諭: 391 Terms and Phrases

• 諭
• Satoshi
• Satoru
• rebuke
• admonish
• charge
• warn
• persuade

• 正諭
• Seiyu
• Seiyuu

• 千諭
• Chisato

• 美諭
• Misato

• 上諭
• imperial edict

• 説諭
• persuasion
• convincing
• admonition

• 告諭
• official notice

• 比諭
• simile
• metaphor
• allegory
• parable

• 訓諭
• caution
• admonition
• warning

• 勅諭
• imperial instructions

• 譬諭
• simile
• metaphor
• allegory
• parable

• 諭示
• official suggestion
• instruction (to subordinate)

• 諭旨
• explanation
• reasoning

• 諭告
• admonition
• public announcement

• 風諭
• allegory

• 諭し
• guidance
• admonition

• 諭す
• to admonish
• to persuade
• to warn
• to remonstrate

• 諭吉
• 10,000 yen note
• Yukichi

• 諭一
• Yuichi
• Yuuichi

• 諭地
• Ronji

• 諭造
• Yuzou

• 諭那
• Satona

• 諭実
• Satomi

• 諭助
• Yusuke

• 諭美
• Satomi
• Yumi

• 諭志
• Satoshi

• 隆諭
• Takatsugu

• 諭未
• Yumi

• 諭治
• Yuuji

• 諭子
• Satoko
• Tsuguko

• 諭介
• Yuusuke
• Yusuke

• 諭海
• Yumi

• 諭花
• Yuka

• 諭可
• Yuka

• 諭佳
• Yuka

• 諭加
• Yuka

• 諭喜
• Satoki
• Yuki

• 諭史
• Satoshi

• 諭山
• Yuyama

• 諭司
• Satoshi

• 諭高
• Yutaka

• 諭三
• Yuuzou

• 諭香
• Satoka
• Yuka

• 諭希
• Yuki

• 諭紀
• Yuki

• 諭孝
• Yutaka

• 教諭
• teacher

• 真諭実
• Mayumi

• 真諭美
• Mayumi

• 真諭子
• Mayuko

• 甲斐諭
• Kai Satoshi

• 智諭子
• Chiyuko

• 堤諭吉
• Tsutsumi Yukichi

• 阿諭実
• Ayumi

• 万諭美
• Mayumi

• 矢野諭
• Yano Satoshi (h) (1978.4.25-)

• 法諭庵
• Hoyuan

• 麻諭美
• Mayumi

• 田所諭
• Tadokoro Satoshi

• 美諭規
• Miyuki

• 阿諭美
• Ayumi

• 亜諭早
• Ayusa

• 諭ゐ子
• Yuiko (Yuwiko)

• 助教諭
• assistant or associate professor

• 言諭す
• to explain in an easy-to-understand manner

• 諭鶴羽
• Yudzuruha

• 諭実子
• Yumiko

• 茉諭美
• Mayumi

• 説諭の
• admonitory

• 諭里子
• Yuriko

• 諭里佳
• Yurika

• 諭美子
• Yumiko

• 諭弥子
• Yumiko

• 諭吏子
• Yuriko

• 諭一郎
• Yuichirou

• 諭嘉理
• Yukari

• 諭喜子
• Yukiko

• 諭佳理
• Yukari

• 諭喜文
• Yukifumi

• 諭紀子
• Yukiko

• 教え諭す
• to give guidance
• to explain clearly
• to admonish
• to preach

• 清水谷諭
• Shimizutani Satoshi

• 中尾諭介
• Nakao Yuusuke

• 住木諭介
• Sumiki Yusuke (h) (1901.2.10-1974.9.11)

• 上間正諭
• Uema Seiyu

• 福沢諭吉
• Fukuzawa Yukichi (1834-1901)
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA

• 軍人勅諭
• Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors (1882)

• 言い諭す
• to explain in an easy-to-understand manner

• 非を諭す
• to rebuke someone (e.g. for faults)

• 養護教諭
• school nurse
• nurse-teacher
• health teacher

• 諭旨免職
• resignation under instruction

• 説諭する
• expostulate

• 諭鶴羽山
• Yudzuruhasan

• 諭鶴羽川
• Yuduruhagawa

• 大本神諭
• Omoto Shinyu (Divine Revelations)

• 福澤諭吉
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA (educator)
• Fukuzawa Yukichi

• 黙庵周諭像
• Portrait of the Priest Mokuan Shuyu

• 諭鶴羽ダム
• Yuduruha dam

• 諭鶴羽山地
• Yudzuruhasanchi

• 福沢諭吉旧居
• Fukuzawayukichikyuukyo

• 福澤諭吉の福澤心訓
• Precepts of Yukichi FUKUZAWA

• 福澤諭吉らと親しむ。
• He made friends with Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others.

• - 福澤諭吉の『肉食』
• 'Meat diet' written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA

• 福沢諭吉の「万世一系」論
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA's Theory of 'Bansei ikkei' (an Unbroken Imperial Lineage)

• 彼は行儀の悪い子供を諭した
• He admonished the child for his bad behavior

• 先生は生徒たちに不注意を諭した。
• The teacher admonished his pupils for carelessness.

• 同志社高等学校国語科教諭古典担当
• He is a teacher of Japanese classics at Doshisha High School, Department of Japanese Linguistics.

• 福沢諭吉は日本に西洋思想を広めた。
• Yukichi Fukuzawa introduced Western ideas into Japan.

• 福澤諭吉と開化派・金玉均らとの関係
• The Relationship between Yukichi FUKUZAWA and Progressive Group Members such as Ok-gyun KIM

• 小学校教諭（一種）取得連携プログラム
• The program for the acquisition of a license to become an elementary school teacher (type one)

• 象徴や風諭によって比喩的に表現すること
• representing figuratively as by emblem or allegory

• 盗人《ぬすびと》に返却を諭しています。
• and urging the thief to restitution.

• 1年後、桃介は諭吉の二女・房と政略結婚。
• One year later Momosuke got married to the second daughter of Yukichi, Fusa, for political reasons.

• 諭吉はこれを終生忘れなかったそうである。
• It is said Yukichi never forgot Koan's dedication.

• 福澤諭吉は、勝海舟の批判者であり続けた。
• Yukichi had always been critical of Kaishu KATSU.

• 福澤諭吉と並んで「天下の双福」と称された。
• He was called 'Sofuku of Japan' along with Yukichi FUKUZAWA.

• 「大本神諭」 の正当性を信じる者と疑う者と
• Those who believe the validity of 'Omoto Shinyu' and those who don't

• なお「中村諭吉」と名乗っていた時期がある。
• He had once called himself 'Yukichi NAKAMURA.'

• 「煩わしいと思うのも人の心だ」と西行を諭す。
• The spirit admonishes Saigyo, saying 'It is human mind which creates the feeling of troublesome.'

• また福澤諭吉も短期間ではあったが学んでいる。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA was also a pupil although a short term.

• （福沢諭吉『福翁自伝』1899年）岩波文庫から
• ('The Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa',1899) from Iwanami Bunko

• 正式には『陸海軍軍人に賜はりたる敕諭』という。
• Its formal name was 'The Imperial Rescript granted to Soldiers and Sailors.'

• 福澤諭吉が適塾に入塾していた時に腸チフスを患った。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA suffered from typhoid fever when he was a student of Tekijuku.

• 大本神諭（おおもとしんゆ）はお筆先を編集した文書集
• 'Omoto Shinyu' is a collection of literary work in which Ofudesaki (the Holy Scriptures of Omoto) was edited.

• 清国政府は、以下の上諭を各市府に向けて公布すること。
• The Qing government shall issue to all district cities the following Imperial edicts.

• 興隆してゆく民族や軍隊の反映が「軍人勅諭」にはある。
• 'The Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors' reflects the rise of a nation and the army.

• 塾生が辞書を用いるに争う様を福澤諭吉は述懐している。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA remembered the way in which private-school students tried to get ahead of other students in using the dictionary.

• しかし、渡し守にそれは甲斐のないことであると諭される。
• However, she is told by the ferryman that such action would be futile.

• 皇后がこれを諌め諭すと、以後の行幸は稀になったという。
• After the Empress remonstrated the Emperor about this and dissuaded him from visiting her, his visit to Sotoorihime became rare.

• 京都府もやはり天皇支配を周知すべく告諭を行なっている。
• In Kyoto Prefecture, they also announced the imperial reign.

• 家名に関わることと説諭された大学之助は不承不承立ち去る。
• Daigakunosuke, having been preached to that it may disgrace his family name, reluctantly leaves the scene.

• 禅道修行のかたわら慶應義塾で福澤諭吉に英語、洋学を学ぶ。
• While practicing Zen ascetic training, he learned English and Western studies from Yukichi FUKUZAWA at the Keio Gijuku.

• しかし、逆に諭されて天狗党に加担することになってしまう。
• However, Hyobu was persuaded to join them instead.

• 早まった真似をせず、香炉をもって主君の元に帰れと諭される。
• Shinzaburo is advised not to do anything rash and to return to his former master with the koro.

• 坊城俊民（としたみ）は東京都立高等学校の教諭、校長を歴任。
• Toshitami BOJO filled the posts of teacher and principle of Tokyo metropolitan high schools.

• 福沢諭吉の教えを受け、1893年福沢創刊の時事新報に入社。
• He was taught by Yukichi FUKUZAWA, and in 1893 he joined Jiji Shinpo, the newspaper company which was launched by FUKUZAWA.

• 一部のものからすれば大本神諭には疑問があるのかもしれない。
• Some people might have doubts about Omoto Shinyu.

• 福澤諭吉らとならび、明治六大教育家の1人に数えられている。
• He ranks with Yukichi FUKUZAWA as one of the Meiji period's six greatest educators.

• 同時に高校の国語科教諭となり、現在も教壇に立ち続けている。
• At the same time, he became the teacher of Department of Japanese Linguistics at a high school and still teaches there.

• 曾孫の西郷力丸は現在、神奈川県鎌倉市の鎌倉学園で英語教諭。
• One of his great-grandchildren, Rikimaru SAIGO, is working as an English teacher at Kamakura Gakuen in Kamakura City, Kanagawa Prefecture.

• （福沢諭吉『西洋事情』1866年よりアメリカ独立宣言の一節）
• (Passage from the Declaration of Independence in 'Seiyo Jijyo' 1866 by Yukichi FUKUZAWA)

• 文明論之概略（ぶんめいろんのがいりゃく）は、福澤諭吉の著書。
• Bunmeiron no gairyaku (An Outline of a Theory of Civilization) is a book written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA.

• 長沼事件解決の翌年、福澤諭吉は脳溢血で倒れ帰らぬ人となった。
• The year after settlement of Naganuma affair, Yukichi FUKUZAWA was struck down by cerebral hemorrhage and passed away.

• この勅諭を発することにより、政府は政局の主導権を取り戻した。
• The government retrieved its political initiative with this rescript.

• 大分県中津市内の福沢諭吉旧居記念館内に初版本を展示している。
• One of the original copies is exhibited at the museum to preserve the house FUKUZAWA once resided, in Nakatsu City, Oita Prefecture.

• 福澤諭吉の再従弟に当たり、住まいも近所で親しい交際があった。
• He was the younger second cousin of Yukichi FUKUZAWA, and they lived close to each other as well as they were close friends.

• 2007年（平成19年） 小学校教諭免許状取得支援制度を開始
• 小学校教諭免許状取得支援制度=>Support System for Getting Teacher's license of Elementary School

• 幼い者に縄をかけ舟に乗って去って行く人買いを追い諭そうとする。
• He chases after the human trafficker, who binds the child with rope and leaves on a boat, and tries to admonish him.

• 仏教にこそ不死の教えあると諭され、『観無量寿経』を授けられた。
• Bodhiruci persuaded him that it was Buddhism that contained the true teachings of eternal life, and gave him 'Kan Muryoju-kyo Sutra' (Meditation Sutra).

• 戦いを好まない諭吉が止めるも聞かず、旧幕府軍・榎本軍に加わる。
• He joined the Enomoto's army supporting the bakufu army, although a pacifist Yukichi had stopped him.

• 福澤諭吉の弟子として、日本の近代教育の礎を築いた教育者の一人。
• He was one of the educators who established the foundation of the modern Japanese education as a disciple of Yukichi FUKUZAWA.

• 福沢諭吉も、皇室の永続性は近代化を推進する要素だと見なしていた。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA also regarded imperial permanence as a factor for promoting Japan's modernization.

• 『学問のすゝめ』（がくもんのすすめ）は、福澤諭吉の著書のひとつ。
• Gakumon no Susume, or Encouragement of Learning, is a book written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA.

• 福沢諭吉が創刊した新聞『時事新報』の編集長で、広告の主任だった。
• He was a chief editor of 'Jiji Shinpo' founded by FUKUZAWA and also served as a director of advertisement.

• また福沢諭吉らとともに明六社に参加、唯一の儒学者として活動した。
• At the same time, he joined Meirokusha (Japan's first academic society) alongside with Yukichi FUKUZAWA and was active as the only confucian member of the society.

• 原本は所有者に返却され、家蔵文書の重要性を説き保存を諭している。
• He returned the originals to the owners, explained the importance of family collection written materials, and admonished preservation.

• 清との通訳としても活動し、『六諭衍義』を持ち帰って琉球に頒布した。
• He also worked as an interpreter to Qing and took 'Rikuyu engi' (interpretation of Rikuyu) back and distributed in Ryukyu.

• 途中、同郡米津村の龍讃寺に立ち寄り、門徒達に粗暴の無い様説諭する。
• On the way, they stopped by at Ryusan-ji Temple in Yonezu Village, Aomi County and Tairei preached to the followers not to be rude.

• 『修業立志編』（しゅうぎょうりっしへん）は福澤諭吉の著書のひとつ。
• Shugyo Risshihen is a one of the books written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA.

• 5月3日になると、新県令岩村通俊が赴任して来、西郷に告諭書を送った。
• On May 3, Michitoshi IWAMURA, the newly appointed prefectural governor, arrived in Kagoshima and sent kokuyusho (document of official notice) to SAIGO.

• 子の伏原宣諭が家督を継ぎ、曾孫の伏原宣定の代に伏原家は子爵に列した。
• His position of the family head was succeeded by his son Nobusato FUSHIHARA, and at the time of his great-grandson named Nobusada FUSHIHARA, the Fushihara family was conferred viscountcy.

• 大本神諭が筆先をベースに生まれた文書であることは発表されてきている。
• It has been announced that Omoto Shinyu is a document based on Ofudesaki.

• しかし、途中の岩槻市で、警察に芳林寺に押し込められた上に説諭された。
• In Iwatsuki City peasants were confronted with the police at Horin-ji Temple and the police told them to stop their demonstration.

• また、榎本には批判的であった福澤諭吉も助命に尽力したひとりでもある。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA, despite being critical of him, was one of the people who made efforts to spare his life.

• その後、1881年（明治14年）、国会開設の勅諭によって廃止となった。
• It was abolished in 1881 due to the imperial mandate for establishing a Diet.

• しかし、まだ将軍宣下を受ける前から天領の代官たちに対し諭したとされる。
• However, it is said that Tsunayoshi was already warning local governors in shogunal fiefs even before being proclaimed shogun by the Emperor.

• 全42編の中で、以下の9編が『福澤諭吉全集』（岩波書店）未収録である。
• Of the 42 pieces comprising Shugyo Risshihen, the following 9 were not included in the Complete Works of Yukichi Fukuzawa (Iwanami Shoten).

• あきらめるより外に仕方がないと、坊主の説教じみた説諭（せつゆ）を加えた。
• And he wound up with a remark that sounded like a piece of sermon by a Buddhist bonze that 'We must be contented by speedily despatching the matter from our minds and forgetting it.'

• 猪木は「君に学者は向きませんよ」と諭したという（猪木正道著作集・月報）。
• Inoki allegedly advised Oshima, 'You are not suited to be a scholar' (Writings and monthly journal of Masamichi INOKI).

• 1967年12月に、鹿野政直による『福沢諭吉』（清水書院）が発行された。
• In December 1967, 'Fukuzawa Yukichi' (published by Shimizu Shoin) by Masanao KANO was published.

• 徴兵告諭に「血税」という言葉があったためとされ、「血税一揆」と呼ばれた。
• It was assumedly because the proclamation of conscription included the word 'ketsuzei' (blood tax,) and the uprising was called 'ketsuzei ikki' (blood tax uprising.)

• 「脱亜論」は福澤諭吉が執筆したとされているが、原文は無署名の社説である。
• It is thought that the writer was Yukichi FUKUZAWA, but the original editorial was written anonymously.

• まず、地方官会議に参加するために上京した地方官に勅諭を付して下賜された。
• First the book was granted, as an imperial gift with imperial instructions, to local officials who came to Tokyo to attend a local administrative assembly.

• 晩年には回想録として『蘭学事始』を執筆し、後に福澤諭吉により公刊される。
• In his later years, Genpaku wrote his memoirs, 'Rangaku Kotohajime (The Beginning of Dutch Studies),' which was published by Yukichi FUKUZAWA later.

• 福澤諭吉学校法人慶應義塾を創立、法学・経済学を中心に幅広い思想家として著名
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA: Founded an incorporated educational institution, Gakko Hojin Keio Gijuku, and was a famous thinker in many fields, especially in law and economics.

• これまで説諭者たちが否定し、破壊をすすめてきた神を、今度は群集が否定する。
• The masses repudiate to-day the gods which their admonishers repudiated yesterday and helped to destroy.

• 養子に織田信親、養女に俊子（公家伏原宣諭二女、柏原藩士生駒高令妻）がある。
• He adopted Nobuchika ODA and Toshiko (俊子) (the second daughter of Nobuharu FUSEHARA, kuge [court noble] and wife of Korei IKOMA, a feudal retainer of the Kaibara Domain).

• また、各地の人民に対して出された告諭書にも御誓文を部分的に引用する例がある。
• Also in kokuyusho (document of official notice) to people in various places, Charter Oath was quoted in some cases.

• 1895年　石川県能登尋常中学校七尾分校教諭（4月）、得田寿美と結婚（5月）
• 1895: Became a teacher of a branch school of Ishikawa Prefecture Noto Jinjo Chuggako (old-education-system junior high school) (April), and married to Kotomi TOKUDA (May).

• 明治28年（1895年）：京都市立美術工芸学校（現：京都市立芸術大学）教諭。
• 1895: He became an instructor at the Kyoto Prefectural School of Art and Crafts (the current Kyoto City University of Arts).

• 例えば、吉川英治作の宮本武蔵では武蔵を諭す、キーパーソン的な役割を担っている。
• In Miyamoto Musashi written by Eiji YOSHIKAWA, for example, he is depicted as a key person who bears the role of admonishing Musashi.

• 慶應義塾に在学中、福澤諭吉の養子になり、後に諭吉の次女、房（ふさ）と結婚した。
• While studying at Keio gijuku, he was adopted by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and later, married Fusa, the second daughter of Yukichi.

• 佛教大学と小学校教諭免許状課程履修に関する協定を締結し小学校教論免許を取得可能。
• The agreement with Bukkyo University, concluded over the study of the elementary school teacher's license course, enables Ryukoku students to get the license at graduation.

• 三月ほどして小林の薦めで福澤諭吉の書生となり学校法人慶應義塾に入学、23歳で卒業。
• Three months later, he became Yukichi FUKUZAWA's shosei (a live-in student who performs domestic duties while studying) by recommendation of Kobayashi to enter Keio Gijuku (an educational institution) and he graduated from it at the age of 23.

• 山嵐は might is right という英語を引いて説諭（せつゆ）を加えたが、
• Porcupine remonstrated with me by quoting 'Might is right' in English.

• 一方福澤諭吉は「学者職分論」以来、こうした官/民の立場の違いに意識的であり続けた。
• On the other hand, Yukichi FUKUZAWA continued to be conscious of such difference of the stances between public sector and private sector since his theory on the duty of scholar.

• ただし、勝を殺そうとして、逆に諭されて勝の弟子になった人間がたくさんいるのは事実。
• However, it is true that many met KATSU to kill him but were admonished instead to end up becoming disciples of KATSU.

• 先述のように師である福澤諭吉からは酷評を受けるなど、人柄への評価はあまり芳しくない。
• His personality was considered not to be very good as he received harsh criticism from his master, Yukichi FUKUZAWA as mentioned above.

• 福澤諭吉、森有礼、西周 (啓蒙家)、中村正直、加藤弘之、津田真道らと、明六社を結成。
• He was a founding member of the Meirokusha (Japan's first academic society) with Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Arinori MORI, Amane NISHI (illuminator), Masanao NAKAMURA, Hiroyuki KATO, Mamichi TSUDA and others.

• しかし、父の友人から諭され、また荒木田守武の和歌に感銘を受けるなどして勉学に励んだ。
• Despite this misfortune, he immersed himself in studies, encouraged by his father's friends and was influenced by Moritake ARAKIDA's poetry (waka, Japanese poetry).

• 軍人勅諭（ぐんじんちょくゆ）は、1月4日に明治天皇が陸海軍の軍人に下賜した詔勅である。
• The Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors was Shochoku (imperial edict) that Emperor Meiji issued to soldiers of the army and the navy on January 4.

• 「三度の拝辞は不敬にあたる」と周囲から諭され、ついに三度目にやむなく伯爵位を授爵した。
• However, admonished by people around him that 'the third declination would be irreverent,' he was forced to accept the peerage of the count upon the third request.

• 豊前国中津市の学校で学を修め、明治10年（1877年）に上京して福澤諭吉の書生となる。
• He studied at a school of Nakatsu City, Buzen Province and he moved to Tokyo in 1877 to become shosei (a student who is given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties) of Yukichi FUKUZAWA.

• 脱亜思想を示した著作としては、福澤諭吉の『学問のすゝめ』や『文明論之概略』などがある。
• There are some literary works describing Datsua-shiso thought, such as 'Gakumon no susume' (An Encouragement of Learning) or 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' (An Outline of a Theory of Civilization) written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA.

• 通詞の西善三郎からオランダ語学習の困難さを諭され、玄白はオランダ語習得を断念している。
• At that time, Zensaburo NISHI, a Dutch translator, admonished Genpaku against learning Dutch due to its difficulty, and Genpaku took the advice and gave up mastering the language.

• なお、明治に『蘭学事始』を発行した福沢諭吉は、前野良沢と同じ豊前国中津藩の出身である。
• It should be noted that Yukichi Fukuzawa who published 'Rangaku Kotohajime' in the Meiji Period came from the same Nakatsu domain of the Province of Nakatsu as Ryotaku Maeno.

• 口語体文学極衰!　この言葉を吾々は島田三郎氏、福沢諭吉翁及び其他一二の人から聞きました。
• An extreme decline of the colloquial style literature! We have been told about the phrase by Saburo SHIMADA, the revered old Mr. FUKUZAWA and another one or two persons.

• 1893年、福澤諭吉のバックアップにより渡米、シカゴで開催された万国宗教大会に参加した。
• In 1893, with support from Yukichi FUKUZAWA, he visited the US to participate in the World Parliament of Religions held in Chicago.

• 福澤諭吉の著書『時事小言』を「我日本帝国をして強盗国に変ぜしめんと謀る者」であるとした。
• He described 'Jiji shogen' (Commentary on the Current Problems) by Yukichi FUKUZAWA as a conspirator who would turn the Empire of Japan into a country of thieves.'

• ロレンスはロミオにこう諭した、若人の愛は本当は心の中に宿るのではなくて目に宿るのだ、と。
• and he said that young men's love lay not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes.

• 先に倭国に派遣された張政は檄文をもって壱与を諭しており、壹与もまた魏に使者を送っている。
• Zhang Zheng (Chang Cheng), who had been dispatched to Wa before, encouraged Iyo to follow what he advised; Iyo sent envoys to Wei too.

• 翌年、三善清行は道真に止足を知り引退して生を楽しむよう諭すが、道真はこれを容れなかった。
• In the following year, Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI advised him that he should know when it was time to stop, retire, and enjoy life, but Michizane did not accept the idea.

• 『文明論之概略』の「西洋の文明を目的とす」の一節にて、福沢諭吉は以下の持論を展開している。
• He advances his thesis in a paragraph in the Chapter on 'Western Civilization as our Goal' of 'An Outline of a Theory of Civilization.'

• 時国は瀕死の床の中で、決して仇を討たないようにと、勢至丸を諭し、その後間もなく亡くなった。
• Tokikuni, on the verge of death, told Seishimaru not to seek revenge and died soon after that.

• それ以来英語の必要性を痛感した諭吉は、英蘭辞書などをたよりにほぼ独学で英語の勉強を始める。
• Fully realizing the necessity of learning English, Yukichi began learning English mostly on his own.

• もしも兄弟がバラバラになるとこの香炉台のように（と刀で香炉台を真っ二つにして）倒れると諭す。
• If the brothers lack harmony, all of you will be defeated this', Ikyu draws his sword and cuts the burner into two.

• しかも、この言葉は福澤諭吉の言葉ではなく、アメリカ合衆国のアメリカ独立宣言からの引用である。
• This is not FUKUZAWA's original idea, but a citation from the Constitution of the United States of America.

• 主人に対して使用人に少しでも慈悲を垂れるよう諭すなどということを私に言わないでいただきたい。
• Of teaching landlords toe have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants.

• さらに、大勢の変化といっても少数の支配層や個人の動向に視点が集中している（福沢諭吉の批判）。
• Furthermore, although he talks about changes in the general trends, his point of view focuses on the actions of the governing classes and a few individuals (the criticism of Yukichi FUKUZAWA).

• そんなとき、小川武平が請願へ千葉町に上京したとき、夜店で福澤諭吉の「学問のすゝめ」を購入した。
• Meanwhile, Buhei Ogawa purchased a book 'Gakumon no susume' (recommendation of studying) written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA at a night stall when he went to Chiba town to petition.

• また、光圀は日本へ亡命した明朝遺臣である朱舜水を招聘し、彼らより歴史の正統性の意味を諭された。
• Mitsukuni also invited SHU Shunsui, a surviving retainer from the Ming Dynasty, who had exiled himself in Japan, and Mitsukuni learned the meaning of historical orthodoxy from him.

• 三田藩の藩政改革に携わっていた福澤諭吉が大阪江戸堀の藩屋敷で饗応された際に同席し、面識を得る。
• When Yukichi FUKUZAWA, who was involved in the reformation of the duties of the Sanda Domain, came to Kyoo (a banquet) in the domain residence in Edobori, Osaka, Kuki attended the same Kyoo and met him there.

• 福澤諭吉の娘婿で「電力王」の異名をとった実業家・福澤桃介（旧姓 岩崎）との関係も話題を呼んだ。
• Her relationship with a businessman Momosuke FUKUZAWA (original name; Iwasaki), who was called as 'an electricity magnate' and an adopted son-in-law of Yukichi FUKUZAWA, also made a stir.

• 国学等にも通じ、伊藤とともに大日本帝国憲法や皇室典範、教育勅語、軍人勅諭などの起草に参加した。
• He was versed in the study of Japanese classical literature, and he participated with Ito in drafting the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Imperial House Act, the Imperial Rescript on Education and the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors.

• 寺の住職より泰平の世を築くべく生きよと諭された家康は切腹を思いとどまり、今川家から自立を図る。
• Ieyasu, who was persuaded by the chief priest of the temple to live to build a peaceful world, gave up seppuku and tried to be independent from the Imagawa family.

• その後、十万円札と五万円札の発行が中止されたため、一万円札の福澤諭吉が最高額紙幣の人となった。
• Since issuing the 100000 yen note and 50000 yen note was canceled afterwards, Yukichi FUKUZAWA, on the 10000 yen note, turned out to be the person on the largest denomination bill.

• 福澤諭吉が書いたとされる論説「脱亜論」は、基本的にこの考え方にそっていると指摘されることがある。
• Datsuaron' (a editorial for urging to leave Asia) is thought to be written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA, and it is said that FUKUZAWA wrote this editorial based on the thought of 'Leave Asia, enter Europe.'

• 言うことを聞かなかった節蔵だが、福澤諭吉はそれでも可愛がり、入牢した節蔵を何度も訪ね面倒をみた。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA still cared for Setsuzo and visited him in jail many times to take care of him, even though Setsuzo had ignored his advices and gone to the war.

• 1873年（明治6）に、福澤諭吉、森有礼、西周 (啓蒙家)、中村正直、加藤弘之らと明六社を結成。
• In 1873, he founded the Meirokusha with Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Arinori MORI, Amane NISHI (illuminator), Masanao NAKAMURA, Hiroyuki KATO and others.

• 福澤諭吉の書生など職を転々としながら、反政府の自由党_(日本)の壮士となり、政府から弾圧される。
• Frequently changing jobs which included being a shosei (a student who is given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties) of Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Kawakami became a political activist of the anti-government Liberal Party (Japan) which was suppressed by the government.

• この期に及んで、父親は、内輪もめが如何に愚かなことであるかを、教え諭さなければならぬと痛感した。
• he determined to give them a practical illustration of the evils of disunion;

• 明治14年（1881年）に上京して中村敬宇の同人社を経て福沢諭吉の慶應義塾に入学して翌年中退する。
• In 1881 he went up to Tokyo and after working at Dojinsha school founded by Keiu NAKAMURA, he entered Keio University founded by Yukichi FUKUZAWA then dropped out the following year.

• 福澤諭吉は『福翁百話』の第34話「半信半疑は不可なり」において、次のように脱亜思想を説明している。
• In the 34th essay collected in 'Fukuo Hyakuwa' (One Hundred Discourses of Fukuzawa), which was entitled 'Hanshin-Hangi wa Fuka nari' (A half-baked notion is unacceptable), Yukichi FUKUZAWA explained Datsua-shiso thought as follows.

• 1887年、慶應義塾を卒業し、29歳の時に福澤諭吉や山岡鉄舟のすすめもあり、セイロンとインドに留学。
• In 1887, he graduated from the Keio Gijuku and at the age of 29, on the recommendation of Yukichi FUKUZAWA and Tesshu YAMAOKA, he went to Ceylon and India to study.

• 太祖朱元璋は六諭を発布して儒教的道徳に基づく郷村秩序の構築を目指し、義民や孝子・節婦の顕彰を行った。
• Taiso, Shu Gensho (Chu Yuan-chang), issued Rikuyu (Six admonition to people), aiming to build a public order of villages based on Ju-kyo morals, and honored people who sacrifice themselves to justice, dutiful children, and faithful women.

• 「私は文章を書く時は猿にもわかるように書いている」と言った福沢諭吉らしい文章だと言えるかもしれない。
• Actually he even said that 'When I write something, I'm trying to write in a way that even monkeys can understand'.

• 一方、当事者である宗教法人大本では、大本神諭に浅野和三郎らが編纂した箇所があるとは認められていない。
• On the other hand, Religious corporation Oomoto doesn't acknowledge that there are parts that Wasaburo ASANO edited in Omoto Shinyu.

• 今まで同志社大学では小学校教諭免許を取得することが不可能であったが、この協定により取得可能になった。
• In Doshisha University, it was impossible for students to get a license to teach in elementary schools, but thanks to the agreement it became possible.

• 「信長殿を騙して譲り状を書かせてしまえば織田信友殿もいない今、織田家はあなたのものです」と諭された。
• Nobunari was persuaded by Katsuie as 'If you can deceive Lord Nobunaga into writing a letter of hand over, Oda family shall be yours, as Lord Nobutomo ODA is already dead.'

• それもみ仏が与えてくださったありがたい教訓であり、言外に余る慈悲溢れるお諭しであった、と述懐している。
• He recalled this event and expressed his thoughts that this is the grateful lesson that Lord Buddha gave me and the admonition with deep mercy beyond expression.

• 1863年（文久3年）には朝廷に10,000両を献納し、宗派全体に尊皇攘夷の徹底を諭す文を出している。
• In 1863 he presented 10,000 ryo (old currency unit) to the Imperial Court and sent a letter to carry out thorough Sonno Joi to the whole religious community.

• この影響のもと、在野において書かれたのが田口卯吉『日本開化小史』や福澤諭吉『文明論之概略』などである。
• Affected by these situations, Ukichi TAGUCHI and Yukichi FUKUZAWA, both of whom were placed out of power, wrote 'Nihon kaika shoshi' (literally, small history of Japanese civilization) and 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' (an outline of a theory of civilization), respectively.

• まず、故郷・武雄市の元領主鍋島茂昌（しげはる）やその家臣であった士族を説諭し、反乱への呼応を抑止した。
• First of all, he persuaded Shigeharu NABESHIMA, the former lord of his home town Takeo City, and his samurai retainers not to take part in the rebellion.

• 1881年（明治14年）7月に開拓使に採用され北海道に渡り、函館商船学校、函館師範学校の教諭を務めた。
• In 1881, he joined the members of Hokkaido Development Commission and migrated to Hokkaido, where he worked as a teacher at Hakodate Merchant Ship College and Hakodate Normal School (school for teachers).

• 1967年4月に、西洋思想史研究者河野健二の『福沢諭吉--生きつづける思想家』（講談社）が発行された。
• In April 1967, 'Fukuzawa Yukichi - Ikitsuzukeru Shisoka' (Yukichi FUKUZAWA - Living Theorist) (published by Kodansha) by a scholar of Western History of Ideas Kenji KONO was published.

• 脱亜思想（だつあしそう）とは、福澤諭吉に代表される儒教を廃して中華思想から脱却しようとする思想のこと。
• Datsua-shiso thought is a concept mainly advocated by Yukichi FUKUZAWA, which encourages an abolishment of Confucianism and a departure from Sinocentrism.

• 仲綱は断ったが、宗盛は平氏の権勢を傘にしつこく要求し、頼政に諭されて、仲綱はしぶしぶ“木の下”を譲った。
• Nakatsuna initially refused to part with Konoshita, but Munemori kept insisting, with the whole weight of the Taira clan's power and authority behind him, until at last, after being admonished by his father Yorimasa, Nakatsuna reluctantly handed Konoshita over.

• 福澤諭吉（ふくざわ ゆきち、1835-1901）も、皇室の永続性は近代化を推進する要素だと見なしていた。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA (1835 - 1901) believed the consistency of the Imperial family was the essence for promoting modernization.

• また、皇極・斉明天皇の宝皇女もその可能性が高いと平林章仁氏（大和高田市片塩中学校教諭）等は指摘している。
• Akihito HIRABAYSHI (a teacher of Katashio Junior High School in Yamatotakada City) and others point out that it is highly likely that the Empress Kogyoku or the Saimei was called Takara no Himemiko for the same reason.

• 吉田兼好や林羅山、新井白蛾、福澤諭吉などが「日の吉凶」を否定することが窺える内容の文章を書き残している。
• Kenko YOSHIDA, Razan HAYASHI, Hakuga ARAI, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and so on left the articles whose subject was the denial of 'the fortune of the day.'

• 外国奉行の通訳として採用され、1867年（慶応3年）には福澤諭吉らと幕府随員としてアメリカ合衆国へ洋行。
• He was employed as a translator for the magistrate of foreign affairs and went to the United States of America in 1867 with Yukichi FUKUZAWA as an attendant for the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 当時、大当たりをとっていた福澤諭吉の『西洋旅案内』にあてこみ、これと膝栗毛の趣向を取り合わせたのである。
• This book blended the theme of Guide to Travel in the Western World written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA which was a big seller of the time and the spirit of the original Hizakurige.

• 明智謀反の報を受けた信忠は本能寺に救援に向かおうとしたが、既に事態は決したから逃げるように側近に諭された。
• Nobutada, who received a report of the revolt by the Akechi clan, intended to go to the Honno-ji Temple to rescue, but he was dissuaded by his close aide to run away because the situations in the Honno-ji Temple were already finalized.

• 実際、明治15年（1882年）の「軍人勅諭」では、武士道ではなく「忠節」を以って天皇に仕えることとされた。
• In fact, 'the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors' in 1882 says to serve Emperor with 'loyalty', not with Bushido.

• 井上毅は大隈案と福澤諭吉の民権論（『民情一新』）との類似点を指摘して、一刻も早い対抗策を出す事を提言した。
• Kowashi INOUE pointed out the similarities between Okuma's proposal and Minken-ron (democratic right theory) ('Minjo-isshin' [The transition of people's way of thinking]) by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and recommended to propose a counter plan as soon as possible.

• 明治6年（1873年）に陸軍省陸相・内部部局となり、参謀本部 (日本)の設置、軍人勅諭の制定にかかわった。
• In 1873, he became the Minister of the Army and was engaged in the establishment of the General Staff Office and the Imperial Rescript on the Military.

• これらの意見はほとんど変更されることなく、太政大臣三条実美を通じて訓示に付属する内諭として使節に伝えられた。
• This opinion was conveyed to the envoy without change by the Grand Minister Sanetomi SANJO as an unofficial message attached to the instruction.

• 1960年6月に、富田正文・土橋俊一編纂の『福澤諭吉全集〈第10巻〉』（岩波書店）に「脱亜論」が収録された。
• Datsu-A Ron' was contained again in 'Fukuzawa Yukichi Zensyu Vol.10' (The Complete Works of Yukichi FUKUZAWA) (published by Iwanami Shoten) edited by Masafumi TOMITA and Shunichi TSUCHIHASHI in June, 1960.

• 元就は悲しみを顔に出さず「隆元への追善は尼子氏の撃滅のほかになし」と将兵を諭したので、全軍の士気は奮い立った。
• Motonari tried to conceal his grief and talked to his soldiers, saying, 'The only thing for the repose of Takamoto's soul is to destroy the Amago clan,' and the morale of the whole army soared.

• 西郷隆盛と親交があり、隆盛が尊敬する島津斉彬が急死したとき、殉死しようとする隆盛に殉死を止めるように諭している。
• He was a close friend of Takamori SAIGO and persuaded him from taking his own life after the sudden death of Nariakira SHIMAZU who Takamori greatly respected.

• 西太后は北京から逃走する途中で義和団を弾圧する上諭を出したが、同時に列強との和議を図るよう李鴻章に指示を出した。
• Empress Dowager Cixi gave out an imperial order to suppress the Boxers in the midst of fleeing from Beijing, but instructed Li Hongzhang to compromise with the allied western powers at the same time.

• ただちに内蔵助はじめ重臣達に会見を申し込んで吉良上野介への仇討ちを主張したが、大石らからは以下のように諭された。
• Although they asked to see Kuranosuke and other chief retainers as soon as they arrived and suggested the revenge against Kira Kozuke no Suke, he responded by saying as follows.

• 産土神の諭しにしたがって、土佐節を粉にして、酒と醤油とで味をととのえ供したところ、夫の食欲は進んで病気もなおった。
• The woman, according to the advice of Ubusunagami (a guardian deity of one's birthplace), served her husband a dish made from dried bonito powder seasoned with sake and soy sauce, which improved his appetite and he recovered from his illness.

• 明治維新後に帰国すると福澤諭吉、西周 (啓蒙家)、西村茂樹、中村正直、加藤弘之、津田真道らと共に明六社を結成する。
• When he returned to Japan after the Meiji Restoration, he founded the Meirokusha (Meiji 6 Society, a group of promoting civilization and enlightenment in Japan) with Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Amane NISHI (an illuminator), Shigeki NISHIMURA, Masanao NAKAMURA, Hiroyuki KATO, and Mamichi TSUDA.

• また、福澤諭吉は主宰する「時事新報」の紙上で、「国乱」によらない憲法の発布と国会開設を驚き、好意を持って受け止めた。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA, also wrote in the 'Jiji Shinpo' which he organized, that he was surprised that the constitution was promulgated and the national diet was established without any 'national conflict,' and was pleased with it.

• 兵法、すなわち人を刀で切る行為にはこの両面がないとならないと諭し、日本の剣術が殺人技法にとどまらず昇華したことを示す。
• He admonished that the deed of killing a person with a sword should have these two aspects, and it demonstrates the difference between Japanese Kenjutsu and the mere skill of killing a person.

• 大正7年3月29日、福澤諭吉の偉業をたたえ、「長沼下戻記念碑」が印旛郡豊住村長沼（現・千葉県成田市長沼）に建立された。
• On March 29,1918, 'Naganuma disposal monument' was erected in Naganuma, Toyosumi mura, Inba County (present-day Naganuma, Narita City, Chiba Prefecture) to honor Yukichi Fukuzawa's great achievement.

• 成卿の生前を知る人々（大槻如電、福澤諭吉）の伝承によると、彼は神経が鋭敏に過ぎ、ふさぎ込んで考えこむ癖があったという。
• According to the tradition of the people (Joden OTSUKI and Yukichi Fukuzawa) who knew Seikei in life, he was too sensitive and tended to think melancholily.

• あまりの重さのために仲間の隊士から諭されて、戦場の近くの寺院の境内に源三郎の首を埋葬したというエピソードが伝わっている
• It was so heavy, though, that others suggested it be buried in the temple near the battleground.

• 日本放送協会大河ドラマ「新選組!」では野口は芹沢の死に落胆するものの、近藤に諭されて帰郷していくが、これは創作である。
• Noguchi who was disappointed by the death of Serizawa, returned to his homeland by Kondo's preach in a historical drama 'Shinsengumi!' of Japan Broadcasting Corporation, but that was a fiction.

• 生母は受洗を怒ったものの、これを諭し逆にキリスト教の理解者にしてしまったという逸話が残る（ルイス・フロイス『日本史』）。
• One anecdote has it that he persuaded his mother, who was angry at his christening, to make her an assentor of Christianity (Luis FROIS 'the History of Japan').

• 金玉均ら開化派を支え続けてきた福澤諭吉らであったが、この事件で朝鮮・中国に対していわば完全に匙を投げてしまうこととなる。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA and his colleagues, who had kept supporting Ok-gyun KIM and the Progressive Party, came to give up Korea and China completely as hopeless due to this affair.

• 磯之丞の放蕩と琴浦に横恋慕する佐賀右衛門の悪事に、乞食の徳兵衛に自身の落魄ぶりを述べさせ磯之丞を諭すお梶の智略などを描く。
• The first act describes the debauchery of Isonojo and wrongdoings of Sagaemon who illicitly loves Kotoura, while the beggar Tokube narrates his own despair, and also describes the ingenuity of Okaji who admonishes Isonojo, and other matters.

• 「また、出口王仁三郎が筆先から神諭へと編纂したと言われているが、当事者である出口王仁三郎も疑問に満ちたことを発言している。
• Although it is said that Onizaburo DEGUCHI edited the Shinyu from the scripture, Onizaburo DEGUCHI himself stated something doubtful.

• 明治15年（1882年）、軍隊を「天皇の軍隊」と規定した軍人勅諭を発し、大元帥として軍隊の統率にあたり、軍備の増強に努めた。
• In 1882, the Emperor issued an the Imperial Rescript to Samurai and Sailors to declare the army as the 'Emperor's army,' he commanded the army as commander in chief to strengthen military power.

• またよく間違えられることであるが、福澤諭吉は署名著作・時事新報論説のすべてにおいて「入欧」という言葉を一度も使用していない。
• Many people still misunderstand, but Yukichi FUKUZAWA never used the expression 'Enter Europe' in all his literally works and editorials of Jijishinpo (Japanese newspaper).

• 道二の石門心学は庶民だけでなく江戸幕府の老中松平定信をはじめ、大名などにも広がり、江戸の人足寄場における教諭方も務めている。
• Sekimon Shingaku became familiar among Daimyos (feudal lords) of Edo bakufu including Roju (senior councilor) Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA as well as among common people, and Doni worked as a teacher at a ninsokuyoseba (independence support facilities for minor offenders) in Edo city.

• 中国・大韓民国では、「脱亜論」は「アジア蔑視および侵略肯定論」であり、福澤諭吉は侵略主義者として批判的に取り上げられている。
• In China and South Korea, 'Datsu-A Ron' is 'a theory of disrespecting Asia and approving foreign invasion' and Yukichi FUKUZAWA has been treated critically as a person who supported aggressive foreign policy.

• 築地鉄砲州（現在の明石町 (東京都中央区)）で諭吉と同居し諭吉が開いた蘭学塾「一小家塾」（後の慶應義塾）の第1期生となった。
• He lived with Yukichi in Teppozu, Tsukiji (present Akashi-cho, Chuo Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) and became the first member of 'a small private school' of Western studies (the predecessor of Keio Gijuku) opened by Yukichi.

• 一方、政府は国会開設の必要性を認めるとともに当面の政府批判をかわすため、10年後の国会開設を約した「国会開設の勅諭」を出した。
• In the mean time, the government acknowledged the necessity of establishing the National Diet and issued the imperial instruction that promised to establish the Diet in 10 years, intending to ward off public criticism.

• 当初は利根川を超えて、一族が多数いる越後国方面へ進軍する予定であったが、弟の脇屋義助に諭されて鎌倉攻めを決意したと伝えられる。
• Also, it has been passed down that while he initially intended to advance toward Echigo Province where many family members resided, he later made up his mind to attack Kamakura according to the exhortations by his younger brother Yoshisuke WAKIYA.

• 偽造防止に利用される髭や顔の皺がすくないため版を起こすのに手間取り、製造開始は野口英世の千円券、福澤諭吉の一万円券より遅れた。
• Because there were fewer of the whiskers and wrinkles usually used in counterfeiting prevention, it took time to prepare the blocks; therefore its production was delayed as compared to Hideyo NOGUCHI's one thousand yen note and Yukichi FUKUZAWA's ten thousand yen note.

• 将門伝説の研究者である村上春樹 (研究者)(元高校教諭の郷土史家、同名の小説家とは別人)は将門伝説を以下のように分類している。
• Haruki MURAKAMI (local historian, and former high school teacher, not the famous fiction writer by the same name), has conducted research into the legends about Masakado, and has proposed the following schema for categorizing the legends.

• 「正始8年（248年）に邪馬壹國と狗奴国間の紛争の報告を受けて倭に派遣された帯方郡の塞曹掾史張政は、檄文をもって壹與を諭した。」
• Upon a receipt of report informing a dispute between Yamataikoku and Kunukoku in 248 (Zhengshi 8), Chang Cheng, an acting Secretary of the Border Guard, was dispatched from Daifang Commandery, and he persuaded Iyo with a letter of proclamation advising reconciliation.'

• この自由民権運動への対応として、明治14年（1881年）には、国会開設の勅諭を発して議会創設の時期を明示し、運動の沈静化を図った。
• To keep up with the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, the Emperor issued an Imperial mandate in 1881 to establish the Diet and expressed the time of the establishment of the Diet to suppress the movement.

• 昭和27年(1952年)11月に多摩中学校の教諭が中心となり東京国立博物館の技官と共に多摩中学校の生徒も参加し発掘調査が行われた。
• In November 1952, an archaeological excavation was conducted, initiated by the teachers at Tama Junior High School with the help of the engineering officials of the Tokyo National Museum and the students of Tama Junior High School.

• もっとも腹蔵ない友人かというとそうでもなく、隆景は死の直前に「筑紫大名（如水のこと）が休息地を求めても貸すな｣と周囲に諭している。
• However, they were not really heart-to-heart friends, and Takakage told his close vassals 'do not let the Chikushi daimyo (Japanese feudal lord, refers to Josui here) use our resting room even if he asked to do so' right before his death.

• それに対し虎三郎は、「百俵の米も、食えばたちまちなくなるが、教育にあてれば明日の一万、百万俵となる」と諭し、自らの政策を押しきった。
• In response, Torasaburo persuaded them and carried through with his policy saying, 'a hundred straw rice bags will be gone after eating them up, but if they are used for education, they will turn into ten thousand or million rice bags.'

• 土佐藩軍艦府は、警備の藩兵に取締を命じ、帰艦を諭示させたが、言葉が通じず、混雑もあって、水兵側は土佐の隊旗を倒伏、逃亡しようとした。
• The Gunkan-fu (warship section) of the Tosa Domain ordered Tosa security retainers to police the sailors and urge them to return to their ship; confused as a result of the language barrier and the congestion in the area, however, the French sailors tried to escape from the security retainers, knocking over a flag of the Tosa security group in the process.

• 「力士に腕を折られる」や「商家の跡取り息子が身代を潰す」等、福沢諭吉の人間性を見る上でも、当時の世相を見る上でも興味深い表現が多い。
• Many interesting expressions, such as 'an arm broken by a sumo wrestler', or 'a son of a merchant who took his father's business ruins the business', can be found in his writing, providing good insights for us to review how the society of the time worked, and to understand Fukuzawa himself.

• 田村に対しては「慎み深く言動に気をつけよ」と諭し、山背大兄に対しては「あなたはまだ若く未熟なので群臣の意見を聴きなさい」と遺言した。
• The Empress preached Tamura no Miko to keep moderateness and be careful about what he says and does, and preached Yamashiro no Oe no Okimi to know his immatureness and listen to vassals' advices.

• 諭吉という名の由来は、儒学者でもあった父が『上諭条例』（清の乾隆帝治世下の法令を記録した書）を手に入れた夜に彼が生まれたことによる。
• His name Yukichi originated from the fact that he was born in the evening when his father, also a Confucianist, obtained 'Joyujorei,' a record of ordinances under the reign of Kenryutei in Qing China.

• 小室正紀・西川俊作編　『福澤諭吉著作集〈第3巻〉学問のすゝめ』　慶應義塾大学出版会、2002年、ISBN 978-4766408799
• The 3rd volume of the works of Yukichi FUKUZAWA edited by Masanori KOMURO and Shunsaku NISHIKAWA, Keiogijuku University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-4766408799

• 福澤諭吉の再従弟に当たり、住まいも近所で親しい交際があったが、明治3年（1870年）、福澤が帰郷した際、寝込みを襲おうと暗殺を企てた。
• Masuda was a second cousin of Yukichi FUKUZAWA, and they lived close to each other and had a close relationship; however, in 1870 when Fukuzawa returned home, Masuda attempted to assassinate Fukuzawa being asleep.

• 社会人教育を目的に夜間学校（三年制）として設立されたため、学生には官庁職員、府立学校教諭、府の名誉職にあるものなどが多く含まれていた。
• The school was established for worker education as a night school (three years); there were students who served as the government officer, prefecture school teacher, or the prefectural worker in an honorary position.

• だが、そこに現われた樵（前シテ）は、尋常な修行では渡る事は無理だから止めておくように諭し、暫く橋のたもとで待つがよいと言い残して消える。
• But then a woodcutter (lead role of the first half of the play) appears and warns him to stop crossing because it would be impossible to reach the other side with ordinary ascetic practices, and disappears after telling him that he had better wait a while at the foot of the bridge.

• 松崎欣一編　『福澤諭吉著作集〈第12巻〉福翁自伝　福澤全集緒言』　慶應義塾大学出版会、2003年、ISBN 978-4766408881
• The 12th volume, Fukuo Jiden (autobiography) of the works of Yukichi FUKUZAWA edited by Kinichi MATSUZAKI, Keiogijuku University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-4766408881

• 箕作秋坪の三叉学舎は当時、福沢諭吉の慶應義塾と並び称される洋学塾の双璧であり、東郷平八郎、原敬、平沼騏一郎、大槻文彦などもここで学んだ。
• At that time, Shuhei MITSUKURI's Sansha Gakusha and Yukichi FUKUZAWA's Keio Gijuku were referred to as the twin jewels of the Western studies schools and Heihachiro TOGO, Takashi HARA, Kiichiro HIRANUMA, Fumihiko OTSUKI, etc. studied in Sansha Gakusha.

• 1858年（安政5年）、この適塾で塾長を務めていた福澤諭吉が、中津藩の命令で江戸に蘭学の塾を開くことになり、同窓の中から同行者を募った。
• In 1858, the president of Teki-juku, Yukichi FUKUZAWA was ordered by the Nakatsu clan to open a school of Western studies in Edo, and recruited company from the alumni.

• 篭城、さもなくば吉良への仇討を主張したが、内蔵助からは「吉良への仇討はするが、浅野長広による浅野家再興が優先だ。時期を見よ」と諭された。
• He insisted that they should lock themselves in a castle or avenge on Kira, however, Kura-no-suke (Deputy chief of Kuraryo, Bureau of Palace Storehouse) persuaded him, saying, 'We will of course avenge on Kira, but the restoration of the Asano clan by putting Nagahiro ASANO as the head of the family is the first priority. We should choose the right timing.'

• 関東の細草壇林への入壇を図るも文人仲間の村上勘兵衛と村田麦郎に諭され、入壇を取り止めて雙林寺 (京都市)西行庵に赴いて布教と修行に励む。
• Then he tried to enter Hosokusa Danrin (Hosokusa Academy of Buddhism) in Kanto region, but Kanbe MURAKAMI and Bakuro MURATA, both his associate scholars, persuaded him out of entering the academy, so he went to Saigyoan (Saigyo hermitage) of Sorin-ji Temple (in Kyoto City) and devoted himself to missionary work and ascetic training.

• その後、伊那谷に向かい、俳人であり長野県伊那弥生ヶ丘高等学校教諭だった前田若水の家に立ち寄り、若水の案内を得てようやく井月の墓参を果たす。
• After that, he headed for Inadani and visited Jakusui MAEDA who was a haiku poet and a teacher in Ina yayoigaoka high school, and then, he could finally visited Seigetsu's grave under Jakusui's guidance.

• 学識に優れ将来を嘱望されるが、実母に「学問だけをして偉くなるよりも、黒衣の非俗として菅笠裸足で往来し、済度衆生を果たしなさい」と諭され下山。
• Although he excelled in scholarship and was a promising priest, he left the temple because of his mother's admonition saying 'You should endeavor to enlighten people as an inconspicuous priest by preaching to them whilst wearing a sedge hat and no sandals, rather than by pursuing high status only through studying.'

• 「文明開化」という言葉は福澤諭吉が『文明論之概略』明治8年（1875年）の中で、civilizationの訳語として使ったのが始まりである。
• The term '文明開化' (civilization and enlightenment) was used by Yukichi FUKUZAWA for the first time in his essay published in 1875, 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' (An Outline of a Theory of Civilization) as the translation of the word, civilization.

• 一方、「もって死す」つまり「だから死んだ」と読んだ場合、この前に書かれている、狗奴国との紛争もしくは難升米の告諭が死の原因ということになる。
• On the other hand, under the translation 'so she died,' it can be interpreted that the cause of her death was a conflict with Kunakoku or Nashime's manifesto, which was written before this.

• 彼の著作『西遊見聞』（）は福沢諭吉の『西洋事情』から深い影響を受けて著された啓蒙書であって、「両截体制」ということばは、この著作に由来する。
• His work 'Saiyu Kenbun' was an enlightening book deeply affected by 'Seiyo Jijo' by Yukichi FUKUZAWA, and the word 'Ryosetsu system' is originally from the book.

• 明治5年11月28日_(旧暦)（新暦：1872年12月28日）に徴兵告諭が出され、翌明治6年（1873年）1月10日（新暦）に徴兵令が施行。
• On December 28, 1872, the proclamation of conscription was issued and, on January 10, 1873, the Conscription Ordinance became effective.

• 見つかっている最初のコメントは、昭和26年（1951年）に遠山茂樹が発表した「日清戦争と福沢諭吉」（福沢研究会編『福沢研究』第6号）である。
• The first comment found was the 'Nisshin Senso to Fukuzawa Yukichi' (Shino-Japanese War and Yukichi FUKUZAWA) ('Fukuzawa Kenkyu' [Study of Fukuzawa], Issue No. 6, edited by Fukuzawa Kenkyu-kai Group), written by Shigeki TOYAMA in 1951.

• 先日のような挙動は改めたがよからう」と諭したが、以蔵は「先生それでもあの時私が居なかったら、先生の首は既に飛んでしまつて居ませう」と返した。
• Such actions taken a few days ago are better to be mended' and tried to persuade him, but Izo said in return 'But Mr. Katsu, if it weren't for me, your head must already have been slain.'

• 神戸親和女子大学通信教育部発達教育学部児童教育学科（初等教育学コース）（男女共学）との連携プログラム「小学校教諭（一種）取得プログラム」開始。
• Started a corporation program (program of the acquisition of license to be an elementary school teacher) with Distance Education, Department of Child Education, Faculty of Developmental Education of Kobe Shinwa Women's University (Elementary Education Course) (coeducational school).

• 政治学者の丸山眞男は、（福澤諭吉が「脱亜論」を執筆したと仮定しても）福澤が「脱亜」という単語を使用したのは「脱亜論」1編のみであると指摘した。
• A political scientist Masao MARUYAMA pointed out that (assuming that it was Yukichi FUKUZAWA who wrote the 'Datsu-A Ron') Fukuzawa only used the word 'Datsu-A' (Leaving Asia) in the 'Datsu-A Ron.'

• 尚、庭訓とは、『論語』季子篇の中にある孔子が庭を走る息子を呼び止め詩や礼を学ぶよう諭したという故事に因み、父から子への教訓や家庭教育を意味する。
• The word 'teikin' originates from a historical event taken from the Ji Shi (Chief of the Ji Clan) section of 'Rongo' (the Analects of Confucius) in which Confucius called to his son to stop running in a garden and encouraged him to learn poetry and etiquette, signifying teachings from father to son and home education.

• 2009年、「慶應義塾　創立１５０年記念　『未来をひらく　福沢諭吉展』」が、東京国立博物館、福岡市美術館、大阪市立美術館において開催されている。
• In 2009, 'Keio Gijuku 150th Anniversary 'Mirai wo hiraku - Fukuzawa Yukichi ten' was held at Tokyo National Museum, Fukuoka Art Museum, and Osaka Municipal Museum of Art.

• 福澤諭吉『An Outline of a Theory of Civilization（文明論之概略）』、慶應義塾大学出版会、2008年11月。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA 'An Outline of a Theory of Civilization (Bunmeiron no gairyaku)', Keio Gijuku Daigaku Shuppankai, November 2008

• 現代では「福沢諭吉」と記載される事が一般的であり、慶應義塾大学をはじめとする学校法人慶應義塾の公式ホームページでも「福沢諭吉」と表記されている。
• Recently, his name is generally written as 福沢諭吉, as can be seen on the official websites of the educational corporation of Keio Gijuku, including Keio University, instead of 福澤諭吉.

• 山本七平の「私の中の日本軍」（文春文庫）では，ある衛生下士官が部隊の宴会で酔い，「突撃一番，軍人勅諭はオンナで終わらあー」と叫んだ事を記している。
• In the book titled 'Watashi no naka no Nihongun (Japanese Army in myself)' by Shichihei YAMAMOTO (published by Bunshun Bunko), one combat medic drank in a banquet of a troop, and said in a loud voice, 'Totsugeki Ichiban, the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors is finished with women!'

• この際に、大隈や福澤諭吉が藩閥政府に代わる内閣を組織しようとしていたとの疑惑から、福澤の影響が強い慶應義塾出身の官僚が多数官を辞することになった。
• On this occasion, due to the suspicion that Okuma and Yukichi FUKUZAWA were trying to set up a new cabinet to replace the han-dominated government, many government officials who graduated from Keio Gijuku and were greatly influenced by Fukuzawa left their positions.

• 文部科学省認定山川出版社詳説日本史 改訂版に大隈重信の東京専門学校（現、早稲田大学）、福澤諭吉の慶應義塾（現、慶應義塾大学）と並び記載されている。
• It is mentioned along with Tokyo Senmon Gakko (Waseda University, as of now) established by Shigenobu OKUMA and Keio Gijuku (Keio University, as of now) established by Yukichi FUKUZAWA in the textbook titled 'A detailed history of Japan revised edition' published by Yamakawa Publishing Company and authorized by the Ministry of Education.

• 「徴兵告諭」の一節：「人たるもの固（もと）より心力を尽し国に報ひざるべからず。西人（西洋人）之を称して血税と云ふ。其生血を以て国に報するの謂なり」
• One passage of 'Proclamation of Conscription': 'A man should devote himself to the nation mentally and physically. The Westerners call it blood tax. This means a man should devote himself to his country with his own blood.'

• そうして開化派の金玉均らは井上角五郎（福澤諭吉によって朝鮮王朝に推挙され新聞創刊のために朝鮮王朝に招聘されていた。）の助けによって日本に亡命する。
• Ok-gyun KIM and other members of the Progressive group fled their country to Japan with the help of Kakugoro INOUE (who was recommended by Yukichi FUKUZAWA to the Korean Dynasties for a newly published newspaper and was invited to the country).

• そのため息子である諭吉は後に「門閥制度は親の敵（かたき）で御座る」（『福翁自伝』）とすら述べており、自身も封建制には疑問を感じていたと述べている。
• Later, Yukichi, as a son, even stated 'the status system of feudal society is my father's enemy' ('Fukuo jiden') and also confessed that he himself, looking at his father, had been doubtful about the feudal system.

• 義朝は朝長を気遣い、傷跡を鎧で抑えて、敵に背後をとられぬ様に諭すが、朝長がいうには「毛利六郎殿の方が手負うている」と述べ、源氏一門の長老を気遣った。
• Yoshitomo was concerned for Tomonaga, his wounds obscured by his armor, but when he warned against the enemy taking his rear, Tomonaga said, 'Rokuro MORI is wounded,' being concerned about the elder of the Minamoto clan.

• 時の大阪府知事渡辺昇に書いた書を見せたところ、渡辺はそのあまりの才能を惜しみ添田の硯と落款を庭に投げ捨て、書などではなく学業に専心し大成せよと諭した。
• When he showed his calligraphy to Noboru WATANABE, the then governor of Osaka Prefecture, Watanabe praised Soeda for his talent and tossed away Soeda's ink stone and seal to the yard, and additionally, he told Soeda to devote his mind to study rather than calligraphy in order to achieve great things.

• 入社試験に際しては、親しい間柄であった田中絹代に紹介を頼んだが、「映画界は実力がなければ通用しない」と諭され、田中の縁者であることを隠し通したという。
• Although he asked Kinuyo TANAKA, his second cousin, to recommend him for the employment exam, she advised him that 'nobody can survive in the movie industry without talent,' and he kept hiding the fact that he was related to Tanaka.

• 黒田は榎本の非凡な才に感服し、皇国無二の才として断然助命しようと各方面に説諭、その熱心な助命嘆願活動により一命をとりとめ、江戸辰の口の牢に投獄された。
• KURODA was greatly impressed with ENOMOTO's outstanding ability, and so strove to persuade people in various sectors that they must save his life, protesting that he was a man with unparalleled intelligence in the country; thanks to KURODA's hard efforts in pleading for his life to be spared, ENOMOTO was kept alive and put in a prison located in Tatsunokuchi, Edo.

• しかし、大日本帝国海軍では「御勅諭の精神を覚えておけばよい。御勅諭全文より諸例則等を覚えよ」とされることが多く、全文暗誦を求められることは多くなかった。
• On the other hand, Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) often stated 'It is necessary to remember the spirit of the rescript. Sailors should rather memorize each rule than all the sentences of the rescript,' and they rarely needed to recite all the sentences.

• 龍谷大学・京都産業大学・ 京都文教大学・関西福祉科学大学・ 皇學館大学・ 愛知大学・ 九州産業大学と小学校教諭免許状課程履修に関する協定を締結している。
• It concluded agreements regarding the certified elementary school teacher's license course with Ryukoku University, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto Bunkyo University, Kansai University of Welfare Science, Kogakkan University, Aichi University and Kyushu Sangyo University.

• 釈迦が入滅して金の棺に納められたあと、嘆き悲しむ摩耶夫人のために釈迦が棺の蓋を開けて復活し、夫人はじめ人びとに最後の説法をして諭す場面を描いたものである。
• It describes the scene that Shaka revived for his wife Maya who was in grief, opening the lid of his coffin himself after Shaka passed away and was placed in a gold coffin; Shaka preached his last for his wife and the people.

• 洪庵の功績として、適塾から福澤諭吉、大鳥圭介、橋本左内、大村益次郎、長与専斎、佐野常民、高松凌雲など幕末から明治維新にかけて活躍した多くの人材を輩出した。
• Koan is credited with the establishment of a private school, Tekijuku, and many Tekijuku graduates including Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Keisuke OTORI, Sanai HASHIMOTO, Masujiro OMURA, Sensai NAGAYO, Tsunetami SANO, Ryoun TAKAMATSU took the lead in building a new society from the end of the Edo Period through the Meiji Restoration.

• 八坂本では、巴を追ってきた敵将を返り討ちにした後、義仲に落ちるように言われ、後世を弔うことが最後の奉公であると諭されて東へ向かい行方知れずとなったとされる。
• In the Yasaka-bon text, after Tomoe killed an enemy general who had chased after her, she was told by Yoshinaka to run away and convinced that her last service should be to mourn him, and she headed eastward and she was lost.

• これらに対し「教令輪身」は、仏法に従わない者を恐ろしげな姿で脅してでも教え諭し、仏法に敵対する事を力ずくでもやめさせるなど、極めて積極的な介入を行う姿である。
• As opposed to these, 'kyoryorinjin' is the figure that implements intervention very aggressively as it admonishes a person who doesn't follow Buddhism even with the threat of an awful appearance, and compels the cessation of hostility toward Buddhism.

• 「戦陣訓」を「軍人勅諭」と比較することは酷であるにしても「戦陣訓」にはなんら灌漑している精神がなく，いたずらに兵隊に押しつける箇条書が羅列してあるだけである。
• Though 'Senjinkun military code' can not be compared with ''the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors,' there is no mentality seen through 'Senjinkun military code,' but just a list of items to be pushed to soldiers vainly.

• 1981年3月に、政治学者の坂野潤治は『福沢諭吉選集〈第7巻〉』（岩波書店、ISBN 4-001-00677-4）の解説で、「脱亜論」の新しい解釈を提示した。
• In March 1981, a political scientist Junji BANNO published the new interpretation of 'Datsu-A Ron' in the commentary of 'Fukuzawa Yukichi Senshu Vol.7' (Selected works of Yukichi Fukuzawa) (published by Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4-001-00677-4).

• この条文によると、憲法改正は天皇が発議・裁可する事になっており、実際、憲法改正の上諭文には「朕は...憲法の改正を裁可し...」との記述（欽定憲法）がなされた。
• According to Article 73, the constitutional amendment shall be proposed and ratified by the emperor, and actually in the edict of the constitutional amendment, the emperor stated 'I …sanction the amendments of the Imperial Japanese Constitution …' (Constitution enacted by the emperor).

• 和歌山県立農林学校（現在の和歌山県立南部高等学校）教諭、神戸市神港商業学校（現在の神戸市立神港高等学校）教諭を経て、大正12年（1923年）より日光東照宮禰宜。
• After being a teacher at Wakayama Prefectural Agriculture School (present Wakayama Prefectural Nanbu High School) and at Kobe City Shinko Commercial High School (present Kobe municipal SHINKO senior high school), he became Negi (Shinto priest) of Nikko Toshogu Shrine in 1923.

• また井伊直弼は茶湯一会集において、客が退出した途端に大声で話し始めたり、扉をばたばたと閉めたり、急いで中に戻ってさっさと片付け始めたりすべきではないと諭している。
• Also, Naosuke II teaches that one should not talk loudly, slam doors, or hurry into the house and quickly clear up, as soon as the visitor leaves.

• 慶應義塾大学をはじめとする学校法人慶應義塾の運営する学校では、創立者の福澤諭吉のみを「福澤先生」と呼ぶ伝統があり、他は教員も学生も公式には「○○君」と表記される。
• In the schools operated by Gakko hojin Keio Gijuku including Keio University, only Yukichi FUKUZAWA, the founder, has been traditionally called 'Fukuzawa sensei' with a title for teachers, and the others, including teachers and students, have been officially called with a casual title 'kun.'

• こうした動きに対し、桂首相は明治天皇の諒闇中（服喪期間）であるから政争を中止するように諭した大正天皇の詔勅（優詔）を受けてこれを乱発し、政府批判を封じた（優詔政策）。
• Against this movement, Prime Minister Katsura frequently abused 'Shochoku' (imperial edict) of Emperor Taisho, which was originally issued by the Emperor to stop the political disputes, respecting the period for mourning of former Emperor Meiji (Imperial Edict Tactics), and tried to silence the people's criticism of the government.

• これに対して、平山洋の『福沢諭吉の真実』（文春新書、文藝春秋）によれば、それは『福澤諭吉伝』の著者で、『時事新報』の主筆を務め、『福澤全集』を編纂した石河幹明が原因という。
• Yo HIRAYAMA opposes these arguments in his 'Fukuzawa yukichi no shinjitsu' (Bungeishinsho, Bungeishunju,) that these impressions of Yukichi were made by Mikiaki ISHIKAWA, the editor of 'Jiji Shinpo,' who wrote 'Fukuzawa yukichi den' and compiled 'Fukuzawa zenshu.'

• ワシントン軍縮条約の結果主力艦の保有比率が対英米6割と希望の7割より低く抑えられたことに憤激する将官達に向かって、「でも訓練には比率も制限もないでしょう」と諭したと言われる。
• The agreement of the Disarmament Washington Naval Treaty that a 10:6 tonnage ratio of capital ships, being cut down from a 10:7 ratio which Japan contended, between the navies of the United States and Great Britain and Japan drove generals exasperation, but Togo is said to have urged them by saying that 'there was neither ratio nor limit in skill-up training.'

• 残りの33編の中で、『時事新報』社説の32編が『福澤諭吉全集』第8巻から第16巻に分けて収録され、エッセイの1編が『福澤諭吉全集』第6巻「福翁百話」304頁に収録されている。
• Of the remaining 33 pieces, 32 Jiji Shinpo editorial articles were included in Volume 8 through Volume 16 of the Complete Works of Yukichi FUKUZAWA and one essay appeared on page 304 of Fukuo Hyakuwa which is Volume 6 of the same book.

• 南禅寺境内にある水路閣はテレビドラマの撮影に使われるなど京都の風景として定着しているが、建設当時は古都の景観を破壊するとして反対の声もあがった（福澤諭吉も反対していたという）。
• There was opposition against building Suirokaku in the precinct of Nanzen-ji Temple as some feared it would be a threat to the beauty of the ancient capital (Yukichi FUKUZAWA was said to be against it), but Suirokaku is now famous as a typical scenic spot in Kyoto as it often appears in TV drama scenes.

• 戦前は昭和6年（1931年）神宮皇學館普通科教諭、昭和13年（1938年）國學院講師など委嘱され、戦後は藝林会の発起人および代表者、また神道史学会の設立に中心的役割を果たした。
• Before the war, he was a teacher in the general course at Shingu Kogakkan in 1931, and an instructor at Kokugakuin University in 1938, and after the war, he played a leading role as a founder and a representative of Geirinkai and to establish the society of Shinto historical studies.

• 平山の調査によると、「脱亜論」に関する最初のコメントは、1951年11月に掲載された、歴史学者の遠山茂樹による「日清戦争と福沢諭吉」（『福沢研究〈第6号〉』）の中に発見された。
• According to Hirayama's research, the first comment on 'Datsu-A Ron' was found in 'Nisshin Senso to Fukuzawa Yukichi' (The Shino-Japanese War and Yukichi FUKUZAWA) ('Fukuzawa Kenkyu' [Study of Fukuzawa] ) by a historian Shigeki TOYAMA published in November 1951.

• 静岡県立大学国際関係学部助教の平山洋は『福沢諭吉の真実』（文春新書、文藝春秋）、200-203ページ、において、「脱亜論」がこの論説（後編）の要約になっていることに注意している。
• Assistant Professor of the Faculty of International Relations of University of Shizuoka, Yo HIRAYAMA mentioned in pages 200 to 203 of the 'Fukuzawa Yukichi no Shinjitsu' (The Truth about Yukichi FUKUZAWA) (Bunshun Shinsho paperback, Bunheishunju Ltd.), that the 'Datsu-A Ron' was an abstract of the editorial (II).

• そのような時に芸者に入れ揚げる身持ち放埓は、盗まれた御用金百両を調達して義士の一味に加えられるよう謀っていることを敵方に知られないようにする計略であると、源五兵衛は八右衛門に諭す。
• At such a crisis of the ex-master's family, Gengobe seemed to have been losing himself in playing with a geisha; however, he at last explains to Hachiemon that his such stupid behavior has been the disguise for deceiving the enemies, in fact, he has been secretly trying to prepare 100 ryo for the stolen money and to be allowed to join the group of the loyal avengers by offering the money.

• 日本では、明治維新の後、立憲政治・議会制度の創設が朝野で論議されるなかで、1870年代には福澤諭吉をはじめとする三田派の言論人たちを中心に政党内閣制を採用するように主張され始めた。
• In Japan, after the Meiji Restration, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and other intellecturals from the Mita-ha (Mita faction, named after the place where current Keio University exists) started aruguing in the 1870s that Japan should adopt a party cabinet system, while the establishment of a constitutional government and a parliament system came up for dabate across the county.

• 以下、静岡県立大学国際関係学部助教の平山洋による『福沢諭吉の真実』（文春新書、ISBN 4-16-660394-9）、pp.82-85、pp.193-239 からの情報を要約する。
• Below is the abstract from pages 82-85 and 193-239 of the 'Fukuzawa Yukichi no Shinjitsu' (The Truth about Yukichi FUKUZAWA) (Bunshun Shinsho paperback, ISBN 4-16-660394-9) by Yo HIRAYAMA, an Assistant Professor of the Faculty of International Relations of University of Shizuoka.

• 土屋雅春の『医者のみた福澤諭吉』（中央公論社、中公新書）や桜井邦朋の『福沢諭吉の「科學のススメ」』（祥伝社）によれば、福澤と西洋医学との関係は深く、以下のような業績が残されている。
• According to 'Isha no mita Fukuzawa Yukichi' by Masaharu TSUCHIYA (Chuokoronsha, Chukoshinsho) and 'Fukuzawa Yukichi no 'Kagaku no susume'' by Kunitomo SAKURAI (Shodensha), Yukichi was deeply involved in Western medicine and left the achievements below.

• こうしたことは、彼を諭したり、説き伏せたり、説得したり、頼みこんだりするには立派な理由となりますが、そうしなかったら彼の身に悪いことが降りかかろうと、彼に強制する理由とはなりません。
• These are good reasons for remonstrating with him, or reasoning with him, or persuading him, or entreating him, but not for compelling him, or visiting him with any evil in case he do otherwise.

• 「この文書（当該大本神諭）は出口王仁三郎のみにしか筆先の編集作成は出来ない」にもかかわらず「海軍出身の浅野和三郎が筆先から神諭への編纂に携わったという逸話」があるのでその真偽を問う。と
• Although 'only Onizaburo DEGUCHI could edit the scripture in this document (Omoto Shinyu),' 'there is an anecdote that Wasaburo ASANO having served in the navy was involved in editing the Shinyu from the scripture,' which makes us dispute its authenticity.

• 大本神諭はお筆先を編集した文書集であって、大本ではお筆先とほとんど同一であると見なされており、出口王仁三郎の霊界物語と対をなし、万葉集、古事記と並んで大本の三大聖典の一つとされている。
• Omoto Shinyu is a collection of literary work in which Ofudesaki was edited, so Oomoto regards it as almost the same with Ofudesaki and makes a pair with Reikai Monogatari (Story of the World of Spirits) by Onizaburo DEGUCHI, and takes it as one of the three greatest scriptures, along with Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters).

• 平野、北垣らは「当役所」の名で沢宣嘉の告諭文を発して、天領一帯に募兵を呼びかけ、かねてより北垣が「農兵論」を唱えていたこともあり、その日正午には2000人もの農民が生野の町に群集した。
• Hirano, Kitagaki and others issued an official notice by Nobuyoshi SAWA under the name 'this public office,' calling for recruits all over the shogunate's land and because Kitagaki had already been advocating the 'farmers to arms doctrine,' around two thousand farmers gathered in Ikuno town at noon on that day.

• 1871年に陸軍や官僚の制服を西洋風に改めることを定めた天皇の勅諭（太政官布告399号「爾今禮服ニハ洋服ヲ採用ス」）が発せられた以後、警官・鉄道員・教員などが順次服装を西洋化していった。
• Since 1871 when the Imperial instruction to make western style uniforms for the army and government officials was issued (Grand Council Proclamations No. 399), police officers, railway workers, and teachers adapted western clothes as their working clothes.

• 井田は『歴史とテクスト――西鶴から諭吉まで』（光芒社、2001年）の104頁で、「脱亜論」の認定を行い、高橋義雄 (茶人)が起稿した可能性を排除できないとして、次のように結論付けている。
• On page 104 of his book 'Rekishi to Text - Saikaku kara Yukichi made' (History and Text - from Saikaku to Yukichi) (Kobosha Publishing, 2001), Ida concluded as below saying that he could not totally exclude the possibility of Yoshio TAKAHASHI (Chajin [a master of tea ceremony]) wrote it after conducting an identification of the author of the 'Datsu-A Ron.'

• その後、朝露密約がされるが、そのような経緯の中で井上角五郎等から具に事情を聞いた福澤諭吉らは、ここに至り事大主義、小中華思想で、平等や義や独立の精神に反する朝鮮王朝政府に見切りをつけた。
• Later on, when a secret agreement was signed between Korea and Russia and Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others who heard about it from Kakugoro INOUE, they gave up on the government of the Korean Dynasties that were against equality, righteousness and independence with their Sadaejuui policy and petit Sinocentrism.

• 「天壌無窮ノ宏謨（てんじょうむきゅうのこうぼ）」（御告文）という皇祖皇宗の意思を受け、天皇が継承した「国家統治ノ大権」（上諭）に基づき、天皇を国の元首、統治権の総攬者としての地位に置いた。
• The emperor inherited 'prerogative of sovereignty' following Imperial ancestors' will represented by the sentence, 'Promises which lasted forever like heaven and earth' in the Imperial instruction, and he acquired a status of a head of state and became a person who held all rights of sovereignty.

• 天皇は「朕は在位して16年になり、位を東宮（花山天皇・冷泉天皇の皇子）に譲りたいと思っていた。その後は懐仁を東宮にするつもりだ。朕の心を知らずに不平を持っているようだが、残念だ」と諭した。
• The Emperor told him that 'I have been an Emperor for 16 years so far, and I have been planning to let the current Crown Prince (Emperor Kazan, a child of Emperor Reizei) ascend the throne. Then, I plan to appoint Yasuhito the Imperial Prince. I am sorry that you have been dissatisfied because you didn't know what I was thinking.'

• そして、明治3年（1870年）11月に碧海郡大浜村称名寺の藤井説冏（せつげい）、棚尾村光輪寺の高木賢立（けんりゅう）ら2人の僧侶を教諭使に任じ、領民に新政の趣旨を平易に教えさせようとした。
• And in November 1870, Hattori appointed two Buddhist monks who were Setsugei FUJII from Shomyo-ji Temple in Ohama Village, Aomi County, and Kenryu TAKAGI from Korin-ji Temple, Tanao Village, as a teacher envoy and ordered them to teach the aims of new government simply to the village people.

• 1871年に陸軍や官僚の制服を西洋風に改めることを定めた天皇の勅諭（太政官布告399号「爾今禮服ニハ洋服ヲ採用ス」）が発せられた以後、警官・鉄道員・教員などが順次服装を西洋化することになる。
• After the imperial instruction to change the uniforms for the army and bureaucrats into western style uniforms (edict of Dajokan [Grand Council of state] Number 399 'the western clothes shall be used as formal wear') was issued in 1871, the clothes of police officers, railway employees, and teachers were also westernized sequentially.

• さらに、「入欧」という単語にいたっては、福澤諭吉は（署名著作と無署名論説の全てにおいて）1度も使用したことがなく、したがって「脱亜入欧」という成句も福澤が1度も使用していないことを指摘した。
• As for the word 'Nyu-O' (Entering Europe), he said that Yukichi FUKUZAWA (among all his signed literary work and anonymous editorials) never used it, so the combined word of 'Datsu-A Nyu-O' was never used by Fukuzawa.

• 死の前日に、女帝は敏達天皇の嫡孫・田村皇子を枕元に呼び、謹しんで物事を明察するように諭し、さらに聖徳太子の子山背大兄王にも、他人の意見を納れるように誡めただけで、後継者の指名は避けたようである。
• A day before her death, the Empress summoned Prince Tamura, the legitimate grandchild of Emperor Bidatsu, to her bedside and admonished him to see things through respectfully and also rebuked Prince YAMASHIRO no Oe to listen to opinions of other people, apparently avoiding appointment of her successor.

• 7月28日に地租改正法（上諭と地代の3％を地租とする旨を記載した1ヶ条で構成）と具体的な規定を定めた地租改正条例などから成る太政官布告第272号が制定され、明治政府は翌年から地租改正に着手した。
• In July 28, 1873, the Meiji government promulgated the Ordinance of Dajokan No.272 which consisted of the Land Tax Reform Law (made up of an imperial edict and one article stating the land tax will be 3% of the cash value of the land) and the regulation of land-tax reform in which concrete rules were laid down; in the following year the government started the land-tax reform.

• このままでは朝鮮の近代化はおぼつかないと感じた金玉均・朴泳孝・徐載弼らの開化派（独立党）人士らは福澤諭吉や大隈重信をはじめ一足先に近代化を果たした日本の政財界の代表者達に接触し、交流を深めてゆく。
• Members of the Korean Progressive group (Independent Party) such as Ok-gyun KIM, Yong-hyo PAK and Jae-pil SEO, who thought that modernization might not be attained if Korea stayed as it was, contacted Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Shigenobu OKUMA and some of the key people in the political and business world in Japan that succeeded in modernization earlier and deepened their friendship.

• このままでは朝鮮の近代化はおぼつかないと感じた金玉均・朴泳孝・徐載弼らの開化派（独立党）人士らは、福澤諭吉や大隈重信をはじめ一足先に近代化を果たした日本の政財界の代表者達に接触し、交流を深めてゆく。
• Ok-gyun KIM, Yong-hyo PAK, and Jae-pil SEO of the Progressive Party (Independent Party), who had doubts about the modernization of Korea under this situation, reached the political and financial leaders of the early-modernized Japan, including Yukichi FUKUZAWA and Shigenobu OKUMA, and deepened exchanges with them.

• 西太后が「宣戦布告」の上諭を出して列強への態度を明確化した頃、両江総督劉坤一や湖広総督張之洞、両広総督李鴻章ら地方の有力官僚らは、この上諭を偽詔とした上で従わない旨宣言し、そして義和団の鎮圧に動いた。
• When Empress Dowager Cixi made a 'proclamation of war' to make her stance toward the allied western powers clear, some influential bureaucracy in the local provinces such as Liu Kunyi, who was the Viceroy of Liangjiang, Zhang Zhidong, who was the Viceroy of Huguang, and Li Hongzhang, who was the Viceroy of Liangguang, stated that the above order was a forgery and refused to participate in suppressing the Boxers.

• 現在「最高額紙幣の人」としても知られているが、昭和59年（1984年）11月1日の新紙幣発行に際して、最初の大蔵省理財局の案では、十万円札が聖徳太子、五万円札が野口英世、一万円札が福澤諭吉となる予定だった。
• Although Yukichi is known as 'the person on the largest denomination bill' today, the Ministry of Finance, Financing Bureau first planned to issue a 100000 yen note featuring Shotoku-taishi, a 50000 yen note featuring Hideyo NOGUCHI, and a 10000 yen note featuring Yukichi FUKUZAWA as new banknotes on November 1, 1984.

• 岩倉具視は佐々木の天皇の意向を直接利用した方法には反対であったが、自分に相談無く政策を進める参議（伊藤・大隈）への牽制を目的にこれに乗る形で6月3日に明治天皇の勅諭を得ることによって大隈案を否定したのである。
• Implying to warn against Councilors (Ito and Okuma), who carried out policies without consulting him, Tomomi IWAKURA denied Okuma proposal by winning Emperor Meiji's instructions on June 3, taking advantage of Sasaki's move even though Iwakura opposed to Sasaki's way of directly exploiting Emperor's will.

• 後にジャーナリスト・歴史家として大成した愛山はこの時の祖父の言が、孫の将来を憂慮した言葉であったと気づいて悔やみ、家に山路徳風・諧孝、そして彰常の3代の肖像画を掲げて子弟に祖父らの業績を鑑にする様に諭したという。
• Aizan, who later achieved great success as a journalist and historian, realized that what his grandfather had said was due to his anxiety for his grandson and agonized over his own attitude, so he displayed portraits of three generations, Yoshitsugu, Yukitaka and Akitsune YAMAJI, and admonished younger people that they should see their acheivement as a model to be followed.

• 明六社の核となった同人には森、西村に誘われて津田真道、西周 (啓蒙家)、中村正直、加藤弘之、箕作秋坪、福澤諭吉、杉亨二、箕作麟祥など、当時を代表する錚々たる知識人たちが参加した（以下の文では適宜単に名字のみを記す）。
• The major members of Meirokusha were such excellent intellectuals in those days as Mamichi TSUDA, Amane NISHI (keimoka), Masanao NAKAMURA, Hiroyuki KATO, Shuhei MITSUKURI, Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Koji SUGI and Rinsho MITSUKURI, who all were encouraged by Mori and Nishimura (only their surnames are written bellow).

• 延元元年/建武 (日本)3年（1336年）の湊川の戦いで父の正成が戦死した後、覚悟していたこととはいえ、父・正成の首級が届き、衝撃のあまり仏間に入り父の形見の菊水の短刀で自刃しようとしたが、生母に諭され改心したという。
• It is said that after the death of his father, Masashige, in the Battle of Minato-gawa River in 1336, when his severed head reached him, he was so shocked in spite of his previous preparation of mind as to enter into Butsuma (a room for Buddha staue) and tried to kill himself with a short sword named 'Kikusui' which was a remembrance of his father, but changed his mind by his real mother's admonishment.

• 山路愛山（彌吉）は回想録『命耶罪耶』の中で子供の頃（静岡時代）に彰常より、これからは「商人の道」を学ぶように諭された時に武士の子としての誇りから「卑しむべき商人たらんよりは寧ろ自殺するこそよけれ」と叫んだことを記している。
• Aizan (Yakichi) YAMAJI wrote the following story in his commentaries entitled 'Meikatsumika': when Akitsune tried to convince Aizan in his childhood (in Shizuoka) that he should learn 'the way of merchant' from that time on, Aizan spoke out proudly as a son of samurai family that he would rather kill himself than become a humble merchant.

• この勅諭では、第一に1890年（明治23年）の国会（議会）開設を約束し、第二にその組織や権限は政府に決めさせること（欽定憲法）を示し、第三にこれ以上の議論を止める政治休戦を説き、第四に内乱を企てる者は処罰すると警告している。
• First, the national diet (assembly) would be established in 1890, and second, organizations and authority of the diet should be decided by the government (constitution enacted by the emperor), and third, further political arguments should be prohibited, and forth, people who attempt domestic conflicts would be punished.

• 出口王仁三郎は大石凝真澄（オオイシゴリマスミ）らを始めとする国学者らから習得した言霊学（コトタマガク）と、古事記の新解釈によってこの筆先に句読点と漢字を当て、かくして編纂した大本神諭が生まれ、全編にわたって読みやすくなった。
• Onizaburo DEGUCHI added punctuation marks and kanji on this scripture by using Kototama-gaku (the scientific method of studying the spirit of words) which he had learned from scholars of Japanese classical literature including Masumi OISHIGORI, and new interpretation of Kojiki, and Omoto Shinyu was born by editing this way, and became thoroughly easier to read.

• 1873年（明治6年）7月にアメリカ合衆国から帰国した森有礼(もりありのり)が、福澤諭吉・加藤弘之・中村正直・西周 (啓蒙家)(にしあまね)・西村茂樹・津田真道・箕作秋坪・杉亨二・箕作麟祥らとともに同年秋に啓蒙活動を目的として結成。
• The society, whose aim was activities promoting enlightenment, was set up in the autumn of 1873 by Arinori MORI, who had returned to Japan from the United States of America in July of that year, along with people such as Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Hiroyuki KATO, Masanao NAKAMURA, Amane NISHI (an enlightenment intellectual), Shigeki NISHIMURA, Mamichi TSUDA, Shuhei MITSUKURI, Koji SUGI and Rinsho MITSUKURI.

• 一方で福澤諭吉は榎本を嫌い、彼を「無為無策の伴食大臣。二君に仕えるという武士にあるまじき行動をとった典型的なオポチュニスト。挙句は、かつての敵から爵位を授けられて嬉々としている「痩我慢」を知らぬ男」と罵倒している（『痩我慢の説』）。
• By contrast, Yukichi FUKUZAWA disliked ENOMOTO and disparaged him, calling him a minister of no action and no policy, a typical opportunist who serves two lords, which is a disgraceful act for a bushi (samurai), and moreover, a man who is glad to be given a peerage by his former enemy and does not know yasegaman (endurance for pride's sake) ('Yasegaman no Setsu [the theory of yasegaman]').

• 当初は民の抵抗の多かった徴兵制度も、軍人勅諭や教育勅語による国防思想の普及、日清戦争・日露戦争の勝利などを経て、組織的な抵抗はなくなったものの、徴兵忌避の感情は自然の感情であるので、さまざまな徴兵忌避対策が庶民レベルで繰り広げられた。
• The conscription, initially subject to the people's resistance, was eventually accepted and organized resistance ceased thanks to the awareness of the need for national defense prevailing among the people by the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the Imperial Rescript to Education, and the victories of the Japanese-Sino War and the Japanese-Russo War and so on, but the sentiment of conscription evasion was a matter of natural sentiment so that various measures for conscription evasion were developed among the common people.

• また、企業と地元民の間の私的な事件であるとしてきたそれまでの政府の見解を覆し、国が対応すべき公害であるとの立場を明確にし帰郷後、大隈重信らにその重要性を説諭、鉱毒調査委員会を設置し、後の抜本的な対策に向けて先鞭をつけ、自身は引責辞任した。
• Also, he overruled the former government's view which had considered it a private case between an enterprise and the local people, and expressed his opinion that it was a public pollution case that needed the nation's involvement, and after he returned from his tour, he explained its importance to Shigenobu OKUMA and set up an investigative committee to start the movement to propose drastic measures for the future, while he took the responsibility on himself and resigned.

• 幕末のころ、神田孝平がたまたま露店で写本を見つけ、明治2年（1869年）、福澤諭吉が、『蘭学事始』（上下二巻）の題名で刊行（その後、明治23年4月1日に記した「蘭学事始再版の序」の中で、感動に涙したとしている）、一般に読まれるようになる。
• In the last days of Edo Period, Takahira KANDA happened to find a copied book at a street stall, and in 1869 Yukichi FUKUZAWA published the book 'Rangaku Kotohajime' (two volumes) (later in the preface to the second edition of Rangaku Kotohajime written on April 1, 1890, Fukuzawa wrote that he was moved to tears), and it became to be read by the general public.

• 複雑な悩みを抱える相談者には、自らの鎮魂に依り神懸りして託宣を述べ、神霊界に鎮まる東海司大神仙様からの御幽導によって、人の前世や行く末などを的確に予言したり、処世の大道を諭す、スビリチュアル・カウンセリングのようなものを行っていたようである。
• For patients that were deeply troubled, he performed Chinkon and became a medium for gods to tell of gods' message, see patient's previous incarnation and predict the future by the leading of Tokainotsukasa Daishinsen-sama (Sukunahikona no mikoto), and teach the way of living in this world like a present spiritual counselor.

• これにつき『福沢諭吉書簡集』の編集委員であった西川俊作は「この短い（およそ2,000字の）論説一篇をもって、彼を脱亜入欧の「はしり」であると見るのは短絡であり、当時の東アジア三国のあいだの相互関連を適切に理解していない見方である」と指摘する。
• For this, Shunsaku NISHIKAWA, a staff writer of the 'Fukuzawa Yukichi Shokanshu' (Collection of letters of Yukichi FUKUZAWA) pointed out that 'Judging Fukuzawa as the 'initiator' of the 'Datsu-A Nyu-O' (Leave Asia, Enter Europe) movement from a part of this short (about 2000-character) editorial is too shortsighted and it is a view from someone who does not properly understand the relationship among the three countries of East Asia at that time.'

• 文治3年（1187年）、源頼朝が箱根権現に参拝した際、箱王丸は随参した敵の工藤祐経を見つけ、復讐しようと付けねらうが、敵を討つどころか逆に祐経に諭されて「赤木柄の短刀」を授けられる（後に五郎時致は、この「赤木柄の短刀」で工藤祐経に止めをさした）。
• In 1187, when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo visited Hakone gongen (sacred mountain) to pray, Hakoomaru found his enemy Suketsune KUDO was accompanying Yoritomo, and chased him in order to get revenge, but rather than defeating his enemy was instead admonished by Suketsune and condemned to Akagie no Tanto 'short sword with bishop wood shaft' (Goro Tokimune murdered Suketsune KUDO with this sword thereafter).

• 通説では、「以」に深い意味はないとするか、「死するをもって」つまり「死んだので」墓が作られた、あるいは、「すでに死す」と読み、直前に書かれている「拜假難升米 爲檄告喻之」（難升米が詔書・黄憧を受け取り檄で告諭した）の時点で卑弥呼はすでに死んでいた、と解釈する。
• According to popular theory, '以' does not have a particular meaning, although due to the mention of 'because she died' or 'having already died,' as well as the preceding sentence, '拜假難升米 爲檄告喻之' ('Nashime took an Imperial Rescript and a yellow flag, then issued a manifesto'), is thought that Himiko had already died by this point.

• 福澤 諭吉（ふくざわ ゆきち、天保5年12月12日 (旧暦)（1835年1月10日）- 明治34年（1901年）2月3日）は、日本の武士（中津藩士）、著述家、啓蒙思想家、新聞時事新報の創刊・発行者、教育者、東京学士会院（現在の日本学士院）初代会長、慶應義塾創設者。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA (January 10, 1835 - February 3, 1901) was a samurai warrior (served in the Nakatsu domain), writer, enlightenment thinker, the founder and publisher of the Jiji Shinpo (a newspaper), educator, the first president of the Tokyo Gakushikaiin (present Nihon Gakushiin,) and the founder of Keio Gijuku.

• その内訳は、多い順に並べると津田真道29本、西周25本、阪谷素20本、杉享二13本、森有礼と西村茂樹、中村正直が同列で11本、加藤弘之が10本、神田孝平が9本、箕作麟祥5本、柏原孝明4本、福澤諭吉3本、清水卯三郎2本、箕作秋坪と津田仙、柴田昌吉が並んで各1本である。
• Putting them in order from the biggest number, Mamichi TSUDA published 29, Amane NISHI 25, Shiroshi SAKATANI 20, Koji SUGI 13, Arinori MORI, Shigeki NISHIMURA and Masanao NAKAMURA 11, Hiroyuki KATO 10, Takahira KANDA 9, Rinsho MITSUKURI 5, Takaaki KASHIWABARA (柏原孝明) 4, Yukichi FUKUZAWA 3, Usaburo SHIMIZU 2, Shuhei MITSUKURI, Sen TSUDA and Shokichi SHIBATA 1.

• 例えば、明治元年8月の「奥羽士民に対する告諭」は御誓文の第一条を元に「広く会議を興し万機公論に決するは素より天下の事一人の私する所にあらざればなり」と述べ、同年10月の「京都府下人民告諭大意」は第三条を元に「上下心を一にし、末々に至るまで各其志を遂げさせ」と述べている。
• For example, in August 1868, 'official notice to shimin (warrior and ordinary people) of Ou region stated 'All affairs of State shall be referred to public opinion through general conferences because affairs of state shall not belong to a single person' based on the first article of Charter Oath, in October of the same year, 'an outline of official notice to residents in Kyoto Prefecture stated 'The government and the people shall act in harmony to accomplish one's aspiration' based on the third article of Charter Oath.

• なお、浅野が刃傷に及ぶ前、加藤泰恒（伊予大洲藩主）や戸沢正庸（出羽新庄藩主）が日光法会中に受けた義央のいじめを浅野に伝え、お役目を終えるまで耐えよと諭した逸話が、冷光君御伝記（誠尽忠臣記よりの情報としている）や義人録（広島藩士御牧武大夫信久の証言として）などに記されている。
• A Record of Reikogimi (information that is Seijin Chushinki-friendly) and A Record of Gijin (as evidence of Mimaki Budayu Nobuhisa, a retainer of the Hiroshima domain) contain an anecdote about Yasutsune KATO (lord of the Ozu domain in Iyo Province) and Masatsune TOZAWA (lord of the Shinjo domain in Dewa Province), who told Asano about Yoshihisa's ill-treatment during the Nikko Buddhist religious service but were persuaded to stand until the end of their services.

• 戦争中，中支の戦場にいた，のちの戦記作家の伊藤桂一(当時・陸軍上等兵)は，戦陣訓と軍人勅諭を比較して「「戦陣訓」にくらべると，明治十五年発布の「軍人勅諭」は荘重なリズムをもつ文体で，内部に純粋な国家意識が流れているし，軍隊を離れて，一種の叙事詩的な文学性をさえ感じるのである。
• Keiichi ITO was in the central China during the war (as a lance corporal of the Army) and when he became a novelist of military history later, he compared Senjinkun military code with the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and said, ''the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors,' that was issued in 1882, has a literary style with more solemn rhythm than 'Senjinkun military code,' pure national consciousness is seen through it, and it gives impression of a kind of epic literature instead of the military.

• 教科書としては、『庭訓往来』『商売往来』『百姓往来』など往来物のほか、文字を学ぶ『千字文』、人名が列挙された『名頭』『苗字尽』、地名・地理を学ぶ『国尽』『町村尽』、『四書五経』『六諭衍義』などの儒学書、『国史略』『十八史略』などの歴史書、『唐詩選』『百人一首』『徒然草』などの古典が用いられた。
• Text books included Oraimono such as 'Teikin Orai' (collection of letters used for family education), 'Shobai Orai' (a Guide to Commerce), 'Hakusho Orai' (a Guide to Farming), 'Senjimon' (a poem consisting of one thousand Chinese characters) for learning characters, 'Nagashira,' 'Myojizukushi' for learning names of people, 'Kunizukushi,' 'Chosonzukushi,' for learning place names and geography, 'Shishogokyo,' 'Rikuyuengi' for Confucianism, and history books such as 'Kokushiryaku,' 'Juhasshiryaku' and classics such as 'Toshisen,' 'Hyakuninisshu' and 'Tsurezuregusa.'

• ここでの「悪友」とは、福澤諭吉らの「平等」や「義」や「独立心」を重んずる思想と違って、福澤らから見れば、閨閥、門閥政治、小中華思想（日本蔑視思想）などの旧弊に固執し血なまぐさい権力闘争を繰り返し、事大主義で外交において信義がなく、外交方針がころころ変わる清国や李氏朝鮮という認識で用いられた言葉である。
• Unlike the thought which put a high value on 'Equality,' 'Righteousness' and 'Independence' by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others, 'Bad friends' in the 'Datsu-A Ron' was the word used meaning the Qing and Joseon Dynasty Korea where, adhering to their old customs of Keibatsu (network by blood connection), lineage government and petit Sinocentrism (idea of disrespect for Japan), bloody strifes over authority were repeated, being Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful) and faithless in diplomacy and diplomatic policies changed so often.

• そこで政府側では、イギリスのジョージ5世 (イギリス王)即位の際、即位直後であることを理由に自由党 (イギリス)と保守党 (イギリス)との政争をやめるよう命令して、それを実現させた話にならい、ちょうど大正天皇が即位して間もない頃だったので、勅語を出すという形で西園寺公望に対し政争を中止するように諭した。
• Following the story of how the end of the political battle was realized because of the order that was given to stop the political battle between the Liberal Party (Britain) and the Conservative Party (Britain) using the coronation of George, the 5th (King of Britain) as a reason, the government advised, in the form of an ordinance of the Emperor, Kinmochi SAIONJI to stop the political battle since Emperor Taisho had just been enthroned as the Emperor.

• 「否な否な野蛮ぢや」と畳みかけしに、「何とて夫（そ）れ程に申すにや」と推せしゆゑ、「実に文明ならば、未開の国に対しなば、慈愛を本とし、懇懇説諭して開明に導く可きに、左は無くして未開蒙昧の国に対する程むごく残忍の事を致し己れを利するは野蛮ぢや」と申せしかば、其の人口を莟（つぼ）めて言無かりきとて笑はれける。
• When I persisted in my views on the west being barbaric, that person vehemently objected and asked what made me say so whereby I answered, 'If the west is truly civilized, they should deal with an undeveloped country with fundamental kindness and should admonish that country with patience to lead it to become civilized but, instead of doing so, they have been hardhearted and brutal towards the undeveloped and unilluminated country to their own benefit which is barbaric,' that person pursed his lips with words failing him,' chuckled Saigo.

• 天皇・皇后の東京への行幸啓のたびに、公卿・諸藩主・京都の政府役人・京都市民などから行幸啓の中止・反対の声があがり、政府は「これからも四方へ天皇陛下の行幸があるだろうが、京都は千有余年の帝城で大切に思っておられるから心配はいらない」とする諭告（『告諭大意』）を京都府から出させ、人心の動揺を鎮めることに努めた。
• Every time the Emperor and empress left for Tokyo, there were calls in opposition and cancellations by the nobles, domain lords, government officials, and citizens in Kyoto, and the government issued a statement saying 'The emperor will be visiting all around, and there is nothing to worry about because Kyoto is the imperial palace of 1000 years which is still very important.' in the 'Official Notice' that was released from the Kyoto government and was able to calm everyone's hearts.

• ところが大日本帝国憲法に先行して天皇から与えられた「勅諭」であることから、陸軍（および海軍の一部）は軍人勅諭を政府や議会に対する自らの独立性を担保するものと位置づけていた（陸軍の一部には「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」について「政府や政治家が何を言おうと気にする必要はない、ということだ」という解釈すらあったという）。
• On the side of the Army (and a part of the Navy), however, since the imperial rescript was given by Emperor ahead of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there was an idea that the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors secures their independence from the government and the parliament (Some members of the Army even interpreted 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.' as 'Military men need not care about what the government and statesmen say').

• なお、資料によってはこの勅諭の末尾に「御名御璽」と表記しているものがあるが、この勅諭は明治天皇の署名（印刷物等に表記する場合は「御名」）のみで御璽を捺さずに陸海軍に直接下賜する形式を採った（軍内部には「明治15年陸軍省達乙第2号」として陸軍大臣から布達された）ため、印刷物の場合は「御名」のみ表記されるのが正確である。
• By the way, although some materials show this imperial rescript with letters of 'Onna (name) gyoji (imperial seal)' at the end, Emperor Meiji signed the rescript without putting gyoji ('Onna' was written on prints) and gave it directly to the Army and the Navy (It was notified by Minister of Army to the members of the Ministry as 'Meiji 15, Ministry of Army, Otsu No.2'), and therefore, to be exact only 'onna' was inscribed on prints.

• 明治2年（1869年）1月25日、東京への再度の行幸を前に岩倉は、天皇の意向を知らずに政府や民間で遷都があるかのように思っている者が少なからずいるために、京都や大坂の人々の動揺が大きくなっているとし、関東諸国は王化が行き届いていないため新政を施すための再幸である旨を十分に分からせるための諭令を出すよう求める建議を行なった。
• Before the second return of the emperor to Tokyo on January 25, 1869, Iwakura believed that there were many in the government including civilians who thought of the move as a capital transition without understanding the true intentions of the emperor, and from the agitation of those in Kyoto and Osaka, held out a proposition of an expostulation edict to let everyone know the reason why the emperor was returning again to set up a new government in Kanto where his influential virtue had not been delivered in the past.

• むしろ、出口なおを陰陽論でいうところの陰の働き、出口王仁三郎を同じく陽の働きとして捉え、両者が協力して陰陽が完成され、高次の神の意志が完成に近づくとする点において、東洋哲学的信仰論に近いのであるから、大本神諭のなかに出口王仁三郎の意図がかいま見られるとしても、そのことですなわち大本神諭の信憑性を疑う、という向きは無いと述べて自然なはずである。
• Rather, in the sense that, by taking Nao DEGUCHI as movement of Yin (passive) in the Principles of Yin and Yang, and Onizaburo DEGUCHI as movement of Yang (active), their cooperation complete Yin and Yang, and the will of the high-ranking deity nears completion, it is close to a belief of Oriental Philosophy, so even if the will of Onizaburo DEGUCHI is partly seen in Omoto Shinyu, it is natural to say that this doesn't directly make the credibility of Omoto Shinyu doubtful.

• そのように明治政府の朝鮮政府に対する内政改革の要望にもとづいた外交施策がされていた中、福澤諭吉らもそれに反対するようなことはなかったが、その2年後、以下記述するような朝鮮政府の内政改革派（開化派）に対する弾圧を見て、福澤諭吉らは「猶予ある可らず」とか「正に西洋人が之に接するの風に從て處分す可きのみ。」とか「謝絶」というそれまでの姿勢とは全く逆の結論に至ることになる。
• While diplomatic measures were conducted based upon the request of the domestic administration reform toward the Korean government by the Meiji government, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others were not against it but two years after that, after watching suppression of the pro-domestic administration reform group (Progressive group 'the Kaehwadang') by the Korean government as below, they reached a totally opposite conclusion to their former attitude saying 'we do not have the luxury of time to wait,' 'Simply adapting the ways of the Westerners is sufficient' and 'the refusal.'

• つまり、門閥、閨閥政治や中華思想また小中華思想など民族（人種）差別、日本蔑視思想で、「平等」の精神に真っ向から反する思想、親子（姑、嫁）が血みどろの権力闘争を繰り広げ、そのために事大主義に走り独立心がなく外交の一貫性がないこと、と福澤諭吉らから見れば、そう見える朝鮮王朝政府に対し、「天は人の上に人をつくらず...」（『学問のすゝめ』)とする思想を重んじる立場から「脱亜論」に至ったのだ、という解釈がある。
• For Fukuzawa, the government of the Korean Dynasties appeared to be totally against 'Equality' by discrimination by putting too much value on lineage and Keibatsu blood connection, Sinocentrism or petit Sinocentrism and disrespect for Japan as well as families repeating bloody strife over authority, no intention to be independent with their Sadaejuui policy and no consistency in their diplomacy; these things led him to write 'Datsu-A Ron' with his standpoint of 'ten wa hito no ue ni hito o tsukurazu...' (The heavens do not create Man above his station...) ('Gakumon no Susume' [An Encouragement of Learning]).

• これに対して、12月22日（1868年1月16日）に朝廷は「徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事」という告諭を出した。
• In response, the Imperial Court issued a statement that '徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事' on January 16, 1868.

• これに対して山梨半造陸軍大臣をはじめ、田中義一前陸相及び元老山縣有朋は、軍部大臣に文官を任命することは軍人勅諭及び帝国憲法の統帥権の解釈からして不適当であること、陸軍省官制および海軍省官制には軍部大臣が現役あるいは予備役の大将・中将と明記され（当時は軍部大臣現役武官制ではない）ていること、また、陸海軍大臣の帷幄上奏には統帥に関わる部分も含まれており、これを文官が代理するのは憲法で保障された統帥権の独立に対する違憲行為であるとして反発した。
• Hanzo YAMANASHI, the Minister of Army, Giichi TANAKA, the former Minister of Army, and Aritomo YAMAGATA, the Genro, rebelled to appoint the civil officer to the Minister of Military, because it was not appropriate to the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the understanding of supreme command in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the government regulations of the Ministry of Army and Navy described that the Minister of Military should be the Major Captain and Lieutenant General in commission or reserve duty (The Military ministers to be officers on active-duty rule was not adopted at that time.), and Iaku-joso (making comments on military affairs to the Emperor with full responsibility of the results) by the Minister of Army and Navy included a part related to the supreme command, the substitution of the duty by the civil officer would be the unconstitutional action against the independence of the supreme command which secured under the Constitution.