮮側は、この時の慣例を条文化したものだと認識していた。
- That was to say, Korea perceived that the custom at that time was provided in the treaty.
- 常識とされる地方もある反面、そういった風習が全くない地方もある。
- Although they are common in some areas, they are not practiced at all in others.
- そのため小太刀の打突は有効打とされないという認識が一般的である。
- This is why people generally do not think any kodachi strokes and thrusts can be a telling blow.
- 狩野派や琳派など日本の伝統的美意識や技法を引き継いだ画家を呼ぶ。
- It refers to painters who succeed Japanese traditional sense of beauty and technique of Kano school or Rinpa school.
- 入唐で得た知識を生かすべく慶雲の改革において中納言に任命された。
- He was appointed to Chunagon (middle counselor) in Keiun no kaikaku (political reform in Keiun era) to utilize the knowledge which he acquired during his stay in Tang.
- 2000年 工学研究科知識工学専攻に博士課程(後期課程)を開設。
- 2000: A doctoral program in Information Engineering (second semester) was established within the Graduate School of Engineering.
- 2006年 工学部知識工学科をインテリジェント情報工学科に改組。
- 2006: Department of Knowledge Engineering within the Faculty of Engineering was reorganized as the Department of Intelligent Information Engineering and Science.
- 科学の理論の進歩は、認識が孕む問題と大きく関係しているのである。
- The progress of scientific theories is largely related to the potential problems of the act of recognition.
- 風流(ふりゅう)とは、中世以後の日本において高揚した美意識の1つ。
- Furyu is one of the aesthetic values that became popular after the Middle Ages in Japan.
- これにより儒学者がその知識をもって官吏となる道が広がったのである。
- This opened the way for Confucian scholars to make use of their knowledge to become government officials.
- 1663年(寛文3年)1月26日、10歳に成長した識仁親王に譲位。
- On January 26, 1663, Emperor Gosai abdicated and passed the position to Imperial Prince Satohito, who had turned ten years old.
- 缶コーヒーとレギュラーコーヒーはあくまでも別物であると認識している
- They clearly understand that canned coffee is one thing, and regular coffee another.
- 古くから行われた遊びかたのひとつで、あまり競争意識ははたらかない。
- Since long time ago people have been playing in this way and it hardly arouses the players' rivalry.
- 学識家であり著作も多く、また眉目秀麗の好男子だったと言われている。
- He was a scholar and wrote many literary works, furthermore, he is said to be the handsome man.
- 日常でも、的屋や屋台が出る場所として意識されているのが神域である。
- In our daily life, Shiniki is considered as a place for stalls.
- 2006年に知識工学科からインテリジェント情報工学科に改称される。
- In 2006, it was renamed to the Department of Intelligent Information Engineering and Sciences.
- また、政財界や学識者からの内奏・進講を、父昭和天皇以上に受けている。
- Moreover, he has received reports and lectures on the affairs of the state more frequently than his father, the Emperor Showa, from people in the political and business worlds, intellectuals and others.
- しかし、それ以前も、古代から歴史認識および歴史叙述の展開が見られた。
- However, even before that, history was considered and descriptions of history had been made.
- 当時から「七本槍」が虚名に近いという認識が広まっていたと推定される。
- Judging from these anecdotes, presumably there was a growing recognition even at the time that the story of the 'seven spears' was close to fiction.
- ここでの「知」(良知)とは端的に言えば認識を、「行」とは実践を指す。
- Here, the word 'chi' (ryochi) means 'recognition' and 'gyo' means 'practice'.
- また、当の京都に住む人も多くは「京都ラーメン」を特に意識していない。
- Furthermore, the majority of residents in Kyoto are not especially aware of the existence of 'Kyoto ramen.'
- (京都を知る、生涯学習、もてなす側として、知識を仕事に活かす、など)
- (knowing Kyoto, lifelong education, as a host, and utilization of your knowledge for jobs, etc.)
- 電気工事の知識を持ち、特別高圧架空送電線の敷設や保守作業などを行う。
- Sodentobi has knowledge of electrical work and is engaged in the installation and maintenance of high voltage overhead power lines.
- また、現在の日本では「日本語が野暮」という無意識的な刷り込みがある。
- Also, today's Japanese have an unconscious notion that 'the Japanese language is yabo.'
- 後の部分には、「しゃんぎり」というこれも無意識で演奏できる曲がある。
- After the Uta, there is a kind of song part called 'Shangiri' where can be also played unconsciously.
- その「潔さ」が、日本人が古来から持つ「美意識」と共通するものがある。
- This perception that the fundoshi loincloth is 'gracious' is the same perception shared by the traditional Japanese of an 'aesthetic sensation.'
- 清代になって状況が逆転し、油煙墨が常識になり、松煙墨が特殊になった。
- With the reversal of conditions, in Qing period the ink sticks made from lamp soot became common and the ones made from burnt pine rare.
- 『雅楽のデザイン 王朝装束の美意識』(小学館、1990)を編纂した。
- He compiled 'Design of Gagaku - Aesthetic Sense of Court Costumes' (Shogakukan Inc.,1990).
- 古書などから得られた古人の詳細で膨大な知識を蓄え、伝記を起し始める。
- Based upon his detailed and extensive knowledge about the people of the old which he accumulated through reading of old books, MIMURA began writing biographies.
- 一方で知識・教養を深める為に勉学を始め、経学・漢学を長坂或斎に学ぶ。
- To enrich his knowledge and education, he also started studying Keisho (important literatures in Confucianism) and Sinology (study of the Chinese classics) under 長坂或斎.
- 研究においても、宣長の『古事記伝』の流れを汲み、緻密で博識であった。
- His study took into account of the theories and manners of Norinaga crystallized as 'Kojikiden' (Commentary on the Kojiki), therefore it was similarly meticulous with the support of his vast knowledge.
- 1994年 工学部知識工学科、機能分子工学科、物質化学工学科を開設。
- 1994: The Department of Knowledge Engineering, Department of Molecular Science and Technology, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials within the Faculty of Engineering were established.
- 当時の月齢を天文知識に基づいて計算すると、この日は天文上の朔に当たる。
- When getsurei (age of the moon) at the time is calculated on the basis of astronomical knowledge, this day falls on the first day of the month in astronomy.
- こうした作品により、武士や庶民へも歴史認識が広く流布することとなった。
- These books helped to make history recognized widely by samurai and the general public.
- 高梨氏は信濃村上氏と共に、北信濃の一大勢力として認識されるようになる。
- The Takahashi clan, as well as the Murakami clan in Shinano, came to be recognized as major force in northern Shinano.
- このため五七桐は「政権担当者の紋章」という認識が定着することになった。
- Therefore the awareness that Goshichinokiri was 'the family crest for people who hold the reins of government' became established.
- こういう傾向が行き過ぎたものは不当表示にあたる、と指摘する識者もいる。
- There was a knowledgeable person who pointed out that if such tendency goes too far, it constitutes false labeling.
- 異風を好み、派手な身なりをして、常識を逸脱した行動に走る者たちのこと。
- They liked unusual things, dressed loudly, and behaved outlandishly.
- 平安時代には、有識文様として公家の調度品や衣装の文様として用いられた。
- During the Heian period, it was used as a yusoku monyo (traditional design motifs of court nobles) for furnishing goods and costumes of court nobles
- 遠州は和歌や藤原定家の書を学び、王朝文化の美意識を茶の湯に取り入れた。
- Enshu studied the waka poems and handwriting of FUJIWARA no Sadaie and introduced the aesthetics of the Heian period into the tea ceremony.
- 細川邸に派遣された使者は、内蔵助と面識がある幕府目付荒木正羽であった。
- The envoy sent to the house of Hosokawa was Masahane ARAKI, the bakufu's metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers), who was acquainted with Kuranosuke.
- 1994年には工学部を全学京田辺校地に移転し、知識工学科が増設された。
- In 1994, the whole Faculty of Engineering was relocated to Kyotanabe Campus, and the Department of Knowledge Engineering was added,
- 観察という行為には人間の「認識」というプロセスが含まれているのである。
- There is a process called 'recognition' of human beings involved in the act of observation.
- 第二十章から二十三章は六壬神課で特徴的な基礎知識の解説にあてられている。
- Specific fundamental knowledge of Rikujinshinka is explained in Chapters 20 to 23.
- 常識的に考えれば、強大なロシアが日本との戦争を恐れる理由は何も無かった。
- They believed that a country as powerful and large as Russia had nothing to fear in a war against Japan.
- その見た目から、しばしば雪を意識したみぞれ、白雪等の料理名がつけられる。
- Because of it appearance, the names associated with mizore (sleet) or shirayuki (white snow) are given to dishes.
- それは酒類に限らず、技術革新が生活の諸方面にもたらした意識変化であった。
- Those were the changes in consciousness which technical innovations brought not only to consumption style of liquors but also various aspects of life.
- この場合はお代わりを要求したりはしないのが無難であり、また常識とされる。
- The visitor should not ask for another bowl of bubuzuke.
- これらは「清廉潔白・節操」という、文人の理想を表現したものと認識された。
- These were regarded as the symbols of 'incorruption and constancy,' representing the ideal of litterateur.
- しかし、それが必ずしも系譜としての嫡流意識となったかどうかは問題がある。
- However, whether that necessarily became the concept of the direct descendant in terms of genealogy is questionable.
- また、この時には2つの点で継体天皇の先例が強く意識されていたようである。
- It seemed like the example of Emperor Keitai was strongly considered in two issues at this time.
- 学識を評価され、藤田東湖らに水戸藩への出仕を勧められたが固辞したという。
- Since his scholarly acquisition was highly evaluated, he was encouraged to serve in the Mito Domain but he declined to do so.
- だが、その勝気な態度は次第に異母兄藤原頼通への対抗意識に変化していった。
- Later, however, his strong-willed attitude gradually changed to a sense of rivalry between his elder brother FUJIWARA no Yorimichi who had a different mother.
- 名は識博(もとひろ)、通称は喜内、字は以文、号 (称号)は蘭山、朽匏子。
- His real name was Motohiro, common name was Kinai, azana (Chinese courtesy name) was Ibun, and pen names were Ranzan and Kyuhoshi.
- 脚気栄養起源説の国家としての見識が示されたのは鴎外の死の2年後であった。
- It was two years after Ogai's death that the nation accepted the view that beriberi derived from nutrition.
- 東大寺には宗性自筆の稿本が数多く残り、彼の学識の高さをよくしめしている。
- There are still many manuscripts in Sosho's own handwriting in Todai-ji Temple, which clearly show his profound knowledge.
- 工学研究科に知識工学専攻修士課程、および数理環境科学専攻修士課程を開設。
- Master's program for Information and Computer Science, and master's program for Environmental Science and Mathematical Modeling were established in the Graduate School of Engineering.
- 百姓らにとって、そうした徳政を要求することは、当然の権利と認識されていた。
- The peasants thought they could appeal to the government to enforce their right of tokusei.
- しかし、民衆の間では鐚銭を忌避して撰銭をしようとする意識が根強く残存した。
- However, consciousness of avoiding bitasen coins and of carrying out the erizeni act was rooted strongly amongst the general public.
- 雅楽の中で郢曲や和琴・箏・笛関する知識は庭田家ではなく綾小路家に伝わった。
- The knowledge of eikyoku (a type of old Japanese song), wagon (Japanese harp), so (a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings) and fue (Japanese flute) among gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) was passed down in the Ayanokoji family instead of the Niwata family.
- 桓武天皇は新王朝の創始を強く意識し、自らの主導による諸改革を進めていった。
- Emperor Kanmu was strongly aware of the start of the new dynasty and promoted various reformations.
- これら公家層を代表して、新たな歴史認識を示したのは慈円の『愚管抄』である。
- It was Jien who, representing these court nobles, wrote 'Gukansho' (jottings of a fool) to show a new recognition of history.
- 日本語は複雑な表記体系をもつが、近現代において日本人の識字率は極めて高い。
- Japanese has a complicated orthographic system, though the literacy rate of the Japanese people is very high in modern times.
- このため、武家執奏は拒むことは出来ないものという認識が広まるようになった。
- Because of this situation, the court nobles began to think that it was impossible to refuse bukeshisso.
- これも鑑評会などでは評価の対象から漏れてしまうとして問題視する識者も多い。
- There are many knowledgeable persons who are of opinion that kaerika is excluded from the objects of appreciation in kanpyokai, etc.
- 薬草の調合や知識が主にシャーマンの役割である事がどの地域でも共通している。
- The preparation and knowledge of medicine herbs are commonly regarded as the main role of shaman in each region.
- しかし毛人は無意識下でしか超能力を引き出せず、自分の能力を自覚していない。
- However, Emishi did not recognize his own supernatural power, because he only could bring out his power while he was unconscious.
- 書籍は書画・金石・印譜などを膨大に収蔵したばかりでなく深い学識を得ていた。
- His collection of books was not just a massive collection of calligraphic works, epigraphs, and compilation of seal marks as he developed expert knowledge.
- そこで義教は忠国と面識のある赤松満政や大内持世らを通じて説得に当たらせた。
- Then Yoshinori ordered Mitsumasa AKAMATSU and Mochiyo OUCHI who were acquainted with Tadakuni to persuade him.
- 法隆寺勧学院で開かれた唯識の講義には宗派を超えて多くの僧侶が聴講しに来た。
- For the lectures of Yuishiki held in Kangakuin (educational institutions) of the Horyu-ji Temple, many Buddhist monks attended regardless of the religious schools.
- 律令制のもとでは大学寮の博士あるいはこれに近い学識を有する人物が任命された。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), a professor of the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) or an individual with similar education and experience was appointed to the position of Jidoku.
- 『法曹類林』を著すほどの法知識を持った信西の裁断には反対するものはなかった。
- No one opposed Shinzei's decision, because he was knowledgeable enough about law to write 'Hosso-ruirin' (a collection of legal documents).
- 行政の干渉から司法の独立を確立し、三権分立の意識を広めた近代史上重要な事件。
- This incident was so significant in the modern history of Japan because it triggered independence of judiciary from government's interference and raised people's awareness of separation of powers.
- 世界的には楽しむ、療養する、あるいは飲むもの、蒸すものとして認識されている。
- Globally, hot springs are considered to be used for enjoying, healing, drinking or steaming.
- この時の表面は米の形が識別できるものと餅状になったものが混ざった状態である。
- The surface layer at this time is formed by the mixture of the rice particles which are identifiable and rice which has become mochi.
- 幅広い分野に精通し、知識が豊富であった忠親は異事・奇聞を探り、それを記した。
- He was well acquainted with various fields, had broad knowledge, and wrote about mysterious incidents that he explored.
- 遠州がもたらした美意識を華道世界に反映させた流儀として江戸後期に特に栄えた。
- A style of flower arrangement that reflected the aesthetics introduced to the field by Enshu was especially popular during the late Edo period.
- 前漢代には既にこのような倭国認識の成立していたことが漢書や論衡の記事から判る。
- It is known from the articles from 'kanjo (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)' and the 'Ronko (Lunheng)' that such perception of Wakoku was already present during the Former Han Dynasty.
- 江戸時代後期、鎖国体制から開国した日本は、西洋との圧倒的な国力の差を意識する。
- Japan, opening its country to the world in the late Edo period, became conscious of the overwhelming national power of Western countries.
- 後三条天皇は桓武天皇を意識し、大内裏の再建と征夷の完遂を政策として打ち立てる。
- Emperor Gosanjo tried to follow the ruling of Emperor Kanmu, and he formulated various policies, to finalize the reconstruction of Imperial Palace, and the subjugation of Ezo (Emishi).
- 心の外に理を認めない陽明学では、経書など外的知識によって理を悟るわけではない。
- In Yomei-gaku, which denies the existence of 'ri' outside of one's mind, people do not attain 'ri' through external knowledge like the Classics.
- しかしこれらは不穏民衆を一揆と認識して討伐した慶長の役が始まった後の話である。
- However, this was conducted only after the Keicho war began when disruptive people were recognized as members of the insurgency.
- この事から、三事兼帯が実務官僚にとっての名誉と認識されていたことがうかがえる。
- From the above, we can gather that Sanji kentai was regarded as an honor among officials in charge of practical jobs.
- 庶民レベルでは僧侶ら知識階級が庶民らの子どもを集めて基本的な読み書きを教えた。
- For common people, the intellectual class such as Buddhist monks gathered children of common people together, and taught them basic reading and writing.
- 世事に対応し、社会のなかでものごとを円滑に進めてゆくための常識や世間的な能力。
- The common sense and social skills required to know the stream and make things go smoothly in society.
- 相州上工の作は特徴ある作行きである事から、一通り知識がある場合は見破りやすい。
- Since the style of the old swords created by the Soshu artisans is characteristic, it is easy for someone with certain knowledge to detect the imitation.
- 老爺の容姿をしており、人間の目では無意識の状態でのみ姿を見ることが出来る存在。
- It is the existence that has the appearance of Roya (an old man) and whose figure can be seen through human eyes only in the state of unconsciousness.
- 日本人の意識では他人に頼まないと八宝菜をご飯にのせられない(中華丼の項参照)。
- Japanese don't dare to put chop suey on cooked rice by themselves but will ask someone to do so (refer to chuka-don (bowl of rice with a chop-suey-like mixture on it)).
- と、その内容は古式と独自のスタイルと、他流派から見れば非常識ばった流派である。
- As above, this school adopts an ancient and unique style as its substance, and is senseless as compared with other schools.
- その後、彼は巫祝(ふしゅく)もしくは善知識として関東を中心に布教活動を続けた。
- He later continued to devote himself to missionary work around Kanto as the fushuku (ancient priest) or kalyaana-mitra (one who offered spiritual friendship and guidance that was non-directive, non-denominational, and non-religious).
- 「開国と富国強兵こそ日本が生き残る道」と考えていたという彼の志と博識が伺える。
- They reveal much of his wisdom, as well as his idea that 'opening the country and fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country; strengthening the military) are the only way Japan can survive.'
- 特に現代のような科学知識のない近代以前や未開の人々からみれば重要な概念である。
- It was an important view for people living before the modern period or in uncivilized areas in which there was no scientific knowledge as we have now.
- なお、田守職の一部は、植物に対する豊富な知識を生かして本草学へと流れていった。
- Incidentally, some of the tamori used their wealth of knowledge about plants and worked as herbalists.
- 平安時代、我々が一般に「武士」と認識している者達は「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれた。
- People we considered as 'bushi' were called 'tsuwamono' during the Heian period.
- 万世一系を否定する見解を徹底して主張した歴史家や知識人は、決して多くはなかった。
- Most historians and intellectuals could not insist their opinion that denied the unbroken Imperial line.
- とはいえ、江戸時代の知識人全員が、太古的な古さという主張に賛成したわけではない。
- However, not all intellectuals during the Edo period supported the insistence.
- この意識が非常に高揚して、「侠」あるいは「遊侠」という境地に達するものも現れた。
- Some of them took this ideal to such a level that they reached the position of '侠' ('kyo) in Japanese; 'xia' in Chinese) or '遊侠' (yukyo in Japanese; 'youxia' in Chinese, meaning knight errant).
- お雇い外国人は、日本の近代化の過程で西欧の先進技術や知識を学ぶために雇用された。
- Oyatoi-gaikokujin were employed to teach native Japanese the latest technologies and knowledge from Europe and the United States in order to fuel the process of Japan's modernization.
- 農耕社会では、自己と同一の意識と生活を有する農民に対しては、警戒感は惹起しない。
- In the agrarian society, a sense of vigilance was not raised toward the peasants, who possessed the same consciousness and standard of living as one's own.
- 豊臣秀吉の九州征伐の際は、豊臣氏と島津氏の兵力の違いを認識し早期降伏を主張した。
- When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI started his conquest of Kyushu, he recognized the difference in military force between the Toyotomi clan and the Shimazu clan and therefore recommended an early surrender.
- 経験的具体的に意識できることをもっていきという文化を理解するべきであると唱えた。
- He contended that the comprehension of the culture of iki should be based on experiential and concrete consciousness.
- 近年、その「日本料理としての寿司」は世界各国で「日本料理」として認識されている。
- In recent years, 'sushi as nihon-ryori' has been recognized throughout the world.
- 現在のように調味料として認識されるようになったのは、江戸時代になってからである。
- During the Edo period, miso was first recognized as a seasoning just like today.
- また、試合時には識別用として背中(胴紐の交差部)に紅白それぞれのたすきを付ける。
- Also, each contender attaches a red or white cross brace respectively on his or her back (cross-point of Do-himo string) as a means of identification during the match.
- その反面、実際に能を演ずる上での実際的な知識を得るためにはきわめて有意義である。
- On the other hand, however, it is extremely useful in accessing practical information when putting on an actual noh performance.
- 初演時、七代目團十郎は能楽を意識して見得につきものの効果音(ツケ打ち)を廃した。
- At the first performance of Kanjincho, Danjuro ICHIKAWA the Seventh had Noh music in mind, so he chose not to use the typical sound effect for the mie called 'tsukeuchi,' produced with wooden clappers.
- 明治時代の多くの知識人は、皇室の永続性というドグマを受け入れ、誇りに思っていた。
- In the Meiji period many intellectuals proudly accepted the dogma of the continuance of the Imperial household.
- During the Meiji period, most intellectuals accepted the dogma of the consistency of the Imperial family.
- ここで後の小説で見られる儒教的な倫理観、東洋的美意識や江戸的感性が磨かれていく。
- In this school, he developed the Confucian ethical view, oriental aesthetic, and sense of Edo people, all of which are seen in the novels he wrote later.
- 幕末期から明治初期にかけて欧米で学んだ外山の新知識は当時の政府には重要であった。
- The most up-to-date knowledge that Toyama obtained in Europe and the US from the end of the Edo period through the beginning of the Meiji period was important for the Japanese government at that time.
- 出家して元興寺に入り唯識・法相を修め、龍蓋寺(=岡寺)などの5ヶ龍寺を創建した。
- He entered the Buddhist priesthood at Gango-ji Temple where he studied vijnapti-matrata or Consciousness-only school (aka Yuishiki or wei shih, i.e. a theory that all existence is subjective and nothing exists outside of the mind) and dharmalaksana or Dharma-character school (aka Hosso or faxiang, i.e. the specific characteristics of all manifest phenomena), and founded the gokaryu-ji (literally, the five Ryu [dragon] temples) including Ryugai-ji (aka Oka-dera) Temple.
- 平安時代中期には国風文化の隆盛とともに「みやび」と言う価値観・美意識が広まった。
- In the mid-Heian period, the value and aesthetic called 'Miyabi' (refinement) spread as the Kokufu Bunka (indigenous Japanese culture) flourished.
- 世論の自然環境に対する意識が従来の開発主体から環境の保全や育成の方向に変化した。
- Public opinions concerning natural environments have changed from development-centered ones towards those for the maintenance of or nurturing of environments.
- このため、農民層にも経済力がつき始め、領主・地頭への権利意識が高まることとなった。
- For this reason, the class of farmers began to get economic power and the awareness of their rights against local lords and jitos heightened.
- 峠への登り口には「大型車通行困難」の標識があり、大型車の通行は事実上不可能である。
- As a road sign saying 'Hardly Passable by Large Vehicles' is placed at the approach of the pass, large-sized vehicles practically cannot drive the pass.
- 平氏の実力の大きさが再認識されると同時に、後白河院政の脆弱さが露呈する形になった。
- As result, the power of the Taira clan had been reacknowledged while the vulnerability of Goshirakawa Cloistered government had been exposed.
- マインドスポーツ(日本ではスポーツとしてではなく趣味や娯楽として認識されている。)
- Mind sports (these are recognized as hobby or recreation rather than as sport in Japan)
- しかし、一方では西洋の知識・文化を必要以上に摂取する事への抵抗感も併せもっていた。
- However, it also implied resistance to the excessive adoption of Western knowledge and culture.
- 庶民から侍は大名まで使用層は広かったため標準的な紋として認識されていることがある。
- Since they were used by a wide range of people including common people, samurai (warriors), and daimyo (feudal lords), they are recognized as typical family crests.
- 特に明治期以降、軽視されがちであった歌舞伎本来の様式が重要だという認識が広がった。
- Especially, recognition of the importance of the original Kabuki style spread, which tended to be underestimated during and after the Meiji period.
- なお、この巡幸の目的には、新たな象徴天皇崇敬の国民の意識形成があったともいわれる。
- Further, it is said that there was also anticipation of people forming a consciousness of the Emperor as the new symbol to be respected as an object of this Junko.
- しかし村民の意識の低さからか、梅林の伐採はおさまらず、月瀬保勝会の事業は頓挫した。
- However, possibly due to the lack of awareness among villagers, plum trees continued to be cut down, stalling the conservation efforts of Tsukigase Hoshokai.
- この後にアーネスト・フェノロサや岡倉天心と面識を持ち、その美術研究の支援者となる。
- After that, he met Ernest Fenollosa and Tenshin OKAKURA, and started supporting their art research.
- そして、広く内外の典籍を蒐集、識者の披閲に供し、堂内に如定将来の三聖像を安置した。
- Ryoo collected a wide range of domestic and foreign books, these items were referred by experts and he enshrined three holy iconic statues of the Nyojo inside the Kyodo building.
- 浪華や関東を遊歴後、東武八王子の吉祥寺の住持となり、善知識としてその名が聞こえた。
- After touring Naniwa and Kanto regions, he became the chief priest of Kichijo-ji Temple in Tobu Hachioji, and was known as kalyaana-mitra (one who offers spiritual friendship and guidance that is non-directive, non-denominational, and non-religious).
- 定員は2~3名で、五位の殿上人の中から、家柄がよく学識才能のある者が特に選ばれた。
- Up to two to three personnel could be appointed to this post, and they were selected from among the Tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) of the Fifth Rank, with particular favor for individuals from families of nobility and who were scholarly gifted.
- この頃には、惣村の形成に見られるように、百姓らの自治・連帯意識が非常に高まっていた。
- During this period, the level of awareness of self-governing and solidarity was rapidly raised among peasants and other commoners, as shown in the formation of soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association).
- 学識の高さや政治・経済に対する確かな見識をもって朝廷・民間双方からの信任が篤かった。
- With his great scholarship and accurate discernment of politics and the economy, he won the confidence of both the Imperial Court and private organizations.
- また、新羅を蕃国とし、東北地方の蝦夷・南九州の隼人を化外民とする中華意識が高まった。
- In addition, China-centered consciousness, in which Silla was considered a barbarian country and Emishi in the northeastern area as well as Hayato in the southern Kyushu area were considered kegaimin (outsiders), heightened.
- この見解は、幕府時代の条約を引き継いだという認識に立つ日本政府と異なるものであった。
- This view was different from that of the Japanese government which stood on recognition of having took over the treaty of the shogunate era.
- さらに、語によって表記を区別するという意識は和歌・連歌の世界を除いてさほどなかった。
- In addition, there was little idea that same pronounced words could be differentiated by letter variations, except in the field of waka (a traditional Japanese poem of 31 syllables and renga (linked verse).
- 中井敬所は四世浜村蔵六や益田遇所に師事し、高い学識を身につけてこの派の代表といえる。
- Keisho NAKAI, who gained a high level of knowledge from Zoroku HAMAMURA IV and Gusho MASUDA, was the one most representative of this school.
- 台湾と韓国には多少そのような文化・意識があるとはいえ、日本ほどには確立されていない。
- Although there are cultures and senses similar to Japan in Taiwan and South Korea, they have not taken root as much as those in Japan.
- 「明治天皇は明治国家そのものであり、明治天皇の死は明治国家の終焉」と認識されていた。
- It was recognized that 'Emperor Meiji represented the Meiji nation itself and the Emperor's death was the end of the Meiji nation.'
- しかし、知識試験より産地組合から提出される実技と面接試験が優先されるのが実情である。
- But in reality, the practical and interview examinations submitted by the union of each production area get preference over the knowledge examination.
- 「死ぬときはきれいな身なりで」という美意識は、近代社会において、人口に膾炙していた。
- In modern society, people were familiar with the sense of beauty that 'a man should be neat and tidy when he dies.'
- 他の流派にはない大正琴アンサンブルというこれまでの常識を大きく覆す新境地を開拓した。
- It broke new ground with its taishogoto music ensemble not seen at any other schools.
- 請安が伝えた知識が大化の改新に与えた影響は大きいが、彼自身は新政府に加わっていない。
- Although the knowledge which Shoan introduced had big influence on the Taika Reforms, he was not involved in the new government.
- すなわち聖地への旅の過程において、人々は神との繋がりを再認識し信仰を強化するのである。
- In other words, the process of traveling to holy sites makes people reconfirm their ties with God and strengthens their religious beliefs.
- そこで、学識に優れた玄宗自らが公定の注釈書を作成して事態の収拾を図ろうとしたのである。
- As a distinguished scholar, Genso himself tried to settle the situation by forming an official commentary.
- 「それは私、今まで花粉症じゃなかったけど、去年あるときなってから、急きょ、問題意識が。
- I had never suffered from hay fever before but on developing it last year, I suddenly became aware of the issue.
- また、国内では国学 (学問)の普及にともなって民族意識がとみに高まった時代でもあった。
- Within Japan, it was a time that ethnic consciousness was rising rapidly together with the spread of Kokugaku (study of Japanese literature and culture).
- なお今日、深い学識・見識を持つ人を「有識者(ゆうしきしゃ)」と呼ぶのはその名残である。
- Today, people with deep knowledge and insight are called 'yushiki-sha,' which is a legacy of this.
- そのため、ザンギを北海道独特の物、或いは名称であると認識していない北海道民も存在する。
- Therefore, some people in Hokkaido don't recognize zangi, or the term, as being unique to Hokkaido.
- この地域は明治の初めまで川勝寺村と呼ばれ、住民の多くは自らを河勝の子孫と認識していた。
- This area was called Senshoji Village until the early Meiji period and most residents knew that they were descendants of Kawakatsu.
- 西洋文明の優れた一面を強く認識する一方で同時にコンプレックスを抱くことになったという。
- While he strongly recognized the superior points of Western civilizations, he also noticed his inferiority complex when confronted with the West.
- 大和町のキャラクター「アサヒナサブロー」(平成五年に道路標識のキャラクターとして誕生)
- Character of Yamato-cho 'Asahina Saburo' (created in 1993 as a character for a road sign)
- 第六章から第十九章と同じく、陰陽道における基礎知識である空亡の出し方の解説となっている。
- Like the case of Chapters 6 to 19, kubo, one of the types of fundamental knowledge of Onmyodo, is explained in this chapter.
- 行政官に必要とされた基礎的な数学知識を「田・兵・集・倉・金」の5つの章立てで解説した書。
- The document explained the basic mathematical knowledge deemed necessary for government officials in five chapters: 'Den, Hyo, Shu, So and Kin.'
- 西園寺家と同族意識が強く、たとえば明治時代の西園寺公望は徳大寺家に生まれ西園寺家に入嗣。
- The Tokudaiji Family had a strong kindred connection to the Saionji Family; for example, in the Meiji period Kinmochi SAIONJI was born into the Tokudaiji Family and subsequently adopted by the Saionji Family (as an act of nyushi (joining the family to become an heir)).
- 元(王朝)の侵攻による南宋の圧迫と滅亡から、禅宗の知識人が日本に渡ってくることがあった。
- After the oppression and eventual collapse of the Southern Song dynasty due to the invasion of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty to the north, Zen Buddhist intellectuals began to cross over to Japan.
- 朱子においては「知」は道徳知と知識知が未可分であったが、陽明は専ら道徳知として理解する。
- Zhu Xi took 'chi' to be knowledge comprised of moral knowledge and learned knowledge, which are inseparable, but Wang Yangming took 'chi' to be moral knowledge exclusively.
- 彼の豊富な海外知識は桂川甫周が『北槎聞略』としてまとめ、蘭学発展のための刺激にもなった。
- His rich knowledge of overseas was organized by Hoshu KATSURAGAWA into the book titled 'Hokusa bunryaku' (Stories about Russia Told by a Repatriated Drifter) and encouraged the development of Rangaku.
- 文物だけでなく、知識を身につけた留学生や留学僧も日本に戻って指導的な役割を果たしている。
- It was not only products of culture that were brought back; scholars and monks who obtained knowledge in Tang returned to Japan and played leading roles.
- 例外もあるだろうが、かれらは一応に外国の手厚い保護を受け外国の知識を得て日本に帰国した。
- While there might be some exceptions, they were all protected carefully in foreign countries, and then returned to Japan after learning foreign knowledge.
- なお、立后に使用する白綾衣は、少なくとも平安時代中期以降は礼服とは認識されていなかった。
- In addition, the twilled white robe used for the official investiture of the Empress was not recognized as raifuku at least until after the mid-Heian period.
- 武徳会と文部省は種々協議を重ねるが、解散止む無しとの認識にいたり、ついに解散を決定した。
- Butoku Kai and the Ministry of Education held various talks, but eventually they recognized that dissolution was unavoidable and so ultimately decided on dissolution.
- 土屋礼子は「非知識人層を読者対象とした小新聞に連なるニュース媒体であった」と位置づける。
- Reiko Tsuchiya positioned the nishiki-e-shinbun saying 'nishiki-e-shinbun was a news medium lining up next to the small-scale newspapers which were directed to non-intellectual people as their readers'.
- またはそれに必要な技術そのものであり、経験と知識、そしてなにより錬度の高い技術を要した。
- It sometimes means the technique itself that is necessary for evaluation and it requires experience and knowledge and among others, highly trained technique was required.
- 秀家は、ほとんど宇喜多とは名乗らず、羽柴や豊臣と名乗っており、豊臣一門の意識が強かった。
- He often called himself Hashiba or Toyotomi, not Ukita, and strongly felt that he belonged to the Toyotomi family.
- 横山紘一 『唯識とは何か 「法相二巻抄」を読む』(春秋社 2001年 増補版2005年)
- 'Yuishiki Towa Nanika `Hosso-Nikan-Sho` wo Yomu' (How to read the 'An Excerption from Faxiang 2 Scrolls') by Koitsu YOKOYAMA published by Shunjusha Publishing Company in 2001; a newly enlarged edition in 2005
- 学識と事務能力を必要とされ、明法道出身者や官司の事務官出身者が任じられることが多かった。
- Since the knowledge and skill of clerical work are required for this post, persons who learned Myobodo (study of Codes) or experienced civil officers in government offices were usually appointed to this position.
- 家門は通例、遠い過去にさかのぼる系譜と歴史を持ち、明確な血統意識を持った男系の集団である。
- A kamon (family) is usually a male group that has a pedigree record and history dating to a distant past and is clearly conscious of its bloodline.
- しかし、この時点では江戸の情勢が未だ安定しておらず、主に大坂がその地として意識されていた。
- However, at this point the state of Edo was still not stable, and Osaka was recognized as being one of the main areas of concern.
- 当時の識字層からみて、郡司や里長が手実の作成を代行する場合も多かったであろうと推測される。
- In consideration of the literacy rate of the time, it is presumed that the gunji (district managers) and satoosa often prepared shujitsu for household heads.
- 日清戦争中、日本の勝利が間近に迫ると、列強も事の重大性を認識するに至り、干渉を考え始めた。
- When Japan was a step away from winning the Japanese-Sino War, European powerful countries acknowledged the significant risk involved and started considering intervention in Japan.
- 台湾における国民意識の向上が課題となった総督府により皇民化政策が推し進められることになる。
- Because the Sotoku-fu needed to improve Taiwanese awareness as the Japanese, it started to promote the kominka (subjects of the emperor) policy.
- 土橋氏は根来寺に泉識坊を建立して一族を送り込んでいた縁もあり、根来寺との協力関係を強めた。
- The Dobashi clan strengthened its relationship with the Negoro-ji Temple, partly because it had Senshiki-bo Temple built in the Negoro-ji Temple and sent a member of the family.
- 「無常」「無常観」は、中世以来長い間培ってきた日本人の美意識の特徴の一つと言ってよかろう。
- The 'mujo' and 'mujo views' could be said to be unique characteristics of the Japanese concept of beauty that has grown over many years since the medieval era.
- そのうち、大和魂は、机上の知識を現実の様々な場面で応用する判断力・能力を表すようになった。
- Yamato-damashii soon began to signify the judgment and ability to put written knowledge to practical use in different real-life situations.
- 内容は巻二以下は位取り・調子・謡・型・囃子・装束などに関する実技的な理論や知識を集成する。
- Practical theories and information related to kuraidori (positional representation), tune, music, form, rhythm and costumes are integrated into volume two and beyond.
- 角帯は元来浴衣には合わせないものとされていたが、この意識は薄れつつあるように見受けられる。
- Kaku-obi was originally regarded as unsuitable for yukata, but it seems this idea is receding.
- 藤原北家嫡流の小野宮流の膨大な家領を継ぎ、また有職故実に精通した当代一流の学識人であった。
- FUJIWARA no Sanesuke, who inherited the enormous family territory of the house of Ononomiya, a major branch of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, was one of the most outstanding scholars during his period, and had intimate knowledge of traditional court customs.
- 以後、蔵人、左少弁、中宮亮、大学頭、文章博士等々を歴任し、その学識の高さをもって知られた。
- Since then, he served successively as Kurodo (Chamberlain), Sashoben (third ranked officer of the left), Chugu no suke (Assistant Master of the Consort's Household), Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), Monjo hakase (professor of literature), etc., and he was distinguished for the breadth of his learning.
- 句風は、周阿の影響を受けて技巧的であるが、連歌書では誠の数寄にふれ主観的な美意識を唱えた。
- His skillfull expression was influenced by Shua expression; however, in his renga collection, he leaned more toward elegant pursuit with subjective aesthetic expressions.
- 扶余豊(扶余豊璋)自身も被害者意識があったことなどから、百済復興運動は巧く機能しなかった。
- Also, as Buyeo Pung (Hosho FUYO), himself, harbored hard feelings as he had been sent to Japan as a hostage, the Baekje revival movement did not turn out as people expected.
- 北畠典生 『日本中世の唯識思想』 <龍谷大学仏教文化研究叢書7>(永田文昌堂 1997年)
- 'Vijnaptimatrata Thought in Medieval Japan' by Tensei KITABATAKE; Ryukoku University Buddhist CultureStudy Library 7 published by Nagata Bunshodo in 1997
- 一般には、神を祀って工事の無事を祈る儀式と認識されており、安全祈願祭と呼ばれることもある。
- Generally, it is recognized as a ceremony that seeks the blessing of the god in order to ensure the safety of the construction work, and it is sometimes called Anzen-kigan-sai (a ceremony performed to pray for safety).
- 戒名に、院号と位号(居士、大姉、信士、信女など)を付すことが、標準的と認識されるようになる。
- It came to be recognized as standard that Kaimyo consists of Ingo and Igo (for example, Koji, Daishi, Shinshi and Shinnyo).
- これにより「日本は神国」との意識が生まれ、後世の歴史意識に深く刻み込まれていくこととなった。
- It was these victories that first gave rise to the belief that 'Japan is a divine country,' a conviction that was to leave a deep, indelible mark on the historical consciousness of later generations.
- この時期から倭国は大陸とは別個の天下であるという意識が生じたのだとする説が有力となっている。
- One theory becomes popular that around that time, Wakoku began to be conscious that it was another realm of China.
- 一方で、この思想を基本とする保守派知識人達は戦後世代から「オールドリベラリスト」と呼ばれる。
- The conservative intellectuals that uphold this idea are called 'old liberalists' by postwar generations of researchers.
- 平安時代の中期から、先例を伝える知識の体系化が進み、小野宮流、九条流の2つの流派が生まれた。
- The systematization of knowledge on precedents had advanced since the mid-Heian Era, and two schools, the Ononomiya School and Kujo School were established.
- 漢代に暦法は改訂さたが、依然として冬至は意識され続け、その日に祭天の儀は引き継がれ催された。
- The calendar was revised in the Han Dynasty, but the winter solstice continued to be remembered, and the ceremony of Saiten continued to be held.
- 周王朝時代には確立していたであろう暦法に則った冬至は一年が始まる日として強く認識されていた。
- The winter solstice under the lunar calendar, which was established in the Zhou Dynasty, was understood as the day when the year started.
- したがって、現在の日本酒の製造工程における日本酒アルコール添加の原型であるとする識者は多い。
- Accordingly, many informed persons recognize the hashira-jochu as the original form of alcohol addition in the current production process of Japanese sake wine.
- 日本人が作った漢詩は中国語での発音を意識していないため、中国人には上手な漢詩とはされにくい。
- Since Japanese compose a Chinese-style poem without concerning its Chinese pronunciation, the Chinese-style poems made by Japanese are generally not appreciated by Chinese.
- 上級学校進学を意識したためであり、当時の受験予備校であった共立学校、すぐに築地英学校に転校。
- That was due to his becoming conscious of entrance into a school of higher grade, and he moved to Kyoryu Gakko (Kyoryu School), a preparatory school for examinees at that time and then immediately to Tsukiji Eigakko (Foreign Language School).
- 明治という時代のせいか、彼の描く歴史上の人物は型どおりに納まらず、近代の自意識を感じさせる。
- It might have been because the paintings were drawn in the Meiji period that the historical figures in his paintings show self-consciousness instead of being stereotyped.
- 僧侶や武士や医師などが、庶民の子弟に読み書きそろばんや実務上の知識・技能を教育した施設をいう。
- Monks, bushi (samurai) and doctors taught reading, writing, soroban (using an abacus), and other practical knowledge and skills to children of ordinary citizens at these institutes.
- このことを背景に、皇統の女系天皇を容認しようとする皇室典範に関する有識者会議などの動きがある。
- As a result of this successor problem, a meeting of intellectuals can be held to discuss the modification of the Imperial House Act so as to enable princesses to succeed to the Imperial Throne.
- 中国がアヘン戦争に敗北すると日本国内でも対外的危機意識が高まり、幕閣では海防問題が議論される。
- After China lost the Opium War, the awareness of foreign risk rose in Japan and cabinet officials of the Shogunate discussed the issue of coastal defense.
- この記述はルイス・フロイスの感想ではあるが、名城安土城と並び称される建物として意識されていた。
- Although this is Luis FROIS's personal impression, Sakamoto-jo Castle was recognized as no less magnificent than the great Azuchi-jo Castle.
- ゆえに戦闘において前衛が大損害を被れば、それ以上無理押しをしないのが彼らの常識的な対応だった。
- Therefore, it was their common response that if the vanguard was greatly damaged in the battle they did not fight daringly any more.
- 現代では、国語学において、漢字表記・読み・字体・用字など漢字の用法の知識を得るのに利用される。
- In modern times, the setsuyoshu has been utilized in the field of Japanese philology (linguistics) for the purpose of acquiring the knowledge about uses of kanji, such as writing, reading, forms and usage of kanji.
- 意識すること、とくに技を終えた後、力を緩めたりくつろいでいながらも注意を払っている状態を示す。
- It refers to consciousness, especially the state of being alert after a performance while the performer is loosening up and relaxing.
- 加えて、宗教として意識されることは少ないが、葬儀、死生観を中心に儒教も大きな影響を残している。
- In addition to these two religions, Confucianism has also left its mark mainly on funerals and the view of life and death, although it is less often cited as a religion.
- そして、宗教観念を取り入れ、世界を形成する万物である「天地人」を意識した生け花が特徴的である。
- And the school is characterized by its own style of flower arrangement with intent to express a religious concept that the world is composed of 'heaven, earth and human being.'
- 「新陳代謝」、「反射」、「無意識」、「価値」、「電力」、「肩が凝る」等は夏目漱石の造語である。
- Soseki coined words including '新陳代謝,' '反射,' '無意識,' '価値,' '電力,' and '肩が凝る.'
- 三田藩の藩政改革に携わっていた福澤諭吉が大阪江戸堀の藩屋敷で饗応された際に同席し、面識を得る。
- When Yukichi FUKUZAWA, who was involved in the reformation of the duties of the Sanda Domain, came to Kyoo (a banquet) in the domain residence in Edobori, Osaka, Kuki attended the same Kyoo and met him there.
- また、谷野一栢・半井見孝・半井明孝・丹波親孝らの医学者を招いて、その知識を積極的に吸収させた。
- In addition, Takakage invited medical scientists such as Ippaku TANINO, 半井見孝, Akitaka NAKARAI, 丹波親孝 in an active effort to absorb knowledge about medical science.
- 25歳で留学僧(るがくそう)となって唐に渡り31年間唐にとどまり、唯識・法華の両教学を学んだ。
- He was selected as a Buddhist priest to study overseas at the age of 25, went to Tang Dynasty China and studied both Yuishiki doctrine (theory that all existence is subjective and nothing exists outside of the mind) and Hokke doctrine for 31 years there.
- それは一概に間違いではないが、口伝を基本としている平家の落人伝承が誤って認識される素ともなった。
- Though the above practice is not necessarily wrong, it sometimes gave rise to cases where oral traditions of Heike no Ochudo were mistakenly understood since they have been passed down orally.
- 明治政府は不平を持つ士族の反乱や自由民権運動への対応の中から、議会制度の必要性を認識していった。
- While handling Fuheishizoku-no-Hanran (rebellions of former samurai with gripes) and Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right), the Meiji Government began to realize the need for a parliamentary system.
- 当時、成立した国衙軍制において、「武芸の家系」は国衙軍制を編成する軍事力として国衙に認識された。
- Kokuga admitted 'the warrior line' as being a part of the Kokuga force system, which was established at that time.
- なお、道路標識では烏丸通、今出川通に「り」を送るが、京都市内の通り名は通常この「り」を送らない。
- On traffic signs, Karasuma-dori Street and Imadegawa-dori Street are written as '烏丸通り' and '今出川通り' respectively, however, for the name of streets (tori or dori in Japanese) in Kyoto City, 'ri' (り) are usually omitted, such as '烏丸通' and '今出川通' respectively('通り' and '通' have the same meaning and the same pronunciation).
- ただこういった西洋化は都市部や一部の知識人に限られた西洋文明の摂取でもあったとも指摘されている。
- However, studies also suggest that such Westernization and the actual adaptation of those styles and customs was limited to the people living in the urban areas or among those educated classes.
- 近代に入ると、旧来の公家・武家制度の廃止によって実用的な意味での有識故実研究の歴史に幕を閉じた。
- In modern times, the history of yusoku kojitsu study in a practical sense ended as the conventional kuge and buke system was abolished.
- しかしいずれの国でも日本のようにこれらを「駅弁」として特別視する文化・意識は特にないようである。
- However, unlike 'Ekiben' in Japan, none of them have a culture or sense to pay special attention to these box lunch.
- 鴈治郎自身は、周囲の期待のプレッシャーの中で偉大な父を意識するあまりに、極度の不振に陥っていた。
- Ganjiro himself was in extreme slump under the pressure of expectations from his surroundings and acute awareness for his great father.
- 「うた」の前の部分には、「一力(りき)」、「二力(りき)」という無意識でも演奏できうる曲がある。
- Before the 'Uta' part, there are parts called 'Ichiriki' and 'Niriki' which can be played unconsciously.
- その精度の高さにより、当時のヨーロッパ識者の一部に日本人の測量技術の高さが認識されることになる。
- Precision of the map made some intellectuals in Europe realize Japanese advanced surveying technique.
- 当時としてはむしろ、一般に普及した剣道を、「剣術(剣道)の一流派」と認識していたのかもしれない。
- It seems that Kendo, which was popular among ordinary people, was regarded as 'one of the schools of Kenjutsu (Kendo)' at that time.
- 戦国時代も後期になるにつれ、一種の専門職としての剣術者が認識され、各地を渡り歩くようにもなった。
- Expert swordsmen were recognized as professional personnel in the late Sengoku period, and they began to wander from place to place.
- 炉端焼きには仙台発祥と釧路発祥の2つの俗説があるものの、以上の経緯は両店で共通認識となっている。
- While there are two common sayings as to the origin of robatayaki, one being Sendai and the other being Kushiro, the above-described stories are commonly recognized by both restaurants.
- 名前から分かるように、雪村自身、雪舟を強く意識し尊敬していたようだが、画風に影響を受けなかった。
- As can be expected from his name, Sesson himself was strongly conscious of Sesshu and respected Sesshu, although Sesshu's painting style did not influence Sesson.
- しかし時代が流れ、人間が山地まで生活圏を広げると、狼は人と家畜を襲うものだという認識が広まった。
- As times passed, however, and human beings expanded their sphere of life into mountainous regions, the concept of wolves attacking domestic animals spread.
- 欧米社会にあっても、社会参加は男性が行い、女性は男性を支えていればよいとの意識が強かったのである。
- Western societies, like many societies elsewhere, were characterized by a strong belief that participation in the public arena was for men, and that women should be content to support men.
- 外国(中国)の文化や文明を享受するうえで、それと対になるべき(日本人の)常識的・日本的な対応能力。
- The commonsensical, typically Japanese ability (of the Japanese people) to respond to situations, which should go hand-in-hand with an appreciation of foreign (Chinese) culture and civilization.
- 算博士は算師の育成にあたるとともに、『九章算術』を始めとした中国の算書の知識が要求された(算道)。
- As well as contributing to the education of Sanshi, to be a San hakase, it was required to have extent knowledge of Chinese mathematical books such as 'Kyusho Sanjutsu' (sando, or arithmetic).
- 知識試験は伝統的工芸品産業振興協会が伝統工芸士としての資質や専門的知識についての出題と採点を行う。
- In the knowledge examination, questions about the qualities of a traditional craftsman and the expertise are asked and examination papers are graded by the Traditional Crafts Industry Promotion Association Foundation.
- したがって、この例があるからといって、半幅帯が「ハレ」の衣装として一般的に認識されたわけではない。
- Therefore, it doesn't mean that the hanhaba obi is generally recognized as a costume for noticeably cheerful and formal situations or such places
- また、「こってり」は、敬遠する者も多く、『天一はラーメンとは別種の麺類である』と認識する者もいる。
- Many people avoid the 'kotteri' type and some regard it as a different sort of noodles from ramen.
- しかしだからといって中平の行ったような手間暇のかかる常軌を逸した撮影方法は行わないのが常識である。
- However, a shooting method like this that requires time and effort as Nakahira had done, was not usually undertaken.
- 対外危機意識の高まるなか、幕政に当たる譜代大名の重臣という立場から早くから海外事情に関心を寄せた。
- With the increasing crisis awareness of foreign countries, he, as a major feudal lord who was in charge of the shogunate administration, had interest in foreign affairs at early stage.
- また、吉政は岡崎城主のころからキリスト教に対して寛容で、宣教師たちから西洋の知識を積極的に学んだ。
- Yoshimasa was lenient with Christianity since he was the lord of Okazaki-jo Castle and had actively studied western thought from missionaries.
- それは'えぐみ'と言われる、既存の美意識を逆転させたところに美を見出す点で、時代の感覚と符合した。
- The Eisen's Bijinga fitted in with the sense of the timesin that they made the existing sense of beauty reversed and found the beauty in it, which was called 'Egumi' (bitter and astringent tastes).
- 竹村牧男 『唯識のこころ 「観心覚夢鈔」を読む』<新興福寺仏教文化講座4> (春秋社 2001年)
- 'Yuishiki no Kokoro `Kanjin-Kakumu-Sho` wo Yomu'(How to read the 'Observing the Mind and Awaking from a Dream'- a mind nothing but consciousness) by Makio TAKEMURA; New Kofuku-ji Temple Buddhist Culture Course4 published by Shunjusha Publishing Company in 2001
- その博識を買われ芸州浅野広島藩、松平会津藩、越前松平福井藩などに客分として迎えられて軍学を講じた。
- Because of Yuzan's extensive knowledge, he was invited as a guest to lecture on military science by some feudal clans including that of Asano-Hiroshima in the Geishu district, Matsudaira-Aizu, Matsudaira-Fukui in the Echizen district.
- 足軽が戦闘要員として台頭するまでは基本的に公儀の戦闘は武士団騎馬隊のみが行うものと認識されていた。
- Until the emergence of ashigaru (foot soldiers) as combat personnel, it was generally accepted that official battles were basically conducted only by cavalry of samurai groups.
- これは、神田および寺田が、神社や寺院の所有物ではなく、神仏に帰属するものと認識されていたことによる。
- This exemption was made based on the belief that Shinden and Jinden were not the property of Shrines and Temples, but of deities.
- こういった、和歌を国民文学とする意識からすれば、日本においては一般に曲よりも歌詞の方が重要視された。
- Because it is understood that waka is national literature, in Japan in general, the words had importance more so than melody.
- これは、寺田および神田が、寺院や神社の所有物ではなく、神仏に帰属するものと認識されていたことによる。
- This was because it was recognized that jiden fields or shinden fields were not owned by temples or shrines but belonged to Buddha or gods.
- 時代を超えて普遍的な社会常識も多く扱ったために江戸時代に入っても寺子屋などの教科書として用いられた。
- Since Teikin Orai dealt with common practices that were timeless and universal, it served as a textbook at Terakoya well into the Edo period.
- 酒造りの舞台は朝廷から寺院へと移り、醸造についての専門知識を備えた僧たちが僧坊酒を造るようになった。
- The main stage of sake brewing shifted from the Imperial Court to temples, and priests who had expert knowledge about brewing began to brew soboshu (sake brewed at major temples).
- それに家の芸という意識の低い関西歌舞伎の風土は後継者作成に積極的でなく、鴈治郎一人勝ち状態が続いた。
- The Kansai Kabuki environment, in which awareness of family performance was low, was not active in fostering successors and the situation of Ganjiro sweeping the board continued.
- 国策により武道が利用されはじめ、国民は弓道を含めた各種武道・武士道の再認識・尊重をするようになった。
- Martial arts began being used as national policy, and citizens once again recognized and respected the various martial arts, including Kyudo and Bushido (the code of the samurai).
- かぶき者のこうした身なりや行動は、世間の常識や権力・秩序への反発・反骨の精神の表れと見てよいだろう。
- Their outfits and behavior can be seen as an expression of their spirit of repulsion and revolt against the prevailing social norm, authorities, and public order generally in society.
- 旧来の歌舞伎の近代化を図る知識人のグループ「求古会」の要請により、演劇改良運動の一環として書かれた。
- It was written as a part of campaign to improve dramas upon the request of `kyuko kai,' a group of intellectuals that aim to modernize classic kabuki.
- 歌道・有職故実・書道・音楽など多方面に博識な人物であり、弟の野宮定縁などとともに熊沢蕃山に入門した。
- He was knowledgeable in a wide range of fields such as the art of versification, Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past), calligraphy, and music, and become a disciple of Banzan KUMAZAWA togther with his younger brother, Sadayori NONOMIYA.
- その学識の高さをもって清和天皇の信任厚く、『貞観交替式』や『日本文徳天皇実録』の編纂作業に携わった。
- Since he was a person of great attainment, he was so confided by Emperor Seiwa and participated in editing 'Jogankotaishiki' (the statute book when provincial governors change) and 'Nihon Montoku Tenno Jitsuroku' (fifth of the six classical Japanese history texts).
- ただ、当時の象山は、西洋に対する認識は芽生えつつあったものの、基本的には「伝統的な知識人」であった。
- Shozan was basically no more than a 'traditional intellectual' in those days, while he began to recognize the Western countries.
- 帰国後の広成は、漂流生活で得た知識を存分に活用して朝廷に仕え、さしたる失態もなく順調に出世していく。
- After returning to Japan, Hironari served the Imperial Court by making the best use of the knowledge he gained through drifting, and moved up the ladder without any blunders.
- 浪人となった一家は江戸に移住、おなあは暇に任せて多くの書物に触れ、この時期に多くの知識と教養を得た。
- Being a ronin family, they moved to Edo and Ona-a read many books because she had plenty of spare time and acquired a wide range of knowledge and education.
- 氏神、氏子の関係が血縁集団を基にして成立しているのに対し、産土神は地縁集団としての信仰意識に基づく。
- The relationship between the ujigami and ujiko (shrine parishioner) is based on a kin group, whereas the relationship with the Ubusunagami is based on the sense of faith in a territorial connection group.
- 天照大神が女神として認識されているのも、実は瀬織津姫を抹消し、天照大神と習合したがゆえと考えられる。
- It is also considered that the recognition of Amaterasu Omikami as a female god is actually the result of Seoritsu-hime being deleted and its syncretization with Amaterasu Omikami.
- 霊覚者や行者の中には奇跡的な事や非常識な行動をする者がよくいて、一般人はそれに騙される事がよくある。
- Because some mediums and ascetics perform miracles and act insanely, common people are often deceived.
- 後醍醐天皇も延喜・天暦期を天皇親政が行われた理想の時代と認識し、武家政治を排して建武の新政を展開した。
- Emperor Godaigo also acknowledged the Engi and Tenryaku eras as the ideal reigns when the direct rule by emperors was carried out and he rejected a samurai government and conducted the Kenmu Restoration.
- この事件判決で司法の独立を達成したことにより、まだ曖昧だった大日本帝国憲法の三権分立の意識が広まった。
- Tsuda's trial case became the first example of the independence of the judiciary, and it raised people's awareness of separation of powers stated in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan which used to be ambiguous in meaning.
- さらに、従来、公地と考えられてきた口分田は、律令施行の当時、実際のところ、私田・私地と認識されていた。
- Furthermore, kubunden that had been conventionally considered as publicly-owned lands were, in fact, regarded as privately-owned lands or rice fields at the time when the laws of the Ritsuryo system were enacted.
- 文書には、弁官・史などの署名しか記されなかったが、天皇の意を反映した文書として認識され、取り扱われた。
- Although only Benkan and Shi put their signatures to the documents, such documents were recognized and treated as documents reflecting the emperor's intents.
- ただし、実際には言継自身が清原氏や広橋兼秀所蔵の『歴名土代』から書写したことを原本の識語に記している。
- However, in fact, Tokitsugu himself noted in the original books that he transcribed it from 'Ryakumyo dodai' possessed by the Kiyohara clan or Kanehide HIROHASHI.
- 読み書きを中心とした寺子屋や郷校が城下町のみならず農村部にも建てられたため、日本人の識字率は高かった。
- The literacy rate among the Japanese was high, because private elementary schools (terakoya) and village schools, where reading and writing was mainly taught, were established not only in castle towns but also in agricultural communities.
- 九鬼周造『「いき」の構造』(1930)では、「いき」という江戸特有の美意識が初めて哲学的に考察された。
- Shuzo KUKI for the first time philosophically examined the aesthetic sense of 'iki' that was unique to Edo in 'The Structure of 'iki'' (1930).
- また、このブラジリアン柔術の特徴により、柔術=ブラジリアン柔術=寝技という認識になっていることも多い。
- So many people equate jujutsu with Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and regard its main technique as 'newaza' (ground grappling techniques) for the nature of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.
- 剣術との相違点は主に床の間での想定で型が組まれている点にあり、奉納、作法を意識している点も挙げられる。
- The difference from swordplay is that the kata of iaido is made on the assumption that it's played on the floor; another point is that iaido puts emphasis on the awareness on drawing and sheathing the sword.
- 長崎から入ってくる中国文化や西洋文化は知識人の好奇心を刺激し、洋学や蘭学(医学)、漢方医学が発達した。
- Chinese culture and western culture coming from Nagasaki stimulated the intellectuals' curiosity, and western studies, Western studies (medicine) and Chinese (herb) medicine developed.
- しかし、その行動様式は侠客と呼ばれた無頼漢たちに、その美意識は歌舞伎という芸能の中に受け継がれていく。
- However, their form of behavior was inherited by delinquents called 'kyokaku,' while their aesthetic values were inherited by the Kabuki performance.
- しかし、男系論者、女系論者とにも皇位継承問題と皇族についての議論を続けていくことで認識は一致している。
- Both male-line and female-line advocates agree that discussions regarding the imperial succession issue and imperial family should continue.
- 竹鶴はスコットランドで蒸留技法を学んでおり、1920年代初頭にそこで得た知識を日本に持って帰っていた。
- Taketsuru had learned the distillation technique in Scotland and came back to Japan in the early 1920's with the knowledge acquired there.
- これは都の上流階層である貴族や僧侶からは蕎麦は食べ物であるという認識すらなかったことの反映とも言える。
- It can be said that it reflected the lack of recognition of buckwheat being food among noblemen and priests who belonged to the upper crust of the capital city.
- 本草学者としての学識に加えて、蘭学にも造詣が深く、橋本宗吉の代表作『西洋医事集成宝凾』の校閲を行った。
- He was familiar with Western sciences as well as herbalism, and reviewed 'Seiyo Iji Shusei Hokan' (Treasure Chest of Collected Western Medical Facts), a representative work of Sokichi HASHIMOTO.
- 人格円満な常識家で、俳優やスタッフの人望も高く、先輩や同僚からは「キハっちゃん」と呼ばれて親しまれた。
- As he was a person of well-rounded personality with common sense, he was popular among the actors and staff, and was endearingly called 'Kihacchan' by the senior associates and colleagues.
- 現在の飛鳥川上流の明日香村稲渕に住んだ南淵漢人(みなみぶちのあやひと)と称される渡来系の氏族の知識人。
- He was an intellectual from the family of immigrants called MINABUCHI no Ayahito who lived in the present Inabuchi, Asukamura, around the upper Asuka-gawa River.
- その結果、国(道路の案内標識)、奈良県、警察署、郵便局、主な新聞社、奈良交通などにおいて修正が行われた。
- As a result, such a revision was conducted by the nation (information signs in the roads), Nara Prefecture, police stations, post offices, major newspaper companies and Nara Kotsu Bus Lines, etc.
- 朝鮮側の認識では、日朝修好条規の締結は江戸時代における冊封体制下における交隣関係復活であると捉えていた。
- Korea understood the conclusion of the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was a revival of the relationship of peace and amity under the tributary system during the Edo period.
- 現在のわれわれが感じるイメージよりもはるかに広範な政治・情勢的知識を幕府が持ちえてきたことが垣間見える。
- This means that the Bakufu had far more knowledge about politics and the global situation than what people today imagine when they think of the Bakufu.
- 有識とは過去の先例に関する知識を指し、故実とは公私の行動の是非に関する説得力のある根拠・規範の類を指す。
- Yusoku' means a knowledge about past precedents, while 'kojitsu' means a convincing basis and norms for the rights and wrongs of public and private acts.
- あらゆる古美術品には偽物が混在しており、日本刀も伝来品には偽物が多いことは玄人の間では常識となっている。
- Various imitations coexist with various antiques, and experts know that many Japanese imitation swords from other countries exist.
- 大正時代までは西洋料理は外で食べるものという意識が強かったが、上層から家庭料理にも徐々に浸透しはじめる。
- Western-style dishes were rather considered eaten in restaurants until the Taisho period, but were gradually eaten at home as well.
- 無脊椎動物の中で最も高い知能を持っていて、色を見分け、形を認識する事や、問題を学習し解決する事ができる。
- It has the highest intelligence of any invertebrate and can distinguish colors, recognize shapes, as well as learn and solve problems.
- これが盂蘭盆の行事と結びつき、精霊を迎える、死者を供養するための行事という意識になっていったようである。
- Combined with Urabon (the formal name of Bon), this seems to have been regarded as the event for greeting the spirits of--and paying homage to--the dead.
- これに対して天来は碑版法帖をより一層体系づけるとともに個性・芸術性という内面的な美意識を開拓していった。
- For this, in addition to systematizing inscriptions and copybooks at a higher level, Tenrai newly introduced and advanced inner senses of beauty, such as the aspects of individuality and artistry
- これらは大映スター市川雷蔵 (8代目)のために撮られた作品で、歌舞伎の様式美を意識した映像で評価された。
- These were made for Raizo ICHIKAWA (the eighth), a star belonging to Daiei, and were praised for their images featuring the beauty of Kabuki style.
- その知識を生かし、舞台と映画を連続して上映する「連鎖劇」に深くかかわり、「本郷座」で新派劇の頭取になる。
- He used this knowledge to become deeply involved in 'rensa geki' screen-and-stage plays and became president of shinpa geki (new school of Noh) at the Hongo-za Theater.
- 英泉の描いた美人画は、江戸時代の後期、文化・文政期の退廃的な美意識を象徴的に表していると考えられている。
- Bijinga painted by Eisen is considered to have symbolically shown a decadent sense of beauty in the Bunka-Bunsei eras in the late Edo period.
- 又中世の血族意識から起こった風俗であるので、主君のように血縁関係のない者について行われることは少なかった。
- Furthermore, since this custom arose out of the sense of blood ties in the medieval period, it was rarely carried out against someone who had no blood relationship, such as one's lord.
- 主となった者に武芸や律令知識などの家業とする専門技能で奉仕し(奉公)、代わりに官職等の利益(御恩)を得た。
- They served a master with a special skill of family businesses, such as military arts and knowledge of the Ritsuryo codes, (service) and gained benefit, such as a government post, in exchange (favor).
- 両局は依然として「地下官人之棟梁」として認識され(『正徳公家鑑』)、平田家はそれより下位と看做されていた。
- Kyokumu' and 'kanmu' were still recognized as 'the heads of the lower ranking officials' (according to 'Shotoku kuge ran'), whereas the Hirata family was regarded as lower than the two families.
- が、後年後者の子孫は自己の学識の由来を高く見せるために高名な学者・公卿である三善清行と結び付けようとした。
- However, descendants of the latter tried to claim that they inherited their academic legacies from Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI, a famous scholar and Kugyo (the top court officials), to add prestige to their origin.
- 独立行政法人情報通信研究機構 「けいはんな情報通信オープンラボ」「知識創成コミュニケーション研究センター」
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Keihanna Info-Communication Open Laboratory and Knowledge Creating Communication Research Center
- これらはいずれも歴史学と呼びうるレベルにはないが、一般の歴史に対する関心の反映として認識することができる。
- Each of these examples have not reached the level called history, but the interests of the general public in history can be recognized.
- 北朝(朝廷)は室町幕府への依存なくして成り立たず、北朝自身もこれを認識して積極的に幕府と結びつこうとした。
- The Northern Court was not able to maintain its status without depending on the Muromachi bakufu, and as the Northern Court recognized this, it actively tried to be connected with the bakufu.
- しかし、民衆の間には、賎民に対する差別意識が根強く残り、平民の間から新平民との呼称が自然発生的に成立した。
- However, a sense of discrimination toward Senmin was prevalent among the people, and the name 'Shin-Heimin (new commoner)' was spontaneously established from Heimin (commoner).
- 空手道における残心とは完全に意識している状態で、自分の周囲と敵を把握し、反撃の準備もできていることである。
- Zan-shin in karatedo (the way of karate) refers to the state of complete alertness, in which one is aware of his or her surroundings and the opponent, and is ready to make a counterattack.
- 単に「鯨肉」と表示されてしまう場合もあるため、特にイルカ肉と認識されないで消費されることもあると思われる。
- It is considered that some dolphin meat is consumed without being aware of eating dolphin meat, because such meat is often simply displayed as 'whale meat.'
- 日本でも、単に瓦という場合には本瓦のものや桟瓦のもの等の一定の形をした粘土瓦のことであるという認識が多い。
- General understanding in Japan is that a word 'Kawara' refers to a clay roof tile in a certain shape, such as Hongawara (formal tile) and pantile.
- しかしながら、この文書は漢字を意味のある文字と認識しておらず、現在の「かな」の感覚に近い使い方をしている。
- However, in these documents, each Chinese character is not recognized as a word with a meaning, and the way of using these characters is closer to that of using kana today.
- また、孫の坂東三津五郎 (10代目)の回想によると、八代目三津五郎は、読書家・博識家としても知られていた。
- According to his grandson, Mitsugoro BANDO (the 10th), Mitsugoro the 8th was known as a knowledgeable man who loved to read.
- これら全てが実話ではないとしても、彼の自然に対する関心と知識の深さが並大抵のものでなかった事が想像される。
- Although all of those episodes may be not true, we can imagine that his interest in and knowledge of the nature surpassed the ordinary.
- しかし、六壬神課についての知識がないと、読み下すことはできたとしても、内容を理解することはほぼ不可能に近い。
- However, the contents are difficult to understand for persons who don't have knowledge about Rikujinshinka even though they can read it.
- しかし、尊皇攘夷派の志士の一部は天皇を「玉」(ぎょく)と呼び、政権を取るために利用する道具だと認識していた。
- However, some Sonno-joi supporters were calling Emperor 'gyoku' or 'tama' and they were aware that Emperor was a tool for them to use for attaining the political power.
- 当初、玄白と淳庵はオランダ語を読めず、オランダ語の知識のある良沢も、翻訳を行うには不十分な語彙しかなかった。
- At the beginning, both Genpaku SUGITA and Junan NAKAGAWA were unable to read the Dutch language, and even Ryotaku MAENO's Dutch vocabulary was not enough for translation.
- 器形や装飾も中期の呪術的で装飾過剰なものから次第に洗練されたものになり、製作者の美意識の変化がうかがわれる。
- In these stages, the shape and the decoration of the earthen vessel gradually became more sophisticated than the shamanistic, too decorative ones in the middle stage, and this suggests that the vessel-maker's sense of beauty changed.
- このように衝突には至らなかったが、新羅の大国意識の高揚により、新羅使も779年を最後に途絶えることとなった。
- In this way, although no conflict occurred, envoys from Silla were discontinued after the final embassy in 779, due to Silla's rising sense of national greatness and prestige.
- 中には皮種がとじ切れないほどの餡を盛り込む横浜市の「喜最中」のように、常識的な最中の形から外れるものもある。
- Some of the monaka deviate from a general shape of monaka like 'Kimonaka' in Yokohama City, which contains so much bean jam that the tane cannot close.
- 京都のラーメンチェーン店の中では、ずば抜けて明るく、清潔感があり、女性・子供連れを最も意識した店構えである。
- The appearance of the stores is outstandingly bright and clean among ramen chain stores in Kyoto, and mainly target women and families with children.
- しかし、「松竹梅」といえば「目出度い」ことの象徴と考えられており、本来の、中国の認識とは大きく異なっている。
- However, the 'shochikubai' is regarded as the symbol of 'auspicious' things that is different from the original idea of China.
- 「ぼたもち」という言葉が使われることわざは多く、日本人の生活や意識に密着した食べ物であったことがうかがえる。
- There remain many proverbs related to botamochi, so botamochi is considered to have been a very familiar sweet for the Japanese.
- 庶民は、洋服がまだ高価だったことや、伝統への美意識やこだわりなどから江戸時代以来の生活の様式を保持し続けた。
- On the other hand, the common people kept the traditional habit and customs handed down from the Edo period because Western clothes were still too expensive for them and because they highly valued or cared for the traditional sense of beauty.
- 現在、50~60代以上の高年齢層限定のジャンルという認識が強いのは否めず、若い世代のファンが圧倒的に少ない。
- It is undeniable that the genre is now strongly recognized as the one for only old generations in their 50s to 60s, and younger generation fans are far outnumbered.
- しかし、困っている人を見ると助けずにはいられず、時には来客のものまで与えてしまうという非常識ぶりを発揮した。
- Still, he couldn't help but supporting people in need, and on several occasions he nonsensically gave them items that belonged to his visitors.
- 『古名録』の刊行にあたっては、白井光太郎が和歌を寄せたほか、南方熊楠も伴存の学識を賞賛する一文を寄せている。
- On the occasion of the publication of 'Komeiroku,' Mitsutaro SHIRAI contributed waka (Japanese poetry) and Kumagusu MINAKATA contributed a comment praising Tomoari's scholarship.
- ここで知識を得た源蔵は1875年(明治8年)3月31日に教育用理化学機器の製造を始め、島津製作所を創業した。
- Genzo obtained a broad knowledge of science there and started to manufacture laboratory instruments for teaching use and founded Shimadzu Corporation on March 31, 1875.
- 中学校令による中学校でないため科目免除が受けられず (志願者側の認識と異なった)、結局全員が不合格となった。
- They couldn't receive an exemption of examination subjects (against their recognition), because they had not graduated from a middle school established under the Higher Middle School Ordinance, and eventually all four students were rejected.
- 戦国時代 (日本)以降、足軽が新たな戦闘力として認識されると、戦国大名の軍制は備を基本としたものへ変貌した。
- After the Sengoku period (Japan), when ashigaru began to be recognized as a new fighting force, the military system of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku peiord) shifted to that in which defense was regarded as a fundamental.
- しかし、この時期はまだ神祇伯は世襲されるものではなく、王氏、源氏及び大中臣氏が補任されるものと認識されていた。
- At this time, however, the post of Jingi haku was not yet regarded as hereditary but as open to the O clan, the Minamoto clan and the Onakatomi clan to be appointed to it.
- 現代では資本主義列強の日本に対する圧力や外資進出などこれまでの常識を覆す存在の代名詞的に用いられることがある。
- Today, the term is used at times to symbolize external pressure on Japan, such as by capitalist powers, or entry of foreign capital in the country that can destroy existing conventions.
- 江戸中期に国学 (学問)がさかんになり、記紀や国史、神道などの研究が行われ、武士や豪農などの知識層へも広まる。
- In the middle of the Edo Period, the study of the Japanese classics (National Learning) became popular, and the shinto religion in addition to such famous historical works as the Records of Ancient Matters and Chronicles of Japan were increasingly studied, and the study of Japanese classics spread among the intellectual class including samurai warriors and rich farmers.
- この寺子屋が増えていったことで日本の識字率が高まっていき、幕末から明治にかけての近代化を支える原動力となった。
- The increase of such private elementary schools (terakoya) contributed to raise the literacy rate of Japan, which became a driving force to support modernization from the end of the Edo to the Meiji period.
- これらの知識が新しく登場した特長と弱点を併せ持つ鉄砲の運用に応用された成功したのは、まず間違いはないであろう。
- It is safe to say that this knowledge was applied to the operation using guns which had both newly emerging characteristics and weak points and it succeeded.
- 駅構内等で販売され販売駅等に限定とされる弁当を、「駅弁」と定義する文化・意識は、ほとんど日本固有のものである。
- The culture and sense defining the box lunch sold within station precincts, etc. and limited to the station as 'Ekiben' is peculiar to Japan.
- また、当時その価値が一般にはほとんど認識されていなかった民芸品、円空仏、木喰仏などは認定の対象になっていない。
- Also, the folkcraft articles whose value was not recognized in those days including Enku-butsu (Buddha statues carved by the Buddhist monk Enku) and Mokujiki-butsu (Buddha statues carved by the Buddhist monk Mokujiki Gogyo Myoman) were not subject to the accreditation.
- 日本において、中華料理の麻婆豆腐や蟹玉と、御飯の組み合わせの麻婆丼、天津飯などとを別の料理として認識している。
- In Japan, for example, the combination of cooked rice and the Chinese dish of Sichuan-style bean curd (tofu) and ground pork of spicy taste (Mabo-tofu), and the combination of cooked rice and Chinese dish with fried egg and crab (Kanitama) is recognized as independent of Mabo-don (cooked rice and Mabo-tofu) and Tehshin-don (cooked rice and Kanitama), respectively.
- 娯楽性も強いが漢語が散りばめられ、会話文主体で平易な滑稽本や草双紙などと比べ文学性の高いものと認識されている。
- Despite its entertaining tendency, Yomihon texts often included words of Chinese origin, and as such, it is considered literature of higher quality in comparison to Kokkeibon (comical and humorous stories) and Kusazoshi (illustrated books).
- しかし、1981年8月ごろから道路使用許可問題が再燃し、さらに市の屋台に対する基本認識問題も検討継続となった。
- In August of 1981, the problem of road usage licensing was reignited; Fukuoka City decided to resume the discussion on the basic 'recognition problem' of street stalls.
- 上方歌舞伎の伝統にのっとって、型を意識しない写実的な芸風が特徴で、身ごなしや風情に独特の艶のある役者であった。
- Based on traditions of Kamigata Kabuki, his characteristics were realistic art without sticking to the patterns and he was an actor who had unique charm in his carriage and taste (elegance).
- しかし、寺子屋によって実務的な教育が庶民の間に定着しており、明治初期における日本の識字率は世界最高水準にあった。
- However, practical education by Terakoya had been entrenched among the ordinary citizens and the literacy level of the Japanese in the beginning of the Meiji period was among the top in the world.
- これらは必ずしも近代的な知識ではなく、少なくとも部分的には古くから知られていたことが「さざれ石」の名からわかる。
- These examples are not necessarily reflective of modern knowledge and we can see from the name 'sazareishi (pebble)' that, at least partially, it has been known since olden times.
- 当初、源頼光や源頼信をはじめとして清和源氏が相次いで正四位に任じられ、清和源氏が武家の棟梁として認識されていた。
- At first, members of Seiwa-Genji, such as MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu and MINAMOTO no Yorinobu were appointed to shoshii, allowing Seiwa-Genji to be recognized as the head of the samurai families.
- 龍馬は意識がもうろうとする中、中岡の正体がばれないように中岡のことを「石川、太刀はないか」と変名で呼んだという。
- While Ryoma was losing consciousness, he called out 'Ishikawa, where's the sword' so as not to reveal Nakaoka's real name.
- 李氏朝鮮時代、日常生活に浸透した朱子学を思想的基盤とした両班は知識人・道徳的指導者を輩出する身分階層に発展した。
- During the Yi Dynasty Korea period, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty), which had Neo-Confucianism permeate their daily lives as their ideological foundation, grew into a status hierarchy that produced intellectual people and ethical leaders.
- 武士(さむらい)が発生した当初から、武士道の中核である「主君に対する倫理的な忠誠」の意識は高かったわけではない。
- When samurais appeared, they were not conscious of 'ethical royalty to their lords' as the core of Bushido.
- しかし、農民でなく、定住もしていない芸能人や手工業者に対しては、自己と異なる特別の世界に住む者として認識された。
- However, they recognized the non-peasants, as well as the unsettled entertainers and handicraftsmen, as people who lived in a special world that was different from theirs.
- 明治以前は踊りとは、はっきりと区別されていたが、ダンスの和訳として舞踊という言葉ができ区別が意識されなくなった。
- Prior to the Meiji Restoration, dances were clearly distinguished however after the term Buyo (Japanese dance) was created as a Japanese translation of the English 'dance,' the distinctions became vague.
- 華厳経「入法界品(にゅうほっかいぼん)」にある、善財童子が53名の善知識を歴訪するという説話から取材されている。
- These images are taken from a narrative about Zenzai Doji in the Chapter 'Nyuhokkai-bon' of Kegon-kyo (Avatamska Sutra), who made a tour to visit fifty three zen-chishiki (a person who offers spiritual friendship and guidance to visitors).
- 人目を驚かすために華美な趣向を凝らした意匠を指し、ばさらや数奇とともにわび・さびと対峙する存在として認識された。
- It means gorgeous, elaborate designs intended to surprise other people, and was recognized together with Basara and Suki as the opposite of Wabi and Sabi (plain and quiet tastes).
- 当時の消費者が「ワイン」として認識していたものは、サントリーの「赤玉スイートワイン」のような種類のものであった。
- To consumers of the time 'wine' was recognized by types like Suntory's 'Akadama Sweet Wine' (Red Jewel Sweet Wine).
- 一方、上方の和事を中心とした凝った筋書きの芝居の影響によって、隈取も荒々しいだけでなく色気を意識するようになる。
- On the other hand, Kumadori began to focus on allure by being influenced by play with a script that focused on love affairs of Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area).
- 焼畑農法でソバを栽培していたような山村にあっても、蕎麦切りは祭礼や正月、来客時のごちそうであると認識されていた。
- Even in rural areas where buckwheat was cultivated by slash-and-burn farming, sobakiri was recognized as a treat for special occasions such as holidays, New Year's and when having company.
- 記録的な長期間に及んだシリーズの打ち止めと、遺作となる可能性を意識した監督自身の別れの挨拶と深読みする人もいる。
- Some people over-interpret that this scene implies the end of the series over the record long period and the goodbye from the director who felt this film could become his last work.
- 室町幕府以降、江戸幕府までは、再び征夷大将軍しか任命されなかったため、征夷大将軍=将軍という認識が再度生まれる。
- In the period after the Muromachi bakufu to the Edo bakufu, shogun was regarded synonymous with Seii taishogun because the Seii taishogun was the only shogun title.
- そこで、2005年(平成17年)には本寮の耐震調査の予算が承認され、外部の有識者による耐震調査が断続的に行われた。
- A budget for seismic-resistance evaluation was approved in 2005 and the evaluations were conducted by outside experts intermittently.
- 「楽市楽座は信長が安土城で始めた」という認識があるが、上記のように実際は中世の門前町や六角氏により開始されている。
- It is recognized that 'rakuichi-rakuza were begun in Azuchi by Nobunaga' but, as described above, they were actually first established by temple towns and the Rokkaku clan during the middle ages.
- しかし、後世の人々によって、延喜・天暦期の聖代視は意識的に喧伝されていき、平安後期には理想の政治像として定着した。
- However, the Engi and Tenryaku eras were consciously trumpeted by people of succeeding generations and they were firmly fixed as an ideal politic symbol in the latter half of the Heian period.
- 昭和天皇、今上天皇は祭祀が近づくと、正座してテレビを視聴するなど、意識的に長時間正座することを心がけているという。
- It is said that as a ritual approached, Emperor Showa intentionally sat in the seiza style for a long time, for example when he watched TV, and the present Empeor does the same thing.
- 元慶6年(882年)4月、清和上皇の崩御を受けて退下した識子内親王(清和天皇皇女)と交替して伊勢斎宮に卜定される。
- In April, 882, she was decided as Ise Saigu by fortunetelling to replace Imperial Princess Satoko (the princess of Emperor Seiwa) who resigned from Ise Saigu upon the demise of Emperor Seiwa.
- 少なくとも山岡鉄舟の認識では、中世より存在したが、自分が名付けるまでは「武士道」とは呼ばれていなかったとしている。
- Tesshu YAMAOKA recognized that it existed since the Middle Ages, but it was not called 'Bushido' until he named it so.
- が、2月8日には土橋平次・平尉(平丞)兄弟は逃亡、根来寺泉識坊は討ち取られるなど雑賀の内紛は孫一の勝利で決着した。
- But Magoichi won in this internal trouble of Saiga after the Dobashi brothers of Heiji and Heinojo escaped on March 12 and the Senshiki-bo Temple of the Negoro-ji Temple was defeated.
- この原型は中世から近世初期にかけての軍事知識として、英仏百年戦争におけるクレシーの戦い(1346年)が著名である。
- As for an archetype, the Battle of Crécy (1346) in the Hundred Years' War between France and England is notorious as military knowledge from the medieval ages to early modern times.
- 近年では生活様式の欧米化によりマナーなどに置き換えられ、これらの日本の伝統的な規範意識の形骸化を憂慮する声もある。
- In these years, this kata was replaced by manners due to westernization of lifestyle, and there is an opinion worrying that these traditional Japanese senses of respect for rules and models may lose substance.
- そのため漫画やアニメに登場する褌は、作者の知識不足もあって六尺、越中といった描き分けが明確でないことが非常に多い。
- That is the main reason why many of roku-shaku, Etchu and other individual fundoshi loincloths are very often drawn in a way that they cannot be distinguised in comics and animations, and this is also due to the lack of knowledge of the writers.
- また各地・各方面において行なった活発な講話や執筆活動は、いずれも深い学識と信仰に裏打ちされ、多くの人を惹きつけた。
- His lectures and writing which were actively done in various places and circles were backed by his profound scholarly acquaintance and faith, and attracted many people.
- 作法伝奏を業とした伊勢家の後継者として文化の知識も多彩で、和歌・連歌・茶道・庭園などに通じた教養ある人物であった。
- He had ample knowledge about culture as a successor to the Ise family, whose job was manner denso, and was an educated man, being well versed in waka, linked verse, Japanese tea ceremony and garden, etc.
- 何か災厄が起きたときに、卜占や託宣などによってどの神がどのような理由で祟ったのかを占ってはじめて人々に認識される。
- When a calamity or epidemic occurred, people recognized tatari through bokusen (divination) or takusen (an oracle) that revealed which divine spirit was causing the disaster and for what reason.
- ただしこのような事実は、現在の韓国の歴史認識と背反しているため、韓国側では日本側による捏造・歪曲とされることが多い。
- However, this fact contradicts the present historical recognition on the Korean side and the Korean side often insists that such a description is fabricated or distorts the facts by the Japan side.
- 平安最末期の治承・寿永の乱において、平氏政権は諸国から兵粮米を賦課しているが、これも一国平均役として認識されていた。
- During the Jisho-Juei War at the end of the Heian period, the Taira administration levied military provisions from many provinces, and this was also considered as ikkoku heikinyaku.
- 一方、召集された側の家系は「朝家の爪牙」として自己をアピールし、その後の時代に「兵の家」としての認識を定着してゆく。
- On the other hand, the family line that was summoned self-promoted as the 'choka no soga' and began to be recognized as the 'house of tsuwamono.' in a later period.
- あくまでも正当防衛の一環であると認識されているため、結果的に相手が死ぬことはあってもとどめを刺さないのが通例である。
- Since it was a type of justifiable defense, usually warriors did not give the finishing blow to his offender(s), although the latter would die eventually.
- しかし、明治末年からの長い婦人運動苦闘の歴史を経て、日本女性の中には政治的権利を希求する意識が着実に醸成されていた。
- Nonetheless, the long struggle by women's movements since the last year of the Meiji period had led to a desire for political rights among Japanese women.
- 一方島津軍は、この戦いに敗れれば日本軍の連携が崩壊し、多くの味方が逃げ場を失うことを強く認識していたものと思われる。
- On the other hand, the Shimazu army strongly recognized that if they lost this battle, the formation of Japanese army would crumble and many of their allies would lose their escape route.
- 桜全般に言えることであるが、枝を折られるとそこから腐りやすいため、知識もなく枝を折ることや切ることは慎むべきである。
- It can be said in general for cherry trees, but since it tends to rot at the site of a broken branch, people untrained in tree care should refrain from breaking and cutting the branches.
- 「しころ囃子」と呼ばれる曲で、「ヒガシ」「キタ」に比べて、意識的に打つ(叩く)必要のある部分が長い構成になっている。
- It is a type of music called 'Shikoro-bayashi,' and the parts where the players need to drum 'consciously' are longer than those of 'Higashi' and 'Kita.'
- しかし、源氏嫡流意識なるものは、この頼朝が武家の中での自己と自家の地位を特別視するために作り出したたものともいえる。
- However, it can be said that this idea of the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan was created by Yoritomo in order to distinguish his status as well as his family status within the samurai families.
- 吉川英治は『私本太平記』中で「天子の座は象徴で、治天の君たる上皇、法皇にこそ実権がある、というのは既に常識であった。
- In 'Shihon Taihei ki' (the Record of Great peace), Eiji YOSHIKAWA mentioned, 'It was common sense for emperors not to rule the government, instead, Chiten no kimi, the retired emperors and the cloister emperors who had joined a Buddhist order, took the actual control of the politics.
- また、伊勢参拝はあくまで旅に出る口実である事も多く、最新の知識や技術、流行などを知り見聞を広げるための旅でもあった。
- Visiting Ise was often just an excuse to set out on a journey, and the journey was also made in order to acquire the latest knowledge and skills, know what is in fashion, and experience new things.
- また江戸時代から素謡教授として強固な基盤を持っていた伊予松山藩出身の知識人たち(池内信嘉・高浜虚子)の後援があった。
- Also the school had support from an intellectuals from the Iyo-Matsuyama Domain (such as Nobuyoshi IKENOUCHI and Kyoshi TAKAHAMA), who had strong foundation as Su-utai (Noh lyrics without music) instructor since the Edo period.
- 今村は常に川島を意識して、東北土着の「基層心理」をベースにした作風(本人の言葉で言えば重喜劇)をこのとき確立させた。
- Imamura always showed an awareness of Kawashima's work, establishing his own style based on the Tohoku region's 'underlying psychology' (which in Imamura's own words was 'heavy comedy').
- この時に三条天皇が頼りにしようとしたのは学識人の大納言藤原実資であり、一方、右大臣の顕光は左大臣の道長に阿っていた。
- At this time Emperor Sanjo looked for advice from the scholar, Dainagon FUJIWARA no Sanesuke, while udaijin Akimitsu favored sadaijin Michinaga.
- 有職故実・典礼に通じた学識人の藤原実資はその日記『小右記』で「出仕以来、万人に嘲笑され通しだ」と顕光を酷評している。
- FUJIWARA no Sanesuke, a scholarly individual who was knowledgeable in Yosoku kojitsu (usages and practices of court and military households (practices)) and ceremonial practices, bitterly criticized Akimitsu stating that, 'Since serving the imperial court, he has been laughed at by everyone,' in his diary 'Shoyuki' (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke).
- これらの原因には、当時の人々の識字率が低かったことや、私的に鋳造されたためいい加減に作られていたことなどが挙げられる。
- The following are considered as the reasons why such a situation was generated: One is that the literacy rate of the people at that time was low, and another is that, being made privately, they were made irresponsibly.
- 安藤系図、藤崎系図にも同様の記述が見られ、真偽は別にして安倍氏の後裔はそのような自己意識を持っていたことは確かである。
- Similar descriptions can be found in the Ando and the Fujisaki genealogy; therefore, apart from ascertaining facts, it is for certain that the descendants of the Abe clan identified themselves in such a way.
- 平安京では、唐が西の長安を首都、東の洛陽を副都としたのを意識し、朱雀大路の西を長安(右京)、東(左京)を洛陽と称した。
- Being aware of the way the Tang dynasty designated Chang'an in the west as the capital and Luoyang in the east as the second capital, Heian-kyo referred to the area to the west of Suzaku-oji Avenue as Choan (Chang'an) or Ukyo and the one to the east as Rakuyo (Luoyang) or Sakyo.
- また、主室に三幅対の掛軸を飾り、その前に三具足が置かれたこともあることから、実際に、方丈を意識してつくられたのだろう。
- In addition, Mitsugusoku (the incense, flower vase, and a candlestick placed offered for the Buddhist altar) was placed in front of the scroll of sanpukutsui (those that became a group with three objects) which was decorated in the main guest room and was probably created with a concern for directions.
- しかし『愚管抄』にはその話は見えず、大将に任じられるのは院近臣の身分では常識的に無理なことから事実かどうかは疑わしい。
- But no trace of this version of events can be found in the 'Gukansho' and indeed, given the fact that close retainers of the retired emperor did not normally have the authority to appoint Commanders, it is doubtful whether this episode really occurred.
- 宮本小一はそれを忠実に提案し、朝鮮側は国際法の常識に欠けていたため反論せず、そのまま無関税体制が敷かれることになった。
- Okazu MIYAMOTO proposed it faithfully, and Korea did not oppose it because of their ignorance of the international law, so the customs-fee system was established.
- しかし、広い意味での宗教的な感覚は、冠婚葬祭や年中行事などの場面で、他宗教とは異質な独自の信念が意識されることがある。
- However, original beliefs which differ from those of other religions are seen in a broader sense in ceremonial occasions and annual events.
- 欧米の大美術館の多くに日本美術ギャラリーがあり、「日本美術」は独自の様式をもった美術として認識されていることがわかる。
- Many European and American art museums have a Japanese art gallery, and this shows they recognize Japanese art as an art with its own unique style.
- 年表・日本地図・武鑑・茶道・華道・作法・占い・料理法など多種多様な知識が載せられ、下欄の用語と関係のないものとなった。
- It contained a great variety of information about time line, map of Japan, Bukan (a book of heraldry), Sado (Japanese tea ceremony), Kado (flower arrangement), manners, fortune-telling, recipes, and so on, which had no relation to the entry words listed below.
- 主要幹線が多数の私設鉄道によって分割保有されていることが、諸外国との競争上、非常な不利であると認識されるようになった。
- And Zaibatsu came to recognize that the fact of main railways being divided and held separately by private railways was so disadvantageous in terms of the competition with foreign countries.
- とりわけ承応2年(1653年)、長崎に渡来した独立 (禅僧)は学識深く、書を巧みとし、本国にいたときから著名であった。
- Particularly, Dokuryu, who came to Nagasaki in 1653, was a learned person and skillful calligrapher who had already achieved fame in his home country.
- そして、大和魂が元々持っていた「外来の知識を摂取して、柔軟に応用する」という意味と正反対の受け止められ方をされていた。
- As such, it took on a meaning that was the complete opposite of the original 'adopting foreign knowledge and applying it flexibly'.
- 元の侵攻を避け、南宋から渡ってきた知識人が朱子学等最新の儒教を伝え、京都五山、鎌倉五山等、禅宗寺院において研究された。
- When intellectuals arrived from the Southern Song Dynasty to avoid the invasion by Yuan, they passed down the latest Ju-kyo including Neo-Confucianism, and they were studied in temples of Zen sects such as the Five Great zen Temples of Kyoto and the Kamakura Gozan Temples.
- 鰹節についての古くからの常識が忘れられた時代となり、カビの生えた節が高級品であることを知らない者が世間の多数となった。
- Today, the common knowledge about katsuobushi from many years ago is forgotten, and most of the public aren't aware that fungus-covered fushi is a luxury.
- 日本猫は野良猫として日本人と密接に関わっていたため、日本猫が『種』として認識されにくかったことが背景として考えられる。
- Since Japanese cats had close contact with the Japanese as alley cats, it is considered as a background that they were difficult to be recognized as 'a breed'.
- しかし、一方で障害者差別に繋がるという主張があるが、だるまに関する正確な知識が流布していないことによる思い違いである。
- On the other hand, however, there is a claim that the practice of making daruma without eyes is discriminatory against the blind, which could be said to be a misconception resulting from a lack of accurate knowledge about daruma dolls.
- ただし、前年から体調を崩しており、廷臣達と末弟の識仁親王(後の霊元天皇)を養子に迎える相談をしていたとする記録もある。
- However, his health had been poor since the previous year, and there was a record that the Emperor, together with his close aides, discussed the idea of adopting the youngest brother, Imperial Prince Satohito (later called Emperor Reigen).
- すなわち「男系継承は神代、初代神武天皇以前から定められていた掟であり、一貫して続いてきた伝統である」という認識である。
- It is the recognition that `Male-line succession is a commandment which has been defined since before the first Emperor Jinmu, and it is a consistently succeeded tradition.'
- しかし、ヨーロッパ人には舞台設定そのものに関する基礎知識がなく、そもそも理解の段階に至らなかったという点が考えられる。
- Europeans, however, did not have such basic knowledge, so they were unable to understand the story.
- 敵味方の区別なく戦場で負傷した将兵を看護する赤十字社の知識を元に、「博愛社設立請願書」を政府に提出するが不許可となる。
- He submitted 'the Petition for establishment of Hakuaisha (an organization founded in Seinan War and aimed for aids of the wounded, later Japanese Red Cross Society)' based on the knowledge of the Red Cross Society, which aid wounded soldiers regardless of enemies and allies, to the government but this was not permitted.
- また、鉄砲の重要性を早くから認識しており、日野城下に鉄砲職人を招聘している(従前の刀鍛冶を転職させたという説もある)。
- He recognized the importance of Teppo (gun) since early stage, and he invited a Teppo craftsman to the Hino castle town (there is another theory that he got a swordsmith to change the job).
- 小隅は敵味方の識別のため、「金(かね)」を合言葉とし、刀を交えるとき必ず「金」と言わせ、「金」と答える者を味方とした。
- Osumi had arranged that their word should be 'kane' to tell their side from the enemy's side, and during the battle, his soldiers had to say the word to each met soldier and they knew their side hearing the response of 'kane.'
- 現在では特定の仏教宗派に属さなければ、盂蘭盆にふれる機会は少ないことも、「お盆は仏教行事という認識」につながっている。
- Today, if a person is not affiliated with any Buddhist sect, s/he will have little opportunity to participate in Urabon, which is why Obon is thought to be a specifically Buddhist festival.
- また、神々の系統を見ていくと、7代イザナギ、イザナミの御子神、8代天照大神は、現在は女神である、と広く認識されている。
- Furthermore, according to the lineage of gods, Amaterasu Omikami, the 8th generation of celestial gods and the mikogami (the child god in a shrine where parent-child gods are enshrined) of Izanagi and Izanami, the 7th generations of celestial gods, is widely recognized as a female god today.
- 『庭訓往来』に代表される書簡形式を採った単語集・知識集で、書簡の形式とともに必要な知識を身に付けさせる事を目指したもの。
- The fourth group represented by 'Teikin Orai' comprises books of words and knowledge in the style of letters, which aimed to spread necessary knowledge as well as the form of letters.
- 室町時代に始まった茶の湯は千利休によって大成され、前時代の書院の茶から、草庵の茶、わび茶という独特の美意識が形成された。
- Chanoyu (tea ceremony), which started in the Muromachi period, was perfected in this period by SEN no Rikyu, who transformed the tea ceremony fitting for Shoin-zukuri architecture into that fitting for a thatched hut, in other words, wabicha (the tea ceremony accompanied by wabi (an unique aesthetic sense that finds surpassing beauty and deep significance in what is humble or commonplace and appears natural or artless)).
- おじやは、もともとは雑炊のことをいう女房言葉であったが、今日では、雑炊とおじやとが別種のものとして認識されることもある。
- Ojiya used to be the lady's language for zosui, but today it is sometimes recognized as different from zosui.
- 父であった三代目佐々木嘉平に師事し、独学で技術・知識を身に付け、全国各地で数々の国宝や重要文化財の修復・保存に携わった。
- He studied under his father Kahei SASAKI the third, learned the techniques and acquired the knowledge on his own, and became involved in renovation and preservation of numerous national treasures and important cultural heritages throughout the nation.
- 金正日もまた、その延長線上で「ニム()」をつけて呼ばれているだけであり、意識的に彼だけを「様」づけしているわけではない。
- The 'nim' after the shogun title for Kim Jong Il therefore is used as an application of this custom and is not used exclusively for the leader.
- 対策が遅れている原因として、各国で黄砂の定義や分類(各国の黄砂参照)、黄砂に関する認識に相違点があることが指摘されている。
- It is pointed out that the recognition of kosa as well as the definition and classification of kosa (refer to the section of kosa in various countries) depends on the nation and the differences constitute one factor of delaying taking necessary measures.
- 擬漢文体で書かれ、衣食住、職業、領国経営、建築、司法、職分、仏教、武具、教養、療養など、多岐にわたる一般常識を内容とする。
- Written in pseudo-Chinese style, Teikin Orai covered a wide range of topics on general knowledge including lifestyle, vocation, territory management, architecture, law, duty, Buddhism, weapons, education, and medical treatment.
- 安政の大獄は幕府の規範意識の低下や人材の欠如を招き、反幕派による尊攘活動を激化させ、幕府滅亡の遠因ともなったとも言われる。
- Ansei no Taigoku lead to a decrease in general awareness and a shortfall in human resources in the shogunate, plus intensified Sonno activities by the anti-shogunate group, and it is said these were underlying causes in the fall of the government.
- 例えば「身長4寸」と言われれば、それが5尺4寸の意味であるということは、尺貫法が広く使われていた時代にはほぼ常識であった。
- For example, when someone said '4 sun for height,' it meant 5 shaku and 4 sun, and this was almost common sense when the East Asian traditional system of weights and measures was widely used.
- 欧米ではルネサンスに匹敵する、西洋近代的な美意識と科学的パースペクティヴの、大きな変革運動の一つの段階として見られている。
- In Western countries, it is seen as one stage of a large transformative movement in the Western modern sense of beauty and scientific perspective, comparable to the Renaissance.
- 明治時代以降も相変わらず歌舞伎の人気は高かったが、知識人などからは文明国にふさわしい内容でないと批判も受けるようになった。
- During and after the Meiji period, Kabuki was still quite popular, but it also began to be criticized from intellectuals and others as inappropriate content for a civilized country.
- 簡潔さの中にこそ美があり、そこにこそ魂、霊が宿り、神や仏に近づくという日本古来の美意識、思想が音に反映された現れといえる。
- It can be said that this resulted from the traditional Japanese esthetic philosophy, in which the idea that only simplicity can provide beauty, only simplicity can foster the soul and spirit, and only through simplicity people can approach God or Buddha, was reflected in the sound of music.
- 1936(昭和11)年日活製作の映画『赤西蠣太』では、原田甲斐役の片岡千恵蔵が、本作の刃傷の場を意識した乱闘を演じている。
- In 'Capricious Young Man' (Akanishi Kakita), a film produced by Nikkatsu Corporation in 1936, Chiezo KATAOKA playing Kai HARADA performed a battle scene influenced by the scene of Attack of this play.
- (なお、平安時代に作成された『日本国見在書目録』では、麟徳暦と儀鳳暦が別の暦として認識されて別個に項目が立てられている)。
- (In 'Nihonkoku genzaisho mokuroku' (Catalogue of Present Books in Japan), made in the Heian period, Rintoku reki and Giho reki were two different calendars, each having its own entry.)
- 実資は故実家・資産家としても知られたが、物事の要点を押さえ、個人の利得や名声のために真実を覆さないという良識人でもあった。
- Sanesuke was known as a scholar with an intimate knowledge of traditional court customs and a man of wealth, but he was also a person with common sense, who was able to capture the essence of things and never concealed the truth to protect his personal interests or reputation.
- 中世に入ると、貴族や寺社などの都市領主層が次第に没落し、武士が政治社会の実権を握っていく時代とする認識は古くから存在した。
- It has been long recognized that during the middle ages, the urban lord class such as the nobility and the temples and shrines had gradually declined, and the samurai class had extended their real power in the political and social spheres.
- 当時、名主職は相伝や譲与できる権利と認識されており、農村社会内部の均質化によって、名主の地位や権利は徐々に分割されていった。
- In this period, myoshu rights were already recognized as rights that could be inherited or sold, and as rural society became more and more homogenized the position and rights of myoshu were split into smaller elements.
- これに対して、王朝時代は後者の時代区分として認識され、同様に後者の国家体制を指して王朝国家という語が使用されるようになった。
- On the other hand, the periodization of the latter was named the Dynastic period and the term Dynastic polity, which refers to the state regime of the latter, became used.
- 1983年3月 3府県知事、関西経済連合会会長、学識経験者などを代表委員とする「関西文化学術研究都市建設推進協議会」が発足。
- March, 1983: 'Kansai Science City Construction Promotion Conference' was inaugurated, with the governors of the three prefectures, chairman of Kansai Economic Federation and some academic experts.
- これは、天武天皇の皇子は舎人親王と新田部親王の両名しか存命していなかったため、重要な立場である事認識させるためだったという。
- This is because of making the public aware that there were only the Imperial Prince Toneri and the Imperial Niitabe as the princes of the Emperor Tenmu, therefore they were in the important position.
- 江戸時代は代々徳川将軍家の衣装調達や衣文道の指導にも当たり、江戸滞在の折には各大名家で有職故実や衣文道の知識を広めていった。
- During the Edo period, the family supplied costumes and instructed the Tokugawa shogunate in Emondo for generations, and, when staying in Edo, worked to spread the knowledge of Emondo and other court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette among the feudal lords.
- また、四民平等においては武士階級の身分的特権は廃止の必要があり、軍事的にも伝統的特権意識は軍制改革において弊害となっていた。
- According to the idea of equality of all Japanese people, samurai warriors' privileges should be abolished, and their sense of perquisite was a bottleneck in military reforms.
- いきは一般的には粋と表記されることが多いが、上方の美意識である「粋(すい)」と区別するために専門的には「いき」と表記される。
- Iki is generally written with the character '粋,' but in specialist works it is written phonetically as 'いき' (iki) in order to distinguish it from '粋' (sui), which is the aesthetic sense of Kamigata (the Kyoto-Osaka district).
- 合気道においても、自分が投げたばかりの受け(相手)を意識しながら、万一再攻撃があった場合に備えて体を構えることを残心という。
- Also in aikido (art of weaponless self-defense), zan-shin means being aware of the uke (the opponent) whom one has thrown, and positioning oneself to be ready for a possible counterattack.
- 特定の宗教・宗派に個人的に関わる人も多いが、日本人は全体として宗教意識が希薄であり、事実上の無宗教に近い人々が多数派である。
- Although many people are personally involved in a specific religion or religious school, Japanese people do not have a strong sense of religion as a whole, and the majority are substantially close to having none.
- 劒の巻を史実として捉えてはいけない、というのが一般的な見識であるようで、したがって髭切に関する記述を史実と捉えてはいけない。
- Since the Tsurugi no maki is generally believed to be not based on fact, the description of Higekiri should not be taken as historical fact.
- 劒の巻を史実として捉えてはいけない、というのが一般的な見識であるようで、したがって膝丸に関する記述を史実と捉えてはいけない。
- It is generally considered that the descriptions in Tsurugi no maki should not be regarded as historical facts; therefore, the description of Hizamaru should not be regarded as historical fact.
- 判官は薄れゆく意識の中で最後の力を振り絞り「この九寸五分は汝が形見。切って恨みを晴らせわやい」と由良之助に短刀を形見に渡す。
- Becoming unconscious, Hangan puts forth his final effort and hands his short sword to Yuranosuke saying, 'this is a keepsake from me. Use it to carry out my revenge.'
- 上記のように世阿弥や金春禅竹の伝書に比べれば全体的な構成を欠き、思想的な深みも見られず、雑多な能の知識を集成した書ではある。
- As noted above, compared to written records by Zeami and Zenchiku KONPARU it lacks an overall structure as well as philosophical depth, and it is a written work that is merely a collection of various information on noh play.
- 歌舞伎はその歴史的経緯から庶民的娯楽の側面が強く、常識の範疇でマナーを守れば本来、あまり緊張し肩肘はって観劇する必要はない。
- Kabuki has been developed as popular entertainment, therefore, the audience doesn't need to get tensed up as long as they have good manners using common sense.
- 当時の人気スター、市川百之助による意識的にふんどしを見せるサービスに女性ファンは大喜びし、「フンドシももちゃん」と呼ばれた。
- Momonosuke ICHIKAWA, a popular star at the time, showed consciously his own fundoshi loincloth, for which his female admirers were much pleased and called him 'Fundoshi Momo-chan.'
- 芸風は全体におとなしやかで、幽玄なやわらかみがまさっており、和泉流の中でも特に式楽としての品を意識する傾向が強いと言われる。
- Their performances are generally calm, rather subtle and soft, and among the Izumi school, they are said to have a special tendency to care more about grace as the music and plays for official ceremonies.
- また現代においても、触手責めという呼称でポルノファンに好まれるアニメや漫画でのシチュエーションのひとつとして認識されている。
- Called tentacle rape, it is recognized today as a scene in cartoons and comics popular among pornography fans.
- 他の国ではあくまで石や木は一媒体に過ぎなかったが、中国ではそのように考えず特に保存性に優れたものとして認識していたのである。
- Stone and wood pieces were recognized as just the media in other countries, while they were considered differently to have superior keeping qualities in China.
- 大正ロマンや昭和モダンと呼ばれる花柄や幾何学模様、アール・デコを意識したデザインなどが近年のレトロブームで再評価されている。
- Kimono with floral and geometric patterns which is called 'Taisho Roman' or 'Showa Modern' or kimono with Art Deco-conscious design have been reassessed due to the recent boom of retro fashion.
- 大奥に入ったおなあは、やがて、雑華院で得た経験を生かし、大奥の女たちに禅の心を説いて聞かせるなど、女中の意識向上に尽力した。
- Ona-a entered O-oku and made efforts to improve awareness of maids by utilizing experiences acquired in the Zakke-in Temple, such as expostulating Zen mind to women in O-oku.
- また同年来日した清国の洋務運動知識人の王韜との交遊を契機に、翌年結成された日本最初の本格的アジア主義団体・興亜会に参加した。
- He formed a friendship with Wang Tao, a Qing's intellectual involved in the Western Affairs Movement, who came to Japan in the same year (1879), and influenced by the association with Wang, he took part in Koakai group, the first organization of full-blown Asianism in Japan founded the following year.
- しかし朝廷はこの時、彼らの間の不満が乱の原因になったとの認識のもと、彼らを五位・六位といった受領級の中・下流貴族に昇進させた。
- The Imperial Court, based on their understanding that their discontent led to the outbreak of the war, promoted these individuals to low to middle class, fifth or sixth rank aristocratic zuryo.
- これを 「常に月将を以て占時に加え、日辰陰陽を視て以て四課を立つ。」 と読み下すことは、漢文の知識があればさほど困難ではない。
- For persons who have a knowledge about kanbun, it may not be so difficult to read it as 'tsuneni gessho wo motte senji ni kuwae, Nisshininyo wo mite motte shika wo tatsu.' (Gessho and the time should always be used for divination and Shika should be derived by seeing Nisshinonmyo).
- 第六章から第十九章は陰陽五行による五行の相剋の説明といったように、陰陽道における基礎知識や占うにあたっての前準備を記してある。
- The fundamental knowledge of Onmyodo and the preliminary preparation for divination, such as the explanation about the rivalry of gogyo based on the philosophy of inyogogyo (the cosmic dual forces (yin and yang) and the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth) in Chinese cosmology), is explained in Chapters 6 to 19.
- 刈田行為は、検断沙汰に含まれる以前は当時の社会で広く受容されていた自力救済慣行の一つとして認識されていたものと考えられている。
- Before the karita act became subject to kendan-sata, it looks to have been recognized as one of self-defense remedial practices which were widely accepted in society at that time.
- 当時の武家社会の実情に即してかつ簡明ながらも生活に必要な実用的知識を網羅的に収録したこの本は江戸時代まで往来物の定番とされた。
- As 'Teikin Orai' covers and plainly explains the practical knowledge necessary for life in samurai society of the time, this text book served as a standard oraimono until the Edo period.
- 関ヶ原の戦いに勝利した徳川家康は、日本国内の覇権を意識し、1601年(慶長6年)、京都伏見区の伏見城下に貨幣鋳造所を設立した。
- After his triumph in the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA set up a mint near Fushimi Castle in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, in 1601.
- 552年(538年説あり)に仏教公伝した当初には、仏は、蕃神(となりのくにのかみ)として日本の神と同質の存在として認識された。
- In 552 (in 538, according to another theory), when Buddhism was officially introduced into Japan, Buddha was recognized as banshin (a deity of a neighboring country) and equivalent to a Japanese deity.
- この段階では、神と仏は同一の信仰体系の中にはあるが、あくまで別の存在として認識され、同一の存在としてみるまでには及んでいない。
- In this phase, although deities and the Buddha were under the same belief system, they were recognized as a different existence; they were not yet considered same existence.
- しかし、この頃には、日清戦争後の三国干渉によって対ロシア戦を意識しだした軍部も、鉄道国有問題を第一義とするようになっていった。
- However, the military that began to be aware of the war against Russia with the Triple Intervention after the Sino-Japanese War came to consider the issue of railway nationalization as the primary purpose.
- 破壊の危機に瀕したいたすけ古墳の保存運動などをきっかけに、古墳は保存すべき文化財との認識が広まり、近年では大規模な破壊はない。
- In recent years, there has been no major destruction of kofun because of preservation activities of Itasuke Kofun, and people share recognition that kofun should be preserved.
- 九鬼周造は『「いき」の構造』において、いきを「他の言語に全く同義の語句が見られない」ことから日本独自の美意識として位置付けた。
- In his book, he positioned it as an aesthetic sense original to Japan, considering that 'other languages do not have any synonymous words.'
- 民間においては褌親(へこおや)の元で、初めてふんどしを付け、性に関する知識を授かる褌祝(ふんどしいわい)と呼ばれる儀式がある。
- In ordinary people, there was a rite called Fundoshi-iwai when a boy wore Fundoshi (loincloth) for the first time under heko-oya (acting parents asked for Fundoshi iwai), and was taught about sex.
- 朝廷の料理は宮内省に属す内膳司が司っていたが、山蔭は内膳職とは関係がなく、単に料理法や作法に通じた識者として指名されたものか。
- FUJIWARA no Yamakage is supposed to have been simply designated as an expert well-versed in cooking and manners, since he had nothing to do with the Emperor's dietary office of the Imperial Household Bureau which was in charge of the food served at Court.
- ジョアン・ロドリゲスは著書『日本大文典』において、関東方言では/se/が[ɕe]でなく[se]と認識されている、と述べている。
- Joao Rodriguez, in his book 'Arte da Lingoa de Iapam,' stated that/se/ was realized not as [ɕe] but as [se] in the Kanto region.
- なお、現代の俳句団体では、団体によって差はあるが、常連メンバー同士が句会の際に用いる俳号だけでお互いを認識している場合がある。
- In addition, in some haiku groups nowadays, Haigo in kukai (haiku gathering) is used to recognize regular members.
- また仮名 (文字)論者としても知られ、明六社の機関誌明六雑誌に、ひらがなの普及が国民全体の知識や教養の向上に役立つと主張した。
- He is also known as a kana (the Japanese syllabary) advocate, and he expressed his opinion in an article on a magazine of Meirokusha (Japan's first academic society), regarding the necessity of spreading hiragana (the rounded Japanese phonetic syllabary) throughout the country to improve the knowledge and culture of entire citizens.
- 観察者が誰であろうが(科学者であろうが)、認識は、心理あるいは脳神経的なプロセスであり、そこには以下のような問題が潜んでいる。
- Whoever the observer may be (even an scientist), recognition is a process related to psychology and cranial nerve and there are some issues involved as shown below.
- しかし、都の衰退と共に、仏教寺院や学識僧が徐々にその担い手として台頭し、その中でも鎌倉五山を中心とした五山文学はその代表である。
- However, with the decline of the capital, Buddhist temples and learned priests came to be responsible for those studies; the most representative of them was Gozan Bungaku (Literature of the Five Official Temples), the center of which was Kamakura Gozan Temple.
- また、文章生など他の学生に対しても一般常識としての儒学教養を求めたために他学生による明経道の講義の聴講が行われる場合が多かった。
- Furthermore, there were many cases of students from other departments, such as Monjo (Literature), taking courses on Myogyodo since the subject had become a required general subject.
- これとは別に教育組織として技術官僚の中で学識・技術の優秀な人物から選ばれた医博士・針博士・按摩博士・呪禁博士が各1置かれていた。
- Moreover, Tenyakuryo had an educational organization that was headed by an 'I-hakase' (Master of Medicine), a 'Hari-hakase' (Master of Acupuncture), an 'Anma-hakase' (Master of Massage), and a 'Jugon-hakase' (Master of Necromancy), who were selected as excellent in their knowledge and medical techniques from all technocrats.
- その一方、武家や在地においては応仁の乱以後の戦国時代 (日本)に「家」が一般社会の構成単位として認識される傾向が強まっていった。
- On the other hand, for buke (military class) and resident landowners, the concept of 'Ie' became recognized as the basic unit of ordinary society during the Sengoku period after the Onin War.
- しかしながら「風情」とは個々人の生い立ちや教養や美意識の問題でもあり、一概にこれであると定義することはできない曖昧な言葉である。
- However, the term 'fuzei' can also be used to refer to matters concerning a person's personal history, education, or aesthetic sensibilities, so it is a fairly ambiguous word that can not be precisely defined.
- それまではもっぱら風刺の手段と見なされていた漫画が、大衆娯楽として認識されていく過程において、岡本の活動は大きな役割を果たした。
- Okamoto's activity played a large role in the process that comics which were considered to be solely as a means of satire became recognized as popular entertainment.
- しかしかぶき者は色鮮やかな女物の着物をマントのように羽織ったり、袴に動物皮をつぎはうなど常識を無視して非常に派手な服装を好んだ。
- However, kabuki-mono, ignoring prevailing social trends, preferred very bold outfits, such as colorful kimonos for females worn like a cape, or a hakama (a kind of trousers, worn on a kimono) patched with animal skins.
- 情報力 - 大寺院では、遣隋使・遣唐使に加わった留学僧や、渡来僧などの知識人が、日本にもたらした知識をいち早く学ぶことができた。
- Power of information - Major temples were the first to learn knowledge which had been brought to Japan by intellectuals including foreign monks as well as monks who had joined Japanese envoys to Sui and Tong Dynasties China and studied abroad.
- また、キャラクターの性格を用いるもの、既に1 - 3コマ目が充分に不条理であることを再認識させるものなど、様々なパターンがある。
- There are various other patterns; some deal with the personalities of characters, whereas others remind readers of the fact that the first three frames are already absurd.
- 当時一般的にいわれていた、清順美学は『野獣の青春』で突然開花したという定説を自ら覆し、デビュー作の頃から意識していたと発言した。
- In the foregoing show, Suzuki made a statement that he had been developing his own style of aesthetics which later came to be referred to as the Seijun Aesthetics from the time of his directorial debut contradicting the generally accepted explanation back then that it suddenly blossomed with the film 'Youth of the Beast.'
- 新島は女子教育の重要性を当時より認識しており、これが女子大設立の理由となった(当時の同志社大学は男子学生のみを対象としていた)。
- Even in those days Neesima knew the importance of offering education for women, and this led him to establish a college for women (at the time, Doshisha University was for men only).
- しかし知識人階級から六三法撤廃は台湾の特殊性の否定であるとの批判が出ると、台湾に議会設置を求める台湾議会設置請願運動が開始される。
- However, when intellectuals criticized this movement, saying that repealing Law No. 63 meant the denial of the special character of Taiwan, the new movement was initiated to call for the establishment of a parliament in Taiwan.
- しかし議奏に指名された公卿は頼朝との面識はなく、頼朝追討宣旨に賛同した実定が含まれるなど、必ずしも親鎌倉派という陣容ではなかった。
- However, kugyo who were appointed as giso kugyo had no personal acquaintance with Yoritomo, and Sanesada who approved of the Imperial order to hunt down and kill Yoritomo was included in the member, therefore the members were not necessarily pro-Shogunate forces.
- 通常「新派」と称されるこの革新派の運動に危機意識をいだいた龍池会系の「旧派」は、伝統絵画を護るという意図から宮内省の庇護を求めた。
- The reform movement by this group, generally called 'shinpa' (a new school), brought 'kyuha' (the old school) of Ryuchikai-line to a crisis, driving them to seek the patronage of the Imperial Household Ministry with the intention of protecting traditional paintings.
- 都市部の家庭ではちゃぶ台が使われ、それまでの家父長制的な銘々膳の作法から、食事が家族だんらんの場として認識されるようになってくる。
- Chabudai (low dining tables) began being used in households in urban areas, and it came to be recognized that the eating place in households was for enjoying each other's company among family members, instead of observing patriarchal etiquette using meimeizen (small individual low eating tables).
- だが上記縁起物での「売れ残り」の意味、あるいは時代とともにかわる美意識の変化とともに不美人をさす蔑称としても使われるようになった。
- However, with the implication of 'remaining unmarried on the shelf' and the changes in aesthetic feelings, the amulet became a derogatory term that meant a plain-looking woman.
- この時に猿楽という言葉は意識的に能楽に言い換えられ、以降、現在に至るまで、前述の3種の芸能を総称する概念として使用され続けている。
- At this time, the term 'Sarugaku' was consciously changed to 'Nohgaku,' and the term 'Nohgaku' has been used since then until now as a general concept for the three types of performing arts described above.
- しかし、豊臣秀吉が天下を統一するころから徐々に切腹に対する意識が変わったと思われ、豊臣秀次、千利休らは刑罰として切腹を命じられた。
- However, it is thought that the significance of seppuku gradually changed after Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI united the nation, with individuals such as Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI and SEN no Rikyu being ordered to commit seppuku as a form of punishment.
- ただし、近年では一般社会と多少の意識がずれた、若しくは或る種の名門的な存在の特別な社会としてあえて歌舞伎界を梨園と呼ぶことがある。
- However in the recent years, rien is sometimes employed to mean the world of Kabuki as something which does not quite reflect the public at large, or a kind of an exclusive society that serves only elites.
- なお山陽は詩吟・剣舞でも馴染み深い「鞭声粛粛夜河を過る~」で始まる川中島の戦いを描いた漢詩『題不識庵撃機山図』の作者としても有名。
- Sanyo is also famous as a composer of Chinese poem titled 'Fushikian kizan o utsu no zu ni daisu' ('題不識庵撃機山図') beginning with a phrase 'bensei shukushuku yoru kawa o wataru', which described the Battle of Kawanakajima and is also popular as a number for shigin (Japanese art of reciting or chanting poems) and kenbu (sword dance).
- むしろ政府系候補者の一本化や、三井家・住友家など財閥、美術調査で面識を得た本願寺への働きかけ、資金の効率的な運用などに力を注いだ。
- Instead, he focused his energy to unify the government-affiliated candidates; to ask for support from Zaibatsu (company syndicates) including the Mitsui family and the Sumitomo family as well as from Hongan-ji Temple which he had gotten to know during the art investigation; and to manage the budget effectively.
- この逸話は、受領の貪欲さをよく表すものとされ、また同時に、この逸話によって、陳忠は貪欲な受領の典型例として認識されることとなった。
- It is said that this anecdote describes greediness of a zuryo well, and also had people begin regarding Nobutada as a typical greedy zuryo.
- 大国受領系の院近臣でありながら「当世の有識」(『吉記』)と称されて実務にもすぐれ、後白河天皇の執事別当に補されて院中の権を執った。
- Even though he was an In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) belonging to the head of governors of major provinces, he was talented in practical business affairs and was called 'the influential individual of the time' ('Kikki' - a diary of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA), and he was assigned to be a Shitsuji-betto (chief officer) of Emperor Goshirakawa, and he held power within the Imperial Household.
- この時代の知識階層で多く記録を残した貴族・寺社勢力は彼らに反抗する新興武士層や彼らの擁護者である足利氏との対立も有ったと思われる。
- It is supposed that nobles, temples and shrines in power who were intelligentsia and left many records in the period, had conflicts with emerging samurai who opposed them and the Ashikaga clan who protected these samurai.
- 留学生ではなく遣唐使の判官とはいえ、6年もの間海外諸国を渡り歩いた平群広成は当時の日本では屈指の知識人であり、朝廷から重用された。
- Although not as a student but as a hangan of the envoys to Tang China, Hironari, who had traveled across several countries for six years, was one of the best intellectuals in Japan in those days and appointed an important position from the Imperial Court.
- 高い学識で知られ、大安寺戒明が入唐求法で請来した「釈摩訶衍論」を調べてこれを偽書と判定し、最澄と会津の徳一との論争に影響を与えた。
- Known for his prodigious scholarship he delved into the text 'Shakumakaenron' (annotated 10 volume translated Mahayana Buddhism text brought back from Tang China by Buddhist priest Kaimyo of Daian-ji Temple during his Nitto Guho [a pilgrimage to China in search of the Law]) coming to the conclusion it was a fake, which influenced the dispute between Saicho and Tokuitsu of Aizu.
- 式内社は、延喜式がまとめられた10世紀初頭には朝廷から官社として認識されていた神社であり、その選定には政治色が強く反映されている。
- The Shikinaisha shrines were regarded as official shrines by the Imperial Court at the beginning of the 10th century when the Engishiki was edited, and its selection was greatly affected by the political situation.
- 中国の唐代では、詩文の作成や知識の整理のために、古典の中から必要な箇所を抜書きして分類編纂することが広く行われ、これを類書と称した。
- In the period of the Tang Dynasty in China, it was widely done to excerpt necessary parts from old books to classify and recompile them for making prose and poetry or organizing knowledge, and such books were called Leishu.
- また、鳥居が、尚歯会員である幕臣江川英龍と江戸湾岸の測量手法を巡って争った際に、渡辺崋山の人脈と洋学による知識を借りた江川に敗れた。
- In addition, when Torii argued with Hidetatsu EGAWA, the Shogun's retainer and a member of the Shoshikai, over the survey method of Edo Bay, Torii was defeated by Egawa, who utilized Kazan WATANABE's connections and knowledge of Western science.
- 歴史的経緯や国際化の進展によって、標識や看板などで英語や朝鮮語(韓国語)、中国語、ロシア語などの併記も行われるようになってきている。
- Due to this historical background and advanced globalization, signs and signboards came to also contain descriptions in English, Korean, Chinese and/or Russian along with Japanese ones.
- これなどは、広義の日本料理(韓風和食)であるにもかかわらず、当の韓国人も日本人も日本料理としてではなく韓国料理であると認識している。
- Although this dish is nihon-ryori (Korean-style wa-shoku) in the broad sense, Japanese as well as Koreans recognize the dish as a Korean dish rather than a Japanese dish.
- これは摂関家にとっては不都合な事実であるが、慈円は事実関係そのものは否定せずに、天皇の認識不足を激しく責めて道長の忠節を称えている。
- This was an inconvenient fact for the clan (family) eligible for regency, and although Jien did not deny the relevance of the fact, he accused the Emperor of ignorance and honored Michinaga, remaining faithful to the Emperor.
- ここには、中国の官窯の磁器のように器形、文様ともに整ったものよりも、作為のないもの、ゆがんだものをよしとする美意識の転換がみられる。
- This shows a change in aesthetic values, with a higher value placed on random and irregular porcelain rather than the well-regulated style and design of porcelain fired in the official kilns of China.
- 父と同様、家禄20石の身分であったが、時の藩主・徳川治寶 に学識を認められ、藩医や、紀の川河畔にあった藩の薬草園管理の任をつとめた。
- Like his father, his social status was the karoku (hereditary stipend) of 20 koku, but his scholarship was recognized by Harutomi TOKUGAWA, the lord of the domain at that time, and he assumed the position of a han-i and the manager of the Domain's herb farm situated beside the Kino-kawa River.
- 『井蛙集』によれば和歌に関して兄弟の仲には不和があったといわれ、宗家との対抗意識は京極派を確立する次代の為兼期にも引き継がれている。
- According to 'Seiasho', it is said that the two brothers were not on good terms because of Japanese poetry, and the rivalry with the originator was succeeded also to the next generation of Tamekane period that established the Kyogoku school of poetry.
- 朝鮮人水賊の活動は1470年代から活性化するものであったが、その活動はいずれが倭寇かいずれが朝鮮人水賊か識別を付けるのは困難であった。
- Korean pirates had been active since the 1470s, but it was difficult to distinguish the activities of Korean pirates and the activities of wako.
- こうした流れの中で、南北朝時代 (日本)より以降、畿内やその周辺地域において、自治権と連帯意識を高めた百姓らによる惣村が成立していく。
- With this background, beginning in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) was formed by the peasants who had developed their autonomy and sense of solidarity.
- 教育ニ関スル勅語の「奉読」、奉安殿の設置などによる学校教育での天皇崇拝の強要、日の丸掲揚や君が代斉唱などを通じ日本人意識を植え付けた。
- Japanese consciousness was indoctrinated such as worshipping the Emperor by 'reverentially reading' ordinance on Education and setting hoanden (premises where an imperial portrait and the Imperial Rescript on Education are housed before and during the war) as well as hoisting Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) and singing Kimigayo (Japan's national anthem).
- 日清戦争以後、明治日本に清末の知識人が注目するようになると、すでに中国本土では衰微していた陽明学にも俄然注意が向けられるようになった。
- After the Sino-Japanese War, Chinese intellectuals at the end of the Ching period began to pay attention to Meiji-period Japan, and especially focused on Yomeigaku, which had declined on the Chinese mainland.
- 開戦初期は極東に対し消極的であったが、戦局の推移や列強の動向の変化により、極東に自国の拠点を得る機会が到来したと認識するようになった。
- Although Germany was not very passionate about expanding to the Far East at the beginning of Japanese-Sino War, it began to acknowledge that it was the right time for Germany to obtain a foothold in the Far East amid a changing course of the war and also changing stances of the other world powers.
- 公地公民制の基礎と言える「公地」の概念は、当時存在しておらず、口分田が「公田」と認識されるのは、墾田永年私財法(743年)以降である。
- The concept of 'Kochi' (publicly-owned land) believed as the basis of Kochi Komin sei did not exist at that time and it was after the Konden Einen Shizai Law (enacted in 743) that kubunden was recognized as 'Koden' (state-owned rice field).
- また、紀伝道に求められるものも、天皇や公卿からも強い関心を抱かれていた漢詩などの文学の材料としての歴史的知識に移るようになっていった。
- Also, what was required of kidendo changed to the historical knowledge that could be used in Chinese poetry and therefore drew much attention from the emperors and the nobles.
- 明治時代に入り、西洋の知識・学問・文化が一気に流入するようになると、岡倉天心らによって、それらを日本流に摂取すべきという主張が現れた。
- The sudden influx of Western knowledge, scholarship, and culture during the Meiji period led Tenshin OKAKURA and others to claim that they should be assimilated into the Japanese style.
- また、「淡麗辛口が優れた酒の基本条件である」かのような認識(参照:辛口ブーム)が蔓延していたころもあったが、これも正しい理解ではない。
- Once understanding that 'tanrei karakuchi (tanrei and dry) is the basic condition for excellent sake that 'prevailed (Refer to 'Karakuchi boom'), but it is not a correct understanding.
- その中で、江戸前寿司、お好み焼き、辛子明太子のように他の地域にも広く伝播することで、実質的に郷土料理として認識されなくなるものもある。
- Some of them, such as Edomae-zushi (hand-rolled sushi), okonomiyaki (savory pancake with various ingredients) and karashi-mentaiko (spicy salted cod roe), became so popular around the country that they are no longer recognized as local dishes.
- 北海道民の中には、唐揚げ=鶏肉のザンギであると認識している人もおり、北海道の居酒屋のメニューにはザンギが含まれているのが一般的である。
- Some people in Hokkaido identify karaage with chicken as zangi, and zangi is normally included in the menu at most izakaya in Hokkaido.
- 博識で有職故実や垂加神道にも精通していた兼香は、衰退した朝廷儀式の再興と組織改革の実現を志していた皇太子から厚い信任を得るようになる。
- Extremely knowledgeable and with a thorough knowledge of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) and Suika Shinto (a mix of Shinto and Confucianism), he gained the confidence of the Crown Prince, who had his sights on reviving court rituals and implementing organizational reform.
- 都の貴族達は奥州藤原氏の計り知れない財力を認識し、その武力が天下の形勢に関わる事を恐れながらも、得体の知れない蛮族と蔑む傾向があった。
- While the nobles in the capital recognized the immeasurable wealth of the Oshu Fujiwara clan and were frightened of the influence of its military power to political situations, they tended to despise the clan as mysterious barbarians.
- 著作活動もさかんで、『演劇改良私案』(1886)、『日本絵画の未来』(1890)、『日本知識道徳史』(1895)他多数の著書を残した。
- He was also an active writer and published many books such as 'Engeki Kairyo Shian' (1886), 'Nihon Kaiga no Mirai' (1890), and 'Nihon Chishiki Doutokushi' (1895).
- しかし、これらの荘園整理令に際し、公領と荘園を識別して一国平均役を課することを容易にするため、荘園を一つの領域に統合する措置が行われた。
- However, following these orders, the government took measures to integrate shoen into one domain in an attempt to differentiate between koryo and shoen, facilitating the levy of Ikkoku heikinyaku.
- こうした背景を受けて以前の学界では、平氏政権が貴族社会の中で形成されたことに着目して、武家政権というよりも貴族政権として認識されていた。
- In the past, the academic field focused on the fact that the Taira clan administration was developed under the aristocracy and it was recognized as an aristocratic government rather than a bushi one.
- すなわち、奈良時代当時、三世一身法や墾田永年私財法の施行によって、公地公民制や律令制に大きな破綻が訪れるという意識は存在していなかった。
- That is, when Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were enacted in the Nara Period, these Laws were not regarded as leading to collapse of Kochi Komin sei and the Ritsuryo system.
- その足利義満も、当初は明国から、「良懐と日本の国王位を争っている持明の臣下」と看做されて、外交関係を結ぶ相手と認識されず、苦労している。
- At first, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was regarded by Ming as 'a vassal of Jimyo who competed for the rank of Japanese King with 良懐', and had difficulty with having Ming approve Yoshimitsu as a partner for diplomatic relations.
- その後、大正・昭和と下るに連れて、日本のナショナリズム・民族主義が強まっていくと、大和魂の語には日本への強い意識が込めらるようになった。
- Later, as Japanese nationalism and racism intensified during the Taisho and Showa periods, the word yamato-damashii began to connote a strong Japanese consciousness.
- 彼らは紀元前350年頃、日本に到着し、水田稲作の知識、銅武器と銅鐸の技術、ろくろで造られ、乾燥炉で焼かれた陶磁器の制作技術をもたらした。
- Yayoi men arrived in Japan around 350 B.C., and they introduced knowledge of wet-paddy rice cultivation, skills with copper arms and dptaku (a bell-shaped bronze vessel), and creative skills with ceramics that were made on the wheel and burnt in a dried burner.
- 湯を使う風呂が一般的でなく、衛生に関する知識や医療が不十分であった時代には、温泉は怪我や病気に驚くべき効能があるありがたい聖地であった。
- During the era when the use of hot water for bathing was not common and the knowledge of hygiene and medical care was insufficient, hot spring was highly valued because of its marvelous benefits for injuries and diseases.
- そうした状況を「生酒ブーム」という表現で切り捨てる酒類評論家も多く、また近年の消費低迷期と関連づけて具体的な苦言を提している識者もいる。
- Many sake commentators speak of the 'namazake boom' and there is a knowledgeable person who brought up the difficulties in concrete form with regard to the recent stagnation in sake consumption.
- 本来の語義からいえば、女形を演じる役者は男にかぎられるものではないが、現在では「男が女を演じる」という認識に立って理解されることが多い。
- In the original meaning, the term, actors who play oyama should not be limited to men, but today, oyama is often recognized as the word which refers to `the man acting a woman.'
- 明治初期に東京で創刊された「新聞」は東京土産になるほど流行したが、知識人層向けで振り仮名や絵もなく、一般大衆には読みにくいものであった。
- Shinbun' which was first issued in Tokyo in early Meiji period became popular to the extent that it became a souvenir of Tokyo, however, this 'shinbun' was directed to the intellectuals and, therefore, it had no furigana (small-sized phonograms put beside Chinese characters to show the sound of those characters) no pictures in it and, therefore, it was hard to read for the general public.
- とはいえ釜山滞在中、吉岡は朝鮮側の心情がかつての文禄・慶長の役に由来する「恐怖の念」によるものであるのではないかという認識を示している。
- During his stay in Busan, he recognized Joseon's hardened attitude as 'fear' resulting from the Bunroku-Keicho Wars.
- 卒伝に「性識聡敏にして群書を渉覧しもっとも筆札を好む」と見え石上宅嗣(いそのかみのやかつぐ)の卒伝に二人が「文人の首」と称されたとある。
- As his official profile given posthumously says that he seemed to be intelligent and sharp, read through many books, and like to write very much, ISONOKAMI no Yakatsugu's one describes them as 'top literary men.'
- しかし農村における共同体意識が急速に失われつつある今日では、大サナブリ、各戸別のサナブリともに顧みられなくなってきているのが現状である。
- In fact, however, both big Sanaburi and Sanaburi at individual homes have been rarely held recently, because the sense of a community has been rapidly disappearing in today's rural communities.
- そして、そうした伊勢派の努力はやっと江戸末期のお伊勢参りの確立によって知識人よりも祖霊性の強い庶民の一部からも支持を得ることに成功した。
- Ise school managed to establish the practice of visiting Ise-jingu Shrine in the late Edo period with their earnest efforts and gained support of part of ordinary people with stronger Sorei nature, rather than intellectual people.
- ただし、無礼な行為によって武士の名誉が傷つけられる事を制止するための正当防衛的な行為と認識されており、無礼を働いた事自体への処罰ではない。
- It was considered a type of justifiable defense to protect the honor of warriors and it did not mean a punishment to the insult itself.
- この時代までの往来物は公家や僧侶などの知識人によって書かれる事が多く、こうした江戸時代以前の作品をまとめて「古往来(こおうらい)」と呼ぶ。
- Oraimono by this period of history were mainly written by the educated classes, such as nobles and Buddhist priests, and therefore the oraimono before the Edo period are collectively called 'Koorai' (literally, old oraimono).
- 会所は人々に文芸の場と認識されていた、こうした視点から、「歌合」と「連歌」という二つの代表的な文芸を通して、会所のなりたちを見ていきたい。
- Kaisho started to be recognized as a place for cultural activities, and we would like to see the formation of Kaisho through this point of view and through the two representative cultural artworks of 'utaawase' (poetry contest) and 'renga' (linked poetry).
- 現実の人体の比例とは全く異った姿に表わされ、かろうじて人物像と認識できる段階までデフォルメされたものが多く、独特の造形感覚で作られている。
- They were made with an unique sense of design, so they cut a figure of the real human body completely out of proportion, in other words, they were deformed so much as to be barely recognizable as a human-like figure.
- ただし、日本では「士」は「侍」に置き換えられ、工と商に区別はなく一括して町人と認識されており、百姓(農)と「町人」との間に序列はなかった。
- In Japan, shi '士' (government official) was replaced with '侍' (samurai or warriors), ko (artisans) and sho (merchants) were collectively recognized as townsman without being differentiated, and no order existed between peasants (no) and the 'townsmen.'
- この事実等から『「一宮記」の諸系統』では、選者は『延喜式神名帳』の式内社であることを強く意識して編纂に当たったのではないかと考察している。
- Therefore 'The Various Lines of Ichinomiya-Ki' concludes that the writer of 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' intended to classify shrines based on whether it had been listed in 'Engi-shiki Jinmyocho' or not.
- しかし、1990年代以降盆栽が海外でも注目を集めるとともに見直す動きが高まり、若者の間でも粋な趣味として再認識されるようになってきている。
- However, from the 1990's, bonsai gathered attention overseas and there has been a trend towards seeing it in a new light, and as a new awareness of bonsai has grown as it has become a stylish hobby among young people.
- 文楽と竹本にさまで大きな内容的相違がないにもかかわらず、これを明確に区分しようとする意識がつよいのはこうした階級意識によるところが大きい。
- This class-based prejudice explains why Bunraku practitioners have a deep-seated mind-set to clearly discriminate against Takemoto in favor of Bunraku, despite no major differences in their practices.
- 環境力 - 当時の最高学府として、新しい情報や知識を俗欲に惑わされず吟味し、実験し、改良していくだけの学究的な時間と空間にも恵まれていた。
- Power of the environment - As the highest educational institutions of those days, major temples enjoyed academic time and space which enabled investigation, experiment and improvement of new information and knowledge without being bothered by worldly desires.
- 以上より平家物語における記述は、平清盛を悪役、重盛を平家一門の良識派として描写する、物語の構成上の演出のための創作であると考えられている。
- As written above, what is mentioned in Heike Monogatari was to portray Shigemori as the one of the Taira clan who could determine what's right and wrong and was just a fiction to spice up the story.
- 土一揆は、惣村の生活が困窮したために発生したというよりも、自治意識の高まった惣村が、主張すべき権利を要求したために発生したと考えた方がよい。
- It should be considered that the peasants' uprisings took place because the soson, which had enhanced their awareness of autonomy, insisted on their rights, not because people in the soson had become poor.
- それによって近代建築オーナーの意識も変わり、近代建築が点在するのではなく「街並み」として「面」として存在することの価値を認識するようになる。
- It changed the attitude of owners of modern architectures, making them aware that modern architectures are not dotting but existing as 'town' or 'area'.
- 彼らは資本主義の発展にともなって鉄道経営が大きな利益をもたらすとともに、産業支配と鉄道支配との間に密接な関連性があることをよく認識していた。
- They were well aware that railway management would bring a huge profit along with the development of capitalism and there is close relationship between the control of industries and the control of railways.
- これと同じように、内でもなければ外でもないという縁側に、空間を仕切る意識が希薄な日本家屋空間独特の曖昧さの構造を見るという文化論も語られる。
- In a similar manner, it is sometimes said that an ambiguous characteristic unique to Japanese houses, in which intention to clearly partition spaces is weak, can also be found in Engawa, which is not totally outside the building but not totally inside the building either.
- しかし、当時の人々の中には、中国から伝来した知識・文化が基盤となって、日本風に味付けしているのだ、という認識が存在していたと考えられている。
- However, it is believed that some people at that time recognized it was founded on Chinese knowledge and culture, which had been altered to make it more Japanese.
- こういった伝来物が日本人には二物を伴った一人の神に見えたため、日本においては福禄寿を三人ではなく一人の神格とする認識が流布したと考えられる。
- As a result, it is considered that, it seemed to the Japanese, there was one god accompanied by two creatures in these paintings whereby Fukurokuju has been generally recognized as one godhead and not three persons in Japan.
- 「煮たすき焼き」をすき焼きと思い込まされた人が上記のすき焼き(関東風、関西風を問わず)を見た時、別の料理であると認識してしまうケースもある。
- It sometimes happens that a person taught that this 'boiled sukiyaki' is sukiyaki would identify the above mentioned original sukiyaki as a different dish altogether, regardless of it being Kanto-style or Kansai-style.
- 1970年代後半から80年代にかけて中高年の間でカラオケブームが起こり、細川たかしのようにカラオケの歌いやすさを意識した演歌歌手が台頭した。
- As a karaoke boom started among middle-aged and elderly people from the late 1970s to the 1980s, enka singers who were conscious of easy songs to sing in karaoke, such as Takashi HOSOKAWA, gained popularity.
- これ以前にはいわゆる武士でなくとも成人男性が平素から帯刀していた習慣があったことは、日本人と剣術とのかかわりの深さを認識する上で重要である。
- The fact that Japanese adult males, including those who were not samurai, customarily wore a sword is an important factor in understanding the close relation between Japanese people and Kenjutsu.
- 現代の日本人の大多数は、宗教に対する帰属意識は薄く、実際には宗教儀礼に参加しているにもかかわらず自分のことを「無宗教」と考える日本人も多い。
- The majority of Japanese people today lack a sense of belonging to religions, and many Japanese also consider themselves to have 'no religion,' although they actually engage in religious rituals.
- ちなみに、團十郎の活歴物は宗十郎と組ませるのが定石であったが、一部の識者以外には人気がなかったため二人の名をかけて「損十郎」と言われていた。
- In Danjuro's katsurekimono (historical play), Danjuro and Sojuro always worked together, but they were not popular except amongst some of the intellectuals so, their play was called 'Son (damage) juro' using their names.
- 意見書によると、ロシアとの共同行為は、恩を感じた清国から艦隊や貯炭所の割譲または租借ができる唯一の可能性を与えるものである、と認識されている。
- According to a written statement, the concerted intervention with Russia was acknowledged among the high officials as the only way to get a cession or a lease of fleets and coal yards from Qing, as Qing would feel obligated to do so if the intervention was successful.
- 皇位を巡る争いとは生涯無縁であったが、学識豊かで楽才にも優れた風流人であり、父醍醐天皇は崩御の間際に重明親王を代明親王共々召して遺詔を託した。
- He never had any disputes over the imperial throne, but he had made great attainments and had refined taste and excellent musical talent, so his father, Emperor Daigo, left him a will in the presence of both Imperial Prince Shigeakira and Imperial Prince Yoshiakira during the Emperor's last moment.
- 一方で前川清の「ひまわり」(2002年ヒット;福山雅治プロデュース)のように演歌歌手がポップスを意識した楽曲を発表するような動きも増えている。
- At the same time, enka singers are increasingly releasing songs with pops in mind, such as 'Himawari' (Sunflower) (became a hit in 2002; produced by Masaharu FUKUYAMA) by Kiyoshi MAEKAWA.
- 来日した外国人や、熱心な宗教信者となった日本人は、多くの日本人が無意識の内に「和」を至上のものとする思想をもつことを見出すことができるという。
- Foreign visitors to Japan and the Japanese who become avid religious followers say they can see that many Japanese people unconsciously have an idea of placing supreme importance on 'harmony.'
- 没年となった貞観19年(877年)には、小野山荘に大江音人、藤原冬緒、菅原是善といった知識人を招き、本邦初の尚歯会を開催したことでも知られる。
- In 877, the year in which he was to die, he invited such intellects as OE no Otondo, FUJIWARA no Fuyuo, and SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, and held shoshikai (a think tank) for the first time ever in Japan.
- その話を零士が聞き継いだ為に、無意識に作品に出てくる女性のモデルとなっていたと松本零士自身が語っている。(コスモウォーリアー零 外伝 2より)
- Reiji MATSUMOTO said that since he had heard that ancestor's story, he unconsciously used Takako as a model for female characters of his works (cited 'Cosmo Warrior Zero, Side Story 2').
- 他宗教と比べて現世主義的であり、性善説的であり、まつられるもの(神)とまつるもの(信奉者)との間の連体意識が強い、などといった特徴がみられる。
- As compared with other religions, shinto religion is more inclined to secularism and belief in the innate goodness of man and seems to have a characteristic that a strong sense of solidarity has been built up between an enshrined subject (Kami (God)) and worshipers (believers).
- 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
- Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.
- それまで分散して居住し特に連帯してこなかった百姓らが、新たに集住して村落をつくり、強い自治意識と連帯意識に支えられた惣村を形成するようになった。
- The peasants who had lived individually, started to live in a new village and form a soson community with strong autonomous concerns and sense of common bonds.
- 蝦夷に統一アイデンティティーは無かったと解するか、日本との交渉の中で民族意識が形成されたであろうと想定するかは、研究者の間で意見が分かれている。
- Opinions are varied among researchers regarding the interpretation of whether the Emishi lacked a unified identity or if their ethnic consciousness was formed while they were negotiating with Japan.
- 速水家が医者として名家であったこと、宗達の学者としての高い見識と茶の湯に対する学究的態度が評価されたこともあり、一燈の門人では随一の人とされる。
- Sotatsu was respected as a prominent disciple of Itto Soshitsu, because of his deep insight as a scholar and his academic approach to the tea ceremony, beside the pedigree of his Hayami family as distinguished doctors.
- 盛平伝承の合気道は、剣杖など武器による武術を豊富に伝えていながら、古来の武術と一線を画して、万有愛護と宇宙の生成に寄与するためという意識が強い。
- Aikido, as handed down by Morihei, teaches many martial arts using weapons such as swords and cane staffs, but it draws its lineage from the ancient martial arts and has a strong sense of loving and protecting all things, as well as to contribution to the formation of the universe.
- 近世までの日本は、現在の開発途上国と同様の状況(栄養不足・健康への知識不足・貧困など)が原因で乳幼児が成人するまでの生存率はきわめて低くかった。
- Until modern times in Japan, for the same reasons as those of current developing countries (malnutrition, deficient knowledge of health and poverty, etc.), the probability of small babies surviving to adulthood was quite low.
- 風物詩(ふうぶつし)とは、ある季節特有の自然現象、味覚、生物、物売りなどであり、その季節をより意識に特徴づける事ができる、物・事柄のことである。
- Fubutsushi means events or things unique to a season--natural phenomena, tastes, living things, and street vendors-- that characterize the season in people's mind.
- その他にも、本草学では『綱目注疏』、『綱目外異名疏』、名物学では全85巻からなる『古名録』や『紫藤園攷証』があり、伴存の学識を知ることが出来る。
- In addition, in the field of herbalism there are 'Komoku Chuso'and 'Komokugai Imyoso' and in the field of meibutsu-gaku (study of names and characteristics of objects) there are 'Komei-roku'which consists of a total of 85 volumes and 'Shitoen Kosho'; and from these we can see Tomoari's scholarship.
- テレビ放送の開始で、映画が全盛期から斜陽期へと向かう時代が忍び寄る中、映画関係者の中にはテレビに敵対意識を持ったり、蔑視する者が少なくなかった。
- Amid the transition of the film industry from heyday to falling period due to the start of TV broadcasting service, many people involved in films held hostility towards TV and looked down on it.
- 興福寺宣教に師事して唯識法相を学ぶ一方で苦業練行を重ね、天平15年(743年)正月に「師主元興寺賢璟」として同族の子麻呂を優婆塞に貢進推挙した。
- Under Senkyo, master of the Hosso sect at Kofuku-ji Temple, Kenkei studied vijnapti-matrata or Consciousness-only school (aka Yuishiki or wei shih, i.e. a theory that all existence is subjective and nothing exists outside of the mind) and dharmalaksana or Dharma-character school (aka Hosso or faxiang, i.e. the specific characteristics of all manifest phenomena), and also practiced a kind of asceticism called kugo-rengyo, and in the new year of 743, as Shishu (Master) Kenkei of Kofuku-ji Temple he nominated Komaro, who was his relative, for becoming an ubasoku (aka upasaka, referring to a lay servant).
- 「近き火、また恐ろし<枕草子・せめておそろしきもの>」や、現在でも「マッチ一本火事の元」という言葉にあるように、危険物として火は認識されてきた。
- Used in the words, 'Close fire is also dreadful ', or 'A match may cause a fire' at the present days, fire has been recognized as a dangerous thing.
- 身分秩序を無視して公家や天皇といった時の権威を嘲笑し、粋で華美な服装や振る舞いを好む美意識であり、後の戦国時代における下剋上的行動の一種とされる。
- Basara represents a particular aesthetics in which people disregarded social class or rank, laughed scornfully at authorities such as court nobles or the Emperor, and esteemed fashionable and glamorous garments or behaviors; it was considered to be a type of behavior that was manifested in gekokujo (an inversion of the social order in which the lowly people reigned over the elite), which flourished in the subsequent Sengoku period (the period of warring states).
- 一般的に「苛烈な悪法」「天下の悪法」として人々に認識されているが、江戸時代史見直しと共に徳川綱吉治世の見直し論も起こり、この令も再検討されている。
- This law has been recognised as a 'seriously wrong law' and an 'evil, autocratic law', but as the Edo Period subject to review, the rule of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA and this law are also under re-examination.
- 形状は、小判を意識した楕円形で、中心部に正方形の穴が開けられ、表面には「天保通寳」、裏面には「當百」と表記され、金座後藤家の花押が鋳込まれている。
- The coin had an elliptical shape that resembled koban (former Japanese oval coin), having a square hole in the center, of which Chinese characters '天保通寳' (Tenpo-tsuho) was written on the front, '當百' (Tohyaku; referring that 1 Tenpo-tsuho was equivalent to 100 mon [a unit of currency]) and Kao (written seal mark) of the Goto family, kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) on the back.
- ただし、近代化によって変質したものも多い(従ってその起源はあまり認識されず、夏祭りは一般的に厳粛な行事ではなく、華やかな行事とされる傾向が強い)。
- At the same time, however, a large number of summer festivals have changed their nature in the process of modernization, so that their origins have become obscure in the minds of people who tend to observe natsumatsuri as a glamorous event rather than a solemn ceremony.
- この頃から京都では、下京にあった藪内家を下流と呼び、これに対して上京の三千家をひとまとめに上流と呼ぶ習慣があり、同流儀の三家として認識されていた。
- At around this time in Kyoto, there was a custom of referring to Yabunouchi family in Shimogyo as the Shimo School and the Sansenke in Kamigyo as the Kami School, and the three households were recognized as a single school.
- 日本において、信長周辺にこれらヨーロッパ軍事知識がどのように伝わっており、長篠の戦闘などに応用されたという可能性は興味深く、今後の研究が待たれる。
- In Japan, how European military knowledge was introduced into the people around Nobunaga and the possibility that the knowledge was applied to the Battle of Nagashino is interesting and remains to be proved.
- しかしその水準の高い技法や知識は、各地の造り酒屋や杜氏の流派へ受け継がれていき、江戸時代初期には『童蒙酒造記』のように秘伝書に記述されたりもした。
- However, the high-level technique and knowledge concerning soboshu were passed on to breweries and schools of toji (sake brewing experts) in various areas, and even documented in a hidensho (book of secrets) such as 'Domoshuzoki (a technical book on sake brewing)' in the early Edo period.
- このように、理解ある藩主に恵まれたことや良きパトロンを得られたこと、さらに識見ある先達との交流を得られたことは、伴存の学問の大成に大きく影響した。
- Being blessed with such an understanding feudal lord, being supported by such a good patron, and exchanging with insightful predecessors greatly influenced the perfection of Tomoari's learning.
- また、儒学を好み誰しもが認める博識であったが、意外にも文学を不得手としており、「和歌の道に堪えず」と公言して漢詩も得意ではなかったと言われている。
- It is said that everyone was aware of his liking of Confucianism and his extensive knowledge, but he expressed a surprising lack of skill with literature, declaring that he 'couldn't stand traditional Japanese waka poetry' and that Chinese poetry was also not his forte.
- 「透視」に成功した場合でも、意識が集中できないとして彼女は常に観察者に対して背を向けて「透視」しており、側面や正面からの観察は頑なに拒否していた。
- Even in successful cases of 'toshi,' she always put her back to observers when performing 'toshi,' saying that she could not concentrate, and refused stubbornly observations from the side and the front.
- 在唐中、百高座の第2に選ばれ、「法華経疏」「唯識僉議(ゆいしきせんぎ)」など40巻余りを筆削し、500巻余りの聖教要文を書写して日本に持ち帰った。
- In China, he was selected the second highest in the Hundred High Seat, revised some 40 rolls of sutra-related documents including 'Hokekyo-gisho' and 'Yuishiki-sengi,' and brought back to Japan about 500 rolls of key passages from Buddhist sutra he had copied by hand.
- とはいうものの、この合祀政策は、博物学者・民俗学者で変形菌の研究で知られる南方熊楠ら知識人が言論によって強い反対を示すことによって次第に収束した。
- Nonetheless, the shrine merger policy was gradually brought to an end by fierce opposition from intellectuals including Kumagusu MINAKATA, a natural historian and ethnologist known for his studies in slime mould.
- 政府は神道全般に共通の教義の体系の整備の不可能性と、近代国家が復古神道の教義によって民衆を直接に支配することの不可能性とを認識したと言われている。
- The government is said to have realized that it would not be possible for the modern state to either develop a common religious principle code or directly rule citizens using Fukko Shinto (returning to the ancient Shinto).
- ただし、当時の日本では高度な数学の必要性に対する認識が低かったらしく、実務的な基本的な算術学習に留まり、高等数学などは扱わなかったと言われている。
- However, it is likely that the necessity of advanced mathematics was not recognized keenly in Japan at that time, and it is said that what was learned was only basic pragmatical arithmetic and no advanced mathematics were involved.
- また、個別人身支配を受けるべき個々の民は、かつてのように地域首長層の末裔たる郡司の首長権への精神的服従意識によって統率された存在ではなくなっていた。
- Further, individuals who were supposed to be subject to people-based governance were no more the people who were led by mental obedience consciousness to the chieftaincy of Gunji, the descendants of the chiefs of village communities.
- 中世の民衆意識においては何かしら偉業を成し遂げるためには個人的な資質だけなく、血統的な資質もなければいけないというようなことが漠然と考えられていた。
- During the medieval ages, people vaguely thought that not only personal assets but also genealogical assets were necessary in order to accomplish great deeds.
- 阿倍氏には『日本書紀』などでも外国への使者などに派遣される人物が多く、倉梯麻呂は家柄のみならずそれなりの見識を買われて新政権に参加した可能性が高い。
- Probably Kurahashimaro was invited to join the new administration due to his considerable wisdom rather than just for his family lineage, because many members of the Abe clan were sent to foreign countries as emissaries according to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- このように、明治以降の歴史認識・歴史叙述には、2つの潮流 - 歴史に普遍性を見出す方向と日本の歴史の独自性を強調する方向 - を見出しうるのである。
- Thus, two flows of thoughts, the direction of trying to find universality in history and the direction of emphasizing uniqueness of Japanese history, can be found in the recognition of history and descriptions of history during the Meiji period and later.
- しかし、清韓自身は家康の諱を「かくし題」とした意識的な撰文であると弁明しており、五山の僧の答申はいずれも諱を避けなかったことについて問題視している。
- However, Seikan himself expressed an apology that the inscription was selected intentionally because it included a phrase with Ieyasu's imina hidden in it, and each priest in the Gozan reported that it was a problem that Seikan did not avoid Ieyasu's imina.
- もともとこの地域は自立意識の高い国人衆が多く、彼らと連合政権のような政治を実施していくために、城郭も広い屋敷をもつ曲輪が必要であったと思われている。
- From the beginning, there were many Kokujin-shu (local samurai) with independent spirits, and it is thought that the castle needed to have Kuruwa, which contain large residences, so as to help establish a coalition government with them.
- 中でも知識に対する貪欲さはすさまじく、皇帝から下賜された品々を売り払って、その代価ですべて書籍を購入して積み帰ったと唐の正史に記されるほどであった。
- It is recorded in the official history of Tang that their thirst for knowledge in particular was so insatiable that some people from Japan sold goods bestowed by the emperor and spent all the money to buy books to take back to Japan.
- しかし、識者から日本酒の純粋性と品質低下を招くとの根強い批判があったために、大蔵省は第2次増産酒は原則として清酒三級として取り扱うよう通達を出した。
- However, since some intellectuals strongly criticized that this would result in the deterioration of purity and quality of sake, the Ministry of the Treasury issued a notification that the second Zosanshu should be basically treated as a third-grade seishu.
- 大和魂(やまと-だましい)は、外来の学問・知識を日本に採り入れる際に必要な判断力・能力、または情緒(もののあはれ)を理解する心などを指す用語・概念。
- Yamato-damashii is a term and concept referring to the judgment and ability that are necessary in accepting foreign scholarship and knowledge in Japan, as well as the heart to appreciate feelings (mono no aware), etc.
- 一方、勝敗を意識して、難易度の高い型を選ぶ、同じ型でもより見栄えのするように演武する弊害、いわゆる「華手(ハナディー)」の問題なども指摘されている。
- However, at the same time an adverse effect--the so-called 'the problem of 'hanadee' (flamboyant kata)'--is pointed out, whereby practitioners select high-level kata, or even if they select the same kata they demonstrate it in a flamboyant way in order to win competitions.
- 2005年5月には創作オリジナル踊りの名称を決める会議が、実行委員会と事務局、有識者などを集めて数回開催され、正式に「京炎 そでふれ!」と決まった。
- In May 2005, the Executive Committee of Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa, Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa Administration Office and key figures held several meetings to talk about the name of the original dance, finally deciding on 'Kyoen Sodefure!' as the official name.
- そうした場合、しばしば地元の住人はその食品が自らの地域特有の「郷土料理」であることを認識しておらず、全国区的な食品と思い込んでいることも珍しくない。
- However local residents are often ignorant that those foods are unique to their own communities as 'local dishes,' assuming the foods are common ones nationwide.
- また欧米各国の識者からも、実際の運用能力への留保はありつつ、その内容に関しては高く評価された(具体例としてエルヴィン・フォン・ベルツが挙げられる)。
- While there were some reservations regarding its actual operational abilities, the constitution was highly acclaimed by intellectuals in U. S. and European countries (with a specific example being Erwin von Bälz) in terms of its contents.
- 世阿弥に師事し、その娘婿となった禅竹は、世阿弥から「拾玉得花」「花鏡」等の伝書を相伝するとともに、その演技によって当時の知識人たちから人気を集めた。
- Zenchiku, who had studied under Zeami and become his son-in-law, inherited books of secrets such as 'Shugyoku Tokka (Finding Gems and Gaining the Flower)' and 'Kakyo (A Mirror Held to the Flower)' from Zeami, and his performances became popular among men of letters of the time.
- 明治24年、愛蔵はキリスト教精神に則り、東穂高禁酒会を提唱し、都会に憧れ、新しい知識を求めようとする村の青年たちに、キリスト教を語り、禁酒を勧めた。
- In 1891, Aizo advocated Higashihotaka Temperance Society following the spirit of Christianity, and talked about Christianity to the young people in the village who would yearn for large cities and intend to search for new knowledge, and recommended them not to drink alcohol.
- 葉隠聞略においては、鍋島直茂が氏郷を六角氏の正統として認識していた発言が認められ、当時の人々に氏郷が六角氏正嫡として認められていた事実がうかがえる。
- In Hagakure Monryaku, we can find the statement that Naoshige NABESHIMA recognized Ujisato to be the main branch of the Rokkaku clan, so we can gather the fact that the people in those days realized that Ujisato was a legal descendant of the Rokkaku clan.
- 貞観_(日本)10年(868年)から同14年(872年)にかけては宮廷の神泉苑を監修し、その過程で菅原道真や紀長谷雄といった知識人とも親交を結んだ。
- He supervised Shinsen-en Temple at the Imperial Court from 868 to 872, and in the process he formed friendship with intellectual persons such as SUGAWARA no Michizane and KI no Haseo.
- なお、政府は神道に共通する教義体系の創造の不可能性と、近代国家が復古神道的な教説によって直接に民衆を統制することの不可能性を認識したと言われている。
- The government is said to have learned from this debate that it was impossible to establish a common Shinto doctrine and to rule the people of the modern state directly through its restoration.
- 即ちこの地においては天照大神が冠を置かれた、御冠石(みこいわ)伝承とも相俟って天照大神と瀬織津姫がご一対の神々である、と認識されていた可能性が高い。
- In other words, it is highly possible that in this area, Amaterasu Omikami and Seoritsu-hime were regarded as a pair of gods, combined with the tradition of Mikoiwa Stone on which Amaterasu Omikami placed his headdress.
- だが、後世に入ると武士や商人・農民など身分それぞれの必要に合わせた知識や慣習を盛り込んだものや習字用の「字尽し」など書簡形式をとらないものが著された。
- In later years, some oraimono were composed of knowledge and customs necessary for each social status, such as samurai, merchants and farmers, while 'Jizukushi,' which were not in the form of correspondence, were compiled for calligraphy practice.
- タイノ原線の建設は、世界遺産登録へ向けての再調査・整備に先立つ1988年から1997年にかけてのことであったが、小辺路を知る識者からは批判が集まった。
- Tainohara Route was built in 1988 to 1997 before the re-investigations and the maintenances for the inscription of World Heritage site, and the intellects who knew Kohechi bitterly opposed the construction.
- 日本側は外務省理事官森山茂と広津弘信、朝鮮側は東莱府の官僚が交渉のテーブルに着いたが、やはり書契に使用される文字について両者の認識に食い違いが生じた。
- Shigeru MORIYAMA and Hironobu HIROTSU, a councilor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from Japan and bureaucrats from Dongrae-Bu (the administrative districts in Korea) sat down at the negotiating table, but the same as before, there were differences between them about the words used in the sovereign's messages.
- また、武家政権である鎌倉幕府の性格からの武断的措置であるとする解釈や、対外危機を意識させ防戦体制を整える上での決定的措置であるとする考え方などがある。
- Some also consider that a decision was made, trying to solve the problem by force of arms, taking into consideration the nature of Kamakura bakufu as a military government, or trying to prepare the defense system by alerting its people about a threat from foreign countries.
- この意識は少なくとも室町末期ごろまで続き、後世に言われるような「裏切りは卑怯」「主君と生死を共にするのが武士」といった考え方は当時は主流ではなかった。
- This concept continued until at least the late Muromachi period and the ideas that a 'betrayer is a coward' 'samurais should die with their lords' were not mainstream at the time.
- 尚、中国における伝統医学「中医学」において、みかんは体を温める食べ物として分類されるため、風邪を引いた際には食べてはならない食品として認識されている。
- As mikan is classified as a food that warms body in the traditional Chinese medical science 'Chuigaku,' it is recognized as a food to avoid when you have caught a cold..
- 1910年代後半になると、争いを繰り返す政治に絶望した知識人たちは、文学や学問といった文化による啓蒙活動で社会改革を目指そうとする新文化運動を興した。
- In the late 1910s, the intellectuals who were in despair over repetitive conflicts in politics, started a New Culture Movement, aiming at social reform through an awareness campaign involving culture such as literature and learning.
- 彼が残した偈文に「弥勒菩薩真弥勒、世人は皆な識らず、云々」という句があったことから、実は布袋は弥勒の垂迹、つまり化身なのだという伝聞が広まったという。
- It is said that a rumor saying that Hotei is a Miroku (a bodhisattva) incarnate was spread because he left a Gemon (religious verse) starting with a phrase: 'Although people are not aware, I am Miroku bodhisattva.'
- 同じような主題や図様、独特の技法を意識的に選択・踏襲することで流派のアイデンティティを保持する一方で、絵師独自の発見と解釈が加わり再構成されていった。
- While the Rinpa school maintained its identity by deliberately choosing and following similar subjects, design and unique technique, artists added their own discoveries and interpretations to augment the existing style.
- 三谷幸喜のエッセイにもある話だが、すき焼きを「軽く炒めた肉に水を加え、醤油と砂糖と野菜類としらたきを入れて煮込んだ料理」と認識している人がかなりいる。
- As Koki MITANI described in his essay, a considerable number of people understand sukiyaki to be 'a dish in which meat is lightly grilled, then water is added and boiled together with sauce, sugar, vegetables and shirataki.'
- 実際に5世の子孫だったかには賛否両論あるが、この事例は5世の子孫までは皇位継承権を持ちうる先例となって、その後の皇位断絶に強く意識されることとなった。
- There were theories approving and disapproving whether the Emperor Keitai was in fact the descendant of Emperor Ojin or not, but this experience was accepted as an example of allowing descendants, up to five generations, succeed to the throne, it was strongly reflected in the discontinuity of Imperial succession later on.
- しかし、第2次世界大戦中に、もんぺの不便さが認識されたこと、戦後混乱期に衣類市場が空白になったところに、アメリカの援助物資としての洋服が大量流入した。
- However, the inconvenience of monpe (women's work pants) was recognized during World War II and there was a mass influx of western clothes as part of American aid when there was a shortage of clothing during the postwar chaos.
- 両者とも穢れに対する意識はあるがもっとも異なるのは、死そのものに対する考えで、神道では死や血を穢れとするが仏教では神道のようには死を穢れとみなさない。
- Both Shinto and Buddhism are conscious of Kegare, but the biggest difference between the both is the notion of death, and while Shinto considers death and blood as Kegare, Buddhism does not regard death as Kegare like Shinto does.
- その時代には、「一揆は強者たる武士からの抑圧に対する、弱者たる民衆の決死の反抗であり、平等意識のもとで強固な団結力を持っていた」とみなす一揆観があった。
- A view of ikki in that period asserts that ikki was a do-or-die rebellion among the commoners, or the weak, against suppression by samurai warriors (the strong), and the ikki had strong solidarity under the consciousness of equality.
- また、藤原伊尹が重態になった折に円融天皇が摂政の上表をすぐに受理してしまった事に対して藤原済時がその不見識(3度目まで待たなかったこと)を非難している。
- When FUJIWARA no Koretane became very ill, the Emperor Enyu accepted Johyo from a Sessho (Regent) straight away and FUJIWARA no Naritoki criticized this dishonorable behavior (that the Emperor did not wait until he received the third Johyo).
- 朝廷の側に立ち、反乱側に立った自らと同じ原初の武士達を倒して同乱の鎮圧に勲功のあった者の家系は、承平天慶勲功者、すなわち正当なる武芸の家系と認識された。
- Warriors who took the side of the Court and fought against those in the same social class in order to suppress the war, were recognized as performing a deed of valor and thus were also considered as being a proper warrior line.
- 1980年代までは、「老朽化した古いビルのオフィス街」という認識であったが、1988年に起こった旧神戸商工会議所ビルの保存運動が街再生のきっかけとなる。
- The perceptions of The Former Foreign Settlement was 'Business district of decrepit old buildings' until 1980, however, the preservation movement of Former Kobe Chamber of Commerce and Industry Building occurred in 1988 triggered the revitalization of the town.
- どんな相手でも相手があって初めて技術の向上が出来ることや相手から自身が学べたり初心に帰る事など、相互扶助であるという認識を常に忘れない心の緊張でもある。
- It is also tension of mind for always remembering to acknowledge mutual aid, so as to improve his or her own techniques, understand oneslf, or reset oneself, owing to the presence of the opponent of any kind.
- 「あるもの」を加えなくても原料が酒に変化する単発酵の酒文化圏である西洋においては、酵母の存在が科学的に認識されたのは19世紀に入ってからのことであった。
- In the West that belongs to the liquor culture region of single-fermentation where ingredients turn into liquor without adding 'something,' the existence of yeasts was scientifically proven only in the 19th century.
- 現行の道路交通法では人力車は軽車両の扱いとなるが、自転車とはならないため、自転車道および道路標識によって自転車通行可とされた歩道を通行する事は出来ない。
- Under the current Road Traffic Act, jinrikisha are regarded as light vehicles, rather than bicycles, and therefore cannot use bicycle lanes or sidewalks where signposts permit bicycles.
- 明治20年から21年にかけて欧米の経済機関視察に加わった脩造は、信用調査機関の必要性を再認識し、明治24年、大阪に商業興信所を設立して自ら総長となった。
- Shuzo, who attended to inspect the economic institutions in Europe and the U.S. from 1887 to 1888 reaffirmed the importance of the credit research company and established the commercial agency in Osaka to become its representative.
- このような行為の宗教的な意味合いは強く意識されていないが、同じようなものが多くあり、流鏑馬、競馬(くらべうま)などの競技や、物や動物を使ったものがある。
- The religious meaning of such acts is not strongly felt, but there are many examples like this, such as competitions like yabusame (horseback archery) and kurabeuma (horse racing), using objects and animals.
- ただし、自らを蝦夷の子孫と伝承してきたことは確かであり、「朝敵」の子孫であるとする系図を伝えてきたことが、北奥地方に独特の系譜認識を示すものとされている。
- However, it is certain that the Ando clan itself handed down this tradition that they were Emishi's descendent, and the fact that they themselves handed down the genealogical record that they were the descendent of 'Emperor's enemy,' shows a unique recognition on the genealogy in the northern Ou region.
- また、現代の天文知識に基づき当時の月齢を計算すると、この日は天文上の朔に当たるが、これは天文上の朔にあわせるため、庚辰の日を即位日としたと考えられている。
- Also, when the moon cycle of the time is calculated based on current knowledge of astronomy this day falls on am astronomical new moon; it is thought that Kanoe-Tatsu was chosen for the accession in order to match it with the new moon.
- ところが、近時住宅地にのみこまれた文化財は、地震等による大火で失われる確立が過去に無いほど非常に危険な状態にあると危惧する声が有識者の中から上がっている。
- However, experts are voicing the fear that the probability that cultural properties enveloped by the sprawl of recent residential areas can become lost in fires caused by earthquakes and other factors is greater than ever before.
- 大覚寺統内部では当初より後醍醐天皇は傍流、中継ぎとして認識されており、その即位は兄後二条天皇の遺児である皇太子邦良親王成人までという条件付のものであった。
- In the Daikakuji-to lineage, the Emperor Go-Daigo had been considered from the beginning as a caretaker emperor, and his enthronement was conditional, to be terminated at the time when the Prince Kuniyoshi, son of the late Emperor Go-Nijo (his elder brother), would be grown up.
- 政治の中心は、征夷大将軍たちが執政のため幕府を置いた東日本へと移るが、この時期には仏教の新宗派が数多く興り、その勢力の拡大は識字人口を増やすこととなった。
- While the center of politics moved to the eastern Japan, where seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') established the Bakufu for management of national politics, a large number of new schools of Buddhism were created in this period and the extension of their influence increased the number of literate population.
- しかし、美味しい寿司が握れる職人になるには、市場で生鮮魚類を見極める力や、多様な魚の旬を知って脂が乗る時季は薄く切る、などの知識や経験、技術が必要である。
- However, to become a sushi chef who makes good sushi, an ability to distinguish fresh fish at a market, knowledge, experiences and techniques such as slicing fish more thinly when fish are fatty based on the knowledge about season of various kinds of fish, and so on are required.
- 観光ボランティアガイドの成長の背景には、ありきたりの観光地の説明ではなく、ディープな知識を吸収したい、新しい発見をしたいという観光客のニーズも見逃せない。
- Tourism volunteer guides arose to meet the needs of those tourists who were not satisfied with talks about the usual sightseeing spots and wanted to acquire a deep knowledge and discover something new.
- 3年の留学の後、知識と技術を得た彼らのうち数人は後に現東京工業大学の第1期卒業生となり、ある者は美術家となるが、彼らの多くは日本国内の建築分野で活躍した。
- A good deal of knowledge was gained from the three-year mission and, after returning to Japan, many of the delegates played an important part in architectural circles, some became artists, while others became the first graduates of what is now known as the Tokyo Institute of Technology.
- 弘化2年(1845年)省吾は日本初の世界地図である『新製輿地全図』(しんせいよちぜんず)と、その解説書で西洋地理書の『坤輿図識』(こんよずしき)を著した。
- In 1845 Shogo published Japan's first map of the world 'Shinsei yochi zenzu' (A New Complete Map of the World) and 'Konyo zushiki' (An Overview of the Geography of the World) that explains the former as well as Western geography.
- 尾張家・紀州家から見ると、極官の官位が低く(他のニ家は大納言だが、水戸家は権中納言)、石高が低いことなどから一段格下の家柄というのが世間一般の認識ではある。
- The Mito family's kyokkan (the highest rank one could be appointed in his lineage) in the Imperial Court rank system is lower than those of the Owari family and Kishu family (those of these two families were Dainagon [the Chief Councilor of State], while that of the Mito family was Gon Chunagon [the provisional Vice-Councilor of State]), and the kokudaka of the Mito family was lower than those of these two families; therefore, it is generally considered that its social status was lower by one rank than those of the other two families.
- 平田家は平安時代末期より代々蔵人所出納を務め、後には世襲してきたが、政務や公事、儀式に必要な知識などを歴代当主が日記の形式で書き残して子孫へと伝えていった。
- From the end of the Heian period, the Hirata family served as secretary 'suino' at the Bureau of Archives for generations; the successive heads of the family recorded things including knowledge necessary for political affairs, public affairs, and ceremonies in a diary to hand down to their descendants.
- そこで秀吉が多くの学識者から意見を聴取した結果、朝廷より源平藤橘(源氏・平氏・藤原氏・橘氏の総称)に匹敵する新姓を賜ることが公明正大であるという結論を得た。
- Then, after consulting many academic experts, Hideyoshi reached a conclusion that it would be justifiable to be granted a newly created honsei (original name) by the Imperial Court, matching the genpeitokitsu (general term of four major honseis : the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan, and the Tachibana clan).
- 古代のウジは、血縁関係ないし血縁意識によって結ばれた多くの家よりなる同族集団で、有力家族の長が氏上(うじのかみ、うじがみ)となり、族長的な地位に立っていた。
- Ancient uji were peer groups of many families joined by blood relationships or blood consciousness, and the head of a powerful family became the head of the uji and occupied a position similar to the head of a clan.
- 当時の日本国内では、対元戦争を日本の神と元の神の争いと見る観念が広く共有されており、歌詠みや諸社による折伏・祈祷は日本の神の力を強めるものと認識されていた。
- In Japan at that time, people had a common idea of seeing the war against the Yuan Dynasty as the war between the Japanese gods and Yuan gods, and believed that the power of the Japanese gods would be strengthened by creating poems and performing shakubuku and prayers in shrines.
- 一方、朝鮮の両班階層(支配層)の間では明の援軍のおかげにより朝鮮は滅亡を免れたのだという意識(「再造之恩」)が強調され、明への恩義を重視する思想が広まった。
- On the other hand, among yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea) (ruling class) of Korea, understanding that Korea could narrowly avoid ruin thanks to reinforcements from Ming ('再造之恩') was underscored and the thought to attach importance to gratitude towards Ming spread widely.
- 一揆の際には農村側に立って先導するような百姓側の代表としての意識の強いものと、支配機構の末端をになう下級官吏の面が強く一揆などの際に標的となる場合もあった。
- Some headmen (nanushi or shoya) had a strong sense of being a representative of the peasants, who led riots on farmers' side, while others became a target in uprisings because of their being the rank and file of the government in direct contact with the public.
- 驚きという感情は本人の認識と現実の格差からも生まれるものでもあり、その格差を自身の誤解と認めなければ、現実がおかしいと帰結したための、怪奇な現象ともいえる。
- The feelings of surprise which arise from the gap between the recognition and the reality, and it is also an unnatural phenomenon led by the conclusion that the reality was not right unless you don't recognize the gap came from your misunderstanding.
- 虚飾性を排し、単純な一枚の布で全ての機能が完結する「潔さ」が、日本人が古来から持つ「美意識」と共通するものがあり、日本の古典的な理想の男子像にも例えられる。
- It can represent 'graciousness' that excludes vanity and completes all the functions with a simple piece of cloth, and it reminds us 'the sense of beauty' that the Japanese have cherished since ancient times, and can even exemplify the classic and ideal image of a man in Japan.
- 一般に略式のくだけた格好であると考えられており、特に羽織を略した姿は粋や通にかよう独特の美意識と下層階級的な意気のよさ、卑俗な感じを持つものであるとされる。
- Generally speaking, kinagashi is considered to be an informal and casual style, and especially it is thought that the costume in which haori is omitted shows a unique aesthetic sense which is common to iki (粋, traditional aesthetic ideal in Japan like nattiness) and tsu (通, highly cultivated person in Japan like a connoisseur), and high spirits and vulgar impressions which illustrate characteristics of the lower classes.
- 胎蔵界曼荼羅での大黒天は、シヴァとその聖なる白牛ナンディン(白い水牛が中国や日本で認識されずに、山羊や兎の姿で誤描写)を降伏させている憤怒相で描かれている。
- In Gharba-mandala, Daikokuten is depicted as defeating Shiva and his sacred white buffalo, Nandin (in China or Japan, Nandin was incorrectly drawn as a goat or rabbit because a white buffalo was not recognized there) with an angry expression on his face.
- が、皇學館大學教授の清水潔によれば藤原通俊や大江匡房という知識人はその存在を知り才を磨く参考にしていたという、また一条兼良も有職故実の研究に活用したとされる。
- However, according to Kiyoshi SHIMIZU, a professor of Kogakkan University, some intellectuals such as FUJIWARA no Michitoshi and OE no Masafusa referred to it in order to develop their talents, finding its existence, and Kaneyoshi ICHIJO also utilized it for research of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette).
- この台風のときの被害は地元では28水(28災とも)として知られ、このときの水位は福知山と水害を伝える資料として市内御霊公園にはそれを示す標識が設置されている。
- The damage caused by this typhoon is known by local residents as the twenty-eight flood (twenty-eight damage), and a signboard showing the water level at this time is posted in Goryo Park within the city, as information material concerning Fukuchiyama and flood damage.
- 近年の研究では、身体能力に優れ、厳しい規律に律された諜報集団という面の他に、優れた動植物の知識や化学の知識を持つ技術者集団としての一面も持つことが判っている。
- A recent study shows that ninja was a group of engineers who had abundant knowledge of animals and plants, and chemistry as well as a group of intelligence agents who had great physical ability and were strictly disciplined.
- 『拳法概説』(昭和4年)に紹介されている喜屋武朝徳の説明によれば、裸で稽古する理由は「皮膚を強靱に鍛へると共に力の配合を明確に意識せん」がためであるとされる。
- Chotoku KYAN explained in 'Kenpo Gaisetsu' (an outline of kenpo, 1929) that karate practitioners would exercise in shirtless conditions because 'they try to strengthen their skin and concentrate their mind on the balance of strength.'
- ぶぶ漬けを勧められても一旦はこれを断るのは常識であり、もし遠慮も無く真に受けて食べてしまうと、家人に「あの人は厚かましい」という印象を抱かれてしまいかねない。
- It is considered as a common-sense for a visitor to once decline an offer of bubu zuke, and, therefore, if he accepts the offer and takes it without reserve, he will give an impression to the host that 'he or she is bold.'
- 「お化け坂 (目の錯覚により上り坂に見えるが実際は下り坂であるような坂)」など、本来は上っているはずだという認識の前提が、大きく崩れる(変化する)からである。
- Things like 'obake-zaka slope' (a slope which looks like an upslope due to an illusion but it is actually a downslope) which break up (change) your presupposed notion that you are walking up a slope.
- なお術の名称については中国では、片刃の刀と両刃(諸刃)の剣が明確に別の武器であると認識されているが、日本では刀と剣の認識が混ざってしまい曖昧となってしまった。
- Concerning the name of this martial art, single edged swords 'katana' (刀) and double edged swords 'tsurugi' (剣) were clearly distinguished in China while their distinction was ambiguous in Japan.
- 頼長は幼時より令名高く、膨大な和漢の書を読み「日本一の大学生、和漢の才に富む」(にっぽんいちのだいがくしょう、わかんのざえにとむ)とその学識の高さを評された。
- His name was held in high repute from the time Yorinaga was in the cradle; he was extensively read in Japanese and Chinese literature and highly regarded as a scholar, 'The most advanced student in Japan endowed with the talents in Japanese and Chinese literature.'
- 国芳はまた、柴田是真(蒔絵、画家)、渡辺崋山(田原藩家老、学者、画家)ら当時の文化人とも交流があり、画風にも当時の新知識を彼なりに研究・吸収した跡が見られる。
- Kuniyoshi also built a good relationship with various cultural figures, including Zeshin SHIBATA (a maki-e painter [Japanese lacquer sprinkled with gold or silver powder] and a traditional painter) and Kazan WATANABE (the chief retainer of the TAHARA clan, a scholar and a painter), and his paintings show that he acquired new knowledge from them and used it in his own way.
- また、中世のもう一つの歴史認識は、年中行事や有職故実などの儀礼を通じて歴史を考えるというもので、そのため、故実を伝えるための日記や各種記録文書が多数作成された。
- During the medieval period, history was also recognized through ceremonies in annual events and in Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette), and therefore, many diaries and records were written to hand over practices from older days to later generations.
- いずれにせよ、店が「その酒は燗に向かないから」と酒質のせいにして燗を断るときには、本当にそうなのかどうか判断できる知識を、消費者も身につけておくことが望ましい。
- Anyway, if a shop declines to serve sake warm by reason of sake quality saying 'The sake is not good warm.' it is desirable that consumers have knowledge to judge whether or not it is true.
- 宗教意識が薄れている現代にあって、葬式は、特に宗教上の信念があってキリスト教式、神道式で行われる場合を除けば、仏教の形式を用いる仏式葬儀が行なわれることが多い。
- In the modern age when the sense of religion fades, the Buddhist ritual funeral service in the form of Buddhism is often held for as a funeral ceremony, except for the special case of holding a Christian or Shinto ritual funeral service in accordance with religious beliefs.
- 新三郎の科白に「五大力のせりふにも妓女に恋なし、宝を以って恋とすと、並木五瓶が書いた通り」という内輪ネタがあり、新七が『五大力』を意識して書いたことが窺われる。
- Shinzaburo's lines include 'as Gohei NAMIKI wrote in Godairiki the line of 'No love exists for geisha girls and their loves are for treasures,'' which is a material known in the kabuki world, and this suggests that Shinshichi was conscious of 'Godairiki.'
- 人に対しては、非常に丁寧な言葉を使い、物腰もやわらかかったが、実際は、一度決めたら最後までやり通す意志の強さと、引くべきところは引くという良識も兼ね備えていた。
- He spoke very politely to people and was soft in manner, but he was actually resolute to carry through to the end once he decided to do something and sensible to pull back when he should do so.
- 本来は良い概念ではなかったが、『徒然草』などには古くなった冊子を味わい深いと見る記述があり、この頃には古びた様子に美を見出す意識が生まれていたことが確認される。
- Originally it was not a good concept, however, in 'Tsurezuregusa' (Essays in Idleness), there was a description thought to deeply appreciate a book that became old and it has been verified that around this time the meaning of discovering the beauty of an antiquated state arose.
- 『小島の春』や『恍惚の人』など、難病と戦う人々を扱った文芸作品も進んで映画化したが、誤った知識や対処法を原作どおりに描いたために、後年たびたび批判の対象となる。
- He willingly made films based on literary works that dealt with people fighting against incurable diseases such as 'Kojima no haru' (Spring on a Small Island) and 'Kokotsu no hito' (The Twilight Years), but he was later often criticized for reproducing incorrect information and treatments verbatim from the original.
- 人相を見るに見識があり、藤原道長の三男藤原顕信が自身の娘との結婚を望んでいることを知ると、顕信に出家の相が出ているとしてこれを断った(娘は顕信の弟能信と結婚)。
- He was insightlful in reading people's physiognomy, and when he learned that FUJIWARA no Akinobu, FUJIWARA no Michinaga's third son, wished to marry his daughter, he declined the proposal on the ground that Akinobu had the physiognomy of entering the priesthood (his daughter married Yoshinobu, Akinobu's younger brother).
- 日本の学者等によって、韓国のこのような教育が「文化先進国の朝鮮」と「文化劣等国の日本」という意識を韓国民に植え付け韓国起源説の根拠となっているとも指摘されている。
- It is pointed out by Scholars in Japan that such education in Korea has implanted in Korean minds the images of 'Korea, a culturally advanced nation' and 'Japan, a culturally inferior nation' and has formed the foundation of the theory that all of the culture in Japan originated in Korea.
- よく言われるように貴族に仕える存在として認識された武士を侍と呼んだと言うよりもむしろ、上層武士を除く大多数の武士が侍身分の一角を形成したと言った方が正確であろう。
- It is more accurate to say that the majority of bushi, except for upper-class bushi, formed a part of the samurai status, rather than that the bushi who were recognized as those who served the aristocrats were called samurai, as they say.
- 幕末の国学の高揚とともに、『大日本史』(一部が刊行されていた)や『日本外史』・『日本政記』・『国史略』など尊皇意識を高める書籍も藩校や一部寺子屋などで採用された。
- With the rising of the standard of learning on ancient Japanese thought and culture during the latter period of the Tokugawa Shogunate, books such as 'Nihon Gaishi,' 'Nihon Seiki,' and 'Kokushiryaku,' which increased the reverence for the Emperor, were adopted in the schools of the clans and in some of the private elementary schools for the common people.
- 活躍のできる場を失った忍者達はその後、農業や警察関係(警察官)の職業、火術の特技を活かして花火師や、薬の知識を活かして医師や薬剤師など、新たな職に就いたとされる。
- It is said that after ninja lost the scene of their activities, they got new jobs such as farmers, policemen, pyrotechnicians with special skills of using fire, doctors or pharmacists with knowledge of medicine.
- 若いころに先人たちの舞台を研究したり、明治の名人中村芝翫 (4代目)に直接仕込まれたりしたこともあり、長年の精進と鍛錬に培われた舞踊の技術と知識はずば抜けていた。
- During his youth, he studied the works of his predecessors and trained directly under the Meiji-period master Shikan NAKAMURA IV; in adulthood he possessed outstanding knowledge and buyo (Japanese traditional dance) skills, which he had cultivated through years of devotion and training.
- しかし、中期以降(特に島津重豪の藩政改革以降)、「鹿児島衆中」は「城下士」と呼ばれるようになり、「城下士」と「郷士」の間には厳格な身分差意識が誕生したといわれる。
- However, from the middle of the Edo period onwards (especially after Shigehide SHIMAZU instituted reformation of domain responsibilities), the 'Kagoshima shuchu' (literally meaning samurai resident in the Kagoshima area) were given the title 'jokashi' (literally meaning samurai outside the castle) which brought about an awareness of rigid status distinctions between 'Jokashi' and 'Goshi'.
- 寺子屋では、「読書算」と呼ばれる読書・習字・算数の基礎的な知識の習得に留まらず、地理・人名・書簡の作成法など、実生活に必要とされる内容の教育が総合的に行われていた。
- The Terakoya not only taught basic reading, writing and calculation, but also a comprehensive curriculum that included subjects required for daily life such as geography, people names and preparing letters.
- 特に下克上が一般化する以前においてこの認識が強く、戦国時代 (日本)の豊臣秀吉のように、百姓その他武士身分以外出身の人物は当然、武士として認められるはずがなかった。
- Especially before gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became common, such a point of view dominated and thus, like Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), a person originating from farmers or from a status not of samurai status could not admitted as bushi by definition.
- 当時、算術が普及せずにその知識を有する者が少なかったために官位こそは低いものの、及第して官人となった算生の持つ数的処理能力に諸官司から期待されるところは大きかった。
- At that time, arithmetic was not widespread and few people had such knowledge; therefore, although the official court rank of the Sansho was low, once they passed the examination and became government officials, various government officials held great expectations for their mathematical processing abilities.
- 松尾尊兌は、ここに始まる大正デモクラシーが一部の都市知識人による脆弱な輸入思想ではなく,戦後民主主義に直結する性質を有する、広汎な民衆運動であったことを説いている。
- Takayoshi MATSUO (a Japanese historian) argues that Taisho Democracy, starting with the Taisho Seihen, was not a vulnerable foreign idea superficially scooped by some urban intellectuals but a widespread popular movement that had some characteristic directly reflected in the Japanese democracy after World War Ⅱ.
- 広義では在外公館で雇用されていた者や、外国人居留地の警備に当たった者なども含まれるが、本項では日本が欧米から新しい技術や知識を学ぶために雇用した人物について述べる。
- Although broadly speaking the designation oyatoi-gaikokujin also included the employees of foreign diplomatic missions in Japan as well as the (foreign) guards at the foreign settlements, for the purposes of this article the term will be used only for those foreigners who were employed by the Japanese government in order to foster the learning of new technologies and scholarship from Europe and the United States.
- 近世の大和民族は、世界的に見ても識字率が高い民族であり、江戸時代に海外から来日した外国人は、大和民族が身分や男女の別なく文字が読める事を驚きと共に本国に伝えている。
- In modern times, the Yamato race has such a high literacy rate on a global basis that a foreigner who came to Japan in the Edo period reported that he was surprised that the Yamato people were able to read regardless of their status or sex.
- そもそも「食事を勧められる」ということは、客がそのような食事時に訪問しているか、あるいは食事時まで居続けているということであり、常識的に考えれば失礼な行為に当たる。
- In the first place, 'being offered any meal' means that you are visiting him at mealtime or you have extended your stay until mealtime, and this kind of action should be regarded as unmannerly from common-sense.
- 例えば「呼吸(筋)の力である」「“気”の力である」「実際の呼吸のように自然で無意識的な力の使い方である」「全身の力を統一したものである」など、意見は多岐に分かれる。
- For example, there are various opinions such as 'the power of the breathing (muscles),' 'power of 'qi,'' the 'way of using power in a natural and subconscious way like actual breathing,' and 'unification of the power of the entire body.'
- 段位は「剣道の技術的力量(精神的要素を含む)」、称号は「これに加え指導力や、識見などを備えた剣道人としての完成度」を示すものとして、審査(選考会)を経て授与される。
- Dan-i (qualification of rank) and titles are granted after an examination (selection match) in which 'technical skill of Kendo (including mental factors)' for Dan-i,' as well as titles pertaining to one's 'level of achievement as a Kendo person with leadership and discretion.'
- これの果たす役割は、小話で笑わせて、本題の前に聴衆をリラックスさせる、本題に関連する話題で聴衆の意識を物語の現場に引きつける、落ちへの伏線を張る、などが挙げられる。
- The makura fills a variety of roles in rakugo, such as to amuse the audience and get them to relax before the start of the main topic, to lead the audience into the main topic of the story using a related scene, or as a tool to set up the final punchline, among others.
- 仏教では、香を焚くと不浄を払い心識を清浄にするとされ、仏前で香を焚き、花や灯明とともに仏前に供することを供養の基本としている(「香華を手向ける」という言葉がある)。
- In Buddhism, when an incense is burned, it is considered to drive off impurity and cleanse the mind; therefore, burning incense before the Buddha or a mortuary tablet and making offerings along with flowers and votive light is regarded as the fundamentals of memorial service for the dead (there is a saying 'koge wo tamukeru' (offer flowers and incense for Buddha)).
- 藤原実資の依頼で執筆されたとされる『政事要略』130巻は現在は25巻しか残されていないが、当時の律令学説を知る上で貴重であるとともに、彼の知識の深さを物語っている。
- Though only 25 volumes currently remain out of 130 volumes of 'Seiji Yoryaku' (examples of the politics in the Heian period) which he supposedly wrote at the request of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke, it is valuable to know the theories on Codes of that time and show the depth of his knowledge.
- しかしこの記述が、月将と時刻の十二支から天地盤を作成して、日の干支から四課を作成する手続きについての記述であることを理解するには、六壬神課についての知識が必須となる。
- However, knowledge about Rikijinshinka is indispensable in order to understand that this paragraph is the explanation of the procedures to make Tenchiban based on Gessho and junishi of the time and derive Shika based on the Oriental zodiac of the day.
- また、生物学の知識に裏打ちされた優れたパロディ『鼻行類書籍としての『鼻行類』』は、ハイアイアイ群島に生息した鼻行類の生態を精緻に分析した研究書という体裁を取っている。
- An excellent parody, which is bolstered by biological knowledge, ''Rhinogradentia' as a Rhinogradentia book' takes the style of research book that minutely analyzed the ecology of monkeys in the Hi- yi-yi Islands.
- 第一に、本判決は、最高裁が、肖像権を初めて認めた事例である(「肖像権」という権利を認めたわけではないが、実質的にこれと同じ憲法上の利益を認めたものと認識されている)。
- First, in this judgment the right of portrait was guaranteed for the first time (it was not 'the right of portrait' itself that was guaranteed, but it has been recognized that the same constitutional benefit was guaranteed).
- 剣道では、意識した状態を持続しながら、相手の攻撃や反撃を瞬時に返すことができるよう身構えていることを残心と呼び、残心がなければ技が正確に決まっても有効打突にならない。
- In kendo (Japanese art of fencing), zan-shin refers to bracing oneself to be able to instantly respond to the opponent's attack or counterattack by maintaining the state of alertness; without zan-shin, the attack is not counted as yuko-datotsu (a point) even if it is accurately made against the opponent.
- '予の精神は之を担堂先生に受け、学問は之を麹盧先生に受け、識見は之を月洲先生に受けた'と後に懐述するように、この三人より受けた教育的感化は彼の一生を支える程強かった。
- Educational influence from the three teachers was strong enough to support him for life as he recalled later that 'I received sprit from Mr. Tando, studies from Mr. Kikuro, and knowledge from Mr. Gesshu.'
- この「ADAM」という名称は童話「アダムとイブ」から付けられたものであるが、EVE実行委員会からは「同志社EVEの由来を間違って認識されてしまう」とクレームが入った。
- This name 'ADAM' was named from a children's story 'Adam and Eve,' but the executive committee of EVE complained that the origin of Doshisha EVE' might be misunderstood.
- 御三家同士、特に尾張家と紀州家の間には将軍職の継承を巡って競争意識があり、紀州家出身の将軍吉宗と尾張家当主徳川宗春の間には吉宗の毒殺疑惑があり確執があったとされている。
- Gosanke, especially the Owari and Kishu families, were competitive against each other over the succession of shogunate, and it is believed that Yoshimune, who was from the Kishu family, and Muneharu TOKUGAWA, who was the head of the Owari family, were at odds, with the Owari family suspected to have poisoned Yoshimune.
- 昭和初期に子母沢寛が新選組3部作を発表すると認識が広まり、戦後の価値観の転換で新選組が主役に扱われる事も多くなり、各隊士にもスポットが当てられ創作がされるようになった。
- When Kan SHIMOZAWA made his Shinsengumi Sanbusaku public in the early Showa era, Shinsen-gumi's notoriety increased, and along with the reversal of views after the World War II, there were more cases where Shinsen-gumi was given the leading role, and attention was given to each member, and works were produced based on the members.
- 性器を切断して生殖能力を奪ってしまえば家系が絶える事になり、先祖に対する供養を人倫の最重要項目に置く儒教においては、宮刑は一種の追放刑として認識されていたとの説もある。
- A study mentions that the removal of genital parts to eliminate the virility meant the discontinuation of his family name, which was understood as a total expulsion from his family and severe punishment under Confucianism, which values the service for the dead as its most important, moral act.
- 清盛はまた、治承3年(1179年)に『太平御覧』を購入して人に書写させ、写本は手元において、印刷本(摺本)は女婿にあたる高倉天皇に献上するなど、新知識の導入にも努めた。
- Kiyomori purchased 'Taihei Gyoran' (a Chinese ancient encyclopedia) in 1179, made them copy it, kept the copy in hand, presented the printed one to Emperor Takakura who was his daughter's husband and tried to introduce new knowledge.
- 下級武士や知識人階級を中心に、「鎖国は日本開闢以来の祖法」であるという説に反したとされた、その外交政策に猛烈に反発する世論が沸き起こり、「攘夷」運動として朝野を圧した。
- The public opinion of foreign exclusionism among low-ranking samurai and intellectuals in particular overwhelmed all over Japan, insisting furiously that the national seclusion had been the fundamental law since the dawn of Japanese history and the opening up of the country was against it.
- 流行の風流であった馬長をヒトツモノと呼んだが、それそのものがヒトツモノと呼ばれるようになり、後に各地で民俗変容が起き、依坐であると認識されるようになったと説明している。
- In this explanation, Umaosa, which was a popular furyu, was initially called Hitostumono and furyu itself came to be called Hitotsumono, which was latterly recognized as yorishiro due to the transformation of folklore in various regions.
- 一般に仏教の行事と認識されているが、仏教の教義で説明できない部分も多く、日本在来の民俗行事に仏教行事の「盂蘭盆」(うらぼん)が習合して現在の形が出来たと考えられている。
- Although it is regarded as a Buddhist event, many parts can not be explained by Buddhist doctrine, and it is considered that the current form is a combination of Japanese traditional folk events and 'Urabon,' a Buddhist festival.
- また、揚水発電所の建設計画も京阪神の電力需要の伸びが鈍化したことや人々の自然環境に対する意識が変化していったことなどから、いつしか大きく採り上げられることもなくなった。
- Furthermore, discussion about plans to construct plants for pumped storage power plant faded away, because the growth of electric power demand in the Keihanshin metropolitan region stagnated and awareness towards natural environments changed.
- 何ぞ文部省側の主張の如く一時の変態として之を看過するを得んや」「日本帝国に於て真に人格の判定を為すの標準は知識徳行の優劣より先づ国民的情操、即ち大義名分の明否如何に在り。
- How can we allow this to be overlooked as suggested by the Education Ministry, because it was just a temporary anomaly?'; 'In Imperial Japan, the true way of determining character is not by knowledge or good deeds but by national emotions, in other words, the cause.
- なお、戦力に自信のあった日本軍は上陸後も戦国の常識に従って何度も李氏朝鮮を交渉により服属させようと試みており、朝鮮の武力制圧が既定路線であるかのような認識は間違いである。
- The Japanese army, confident of their war potential, tried, even after their landing, to subjugate Yi Dynasty Korea by negotiation in accordance with common sense in the Warring States period and, therefore, it is wrong to conclude that subjugation of Korea by military power was the predetermined policy.
- 「ザンギ」という名称は上記の鳥松の主人によれば、中国語で鳥の唐揚げを意味する言葉をザーギー(炸鶏)と認識していて、その間に「運がつくように」ウンを入れた、という事である。
- As for the name of 'zangi,' the master of Torimatsu said that he thought the Chinese word for fried chicken was zagi (deep-fried chicken in Chinese) and created the name of 'zangi' by inserting the word of 運 (n) (luck) between za and gi in the hope that it would 'bring good luck.'
- 天皇は幼少時から病弱であったとされ、『続日本後紀』には7歳の頃からの様々な病歴が記載され、即位後もしばしば薬(丹薬・石薬)の調薬をして医師並みの知識を有していたとされる。
- The Emperor had been weak since birth, and in the record of 'Shoku Nihon Koki' his medical history since age seven is listed; after his enthronement he often compounded medicines (Tanyaku, Ishiyaku), and his knowledge was as good as that of a doctor in his time.
- ただし着流しに町方としての独自の意識を持ち、礼装として扱っている場合もあり、千家系統の茶道では十徳に着流しを最礼装とし、長唄や浄瑠璃では裃の際に袴ではなく前垂れを用いる。
- However, there are also some cases where the commoners in towns as such have an original awareness of kinagashi, and they treat it as a formal dress: for example, in Sado (Japanese tea ceremony) of the Sen Family line, they think that kinagashi with jittoku (a kind of haori) on is the utmost formal dress; and in the case of nagauta (long epic song with shamisen accompaniment) or joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to shamisen accompaniment), when they wear kamishimo (samurai costume, old ceremonial costume) they don't put on hakama but maedare (an apron).
- これは銃器の貫通・殺傷力向上や、後込め式小銃による火力の向上の結果として甲冑の意義が薄れ、歩兵は軽装となったがゆえに、かえって近接白兵戦の有効性が再認識されたためである。
- The context of the above was that the effectiveness of Kenjutsu in close combat was reconfirmed due to situations where armor lost its significance due to the improved killing power of guns and soldiers coming to fights lightly equipped.
- また同書には、「桐野は廉潔剛胆百折不撓の人というべし。最も慈悲心あり。文識はなはだ乏し。自ら文盲を唱う。しかりといえども実務上すこぶる思慮深遠、有識者に勝れり」ともある。
- There was another description, reading as 'Kirino should be called a man of integrity, valiant and fearless with an unyielding spirit. He is the most merciful, but poorly educated and called himself an illiterate. But once he is in duty, he becomes an able commander with prudence, even superior to the learned person.'
- 元は町役人の元締役として京都市民の代表的な地位にある存在であったが、後に京都町奉行の事務業務の代行を委任される事が多くなり、町奉行の下部組織として認識されるようになった。
- Machidai originally represented Kyoto citizens as a manager of town officials; Later, it became authorized to act as a proxy in execution of secretarial works of the Kyoto city magistrates, gradually recognized as a subordinate organization of the city magistrates.
- さらに、国民は愛国心を持つべきであるから『君が代』を歌うことでその意識を高めなければならないとする主張や、天皇への忠誠心を涵養する目的をはっきり表明する尊王的な意見もある。
- In addition, there is an assertion that, since people must have patriotism, they must enhance awareness by singing 'Kimigayo,' and there is also a loyalist-like opinion that expresses clearly the objective to cultivate loyalty to the emperor.
- だが、平安時代中期に官司請負制の進行とともに官職が一種の利権として認識されて世襲が進むと、こうした教官(博士)の地位を世襲する特定の氏族(「博士家」)が出現するようになる。
- However, in the midst of Heian period, as hereditary government office system developed and the government post, regarded as a kind of interest, became taken over by heredity, particular clans ('hakase family') that took up the post of instructors by heredity emerged.
- 当時、東海道・東山道も反乱勢力に制圧されていたが、北陸は平家の兵糧の補給地として大切な地域との認識があり、鎮西と並んで平家が反乱を早急に鎮圧しなければならない地域であった。
- At that time, the rebel forces had taken control of the Tokai-do and Tosan-do Roads as well, but Hokuriku was recognized as an important supplier of army provisions, so it was this region as well as Chinzei (nickname of Kyushu) where the Taira clan had to suppress the rebellion.
- 支店経済都市である仙台市の仙台駅で土産品としての地位を確立したため、全国的には「仙台市の特産品」との認識もあるが、名称の由来からも「旧仙台藩の特産品」である(→仙台参照)。
- As it achieved a considerable market position as a souvenir sold at Sendai Station in Sendai City, which was a Shiten-Keizai toshi (an economically developed city where the branch firms or subsidiary firms converge), it is regarded nationally as a 'local product in Sendai City'; however, when considering the origin of the name (see 'Sendai') it's a 'local product of the former Sendai Domain.'
- 各卸売市場への配分は過去の消費実績などを基に水産庁や有識者による検討で決定され、その後も公的性格を有する産品として農林水産省総合食料局流通課による指導の下で取引されている。
- The allotment to each wholesale market is determined through investigations by the Fisheries Agency and experts concerned, based on past consumption data, and even actual transactions, after the allotment, are made under guidance of Commerce and Marketing Division Ministry of Agriculture, General Food Policy Bureau, Forestry and Fisheries.
- 現在では最も袖丈の短い小振袖はほとんど着用されないが、格式があれば中振袖でも第一礼装とし通用するとされ、一般的な大振袖より格が落ちるわけではない(むしろ古風と認識される)。
- Today, hardly anyone wears the short furisode, which has the shortest sleeves of the three types of furisode; instead, it is the middle-length furisode that has become the most popular type of formal wear for ceremonies and the like, and the middle-length furisode is not necessarily seen as a step down in formality from the long furisode (indeed, the mid-length furisode has earned recognition as an even older, more venerable style).
- 江戸時代も中頃になると、品種改良や農業技術の進歩により、農家の中に現金収入を得られるものが増え、新たな知識や見聞、物品を求めて旅をしようと思い立つものが現れるようになった。
- In the middle of the Edo period, the variety of improvement and development of agricultural technologies led to an increase in the number of peasants who earned cash and gave rise to those who decided to go on a journey in search of new knowledge, experience, and products.
- すなわち公的負担が荘園という権門勢家の家政機関からの出費によっても担われたため、この支配形態を荘園公領制というべき体制であったとする網野善彦の説が現在一般的認識となっている。
- That is, the public burden was eased by the expenditure of the shoen which was the domestic governing institution of the great and powerful, and now the theory by Yoshihiko AMINO is a common view that this governing form should be called shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- ただ美しいと感じてその色を見るときには、すでにして好んでいるのであるから、「知」と「行」、つまり認識と体験とは一体不可分であって、両者が離れてあるわけではないと王陽明は説く。
- Wang Yangming explained that when people are looking at a color while feeling it is beautiful, they are already fond of it, therefore 'chi' and 'gyo', i.e., recognition and experience, are not separate from each other and cannot be separated.
- 根来寺の主だった行人は、泉識坊が土橋氏、杉之坊が津田氏伊予橘姓津田氏(楠木氏系)、また成真院が泉南の地侍中氏など、紀伊のみならず和泉国・河内国・大和国の地侍で構成されていた。
- The major Gyonin of the Negoro-ji Temple were constituted by not only jizamurai of Kii Province but also that of Izumi, Kawachi and Yamato Provinces, for example, the Gyonin of Senshiki-bo Temple was the Dobashi clan, the one of Sugino-bo Temple was the Iyotachibana-Tsuda clan (the Kusunoki clan linage) and the one of Joshin-in Temple (成真院) was the Naka clan, jizamurai of Sennan Province.
- 往来物は当初は文書作成のための文例集でしかなかったが、次第にその文面の中に社会常識や知識を盛り込んだものへと変化を遂げていき、南北朝時代 (日本)には『庭訓往来』が著された。
- Originally, Oraimono was a collection of model sentences for letter-writing, but later it developed to include social knowledge and common sense, and by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Teikin Orai' was created.
- 徳富蘆花は、「謀反論」を書き、謀反を恐れてはならないとし、石川啄木は「時代閉塞の現状」への宣戦布告を行ったが、永井荷風はこれを機に社会的関心から意識的に遠ざかるようになった。
- Roka TOKUTOMI wrote 'Muhonron' (on rebellion) and advocated not to be afraid to rebel and Takuboku ISHIKAWA declared war against the 'situation of exclusive period,' but Kafu NAGAI intentionally kept his distance of social interests on this occasion.
- 行長は本来は学識ある人物だったが、唐の太宗の武の七徳に基づく舞曲「七徳の舞」の内の二つの徳を忘れたことから「五徳の冠者」と渾名され、世間に嫌気がさして遁世したという説がある。
- One theory has it that although Yukinaga was basically an educated person, he failed to recall two of the seven virtues described in the dance music named 'Dance of the Seven Virtues' which had followed the seven virtues of the military arts of Emperor Taiso of Tang (Tang Taizong,) thereby being scornfully nicknamed the 'Young man of the Five Virtues,' and therefore he became thoroughly tired of this world and retired to live in seclusion.
- 慈円の認識が古代から中世の一般的な認識であったのかはわからないが、この叙述によれば、やはり怨霊というものは非業の死、恨みによって生まれるものと考えられていたということになる。
- We are not certain whether Jien's view was shared among people in ancient times and during the middle ages, but according to what he wrote, people then definitely thought that when someone died an unnatural death or died with a grudge, they became onryo.
- 後半の「さざれ石の巌となりて」は、砂や石が固まって岩が生じるという考え方と、それを裏付けるかのような細石の存在が知られるようになった『古今和歌集』編纂当時の知識を反映している。
- 'Pebbles gather to form a rock' in the latter half reflects knowledge of the period when the Kokin-Wakashu was compiled and the idea that sand and pebbles gather together to form a rock and existence of pebbles were thought as evidence of this idea.
- 宏学達識で涅槃宗の後継者と見られていたが、寛永年間に涅槃宗が天台宗に吸収されたのを機に還俗し、洛中に、書籍と医薬品を商う「富士屋」を開き、号を嘉休と称し修道三昧の生活を始めた。
- Masatomo, who was considered the omniscient successor of the Nehan-shu sect, returned to secular life after the Nehan-shu sect was absorbed into the Tendai-shu sect during the Kanei era and opened 'Fujiya,' a business dealing with books and pharmaceuticals in Rakuchu (called himself Kakyu), and started a hardworking life.
- 式神・識神(しきがみ、しきじん)、式の神ともいい、文献によっては式鬼(しき)、式鬼神とも)とは、陰陽師が使役する鬼神のことで、人心から起こる悪行や善行を見定める役を務めるもの。
- Shikigami or Shikijin were fierce gods employed by the Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) to judge the evil doings and well doings of the populace, and they were also called Shiki no Kami, and in some literature, Shiki or Shiki Kijin.
- 当時、中央集権体制を進めるために廃藩置県の必要があることは政府内の共通認識となっていたが、その実施に向けた方策について急進的な木戸孝允と漸進的な大久保利通との対立が続いていた。
- Although there was a shared understanding within the government at that time that Haihan-chiken had to be carried out in order to move towards a centralized administrative system, Takayoshi KIDO (who insisted on radical reform) and Toshimichi OKUBO (who insisted on moderate reform) continued to hold differing views concerning practical procedures.
- 『日本書紀』には、倭迹迹日百襲媛命について、三輪山の神との神婚伝説や、前記の箸墓が「日也人作、夜也神作」という説話が記述されており、卑弥呼と同様な神秘的な存在と意識されている。
- Nihonshoki contains a legend of Yamatototohimomoso Hime no Mikoto marrying a deity of Mt. Miwa, as well as a tale that says the Hashihaka was 'built by men during the day, and by gods during the night.' Like Himiko, she was considered a mysterious woman.
- その中でも一人の青年貴族賀陽豊年の勉強熱心さには宅嗣も感心して、宅嗣自らがその全知識を豊年に伝授したという話が伝わっている(後年、豊年は優れた詩人・学者として名を残している)。
- He was impressed particularly by the enthusiasm for learning by a young noble named KAYA no Toyotoshi and reportedly imparted all of his knowledge to the young man (who, in later years, won recognition as an outstanding poet and scholar).
- 平安時代中頃になると、天照大神を主に祀る祭祀であると認識が変化しはじめ、院政期にはその傾向がさらに強くなり、祈年祭は天照大御神を奉祀する天皇の祭祀として厳修されるようになった。
- In the middle of the Heian period, people began to recognize that the ritual was mainly for deifying 'Amaterasu Omikami' (the Sun Goddess), and in the cloistered emperor's reign, the recognition became more common, and Kinen-sai festival began to be conducted solemnly by the emperor to deify Amaterasu Omikami.
- ご当地ラーメンで町おこしをしている場合などはともかく、地元の人間にとっては、日常、普通に食べている「ラーメン」はただの「ラーメン」としてしか認識されていないことが多いのである。
- Setting aside the case of revitalizing the town depending on the local ramen, the 'ramen' that people always eat is recognized as just 'ramen' most of time.
- いわゆる歌舞伎の家の芸であるが、十五代目市村羽左衛門没後思わしい後継者に恵まれず、家系は実質上絶えてしまったこともあって、市村家の芸であることが強く意識されることはあまりない。
- They are, in a sense, arts handed down from father to son of Kabuki, but in many cases they are not clearly recognized as arts of the Ichimura family, because the family line substantially failed after the death of Uzaemon ICHIMURA the fifteenth due to a lack of appropriate successors.
- 利家は秀吉の禁教令により、播磨国の明石領(高槻城)を失ったキリシタン大名の高山右近を庇護し、築城術や科学の知識豊かな右近を高く評価し、屋敷や3万石の禄を与えたりなどをしている。
- Toshiie protected Ukon TAKAYAMA who lost the Akashi domain (Takatsuki-jo Castle) of Harima Province by the Ban of Christianity enacted by Hideyoshi, and thought highly of Ukon who had abundant knowledge about the methods of castle construction and the science, so Toshiie offered him a residence and the roku (stipend) of 30,000 koku.
- 内閣制度の仕組みはどのようなものか、議会はどのように運営されているのか、民主政治の先進国イギリスが、長い年月をかけて生み出した知識と知恵の数々をさかんに吸収したあとがみられる。
- The notebooks show that Mutsu absorbed various information and knowledge that had been developed over long years in England, an advanced country of democracy, such as how the cabinet system was structured and how the parliament was operated.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には、主に秘書的役割もこなし、特に主君の盾として命を捨てて守る役目が大きかったため、幅広い知識と一流の作法と武芸を身につけていなくては務まるものではなかった。
- During the Sengoku Period (period of warring states), Kosho took charge of secretarial affairs, in particular acting as a human shield to protect their lord at the risk of losing their own lives; for this reason, Kosho had to not only be knowledgeable and have impeccable manners, but also be skilled in the military arts.
- むしろ、実質的な経済政策の多く、特に貨幣政策における高品位主義、また長崎貿易の政策は吉宗もその方針の正しさを認識しており、正徳の治で行なわれた改革の内容はそのまま承継されている。
- On the other hand, since Yoshimune recognized the righteousness in many of the economic policies, especially the principle of high grade currency policy as well as the trading policy in Nagasaki, he took over such reforms from Shotoku no chi.
- 新渡戸は近代において人間が陥りやすい拝金主義や唯物主義の根っこにある個人主義に対して、封建時代の武士は(封建)社会全体への義務を負う存在として己を認識していたことを指摘している。
- Nitobe pointed out that while people could easily become individualistic which underlied mammonism and materialism in modern times, samurais in the feudal period recognized themselves as an existence that was responsible to the whole (feudal) society.
- しかし宋代の学者からすると、これら訓詁の学者は、六経(五経)に込められた聖人(孔子など)の本旨を正しく理解できておらず、改めて聖人の本旨を理解する試みが必要であるとの認識に達した。
- Song Dynasty scholars thought that Kunkogaku scholars did not correctly understand the true aim of the sages (such as Confucius) contained in the Six Classics (or the Five Classics) and they therefore believed it was necessary to attempt to understand the spirit of the sages from the beginning.
- このような社会風潮を受け明治28年(1895年)、京都在住の有識者により各種武道・武術を統括する団体として大日本武徳会が設立され、京都の平安神宮境内に建設された武徳殿を本部とした。
- This social trend led to the 1895 founding of Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, an organization managing various martial arts, by key figures living in Kyoto, and was headquartered in the Butokuden constructed in the precincts of Heian-jingu Shrine in Kyoto.
- また、五幕目の死神は、歴代菊五郎のお家芸というべき怪談物を意識したもので、幼少のころ見た祖父の三代目菊五郎の死神を再現しようと、河鍋暁斎、大蘇芳年ら画家らの意見をもとに作り上げた。
- Further, the Shinigami (The Death-God) in Act Five was intended for Kaidanmono (a ghost [horror] story) which may be said as specialty of succesive Kikugoro, and Kikugoro V tried to reproduce Shinigami that he had seen his grandfather, Kikugoro III perform when he was a child, and he produced it on the basis of opinions from artists such as Kyosai KAWANABE and Yoshitoshi TAISO.
- 初期には通訳を務めたヤジロウのキリスト教知識のなさから、キリスト教の神を「大日如来」と訳して「大日を信じなさい」と説いたため、仏教の一派と勘違いされ、僧侶に歓待されたこともあった。
- Yajiro, who served as an interpreter translated Christian God as 'Dainichi Nyorai' (Mahavairocana) at the beginning and taught people to believe in 'Dainichi' (an abbreviation of Dainichi Nyorai) from his lack of Christianity knowledge that Christianity was misinterpreted as a school of Buddhism and was warmly invited by priests.
- 彼自身の独特な美意識による「夢二式美人画」と呼ばれる作品の多くは日本画の技法で描かれ(掛軸や屏風仕立てで遺る)、また洋画(キャンバスに油彩)技法による女性像や風景画も遺されている。
- Most of his works called 'Yumeji shiki bijin', which show his unique sense of beauty, were painted on hanging scrolls and folding screens using Japanese painting techniques, but some images of women and landscapes were painted on canvas using oil painting techniques.
- 例えば京都では同族集団の結合が薄れ、地縁意識が起こると共に、中世には伏見稲荷大社、上御霊神社、賀茂神社、北野天満宮などの有力な神社を中心に産土神を基にした産子区域の観念が発達した。
- In Kyoto, for example, as ties amongst a kin group were loosening and replaced by a sense of growing territorial connection, the idea of an Ubuko Area as the basis of Ubusunagami spread centering on Fushimi Inari-taisha Shrine, Kamigoryo-jinja Shrine, Kamo-jinja Shrine, Kitano-tenmangu Shrine.
- その意志とは、一つには、とかく学問に縁遠い当時の婦女子にも読めるようにという事において、二つには物質文明を支える知識学識万能主義に対する警告として、であると現在では理解されている。
- It is now understood that the will means to make it possible for the women of the day who were far from study to read it in part, and to warn against the principle depending only on knowledge and learning backing up the material civilization in another part.
- この乱を「洞の乱」とも呼ぶのはこの内乱に参加した伊達氏家臣は勿論、一般には外部の戦国大名と認識されている蘆名氏や最上氏・相馬氏などもこの乱の当時においては洞の一員であったからである。
- The reason why this internal war was also called 'The Utsuro War,' was because those who participated, the vassals of the Date clan as well as the Ashina, Mogami and Soma clans, who were generally regarded as independent Sengoku daimyo, were members of Date's Utsuro at the time of the war.
- 皇位継承法説の論者の多くは、この箇所を含む文は「改めてはならない常の典と立てた法が傾くことなく動くことなく続くように働け」という意味で、全体として継承を意識しているとして弁明とする。
- Many of the supporters of the imperial succession code theory explain that the description including this expression means 'work to maintain the law formulated as the irreversible code not declined, stable, and sustained,' and as a whole, the description is conscious of the succession.
- 元禄のころになると、彼の学識は広く知られるところとなり、学問、教育に熱心であった加賀加賀藩主前田綱紀も彼の名声を知り、元禄6年(1693年)に彼を儒者として召抱えられることとなった。
- Around the Genroku Era his wisdom became well-known, and Tsunanori MAEDA who was the lord of Kaga Domain, Kaga Province heard of his fame and took Jakusui into his service in 1693 as a Confucian.
- 軍人でありながら留守神主の一人に任命されている事から法元自身がかなりの神道知識と素養を持っていたと考えられ、この「法元」という名前自体もそれに基づく「神号」か「雅号」だと推測される。
- As he was appointed as one of the temporary priests though he was a soldier, it is assumed that Hogen had considerable knowledge and background of Shinto and the name 'Hogen' would be also a Shinto name classified under 'Shingo' or 'Gago.'
- この頃の事は国人衆の記述が多い『余目氏旧記』にも出でこない事を考えると、足利一門として大崎氏や最上氏と同列に認識されていたと思われ、塩松氏(石橋氏)は高い家格を誇っていたこともわかる。
- Because what happened to the clan at that time was not written in the 'Amarume shi Kyuki' (Old Record by the Amarume Clan) which had many details of local lords, the clan, which was ranked in the same level as the Osaki and the Mogami clans as a family of the Ashikaga clan, boasted of high family status.
- 古典落語の演題の中には、現在では廃れてしまった風習、言葉を扱うものがあり、それらに関する予備知識がないと、話全体や落ちが充分に楽しめないことがあり、枕がこの目的にあてられることも多い。
- Some classical rakugo performances contain words and customs that are obsolete today, and the audience may not be able to enjoy the whole story or the punchline fully without previous knowledge, so the makura is often used to provide the audience with assistance in this regard.
- 作家の井沢元彦は、日本には無意識の強烈な「怨霊」信仰と、怨霊を発生させない「和」への信仰があり、神道はその上に成立し、仏教も結局は怨霊を鎮魂する為の道具として活用されたと解説している。
- Writer Motohiko IZAWA explains that in Japan there are unconscious and strong belief in 'vengeful spirits' and faith in 'harmony' to prevent the vengeful spirits from coming into this world, and on this foundation Shinto was established, while Buddhism turned out to be used as a tool to appease these vengeful spirits.
- 下間頼広はかつて一向一揆を率いていた本願寺の坊官に相応しく学識だけではなく武芸にも通じていた事から、叔父から仕官を勧められて3,000石をもって輝政の嫡子・池田利隆の補佐を命じられた。
- Raiko SHIMOTSUMA as Bokan of Hongan-ji Temple, that lead the Ikko sect's riot, was well schooled in both academic subjects as well as the military arts, so he was suggested to serve a master by his uncle and ordered to assist Terumasa's legitimate child, Toshitaka IKEDA, with 3,000 koku.
- つまり、日本全国の情報が集まる戦国時代の京都周辺の人々にとって、「武田軍と上杉軍が日本最強」ということはほとんど常識であり、謙信の死後もその評価が揺らぐことはなかったということである。
- According to the people around Kyoto where nationwide information gathered during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), it was understood that 'the Takeda army and the Uesugi army were stronger than any other army in Japan,' and such public estimation was firm even after the death of Kenshin.
- このドラマの人気が、徳川光圀=天下の副将軍という認識が定着する要因となっており、正式に副将軍に任ぜられた、或いは江戸幕府の公式な役職として副将軍が設置されていたという誤解を生んでいる。
- The popularity of this drama has made people identify Mitukuni TOKUGAWA with the world famous vice shogun, causing a misunderstanding that he was officially appointed as the vice shogun or the post of vice shogun was officially established in Edo bakufu.
- 「現成」とは、眼前にすでに出現しできていてることであり、良知を発言させるために作為的もしくは意識的な修養は無用であって、良知はすでに既成の善悪を超え自律的に正しく判断するのだと主張した。
- He stated that 'gensei' means a thing that has appeared in front of one's eyes, so that 'gensei ryochi' means that no intentional or deliberate self-cultivation is needed to make ryochi appear because ryochi autonomously makes the correct judgment by transcending good and evil.
- 複数の国にまたがって設けられた県では、国名が県内の地方区分として意識され、行政区分にも引き継がれることがある(例:岐阜県下部組織の飛騨国地方振興局、兵庫県庁下部組織の但馬国県民局など)。
- In the prefectures where they straddle plural provinces people in the prefectural government are conscious of the names of the provinces as regional division and sometimes the names of the provinces are taken up in the administrative division; examples: Hida Province Regional Development Bureau of the Subordinate Organization of Gifu Prefecture; the Bureau for the Residents of the Tajima Province of the subordinate organization of the prefecture office of Hyogo Prefecture and so forth.
- 柔道や合気道は、時代が進んでその名が広まるにつれ、これらの名称に「柔術」の語が含まれていない事から、これらが柔術のひとつであるという認識は希薄になり、また、武道としての発展の道へ進んだ。
- Judo (the traditional Japanese martial art mainly used for self-defense) and aikido (the traditional Japanese martial art exclusively used for self-defense) both originated from jujutsu, but as times went by and these arts became famous, people's recognition of the origin began to fade away partly because they do not have 'jujutsu' in their names, and they developed as the independent martial art.
- これは当時の作劇において時代考証に対する意識が薄かったことと、寺子屋や教育に熱心な家庭では天神の像を祀る習俗があり、江戸時代の観客にとっては天神とのつながりが深い場所であったことによる。
- This was because the play was written at that time with a little consideration of following according to a historical evidence, and Terakoya and families into education used to worship the Tenjin statues, and guests during the Edo Period had a strong connection with Tenjin.
- 崇徳天皇の死後すぐに武士である平氏が権力を振るうがその間に大火事が起こり、末期には叛乱が相次ぎ(下記の諡号制定はこの時期であり、既に怨霊と深く認識されていた)、更には養和の飢饉が起こる。
- After Emperor Sutoku died, the samurai Taira clan took control of politics; however, a disastrous fire occurred and there were many wars at the end of their reign (just as there were in the following period, which was rumored as being due to Emperor Sutoku's curse), as well as the Yowa dearth.
- それまでの「わび・さび(詫び寂び)」という美意識に留まらず、人為的に計算された美、均整のとれた美を加味して「綺麗さび」とよばれる小堀遠州の美意識をそのまま花の姿に表現すると言われている。
- It is said that the school's flower arrangement added artificially calculated beauty as well as balanced beauty to the traditional aesthetic values of 'wabi and sabi' and expressed Enshu KOBORI's aesthetic consciousness, which is called 'kirei sabi,' in the flower arrangement as it is.
- 続いて、中央集権体制の近代国家にとって国民軍の創出が必要と認識され、西郷隆盛も最終的には山縣の考え方を支持して、山城屋事件で山縣が辞職に追い込まれた後も、西郷は桐野利秋らの反対論を退けた。
- Subsequently, the necessity to create a national army for a modern nation under centralized administrative framework was recognized, and Takamori SAIGO finally supported Yamagata's opinion and turned down the opposing opinions by Toshiaki KIRINO and others, even after Yamagata was forced into resignation due to the Yamashiroya incident.
- 書生は書の良し悪しによって優越が判定され、『説文解字』の理解など字体などについての知識も求められた唐の制度よりも簡素化されており、試験に及第して内記などの書記的な官職に配されたようである。
- It appears that the superiority of a shosei's calligraphy would be judged based on its quality, that the curriculum was simpler than the system of Tang Dynasty China which demanded knowledge of disciplines such as 'Shuowen Jiezi' and the formation of characters, and that students who passed examinations were placed in clerical government posts such as that of naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs).
- 遠州流は武家茶道の代表とも言える流儀で、武野紹鴎・千利休と発展した質素で内省的な「わび」「さび」の茶道に、古田重然を経て小堀政一独特の美意識を加えた「綺麗さび」と呼ばれる茶風を特徴とする。
- Enshu school is a school of tea ceremony that can be said to represent the samurai tea ceremony; it features a style called 'kirei-sabi' (pure elegance), which is a synthesis of the austere and introspective way of tea incorporating 'wabi' (simplicity) and 'sabi' (elegance) developed by Joo TAKENO and SEN no Rikyu, and Masakazu KOBORI's original aesthetic sense, as influenced by Shigenari FURUTA.
- 武家家紋は敵味方の識別や家示が目的とされるが、生じた当初は、大きな武士団をまとめ、結束力を高める為に生じたと考えられる(領地を分家に与え、分家は土地名を名乗り、そして家紋もアレンジする)。
- Samurai used family crests to identify themselves on the battlefields; at first, they were created to bring big samurai groups together and strengthen the local solidarity (As branch samurai families were given their own land, they took the name of their places and added modifications to the original design of their family crest to identify themselves.)
- また、天皇が案件を提起する場合は、天皇から中務省へ命じて詔書が作成され、中務省が起案した詔書の文案は、外記局で点検を受けて天皇または弁官へ回付されており、外記局も重要な部署と認識されていた。
- When the emperor proposed a motion, he ordered the Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) to draw up an imperial edict, the draft of which was then checked by the gekikyoku's office and sent to the emperor or the office of benkan and therefore the gekikyoku's office was also considered an important office.
- 国際的に極度の円安状況だったこともあるが、当時の欧米からすれば日本は極東の辺境であり、外国人身辺の危険も少なくなかったことから、一流の技術や知識の専門家を招聘することが困難だったことによる。
- The high salaries were partly due to the fact that the yen was extremely weak internationally, but mainly because of the difficulty in convincing top-class experts in technology and knowledge to come to Japan, which from the perspective of Westerners was a country on the extreme eastern edge of the Far East, a country moreover that held considerable physical danger for foreigners.
- 永徳期以後、朝廷の実権を掌握した義満に対して朝政参加のために必要な官職に関する実用的な知識を伝授するとともに、官職制度を含めた朝廷の再興を期待する良基の意向が反映されていると考えられている。
- It seems that Yoshimoto hoped to restore the Imperial Court as well as its officials system by giving practical knowledge of the court officials system needed to participate in the affairs of the Imperial Court to Yoshimitsu, who held the actual power in the Imperial Court since the Eitoku era.
- それまで常に冷徹な政治家であった頼朝の、この最大の失策は父親としての思いからとも、娘を天皇の后に立て自らが外戚になるという、中央貴族の末裔としての意識を捨てきれなかった頼朝の限界とも言える。
- It can be said that this biggest failure of Yoritomo, who had always been a severe politician, was caused by his feeling as a father or showed his limit that he could not put away a hope to become a maternal relative by making his daughter an empress as a descendant of nobles living in the capital.
- 吉雄邸を訪れ、あるいは成秀館に学んだ蘭学者・医師は数多く、青木昆陽・野呂元丈・大槻玄沢・三浦梅園・平賀源内・林子平・司馬江漢など当時一流の蘭学者は軒並み耕牛と交わり、多くの知識を学んでいる。
- There were many of Rangakusha (a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language) and doctors, who visited Kogyu (Yoshio)'s residence or leaned at Seishukan, and most of the leading Rangakusha at the time, including Konyo AOKI, Genjo NORO, Gentaku OTSUKI, Baien MIURA, Gennai HIRAGA, Shihei HAYASHI, and Kokan SHIBA, had contact with him and gained much knowledge from him.
- 寺子屋を世界中に普及させようとしている運動が、国際連合教育科学文化機関が提唱している世界識字教育運動の1つであるユネスコ世界寺子屋運動(World Terakoya Movement)である。
- A movement to establish Terakoya throughout the world as part of improving literacy in the world is the World Terakoya Movement by UNESCO.
- その風潮は大学にも及んで博士の地位を世襲させるために特定の家系の家学として知識の独占を図るようになり、授業も大学寮ではなく自らの私邸を用いて限られた子弟や門人に対してのみ行われるようになった。
- This trend also reached Daigaku-ryo, where professors, with the aim of bequeathing the post of hakase to their descendants, tried to monopolize knowledge by denying access to education to people other than their household, and they gave lectures only to their children and a handful of disciples not at Daigaku-ryo but at their private residences.
- 東宝では指示がなくても数日前から霧吹きして伸ばしておくのが常識だったと言われるが、撮影所間の勢質の違いと量産体制に徹するあまり完全主義の黒澤に合わせることができなかった当時の社風を伝えている。
- This anecdote illustrates Toei's culture at that time which was at odds with the perfectionist nature of Kurosawa, because Toei's top priority was mass-production; this was quite different from rival Toho where the curtains were always sprayed and made smooth without any specific instruction even a few days before filming.
- 当時、武士の台頭や僧兵の横暴、公家勢力の後退などによる社会不安、天変地異・疫病・火災などの自然災害を経験した人びとは、はっきりと末法を意識するようになり、無常観や厭世観がかき立てられていった。
- The people who experienced public fear owing to the appearance of samurai, despotic acts by armed priest, a down fallen court noble force, and natural disasters such as extraordinary natural phenomenon, epidemics, fire became clearly aware of Mappo, and the concept of the impermanence or a pessimistic view of life among the population was intensified.
- その後、中国正史の知識が公文書作成や一種の政治学として重んじられたこともあり、歴史を学ぶために文章科(文章道)を希望する者の後が絶たず、本来の文章博士が専門とする文学の講義が滞るようになった。
- Later, as a knowledge of Chinese historiography was considered important for making official documents or as a kind of political study, those who wished to join the monjoka (monjodo) kept coming endlessly, becoming an obstacle for the lectures of literature, which was the original specialty of monjo hakase.
- 鳥羽上皇が院政を行った1129年から1156年の間に活躍したといわれ、20歳前後の若い女性(少女とも)でありながら、大変な博識と美貌の持ち主であり、天下一の美女とも、国一番の賢女とも謳われた。
- Tamamo no Mae supposedly played an important role during the cloistered rule of the Retired Emperor Toba, which was from 1129 to 1156, and she was supposed to be a young woman of about 20 years old (or some say a young girl) with extensive knowledge and great beauty, and she was said to be the most beautiful and smartest woman in the country.
- しかし、一方では神示の中に「この筆示は8通りに読めるのであるぞ」と書かれている箇所もあり解読法の一つに成功したという認識が関係者の間では一般的で、その為に仮訳と言う副題を添えての発表も有った。
- However, it includes a part written as 'this written revelation has 8 different interpretations,' therefore the people concerned generally consider that only one of those were decoded and it was released with subtitle as tentative translation.
- 行政の要請に基づき組織化され、事業している場合、行政の観光政策の一環を担っているという使命感のあるうちはいいが、それが変質し、行政施策に「協力してやっている」という意識に変質していく恐れがある。
- Where volunteer groups are organized and operated based on the demands of administrative bodies, there are few problems as long as there is a sense of duty as being part of a tourism policy but there is a fear that this can change to an attitude of merely cooperating with the tourism policy.
- 『日本書紀』の天智天皇10年(671年)紀に「学識頭」という役職が見られ、また『懐風藻』の序文に天智天皇が学校を創設したという記述が見られるため、この時代に大学寮の由来を求める考え方が有力である。
- Because a post named 'Fumi no Tsukasa no Kami' (head of Minister of Education) is mentioned in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) entry for the year 671, and the preface of 'Kaifuso' (Found Recollections of Poetry) includes the statement that the Emperor Tenchi founded a school, it is generally understood that the origin of Daigaku-ryo dates back to this era.
- それでも、明経道の本科としての意識は強く、明経博士を務めた十市有象(中原氏の祖)による安和2年(969年)の解文には、紀伝道と明法道を「小道」と非難する一文が載せられている(『類聚符宣抄』所収)。
- Even so, Myogyodo retained itself as a regular course, and in 969, a Myogyo hakase named Yuzo Toichi (十市有象) (the founder of the Nakahara clan) wrote an official letter that included a sentence criticizing Kidendo and Myohodo as 'small courses' (this letter is included in 'Ruiju Fusensho' [A collection of official documents dating from the years 737 to 1093]).
- 余談だが、当時土佐藩士の間では長刀を差すことがちょっとした流行になっていたらしいのだが、この事件をきっかけに、長刀は使いにくいとの認識が土佐藩士の間に広まって流行が終焉した、との逸話が残っている。
- As an aside, there is a story that wearing a long sword was in fashion among the Tosa retainers at the time, but the style was abolished as the Tosa retainers became aware of the awkwardness in using a long sword due to this incident.
- 通常の筋力や腕力に頼らず相手を制する武道であるということから、「非力な女性の護身術としても有効」と喧伝されてきており、そのように認識している人も少なくないが、現在その点に関し疑問を呈する声もある。
- Because it's a martial art that controls the opponent without depending on ordinary muscular strength or force, aikido has been advertised as being 'effective as an art of self-defense for powerless women,' and though many consider it as such, some are questioning this today.
- 関東を意識しての話しとなるが、記録に残る開発領主となった武士らが、戦闘集団である「武士団」を組織したとき、それはかき集めた農民兵ではなく、また「傭兵」でもなく、領主間で私的に結ばれた戦闘集団である。
- When the bushi became kaihatsu-ryoshu and formed the 'bushidan' military group in the Kanto region, they were not peasant soldiers, 'mercenaries,' but a privately contracted fighting group of manor lords.
- ある年代以上の日本人には「酒も入らない状態で人前で歌うこと」に対する拒絶反応が存在したが、それ以降の世代は(少なくとも気心の知れた仲間同士の前では)屈託なく歌って楽しむという意識が存在していたこと。
- Japanese people of a certain age and over rejected 'singing in front of people without drinking,' but the younger ones enjoyed singing without any inhibition (at least in front of their familiar friends).
- ただし、外交において有事が発生した際、その権力者たちも朝廷に相談を持ちかけているため、幕府などの武家政権が内外とも全面的に統治権を行使する認識があったかどうかは考慮が必要である(元寇や黒船来航等)。
- However, whether the samurai governments like the bakufu recognized their right to be used fully in domestic affairs and in diplomatic affairs must be considered, because those men in power consulted the Imperial Court in diplomatic emergencies (the Mongolian Invasions, the Western ship coming to Japan at the end of the Edo period, etc).
- しかしながら、上代様に対する知識の普及に力を傾倒した「難波津会」(なにはづかい)が明治23年(1890年)に三条実美、東久世竹亭、小杉榲邨、高崎正風、大口周魚、阪正臣、田中光顕らによって創設された。
- However, 'Naniwazu-kai' (an association) was established to promote the diffusion of knowledge about Jodai-style in 1890 by Sanetomi SANJO, Chikutei HIGASHIKUZE, Sugimura KOSUGI, Masakaze TAKASAKI, Shugyo OGUCHI, Masaomi BAN, and Mitsuaki TANAKA.
- このことにより、教育は人格の問題であり、知識はその次であるという信州教育の本流的発想が教育界に広まることとなり、後の手塚縫蔵、松岡弘 (教育者)をはじめ、信州の多くの教師に影響を与えることになった。
- As a result, the mainstream idea of Shinsyu Education: 'Not the knowledge but the personality is the most important in education' was spread and had an impact on many teachers in Shinsyu, such as Nuizo TEZUKA and Hiromu MATSUOKA (an educator).
- 九代目が二人の娘に結婚を急がさず、むしろ梨園の外の知識人と自由に恋愛することを推奨するという、当時としては仰天するほど進歩的な考え方を持っていたもの、この新蔵が控えていてくれたからに他ならなかった。
- The reason why the Ninth had a progressive idea, an intellectually overwhelming idea at that time as not forcing his daughters to marry quickly, but encouraging them to enjoy free love with educated people in other than the theatrical world, was because of the existence of Shinzo.
- 一般に実務官僚たる地下は堂上よりも出入りが頻繁で、特に医療に関する専門知識や特殊技能が求められた典薬寮では、在野の医師が新たに官位を与えられて新家として地下家になる例が他の官職より多かったようである。
- Generally, with more frequent comings and goings than the Dojo, it seems that it was often ex-doctors from the Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine where medical expertise and special skills were required) who joined jige families as Shinke.
- 漢才、すなわち中国などから流入してきた知識・学問をそのまま日本へ移植するのではなく、あくまで基礎的教養として採り入れ、それを日本の実情に合わせて応用的に政治や生活の場面で発揮することが大和魂とされた。
- Yamato-damashii was to adopt karazae -- that is, the scholarship and knowledge introduced from China and other countries -- as a basic education and apply it to politics and other aspects of life in accordance with the actual condition of Japan, instead of transplanting it as it is in the country.
- ニューヨークでもホットドッグ売りなどの露天商はいまだに健在であり、その社会的役割を果たしているが、日本においては上記の理由や、高度成長を遂げた後の意識の変化などから、手軽に始められないのが現状である。
- In New York, rotensho such as hot dog sellers continue to trade, serving their social role, but in Japan, because of the reasons above and the change in attitudes with the end of the high-growth period, they cannot be easily recreated.
- もっとも、識仁親王の早期即位を望む後水尾法皇と有力外様大名(仙台藩)の従兄弟という天皇の血筋を嫌った江戸幕府双方の意向の一致が天皇の早期退位を志向し、それが「天皇不徳説」の根底にあったとの見方もある。
- There is another theory that the Emperor was said to be immoral, given the fact that Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo wanted Imperial Prince Satohito's early enthronement and because the Edo government didn't approve of the Emperor Gosai's family line being the cousin to a strong outside daimyo (the Sendai clan), whereupon both parties caused the Emperor's early abdication to take place.
- 振売は火気を持ち歩かず、主に生の食材や調味料、調理済みの食品を売り歩くのが特徴で、食品を扱う商売のなかでも、特別な技術や知識が不要、店を構えるための権利なども不要だったので、いちばん簡単に開業できた。
- The characteristic of the furiuri is to walk around to sell mainly raw ingredients, seasonings or ready-made food without carrying a fire, and it was the easiest business to begin among the food business because special technique or knowledge and rights to set up a shop were not required.
- 名称の通り仏教を建学の理念としている大学で、学則の第1条に「仏教精神により人格見識高邁にして活動力がある人物の育成を目的とし、世界文化の向上人類福祉の増進に貢献することを使命とする」と明記されている。
- The university's philosophy is the study of Buddhism (as evidenced by the school's name); accordingly, the first school regulations stated that 'the purpose is to bring up the active person who has a high sense of judgment based on the Buddhist spirit, with a mission of contributing to the advancement of world society and enhancing the welfare of humanity.'
- また各国の国旗掲揚、国歌斉唱が脱帽起立のうえ厳粛におこなわれることを根拠として教育現場での日の丸・君が代への否定的対応および拒否を推奨するかのような日教組教育を国際的に非常識なものと批判する主張がある。
- There is also an assertion based on the fact that raising of the national flag and chorus reading of the national anthem are carried out solemnly with hats off and uprising that education in the way of Nikkyoso which seems to recommend negative response or denial of Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) and Kimigayo is internationally preposterous,
- そして高等教育機関進学や官吏登用では制度的に差別された上、日本人の間には台湾人に対する差別意識も存在しており、それを解消すべく戦時中には皇民化政策により日本人との同化が義務化されるなどの政策が行われた。
- Systematic discrimination existed in the admission to higher educational institutions or for governmental employment and Japanese had a sense of discrimination against Taiwanese, so the government conducted the kominka policy to oblige them to assimilate to Japanese during the war.
- そのためそれまでの間の25日間は、長矩が自分だけで勅使を迎える準備をせねばならず、この空白の時間が浅野に「吉良は不要」というような意識を持たせ、二人の関係に何かしら影響を与えたのでは、と見るむきもある。
- Therefore, Naganori had to prepare during that 25 days on his own, getting the idea that 'Kira is unnecessary', and it is likely that notion had some influence on the relationship between them.
- しかし、こうした歴史の知識を必要とするのは公文書や漢詩などの文章作成においてであり、文章道と重複するという考えから承和_(日本)3年3月8日_(旧暦)(834年4月20日)に紀伝道と文章道は統合された。
- However, such knowledge of history was required when creating documents such as official documents and Chinese poetry, and Kidendo (the study of the histories) was integrated with Monjodo (literature) on April 1, 836 by the idea that it overlapped with Monjodo.
- 中国の千字文を意識して1行に名詞が4語並ぶように作られているが、5行目で早くも動詞を使用するなど形式的にも破綻しており、6行目は無意味な語の羅列になっているなど、作品としての出来は決してよいとは言えない。
- Following the structure of the Senjimon (a poem consisting of one thousand Chinese characters) in China, four nouns constitute one line of the poem at first, but it shows collapse already in the fifth line in terms of formality as verbs are used there and in addition meaningless words are placed in the sixth line; therefore it is hard to say this poem is a good piece.
- ところが、ヨーロッパの書籍から直接知識を得ようとする洋学(蘭学)が出現するようになると、従来の学問(日本固有の学術及び中国伝来の学術)はこれと区別する意味で「皇漢学(こうかんがく)」と称されるようになる。
- However, when form of studies referred to as western studies (Dutch studies) which sought to directly obtain knowledge through books from Europe started, the traditional way of studies (studies typical of Japan as well as studies introduced from China) had come to be referred to as 'koukangaku' to distinguish from western studies.
- また歌論『ささめごと』において、一般人が単に「姿の優ばみたること」を幽玄と心得るのに対し、「古人の幽玄体と取りおけるは、心を最用とせしにや」として美意識ともいうべき「心の艶」が条件として伴うものとしている。
- Also in his poetry criticism 'Sasamegoto' (Murmurings) he wrote 'for ancient people the most important thing in Yugen was heart' and having aesthetic appreciation while ordinary people consider Yugen only as 'something that has deep flavor.'
- また能は、歌舞伎やそこから発生した日本舞踏が横長の舞台において正面の客に向って舞踏を見せることを前提とするのに対して、正方形の舞台の上で三方からの観客を意識しながら、円を描くようにして動く点にも特徴がある。
- Another characteristic of Noh is that performers move in a circular pattern on a square stage in consideration for audiences on three sides, while Kabuki (traditional Japanese drama performed by male actors) and Classical Japanese dance derived from Kabuki are performed on a rectangular stage on the premise for showing the performance to audiences in the front.
- 薩摩藩出身者として藩閥の中心人物と成りうる人物であったが、本人には派閥意識がまるでなく、出身藩にこだわらず幅広く人材を登用し、教育方面でも、成城学校(新宿区原町)校長を務めるなど、優秀な軍人育成に貢献した。
- Although he could be a central figure of the domain clique as a native of the Satsuma clan, he did not have clannish spirit at all and posted officials regardless of people's native domains, also in terms of education, assumed the school principal of Seijo School - located in Haramachi, Shinjuku which contributed in bringing up decent military men.
- 平将門の乱以降は、その平将門を滅ぼした天慶勲功者、藤原秀郷、平貞盛、平公雅、そして源経基の子孫達が、「朝家の爪牙」となっていったが、その彼らが兵(つわもの)として認識されるには、一定のプロセスが必要であった。
- After the war of TAIRA no Masakado, people who distinguishingly served in battle, FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Sadamori, TAIRA no Kinmasa, and the descendants of MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, became the 'choka no soga' after defeating TAIRA no Masakado, but a uniformed process was required for them to be considered tsuwamono.
- しかし天皇の子女は孝子内親王のみで皇嗣たる男子がなかったため、急遽異母弟の高貴宮(識仁親王、のちの霊元天皇)を皇嗣とし、高貴宮が成長するまでの中継ぎとして同じく異母弟の花町宮良仁親王が後西天皇として即位した。
- The Imperial Princess Takako was the Emperor's only child and there was no crown prince, and so his younger paternal half-brother Ade no Miya (the Imperial Prince Satohito, later the Emperor Reigen) hastily became the crown prince while another younger paternal half-brother Hanamachi no Miya (the Imperial Prince Nagahito) ascended the throne as the Emperor Gosai, a relay successor for the time being until Ade no Miya matured.
- 摂関期にはまだ平安宮内裏が本来の皇居であると認識されており、平安宮内裏が健在であるのに里内裏を皇居とする例はほとんど無かったが、院政期以降になると、平安宮内裏の有無に関わらず里内裏を皇居とする例が一般化した。
- In the regency period, the dairi in Heian-kyu palace was still recognized as the primary imperial palace, and the satodairi was rarely used as the imperial palace when the dairi in Heian-kyu palace was available; in the cloistered government period, however, the satodairi was commonly used as the imperial palace irrespective of the presence of the dairi in the Heian-kyu palace.
- 一方、当時の日本に「元に勝ったのは、公家などの貴族たちが、勝利や平和についての歌を作って詠んだ、言霊の結果である」あるいは「僧侶や神官らの折伏(しゃくぶく)や祈祷による結果である」との認識が広く存在していた。
- Meanwhile, people in Japan then commonly believed, 'what brought us the victory over the Yuan Dynasty was the power of language in poems created by nobles for victory and peace' or 'it was shakubuku (to correct another's false views and awaken that person to the truth of Buddhism) and prayers performed by Buddhist and Shinto priests.'
- 古来より人間は、現代の科学による「酵母」という概念ではないにしても、日常生活をさまざまに左右する酵母の存在を陰に陽に認識し、経験則によってこれを選択し、自分たちの目的にかなう酵母だけを利用するようにしてきた。
- Though not in the concept of 'yeast' defined by the modern science, the human being have been, since the ancient times, explicitly and implicitly aware of the presence of yeast which variously influences our daily life, have been selected the yeast based on our empirical rules, and have been used only the yeast which is suitable for the purpose of ours.
- この頃は剣道と伝統的な剣術との違いが余り認識されておらず、積極的に剣道の試合に出る流派も少なくなかった(明治末~戦前期の文献では、現在一般にいうところの剣道を含めた日本剣術全般を「剣道」と称することが多い)。
- Around that time, the difference between Kendo and traditional Kenjutsu was not well acknowledged and many schools actively participated in Kendo matches (Japanese Kenjutsu in general, including contemporary Kendo, was collectively called 'Kendo' in the documents written from the end of Meiji era to the end of World War Ⅱ).
- 祈祷などの手段で己の意識を特殊な状態(トランス状態の一種と言われている)に置き、交信する対象の存在に明け渡すことで、対象の言葉(託宣、神託)を知ったり人々に伝えたりすることができる(伝えることを役割とする)。
- They put themselves in a special state (which is said to be a kind of a trance) through prayer or by other means and cause themselves to be left open to the spirit with whom they exchange information so that they can receive and convey (or take the responsibility of conveying) the words (oracles) of the spirit.
- 都市の商業資本家・知識人層・三菱を支持基盤として、「王室の尊栄」・「人民の幸福」を2大方針として政治漸進主義を唱え、イギリス流立憲君主制・二院制議会・財産制限選挙制・国権拡張などの穏健な立憲政治を目標に掲げた。
- Supported by commercial capitalists and intellectuals of big cities, and Mitsubishi, the party maintained the political gradualism with the two pillars of ideas of 'flourishing of the imperial family' and 'people's happiness,' setting a goal to establish the moderate constitutionalism based on British constitutional monarchy, bicameral system, suffrage restricted by property, and the expansion of sovereign right.
- 日本人が、仏は日本の神とは違う性質を持つと理解するにつれ、仏のもとに神と人間を同列に位置づけ、日本の神々も人間と同じように苦しみから逃れる事を願い、仏の救済を求め解脱を欲しているという認識がされるようになった。
- As Japanese people realized that the Buddha had a nature different from Japanese deities, they began to regard deities and human beings on the same level and thought that like human beings, Japanese deities also wish deliverance for salvation of the Buddha to end suffering.
- 維新成功の背景として、その前段階たる江戸時代における日本人の労働生産性・教育水準・遵法意識の高さや、近世においてすでに近代的科学(合理)精神を受け入れる素地・教養が準備されていたことなども要因と考えられている。
- Some of the reasons for the success of the Meiji Restoration are that Japanese people in the Edo period worked hard, were well educated, and abided by laws, and they had enough knowledge to accept modern rational scientific spirit.
- 第3回京都学生祭典のコンセプト「イベントからまつりへ」のもと、まつりを象徴するおどりの導入が検討されるようになり、京都学生祭典実行委員会と京都学生祭典事務局、有識者などで構成されるプロジェクトチームが発足した。
- Since the concept of the third Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa was 'From Event To Festival', the idea of introducing a dance to symbolize the festival was discussed and a project team was formed with people from the Executive Committee of Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa and Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa Administration Office, and other key figures.
- 政治家としての業績には乏しいが、父親譲りの学識を持ち(父の在世中に陣定の場で当代随一の碩学と称された父と論争してやり込めたという)、雅楽の歴史においては源博雅と並ぶ平安時代を代表する音楽家として名を残している。
- He contributed a little as a politician, but possessed academic knowledge gained his father (while his father was still alive, he was often absorbed in debate at Jin no sadame (Ancient Cabinet Council) with his father, who was said to be the great scholar of that time) and left his name in the history of gagaku (old Japanese court music) as a musician who represented the Heian era along with MINAMOTO no Hiromasa.
- 食用にする際は、長い耳を羽根に見立て味が鳥に類似していることから、鳥類の一種としてのウサギや、海に棲むクジラを魚類として認識していたことから、山鯨としてのイノシシのような一部を除き、主に鳥類や魚介類を摂ってきた。
- For food, mainly birds and seafood had been eaten except for rabbits regarded as a kind of birds because of the long ears resembling feathers and the taste similar to that of birds, and wild boars regarded as mountain whales (whales living in the sea were regarded as a kind of fish).
- 『眼科錦囊』には、眼球の解剖図が載っており、角膜や水晶液、水晶膜、視神経などなど各部位の名が見られ、近代医術(眼球の手術)に必要な知識が備わっていた事が分かる(『続眼科錦囊』には眼球の手術の様子が描かれている)。
- In 'Ganka Kinno,' an anatomical drawing of eyeball and the names of each part such as cornea, crystalline humor, membrane of crystalline and optic nerve were seen and we can understand that he had the necessary knowledge of modern medicine (operation of eyeball) (in 'Zoku Ganka Kinno,' operation of eyeball was described).
- 1970年代頃からの環境問題への意識の高まりや、企業の不祥事が続く中、CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility=企業の社会的責任)ということが欧米を中心に盛んに言われるようになった。
- While the concerns to the environmental issue have been raised from the 1970s, and the scandals of enterprises have happened one after another, CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) became a much-discussed subject especially in Europe and America.
- まだ大規模な酒造器具も開発されておらず、台所用品に毛の生えた程度の器具しかなかったと思われるこの時代に、菩提酛、煮酛など高度な知識の集積にもとづいて、かなりの手間を掛け、精緻に洗練された技術で製造していたと思われる。
- It seems that the tools owned by brewers in those days were little more than kitchen utensils because large implements for brewing sake had not yet been developed, but based on high-level knowledge accumulated about 'Bodai-moto' (a sake ingredient), 'Ni-moto' (a sake producing method) and others, they seem to have produced Nanto moro-haku with considerable effort and scrupulously refined techniques.
- 後述する数々の創作物の影響もあり、幕末、京都の治安維持の主力を担っていたのは新選組であるとの認識も一般には強いが、実際は重要な御所近辺は会津直轄隊の精鋭2000人、その周りは幕臣で構成される見廻組500人が固めていた。
- Due to the impact of many works which will be described later, there is a strong general understanding that Shinsen-gumi took a leading part in maintenance of public order in Kyoto during the last days of the shogunate, but actually, the important area around the Imperial Palace was guarded by 2,000 elite troops under direct control of the Aizu Clan, and around that were another 500 men of Kyoto Mimawarigumi, composed of vassals of the shogunate.
- その後、7世紀後半に至るまで国号の表記は倭国・倭のままであったが、天武天皇に始まる律令制建設の過程で、倭国・倭という表記を忌避する意識が再び高まり、701年前後に日本という表記が採用されることとなったと考えられている。
- From then on till the latter half of the seventh century, the name designating the country was still Wakoku or Wa, but in the process of remodeling its state and administrative apparatus on the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) by the Emperor Tenmu, there was growing national awareness about the avoidance of using Wa or Wakoku, so that before and after 701, a pair of Chinese characters, 日本, (meaning of 'the land from the sun-rise) came to be used.
- 成人男性の識字率も幕末には70%を超え、同時期のロンドン(20%)、パリ(10%未満)を遥かに凌ぎ、ロシア人革命家メーチニコフや、トロイア遺跡を発見したドイツ人のハインリッヒ・シュリーマンらが、驚きを以って書いている。
- The literacy rate of adult males living in Edo exceeded seventy per cent by the end of Edo Period, far higher than those of London (20%) and Paris (below 10%), which a Russian revolutionist, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, and German archaeologist, Heinrich Julius Schliemann who discovered Trojan Ruins, reported with astonishment.
- 下間氏は親鸞の時代から本願寺に仕えた一族で、頼照はやや傍流にあたるが、顕如によって一向一揆の総大将として越前に派遣され、『朝倉始末記』の記述やその発給文書から実質的な越前の守護、あるいは守護代であったと認識されている。
- The Shimotsuma clan was a clan which served Hongan-ji Temple from the time of Shinran, and although Raisho was of collateral descendant, he was dispatched to Echizen as the supreme commander of the Ikko-Ikki riot by Kennyo and was recognized as the actual Shugo (military governor) or Shugodai (deputy military governor) of Echizen as written in 'Asakura Shimatsuki.'
- 言継はその気さくな人柄で庶民とともに入浴する事もあり、また優れた医療知識をもって天皇や公家達のみならず、京の庶民に対しても治療を行って、しかも無理に治療費を取る事がなかったため、言継は庶民からも人気がある公家となった。
- Tokitsugu's friendly character made him the court noble who was popular among common people; he sometimes took a bath with common people; he utilized his medical knowledge and treated not only the emperor or court nobles but also common people in Kyoto without charging them for the treatment.
- 朝鮮の一般庶民の意識改革の為、識字率を上げる必要を感じていた福沢は、朝鮮政府に招聘された井上と、同じく招聘された同門の牛場卓蔵、高橋正信に「朝鮮の独立と朝鮮人の啓蒙の為には、朝鮮語による新聞の発行が不可欠」と訓示した。
- When Inoue was invited by the Korean government along with his fellow pupils, Takuzo USHIBA and Masanobu TAKAHASHI, Fukuzawa, who was concerned about the Korean people's awareness-raising and felt it necessary to improve their literacy rate to achieve it, gave him instructions, saying 'it is necessary to issue newspapers written in Korean language to achieve Korean independence and Korean people's enlightenment.'
- 中田薫 (学者)の『法制史論集』に収める諸論文や滝川政次郎『律令の研究』は、太平洋戦争以前に発表された代表的な研究文献であるが、これらに共通するものは、中国律令法と日本律令法との相違を明らかにしようとする課題意識である。
- Various research papers in the 'Hoseishi ronshu' (A collection of essays on legal history) by Kaoru NAKADA (scholar) and the 'Ritsuryo no kenkyu' (Studies on Ritsuryo) by Masajiro TAKIKAWA are major research literature published before the Pacific war, and the commonality between them is an attempt to clarify the difference between Chinese ritsuryo law and Japanese ritsuryo law.
- 志を同じくする人たちが集まって発足した当初は良いが、やがてメンバーが多くなっていくと、「ボランティア」そのものに対する取組意識の差やそれまでの社会的地位や経験、ボランティア経験等によって微妙に人間関係が難しくなっていく。
- When a group of people with the same intentions come together, things often begin well but as the number of members increase, human relationships can become strained due to differences in levels of commitment and issues arising from social status as well as differing levels of experience.
- 太夫と三味線によって作りあげられる間の緊迫、言葉や音づかいに対する意識、一曲のドラマツルギーを「語り」によって立体的に描きあげる構成力、そのいずれをとっても義太夫こそは浄瑠璃におけるひとつの完成形であるというにふさわしい。
- Judging by any of the following factors, such as the strained intervals created by the dayu and shamisen, consciousness of words and sounds or the dramaturgy to depict music in three dimensions in the form of 'narration,' Gidayu is worthy of being called the culmination of Joruri.
- 翌昭和17年(1942年)、既存の武徳会は改組され会長に東條英機内閣総理大臣、副会長に厚生省・文部省・陸軍省・海軍省・内務省 (日本)の各大臣と学識経験者1名をそれぞれ招き、理事長に民間人、各支部長には各地の知事をあてた。
- In 1942, the existing Butoku Kai was reorganized with Prime Minister Hideki TOJO as its chairman, the ministers of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Education, Ministry of the Army, Ministry of the Navy, Ministry of the Interior and an academic expert as vice-chairmen, a private citizen as administrative director, and governors of the region as the heads of the branches.
- それ以外にも素人への謡曲教授などを行い、名誉師範(シテ方観世流)や教授嘱託(シテ方宝生流)など、流儀から一定の資格を得ている人々もいるが、あくまで素人としての称号であって、能楽界においては玄人(能楽師)として認識されない。
- In addition, some people who give lessons on noh songs to amateurs and so on receive certain qualifications from schools, such as the honorary master (shite-kata of Kanze school) or the commissioned instructor (shite-kata of Hosho school), but these qualifications are nothing more than for nonprofessionals and do not allow the holders to be recognized as the professionals (noh actors) in the world of noh.
- しかし、忠平の後に実際に政務をリードしたのは太政官筆頭である左大臣藤原実頼であり、村上治世を天皇親政の理想の時代とするのは、11世紀以降に摂関政治で不遇をかこった中下流の文人貴族による意識的な喧伝だったのだと考えられている。
- However, the person who led the governance after Tadahira was the head of Daijokan (Department of State) and also Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) FUJIWARA no Saneyori, and it is thought to have been conscious propaganda to admire Murakami's reign as the ideal of imperial governance by the middle- and lower-ranked literary nobility in and after 11th century.
- 尊王論が日本に受容されるに際して、日本では天皇が「王」であり、江戸幕府の征夷大将軍が「覇」であると読み換えられたが、天皇は単なる国王ではなく皇帝であるという優越意識を踏まえて「尊皇」という漢字に置き換えて用いることもあった。
- At the time when imperialism was introduced into Japan in the Edo Period (the period during which the Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867), the tenno (emperor) was advocated as the 'king' and the shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate was the 'military ruler'; despite this, sometimes the Chinese character meaning emperor was used instead of 'king', based on assumptions of superiority, that the emperor was more than a mere 'king'.
- 自営業でなくても、親と同じ職種につくことは人脈や職務上必要とされる知識といった無形の財産をひきつぐ上で有利であるため、政治家、外交官、大学教員、芸能人など、社会的に突出した職業や地位の多くに、事実上の世襲が多くなる傾向がある。
- Even though it is not an independent enterprise, to take the same occupation as the parent is advantageous in terms of the succession of intangible assets such as goodwill, personal networks and the knowledge required in the course of their work; therefore, many of those occupations or positions that are regarded as socially outstanding such as politicians, diplomatic officials, academics, and entertainers tend to be passed on through the generations.
- しかし一方で、日常では許されないような秩序や常識を超えた行為(ふんどし一丁、男性の女装等)も、「この祭礼の期間にだけは」伝統的に許されると認識する地方が多く、そのため賑やかな場面を指して「お祭り騒ぎ」などの言葉が派生している。
- On the other hand, order disallowed in the daily life and acts beyond the bounds of common sense (naked except for one's loincloth, dressing as a woman by men and so on) are recognized to be allowed traditionally 'only during the matsuri' in many provinces, and therefore, the term 'omatsuri sawagi' referring to a joyous scene was derived.
- 顧頡剛は「薪を積んでいくと、後から載せたものほど上に来る」という比喩のもと、古史伝承は累層的に古いものほど新しく作られたという説を主張し、尭・舜・禹を中国史の黄金時代とする儒教的歴史観に染まっていた知識人に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- Ko Ketsugo advocated a theory on tradition of old history that those for older times were created more recently, based on a metaphor 'when stacking firewood, the ones placed later are higher,' and strongly shocked the intellectuals who were immersed in a Confucian historical perspective which viewed Gyo, Shun, and U as the golden age of Chinese history.
- 現代では冷蔵庫など食品の保存に便利な装置や輸送面での技術的進歩によりあまり意識されない所ではあるが、かつては食材の鮮度保持や雑菌繁殖予防などで様々な工夫が行われ、その一部は今日ヅケと呼ばれる調理や味付けの技法に生き残っている。
- At one time various kinds of efforts were made for preserving freshness or preventing contamination and so on, but now they are not noticed because of convenient devices for keeping foods such as refrigerators or technical developments of transportation, a part of which remains in the cooking or seasoning technique called zuke (tuna preserved with soy sauce).
- 祖先の霊を祭る宗教行事だけではなく、国民的な休暇、民族移動の時期としての「お盆」としての側面があり、仏教的生活習慣を意識していない場合にはお盆(旧盆)は単なる夏休みになっているが、全国的に大多数の人が墓参りをするのが恒例である。
- This 'Obon', as well as being a religious event to commemorate the souls of ancestors, has the air of a national holiday, with many people traveling around the country and, for those not aware of Buddhist practices, the Obon around August 15th is just a summer vacation, though most people throughout the country maintain the tradition of visting family graves.
- 当時うつけ、かぶき者などと評されていた信長は、同じく傾奇者であった犬千代を気に入り、共に女物の着物や動物の皮などで仕立てられた派手な着物を着て無法・逸脱行為を働いていたという(信長と利家は仕官以前から面識があったともいわれる)。
- It is said that Nobunaga who was called an utsuke (the stupid) or a kabukimono (an eccentric person) in those days got to favor Inuchiyo who was also a kabukimono, and that they dressed in the kimono for women or the outlandish kimono made of animal skin and others and they committed delinquent and deviated behaviors together (it is also said that Nobunaga and Toshiie had already known each other before Toshiie became a page.)
- 養老律令では方法が2通りあり、前者は『九章算術』3問と『六章』・『綴術』以外の残り6書から各1問の計9問から出題されるもの、後者は『六章』3問と『綴術』6問の計9問から出題されるもので、前者は基礎算術、後者は高等数学の知識を試した。
- There were two methods in the Yoro Code, each of which delivered a total of nine questions: in the first, three questions were drawn from the 'Kyushosanjutsu' with each of the remaining documents other than 'Rokusho' and 'Tenjutsu' providing one of the other six; in the second, three questions were drawn from 'Rokusho' and the remaining six from 'Tenjutsu,' so that the former method tested knowledge of basic arithmetic while the latter tested knowledge of advanced mathematics.
- この嵐が伊勢神宮をはじめとする諸神社によって盛んに行われた異敵調伏の祈祷と成果とする喧伝と実際に戦闘を行った武士達が元王朝の集団戦法に苦戦して神への加護を求めていたという事実が、日本を神国とする認識を国内各層に浸透させる事となった。
- There was a legend that prayer organized in various shrines such as the Ise-jingu Shrine, used to beat the opposition worked well, and also the fact, that Samurai who struggled to fight back against the former dynasty's group tactics and asked for protection from god, further spread the idea within Japan that Japan was Shinkoku.
- 考古学の成果から5世紀ごろから「治天下大王」(あめのしたしろしめすおおきみ)という国内向けの称号が成立したことが判明しているが、これはこの時期に倭国は中華王朝と異なる別の天下であるという意識が生まれていたことの表れだと評価されている。
- The title 'Ame-no-shita Shiroshimesu Okimi' known from archaeological studies to have been established around the fifth century is viewed as evidence of the perception that Wakoku was a different 'tenka' (realm, written with the same characters as 'Ame-no-shita') from the Chinese dynasties.
- ところが、「古文」・「今文」ともに再発見の経緯から「偽書」であるとする疑惑を抱えており、特に唐代に入ると、どちらを『孝経』の正本と考えるかという認識の違いから、「古文」派と「今文」派に分かれて相手の系統を「偽書」とする攻撃を繰り返した。
- However, there were suspicions that the books may be fake due to the circumstances in which they were rediscovered, and during the Tang Dynasty, two distinct schools were formed—the 'Kobun' school and the 'Kinbun' school—as a result of a difference in opinion regarding which was the authentic 'Kokyo' book, with both accused the other of following a 'forged book.'
- こうして有識者の意見が募られ、藤原範兼、中原師光(以上、同年4月15日付)、藤原永範(同年4月16日付)、藤原長光(同年4月21日)、藤原伊通(長寛2年〈1164年〉4月2日付)、清原頼業(同年4月24日付)といった人々が意見を述べた。
- Under such circumstances, experts' opinions were sought and people like FUJIWARA no Norikane, Moromitsu NAKAHARA (these two persons; April 15th of the same year), FUJIWARA no Naganori (April 16th of the same year), FUJIWARA no Nagamitsu (April 21st of the same year), FUJIWARA no Koremichi (April 2nd of the same year), KIYOHARA no Yorinari (April 24th of the same year) provided their views.
- 古代の有力豪族であった物部氏の末裔(仏教反対派として有名な物部守屋の弟の5代目の子孫だとされる)である石上氏に生まれた宅嗣は藤原仲麻呂討伐などで活躍をして大納言にまで昇る一方で当時を代表する知識人・文人であり、熱心な仏教信者でもあった。
- Born into the Isonokami clan that is descended from the powerful ancient clan of Mononobe (alleged to be the fifth-generation descendant of the younger brother of MONONOBE no Moriya who opposed the introduction of Buddhism), Yakatsugu is famed for his military accomplishments defeating FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and rising to the rank of Dainagon (chief councilor of state) but at the same time was a leading figure in literature and arts and an avid Buddhist.
- 式外社には、朝廷の勢力範囲外の神社や、独自の勢力を持っていた神社(熊野那智大社など)、また、神仏習合により仏を祀る寺であると認識されていた神社、僧が管理をしていた神社(石清水八幡宮など)、正式な社殿を有していなかった神社などが含まれる。
- The Shikigesha shrines include shrines which were out of the Imperial Court's sphere, shrines which had their own influence (such as Kumano Nachi Taisha Shrine), shrines which were thought to enshrine the Buddha due to the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism, shrines which were under Buddhist priests' control (such as Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine), and shrines which did not have a formal shrine building.
- また、観察者の存在によって、観察される存在の挙動が変化してしまうことは、生物学や社会科学の分野では当然のこととして常に意識されていた(例えば生き物や人間、人間集団などは、人間は、観察で挙動が変化してしまうと経験的・常識的に知っていた)。
- Moreover, in the field of biology and social science it has been always known as a matter-of -course that the behavior of the object being observed is affected by the existence of the observer (for example, human beings are aware based on the experiences and the common sense that the behavior of any creatures, human beings and the group of human beings is affected by being observed).
- 藤原公任は『大鏡』に描かれた幼少期の藤原道長が強いライバル意識を持った相手として知られているものの、実際には寛和2年6月10日 (旧暦)の内裏歌合で若手貴族の代表として道長・斉信ともに選ばれるなど、青年時代から共に行動することが多かった。
- According to the story of 'Okagami' (The Great Mirror), FUJIWARA no Kinto was known as a person with whom FUJIWARA no Michinaga had a strong rivalry in his childhood, however, in reality, he often worked with Michinaga in such cases as Dairi Utaawase (the palace poetry contest) on July 24, 986, in which he was selected and participated together with Michinaga and Tadanobu as a representative of the young nobles.
- が、現在では青森県教育庁発行の報告書にも「なお、一時公的な報告書や論文などでも引用されることがあった『東日流外三郡誌』については、捏造された偽書であるという評価が既に定着している。」と記載されるなど、偽書であるとの認識は一般的になっている。
- However, at present, the following view is established and even a report issued by the Agency of Education of Aomori Prefecture cited; ''Tsugaru Sangun-shi,' which was used for a while as a reference in public reports or academic articles, is concluded to be a falsified document.' and thus this document is commonly recognized as an apocryphal book.
- これに対して高山らの国体論は、当時広く浸透していた「家」を中心とする国民意識に基づき、「皇室は宗家にして臣民は末族なり」とし、宗家の家長たる天皇による日本(=「君臣一家」)の統治権を正当化する(高山「我国体と新版図」、『太陽』3巻22号)。
- On the contrary, the national polity theory of Takayama was based on pervasive public sense which put priority on 'family,' and insisted that 'the Imperial Family was a head family and subjects belonged to branch families,' the emperor regarded as a head of the family (= 'Imperial members and subjects belonged to the same family lime') had a right to rule Japan (Takayama's 'Our national polity and new territory,' 'the sun' No. 22, volume 3).
- 公賢は朝廷で高位高官の地位にあって朝政を主導しただけでなく、有職故実にも明るく学識経験も豊富だったため、天皇・院・公家らから相談を受けることも多く、その日記『園太暦』はこの時代の朝廷の様々な人物の動きを知る上での貴重な基本史料となっている。
- Kinkata didn't just lead the government by the Imperial Court as a dignitary, but he was also familiar with traditional customs and had a rich academic background, thus he was frequently asked for advice by Emperor, Empress and court nobles and 'Entairyaku' (Diary of Kinkata TOIN) is a valuable historical data to know the movement of various persons of the Imperial Court at that time.
- 唐物とは文字通り唐渡りの品であり、バサラ文化においては、現代でいうとグッチやカルティエのごときブランド物のように、珍奇なものということで大いにもてはやされ、吉田兼好などの知識人からは煙たがれていたわけだが、これを義満は好み、権威づけていった。
- Karamono was the item from Kara (China or Korea) as according to the word, and it was greatly popular as unique goods by the Basara culture such as Gucci and Cartier of modern times and was a nuisance for intellectuals such as Kenko YOSHIDA, but Yoshimitsu favored it and became an authority in that field.
- しかし古来においても、今のような「発酵」という言葉こそなかったとはいえ、米と水に「あるもの」を加えると酒に変わることはしっかりと認識されており、その「あるもの」を麹(こうじ)、酛(もと)、または酒母(もと / しゅぼ)と呼んでいたわけである。
- Even in ancient times, when the modern term 'fermentation' didn't exist, it was well known that adding 'something' to rice and water will turn the mixture into sake, and this 'something' was called koji (malted rice), moto (yeast mash), or shubo.
- 古語の研究を歌意考・文意考・語意考などで進め、基礎を大成したうえで古神道の哲学を組成することを真淵は長年意図していたのであるが、自分の老齢を意識して、復古神道の学論を立てる企ては後継者である本居宣長に譲ることにしたということは一般に知られる。
- It is generally known that, for years, Mabuchi intended to promote his research on ancient words through works such as Kaiko (Commentary on Poetry), Buniko (Commentary on Literature), and Goiko (Commentary on Language), and to set up the philosophy of ancient Shinto after perfecting the fundamentals; however, in consideration of his old age, he passed on his attempt to advocate Fukko Shinto (reform Shinto [prominent 18th century form of Shinto, based on the classics, and free from Confucian and Buddhist influences]) to his successor, Norinaga MOTOORI.
- 国際法上では、個人に対する脅迫もあったか国家に対する圧力のみかという論点よりも、強制に基づく条約調印を無効とする国際慣習法上の規範もしくは規則が1905年当時に存在していたと認識するか否かという論点において、最も大きく議論と立場が分かれている。
- In international law, rather than at the point whether there was also a threat against an individual or there was only a pressure against a state, at the point whether people recognize or not that norms or regulations in the international common law which invalidates conclusion of treaties under threat could exist at the time of 1905, arguments and positions have been separated to the highest degree.
- なお、台湾では政治的立場や、歴史認識に対する観点の相違などによって、日本統治時代をそれぞれ日本時代、日治時代、日據時代、日本統治時期あるいは日本殖民時期と呼称しているが、日據時代と表記する場合については日本統治時代に対し批判的な意味合いがある。
- In Taiwan, the period of Japanese rule is called by different names such as '日本時代','日治時代','日據時代','日本統治時期' or '日本殖民時期', depending upon the political positions or historic perspectives, and '日據時代' implies a criticism of Japanese rule.
- 苗字が同じで入隊が同期、出身が同地と思われ、年齢が1歳差(縁之助は入隊時26歳)であること、縁之助は元僧侶とする声(近藤芳助)があり師範となった雄蔵同様学識があったと思われることなどから、両名は兄弟ないしは何らかの縁者ではないかとする説もある。
- As their family name is the same and they enlisted at the same time, it is thought that they were from the same place, and that they were one year apart in age (Ennosuke was 26 years old when he joined Shinsengumi); both names are considered to be of brothers or some type of close relation, in consideration of the fact that Yuzou, who became a master of literature, probably had work as a scholar, and Yoshisuke KONDO said that Ennosuke was a Buddhist monk so both they were educated.
- なお、公式令の規定に従えば、詔書と違って天皇が直接署名などの行為を行うことはないが、実際の運用においては、法的には勅旨で出される事項であった場合でも天皇が重要と認識した場合には、天皇が詔書と同様に日付などを加えた勅旨を特に発給されるケースもあった。
- In addition, according to the regulations in Kushiki-ryo, unlike the Shosho, the emperor does not perform behaviors such as direct signature; however, in actual practice, even in the case of matters which should be issued by imperial order according to the law, if the emperor considered it important, the emperor might in particular issue an imperial order with date and other items added like Shosho (imperial edict, decree).
- しかも、日露戦争が軍部の説く「統帥権の独立」の定義に抵触する「政略主導の両略一致」に基づいた戦争遂行が行われた事実を認識しなかった軍部は昭和期の戦争における両略一致を、「統帥権の独立」原則に反しない軍略主導で実現させようと試みるようになるのである。
- Furthermore, the Military did not notice the fact that the Russo-Japanese war was based on 'Congruency of politics and strategy with the main leadership of politics' that conflicted with 'the independence of supreme command' which the Military preached, so that the Military tried to realize the congruency of politics and strategy of the war during Showa period with the Military leadership which would not object to the principle of 'the independence of supreme command'.
- 何よりも生涯学習時代の到来を踏まえ、自己の知識を活かして訪れる観光客のお役に立ちたい、それが自己実現につながる、そして自分の街を誇りに思い、他の地域の人々との新たな出会いが楽しいという、ボランティアの成り手自身の意識の成熟が大きな要因として挙げられる。
- Major reasons for choosing to become a tourism volunteer guide include the desire to use one's knowledge acquired through lifelong study to educate visiting tourists to attain a feeling of self-fulfillment, a sense of pride in the area in which one lives, and taking pleasure in meeting new people from different places.
- その一方で、これらの信仰をもつ人々は、険しい地形や自然環境により僅かな不注意でも生命を奪われかねない環境にあることから、危険な状況に陥る行為を「山の機嫌を損ねる」行為として信仰上のタブーとし、自らの安全を図るための知識として語り継いでいると考えられる。
- Meanwhile, people with this faith are living in an environment where due to the harsh landscape, slight carelessness can lead to death, and therefore, consider dangerous actions as acts 'offending the mountain' and are religious taboos, and they hand down their knowledge for achieving one's own safety.
- こういった問題において、例えば箸は軽度の意識障害や指先の運動機能障害がある場合に大変扱い難い食器となってしまうわけだが、ここで先割れスプーン(特に先端部がフォーク状になっているもの)を使うと、無理な姿勢で食器に顔を近づけずとも、口元まで食事を運びやすい。
- For instance, in these problems, chopsticks are difficult to use for people who have disturbance of consciousness or motility disorder of fingertips, here, if they use spork (particularly, they use the spork with fork-like tip), it is easy for them to bring food to their mouths without moving their faces to eating utensils in unnatural posture.
- 蘇我入鹿が山背大兄王を滅ぼし権力集中を図ったのは、高句麗における淵蓋蘇文のクーデターを意識しており、乙巳の変は新羅における金ユ信らによる毗曇の内乱鎮圧後の王族中心体制の元での女王推戴と類似していたが故に諸臣に受け入れられやすかったとする吉田孝の見解がある。
- Takashi YOSHIDA's view states that the reason SOGA no Iruka strove for the concentration of authority by destroying Prince Yamashiro no Oe was to do with the coup carried out by Gaisobun EN in Goguryeo, and furthermore; Isshi Incident was easily accepted by the officials since it was similar to the enthronement of the Queen under the Royal Family based on the political structure formed after the suppression of Pidam War done by Yushin KIM in Silla.
- 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産(資本)を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
- After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.
- しかし、宗教への関心の薄れなどから、大相撲のように「神事や祭礼としての祭りである」ことが忘れられたり、祭祀に伴う賑やかな行事の方のみについて「祭」と認識される場合もあり、元から祭祀と関係なく行われる賑やかな催事、イベントについて「祭」と呼ばれることもある。
- However, due to lessened interest in the religion, 'being a matsuri as a Shinto ritual or rite and festival' is sometimes forgotten like a grand sumo tournament, and only cheerful events associated with rites and festivals are sometimes recognized as 'matsuri,' and therefore, cheerful events which were originally held independently of rites and festivals were called 'matsuri' in some cases.
- 近代には国家神道神道事務局 祭神論争という熾烈な教理闘争もあったが、結局は政府も神道に共通する教義体系の創造の不可能性と、近代国家が復古神道的な教説によって直接に民衆を統制することの不可能性を認識して、大日本帝国憲法でも信教の自由を認めせざるを得なかった。
- Although there was a heated theory war called State Shinto Shinto Office, Saishin Dispute (国家神道神道事務局 祭神論争) in the modern period, the government finally recognized that it was impossible to form a theory system/framework which was common to Shinto and that it was impossible to control the public directly based on a theory of Fukko shinto (returning to the ancient Shinto) and therefore, religious liberty was reluctantly allowed in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- そのため、中世の公家社会においては日記の家に限らず、その家に相伝された家記は「知識的基盤」として、「経済的基盤」である家領とともに家産の主要部分とされ、その家の後継者(嫡男)に充てられた譲状・置文などによってその重要性や取り扱いについて記されるようになった。
- For that reason, not only 'houses with diaries' but all of aristocratic society during the medieval period depended on these diaries which each successive generation inherited as the 'foundations of knowledge,' and took the diaries to be the principal source for determining house territory and property, which was each family's 'economic base'; eventually the importance of these diaries as well as instructions on how to handle diary-related matters came to be recorded in such documents as the letter of transfer and the last will and testament given to each successor (the eldest son and heir) of each such family.
- ※道路標識の表記は、通常ならば「京都」「奈良」のように行政区分名を付けずに「木津川」となるところだが、河川の木津川 (京都府)との混同を避けるため、「木津川市(Kizugawa City)」という珍しい表記となっている(徳島県吉野川市、徳島県三好市も同様)。
- * According to the usual notation of road signs in which no administrative category is displayed, for examples, 'Kyoto' and 'Nara,' the notation of 'Kizugawa' should be used, but a rare notation of 'Kizugawa City' is in fact used for preventing the road sign from being mistaken for indicating Kizu-gawa River (similar notations are also used for Yoshinogawa City, Tokushima Prefecture, and for Miyoshi City, Tokushima Prefecture).
- 1414年には将軍足利義持が琉球王の献上物に対する返礼の書状を贈っており、1441年には足利義教が琉球を薩摩国の島津氏の属国とする事を認めており、さらに幕府には琉球奉行が設置されて貿易の統制を行おうとしており、室町時代には琉球が「日本」として認識されていた。
- In 1414, the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA responded to the tributary gifts sent to him from the Ryukyu Kingdom with an official letter, while in 1441, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA declared the Ryukyu islands to be a vassal state of the Shimazu clan, lords of Satsuma Province; furthermore, the bakufu created the office of Ryukyu Hoko (shogunal magistrate of the Ryukyus) in an attempt to exert control over Ryukyu trade, meaning that it was during the Muromachi period that the Ryukyus began to be seen as part of Japan.
- 一般に「試刀術」(試剣術)と呼ばれるこの刀剣性能測定法は、美意識・美的価値による芸術としての刀剣鑑定・ランク付けではなく、鎧や兜といった武具など、そして実際に人間(通常、死罪人か死体そのもの)を斬ることにより、実際の道具としての刀剣性能を品評するものである。
- This method for evaluating performance of a sword, which is usually called 'shitojutsu' (or shikenjutsu) is not the evaluation or ranking of a sword from the viewpoint of a sense of beauty or aesthetic value but to evaluate performance of the sword as a practical tool by cutting arms such as armor and helmet, or a real human body (usually, a condemned convict or a dead body).
- このため、全くの部外者や、見物する者や参加する者という当事者にとっても「祭=楽しいイベント(お祭り騒ぎ)」という程度の認識しか持たれないことが多く、祭のために仕事を休むということは、例えば葬儀のためにということなどと比べると遥かに理解が得られにくい状況にある。
- Therefore, in many cases, complete outsiders, viewers and concerned people called participants only have a recognition at a level of 'matsuri equaling to cheerful event' (omatsuri sawagi), and now is in the situation where it is almost far from clear to take days off for a feast compared with cases of taking days off for funeral service and so on.
- だが、経任ほどの破格の寵愛を受けてきた人間までが平然とそうした振舞いに出た事(勿論、彼がそれだけ能力に長けていて、敵味方問わずに必要な人材であるという朝廷内の認識があったからであるが)に対する人々のやり切れない思いが経任への怒り・非難として向けられたのである。
- However, people's unbearable emotion against the fact that even a person like Tsunetada who received exceptional favor (needless to say, that was because he had outstanding capability and there was a recognition in the Imperial Court that he was necessary regardless friend or foe) behaved so coolly was directed to Tsunetada as anger and blame.
- 徳望衆に秀で人格見識共に勝れ多年奉仕神社の県営に神徳の発揚に力をいたし老齢に達する迄神社界の先覚として終始一貫斯道の為に貢献し功績抜群なる者(表彰規程第2条第3号)に対し授与される功績状を授与された者に対し、長老の敬称を贈ることとなっている(長老に関する規程)。
- Well-respected people of virtue, wisdom, and kind personalities who have worked hard for many years in managing a shrine, until by the time they reach old age they have rendered distinguished service and stand as pioneers of Shinto society, are awarded certificates of achievement (as stipulated in the third clause of Article Two in the Regulations on Commendation) and given the honorific title of Choro (according to thte Regulations on Choro).
- すなわち上記のマルクス史観的に捉えれば、 '百姓' というのは本来差別的な意味を内包する用法にもかかわらず、自分達の階級に対する対自的な把握手法として認識された場合、それは転換されたスティグマとして、他者に対するアイデンティティの示威としての意味を持つことになる。
- Specifically, in view of the Marxist history described above, although the term 'hyakusho' originally had a discriminatory meaning, when the term is recognized as self identification of his or her rank, it comes to have a meaning of demonstrating his or her identity to other people as a converted stigma.
- また価値観の転換や中世史の研究の進歩で、足利尊氏の功績を評価したり、楠木正成は「悪党」としての性格が研究されるようになり、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政は宋学の影響で中華皇帝的な天皇独裁を目指す革新的なものであるなど、南北朝時代に関しても新たな認識がなされるようになった。
- Also, with changes in values and progress in medieval history research, new views regarding the Nanbokucho period such as re-evaluating the achievements of Takauji ASHIKAGA, researching aspects of Masanori KUSUNOKI as an 'Akuto' (rebel), and establishing that Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration was influenced by Sung-period neo-Cunfucianism and was revolutionary because he aimed for a dictatorship, like a Chinese emperor, have come forth.
- 目立ちたがり屋で、ヘソ曲がりの中平は、住んでいる家も常識破りの家で、普通、家は門を入ると玄関があるが、中平の家は門を入ると裏口があり、裏に回ると玄関がある、という不思議な一風変わった家であったと伝えられる(石坂昌三著『巨匠たちの伝説 映画記者現場日記』三一書房)。
- It is said that he was such a posey and perverse fellow as he lived in a unique house which had a back door inside of the front gate and an entrance to the backyard although a common house had the entrance inside of the front gate ('Legends of Masters, Diary of a Film Reviewer in the Fields' written by Shozo ISHIZAKA, published by Sanichi Shobo).
- この頃になると鎌倉時代の奉行人であった太田氏・三善氏らの子孫で、代々こうした知識を家伝・家学として伝えてきた斎藤氏・松田氏・飯尾氏・布施氏など限られた家系によって右筆・奉行人などの地位が独占されるようになり、彼らは奉行衆・右筆方として集団を形成していくことになる。
- In this period, the Saito, Matsuda, Iio and Fuse clans made it a family tradition to pass on the knowledge learned from the descendents of the Ota and Miyoshi clans, who were the Bugyonin of the Kamakura period, generation after generation through a limited ancestry and came to dominate the positions of Yuhitsu and Bugyonin in addition to forming the groups of Bugyoshu and Yuhitsukata.
- 今日マウリッツは軍制改革の父と呼ばれているが、その功績は射撃法ではなく、それを達成する為の猛烈且つ間断なき訓練が、寄せ集め傭兵の集合体であった当時の軍隊を一種の帰属意識に基づく団結心を持った集団に変え得る予期外の効果を持つという事を発見したという点が評価されている。
- Today Maurice is called the father of the reformation of the military system, but his achievement lies not in the shooting method, but in the discovery that hard and incessant practices to attain a goal could change the armies in those days, which were aggregations of mercenaries, into a body whose members had a team spirit based on a sense of belonging and were effective beyond expectation, which was highly evaluated.
- やがて良仁親王が後西天皇として即位することになるが、これは先代後光明天皇の養子・識仁親王(後の霊元天皇)が幼少であったための中継ぎであり、後西天皇は自分の皇子・有栖川宮幸仁親王に高松宮を継がせて、宮号を有栖川宮(幸仁親王の別荘所在地である京都・有栖川に由来)に改めた。
- Since the former Emperor Go-Komyo's adopted son, Prince Satohito (later called Emperor Reigen) was too young to succeed to the Imperial Throne, Prince Nagahito was soon enthroned as Emperor Gosai for the meantime; the Emperor ordered his Prince Arisugawa no miya Yukihito to take over Takamatsu no miya so that his original name as a court noble was changed to Arisugawa no miya (the name came from Prince Yoshihito's temporary palace in Arisugawa, Kyoto).
- その後女性の衣装としてのみ発展し、関所を通る際は未婚女性は振袖を着用しないと通過が出来ない(年齢や身分をごまかしているのではと因縁をつけられたため)など、未婚女性といえば振袖を着用するものという認識が広まった(余談だが関所の近くにはたいてい貸し振袖屋があったという)。
- Thereafter, the furisode began to be developed exclusively as a kind of clothing for women, leading to such steps as the creation of a rule that unmarried women passing barrier checkpoints were not allowed to pass unless they were wearing furisode (because a woman was suspected at the barrier checkpoint that she tried to disguise her age or social status, unless she were wearing furisode), thus expanding recognition that 'as for unmarried women, they wear furisode' (incidentally, it is said that there were furisode rental shops near almost all the checkpoints).
- 作品によって常に演出や映像のトーンを変える中平は、本作ではフィルムの増感処理の方法を変えてソフトな画面を作っており、色彩も薄く滲んだ独特のトーンになっている(ただし劇場の映写されたスクリーンで観なければ識別できない微妙な効果のため、テレビやビデオ鑑賞では判りにくい)。
- Nakahira, who always changed staging and the tone of the screen image to suit the film, made a soft screen image in this film by changing the method of intensifying treatment, so that it had a unique color that was light and blurred (However, this was a sensitive effect which could be reproduced only on the screen in a theater, so that it is difficult to see it on TV or video).
- その説では、義忠の死後、河内源氏の衰退が極まったこともあり、河内源氏の棟梁が誰であるかという意識は往時にはなく、まとまりを失った河内源氏の一族内ではそれぞれ派閥が構成されて自らを棟梁として認識していたとも考えられており、義信も自らを棟梁として意識していたとされている。
- According to the theory, it is thought that because Kawachi-Genji sharply declined after Yoshitada's death, no one did not care about who the leader of Kawachi-Genji was at the time, and inside of the disjointed families of Kawachi-Genji, people formed each faction and regarded themselves as the leader in it, and Yoshinobu also regarded himself as the leader.
- また、周辺の工場は地下水をくみ上げ、さらに汚染水地下水浸透禁止の水質汚濁防止法が改正されるまでは、汚染水を意識的に地下に浸透していた工場も多く、琵琶湖周辺の工場地帯の地下水汚染は進んでおり、世界一の閉鎖性水域の琵琶湖の水環境を守るために、早急の対策が必要と言われている。
- Because factories around Lake Biwa pumped the water out of the ground, and many of them dumped effluents deliberately until the Water Pollution Control Law was amended to prevent them from discharging effluents into the ground, the contamination of underground water in the factory area near the lake has worsened, and some people have strongly urged quick action in order to protect the water in what is the world's most enclosed watershed area.
- 水戸のイデオロギー対立、政争に隠れているが、天狗党の多くに水戸藩領以外からも参加がありそれも武士階級以外の階層が含まれている点、政治的な宣伝を行軍中に行っている点など、乱の初期から過酷な行軍の間にかけて意識や思想に何かしらの変容があった可能性も明記しておくべきであろう。
- Although these facts are behind the conflict of ideology and political battle in the Mito Domain, the facts that many people, including samurai and others, joined Tenguto from other domains than Mito and that political campaign was conducted during the march should be noted because it was possible that their awareness and thoughts might have changed from the early stage of the rebellion through the march in the terrible conditions.
- バテレン追放令は、既に豊臣秀吉が発令していたが、鎖国の直接的契機となったのは島原の乱で、キリスト教と一揆(中世の国人一揆と近世の百姓一揆の中間的な性格を持つもの)が結び付いたことにより、その鎮圧が困難であったため、キリスト教の危険性が強く認識されたためであると言われる。
- Although Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI promulgated the edict expelling the European missionaries before, the Shimabara Uprising is said to be the direct trigger for the national isolation policy for the reason that the combination of Christianity and the riot (the intermediate nature between an uprising of powerful local samurai in the medieval period and a peasant's revolt during the early-modern period) turned out to be so difficult to suppress that Christianity was strongly recognized as danderous.
- 戦国時代 (日本)末期には京都での天皇や公家の窮乏は著しく、烏帽子を逆さまにして物乞いをしたり、共同浴場に出向いたりする公家も生じるようになったが、有力戦国大名や織田信長政権が天皇・公家を政治的・経済的に意識的に保護したことによってその後まで制度として継続することになる。
- At the end of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), the destitution of the Emperor and Kuge in Kyoto was remarkable, like some Kuge begged by putting his formal headwear for court nobles upside down and some Kuge going to public bathhouse, but it was continued as a system because of the intentional protections of the Emperor and Kuge in both political and economical ways made by powerful Sengoku-daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the government by Nobunaga ODA.
- 同じ荘園内でも田畑ごとに所有権が異なったり、特殊な事情(伊勢神宮などの有力社の遷宮の際の費用の負担率を上げるために一時的に国衙領とする場合など)によって、荘園の権利が重複・移管されている場合(同じ荘園でも名称が異なって文章に表記されている)もあり、一概に認識するのは難しい。
- The ownership differed in each field, even in the same shoen and in some particular cases (the shoen was temporarily regarded as kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) to increase the burden ratio of cost for the sengu (transfer of a deity to a new shrine building) of dominant shrines such as Ise-jingu Shrine and so on) the rights and control of shoen were duplicated and transferred (the name of the same shoen was differently described in the documents) and thus it is difficult to recognize shoens in an unequivocal way.
- 戦後民主主義教育について、近代の戦争と植民地支配への反省を過度に強調する歴史教科書は歴史認識を誤認させ、敗戦を節目として神話時代から続いている日本の伝統ある歴史を貶める「自虐史観」(東京裁判史観)または「暗黒史観」であるとして、つくる会による『新しい歴史教科書』が作られた。
- Some say that recent textbooks reflect on the War and colonial control too much and that this is done prevent people from learning the historical reality about when Japan lost the War, and these textbooks have also caused a misunderstanding of Japanese traditional history, which has continued from the mythological age, by presenting a 'masochistic view of Japanese history' or a ' dark history' so the Tsukuru kai published their 'new history textbook.'
- 具体的には王心斎は、『孝経』と四書を重視したが、経書の注釈に拘らない自得の学問を説き、独特な「淮南格物」を主張したこと、古代を理想とする尚古思想をもっていたことがその思想的特徴といえるが、なによりも重要なのは、知識人層以外の階層に陽明学を広めることを己が責務としたことである。
- Specifically, Wang Xinzhai put emphasis on the 'Classic of Filial Piety', or 'Xiao Jing', and The Four Books but, ideologically, was characterized by preaching the teachings that he had learned himself without being obsessive about commentaries on the Classics, advocating his original idea of 'Junnan kakubutsu,' and maintaining a primitivism whereby he made the ancient times his ideal, but above all he made it his duty to propagate Yomeigaku outside of the intellectual classes.
- 戦争中,中支の戦場にいた,のちの戦記作家の伊藤桂一(当時・陸軍上等兵)は,戦陣訓と軍人勅諭を比較して「「戦陣訓」にくらべると,明治十五年発布の「軍人勅諭」は荘重なリズムをもつ文体で,内部に純粋な国家意識が流れているし,軍隊を離れて,一種の叙事詩的な文学性をさえ感じるのである。
- Keiichi ITO was in the central China during the war (as a lance corporal of the Army) and when he became a novelist of military history later, he compared Senjinkun military code with the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and said, ''the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors,' that was issued in 1882, has a literary style with more solemn rhythm than 'Senjinkun military code,' pure national consciousness is seen through it, and it gives impression of a kind of epic literature instead of the military.
- なお、中国では、周の天子(王)を「王」のモデルとしていたことから、本来「尊王」と書くが、尊王論が日本に受容されるに際して「王」とは天皇のことであるという読み換えが行われたことから、天皇は単なる国王ではなく皇帝であるという優越意識を踏まえて「尊皇」に置き換えて用いることもある。
- While the Chinese character '王' was used in '尊王' (Sonno) in China because 'O' (王) was modeled after the Emperor of the Zhou, Sonno was also written as '尊皇' because '王' had meant the 'Emperor' (皇) in Japan who was not just a King but someone more revered since Sonnoron (Imperialism) was accepted in Japan
- この指定制度が発足した背景には、平凡な人々のあいだに繰り返されてきた伝承文化が保護の対象になる、という考え方が定着したことにもよるが、昨今の社会の急激な変貌により、営々として長期にわたって継承されてきた「民間伝承」が、今絶滅の危機に瀕しているという問題意識によるところも大きい。
- This designation system was introduced in part because of the increasing belief that traditional culture passed down from generation to generation by ordinary people is to be protected, but mostly due to awareness that well-established 'folk traditions' with a long history have been put in danger of disappearing by drastic changes in society in recent years.
- 一部の百貨店や呉服店で販売されているに過ぎないが、近年ではインターネットの出現でインターネット通販を用いた褌製造販売専門業者などが生まれ、容易に購入できるようになり、ブリーフやトランクスしか知らない世代が「褌」を新鮮な下着として認識し始めたことで、新たな購買層となっているようだ。
- While Ecchu fundoshi are only sold at some of the department stores or the kimono shops, in recent years the advent of the Internet has brought about appearance of the companies that are devoted to manufacturing and selling fundoshi using Internet mail order and made it easy to buy them, and so the generation who had known only briefs and trunks seem to be turning into a new buyer group as a result of beginning to regard 'fundoshi' as a new undergarment.
- それによると「神道にあらず儒道にあらず仏道にあらず、神儒仏三道融和の道念にして、中古以降専ら武門に於て其著しきを見る。鉄太郎(鉄舟)これを名付けて武士道と云ふ」とあり、少なくとも山岡鉄舟の認識では、中世より存在したが、自分が名付けるまでは「武士道」とは呼ばれていなかったとしている。
- According to this, 'it is not Shinto, not Confucianism, not Buddhism, but the concept which mixes these three and since ancient and medieval times it has excelled only in military art; Tetsutaro (Tesshu YAMAOKA) called it bushido' and at least from the viewpoint of Tesshu YAMAOKA, it had existed since the medieval times but he said that it was not called 'bushido' until he named it.
- 現代では、離れたところにある同じ地名を区別する際に用いられたり、府県名が郡名や都市名で代用したものが大半であるため、それで呼ぶことを嫌う場合や地域において用いられている(長野県を県庁所在地である長野市が所在する北信地方以外では意識的に「信濃国」或いは「信州」と呼ぶケースが代表的)。
- At present, the old provincial names are used in several ways; first, people use them to distinguish the same place names in different places; second, people use them when they do not like to use prefecture names that are taken from a city name or a county name instead of coming up with their own and most prefecture names are settled using such substitution; third, people use old provincial names locally; (a typical example is 'Shinano Province' or 'Shinshu' which are consciously called by people in Nagano Prefecture except in the northern part of Nagano Prefecture where Nagano City is located.)
- また、京都では、ラーメンに限らず麺類は出汁を楽しむという意識が強いのか、麺はどうも後回しになってる感が強く、ラーメンでも、名店、老舗、人気店と呼ばれるラーメン専門店の大半が製麺所の麺を使っており、自家製麺の店はほとんど無いという、他府県のラーメン専門店ではあまり見られない傾向がある。
- Noodles are not overly emphasized in due to the fact that enjoying the soup is strongly emphasized with ramen as well as other noodles, and a majority of well-established, long-established, and popular stores purchase noodles from noodle-making factories instead of making noodles in the store, a trend which is seldom seen in stores specializing in ramen in other prefectures.
- 慶応3年(1867年)には周囲が認識し得るほど発病していた模様で、2月頃罹病したとする『両雄実録』(小島鹿之助)、不動堂村へ屯所を移転した9月頃に大病を患ったとする『壬生浪士始末記』(西村兼文)、さらに10月13日付で小島鹿之助が近藤へ送った書簡にも沖田の異常を気遣う文面が見られる。
- In 1867, the disease seems to have progressed enough that people around him noticed it; Shikanosuke KOJIMA in 'Ryoyu jitsuroku' said he contracted it in March; according to Kanefumi NISHIMURA's 'Mibu Roshi Shimatsuki', he was seriously ill around September when the quarters were moved to Fudodo Village; and in a letter to Kondo dated October 13, Kojima wrote that he was worried about Okita's worsening condition.
- 戦国時代に築城あるいは使用された大部分の城は、戦国時代末期から江戸時代にかけて築城された、現存の姫路城や松本城のように世界遺産や国宝に指定されたり、あるいは大坂城、江戸城、名古屋城のように、都市の歴史の象徴として、広い年齢層の人々があまねく一般知識として認知するまで敷衍されてはいない。
- With the exception of certain castles constructed around the end of the Sengoku Period or in the Edo period, such as Himeji-jo castle and Matsumoto-jo castle (both of which still exist and have been designated as world heritage sites and national treasures), as well as Osaka-jo castle, Edo-jo castle, or Nagoya-jo castle (which are well known symbols of the history of the city by people of a wide range of ages), the majority of the castles that were constructed or used in the Sengoku Period are not well known.
- なお、『秩父事件史料集成』の編纂に参加した歴史学者の色川大吉は、当時の明治政府側の公文書の分析によって、明治政府が西南戦争に準じた「反乱」として認識していた事実を指摘している(なお、取調調書には参加者の最終的な目標が「天朝様(天皇)を倒す」ことであるとする自白があったとする記述がある)。
- A historian, Daikichi IROKAWA, who participated in compiling 'Chichibu Jiken Siryo Hensan (A Collection of Chichibu Incident Data) ', through an analysis of documents of the Meiji Government, pointed out that the incident was taken by the government a 'revolt' equivalent to the Seinan War (the interrogation record included a description of a confession that the final goal of the participants was 'to defeat the Emperor').
- だが、この事実が当時の幹部以外の軍部関係者には認識されず、大山・山縣は参謀総長として出席したと解されたらしく、以後の御前会議で統帥部が出席する根拠とされ、また事実と全く反するにも関わらず「政府の決定によって統帥部の決定がひっくり返された前例はない」とする'神話'が生み出されたと言われている。
- However, this fact was not known to the military related person except for the executives at that time, OYAMA and YAMAGATA might have been considered to be attended the conference as the Chief of the General Staff, and this became an evidence for the supreme command staff to attend the later conference in the presence of the Emperor, and despite it was completely the opposite to the fact, 'a myth' was born saying 'there is no precedent that the decision of supreme command staff was overturned by the decision of the government'.
- 「日本の失敗を天皇制のせいだと非難はしても、日本の成功に関して天皇制を褒めることはしなかったのが戦後歴史家たちであるが、これと異なり、明治知識人たちは日本の進歩の功を天皇に帰しはしても、その短所を天皇のせいにはしなかった」という指摘が明治時代と戦後の天皇制に関する論評の違いについてなされている。
- The difference in the views toward Tennosei of the Meiji period and the post war period is pointed out that the 'post-war historians were all blaming the Tennosei for the failure of Japan but never praised it for the success of the country; to the contrary, intellectuals of the Meiji period thanked the Emperor for their success but never blamed him for the defects.'
- しかし、中国や韓国では「飯はあたたかい状態で食べるもの」という意識が強く、おにぎり等の冷や飯というものに対し「下賤な者が食べる物」「やむを得ない場合の携行食」というイメージが強く根付いており、中国では「'飯糰'」(飯団子の意)、韓国では「こぶし飯」などと呼び、日常的に食べられることはまずなかった。
- In China and South Korea, however, they have had a strong belief that 'rice should be eaten in hot' and a persistent image that cold rice such as onigiri is 'for petty people' and 'an inevitable portable meal,' and hardly eaten daily respectively calling 'fan twan' (rice dumpling) in China and 'fist rice' in South Korea.
- その背景について、幼少の清和天皇が外祖父藤原良房の政治権力によって、異母兄惟喬親王を推す世論に反して擁立されたことに由来する政治基盤の不安定さを克服するために、幼い天皇の君徳の涵養を図るとともに、天皇への忠誠を官人教育を通じて強く認識させる目的によって、藤原良房と大春日雄継が導入を図ったものと考えられている。
- It is believed that FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa and OKASUGA no Otsugu adopted this edition with the purpose of giving government officials an official education to foster allegiance to the Emperor, as well as to foster 'Kuntoku no Kanyo' in the young Emperor Seiwa, thereby tried to overcome the instability of political foundation, which was caused by the enthroning of the infant Emperor Seiwa, with the help of the political power of his maternal grandfather, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, against public opinion that pushed for his paternal older half-brother, Imperial Prince Koretaka.
- いずれにせよ、ほどなくして刺身は食材を薄く切って盛り付け、食べる直前に調味料を付けて食べる料理として認識されるようになったらしく、『四条流庖丁道(しじょうりゅうほうちょうがき)』(宝徳元年・1489年)では、クラゲを切ったものや、果てはキジやヤマドリの塩漬けを湯で塩抜きし薄切りしたものまでも刺身と称している。
- In either case, it appears that sashimi came to be recognized as a dish in which ingredients were thinly sliced and seasoned directly before being eaten, and 'Shijoryu Hochogaki' (cookbook of the Shijo School, compiled in 1489) uses the word to refer to dishes ranging from the slices of jellyfish to the slices of salted green pheasant and salted copper pheasant that have had salt removed using hot water before being thinly sliced.
- しかしこの宣言は、戦前戦中に「修身」の教科書などで国民が意識していた“日本国民は優秀な民族であり、世界の支配者たるべき立場にある”という概念を否定する文脈にあること、詔書の冒頭において「五箇条の御誓文」を掲げていることに見られるように、かならずしも従来の天皇のありかたそのものを否定するものでは無かったとする説もあった。
- There was a theory stating that this declaration, seen as denying that, 'Japanese people are a perfect race in position to rule the world,' which was promoted to the people before and during the war through textbooks of 'Shushin' (moral training), etc., and having a 'Charter Oath of Five Articles' declared at the beginning of Shosho (Imperial edict), not necessarily denied completely the way the Emperor existed in the past.
- 『明智軍記』は元禄年間(最古の元版は1693年版)の幕府作成のものであるので、史実と異なる点や歪曲している点なども多くみられるが、少なくとも作成時の段階では一般的に濃姫は尾張平定後も信長の正室として存在しており、道三亡き後濃姫が離縁された、亡くなったというような事実はなかった、という認識だったのではないかと推測できる。
- Because 'Akechi Gunki' was compiled by the Shogunate sometime between 1688 and 1703 (with the oldest original edition published in 1693), there are many entries that are different from historical facts and fabricated; however, it can be assumed that it had been generally understood, at least at the time when the biography was compiled, that Nohime remained Nobunaga's lawful wife after the suppression of Owari Province and that there were no facts that she died or she was divorced after Dosan died.
- 金完燮の『親日派のための弁明』(2002)では、一進会の運動を、李氏朝鮮政府の圧政をはねのけようとする農民階級(東学党→進歩会)と、支配階級出身で朝鮮の近代化をめざす改革派知識人グループ(維新会)、そして朝鮮近代化を支援することで「攻撃的な防御」を確保しようとする日本、の3つの改革勢力が結集されたものとして高く評価している。
- In 'Explanation for the sake of pro-Japan' by Kim Wansop (2002), the author highly evaluated the Isshinkai's movement, comparing their movment with a concentration of three revolutionary powers consisted of peasants who tried to reject the oppression of Joseon Dynasty Government (Togaku-to => Shinpo-kai), the group consisted of revolutionary intellectuals from governing class aimed at modernization of Korea (Ishin-kai) and Japan which tried to secure the 'aggressive protection' by supporting the modernization of Korea.
- 東映が集団抗争時代劇から任侠路線へと移行する時期には、タイトルが加藤泰自身の代名詞ともなる最高傑作『沓掛時次郎 遊侠一匹』をものにし、新選組内部の抗争を描いたリアリズム時代劇『幕末残酷物語』などを撮り、そして、やくざの生きざまを独特の美意識と叙情で描いてその後の任侠映画に多大な影響を与えた『明治侠客伝 三代目襲名』を監督する。
- During a period in which Toei shifted from mass vendetta period dramas to yakuza films, Kato directed 'Kutsukake Tokijiro yukyo ippiki,' his masterpiece whose title became a byword for Tai KATO; 'Brutal Tales from the End of the Edo Period' a realistic period drama about internal conflict in the Shinsengumi (a special police force at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate); and 'Meiji kyokakuden sandaime shumei' (The Story of a Meiji Knight, the Third Generation), which presented life in the Japanese Mafia with a unique sense of beauty and lyricism and greatly influenced later yakuza films.
- 近世においては後醍醐天皇を不徳の君であるとする評価が定着し、徳川光圀によって編纂が開始された『大日本史』においては南朝を正統とする立場から後醍醐天皇を不徳とする認識が見られ、江戸時代には新井白石が『読史余論』において、王朝政治における累代の天皇の失徳が武家政権成立の過程であるとする歴史観の中で、後醍醐天皇をその末尾に位置付けている。
- In those days, the evaluation that Emperor Go-Daigo was an illegitimate sovereign was firmly established, and in Dai Nihonshi, which Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA began to compile, there is a section recognizing that Emperor Go-Daigo was illegitimate based on the foundation that the Southern Court was legitimate. In Tokushi Yoron, the author, Hakuseki ARAI, placed Emperor Go-Daigo at the end of his list of responsible emperors, based on his historical view that the accumulated immorality of successive emperors lead to the appearance of samurai government.
- 産屋を完全に葺かずにおくことは生産習俗であり(沖縄)、産屋を海浜に設けるのは水の神秘的勢能による生児の霊力の証示と関連し、夫がトヨタマヒメに生児の名を問うたのは「古事記」垂仁天皇条と同じく命名権が母に存した制の名残であり、トヨタマヒメが海阪を塞き止め海陸往来が絶えたのはヨモツヒラサカと同じく古代日本人の住域を中心とする異郷意識の発露である。
- The ubuya not being completely thatched was a childbirth folkway (Okinawa), the ubuya built on the seaside was associated with the demonstration of the spiritual power of the newborn using the mysterious power of water, the fact that the husband asked Toyotama-hime the name of the newborn can be traced back to the system when the mother had the naming rights as in the article of Emperor Suinin in 'Kojiki,' and when Toyotama-hime intercepted Unazaka and the traffic between land and sea came to an end, it was an outburst of a sense of strange land among the ancient Japanese, centered around the area of residence, similar to Yomotsu Hirasaka (the slope that leads to the land of the dead).
- ただし一葉が経済的に窮乏した原因には、父親が薦めた許婚者を父親の死後に樋口家側が破棄したこと(ちなみに許婚者は後に秋田県知事・山梨県知事となる)や、一葉の労働に対する蔑視意識、士族や華族を崇拝する思想などの一葉自身の内面的事情が少なくないため、一葉を才能に恵まれながら資金的に不遇な生涯を送った聖人のように考えるのは一方的な見方であるとの意見もある。
- However, because some of the causes for Ichiyo's financial troubles can be attributed to the internal affairs of Ichiyo herself - for example, the Higuchi family's annulment of the engagement that her father had recommended after her father's death (parenthetically, the fiance later became the governor of Akita and Yamanashi prefectures), Ichiyo's disdain for labor, and her worshipful feelings towards shizoku and kazoku (the peerage) - some think it one-sided to consider Ichiyo a talented but financially troubled saint.
- 藤木久志は著書である『雑兵たちの戦場』(朝日新聞社・1995年刊)で「上杉謙信は越後の民衆にとっては他国に戦争と言うベンチャービジネスを企画実行した救い主であるが、襲われた関東など戦場の村々は略奪を受け地獄を見た」と、通常言われる義人・上杉謙信像とは別の上杉軍の姿こそが実態であったとし、このセンセーショナルな「出稼ぎ」説は多くの識者から支持を得て広く世間に浸透した。
- In a book named 'Battle fields of zohyo' (common soldiers) (published by The Asahi Shimbun Company in 1995) written by Hisashi FUJIKI, he presented a theory that the image of the Uesugi army was different from the real Kenshin UESUGI who was usually reputed as a loyal person based on a phrase that 'Kenshin was a savior of the people in Echigo Province because he planned and implemented venture business called war in other provinces, stricken villages in the Kanto region, which were battlefields, suffered looting and he had seen hell,' this sensational theory of 'working away from home' was supported by many experts and widely spread among the public.
- 外国からイメージされた「日本」の文化は、特に欧米圏では、キリスト教文化とは全く系統の異なる文化への好奇心(エキゾチズム)から、ある一面が誇張され、あるいは中国などと混同され、ステロタイプ(ステレオタイプ、紋切り型)化されて伝わる傾向があり、日本人から見れば「偏った認識」と思われるものが多く見受けられた(現在でも、日本に「忍者」がいないので驚いたという外国人旅行者は少なからずいる)。
- Especially in the European and American block, the culture of 'Japan' as imagined by foreign people was likely to be exaggerated in some part or being mixed with China and being stereotyped, due to curiosity (exoticism) about a culture of which the ancestry was completely different from that of Christian culture, and many 'perception biases' from the Japanese viewpoint were seen (even now, there are many foreign travelers who are surprised to know that Japan has no 'ninja' (professional spy in feudal Japan highly trained in stealth and secrecy)).
- 心理学的な観点から、信心深く立派な女性であった母青岩院と姉仙桃院(景勝の母)の影響があったと推測する見方(幼少期に高潔な人格の女性から深い愛情を注がれた男性は、成長すると他の女性にも同じ高潔さを無意識に求めるため、次第に周囲の女性に幻滅して興味を示さなくなる傾向にあり、謙信もその一人だったのではないかというもの)や、半陰陽説や上杉謙信女性説といった俗談の類から、毘沙門天あるいは飯縄権現信仰の妻帯禁制を堅く守っていたとする説などが存在する。
- From psychological viewpoints, one assumes that Kenshin was influenced by his mother, Seiganin, and his older sister, Sentoin (Kagekatsu's mother), who were religious and splendid women (a theory that men who are deeply loved by noble women in childhood, unconsciously seek the same nobleness from other women when growing up, and they are gradually disillusioned with and show less interest in surrounding women), Kenshin may have been one such person, there are other theories including a kind of vulgar belief that Kenshin UESUGI was intersexual or female, also that he strictly observed a ban of marriage based on the belief of Bishamonten or Izuna-gongen.
- 余が一昨年を以て海外に遊ばんとするや、親朋故旧余が為めに送別の莚を張る中に少壮なる英仏学士の催しになりし一会あり、席上、一友人がハイカラを着け洋服を着くるの利を述ぶる者あり、之より余が(p125/p126)外遊中、高襟党なる文字新聞に現はれて、少年学士を讒謗毀傷するの具となり、彼等が殆ど完膚なからんとするや、西園寺侯は自ら進んで新聞記者に対して、高襟党の首領なりと称し、少年学士に対する攻撃を一身に引受けんとしたりき、思ふに善良なる意義に於ける高襟党の首領としては、何人も彼の統治権を犯さんとするものあらざるべし、故に人或は侯を以て、英国のローズベリー卿に比す、其貴族にして、平民に同情あり、其品格の崇高なる、其識見の秀徹なる--(以下略)
- A farewell party was given for me, who was going to study abroad, by my acquaintances and old friends, and a friend of mine in a group of young scholars who studied in the U.K. or France made a speech about a merit of wearing high collar clothes, and while I was studying abroad the word high collar (haikara) party started to appear in the newspapers after the party, used as a tool for attacking young scholars and when they were almost being knocked galley-west, Duke Saionji willingly declared himself before journalists as a don of the haikara party with a purpose of receiving all attacks against young scholars; I think that no one would dare to take his place as a don of the high collar party in an honest sense, and he, who is a match for Lord Rosebery in the U.K in that he has sympathy for the common people in spite of being a nobleman, has a noble character and excellent insights. (snip)