論: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 尊王論
- Sonnoron (Imperialism)
- 開国論
- Kaikoku-ron, a principle to open the country
- 脱亜論
- Datsu-A Ron (Argument for Leaving Asia)
- 偽作論争
- Controversy over the forgery
- 見直し論
- The Argument for Reviewing the Law
- 国体論争
- Disputes over national structure
- DRS理論
- discourse representation structure theory
- 楠公権助論
- Masashige KUSUNOKI and Gonsuke
- 厭勝銭説論
- Incantation coin theory
- 幕藩体制論
- Bakuhan Taisei ron (a theory on shogunate ruling system)
- 民法典論争
- Minpoten Ronso (Disputes over the Civil Code)
- 疑義・論争
- Doubts and disputes
- 戦前の論争
- Disputes during the prewar period
- 尊皇攘夷論
- Argument of Sonno-joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners)
- 戦前の論評
- Views before the war
- 戦後の論評
- Views of Tennosei after the War
- 部分死活論
- Theory of partial life-and-death
- 全局死活論
- Theory of life-and-death in all stages
- 酒の総論。
- General theory about sake
- 六曜の否定論
- The negative theory of rokuyo.
- 赤穂不義士論
- Ako Roshi (lordless samurai of Ako domain);
- 幕藩制国家論
- Bakuhansei Kokka ron (a theory on the nation of feudal shogunate system)
- 世直し状況論
- Yonaoshi Jokyo ron (a situational theory on social reform)
- 幕藩制構造論
- Bakuhansei Kozo ron (a theory of structure of shogunate system)
- 南北朝正閏論
- Northern and Southern Courts Controversy
- The Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron
- 「万世一系」論
- The theory of 'the unbroken Imperial line'
- 出自を巡る議論
- Controversy over his origin
- 新説を巡る論争
- Arguments over New Theories
- 皇位継承権論争
- Disputes over the right of succession to the Imperial Throne.
- 効果に関する議論
- Discussions on the effects
- 日本国内での議論
- Discussions inside Japan.
- 日本国外での議論
- Discussions outside Japan
- 鉄道国有論の展開
- The development of the theory to nationalize the railways
- 脱亜論を巡る議論
- Discussion on 'Datsu-A Ron'
- 日本資本主義論争
- Disputes on Japanese capitalism
- 長瀬隆(評論家)
- Takashi NAGASE (Critic)
- 8母音説への反論
- Criticisms on the Theory of Eight Vowels
- 陰陽五行思想の論理
- The Logic of Inyo Gogyo Shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Xing Thought)
- その他の村岡の論拠
- Another Rationale for MURAOKA
- 逆落しの場所の論争
- The Dispute over the Location of 'Sakaotoshi.'
- 即位年をめぐる議論
- Discussions over enthronement
- 崩御にまつわる論争
- The argument in relation to the Emperor's death
- 『文鏡秘府論』目次
- Bunkyo-hifuron Contents
- 征韓論と明治六年政変
- Seikanron (debate on the subjugation of Korea) and Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coups of 1873)
- 一般意味論の主唱者。
- A main advocate for general semantics.
- 戦後の「万世一系」論
- The theory of unbroken Imperial line during the postwar period
- 「俘囚長」を巡る議論
- Discussion on 'Chief of Fushu'
- 尊皇論、尊王思想、勤王
- Sonnoron (the thought of respecting the Emperor), Sonno-shiso (the thought of reverence for the Emperor), and Kinno (loyalty to the Emperor)
- 中国における発展段階論
- Development stage theory in China
- 京都議定書に関する議論
- Discussions on Kyoto Protocol
- メカニズムに関する議論
- Discussions on Mechanisms
- 留守政府の禄制改革議論
- Argument on reforms of the stipend system by Rusu-seifu (the government while head officers were away)
- 「脱亜論」掲載前の論説
- Editorials before the publication of the 'Datsu-A Ron'
- 「脱亜論」掲載後の論説
- Editorials after the publication of the 'Datsu-A Ron'
- その他の「万世一系」論
- Other theories of the unbroken Imperial line.
- 中国での「万世一系」論
- Reaction in China to the theory of the unbroken Imperial line
- 「万世一系」論の始まり
- Beginnings of the theory of 'unbroken Imperial line'
- 追放令の原因 諸説と論証
- Cause of Expelling edict Various theories and argumentation
- 「脱亜論」掲載前後の論説
- Editorials before and after the publication of the 'Datsu-A Ron'
- 三角縁神獣鏡に関する議論
- Discussion about the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror
- 立憲体制の導入を巡る議論
- Dispute regarding introduction of constitutional government system
- (逆落しの場所の論争)。
- The dispute about the location of 'sakaotoshi.'
- 吉野朝廷正統論を唱えた。
- It supports the Yoshino court's legitimacy.
- 江戸時代の「万世一系」論
- The theory of 'the unbroken Imperial line' during the Edo period
- 明治時代の「万世一系」論
- The theory of 'the unbroken Imperial line' during the Meiji period
- 時代背景と日本・朝鮮の世論
- Historical Backdrop and Public Opinions in Japan and Korea
- 許波多神社三座(論社2社。
- Kohata-jinja Shrine San za (three za) (two ronja (shrines considered to be descendants of a shikinai-sha)
- こちらも無論源氏雲はない。
- There is no Genjigumo, of course.
- 長篠の戦いをめぐる論点と詳細
- Controversies over and Details of the Battle of Nagashino
- 地球温暖化問題に対する懐疑論
- Skepticism on the global warming issue
- こののち経世論が本格化する。
- After this, the theory of enlightened rule and succor of the people came to be taken seriously.
- 物理学者、超弦理論の研究者。
- A Physicist, a researcher on super string theory.
- 無論これは山鹿の考えである。
- Of course this is a thought of Yamaga.
- ヨーロッパでの「万世一系」論
- Reactions from European countries to the theory of 'the unbroken Imperial line'
- 島薗進「日本仏教実践思想論」
- Susumu SHIMAZO 'Practical Thought Theory of Japanese Buddhism'
- 無論これは新渡戸の考えである。
- Of course this thought is attributed to Nitobe.
- 抗戦論を退けて加賀藩に投降した。
- Some members of Tenguto insisted to enter into a battle, but it was turned down and Tenguto surrendered to the Kaga Domain.
- この論説の結尾はこの通りである。
- The conclusion of the editorial is as follows.
- その前の対露開戦へと国論が傾いた。
- Public opinion swayed towards declaring war on Russia.
- - 武功夜話史料的価値に対する論争
- Dispute over the value of 'Buko Yawa' as a historical material
- 徳大寺公英は美術評論家として有名。
- Kimihide TOKUDAIJI is famous as an art critic.
- これを、志筑が「鎖国論」と変更した。
- Tadao SHITSUKI translated the title to 'Sakoku-ron.'
- しかし、様々な論点に異論が存在する。
- However, there are different opinions based on different perspectives.
- 一、廣ク會議ヲ興シ萬機公論ニ決スヘシ
- 1. Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion.
- 公武合体論、公武合体運動、公武一和。
- It is also known as Kobu gattai theory, Kobu gattai Movement, and Kobuichiwa.
- 一 広ク会議ヲ興シ万機公論ニ決スヘシ
- 1. 広ク会議ヲ興シ万機公論ニ決スヘシ (Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion.)
- 弦理論の創始者の一人として知られる。
- He is known as one of the founders of string theory.
- これは第2次景観論争といわれている。
- This is known as the second cityscape dispute.
- 岡田国神社(論社2社)大社、月次新甞
- Okadakuni-jinja Shrine: it is a grand shrine with the two ronsha shrines (successor of the original shrine) and celebrates the tsukinami-no-matsuri and the niiname-sai.
- 孫子や論語などについても言及している。
- The book also refers to Sonshi (the Art of War written by Sun Tzu; Chinese books about tactics) and Rongo (the Analects of Confucius).
- 高塚古墳が比定されているが異論も多い。
- Some researchers identified Saki Takamatsuzuka Tumulus as the Emperor Shotoku's Misasagi but many oppose this theory.
- 印籍は印譜、印論、印人伝に分類できる。
- Inseki can be classified into three categories: inpu (compilation of seal marks), inron (theory of seals), and story of engravers of tenkoku.
- その点に関して今もって賛否両論がある。
- This is the point where the opinions are still divided.
- Concerning this point, there still are opinions which are for and against.
- 元使殺害の評価については賛否両論がある。
- There are both arguments for and against the killing of the Yuan envoys.
- これに対し、桐野作人は以下のように反論。
- Sakujin KIRINO refuted this stating as follows:
- 以下、「脱亜論」の原文からの引用を含む。
- Below is a summary which includes some quotes from the original 'Datsu-A Ron.'
- 征韓論政変(せいかんろんせいへん)とも。
- Also known as Seikanron Seihen (political changes of debate on subjugation of Korea)
- 与論の十五夜踊(1993年12月13日)
- Yoron's Jugoya-odori full moon dance (December 13, 1993)
- 平沼は論告求刑で「動機は信念なり」とした。
- The deputy chief prosecutor, Hiranuma, told them in closing arguments that 'your motive lay in your faith'.
- 古墳発生の問題は、戦前から議論されていた。
- There have been disputes regarding the origins of kofun since before World War II.
- 具体的には、伝世鏡論と同笵鏡論を展開した。
- He specifically offers two theories - Densei-kyo mirror theory and Dohan-kyo mirror theory.
- 国学 (学問)、尊王論、宝暦事件、明和事件
- Study of Japanese literature and culture (study), imperialism, Horeki Incident, and Meiwa Incident
- ここに、日本国内において征韓論が沸騰した。
- Therefore, the dispute of Seikanron became heated in Japan.
- すなはち立憲君主制国家を論じたものである。
- That is, constitutional monarchy state was mentioned.
- 美濃部の説は政党政治に理論的基礎を与えた。
- Minobe's theory gave a theoretical foundation to the party government.
- 山科神社二座(論社2社)名神大社、月次新甞
- Yamashina-jinja Shrine Niza (two ronja) Myojin-taisha Shrine, monthly and Niiname rites
- 山田慎也(民俗学者)「現代葬儀詳細分析論」
- Shinya YAMADA (folklorist)'A Detailed Analytical Theory on Contemporary Funerals'
- 後述する議論の問題にも大きく関係している。
- This is greatly related to the issues discussed later.
- 竹田恒泰(評論家、慶應義塾大学大学院講師)
- Tsuneyasu TAKEDA (critic, lecturer in the graduate school at Keio University)
- その特色は、湖南が提唱した時代区分論である。
- Its characteristics are Periodization theory advocated by Konan.
- ましてや摂関家以外の者の任官など論外である。
- Needless to say, those from other than regent family cannot be appointed these posts.
- ただし、これで征韓論争が終わった訳ではない。
- However, the Seikanronso (confrontation on the subjugation of Korea) wasn't over.
- なお直孝が大老になったかどうかは議論がある。
- There is controversy as to whether Naotaka assumed the Tairo position or not.
- (詳細は長篠の戦いをめぐる論点と詳細を参照)。
- (For more information see the section' Controversies over and Details of the Battle of Nagashino').
- 研究所の目論んだ三木府連の会館復帰は頓挫した。
- The purpose of the Institute, the Miki Furen's return to the Hall, was broken down.
- 地球温暖化に関する緩和技術に関する議論を参照。
- See the discussions on the dispute and easing technique on global warming.
- (由利案第五条)万機公論に決し私に論ずるなかれ
- (The fifth article of Yuri draft) 万機公論に決し私に論ずるなかれ。 (All affairs of the state shall be widely discussed and all matters shall not be decided by private discussion.)
- 一、諸国主ナラビニ領主等私ノ諍論致スベカラズ。
- • District lords and feudal lords must not have private disputes.
- 印論は更に印章論、篆刻論、印籍論に分けられる。
- Inron can be further classified into theory of insho (seals), theory of tenkoku and theory of inseki.
- 異論の中で有名な説に馬格を問題にするものがある。
- Famous among different opinions is the one concerned with equine conformation.
- ところで、倭は悪字かどうかについての議論もある。
- There is a discussion as to whether the Chinese character 倭 is an evil character.
- (詳しくは征韓論、明治六年政変、西郷隆盛を参照)
- (See the sections on; Seikanron, Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coups of 1873), and Takamori SAIGO for more details.)
- (福岡案第一条)列侯会議を興し万機公論に決すべし
- (The first article of Fukuoka draft) 列侯会議を興し万機公論に決すべし (Council by feudal lords shall be established and all matters decided by open discussion)
- (現代表記)広く会議を興し、万機公論に決すべし。
- (modern written Japanese) 広く会議を興し、万機公論に決すべし。(Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion.)
- 日本は清国とともに朝鮮半島の政治改革を目論んだ。
- Japan planned a political reform in the Korean Peninsula, together with Qing.
- その後、皇位継承問題が国民的議論として浮上した。
- Later, succession to the Imperial Throne became a discussion across the nation.
- そのため、関白就任を目論んだ豊臣秀吉(豊臣秀吉。
- Therefore, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI tried to take a position as chief advisor to the Emperor (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).
- おまんを護る三五兵衛は断り双方口論の末切り結ぶ。
- Sangobei turned down the request and confronted each other with swords after a verbal spat.
- (『中央公論・逍遥号』明治44年)と評している。
- He commented in ('Shoyogo [number of Shoyo] Chuo Koronsha' in 1911).
- 流通量や利潤で食文化を測るべきではないとする論評
- There is a remark that food culture should not be measured by the amount of distributed goods and the profit obtained.
- 尊王論(そんのうろん)とは、王者を尊ぶ思想のこと。
- Imperialism (sonnoron) is the idea of valuing the emperor above all else.
- 中国文献においては『論衡』に「倭人」が見えている。
- Description of 'Wajin' as seen in the Chinese literature 'Ronko' (Discourses weighed in the balance).
- 憲法制定当初は井上毅らの国体論を基礎的原理とした。
- Just after the promulgation of the constitution, the national polity theory of Kowashi INOUE was a key principle of the constitution.
- また、厳罰説を正しいと仮定した上での弁護論もある。
- Further, there is an argument to support the law on the basis the call for severe punishment was justified.
- 米騒動の影響を受け、世論は寺内内閣の退陣を求めた。
- Public opinion demanded resignation of the Terauchi Cabinet under the influence of rice riots.
- さらに、陰陽頭幸徳井友傳に相論を仕掛けたのである。
- He challenged Tomosuke KOTOKUI for those demands.
- なお、撮影については無論、宮川一夫の存在が大きい。
- Needless to say, Kazuo MIYAGAWA played a very important role in cinematography.
- 2. 致良知 ― 陽明学の方法論的側面を表すことば。
- 2. Chiryochi - a word representing the methodological side of Yomei-gaku
- 民族浄化政策として自覚的に行われたと疑う論調もある。
- There is a tone that doubt the policy to be undertaken subjectively as an ethnic cleansing policy.
- 大日本帝国憲法第29条 言論・出版・集会・結社の自由
- Article 29. Freedom of speech, assembly and association
- 日本統治下の朝鮮を植民地と呼ぶかどうかについての論争
- Discussion on whether Korea under the rule of Japan can be called a colony or not
- ただ、鏡の生産地については難しい議論が進行中である。
- However, the place of production has been a tough discussion.
- この反対論は、下記などから導き出された立場であった。
- This opposing opinion was based on the following.
- このことについて議論されている説がいくつか存在する。
- Various theories have been suggested in regard to the matter.
- 天神社 (京田辺市)(京田辺市大字松井、他論社2社)
- Ten-jinsha Shriine (Kyotanabe City) (Oaza Matsui, Kyotanabe City, two of other ronja)
- 寛政10年(1798年)の論考のなかでこう説いている。
- In 1798, he argued as follows:
- しかし、この特殊な即位事情を巡っては種々の議論がある。
- There are various discussions over this unusual enthronement.
- 美濃部の天皇機関説はおおよそ次のような理論構成をとる。
- Minobe's Emperor Organ Theory has the following theoretical construction in general.
- 浄土宗と日蓮宗による安土問答(安土宗論)が行われた寺。
- Azuchi Dialogue (the Azuchi religious debate) was conducted by Jodo (Pure Land) and Nichiren sects at this temple.
- これらの反論を受けて、宣王時代説はほぼ否定されている。
- In response to these objections, the opinion supporting the period of the King Xuan is almost denied.
- 徳富蘆花は「謀反論」講演で死刑廃止論の立場を鮮明にした。
- Also, Roka TOKUTOMI clarified his stance against the capital punishment in the lecture of 'Muhonron' (On Rebellion).
- 徳川家康は戦後処理や論功行賞を主導するなど実権を握った。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, by playing an important role in postwar processing, deciding postwar grants of honors and so on, seized real powers.
- 京都議定書の効果に対しては、下記のような議論も見られる。
- The following discussions are made as for the effects of Kyoto Protocol.
- その他、地球温暖化への対策緩和策に関する議論も見られる。
- In addition, there is discussion on easing measures against global warming.
- 上記のような公地公民論は、次第に疑問視される傾向にある。
- The tendency to doubt the above view on Kochi Komin system is gradually increasing.
- 朴珪寿らの開国論者たちの努力によって反対派を説得したこと
- Gyu-su PARK and others, who advocated the theory of opening a country to the world, strived to persuade opponents.
- このことをめぐって、帝国議会で南北朝正閏論が問題化した。
- This issue of textbooks triggered the argument on the legitimacy of either the Northern or the Southern Dynasty in the Imperial Diet.
- 境内の岩窟は日蓮が『立正安国論』を執筆したところという。
- Nichiren wrote 'Rissho ankoku ron' (the Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching) in a cave in the precinct.
- 中でも激しい論争が繰り広げられたのは『言語』誌上である。
- Particularly discussions held in a magazine 'Gengo' (Language) were intense.
- 出土当時より、石鼓がいつ刻まれたのか議論は尽きなかった。
- Since the time when sekkobun was excavated, the discussion on the time when sekko had been inscribed continued endlessly.
- 論理的な上方と耽美的な関東の芸風の相違点がうかがわれる。
- The difference between the logical performance style of Kamigata and the aesthetic style of Kanto can be seen.
- 後世の解釈によらず、論語などの経典を直接実証的に研究する。
- Kogaku scholars studied directly and empirically those Buddhist scriptures such as Rongo (Analects of Confucius), without relying on the interpretations of later generations.
- 江戸時代の安定期に山鹿素行は「職分論」の思想へ傾いていく。
- In the stabilized period of the Edo period, Soko YAMAGA gravitated toward the thought of 'Shokubunron (theory of duty)'.
- 大政奉還後には譜代筆頭にもかかわらず新政府側に藩論を転向。
- Although the Ii clan was fudai hitto (top of fudai), they changed the opinions within the clan and supported the new government after Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor).
- 勿論、立派な刀を持っている子供は、他の児童の羨望を集めた。
- Of course, children envied those who had fine swords
- 1926年から1927年の「日本考古学会」に論文を発表した。
- He wrote his opinion in several papers which were published in academic journal 'Nihon Koko Gakkai' from 1926 to 1927.
- 桂と山縣とをひとくくりにして大正政変を論じることはできない。
- Therefore, we cannot lump the policies of Katsura and Yamagata together when discussing the Taisho Seihen.
- 1884年に組織改革を巡って紛糾したために解党論が浮上する。
- In 1884, the party got complicated over an issue of restructuring, and an idea of resolving the party emerged.
- 日本人も、王朝の寿命の長短に関する中国との比較論に熱中した。
- Not only Chinese but also Japanese were absorbed in comparing durations of Japanese and Chinese dynasties.
- 建武義会編『後醍醐天皇奉賛論文集』(至文堂、1939年9月)
- Kenmugikai ed. (Sep., 1939). Emperor Go-Daigo Hosan Essay Collection. Shibundo.
- 鮮魚の流通は多く鯨や魚も食材としての利用が多かったとする論評
- There is a remark that lots of fresh fishes were distributed and also lots of whales and fishes were used as food stuffs
- (山田美妙「文学極衰?」1890年)『近代文学評論大系』より
- ('Bungaku Kyokusui?' by Bimyo YAMADA, 1890, from 'Kindai Bungaku Hyoron Taikei'
- 21世紀に入ってからは新たな視点からの議論が展開しつつある。
- After the 21st century began, an argument from a new point of view has been developed.
- 様々な陰謀説が議論されており実情は不明である(豊臣秀次参照)。
- The truth of the fact, however, is not known as there were various conspiracy theories (refer to the section on Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI).
- 天皇統治の正当性を根拠付ける国体論は、大きく二つに分けられる。
- There were roughly two kinds of national policy theories which justified the emperor's sovereignty.
- 議論の末津田三蔵は無期徒刑となり、司法大臣山田顕義は辞任した。
- After a big argument, Sanzo TSUDA was sentenced to life imprisonment, and the minister of justice, Akiyoshi YAMADA resigned his post.
- 万世一系についていくつかの疑問がなされ、大きな論争に発展した。
- The theory of the unbroken Imperial line was often questioned and it grew into considerable disputes.
- 死の直後には「華族一代論」を出版し、襲爵手続きも行わなかった。
- Immediate after his death, his family published his last paper to oppose the succession of the kazoku status 'Study on the One-Generation Kazoku,' and did not take the procedure to success the peerage.
- 南北朝正閏論以降、宮内省も南朝が正統であるという見解を取った。
- After having discussing the Southern and Northern Courts controversy, the Department of the Imperial Household took the position that being from the Southern Court was the orthodox line.
- これも広い意味での「皇籍復帰」に分類して論じられることが多い。
- This example is classified as 'secession (of a prince) from the Imperial Family' in large scale and this issue is often discussed.
- これは論功行賞にも関わることであり、これを分離することは難しい。
- The yoriko unit could not be broken down further as it also pertains to the grant of honors.
- 演劇、詩、評論、文学等、美術以外の分野へ(村山知義、神原泰など)
- To areas other than art, such as theatre, poetry, criticism and literature (Tomoyoshi MURAYAMA, Tai KANBARA, and others)
- これらの論の基準となる所は封建制の特徴とされる農奴の存在である。
- These views are based on the existence of serfs which are said to be characteristic of the Hoken system.
- すでに18世紀末、仙台藩の林子平は海国兵談で海防論を説いていた。
- Late in the 18th century, Shihei HAYASHI of the Sendai Domain; had already advocated the way of maritime defense in his book titled Hkikoku heidan (a discussion on the maritime nations' soldiers).
- そのため、やはり戦になった場合の事も考えていたとする反論もある。
- Therefore, some historians and experts supported an opposition theory that the Taira clan was still prepared militarily in the case of possibly engaging in battle.
- 刑法典・商法典の論争については、それぞれ刑法・商法の項目を参照。
- As to disputes over the Penal Code and the Commercial Code, see Penal Code or Commercial Code, respectively.
- 天皇機関説論争の際には、神勅が天皇による直接統治の根拠とされた。
- When the issue of the Emperor Organ Theory emerged, oracles became the evidence for the emperors' reign.
- 即位の事実は疑問視されており、江戸時代ころから議論がされていた。
- It had been a questionable matter whether he really succeeded the throne or not, and there had been discussions on this matter since around the Edo period.
- 咋岡神社(論社2社。京田辺市大字飯岡、京田辺市草内宮ノ後)鍬靫)
- Kuioka-jinja Shrine (two of ronja [shrines considered to be descendants of a shikinai-sha], Oaza Inooka, Kyotanabe City,Kusauchi Miyanoato, Kyotanabe City) suki-yugi (spade and arrow case)
- 日本においては曽之唯『印籍考』がユニークな印論として特筆できる。
- In Japan, a striking example is 'A study of inseki', a unique inron, written by Soshii.
- その読みについては古くから、「なが」か「よし」かで議論があった。
- From a long time ago there has been an argument about whether it was pronounced 'naga' or 'yoshi.'
- 多くの論者が、律令制は遅くとも10世紀末までに死滅したとしている。
- Most people accept that the Ritsuryo system became extinct no later than the end of the 10th century.
- 歴史学の関心が拡散する中でこの論争は明確な解答を得ぬまま終息した。
- The interest of historical science became diffused and the controversy came to an end without any clear result.
- なお、「高陞号」を撃沈したことによって、一時英国の世論が沸騰する。
- For reference, Public opinion was heated to hear that the 'Kowshing' was attacked and sunk.
- 藩論が返納となったことで激派への弾圧はいっそう厳しいものとなった。
- Since the domain decided to return the chokusho, the stronger oppression was put on the extremists.
- 岩倉や伊藤は慎重論を唱え、木戸らは反対するが、方針として決定さた。
- IWAKURA and ITO insisted that further careful argument was required, and KIDO was opposed to the reform, but the government decided on a concrete plan.
- 日本国内では再び朝鮮半島への改革に介入すべきだとの世論が起こった。
- A public opinion that Japan should intervene once more in the reform of the Korean peninsula arose in Japan.
- これは『日本書紀』等による蘇我氏に否定的な記述に対する反論である。
- This refutes the negative portrayals of the Soga clan found in historical records such as the 'Nihonshoki.'
- 質問27および28に記されたいわゆる「忠誠登録」が論争の的となる。
- Questions 27 and 28, the so-called 'Loyalty Registration' became subject of controversy.
- すでに1869年(明治2年)ころから廃刀の議論はおこなわれていた。
- Since about 1869, a discussion on banning the wearing of swords had already been held.
- 政治評論家細川隆元とその甥細川隆一郎は内膳家の牧崎分家の出である。
- Ryugen HOSOKAWA, a political critic, and his nephew Ryuichiro HOSOKAWA were from a branch family of Makizaki of the Naizen family.
- 結果、日印は仏教全宗派を論破し、幕府は題目宗の布教を正式に認める。
- After all, Nichiin refuted all the sects of Buddhism, and the bakufu officially approved dissemination of Daimoku sect.
- 書風は王羲之の楽毅論(がっきろん)に通じ、チョ遂良風とも言われる。
- It is thought that his writing style was close to the Gakki ron which was developed by O Gishi (Wang Xi-zhi) and similar to Cho Suiryo (Chu Sui-liang.)
- そのため、女性天皇及び女系天皇の可能性も含めた議論が起こっている。
- Therefore, there was a debate in terms of the succession to the throne including the possibility of an Empress or female Imperial Family line to succeed to the throne.
- 後者は朱子学の「知先行後」を論難し、陽明学の「知行合一」を賞賛した。
- The latter criticized Shushi-gaku's 'Chisen gyogo' (roughly, recognition first, and practice should follow)' and praised Yomeigaku's 'Chigyo goitsu' (roughly, recognition and practice at the same time).
- 1982年3月、京都市財務消防委員会で文化観光税の復活が議論された。
- March 1982: The revival of the Tax on Cultural Tourist Facilities (the Bunkan tax) was discussed in the finance and firefighting committee of Kyoto City.
- 地球温暖化対策や京都議定書の在り方については、多種多様な議論がある。
- There are various kinds of discussions on measures against global warming and Kyoto Protocol.
- 三都それぞれに違うものの、日本の誇るべき都市であると結論付けている。
- Lastly, Gyokuzo concludes that, despite the differences of the three, they are the cities that Japan should be proud of.
- この際、寛典論を退けて厳刑に処すことを決したのは井伊直弼と言われる。
- It is said that Naosuke II dismissed the very concept of lenient treatment and decided to severely punish any opponents at this time.
- 部とその所有者との関係を軸とした説明であるが、異論も多いようである。
- Above is a description centered around the relationship between the divisions and their owners, but there also seems to be many objections.
- ただし異論もあり、『浅井氏三代』(下記参考文献)を著述した宮島敬一は
- However, there are different theories, including Keiichi MIYAJIMA, the author of 'Azai Sandaiki' (story about the three generation of the Azai family) (enlisted below as a reference), argues as follows:
- 土岐氏の勢力は義満将軍の目論見によって、大きく削がれることとなった。
- Toki clan's power was greatly weakened by the intention of Shogun Yoshimitsu.
- 勿論、コップのような飲料を入れた食器は別で、こちらは口元に運ばれる。
- Of course, eating utensils such as a cup of drink is another thing and they are brought to their mouths.
- そして、上代日本語の母音体系は現代と同じ5母音であったと結論づけた。
- He then concluded that ancient Japanese vowel system had five vowels same as the current system.
- 不改常典の真の名称と形式は、律令ではないという説で一個の論題になる。
- The argument that the name and form of Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten do not follow the requisites of Ritsuryo (the legal codes of the Nara and Heian periods) itself can be developed as an independent theme of one article.
- 言論や結社の自由はやや緩和され、韓国語の新聞・雑誌の発行が認められた。
- The freedom of speech and association was somewhat relaxed, and publication of Korean newspapers and magazines was allowed.
- 京都議定書の削減義務に対しては、日本国内で下記のような議論も見られる。
- The following are discussions in Japan on the reducing obligation in the Kyoto Protocol.
- 纏向遺跡が中国史書における邪馬台国であったかどうかは議論の余地がある。
- It is still uncertain if the Makimuku sites correspond to the Yamataikoku mentioned in Chinese sources.
- この事件は私立学校における教育の自由や学問の自由に関する議論となった。
- This incident provoked controversy on the freedom of education and learning at private schools.
- 明治44年(1911年)には、国定教科書問題・南北朝正閏論争があった。
- In 1911, an issue of government-designated textbooks and an argument on the legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty emerged.
- 天皇機関説はあくまで「立憲君主」のあるべき姿を論じた点に注意されたい。
- Attention should be given to the fact that the Emperor Organ Theory just treated of the thesis that how 'a constitutional monarch' should be.
- しかし後にこの説は同志社大学教授の横山卓雄の研究により論破されている。
- Subsequently, however, this theory was refuted by the study conducted by Takuo YOKOYAMA, Professor at Doshisha University.
- 鮮魚の流通は少なく鯨や魚も食材ではなくその他の利用が多かったとする論評
- There is a remake that only small amount of fresh fishes was distributed and whales and fishes were used mainly for other purposes but not for eating.
- しかし陽明学はそのうちの倫理学及び方法論的側面の革新であったに過ぎない。
- On the other hand, Yomei-gaku reformed just the ethics and methodology sides of Shushigaku.
- 一方で、近年の論者には、双方にとって必要な戦いであったという見方もある。
- On the other hand, some commentators in recent years presented the view that the battles were necessary for both of the sides.
- そのため、井上は機会あるごとに、自説の鉄道国有論と私設鉄道買収を説いた。
- Because of the fact, Inoue took every chance to insist on his claim to nationalize the railways and acquire the private railway companies.
- 征韓論争は明治6年の政変によって「延期」(「中止」ではない)と決まった。
- In 1873, the political change occurred and, as a result, it was decided to 'postpone' (not 'stop') the Seikanron dispute.
- さらにニコライ2世やアレクセイ・クロパトキン陸軍大臣も主戦論に同調した。
- Furthermore, both Nicholai II and the Minister of the Army, Aleksei Kuropatkin advocated war.
- この間、国民の間でも憲法改正論議は高まり、様々な憲法改正案が発表された。
- On the other hand, debate on constitutional amendment grew warm also among common people, and they published various revision proposals.
- 由利の草稿では、初めは「万機公議」と書き、後で「万機公論」と改めている。
- In the draft of Yuri it was written first 'banki kogi' (万機公議) and later revised to 'banki koron' (万機公論).
- 「脱亜論」は福澤諭吉が執筆したとされているが、原文は無署名の社説である。
- It is thought that the writer was Yukichi FUKUZAWA, but the original editorial was written anonymously.
- 社会進化論は、あらゆる人類が同じ発展をすると考える単一的発展史観を取る。
- Evolutionism takes a simple view of humankind development that all mankind develop through the same process.
- これにより朝鮮の自国領土への編入を望む日本政府と、日本世論とは合致した。
- With this, the Japanese government wanting to incorporate Korea into its territory, and the Japanese public opinion came to be in agreement.
- ゆえに偽書であるか否かという議論に馴染まない側面があることも事実である。
- Therefore, it is true that there is an aspect that is not suited to the discussion of whether 'the Gospel according to Marco' reported Petro's discourse.
- 学習院大学時代の論文はヨーロッパの鉄道史に関する内容であったと言われる。
- He reportedly wrote a thesis on the history of railway in Europe when he was a student of Gakushuin University.
- 1964年に建造された京都タワーは、京都の第1次景観論争を引き起こした。
- Kyoto Tower, built in 1964, gave rise to the first cityscape dispute in Kyoto City.
- 宗教界にも影響を与え、日蓮は『立正安国論』を幕府に上程して国難を主張する。
- It also influenced people of religion, and Nichiren submitted 'Rissho Ankoku Ron' (Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching) to bakufu, insisting that it was a national crisis.
- この部分が、赤穂浪士を真の義士でないと称した論として、批判の対象となった。
- This part became the target of criticism because it was interpreted that Fukuzawa did not regard the Ronins as true loyal warriors.
- 公地公民制を唱える論者は、墾田の推進により律令制度の崩壊を早まったとする。
- The theorists who support the Kochi-komin System (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens) advocate that the promotion of konden accelerated the fall of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 2000年には礫川全次が『史疑 幻の家康論』を著し、同書の背景を検証した。
- In 2000, Zenji ISOKAWA wrote a document titled 'Question in History: Phantom Story of Ieyasu', which examined the background of MURAOKA's book.
- 宝暦事件(ほうれきじけん)は、江戸時代中期尊王論者が弾圧された最初の事件。
- The Horeki Incident is the first incident in which imperialists were oppressed in the middle of the Edo period.
- 結論としては、正徳の治と享保の改革には断絶があると考えるのは相当ではない。
- As a conclusion, it is not reasonable to think that there was a discontinuity between Shotoku no chi and Kyoho reforms.
- しかし、この生類憐みの令についても正史に対する批判としての見直し論がある。
- However, there are calls to critically review the accepted view of these ordinances.
- 時間と労力が節約できるが、完成する酒質と小売価格については賛否両論がある。
- This method allows the time and work necessary to be saved, but there exist arguments for and against the quality of sake produced in this way and the retail prices.
- 今後の議論が待たれる(詳細は別項「皇位継承問題 (平成)」を参照のこと)。
- There is further discussion excepted in the future. (Please refer to the chapter on 'the issue of the Imperial succession' - Heisei)
- 天巻では劉善経の声律論、地巻では王昌齢・皎然・上官儀らの詩論を基本に置く。
- The volume of Heaven put a basis for theory of sound by Liu Shanjing, while the volume of Earth put Ars Poetica by Wang Changling, Jiaoran, Shang Guan Yi, and so on.
- 戦後の文鏡秘府論研究で画期的な業績を残したとされる小西甚一は後者を採った。
- Jinichi KONISHI, who allegedly made notable achievements in the postwar studies on Bunkyo-hifuron, adopted the latter.
- 昭和25年(1950年)以前に「脱亜論」に関するコメントは見つかっていない。
- There was no comment found about 'Datsu-A Ron' before 1950.
- 他には、興亜論へのアンチ・テーゼとして「脱亜論」が発表されたとの考えもある。
- Some thought that 'Datsu-A Ron' was published against the 'Ko-A Ron' (Stay-with-Asia Theory).
- 崇仏、排仏論争は蘇我氏が語り伝えたもので、馬子と守屋の政治権力闘争であった。
- Stories of the disputes over the worship or abolishment of Buddhism were handed down by the Soga clan, but there really existed a struggle for political power between SOGA no Umako and MONONOBE no Moriya.
- 陰謀論にまつわる偽書としては、『田中上奏文』(田中メモランダム)などもある。
- One example of a gisho dealing with a political conspiracy is the 'Tanaka Josobun' (the Tanaka memorial).
- そして同年5月、第三回帝国議会において民法典論争は政治的な決着がはかられた。
- In May of the same year a political settlement of the Minpoten Ronso was made in the third Imperial Diet.
- 江戸時代末になると尊皇攘夷論が興り、天皇は討幕運動の中心にまつりあげられた。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Sonno-joi argument occurred and the Emperor became the center of the anti-shogunate movement.
- 王陽明の思想は『伝習録』、『朱子晩年定論』、『大学問』にうかがうことができる。
- Wang Yangming's ideas can be seen in 'Instructions for Practical Living' ('Chuanxilu' in Chinese, 'Denshuroku' in Japanese), 'Conclusions of Zhuxi's Final Years ('Zhuxi wannian dinglun' in Chinese, 'Shushi bannen teiron' in Japanese), and 'Inquiry on 'The Great Learning'' ('Ta xue wen' in Chinese, 'Daigakumon' in Japanese).
- 総督府により、言論の制限や結社の禁止、独立運動などへの取り締まり等が行われた。
- Sotoku-fu conducted the restriction of speech, ban of association, regulation of independent movement.
- さらに、共に私的な満足のための死であり、世の文明の役には立たないと論じている。
- Moreover, he discussed that both died to satisfy their own demands, not helping civilization to progress.
- 留守政府では朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論が争われ、使節の帰国後に明治6年の政変に至る。
- While they were away, Japanese government without them called Rusu-seifu (government while heads of government are away) had a debate over Japan's dispatching of troops to Korea, Seikanron, which led to political changes in 1873 after the delegation returned.
- 前漢代には既にこのような倭国認識の成立していたことが漢書や論衡の記事から判る。
- It is known from the articles from 'kanjo (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)' and the 'Ronko (Lunheng)' that such perception of Wakoku was already present during the Former Han Dynasty.
- これらの問題、つまり三権分立や司法のあり方などは活発に議論されるようになった。
- People started to conduct lively discussions about these issues, how the separation of powers and the judiciary should function.
- なお、「慎機論」は出版されてはおらず、家宅捜査時に草稿が発見されたものである。
- Shinkiron' had not been published and only the draft was discovered during a house search.
- 一方、長州藩内部では下関戦争の後に藩論が分裂し、保守派(俗論派)が政権を握る。
- On the other hand, the opinions within the Choshu Domain were divided after the Shimonoseki War, and the conservatives (conventional party) were controlling the administration of the domain.
- 山鹿素行が提唱した士道論は、この後多くの武士道思想家に影響を与えることになる。
- The theory of shido (morality of samurai) introduced by Soko YAMAGA affected a lot of thinkers later.
- 日本魚類学会に属して自らの研究に関して、28編の論文を同学会誌に発表している。
- With a membership of 'The Ichthyological Society of Japan,' he has written 28 papers relevant to his research on the journals issued by the society.
- この際に大友皇子が即位していたか否かで正統性が一方に傾くため、議論が絶えない。
- The fact about whether Prince Otomo was already the emperor at that time or not is still open to debate, because it decided who had rights and who didn't.
- しかし軽皇子が即位して後重用したのは蘇我氏系豪族が多く、今後の議論が待たれる。
- However, Prince Karu gave important posts to many local ruling families of the Soga clan after he ascended the throne, which is sure to invite debate in future years.
- なお、この準則は、平成の皇位継承問題の議論のなかで一時脚光を浴びたことがある。
- This regulation was the subject most talked about during discussions of Imperial succession during the Heisei period.
- 無論、備単位で作戦行動が行われる事もあるので総てが一手部隊に属する訳ではない。
- Of course, in some cases the tactical actions were executed by single sonae units, and not all of them necessarily belong to one te unit.
- 陰陽五行説(いんようごぎょうせつ)、陰陽五行論(いんようごぎょうろん)ともいう。
- It is also known as Inyo Gogyo Setsu (The Theory of Five Elements in Yin-Yang) or Inyo Gogyo Ron.
- 日本では、幕末に朝廷から一般民衆まで熱く論じられ、反体制運動の合言葉ともなった。
- In Japan, it was discussed passionately among people from Chotei Court officials to the general public at the end of the Edo period and became a watchword for the anti-establishment movement.
- この戦いに限った話ではないが、有名な「武田の騎馬隊」の実在には様々な異論がある。
- There are various opinions about the existence of 'Takeda's famous cavalry,' which however is not limited to the Battle of Nagashino.
- また一編、一編が簡潔で、一つの論旨を比喩や故事、時に外来語まで用いて説いている。
- In each chapter, his writing was plain and concise, explaining a main topic using metaphors, events and figures in history, and even foreign words.
- また、進歩党の要求していた新聞紙条例の改正が行われて言論統制の一部が緩和された。
- In addition, revision of the Press Regulations which had been claimed by the Progressive Party was implemented and the press/speech control was partially reduced.
- 蛮社の獄(ばんしゃのごく)とは、1839年(天保10)5月に起きた言論弾圧事件。
- Bansha no goku was the suppression of free speech that occurred in May 1839.
- また、百済王が七支刀を何故倭王に贈ったのか、ということについても議論百出である。
- Various theories as to the reason why the king of Paekche sent the seven-pronged sword to the king of Wa are also still being constructed.
- このため、逆落としが行われた場所が鉄拐山の東南か、鵯越かで長年論争になっている。
- This has resulted in historians and experts continuing to dispute whether the location of 'sakaotoshi' was the southeast side of Tekkai-san Mountain or Hiyodorigoe.
- 朝野新聞は明治13年(1880年)に「華族廃すべし」と題した論説を掲載している。
- In 1880, Asano Shinbun published an editorial titled 'The kazoku class should be abolished.'
- また、啓蒙専制君主と比較して論じる者や、明治維新を市民革命と比較する視点もある。
- There are several viewpoints when comparing the Tennosei to Enlightened despotism or comparing the Meiji Restoration to bourgeois revolutions.
- 品川の料亭島崎楼で、力士の四つ車大八とめ組の若い者がささいなことから口論となる。
- At a tavern in Shinagawa called Shimazakiro, a sumo wrestler named Yotsuguruma Daihachi and some young members of the Me-gumi firefighting brigade quarrelled over something very trivial.
- この説は長く支持され、清の乾隆帝もこれを認めたため、反論は辛亥革命後に噴出した。
- This opinion was supported for a long time and the Emperor Qian-long of the Qing Dynasty also acknowledged this opinion and, therefore, objections broke out after the Xin-hai Revolution.
- 戦後の1951年に、、岩橋小弥太が論文「天智天皇の立て給ひし常の典」を発表した。
- In 1951 after the war, Koyata IWAHASHI presented an article titled 'The eternal code established by his majesty Emperor Tenchi.'
- 古くから流布されている「啄木鳥の戦法」については、いくつかの異論や反論が存在する。
- Concerning 'woodpecker strategy' known widely from old times, there are a few different views and counterarguments.
- またこれとは別に、路面電車と同じ軌道法に準拠した郊外鉄道の敷設を目論む者も現れた。
- In addition to this movement, some business persons aimed at establishing suburban railway system based on the Tramways Act which was applied for streetcar system.
- 南北朝時代は美術史的には過渡期ととらえられ、鎌倉時代に含めて論じられることが多い。
- From the perspective of art history, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts is deemed the transitional period, so its art is commonly mentioned in the art of the Kamakura period.
- これらのうち不当に低く評価された金貨は問題外とされ、論争の焦点は銀貨へと絞られた。
- Of those arguments, gold coins were left out of the negotiation because they were too lowly valued, and the negotiation was focused on silver coins.
- 乱の終結後は、政弘は九州での復権を目論んで挙兵した少弐氏・大友氏を再び屈服させた。
- After the end of the war, Masahiro brought Shoni clan and Otomo clan, who raised an army with the intention of their reinstatement in Kyushu, into submission again.
- これを見て山鹿素行は、日本こそが儒学の正統だとして、「日本こそ中国である」と論じた。
- Therefore, Soko YAMAGA said that the orthodox Confucianism rooted in Japan and concluded 'Japan was China.'
- 538年(宣化3年)に百済の聖明王が釈迦仏像や経論などを朝廷に贈り仏教が公伝された。
- In 538, King Seong of Baekje presented the dynasty with a Shaka Buddhist image and the Buddhist scriptures and commentaries, and Buddhism was officially introduced to Japan.
- 現在の馬格を問題にする論者にはポニーという名称のイメージが一人歩きしている感がある。
- Those who are concerned with the equine conformation seem to be deceived by the name of pony with its imagery.
- なお、大蔵大臣高橋是清によって参謀本部廃止論が唱えられたのもこの内閣のことであった。
- It was in this Cabinet that that Korekiyo TAKAHASHI, the Minister of Finance proposed the theory of the abolition of the staff headquarters.
- しかし、同情論や過激派による更なる挙兵を防ぎたい幕府によって全員の処刑が決定される。
- However, bakufu wanted to prevent people from sympathizing Tenguto and the extremists from raising an army again, and decided to execute them all.
- 政友会の幹部達はこの「違勅」の論理に困惑したが、西園寺の決意は揺らぐことが無かった。
- Senior members of the RSP were puzzled with this logic of 'violation of the edict,' but Saionji's decision was firm.
- 1983年 調査委員会が戦時中の日系人収容は機密上必要ではなかったとする結論を発表。
- In 1983, the Commission announced the conclusion that the Japanese American Internment during the war was not necessary for the sake of security.
- かつては反ユダヤ主義の正当化に用いられ、ユダヤ陰謀論者には現在でも評価する者がいる。
- It was used to justify anti-Semitism in the past and there are some persons who value this document among people insisting the existence of a Jewish plot.
- 大日本帝国憲法下の天皇の法的位置付けについては憲法学上さまざまな論争がなされてきた。
- For the Study of Constitution, there has been numerous discussions on the Emperor's legal position under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 大正時代の初めには、穂積の弟子である東京帝大の上杉慎吉と美濃部との間で論争が起こる。
- In the early Taisho Period, there was an argument between Shinkichi UESUGI of Tokyo Imperial University, a follower of Hozumi, and Minobe.
- 勿論政務が執れるわけも無く、摂政・近衛基実(育子の兄)と邦綱が表向きを取り仕切った。
- There was no way the young Emperor was able to rule the government, the regent, Motozane KONOE (Ikushi's older brother) and Kunitsuna officially took control of politics.
- また、まったく根も葉もないことが人々を説得する論拠として通用するかという疑問もある。
- There is also a question whether such a completely unfounded supposition can be used as a premise to persuade the people.
- 貴族院_(日本)では曾我祐準(日本鉄道社長)や仙石貢(九州鉄道社長)が反対論を唱えた。
- In the House of Peers, Sukenori SOGA (the president of Nippon Railway) and Mitsugi SENGOKU (the president of Kyushu Railway) opposed to the bill.
- 翌年初頭、藩中枢部の籠もる萩城を攻撃し、俗論派を壊滅させて再び藩論を反幕派へ奪回した。
- At the beginning of the next year, they attacked Hagi-jo Castle where the central figures of the clan stayed and restored the principle of the clan to 'anti-bakufu', rejecting the conservatism that acknowledged fealty to the bakufu.
- なおこの制度は、君主の権威を肯定するものであるとして、元号廃止論の理由にもなっている。
- This system, however, is used as an excuse for the abolitionism of an era name because it can be regarded as what advocates the monarch's authority.
- 井上は1883年(明治16年)、工部卿宛てに意見書「私設鉄道に関する論旨」を提出した。
- Inoue submitted a written opinion entitled 'An opinion on building private railways' to Construction Minister in 1883.
- 事態の長期化につれて子供を争いを材料にしているとして双方に対する世論の批判も高まった。
- With the prolonged situation, both sides were subjected to criticism that they took advantage of children during the conflict.
- 朝鮮との国交交渉が進展しない明治政府内で武力による開国を迫るいわゆる征韓論が台頭した。
- The so-called Seikanron (debate on the subjugation of Korea) supporting military pressure to force Korea to open the country emerged in the Meiji government whose diplomatic talks with Korea did not show any progress.
- 歴史上、蝦夷と呼ばれる人々がどのような人々であったのかはいまだにさまざまな論がある.。
- Even today there are various theories as to what kind of people the Ezo were.
- だが、超然主義者の前首相山縣有朋を始め、松方自身が率いる薩摩藩藩閥からも反対論が出た。
- However, there was opposing argument from the previous prime minister, Aritomo YAMAGATA holding on to the doctrine of superiority as well as Satsuma Domain clique led by MATSUKATA himself.
- 大村や西郷従道、山縣有朋(論主一賦兵)らは、早くから「国民皆兵」の必要性を唱えていた。
- Omura, Tsugumichi SAIGO, Aritomo YAMAGATA (Ronshu ichifuhei) and others had been advocating the necessity of universal conscription since early days.
- 幽谷は18歳で幕府老中の松平定信に求められて「正名論」を提出するなど才能を開花させる。
- Yukoku showed his talent by submitting 'Seimeiron' upon request from the roju (senior councilor of the bakufu) Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA when he was 18.
- 「脱亜論」の5ヶ月後に掲載された論説に、「朝鮮人民のためにその国の滅亡を賀す」がある。
- An editorial called 'Chosen Jinmin no Tameni Sono Kuni no Metsubo o Gasu' (Celebrate the destruction of the country for Korean people) published five months after the 'Datsu-A Ron.'
- しかし、これが近代的な西欧的国際関係の論理に翻訳されたとき、日韓での認識の差が生じた。
- However, when it was interpreted with the logic of modern West European international relationships, a difference in perception between Japan and Korea occurred.
- 特に「忠節」の項において「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」と軍人の政治への不関与を命じる。
- Particularly in the point of 'loyalty,' military men were ordered not to engage in politics, saying 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.'
- 論語にある「志士仁人(ししじんじん)は(…)身を殺して以て仁をなすなり」が語源である。
- The term Shishi is derived from a phrase in 'The Analects (of Confucius)' that was 'Shishi, a person of virtue accumulates virtues by killing himself'.
- 慶応3年(1867年)大政奉還の後は譜代筆頭にもかかわらず新政府側に藩論を転向させた。
- After Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) in 1867, Naonori converted the opinion of domain people into the new government side even though he was fudai hitto (head of fudai daimyo.)
- 宣賢は宮中に仕えて講義を行い、明経道を整理して多くの国学、儒学の論文著作をおこなった。
- Nobukata served the Imperial Court, gave lectures and systematized Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) in addition to producing many monographs of the study of Japanese classical literature and Confucianism.
- なお自動車評論家の「徳大寺有恒」はペンネームであり、本項の徳大寺家とは全く関係が無い。
- Incidentally, 'Aritsune TOKUDAIJI,' the pen name of an automotive critic, has nothing to do with the House of Tokudaiji described on this page.
- 名称は国語学者橋本進吉の論文「上代の文献に存する特殊の仮名遣と当時の語法」に由来する。
- Its name has been derived from the article called 'Special Phonetic Orthography and Usage in the Documents Written in Ancient Japanese' written by a Japanese linguist Shinkichi HASHIMOTO.
- まず天下の事事物物の理に格(いた)るというが、どうすれば可能なのかという方法論への疑義。
- First, he questioned the methodology, asking how it was possible that the ri in everything in the world could be reached.
- このような議論があり、また劉復亨が負傷したこともあって、軍は撤退することになったと言う。
- The army was said to have decided to withdraw as a result of the discussion, and also due to the injury of Fu-heng LIU.
- 一方、本協約および日韓併合条約が無効であるとする議論の多くは、次のことを理由にしている。
- On the other hand, many of the arguments which insist this treaty and the treaty of the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty are invalid mention following reasons.
- またこの年7月、関白相論を経て正親町天皇より関白に任じられ、翌年には豊臣姓も下賜された。
- On July that year, Hideyoshi was nominated to be the Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) after 'kanpaku soron' (disagreement over Kanpaku position) and in the following year, the family name, 'the Toyotomi clan' was given to him.
- この征韓論には1871年廃藩置県によって武士としての職を失った士族の不満が背景にあった。
- Behind this Seikanron there was dissatisfaction amongst the Shizoku (family or persons with samurai ancestors) who had lost their jobs as a result of Haihan-chiken in 1871.
- 翌年に朝廷から出された返納の勅により、ようやく朝廷へ直接返納することで藩論が統一される。
- Following the order by the Imperial Court to return the chokusho in the next year, finally the opinion of the domain people was consolidated and the domain decided to return the chokusho directly to the Imperial Court.
- 戦後の論功として、清原貞衡は鎮守府将軍に任ぜられたが、源頼俊に対する行賞は何もなかった。
- Although KIYOHARA no Sadahira was granted a reward to be appointed as Chinjufu Shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defence of the North) for the victory, MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi did not receive any reward.
- 分国法が規定する主な事項には、領民支配、家臣統制、寺社支配、所領相論、軍役、などがある。
- Main items that Bunkokuho regulated were control over farmers, discipline for retainers, control over temples and shrines, lawsuits about land, military service, and so on.
- 1955年には直木孝次郎が論文「天智天皇と皇位継承法」で元明天皇による仮託説を提唱した。
- In 1955, Kojiro NAOKI advocated the pretext theory by Empress Genmei in his article 'Emperor Tenchi and the Imperial Succession theory.'
- 中世の被差別民や近現代日本の被差別部落の直接的な起源であるとする説が存在するが議論がある。
- There is a theory that the origin of discrimination during the medieval period, as well as those living in special hamlets in modern Japan, lies in goshiki no sen; however, this fact is often debated.
- このほか、「日本美術史」という場合には、建築や庭園についても併せて論じるのが一般的である。
- Besides, the history of architecture and Japanese garden is commonly included in Japanese art history.
- そして自らの影響下にある京都市協議会名義で大会ごとに意見書を提出、本部批判の論陣を張った。
- Then, in the name of the Kyoto City Council, which was under the influence of Asada himself, he submitted a written opinion in each meeting and put out an argument to accuse the headquarter.
- 主唱者であり、貴族院議員でもあった美濃部達吉は、反論の演説をするも攻撃の声は止まなかった。
- An advocator of the emperor organ theory, Tatsukichi MINOBE made a speech to refute Kikuchi's claim, but it could not stop the blame on him.
- 一時は大老井伊直弼の強行弾圧路線(安政の大獄)もあり不満「世論」も沈静化するかに思われた。
- For a short time the oppressive policy of the chief minister (tairo) Naosuke II (the Ansei Purge) seemed to quieten down the public's dissatisfaction.
- やがて、こうした反対論は同条約に不満を持っていた海軍軍令部や右翼団体を巻き込むことになる。
- Later on, the opposing argument involved the Naval General Staff and right-wing groups which were dissatisfied with the treaty.
- そこでは、次の記述が「脱亜論」にも影響を与えたのではないかと指摘している(201ページ)。
- He pointed out that the description below might affect the 'Datsu-A Ron' (Page 201).
- これは先行する事実をモデルにしないかぎり、名称をつけられず、議論も不可能であるためである。
- This is because unless the prior facts have not been modeled, names can not be given, and discussions can not be held.
- ミュアヘッドも文部省の見解に対してイギリスから反論するなど、日英間の国際問題となりかけた。
- Muirhead opposed to the opinion of Ministry of Education from Britain, the incident was about to be an international incident between England and Japan.
- また、無闇に韓国の世論を硬化させる結果を招き、統監府からは集会、演説の禁止命令が下された。
- Furthermore, as it needlessly lead to the calcification of Korean public opinions, the Korea Protection Agency prohibited meetings and public speeches.
- 寛文9年(1669年)に著わした『中朝事実』(ちゅうちょうじじつ)で下のように論じている。
- He wrote the 'Chuchojijitsu' (the True Central Empire) in 1669, and in this book, he said as follows:
- 島地黙雷や小野梓元老員書記官が反対の論陣を張り、朝野新聞紙上で激しい論戦が繰り広げられた。
- Mokurai SHIMAJI and Azusa ONO, a secretary of Genro-in (the law-making organization in Japan in the early Meiji period) set out arguments for the opposition, strongly debating on the Asano Shinbun (Asano Newspaper).
- ただし、実際の音価については不明な点も多く、また音素として別だったかについても異論がある。
- However, actual sounds for characters are largely unknown, and there are also different opinions whether they had different phonemes or not.
- そのうちの一官として、公議輿論の中心となる立法議事機関である議政官を設けることなどを定めた。
- One of seven departments was Giseikan which was a legislative assembly for public opinion.
- 小泉純一郎は首相在任当時、御誓文を元にした決まり文句「万機公論に決すべし」をよく使っていた。
- When Junichiro KOIZUMI was the Prime Minister, he often used the phrase 'all matters decided by open discussion' from Charter Oath.
- この琉球問題の決裂と日本の台湾への野心の疑いから清側ではこの後対日強硬論が唱えられるに至る。
- This breakdown in negotiations over the Ryukyu issue and the suspected ambition of Japan to rule Taiwan caused opinions supporting a hard-line policy against Japan.to increase in Qing.
- 主に境相論などの民事的な訴訟で行われたが、各種犯罪の嫌疑者個人に対して行われた例も存在する。
- Although yugisho was mainly applied to civil suits such as disputes over the boundary between territories, in some cases it was used on a suspect of various crimes.
- なお、下記の林思雲の論文によれば、現在では氏による「脱亜論」全文の中国語訳が公開されている。
- According to Si Yun KIN's thesis below, his whole Chinese translation of the 'Datsu-A Ron' done by him is open to public inspection now.
- また国葬時より神社奉斎の世論が沸き起こり、台北に台湾神宮、終焉の地には台南神社が創建された。
- At the time of his state funeral, public opinion for the enshrinement of Prince Yoshihisa arose and as a result Taiwan-jingu Shrine was erected in Taipei and Tainan-jinja Shrine in the place of his death.
- したがって宇多天皇の皇子で正三位中納言であったというのは全くの創作であり、論ずるに足りない。
- Therefore, the story about him being a prince and Shosanmi Chunagon is a merely fiction and is not worth consideration.
- 大正6年(1917年):ロシア革命 勃発、アルベルト・アインシュタイン「相対論的宇宙論」発表
- 1917: Outbreak of the Russian Revolution and the publication of 'relativistic cosmology' by Albert EINSTEIN
- 政府や軍の活動に対する世論の批判を抑える目的として天皇の存在は大きく利用されることとなった。
- The existence of the Emperor was greatly used as a means to suppress criticism by public opinion against the government and the military.
- 依然として、屈辱の歴史の象徴であることには変わりはなく、保存か解体かの論議がしばしば再燃した。
- Still, it remained a symbol of the humiliating history, and debates about whether to conserve or to demolish were often recurred.
- 日本人の古来の弓術の射撃戦方法論にも無理なく適合できるこの形式の銃が普及したと考えられている。
- This style of gun naturally fit in the tactics for shooting war using traditional Japanese archery and became prevalent in Japan.
- 政府による言論と政治活動の弾圧を背景として、人権に関する規定が詳細なことは、おおむね共通する。
- Most of the public ideas included detailed descriptions of human rights to oppose suppression of free speeches and political activities by the government.
- 4世紀の倭の朝鮮半島進出は、広開土王碑・七支刀など、全く別の同時代史料によって論じられている。
- The militaristic advance into the Korean peninsula by Wa (also pronounced 'Yamato' in Japanese: ancient Japan) in the fourth century is treated in completely different historical materials of the same historical period such as: Gwanggaeto Stele (Gwanggaeto Stele was built in '411' by King Jangsu of Goguryeo Jian, Jinling Province, China) and the Seven-Branched Sword (Nanatsusaya no Tachi in 'Nihon shoki').
- 延長 (元号)9年(931年)ごろから将門は「女論」によって叔父・良兼と不和になったとされる。
- Around the year 931, it is said that the relationship between Masakado and his uncle Yoshikane deteriorated over a woman.
- しかし、これを日本政府の公式見解とするかどうかには議論がある(日本の戦争謝罪発言一覧も参照)。
- However, there is an argument over whether this can be taken as the Japanese government's official view or not (See the list of Japanese comments on apologies for the war).
- 中国がアヘン戦争に敗北すると日本国内でも対外的危機意識が高まり、幕閣では海防問題が議論される。
- After China lost the Opium War, the awareness of foreign risk rose in Japan and cabinet officials of the Shogunate discussed the issue of coastal defense.
- 中世以降には神国観が広まり、武家政権の正当化する論理となり、最高権力者は「天下人」と呼ばれた。
- Shinkoku kan (view of divine land) which spread in and after the medieval period, then became a logic justifying the samurai government, and a person in paramount authority was called 'Tenkabito' (person becoming the ruler of the country).
- 佐々木氏郷(沢田源内) は、『江源武鑑』、大系図、倭論語の版本その他、写本の偽書を流行させた。
- Ujisato SASAKI (Gennai SAWADA) set the trend of gisho including 'Kogen heraldry book,' Big genealogies, Japanese Analects and others in block-printed books and written copies.
- しかし、同書の紀年には幾つかの矛盾が見られ、それを解決するための議論がいくつか提示されてきた。
- However, the calendar era of the book shows some contradictions with regard to the year of his enthronement; therefore, many theories relating to the accurate year have been presented.
- 「徳仁親王の人格否定発言を契機として事実に基づかない言論も行われ、心の沈む日も多くありました」
- With many groundless opinions expressed following the Crown Prince Naruhito's remark that his wife Crown Prince Masako's personality has been neglected, I was frequently depressed.'
- この問題により、万世一系をめぐる論争は、天皇制の問題と結びついて大きな広がりを持つことになる。
- After that, the issue of the unbroken Imperial line was connected with the issue of the emperor system, and it fueled disputes over them.
- 森鴎外との「舞姫論争」など、明治の文芸評論家として注目を集めた弁護士石橋忍月はこの流れを汲む。
- Lawyer Ningetsu ISHIBASHI, a high-profile literary critic of the Meiji period, who had the 'Maihime dispute' against Ogai MORI was a descendant of this clan.
- 1959年の呉清源 - 藤沢朋斎の三番勝負第2局において、呉が全局死活論での対局を申し入れた。
- In 1959, in the second game out of three match series between Seigen GO and Hosai FUJISAWA, Go asked for playing the game under the theory of life-and-death in all stages.
- 皇位へ即こうと目論む、悪党・清原武衡が、自らに反対する源義綱ら多人数の善良なる男女を捕らえた。
- A villain, KIYOHARA no Takehira scheming to succeed to the throne, captures many good people who oppose him, such as MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna.
- 藤原公任とは柿本人麻呂や紀貫之の歌の優劣を論じ合い、後の三十六人撰のきっかけとなったとされる。
- He debated with FUJIWARA no Kinto about the poetry of KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro and KI no Tsurayuki, and later this was his motivation to make thirty-six major poets (of the Heian period).
- しかし、いずれにしても日本側の感情を逆撫でする効果は十分にあり、「征韓論」が巻き起こるに至った。
- However, these Toraifu's dealings had enough effect to stroke Japan's fur the wrong way, and it brought 'Seikanron' (insistence on making Korea open to the world by military power) in Japan.
- 第6編「国法の貴きを論ず」において、赤穂浪士の討ち入りは私的制裁であって正しくないと論じている。
- In the sixth volume 'Consideration of the importance of the national laws', Fukuzawa described the action by Ako Roshi as a private sanction, thus not a right thing to do.
- 旧幕臣・福地源一郎は、著書『幕府衰亡論』の中で「江戸開城をもって江戸幕府は滅亡した」としている。
- Genichiro FUKUCHI, one of the former Shogunate retainers, concluded in his book 'Bakufu Suibo Ron' (The Theory of Shogunate's Decline and Fall) that the surrender of Edo Castle marked the collapse of the Edo Shogunate.
- 福澤諭吉が書いたとされる論説「脱亜論」は、基本的にこの考え方にそっていると指摘されることがある。
- Datsuaron' (a editorial for urging to leave Asia) is thought to be written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA, and it is said that FUKUZAWA wrote this editorial based on the thought of 'Leave Asia, enter Europe.'
- 昭和前期においては在野の知識層のみならず青年将校や革新官僚が一君万民論の支持勢力として登場した。
- In the early Showa period, the theory once again got supporters, including out-of-power intellectuals, young officers and reformist bureaucrats.
- 一連の寺内内閣の言論弾圧に対し新聞社は激しく抗議し、言論報道の自由に関する運動に発展していった。
- Newspaper companies made a vigorous protest against a series of suppression of free speech by the Terauchi Cabinet and it gradually developed into the movement about freedom of press.
- 北畠親房(きたばたけ ちかふさ、1293-1354)の『神皇正統記』では以下のように論じている。
- This matter was described in the 'Jinno Shotoki' (A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns) written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE (1293 - 1354) as follows:
- - 僧恵隠を内裏に呼び,無量寿経を講じさせ,沙門恵資を論議者とし,沙門1000人を作聴衆にした。
- - He called the priest Eon to the Imperial Palace, ordered him to give a lecture on the Sutra of Immeasurable Life, appointed shamon (priest) Eshi to debate with him and 1000 shamon to be the audience.
- しかし明治時代以降は肝心の首都機能を消失していることも確かで、首都に関する議論を複雑にしている。
- However, it is also true that Kyoto lost its function as a capital after the Meiji period, and the arguments regarding its status as a capital are complicated.
- またフランスのルモンド紙が計画を批判する記事を掲載するなど、京都市外をも巻き込んだ論争となった。
- As the French newspaper Le Monde also published an article criticizing the plan, the dispute involved an entity outside the city.
- 一方、病弱であった将軍家定に子がなかったため、将軍の継嗣を誰にするかについても国内世論が二分した。
- Meanwhile, public opinion was divided in two about the next shogun because Shogun Iesada was in poor health and had no children.
- 交渉が暗礁に乗り上げると、日本では朝鮮出兵を求める征韓論争など出兵問題が政治問題化するようになる。
- When the negotiation came up against unexpected difficulties, the issue of the dispatch of troops, like Seikanron, which demands the dispatch of troops to Korea, became a political issue in Japan.
- 表に御記入しなされ候六条は小・西両氏および老兄龍等も御同席にて談論せし所にて、毛も相違これなく候。
- The six articles written on the face were concluded in the presence of some people, such as Kiyotada KOMATSU, Takamari SAIGO, Kogoro KATSURA, and Ryoma SAKAMOTO, and the contents are just the same as the alliance.
- 双方に火傷が現れた場合には双方ともに不正ありとして当該物件(境相論の場合は土地)を幕府が収公した。
- If the both torite suffered scalds, they both would be regarded as unlawful and the property concerned (i.e. lands if the case was of a dispute over the boundary between territories) would be confiscated by the bakufu.
- 日本製説の研究者からは以下のような疑問点が指摘されているが、卑弥呼の鏡説の研究者からの反論もある。
- Researchers advocating that the mirror was produced in Japan point out the following questions while those advocating Himiko's mirror disagree.
- だが、、に廃藩置県が行われると、日本からは領主が一掃される形となり、反対論の大きな理由が失われた。
- However, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was done in 1871 and landlords in Japan were cleared away and a big reason of objection disappeared.
- 今谷明は著書『室町の王権 足利義満の王権簒奪計画』(中央公論新社)で足利義満の皇位簒奪説を説いた。
- Akira IMATANI talked about the theory of the usurpation of the imperial throne by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in his literary work, 'Muromachi no oken (regal power of Muromacchi) usurpation of sovereignty plan by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.' (Chuokoron-shinsha, Inc.)
- 1872年の総人口も3480万人に修正した推計がなされているが、この推計値についてもなお議論がある。
- The total population in 1872 was estimated to 3480 million, but there is still a discussion about this estimate.
- 攘夷論(じょういろん)は、日本に於いては、江戸時代末期に広まった考えで、夷人(外国人)をしりぞける。
- The theory of 'expelling the barbarians' (Joi ron) was a view that prevailed in Japan during the end of the Edo period and aims to expel foreigners from Japan.
- ただし、この最盛期において律令制がどの程度まで徹底して施行されていたかについては議論が分かれている。
- There are several opinions on how thoroughly the Ritsuryo system was enforced during its peak.
- その年代については議論が存在するが、現在のところ、これは世界規模で見ても最古の土器ということになる。
- Whichever method is right, the initial stage's pottery is the oldest of all ever found in the world.
- 土佐藩などの主張で幕府が朝廷に政権を返上し、諸侯会議により幕政改革を推進する公議政体論が主張された。
- Following the opinion of clans such as Tosa, the Shogunate returned the ruling power to the Imperial Court, and the idea of giving political power to the council of representatives from various clans, which would reform the Shogunate system, was recommended.
- 周の封建制(後述)とは別に、中国史において唯物史観的発展段階論を適用した場合の封建制について述べる。
- Apart from the Hoken system in Zhou (which will be described later), the Hoken system will be described in view of the development stage theory based on materialistic conception of history.
- また、首都については、当初京都では旧弊が多いとして、大阪市遷都論が大久保利通を中心として唱えられた。
- In addition, Toshimichi OKUBO insisted at first that the capital should be transferred to Osaka as there were many old-fashioned customs related to the old regime in Kyoto.
- 言論の自由・結社の自由や信書の秘密など臣民の権利が、法律の留保のもとで保障されていること(第2章)。
- Rights of subjects such as freedom of speech and association, secrecy of private letters were secured within the limits of the law (Chapter 2).
- また「巻十四の織田氏」までの数篇が現代語訳で、「頼山陽 日本の名著20」中央公論新社で出されている。
- Further, several books up to 'Volume 14, the Oda clan' are published in modern Japanese by Chuokoron-shinsha, Inc. under the title of 'Sanyo RAI Nihon no Meicho [Japanese classic] volume 20.'
- 大正デモクラシーの時代には、貴族院に対する改革・廃止論議が起こり、加藤高明内閣は若干の改正を行った。
- In the Taisho Democracy period, there was a debate about reforming or abolishing the Kizokuin, so Takaaki KATO's Cabinet made some amendments.
- 当時の新聞報道にも、日露戦争を起こすことで収益が上がると軍事行動を支援するような論説が多々見られた。
- In the newspapers of the times, there were a lot of articles likely supporting the military action, telling that the Russo-Japanese War could increase the income.
- 当初は「殺生を慎め」という意味があっただけのいわば精神論的法令であったのだが、違反者が減らなかった。
- At first, it was a spiritual law simply carrying the message 'refrain from taking lives', however the number of offenders did not decrease.
- この論争の後、京都大学教授の佐々木惣一もほぼ同様の説を唱え、美濃部の天皇機関説は学界の通説となった。
- After the argument, Soichi SASAKI, a professor of Kyoto University, proclaimed almost the same theory, and Minobe's Emperor Organ Theory became a popular theory in academic circles.
- 古墳時代には竹野川流域を中心に繁栄しており、独自の王国が存在したとする説もある(丹後王国論を参照)。
- Some believe that during the Kofun period the province prospered along the Takeno-gawa River and had its own kingdom (see also 'Tango Kingdom Hypothesis').
- 寺社の強訴は平安時代から室町時代ごろまで盛んだったが、その後寺社権門体制論の衰退と共に廃れていった。
- Goso at temples and shrines was popular from the Heian period through the Muromachi period, but died out as their authority lost influence over the governing structure.
- 乞食の老女が卒塔婆に腰掛けているのを、高野山の僧が見咎め、説教を始めるが、逆に法論でやり込められる。
- Having found an old beggar woman sitting on a Sotoba (a curved Buddhist statue), a monk of Mt. Koya admonished her and started to give her a lecture; but, on the contrary, the woman quelched him with her argument.
- これは、草創期の日本の鉄道行政を頂点に立って牽引した井上勝が、熱心な鉄道国有論者であったことが大きい。
- The policy was largely due to the fact that Masaru INOUE, who was the leader and the driving force of railway administration in Japan, was an ardent advocate of railway nationalization.
- 2001年に小泉首相の所信表明演説が書籍として出版された際のタイトルは「万機公論に決すべし」であった。
- In 2001 the policy speech of Prime Minister Koizumi was published as a book with the title '万機公論に決すべし (all matters decided by open discussion).'
- 全体的に朱子学に基づいた水戸学=大義名分論とする尊皇論で貫かれており、幕末の思想に大きな影響を与えた。
- Over all, it was written based on the idea of Mitogaku based on Shushigaku which considered that retainers should revere the emperor, and the book greatly influenced thought during the end of the Edo period.
- 大石が御家再興運動や堀部らとの論争をしている頃、江戸幕府では吉良家に対して厳しい処分を下し始めていた。
- While Oishi was working hard for the restoration of the Asano clan and having a dispute with Horibe, the Edo bakufu sentenced Kira to some strict punishments.
- 脱亜論(だつあろん)とは、明治18年(1885年)3月16日、「時事新報」紙上に掲載された社説を指す。
- Datsu-A Ron was an an editorial published in the Japanese newspaper 'Jiji Shinpo' on March 16, 1885.
- ちなみに、小説家の清水義範は、小説中の文学探偵が「脱亜論」を読んだ感想として、次のように語らせている。
- A novelist Yoshinori SHIMIZU let the literature detective in his novel talk about the 'Datsu-A Ron' after reading it as follows:
- またソウル大学教授の李栄薫などによる、日本の統治が近代化を促進したと主張する植民地近代化論も存在する。
- Furthermore, there is the colony modernization theory by Lee Yong-hoon, a professor at Seoul University, and others, arguing that the Japanese rule promoted modernization.
- 水戸学に基づいた尊王論の高まりがあった江戸時代中・後期には新嘗祭など祭祀の再興・復興がさかんになった。
- The renaissance and re-establishment of rituals, including the Harvest Festival, was actively pursued from the middle to the latter half of the Edo period, when the imperialism based on Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) was enhanced.
- 上記の通り、皇位簒奪を行ったのか、あるいは皇位簒奪を目指していたかどうかについては議論が分かれている。
- As mentioned above, it is controversial whether usurpation of the imperial throne did happen or it was just aimed.
- 議論をふっかけた者勝ち、気の強い者勝ちという風潮が強く、試合の議論で正しい結論が導かれるとは限らない。
- There are some tendencies that a player fastens a quarrel first always carries his point or that a tougher one's claim is admitted, therefore, not all the arguments during the games end with right outcomes.
- 法理論争となり、明法博士讃岐永直らが訴状を鑑定して、裁定することになり、結果訴状の受理は違法とされた。
- It caused an argument on the principle of law, Myobo Hakase (an expert of law at the University under the government based on the ritsuryo legal codes), SANUKI no Naganao was to judge the petition and made a decision, as a result, that accepting the petition was decided to be illegal.
- ロシアは遼東半島を日本に奪われることで南満州の海への出口を失うことを恐れ、日本の極東進出阻止を目論んだ。
- Russia wanted to prevent Japan from advancing to the Far East, as it might lose its ports in southern Manchuria if Japan ruled over the Liaodong Peninsula.
- 彼は朱子の理気二元論に異を唱え、理と気は一体不可分であるとし、また「知行合一」を称揚して実践を重視した。
- Cheng Chatoo (Hagok) objected to the dualism of ri and ki advocated by Zhu Xi, instead preaching that ri and ki are inseparable and, extolling 'chigyo goitsu', placed a strong emphasis on practice.
- 公家の中には満祐に同情する者や、赤松氏は朝敵ではなく武家の私戦であるとして反対する議論もあったとされる。
- It is said that some court nobles sympathized with Mitsusuke or that there was a counterargument that the Akamatsu clan was not the Emperor's enemy but the incident was a private warfare between samurai families.
- 京都会議の議長国であった日本には、会議を成功させるという、国内外の世論によるプレッシャーがかかっていた。
- Japan, the host country of Kyoto conference, was pressured to make the conference be a success by public opinions at home and from overseas.
- 慶応3年(1867年)藩論が倒幕に統一され、鳥羽伏見の戦いにおいても洋式軍隊を率い官軍方として参戦した。
- In 1867 after the opinion of people in the domain was integrated into that of overthrowing the bakufu, Takayoshi KUKI took the side of Imperial army commanding western style army at the Battle of Toba and Fushimi.
- ただしこの意見には、平忠常の乱では忠常の息子たちも罪を得ていないので頼遠連座はあり得ないとの反論がある。
- Yet, there is an opposing opinion to it, which claims that it is unthinkable that Yorito was punished for his implication in Tadatsune's revolt on the ground that even Tadatsune's sons were not punished on this occasion.
- この結果、蔵人所は勿論のこと、図書寮や主水司、内蔵寮などの地下官人は出納の支配下に置かれることになった。
- Consequently, the lower ranking officials not only in the Bureau of Archives, but also in the Bureau of the Library, Water Office, Palace Storehouse Bureau were placed under the control of suino.
- この間に立って論難攻撃したり新脚本を書いたりするのは、ルーテルが法王の御教書を焼くと同一の勇気を要する。
- Courage was needed to criticize or write a new script, in this situation, just like when Lutheran burned migyosho (documents for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities) of the Pope.
- 實川延若 (2代目)の団七は、義平次との口論で上下を眺めて「これ、何もおまへんで。何もないさかいに・・」
- Danshichi played by Enjaku JITSUKAWA (the second) looks up and down in a quarrel with Giheiji, 'There is nothing, no, nothing...'
- また、「食文化として一切存在しなかった」「あまねく存在した食文化であった」とする論は正しくないとされる。
- It is also said that the following theories are not true: 'Whale meat-eating culture did not exist,' 'Whale meat-eating culture existed throughout Japan.'
- その後、2度にわたる憲政擁護運動を経て、大正デモクラシーと言われるように言論界も活況を呈するようになる。
- After that, going through two campaigns to defend constitutionalism, the press became active, and this is also known as Taisho democracy.
- その後、武士の起源に関する研究は、職能論などが議論の中心となり、国衙軍制論は半ば忘れられた状態となった。
- After that, research about the origin of samurai was conducted centered on job-function-based theories, and theories based on the kokuga forces system were almost forgotten.
- たとえばマルクス主義的な発展段階論においては周代中国を奴隷社会であるか古代荘園社会であるかが論争となった。
- For example, in the development stage theory of Marx, it is argued whether China in the Zhou period was a slavery society or an ancient manor-based society, therefore, it is not easy to settle the dispute.
- 「実に英、米、仏の自由過激論者の著述のみを金科玉条のごとく誤信し、ほとんど国家を傾けんとする勢いだった。」
- 'They blindly believed only writings of ultra-liberal in Britain, America, and France, and their stream almost swept the nation away.'
- 辰野の教え子、伊東忠太は法隆寺が日本最古の建築であることを学問的に論じ、ここに日本建築史が第一歩を記した。
- The first step in the study of Japanese architectural history occurred when one of Tatsuno's students, Chuta ITO, academically proved that Horyu-ji Temple was Japan's oldest structure.
- 明治六年政変(めいじろくねんせいへん, 1873年(明治6年))は、征韓論に端を発した明治初期の一大政変。
- Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coups of 1873) is a major political change in the early Meiji era caused by Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea).
- 日朝修好条規において、釜山以外に二港を開港するとしながら、どこにするかという具体論になると交渉は難航した。
- The Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity provided that two ports would be opened besides Busan, but negotiations to decide the exact places were proceeding with difficulty.
- 井上毅は大隈案と福澤諭吉の民権論(『民情一新』)との類似点を指摘して、一刻も早い対抗策を出す事を提言した。
- Kowashi INOUE pointed out the similarities between Okuma's proposal and Minken-ron (democratic right theory) ('Minjo-isshin' [The transition of people's way of thinking]) by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and recommended to propose a counter plan as soon as possible.
- 勿論、陶晴賢が実権を掌握し、この大内義長(晴英より改名)を傀儡として頂点に抱くという形で大内氏は存続した。
- Needless to say, Harukata SUE completely grasped the actual power, and the Ouchi clan survived, putting Yoshinaga OUCHI (whose name was changed from Haruhide) at its top as a puppet.
- 最後の藩主である第12代藩主・大村純熈が藩主に就任した時代は幕末であり、藩論は佐幕と勤王に大きく分かれた。
- Sumihiro OMURA became the 12th and last lord in the final days of the Tokugawa shogunate when opinion in the domain was largely divided between support for the Bakufu and support for the pro-imperialists.
- そして、第二次世界大戦に日本が敗北し言論に対するタブーが霧散すると、俄然変死説が論壇をにぎわすようになる。
- After Japan lost World War Ⅱ, when the freedom of speech was returned to society, the theory of the Emperor's unnatural death was suddenly back in the world of criticism.
- 鎖国という言葉は江戸時代の蘭学者である志筑忠雄が享和元年(1801年)の『鎖国論』においてはじめて使用した。
- Tadao SHITSUKI, a Rangakusha (one who studied Western sciences through the Dutch language) in the Edo period, first used the term 'Sakoku' in the book 'Sakoku-ron' (literally: 'theory of national isolation') written in 1801.
- 同日、先陣諸勢は泉南城砦群に接近したが、既に昼を過ぎていたことから即日攻撃か翌日に延期するかで議論になった。
- On the same day, some troops of the vanguard approached castles and forts of Sennan, but since it was afternoon, they began to dispute whether they should begin to attack on that day or the next day.
- 李氏朝鮮との間では国書受け入れを巡って紛争が起こり、1873年政府を二分する論争(いわゆる征韓論)となった。
- The government came into conflict with the Joseon Dynasty of Korea about whether or not they accept the sovereign's message, and then 'Seikanron' (the dispute about conquering Korea by military force) occurred in 1873, dividing the Japanese government.
- ただし、過去の日食を算定した従来の天文学的計算が正しい答えを導いていたかについては近年異論も提出されている。
- However, some people have recently questioned these astronomical calculations.
- 議奏(ぎそう)とは、律令制度のもと、太政官が政務に関して審議し、結論が出た事柄について、天皇に上奏すること。
- Giso means reporting conclusions about state affairs to the throne after deliberation by Dijokan (Grand Council of State) under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 寛永12年(1635年)3月11日、三代将軍徳川家光の目の前で、宗義成、柳川調興の直接の口頭弁論が行われた。
- In 1635, oral proceedings by Yoshinari SO and Shigeoki YANAGAWA were conducted in the presence of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
- こうした「人間の展示」の背後には、当時席巻していた社会進化論と人種差別主義というイデオロギーが介在していた。
- Behind those 'human exhibition', there were ideologies such as evolutionism and racism which spread globally at that time.
- 明治時代の終わりには上杉と美濃部の天皇機関説論争が行われ、大正デモクラシーの時期には立憲学派が優勢となった。
- At the end of the Meiji period, there was the emperor-as-organ theory argument between Uesugi and Minobe and constitutional school sect became predominant during the Taisho democracy.
- 文学における著者や来歴をめぐる問題は、この様に多様な要素を含んでおり、全時代一律に論じることは適切ではない。
- The problems regarding writers and their origins include these various aspects, and they can not be discussed uniformly throughout all ages.
- 在位中の宝暦8年(1758年)に宝暦事件が発生し、朝廷内の尊王論者の若い公卿が幕府によって大量に処罰された。
- The Horei Incident happened in 1758 during his reign, many young Court nobles of the Imperial Palace who were imperialist, were punished by the government.
- 医師の倫理・医学総論・各種疾患に対する療法・保険衛生・養生法・医療技術・医学思想・房中術などから構成される。
- It covers medical ethics, general medicine, therapies for diseases, hygiene, curing methods, the art of medicine, medical philosophy, and bochujutsu (sexual art).
- 黄宗羲は、陽明学左派のようなひたすら唯心的に事柄を論ずる学風を好まず、事実に即した実証的な学問の確立を求めた。
- Huang Zongxi did not approve of the Yomei-gaku left-wing's approach of discussing matters idealistically, and sought to establish empirical scholarship that was based on fact.
- (少なくとも現代日本語で解釈するのは学術的に無意味であり、古代日本語の音韻論を基本に考察しなければならない。)
- (It is, however, academically unsound to interpret the name according modern Japanese standards, as opposed to ancient Japanese phonology.)
- 近年専門の歴史学者によって書かれた書物・論文では、卑弥呼を神話伝説中の誰かにあてるような議論は行われていない。
- In the books and essays written by professional historians in recent years, no attempt is made to identify Himiko with a mythical and legendary personage.
- 同年には使節団が帰国し、征韓論を巡る明治六年の政変で西郷、司法卿江藤新平らが下野し、大久保利通政権が確立する。
- In the same year, the Mission came back to Japan, and SAIGO and the administrator of Ministry of Justice, Shinpei ETO resigned from their post due to the political upheaval of the 6th year of Meiji triggered by Seikanron.
- また、遅々として進まない朝鮮半島の政治改革に「日本が併合してでも改革を推し進めるべきだ」とする世論が台頭した。
- Furthermore, a public opinion stating 'Japan should promote the reform by the annexation' emerged, because the political reform in the Korean Peninsula did not make much progress.
- 「慎機論」などによる幕政批判の罪で渡辺崋山は伝馬町入牢ののち、国元蟄居(その後自殺)、高野長英は入牢となった。
- Kazan WATANABE was put in prison in Denmacho town for criticizing the bakufu in 'Shinkiron' (personal document criticizing the bakufu) and then was confined to his house (later committed suicide), and Choei TAKANO was sent to prison.
- 書契問題を背景として生じた日本国内における「征韓論」の高まりに、大院君が非常な警戒心を抱いたことも一因である。
- Another reason was that Daewongun felt a great cautiousness against the debate over sending a military expedition to Korea in Japan which had occurred from the problem of diplomatic correspondence.
- 「『マルコによる福音書』がペトロに近い人物によって書かれたペトロの論説を伝えているものかどうか」は神学である。
- It is the object of theology to discuss whether 'the Gospel according to Marco' was written by a person near Petro and who reported Petro's comment.
- 「名人、大播磨なら大丈夫」とばかりに山川がやったとしたならなかなかに巧いとも言えるが、あくまで結果論であろう。
- If Yamakawa did the chari expecting that the expert O-harima would be able to use the chari in good way, Yamakawa is considered to have had a good technique; however, this is doubtful.
- 日本国憲法には元首の規定がなく、天皇の地位について議論がなされているが、公式には日本内外で元首として扱われる。
- Since there are no regulations about the head of state in the Constitution of Japan, arguments about the position of the Emperor have taken place, but officially, he is treated as the head of state inside and outside Japan.
- 以後次々に不改常典をめぐる新説が提唱され、論議は非常な活況を呈したが、どれもはっきりした成功をおさめなかった。
- After that, new theories on Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was presented one after another and held active discussions, however, none of them had a relevant success.
- 天皇はかたくなに拒んだが、この間に内裏の火災が相次いだため、道長はこれを天皇の不徳であるとする論法を持ち出す。
- The Emperor consistently refused such request; however, since the Imperial Palace caught fire in succession during this time, Michinaga applied the logic that the successive fires resulted from the Emperor's immorality.
- 戦後の皇籍離脱の論議では、皇室の藩屏が失われるとして反対の論陣を張ったが、昭和22年(1947年)に皇籍離脱。
- During a discussion about secession from the Imperial Family, he took a firm stand against it, because he thought it would take security away from the Family, however he renounced his membership in the Imperial Family in 1947.
- 後三条は、皇統統一をより強固なものとするため、生前に直系男子へ譲位し上皇として政務に当たることを目論んでいた。
- Emperor Gosanjo had planned to pass the throne to a male successor of his direct line before he retired, and he tried to rule politics as an retired Emperor in order to establish a strong basis for unifying the Imperial line.
- 特に、日蓮は立正安国論の中で盛んにこれを喧伝し、政府による国立戒壇の建立によって国家と人々は救済されると説く。
- Especially, Nichiren energetically spread the thought in 'Rissho Ankoku-ron' and preached that the country and people would be saved by erection of the Kokuritsu kaidan (the establishment of the National High Sanctuary).
- 陽明学に反感を持つ朱子学者や日本では誤解され実践重視論として理解されたが、これは本来の意味からずれた理解である。
- This idea has been mistaken by Shushigaku scholars who oppose Yomei-gaku and by Japanese people for the idea of emphasizing practice, which is different from its original meaning.
- この政権は単に箱館政権とも称されるが、主権的な独立や地方割拠を目論んだわけではないので、この呼称は適切ではない。
- This political power is also just called Hakodate Government, but this naming is not appropriate because it did never aim at a sovereign independence nor defending local authority.
- これに対して呂振羽は殷を奴隷制、周代を封建制の社会だとして反論し、この論争は結論を見ないままに終わることになる。
- Lu Zhenyu opposed the idea, insisting that Yin was a slavery society and Zhou was a Hoken system-based society, but the argument ended without conclusion.
- 仏教の発展は、遣唐使にしたがって留学した道慈(三論宗)や玄ボウ(法相宗)ら学問僧たちの努力によるところが大きい。
- Development of Buddhism was owed largely to the efforts of gakumonso (literally, studying monks) such as Doji (of the Sanron sect) and Genbo (of the Hosso sect) who accompanied the envoys to Tang to study.
- 勿論、禁中並公家諸法度によって大政を委任された幕府が朝廷に内部に干渉し、これを統制する権限を得た事は間違いない。
- It is needless to say that the bakufu, which was delegated the administration of the country by 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto,' undoubtedly secured the power to interfere and control the imperial court.
- 特に、沖縄県出身の言論人太田朝敷が、抗議の中心となり、沖縄県全体に非難の声が広がり、県出身者の展覧を止めさせた。
- In particular, Chofu OTA, a media figure from Okinawa, led the protest movement, raising a chorus of complaints throughout Okinawa Prefecture, which put an end to the display of the Okinawa people.
- この諸隊の編制や訓練には高杉らが学んだ松下村塾の塾主・吉田松陰の『西洋歩兵論』などの影響があると指摘されている。
- It was pointed out that the organization and the training of those Choshu Domain's troops was influenced by 'The Theory of Western Foot Soldiers' written by Shoin YOSHIDA who was the school manager of the Shokason Juku TAKASUGI studied at.
- その論争(反論)には決まって、妥協案が他にない、というものがあり、妥協的な名称としての側面も持っていると言える。
- Counterarguments always included that there is no other plan of compromise; therefore, it can be said that naming of cities, towns, and villages with old provincial names has the aspect of compromise.
- 天賦人権論に基づき、基本的人権を保護し民撰議院設立を政府に要求することが当面の政治課題の第一であると謳っている。
- They asserted that the first goal of their political challenges at that time were to protect basic human rights based on the theory of Tenpujinken-ron (the theory of the human rights given by the heaven) and to require the government to establish the congress of representatives elected by the commoners.
- 明治8年(1875年)に執筆した『文明論之概略』の「西洋の文明を目的とす」の一節にて、以下の持論を展開している。
- ' ' => ' '
- また2000年(平成12年)および2008年(平成20年)には海外誌Geneに第一著者として論文が掲載されている
- Moreover, with his name listed under the first author, two theses were published on the foreign magazine 'Gene' in 2000 and 2008 separately.
- 当主がたった一人の従者と揉め事を起こし、口論の挙句屋敷内で殺害してしまう事件を起こすなど、家運は振るわなかった。
- The family was ill-fated because, for example, the head of the family had trouble with the only servant of his, and after having a quarrel he killed the servant in his residence.
- そのため、以下に述べるのはあくまで一般論である(さらに部位ごとにも味は異なるが、これは後述の鯨肉の名称を参照)。
- Therefore, what is described below is basically a generalization (furthermore, the taste of whale meat is differ from a part of whale to another, and for this matter, refer to the name of whale meat to be described later).
- これに対して日本では内藤湖南により魏晋南北朝時代・隋唐時代を封建制の時代とすべきと言う論が出された(唐宋変革論)。
- In response, Konan NAITO in Japan proposed the view that the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the period of Sui and Tang should be regarded as periods of the Hoken system (the Tang-Song Transition Thesis).
- 卑弥呼が、『古事記』や『日本書紀』に書かれている誰にあたるか、またあたらないかが、江戸時代ころから議論されていた。
- Since the Edo period, there has been much debate about which records in the 'Kojiki' (the Records of Ancient Matters) or the 'Nihonshoki' (the Chronicles of Japan) can be identified with Himiko.
- (好太王碑 最古の拓本発見 旧日本陸軍入手のものと一致 「改竄論争に終止符」読売新聞 2006年4月12日12面)
- (Inscription on the Gwanggaeto Stele; the oldest engraved print found; it is identical to the one retrieved by the old Imperial Japanese Army; 'Put a period to the Debate about the Alteration'; the Yomiuri Shimbun, April 12, 2006, page 12.)
- 国会期成同盟では国約憲法論を掲げ、その前提として自ら憲法を作ろうと翌1881年までに私案を持ち寄ることを決議した。
- The Kokkai Kisei Domei took the stance that a constitution should be formulated through wide-ranging consultation rather than granted from above and voted that they would prepare drafts by next year 1881.
- しかしユーザーにして見れば「何だか判らない不都合(競合)」であり、問題の判別は勿論、異常個所の修正は困難を極める。
- However, this is an 'incomprehensible inconvenience (competing)' from users' point of view and the adjustment of the problematic parts is extremely difficult, not to mention understanding the cause of the problem.
- 一方、自由民権運動は3月に起きたロシア帝国のアレクサンドル2世暗殺事件の影響で過激な論調が現れるようになっていた。
- On the other hand, in the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, radical opinions were expressed after assassination of Alexander II of the Russia Empire in March.
- しかし、全国的に似たような埋納のされ方なので、慌てて隠したのであればいろいろな埋め方があるはず、という反論がある。
- However, a counterargument says that if they had hid them in a hurry, various ways of burying would be found but the ways are similar all over the country.
- そしてこれら一代要記等の史料と日本書紀は編纂された時代も性質も異なり、同列で比較するのはおかしいという反論もある。
- Also there is criticism against the theory, which says that it is not right to compare papers like 'Ichidai Yoki' with 'Nihonshoki' in equal measure because they were compiled in different times and under different situations.
- しかし、戦後になると経済優先の政策により徐々に景観が破壊され、街並みが壊されることに対する景観論争も起こっている。
- However, since World War II policies designed to prioritize the economy have been implemented, and as a result the landscape has gradually been destroyed, stirring up a debate on the issue of landscape.
- 最近は従来の説を根本から覆すような論は発表されていないが、だからといって上代母音についての結論が出たわけではない。
- Recently no study has been published in which the previous theories were denied fundamentally, but it does not necessarily mean we have reached conclusion concerning ancient Japanese vowels.
- 試合前に礼を行うなど、礼を重視しているにもかかわらず、礼節を欠いた議論が多いことは目を背けてはならない事実だろう。
- During the games many arguments lacking sense of propriety arise, even though Kyogi Karuta greatly emphasizes propriety including the bows before the game; this fact should not be ignored.
- 慶喜は条約勅許・兵庫開港問題を巡って在京の諸藩士を集めて世論をまとめ、朝廷に条約勅許を認めさせた(兵庫開港は延期)。
- Yoshinobu successfully led the court to give consent by holding a meeting consisting of members of clans based in Kyoto regarding the issue of opening Hyogo port and the permission for that, creating public opinion strong enough to persuade even the emperor (the opening of Hyogo port was delayed).
- このような状況下、前年の八月十八日の政変以降影響力を減退していた尊王攘夷派の中心・長州藩では、京都への進発論が沸騰。
- Under these circumstances, in Choshu domain, which had been the center of the Sonno Joi Movement but started to wane after the Coup of August 18 in the previous year, debate began over a proposed move to Kyoto.
- 中でも、温室効果ガスの削減の具体的手法、数値目標については、各国の意見が対立する例が多く、個人レベルでも議論がある。
- Among them, as for specific measures and numerical goals for the reduction of greenhouse gases, there are lots of clashes of opinions among countries and also among individuals.
- 信仰のあり方は一神教的な救済論的なものではなく、習俗的な穏やかなものであり、自らを「信者」とはみなさない場合も多い。
- The style of their religion is not based on monotheistic theories of salvation but instead on moderate custom, and there are many people who don't regard themselves as 'devotees'.
- 神武天皇即位の翌年、東征の論幸行賞として築坂邑(橿原市鳥屋町付近)に宅地を賜わり、特に目をかけられたと記されている。
- It is documented that the next year of Emperor Jinmu's enthronement, he was granted a residential estate in Tsukisakamura (the vicinity of Toriya-machi, Kashihara City), which was an extremely preferential treatment, as an award based on the evaluation of the merit he had achieved during Tosei (the eastern expedition).
- なお、2006年(平成18年)、男性の皇族としては41年ぶりに悠仁親王が誕生し、皇室典範改正の議論は沈静化している。
- Meanwhile, in 2006, there was born Imperial Prince Hisahito as a male member of the Imperial family for the first time in 41 years and the discussion about amendment of the Imperial House Act has calmed down.
- また、明治40年(1907年)には全華族に対して華族の世襲を禁止するという意見書を配り、谷干城と激しい論争になった。
- Furthermore, in 1907, he distributed a paper to urge the prohibition against the succession of the kazoku status to all kazoku, at a result, a considerable debate aouse between him and Takeki TANI.
- 有坂秀世は1934年の論文「古代日本語における音節結合の法則」で、上代特殊仮名遣いに関する次のような法則を発表した。
- Hideyo ARISAKA published in 1934 an article called 'The Laws of the Combination of Syllables in Ancient Japanese', in which he pointed out the following laws concerning Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai.
- そこで、天智が定め、歴代天皇が踏襲した重要法典ならば近江令に違いないと考えられたもので、精密な議論は存在しなかった。
- Therefore, everybody thought that there could be little doubt that such an important code instituted by Tenchi and followed by the successive emperors was nothing but Omi-Ryo, and there were no precise discussions.
- 軽皇子(文武天皇)が若年で立太子したときに、皇族内で異論があったことは、奈良時代に作られた『懐風藻』に記されている。
- 'Kaifuso' (Fond Recollections of Poetry) published in the Nara period reported that there were some objections within the imperial family, when Prince Karu was invested in the Crown Prince at a young age.
- 尊王論は、武力(覇道)をもって支配する「覇」(覇者)に対し、徳(王道)をもって支配する「王」(王者)を尊ぶことを説く。
- In imperialism, respect for the 'emperor' who is said to govern his people with virtue, justice and benevolence is advocated, over respect for 'supremacy' or a supreme ruler who governs his people with military force (military rule).
- その反面、農家が土地を収奪され、困窮した人々が満州や日本国内、沿海州などへ移住する結果となってしまったとする論もある。
- Some argued that, on the other hand, peasants were deprived of their land, and impoverished people ended up moving to Manchuria, the mainland in Japan and Russian Maritime Province.
- 戦後の論功行賞は、非難の的だった鹿児島出身将校に厚く、勇戦した他藩出身者に薄かったため、1人の将校が抗議の切腹をした。
- The postwar grant of honors was greater to officers, native to Kagoshima Prefecture who were targets of criticism and smaller to those from other domains who fought bravely, which caused one officer to commit seppuku for protest.
- 日本統治時代の台湾は植民地型経済構造であり、総論的には台湾の資源と労働力を日本内地の発展のために利用していたと言える。
- The economy of Taiwan under Japanese rule was a colonial economy, which means that Japan used the resources and labors of Taiwan for the domestic development of mainland Japan.
- 737年には新羅征討が議論に上ったが、藤原武智麻呂ら4兄弟が相次いで没したため、この時には現実のものとはならなかった。
- In 737, a punitive expedition to Silla was discussed, but due the successive deaths of FUJIWARA no Muchimaro and his three brothers it was not materialized.
- しかし、条約交渉において清の全権李鴻章は、日本軍は台湾本土に入っておらず、その割譲要求は筋が通らないと大いに反論した。
- However, Li Hung Chang given full authority argued strongly that the Japanese troops had not entered the main island of Taiwan and thus Japan's request for the cessation of Taiwan was not reasonable.
- 貴族院出身者の多くは、憲法への賛成は占領下の便宜的な態度であるとして、のちに日本国憲法憲法改正論議論者となっていった。
- Most ex-Kizokuin councilors insisted that agreeing to the Constitution had been just for convienience and became advocates for the revision of the Constitution of Japan.
- 宮本小一はそれを忠実に提案し、朝鮮側は国際法の常識に欠けていたため反論せず、そのまま無関税体制が敷かれることになった。
- Okazu MIYAMOTO proposed it faithfully, and Korea did not oppose it because of their ignorance of the international law, so the customs-fee system was established.
- 明治より今日まで議論百出で未だ定説はないが、泰■四年を泰始四年として468年を当てる説や、369年とする説などがある。
- Since the Meiji period, various opinions has been advanced and an established theory does not appear yet, but there are opinions that the fourth year of Tai** should be the fourth year of Taishi, or that it should be the year of 369.
- しかし、遺跡ごとに用途・保管方法や埋納の事情は異なっていたと考えられるため、すべての銅鐸を一律に論じる事は危険である。
- However, it is dangerous to discuss all dotaku in a single uniform way because the purpose, the storage method and conditions of burial probably varied depending on the sites.
- しかし、特に戦前では、不敬罪・治安維持法などの存在などから、皇室の権威にかかわる問題について論争が自由にできなかった。
- But, especially during the prewar period, the idea of lese majesty and the Peace Preservation Law prevented people from discussing the validity of the unbroken Imperial line.
- 一部の出版物及び印刷物において、敬称を用いない三人称として「平成天皇」が用いられる事があるが、これには賛否両論がある。
- In some publications and printed matters, 'Heisei Tenno' (the Emperor Heisei) is used as the third person without using the title of honor and there are arguments for and against this.
- そのうち一部では、「天皇家は朝鮮民族の血筋を引いている」、「皇室百済起源論」などの論理を大きく飛躍させる報道があった。
- From a certain news report there was an exaggerated comment stating that the Royal Family is descended from ethnic Koreans or that the Royal Family's origin started from Paekche and so on.
- 「女系」論の立場からすると、第44代元正天皇は母親である第43代元明天皇から皇位を譲られており、母親のみが天皇である。
- From the perspective of the `Female-line' theory, the forty-fourth Emperor Gensho was given the imperial throne by his mother, the forty-third Emperor Genmei who was the Emperor at the time.
- 現今の女性天皇の議論において「神道儀礼」について加味されないのは、祭祀継承を旨とする天皇家を無視すると言う批判もある。
- In the current argument about female Emperors, since the 'Shinto ceremony' was not discussed, there is some criticism that there was no consideration by the Imperial Family who succeeded the ritual.
- 同様に離脱していたオーストラリアでは世論の高まりを受けて総選挙により政権交代し、直後の 2007年12月3日に批准した。
- However in Australia, which had not ratified the Kyoto Protocol likewise, change of government took place through a nationwide election and immediately after that the new government ratified the protocol on December 3, 2007.
- 一方、日本政府と国内世論は士族反乱や立憲制確立を巡る議論に注目が移り、かつての征韓派も朝鮮問題への関心を失いつつあった。
- Meanwhile, the attention of the Japanese government and domestic public opinion shifted to the issues that related to the Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and establishment of constitutional system, and gradually former Seikan-ha were losing their interest on Korean issues.
- しかし、これらは次第に考慮されなくなってきており、平成の大合併期には、強引な名称決定に論争が起きた事例も少なくなかった。
- However, these conditions have not come to be considered gradually, and at the time of big consolidation in Heisei period, controversies occurred in many cases in which municipality names were forcibly decided.
- 物部氏の没落によって欽明天皇以来の崇仏廃仏論争に決着が付き、法興寺(飛鳥寺)や四天王寺などの、造寺事業を積極的に行った。
- The fall of the Mononobe clan settled the controversy which had started in Emperor Kinmei's time over whether to worship or to abandon Buddhism, and Emperor Sushun actively undertook the construction of temples, including Hoko-ji Temple (Asuka-dera Temple) and Shitenno-ji Temple.
- 建武_(日本)・暦応年間頃に備前において布教活動をしていた大覚(日像門人)に宗論を挑んで敗れた松田元喬がこれを保護した。
- After Mototaka MATSUDA challenged Daikaku (a disciple of Nichizo), who was doing missionary work in Bizen during Kenmu and Rekio era (1334-1341), on a religious debate and lost, and he protected this.
- 「高時が団十郎の似顔にかかれてあるは勿論、それをひき廻している天狗どもが、すべて求古会員に擬えてあるというのであった。」
- `Aside from Takatoki looking like Danjuro's, all the Tengu that dragged Takatoki about resembled members of Kyuko.'
- しかし、大正14年(1925年)には普通選挙法と同時に治安維持法が公布され、国体の変革を包含する言論や運動が禁止された。
- However in 1925, the Maintenance of Public Order Law was proclaimed along with the Universal Manhood Suffrage Act, and speeches and activities containing changes of national polity were prohibited.
- 最近の皇室典範改正論議で、皇位継承の危機への対策の先例として、欣子内親王の例を取り上げる人も多い(皇位継承問題を参照)。
- There are some people who talk about Imperial Princess Yoshiko as a precedent to avoid the crisis of discontinuation of Imperial succession when there was a recent argument about improving the Imperial Family (Household) Law.
- 歴史学界では、女性天皇は皇統(皇室の男子血統)の断絶を忌避し、男系での継承を維持したという「女帝中継ぎ論」が通説である。
- Throughout history, there is the generally known theory of 'female Emperor's temporarily succeeding' to avoided the discontinuation of the Imperial lineage (Imperial male line), and to keep the Imperial succession in the male line.
- 勿論、財産関係の目録も作成され、所領や財産の生前または死後に譲渡するために作成された譲状・処分状も目録の形式となっている。
- Mokuroku relating to assets were also made, and deeds of assignment (yuzurijo or shobunjo), which were made in order to transfer territory and assets before or after a death, were made in the form of mokuroku.
- 第二次大戦後には、東京大学に本拠を置く歴史学研究会の唯物史観を基にした時代区分法(東京学派)との間で激しい論争が行われた。
- After World War II, they fiercely debated with the Tokyo school that had a method of dividing the historical ages based on a materialist view of history by the Historical Science Society of Japan headquartered in Tokyo University.
- 特に明の東林党や遺老の学が有名であり、そこでは官僚が責任者として自発的に地方統治を行うための制度として封建制が議論された。
- In particular, the Donglin movement and Iro no gaku in the Min period are famous, where the hoken system was discussed as a system for bureaucrats to voluntarily govern local areas as their responsibility.
- 強硬論の平野、河上らに圧されて解散は思いとどまるが、13日夜に肝心の主将の沢宣嘉が解散派とともに本陣から脱走してしまった。
- Dissolution of the army was desisted by the pressures from hard-liners like Hirano and Kawakami but the crucial commander-in-chief Nobuyoshi SAWA, together with the pro-dissolution-party, fled from the headquarter on the night of 13.
- その後も一君万民論は朝野における思想的底流として根強く、断続的に天皇の権威強化と皇室以外の身分特権の縮小がなされていった。
- Meantime, as the Ikkunbanmin-ron theory was still robust as an undercurrent ideology at the court and among ordinary people, the authority of the emperor was consequently reinforced, and the privileges to the nobles other than the Imperial Family became gradually reduced.
- 尚歯会で議論される内容は当時の蘭学の主流であった医学・語学・数学・天文学にとどまらず、政治・経済・国防など多岐にわたった。
- The topics discussed in the Shoshikai covered a wide range of fields, not only merely medical science which was a mainstream of Western learning then, language, mathematics, astronomy, but also politics, economics, and national defense.
- 尊王攘夷論は、天皇を中心とした政治体制を築き、対外的に独立を保とうという政治思想となり、幕末の政治状況を大きく揺るがせた。
- The Sonno-joi became a political thought to establish a system with the Emperor at its center and to keep independence from foreign powers and destabilized the political situation at the end of the Edo period on a grand scale.
- 義満の皇位簒奪説は、一方で皇統の正当性は上皇としての立場ではなく血統により発生するという反論もあり、疑問視する声も根強い。
- There is a persistent opposing view that doubts Yoshimitsu's usurpation of the imperial throne, as the rightness of the imperial line takes place by blood line rather than from a standpoint of the Retired Emperor.
- ために、「士族の商法」と呼ばれた慣れない商売に失敗して没落する士族が続出し、政府への不満は征韓論や西南戦争へ繋がっていく。
- As a result of this, people in the warrior class failed in their unaccustomed businesses called 'shizoku no shoho' (former-samurai way of business) one after another, and the discontent with the government led to the argument for Seikanron (the conquest of Korea) and the outbreak of the Seinan War
- 』との反論、また「日本書紀」と指摘されているその他歴史書は編纂された時代も性質も異なる為、同一には扱えないとの意見もある。
- Some people have said that because 'Chronicles of Japan (Nihon Shoki)' and other indicated history books are edited in different years and they are different in character, they cannot be treated alike.'
- まず最初に学問的に暗殺説を論じたのは、『孝明天皇は病死か毒殺か』『孝明天皇と中川宮』などの論文を発表したねずまさしである。
- It was Masashi NEZU who first argued scholarly about the theory of the Emperor's assassination, he published an essay of 'Did Emperor Komei die of disease or poison?' 'Emperor Komei and Nakagawanomiya'
- この場合の家来には武士のみならず中間や下男下女などの武士以外の奉公人も含まれた(理論的には日雇いの奉公人も対象となった)。
- In this case, servants included not only warriors but also non-warrior servants such as Chugen, manservants, and maid servants (theoretically, servants included day workers).
- しかし、室町幕府の五山や江戸幕府の寺院諸法度と比較しても、それを「国家仏教」とまで呼べるのかについては議論が残されている。
- However, comparing with gosan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or the Jiin Shohatto (laws for temples) of Edo bakufu, whether it may be called 'National Buddhism' remains debatable.
- 前者は政治・経済・軍事といった諸方面から国家のあり方を論じたもので、特に皇帝専制政治批判は舌鋒鋭く、清末に至り再評価された。
- The former book describes how the nation should be from various viewpoints including political, economical, and militarily, sharply criticizes the autocracy of the Emperor, and was re-evalued at the end of the Qing period.
- しかし、政府はこれらの私擬憲法を持ち寄り議論することなく、大日本帝国憲法を起草したため、憲法に直接反映されることはなかった。
- However, since the government drafted the Constitution of the Empire of Japan without discussing public ideas, they were not reflected in the constitution at all.
- 1966年3月から同年6月にかけて8回の口頭弁論が開かれ、文化厚生会館の管理権をめぐって朝田府連と部落問題研究所が対立する。
- From March, 1966 to June of the same year, eight oral pleadings were held and the Asada Furen and the Institute of Buraku Problem disputed over the custodial right of the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall.
- ただし、これらの改革は急激に行われたため矛盾も少なくなく、士族や農民の不満を招いたため、後の征韓論につながったとも言われる。
- However, these rapid reforms had many contradictions and many warrior-class people and farmers were unsatisfied, and it is said that these reforms led to 'Seikanron' (the policy of conquering Korea by military force).
- もっとも、当時、経綸の語は一般に馴染みのある語ではなく、江戸版の太政官日誌では経綸を経論と誤記しケイロンとルビを振っていた。
- However, at that time the phrase 経綸 (the administration of affairs of state) was not familiar to common people, in Daijokan nittshi of Edo version it was written wrongly as 経論 with wrong pronunciation 'keiron('keirin'is right pronunciation of the word).'
- 「女論」の詳細は『将門記』に欠落があって不明だが、前常陸国大掾源護の娘、もしくは良兼の娘を巡る争いであったと考えられている。
- The details of the dispute are not clear due to a missing part in the 'Shomonki' (The Chronicle of Masakado), but the subject of the dispute is believed to be either the daughter of MINAMOTO no Mamoru, the former Daijo (an official of the Third Rank) of Hitachi Province or the daughter of Yoshikane.
- またよく間違えられることであるが、福澤諭吉は署名著作・時事新報論説のすべてにおいて「入欧」という言葉を一度も使用していない。
- Many people still misunderstand, but Yukichi FUKUZAWA never used the expression 'Enter Europe' in all his literally works and editorials of Jijishinpo (Japanese newspaper).
- しかし世論的には未だ「へいじょう」が一般的であり、奈良県の進める平城遷都1300年記念事業も「へいじょう」と発音されている。
- However, the name 'Heijo' is still commonly used, and Commemorative Events of the 1300th Anniversary of Nara Heijo-kyo Capital organized by Nara Prefecture also uses the term 'Heijo.'
- しかし、査読を経た学術論文で九州王朝説を扱ったものは皆無であり、九州王朝説に賛同を表明した歴史学者及び考古学者は存在しない。
- However, there is no peer-reviewed paper on the subject of the Kyushu dynasty, neither was there a historian, nor an archaeologist who accepts this theory.
- 天皇機関説は、明治時代の終わりから頃までの30年余りにわたって、憲法学の通説とされ、政治運営の基礎的理論とされた学説である。
- The Emperor Organ Theory had been regarded as a popular theory in the Study of Constitution over 30 years from the end of Meiji Period, and it was a basic theory related to management of politics.
- 織田氏との同盟関係を構築しながらも以前からの朝倉氏との同盟も堅持していたため、どちらの支援に加わるかで家論が割れたのである。
- Because, the Azai clan was tightly keeping the alliance with the Asakura clan as well as building the alliance with the Oda clan, thus the opinion within the family was split over the decision which side to support.
- 』との反論、『古代においては珍しくなかった空位(実際、天武の前後に在位していた天智・持統も称制をしき、直ちに即位しなかった。
- It was usual to have no successor to the Imperial Throne for some period (in fact, Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) and Empress Jito, who were in power before and after Emperor Temmu, took control of the government without having an enthronement ceremony).
- 江戸時代後期には、江戸幕府の全国統治は天皇から徳川将軍家への委任関係に由来するという大政委任論と呼ばれる学説が唱えられていた。
- In the late Edo period, there was a theory called taisei-ininron saying that the government of the country by the Edo bakufu derived from a delegation from the emperors to the Tokugawa Shogun family.
- 攘夷論のいまだおさまらぬ慶応4年2月15日 (旧暦)(1868年3月8日)、フランス領事一行は大阪から陸路、堺に入ろうとした。
- On March 8, 1868, when people who supported the principle of excluding foreigners were still active, the party of the French consulate was entering Sakai from Osaka by land.
- これは日英同盟の解消や軍縮の要求などにつながり、黄禍論の高まりと共に、後の第二次世界大戦を引き起こす日米対立の第一歩となった。
- This situation led to the termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, demands for arms reduction, along with a rise in anti-immigration sentiments reflected in popular hysteria over the 'Yellow Peril,' which set the stage for a series of confrontations between Japan and the United States that would lead to the Second World War.
- 「福沢の「脱亜論」をもって彼のアジア蔑視観の開始であるとか、彼のアジア侵略論の開始であるとかいう評論ほど見当違いなものはない」
- 'Therefore, it is a total misunderstanding to see the 'Datsu-A Ron' as the beginning of Fukuzawa's disrespect against other Asian countries or the beginning of his Asia invasion theory.'
- 逆にこのような年号を持ちながら、邪馬台国=九州説論者の主張のようにこの鏡が邪馬台国と無関係とするならば、それこそ不自然である。
- On the contrary, the theory that this mirror was not related to the Yamatai-Koku kingdom despite the name of the era as maintained by researchers who advocate Yamatai-Koku kingdom in Kyushu region is rather inconsistent.
- 民権運動の盛り上がりに対し、政府は讒謗律、新聞紙条例の公布(1875年)、集会条例(1880年)など言論弾圧の法令で対抗した。
- As the movement intensified, the government issued a series of laws and regulations, including the Zamboritsu (Defamation Law), the Shinbunshi Jorei (Press Regulations) in 1875, and the Shukai Jorei (Assembly Regulations) in 1880, that suppressed free speech.
- そのため単なる精神論を越えて監視社会化してしまい、この結果、「悪法」として一般民衆からは幕府への不満が高まったものと見られる。
- In this way, the law went beyond the spiritualism, the society was put under surveillance, and as the result, it is thought that dissatisfaction with the bad law among people in general was heightened against government.
- しかし、これには反論があり「祭るための宝物ならそれなりの扱いを受けるはずで、そのような施しは見受けられない」ということである。
- But a counterargument says that if they were treasures for ritual purposes, they must have been treated in such a way but no marks indicating this are found.
- たとえば明治の歴史学者那珂通世は『日本書紀』の記述を批判して、記紀の紀年は「辛酉革命説」に基づく編者の創作であろうと論考した。
- For example, a historian Michiyo NAKA in the Meiji period criticized the description in Nihonshoki and explained that Kinen in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki had probably been made up by the editor on the basis of 'Shinyu-kakumei-setsu' (a prediction of revolution in Kanototori of the Chinese astrological calendar).
- 「必然的なものでも、例外なしに起こるものでもなかった」うえ、それらの変化が起こった詳しい原因についてはいまだ論争が続いている。
- It is neither an inevitable change nor a one which occurs without exception, and a debate still continues as to detailed reasons why such a change occurred.
- また、仮名 (文字)の使い分けが音韻の違いに結びつくという結論付けがなされていなかったこともあり、注目を集めることはなかった。
- Furthermore it did not reach any conclusion to connect the distinction of the types of phonetic characters with the difference of phonemes, and thus did not draw much attention.
- ちなみに、現在 Saccharomyces cerevisiaeに分類されている酵母でも、その分類に異論を唱える専門家もいる。
- For your information, some experts dispute about yeasts that have already been classified under Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- また、在位年数を十年とする史料が『梅松論』しか存在しないことから、和談においては皇太子即位しか決まらなかったとする見解もある。
- Furthermore, since only 'Baishoron' (Historical tale compiled in 1349) shows that the period of reign was made ten years, some believe that only the decision on the heir to the throne was made as a Compromise.
- 皇位継承法論者でも、森田悌は、不改常典は複数の内容を持ち、一部に皇位継承に関する法、他に皇位に関する法があったとする説もある。
- Tei MORITA, one of the supporters of the imperial succession code theory, argues that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten includes plural contents and one of them is the law related to the imperial succession, and he also supposed that the code contains another law related to the Imperial Throne.
- 食国法は国家統治の法律と解することに異論はないので、当時の国家統治の法、すなわち最初の令として制定された近江令のこととされる。
- Since there is no objection that the law of the nation's governance is a law formulated to rule the nation, this can be the law for the governance of the nation at that time, or that means, Omi-Ryo instituted as the administrative code for the first time.
- また同時期書かれた梁の『徳育鑑』や「論私徳」(代表作『新民説』の一節)には、井上哲次郎の『日本陽明学派之哲学』の影響が見られる。
- 'De Yu Jian' and the 'Lun Si De' chapter of Liang Qichao's important work 'Xin Min Shuo', written during this period, show the influence of Tetsujiro INOUE's 'Nihon Yomei-gakuha no Tetsugaku'.
- それゆえに、信玄・謙信は、所詮は地方大名にすぎず、天下人となった信長、秀吉の方が器量は遥かに上であると断ずる作家や評論家は多い。
- Therefore, many novelists and critics judge that Shingen and Kenshin were merely local daimyo and that Nobunaga and Hideyoshi were by far superior to them in ability.
- 大正デモクラシーは戦後民主主義を形成する遺産として大きな意味を持ったと指摘する論者もエドウィン・O・ライシャワーをはじめ数多い。
- There are many, including Edwin O. REISCHAUER, who argue that the Taisho Democracy holds great significance as the heritage that laid the foundation for postwar democracy in Japan.
- 当時の明治政府では、朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論などで対立があり、樺山資紀や鹿児島県参事の大山綱良ら薩摩藩藩閥は台湾出兵を建言していた。
- At that time, the Meiji Government was divided over ideas such as Seikanron, a proposal to subjugate Korea, in which Satsuma domain clique including Sukenori KABAYAMA and Kagoshima Prefectural councilor Tsunayoshi OYAMA were suggesting that Japan dispatch troops to Taiwan.
- 郭沫若はその著書『中国古代社会史研究』の中に於いて中国史に発展段階論を適用し、周を奴隷制の時代とし、春秋時代以降を封建制とした。
- Guo Moruo applied the development stage theory to Chinese history in his book 'Studies on the Ancient Society of China' and defined Zhou as a slavery period and the Hoken system took hold after the Chunqiu period.
- 「脱亜論」の約3週間前の明治18年(1885年)2月23日と2月26日に掲載された論説に、「朝鮮独立党の処刑(前・後)」がある。
- There was an editorial called 'Chosen Dokuritsu-to no Shokei (I & II)' (Executions of the members of the Korean Independent Party), published on the 23rd and the 26th of February, 1885, about three weeks before the 'Datsu-A Ron.'
- 仏教の摂取と流布に大いに貢献した蘇我氏とこれに反対する物部氏との対立(崇仏論争)はのちに蘇我馬子と物部守屋との間での戦乱を招く。
- A dispute over the adoption of Buddhism between the Soga clan, who had greatly contributed to dissemination of Buddhism in Japan, and their opponents, the Mononobe clan led to conflict between SOGA no Umako and MONONOBE no Moriya.
- 占いは必ずしも理知的ではない論理に基づいた、言い換えればあやふやなものではあるが、娯楽としての要素もあり、大衆に親しまれている。
- The fortune-telling is based on a theory which is not necessarily logical, which is to say unreliable; however, it has an aspect as an entertainment and it is popular among people.
- 当時、長子相続制が一般的になりつつあり、その論理に従えば道家の長男の子孫の九条家こそが家督を継ぐべき嫡流に当たるというのである。
- At that time, primogeniture was becoming the common practice, and Tsunenori claimed that according to primogeniture the Kujo Family, the descendant of the eldest son of Michiie, should inherit the family estate.
- 発表は9月であるがこれが執筆されたのは同年2月であり、「定説」であった8母音説に対する反論がほぼ同じ時期に執筆されたことになる。
- It was published in September but written in February of the same year, and thus the criticisms on the 'established theory', the theory of eight vowels, were written almost in the same period.
- 取り上げられている諸家の評論の取捨選択に空海の主観が入っているとはいえ、そこに引用されている文章はすべて唐土の文人のものである。
- Although concerned comments of each family were chosen depending on Kukai's own point of view, all sentences cited were written by Chinese men of literature.
- 「日本人と対等に扱う政策であった」との擁護論があるが、日本人化するという発想自体が日本人を優位と見るものであり、差別の証拠である。
- There is a theory that advocates it as a 'policy treating them equally to the Japanese' but the concept of Japanization itself considers Japanese being superior, presenting an evidence of discrimination.
- 前段の「智識を世界に求め」については、前述の横井小楠「国是三論」に「智識を世界万国に取て」とあり、ここから採られたものとみられる。
- Regarding 'knowledge shall be sought throughout the world' in the first part, it seemed to have been adopted from 'knowledge shall be taken from the world' from above mentioned Kokuze Sanron by Shonan YOKOI
- また論功行賞と秩序回復のため新たな制度の構築、すなわち服制の改定、八色の姓(やくさのかばね)の制定、冠位制度の改定などが行われた。
- Also a new system was established for rewards and re-establishment of order; revision of dress code system, established Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles), revision of Kan-i system (office and rank system).
- この時期発表された著名な論文として、施行延期派のものは増島六一郎の『法学士会ノ意見ヲ論ズ』、江木衷の『民法草案財産編批評』がある。
- Well-known theses published at that time by the Seko-enki-ha Group included 'Hogakushi Kai no Iken-wo Ronzu' (Discussing opinions from the School of Law Alumni Association) by Rokuichiro MASUJIMA and 'Minpo Soan Zaisan Hen Hihyo' (Critique on property ownership under the draft Civil Law) by Makoto EGI.
- 逆にこの「小路騒動(こうじそうどう)」と呼ばれた闘争を契機に藩論が一気に尊皇倒幕へと統一され、在郷家臣団を含む倒幕軍が結成された。
- This battle known as the 'Koji disorder' had the unintended effect of unifying opinion in the domain behind pro-imperialism, and an army was organized for the overthrow of the bakufu and their subordinates in the region.
- この投書が掲載されてから、「物論(ぶつろん)漸く鎭(しづ)まりて爾来(じらい)世間に攻撃(こうげき)の聲を聞かず」という事になった。
- Since those postings, the barrage of criticism ceased, and the situation became quire calm.
- また、家康は林羅山に湯王武王 (周)放伐論の是非を問うなど、主家である豊臣家を討つことの倫理的な問題をどう解決すべきか苦悩している。
- Ieyasu also felt anguish about how he could solve an ethical problem of destroying the Toyotomi family, his master family, asking Razan HAYASHI about right and wrong of To-O (Tang Wang)/Bu-O (Wu Wang) (Zhou Dynasty China) Hobatsu-ron (a theory in ancient China about expelling a disqualified prince).
- 発祥は異なるが、「マイクロクレジット」と呼ばれる開発途上国の個人に対する融資も、同様に共同体を基盤にしている点を指摘する論者も居る。
- Some advocates point out that financing in developing countries called 'Microcredit' is also based on a community, though the origin is different.
- しかし、戊辰戦争終結の見通しがつくとともに、政府は公議輿論の尊重に対して消極的となり、同年9月(同年10月)には議政官は廃止された。
- However, when the Boshin War was almost over, the government became negative about regarding public opinion in a deliberative assembly, and in October, 1868, they abolished Giseikan.
- しかしイギリスやアメリカの反対意見と局外中立の表明および征韓論にも反対していた参議木戸孝允の反対と辞任により政府は派遣中止を決める。
- However, the government decided not to dispatch the troops, because Britain and the US expressed oppositions against it and the government remained rather neutral, and because Sangi Takayoshi KIDO expressed his opinion against Seikanron and resigned in opposition to the dispatch.
- 宣長は「魏志倭人伝」の記述から邪馬台国は九州にあったと結論し、九州の熊襲の女酋長が勝手に神功皇后の使いを偽って魏へ通交したと考えた。
- Considering the description in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, Norinaga concluded that the Yamatai Kingdom was located in the Kyushu District, and a female chief of Kumaso was cultivating friendly relations with Wei under the pretense of Empress Jingu's envoy.
- 特に第一条「広く会議を興し万機公論に決すべし」は、当初は民選議会を意図したものではなかったが、後に民選議会を開設すべき根拠とされた。
- Especially the first article 'Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion' was not intended for popularly-elected parliament at the beginning, but later it was considered as a basis of introduction of popularly-elected parliament.
- 近年、李栄薫らは李氏朝鮮時代の資料を調査し李氏朝鮮時代の末期に朝鮮経済が急速に崩壊したことを主張し、近代化萌芽論を強く否定している。
- Recently, Lee Yong-hoon studied materials from the Yi Dynasty Korea period, and stated that the Korean economy rapidly collapsed at the end of the Yi Dynasty Korea period, strongly denying the modernization germination theory.
- ただし、欧米による先行のモデルとの差異を論じるべく日本型植民地支配がどのようなものであったかについては継続して議論が戦わされている。
- However, the discussion on what the Japanese-style rule of the colony was like has continued to argue over the difference from prior models made by Europe and America.
- これは本来の選挙管理内閣としてのあり方を逸脱して、研究会と政友本党の支持を背景に長期政権化を狙ったものとされて、世論の硬化を招いた。
- This movement of the KIYOURA cabinet was seen by the people as going beyond its original role of the caretaker government and demonstrating its true intention of extending its own life with the support of the Kenkyukai and Kenseikai Party, and hardened the people's heart against the cabinet.
- しかし、第二次鉱毒調査委員会は、前述のとおり、予防令による工事で鉱毒は減少したとは結論づけたが、鉱毒が消滅したという調査結果はない。
- Although the second Research Committee of the Mining Pollution, as described above, concluded that the construction by the first measure decreased the mining pollution, there was no researching result to show they had stopped the pollution.
- この見解は中国絵画史に大きな影響を与えたが、董其昌の主張は対立する北宗画を攻撃する狙いもあり、その理論の組み立ては恣意的な点が多い。
- His opinion made a great influence on the history of Chinese paintings, but his theory was structured on much arbitrariness, for Dong Qichang's claims were also aimed to attack the Hokusoga that stood in opposition.
- 井上の鉄道国有論に対抗して鉄道民営論を唱えたのは、渋沢栄一や田口卯吉、中上川彦次郎、三井財閥や三菱財閥などの財界の有力者たちであった。
- Against Inoue's theory of nationalization of railway, the powerful businessmen in Mitsui and Mitsubishi-zaibatsu (company syndicate) including Eichi SHIBUSAWA, Ukichi TAGUCHI, and Hikojiro NAKAMIGAWA advocated the theory of railway management by private sectors.
- この部分が、英雄の楠木正成(楠公)が湊川の戦いで討死したことと、権助の死を同じく無益な死と論じたものと解釈されて、批判の対象となった。
- This part could easily be attributed to a national hero Masashige KUSUNOKI, who died in the battle of Minatogawa, and was criticized by an interpretation that Fukuzawa identified Kusunoki's death as useless as an ordinary man's death.
- 欧米使節から帰国した岩倉や大久保が征韓論を退け、さらに大久保の下に内務省 (日本)が設立されたことで諸改革の整理が行われることになる。
- IWAKURA and OKUBO dismissed the idea of 'Seikanron' when they returned from western Europe, and then these reforms were organized and the government established the Ministry of Home Affairs led by Okubo.
- それに対し、「珎」は「珍」の異体字であり、和同開珎は「わどうかいちん」と読むという説もあり、江戸時代から150年以上論争が続いてきた。
- Contradicting to this theory, there was a different theory that 'chin' was a variant character of 'chin' (rare) and Wado-kaichin was read as Wado-kaichin causing a dispute for over 150 years since the Edo period.
- 一方、逆説的であるが興亜論(後の時代では「大アジア主義」)の考えこそが、中国・朝鮮への進出を押し進めたという説も有力に主張されている。
- On the other hand, paradoxically, there is a widely-accepted theory that Pan-Asianism (a movement that Asian nations unite and solidify and create a continental identity to defeat the designs of the Western nations to perpetuate hegemony) led Japan to the invasions of China and Korea.
- しかし、この頃には天狗党に対する賛同論が広がっており、劣勢に立たされていた頼徳勢は天狗党と合流し共に市川勢と戦うことになるのであった。
- However, by this time many of the party member came to agree with the thoughts of Tenguto and Yorinori, who was on the backfoot, decided to join Tenguto and fight together against Ichikawa.
- この事件は、日本の挑発行動から発生した明らかな侵略行為であったが、日本側は逆に江華島事件をきっかけに条約を締結することを目論んでいた。
- This aggressive incident was clearly caused by the provocative behavior of Japan, but the Japanese aimed to use the Ganghwa Island incident as an opportunity to conclude the treaty.
- しかし、この書は史料としての信憑性については異論(1386年説・1424年説など)も多く、詳しい事績については不明なままとなっている。
- However, there are many doubts about the reliability of this book as a historical record (1386 theory, 1424 theory, etc.), and the details about their achievements remain unknown.
- ここに至り、田堵負名層らによる対受領闘争(「凶党」行為)はほとんど見られなくなり、代わって荘園と公領間の相論・武力紛争が頻発し始めた。
- Then the conflicts in which persons of the Tato fumyo class fought against zuryo ('gangster'-like acts) almost ceased, and instead, disputes and armed conflicts between manors and Koryo (an Imperial demesne) began occurring frequently.
- ロシアとドイツはイギリスにも共同行動を提案したが、世論を理由に干渉を拒否し、アメリカもまた、日本に好意的だったが局外中立を崩さなかった。
- Although Russia and Germany asked for a coordinated intervention from the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom refused it based on opposing public opinions, whereas the United States of America did not break neutrality toward Japan although the U.S. was favorable to Japan.
- 『申楽談儀』同様に世阿弥自身の発言であり極めて重要な資料だが、「○○作」「××曲」の定義については議論が分かれており、注意が必要である。
- Like 'Sarugaku Dangi,' this is an extremely important resource, as it contains the words of Zeami himself; but it should be used with caution because the opinion is divided regarding the definition of 'written by XX' and 'composed by XX' notation.
- 理由はいろいろ考えられるが、最も大きな理由はマルクス主義の魅力が薄れ、中国史に発展段階論を当てはめることの意義を疑い始めたからであろう。
- Various reasons can be cited, but the biggest reason is that Marxism became less appealing and people are now skeptical about the significance of applying development stage theory to Chinese history.
- 一方、一進会の宋秉畯も、韓日の対等合邦は国力の差から困難であると判断して韓日併合論を展開し、1910年、桂内閣により韓日併合がなされた。
- On the other hand, Song Byung-joon of Isshinkai was convinced that the equal consolidation of Korea and Japan would be difficult if considering the difference of the two countries' national power, so he next rolled out the theory as to Japan's annexation of Korea which was finally concluded by Katsura Cabinet in 1910.
- 各種の世論調査では、象徴天皇制の現状維持を主張する意見が多数であり、現在のところ象徴天皇制は日本国民に支持されている制度であると言える。
- According to various opinion surveys, most people insist on the preservation of the current state of the Tennosei which has the Emperor as the symbol of the unity of the people and this is the system supported by Japanese nationals.
- 137家あるとされる堂上家の中で68家(ただし、後述の広幡家・醍醐家を新家に含めるかどうかについては議論の余地がある)が新家に相当する。
- Among 137 Dojo families, 68 of them are Shinke (though whether Hirohata family and the Daigo family mentioned below are Shinke or not is still controversial).
- このような視点から男系護持論者の中には、「女系天皇の容認論は、天皇制廃止論のための布石ではないか」と述べて女系容認論を非難する者もいる。
- From such perspective, some male-line advocates claim the female-line acceptance theory is a stepping stone for emperor system abolition and criticize them.
- 逆に陽明学には個人道徳の問題に偏重する傾向があり、王陽明の意図に反して反体制的な理論が生まれたため、体制を反発する者が好む場合が多かった。
- In contrast, Yomeigaku tended to attach too much importance to individual morals and, against Wang Yangming's intentions, gave rise to an antiestablishment theory, which attracted those who opposed the regime.
- しかし、その後の台湾出兵の発生と大院君失脚の報によって征韓論の勢いが弱まったために、明治政府は政府間交渉をして相手の状況をみることとした。
- However, because Seikanron lost its momentum due to the occurrence of the Taiwan expedition and the downfall of Heungseon Daewongun in Korea, the Meiji Government decided to observe Korea's condition.
- さらに朝鮮政府の中央では大院君の支持者が交渉中止を求めたために議論が紛糾し、東莱政府も確実な回答を日本側に伝えることが不可能となっていた。
- In addition, because at the center of the Korean government, the supporters of Daewongun demanded halting the negotiation, the discussions became complicated, and it also became impossible for the Torai government to give a firm reply to the Japanese government.
- さらに後者の11か条の覚書が発見されて以降、五か条の追放令との相違点がある理由や二つの文書の意味づけに関してさまざまな議論が行われている。
- Moreover, it has been discussed in many ways concerning the reason for the differences from the Expelling edict of Five Articles and the meaning of two documents ever since the latter Memorandum of Eleven Articles was discovered.
- 戦争遂行には膨大な物資の輸入が不可欠であり、日本銀行副総裁高橋是清は日本の勝算を低く見積もる当時の国際世論の下で戦費調達に非常に苦心した。
- It was critical to import a vast amount of resources to carry out war, and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI, the Deputy Governor of the Bank of Japan had difficulty in raising such funds because international opinion underestimated the prospects of a Japanese victory.
- また、元老でありながら参謀総長として戦争を指揮した山縣有朋の発言力が高まり、陸軍は「大陸帝国」論とロシアによる「復讐戦」の可能性を唱えた。
- The war increased the influence of Aritomo YAMAGATA who took command in the war as the Chief of the General Staff, even though he was also a Genro (elder statesman), and the Army raised the possibility that Russia could develop into a 'Continental Empire' or pursue a 'War of Revenge.'
- 江戸時代には、戦乱が静まり社会が安定し平和になったことと経済活動が活発になったことにより人びとの言論活動も活発になり多様な学問が開花した。
- After the settling of the warring period, the Edo period saw the social stability and peace and the revitalization of economy, and people began to speack freely to lead flourishing various studies.
- 田中正造の直訴後、学生が相次いで団体で足尾見学に向かうなど、世論の盛り上がりにあわてた政府は、1902年に第二次鉱毒調査委員会を設置した。
- After Shozo TANAKA made direct appeals to the government, popular opinion changed in the residents' favor as many groups of college students visited Ashio one after another, and the government, realizing it could become a threat, hastily set up the second Research Committee of the Mining Pollution in 1902.
- ただし、征韓論の中心的人物であった西郷自身の主張は出兵ではなく開国を勧める遣韓使節として自らが朝鮮に赴く、むしろ「遣韓論」と言う説もある。
- However, it is said that the insistence of Saigo, who was the central figure of Seikanron, was not on dispatching military but on his himself going there as a Japanese official diplomatic delegation and on asking Korea to open its country to the world (this insistence is called 'Kenkanron' [the insistence on sending delegations to Korea).
- また、井伊直澄・井伊直該・井伊直幸・井伊直亮・井伊直弼と5代6度(直該が2度、直孝が大老になったかどうかは賛否両論である)の大老に就いた。
- And, Tairo (chief minister) was assumed by the Ii clan six times for five generations such as Naozumi II, Naomori II, Naohide II, Naoaki II and Naosuke II (there are arguments for and against the theory that Naomori assumed Tairo twice, and Naotaka assumed Tairo).
- 明治天皇の在位中は天長節だった日付が、名君とされ近代日本の礎を築いた明治天皇の御聖徳を偲び「國民の與論・總意として」制定されたものである。
- This day used to be called Tencho-setsu during Emperor Meiji's reign, and the anniversary called Meiji-setsu was established according to public opinion and consensus in memory of Emperor Meiji, who was regarded as a great ruler who laid the foundations for modern Japan.
- 議案提出権を有しない衆議院憲法調査会、及び議案提出権を有しない参議院憲法調査会では天皇の地位に関して現在も議論中であり、結論は出ていない。
- As for the Constitution Research Council of the House of Representatives and the Constitution Research Council of the House of Councilors, which both neither having the right to propose a bill, it is still argued about the position of the Emperor, and they have not reached a conclusion yet.
- これらについて直系・嫡系皇位継承説の論者は、法に現れた理念が他の理念や利害と衝突して実現に困難をきたすことはままあることであると説明する。
- About these points, the proponents of the direct line imperial succession (code) theory or the legitimate child imperial succession (code) theory explains that it is quite usual that the ideal presented in a law collides with other ideals or interests and has to face difficulties to fulfill.
- 特に朱子学が従来の儒学議論の中から、孟子の「性善説」を取り出し、極端に尊崇したことから、「性」「善」の内容をめぐって議論を呼ぶことになった。
- From among the traditional discussions on Confucianism, Shushigaku took Mencius' 'Theory of Innate Goodness' and held it in high esteem, which led to the debate over 'innateness' and 'goodness'.
- 無効論者の多くは本協約について、国家(大韓帝国)と個人(皇帝・高宗 (朝鮮王))の両方に強制と脅迫が加えられたために無効であると考えている。
- Many of the advocates of invalidity think it is invalid because compulsion and a threat were imposed both on the state (The Korean Empire) and the individual (Emperor Gao Zong [Korean King]).
- さらに、浅野内匠頭が切腹になったのに吉良上野介が無罪になったことの不当性を、本来は幕府に訴えて、裁判により明らかにすべきであると論じている。
- And he went on to say that the judgment by the government was not adequate to make ASANO Takumi-no-kami to kill himself, leaving the other party KIRA Kozuke-no-suke non-guilty; the ideal closing should have been to bring the case to the government to resolve by court.
- 「文明開化」という言葉は福澤諭吉が『文明論之概略』明治8年(1875年)の中で、civilizationの訳語として使ったのが始まりである。
- The term '文明開化' (civilization and enlightenment) was used by Yukichi FUKUZAWA for the first time in his essay published in 1875, 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' (An Outline of a Theory of Civilization) as the translation of the word, civilization.
- 教科書としては『漢書』・『晋書』の暦律志や採用されている暦の注釈書(『大衍暦議』・『宣明暦経』)、『定天論』・『周髀算経』などが用いられた。
- The textbooks they used included 暦律志, such as 'Kanjo'(historical records of the Han Dynasty) and 'Jin shu' (History of the Jin Dynasty), commentaries for the adopted calendar ('Daienrekigi' (annotation book of the calendar), 'Senmyorekikyo' (annotation book of the calendar)), and other books such as 'Teitenron' (annotation book of the calendar) and 'Shuhisankei' (a mathematics book from ancient China).
- 産業の未発達な発展途上国と比較して、人口一人当たりの温室効果排出量を議論するのはナンセンスであり、明らかに日本にとって不利な規定となっている
- It is nonsense to discuss the per capita emission amount of greenhouse gases of Japan by comparison with that of a developing country whose industry is immature, accordingly, the present regulations are unfair to Japan.
- 忠光は長州に逃れて下関市に隠れていたが、禁門の変の後に長州藩の実権を握った恭順派(俗論党)によって元治元年(1864年)11月に絞殺された。
- He escaped to Choshu and was hiding himself in Shimonoseki City, but he was strangled in November of 1864 by the deference faction (Zokuron-to) which came to have the actual power within the domain after the Kinmon Incident.
- それでも政府は世論の支持と元老・内大臣の了承を背景に、帝国議会・枢密院 (日本)を押し切って同年(1930年)10月2日に批准を完了させる。
- Even so, the government broke down the opposition of the Imperial Diet and the Privy Council (Japan) with a support of the public opinion and the acknowledgement of Genro (elder statesman) and the Minister of the Interior, completed the ratification in October 2, 1930.
- その後は長く停滞したが、江戸時代に入り林羅山によって「上下定分の理」やその名分論が武家政治の基礎理念として再興され、江戸幕府の正学とされた。
- Neo-Confucianism then stagnated for years, but in the Edo period, Razan HAYASHI revived it by his 'the theory of fixed division between uppers and lowers' and its theory of ethical duty of the social class as the fundamental principle of the military rule, and Neo-Confucianism was designated as the official scholarship by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- なお、この条約の特異性から一部欧米列強から軍事同盟の密約の疑惑を持たれるなどしたことや、治外法権の存在などに対する反対論があり批准が遅れた。
- Because of the uniquness of this treaty, a part of the allied western powers had a suspicion that they made a secret agreement on the military alliance, or had an opposing argument on the exterritoriality, so the ratification was delayed.
- この見解は直木孝次郎らによって支持されているが、これに対しては曽倉岑・荒井秀規らに反論があり、荒井は「穿ちすぎであろう」と疑義を示している。
- YOSHINAGA's argument is supported by historians including Kojiro NAOKI, but it is questioned by Takeshi SOKURA and Hideki ARAI, who claims that YOSHINAGA is 'too inquisitive.'
- この中で石塚は万葉仮名においてはエ・キ・ケ・コ・ソ・ト・ノ・ヒ・ヘ・ミ・メ・ヨ・ロ・チ・モの15種について用字に使い分けがあると結論づけた。
- Ishizuka, in this book, concluded that there was a distinction in Manyo-gana, of the types of characters used for fifteen sounds, エ, キ, ケ, コ, ソ, ト, ノ, ヒ, ヘ, ミ, メ, ヨ, ロ, チ and モ (e, ki, ke, ko, so, to, no, hi, he, mi, me, yo, ro, chi, and mo).
- そのため、皇室典範を改正し、女子や女系の者にも皇位継承権を与えるか、旧皇族を皇籍に復帰させるなどして男系継承を維持するかの論争が起きている。
- Because of that, disputes have broken out over whether to revise the Imperial House Act and give a female in female line the right of succession to the Imperial Throne, or keep the male line of succession by returning the former Imperial Family as the Imperial Family again.
- この問題へのひとつの対処として、旧皇族から皇族を新たに創出して皇位継承者とする案が提起されたが、世論の大勢の支持するところとはなっていない。
- One of the solutions suggested was to establish a new Imperial Family from a former Imperial Family and appoint a successor to the throne, however it has not been greatly supported by public opinion.
- 文鏡秘府論(ぶんきょうひふろん)は、平安時代前期に編纂された文学理論書で、中国の六朝期から唐朝に至る詩文の創作理論を取りまとめたものである。
- Bunkyo-hifuron was a written literary theory compiled in the early Heian period, in which theories to create prose and poetry were collected through the period of the Six Dynasties to the Tang dynasty of China.
- 無論儒教に於いて倫理学的側面は最も重要だったといえるが、だからといって大規模なパラダイム・シフトが起こったわけではなく、その点は注意を要する。
- It should be noted that Yomei-gaku did not cause a drastic paradigm shift, although ethics was undoubtedly the most important element of Confucianism.
- 長州藩内でも四国艦隊下関砲撃事件での敗戦以降、松下村塾系の下級藩士を中心とした攘夷派勢力が後退し、椋梨藤太ら譜代家臣を中心とする俗論派が擡頭。
- Even in Choshu domain, the Joi movement, in which lower ranked samurai gathered at Shokason-juku played a central role, gradually lost its support after the defeat of the battles of Shimonoseki, and saw the emergence of Zokuron-ha (a kind of conservatism that allows acknowledgement of fealty to the bakufu), supported by the hereditary vassals including Tota MUKUNASHI.
- 「天文道は天文密奏、暦道は御暦奏を掌る」という独自の論理を主張して安倍氏の陰陽頭を排除して賀茂氏の暦博士が中心となって行うようになっていった。
- Saying, 'Tenmondo should deal with tenmon misso and rekido should handle goryaku no so', they excluded the Abe clan's onmyo no kami from the ceremony, changing the tradition.
- しかし、激しい反論を生み、院政期以降を成立期とする説(戸田芳実など)、南北朝時代 (日本)内乱期を成立期とする説(永原慶二など)が提起された。
- However, his idea invited pointed objections and Yoshimi TODA and his group proposed the theory that the system was established after the period of the government ruled by the retired Emperor, and Keiji NAGAHARA and his group proposed another theory that the system was established in the Northern and Southern Dynasties period (in Japan), the civil war period.
- 征韓論派の下野の後政府は内務卿大久保利通の主導のもと1874年台湾蕃地事務長官に大隈重信、同都督に陸軍中将西郷従道を任命して出兵準備をさせた。
- After resignation of supporters of Seikanron, the government led by Toshimichi OKUBO, Secretary of Interior, appointed Shigenobu OKUMA as chief secretary of Taiwan Banchi and Tsugumichi SAIGO, lieutenant general (army), as Totoku governor general of Taiwan in 1874 to prepare for the dispatch of troops.
- 1903年8月からの日露交渉において、日本側は朝鮮半島を日本、満洲をロシアの支配下に置くという妥協案、いわゆる満韓交換論をロシア側へ提案した。
- In the negotiation with Russia from August 1903, Japan proposed that the Korean Peninsula under the Japanese control and Manchuria under the Russian control, in a compromise known as the Manchuria-Korea Trade-off.
- 「日出處」「日沒處」は『摩訶般若波羅蜜多経』の注釈書『大智度論』に日出処是東方 日没処是西方 とあるなど、単に東西の方角を表す仏教用語である。
- The terms 'the Land of the Rising Sun' and 'the Land of the Setting Sun' are simply Buddhist terms which refer to the east and the west, as 'Daichidoron' (Commentary on the Great Wisdom Sutra), an annotated edition of 'Makahannyaharamitashingyo' (The Great Treatise on Perfection of Wisdom), says that the land of the rising sun is the east, and the land of the setting sun is the west.
- 国府所在候補地が複数挙がり論争になる、史料が平安時代中期以降の編纂のため大化の改新~平安時代初期の初期国府と史料記載国府は違うと見る説もある。
- Historical records which have been subject to dispute because they record several candidate locations for Kokufu were compiled after the mid-Heian period, and there is another theory that the location of Kokufu that were established from the period around the Taika Reforms to the early Heian period differs from that established after the mid-Heian period.
- また幕末の尊王論に影響を与えた儒学者頼山陽は、後小松天皇は後亀山天皇からの禅譲を受けた天皇であり、南朝正統論と現皇室の間に矛盾はないと論じた。
- Also the Confucianist, Sanyo RAI, who influenced Imperialism at the last days of the Tokugawa government, insisted there was no contradiction between the orthodox theory of Northern Court and the current Imperial family since Emperor Gokomatsu received a smooth transference of power from Emperor Gokameyama.
- また、書名に国号を冠することや論賛の是非について、立原と史館員の藤田幽谷の間で対立が発生し、江館と水館の党派的対立に発展している(史館動揺)。
- A conflict took place between TACHIHARA and a staff, FUJITA Yukoku over whether the name of Japan should be added to the title or whether criticism of historical events, to the last, and the conflict developed to become rivalry between the Mito and the Edo groups (disturbed Shokokan).
- この上申書では、従来からの鉄道国有論に加えて既設私設鉄道の買収を前面に押し出しており、そのためには私設鉄道買収法の制定が必要であると説いている。
- In the written opinion, he stressed the importance of acquisition of existing private railways in addition to his theory of nationalization of railways and insisted, for the purpose, that it was necessary to enact the law to acquire private railways.
- 渡来人(帰化人)は養蚕、機織り、陶磁器、建築などの先進技術や『論語』に代表される中国文化、文筆・出納などの実務技術をヤマト(倭国)へもたらした。
- These 'toraijin' (naturalized citizens) brought advanced technologies such as sericulture, weaving, ceramics, and architecture, as well as Chinese culture from the 'Analects of Confucius,' practical skills such as writing and accounting to Yamato (Wakoku).
- セルゲイ・ヴィッテ首相は、戦争によって負けることはないにせよロシアが疲弊することを恐れ、戦争回避論を展開したが、これは皇帝達によって退けられた。
- Prime Minister Sergei Witte expressed opposition to the war in the fear that though Russia would not lose, it would could exhaust the country; However, his assertions were rejected by the Emperor and others.
- 一君万民論は藩閥体制打倒とデモクラシー導入の大義として掲げられ、身分的特権のみならず財閥などの経済的権力に対抗するイデオロギーとしても機能した。
- The Ikkunbanmin-ron theory was used as a great cause of toppling the domain clique system and introducing democracy, and it functioned as an ideology to oppose not only to the inherited privileges but also to the powerful wealthy class, most notably Zaibatsu (industrial and financial conglomerates).
- 征韓論、明治六年の政変で下野した板垣退助らは、幸福安全社を基礎に明治7年(1874年)1月12日、東京の京橋区銀座副島種臣邸に同士を集めて結成。
- Taisuke ITAGAKI, who had lost in the political upheaval in Seikanron in 1873 and retired from the governmental position, and his comrades gathered at the residence of Taneomi SOEJIMA in Ginza, Kyobashi Ward, Tokyo and formed a political party on January 12, 1874.
- 商法の施行延期が決定されたことで論争はさらに勢いを増し、1891年、穂積八束が『民法出デテ忠孝亡ブ』という論文を発表し、「我国ハ祖先教ノ国ナリ。
- The decision to postpone the enforcement of the Commercial Code led to disputes, and in 1891 Yatsuka HOZUMI said the following in his thesis 'Minho Idete Chuko Horobu' (As civil laws are being introduced, loyalty and filial duty are being lost): 'Our country worships ancestors.
- その中でも丹国は、のちのヤマト王権に並ぶ独立性を持っていたとする説(丹後王国論)があるように、大陸との交易により力を備えていたと考えられている。
- In particular Ninokuni is thought to have secured power through trade with the Chinese continent; one theory (Tango Kingdom theory) says that the kingdom was as independent as Yamato Dynasty, which was established later.
- 特に内蔵寮など自己に属していた官人の多くを失った壬生家の反発は強く、寛永11年(1634年)に出納平田職忠と官務壬生孝亮との間の相論に発展した。
- Especially, the Mibu family reacted sharply because their former subordinate officials, including those of the Palace Storehouse Bureau, were taken over by the Hirata family, which culminated in the dispute between 'suino' Mototada HIRATA and 'kanmu' Takasuke MIBU in 1634.
- ところが、宗家の日野家をはじめとする一門の諸家が菅原氏系の唐橋家からの猶子に反対したのをきっかけに朝廷の議論は紛糾して室町幕府もこれに介入した。
- However, as various families within the clan including the head family Hino objected to Sukeie's adopting a child from the Karahashi family of the Sugawara lineage, this matter triggered heated arguments at the Imperial Palace and the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) subsequently intervened.
- 明治時代になると如仏の判決(全局死活論)を支持する棋士 (囲碁)が多かったが、日本棋院が1949年に制定した囲碁規約では部分死活論が採用された。
- In Meiji period, many Igo players supported the judgment of Nyobutsu (theory of life-and-death in all stages), but Nihon Ki-in adopted the theory of partial life-and-death when it established the rule in 1949.
- このように皇統は男系で連綿と継続されてきたが、近年、皇室に男子の誕生が長らくなかったことなどから、女系継承の容認の可否が議論の対象となっている。
- In this way, Imperial succession by a male Imperial member was passed from generation to generation, since there were no male successors born in the Imperial family for a while, there is a debate on whether or not to accept the Imperial succession by female Imperial members.
- 尚、庭訓とは、『論語』季子篇の中にある孔子が庭を走る息子を呼び止め詩や礼を学ぶよう諭したという故事に因み、父から子への教訓や家庭教育を意味する。
- The word 'teikin' originates from a historical event taken from the Ji Shi (Chief of the Ji Clan) section of 'Rongo' (the Analects of Confucius) in which Confucius called to his son to stop running in a garden and encouraged him to learn poetry and etiquette, signifying teachings from father to son and home education.
- 樺太を視察した黒田は「現状では樺太は3年もたない」という深刻な報告を行ない、対抗する国力を充実させるために北海道の開拓に力を入れるべきだと論じた。
- After making an inspection of Sakhalin, KURODA prepared a serious report that Sakhalin would be overtaken by Russia within three years unless the current situation changed, and claimed the importance of development of Hokkaido to gain more competing powers against Russia.
- 査読のある学術雑誌において、九州王朝を肯定的に取り上げた学術論文は皆無であり、一般に九州王朝説及び関連する主張は科学的な学説とはみなされていない。
- There are no academic theses that support the theory of the Kyushu Dynasty among the academic journals that conduct peer review, and in general any claims regarding the theory of the Kyushu Dynasty, or anything related to that matter, have not been deemed to be academic theories with any scientific proof.
- こうして諸策百出して紛糾したが、最後に桐野が「断の一字あるのみ、...旗鼓堂々総出兵の外に採るべき途なし」と断案し、全軍出兵論が満座の賛成を得た。
- As such, various plans were presented and the discussion degenerated into confusion; at last, KIRINO concluded that 'we should take decisive action, …, the only way for us is to dispatch the whole troops with colors flying' and the whole assembly agreed on the opinion of dispatching the whole troops.
- また、京都議定書の必要性や効果については、懐疑論(疑問視する意見)が展開されることも少なくないが、その中には信頼性に乏しいものも多く含まれている。
- Also, with respect to the necessity or effect of Kyoto Protocol, there are lots of skepticism (opinions taking a skeptical view), but many of them lack credibility.
- 静岡県立大学国際関係学部助教の平山洋は、「脱亜論」が甲申政変とその後の弾圧に対する影響で書かれた社説であることに注目して、次のように解説している。
- Noting that the 'Datsu-A Ron' was written because of the Gapsin Coup and the suppression after that, an assistant Professor of the Faculty of International Relations at the University of Shizuoka, Yo HIRAYAMA, explained as follows:
- 見直し論の立場に立つ山室恭子は、「生類憐みの令の目的は、綱吉の時代にはまだ残っていた戦国時代の荒々しい風潮を一掃することであった」と推測している。
- Kyoko YAMAMURO, who is in favour of a review, estimates 'The aim of the ordinances was to wipe out violent tendencies of the Civil War Period which still remained in Tsunayoshi's time.
- 一般的に「苛烈な悪法」「天下の悪法」として人々に認識されているが、江戸時代史見直しと共に徳川綱吉治世の見直し論も起こり、この令も再検討されている。
- This law has been recognised as a 'seriously wrong law' and an 'evil, autocratic law', but as the Edo Period subject to review, the rule of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA and this law are also under re-examination.
- 自動車評論家として知られる徳大寺有恒は、皇太子時代の天皇が運転する日産・スカイラインと対向車として遭遇し、大いに驚いた体験を自著に書き残している。
- Aritsune TOKUDAIJI, who is known as an automotive commentator, described in his book an astonishing experience that he encountered the Crown Prince Akihito driving the Nissan Skyline, coming from the opposite direction.
- 明治から太平洋戦争敗戦までは、研究の場では江戸時代より様々な論考があったにもかかわらず、学校教育において実在の人物として教えるよう指導されていた。
- Although there had been various discussions on Empress Jingu in the research setting since the Edo period, teachers were directed to teach that Empress Jingu was a real, existing person from the Meiji period until the defeat in the Pacific War.
- このことから、書紀が述べるような大改革はこのとき存在しなかったのではないかという説が唱えられ、大化改新論争という日本史学上の一大争点になっている。
- For this reason, some claim that the major reforms which the Chronicles described had not occurred at this time, and this has become an extremely controversial point regarding the history of Japan, referred to as the Taika Reform Dispute.
- ただ、この決定に対する不満が朝廷内部にあったとされ、100年以上経った後でさえその是非が議論の対象になったとされる(『権記』寛弘8年5月27日条。
- However there was criticism against this decision within the Imperial Palace, and there were arguments as to whether the decision was right or not, even after more than one hundred years had passed ('Gonki' Kanko 8, an article issued on May 27 (July 7, 1011).
- 日本における尊王論とは、『古事記』・『日本書紀』が日本という国家の根拠を示したことに基づいて、日本国の存在の根拠を天皇(神)に依ろう、とする考え方。
- In Japan, Sonnoron is a philosophy that, based on the concept of Japan as the nation defined in the 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), claims that Japan exists because of the will of the Emperor (God).
- 政府は、国民の言論と政治運動を弾圧するため、1875年(明治8年)の讒謗律、新聞紙条例、1880年(明治13年)の集会条例など、様々な法令を定めた。
- The government issued various acts to oppress the citizens' speech and political activities such as the Defamation Law, Press Regulations in 1875 and the Public Assembly Ordinance in 1880.
- 倭国王・卑弥呼が居住した邪馬台国の所在地をめぐっては九州説と畿内説とが並立しており結論は出ていないが、纏向遺跡は邪馬台国の有力な候補地となっている。
- The two proposed locations for the Yamataikoku Kingdom, where Queen Himiko of Wa lived, are Kyushu and Kinai (the area around Kyoto and Nara) and although neither of them has been proved, the Makimuku ancient sites are thought to be the most likely remains of Yamataikoku.
- この政府案を元に国民の間で広く議論が行われ、4月10日には衆議院議員総選挙が行われた(もっとも、国民の最大の関心は、新憲法より生活の安定にあった)。
- People extensively discussed on the Draft on March 6, and the general election of members of the House of Representatives was held on April 10 (But people's actual greatest concern was their lifestyle stability, not the constitution.)
- 編纂が進むにつれてその思想体系などが整備され、やがて水戸学と呼ばれる学問の一派へと成長し、水戸藩士は皆等しく水戸学の尊皇論の影響を受けることとなる。
- As the compilation progressed, the system of thought came to be developed, which resulted in the formation of a school of learning called Mitogaku, and all the feudal retainers of Mito Domain were affected by the sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) of the Mitogaku.
- 藩閥は議会政治に対する抵抗勢力であり、民本主義もしくは一君万民論的な理想論とは相容れない情実的システムであるため、当時から批判的に取り扱われてきた。
- Domain clique has been treated critically since then because it is the resistance forces against parliamentary government and is also the preferential system that conflicts with democracy or an idealism such as ikkunbanmin-ron (the theory where constitutional authority was given only to one ruler and any discrimination and distinction of social status were generally not allowed among others).
- 1874年の民撰議院設立建白書以降、藩閥政府による政治に対して、議会の開設、地租の軽減、不平等条約の改正、言論と集会の自由の保障などの要求を掲げた。
- The movement began when a petition for the establishment of an elected national assembly was filed in 1874 calling for a Diet, the land-tax reductions, the revision of the unequal treaties, and freedom of speech and assembly in opposition to the han clique-dominated government.
- 1873年の征韓論政変により下野した板垣退助は1874年、後藤象二郎、江藤新平、副島種臣らと愛国公党を結成、民撰議院設立建白書を政府左院に提出した。
- In 1874, Taisuke ITAGAKI, together with Shojiro GOTO, Shinpei ETO, Taneomi SOEJIMA and others, who left the government when it refused to allow an invasion of Korea in the preceding year, founded the Aikokuto Party and submitted a petition to the Council of the Left of the government calling for the establishment of an elected national assembly.
- 明治2年に京都御所小御所において、玉松操らが和書を代表して『日本書紀』を、東坊城任長(大学頭)らが漢籍を代表して『論語』を講義したのが最古とされる。
- It is said that the oldest Koshohajime was the event in which at Shogosho (Small Palace) of Kyoto Imperial palace 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) was lectured by Misao TAMAMATSU representing Japanese books and 'Rongo' (Analects of Confucius) by Tadanaga HIGASHIBOJO (Daigaku no kami) representing Chinese classic books.
- これに対して唐末期から五代十国時代を奴隷制から封建制へ切り替わりと捉える前田直典の論が出され、戦前から1970年代に渡って激しい論争が繰り広げられた。
- On the other hand, Naonari MAEDA proposed a view that the social system changed from slavery to the Hoken system during the era ranging from the closing years of the Tang period through the Wudai Shiguo period, and the argument was heated from the prewar period through the 1970's.
- 公武合体(こうぶがったい)は、江戸時代後期(幕末)に公家(朝廷)の伝統的権威と、武家(幕府)を結びつけて幕府権力の再構築をはかろうとした政策論をいう。
- Kobu gattai is a policy promoted in the second half of the Edo period which aimed to reassert the power of the Shogunate by bonding the traditional authority of the Imperial Court to the Shogunate.
- 桂は後にこの会談で日露開戦の覚悟が定まったと書いているが、実際の記録類ではむしろ伊藤の慎重論が優勢であったようで、後の日露交渉に反映されることになる。
- Although it was recorded afterward that Katsura was already prepared to declare war on Russia, actual records reveal that Ito's cooler head prevailed, as reflected afterwards in the negotiations with Russia.
- 古代日本政府による最初の律令法に位置づけられるが、原本は現存せず、存在を裏付ける史料にとぼしいことから、存在説と非存在説の間で激しい論争が続いている。
- This is the first Ritsuryo code by the ancient Japanese government but because there is neither the original book remaining nor historical sources which confirm the existence of the code, there have been fierce debates about its existence.
- それには十分な正貨準備が不可欠であったが、実際には、藩札発行で得られる実通貨の納庫を目論み、これによって藩の財政難の解消を試みる場合がしばしばあった。
- Such issuance was supposed to be based on a sufficient amount of standard coins retained by the domain, but actually, in most cases, domains tried to collect as many circulating coins as possible in exchange for issued han bills for the purpose of improving their financial situation.
- 一方、評論家・作家の金完燮や日本の保守層を代弁する人物として、拓殖大学の教授で済州島出身呉善花などは日本による統治を肯定的に評価する本を執筆している。
- On the other hand, Kim Wansop, a critic and writer, and O Seonhwa from Jeju, a professor at Takushoku University and a representative of the Japanese conservatives, wrote books in which the Japanese rule was positively evaluated.
- 当時の新聞紙上では私学の自由を犯すものであるという見解が出る一方で、そもそもこの思想を教授した方法に問題があったのではないかという擁護論も交わされた。
- On the newspaper at that time there were opinions that the measure would hamper freedom of private schools, but on the other hand, some people supported the measure because they thought there might have been a problem in the way to teach the thought.
- 社会進化論が当時先進的科学言説として世界を席巻していたさなかにあって、文明/野蛮言説の外から思考・発言することは非常な困難であったと言わねばならない。
- It should have been very difficult to think and make statements from outside of the civilization vs. barbarianism logic when social evolutionism swept the world as the latest scientific theory.
- この意見書ならびに議決の影響で民法や商法の施行をめぐる議論が活発化したことから、この意見書並びに議決が実質的に民法典論争(商法も含)のきっかけである。
- From the fact that this written opinion and the influence of the decision activated the discussions on the Civil Code and the Commercial Code, the written opinion and were substantially triggered the Minpoten Ronso (including the Commercial Code).
- これら両派は、には、上杉と美濃部の間で天皇機関説論争として対立し、その後大正デモクラシーの時期を通じて立憲学派の立場が優勢となり、通説的立場を占めた。
- These schools conflicted with each other between Uesugi and Minobe over the Emperor Organ Theory, and then, in and after the period of Taisho Democracy, the constitutional school had an advantage and it became a prevailing orthodoxy.
- 皇位継承法説定説化の状況を覆したのは田村円澄で、1969年に論文「不改常典考」で皇位継承法説を全面的に批判し、藤原氏による輔政体制とする説を発表した。
- It was Encho TAMURA who inverted the trends in which the Imperial Succession theory was going to be an accepted theory, and in his article 'A study of Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' presented in 1969, he criticized the Imperial Succession theory across the board, and presented the theory that it was to establish the assisted government system by the Fujiwara clan.
- 実際に5世の子孫だったかには賛否両論あるが、この事例は5世の子孫までは皇位継承権を持ちうる先例となって、その後の皇位断絶に強く意識されることとなった。
- There were theories approving and disapproving whether the Emperor Keitai was in fact the descendant of Emperor Ojin or not, but this experience was accepted as an example of allowing descendants, up to five generations, succeed to the throne, it was strongly reflected in the discontinuity of Imperial succession later on.
- また、秋水が法廷で「いまの天子は、南朝の天子を暗殺して三種の神器をうばいとった北朝の天子ではないか」と発言したことが外部へもれ、南北朝正閏論が起こった。
- During the trial, Shusui told prosecutors, 'the current Emperor is from the Northern Imperial Court, which assassinated the Emperor of the Southern Imperial Court and robbed him of the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family', and it was leaked to the people and triggered the argument on which Court was legitimate.
- また、津和野藩の大国隆正らによって、欧米列強の圧力を排するためには一時的に外国と開国してでも国内統一や富国強兵を優先すべきだとする大攘夷論が唱えられた。
- Some samurai such as Takamasa OKUNI of Tsuwano Domain supported the principle of Daijoiron, which was the concept that, to resist pressure from the allied western powers, it would be best to temporarily open the country to the world and give priority to uniting the whole country and fukoku kyohei (strengthening the military).
- 第7編「国民の職分を論ず」において、主君のために自分の命を投げ出す忠君義士の討死と、主人の命令を守れなかったために首をくくった権助の死を同一視している。
- In the seventh volume 'Consideration of the jobs of people', he painted a very loyal hero who sacrificed himself to his lord, and an ordinary man who killed himself because he could not uphold the order from his lord, with the same brush.
- これらは、従来とは異質の統治体制を築こうとするものであり、律令制の再編成とする見解が多数派だが、桓武天皇の時代期をもって、律令制の終焉とする論者もいる。
- It is generally accepted that the aim was to establish a system of government different from the one that had existed up till then by reorganizing the Ritsuryo system, although there is another opinion that Emperor Kanmu's reign marked the end of the Ritsuryo system.
- 1882年(明治15年)3月、「在廷臣僚」として参議・伊藤博文らは、政府の命を受けてヨーロッパに渡り、ドイツ系立憲主義の理論と実際について調査を始めた。
- A councilor, Hirobumi ITO and others went to Europe as 'government officials' on orders from the government in March, 1882, and started investigating theory and practice of German constitutionalism.
- 江戸時代に入ると国学研究の中で三韓征伐、およびそれを大義名分とした文禄・慶長の役を肯定的にとらえる論説(山鹿素行『武家事紀』など)が広まるようになった。
- During the Edo period, scholarly researchers in the discipline of Japanese literature and culture came to widely accept the validity of the theories (for example, 'Bukejiki' [the account of the military houses] by Soko YAMAGA); this positively supported the Sankan-Seibatsu, and the subsequent use of the Sankan-Seibatsu was legitimate as a central thesis for the battles of Bunroku and Keicho.
- 被差別部落の解消が幕末期から明治初期にかけて行われた上、本来なら天皇制と相容れないはずの解放政策が尊皇論と共存していたという極めて特殊な事例ではあった。
- It was an extremely special case that the buraku (hamlet)-elimination policy was put into effect from the end of Edo period through the early Meiji period and sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) coexisted with the buraku-liberation policy that was supposed be incompatible with Emperor system.
- 「主權が君主にあるか國家にあるかといふことを論ずるならばまだ事が判ってゐるけれども、ただ機關説がよいとか惡いとかいふ論議をすることは頗る無茶な話である。
- I can still understand if they argue about which of monarch or state has sovereign power, but it's really nonsense to discuss whether the Organ Theory is good or bad.'
- しかし、中央公論社は嶋中事件の後遺症で「皇位簒奪」の用語を用いることを恐れ、今谷の反対を押し切って、「王権簒奪」という不正確な表題にしてしまったという。
- However, afraid of using the term, 'usurpation of the imperial throne' following the aftermath of Shimanaka incident, Chuo Koronsha used an inaccurate title 'usurpation of sovereignty,' overriding Imatani's opposition.
- これは経書の中の『礼記』から分割編纂した「大学」と「中庸」、そして準経書扱いされていた『論語』と、『荀子』と並称されていた『孟子』という四つの書物である。
- The Four Books are 'The Great Learning' and 'The Doctrine of the Mean', which came from the 'Classic of Rites', one of the Five Classics, 'The Analects of Confucius', which had been treated as a semi-Classic, and 'The Mengzi', which had ranked with 'The Xunzi'
- 日本では勧告を受諾した政府に対して世論は激しく反発したが、政府は臥薪嘗胆をスローガンにこれを対露敵対心に振り向けて六六艦隊計画をはじめとする軍拡を進めた。
- Although the Japanese strongly accused the government of its acceptance of the recommendation, the Japanese government transformed the anger to hostility against Russia and proceeded with military expansion with projects, including 'rokuroku kantai keikaku' (literally, 66 fleets project) with the slogan, 'endurance of hardship'.
- おもに北海道に住み、特有の文化をもつアイヌの人々の美術や、現代の沖縄県にあたる琉球の美術については、いわゆる日本美術史とは別の文脈で論じられることがある。
- The history of art in the Ainu tribe, which inhabits mainly Hokkaido Prefecture and has a culture of its own, is sometimes discussed separately from what is called Japanese art history, and this is the same as the history of the art from Ryukyu (today's Okinawa Prefecture).
- 世論においてはロシアとの戦争も辞さずという強硬な意見も出たが、当時の日本には列強諸国と戦えるだけの力は無く、政府内では伊藤博文ら戦争回避派が主流を占めた。
- Although Japanese public opinon was strongly in favor of declarling war on Russia, Japan still did not have the strength to fight a great power such as Russia, and a faction opposing war prevailed in the government.
- 「万機公論に決すべし」の語句は、由利と親交のあった坂本竜馬の船中八策(慶応三年六月)に「万機宜しく公議に決すへし」とあり、ここから採られたものとみられる。
- It seems that the phrase '万機公論に決すべし(all matters decided by open discussion)' was adopted from '万機宜しく公議に決すへし (all matters decided by open discussion)' of Senchu hassaku (the basic outline of the new regime) (in 1867) drawn up by Ryoma SAKAMOTO who was a friend of Yuri.
- それは8組からなっていたが、どの地域に遣わされたかは定かではないが、第3組は毛野方面に、第5組は東海方面に遣わされたと、後の復命の論功行賞から推定できる。
- Kokushis consisted of eight groups and, even though it is not clear which area each group was sent to, it can be assumed, from the grant of honors to the latter-day reports on their missions, that the third and fifth groups were sent to the Keno area and Tokai area, respectively.
- さらにいえば、日本の砲艦外交的姿勢は無論朝鮮の屈服を促すものであったが、同時に日本国内の「征韓論」を唱える不平士族の溜飲を下げることも狙ったものであった。
- Moreover, the gunboat diplomatic attitude of Japan was of course an attempt at urging Korea to submit, but at the same time it aimed to appease the complaints of the former samurai class who advocated the policy of conquering Korea by military force.
- だが皮肉なことに、この朱子学の台頭によって天皇を中心とした国づくりをするべきという尊皇論と尊王運動が起こり、後の倒幕運動と明治維新へ繋がっていくのである。
- Ironically, however, the rise of Neo-Confucianism triggered the sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) and the movement to show reverence for the emperor for establishing an Emperor-centered nation, which led to the movement to overthrow the Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration.
- 『易経』、『尚書』、『詩経』、『周礼』、『礼記』、『春秋左氏伝』(春秋公羊伝・春秋穀梁伝)、『論語』、『孟子』、『墨子』、『韓非子』、『山海経』、『孫子』
- 'I Ching' (The Book of Changes), 'Shosho' (Classic of History), Shi Jing (the oldest pieces of Chinese literature), 'Shurei' (Rites of Zhou), 'Raiki' (Book of Rites), 'The Zuo Zhuan' (The Chronicle of Zuo) (Shunjukoyoden, Shunjukokuryoden), 'Rongo' (Analects of Confucius), 'Moshi' (Mencius), 'Mozi' (a book of Chinese thought), 'Hanfeizi' (a book of Chinese thought), 'Shan Hai Jing' (Classic of mountains and seas), 'Sonshi' (Chinese books about tactics).
- 幕府が学問に儒学の朱子学を採用したことから、覇者である徳川家より「みかど」が正当な支配者であるという尊王論が水戸徳川家(水戸藩)を中心として盛んになった。
- Because the Bakufu chose Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) as the academic subject to be studied, Sonnoron (Imperialism), which placed 'Mikado' (the Emperor) as the legitimate ruler rather than a hegemon of the Tokugawa clan, became popular among people such as the Mito-Tokugawa family (Mito Domain).
- 大日本帝国憲法の解釈は、当初、東京大学教授・穂積八束らによる天皇主権説が支配的で、藩閥官僚による専制的な支配構造(いわゆる超然主義)を理論の面から支えた。
- For the interpretation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the imperial sovereignty theory suggested by Yatsuka HOZUMI, a professor of the University of Tokyo, was dominating and theoretically supported the autocratic ruling structure (what is called the doctrine of superiority) by domain clique bureaucrat.
- その後幕府により朝敵とされた長州藩の征伐(長州征伐)が行われるが、孝明天皇が死去すると長州は許され、藩論を倒幕に転換した薩摩藩と秘密裏に薩長同盟が結ばれる。
- Although this was followed by the offensive carried out by the Shogunate on the Choshu clan, which was deemed the enemy of the Imperial Court, once Emperor Komei died, the Choshu clan was forgiven, and a Saccho alliance was secretly formed between the Choshu clan and the Satsuma clan, which switched its position to bring the end of the Shogunate rule.
- 学者間でも議論がかわされ、林信篤や室鳩巣は義挙として助命を主張し、荻生徂徠は天下の法を曲げることはできないとして、武士の体面を重んじた上での切腹を主張する。
- When opinions were exchanged among scholars, Nobuatsu HAYASHI and Kyuso MURO called for saving their lives as it was a heroic deed, whereas Sorai OGYU argued that they should commit seppuku for their honors as the law must not allow an exception.
- 生野天領では豪農の北垣国道が農兵を募って海防にあたるべしとする「農兵論」を唱え、生野奉行の川上猪太郎がこの動きに好意的なこともあって、攘夷の気風が強かった。
- Xenophobia was strong in Ikuno tenryo, as the wealthy farmer Kunimichi KITAGAKI proclaimed the 'Noheiron' (Farmers to the arms doctrine) which said that conscripted farmers should defend the coast and the magistrate of Ikuno Itaro KAWAKAMI favored this movement.
- この時点で大和の天誅組は壊滅しており、挙兵中止も議論され、平野は中止を主張するが、天誅組の復讐をすべしとの河上ら強硬派が勝ち、挙兵は決行されることになった。
- The Tenchugumi in Yamato was annihilated by then and some argued to give up, but while Hirano insisted to postpone, the hard-liners like Kawakami, who wanted to take revenge for the Tenchugumi, won the argument and it was decided to raise an army.
- が、この論文に至った甲申事変や当時の歴史背景を教えてない事も多く、「脱亜論」の一部だけを取り上げて、「脱亜論」を正しく解釈していない、と言う意見も存在する。
- However, because most of them do not teach about the Gapsin Coup and the other historical background at that time that led to the 'Datsu-A Ron,' some say that this is not a proper understanding of the 'Datsu-A Ron' but just picking a part of it out of context.
- しかし、査読のある学術雑誌において、九州王朝を肯定的に取り上げた学術論文は皆無であり、一般に九州王朝説および関連する主張は科学的な学説とはみなされていない。
- However, there are no academic papers in refereed journals that discussed positively Kyushu Dynasty, and the Kyushu dynasty theory and related arguements are not regarded as scientific theories in general.
- ただし、昭和23年2月26日の国会での議事録には、祝祭日の改正の議論において明治節を通じて「明治時代を永久に思い出して行きたい」との趣旨の答弁がされている。
- However, according to the Diet Record of February 26, 1948, there was a statement that people should remember what the Meiji period was like forever through the Meiji-setsu, during a discussion about the national holiday system change.
- そこで秀吉が多くの学識者から意見を聴取した結果、朝廷より源平藤橘(源氏・平氏・藤原氏・橘氏の総称)に匹敵する新姓を賜ることが公明正大であるという結論を得た。
- Then, after consulting many academic experts, Hideyoshi reached a conclusion that it would be justifiable to be granted a newly created honsei (original name) by the Imperial Court, matching the genpeitokitsu (general term of four major honseis : the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan, and the Tachibana clan).
- 狭い川中島を巡る局地戦で、信玄と謙信が兵力と10年以上の時間を浪費したため、いたずらに信長の台頭を許す結果になったと、古来、多くの論者がこの戦いを評している。
- From old times, many pundits have evaluated this battle in the following way: Shingen and Kenshin consumed lots of forces and the time of more than ten years in local battles over the control of the narrow Kawanakajima area, unnecessarily allowing Nobunaga to gain dominant power.
- 特に木戸孝允は征韓論を否定しておきながら、同じ海外である台湾に出兵するのは矛盾であるとして反対の態度を崩さず、4月18日参議の辞表を提出して下野してしまった。
- Among others, Takayoshi KIDO, who continued to oppose, submitted a letter of resignation on April 18 and resigned from his post as a councilor, saying that dispatching troops to Taiwan was inconsistent with rejecting Seikanron because both means sending troops to foreign countries.
- 日本に於いては、母系婚が鎌倉初期まで続いた事は論を俟たないが、男系相続の進展と共に、母系の婚家に男が通う形態から、まず、別宅としての男性主体の住処が成立した。
- In Japan, it is a matter of course that matrilineal marriage lasted until the early Kamakura period, but as succession in the male line became common, a man hardly came to visit his spouse's family, but came to have his own residence as a second house.
- さらに、助かった船員らは救命ボートで避難していたため、船長が適切な避難誘導をせずに、乗客である日本人を取り残したのではないかとの疑念から当時の世論が沸騰した。
- Furthermore, the surviving crew members had fled from the ship on lifeboats, which then created a sensation triggering speculation that the captain might have left the Japanese passengers without giving them proper evacuation guidance.
- 魏 (三国)の官人、如淳は「人面に入れ墨する(委する)」習俗をもって倭の由来と論じたが、臣瓚や顔師古らから、倭と委の音が異なることなどを理由に否定されている。
- 如淳, a government official of Wei dynasty (Three States Period), considered the custom of 'getting a tattoo on their faces (entrusting)' to be the origin of Wa, but Shinsan and Gan Shiko (Yan Shigu) denied the possibility because of such reasons such as the phonetic difference between 倭 and 委.
- 部落解放同盟京都府連合会委員長であった朝田善之助は、「アメリカ帝国主義とそれに従属する日本独占資本」への対決に収斂しようとする共産党系の運動論を強く批判した。
- Zennosuke ASADA, who was a chairman of the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation, strongly accused the Communist Party of the leaning movement that led to the conclusion of the confrontation against 'American imperialism and its subservient Japanese monopoly capital.'
- ただし現代では、神話伝説を歴史的事実の反映であるとして自説にあうようにそれらしく解釈することは水掛け論を生むばかりで、あまり有意義な議論とは考えられていない。
- Interpreting myth and legend as reflections of historical fact, however, can lead to support for any theory, which only paves the way to endless dispute.
- しかし、日清戦争後は高山らの国体論が徐々に浸透してゆき、天皇機関説事件以後は「君民一体の一大家族国家」(文部省「国体の本義」)として、ほぼ国定の解釈となった。
- But, after the Sino-Japanese War, the national polity theory of Takayama gradually became popular, and after the Emperor Organ Theory Incident, 'Japan was one large family where all the Imperial members and subjects belonged' ('Cardinal principles of the National Entity of Japan' by the Ministry of Education) became an official doctrine.
- シーパワー論の提唱者として後年名を知られることになるアルフレッド・セイヤー・マハン少佐は、神戸事件の最中、兵庫港に停泊する米国艦イロコイ号の副長を務めていた。
- Major Alfred Thayer MAHAN, who later became famous as an advocator of the theory of sea power, was the vice chief of the U.S. warship Ikoroi, which was anchoring at Hyogo port during the Kobe Incident.
- もっとも、文学の場合、大きく時代を遡れば、アイソポス(イソップ)やホメロスなど著者の同一性自体が揺らいでいても偽書・贋作論議の埒外に置かれているケースもある。
- The identities of writers from ancient times such as Aesop and Homer are suspicious, but they are placed outside the discussion as to whether their works are gisho or forged writings.
- 1945年、終戦となり、言論・集会への弾圧が行われなくなると、翌1946年、群馬県東部の渡良瀬川流域の農民が集まり、足尾銅山精錬所移転期成同盟会が結成された。
- In 1945 World War II ended, and there were no longer controls on speeches and meetings, and in the following year, the peasants of the Watarase-gawa valley of the eastern Gunma Prefecture gathered and formed the Union for Relocation of Ashio copper mine Refinery.
- 671年、天智天皇が没すると、天皇の子の弘文天皇(弘文天皇)が近江大津宮で跡を嗣いだとされる(正統性は天武天皇のものと併せ江戸時代より議論の的となっている)。
- It is believed that, after Emperor Tenchi died in 671, his son Emperor Kobun succeeded him in the Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya (The legitimacy of his succession to the throne as well as that of Emperor Tenmu have been the focus of controversy since the Edo period.)
- さらに論を進め、近江の皇別氏族(皇族が臣籍降下して誕生した氏族)息長氏(おきながうじ)の出身と見なし、大和王権を武力制圧して王位を簒奪したとする説も出された。
- A further advanced theory says that he came from the Okinaga clan, a family in Omi Province which branched out from the Imperial family (as a result of demotion from nobility to subject) and he wrested the throne by repressing the Yamato sovereignty by military power.
- 又、平安京成立後から明治天皇が東京市に行幸するまでの約1080年、ほぼ全ての天皇が居住していた都市である(→首都に関する議論は「日本の首都」を参照すること)。
- During the approximately 1080 years from the establishment of Heian-kyo to the Emperor Meiji's relocation from Kyoto City to Tokyo City, nearly all the emperors had resided in Kyoto City (see 'Capital of Japan' for further discussion).
- 「婦人公論」創刊、歌謡「ゴンドラの唄」大流行、国産蓄音機製造開始、葉山「日影茶屋事件」、日本初のアニメ「サルとカニの合戦」公開(日活)、「東京自動車学校」開校
- The first publication of 'Fujinkoron,' great hit of 'Gondora no uta' (Gondola song), the production of the gramophone starts in Japan, the release of the first animation 'Saru to kani no kassen' (The Quarrel of the Monkey and the Crab) (production by Nikkatsu), and the opening of the 'Tokyo Driving School'
- 試合を大きく左右するタイミングでの議論は互いに譲りにくい、ルールに統一性が欠ける上にお互いが競技かるたのルールを熟知していない、などの理由で揉めることが多い。
- It often causes troubles, as it is hard to yield to the opponent in a discussion at the timing that may influences the game greatly, and as usually both players do not understand the rule of Kyogi Karuta that already lacks a standard.
- 幕藩改革の混乱や、異国船の来航による対外的緊張など政治的混乱がおこると、幕府は秩序維持のため大政委任論に依存して朝廷権威を政治的に利用し、朝廷の権威が復興する。
- When confusion over reform of the shogunate system and political chaos due to tension with foreign countries occurred, the Tokugawa shogunate tried to make use of the authority of the Imperial Court for the maintenance of political order, insisting that its political power was entrusted by the Imperial Court, and through this the authority of the Imperial Court was restored.
- 翌年にはさらに、井上馨による欧化主義を基本とした外交政策に対し、外交策の転換・言論集会の自由・地租軽減を要求した三大事件建白運動が起り民権運動は激しさを増した。
- The movement further intensified as the 1887 political movement broke out, calling for the switch of the foreign policy, freedom of speech and assembly, the land-tax reduction, in responses to Kaoru INOUE's foreign policy that placed importance on Westernization.
- これは中古日本語から受け継がれた統合の結果であるが、子音の後にこれらが続く場合にどのように発音されたのかはいまだ明らかでなく、更なる議論が待たれるところである。
- This is a result of the integration derived from Early Middle Japanese, but it is still unclear and remains to be further discussed how those vowels were pronounced when they followed consonants.
- 1600年に松倉重政が関ヶ原の戦いの論功で領土を与えられ、大和五条藩(現在の五條市二見)が成立、江戸時代に入り1616年に重政が島原藩に移封されるまで存続した。
- In 1600, Shigemasa MATSUKURA was awarded a territory as a conferral of honors in the Battle of Sekigahara, and Yamato Gojo Domain (currently Futami, Gojo City) was established and survived until Shigemasa was transferred to Shimabara Domain in 1616 in the Edo period.
- 軽々に思想と経済の間の因果関係を結論づけることはできないが、陽明学における人欲の肯定が、発展著しい商業経済にとって非常にタイムリーな思想であったことは間違いない。
- It might be superficial to conclude that there is a relationship between ideology and the economy, but the approval of desire in Yomei-^gaku at a time the commercial economy was rapidly developing was, undoubtedly, an extremely timely ideology.
- しかし、徳川幕府はもともと武士の争乱の末に政権を奪取しており、「王道」に反する「覇道」にあたるから、朱子学による幕府の正統化の論理は、最初から矛盾をはらんでいた。
- However, the Tokugawa shogunate originally came to power at the end of years of battles among military families and the shogunate corresponded to the 'military government' which was contrary to 'righteous government', therefore the logic for justifying the Tokugawa shogunate was filled with contradiction from the beginning.
- 土佐藩からの建言もあって、第15代将軍徳川慶喜は公議政体論に基づき、慶応3年10月14日 (旧暦)(1867年11月9日)に大政奉還を上奏した(翌15日に勅許)。
- On November 9 1967, under the advice of Tosa Domain, the 15th Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA brought news to the court of the Taisei Hokan (Restoration of Imperial rule based on the principle of parliamentary regime) which received Imperial sanction the following day.
- それらは武力行使による犠牲者を生み出した他、内外の世論の関心を惹起し、1897年の帝国議会では台湾を1億元でフランスに売却すべきという「台湾売却論」まで登場した。
- Such policy with use of force created victims as well as caused public interest in and outside of Japan, so the 1897 session of the Imperial Diet debated whether Japan should sell Taiwan to France for 100 million yuan.
- また、紛争勃発直前の会合で研究所・府連・全同教関係者を含めた「五人委員会」が発足していた事実を明らかにし、この委員会が管理権を持っており、研究所にはないと論じた。
- Also, they showed the fact that in the meeting just before the conflict, the 'Five Members Committee' consisted of the Instutute, the Kyoto Federation and the Zendokyo related members had been established, and argued the custodial right of the Hall was owned by the committee, and not owned by the Institute.
- 地球温暖化に対してはその信頼性や影響について様々な懐疑論が見られるが、その傾向はいくつかに絞られており、概ね否定できるもの、または信頼性に乏しいと考えられている。
- There are various kinds of skepticism on credibility or influence of the global warming, but the tendencies are limited to a few, and they are deniable in general and have little credibility.
- また大久保達はこれ以降、政治の実権を握る事になったが、いわゆる「征韓論」に対しては大久保らも、交渉決裂に際して朝鮮半島での武力行使の方針自体には反対ではなかった。
- Okubo and other leaders, who held power after this event, also were not against Seikanron and the policy of executing military power in the Korean Peninsula after a breakdown in negotiations.
- 世論が沸き起こること自体、幕藩体制が堅牢なころには起こり得ないことであったが、この「世論」の精神的支柱として、京都の天皇帝(みかど)の存在がクローズアップされる。
- Public opinion itself had never been a concern when the shogunate system was stable, but with this 'public opinion' as an emotional prop, the existence of the Emperor in Kyoto came to the fore.
- しかし彼らは逆に堀部安兵衛に論破されて急進派になってしまったため、元禄14年(1701年)10月20日 (旧暦)(11月19日)大石内蔵助が自身で江戸へ下向する。
- However, since they were convinced by Yasubei HORIBE and joined the radicals, Kuranosuke OISHI came down to Edo on November 19, 1701.
- 自らの存在を否定することになる日本国憲法の審議では、下手に否決して天皇制廃止論を連合国に持ち出される事態を恐れたため、次善の策として消極的な賛成論が大勢を占めた。
- At the discussion on the Constitution of Japan, which eventually meant the loss of their existence, Kizokuin were worried that the Allies might promote abolishing the Emperor system and to counter this, most of the councilors reluctantly agreed with the Constitution.
- このため、家康は三成に関わるものとして佐和山城は勿論のこと、寺であろうと何であろうと破却させ、直政の後を継いだ子の井伊直継には新たに彦根城を築城するように命じた。
- Because of this, Ieyasu destroyed all sorts of things related to Mitsunari including temples to say nothing of Sawayama-jo Castle, and ordered Naotsugu II, a son of Naomasa, who succeeded his father, to construct Hikone-jo Castle.
- つまり、渋沢・杉浦の「四民平等」を追求した人権論に根ざした早期開放論も、大木・大江の「生活改善」による格差是正後の漸進開放論も最初から無かった事にされてしまった。
- That is to say that both of the opinion of early emancipation based on human rights contention pursuing 'shimin byodo (equality of all people)' by SHIBUSAWA and SUGIURA and the opinion of gradual emancipation after a correction of a gap through 'bettering of life ' by OKI and OE were completely disregarded.
- 内容は第1次桂内閣の外交を軟弱であると糾弾して「バイカル湖まで侵攻しろ」と主戦論を唱え、対ロシア帝国武力強硬路線の選択を迫ったものであり、世論の反響も大きかった。
- It condemned the foreign policy of the First Katsura Cabinet as wimpy and pressed the Cabinet to take a hard line on the Russian Empire advocating war and saying 'Invade as far as lake Baikal,' to which the public reaction was huge.
- この時代は、1891年刊行の吾妻村 (栃木県)民らによる鉱毒の記録集『足尾銅山鉱毒・渡良瀬川沿岸事情』を発刊直後に発売禁止にするなど、言論封殺が主な対策であった。
- During this period, the major part of these measures was restrictions of speech and of the press, such as banning the publication immediately after issuance of a record of the mining pollution 'Ashio Dozan Kodoku, Watarase-gawa-engan Jijo' (Ashio copper mine Mining Pollution, Status of Watarase-gawa River) published in 1891 by the residents of Azuma Village (Tochigi Prefecture).
- また、徳川綱吉の側用人であった柳沢吉保の日記には、生類憐みの令に関する記述があまりなく、重要な法令とは受け止められていなかった可能性が強いのではないかと推論する。
- Moreover, there are few records regarding the law in the diary of Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, lord chamberlain of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, suggesting that there is a high possibility that the law did not have a high importance attached to it.
- 「こうした時事的な部分を除いてしまえば、「脱亜論」は、半開の国々は西洋文明を取り入れて自から近代化していくべきだ、という『文明論之概略』の主張と少しも変わらない」
- 'Without these topical subjects, the 'Datsu-A Ron' is no different from what was said in the 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' (An Outline of a Theory of Civilization) saying semicivilized countries need to positively introduce Western culture to modernize their countries.'
- また、国民の祝日に関する法律を立法するに先立って行われた、「希望する祝日」の政府の世論調査では、「新年」に次いで「天皇陛下のお生まれになった日」が第2位であった。
- Also, at the opinion survey conducted by the government regarding 'preferable holidays' prior to legislate the Act on National Holidays, 'the birthday of his Imperial Majesty' ranked second following 'New Year.'
- そして、従来は同じく中国思想であったものが日本化した攘夷論とむすびつき、幕府や幕藩体制を批判する先鋭な政治思想へと展開していき、この思想が明治維新の原動力となった。
- Furthermore, conventional Chinese thoughts were Japanized in the same way, and united with the doctrine of excluding foreigners, developing into a radical political position criticical of the shogunate and its domain system, and as such, this became a driving force for the Meiji Restoration.
- これらの実態から、当時、朝鮮半島を実行支配していた日本との協約を無効だとする解釈は「法の不遡及」的解釈であるとする考え方が日本や有効・合法論においての考え方である。
- Under these circumstances, the interpretation that the treaty with Japan who actually ruled the Korean Peninsula at that time was invalid is regarded as 'legally non-retroactive' interpretation in Japan and among the advocates of validity and/or legality.
- そのため、世論の非難(日本内部)が高まり、暴徒と化した民衆によって内務大臣 (日本)官邸、御用新聞と目されていた国民新聞社、交番などが焼き討ちされる事件が起こった。
- Because of this, the criticism increased in the public opinion (inside of Japan), and the people who turned into a mob burned out the official residence of Minister of Home Affairs, Kokumin Shinbunsya which was regarded as a pro-government newspaper company, police stations and so on.
- だが、土地の賦課の是非は大名などの領主の権限と考えられていたこと、従来の検地に代わる大規模な測量の必要性があることから、政府内でも賛否両論があってまとまらなかった。
- However, this proposal was not put into practice because there were arguments for and against within the government; the main reasons for the opposition lied in that at that time it was believed that the authority to impose land tax or not lied in the feudal lords such as daimyo and that it was necessary to conduct a large scale land survey replacing the existing nationwide land survey before getting into the land-tax reform.
- 「光のこだま」現象としての原因は、隣接するクエーサーを内包していたと考えられる銀河IC 2497の、影響による周囲のガスと赤外線による発光の残像だと推論されている。
- The 'optical light echo' phenomenon is apparently caused by the persistence of a light emission amidst surrounding gas and infrared rays due to the influence of the nearby galaxy IC 2497 which seems to have once included a quasar.
- 哲学館事件は現在でも日本の教育史では大きなトピックとなっており、松本清張の「小説東京帝国大学」(1969年、新潮社)などのように小説や論説の題材として使用されている。
- Tetsugakukan incident is an important topic in educational history in Japan, it is used as a theme of novels and editorials, for example'Novel Tokyo Imperial University' (published in 1969, by Shinchosha Publishing Co., Ltd.;) written by Seicho Matsumoto.
- 日本では、伊藤博文や井上馨らがロシアとの妥協の道を探っていたが、山縣有朋や桂太郎、加藤高明らはロシアとの対立はいずれ避けられないと判断してイギリスとの同盟論を唱えた。
- In Japan Hirobumi ITO, Kaoru INOUE and so on were trying to find a way to compromise with Russia, but, on the other hand, Aritomo YAMAGATA, Taro KATSURA, Takaaki KATO and so on, who judged that sooner or later conflict with Russia would arise, advocated alliance with Britain.
- 同委員会は1903年に、1897年の予防令後は鉱毒は減少したと結論づけ、洪水を防ぐために渡良瀬川下流に鉱毒沈殿用の大規模な「遊水池」を作るべきとする報告書を提出した。
- This committee concluded in 1903 that after the preventive measure of 1897, the mining pollution had been decreased, and they submitted a report suggesting that they should build a large, control basin near Watarase-gawa River's mouth for settling mineral poison and for preventing floods.
- そのような状況下で、消極論者の右大臣岩倉具視を擁しながら、漸進的な伊藤博文・井上馨(長州閥)とやや急進的な大隈重信(参議・大蔵卿・肥前藩出身)を中心に運営されていた。
- Under the condition, the dispute regarding introduction of constitutional government system was led by Tomomi IWAKURA, Minister of the Right, who was in a passive attitude, Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, who aimed gradual introduction (Choshu clique), and Shigenobu OKUMA (Sangi, Okura-kyo [Minister of the Treasury], from Hizen Domain), who aimed earlier introduction.
- しかし無論、儒教思想がそのまま取り入れられた訳ではなく、儒学の中では『四書』の一つとして重要視されている『孟子』を、国体にそぐわないものであると評価する思想家も多い。
- However, it is not just an adoption of Confucian thought and many of the thinkers evaluated 'Moshi (Mencius)' which was emphasized as one of the 'The Four Books of Confucianism' that were unsuitable for national policy.
- 一進会を率い、韓日併合論を説いた宋秉畯らは朝鮮総督府中枢院顧問となり、合併後の朝鮮の政治にも大きく影響を与え続け、その後、その功績により宋秉畯には伯爵位が与えられた。
- Song Byung-joon and others who led Isshinkai and supported the theory as to Japan's annexation of Korea assumed office as adviser of Chusuin (a government office in Korea) of Chosen Sotoku-fu and kept affecting on the Korean politics after the annexation, and later Song Byung-joon was given a title of count for his achievement.
- その結果、西郷や板垣らの征韓派は一斉に下野(征韓論政変または明治六年政変)し、1874年の佐賀の乱から1877年の西南戦争に至る士族反乱や自由民権運動の起点となった。
- In consequence, Saigo, Itagaki and others who supported Seikanron went into opposition (this incident is called the 'Seikanron Coup' or the 'Coup of 1873'), and they became leaders of the revolt by Shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) from Saga War in 1874 to Satsuma Rebellion or the Freedom and People's Right Movement.
- 戦前彼の著書は不敬であるとして発禁処分とされたが、戦後になって天皇制のタブーが解かれると、多くの歴史学者によっておおむね妥当な推論であるとして支持されるようになった。
- Although his books had been banned for sale in the prewar time as the books lacking respect for the emperor, many historians came to support his books as an approximately reasonable assumption when the taboo against discussion of the Emperor system was removed after World War II.
- 初めにこの箇所に着目した高橋崇は、食国法は統治の法のことであるから、律令に他ならず、天智天皇の定めた律令は近江令のことだから、不改常典とは近江令のことであると論じた。
- Takashi TAKAHASHI, the first person who paid attention to this point, argued that the law of the nation's governance means a law of ruling and therefore, naturally it means nothing, but the Rituryo codes, and the Ritsuryo established by Emperor Tenchi is Omi-Ryo, thus Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is the Omi-Ryo.
- 逆にソウル大学校教授李栄薫は、韓国で教えられている「日帝による土地収奪論」は神話であり、客観的数値で見ても日本が編入した朝鮮の土地は10%に過ぎないとする研究者もいる。
- On the other hand, researchers such as Lee Yong-hoon of the Seoul National University say that the 'land requisition by Empire of Japan' taught in South Korea is a myth, and the Korean land incorporated by Japan was only 10% from the viewpoint of objective figure.
- 実際には鎌倉幕府の摂家将軍や宮将軍、江戸幕府の大政委任論のように、幕府もまた朝廷の実質とは一線を画しつつも、朝廷から分離してその存在を考えることはできないものであった。
- As a matter of fact, the bakuhu also could not exist without the Imperial Court while keeping the characteristic of its own which is different from the one in the Imperial Court, such as Sekke Shogun and Miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) from Kamakura bakufu, and Taisei-ininron (a theory holding that government powers were delegated to the Shogun by the Tenno) of Edo bakufu.
- 下級武士や知識人階級を中心に、「鎖国は日本開闢以来の祖法」であるという説に反したとされた、その外交政策に猛烈に反発する世論が沸き起こり、「攘夷」運動として朝野を圧した。
- The public opinion of foreign exclusionism among low-ranking samurai and intellectuals in particular overwhelmed all over Japan, insisting furiously that the national seclusion had been the fundamental law since the dawn of Japanese history and the opening up of the country was against it.
- なお、徳富蘇峰は「(西園寺は)仏(桂)を頼んで地獄(総辞職)に落ちた」と評し(『大正政局史論』)、西園寺の度を越えた「盟友」桂への依存が政権崩壊の真の原因と評している。
- Soho TOKUTOMI attributed the true failure of the cabinet to Saionji's excessive dependence on Katsura, his 'sworn friend'; Soho criticized the cabinet by saying, '(SAIONJI) depended on Buddha (KATSURA) and went down to the hell (resign en masse).' (Taisho seikyoku shiron [A Political History of the Taisho Era])
- 桂が出させたものであるとはいえ、「公家は天皇の藩屏でなければならない」と信じる西園寺にとって、自分が率いる政友会が天皇の詔勅を無視したことは許されないという論理である。
- Although it was a forced announcement by Katsura, Saionji, who believed that former court nobles should be 'hanpei' (protectors of the emperor) even after the Meiji Restoration, insisted that he himself was responsible and unforgivable as the leader of the party for the Seiyukai's neglect of the edict.
- 加えて貴族院では清浦がかつて所属していた研究会_(貴族院)の議員を閣僚10人中3人も入閣させるという「論功人事」を行ったことに対する他会派からの批判が湧き起こっていた。
- In addition, the fact that KIYOURA gave 3 out of 10 ministerial positions to the members of the House of Peers who belonged to the same faction as KIYOURA used to belong to, namely the Kenkyukai (Study Association) also triggered mounting criticism from among other political groups too.
- 一君万民論(いっくんばんみんろん)はただ一人の君主にのみ生来の権威・権限を認め、その他の臣下・人民の間には原則として一切の差別・身分差を認めないとする思想・主張である。
- Ikkunbanmin-ron is a theory in which constitutional authority is given to only one ruler, and under this sovereignty any discrimination and distinction from social status shold not be allowed among all other people.
- また、書道をよくし、奈良時代の書家として聖武天皇とともに有名であり、作品には『楽毅論』(がっきろん)や『杜家立成雑書要略』(とけりっせいざっしょようりゃく)などがある。
- She was skilled in calligraphy, she and Emperor Shomu are famous as calligraphers of Nara period, and she created 'Gakki-ron essay' and 'Toka rissei zassho yoryaku'.
- ただし、品位そのものは天皇との親疎は勿論のこと当該皇親の母親の出自や年齢、経歴、その他社会的評価に基づいて叙せられる場合が多く、一品親王と皇位継承との関連性は全く無い。
- However, since the Honi was most of time conferred based on the degree of the intimacy with the emperor, the origin of Koshin's mother, the age, the career and the other social valuation, there was no relation between the Ippon Shinno and the succession to the Imperial Throne.
- 千之丞は兄と対照的に多才な理論家で、狂言の新作や復曲をしたりオペラやミュージカルの演出を手がけたりと、多方面での活動が目立つが、近年は狂言師としても円熟味を増している。
- Sennojo, in contrast to his elder brother, is a versatile theorist and is remarkable in many fields such as creating new Kyogen, reproducing old Kyogen, or directing operas and musicals, but in recent years, he has matured and mellowed as a Kyogen performer.
- 日朗は高齢ゆえに弟子日印を出し、文保2年(1318年)12月30日から翌元応元年(1319年)9月15日にかけて題目宗と日本仏教全宗派と法論を戦わせた(鎌倉殿中問答)。
- Nichiro was so old that he sent his pupil, Nichiin to have a debate between Daimoku sect and every other sect of Japanese Buddhism during the period from January 30, 1319 to November 5, 1319 (Kamakura denchu mondo Dialogue).
- しかし、実際にどのような経緯があったかについては、依拠しうる史料が、後代に「万世一系」史観の立場で書かれた『日本書紀』などに限られているため、前述の各説には異論もある。
- However, as for the actual circumstances that occurred back then, the historical records are limited to those with a 'bansei ikkei' history view in later generations, like in the 'Nihonshoki' and so on, so there are also objections to the theories mentioned above.
- 後嵯峨は、異論もあるものの、治天の指名を幕府に求める遺勅を残していたとされ、後嵯峨の内意を後深草、亀山の母である大宮院に確認した幕府により、亀山天皇の親政と決められた。
- Despite some objections, Gosaga left the order asking the bakufu to designate the chiten; the bakufu confirmed his will with Omiyain, the mother of Gofukakusa and Kameyama, thus deciding to have direct Imperial rule by Emperor Kameyama.
- しかし明治24年(1891年)東京帝国大学教授久米邦武の「神道は祭天の古俗」という論文が皇室への不敬に当たると批判を受け職を追われ、学問的自由に制限が加わるようになる。
- However Kunitake KUME, a professor of Tokyo Imperial University, wrote the essay titled; ' Shintoism is to Enshrine God in the Old Way,' which was criticized as being rude to the Imperial family, he was removed from his position in 1891 and political pressure started to mount against the freedom to study.
- 特に教育に関しては儒学を基本にすべしとする元田の最大の理解者でもあり、教育行政のトップに田中不二麿や森有礼のような西洋的な教育論者が任命された事には不快感を抱いていた。
- Especially when it came to education, he duly understood Motoda's philosophy based on Confucianism, he was frustrated when Fujimaro TANAKA and Arinori MORI who were both educational debaters preferred the western way of thinking, were appointed as educational administrators.
- ドイツの参加理由は、露仏の接近を妨害すること、ロシアの注意を東に向けて欧州における脅威を減らすこと、ドイツ自身の極東への野心、また皇帝が主張した黄禍論などに基づいている。
- The reasons why Germany joined the intervention was 1. to impede closer ties between Russia and France, 2. to divert Russia's attention from Europe to the Far East to lessen its threat to Europe, 3. to fulfill its own ambition in the Far East, and 4. to combat the 'yellow peril' claimed by the Emperor himself.
- 渋沢栄一に加えて井上馨や加藤高明、高橋是清も反対論を唱えて衆議院を説得しようとしたために政府は彼らの説得に苦慮したが、同年3月16日に賛成243・反対109で可決された。
- With not only Eichi SHIBUSAWA but also Kaoru INOUE, Takaaki KATO, and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI opposing the bill and trying to persuade the Diet, the government had trouble dissuading them, but on March 16 in the same year, the bill was approved with 243 in favor and 109 opposed.
- これに対して政友会をはじめとする政党や一般国民、幸三派のうち入閣を拒否した同成会は勿論のこと、閣僚を出していた茶話会・公正会までが清浦内閣と研究会の糾弾を始めたのである。
- In response, political parties such as Seiyu-kai, ordinary people and Doseikai (one of saiwai-sanpa) which refused to send its member to the cabinet, and even Sawakai and Koseikai which sent their members to the cabinet started to condemn KIYOURA Cabinet and Kenkyukai.
- この法度の以前においては天子は法を越える存在であるとされ、武家法には勿論のこと、大宝律令・養老律令をはじめとする公家政権の法制においても天子に関する条文は存在しなかった。
- Before this law, the emperor was treated as an entity transcending the law; therefore, no provision concerning the emperor had existed not only in Buke ho (Samurai laws) but also in any law made by the Kuge (court nobles) Government including the Taiho Ritsuryo and Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period).
- また国外的には、ハーバード大学の朝鮮史教授カーター・J・エッカートも韓国での萌芽論は「論理ではなく日本を弾劾することが目的のもの」としており、近代化萌芽論を強く否定した。
- Furthermore, outside the country, Carter J. Eckert, a Korean history professor, Harvard University, regarded the germination theory in South Korea as 'not logical, but a theory for the purpose of impeaching Japan,' and strongly denied the modernization germination theory.
- この「天皇の軍隊の最高幹部がなんら倫理的葛藤なしに天皇の指名した首相を拒否・打倒する」事態については、山本七平・小室直樹・堺屋太一などが社会評論の題材として分析している。
- Shichihei YAMAMOTO, Naoki KOMURO, and Taichi SAKAIYA analyzed the matter that 'the top Army executives of the emperor refuses or dismisses a prime minister who the Emperor designates' as a subject of social criticism.
- また皇位は基本的に万世一系であるとされており、皇位簒奪の具体例として挙げられているものは、未遂、あるいは本当に皇位簒奪かどうかは学者の間でも議論が分かれているものとなる。
- Also, basically, the Imperial Throne is said to be an unbroken imperial line and there is a controversy among scholars over whether specific examples of usurpation of the imperial throne were attempts or in fact, usurpation of the imperial throne.
- しかし、居延漢簡でほぼ同時代に古隷と八分隷が混在していることから、元々八分隷は隷書の書風の一つであって、それが古隷の書法に代わり後に標準となったと結論づけられたのである。
- However, because korei and happunrei coexisted in Kyoen Kankan in almost the same period, it was concluded that happunrei was originally one calligraphic style of reisho and it became the standard later in lieu of shoho (penmanship, calligraphy) of korei.
- それ以前の皇統については、折口信夫の主張する中天皇論等を考慮すれば、女系天皇(純然たる女系あるいは男系でなく双系という意見もある)であった可能性も少なくないとの説もある。
- As for the imperial line before that period, Nakatsusumeramikoto ron; if the existence of Empress or Princess who was a liaison between God and Emperor advocated by Nobuo ORIGUCHI, is considered, female-line Emperors might have existed (some people say that they were neither female-line nor male-line but female & male-line Emperors).
- この相論は摂政一条兼遐や京都所司代板倉重宗らによって審議されたが、途中で壬生孝亮による売官問題が発覚、孝亮は解官・追放となったために有耶無耶に終わり、問題は先送りとされた。
- Those including the regent Akiyoshi ICHIJO and the shogun's deputy for Kyoto, Shigemune ITAKURA examined the dispute, but the examination ended leaving the dispute unsettled when an illegal official rank selling of Takasuke MIBU was discovered and Takasuke was dismissed and expelled from the court.
- その後大正デモクラシーの高まりを受けて歴史学にも再び自由な言論が活発になり、マルクス主義の唯物史観に基づく歴史書も出版されたが、社会主義運動の高まりと共に統制も強化された。
- After that, movement towards freedom of speech became popular again in historical studies as the Taisho Democracy became more popular, some historical books about Marxism based upon historical materialism were published, there was more strict control as the socialist movement became more popular.
- また、上記とは別に戦後京都大学人文科学研究所(京大人文研)にて頻繁に共同研究会を開き、活発な討論を行っていた一派も、京都学派と呼ばれるが、上記の京都学派とは直接の関係はない。
- Moreover, apart from the above, a group which frequently held collaborative research in the Institute for Research in the Humanities, Kyoto University, and actively held discussions after the war is also called the Kyoto school, but is not directly related with the above Kyoto school.
- 1874年(明治7年)、前年のいわゆる明治六年の政変(征韓論の争議)に敗れて下野した副島種臣、板垣退助、後藤象二郎、江藤新平等が連署して、民撰議院設立建白書を左院に提出した。
- In 1874, Taneomi SOEJIMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shojiro GOTO and Shinpei ETO who resigned from their post due to the political upheaval in 1873 (the dispute of Seikanron [debate on subjugation of Korea]) submitted a political statement for democratic representatives in their joint names.
- 幕末には経済学者佐藤信淵は土地国有化と海外進出を行う絶対主義国家を論じ、吉田松陰は幽囚録で蝦夷地開拓とともにカムチャッカ半島、朝鮮、台湾、満州等への侵略統治論を展開していた。
- In the closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Nobuhiro SATO, an economist argued absolutism of nationalizing lands and finding ways into foreign countries, while Shoin YOSHIDA argued in his book titled yuin-roku (descriptions in prison) reclamation of Ezo and invasion for the control of such as the Kamchatkan Peninsula, Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria.
- これは当時の仏典『大智度論』(『摩訶般若波羅蜜多経』の注釈書)などに「」とあるように東方にあることを示しただけとする考えもあるが、倭国王の表記を忌避したものと見る考えもある。
- The 'Daichidoron (Commentary on the Great Wisdom Sutra, '摩訶般若波羅蜜多経,' literally translated to the 'Heart of the Perfection of Transcedent Wisdom')' written at that time indicated that such expression as the land where the sun rises only referred to the East of China, but some people mention that the expression of the King of Wa was avoided.
- 1897年、鉱毒被害地の農民が大挙して東京に陳情(当時の表現では押出し)を行うなど、世論が高まると、同年3月、政府は足尾銅山鉱毒調査委員会を設置し、数度の鉱毒予防令を出した。
- In 1897 large numbers of peasants from the affected area went to Tokyo to protest (called 'Oshidashi', protest) and the general verdict on the company and government became negative, then, in March of the same year, the government established the Research Committee of Ashio copper mine Mining Pollution and issued several acts for preventing mining pollution.
- そしてこの偏りが絶対であったうちは中京以西の列島を二分する「銅鐸文化圏」と「銅矛文化圏」の存在によるものであると捉えられ、仮定としてではなく真剣に論じられていた時代があった。
- When this biased distribution was still predominant, the theory that the island from Chukyo to the west was divided into two parts, 'the dotaku cultural area' and 'the dohoko cultural area,' was not treated as a hypothesis and seriously discussed.
- 歴史学界では、1950年代の壬申の乱計画・非計画論争を経て、大海人皇子が駅鈴を求めたのは高坂王の反応をうかがい、あわよくば自らの移動に役立てるためであったとする説が定着した。
- In history societies, a theory that Prince Oama called for ekirei in order to look for Takasaka no Okimi's reaction and use him to help their transportation if possible, became established after an argument over the Jinshin war was planned or unplanned in 1950's.
- この時期を同じくした新しい論に対しては多数の反論が展開され、1970年(?)12月から翌年1月にかけては毎日新聞紙上においてこの説を巡って4回にわたって議論が繰り広げられた。
- Many criticisms developed against these new theories published in the same period, and from December 1970 (?) to November of the following year, the discussions about the theories were held four times in Mainichi Newspapers.
- 徳富蘆花は、「謀反論」を書き、謀反を恐れてはならないとし、石川啄木は「時代閉塞の現状」への宣戦布告を行ったが、永井荷風はこれを機に社会的関心から意識的に遠ざかるようになった。
- Roka TOKUTOMI wrote 'Muhonron' (on rebellion) and advocated not to be afraid to rebel and Takuboku ISHIKAWA declared war against the 'situation of exclusive period,' but Kafu NAGAI intentionally kept his distance of social interests on this occasion.
- 、石田友治らによって言論雑誌『第三帝国 (雑誌)』が刊行され、またには東京大学の吉野作造により民本主義による政治が提唱された事を背景に、次第に普通選挙運動が活発になっていった。
- With the publication of the political magazine 'Daisan Teikoku' (The Third Empire) by Tomoji ISHIDA and others and the proposal of government founded on democracy by Sakuzo YOSHINO of Tokyo Imperial University, the movement calling for popular elections began to grow.
- 明治になると、図書館が設置されるようになり、図書館に置いてある資料のリストである図書目録を作成するための図書館学の技術として資料組織論や図書分類法などが導入されるようになった。
- When libraries were established in the Meiji Period, the principle of library material organization and the method of book classification were introduced as techniques of library science to make tosho mokuroku (library catalogue).
- マルクス主義歴史学(唯物史観)においては、生産力と生産関係の矛盾を基盤として普遍的な歴史法則を見いだそうとするため、この理論的枠組みを非ヨーロッパ地域にも適用して説明が試みた。
- Marxist history (materialistic concept of history) tries to find out a universal rule of history based on the contradiction between the productive force and the relation of production, and the logical framework was applied to non-European regions as an explanation.
- 1585年(天正13年7月11日)、関白に任じられた羽柴秀吉は近衛前久の猶子となり藤原氏を名乗っていたが(関白相論)、前例のない他姓出身者の関白就任には多くの反発が予想された。
- Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who was appointed Kanpaku on August 6, 1585, became an adopted child of Sakihisa KONOE, and used the name of the Fujiwara clan (kanpaku soron [disagreement over Kanpaku position]), however, many backlashes were anticipated against this unprecedented appointment, in which a person whose sei (surname) was not the inherited honsei (original name).
- これでは、父鳥羽法皇が後白河を皇位の器ではないとみなしたのは、当然と言える(無論、崇徳、近衛、後白河の3代28年に渡り鳥羽法皇が院政を敷いていた事を、考慮に入れねばならない)。
- We must say it was natural for his father, the Cloistered Emperor Toba to mention that Goshirakawa didn't have what it takes to be an emperor. (We must consider that the Cloistered Emperor Toba ruled his cloistered government for twenty eight years, during three generations, from Emperor Sutoku, Konoe, through to Goshirakawa.)
- 下向井らの議論は、武士の成立を王朝国家論・荘園公領制論などと整合的・有機的に結びつけるものであり、21世紀初頭において、武士成立に関する最も有力な説の一つに位置づけられている。
- The theory by Shimomukai and others connects the establishment of samurai to the dynastic nation theory and the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) theory consistently and systematically, and in the early 21st century, has been positioned as one of the most promising theories concerning the establishment of samurai.
- これについて空海は、天の巻に付された総序において「配巻軸於六合、懸不朽於兩曜、名曰秘府論。(巻軸を六合に配し、不朽を両曜に懸け、名づけて秘府論という)」とその意図を述べている。
- Kukai's intention was, as he wrote in the general introduction appended to the volume of Heaven, 'the volumes are titled after the universe and because they are so everlasting as the sun and the moon are, they are collectively called hifuron (important theory).'
- 藩論の再転換により、既定の降伏条件を履行しない長州藩へのいらだちは高まり、老中小笠原長行(唐津藩世子)・勘定奉行小栗忠順ら強硬派による長州再征論が浮上し、将軍家茂は再度上洛する。
- Due to this reconversion, the bakufu got increasingly frustrated with Choshu, which didn't perform the duties agreed as conditions to surrender, and Shogun Iemochi again visited Kyoto on the back of insistence from hardliners such as roju Nagayuki OGASAWARA (heir to Karatsu clan) and Tadamasa OGURI, kanjo bugyo (commissioner of financeof the bakufu), to discuss the conquering of Choshu.
- だが、復古的な攘夷論がこれによって一掃されたわけではなく、大楽源太郎の反乱計画や二卿事件、久留米藩難など明治政府を倒して攘夷を断行しようとする事件が暫くの間継続されることとなる。
- However, the revival of the joi ron did not completely disappear; some incidents that tried to decline the Meiji government and force the Joi movement, such as Gentaro DAIRAKU's rebellion, Nikyo Jiken (The Incidents triggered by two court nobles), and the Kurume Domain incident continued for a certain period of time.
- 静岡県立大学国際関係学部助教の平山洋は『福沢諭吉の真実』(文春新書、文藝春秋)、200-203ページ、において、「脱亜論」がこの論説(後編)の要約になっていることに注意している。
- Assistant Professor of the Faculty of International Relations of University of Shizuoka, Yo HIRAYAMA mentioned in pages 200 to 203 of the 'Fukuzawa Yukichi no Shinjitsu' (The Truth about Yukichi FUKUZAWA) (Bunshun Shinsho paperback, Bunheishunju Ltd.), that the 'Datsu-A Ron' was an abstract of the editorial (II).
- また、名古屋大学名誉教授の安川寿之輔は、初期の福澤の思想にも国権論的立場を見出し得るのであるから、「脱亜論」がそれ以前の福澤の考えと比較して特段異なるものとはいえないと指摘する。
- Also, Junosuke YASUKAWA, a professor emeritus at Nagoya University said that, because Fukuzawa's national power perspective can be detected in his earlier thoughts, the 'Datsu-A Ron' was no different from what he had said before.
- この場合、明治維新から第2次世界大戦までの日本の政治体制は絶対主義であり、明治維新はブルジョワ的市民革命ではなく、不十分な改革であったと評価される、社会経済史理論の一形態である。
- This is a theory of socioeconomic history to say that the political system in Japan from the Meiji Restoration until World War II was to be absolutism and that the Meiji Restoration was not a bourgeois revolution but an unfinished reform.
- なお幕末においては、たとえば横井小楠の発言にみられるように、外に対する「鎖国」だけではなく、日本国内においても藩と藩とのあいだも「鎖国」状態であるとの批判をおこなう論者もみられた。
- During the end of the Edo period, as described by the remarks made by Shonan YOKOI, some people criticized the seclusionism, saying that the policy indicated 'severing contact' not only from foreign countries, but also within each domain.
- しかしながら、ここを「列侯会議」に限定せずに漠然と「広く会議」に改めたことは、後に起草者たちの意図を離れ、民権論者によって民選議会を開設すべき根拠として拡張解釈されるようになった。
- However the vague revision to 'widely established deliberative assemblies' not restricting 'councils by feudal lords' was extended later by civil rights advocates as the authority to establish popularly-elected parliament, being far from the original intentions of drafters.
- また、永享11年の室町幕府の意見書でも「湯起請の失の深浅は、牓示姧曲の多少による」とされ、不当な主張をすれば湯起請の結果に反映されるとして、境相論の解決法として有効とみなしていた。
- A written opinion issued by the Muromachi bakufu in 1439 described that 'the degree of shitsu shows how maliciously Boji (signs placed at the border between territories) was distorted' and regarded it as an effective solution to disputes over the boundary between territories since an unreasonable claim would be reflected in the the result of yugisho.
- 縁のある人物が一部を加筆するといったケース(時代を遡った日本の例になるが、『源氏物語』は一部の巻が紫式部以外による執筆を疑われている)などは、普通贋作とは(無論偽書とも)呼ばない。
- If a literary work is partly added by persons related to the original writer, it would not be called 'forged writings' (as for 'The Tale of Genji,' though this is a sample from ancient Japan, some volumes are doubted to be written by other person than Murasaki Shikibu).
- 松本克己の論文の発表は1975年3月であるが、それと時を同じくして同年9月、森重敏は「上代特殊仮名遣とは何か」を発表し、松本とは別の観点から上代特殊仮名遣の8母音説に異議を唱えた。
- The article by Katsumi MATSUMOTO was published in March 1975, and in September of the same year, Satoshi MORISHIGE almost coincidentally published 'What is Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai' and criticized the theory of eight vowels of Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai from a different point of view from Matsumoto's.
- しかし征韓論政変によって参議から下野した板垣退助らが自由民権運動を開始し、それが次第に議会開設の国民運動として発展すると、政府は大日本帝国憲法を発布し、議会と内閣制度を発足させた。
- However, when Taisuke ITAGAKI and others, who resigned from the post of Sangi (councilor) after the political change of Seikanron (debate about the subjugation of Korea), started the Jiyuminken Undo (the Freedom and People's Rights Movement), that movement developed gradually into a movement by the people to establish the Diet, and the government promulgated the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and established the Diet and the cabinet system.
- その後、韓国国内でも、旧植民地の遺構として撤去を求める意見と、歴史を忘れないため保存すべきという意見があり議論が行われたが、大韓民国の韓国国立中央博物館として利用されることになった。
- Later in Korea, there were opinions to remove it as remains of the former colony and opinions to conserve not forget the history, and discussions were held, but it was decided to be used as the National Museum of Korea.
- しかし、積極的な主戦論を主張していたロシア海軍や関東州総督のエヴゲーニイ・アレクセーエフらは、朝鮮半島でも増えつつあったロシアの利権を妨害される恐れのある妥協案に興味を示さなかった。
- Fearing that the expansion of Russian interests on the Korean peninsula would be impeded, neither the Russian navy, which advocated war, nor Евгений Алексеев, the governor-general of the Kwantung Leased Territory expressed interest in the settlement.
- 井上毅らの国体論は古事記神話に基づいて公私を峻別し、天皇は公的な統治を行う(シラス)ものであって、他の土豪や人民が行う私的な所有権の行使(ウシハク)とは異なるとする(井上「古言」)。
- The national polity theory of Kowashi INOUE insisted that the emperor separated private and public matters and fairly ruled the country according to the mythology of Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) (Shirasu in Japanese), and the emperor's sovereignty was completely different from private controls by local clans and people (Ushihaku in Japanese) (according to Inoue's writing 'Kogen').
- また、このころの元老院の議論は低調で1878年1月20日付の「輿論雑誌」には、元老院でまともに議論をしているのは両幹事(陸奥・河野)と中島信行・細川潤次郎の4名だけと揶揄されている。
- The discussion at Genroin those days was inactive, so it was teased on 'Public Opinion Magazine' issued on January 20, 1878 that the members who were discussing sincerely were just 4 members who were two secretaries (MUTSU, KONO), Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA and Junjiro HOSOKAWA.
- 後白河法皇の死後は自ら親政及び院政を行ったが、治天の君として土御門天皇を退かせて寵愛する順徳天皇を立てその子孫に皇位継承させた事には貴族社会からは勿論、他の親王達からの不満を買った。
- After the Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa died, Go-Toba-in, as a Chiten no kimi, ruled the government directly or started a cloister government, whereupon he forced Emperor Tsuchimikado to abdicate from the throne and let his favorite (the future Emperor Juntoku) assume the throne, followed by Emperor Juntoku's descendants as successors; thus it is needless to say that the lords and princes were hostile against him due to this incident.
- 中世の国家体制については、一般的には天皇・公家の後退と武家の伸張によって特徴付けられるが、公家と武家が両々相俟って国家を維持したとする権門体制論も提出されているなど学説も多様である。
- As for the system of the country during the Medieval period, it is generally characterized as the regression of the Emperor and Kuge and extension of Buke (samurai families), but the theories are various, like the kenmon taisei theory, a theory that suggests Kuge and Buke both kept the country together, is presented.
- 皇位継承法説の論者の多くは、この箇所を含む文は「改めてはならない常の典と立てた法が傾くことなく動くことなく続くように働け」という意味で、全体として継承を意識しているとして弁明とする。
- Many of the supporters of the imperial succession code theory explain that the description including this expression means 'work to maintain the law formulated as the irreversible code not declined, stable, and sustained,' and as a whole, the description is conscious of the succession.
- 1911年(明治44年)、小学校の歴史教科書に鎌倉幕府滅亡以後の時代を「南北朝時代」とする記述があった点が、南朝と北朝を対等に扱っているとして帝国議会で問題とされた(南北朝正閏論)。
- In 1911 there was an issue raised in the Imperial Diet concerning the description of the post Kamakura shogunate era called 'the period of the Northern and Souther Courts,' because it was said that both Courts were treated equally.
- 古くから女帝(呉音じょてい、漢音にょたい)と呼ばれることが多かったが、皇位継承問題の議論が盛んとなった2004年以降、日本の公文書や報道等では女性天皇の表現が用いられるようになった。
- They were often called female Emperor (they were also called Jotei in Goon and Nyotai in Karagoe), after there was active argument of the issue of Imperial succession since 2004, they were commonly called female Emperor in an official document or in the publication.
- 平野、北垣らは「当役所」の名で沢宣嘉の告諭文を発して、天領一帯に募兵を呼びかけ、かねてより北垣が「農兵論」を唱えていたこともあり、その日正午には2000人もの農民が生野の町に群集した。
- Hirano, Kitagaki and others issued an official notice by Nobuyoshi SAWA under the name 'this public office,' calling for recruits all over the shogunate's land and because Kitagaki had already been advocating the 'farmers to arms doctrine,' around two thousand farmers gathered in Ikuno town at noon on that day.
- 山本は世論を怖れて、桂の二の舞を踏むことを避け、軍部大臣現役武官制を緩和して予備役・後備役でも可とし、政党勢力に譲歩するなど、国民に対して融和的な政治をとることで政局の安定化を図った。
- Afraid of public sentiment, Yamamoto tried to avoid making the same mistake as Katsura by working to stabilize the political situation; he attempted to do this by taking his appeasement policy to the public—which included principles such as the relaxation of the requirement that ministers of the army and navy should be active duty officers by allowing first reservists or second reservists to hold the positions—and seeking to reach compromising deals with the other political parties.
- 歴史学者の間で最も有力なものは1951年に岩橋小弥太が論文「天智天皇の立て給ひし常の典」で提唱した直系皇位継承法説で、兄弟継承を排して天皇の子への皇位継承を定めた法だとするものである。
- The most widely-accepted theory is the direct line imperial succession code theory that Koyata IWASAKI presented in 1951 in his article 'The permanent code established by his majesty Emperor Tenchi,' in which he argues that this is the law that determinates the imperial succession rule, eliminating collateral successions between brothers.
- 三・一独立運動に衝撃を受けた日本政府は、武力だけで朝鮮支配は不可能と判断し、また大正デモクラシー期における政党内閣の登場や、武断政治批判の日本国内世論にも配慮し、武断政治を一部変更した。
- The Japanese government, shocked by the March First Movement, found that it was impossible to rule Korea only by force of arms, and changed its Budan seiji partly, also in consideration of the emergence of the party cabinet in the Taisho Democracy period and Japanese domestic public criticism of Budan seiji.
- しかし、明暦4年(1658年)7月9日、妻の叔父に当たる池田長重と些細なことから口論となって長重を斬殺してしまい、自分も長重によって負わされた刀傷が原因で翌日に死去してしまったのである。
- However, on August 7, 1658, Yoshiharu put his wife's uncle, Nagashige IKEDA to the sword as a result of squabbling with Nagashige about a trifle, and on the next day, Yoshiharu himself also died of injury by a sword given by Nagashige.
- また、明治政府が行う文明開化、殖産興業政策による西洋技術・文化の輸入、朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論で政府が紛糾し、明治六年の政変で西郷隆盛、江藤新平、板垣退助らが下野すると士族層に影響を与えた。
- Inside Meiji government, there were heated debates over civilization and enlightenment, over technical and cultural import through the policy of encouragement of new industry and over Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) to dispatch Japanese troops to Korea, which were led by the government itself, and the resignation of Takamori SAIGO, Shinpei ETO and Taisuke ITAGAKI after the political upheaval of the 6th year of Meiji influenced the thought of people from warrior class.
- 1921年、国際連盟規約への抵触、日英双方国内での日英同盟更新反対論、日本との利害の対立から日英同盟の廃止を望むアメリカの思惑、日本政府の対米協調路線を背景にワシントン会議が開催された。
- In 1921 the Washington Conference was convened against the background of the infringement on the Covenant of the League of Nations, opposition to the renewal of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance both in Japan and Britain, the US's desire for abrogation of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance due to its clash of interests with Japan, and the cooperative policy of the Japanese Government toward the US.
- 明良洪範では殉死を真に主君への真の忠義から出た「義腹」、誰かが殉死するために自分も殉死しなければならないとする理屈に基づく「論腹」、殉死することで子孫の栄達を図る「商腹」に分類している。
- In Meiryo-kohan (historical records), junshi was classified into three types: 'gibara' was performed from true loyalty to one's master, 'ronbara' was the junshi based on the logic in which one thought that he has to commit junshi because other person performed junshi, and 'shobara' was committed for the purpose of wishing one's offspring's advancement in social status.
- したがって神武天皇に関する説話は何らかの形で創作されたものであるとする意見が強く、崇神天皇、応神天皇、継体天皇、または記紀編纂時期の天武天皇を基に創作したとする「モデル論」も盛んである。
- Therefore, the majority of opinion is that tales regarding Emperor Jimmu was created in some form, and 'theory of model' that tales of Emperor Jimmu was created based on Emperor Sujin, Emperor Ojin and Emperor Keitai, or Emperor Temmu at the time of compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki is also popular.
- 従来の荒唐無稽な歌舞伎脚本やうわべだけの近代化に終わった活歴物と違う、新しい歌舞伎劇を目指すべく、1893年(明治26年)論文『我が邦の史劇』を発表、その実践例としてこの作品を創作した。
- Aiming at creating a new kabuki drama unlike traditional unrealistic scripts or historical drama modernized only on the surface, he published a paper titled 'Wagakuni no Shigeki (Japan's historical drama)' in 1893 and put his theory into practice by creating this work.
- 続いて、中央集権体制の近代国家にとって国民軍の創出が必要と認識され、西郷隆盛も最終的には山縣の考え方を支持して、山城屋事件で山縣が辞職に追い込まれた後も、西郷は桐野利秋らの反対論を退けた。
- Subsequently, the necessity to create a national army for a modern nation under centralized administrative framework was recognized, and Takamori SAIGO finally supported Yamagata's opinion and turned down the opposing opinions by Toshiaki KIRINO and others, even after Yamagata was forced into resignation due to the Yamashiroya incident.
- また、留守政府では旧薩摩藩士で参議の西郷隆盛らが朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論で紛糾しており、薩摩士族の暴発を予防策として家禄制度を維持しての士族階級の懐柔を行うべきであるとする意見も存在していた。
- In Rusu-seifu, a former feudal retainer of Satsuma and a councilor, Takamori SAIGO and his supporters asserted Seikanron (an opinion to dispatch troops to Korea), and some members of Rusu-seifu insisted that the stipend system should be maintained to conciliate the warrior class, thus preventing the Satsuma warriors from exploding.
- 開拓使官有物払下げ事件(かいたくしかんゆうぶつはらいさげじけん)は、北海道開拓使長官の黒田清隆が開拓使の官有物払下げを決定したところ、世論の厳しい批判を浴び、払下げ中止となった事件を指す。
- The scandal over the sale of the property owned by the Hokkaido Development Agency was the incident that the decision to sell the property owned by the Agency made by Kiyotaka KURODA, the director of the Hokkaido Development Commission, was cancelled due to the heavy criticism from the public.
- 僧侶は南都七大寺(大安寺、薬師寺、元興寺、興福寺、東大寺、西大寺、法隆寺)などの寺において仏教の教理を研究し、南都六宗(三論宗、成実宗、法相宗、倶舎宗、華厳宗、律宗)という学派が形成された。
- Monks studied Buddhist theory in the Seven Great Temples of Nara (Daian-ji Temple, Yakushi-ji Temple, Genko-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple, Todai-ji Temple, Saidai-ji Temple and Horyu-ji Temple) and sects called Nanto rokushu 'six Nara sects' (Sanron sect, Jojitsu sect, Hosso sect, Kusha sect, Kegon sect, and Ritsu sect) were formed.
- 「これを要するに、明治十四年初頭から十七年の末までの福沢の東アジア政策論には、朝鮮国内における改革派の援助という点での一貫性があり、「脱亜論」はこの福沢の主張の敗北宣言にすぎないのである。」
- 'To sum up, in Fukuzawa's theory of East Asian policy from the beginning of 1881 to the end of 1884, there was a consistency in supporting revolutionaries within Korea and the 'Datsu-A Ron' was just his concession speech for what he had been insisting.'
- このことから、最初から広刀自には内親王を産むことが期待され、光明皇后(光明皇后の母は県犬養三千代)には親王の出産が期待され、それぞれ斎王と天皇とになっていくことが目論まれていた可能性がある。
- Because of that, it was possibly planned from the beginning that Hirotoji was expected to have a Princess and Empress Komyo (Mother of Empress Komyo was Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo) was expected to have a Prince so that their children could become the Saio and the Emperor.
- 言論、集会、結社の自由も、(国際世論への配慮のため)一部のキリスト教徒を除き大きく制限され、朝鮮警察事務をすべて日本軍に委任し、通常の警察でなく軍の憲兵(軍事警察)が一般警察官を兼ねるとした。
- Freedom of speech, assembly and association was strictly limited except a part of Christians (for consideration of international opinions), and all the Korean police administration was delegated to the Japanese army, of which kenpei (military police) doubled as general policemen instead of the regular police.
- 朝廷内部では返事を出すかどうかで論争されたが、幕府が返事を出す事に反対した事、朝廷内でも「元の要求に屈するべきではない」という強硬論が強かった事から、朝廷・幕府ともに国書を黙殺する事になった。
- Although there was an argument in the Imperial Court over whether or not to reply, bakufu opposed replying, and the majority of the Imperial Court also had a strong attitude, insisting, 'we should not yield to the demand of the Yuan Dynasty,' and thus, both the Imperial Court and bakufu decided to ignore the letter.
- 福澤は、上記の批判に対して、慶應義塾 五九樓仙萬(ごくろうせんばん)というペンネームで「学問のすすめ之評」という弁明の論文を記して投稿し、『郵便報知新聞』明治7年11月5日号付録に掲載された。
- Fukuzawa responded to those views, by posting an article of 'A review on Gakumon no Susume' which appeared in an additional edition of Yubin Hochi Shinbun newspaper on November 5, 1874, under the name of Kokuro Senban (which nearly sounds 'thanks for your efforts') of Keiogijuku.
- 征韓論(せいかんろん)は、日本の明治初期において、当時留守政府の首脳であった西郷隆盛、板垣退助・江藤新平・後藤象二郎・副島種臣らによってなされた、武力をもって朝鮮を開国しようとする主張である。
- Seikanron is the insistence of the members of the 'Rusu-seifu' on making Korea open to the world by military power (Rusu-seifu means the government while heads of government are away: the heads of Rusu-seifu were Takamori SAIGO, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Shojiro GOTO, and Taneomi SOEJIMA).
- しかし、血縁が遠すぎて皇位継承者として国民の支持が得られないと反対派から批判された「旧皇族」に代えて、彼ら「皇別摂家」から皇位継承者を迎えてはどうかとの意見が男系維持論者の一部から提起された。
- However, some advocates of male-lineage succession suggested that members of the Kobetsu Sekke be selected as successors to the imperial throne instead of members of the 'former imperial family', because some people opposed the selection of the latter as successors since their more distant kinship to the imperial family means they would not enjoy public support.
- これに対して職忠は現在の出納の職掌・待遇は慶長年間の「新儀」であることは認めた上で、これは東照大権現(徳川家康)が朝廷再興のために定めたものであり、局務や官務はこれに従うべきであると反論した。
- Against that opinion, Morotada stated that the task and treatment of 'suino' were under 'the new rules' made during the Keicho era, but were stipulated by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA for restoring the Imperial court; therefore, 'kyokumu' and 'kanmu' had to comply with it.
- その後は、政府の方針に対する世論の批判をかわす目的で天皇の存在は利用され、天皇を批判する言論は不敬罪として厳重に罰せられたこともあって、天皇批判は影を潜め、「冬の時代」とも称されるようなった。
- After that, the existence of the Emperor was used to evade public criticism against the government's policy, and since speeches and writings criticizing the Emperor were strictly punished, criticism against the Emperor vanished, and came to be called 'the period of winter.'
- 幕府が諸外国と条約を結び、鎖国体制を解いて開国を行うと、攘夷論と結合して尊王攘夷(尊攘)となり、幕政批判や討幕運動などへと展開していく素地のひとつとなり、明治以降の国体論や国家神道へも影響する。
- When the Tokugawa shogunate ended its policy of isolation and concluded treaties with foreign countries, opening Japan to the outside world, imperialism was fused with the principle of excluding foreigners, and grew into an anti-foreign imperialism; this became a conduit for criticism of shogunate policy and for the anti-shogunate movement, and exerted an influence on national polity theory and State Shinto.
- 王政復古によって設置された三職(総裁、議定、参与)のうち、実務を担う参与の一員となった由利公正、福岡孝悌、木戸孝允らは、公議政体論の尊重と開国和親を基調とした新政府の基本方針を5ヶ条にまとめた。
- After Osei Fukko, three official positions (President, Legislators, and Councilors) were newly established, and some Councilors such as Kosei YURI, Takachika FUKUOKA and Takayoshi KIDO itemized a basic policy of the new government, based on esteem for parliamentary regime and opening of the country, into five articles.
- その次第を詳細に見れば、「聲譜~四聲論」(天巻所収)「十七勢~六志」(地巻所収)「二十九種對」(東巻所収)「文三十種病累、十種疾」(西巻所収)「論文意」(南巻所収)「論對属」(北巻所収)となる。
- In detail, the word order of the above sentence was firstly 'seifu to 4 seiron' which appeared in the volume of Heaven, secondly '17 sei to 6 shi' in the volume of Earth, '29 tai' in the volume of East, '30 contents of peirui and 10 shitsu' in the volume of West, 'meanings of articles' in the volume of South, and 'rontaizoku' in the volume of North.
- 当時の日本列島は縄文時代晩期ないし弥生時代初期であり、この時期から日本列島と中国との通交が始まったとする見解もあるが、『論衡』の成立が1世紀であるため、同書に依拠することに慎重な見解が有力である。
- The Japanese Archipelago was then in the late Jomon period or early Yayoi period, and some believe that trade between China and Japan began around that time, but since 'Ronko' was written in the first century, it is generally considered that the book should be taken with caution.
- 朝鮮を属国としていた清との日清戦争に勝利し、朝鮮半島への影響力を排除したものの、中国への進出を目論むロシア、フランス、ドイツからの三国干渉によって、下関条約で割譲を受けた遼東半島は清に返還された。
- In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-'95, Japan defeated the Qing Dynasty, and removed its influence over its formal vassal Korea; However, in spite of the fact that the Liaodong Peninsula was ceded to Japan by the Qing under the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan was prompted to return Liaodong to the Qing under pressure from the Triple Intervention of Russia, France, and Germany that sought to secure their own ambitions in China.
- 鯨肉をめぐる食文化論には、「江戸時代には鯨食が文化として根付いていた地域が多数存在した」「日本国内で鯨食が一般化したのは第二次世界大戦後であり、その位置づけは代用獣肉であった」というもの等がある。
- The theories regarding food culture concerned with whale meat include the following: 'In the Edo period, there were many areas where the culture of eating whale meat was deep-rooted,' 'It was after World War II that whale meat became to be eaten generally throughout Japan and the meat was positioned as a substitute of animal meat.'
- とりわけ開化派人士や、幼児等も含むその近親者への残酷な処刑は福澤らをして激しい失望感を呼び起こし、福澤は、天津条約締結の前月には自身が主宰する時事新報の紙面において、いわゆる脱亜論を発表するに至る。
- As FUKUZAWA and his colleagues were deeply disappointed by the cruel execution to the sophisticated people of the Progressive Party and their relatives including children in particular, FUKUZAWA came to publish Datsua ron (a theory of turning away from Asia) in the Japanese newspaper Jiji Shinpo led by himself, on the previous month of the Tientsin Convention.
- そのため、政府内にも島津久光を筆頭に前原一誠・桐野利秋ら保守的な反対論者を多数抱えており、また西郷隆盛も「壮兵」といって、中下層士族の立場を考慮した志願兵制度を構想していて徴兵制には消極的であった。
- Therefore, there were a lot of conservative people against it within the government, with Hisamitsu SHIMAZU as the leader, Issei MAEBARA, Toshiaki KIRINO and others, and Takamori SAIGO took a passive stance for conscription because he had his own plan of the volunteer 'sohei' military system in consideration of the middle to lower class samurai.
- 江戸時代後期に、国学や水戸学の一部や吉田松陰らの立場から、古代日本が朝鮮半島に支配権を持っていたと『古事記』・『日本書紀』に記述されていると唱えられており、こうしたことを論拠として朝鮮進出を唱えた。
- They insisted on sending military to Korea on ground that some scholars of Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) and Mito-gaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain), and Shoin YOSHIDA said that ancient Japan had hegemony over Korean peninsula according to 'Kojiki' (The Record of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihon-shoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- この時の使節団訪朝前に、日本では寺島宗則外務卿が、「朝鮮輸出税は今より無論に是を徴せす。彼国より輸入し来る物品と雖少数、且多くは実用品にて国害となるへき物品無之候」と三条太政大臣に意見具申している。
- Before the envoy visited Korea from Japan, Munenori TERASHIMA, the chief of the Foreign Ministry, gave his opinion to the Grand Minister Sanjo, 'Export duties to Korea will not be imposed from now on. As the imported products from Korea would be not so many and most of them were utilities, those would not be harmful to our country.'
- 引き続き権力を握った仲麻呂(恵美押勝に改名)は唐で安史の乱が発生したことを機に、淳仁天皇の名において隣国新羅の討伐を目論み、国内制度も日本的なものから唐のものへ名称を変更するなどの政策を推し進めた。
- Inspired by the Anshi War in Tang Dynasty, Nakamaro, (now EMI no Oshikatsu) who continued in power, planned to attack neighboring Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) and forged ahead with such policies as to change the names of domestic systems from Japanese style to Chinese style.
- また佐伯好郎は1908年(明治41年)1月、『地理歴史 百号』(主宰 喜田貞吉)に収載の「太秦(禹豆麻佐)を論ず」において秦氏は景教(キリスト教のネストリウス派)徒のユダヤ人であるとの説をとなえた。
- In January 1908, Yoshiro SAEKI advanced a new theory in his article titled, 'A Discussion about Uzumasa' printed in 'Chiri Rekishi' (Geography and History) No. 100 (edited by Sadakichi KIDA), this being that the Hata families were Jews who embraced 'Keikyo' (Nestorianism).
- しかし、当初祭政一致を掲げていた明治政府は、近代国家を目指して政教分離・信教の自由を建前に学問の自由を尊重する方向に政策転換し、明治十年代には記紀神話に対する批判など比較的自由な議論が行われていた。
- Although the Meiji government insisted upon the unity of Japanese Temples, Shrines, and the state, the policy was changed to respect the freedom to study as they were pushing for the separation of religion and politics, and the freedom of religion to achieve a modern nation, during the last half of 1870s and the first half of 1880s, there were a free discussion held about criticizing the Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters), Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) and mythology.
- 若い頃(とりわけ明治10年代)には、侍補で親政論者である漢学者元田永孚や佐々木高行の影響を強く受けて、西洋の文物に対しては懐疑的であり、また自身が政局の主導権を掌握しようと積極的であった時期がある。
- During his younger days (especially between 1876 to 1885), he was greatly influenced by Nagazane MOTODA and Takayuki SASAKI, scholars of the Chinese classics who acted as his jiho (aides) and were supporters of direct imperial rule, and there was a period when he was skeptical about western literature and tried to actively gain control of the government.
- しかしながら、徳川政権により上田から海津城(松代)に移された真田氏は藩主は勿論、家臣団にとっても武田配下だった「御先祖様」活躍の地であるためもあって幕末まで戦跡は保護されたり語り継がれることとなった。
- However, the Sanada clan was transferred from Ueda to Kaizu-jo Castle (located in Matsushiro) by the Tokugawa administration, and because the area was the place where the ancestors of the lord of the domain and of the retainers had had a lively showing, therefore the battle sites were protected and tales about the sites were handed down for generations until the end of the Edo period.
- 現在の論点は、統一前の秦のどの時代に作られたか、に絞られており、襄公 (秦)・文公 (秦)・穆公 (秦)のいずれかが有力視されており、献公 (秦)の紀元前374年頃の巡狩の際の詩文とも考えられている。
- The current controversial point is narrowed to the point as to which period sekkobun was made in before the character standardization, and any one of Lord Ran (Qin), Lord Wen (Qin), and Lord Mu (Qin) is very probable and it is also considered that sekkobun was a poem made when Lord Xian (Qin) enjoyed hunting in B.C. 374.
- 続く東巻は対句の種類と用法を解説し、南巻は文章のあるべき形、またそれを作る際の心構え等を述べ、西巻は韻律上の避けるべき事柄を論じ、そして最終の北巻は対句に関して守らねばならぬ法則のまとめを綴っている。
- The following volume of East explained the kinds and usage of distich, the volume of South mentioned the ideal pattern of sentences and attitude to make, the volume of West discussed the things to be avoided about rhythm, and the last volume of North referred to the summary of the rules to be followed concerning distich.
- 渋沢らが関わる東京経済学協会が1891年に発表した「鉄道調査報告書」に掲載された佐分利一嗣の論文では、鉄道国有化論に対する反証を一々あげて論じ、「将来の鉄道は、私設民営たるべし」という結論を導いている。
- In their thesis run in the 'The investigative report on railways' published by the Tokyo Economic Association in 1891, Kazuchika SABURI refuted every point of the theory of railway nationalization by indicating the proof of it, and concluded 'The railways in the future should be built and administered by private sectors'.
- 大久保らは大政奉還により大義名分が失われたとして討幕の密勅を猶予する沙汰書を黙殺し、藩論を率兵上洛(藩兵を率いて上洛する)へとりまとめ、武力討幕を目的とした薩摩・長州・安芸3藩による出兵同盟を締結する。
- Okubo and others ignored an instruction to postpone a secret Imperial command to attack the Shogunate, saying it could no longer be justified since the Taisei Hokan, encouraged the domains to send their troops to Kyoto and arranged an alliance of three domains, Satsuma, Choshu and Aki, for the dispatch of troops for the purpose of overthrowing the Shogunate with military force.
- 黒田清隆内閣の外相大隈重信は1888年(明治21年)に交渉を再開するが、外国人を大審院に任用するなどの譲歩案がイギリスのロンドンタイムズに掲載されて日本へも伝わると、世論からは激しい批判がわき上がった。
- The Foreign Minister Shigenobu OKUMA in the Kiyotaka KURODA Cabinet restarted the negotiation in 1888, but once the package of concessions including appointment of foreigners in the Supreme Court of Law was reported in London Times in England and communicated to Japan, the Japanese general public criticized it severely.
- 一例として、下記の林思雲の論文中で言及されている中国内での理解、そして韓国の新聞中央日報に掲載された金永熙(キム・ヨンヒ)国際問題大記者執筆の2005年11月25日のコラム「日本よアジアに帰れ」がある。
- As examples, there are responses within China as mentioned below in the thesis by Si Yun LIN and a column 'Japan, Come Back to Asia' by Young-hee KIM, a senior journalist in international affairs, published on November 25, 2005 in the Joong Ang Ilbo, a newspaper in Korea.
- 大宰府を日本最初の都城であるとする主張もわずかながら存在しているが、査読のある学術雑誌において肯定的に取り上げた学術論文は皆無であり、一般に九州王朝説及び関連する主張は科学的な学説とはみなされていない。
- Although there is a minor opinion that the Japan's first capital is Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), there has been virtually no academic thesis which takes up this theory affirmatively in the scientific journals with peer review, and in general Kyushu dynasty theory and its related opinions are not considered as scientific theories.
- だが、錦連行の実在性は確かではなく、実在人物である錦良助と三善清行・三善茂明との血縁関係の有無も不明である(勿論、「三善清行-錦良助-錦連行-三善茂明」という茂明を清行の曾孫とする系譜は事実ではない)。
- It is uncertain, however, whether Tsurayuki NISHIKI really existed, and whether Ryosuke NISHIKI, who did exist, was related to Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI and Shigeaki MIYOSHI (and it is certainly not true to state that Shigeaki was a great-grandson of Kiyoyuki as depicted in the family line of 'Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI - Ryosuke NISHIKI - Tsurayuki NISHIKI - Shigeaki MIYOSHI').
- しかし、同藩の桂小五郎(のちの木戸孝允)や久坂玄瑞、久留米の神官・真木和泉ら尊王攘夷派は、幕府の権力強化につながるこの策に猛反対し、長井は失脚させられて、以後長州の藩論は尊王攘夷の最過激派へと転換される。
- However, Kogoro KATSURA (later Koin KIDO) and Genzui KUSAKA from the Choshu clan, and people of Sonno Joi ha, such as Izumi MAKI of Kurume, firmly opposed this policy because they thought it would lead to a restrengthening of the bakufu's power, and thus they brought down Nagai, and the Choshu clan returned to the radical Sonno Joi philosophy of restoring power to the emperor and expelling foreigners.
- 清代の朱子学は、理気論や心性論よりも、朱熹が晩年に力を入れていた礼学が重視され、社会的な秩序構築を具体的に担う「礼」への関心が高まり、壮大な世界観を有する学問よりは、具体的・具象的な学問へと狭まっていった。
- Neo-Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty focused on Reigaku (courtesy science), which Hsi CHU concentrated in his later years, rather than the theory of Li-Ch'i and the theory of Mind, and interest in 'courtesy' increased, which was practically responsible for the establishment of public order, so that Neo-Confucianism was narrowed down from learning having a grand world view to becoming practicable and concrete.
- 武士がなぜ存在するのかを突き詰めて考えた山鹿の結論は武士は身分という制度ではなく自分が(封建)社会全体への責任を負う立場であると定義をすることで武士となり、(封建)社会全体への倫理を担うとするものであった。
- Yamaga deeply as to why samurai existed and came to the conclusion that it was not just a social status, but a responsible position to the whole (feudal) of society and to the ethics of the entire (feudal) society.
- 皇室典範の規定では男性皇族にしか皇位継承を認めていないにもかかわらず、若い男性皇族が決定的に不足していることから、愛子内親王誕生後、安定した皇位継承を維持するために、皇室典範の改正が議論されるようになった。
- After the birth of Imperial Princess Aiko, revision of the Imperial House Act has begun to be discussed in order to maintain stable succession to the Imperial Throne because, even though the Imperial House Act approves succession to the Imperial Throne only by a male member of the Imperial family, young male members of the Imperial family are decidedly in short supply.
- 関幸彦は、平氏や源氏、秀郷流藤原氏のような中央の貴族の末流の軍事貴族とは別にして、在地の土豪が中央の権力に従って軍事貴族したものも存在したであろうと指摘し、安倍氏もこの中に含まれるのではないかと論じている。
- Yukihiko SEKI has indicated that, apart from the military aristocracy who were descendants of the central nobles such as the Taira clan, the Minamoto clan, and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line, there may also have been those who had changed into the military aristocracy from the local Dogo under the authority of the central government, and argued that the Abe clan may also have been one of this kind.
- 当初から解放令の公布は天皇制の否定に直結しかねない行為であり天皇制と矛盾する、といった意見が明治政府内から数多く出ており、明治政府としては部落解放政策は勿論の事、解放令の存在も到底認めがたい物でしかなかった。
- From the beginning, there were many opinions expressed from the inside of the Meiji Government that the proclamation of Kaiho Rei could be action to directly connect with negation of Emperor system and would conflict with Emperor system, and thus, Buraku emancipation policy, of course, and presence of Kaiho Rei also were intolerable matters for Meiji Government.
- なお、公議とは当時討幕派・佐幕派問わずに広く唱えられた公議政体論に由来すると考えられており、明治政府と戊辰戦争で敵対した奥羽越列藩同盟の諸藩代表による議事機関にも公議所(白石城に設置)の名称が用いられている。
- Incidentally, it is said that Kogi derived from Kogi-seitai-ron (parliamentary regime theory) that was then widely advocated without regard to anti-Shogunate group or Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun), and Ouetsu-reppan alliance (alliance of strong domains in the northern part of Japan) also used the name of Kogisho (established at Shiraishi castle) for the assembly body of representatives of the domains who opposed to the Meiji Government at Boshin War.
- また、そのルーツに関しても、黄河流域~山東半島、揚子江流域、満州~朝鮮半島など様々で、渡来の規模とともに今なお議論の対象となっている(最近の遺伝子研究ではおおむねにおいて渡来人は北東アジア起源が有力である)。
- In addition, as to the roots, it is said that they originated from various places such as from the Yellow River basin to the Shandong Peninsula, the Yangzi jiang, or from Manchuria to the Korean Peninsula, and until now still the subjects of discussion are the roots and the scale of torai (one compelling theory is that Toraijin mostly came from the North East Asia according to the latest genetic research).
- しかし、条約改正を目的としていたことや帝国議会開設前に編纂完了をしていたこと等の事情から十分な審議を尽くされなかったため、施行断行派と施行延期派との論争が始まり、延期派から様々な批判が展開されるようになった。
- However, sufficient discussions were not made because the Civil Code was aimed at revising treaties and had completed the compilation before the Imperial Diet was established; therefore, disputes between Seko-danko-ha Group (people who advocated carrying it out) and Seko-enki-ha Group (people who advocated postponing the enforcement) began and the latter developed various criticisms.
- すなわち、オットー・フォン・ビスマルク時代以後のドイツ君権強化に対する抵抗の理論として国家法人説を再生させたイェリネックの学説を導入し、国民の代表機関である議会は、内閣を通して天皇の意思を拘束しうると唱えた。
- In short, he proclaimed that the diet, a representative of nation's people, can restrain the emperor's will via the Cabinet by introducing a theory of Jellinek who reproduced the state authority theory as a theory against strengthening of monarchy in Germany in and after the period of Otto von Bismarck.
- 1世紀末頃には大型化が進み、鈕が薄手の装飾的な物への変化が見られることから、(後述のように異論はあるが、)音を出して「聞く」目的から地面か祭殿の床に置かれて「見せる」目的へと変化したのではないかと言われている。
- At the end of the first century, when dotaku grew in size, the crown was changed to something more decorative and thinner, which possibly means the purpose was changed from 'hearing' a sound to 'exhibiting' them on the ground or floors of shrines (there is another theory described as below, though).
- 伏見宮家の縁故で、女流漢学者で勤王論者の若江薫子(1835―1881年)が家庭教師として忠香の娘たちの養育に携わっていたが、女御を一条家から出すのに際し、薫子は姉を差し置いて妹の寿栄君を推薦したと言われている。
- Through connections of the Fushimi-no-Miya family, Nioko WAKAE, a female scholar of Chinese classics and an imperialist (1835-1881), was involved in the nurturing of Tadaka's daughters as a tutor, but in the face of choosing a consort from the ICHIJO family, Nioko is said to have recommended the younger sister Suegimi over the older sister.
- 当代の主要歌人三十人に百首歌を召してこれを結番し、歌合形式で判詞を加えるという空前絶後の企画であったが、この歌合は、新古今期の歌論の充実、新進歌人の成長などの面から見ても文学史上逸することのできない価値を持つ。
- The 30 main contemporary poets created poems by turns, and each poet gave a Han-shi in the poetry-contest style, as the largest such event yet held; this poetry contest was the most valuable in literary history, since it evaluated the poems of the Shin kokin period and revealed talented poets who had previously been unknown.
- 大日本帝国憲法では、天皇は統治権の総攬者とされていたのに対し、日本国憲法では日本国・日本国民統合の象徴とされ、かつ国民主権原理を採用したため、日本国憲法の制定により日本の国体が変わったか否かについて起きた論争。
- Since in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Emperor was in a position to control the right to rule, but against that, in the Constitution of Japan, is a symbol of Japan and the unity of the Japanese people and has also adopted the principle of sovereignty with the people, disputes over whether or not the national structure of Japan changed by the establishment of the Constitution of Japan, broke out.
- 例えば、内親王・女王による宮家の継承および創設を認める、既存の宮家の後継者としていわゆる旧皇族の男系子孫から養子(第1内親王・女王の婿等)を迎える、旧皇族を復籍するなどさまざまな意見はあるが、結論は出ていない。
- For example, there are some ideas on allowing Princesses and Empresses to succeed the Miyake, or establish new Miyake, or to adopt (the first Imperial Prince or Empress's husband and so on) male descendants of former Imperial family, as the successor to the current Miyake, or have former Imperial members come return to their positions, however there has been no solution thus far.
- 由利の出身藩である越前藩のために横井小楠が著した「国是三論」において「一国上の経綸」という章があり、そこでは主に財政経済について論じられていることから、その影響を受けた由利は経綸の語を専ら経済の意味で用いていた。
- In Kokuze Sanron (the Three Major Discussion of State Policy) written by Shonan YOKOI for Echizen Domain where Yuri came from, there is a chapter '一国上の経綸 (the administration of affairs of state) ' in which finance and economy were mainly discussed, because Yuri who was affected by that, always used the word '経綸' as economy.
- また征韓論に賛成する軍人、下野した参議近衛都督の引継ぎを行わないまま帰国した法令違反で西郷を咎めるどころか、逆に西郷に対してのみ政府への復帰を働きかけている事に憤慨して、板垣・後藤に近い官僚・軍人が大量に辞職した。
- Besides, military men who agreed to the Seikanron, they didn't blame SAIGO who returned home without training the replacement of the downfall councilor, Konoe-totoku (Commander-in-Chief of the Inner Palace Guard) that was violation of law, instead, on the contrary, they encouraged only SAIGO to make a comeback to the government, and the large numbers of bureaucracies and military men who were close to ITAGAKI and GOTO were resentful at it and resigned.
- 『吉記』治承4年11月30日 (旧暦)(1180年12月18日)条によれば、安徳天皇が平清盛の六波羅第に滞在中の高倉上皇の元に行幸しようとした際に、記主の吉田経房が辺土への行幸に神鏡を持ち出す事に異論を唱えている。
- According to the December 25, 1180 entry in 'Kikki' (a diary of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA), the author Tsunefusa YOSHIDA objected to the taking of the divine mirror on the imperial visit to Hendo when Emperor Antoku planned to visit the Retired Emperor Takakura who was staying at the Rokuhara-tei residence of TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- 由緒書きによると、武田家の家宝「楯無」の鎧は神功皇后が三韓征伐の時に住吉大社に武運長久を祈念し得た鎧であり、ゆえあって甲州武田家の所有するところとなった(無論三韓征伐云々の伝記は時代的に合わないので史実ではない)。
- According to its written guarantee of origin, a family treasure of the Takeda family 'Tatenashi-no-yoroi' was the one given to Empress Jingu when she prayed at Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine for long-lasting luck in the battle of Sankan seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), and it later came into the possession of the Koshu Takeda family for a certain reason (needless to say, it is not a historical fact because the age of Sankan seibatsu doesn't coincide with the dates)
- 無論、『武士道』以前より内村や新渡戸は日本文化における長所と短所について突き詰めた観察をしているし、戦後の教育基本法の審議委員に新渡戸門下生が加わっていた点を見ても戦後デモクラシーの大きな基盤となった点は間違いない。
- Of course, before 'Bushido' Uchimura and Nitobe observed carefully the advantages and disadvantages of Japanese culture and also seeing that the disciples of Nitobe participated in the council of the Fundamental Law of Education, obviously Bushido became a major basis of democracy after the war.
- 序列は近衛家に次ぎ、九条家、二条家、鷹司家と同格扱いであった(なお、九条家とは南北朝時代_(日本)に嫡流を巡って相論となったが、後光厳天皇によりいずれも嫡流であるとの綸旨が下された。詳細は九条家の項目を参照のこと)。
- As for the ranking, the Ichijo Family was inferior to the Konoe Family but was equal to the Kujo, Nijo and Takatsukasa families (the Ichijo Family was opposed to the Kujo Family over the legitimate blood of the family during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), so the Emperor Go-Kogen gave the imperial order that both family lines should be the legitimate blood of the family. For details, see the item on the Kujo Family).
- しかし英国が日本寄りの姿勢だった事もあり、イギリスの国際法の権威、ジョン・ウェストレーキおよびトーマス・アースキン・ホランド博士によって国際法に則った処置であることがタイムズ紙を通して伝わると、英国の世論も沈静化する。
- However, public opinion cooled down because of the British stance in favor of Japan allowed the Times to carry opinions of experts of International Law, Doctors John Westlake and Thomas Erskine Holland, that Japan took measures following International law.
- しかし、10月26日に安重根によって伊藤博文が暗殺されたことにより早期併合に反対する有力な政治家がいなくなったこと、および初代首相であり元老のひとりでもあった伊藤を暗殺されたことによって日本の世論が併合に傾いていった。
- However, the Japanese public opinion grew in favor of the annexation, because an influential statesmen objecting to the early annexation disappeared due to the assassination of Hirobumi ITO by An Jung-geun on October 26th, and ITO, who was the first prime minister and one of the elder statesmen, was assassinated.
- しかし18世紀後半から、征夷大将軍の権力は天皇から委任されたものであるから、将軍に従わなければならないとする大政委任論が学界で提唱されるようになり、将軍の権威付けとともに天皇の権威性も見直されていくようになっていった。
- However in the latter half of the eighteenth century, a theory called Taisei Inin Ron, that says people must obey the shogun since the power of Seii Taishogun is entrusted by the Emperor, was proposed in the learned society, and the nature of the authorities of both shogun and the Emperor had begun to be reconsidered.
- こうした干渉に対し、首相伊藤博文は列国会議開催による処理を提案したが、外相陸奥宗光は会議によってさらなる干渉を招く恐れを主張し、イギリス、アメリカ合衆国、イタリアなど他の列強の協力で勧告を牽制し、撤回させようと目論んだ。
- In response to the coordinated interventions, then-Japanese prime minister, Hirofumi ITO, made a proposal to the congress to hold a conference with the world powers, but then-foreign minister, Munemitsu MUTSU, claimed it might cause further intervention and proposed instead to invite other world powers, such as the UK, the U.S.A. and Italy, to counter and revoke the recommendation.
- 実際、墾田永年私財法は荘園制を発生させ律令制を崩壊に追いやった元凶のように論じられていたが、実態は人民の生活保障のために執られた土地政策の一環で、律令を否定するどころか律令の法目的を補強するものであった事が判明している。
- In fact, although it was argued that the Law Permitting Permanent Ownership of Newly Cultivated Land was very much like the main cause of the Ritsuryo system collapse by allowing the development of the manorial system, it has been proved that the law was for reinforcing the Ritsuryo system as part of the land policy, which was undertaken to guarantee the livelihoods of the people.
- これに対しては『国語学』誌上で平山久雄との間で「森博達氏の日本書紀α群原音依拠説について」「平山久雄氏に答え再び日本書紀α群原音依拠説を論証す」「森博達氏の日本書紀α群原音依拠説について、再論」という論争が行われている。
- In response to it, Hisao HIRAYAMA had discussions with him in a magazine 'Kokugogaku' (Studies in Japanese Linguistics) through a series of articles called 'Concerning Mr. Hiromichi Mori's Theory that Nihon Shoki α Group Was Written Based on Original Chinese Sounds,' 'In Response to Mr. Hisao Hirayama, Further Argument for the Theory that Nihon Shoki α Group Was Written Based on Original Chinese Sounds' and 'Discussing Again Concerning Mr. Hiromichi Mori's Theory that Nihon Shoki α Group Was Written Based on Original Chinese Sounds.'
- この問題について「男系」論の立場からすると、父親・草壁皇子は皇統に属する男系の男子の皇族であり皇太子でもあることから、元正天皇の皇位は父親が皇族だからであり元明天皇が天皇であったためではなく、女系ではないという説となる。
- Regarding this issue, from the perspective of the `Male-line' theory, he was not a Female-line Emperor since his father, Prince Kusakabe was a male imperial family member with male-lineage belonging to the imperial line, and Emperor Gensho's accession to the Imperial throne resulted from the fact that his father was an imperial family member regardless of his mother, Emperor Genmei, being the Emperor.
- しかし、この謹慎期間中も熾仁親王は僧侶に変装して夜な夜な邸を抜け出し、同志たちと密会して国事を論じたほか、入獄中の粟津に代わって頭角を現した藤井希璞(後の元老院議官)を密使として、長州側と接触を図っていたと言われている。
- However, although Prince Taruhito was placed in confinement at home, it is said he disguised himself as a monk and went out of the house at night and met with his associates to discuss national affairs, he also used Kiboku FUJII (who later became a member of the Chamber of Elders) as a secret messenger, who became a distinguished new leader after 粟津 was arrested, to contact with Choshu sides.
- 戦争による格差の拡大、新聞社に対する言論の弾圧などの問題を孕んだこの騒動は9月21日、寺内内閣の総辞職をもって一応の収まりを見せ「平民宰相」と呼ばれた原敬による日本で初めての本格的な政党内閣が9月27日組織されるに至った。
- The riots that were also linked to the widening divide in wealth caused by wars and suppression of free speech against newspapers subsided to some extent with the mass resignation of the TERAUCHI cabinet on September 21, paving the way for the inauguration of the first full-fledged party cabinet under Takashi HARA, who was called 'the commoner Prime Minister,' on September 27 of the same year.
- 特に財産関係の目録は所領などの相論が発生した場合には、文書の存在の有無が判断の最大の決め手になったことから、こうした目録や公験、絵図その他の文書をまとめて保管し、かつ文書目録(具書目録・重書目録)を作成して万が一に備えた。
- As the existence of documents was crucial when disputes occurred concerning territory and belongings, lists of assets, official certificates (kugen) and drawings were kept together with a catalogue of documents (ex. a catalogue of documentary evidences for a judical decision or real estate deeds of transfer).
- 2001年にアメリカのハーバード大学(マサチューセッツ州)で開催された学術プロジェクト「『韓国併合』の歴史的・国際法学的再検討」会議ではイギリスの研究者らが有効・合法論を主張し、無効・違法論は一般的な説になり得てはいない。
- In the conference of the academic project 'Review of 'the Annexation of Korea' in history and international law' held at Harvard University in the USA (State of Massachusetts) in 2001, British researchers and others insisted on its validity and legality, which has not allowed views of invalidity and/or illegality to become generally acceptable.
- 李登輝の時代に監修された台湾の歴史教科書「認識台湾(歴史編)」では、従来地方史として軽視されていた台湾史を本国史として扱い、特に日本の統治時代を重点的に論じたが、この認識台湾は陳水扁の民進党政権時代に公教育から撤廃された。
- The history textbook compiled during Teng-hui LEE's tenure titled '認識台湾 (歴史編)' (Perception of Taiwan [History]) treated the history of Taiwan, which had been neglected as regional history, as national history, and focused on the period of Japanese rule, but the Democratic Progress Party government led by Shui-bian CHEN stopped adopting the textbook in the public education.
- この体制は尊皇攘夷・長州藩への対抗を通じて形成され、八月十八日の政変以降、尊皇攘夷派が退潮し、さらに公武合体論に基づく有力諸侯による参預会議が崩壊したのち、王政復古の大号令による倒幕派クーデタまでの京都政界をほぼ支配した。
- At first the group had been formed to counter the group of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the Choshu clan; after the Sonno Joi group had been purged by the August 18 Coup (the Bunkyu Coup of 1863), the powerful lords including the three of the Ichikaiso Government participated in the Sanyo-kaigi (the Councilor Council in the Court) which had been set up so that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Imperial Court cooperate on dealing with impending matters; although the Sanyo-kaigi was unraveled soon, the three politicians had maintained their power and dominated over the politics in Kyoto until the Overthrow of the Shogunate and the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule (1867).
- 宣長・石塚によるこの研究は長く評価されずに埋もれていたが橋本進吉によって再発見され、1917年、「帝国文学」に発表された論文「国語仮名遣研究史の一発見――石塚龍麿の仮名遣奥山路について――」で学会に評価されるようになった。
- Although the studies by Norinaga and Ishizuka had not been evaluated for long time, Shinkichi HASHIMOTO rediscovered them and published an article called 'A Discovery in the Field of Japanese Kana Usage Research Concerning Kanazukai Oku no Yamamichi by Tatsumaro Ishizuka' for 'Teikoku Bungaku' (Literature of the Empire) and it made the studies recognized by the academic community.
- 尊王論が日本に受容されるに際して、日本では天皇が「王」であり、江戸幕府の征夷大将軍が「覇」であると読み換えられたが、天皇は単なる国王ではなく皇帝であるという優越意識を踏まえて「尊皇」という漢字に置き換えて用いることもあった。
- At the time when imperialism was introduced into Japan in the Edo Period (the period during which the Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867), the tenno (emperor) was advocated as the 'king' and the shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate was the 'military ruler'; despite this, sometimes the Chinese character meaning emperor was used instead of 'king', based on assumptions of superiority, that the emperor was more than a mere 'king'.
- まず、当時の国際慣習法規範において国家を代表する個人に対する脅迫による強制調印は無効であると認めつつも、本協約に関しては個人(皇帝・高宗 (朝鮮王))の強制と脅迫に関する歴史的資料に乏しいことから、無効論を退ける立場がある。
- First, admitting that compulsory signing due to a threat against an individual who represents a state is invalid in the norm of the international common law in those days, there is a position to repulse the views of invalidity on the ground that historical data related to this treaty on compulsion and a threat against the individual (Emperor Gao Zong [King of Korea]) are insufficient.
- この勅諭では、第一に1890年(明治23年)の国会(議会)開設を約束し、第二にその組織や権限は政府に決めさせること(欽定憲法)を示し、第三にこれ以上の議論を止める政治休戦を説き、第四に内乱を企てる者は処罰すると警告している。
- First, the national diet (assembly) would be established in 1890, and second, organizations and authority of the diet should be decided by the government (constitution enacted by the emperor), and third, further political arguments should be prohibited, and forth, people who attempt domestic conflicts would be punished.
- この条文の解釈や憲法全体の解釈運用にあたっては天皇主権(君権)を重んじる穂積八束や上杉慎吉ら君権学派(神権学派とも言う)と議会制を中心とした立憲主義を重んじる美濃部達吉や佐々木惣一ら立憲学派の二大学派に分かれて論じ合われた。
- The interpretation of this article and the interpretation and operation of the overall Constitution were divided and discussed by two large schools; one is the monarchism school, (also called the theocracy sect) led by Yatsuka HOZUMI, Shinkichi UESUGI, etc., who valued imperial sovereignty (monarchism) and the other was the constitutional school, led by Tatsukichi MINOBE, Soichi SASAKI, etc., who valued constitutionalism, with a focus on the parliament system.
- 施行を翌年に控えた1892年(明治25年)、法典論争はピークに達し、施行延期派は天皇制に絡めて日本の伝統を基にした論陣をはり個人主義的な施行断行派を批判し、施行断行派はフランス法的自然法思想と市民法理論をもって反論を加えた。
- In 1892, one year before the effectuation, the dispute over legal codes reached its peak: Seko-danko-ha Group, taking a firm stand on Japanese tradition related to the Emperor system, criticized individualistic Seko-enki-ha Group, while Seko-danko-ha Group put up an argument with the thought of French law-like natural law and the civil code theory.
- 西日本旅客鉄道湖西線の西大津駅は、地元自治体の請願により2008年3月に「大津京駅」に改称されたが、「大津京」という用語や概念をめぐり更なる誤解や混乱を生む恐れが指摘されている(詳細は、大津京駅駅名改称に関する議論を参照)。
- Although Nishiotsu Station of West Japan Railway Company Kosei Line was renamed 'Otsu-kyo Station' in March 2008 as petitioned by the local autonomous body, it is pointed out that further misunderstanding and confusion about the term 'Otsu-kyo' and its concept might arise (Refer to the discussion on the renaming of Otsu-kyo Station for details).
- 『上宮記』逸文は近年、黛弘道の研究によって推古朝の遺文である可能性も指摘され、その内容の信憑性や実際の血統については前述のとおり議論が分かれているものの原帝紀の編纂(欽明天皇朝か)と同じ頃に系譜伝承が成立したものと思われる。
- Recently, Hiromichi MAYUZUMI's study pointed out the possibility that the surviving fragment of 'Joguki' is a remaining document from the Reign of Empress Suiko, and, even though its credibility and the truth of genealogy remain an open question as mentioned above, the tradition of genealogy appears to have been established around the same time as when Gentekiki (the ur-text of Teiki [records of Emperor's family tree]) was compiled (possibly in the reign of Emperor Kinmei).
- 民主と自由の思想による民族自決が世界の潮流となり、1918年1月にアメリカ合衆国大統領ウッドロウ・ウィルソンが提唱する民族自決の原則と、ウラジーミル・レーニンの提唱した植民地革命論は世界の植民地に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- Self-determination based upon democracy and freedom became a mainstream of the world, and the principle of self-determination advocated by Woodrow Wilson and the colonial revolutionism by Vladimir Lenin had a great influence on colonies in the world.
- その上で、「不幸なるは近隣に国あり」として、支那(清)と朝鮮(李氏朝鮮)を挙げ、両者が近代化を拒否して儒教など旧態依然とした体制にのみ汲々とする点を指摘し「今の文明東漸の風潮に際し、迚も其独立を維持するの道ある可らず」と論じる。
- As in 'it is unfortunate for us (Japan) that there are neighboring countries,' that were Shina/China (Qing) and Chosen (Joseon Dynasty Korea), he pointed out that both countries had been rejecting modernization and concentrating on an old business-as-usual system based on Confucianism, etc. to 'remain nationally independent under this violent wind of civilization eastward.'
- ところが、日本側が一旦帰国した森山からの報告を受けた後に、大阪会議や佐賀の乱への対応で朝鮮問題が後回しにされて「九月協定」への了承を先延ばしにしているうちに、朝鮮では大院君側が巻き返しが図られて再び攘夷論が巻き起こったのである。
- However, after Japanese side received a report from Moriyama who was coming back to home country for the time being, and while responding to the Osaka conference and the Saga War the Korea problem was left behind and postponed the approval for the 'September Agreement', and Daewongun regained his strength, and the principle of excluding foreigners arose again in Korea.
- 後醍醐側の光厳天皇への処遇は「朕の皇太子の地位を退き、天皇として即位はしていないが特例として上皇待遇とする」とされ即位の事実を否定されてしまった(したがって論理的には小一条院同様皇太子をやめて上皇の尊号を受けたという例になる)。
- Emperor Godaigo treated Emperor Kogon as 'the retired Emperor who abdicated from the position of Crown Prince, however, not officially succeeding to the throne, he was treated as an retired emperor exception,' which means the Emperor was indirectly denied and he was no longer Emperor. (Hence, theoretically this is a similar to the example of Koichijo-in who abdicated from being the Crown Prince and received the respected title of retired emperor.)
- しかし、上記説の論者は、当時の状況(後光厳系統断絶の危機など)を詳細に観察してみると、義満による皇位簒奪はかなりの可能性で成功したはずであり、もし成功していればその後の天皇(皇位)のあり方が劇的に変化していただろうと考えている。
- However the present writer of the above seemed to think that Yoshimitsu had a great possibility to regain his rights of succeeding the throne after looking into the details of the situation, (such as the crisis of discontinuity of Emperor Gokogon's Imperial lineage) if Yoshimitsu had a chance to succeed to the throne, the existence of the (Emperor) Imperial throne should have been changed dramatically.
- そして、東京大学名誉教授の坂野潤治は、福澤の状況的発言は当時の国際状況、国内経済などの状況的認識と対応していることを強調し、甲申事変が失敗したことにより状況的認識が変化して「脱亜論」が書かれたと説明して、以下のように喝破している。
- A professor emeritus at Tokyo University, Junji BANNO emphasized that Fukuzawa's situational remark corresponded to recognition of the international situation and domestic economy at that time and he explained that the 'Datsu-A Ron' was written when this situation recognition changed when the Gapsin Coup failed; he corrected it as follows:
- しかも交渉は双方の首都から離れた倭館のある釜山で開かれ、相手側政府の状況は勿論、担当者が自国政府の状況も十分把握できない状況下で交渉が行われたために相互ともに相手側が「九月協定」の合意内容を破ったと非難を始めて、6月には決裂した。
- In addition, the negotiation was held in Busan distant from both capitals the Wakan located, and under the circumstances that the person in charge were unable to grasp the whole situation of their own government as well as other side's government, started blaming each other for violation of 'September Agreement' mutually, and then, it was broken off in June.
- 貴族院 (日本)議員田村保によって民法商法施行延期法案が貴族院に出され、断行派議員と延期派議員との間でも激しい論戦が繰り広げられたが、同案は圧倒的多数で貴族院を通過、衆議院でも賛成多数で可決するに至りここに民法典論争は決着をみた。
- A bill of postponing the effectuation of the Civil Code and the Commercial Code were submitted by Tamotsu TAMURA, a member of the House of Peers, which caused heated arguments as to whether to carry it out or postpone it, but the bill passed the House of Peers by an overwhelming majority and the House of Representatives by a majority: Finally the Minpoten Ronso saw its settlement.
- 神道研究において、天皇家の血筋(いわゆる万世一系)を男系で引いていなければ天皇になる資格はないのか、それとも理論上は三種の神器を抑えた権力者は誰であれ天皇となりうるのかについては結論は出ていない(ただし、神道の公式見解ではない)。
- In the study of the Shito religion, a conclusion has not been reached whether one is not qualified to become the Emperor unless one is a man with the Imperial Family blood line (unbroken imperial line) or theoretically, any powerful person with the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family can become the Emperor (note that this is not the official point of view of Shinto).
- 彼は、その論拠として総序の末尾、先述の「配巻軸於六合…」の前に「総有一十五種類、謂聲譜、調聲、八種韻、四聲論、十七勢、十四例、六義、十體、八階、六志、二十九種對、文三十種病累、十種疾、論文意、論對属等、是也」と見えることを挙げる。
- As the ground of his thesis, he mentioned there was a phrase at the end of the general introduction 'the theory is classified into 115 categories, I think, as follows; seifu (tones), chosho (a leading part of sutra sentences), 8 in (八種韻, 8 rhymes), 4 seiron (四聲論, 4 tone methods), 17 sei (十七勢, 17 powers), 14 rei (十四例, 14 examples), 6 gi (六義, 6 doctrines), 10 tei (十體, 10 formats), 8 kai (八階, 8 grades), 6 shi (六志, 6 wills), and 29 tai (二十九種對, 29 replies), 30 contents of peirui (文三十種病累, 30 contents of disease related),10 shitsu (十種疾, 10 disease), meanings of articles, rontaizoku (論對属, attached articles), and so on' before the phrase of 'the volumes are titled after the universe …' mentioned above.
- 一向宗宗名論争(浄土真宗が公式に否認している「一向宗」を宗派名として強要しようとした問題)を機に浄土真宗内部からも政府への反発が高まってきたこともあり、教部省の施策が暗礁に乗り上げると政教分離の観点から脱退するといった動きを見せた。
- However, triggered by the dispute over naming of the Ikko sect (the issue that government attempted to enforce the name of 'Ikko' as an official name on the Jodo Shinshu sect even though the sect had officially rejected it), the repugnance against the government grew within the Jodo Shinshu sect, and the Jodo Shinshu sect withdrew from Kyobusho after the policy of Kyobusho reached a deadlock on the basis of the separation of religion and politics.
- これらのテロ計画に、熾仁親王本人を始め有栖川宮関係者が関知・関与していたか否か今日では証明できていないが、元来長州毛利家と縁戚で自他共に認める尊攘論者だった熾仁親王は、有力な過激派シンパとして容保たちからさらに警戒されるようになる。
- It can not be proved, nowadays, whether Prince Taruhito and other Arisugawanomiya related people, had something to do with the above terrorism or not, since Prince Taruhito was a relative of the Mori family of Choshu, and also well known supporter of the Emperor by other Imperial members, Prince Taruhito himself admitted it, he became being alarmed by Katamori and his group as an extreme (communist) sympathizer.
- 陸奥宗光は、当時有力な佐幕論者であった紀州藩士三浦休太郎が大垣藩井田五蔵らと共謀して京都にて不穏な動きをしていること、また、坂本龍馬、中岡慎太郎の暗殺(近江屋事件)が、伊呂波丸事件にて龍馬に恨みを持つ紀州藩が黒幕であるとの話を聞いた。
- Munemitsu MUTSU heard that Kyutaro MIURA, a feudal retainer of the Kishu Domain, who was an influential supporter of the bakufu, together with Itsuzo IDA of the Ogaki Domain and others were plotting something threatening in Kyoto and that the Kishu clan was the mastermind of the assassinations of Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA (Omiya Incident), which occurred in retaliation for the Iroha Maru Incident from which they had a grudge against Ryoma.
- そうした雰囲気もあって、日本統治時代に様々な近代化が行われたことを認めつつも、近代化の萌芽は李氏朝鮮の時代に既に存在しており、日本による統治はそれらの萌芽を破壊することで、結果的には近代化を阻害したとする近代化萌芽論が独立後に現れた。
- Under those circumstances, the modernization germination theory, arguing modernization had already germinated in the Yi Dynasty Korea period, and the Japanese rule destroyed the germination, resulting in the impeded modernization, appeared after Korea's independence in spite of recognizing that the various modernization during the Japanese rule.
- 同時代では日蓮が批判し、後世の評価では2回目の日本侵攻の口実になった暴挙であると評価する論者と、元の2回目の対日侵攻には影響を与えなかった、あるいは国難に対しては手本にするべき好例であると肯定的に評価する『大日本史』や、頼山陽らがいる。
- At the time it occurred, it was criticized by Nichiren, and in a later era, there were both arguments for and against; some criticized it as a reckless act that gave the enemy a reason for the second invasion of Japan, and others affirm it, including Sanyo RAI and 'Dainihonshi' (Great History of Japan), which states that it did not influence the Yuan's second invasion of Japan and is a good example to be followed when tackling a crisis of the nation.
- 日本政府内では小村寿太郎、桂太郎、山縣有朋らの対露主戦派と、伊藤博文、井上馨ら戦争回避派との論争が続き、民間においても日露開戦を唱えた戸水寛人ら七博士の意見書(七博士建白事件)や、万朝報紙上での幸徳秋水の非戦論といった議論が発生していた。
- While debates continued within the Japanese government between factions including Jutaro KOMURA, Taro KATSURA, and Aritomo YAMAGATA and an anti-war faction including Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, these discussions were mirrored in the public sphere by an pro-war petition circulated by seven professors (Seven Professor's Petition) including Hirondo TOMIZU and an anti-war argument and discussion by Shusui KOTUKU which was published in the Yorozuchoho (a daily newspaper).
- 明治政府の外交政策にとって、この是正は重要な課題のひとつとなるが、逆に一部の国粋主義者からは居留地の存在が外国の思想や宗教から日本の伝統・文化を守る防壁になっているという見地からの存続論も登場して複雑な論争を招くことになった(内地雑居)。
- While this change was an important policy issue for the Meiji government, complicated disputes arose among some nationalists as to whether the settlements acted as a bulwark protecting Japanese tradition and culture from foreign ideas and religion.
- 翌1887年(明治20年)、国民がこの案を知るところとなると、折からノルマントン号事件(1886年)で不平等条約の弊害が問題になっていたため、世論は激昂してこれを「国辱的な内容」と攻撃、全国的な民権運動が盛り上がった(三大事件建白運動)。
- In the next year, 1887, when people knew the proposal, they got furious (especially so because adverse effects of an unequal treaty were being discussed after the Normanton Incident [1886]) and attacked the proposal claiming that it was 'national disgrace,' and then the nation-wide democratic-rights movement was spread (the movement following sandaijiken-kenpaku [the petition for three major matters]).
- これに対して高山らの国体論は、当時広く浸透していた「家」を中心とする国民意識に基づき、「皇室は宗家にして臣民は末族なり」とし、宗家の家長たる天皇による日本(=「君臣一家」)の統治権を正当化する(高山「我国体と新版図」、『太陽』3巻22号)。
- On the contrary, the national polity theory of Takayama was based on pervasive public sense which put priority on 'family,' and insisted that 'the Imperial Family was a head family and subjects belonged to branch families,' the emperor regarded as a head of the family (= 'Imperial members and subjects belonged to the same family lime') had a right to rule Japan (Takayama's 'Our national polity and new territory,' 'the sun' No. 22, volume 3).
- 日本の初等・中等教育の歴史教科書においても、「脱亜論」を「日本が欧米列強に近づくためにアジアからの脱却を唱えた物で、日本がアジアの1ヵ国であることを否定している」と定義付け、「日本人がアジアを蔑視する元となった論文」と教えていることが多い。
- In the history textbooks for elementary and secondary education in Japan, 'Datsu-A Ron' is defined as 'a theory to urge Japan to get closer to European and American powers by disassociating from Asia and to deny Japan is a country in Asia' and it is taught at most schools as 'the thesis which causes Japanese to disrespect other Asian countries.'
- が、現在では青森県教育庁発行の報告書にも「なお、一時公的な報告書や論文などでも引用されることがあった『東日流外三郡誌』については、捏造された偽書であるという評価が既に定着している。」と記載されるなど、偽書であるとの認識は一般的になっている。
- However, at present, the following view is established and even a report issued by the Agency of Education of Aomori Prefecture cited; ''Tsugaru Sangun-shi,' which was used for a while as a reference in public reports or academic articles, is concluded to be a falsified document.' and thus this document is commonly recognized as an apocryphal book.
- これにつき『福沢諭吉書簡集』の編集委員であった西川俊作は「この短い(およそ2,000字の)論説一篇をもって、彼を脱亜入欧の「はしり」であると見るのは短絡であり、当時の東アジア三国のあいだの相互関連を適切に理解していない見方である」と指摘する。
- For this, Shunsaku NISHIKAWA, a staff writer of the 'Fukuzawa Yukichi Shokanshu' (Collection of letters of Yukichi FUKUZAWA) pointed out that 'Judging Fukuzawa as the 'initiator' of the 'Datsu-A Nyu-O' (Leave Asia, Enter Europe) movement from a part of this short (about 2000-character) editorial is too shortsighted and it is a view from someone who does not properly understand the relationship among the three countries of East Asia at that time.'
- この後、哲学館は東洋大学となり、1928年に大学令による大学となるが、申請をしたにもかかわらず他の大学に比べて認可が遅れた(早稲田大学や國學院大學などは1920年に認可)のは哲学館事件が尾を引いたからではないかと当時の新聞は論説を書いている。
- Afterwards, Tetsugakukan became Toyo University, and became university under Acts of Universities in 1928, but the approbation was delayed compared to other universities (Waseda and Kokugakuin University were authorized in 1920), there was an opinion on a newspaper that the Tetsugakukan incident affected the delay.
- 結果として自由民権運動や大隈の唱えるフランス流やイギリス流を否定したものの、岩倉らの進めようとしたプロシア流についても一旦は白紙撤回されることとなった(勿論、これによってプロシア(ドイツ)流論者の政府内での立場が強化されたのは事実であるが)。
- As a result, the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, France style and England style, which were recommended by Okuma, were rejected but also Prussia style, which was recommended by Iwakura, was rejected (as a result, people who advocated Prussia (Germany) style strengthened their position).
- 1881年(明治14年)の秋田事件、1882年(明治15年)の福島事件、1883年(明治16年)の高田事件といったいわゆる「激化事件」は、明治政府が急進的民権家の政府転覆論を口実にして、地域の民権家や民権運動に対する弾圧を行ったものとされる。
- So-called 'aggravated incidents' such as Akita Incident in 1881, Fukushima Incident in 1882 and Takada Incident in 1883 are assumed that the Meiji Government cracked down on local democratic activists or democratic movements on the pretext of suppressing the view of the overthrow of the government by democratic radicals.
- なお、「朱子学は憶測にもとづく虚妄の説にすぎない」と朱子学批判をおこなった荻生徂徠が頃に吉宗に提出した政治改革論『政談』には、徂徠の政治思想が具体的に示されており、これは日本思想史のなかで政治と宗教道徳の分離を推し進める画期的な著作でもあった。
- In addition, around 1726 a political reform theory, 'Discourse on Government' (Seidan) was submitted to Yoshimune by Sorai OGYU, who criticized the doctrines of Zhu Xi, saying that 'the doctrines of Zhu Xi was only a delusional theory based on speculations,' and this book not only demonstrated Sorai's political philosophy concretely but stood out as an epoch-making work in Japanese history of thought which promote the separation of politics from religious morals.
- ところが、台湾出兵の発生と大院君の失脚によって征韓を視野に入れた朝鮮遣使論は下火となり、代わりに純粋な外交による国交回復のための特使として外務省の担当官であった森山茂(後に外務少丞)が倭館に派遣され、朝鮮政府代表との交渉が行われることとなった。
- However, the debate to dispatch an envoy to Korea with a view of subjugation of the Korea died down due to the occurrence of the Taiwan expedition and the downfall of Daewongun, instead, an official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Shigeru MORIYAMA (Later became Gaimu shojo who's post at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) was dispatched to Wakan (consular office) as a special envoy for restoring relations by pure diplomacy, and started to negotiate with the representatives of Korean government.
- 米国は国内世論の高まりなどを受けて協議に復帰したが、現在の枠組みに反発し条約改正を視野に交渉に臨む日本・米国・ロシア・オーストラリアなどと、既存の枠組みを進め先進国主導の削減を訴える EU などとの間の対立構造が形成されつつあると指摘されている。
- America has come back to the conference because of the upsurge of domestic public opinion, however, the following issue of conflict between America and other developed countries is pointed out: America, while objecting to the present framework, opposes to Japan, Russia, Australia and so on, which negotiate for the treaty revision, and also opposes to EU, which aims to promote the present framework and to reduce the emissions led by developed countries.
- 国衙軍制の可能性を指摘し、それが武士の起源に関係することを論じたものには、石井進『中世成立期軍制研究の一視点』(「史学雑誌」78編12号所載、1969年)や戸田芳実『国衙軍制の形成過程』(「中世の権力と民衆」所載、創元社、1970年)などがある。
- The papers that pointed out the possibility of the kokuga forces system and discussed the relation of the system to the origin of samurai include 'A viewpoint concerning research about the military system in the early medieval period' written by Susumu ISHII ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), No. 12, vol. 78, in 1969) and 'The process in which the kokuga forces system was formed' written by Yoshimi TODA (recorded in 'Power and the general public in the medieval period,' published by Sogensha, in 1970).
- これに対しては幕府内反対派の林家から「国王は天皇を指し、将軍が国王を名乗るべきではなく、無用の改変。平地に波風を立てるもの」、また対馬藩藩儒雨森芳洲から「李氏朝鮮は急激な変革を特に嫌う。再考願いたい」とそれぞれ反論をうけたが結果として実現している。
- The Hayashi family, one of the bakufu members opposing Arai's plan, insisted, 'King means Emperor, therefore, Shogun should not introduce himself as King, this is an useless reform. This only causes a flutter in the dovecotes,' and also Hoshu AMENOMORI, a Confusion scholar in Tsushima domain opposed it saying, 'the Joseon Dynasty doesn't like sudden reformation. Please reconsider,' but as a result, the changes were implemented.
- この事件について、『看聞日記』には生活上の困窮によるものと見えるが、当時の幕府が講和条件(両統迭立)に反して後小松天皇皇子の躬仁親王(後の称光天皇)の即位を目論んでいることから、そのような動きに不満を抱く後亀山法皇の抗議行動であったとも考えられる。
- 'Kanmon Nikki' (Diary of Imperial Prince Fushimi no miya Sadafusa) suggests that although this event appears as a result of dire poverty, due to the fact that the bakufu at that time attempted to have Imperial Prince Mihito (later Emperor Shoko), the prince of Emperor Gokomatsu, take over the throne, contrary to the conditions of peace (ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families), it may have been an act of protest by the Cloistered Emperor Gokameyama, who was unhappy with such developments.
- しかし、「民の声は神の声なり」(=天声人語)というホメロスの『オデュッセイア』にある言葉「朕民の心を追つて朕の心とする」という禹の故事明治天皇が五箇条の御誓文において誓った「広く会議を興し、万機公論に決すべし」という言葉を引いて以下のように主張した。
- They, however, cited the phrase 'the voice of the people is the voice of God' from 'Odyssea' by Homer, 'I try to understand the citizen's mind to make it into mine' from Emperor Yu's anecdote, and 'broad-based assemblies should be held and all critical issues settled by public debate' from the Five-Article Imperial Oath by Emperor Meiji to make the statements below.
- 第1次山本内閣の時代を含めることにより、この時期の民衆が一方では憲政擁護運動以来の反閥族感情を保ちながらも、他方では1913年7月の辛亥革命の混乱に際しては、革命派擁護を名目とする対中出兵論に容易に乗るような大正デモクラーの一側面が視野にはいってくる。
- By including the era of the first Yamamoto Cabinet into the Taisho Seihen, we can see another side of Taisho Democracy; since the out set of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism, the public in this period retained the anti-clique sentiment, however on the other hand, they easily agreed on dispatching troops to China in the name of supporting the revolutionary group in the turmoil of the Republican Revolution when it broke out in China in July 1913.
- しかし、発掘される遺跡の増加に伴い当然のことながら青銅器の出土例も増え、「銅鐸文化圏」の地域で銅矛や銅剣が、「銅矛文化圏」内で銅鐸が出土するといったこと(特に有名な例が吉野ヶ里での出土)が多くなり、この仮説は成り立たなくなり次第に論じられる事は少なくなった。
- However, the more cases of excavation of bronze wares there were naturally along with increased excavations of ruins, the more situations where dohoko and doken were found in 'the dotaku cultural area' and where dotaku were discovered in 'the dohoko cultural area' (well-known example: the Yoshinogari Ruins) there were, which proved the hypothesis was not true as it was less and less often discussed.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- どうか私と同じ志(仏教への信仰)をもってここに来た人達には、(様々な考え方の)空か有か(といった瑣末な事)を論じて(志を)滞らせることなく、自分の欲望を忘れて(学問や修行に励み)、後進の人達には世俗の苦労などを超越して悟りの境地を開いて欲しいと願うものである。
- I sincerely wish that those who come here with the same aspirations (faith in Buddhism) will abandon one's own desires (focus on learning and training) without wasting themselves on trivial matters of various thoughts, and those who are to follow will transcend worldly matters and open the path toward revelation.
- さらに、政治学者の丸山眞男は、甲申事変が三日天下に終わったことの挫折感と、日本・清国政府・李氏政権がそれぞれの立場から甲申事変の結果を傍観・利用したことに対する不満から、「「脱亜論」の社説はこうした福沢の挫折感と憤激の爆発として読まれねばならない」と説明する。
- A scholar of political science, Masao MARUYAMA said that, from frustration of the Gapsin Coup being short-lived and disappointment toward Japan, the Chinese government and the Yi government when all of them were just watching the Coup and using the results, 'the editorial of the 'Datsu-A Ron' should be read as an emotional explosion of Fukuzawa's frustration and rage.'
- そのため、時期によって差異はあるものの、その性質上当然に施行されるべき法律は別として、台湾統治のために設置された台湾総督府の長たる台湾総督が発する命令 (法律)(律令)という形で立法権を委任する(委任が包括的であったため、憲法違反ではないかという議論が起きた。
- Therefore, although some variations were observed depending on the period, the government delegated the legislative power to the governor-general of Taiwan Sotokufu, which was founded for the administration of Taiwan, by granting authority to issue orders (laws or ordinances) with the exception of the laws that should be enforced in Taiwan for its nature (The delegation was comprehensive, so some people argued that it might be against the Constitution).
- 江戸時代には儒教や仏教などの外来思想に批判的な立場から古典や神道を研究する国学が盛んになると、神国思想もまた広く受け入れられるようになり、それが幕末の黒船来航などの外的圧力の増大とともに攘夷論へと発展し、尊王攘夷運動が展開されてやがて江戸幕府滅亡の原因となった。
- In the Edo period, once the study of ancient Japanese thought, classics, and Shinto became popular under the view point of criticizing beliefs from overseas like Confucianism and Buddhism, the belief of Shinkoku was widely accepted, it developed the principle of excluding foreigners in the face of pressure from Western ships coming to Japan in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the movement of 'Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians' (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of the barbarians or foreigners) was established which caused of the fall of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- その後も、一部の人々は攘夷運動を進めようとした(草莽)が、明治2年(1869年)に入ると、明治政府は公議所・上局から上げられた「公議輿論」が攘夷は不可能であるという意見であったことを理由に「開国和親」を国是として以後は攘夷を議題としないことを決定(5月28日)した。
- Even after that, some ordinary citizens tried to continue the Joi movement; however, because the kogi-yoron (public deliberation) issued by the Kogisho (the lower house) and the Jokyoku (a law-making body) expressed the judgment that joi (the expelling of the barbarians) was not possible, the Meiji government adopted a national policy of 'opening the country up and establishing friendly relations with other countries' (kaikoku washin) in 1869 and decided not to employ joi as part of their agenda anymore (May 28).
- 例えば、明治元年8月の「奥羽士民に対する告諭」は御誓文の第一条を元に「広く会議を興し万機公論に決するは素より天下の事一人の私する所にあらざればなり」と述べ、同年10月の「京都府下人民告諭大意」は第三条を元に「上下心を一にし、末々に至るまで各其志を遂げさせ」と述べている。
- For example, in August 1868, 'official notice to shimin (warrior and ordinary people) of Ou region stated 'All affairs of State shall be referred to public opinion through general conferences because affairs of state shall not belong to a single person' based on the first article of Charter Oath, in October of the same year, 'an outline of official notice to residents in Kyoto Prefecture stated 'The government and the people shall act in harmony to accomplish one's aspiration' based on the third article of Charter Oath.
- 周の礼制を規範とする儒教では周の封建制を重視するが、官僚となり中央集権政治を担うようになった儒者たちにとって大きな矛盾をはらみ、たびたび封建論あるいは郡県論として論議された(ここでいう封建制・郡県制は歴史学上の実際のものではなく儒教思想上の理念として語られたものである)。
- Confucianism, which follows the example of the Li system of Zhou, put importance on the Hoken system of Zhou, but for confucianists who began to take part in centralized politics, the hoken system was very contradictory and was often discussed in the form of essay on the Hoken or Gun Ken system.
- 塩専売法実施による塩価の急激な高騰は世論を喚起し、非難は少なくなく、明治39年以後議会ごとに廃止論議が行われたが、政府はこれを肯んじることなく、改善に努めるとともに大正7年ついに収益主義を事実上廃し、公益主義を採って需給調節と塩業保護を目的とするようになり非難はおさまった。
- The steep price rise of salt caused by the enactment of the Salt Monopoly Law evoked public opinions, inviting many criticisms, and after 1906, the possibility of abolition of the law was debated at each meeting of the Diet, but the government never accepted it but worked hard to improve the law and virtually abolished private profitalism in 1918, and, by adopting public profitalism, tried to adjust the balance of demand and supply and to protect the salt industry, and then the criticisms subsided.
- しかし由良川は国土交通大臣が国民経済上特に重要な河川などに対して指定する一級水系に指定されているとおり、市内に供給される浄水場の原水や農業用水としては勿論のこと、今では市民の手による鮎や鮭の稚魚の放流といったイベントが開かれるなど、市民の生活には欠くことのできない川である。
- However, the Yura-gawa River is designated as a first class river, a classification designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation and Tourism indicating rivers which are especially important to the national economy; these days, the river is essential to people's lives, as its water is used to supply water to the city via a purification plant for agriculture; moreover, various events, such as the release of young sweetfish and salmon are also held by citizens at the river as well.
- なお、中国では、周の天子(王)を「王」のモデルとしていたことから、本来「尊王」と書くが、尊王論が日本に受容されるに際して「王」とは天皇のことであるという読み換えが行われたことから、天皇は単なる国王ではなく皇帝であるという優越意識を踏まえて「尊皇」に置き換えて用いることもある。
- While the Chinese character '王' was used in '尊王' (Sonno) in China because 'O' (王) was modeled after the Emperor of the Zhou, Sonno was also written as '尊皇' because '王' had meant the 'Emperor' (皇) in Japan who was not just a King but someone more revered since Sonnoron (Imperialism) was accepted in Japan
- 儒教では、放伐を認めるかどうかが難題とされてきたが、徳川幕府は朱子学について孟子的理解に立ち、湯武放伐、易姓革命論を認めていたが、それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
- In Confucianism, whether to allow the expulsion of a disqualified monarch had been a difficult problem to deal with, but the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted a position taken from the standpoint of Mencius (a Chinese thinker in the fourth century BC) concerning the teachings of Zhu Xi, and approved of the Tang-Wu revolution (the expulsions of disqualified monarchs by King Tang and King Wu) and the revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven (when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue).
- これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである(ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している)。
- Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)
- 1998年が「日本におけるフランス年」にあたり、また京都市とパリ市の友情盟約締結40周年にあたることから、その記念事業としての構想であったが、この計画が公表されると「新たな名所になる」と歓迎する意見がある一方で、「フランス風のデザイン」が景観を損ねるとの批判も起こり、世論は二分された。
- As the year 1998 marked 'The Year of France in Japan' and the 40th anniversary of Kyoto-Paris Friendship Pledge, the president's proposal was intended as part of the anniversary celebrations; once the plan was made public, however, public opinion was divided into two opposing groups: some welcomed the plan because the planned footbridge would attract more visitors while others criticized the French-style architecture, for it would ruin the landscape.
- 薩摩藩と長州藩が薩長同盟を結び倒幕運動を推し進めていた幕末も大詰めの時期、公議政体論を主張し将軍の政権返上を政治路線として考えていた土佐藩は、慶応3年(1867年)10月3日 (旧暦)に(坂本龍馬が発案計画し、後藤象二郎協力)大政奉還の建白書を藩主山内豊信を通じ将軍・徳川慶喜に提出した。
- At the very end of the Edo period when the Satsuma clan and Choshu clan formed Satsuma-Choshu Alliance to promote the movement to overthrow the Shogunate, the Tosa clan, which supported the parliamentary regime theory and the Shogun's returning the sovereignty to the Emperor, submitted a petition for Taisei Hokan (proposed and planned by Ryoma SAKAMOTO in cooperation with Shojiro GOTO) to the Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA through the lord of the domain Toyoshige YAMAUCHI on October 29, 1867.
- 伊藤正徳 (軍事評論家)によると、制度としては予備役でもよいとなっていても、実際問題として誰が適任で誰が空いているか、清浦には全く見当がつかなかった上に相談相手も得られなかったので組閣断念に至ったという(また、清浦が軍部大臣現役武官制の擁護者であった山縣有朋の側近であったことも大きい)。
- According to Shotoku ITO (military critic), even if Yobieki was accepted by the system, Kiyoura probably would not have known who might be appropriate or available, and besides he did not have any consultants to discuss with; therefore, he gave up on forming a Cabinet (moreover, the fact that Kiyoura was a close adviser of Arimoto YAMAGATA, who was an advocate for Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei, played a part).
- 冬の陣では出陣させるのは譜代大名のみに限ろうと考えていた徳川家康は、この夏の陣においては豊臣恩顧の大名に敢えて大坂を攻めさせることにより、将来的に徳川家に掛かってくる倫理的な非難を回避しようとしたとされている(江戸時代に徳川家が豊臣家を滅ぼしたことに対する道徳的議論が起こることはなかった。
- It is said that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA thought to use only fudai daimyo (daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) to go into battles of the Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka), while in the Natsu no Jin (Summer Siege of Osaka) by ordering the daimyo who had been favored by the Toyotomi Family to attack Osaka Castle, he tried to avoid ethical accusation to the Tokugawa Family in later years.
- 明治十四年の政変(めいじじゅうよねんのせいへん)は、1881年(明治14年)自由民権運動の流れの中、憲法制定論議が高まり、政府内でも君主大権を残すビスマルク憲法かイギリス型の議院内閣制の憲法とするかで争われ、前者を支持する伊藤博文が、後者を支持する大隈重信を政府から追放した政治事件をさす。
- Meiji juyonen no seihen (the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881) is a politically-motivated incident, which occurred during movement of the Freedom and People's Rights and dispute regarding creation of a constitution in government, especially between Hirobumi ITO, who recommended Bismarck's constitution, which preserves the royal prerogative and Shigenobu OKUMA, who recommended constitution from England, which has parliamentary system of government, as a result of the incident in which Shigenobu OKUMA was banned from government.
- 現存する日本最古の史書『古事記』の場合、正史である『続日本紀』に記録がないことや写本の伝存状況などから偽書と疑う大和岩雄(『古事記成立考』(1975年)、『古事記偽書説は成り立たないか』(1988年))や大島隼人(『古事記成立論』(1989年)、『古事記撰録方法の発見』(1994年))らがいる。
- In the case of 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), the oldest history book in Japan, since there is no record on the time of its completion in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), which is the official history book, and also based on the fact that it is a handwritten copy, it is suspected as gisho by Iwao YAMATO ('Consideration into the completion of Records of Ancient Matters' (1975), 'Is the view that Records of Ancient Matters is gisho, not established?' (1988), and Hayato OOSHIMA ('Discussion about Records of Ancient Matters establishment' (1989), 'Discovery of anthologizing method of Records of Ancient Matters of Japan' (1994).
- その背景には皇太后が実子の竹田皇子の擁立を願ったものの、敏達の最初の皇后が生んだ押坂彦人大兄皇子(舒明天皇の父)の擁立論が蘇我氏に反対する勢力を中心に強まったために、馬子と皇太后がその動きを抑えるために竹田皇子への中継ぎとして即位したのだと言われている(だが、竹田皇子は間もなく死去してしまう)。
- Behind this, there is a story that the Empress Dowager hoped for enthronement of her biological son Prince Takeda, but because an opinion for enthronement of OSHISAKA no Hikohito no Oenomiko became stronger, centering around the opponents of the Soga clan and, in order to suppress that movement, Umako and the Empress Dowager decided that she be enthroned (however, before long, Prince Takeda passed away).
- 「日本の失敗を天皇制のせいだと非難はしても、日本の成功に関して天皇制を褒めることはしなかったのが戦後歴史家たちであるが、これと異なり、明治知識人たちは日本の進歩の功を天皇に帰しはしても、その短所を天皇のせいにはしなかった」という指摘が明治時代と戦後の天皇制に関する論評の違いについてなされている。
- The difference in the views toward Tennosei of the Meiji period and the post war period is pointed out that the 'post-war historians were all blaming the Tennosei for the failure of Japan but never praised it for the success of the country; to the contrary, intellectuals of the Meiji period thanked the Emperor for their success but never blamed him for the defects.'
- しかし、対等合併論自体は日本の朝鮮併合論(朝鮮が日本に従属し、主権を放棄する形で植民地となる。)とは明らかに異なり、寧ろ併合後の日本が一進会すらも用済みとして切捨て、植民地統治を開始したことを踏まえて、「一進会もまた犠牲者であり、必ずしも責められるべき点ばかりではなかった」とする同情的意見も強い。
- But the theory as to the equal consolidation itself was clearly different from that of Japan's annexation of Korea (Korea is supposed to depend on Japan and be colonized abandonning their sovereignty), rather, taking into account the fact that Japan cut off even Isshinkai as a worn-out after the annexation and launched the colonial domination, many of the researchers also have a sympathy that 'Isshinkai is also one of victims and what they did is not necessarily accusable'.
- 葛城氏2系統論を支持する研究者の中には、一連の政変で滅びたのは玉田宿禰系のみであって、葦田宿禰系は5世紀末までしばらく勢力を存続させていたと主張する議論もみられるが、それを示唆するような政治活動が記紀に一切記されていないため、蟻臣などもやはり外戚の押磐皇子と運命をともにしたのではないかと思われる。
- Some researchers, who hold the theory that the Katsuraki clan had two family groups, view that it was only Tamada no sukune's family who fell with the serial coup and Ashita no sukune's family survived until the end of the 5th century; however, there is no record that supports this view in the Nihonshoki nor the Kojiki, and it is thought that Ariomi followed the same path as his maternal relative, Prince Oshihano.
- この台湾経済をその内容により分類するとすれば、1920年までの糖業を主軸とする期間、1920年から1930年代にかけての蓬莱米の生産を主軸とする期間、そして1930年代以降にそれまでの工業を内地、農業を台湾としていた分業論を改め、軍需に対応すべく台湾の工業化が展開された3時期に区分することができる。
- The Taiwanese economy was classified by its features into three periods: before 1920 when sugar industry was main, from the 1920s to the 1930s during which time Horai rice cultivation was spotlighted and after the 1930s when an international division of labor between mainland Japan focusing on industry and Taiwan on agriculture discontinued and Taiwan's industrialization was promoted to meet military demand.
- 同調査会の結論は「作物に被害を与える銅分は、予防工事前の残留分で現業によるものは少ないとして古河鉱業の責任を解除した」(由井正臣『田中正造』)ものだったが、実際、1903年10月には「被害地の稲は豊作」になり、田中正造も「被害地豊作の実況」と題する演説をして歩いた(『田中正造全集・別巻』477頁)。
- The committee concluded 'as for the copper which damages crops, there are the residues flowed before the preventive construction, however in the current operation, the flowing poison is a little, so the government exonerates Furukawa Mining from blame' (Masaomi YUI 'Tanaka Shozo'), and in fact, in October of 1903, 'the damaged area had a good crop of rice' and Shozo TANAKA also gave lectures at many places setting the title of the lecture as 'the real circumstances of the rich harvest in the damaged area' ('the complete works of Shozo TANAKA' page 477 of the 'supplementary volume').
- 日本の達成が難しいと囁かれ始めた 2007年頃になって、京都議定書自体が欧米諸国による政治的な圧力であるという陰謀論(そもそも根拠が示されていない、既に支持を失った議論を蒸し返しているなどの理由により懐疑論にもなり得ていないもの)が、一部評論筋や個人の論評などで、にわかに唱えられはじめるようになった。
- Around 2007 when it was whispered that it seemed unlikely for Japan to achieve the goal, some critics or individuals began to claim a conspiracy theory that Kyoto Protocol itself was a political pressure from Western countries (it is a groundless theory and is far from even being skepticism because it is based on the issue which was once discussed and consequently lost its supporters).
- 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ/SCAP)は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
- According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- また、坂本多加雄元学習院大学法学部教授は、甲申事変の失敗と清国の強大な軍事力を背景にして、「「脱亜論」は、日本が西洋諸国と同等の優位の立場でアジア諸国に臨むような状況を前提にしているのではなく、むしろ逆に、朝鮮の一件に対する深い失望と、強大な清国への憂慮の念に駆られて記された文章ではないか」と説明する。
- Takao SAKAMOTO, a former professor of the Faculty of Law of Gakushuin University explained that, with the background of the failure of the Gapsin Coup and China's strong army, ''Datsu-A Ron' was not written from an assumption for Japan to go against other Asian countries with the same position of superiority as European countries, but was written because he felt deeply disappointed by the incident in Korea and was concerned about China.'
- むろん、皇族を強制的に臣籍に下すことを原則とするこのような規定には異論もあり(とはいえ、親王、王に姓を賜り強制的に臣籍に下げることは王朝時代から存在した)、裁定にあたって準則の諮詢を受けた枢密院での審議でも、政府側からは、一律・機械的に適用するのではなく個別の事情に応じて判断する旨の答弁がなされている。
- Of course there was an argument against having Imperial Family members demotion from nobility to subject, (however, there were some examples of people receiving surnames from the Imperial Prince or the Emperor and were forced to be demoted to subjects since the Dynasty period), at the discussion of the Privy Council that was consulted about the regulation to make a decision, the government decided to apply the regulation based on individual situations instead of applying the rule evenly or automatically across the board.
- また「もし賢人しき人あらば貢上れ」と仰せになったので、「命を受けて貢上れる人、名は王仁(わにきし)。すなわち論語十巻、千字文一巻、併せて十一巻をこの人に付けてすなわち貢進りき。この和爾吉師は文首等の祖。また手人韓鍛(てひとからかぬち)名は卓素(たくそ)また呉服(くれはとり)の西素(さいそ)二人を貢上りき」。
- Further, because the Emperor asked 'if there were a wise man, bring him as a tribute, 'in response to his order, sent as a tribute was Wanikishi. Accompanying this man, there were presented 10 volumes of Rongo Analects and 1 volume of Senjimon, total 11 volumes. This Wanikishi was the ancestor of Humi no obito, etc. Also sent as tributes were two people, a blacksmith named Takuso and a weaver, Saiso.'
- 朱熹は、それまでばらばらで矛盾を含んでいた北宋の学説を、程頤による性即理説(性(人間の持って生まれた本性)がすなわち理であるとする)や程顥の天理(天が理である)をもとに、仏教思想の論理体系性、道教の生成論および静坐という行法を取り込みつつも、それを代替する儒教独自の理論にもとづく壮大な学問体系に仕立て上げた。
- Hsi CHU organized various and contradictory theories in Northern Sung Dynasty into a great learning system which replaced these previous theories, and was based on a theory unique to Confucianism, by being based on the Seisokuri setsu (Chinese philosophy, a theory that 'sei' [human inborn nature] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Yi CHENG, and the Tenri (a theory that 'ten' [providence] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Hao CHENG, while adapting the logical system of Buddhistic thought, the generative theory of Taoism, and gyoho (method of ascetic practices) of sitting calmly and quietly.
- 基準年を1990年に設定したのはロシアの批准を促すことなどにも配慮されたという国際政治の現場にありがちな話を指摘する向きや、「産業界を中心に世界有数の環境対策を施してきた日本が6%もの高水準を求められている」といった論調により、「この議定書が締結・発効に至る過程で政治的に歪められている」とする意見が散見される。
- An opinion saying 'the Protocol was politically biased in the process of ratification and effectuation' is heard here and there along with the following views: setting 1990 as the reference year was to give time to Russia for ratification, which is quite a political consideration; Japan has implemented world's leading environmental measures particularly in the industry, but is required for a high reduction level of 6%.
- ところが大日本帝国憲法に先行して天皇から与えられた「勅諭」であることから、陸軍(および海軍の一部)は軍人勅諭を政府や議会に対する自らの独立性を担保するものと位置づけていた(陸軍の一部には「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」について「政府や政治家が何を言おうと気にする必要はない、ということだ」という解釈すらあったという)。
- On the side of the Army (and a part of the Navy), however, since the imperial rescript was given by Emperor ahead of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there was an idea that the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors secures their independence from the government and the parliament (Some members of the Army even interpreted 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.' as 'Military men need not care about what the government and statesmen say').
- しかし、河内源氏の「棟梁の系譜」を考えるならば、石川源氏は河内源氏の本領の石川荘を相続しているとはいえ源義時の末裔でしかなく地方武士団の規模を出ず、細々と先祖伝来の本拠地の領地を守っていただけの石川源氏やその後継の石川氏は河内源氏の流れを汲む地方源氏の一つとは言えても、河内源氏そのものの名に値するのかという反論がある。
- However, taking consideration of the 'lineage of the family leader', Ishikawa-Genji is just a descendant of MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki even though Ishikawawa-Genji inherited Ishikawa manor, the main domain of Kawachi-Genji, and they remained to be a local samurai group, it can be said that the Ishikawa-Genji and its descendant, Ishikawa clan, who protected the inherited main domain on a reduced scale, is one of local Genji descended from Kawachi-Genji, but it is arguable whether it deserves the name of Kawachi-Genji.
- 西園寺家の鳥羽の荘園は鳥羽荘と称されて、『管見記』によれば応仁の乱最中の文明 (日本)年間にも西園寺家の支配が確認でき、室町幕府官僚の大舘尚氏による『大舘常興日記』には大永5年(1527年)に行われていた西園寺家の鳥羽荘と久我家の久我荘の境相論についての覚書が残されているなど、戦国時代 (日本)まで同家の所領であった。
- The manor in Toba, called Toba no sho, was owned by the Saionji family as their shoryo (territory) until the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) as described in 'Kankenki' (The house diary of the Saionji family) which shows the manor was ruled by the Saionji family during the Onin War in Bunmei era (1469 to 1486), and in 'Odachi Joko Nikki' (The Diary of Joko ODACHI) written by Hisauji ODACHI, who was a bureaucrat of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which contains a memorandum regarding the dispute over the boundaries between the Saionji family's Toba no sho and the Koga family's Koga no sho (manor), and so on.
- しかし、そのころはまだ文語文の作品も多く書かれ、和歌の塾に通い、古典の教養を持っていた樋口一葉は古文の呼吸をつかった雅文体で「にごりえ」「たけくらべ」などの作品を書き、翻訳で言文一致を試みた森鴎外も、「舞姫」や「即興詩人」では文語にもどし、評論の分野では北村透谷や幸徳秋水は、漢文書き下しの文体を使って論文を書いていた。
- However, at that time a lot of works were written in literary style Japanese: HIGUCHI Ichiyo, who learned at 'Waka School' and was versed in Japanese classics, wrote 'Nigorie', 'Takekurabe' and so on in the gabuntai style, using the breathing of the classics, MORI Ogai, who challenged a genbinicchi style in his translations, adopted literal style Japanese, and in the field of critical essays Tokoku KITAMURA and Shusui KOTOKU wrote essays in 'kanbun-kakikudashi-bun (semi-Chinese style Japanese)'.
- これに対して興膳宏は、東・西、と北・南で巻題の命名に対応関係が見られること(とくに東・西の巻ではそれぞれ巻頭に小序が付されていてそれが顕著である)、また体裁の面でも東・西の巻が諸家の論を空海自身の裁量で取捨しているのに対し、南・北の巻ではそのままの形で引用されていることが多いなど、対になっているのは明らかだとしている。
- In response to this, Hiroshi KOZEN explained that evidently pairs were made, as the titles of the volume corresponded to each other such as East against West, and North against South (particularly the volumes of East and West were noticeable because they had small prefaces in the beginning), and concerning the format, in the volumes of East and West Kukai selected each family's comments on his own discretion, while in the volumes of South and North they were cited as they were.
- 明治憲法下では軍の統帥権が天皇にあったが、編成権(部隊編成、予算編成など)に関しては国務大臣が補弼するのか。それとも、憲法に明記されていなかったが、慣習的に軍令については国務大臣が輔弼せず統帥部(陸軍:参謀総長。海軍:軍令部総長)が補弼することとなっていたことにより、その大権に含まれるのかどうかが大きな論点となっていた。
- Under the Meiji Constitution, the supreme command of the army belonged to the Emperor, but whether the organization rights (troop organization, budget organization, etc.) were assisted by the Minister of State or, although it was not described in the Constitution, or it was included in the supreme command, because the military orders were assisted traditionally not by the Minister of State but by the supreme command staff (the Chief of the Military General Staff, the President of the Naval General Staff) was the major point of the dispute.
- 明治6年(1873年)に征韓論を巡って政府部内が紛糾した明治六年政変では、勅旨をもって西郷隆盛の朝鮮派遣を中止させてこれを収め、明治7年(1874年)から明治8年(1875年)にかけて続いた自由民権運動では、立憲政体の詔(漸次立憲政体樹立の詔)を発して政体改革を進めるなど、天皇は政府内部の政治的対立を調停する役割を果たした。
- In 1873 when politics became complicated with the issue of the drastic theory against Korea, and political change occurring in Meiji 6, the Emperor worked as a mediator to stop the conflict within the government, by stopping Takamori SAIGO's armed force from going to Korea by issuing the Emperor's official order, and he proceeded to issue an Imperial rescript to establish a gradual constitutional government while there was a Freedom and People's Rights Movement between 1874 and 1875.
- 院政中には2回の元の対日侵攻(元寇)が起こり、自ら伊勢神宮で祈願するなど積極的な活動を行った(当時の治天・亀山上皇と天子・後宇多天皇の父子いずれかが「身を以って国難に代える祈願」を伊勢大神宮に奉ったことは史実のようだが、さて父子のどちらにその祈願を帰すべきかは、大正年間に学者の間で大論争を呼んでいまだ決着のつかない問題である)。
- During his reign the Mongolians invaded Japan (Genko, Mongolian Expeditions against Japan) twice, the Emperor acted eagerly to pray at Ise Jingu Shrine, etc. (During this period, both the Retired Emperor Kameyama and Emperor Gouda, father and son, prayed at Ise Jingu Shrine and were ready to sacrifice themselves to help the nation, however it is not clear who to appreciate for this, the Retired Emperor Kameyama or Emperor Gouda, and this was a big controversial theory between the scholars during the Taisho period and the issue still has not been concluded.)
- 逍遥の言葉「・・・要するに、彼の貴族的な、英雄本位、淑女本位の高尚がりの活歴派に対しては、それとは反対の、平民的な、不作法な、凡人沢山、風情沢山の丸本式、草双紙式を発揚し、厳格な、窮屈な外国の審美論に対しては、無主義の、放埒な、いわば不即不離の国劇式を、暗に擁護しようという主張と抱負とが内心にあって、彼の作を書き始めたのである。」
- Shoyo said, 'In short, I started to write this work with a view and ambition in my mind to inspire noble, hero- and lady-oriented, intellectual audience, who like historical dramas, the maruhon shiki (style of complete set of books) and kusazoshi-style featuring common, rude people and having a lot of ordinary and interesting scenes--contrary to the characteristics of those audiences--and imply my ambition to support the so-called kokugeki shiki (national drama style)--a non-doctorine, loose, and neutral style--to foreign aesthetes, who hold a strict and rigid view.'
- 近世においては後醍醐天皇を不徳の君であるとする評価が定着し、徳川光圀によって編纂が開始された『大日本史』においては南朝を正統とする立場から後醍醐天皇を不徳とする認識が見られ、江戸時代には新井白石が『読史余論』において、王朝政治における累代の天皇の失徳が武家政権成立の過程であるとする歴史観の中で、後醍醐天皇をその末尾に位置付けている。
- In those days, the evaluation that Emperor Go-Daigo was an illegitimate sovereign was firmly established, and in Dai Nihonshi, which Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA began to compile, there is a section recognizing that Emperor Go-Daigo was illegitimate based on the foundation that the Southern Court was legitimate. In Tokushi Yoron, the author, Hakuseki ARAI, placed Emperor Go-Daigo at the end of his list of responsible emperors, based on his historical view that the accumulated immorality of successive emperors lead to the appearance of samurai government.
- しかしながら、こういった立憲君主との考えをば大衆をして浸透しなかったようで(それは美濃部の弁明を新聞で読んだ大衆の反応と、貴族院 (日本)での反応の温度差に明らかであり)、一連の騷動以後は天皇主権説が台頭したため、それらの論者は往々にしてこの立憲君主の考えを「西洋由来の学説の無批判の受け入れである(『國體の本義』より要約)」と断じた。
- However, it seems that the idea of the constitutional monarchy didn't prevail to the public (this was obvious from the difference in reactions between of the public who had read Minobe's explanation on newspapers and of the House of Peers [Japan]), and since the theory of the imperial sovereignty got an advantage after a series of turmoil, these people tended to advocate that the idea of the constitutional monarch was 'uncritical acceptance of western theory (summarized from 'Kokutai no Hongi' [the primordial doctrine of the national]).'
- 開国日本の開国後の文久元年(1861年)、イギリスイギリス海軍の測量艦アクテオン号(Actaeon)が、「攘夷論をあまり刺激しない方が良い」との幕府の勧告を無視して日本沿岸の測量を強行しようとした際、たまたま幕府役人が所有していた伊能小図の写しを見て、その優秀さに大いに驚き、測量計画を中止して幕府からその写しを入手することで引き下がったという。
- In 1861, after the opening of Japan to the world, when the British navy survey ship Acteon tried forcibly to survey the Japanese coast, ignoring the warning by the Bakufu that said it would not be wise to fuel the principle of excluding foreigners, the leader of the ship was much surprised to see a copy of the Ino's small map which the Bakufu officials happened to possess, and agreed to give up the survey project by getting a copy of the map from the Bakufu.
- 1878年(明治11年)には、外務卿寺島宗則が西南戦争後の財政難のため税権回復を中心に交渉し、駐米公使の吉田清成とアメリカのエバーツ国務長官との間で税権回復の新条約(吉田・エバーツ条約)を調印するが、イギリス及びドイツの反対と法権の優先を求める世論の反対で挫折する(アメリカとの条約は他国と同内容の条約を結ぶことが条件になっていたため、発効しなかった)。
- In 1878, Gaimukyo (chief of Foreign Ministry) Munenori TERASHIMA negotiated mainly for the recovery of tariff autonomy, backed by the financial difficulty after the Seinan War, and Minister-Counselor to the United States Kiyonari YOSHIDA and EVERTS Secretary of State of the United States signed a new treaty of the recovery of tariff rights (YOSHIDA-EVERTS Treaty), but it was failed because of the objection of England and Germany and the public opinions that required the recovery of jurisdiction to be prioritized (the treaty with the United States did not come into effect because it was conditional on conclusion of similar treaties with the other countries).
- 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
- There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.
- 『』(巻之一)の「」によると、批判の評論は1873年(明治6年)から1874年(明治7年)にかけて激しくなり、「明治七年の末に至りては攻撃(こうげき)罵詈(ばり)の頂上(ちやうじやう)を極め遠近(ゑんきん)より脅迫状(けふはくじやう)の到來(たうらい)、友人の忠告(ちうこく)等今は殆んど身邊(しんぺん)も危(あやう)きほどの塲合(ばあい)に迫り」というほどであった。
- Critical reviews became rampant in 1873 to 1874, one account explains the situation as 'a barrage of severe criticisms became abusive at the end of 1874, and he received intimidating letters from across the country, even endangered his friends who tried to give advice to Fukuzawa.
- 「天皇は國民の輿論を荷はない所の内閣を信任し玉ふ道理がない故に國務大臣の責任は法理上天皇に對して之を負ふと云ふも實は議會を通じて國民に對して負ふべき」ものであるとし、「輿論とは沒交渉で議會から不信任を受けても天皇の信任ある間は進退すべきではないと公言するは民の聲を以て神の聲とし、民の心を以て朕の心とすとの玉ふ名君を貶し、萬機公論に決すと宣へる聖旨を裏切る」ものである。
- It said that 'there's no reason for the emperor to give his confidence to the cabinet that is not responsible for the public, thus the ministers of the state should be responsible for the public through the parliament, even though, in theory, it is the emperor for whom they are responsible', and 'if you say that you should not resign as long as you are trusted by the emperor, even though you have lost the confidence of the parliament, and have never consulted with the general public, it means that you injure the great emperor, who takes the voice from the people as the one from the god, identifying himself with the public, and betray the divine tenor that had stated the broad-based assemblies should be held and all critical issues settled by public debate.'
- その後明治維新を過ぎると、世の中には皇国史観が形成され、皇室に関する疑惑やスキャンダルを公言する事はタブーとなり、学術的に孝明天皇の暗殺説を論ずる事は長く封印されたが、1940年(昭和15年)7月、日本医史学会関西支部大会の席上において、京都の婦人科医・佐伯理一郎が「天皇が痘瘡に罹患した機会を捉え、岩倉具視がその妹の女官・堀河紀子を操り、天皇に毒を盛った」旨の論説を発表している。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Kokokushikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) was established in society, it was prohibited to talk about suspicions and scandals in public concerning the Imperial Family, it was prohibited to talk about the theory of Emperor's assassination for a long time, but in July 1940, an obstetrician and gynecologist in Kyoto, Riichiro SAEKI wrote in his essay while he was attending the Kansai Branch of the Japan Society of Medical History, that 'when the Emperor had smallpox, Tomomi IWAKURA ordered his younger sister and the lady-in-waiting, Motoko HORIKAWA, to purposely give poison to the Emperor.'
- しかし薩英戦争や下関戦争において外国艦隊との力の差に直面したことにより、単純な攘夷論に対する批判が生じて、津和野藩の国学者大国隆正らによって唱えられた国内統一を優先して、外国との交易によって富国強兵を図ってでも、諸外国と対等に対峙する力をつけるべきだとする「大攘夷」論が登場した事によって、これを受け入れた攘夷運動の主力であった長州藩・薩摩藩の主張も事実上開国へと転向していくのである。
- However, as Japan faced the power difference from the foreign fleets during the Anglo-Satsuma War and Shimonoseki War, criticisms to the simple Joi ron arose and was replaced with Dai joi ron started by Takamasa OKUNI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the Tsuwano Domain; Takamasa claimed that unification of the whole nation should be the first priority and should gain power that the country can confront other nations equally even by aiming fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) through trades with foreign countries; The Choshu Domain and Satsuma Domain, the major drive of the joi movement, accepted this view and started directing themselves for the opening of the country to the world.
- これに対して一条房経は、九条家の家祖が長子だからといって、その流派の嫡流であるとは限らない、一条実経が九条道家から家督を譲られたからこそ、九条流摂関家の政治的権威を裏付ける文書類である桃華堂文庫(後二条帥通記、玉葉、玉蘂)が一条家に伝わっているのだと反論し、これに対して九条経教は、実経への継承は九条忠家が幼少であったがゆえの措置であり、九条教実が長命であればこのような事は起こりえなかった。
- Fusatsune ICHIJO argued against Tsunenori, stating that just because an ancestor of the Kujo Family was the firstborn child it did not mean the Kujo Family was the legitimate blood of Kujo-ryu, and that because Michiie KUJO gave the family estate to Sanetsune ICHIJO, the Tokado-bunko (Gonnjo-moromichi-ki) (Gonijo-moromichi record), Gyokuyo (Kanezane KUJO's diary) and Gyokuzui (Michiie KUJO's diary)) and the document endorsing the political authority of Kujo-ryu Sekkan-ke, a regent family, were inherited by the ICHIJO Family; whereas Tsunenori KUJO asserted that measures to give inheritance to Sanetsune were taken just because Tadaie KUJO was in infancy, and that if Norizane KUJO had lived longer it would not have happened.
- ただ日本を含めた諸外国の研究者は、一進会が大日本帝国の侵略の意図を見抜けず韓国を亡国へと導く役割を果たしたことは事実であるが、対等合併論自体は日本の朝鮮併合論(朝鮮が日本に従属し、主権を放棄する形で植民地となる。)とは明らかに異なり、寧ろ併合後の日本が一進会すらも用済みとして切捨て、植民地統治を開始したことを踏まえて、「一進会もまた犠牲者であり、必ずしも責められるべき点ばかりではなかった」とする同情的意見も強い。
- However, many researchers of other countries including Japan, have sympathetic views stating that, although it is true that the Iljinhoe group played a role making Korea a lost country without foreseeing the Empire of Japan's intension of invasion, their theory of equal merger was totally different from Japan's theory of Korean annexation (Korea comes under the rule of Japan to become a colony by relinquishing sovereign power), so considering Japan discarded the Iljinhoe after the group served their purpose, 'the Iljinhoe were also victims and should not be totally blamed'.
- これに対して、12月22日(1868年1月16日)に朝廷は「徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事」という告諭を出した。
- In response, the Imperial Court issued a statement that '徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事' on January 16, 1868.
- 「朕惟うに我国通行の暦たる、太陰の朔望を以て月を立て太陽の躔度に合す。故に2, 3年間必ず閏月をおかざるを得ず、置閏の前後、時に季節の早晩あり、終に推歩の差を生ずるに至る。殊に中下段に掲る所の如きはおおむね亡誕無稽に属し、人智の開発を妨ぐるもの少しとせず」と論告し、同年11月24日、太政官布告を続いて発し「今般太陽暦御頒布に付、来明治6年限り略暦は歳徳・金神・日の善悪を始め、中下段掲載候不稽の説等増補致候儀一切相成らず候」とあり、これらの布告をもって禁止されたとする主張がある。
- It argues that 'Our traditional calendar divides a year into 12 months according to the cycle of new moon and full moon and fits it into the position of the sun in the sky. Thus, we have to put a leap month every two or three years and there happens a climate lag before and after the intercalation, which finally causes errors in calculating the travel of celestial body. Especially, most of the annotations (rekichu) on middle and lower part of calendars are absurd and largely prevent the development of human intelligence,' and, on November 24 in the same year, the Dajokan fukoku was again issued and said, 'Now on issuing the solar calendar, the absurd annotations on middle and lower part of calendars will be totally forbidden including the lucky direction, unlucky direction, and the good or bad of the day, from 1873,' which, some insist, banned rokuyo.