課: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 課
- lesson
- section (in an organization)
- division
- department
- counter for lessons and chapters (of a book)
- section (bureau)
- unit
- counter for chapters (of a book)
- 行政課
- Local Administration Division
- 市場課
- Financial Markets Division
- 保険課
- Insurance Business Division
- Employees' Health Insurance Division
- Agricultural Insurance Division
- 証券課
- Securities Business Division
- 福利課
- Welfare Division
- Personnel Welfare Division
- 財政課
- Local Public Finance Division
- Financial Administration Division
- 推進課
- Gender Equality Promotion Division
- 評価課
- Risk Assessment Division
- 公安課
- Public Security Division
- 国際課
- International Affairs Division
- 地域課
- Community Police Affairs Division
- 調整課
- Coordination Division
- Local Public Finance Coordination Division
- Administrative Affairs Division
- 宅地課
- Building Land Division
- 地形課
- Topographic Mapping Division
- 地方課
- Local Affairs Division
- Division Controlling Local Finance Bureaus
- Regional Bureau Administration Division
- Regional Liaison Division
- 地政課
- 'Road, City and Housing Administration Division'
- 旅客課
- Passenger Transport Division
- 防災課
- Disaster Prevention Division
- Disaster Prevention and Relief Division
- Disaster Management Division
- Disaster Prevention and Restoration Division
- 路政課
- Road Administration Division
- 無線課
- Radio Engineering Division
- 保全課
- Land Conservation Division
- 保障課
- Accidents Compensation Division
- 賦課金
- assessment for general expense
- contribution
- 乗員課
- Personal Licensing Division
- Personnel Licensing Division
- 審査課
- Vehicle and Component Approvals Division
- Evaluation Division
- Examination Division
- 施設課
- Facilities and Rolling Stock Industries
- Facilities Division
- 治水課
- Flood Control Division
- River Improvement and Management Division
- 造船課
- Shipbuilding Division
- 公課禁止
- Prohibition of Public Imposts
- 総務課長
- Director, General Affairs Division
- Director of the General Affairs Division
- Director, Management and Coordination Division
- Director, Policy Coordination Division
- 審査課長
- Director, Service Discipline and Audit Division
- 国際課長
- Director, International Affairs Division
- Director of the International Affairs Division
- 会計課長
- Director, Financial Affairs Division
- Director of the Finance Division
- Director, Finance Division
- 企画課長
- Director, Recruitment Policy Division
- 賦課期日
- Base Date for Assessment
- 補償課長
- Director, Compensation Division
- 試験課長
- Director, Examination Division
- 公務員課
- Local Public Service Personnel Division
- 交付税課
- Local Allocation Tax Division
- 調査課長
- Director, Policy Execution Division
- Director, Defense Intelligence Division
- 調整課長
- Director, Planning and Coordination Division
- 第二課長
- Director, Second Division
- 第一課長
- Director, First Division
- 課長王子
- The Legend of Black Heaven
- 計帳と課役
- Keicho and distribution of assignments
- 道路港湾課
- Road and Seaports Affairs Division
- 公課の禁止
- Prohibition of Public Dues
- Prohibition of Public Imposts
- 表示対策課
- Representation Division
- 人事政策課
- Personnel Policy Division
- 食品表示課
- Food Labeling Division
- 恩給業務課
- Pension Execution Division
- 恩給審査課
- Pension Examination Division
- 恩給企画課
- Pension Planning Division
- 地方協力課
- Local Cooperation Division
- 政策調整課
- Policy Coordination Division
- 企業開示課
- Corporate Accounting and Disclosure Division
- 特別調査課
- Investigation Division
- 証券検査課
- Inspection Division
- 行政相談課
- Administrative Counseling Division
- 住民制度課
- Residents Administration Policy and Management Division
- 技術政策課
- Technology Policy Division
- Research Policy Planning Division
- 通信規格課
- Standardization Division
- 国際政策課
- International Policy Division
- International Policy Planning Division
- 国際経済課
- International Economic Affairs Division
- 市町村税課
- Municipal Tax Policy Division
- 地域政策課
- Policy Planning Division
- 政治資金課
- Political Funds Regulation Division
- 財務調査課
- Financial Management Division
- 公営企業課
- Local Public Enterprise Division
- 通信施設課
- Communications Facilities Division
- 勧告広報課
- Recommendation and Public Relations Division
- 審査指針課
- Regulatory Guides and Review Division
- 企画調査課
- Research and Coordination Division
- Policy Planning and Research Division
- 国民支出課
- National Expenditure Division
- 規制調査課
- Subsequent Regulation Review Division
- 管理環境課
- Radiation Protection and Accident Management Division
- 分配所得課
- Distributive Income Division
- 国民生産課
- National Product Division
- 国民資産課
- National Wealth Division
- 企画分析課
- Strategy-planning and Analysis Division
- 捜査第二課
- Second Investigation Division
- 2nd Investigation Division
- 交通企画課
- Traffic Planning Division
- 交通指導課
- Traffic Enforcement Division
- 刑事企画課
- Investigative Planning Division
- Criminal Investigation Planning Division
- 警備企画課
- Security Planning Division
- 交通規制課
- Traffic Management and Control Division
- 捜査第一課
- First Investigation Division
- 1st Investigation Division
- 価格分析課
- Price and Quantity Index Division
- 取引企画課
- Trade Practices Division
- 企業結合課
- Mergers and Acquisitions Division
- 企業取引課
- Inter-Enterprise Trade Division
- 給与厚生課
- Allowance&Welfare Division
- 管理企画課
- Management and Planning Division
- 放送技術課
- Broadcasting Technology Division
- 調査資料課
- Source Information Division
- 地理第一課
- First Geographic Division
- 都市計画課
- City Planning Division
- 都市鉄道課
- Urban Railway Division
- 都市河川課
- Urban River Division
- 地殻監視課
- Crustal Monitoring Division
- 地価調査課
- Land Price Research Division
- 地方整備課
- Regional Development Division
- 地方計画課
- Regional Planning Division
- 地図編集課
- Map Compilation Division
- 土地情報課
- Land Information Division
- 測量指導課
- Survey Guidance Division
- 離島振興課
- Remote Islands Development Division
- 旅行振興課
- Travel Promotion Division
- 農林水産課
- 'Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Division'
- 特別調整課
- Special Coordination Division
- 舶用工業課
- Ship Machinery Industries Division
- 排水賦課金
- wastewater effluent charge
- 不動産業課
- Real Estate Industry Division
- 保安企画課
- A.T.S. System Planning Division
- Air Traffic Services System Planning Division
- 測地第一課
- First Geodetic Division
- 運輸総括課
- Traffic Administrative Section
- 住宅生産課
- Housing Production Division
- 情報管理課
- Information Service Division
- Information Systems Division
- Information Management Division
- 情報企画課
- Information Planning Division
- 住宅政策課
- Housing Policy Division
- ~課付専門官
- Assistant Director
- 企画法制課長
- Director, Planning and Legal Affairs Division
- 職員福祉課長
- Director, Working Hours and Welfare Division
- 消費者安全課
- Consumer Safety Division
- 消費者情報課
- Consumer Information Division
- 固定資産税課
- Fixed Property Tax Division
- 都道府県税課
- Prefectural Tax Policy Division
- 研修調整課長
- Director, Training and Development Policy Division
- 公文書管理課
- Records and Archives Management Division
- 給与第一課長
- Director, First Remuneration Division
- 給与第二課長
- Director, Second Remuneration Division
- 研修指導課長
- Director, Training Administration Division
- 生涯設計課長
- Director, Life Planning Division
- 給与第三課長
- Director, Third Remuneration Division
- 教務第二課長
- Director, Second Training Management Division
- 教務第一課長
- Director, First Training Management Division
- 職員相談課長
- Director, Complaint Management Division
- 暴力団対策課
- Japanese Organized Crime Division
- 課外イベント
- Extracurricular events
- 物質工学課程
- Chemistry and Materials Technology
- 情報工学課程
- Information Science
- 造形工学課程
- Architecture and Design
- 地方道環境課
- Regional Road and Environment Division
- 流域下水道課
- Regional Sewerage Division
- 市街地建築課
- Urban Building Division
- 市街地整備課
- Urban Development and Improvement Division
- 水資源計画課
- Water Resources Planning Division
- 情報技術解析課
- High-Tech Crime Technology Division
- 市場分析審査課
- Market Surveillance Division
- 情報通信企画課
- Info-Communications Planning Division
- 情報通信政策課
- ICT Strategy Policy Division
- 宇宙通信政策課
- Space Communications Policy Division
- 地域通信振興課
- Regional Communications Development Division
- 情報流通振興課
- Advanced Information Systems and Software Division
- 地域自立応援課
- Regional Self-support Promotion Division
- 政策評価広報課
- Policy Evaluation and Public Relations Division
- Policy Evaluation and Public Relations Division
- Policy Coordination/Evaluation and Public Relations Division
- 市民活動促進課
- Division for Volunteering Support Policy
- 薬物銃器対策課
- Drugs and Firearms Division
- 生活安全企画課
- Community Safety Planning Division
- 土地利用調整課
- Land Use Planning and Control Division
- 大都市圏整備課
- Metropolitan Areas Development Division
- 道路交通管理課
- Road Traffic Control Division
- 特別地域振興課
- Special Areas Development Division
- 複合貨物流通課
- Freight Forwarders Division
- 大都市圏計画課
- Metropolitan Areas Planning Division
- 住宅総合整備課
- Housing Development Division
- 情報システム課
- Information System Division
- Information Systems Section
- 写真地図情報課
- Photograph and Map Information Division
- 水源地域対策課
- Reservoir Area Development Division
- 明治初年の諸課題
- Problems in 1868
- 賦課としての公事
- Kuji as an imposition
- 取引・物価対策課
- Commercial Business and Price Regulation Division
- 公務員高齢対策課
- Aged Personnel Policy Division
- 市町村体制整備課
- Municipal Administration Improvement Division
- 地域・特定勘定課
- Regional and Satellite Accounts Division
- 過去と現在の課題
- Problems in the past and today
- 生体分子工学課程
- Biomolecular Engineering
- 博士課程(後期)
- Doctor's Course (Latter period)
- 新東京国際空港課
- New Tokyo International Airport Division
- 総務課(航空局)
- General Affairs Division
- 総務課(海事局)
- General Affairs Division
- 総務課(総務部)
- General Affairs Division
- 総務課(鉄道局)
- General Affairs Division
- 総務課(道路局)
- General Affairs Division
- 総務課(河川局)
- General Affairs Division
- 問題点と今後の課題
- Remaining problems and future problems to be tackled
- 四課三伝の作成方法
- The way to make Shika Sanden
- 課徴金・開示検査課
- Civil Penalties Investigation and Disclosure・Documents Inspection Division
- 情報通信利用促進課
- ICT Accessibility and Human Resources Development Division
- 情報通信作品振興課
- Promotion for Content Distribution Division
- 情報・緊急時対応課
- Information and Emergency Response Division
- 情報技術犯罪対策課
- Cybercrime Division
- 文系課程に転じる。
- Vories later changed his major to art.
- 『祇園の課外授業』
- 'Extracurricular Lessons in Gion'
- 高分子機能工学課程
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- 博士前期・後期課程
- Master's Program and Doctor's Program
- 鉄道局総務課企画官
- 'Director for Railway Policy Planning, General Affairs Division'
- 首都機能移転企画課
- Capital Function Relocation Planning Division
- Capital Functions Relocation Planning Division
- 総務課(北海道局)
- General Affairs Division
- 課を支に変換する規則
- The rule to convert ka to shi
- 設置課程(開設当初)
- Courses set up at the time of establishment
- 国際テロリズム対策課
- Counter International Terrorism Division
- 通信教育課程 大学院
- Correspondence Division of Graduate School
- 入試・教育課程・卒業
- Entrance examination, academic curriculum and graduation
- 機械システム工学課程
- Mechanical and System Engineering
- デザイン経営工学課程
- Design Engineering and Management
- 調整官(地方整備課)
- Senior Coordinator
- 調査課(地殻調査部)
- Planning Division
- 予算調整官(会計課)
- Director for Budget Coordination
- 能率専門官(総務課)
- Deputy Director for Official Efficiency
- 人事調査官(人事課)
- Senior Administrator for Personnel Affairs
- 情報企画課企画調整室
- Planning Coordination Office
- 事業監理室(治水課)
- Project Supervision Office
- 人事調整官(人事課)
- Director for Personnel Coordination
- 総務課(国土計画局)
- General Affairs Division
- 総務調整官(総務課)
- Director for Diet Affairs Coordination
- Director for General Affairs Coordination
- 租税その他の公課の禁止
- Prohibition of Taxation and Other Public Dues
- Prohibition on Taxation and Other Public Imposition
- 行政情報システム企画課
- Government Information Systems Planning Divison
- - 陸軍省軍務局課員。
- He was appointed to an officer of Military Affairs Bureau in the Ministry of the Army.
- 修士課程(社会学専攻)
- Master of Arts (Sociology Program)
- Master of Art (Sociology Program)
- 調整官(海事局総務課)
- Director for Motorboat Racing
- 調整官(港湾管理課局)
- Senior Coordinator
- 参事官(海運局技術課)
- 'Counsellor, Maritime Bureau'
- 総務課(自動車交通局)
- General Affairs Division
- 総務課(土地水資源局)
- General Affairs Division
- 総合政策局総務課企画官
- 'Director for General Affairs, General Affairs Division'
- 郡には課税権がなかった。
- Gun did not have the right to levy taxes.
- 1890年:同局監査課。
- 1890: He was assigned to the audit department of the tax bureau.
- 人文学研究科(修士課程)
- Graduate School of Humanities (master of arts)
- 調整官(国土環境調整課)
- Director for Land and Regional Planning
- 調査官(北海道局総務課)
- Director for General Affairs
- 施設管理専門官(会計課)
- Deputy Director for Government Office Building Administration
- 自動車交通局総務課企画官
- 'Director for Road Transport Policy Planning, General Affairs Division'
- 総務課(都市地域整備局)
- General Affairs Division
- 為考課等級(教官の評価法)
- Ikoka Tokyu (how to evaluate instructors)
- 主税官となり主税局調査課。
- He was assigned to the tax bureau and he worked at the research division.
- 修士課程(社会福祉学専攻)
- Master of Arts (Social Welfare Program)
- Doctor of Philosophy (Social Welfare Program)
- 博士課程後期(社会学専攻)
- Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology Program)
- 地球環境学専攻(博士課程)
- Department of Global Environmental Studies (Doctoral Course)
- 医学専攻(4年制博士課程)
- Division of Medicine (Doctoral Course of four-year system)
- 特典として課役が免ぜられる。
- They had a privilege of being exempted from Kaeki (distribution of assignments).
- 博士課程後期(生涯教育専攻)
- Doctor of Philosophy (Lifelong Education Program)
- 通信教育課程 学部・学科 他
- Correspondence Division, Faculty and Department
- 経営学修士(専門職学位課程)
- Graduate School of Business (professional degree course)
- 情報システム課、情報処理教室
- Department of Information Systems, Information processing room.
- 先端科学技術課程 (夜間主)
- Integrated Science and Technology (lectured mainly in the evening)
- 堀川高校音楽課程に専攻科設立
- The Special Study was established in the Music Course at Horikawa High School.
- 博士課程後期(社会福祉学専攻)
- Doctor of Philosophy (Social Welfare Program)
- 課程本科(教員免許・各種資格)
- Major departments (teacher license / certification)
- 2008年度より前期課程新設。
- First semester course was established since the 2008 academic year.
- 日仏共同博士課程コンソーシアム
- Consortium japonais du College doctoral franco-japonais
- 1953年 通信教育課程を開設
- 1953: The Correspondence Division was installed.
- 一律的に兵役が課せられる軍事制度
- Military system of uniformly imposing military service on the people
- 現在の課税台帳整備に当たるもの。
- Kenchi are equivalent to today's Kazei daicho seibi (maintenance of tax registers).
- 室町幕府による土倉・酒屋への課税
- Taxation on the doso and sakaya by the Muromachi bakufu
- 1953年 大学院博士課程設置。
- 1953: Graduate School doctoral program was established.
- 産業開発推進官(北海道局総務課)
- Senior Officer for Industrial Affairs
- 四課から三伝を作成する九種類の方法
- Nine kinds of way to make Sanden from Shika
- 1955年に修士課程が開設された。
- A Master's program was established in 1955.
- 京都市立堀川高等学校に音楽課程設立
- Music Course was established in Kyoto Municipal Horikawa High School.
- 個人を課税対象とする体系的な租税制度
- Methodical tax system for taxing individuals
- こうした賦課をまとめて国役と称した。
- These impositions were collectively called the kuniyaku.
- 陸軍省総務局制規課長を最後に予備役。
- He joined the reserve duty after served as a Chief of Regulation Division, Administration Office, Ministry of Army.
- 1955年 工学研究科修士課程開設。
- 1955: Graduate School of Engineering Master Degree was established.
- 芸術研究科(博士(前期・後期)課程)
- Graduate School of Art (master of arts 'first semester/second semester')
- また、賦課基準となったのは石高である。
- Also, the standard of imposition was Kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period).
- もう1つは賦課の対象によるものである。
- The other categorization is based upon the objects of the taxation.
- まず1つは賦課の主体によるものである。
- One is categorized based upon who had the initiative on imposing the taxation.
- 彼らは月・季・年単位で試験を課された。
- They had to take examinations every month, every season, and every year.
- この点については六壬神課の項目を参照。
- Regarding this point, refer to the item of Rikujinshinka.
- -大学院音楽研究科博士(後期)課程設置
- The Doctor's Course (latter program) for Graduate School of Music was established.
- 1977年 大学院博士後期課程を開設。
- 1977: The Graduate School Ph.D. program was established.
- 荘園・公領における租税賦課の基準となる。
- They were regarded as the benchmark for taxation imposed within shoen and koryo.
- 一方、源頼朝も大きな課題に対面していた。
- On the other hand, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was also facing an enormous challenge.
- 司法研究科(専門職学位課程、法科大学院)
- Doshisha Law School (professional degree course, law school)
- 修士課程(生涯教育専攻、臨床心理学専攻)
- Master of Arts (Lifelong Education Program, Clinical Psychology Program)
- Master of Art (Lifelong Education Program, Clinical Psychology Program)
- 博士課程後期(仏教学専攻、日本史学専攻)
- Doctor of Philosophy (Buddhist Studies Program, Japanese History Program)
- この項では研究林の課題について紹介する。
- The following describe the issues related to the research forest.
- 法務研究科(専門職学位課程、法科大学院)
- Legal Affairs Research Course (First Professional Degree's Program, Law School)
- 非人の課役は、行刑下役・警察役などである。
- Hinin was put in charge of important public functions such as a subordinate of implementing punishment and police.
- 軍役は半農半士の土豪・地侍にも課せられた。
- The military service was also imposed on local clans and local samurai, both of which lived partly on farming and partly on a samurai warrior stipend.
- 保険料の賦課期日は、当該年度の初日とする。
- The base date for assessment of an insurance premium shall be the first date of said fiscal year.
- - 台湾総督府軍務局陸軍部課員として赴任。
- He took a new post of officer in the army department of Military Affairs Bureau in Taiwan Governor-General Office.
- 法曹養成専攻(専門職学位課程、法科大学院)
- Division for Judicial Professionals (Professional Degree Programs, Law School)
- 計帳は、課役を徴収するための基本台帳である。
- Keicho is a basic ledger to levy duties.
- - 人馬の継立、助郷賦課などの業務を行った。
- Performed tasks such as providing men and horses to work in relay and gathered sukego.
- ロス市警殺人課アジア特捜隊隊長、ロス郡検事。
- The head of the Asian special investigation unit of the homicide division of the L.A. Police Department, and prosecutor for L.A. County.
- 後に守護が独自で賦課する守護段銭へ変質した。
- However, those taxes were later changed to shugo-tansen, the tan-sen imposed by shugo in their own right.
- 通信教育課程の全学生を対象とした学生自治会。
- This is the student association for the students of the Correspondence Division.
- 1996年 通信教育課程教育学部教育学科開設
- 1996: The school installed the Department of Education within the School of Education together with the Correspondence Division.
- 1953年 大学院修士課程開設(文学研究科)
- 1953: Master's Program (Graduate School of Literature) was established.
- 1955年 大学院博士課程開設(文学研究科)
- 1955: The doctoral program (Graduate School of Literature) was established.
- 丁籍は、課役を負担する成年男子のみを記載した。
- Block registers listed only adult males who were allocated to labor duty.
- 昭和19年9月1日 卒業生の飛行練習課程凍結。
- On September 1, 1944, the graduates' flying training program was frozen.
- つまり天地盤の作り方や四課三伝の立て方である。
- Namely, the way to make Tenchiban (the board used in the process of the divination called Shikisen) and derive Shika Sanden.
- 前項の訓練課程の区分は、厚生労働省令で定める。
- The categories of the training courses set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
- ついで大蔵書記官兼参事官・官房第三課長となる。
- After that, he became a secretary and counselor of the Ministry of Finance and the manager of the third department of the Office of a Minister.
- この有力諸大名の処遇が秀吉の政権の課題となる。
- How to treat these warlords remained an issue for Hideyoshi's administration.
- 同次長・監学課長等を経て再び海上勤務に戻った。
- After working as the dormitory's vice-chief, kangakkacho, and so on, he returned to the sea duty.
- 経営管理専攻(専門職学位課程、経営管理大学院)
- Department of Management (Professional Degree Programs, Graduate School of Management)
- 公共政策専攻(専門職学位課程、公共政策大学院)
- Department of Government (Professional Degree Programs, School of Government)
- 選挙権と被選挙権に性別と納税資格の制限を課した。
- Voting right and eligiblility to run for election were limited by gender and tax payment qualification.
- 散位寮は散位を名簿によって管理しその考課を行う。
- Sanniryo controlled and evaluated Sanni (courtiers without a post) with the name lists.
- 1951年 大学教養学部(一般教育課程)を廃止。
- 1951: Faculty of Liberal Arts was abolished.
- 織田信長は、まず厳罰を課して撰銭の阻止を目論んだ。
- Nobunaga ODA initially aimed at prohibiting the erizeni act by imposing a severe punishment for such action.
- 京や畿内・飛騨国(別項参照)へは賦課されなかった。
- Yo was not levied on the capital, Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) and the Hida Province (Refer to the other section).
- 藩財政の事情によっては、課税が復活した事例もある。
- In some cases, exemption from tax was taken away because of the financial situation of the domain.
- 旧陸上幕僚監部調査部調査第2課別室のシンボルマーク
- A symbol for the special room of Investigation Section II in Investigation Division in the old Ground Staff Office
- 段米(たんまい):田畑の段ごとに課された臨時の税。
- Tanmai: temporary tax levied on each terrace of rice field.
- 日露戦争の戦費調達のため、塩に課税する案が出された。
- In order to collect funding for the Russo-Japanese War, tax on salt was considered.
- 守護役は、村落を単位として賦課されることが多かった。
- The shugo-yaku was often imposed on each village as a unit.
- 正丁・次丁・中男(17~20歳の男性)へ賦課された。
- Cho was levied on Seitei, Jitei and Chunan (young men from 17 to 20 years old).
- また、これに付随して正税・出挙が合わせて賦課された。
- In addition to denso, shozei (rice tax) and suiko (seed rice used for government loan system) were also imposed.
- 連句をどのようにメジャーにするかが課題となっている。
- For renku enthusiasts, the challenge ahead is how to make renku more of a major art form.
- 2003年 文学研究科産業関係学専攻修士課程を開設。
- 2003: Master's program for Industrial Relations within the Graduate School of Literature was established.
- 同月、機械技術員養成科 (2年制夜間課程) を設置。
- In the same month, a training course was established for mechanical engineers (two year night course).
- アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科(5年一貫制博士課程)
- Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies (five-year system, Doctoral Course)
- 更に賦課の基準によって名別・在家別・反別の区別がある。
- Moreover, tax was imposed on a person, a person's house, or the area of a person's rice field in accordance with tax regulations.
- 太閤検地以降、地租改正まで石高に応じた課税が行われた。
- Taxation on land was implemented according to kokudaka from the time of Taiko kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) until the land-tax reform in the Meiji period.
- 明治政府の課題として持ち越されることになったのである。
- The assignment of the Soudaikinou function of Shoya and Nanushi would be carried over to the Meiji government.
- 以後、近世には田地へ賦課される地子は見られなくなった。
- After that, jishi that was imposed on rice fields was not seen.
- 労働者災害補償保険に関する書類には、印紙税を課さない。
- No stamp tax shall be imposed on documents related to industrial accident compensation insurance.
- 尋常科は中学校の課程に相当するので予科の設置を認めた。
- A regular course was comparable to the curriculum of middle school, and therefore, establishing of university preparatory course was allowed.
- 更に戸〆(謹慎)などと過料が併せて課される場合もあった。
- Furthermore, in some cases, Karyo was imposed with Tojime (house arrest, a punishment by nailing down a gate [or a front door]) to the person committed a crime.
- 文永年間には下鴨社の築垣・犬防の修築費を課せられている。
- During the Bunei era, the costs of building fences and low lattices were imposed on Shimogamo-jinja Shrine.
- 指導員訓練のうち厚生労働省令で定める訓練課程を修了した者
- a person who has completed a training course for the instructor training specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare;
- 同大学大学院美術研究科デザイン専攻博士課程修了(博士)。
- Completed his doctoral course in Department of Fine Arts of Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music, majored in design (Doctor of Philosophy).
- 警視庁交通執行課に出頭した元彌は2時間半ほど拘束された。
- Motaya was detained at the Traffic Bureau, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department for two hours and a half.
- 1988年 文学研究科美学および芸術学専攻修士課程開設。
- 1988: Aesthetics and Art majors within the Graduate School of Literature were established.
- 通学課程の学部生のみが会員となる全員加盟制の学生自治会。
- All students (except students in the Correspondence Division) become members of the Student Association.
- 1987年 大学院文学研究科英米文学専攻(修士課程)開設
- 1987: The British and American Literature Program was established within the Graduate School of Literature (M.A.).
- このとき酒屋に課せられた供出米のことを十分の一役米という。
- Rice required to be contributed by breweries then is referred to as 'the obligatory supply of the one-tenth amount of rice for sake brewing.'
- 年貢や公事の賦課が免除され、収穫物をすべて領主が収取した。
- Imposition of land tax and kuji (public duties) was exempted, and all crops were collected by the feudal lord.
- 銭納が原則で、「田畑一反あたり何文」という形で課せられる。
- The principle was to pay in cash, and the amount was calculated in proportion to 'the scale of farming or the size of rice fields.'
- そのとき、最初は中国語を習得することが最初の課題であった。
- At that time, the first task was to learn Chinese.
- 1873年に海軍に転じ、海軍少佐となって提督府分課に勤務。
- In 1873, he was transferred to the navy, and as Lieutenant Commander he worked at the branch section of Admiral Office.
- 課税に反対する側が塩の専売制を主張し、専売制が法制化された。
- Those who argued against the tax argued for the monopolization of salt, which became legislated.
- 仁治2年(1241年)に鎌倉幕府が課した例が初出といわれる。
- It was adopted for the first time in 1241 by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 室町幕府の武家役は主に守護大名と京都の市民に対して課された。
- The bukeyaku by the Muromachi bakufu was mainly imposed on Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and the citizens of Kyoto.
- 1886年(明治19年) - 農商務省工務局権度課長となる。
- 1886: He became the chief of Weights and Measures Section of Public Works Bureau of Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce.
- 12月、専修学校の学業課程を修得、12月25日、修了し卒業。
- He completed the requirements for the course at Senshu School in December, and on December 25, he finished the whole program and graduated.
- 長男に、台湾総督府営繕課で活躍した建築家の森山松之助がいる。
- His oldest son was Matsunosuke MORIYAMA, an architect who worked at building and repairing section of the Taiwan Government-General.
- 修士課程(真宗学・仏教学・哲学・社会学・仏教文化・国際文化)
- Master's Course (Shin Buddhist Studies, Buddhist Studies, Philosophy, Sociology, Buddhist Culture, and Intercultural Studies)
- 百姓は、田租以外にも調・庸などを負担する義務が課せられていた。
- The peasants were obliged to pay tax in kind and tributes as well as rice tax.
- 兵士の戦意、士気の問題は政府軍にとって解決すべき課題であった。
- For the government Army, how to raise fighting spirit and morale of the soldiers was a problem to be solved.
- なお、賜田は、田租の賦課対象の輸租田(ゆそでん)とされていた。
- Shiden was categorized as 輸租田 (Yusoden, or rice fields subject to taxation) for which 田租 (denso, or rice field tax) was imposed.
- 更に私度僧についても課役忌避のための出家に対しては処罰された。
- Furthermore, as for shidoso, it was punishment for ordination into priesthood to avoid assignments.
- この時点で京の朝廷が直面した課題は、官物・年貢の確保であった。
- At this point, the problem confronting the Imperial Court in the capital was how to secure income from kanmotsu and nengu.
- また、国衙も同様の名目で自ら賦課・徴収を行うようになっていく。
- In addition, the provincial government officers themselves also imposed duties and collected taxes under a similar pretext.
- 教育内容は現在の大学の1・2年生にたいする教養課程に相当する。
- The educational content was equivalent to the educational curriculum of first and second years in present-day college.
- 外国人学生は国際センター、日本人学生は学生支援課が選考を行う。
- The selection is done by the International Center for foreign students, and the Department of Student Support for Japanese students.
- 2005年 大学院教育学研究科臨床心理専攻(博士後期課程)開設
- 2005: The school installed the Clinical Psychology Program within the Graduate School of Education (Ph.D.).
- 1968年 文学部に教育学科を開設、通信教育課程に教育学科開設
- 1968: The Department of Education was established within the School of Literature and the Correspondence Division.
- 郵便電話・・・南洋庁交通部逓信課(電話は後に国際電気通信に移管)
- Mail and telephone service ⋯ Nanyo-cho, Transportation department, Communication Section (Telephone service was transferred to International telecommunication later.)
- 収穫量の代わりに、収穫力に応じて決められた地価を課税標準とした。
- The basis of taxation was not the actual crop yield but the cash value of the land based on harvest potential.
- 楽市とは、非課税等を通じて自由な売買を可能にした市のことである。
- Rakuichi was a market, in which people were able to trade freely without any taxes.
- また考課や犯罪を理由とした解官の場合には帳簿自体から抹消された。
- Besides, the information of the person who was laid off due to the result of merit rating or the crime he committed was deleted from the Records of Bunin (appointment).
- 田堵負名は、国衙への租税・課役を果たすことのみが求められていた。
- Tato fumyo was only obliged to fulfill the duties of distribution of land tax and assignments.
- もっとも、中には私欲のために規定以上の租税賦課を行う受領もいた。
- There were indeed some zuryo who imposed more tax than is prescribed in order to further their own interests.
- それに対して11世紀に導入された賦課基準が公田官物率法であった。
- Under such situation, a new standard called Koden kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate for koden) was introduced in the eleventh century.
- また省内においては、社寺課と考証課の2課を中心に編纂掛を設けた。
- The Ministry of Religion assigned the work of compilation mainly to the staff of the Shrine and Temple Section and the Historical Study Section.
- 明治9年(1876年)主水は鹿島県(佐賀県)土木課御用掛に就く。
- In 1876, Mondo assumed a position of Goyogakari (general affairs official) of Civil Engineering Division, Kashima Prefecture (current Saga Prefecture).
- 12月、東京陸軍病院課僚を命じられて、陸軍軍医の副の任務につく。
- In December, he was appointed as Karyo (a position name) of Tokyo Military Hospital, and assumed office as Fuku (assistant head) of military medicine.
- 1920年(大正 9年)組織改組により京都帝国大学営繕課長となる
- He became the head of the Department of Eizen of Kyoto Imperial University after the reorganization of the University in 1920.
- 着任早々の課題は、ワッパ騒動と呼ばれる農民抗議への対策であった。
- The immediate issue he had to attend when he was appointed to the post was to take a measure towards Wappa Disturbance, which was a protest of peasants.
- 1950年 大学院修士課程、神・文・法・経済・商各研究科を開設。
- 1950: Master's Degrees for the Graduate School of Theology, Graduate School of Literature, Graduate School of Law, Graduate School of Economics, and Graduate School of Commerce were established.
- 別科として工業技術員養成科 (機械科、1年制夜間課程) を設置。
- A training course for engineers (Department of Machinery, one year night course) was instituted as another course.
- - 堀川高等学校音楽課程専攻科、京都市立音楽短期大学として独立。
- The Special Study section under the Music Course at Horikawa High School was reorganized independently to become Kyoto City Junior College of Music.
- 博士後期課程(真宗学・仏教学・哲学・社会学・仏教文化・国際文化)
- Doctoral Course (Shin Buddhist Studies, Buddhist Studies, Philosophy, Sociology, Buddhist Culture, and Intercultural Studies)
- ここでいう租とは、田畑(口分田)の収益を課税物件とした租税である。
- Here the meaning of 'So' refers to the land tax levied on the yield of the fields (kubunden [rice fields given to each farmer in the Risuryo system) as the object of taxation.
- しかし戦後にはこの戦争に過大な兵役を課せられた西国大名が疲弊した。
- After the war, however, Saigoku Daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in western Japan), having suffered from too heavy a military service for the war, was impoverished.
- 口分田を班給する代わりに租税を賦課するという支配体制をとっていた。
- The government had a ruling system that imposed tax on people who received hankyu (allotment) of Kubunden.
- 教育課程は中央の大学寮・典薬寮とほぼ同じ内容であったと考えられる。
- It is contemplated that their curricula were almost the same as those of daigakuryo (the bureau of education)/tenyakuryo (the bureau of medicine) established by the central government.
- 各領主は段銭帳を作成し、領内で賦課する段銭の基礎資料や記録とした。
- Landlords kept tansen registers and used them as references for collecting tansen and records of tax collection in their estate.
- こうして班給された田は課税対象であり、その収穫から租が徴収された。
- As the allotted rice land was subject to taxation, rice tax was collected from the yield of the rice land.
- 幕府は地口銭・酒屋役・土倉役・馬上役などを課して多額の収入を得た。
- The bakufu earned a large income by imposing Jiguchi sen (taxes imposed based on size of frontage), Sakaya yaku (taxes imposed on sake brewery by Muromachi bakufu), Doso yaku (taxes imposed on an underground warehouse), Bajo yaku and so on.
- 1601年には神学の高等課程を学ぶため、マカオのコレジオに移った。
- By 1601, he transferred to collegio in Macao to study advanced course on theology.
- 教務事務センター、学生支援センター、国際センター、京田辺校地施設課
- Educational Affairs Center, Student Support Service Center, International Center, department of facilities at Kyotanabe Campus
- 講義室や研究室はなく、スポーツ実習のほかは専ら課外活動に使われる。
- There is no lecture room or laboratory, so this campus is used merely for sports classes or extracurricular activities.
- 村単位とする賦課体系を廃して、個別の土地単位で賦課を行うこととした。
- In the new land-tax system, the system of imposing taxes on each village within the local community as a unit of taxation was abolished and the taxation was to be made to individual unit of land.
- なお医療宣教師が阿片を使用したことも喫緊の課題として幕府を動かした。
- The Bakufu had to address the crucial problem of medical missionaries using opium.
- 室町時代になると度々課せられるようになり、次第に恒常的税に変貌する。
- In the Muromachi period, this tax was imposed so often that it gradually transpired into a permanent tax.
- 一つの国で平均(一律的)に賦課されることから一国平均役と呼称される。
- It is called ikkoku heikinyaku because taxes and assignments were imposed evenly (heikin) throughout a province.
- 後に株仲間は再興されたが株仲間に対する冥加の賦課は行われなくなった。
- Though kabunakama was revived later, Myoga was no longer imposed on kabunakama.
- 幕藩領主は普請・掃除・交通などのために、領民に人足役を賦課していた。
- Lords in the shogunate system imposed ninsokuyaku (physical labor) for construction, cleanup and traffic on the people inhabiting a fief.
- 『四課三伝法第一』を巻頭に、占うにあたっての手続きから解説が始まる。
- With 'Shikasandenho Daiich' being at the beginning of the book, the explanation starts with the procedures of divination.
- 明治6年(1873年)3月28日海軍省に出仕し水兵本部課所属となる。
- On March 28, 1873 Takanobu offered to serve in the Department of the Navy and was attached to Navy Headquarters.
- 1926年1月15日:各府県警察部特高課を動員し全国の社研会員を検挙。
- January 15, 1926: Special High Police Division of each prefecture was mobilized to arrest Shaken members nationwide.
- 例えば、土地に対して公出挙の納入義務が課せられるような事例も見られた。
- For example, there were cases that the payment duty of Ku-Suiko was imposed on lands.
- 在家役は桑・苧・絹・漆などの畠作物や夫役形式で課されることが多かった。
- In most cases, zaike-yaku was imposed in the form of bueki, or in the form of the tax on crops grown in fields, such as mulberry, Boehmeria nipononivea (a fiber material for clothing), silk, and lacquer.
- 武家役(ぶけやく)とは、鎌倉幕府・室町幕府が賦課した課税の総称である。
- Bukeyaku was a general term for taxation imposed by the Kamakura and Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 『占事略决』は、執筆された当時の六壬神課の形式や内容を良く伝えている。
- 'Senji ryakketsu' gives good descriptions about the formality and contents of Rikujinshinka in the era when it was compiled.
- 後にそれぞれの省に人事局恩賞課が置かれた他、功績調査部なども置かれた。
- Subsequently, each ministry created a reward section under the Bureau of Personnel alongside the Achievement Appraisal Department.
- 電力・通信インフラ研究者・技術者育成課程 - 工学研究科・電気工学専攻
- Course for Nurturing Electric and Communication Infrastructure Researchers and Engineers - Graduate School of Engineering, Electrical Engineering
- その後もこの地域における山林経営が村政運営の課題として採り上げられた。
- Even after that, the issue of forest business was taken up and discussed as a problem to be handled by the village government.
- 4月の入学シーズンには京都大学の課外活動へ勧誘する立て看板が林立する。
- Each April, when new students enter the university, many signboards are erected to remind returning students of extracurricular activities.
- 715年(和銅8)五月、逃亡三ヶ月以上の浮浪人に、逃亡地で調庸を課する。
- In May 715, choyo was levied on vagrants who had been running from their duties for more than three months at the place to which they had fled.
- 同年、内務省は省内に社会局を設置し、府県などの地方庁にも社会課を設けた。
- In the same year, Ministry of Interior established Department of Social Affairs in the ministry and also Division of Social Affairs in intendance.
- その後、鉄道国有化が政治課題となるのは、1899年(明治32年)である。
- After that, it was in 1899 that the railway nationalization became a political agenda.
- - 古代・中世において、荘園や公領、座などにおいて臨時に課せられた賦課。
- Imposition provisionally put at shoen (manor), koryo (an Imperial demesne), za (guild) and so on in the ancient and medieval Japan.
- 六壬神課で使用する十二天将は、十二月将をベースに作成されたと考えられる。
- Junitensho (Twelve symbolism) used in Rikujinshinka (Six Chinese fortune-telling based on time) are thought to have been made based on Junigessho.
- 明治元年1月17日(1868年2月10日)、三職の職制を定めて分課した。
- On February 10, 1868, the structure of the three offices was regulated and organized.
- 夫役(ぶやく)は、日本史上の各支配者が被支配者に賦課した労働課役のこと。
- Buyaku refers to labor allocation imposed on subjects by each ruler in Japanese history.
- だが、そのために国例に定められた賦課を上回る官物が徴収されることになる。
- However, as a result, Kanmotsu more than that decided in the Kokurei was collected.
- 第一章から三章までが六壬神課で占うに当たっての手続きの解説となっている。
- The procedures of the divination with Rikujinshinka are explained in Chapter 1 to Chapter 3.
- 第二十章から二十三章は六壬神課で特徴的な基礎知識の解説にあてられている。
- Specific fundamental knowledge of Rikujinshinka is explained in Chapters 20 to 23.
- 被保護者は、保護金品を標準として租税その他の公課を課せられることがない。
- No public assistance recipient shall have taxes or any other public imposts based on public assistance benefits imposed on him/her.
- 特に被官・家臣の統制を強化し、知行高に応じて軍役を課す貫高制を確立した。
- In particular, sengoku daimyo strengthened their control over hikan (low-level bureaucrats) and kashin (vassals), and established the kandakasei system, a system for imposing military duties in return for chigyo daka (a stipend based on a fief's rice production).
- 信玄期には信虎期から整備されて家一間ごとに賦課される棟別諸役が確立した。
- In the period governed by Shingen, a system that imposed a land tax and miscellaneous taxes per ken (1-ken is approximately 1.8 meters) of house, which had been developed since the period of Nobutora, was established.
- 事態に窮した藩は藩札の強制使用を命じ、更には「御用銀」を領民に賦課した。
- The domain, puzzled by this situation, not only ordered compulsory use of the han bills, but also imposed 'goyogin' (forced loans) on the people of the domain.
- 5月、陸軍軍医本部課僚になり、プロシア陸軍衛生制度の調査に駆り出される。
- In May, he was promoted to Karyo of the Military Medicine Headquarters, and was assigned to investigate the Prussian army's hygiene system.
- ドイツ法学の専門家として大蔵省翻訳課長、少書記官、法制局専務などを歴任。
- As an expert of German law, he worked as the Chief of the Translation Section at the Ministry of the Treasury, Assistant Secretary, and then the Senior Managing Director of the Cabinet Legislation Bureau.
- 1991年度に日本で最初のアメリカ研究の独立研究科として修士課程を開設。
- A Master's program was established as an independent research course for research on America for the first time in Japan in the 1991 academic year.
- 成年男子の21歳~60歳までを正丁(せいてい)といい、課役の対象となった。
- Adult males between twenty-one and sixty years of age were called seitei and required to bear duties.
- 警察組織・・・南洋群島の警察(内地の府県警察部に相当するのは内政部警務課)
- Police organization ⋯ Police of the South Sea Islands (Prefectural police departments of the inland correspond to House Police Division of the Ministry of Interior)
- 表高に対し、実際に領民に課される年貢額の算定に用いられる石高を内高と言う。
- Against Omotedaka, kokudaka that was actually used to estimate nengu imposed to ryomin (people of the domain) was called uchidaka (real value of the yield).
- 土地の班給が人民一人一人に対して行われたので、課税も個人に対してなされた。
- As the cultivated land was allotted for each peasants, taxes were imposed for each individual.
- また、課税は恣意性の介入を排除して、誰に対しても同じように一律に行われた。
- Taxes were uniformly imposed on everyone by eliminating any chance of using discretion.
- この時期の律令国家は、戸籍と計帳で人民を把握し、租・庸・調と軍役を課した。
- The ritsuryo kokka in this period maintained control of the people through koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and imposed soyocho (taxes) and military service.
- だが、現地における兵粮米の賦課・徴発は兵士による濫妨を招く可能性があった。
- However, imposition and commandeering of military provisions in the field could cause solders' act of violence.
- 事件の背景には、日本陸軍が冬季訓練を緊急の課題としていたことが挙げられる。
- Japan's consideration that wintertime training was to be the most urgent task was the background of the incident.
- 課税基準は造石高あるいは酒株自体に課するものなど時期によって変動があった。
- Basis for taxation varied at different periods, such as sake brewing kokudaka and sakekabu itself.
- 国司は実績をあげるため、郡司・富豪層へ過度な要求を課することが多くあった。
- To achieve respectable results, kokushi often made excessive requests to the gunji or rich and powerful persons.
- ただし、都市域において屋敷地に賦課される地代が地子と呼ばれるようになった。
- On the other hand, the land rent which was imposed on the residential areas in urban regions came to be called jishi.
- 入所者に作業を課する場合には、その作業の種類、方法、時間及び収益の処分方法
- In the case of requiring the admitted persons to work, the type, method and hours of the work and a method for the appropriation of earnings from the work
- 2008年 大阪成蹊大学芸術学部美術学科絵画表現領域日本画工房研究課程修了
- 2008: Completed the postgraduate art course 'Painting Expression' (a Japanese-style painting workshop) offered at Osaka Seikei University by the Faculty of Art and Design.
- 至誠館(学生支援部〈学生課、進路就職センター〉、教務部、教職・福祉相談室)
- Shijo-kan (Student Support Office (Student Division, Careers Office), Educational Affairs Office, Counseling Room for Educational Profession and Social Welfare)
- アメリカ合衆国はまだ京都議定書を批准していないため削減義務は課されていない。
- The reducing obligation is not imposed on the United States of America because it has not ratified Kyoto Protocol yet.
- この制度の下で、班給・課税・徴兵の台帳となる戸籍・計帳の作成が可能となった。
- This system enabled the creation of the family register and yearly tax records, which were to be used as the original registers in allotting land, imposing taxes, and conscription.
- 大名には幕府によりその格式に定められた参勤交代と御手伝いの義務が課せられた。
- The shogunate government obliged daimyo to live in Edo every other year (Sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, which were determined according to their social status.
- 賦課した地目に応じて田地子・畠地子・塩浜地子・林地子・屋地子などと呼ばれた。
- It was called denjishi (land rent for rice fields), hatajishi (land rent for fields for fruits, vegetables, etc), shiohamajishi (land rent for salt fields), hayashijishi (land rent for mountains and forest), or yajishi (land rent for residential areas) according to the classification of land imposed.
- 後に私段銭は守護大名・戦国大名による領主的な賦課へと転換していくことになる。
- Shitansen developed into a form of feudal landlord-tax imposed by provincial governors and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- 彼らは、自分の支配地域における課税を行うための資料として土地の調査を行った。
- Some such daimyo began to conduct land surveys, which provided the data they needed in order to set up systems of taxation within their own domains.
- 本年貢・本地子の加徴分として賦課されたことから加地子と呼ばれるようになった。
- It was called Kajishi because it was imposed as a surcharge on honnengu/honjishi (normal nengu/jishi).
- それは御家人に対して大田文に記載された所領内の公田の広さに応じて賦課された。
- It was imposed on Gokenin based upon the size of koden (field administered directly by a ruler) in their shoryo (territories) which was registered on a cadaster called Ota-bumi.
- ある意味、蜷川時代を発展させどう乗り越えていくかが今後の京都の課題であろう。
- In a sense, it might remain to be seen how Kyoto would develop and surpass the achievements accomplished in the Ninagawa era.
- 大学の文学部史学科などで専門課程の講座や講義として設けられている場合が多い。
- In many cases, history departments in university humanities faculties have special courses and lectures for this in their curriculum.
- 3年間の課程を切り上げて終了させ、留学2年目には蛙の発生に関する論文を執筆。
- Although the assignment was normally given in the third year to complete one's study, she wrote a thesis on the orientation of frogs' eggs in her second year.
- 地租改正により土地所有者は金銭によって税金を払う義務が課せられることになった。
- As a result of the Land Tax Reform, the duty to pay the tax in cash was imposed upon landowners.
- その代わりとして戸内の課役の一部もしくは全てが免除され、兵役からも除外された。
- In return, they were exempted from all or part of assignments imposed in he as well as military service.
- 口分田は良民の3分の1を班給されたが、私業を営むことも許され課税されなかった。
- Although they were given only one third of kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system), which was given to ryomin, they were allowed to have private businesses and were not taxed.
- 11世紀に入ると、田堵負名は官物・雑役が課税される名田経営を嫌うようになった。
- In the eleventh century, tato fumyo became reluctant to administrate the myoden because it imposed the kanmotsu and the zoyaku as taxes on them.
- 室町幕府は土倉に対し、倉役(土倉役)と呼ばれる税を課し、主要財源の一つとなる。
- The Muromachi bakufu imposed a specific tax called kurayaku (also known as dosoyaku) on doso, and the tax was a major source of revenue for the bakufu.
- 六壬神課は式占術の一つであり、太乙神数、奇門遁甲と合わせて「三式」と呼ばれる。
- Rikujinshinka (an ancient form of divination from China based on astronomy and Kanshijutsu (Oriental zodiac)) is one type of Shikisenjutsu (an ancient form of divination from China that uses a board called Shikiban and a spoon-like tool called a Choku), and, along with Taiitsushinsu (one of the divinations that was invented in China and mainly cast about important matters such as politics and economics) and Kimontonko (an ancient form of divination from China which is still in use in China, Taiwan, Singapore, and the Chinese diasporas in Southeast Asia), they are collectively called 'Sanshiki.'
- 例えば「四課三伝法第一」の冒頭は、「常以月将加占時視日辰陰陽以立四課」である。
- For example, the beginning of 'Shikasandenho daiichi' is '常以月将加占時視日辰陰陽以立四課.'
- また、遣唐使として派遣される官人や僧侶には、音博士による漢音の試験が課された。
- In addition, an examination of kanon held by the On hakase was imposed on government officials (esp. one of low to medium rank) and Buddhist monks to be dispatched as members of a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China.
- 大国主命は死者の魂を審判し、その現世での功罪に応じて褒賞懲罰を課すとしている。
- Okuninushi no Mikoto judges the soul of the deceased and gives reward or punishment depending on merits and demerits in the land of the living.
- 1942年4月: 本科に機械科・第二部精密機械科 (4年制夜間課程) を増設。
- April, 1942: Departments of Machinery and Second Precision Instruments (four year night course) were added to the regular course.
- 最近の当研究林では、入林者の増加によるオーバーユースが大きな課題となっている。
- In this research forest, there has been a substantial problem in overuse due to the increase in the number of people entering the forest.
- 警察組織・・・台湾総督府警察(内地の府県警察部に相当するのは州警務部・庁警務課)
- Police organization ⋯ Taiwan Sotoku-fu Police (Prefectural police departments of the inland correspond to prefectural police affairs departments and sub-prefectural police affairs sections.)
- 大坂に課せられた主な買米令の年月、指定額、実際の引受額、人員などはつぎのとおり。
- The following is the dates, the designated price, the actual price, and personnel of the Kawase-gome Law that was undertaken by Osaka Prefecture.
- また金沢市のように賦課地域(地子町)と免除地域(本町)が分離している地域もある。
- And in some areas, including the area which is now called Kanazawa City, the jishi-imposed area (called 'jishi-cho') and the exempt area (called 'hon-cho') were separated.
- 在家役(ざいけやく)とは、中世において在家を収取単位として賦課された租税のこと。
- 'Zaike-yaku' refers to the tax and the labor that were imposed per 'zaike' in medieval Japan.
- この章は特徴的な四課三伝のパターン36種が持つ象意の解説に全体があてられている。
- The symbolism of 36 characteristic patterns of Shikasanden are explained throughout this Chapter.
- また、一連の論文で小坂は、陰陽師達が使っていた六壬神課の三伝の復元も行っている。
- In a string of his monograph, Kosaka also restored Sanden of Rikujinshinka used by Onmyoji.
- 厚生労働大臣の登録を受けた食品衛生管理者の養成施設において所定の課程を修了した者
- A person who has completed prescribed courses at training institutes for food sanitation supervisors registered by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare;
- また、守護大名自らも国内に対して守護役として夫役・雑物・段銭などを課していった。
- Shugo daimyo themselves also imposed Buyaku (labor service), zomotsu (a kind of tax), and tansen as shugoyaku (taxation on shugo) in the province.
- 1900年、コロラドカレッジ理工系課程に入学し、キリスト教青年会活動を開始する。
- In 1900 he enrolled in Colorado College in their science and technology program, and began to be involved with YMCA activities.
- また、鷹陵祭や紫櫻祭などの通学課程の学生を対象とした祭典行事は学友会が主催する。
- Also, the events for daytime students such as Oryo-sai and Shibasakura-sai are organized by Gakuyu-kai.
- 佛教大学と小学校教諭免許状課程履修に関する協定を締結し小学校教論免許を取得可能。
- The agreement with Bukkyo University, concluded over the study of the elementary school teacher's license course, enables Ryukoku students to get the license at graduation.
- 明治元年2月3日(1868年2月25日)、7課を改めて8局とした(総裁局を新設)。
- On February 25, 1868, seven sections were reorganized into eight bureaux (General Bureau was created).
- 一国平均役の賦課は、国衙が作成した国内の土地台帳である大田文を基にして実施された。
- Tax imposition in the ikkoku heikinyaku system was carried out based upon ota-bumi (cadastre created in the Kamakura period) created by kokuga (provincial government offices).
- 一方、室町幕府は朝廷が持っていた京都の市民に対する賦課権を接収することに成功した。
- On the other hand, the Muromachi bakufu successfully took over the right to levy taxes on citizens of Kyoto, a right formerly enjoyed by the Imperial court.
- 運上も商工業者などに課された租税であるが、その違いについては以下のような説がある。
- Unjo was also imposed on merchants and traders, and there are following views on the differences between the two taxes.
- 租穀は1段につき3斗(6束に相当)が基準とされたが、実際の賦課は一定では無かった。
- Although the standard amount of sokoku was santo (about fifty-four liters) (equivalent to six sheaves), the actual imposed amount was not constant.
- 厚生労働大臣の登録を受けた食品衛生監視員の養成施設において、所定の課程を修了した者
- A person who has completed prescribed courses at training institutes for food sanitation supervisors registered by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare;
- 夜間専攻科と第二部精密機械科とを統合し、第二部機械科 (4年制夜間課程) を設置。
- The night graduate course and Department of Second Precision Instruments were unified to institute the Department of Second Machinery (four year night course).
- 京都大学体育会が課外スポーツの振興に当たっており、現在51のクラブが所属している。
- Kyoto University Sports Union promotes the extracurricular sports and 51 clubs belong to it.
- 相次いだ出兵にかかった費用を穴埋めすべく、尋常ならざる割合の年貢や賦役を課していた。
- In order to cover expenses required for the frequent dispatch of troops, Katsuyori imposed extremely high taxes and used a large amount of forced labor.
- 土地課税が租税収取の基本原則とされるに当たり、租税体系の基礎とされたのが公田である。
- In adopting the principle of tax on land, Koden (field administered directly by a ruler) was the base of the tax system.
- その後、中世・近世を通じて、領主が百姓をはじめとする民衆に課する租税として存続した。
- Throughout the medieval period and the early-modern times, the feudal lords imposed the nengu on the populace including the peasants.
- これが農民から見ると賦課の不公平にも見られ、時には農民一揆の原因になることもあった。
- As this was seen to be unfair imposition on the peasants, there are some cases of these estimates resulting in revolts.
- 租税その他の公課は、保険給付として支給を受けた金品を標準として課することはできない。
- Taxes and other public dues may not be imposed on the basis of money and goods received as payment of insurance benefits.
- 梵網経の持戒を保ち、日課として十万八千仏の礼拝行を100日間続けた時のことであった。
- At the time Ryoo adhered to Buddhist precepts of Bonmo-kyo (Sutra of Brahma's Net) and continued his daily routine, and he performed worship service of the 100,8000 times per day in 100 days.
- 一方で、「大乗院寺社雑事記」には、興福寺が平等寺に御用銭を課していることが見られる。
- In the meanwhile, 'Daijoin jisha zojiki' (Miscellaneous Records of the Daijo Temple and Shrine) describes that Byodo-ji Temple and other temples were imposed Goyosen (the money paid to the authorities) by the Kofuku-ji Temple (Sakurai City).
- 酒造石高の実態を把握して課税を強化し、幕府の財政基盤を少しでも確かにすることであった。
- The purpose was to secure the financial basis for the bakufu to any extent at all by grasping the actual condition of sake brewing kokudaka and strengthening taxation.
- 土地税の租は,課税対象確保のための農民の最低生活の保障の意味で,低率に抑えられていた。
- So of So-Yo-Cho, land tax, was kept at low rate aimed at securing the lowest living standard of a peasant so as to acquire a stable subject of taxation.
- 1477年、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭へ田租の課税を検討するが、倭寇の再発を憂慮し中止している。
- In 1477, the Korean Dynasty planned to impose denso (rice field tax) on kokyowa, but they canceled this plan because they worried about the reoccurrence of wako activities.
- 10世紀中頃より国衙から課される臨時雑役の賦課の免除を受けた荘民を指して寄人と称した。
- Yoriudo was used to indicated the shomin (shoen people) who were exempt from temporary zoyaku (odd-jobs task) taxed by the Kokuga (provincial government offices) from the middle of the 10th century.
- 租税その他の公課は、救済給付として支給を受けた金品を標準として、課することができない。
- Tax and other public dues may not be imposed on the money and goods obtained as payment of the relief benefits based on their amount.
- 租税その他の公課は、失業等給付として支給を受けた金銭を標準として課することができない。
- Taxes and other public imposts may not be imposed based on the money received as benefits for unemployment, etc.
- 租税その他の公課は、保険給付として支給を受けた金品を標準として、課することができない。
- Taxation and other public dues may not be imposed by establishing money or goods that are provided as an insurance benefit as a standard.
- 上記のほか、文部省図書課の兼勤課員、高等師範学校(後の東京高等師範学校)教授を勤めた。
- In addition to the above, he served as a temporary officer at Archives Division of Ministry of Education, and a professor of Higher Normal School (later Tokyo Higher Normal School).
- しかし、以後、連立高次方程式に帰着されてしまう問題は、和算の中心的課題ではなくなった。
- From that point on, the focus of Japanese mathematics shifted away from the problem of how to simplify simultaneous high-powered equations.
- 京都と和歌山を行き来しながらおよそ10年もの間、毎日山水画十景を画くことを日課とした。
- He came and went between Kyoto and Wakayama and made it a daily routine to draw ten pieces of sansui-ga (Chinese-style landscape painting) every day for about ten years.
- 開拓使当別詰所設置に伴い邦直は同年7月に開拓七等属・開拓使勧業課当別在勤を命ぜられる。
- Upon establishment of the Development Commissioner Tobetsu Office, Kuninao was appointed official of 'Kaitaku-nanatozoku, kaitakushi-kangyo-ka-Tobetsu-zaikin' (literally, Development 7th grade, Industry Encouragement Service at Tobetsu, Development Commission).
- 同年8月、義教は焼失した根本中堂の再建を命じ、諸国に段銭を課して数年のうちに竣工した。
- In August of the same year, Yoshinori ordered the reconstruction of the burned Konponchudo Hall, and completed it within a few years with contributions from all over the country.
- 1998年 大学院文学研究科浄土学専攻、仏教文化専攻、中国文学専攻(博士後期課程)開設
- 1998: The school installed the Jodo Buddhism Program, Buddhist Culture Program and Chinese Literature Program within the Graduate School of Literature (Ph.D.).
- ロス疑惑(三浦和義事件)を担当、日米合同捜査で寺尾正大(元警視庁捜査一課長)と指揮した。
- In the Kazuyoshi MIURA case, he shared command with Masahiro TERAO (former head of crime squad 1 of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department) in the U.S.-Japanese investigation.
- 官戸はだいたい徭役を免除され両税等の課税についても一定限度内で優免を得る場合がみられた。
- Guanhu were generally exempt from mandatory labor and there were circumstances in which they gained a certain degree of special exemption from some forms of taxation.
- ただし、他の課役・重職を担っている藩には、手伝普請を軽減あるいは免除する処置がとられた。
- However, Tetsudai Fushinthe was reduced or exempted from the domains which were assigned other tasks.
- この考えによると、後期王朝国家は全国的な租税賦課(一国平均役など)を契機として成立した。
- Based on this concept, it can be said that the late dynastic nation system was established corresponding to the start of national taxation (for example, Ikkoku heikinyaku [taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen [manor] and kokugaryo [provincial land] in a province).
- 正丁(21~60歳の男性)・次丁(正丁の障害者と老丁(61歳以上の男性))へ賦課された。
- Yo was levied on Seitei (a man in good health between 21 and 60 years of age) and Jitei (disabilities between 21 and 60 years of age and Rotei [old man over 61 years of age]).
- 特に在地領主が名主化して百姓名の成立が進まなかった東国や九州で在家役が多く課されている。
- Particularly, in Togoku (eastern Japan) and Kyushu where zaichi ryoshu (local proprietors) became similar to Nanushi (village headmen) and Hyakusho-myo (smaller holdings of shoen held by ordinary peasants) were not established, many Zaikeyaku were levied.
- 十二支を書いた籌を依頼人に引かせ籌に書かれた十二支を使って四課三伝を立て直す籌法がある。
- Chuho is the method to change Shika Sanden by getting a client to draw chu on which the signs of junishi are painted and using the sign which is painted on chu drawn by a client.
- こうした国衙から当該令制国への賦課を11世紀中頃から「国役」と称するようになっていった。
- Such imposition of duties by the provincial government officers came to be called the 'kuniyaku' after the middle of the eleventh century.
- しかしながら、新幹線の在来線直通における高速運転の課題として常に想起される事例でもある。
- However, they are also the cases that are always brought to mind as a problem related to high-speed through operation of Shinkansen train-cars on regular railway lines.
- 現在は二人の子供の幼稚園の送り迎えを元彌が日課とし、夫婦共々ブログにて近況を綴っている。
- At present, Motoya takes two children to and from the kindergarten everyday, and the couple are separately reporting recent events on their respective blogs.
- 台湾における国民意識の向上が課題となった総督府により皇民化政策が推し進められることになる。
- Because the Sotoku-fu needed to improve Taiwanese awareness as the Japanese, it started to promote the kominka (subjects of the emperor) policy.
- 家禄税は、家禄のランクに応じて課税し、軍事資金として利用する事で士族の理解を得ようとした。
- The government tried to win understanding of the worrier class by determining the amount of the tax on Karoku depending on ranks of Karoku, and assuring that collected money would be used as military funds.
- 一方で開発領主たちは国衙や郡衙から令制国住人として軍役を課せられ、在庁官人として出仕した。
- In the meantime, the local nobles who developed the land, as a resident of the province, was made to offer military service by the district government office and presented himself for duty as the local officials.
- 律令法において罰金を課する贖銅制度が存在していたが、律令法が衰退して刑罰が緩やかになった。
- The Ritsuryo law established the Shokudo (penalty charges which was paid with copper coins) system to impose punishment and for collection of penal fines, but later the Ritsuryo law enforcement power revoked, resulting in less strict penal punishments.
- 封建領主側は検地帳に記された村の石高の集計(村高)を元にして年貢・諸役を賦課した(村請)。
- Based on 'muradaka' (the total yield of a village) written on kenchi-cho, the feudal lord imposed 'nengu' (land tax) and 'shoyaku' (miscellaneous taxes other than nengu) on villagers as a whole, which was called 'murauke' (the village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment).
- 大田文に記載されている公田の数量に応じて課税する段銭を公田段銭(こうでんだんせん)と呼ぶ。
- Kodendansen (public tansen) was tansen imposed on the basis of the number of public fields recorded in the Otabumi (state land register).
- 守護の人民支配は、段銭・棟別銭や守護役などの課役を国内一律に賦課することによって行われた。
- Shugo controlled people nationwide by uniformly imposing taxes and duties such as tan-sen and munabechi-sen as well as shugo-yaku (service duty under shugo) on them.
- 公事の中でも人的な賦課の部分を夫役と呼んで、その他の公事(雑公事とも呼ばれる)と区別した。
- Kuji that were imposed on people were called buyaku, distinguishable from other kuji (also called zokuji).
- 天文 (日本)年間には甲斐国・信濃国など新興の青苧産地からの青苧にも苧公事を賦課している。
- During the Tenmon era (A.D. 1532 - 1555), so-kuji was imposed also on the growing aoso-producing areas, such as Kai Province (the present Yamanashi Prefecture) and Shinano Province (almost the same area as that covered by the present Nagano Prefecture).
- 『占事略决』には、現代に伝わる六壬神課では忘れられた技法や、その断片が幾つも記されている。
- There are many descriptions in 'Senji ryakketsu' concerning the techniques of Rikujinshinka or its fragments that are almost forgotten at present.
- これによって延暦寺などの有力権門の権益は否定され、朝廷などによる課税も最低限に制限された。
- The law denied the interests of influential families, including Enryaku-ji Temple, minimizing the taxation by the Imperial court and other parties.
- 租税その他の公課は、自立支援給付として支給を受けた金品を標準として、課することができない。
- Taxation and other public imposition shall not levy on money and goods which are provided as Payment for Services and Supports for Persons with Disabilities.
- 律令制下では、人民一人ひとりに租税が課せられていたため、人民の個別支配が必要とされていた。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, tax was levied on each individual so it was necessary to administer each person individually.
- 12世紀に入ると、在庁官人などが国役の一環として在家役を課して公領把握に努めるようになる。
- In the twelfth century, the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods imposed taxes on residents as one of the kuniyaku (public duties) and strived to gain control over the domain.
- 川浚冥加金(かわざらえみょうがきん)は、江戸時代、大坂で川浚えのために課された冥加金である。
- Kawazarae Myogakin is votive offering tax imposed by the government for dredging rivers in Osaka in the Edo period.
- このことから、一国平均役の賦課に即応できる体制が、諸国において構築されていたと見られている。
- This suggests that provinces had a system to immediately respond to the imposition of ikkoku heikinyaku taxes or tasks.
- そのため非公認の荘園への課税を可能にするため、荘園の公認化と領域を統合する一円化が行われた。
- To enable taxation with respect to accredited shoen, accreditation of shoen and unification of territories were carried out.
- 六壬神課は、平安時代から鎌倉時代にかけて、陰陽寮に所属する陰陽師にとって必須の占術とされた。
- During the Heian and Kamakura periods, Rikujinshinka was regarded as the essential divination for Ommyoji belonging to Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination).
- これらのことから、占事略决が安倍家における六壬神課伝授の目録とは断定できないのも事実である。
- In view of the above, it is also true that we cannot conclude 'Senji ryakketsu' was the Abe family's list of instruction in Rikujinshinka.
- 租税その他の公課は、この法律により支給を受けた金品を標準として、これを課することができない。
- Taxes and other charges may not be imposed based on the money and goods paid or provided pursuant to this Act
- 神封の住民は租税や課役を神社に納めたり、祝 (神職)などの役職を務めることで神社に奉仕した。
- The residents of jinpu served the shrine by paying tax, performing allocated jobs, serving as Hafuri (an ancient Shinto priest) or other posts, and so on.
- 公事は関東御公事(みくうじ)ともいい、幕府から御家人に賦課された米銭の納入義務のことである。
- Political service was also referred to as 'Kanto Mikuji' and consisted of collecting the taxes of rice and money levied on gokenin by the bakufu.
- 異国警固番役(いこくけいごばんやく)とは、鎌倉時代後期、鎌倉幕府が九州の御家人に課した軍役。
- Ikoku keigobanyaku was a military service imposed by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on Gokenin in Kyushu.
- また、将軍の子を迎える大名に、それに伴う儀礼などによる経済的負担を課していたとも考えられる。
- A considerable economic burden was also imposed on those daimyo who took the Shogun's children into their household by marriage or adoption, as there were ceremonies and the other formalities that accompanied the respective circumstances.
- その後も律令編纂の作業が続けられ、特に日本の国情へいかに適合させるかが大きな課題とされていた。
- The work of compiling the Ritsuryo codes was also continued after that, and a particularly big issue was how to conform to the conditions of a country of Japan.
- 問屋場(といやば)は、江戸時代の街道の宿場で人馬の継立、助郷賦課などの業務を行うところでした。
- Toiyaba were administrative offices in post stations on roads during the Edo period, which mainly dealt with relays of riders and horses as well as sukego fuka (labor from the neighboring villages to help the primarily imposed village).
- 遅まきながら、関税自主権回復の必要性を悟った朝鮮側は、まず自国の在釜山商人に税を課しはじめた。
- Though it was rather too late, Korea realized the necessity of recovery of tariff autonomy, and started to impose tax to the merchants living in Busan.
- 明治政府の中央集権化など改革を行うに際しての財源確保のため、禄制改革が課題の1つとなっていた。
- The Meiji government had to proceed a reform of the stipend system so as to secure enough finances for other reforms such as centralization of power.
- 軍役(ぐんやく、ぐんえき)は、戦時、武士が主君に拠出すべく課せられる軍事力や兵糧その他である。
- Gunyaku (also known as Guneki) was a military service and provisions that was imposed by the lord on a retainer to offer in wartime.
- 民衆を良民と賎民(五色の賤)とに分け、農民である良民には租・庸・調・納税・雑徭の義務を課した。
- The people were divided into Ryomin (law-abiding people) and Senmin (Goshiki no sen, five lowly castes), and the obligations of So (rice), Yo (capitation), Cho (textile products), tax payment, and zoyo (irregular corvee) were imposed upon Ryomin, who were peasants.
- 公地公民の原則に従って、朝廷は班田収授法に基づき人民へ口分田を与え、租税を納める義務を課した。
- According to the principle of Kochi Komin sei, the Imperial Court allotted kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) to people and imposed on them an obligation to pay land taxes.
- 8世紀半ばに両税法が施行され、土地を所有する個人への課税率がそれまでと比較して低率に抑えられた
- In the middle of the eighth century, Ryozeiho (taxation law in enforcement in China until Ming Dynasty) was enacted and the rate of taxation on individuals owned the lands was reduced to a lower level than before.
- ただし、大坂ばかりでなく江戸、京都、堺その他にも賦課されたが、買米高では大阪が群を抜いていた。
- The tax was not only for Osaka, but was also imposed on Edo, Kyoto, Sakai and other cities, although Osaka purchased the largest amount of rice.
- 後に安永元年(1772年)に「酒造冥加」と呼ばれる冥加金の形で小物成としての課税が実施される。
- Later in 1772, miscellaneous tax was imposed in the form of myogakin (money to dedicate) called 'shuzo myoga' (sake brewing myoga [one of the taxes paid to the bakufu and the clan for the license of business]).
- 国家的行事や寺社の造営など、臨時の支出が必要な時に地域を限定(多くは国ごと)し、臨時に課する。
- This was a temporary tax imposed on specific regions (usually by provinces) to fund national events or construction of shrines and temples.
- 平安時代後期に成立した年貢・公事・夫役を徴収するために、名田単位でそれらの賦課が行われていた。
- In the later Heian period, the system of 'nengu' (land tax), 'kuji' (public duties/temporary taxes), and 'bueki' (compulsory service) was established, and their imposition was done per 'myoden' (the farming land that served as the unit of taxation and labor-enforcement in those days).
- 原本は明治維新後に旧内務省 (日本)地理課に保管されていたが、関東大震災で焼失して現存しない。
- After the Meiji Restoration, the original was kept in the Geography Section of the former Home Ministry (Japan) but no longer survives after having been destroyed in a fire caused by the Great Kanto Earthquake.
- -創立120周年を迎える、大学院美術研究科博士(後期)課程設置、日本伝統音楽研究センター開設、
- The school marked 120th anniversary, the Doctor's Course (latter program) for Graduate School of Art was established, and Research Center for Japanese Traditional Music was launched.
- 鎌倉期の幕府御家人に課せられた軍役は、大番役や追捕などであり、戦時には「いざ鎌倉」とはせ参じた。
- The military service imposed on the immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura period included the guard duty in Kyoto and Kamakura, to search and capture and the like, and in wartime, they would summarily rush to the place, 'Iza Kamakura' (To Kamakura with haste).
- そのため、税収見込みの計算や災害時の課役免除の実施のために実際の耕作状況を把握する必要があった。
- Therefore, it was necessary to grasp the actual conditions of cultivation in order to calculate anticipated tax yields, and to implement an exemption from distribution of assignments at the time of disaster.
- また、太閤検地が画期的なのは、土地の所有者ではなく、耕作者を調査し、耕作者に課税したことである。
- Another aspect of this Taiko Kenchi that is particularly ground-breaking is that it surveyed the cultivators, not the landlords, and so began the system of assessing taxes directly on the individual cultivators.
- ただし『占事略决』が六壬神課の解説書であることを考えると『常以月将加占時』が正しいと考えられる。
- Given the fact that 'Senji ryakketsu' is a commentary on Rikujinshinka, '常以月将加占時' is considered to be correct.
- 免田(めんでん)とは、日本の古代末期から中世にかけて、国が規定の課税を徴収するのを免除する田地。
- Menden were rice fields that were exempt from the tax determined by the government during the late ancient times to the middle ages of Japan.
- しかし享保年間には天災が相次いだため、藩札の発行や上米制度、御用金賦課などの藩政改革を行なった。
- During the Kyoho era, when the province suffered successive natural disasters, he introduced provincial reforms including issuance of a han bill (bills usable only in a particular feudal clan), a rice-tax delivery system, and imposition of goyokin (the money the Edo bakufu charged temporarily on farmers and merchants).
- 秀久の治世においては農民達に過酷な課役を与えた事から佐久郡では一郡逃散という失態を犯す事となる。
- He committed a blunder when he over worked farmers under his rule, causing all farmers within his country to abandon their fields and flee to the cities or other districts in order to evade onerous taxes.
- こうした雑公事を賦課していた在地領主は自らも荘園領主や国衙から賦課される公事の負担者でもあった。
- These local lords who imposed statute labor were also bearers of kuji imposed by lords of the manor or kokuga.
- 藤作は村に生きて戻ってきたが、村人は石鐵県の聴訟課に蘇生の事実を届出、今後についての指示を仰いだ。
- Tosaku went back to his village alive and the village people reported this to a department called Choshoka (function of police and court) and asked what to do.
- 一色田(いっしきでん)とは、荘園において一種類(一色)の賦課のみを負担していた田地のことを称する。
- Isshikiden is a rice field that is required to pay only one type (Isshiki) of tax.
- すなわち、必要に応じた賦課を課すことに対する代償として恒常的な地子の免除が行われたとも考えられる。
- Constant jishi was exempt for sure, but this seems to have been in exchange for the provisional imposition that was put when necessary.
- 土倉役(どそうやく)とは、倉役(くらやく)とも呼ばれ、中世において京都の土倉に対して行われた課税。
- Dosoyaku, also known as kurayaku, was a tax on doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) in Kyoto during the medieval era.
- 1601年には神学の高等課程を学ぶため、マカオのコレジオに移った(この時点で千々石ミゲルは退会)。
- By 1601, he transferred to collegio in Macao to study advanced course on theology (Miguel CHIJIWA withdrew at this point).
- また均田制に於いて給付と課税の対象がそれまでの夫婦単位から男性個人単位(丁・中男)へと移行している。
- In the equal-field system, the target of government services and tax collection was changed from married couples to individual males (zheng: 21 - 59 of age, zhongnan: 16 -20 of age.)
- 鎌倉時代、室町時代は時に応じて課せられ、一定の基準はなかったが、江戸幕府においてはこれを一定させた。
- The military service was not based on a certain standard and imposed for each occasion during the Kamakura and the Muromachi periods; and the Edo shogunate standardized that.
- 魏の次の西晋は、土地制度は占田・課田制を新たに布き、兵制・税制は前代の兵戸制・戸調制を概ね継承した。
- The Western Jin Dynasty that followed Wei introduced the zhantian and ketian land systems, with its military and tax systems by and large continuations of the previous systems.
- その中で、この問題を日本古代国家の形成途上における政治史の課題として位置づけたのは小林行雄であった。
- Yukio KOBAYASHI considered the issue as one of political history concerning the period of the development of the ancient state of Japan.
- しかし小領主のため、次第に財政が悪化して、江戸時代中期以降は領民に御用金を課すことも少なくなかった。
- Due to the small size of the domain, however, financial conditions gradually declined; from the middle of the Edo period onward goyokin (the money the government charged temporarily on farmers and merchants) was imposed on the people of the domain for a number of times.
- しかし歴史学者が取り組んだ当面の課題は皇国史観の払拭であったため、皇位継承問題の重要度は低くなった。
- However, since the urgent task for historians was elimination of the Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto), the priority of succession to the Imperial Throne decreased.
- 江戸幕府から政権を引き継いだ明治政府が直面した課題は、貿易による外貨獲得と不平等条約の改正であった。
- The Meiji government took over issues from the Edo feudal government such as the acquisition of foreign currencies and revision of unequal treaties.
- 例えばその土地に米を生産する事が出来なくてもその経済規模を何万石の米相当と判断して其れに課税をした。
- For example even if a territory could not produce rice in their land, the economic scale was expressed by the rice amount corresponding to the converged worth of rice and the converged rice amount became the standard for taxation.
- 11世紀頃になると、内裏や大寺社の再建を目的とした臨時課税をするため、たびたび荘園整理令が出された。
- By the 11the century, the manor regulation acts were often enforced in order to impose taxes for the purpose of rebuilding dairi (Imperial Palace) and main temples and shrines.
- 特に11世紀には内裏や大寺社の火災が多く、これらの再建を目的とした臨時課税が困難になる状況を来した。
- Especially in the 11th century, a number of fire disasters occurred in dairi (the Imperial Palace), main temples and shrines, and it was difficult to levy extraordinary taxes for their reconstruction.
- 彼らから確実に収取するためにも、在家制度が導入されたのである(反対に荘園側でも同様の賦課を行った)。
- One of the purposes of introducing the zaike system was to make sure of those farmers' tax payment, and similar tax imposition was begun in the shoen.
- 室町幕府は守護大名及び彼らを通じて諸国に対して段銭及び地頭御家人役などの形で課す事で財政収入を得た。
- The Muromachi bakufu gained financial revenues by imposing taxes on Shugo daimyo and each province under the Shugo daimyo.
- 臨時雑役は荘園・公領を問わずに賦課されたが、荘園領主が国衙に対して臨時雑役免除を求める動きもあった。
- Rinjizoyaku was imposed on the manors (shoen) as well as public lands, and sometimes the lord of manor asked the kokuga for exemption from Rinjizoyaku.
- 比較神話:八十神の迫害および根の国訪問の説話は、課題婚型と呼ばれる神話の形式で、世界各地に見られる。
- Comparing myths: Tales of the persecution by Yasogami and the visit to Ne no kuni fall into a category of mythology called marriage by trials which can be found many places around the world.
- 欧州出張、海軍二等教官、海軍兵学校 (日本)航海課長、五等出仕、海兵教務副総理、一等教官などを歴任。
- He went to Europe as official trips, and successively appointed to the posts such as a second rank professor in the Navy, the section chief of navigation in the Naval Academy, serving as a fifth rank official, the vice president of naval educational affairs and the first rank instructor.
- しかしながら、新幹線を運営する各鉄道会社はこの課題について踏み込んだ対策を採るまでには至っていない。
- However, no Shinkansen line-operating JR company has taken any in-depth measures for this problem.
- 地租は収穫量を今日でいう課税標準とし、直接に耕作者である百姓からその生産物をもって徴収された(物納)。
- The base of taxation of land-tax was crop yields and the yields were collected from the farmers, direct cultivators (payment in kind).
- 地租改正は全ての土地に課税されるものとし、以前に認められていた恩賞や寺社領などに対する免税を否認した。
- Land-tax reform levied all the lands and denied Onsho (reward grants) or tax exemption for territories of temples and shrines, which had been approved before.
- 定田(じょうでん)とは、荘園・公領に対する検注によって官物・所当・年貢・公事の賦課対象と認定された田。
- Joden (定田) refers to rice fields which were designated, as a result of a kenchu (land survey) on territories belonging to shoen (manors) and koryo (public lands), as taxable lands in regard to the payment of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), shoto (tax on rice fields), nengu (annual tribute, land tax), and kuji (public duties).
- また、この時期は、江戸が都市として拡大していく中で上水道の整備が課題となった為、玉川上水が整備された。
- At the same time, as the improvement of water supply became a major issue a long with the expansion of Edo as a city, Tamagawa Josui Water Supply was constructed.
- 段銭・棟別銭とは、元来、朝廷・幕府が臨時経費の調達のため、守護に命じて国内に均一に賦課する租税だった。
- Tan-sen and munabechi-sen were originally accounted among land taxes uniformly imposed on people nationwide, which were collected by shugo under the instruction of the Imperial Court and bakufu aiming at raising extra money.
- そのため、単なる既成事実であった国免荘にも課税(一国平均役)をするため、たびたび荘園整理令が出された。
- Therefore, Manor Regulation Acts were frequently ordered to levy taxes (Ikkoku heikinyaku [taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and kokugaryo in a province]) even on kokumen no sho, which was, after all, nothing more than an accomplished fact.
- 検地により農民への課税は重くなる傾向が強いため、農民も一揆などでそれを阻止しようと試みることもあった。
- Since such surveys had a strong tendency to increase the tax burden on farmers, occasionally farmers would riot in an attempt to prevent the surveys from being completed.
- 朝廷から変事の吉凶等について、陰陽寮に諮問があった際、六壬神課で占った結果が六壬勘文の形で報告された。
- When inquired by the Imperial court about the fortune of accidents, Onmyoryo reported the results of Rikujinshinka in the form of Rikujin Kanmon (a form of report of the divination practiced by Onmyoji).
- これら3者は実質的には大差がなく、これに伴う戸籍人口の増加は国司・郡司の考課にも反映された(考課令)。
- There was no substantial difference among these three types of people, and population increases in the family registers associated with their registration reflected on the ability rating of the Kokushi (provincial governors) and Gunji (local magistrates) (kokaryo (regulation on the efficiency rating of government officials)).
- 臨時雑役(りんじぞうやく)とは平安時代中期に国衙から農民に身役・交易などの名目で賦課された雑役の総称。
- 'Rinjizoyaku' is a collective term for the odd-job tasks that kokuga (provincial government office) obliged local farmers to perform as a kind of tax payable in labor or in kind.
- 異類の者と結婚し、何かをするのを見るなとタブーを課し、そのタブーを破られて本来の姿を見られて分かれる。
- One gets married to someone of a different species and is told that a particular action is taboo, but the taboo is broken and the true self of the partner is revealed.
- 2004年には、これらのことを紹介した児童書が小学生高学年向けの読書感想文コンクール課題図書ともなった。
- In 2004, a children book that introduced the incident was designated as a book on which fifth and sixth grade elementary school pupils were assigned to write book reports for a writing competition.
- 田堵負名は、名経営を国衙から委任される代わりに、官物・雑役などの租税・課役を国衙へ進納する義務を負った。
- Tato fumyo was under the obligation to distribute taxes and assignments, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) to the kokuga in exchange for holding a commission from the kokuga to administrate each myo.
- こうした社会状況を受けて、9世紀前期(藤原冬嗣執政期)から土地課税を重視する傾向が次第に強まっていった。
- In response to these social conditions, since the early part of the ninth century (during the period of administration of FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu), there was a growing tendency to put emphasize on the tax on land.
- また守護役とは、守護が独自に領内の百姓らへ賦課した各種課役であり、多くは夫役(労働課役)の形態を取った。
- Meanwhile, shugo-yaku meant various duties imposed on peasants in the territory by shugo in their own rights, most of which were performed by bu-yaku (labor service).
- 「小物成・運上は幕藩制初期からの租税で、冥加は株仲間結成をはじめとして後世に新たに賦課されたものである」
- 'While Komononari (miscellaneous tax) and Unjo existed since the early stage of shogunate system, Myoga was newly imposed later when kabunakama (merchant guild) was established.
- 輸租田(ゆそでん)とは、律令制における田地の課税方式の区分のうち、田租を国家へ納めることが定められた田。
- The term 'Yusoden' means rice fields on which denso (rice field tax) was imposed under the taxation system of Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code).
- 源頼朝を政治的な基盤は関東武士団だったが、頼朝にとって彼ら関東武士の支持を得ることが最重要課題であった。
- As the basis of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's political power was the Kanto warrior bands, it was of utmost importance for Yoritomo to gain the Kanto samurai's support.
- つまり六壬神課は1刻 (2時間) の間は同じ四課三伝となるため、以下の場合への対処がそれぞれ必要となる。
- Namely, as the result of Rikujinshinka is same Shika Sanden during one koku (two hours), it is required to cope with the following events.
- 公田官物率法(こうでんかんもつりつほう)とは、平安時代中期に公田に対する官物賦課率を定めた規定(率法)。
- Koden kanmotsu ritsuho was the law (ritsuho) fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu (tribute) of Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) in the middle of the Heian period.
- 中世陰陽道研究家の小坂眞二は、現存する六壬勘文や当時の文献等を基に平安時代の六壬神課の復元を行っている。
- Mediaeval Onmyodo researcher Shinji KOSAKA restored Rikujinshinka used in the Heian period based on existent Rikuninkanmon and literature of the time.
- 国ごとにまとめられて租庸調(ちょう)・庸(よう)・雑徭(ぞうよう)、軍役など、課役賦課の基本台帳とされた。
- The keicho was organized for each province and was a basic ledger to levy duties, including Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), Yo (Labor or alternative goods), zoyo (irregular corvee) and military service.
- 富本銭と和同開珎との関係、貨幣としての価値、流通範囲、機能などはまだ不明な点が多く、今後の研究課題である。
- There are still many questions regarding the relationship between Fuhonsen coin and Wado-kaichin, the value as currency, region of distribution, the function, and so on, which merit further research.
- 『公事方御定書』によればもし未決拘留中の預の者が逃亡すれば、本来課せられる刑罰より1段重い刑に処せられた。
- According to 'Kujigata-osadamegaki' (the law of Edo bakufu), if a person imposed on azuke who was under detention pending trial ran away, such person was imposed a more severe penalty than the original penalty.
- 内外の武官の人事考課、選叙(叙位及び任官)諸国の衛士の管理、武器の管理など、軍事防衛関連事項の一切を司る。
- It presided over all the affairs related to military defense, such as personnel evaluation of military officers, conferment of a court rank, appointment to an office, supervision of eji (guards) in all provinces and administration of armaments.
- 新法第十二条第一項の規定は、昭和四十五年四月一日以後に高等訓練課程の養成訓練を修了する者について適用する。
- The provision of Article 12, paragraph (1) of the New Act shall apply to a person who completes a training program of an advanced training course on April 1, 1970 and thereafter.
- 現実的な政治課題に対して、既存の律令制・日本の官制にとらわれず、柔軟かつ即応的な対応を行うために置かれた。
- Ryoge no kan posts were created in order to respond quickly and flexibly to real political issues regardless of the existing Ritsuryo system and organization of the government in Japan.
- 当時、佐賀藩の財政状況は極めて厳しく佐賀藩主鍋島斉直の側役有田権之丞が領内に例外なく人頭税を課そうとした。
- In those days, the Saga Domain was under severe financial circumstances, and Gonnojo ARITA, who was a secretary of Naomasa NABESHIMA (the lord of the Saga Domain), attempted to impose a poll tax in the territory with no exceptions.
- また、難解な「野馬台詩」の解読や、囲碁の勝負などを課せられたが、これも阿倍仲麻呂の霊の援助により解決した。
- Makibi was also forced to decipher a difficult 'Yamatai shi' (Poems on Japan) and to play Igo (a board game of capturing territory), but he managed to succeed in all of the challenges facing him with the help of the wraith of ABE no Nakamaro.
- また、ローム記念館プロジェクトのためのプロジェクトルームがあるほか、キャリアセンターや大学の総務課がある。
- In addition to a project room for the Rohm Memorial Plaza Project, Career Center and the general affairs department of university are located.
- 例えば不動産を取得している場合にかかる固定資産税は基本的に学校や宗教施設の場合は課税しないというものがある。
- For example, schools and religious institutions are not subject to Fixed Property Tax which is imposed on the acquisition of real estate.
- 煙草への課税は明治9年1月煙草従価印紙税法が施行され、印紙の貼付という方法で煙草税が課せられたことに始まる。
- Taxation on tobacco started in January, 1876, when the Tobacco Ad Duty Stamp Tax Law went into effect, by which tax was imposed on tobacco in the form of affixing stamp.
- そのため、その「限りある資源」である米をどのように配分するかが、つねに江戸幕府の重要な経済課題となっていた。
- Therefore, how to distribute the rice, or 'a limited resource,' was always a critical economic issue for the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- しかし西国ではまだ荘園領主の権限が機能しており、名田単位による賦課が行われたため、名主の地位は残存し続けた。
- However, manorial lords maintained their control in western regions and continued to impose taxes based on the myoden system, thereby allowing myoshu to maintain their status.
- 清原夏野はこうした課題に加えて、当時親王が八省卿を兼務する慣例が成立していたことに問題があることを指摘した。
- KIYOHARA no Natsuno pointed out, in addition to the above problems, that the practice of appointing Imperial Princes to hasshokyo (the ministers of eight ministries) was problematic.
- 元来は、京へ上って労役が課せられるとされていたが(歳役)、その代納物として布・綿・米・塩などを京へ納入した。
- Originally, they were obliged to engage in labor services in the capital (called Saieki), however, they were exempted from labor service if they paid tax by substitutes including cloth, cotton, rice, and salt.
- しかし、六壬神課についての知識がないと、読み下すことはできたとしても、内容を理解することはほぼ不可能に近い。
- However, the contents are difficult to understand for persons who don't have knowledge about Rikujinshinka even though they can read it.
- 市町村、社会福祉法人その他の者は、社会福祉法の定めるところにより、放課後児童健全育成事業を行うことができる。
- A municipal government, a social welfare corporation or other person may provide after-school child sound upbringing services pursuant to the provisions of the Social Welfare Act.
- その他、御手伝と称する課役や江戸時代末期には海岸防備を命ぜられることもあり、大名は常に経済的にも苦しかった。
- Other than that, there was a system of assignments called otetsudai, and at the end of the Edo period some were ordered to defend the coast, so the Daimyo were always in a difficult position financially.
- が、茂義は「人頭税を課すことは政治の要諦にあらず」と反対し、同年12月、請役就任1ヶ月にして請役を辞職する。
- However, Shigeyoshi opposed to this, saying 'to impose a poll tax is not the essence of politics' and resigned as the Ukeyaku in December only after one month from appointment.
- また沿線に住宅地が多いため、騒音への対策も必要となるなど、300km/h以上の運転には解決すべき課題が多い。
- In addition, many problems still remain unsolved to operate trains at speeds over 300 km/h: For example, measures against noise are necessary because many houses exist along the railway lines.
- 調 (律令制)は、男性に賦課された物納税であり、絹や布、塩、紙、染料、海草、油などの地域の特産品が納められた。
- The tax in kind was imposed on male peasants, and paid with local specialties including silk, cloth, salt, paper, dye, seaweed, and oil.
- また土地調査事業は、申告主義による所有権確立が目的だったが、周知の不徹底や課税を恐れ不申告の土地が多数有った。
- Though the land research project aimed at establishing ownership by declaration, there were a large number of lands undeclared due to insufficient announcement and fear of taxation.
- 拝観は宗教行為であるとする観点から、拝観料への課税は信教の自由を保障する憲法違反ではないかとする意見もあった。
- From the point of view that visiting temples and shrines is a religious activity, there was another opinion that the taxation of the entrance fee may be an act repugnant to the Constitution, which ensures freedom of religion.
- またその負担についても義務であったとする説と、臨時的な税であり賦課されない場合もあったとする説に分かれている。
- Additionally, there is a controversy regarding the burden of labor, in which one theory indicates that the burden was always mandatory and the other claims that it was a provisional tax that wasn't uniformly imposed.
- 急速に勢力を拡大した織田信長もその領国内でこの検地を行い、農業生産高とそれに基づく課税台帳の整備に力を入れた。
- Nobunaga ODA, who had such a meteoric rise to power, conducted a land survey of his entire territory, making an effort to maintain both a high agricultural production and accurate tax ledgers.
- 『占事略决』の内容は、六壬神課と呼ばれる占術の基本的な説明と、六壬神課による占い方の占う目的ごとの解説である。
- The contents of 'Senji ryakketsu' are a basic explanation of divination called Rikujinshinka and an explanation concerning the way of divination by Rikujinshinka for each purpose.
- しかし、そのために膨大な軍資金を支配下の国人衆に課すことになり、皮肉にも却って国人衆の造反を招く結果となった。
- However, he had to levy war funds on Kokujin-shu (local samurais) under him for that purpose, and ironically it ended up in touching off a rebellion.
- 天明元年(1781年)、輝高が総指揮をとり、上州の特産物である絹織物や生糸に課税を試み、7月、これを発表した。
- In 1781, Terutaka took charge of trying to impose taxes on special local items in Joshu (Kozuke Province) such as silk fabric and raw silk, announcing it in August.
- 慶長6年(1601年)には神学の高等課程を学ぶため、マカオのコレジオに移った(この時点で千々石ミゲルは退会)。
- By 1601, he transferred to collegio in Macao to study advanced course on theology (Miguel CHIJIWA withdrew at this point).
- 天賦人権論に基づき、基本的人権を保護し民撰議院設立を政府に要求することが当面の政治課題の第一であると謳っている。
- They asserted that the first goal of their political challenges at that time were to protect basic human rights based on the theory of Tenpujinken-ron (the theory of the human rights given by the heaven) and to require the government to establish the congress of representatives elected by the commoners.
- 佐々木高綱など、個人的な御家人の同信はいたものの、やはり、家々に課役せねば、事業は成し遂げられそうにもなかった。
- Although there were some like-minded vassals such as Takatsuna SASAKI, it seemed impossible to complete the project without imposing levies or labor service on households.
- 大隅国の石築地賦役文書に拠れば、武家領や本所一円地を問わずに田1反あたり1寸の割合で石築地役が賦課されたという。
- According to the Stone Tsuiji Fueki (slave labor) Document of Osumi Province, stone tuiji labor was imposed at the rate of 1 sun (old unit of length,) per tan (old unit of land) of rice field, whether it belonged to the territory of samurai families or honjo ichienchi (over the territory of the Imperial court).
- この制度は王朝国家から初期武家政権に至るまでの税制の基本となり、一国平均役などの賦課基準としても用いられていた。
- This system became the basis of the taxation system from the court government to the early military government, and was also used as the taxation standard for Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and kokugaryoi (provincial land) in a province.
- 嘉永元年(1848年)に藩校の弘道館 (佐賀藩)へ入学し内生(初等中等)課程は成績優秀で学費の一部を官給された。
- In 1848, he entered the Kodokan hanko (domain school of the Saga Domain) and achieved excellent results during his elementary and secondary levels so his school fees were partially paid by the government.
- 国司請負の流れの中で、10世紀後半ごろから国司は田堵(有力農民層のこと)へ官物や雑役などの租税を賦課していった。
- In the line of kokushi ukeoi, kokushi imposed taxation such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), zatsueki (odd-job tasks) and so on to tato (cultivators, powerful farmers) since last half of the 10th century.
- このような制度を、地租改正により、土地の価値に見合った金銭を所有者に納めさせる全国統一の課税制度に改めたのである。
- These systems were revised to nationally uniform tax levy system where landowners paid money according to the land value through land-tax reform.
- 律令制における租税(租庸調)は、個人に対して課せられていたが、新たな租税制度のもとでは公田に対して課税がなされた。
- While Soyocho, three kinds of taxes under the Ritsuryo system, were imposed on individuals, tax was imposed on Koden under the new tax system.
- 知行面積=知行高は、主君が武士に賦課する軍役の基準となり、その知行高の算出は、戦国期においては貫高により表された。
- The size of a chigyo area, called chigyo-daka, was used as the standard of the amount of military service a lord levied on his samurai, and a chigyo-daka was expressed by kandaka (the money corresponding to the amount of rice production based on the size of the chigyo area chigyo) during the Sengoku Period.
- 段銭が賦課された国には幕府から奉行が派遣されて徴収にあたるのが原則であるが、守護に代行させて徴収させる場合もある。
- A magistrate would generally be sent by the bakufu to the tax-imposed province for tax collection, but sometimes the bakufu would have a provincial governor act on its behalf.
- ただし、奉行や守護による徴収の場合、実際には彼らが算定した賦課額に上乗せをした金額を徴収して差額を得る場合もある。
- Sometimes a magistrate or a provincial governor would add a top-up above the tax they calculated and put the difference in their pockets.
- 武士たちは在地にあって田地経営を行いながら武芸の鍛錬に励み、国衙から軍事動員が課せられたときは軍事活動に参加した。
- They worked hard at their training of martial arts while managing rice field, and whenever mobilized for military by kokuga (provincial government offices) they participated in the military activities.
- 元は中国古典に見られる『勧課農桑』という句が略されたもので、日本では律令において国司の職務とされたのが初見である。
- Originally, kanno was a shortened term for 'kankanoso' written in the Chinese classics and in Japan that was first regarded as the duty of kokushi in the ritsuryo system of governance (a constitutional form of governance).
- 戦国時代(日本)には、戦乱に伴って山賊や海賊などの被害が多く、また重い年貢を課されたため逃げ出すものが多かった。
- During the Sengoku Period (Warring States period) (Japan), conflict meant that there were many people who fled due to suffering at the hands of bandits or pirates as well as many who fled in order to avoid heavy land taxes.
- 参加者を左右二組に分けて課題の品物などを持ち寄らせ、審判を立てて何回戦かを競い、左右チーム総合の勝敗を決めるもの。
- It was played by splitting participants into teams of right and left, having them bring items of a subject to be compared against each other between the teams in several rounds, and having a judge determine which team won the game at the end.
- しかし、給金を払い必要以上の労役を課すことなく、事業の多くを農閑期に行う事によって農事に割く時間を確保したという。
- However, he paid wages, did not assign more labor to them than needed, and secured time for agricultural affairs by carrying out many of his projects in the farmers' slack season.
- 修士課程(浄土学専攻、仏教学専攻、仏教文化専攻、日本史学専攻、東洋史学専攻、国文学専攻、中国文学専攻、英文学専攻)
- Master of Arts (Jodo Buddhism Program, Buddhist Studies Program, Buddhist Culture Program, Japanese History Program, Oriental History Program, Japanese Literature Program, Chinese Literature Program, British and American Literature Program)
- 当初、南都六宗のうちの三論宗、法相宗を学ぶが、やがて熱烈な阿弥陀信者となり、日課一万遍の念仏を欠かさぬようになる。
- At that time, he studied under the Sanron Sect and Hosso Sect of the Nanto rokushu (six sects of Nanto) but eventually became a passionate devotee of the Amida Buddha and would not fail to recite the Nembutsu (Buddhist invocation) ten thousand times every day.
- 一国及び各郡の戸数・口数が課役負担の有無を基準として詳細に集計され、前年度との異同、及びその年の調・庸額が示される。
- The number of households and members for each province and district are minutely calculated according to whether duties are borne or not, and comparisons are shown with data of the previous year as well as the amount of choyo for that year.
- この尽力について、立案をした情報局第五部第二課長に、贈賄をしたという黒い噂は、60年以上たった現在でも消えていない。
- Rumors persist to this day, more than sixty years later, that the head of Section 2, Department No. 5, of the Intelligence Bureau that had been responsible for the plan was bribed for the efforts.
- 明治初期から大蔵省や民部省では、全ての土地に賦課して一定の額を金納させる新しい税制である地租の導入が検討されていた。
- From the beginning of the Meiji period officials in the Okurasho (the Ministry of Finance) and the Minbusho (the Ministry of Civil Affairs) were investigating into the implementation of the new tax system in which all the land would be levied and in which the government would make people pay in cash a fixed amount of tax.
- ここに、律令国家体制期が終わり、土地課税を基本原則とする新たな支配体制、すなわち王朝国家体制が出現することとなった。
- At that time, the system of the nation under the Ritsuryo codes ceased to exist and the new regime which adopted the principle of tax on land, namely Dynastic polity, was established.
- 平安最末期の治承・寿永の乱において、平氏政権は諸国から兵粮米を賦課しているが、これも一国平均役として認識されていた。
- During the Jisho-Juei War at the end of the Heian period, the Taira administration levied military provisions from many provinces, and this was also considered as ikkoku heikinyaku.
- また一部都市では、錯綜する土地権利ゆえ賦課者が確定できず、地子に代わる新しい都市税制を導入したとみられる場所もある。
- In some cities, the rights on land were so complicated that it was impossible to determine who should bear the burden, and instead, a new tax system of the city seems to have been introduced.
- つまり巻頭の「四課三伝法第一」で解説される占った時刻と月将から作成する天地盤とは異なった方法で作成する天地盤である。
- This is Tenchiban which is made with a different way from Tenchiban that is made based on the time divined and Gessho, which appears at the beginning of the chapter 'Shikasandenho daiichi.'
- 在地社会に対しては、在地社会の安全を確保する見返りに軍役を課すとともに、検地を実施して新たな租税収取体系を構築した。
- As well as imposing military duties on the local populace in exchange for maintaining order, the daimyo also established a new taxation system after carrying out a land survey.
- 出町柳行きホーム隣のローズマンション2階には叡山電鉄の運輸課があり、定期乗車券や乗車券乗車券の種類が販売されている。
- The Eizan Electric Railway's Transportation Section is situated on the second floor of the Rose Mansion, a condominium, which is adjacent to the platform for trains bound for Demachiyanagi Station, and commuter tickets (as well as other kinds of tickets) are sold there.
- 修士課程(浄土学専攻、仏教学専攻、仏教文化専攻、日本史学専攻、東洋史学専攻、国文学専攻、中国文学専攻、英米文学専攻)
- Master of Art (Jodo Buddhism Program, Buddhist Studies Program, Buddhist Culture Program, Japanese History Program, Oriental History Program, Japanese Literature Program, Chinese Literature Program, British and American Literature Program)
- また養老4年(720年)以後は逃走者の自主的帰還(「走還」)を促すために走還した者の課役を1年間免除する措置を取った。
- Also, the measure to exempt the returnees from a year of labor was taken to encourage voluntary return ('sokan') of those that fled.
- 豊臣秀吉の行った太閤検地により、土地の生産力を石高(玄米の生産量)であらわし、その石高に応じて年貢を課すこととされた。
- Through Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) production capacity of lands was indicated by (crop) yield (production volume of brown (unpolished) rice) and depending on the yield, nengu (land tax) was levied.
- とりあえず、大隈の通貨改革は明治政府の方針、そして国際公約として認められたが、その実現までにはまだ4つの課題があった。
- OKUMA's currency reform was recognized as the Meiji Government's policy along with as an international pledge for the moment, but to be realized, there were four problems.
- 大隈は伊藤博文や井上馨を通じて省内に抱える政策課題などの諸問題について下問を行い、渋沢ら改正掛が企画・立案を担当した。
- Okuma asked Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE questions on political challenges in the ministry, and Kaiseigakari such as Shibusawa took in charge of planning ・framing.
- 官田の消滅には、明代後半期から長江デルタ地帯を中心に各地で強まった、土地に対する公課負担均等化への社会的要請が大きい。
- The disappearance of kanden was mainly due to societal demand for equalization of taxes on land which spread through various regions around the delta of the Yangtze River in the late Ming period.
- 王朝国家体制の特質は、律令国家体制が基調としていた個別人身支配を放棄し、土地に対する課税・支配を基調とした点にあった。
- What characterized the Dynastic polity regime was the adoption of the principle of tax on land as a replacement for the principle of people-based governance, which had been the basic principle of the Ritsuryo regime.
- 10世紀ごろ、朝廷は律令制に由来する人別支配体制を放棄し、土地課税に基礎をおく支配体制(王朝国家体制)へとシフトした。
- Around the tenth century, the Imperial Court abandoned the system of ruling over people which had originated in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and moved to a system based of taxation of land (the system of the dynasty state).
- このとき、課税単位へ編成された土地を名田(みょうでん)といい、名田経営を請け負った者が「負名」と呼ばれるようになった。
- The land that was reorganized into a unit of taxation on that occasion was called myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and the contractor for the management of the myoden was called 'fumyo.'
- 学生は基礎課程として『黄帝甲乙経』・『脈経』・『神農本草経』(延暦6年(787年)以後は『新修本草』に変更)を読んだ。
- In the basic course, students had to study 'Kotei Ko-otsukyo' (the Chinese classic on clinical acupuncture, written by Huangfu Mi), 'Myakukyo' (the oldest Chinese book on sphygmoscopy), and 'Shinno Honzogyo' (Divine Husbandman's Classic on pharmacology, which is a Chinese classic), and in 787, the last textbook was replaced with 'Shinshu Honzo' (Chinese pharmacology, completed in A.D. 659).
- 職業能力開発促進センター(普通職業訓練又は高度職業訓練のうち短期間の訓練課程のものを行うための施設をいう。以下同じ。)
- Polytechnic Centers (meaning facilities for providing short-term training courses for ordinary or advanced vocational training; the same shall apply hereinafter); and
- 三島は人民に対しては傲岸な態度で臨み、強引な課税や労役賦課、寄付金強要を行なうなど、批判に対しては弾圧一辺倒であった。
- MISHIMA was arrogant toward the people and the measures he took against criticism were nothing but oppression, such as forcible taxation, the imposition of royaku (labor service) and forcing donations.
- これは、旧藩時代からの県令や官吏が、中央の布告を無視して旧藩時代同様の税と労役を課したことに対する農民の反抗であった。
- The protest was against Kenrei and government officials from former feudal domain, who imposed tax and royaku (labor service) no different from former feudal domain period, ignoring a proclamation by the central government.
- 1857年設置された江戸幕府の蛮書和解御用を源流とする開成学校の「語学課程」を分離、外務省の語学学校などを統合し設立。
- The 'Language Course' of Kaisei School, which originated to Bansho-wage Goyo (Government Office for Translation of Barbarian Books) established in 1857 by the Tokugawa Shogunate, was separated from Kaisei School, and language schools of the Foreign Affairs Ministry were integrated together with the said separated course to become Tokyo School of Foreign Languages.
- 博士課程後期(浄土学専攻、仏教学専攻、仏教文化専攻、日本史学専攻、東洋史学専攻、国文学専攻、中国文学専攻、英文学専攻)
- Doctor of Philosophy (Jodo Buddhism Program, Buddhist Studies Program, Buddhist Culture Program, Japanese History Program, Oriental History Program, Japanese Literature Program, Chinese Literature Program, British and American Literature Program)
- 現在、4学部7学科3研究科12専攻で約2万名が受講しており、私立大学の通信教育課程としては全国有数の規模を誇っている。
- There are 20,000 students studying in four faculties, seven departments, three research departments and 12 professional courses, making it one of largest correspondence divisions of any university in Japan.
- 江戸時代においては大名、旗本などの武士に課せられた刑罰を意味し、武士の身分を剥奪して所領と城・屋敷を没収することをいう。
- In the Edo period, the term kaieki referred to a punishment to samurai, including territorial lords (called 'daimyo') and direct vassals of the shogun (called 'hatamoto'), by which they were deprived of their status as samurai, along with their territories, castles and residences.
- 内高(うちだか)は、江戸時代の大名や旗本の所領内において、領民に年貢を課す際の算定基準として用いられた石高のことである。
- Uchi-daka (real value of the yield) means kokudaka (crop yield) that was used as the appraisal standard to impose nengu (land tax) to the people of shoryo (territory) of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and hatamoto (bannermen) in the Edo period.
- なお、納付期限は原則として言い渡されてから3日以内とされ、その期間内に納付されない場合には代替として手鎖の刑が課された。
- In addition, as a general rule, the deadline for payment was within three days after receiving the order, and the obligated person was imposed a tegusari penalty (confinement to one's residence and restraint in behavior with handcuffs on the wrists) if the person did not pay a fine by the deadline.
- 特に江戸は政治の中心地、大坂は経済の中心地であるから、江戸、大坂近海に外国船が来襲した際の危機管理の重要性が課題となる。
- As Tokyo was the center of politics and Osaka was the center of economy, it was especially important to consider risk management in case foreign ships appeared in the sea near Edo and Osaka.
- 土地課税を重視する考えは9世紀前期の藤原冬嗣執政期の頃から存在していたが、個別人身支配の原則を覆すまでには至らなかった。
- Although the idea of emphasizing tax on land existed in the era when FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu was in power during the first half of the 9th century, it stopped short of reversing the principle of people-based governance.
- 地子(じし/ちし)とは、日本の古代・中世から近世にかけて、領主が田地・畠地・山林・塩田・屋敷地などへ賦課した地代を指す。
- Jishi, also called chishi, (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) referred to the land rent which feudal lords imposed on rice fields, fields (for fruits, vegetables, etc.), mountains and forest, salt fields, or residential areas from ancient and medieval periods to the early-modern times.
- 鎌倉時代には、国司に代わって守護が国衙を掌握するケースが多くなり、鎌倉幕府による一国平均役の賦課も行われるようになった。
- In the Kamakura period, there were many cases where shugo (provincial constable) seized power of kokuga instead of provincial governors, and as a result, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) also started to impose ikkoku heikinyaku taxes and tasks.
- この時代には各地から青苧購入のために訪れる諸国の船に対しても課税を行って越後-畿内間の青苧流通の支配権を獲得していった。
- During his reign, he imposed the tax on the merchants who came by sea to Echigo Province from other provinces for aoso, thereby gaining control over the distribution network of aoso from Echigo Province to the Kinai region.
- 室町幕府が京都の支配権を確立するにつれて朝廷の徴収代理から、財政基盤の弱かった幕府独自の土倉への課税を行うようになった。
- As the Muromachi bakufu was establishing authority in Kyoto, deputy collecting officials of the Imperial court took on the task of imposing independent taxes on doso for the bakufu that had a weak financial base.
- 1942年局制を採用、総務、防衛など九局二部一室五十二課一場とし、12月には政府の行政簡素化の方針沿って戦時体制に移行。
- In 1942, the bureau system was adopted, and, beginning with General Affairs and Defense, nine bureaus, two departments, one room, fifty-two sections, and one place were established, and in December, they were changed into a wartime regime according to the plan of the Government for simplification of the public administration.
- 鎌倉時代中期以後、徳政の推進が院政の課題となってくると、法律や有職に通じて実務に長けた中級貴族の登用が目立つようになった。
- After the mid Kamakura period when the promotion of benevolent rule became a subject of the Insei, practical middle rank nobles with full knowledge of laws, court rules, ceremony and decorums were often appointed as In no Kinshin.
- ここに示される田の調とは、田地面積に応じて賦課される租税であり、後の律令制における租庸調の前身に当たるものと見られている。
- It is recognized that 'Cho' for rice field provided for in this article was a land tax imposed according to the area of rice field allotted to each farmer, which was the predecessor form of Soyocho taxes imposed under the later-established Ritsuryo system.
- 中世以後は一国平均役の一環として徴収される例が見られ、特に源平合戦においては平家・河内源氏双方が兵粮米の賦課を行っている。
- After the medieval period, hyoro was collected as part of Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen [manor] and kokugaryo [provincial land] in a province), and especially during the Genpei War, both Heike; the Taira family and Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) imposed military provisions.
- 7世紀末~8世紀初頭に始まった律令制における租税は、租庸調制と呼ばれ、人民一人ひとりを対象に課税・徴税する性格が強かった。
- The taxation system under the ritsuryo system, which was started during the late 7th century to the early 8th century, was called 'the soyocho (tax paid by rice, labor, or textile) system', and it was imposed on and collected from each member of the community.
- 被官国人らへの軍役について見ると、本領分・給分ごとに課せられた例も散見され、国人支配がまだ一元化していなかったことを表す。
- Concerning the military service assigned to the vassalized kokujin, there were several cases that the service was imposed considering the scale of territory and kyubun (bonus), which suggests that the control over the kokujin had not yet been unified.
- 一国平均役(いっこくへいきんやく)は、日本の中世において、ある令制国内の荘園・国衙領へ一律的に賦課された租税・課役である。
- Ikkoku heikinyaku refers to land taxes and assignments evenly imposed on shoen (manor) and kokugaryo (territories governed by a provincial government office) of a particular province during the Middle Ages in Japan.
- 明治維新の際の「商法大意」に基づいて廃止され、後に運上として復活するものや近代的な営業税などの形で賦課されるものもあった。
- Myoga was abolished based on 'Shoho taii' (a kind of commercial code) enacted in the process of the Meiji Restoration, but some of them were later revived as Unjo or modern trade tax.
- 班田制の衰退とともに田地の課税方式自体が変質し、輸祖田と輸地子田が公田、田租と地子が租穀として一括把握されるようになった。
- According to the decline of handensei (Ritsuryo land allotment system), taxation system of rice fields itself changed and eventually, yusoden and yujishiden were integrated into koden (rice fields administered directly by a ruler) and denso and jishi were integrated into sokoku.
- この点を踏まえて占術研究家の松岡秀達は、六壬神課の解説から始めて『占事略决』の解説に至る著述を松岡2007として上梓した。
- In view of the above, divination researcher Hidetatsu MATSUOKA published his book as 'Abe no Seimei 'Senji ryakketsu' Shokai,' in which he explained Rikujinshinka as well as 'Senji ryakketsu.'
- 長政は5千人の軍役を課せられ、主将として三番隊を率いて一番隊の小西行長や二番隊の加藤清正等とは別の進路を取る先鋒となった。
- Nagamasa was assigned an army of 5,000 troops, and led the third squad as captain and spearheaded an attack, diverging from Yukinaga KONISHI's first squad and Kiyomasa KATO's second squad.
- 明治時代、京都市に次ぐ京都府第二の都市であり、日本海側では貴重な商港を有する舞鶴市までの鉄道敷設が緊急の課題となっていた。
- During the Meiji period it was an important issue to have railroad facilities to Maizuru City, the second-largest city (followed by Kyoto City in Kyoto Prefecture), which had a valuable commercial port on the Sea of Japan.
- 幕府は課税を撤回したが、輝高はこの後、気鬱の病になり、将軍徳川家治に辞意を明言するも慰留され、結局老中在任のまま死去した。
- Although the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) repealed the taxes, Terutaka suffered from depression after this incident and it was only because his attempt to resign was turned down by Shogun Ieharu TOKUGAWA that he remained a Roju until his death.
- 1871年(明治4年)12月、日本の中央統計機関として院表課が設立されたが「政表」の文字は既に古川によって使用されていた。
- In December 1871, Inhyo-ka was established as central institution of statistics in Japan, however the word 'seihyo' had been already used by Furukawa.
- JR九州管内となる下関以西の在来線では乗車距離に応じた加算額が課されるのに対し、JR西日本管轄の新幹線ではそれがないため。
- This is because, although an additional amount of money corresponding to the traveling distance is added to fares on the regular railway line to the west of Shimonoseki, operated by JR Kyushu, such an amount of money is not added on the Shinkansen line operated by JR West.
- 宗教大学分校時代に設立され、佛教専門学校、佛教大学通学課程の学部・大学院・専攻科・別科の卒業生・修了生によって組織される。
- It was founded when 'Shukyo Daigaku Bunko' existed, having been organized by graduates of Bukkyo Professional School and Bukkyo University, and was classified into faculty, graduate school, majors and different courses.
- また、各番組の全戸別に対して、半年に1分の軒金が課せられ、有志による寄付と合わせて、恒久的な運営費に充当するものとされた。
- In addition, along with philanthropic donations, each bangumi houses was allotted a portion of the building costs semiannually for permanent operational expenses.
- 商品生産・流通を掌握し、物価を引き下げるため手工業者の仲間組織を株仲間として公認、奨励して、そこに運上・冥加などを課税した。
- In order to control the processes of production and distribution of commodities and lower prices, he authorized guilds of handicraftsmen as a trade guild (kabunakama) and encouraged its organization, while imposing business taxes called unjo, myoga on them.
- この一連の記事によって、幸徳秋水らは山縣有朋の恨みを買い、それが幸徳自身に処刑という厳しい処置が課される原因となったという。
- Due to a series of articles on this topic, Aritomo YAMAGATA resented Shusui KOTOKU, and this led to the severe measures of KOTOKU's execution.
- これは、江戸狩野派の祖狩野探幽がめざし、狩野元信以来狩野派の課題であった漢画と大和絵の対立を昇華した養信の重要な業績である。
- This was an important achievement of the sublime works of Osanobu, who contrasted the differences between Chinese style painting and Yamato-e painting, which was the aim of the founder of the Edo Kano school of painting, Tanyu KANO, as well as the project of the Kano school since the time of Motonobu KANO.
- 長政は再度5千人の軍役を課せられ右軍に属して黄石山城を攻略し、8月に全州で左軍と合流し、全州会議に従って各軍の進路を定めた。
- Nagamasa was again assigned the army of 5,000 troops, joined the right army and conquered Hwangsoksan Castle, joined with the left army at Chonju in September and October, and decided the path of each army in accordance with the Chonju conference.
- 1615年(元和 (日本)元年)、大坂の陣にあたり、徳川秀忠は軍令を発して諸軍の部署を定めるとともに軍役を定めてこれを課した。
- In 1615, upon fighting the Summer Battle of Osaka, Hidetada TOKUGAWA issued the military order to appoint armies to their posts and to define the military service and imposed them on the army.
- またロシアに勝利したことは、列強諸国の日本に対する評価を高め、明治維新以来の課題であった不平等条約改正の達成に大きく寄与した。
- Japan's victory over Russia raised the repute of Japan among the great powers and greatly contributed to Japan's objective to revise the unequal treaties which had been a priority issue for the Japanese government since the Meiji Restoration.
- 領家は荘官を通じて、荘園からの収穫を年貢として徴収したり、荘園内の百姓(荘民)に労役を課したり(公事)して、自らの収入とした。
- Through those shokan, ryoke collected harvests from their shoen as nengu (land tax), and imposed labor service (kuji [public duties]) on the shomin (farmers living in their manor), taking those taxes as their own revenue.
- 延喜年間に里倉負名体制は負名体制に移行し、公的租税としての正税及び公出挙に代わり官物として一括して土地に賦課する方式となった。
- After the Riso-fumyo system was switched to the Fumyo system (local tax manager system), the tax was comprehensively imposed on lands as Kanmotsu (tribute paid as taxes), instead of Shozei and Ku-Suiko, both of which were regarded as the official land taxes.
- 11世紀半ばになると、朝廷の内裏造営などを目的とした臨時課税を目的に全国に一国平均役を課すことがしばしば行われるようになった。
- In the middle of the 11th century, ikkoku heikin-yaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen [manor in the medieval Japan] and kokugaryo [provincial land] in a province) was frequently imposed across the country as extraordinary taxation to build an inner court of the Imperial Court.
- 第二十七の章からは、色々なテーマごとに四課三伝や天地盤のどういった事柄に着目して占うかといった具体的な占い方が説明されている。
- Starting from Chapter 27, concrete methods of divination; in other words, how to divine based on the outcome of Shikasanden or Tenchiban (the board used in the process of the divination called Shikisen), are explained for various subjects.
- 平安時代、律令制下では庶民は租税や労役、兵役を課せられていた。その運搬や出向は全て本人が自ら都まで出向かなければいけなかった。
- 下の文を統合しました.
- これを 「常に月将を以て占時に加え、日辰陰陽を視て以て四課を立つ。」 と読み下すことは、漢文の知識があればさほど困難ではない。
- For persons who have a knowledge about kanbun, it may not be so difficult to read it as 'tsuneni gessho wo motte senji ni kuwae, Nisshininyo wo mite motte shika wo tatsu.' (Gessho and the time should always be used for divination and Shika should be derived by seeing Nisshinonmyo).
- 地方の御料所(将軍直轄領)の管理を任されており、所領地の守護不入や段銭(田畑に賦課される税)の徴収などの特権を与えられていた。
- Hokoshu was entrusted to the management of local goryosho (shogunate's estate) and was also given the rights to prevent Shugo (provincial constable) from entering their own lands and to collect tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan).
- 1993年 大学院文学研究科中国文学専攻(修士課程)を開設、大学院教育学研究科生涯教育専攻を開設、専攻科に仏教看護コースを開設
- 1993: The Chinese Literature Program was installed within the Graduate School of Literature (M.A.), the Lifelong Education Program was installed within the Graduate School of Education, and the Buddhist Nursing course was established as a major.
- このため、戦後も彼らを如何にして新政府につなぎとめるかが課題となり、参戦諸藩や個々の部隊・個人の功労者に対する恩賞が検討された。
- When it became an issue how to anchor them to the new government even after the battles, rewards for the domains, troop and individuals who respectively contributed to the battles were considered.
- 砲兵大尉の明治29年10月から翌30年10月まで、台湾総督府軍務局陸軍部課員として、乃木希典が総督を務めていた台湾に赴任をした。
- From October 1896 to October 1897 when he was an artillery captain, he served as an official of the military department in Military Affairs Bureau of Taiwan Governor-General Office, where Maresuke NOGI was the governor-general.
- 明治2年に慶應義塾、明治4年に開成学校に入った脩造は、5年に秋田県に出仕し、翌年、大蔵省銀行課に入り、国立銀行創設に力を出した。
- After entering Keio Gijuku in 1869 and Kaisei school in 1871, Shuzo served in Akita Prefecture in 1872 and joined Bank Department of Okura-sho (Ministry of the Treasury) the next year to make an effort to establish the national bank.
- また、在庁官人や元国衙領で権門が所有する荘園、幕府派遣の地頭の力が強く、いかにこれら在地勢力の助力を得られるかも大きな課題だった。
- In addition, it was also a big task to obtain aide from local powers in Suo Province, where local bureaucrats and influential families owned manors, which had been the estates possessed by the national government offices, while the estate managers dispatched by the bakufu had great power.
- この説によると、延喜の班田励行は租税の額の確定を目的としたものであり、来るべき土地への課税を前提とした制度改革であったこととなる。
- According this theory, the enforcement of handen was intended to determine the land tax amount and it was a system reform focused on the coming taxation of land.
- 根の国での説話は、結婚相手の父から試練を与えられて、結婚相手の助言や手助けによって克服するという課題婚と呼ばれる神話の形式である。
- The story in Nenokuni is a form of mythology called kadaikon (subject marriage), in which a person is subjected to hardship by a marriage partner's father but eventually overcomes it with the advice or help of a marriage partner.
- 文禄の役では1500人の動員を課せられ、当初は船手衆の1人として九州から釜山への海上輸送を担当するが後に陸戦兵力として投入された。
- He was ordered to dispatch 1,500 people during the invasion of Korea and, as a member of the navy, was responsible for transportation between Kyushu and Busan, though he was later transferred to the land forces.
- この年の3月7日に東京の姫路藩邸に各藩の公議人227名を集めて公議所が設置されると、外交政策が急遽課題として取り上げられたのである。
- On March 7 of that year, the lower house was established in the residence of Himeji domain in Tokyo gathering 227 lower house members from each domain and the foreign policy was picked up as an urgent matter.
- その他に豊臣政権時代に定められてそのまま継承された京都の銀貨地子や宇治市・宇治田原町の茶に対する賦課(茶役)などによる収入があった。
- Aside from that, the Edo bakufu procured income from silver jishi (land taxes under the ritsuryo system) in Kyoto--established in the period of the Toyotomi government--and a tax on tea (chayaku) in Ujitawara-cho, Uji city.
- 清朝の歳入が8800万両強であったにもかかわらず、課された賠償金の総額は4億5000万両、利息を含めると9億8000万両にも上った。
- While the annual revenue of the Qing Dynasty was slightly more than 88 million taels, the reparation was 450 million taels, rising to 980 million taels with interest.
- 検注によって在家が確定され、均等賦課を原則としていたが、検注帳に固定された在家を本在家、新たに在家したものを脇在家・新在家と称した。
- Zaike were confirmed through kenchu (land survey) and taxes were equally assessed in principle; zaike which were fixed to the kenchucho (land survey ledger) were called honzaike (main zaike), and newly added zaike were called waki zaike (branch zaike) or shin zaike (new zaike).
- 国役(こくやく/くにやく)とは、平安時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて朝廷及び国衙が諸国に課した雑役・一国平均役などの課役のこと。
- Kuniyaku were duties imposed by the Imperial Court and kokuga (provincial government offices) from the Heian period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 宮内省の配下にある「采女司」に所属し、更に宮内庁配下の別の課に当たる「水司」に6名、「膳司(かしわでのつかさ)」に60名配属される。
- Uneme belonged to 'Uneme no Tsukasa' under Kunaisho and 6 Uneme were allocated to 'Suishi', which was another branch of Kunaisho, and 60 Uneme were allocated to 'Kashiwade no Tsukasa', which was also another branch of Kunaisho.
- 主計課長心得、中主計を経て、西郷従道海軍大臣が欧米各国へ派遣されるにあたり、その随行員として抜擢されたことに合わせ海軍大主計となる。
- He was appointed to the position of the director of the Navy budget bureau after the ranks of shukeikacho kokoroe (assistant to pay officer section chief) and chushukei (assistant director) of the Navy budget bureau in time with his selection as a member of the Navy Minister Michitsugu SAIGO's suite that was sent to Europe and North America.
- 主要な政治ポストには従来の豪族ではなく諸皇子をあてて、その下で働く官僚たちの登用・考課・選叙など官人統制に関する法令を整備していった。
- Emperor Tenmu appointed princes, instead of the usual powerful clans, to major political posts and established laws for regulating the appointment, evaluation, and selection of officials working under the princes.
- こうした公事を名目として本来の賦課である年貢・所当・官物とは別個に賦課される租税のことを「公事」(「公用」とも)と称するようになった。
- The land tax separately imposed from the original imposition such as nengu, shoto and kanmotsu in name of kuji began to be called 'kuji' (also referred to as 'kuyo').
- 江戸時代の軍役令によると、大名は幕府の命に応じて表高1万石あたり概ね2百人程度の軍勢(非戦闘員を含む)を動員する義務を課せられていた。
- The order of military service issued by bakufu in the Edo period enforced daimyo to mobilize about 200 people (including noncombatants) for every 10,000 koku of omote-daka (kokudaka officially recognized by the Edo bakufu).
- 雑徭の賦課は国司の権限であり、なかには私用で雑徭を課す国司もおり、公民の負担となり班田農民の没落・逃散を促したとする見解が通説である。
- It was the kokushi's right to impose the zoyo, and among the kokushi there was some who imposed the zoyo for personal use; it is commonly accepted that the zoyo became a burden to the komin (the registered people, especially farmers, under the Ritsuryo system) and thus caused the handen farmers (farmers whom the government had given the handen, or the allotted land for farming) to decline, abandon the land and flee to other domains.
- 既存の独占販売権、非課税権、不入権などの特権を持つ商工業者(市座、問屋など)を排除して自由取引市場をつくり、座を解散させるものである。
- Rakuichi-rakuza was the creation of free trade markets and the dissolution of guilds with the exclusion of preexisting merchants and tradesmen (market and trade guild system, wholesalers etc.) with special rights such as exclusive sales rights, non-taxation rights and the right to keep tax agents from entering one's property.
- 師範学校、高等師範学校などの他に、官立の旧制専門学校、私立の専門学校・各種学校において図画、音楽、体育・武道、教員の養成課程があった。
- Besides normal schools and higher normal schools, government-established old-system vocational schools and private vocational schools provided various courses in training teachers for art, music, physical education and martial arts.
- 『公事方御定書』以後従来の過酷な刑罰を緩和する意味で実刑の代替として過料もたは他刑との二重仕置が課される事例が増加していくようになった。
- After the issuance of 'Kujigata-osadamegaki,' a number of the cases imposed double punishment, Karyo and another punishment, had been increased as a substitute for a prison sentence to make the old severe penal punishments less strict.
- しかし、これらの荘園整理令に際し、公領と荘園を識別して一国平均役を課することを容易にするため、荘園を一つの領域に統合する措置が行われた。
- However, following these orders, the government took measures to integrate shoen into one domain in an attempt to differentiate between koryo and shoen, facilitating the levy of Ikkoku heikinyaku.
- 受領は郡司・富豪層を出自とする田堵負名らに租税納入の責任を課していたが、税率や減免率などをめぐって受領と負名層の間には対立が生じていた。
- Zuryo entrusted tax collection work to Tato fumyo who came from gunji or the rich and powerful class, but often confronted them with tax rates or tax reduction rates.
- 本来は課役負担者の確保が趣旨であったが、平安時代に入ると陰首・括出は地方より税負担の軽い畿内に移住するための法の抜け穴として利用された。
- The purpose of the regulation was originally to secure tax payers, but during the early Heian period, onshu and kasshutsu were used as a legal loophole to migrate to the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) where the tax burden was lighter than in other provinces.
- 一方で、中世陰陽道研究家の小坂眞二の研究によれば、平安時代に実際に使用されていた六壬神課と『占事略决』の六壬神課には齟齬があるとされる。
- On the other hand, Mediaeval Onmyodo researcher Shinji KOSAKA asserts that there is an inconsistency between Rikujinshinka that was actually used in the Heian period and Rikujinshinka explained in 'Senji ryakketsu.'
- だが、名体制が解体し始める室町時代以後になると、負担者と被負担者の区分が不明確となった結果、彼らに対しても公事が賦課されるようになった。
- However, after Muromachi period when the myo system began to dissolve, the distinction between tax bearers and non-tax bearers became unclear, so even non-tax bearers began to be imposed kuji.
- 慶長の役では水軍配置となり1200人の動員を課せられ、慶長2年(1597年)7月に侵攻してきた元均率いる朝鮮水軍を逆襲により壊滅させた。
- He was ordered to dispatch a 1,200 man navy during the Keicho Invasion and annihilated the invading Korean navy led by Won Gyun during a counterattack in July 1597.
- 同志社ローム記念館プロジェクトは産官学地域連携を通し、文化の創造・発信と次世代社会を担う人材を育成することを目的とした課外プロジェクト。
- The Doshisha Rohm Plaza Project is an extracurricular project aimed at cultural creation and sharing, as well as human resources development for next-generation society through cooperation by industry, government, academia, and local community.
- 公事は荘園領主や領主に代わって経営を行う預所が検注を行って 本在家(もしくは名主)を確定させ、在家役(あるいは名役)としてこれを賦課した。
- Azukaridokoro (custodian) that was handling the management in place of lord of the manor or feudal lord made a land survey to determine honzaike (or nanushi) (village headman) and imposed it as zaikeyaku (or 名役).
- このように一円化して領域性を高めた荘園にも名田制は採用され、各々の国内の荘園・国衙領への一律的な課税(一国平均役)が行われるようになった。
- To the shoen that enhanced its integrity by the enclosure measures, the myoden system (field naming system) was adopted, and Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and kogugaryo (territory governed by provincial government office) in a province) to shoen and kokugaryo came to be enforced.
- 当初は有力な公民に対する賦課として行われる形式を採っていたが、11世紀中期の官物率法の成立を機に次第に土地に対する賦課へと変質していった。
- Originally it was a tax on prominent citizens, but with the establishment of Kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute) in the middle of the 11h century, it transformed into a tax against land.
- また長尾氏は三条西家に対してもこれまで天王寺苧座などが納めていた苧課役を50貫に減額させた上で越後苧座による京都への青苧搬入を認めさせた。
- And the Nagao clan forced the Sanjonishi family not only to reduce the tax in kind, which was paid by Tennoji so-za, to 187.5 kg a year, but also to allow Echigo so-za to transport aoso into Kyoto.
- 律令制の崩壊後、朝廷は造内裏役や役夫工米などを名目に国衙を通じて雑役(臨時雑役・雑公事)や一国平均役などを国衙領や荘園などに課していった。
- After breakdown of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), the Imperial Court imposed duties including labor on territories governed by provincial government officrs and manors through provinical government officers in the name of public duty or yakubukumai (a special kind of taxation on rice levied by the grand shrines).
- 宣教はキリスト教防御と維新後の国の在り方を国民に宣布することを大きな目的としたものであり、政府の要請を受けて新たに課せられた職掌であった。
- The primary objectives of religious mission were to prevent the infiltration of Chiristian religion and to proclaim to the Japanese people the national policies after the Meiji restoration, and this new role, requested by the national government, was given to Jingikan.
- これは侍従と近衛府における定員の制限、成人前の天皇の猶子門跡の禁止、堂上家以下地下人の諸大夫に至るまで官人の官位昇進に厳しい規定を課した。
- This limited the number of jiju (Chamberlains) and members of the Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards), prohibited adopted children of an underage Emperor from becoming heads of temples, and imposed strict regulations on promoting officials from the jigenin, a low rank of ancient Japanese nobility below the Tosho-ke (relatively high ranking hereditary nobles), who had reached the position of Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo).
- 「大鏡」によれば、「南無八幡大菩薩 南無金峯山金剛蔵王 南無大般若波羅蜜多心経」という念誦を毎日百回ちょうど行う事を日課にしていたという。
- According to 'Okagami' (The Great Mirror), he made a daily habit of nenju (reciting a prayer of the Amitabuddah) of 'I worship Hachiman Great Bodhisavva, I worship Kipusan Kongozao, I worship Great Wisdom Sutra,' one hundred times a day.
- 更に鎌倉時代には田畠にかけられた正規の賦課に限定されるようになり、本来そうした意味を有していた言葉であった「年貢」と混用されるようになった。
- In the Kamakura period, the word meant a regular levy on paddy fields and dry fields, and began to be interchanged with 'nengu' which originally had a similar meaning.
- 当時、廃仏毀釈で大きな打撃を受けた寺院建築の保護が課題となっており、関野貞は奈良・京都の主な建築を調査し、それらの建築年代をまとめていった。
- A key issue in those days was the protection of temple architecture, as many temples had been badly affected by haibutsu-kishaku (the anti-Buddhist movement in the Meiji era that resulted in the destruction of many Buddhist temples), and so Tadashi SEKINO conducted field research to record the year of construction of the major buildings located in Nara and Kyoto.
- この内容はミュアヘッドの書物の一節からとられたもので「動機が善ならば弑逆(親など目上の人を殺すこと)も許されるであろうか」という課題である。
- The content was from one passage of the book written by Muirhead, and the question was 'If the motive is good, would it be excusable to kill superiors such as parents?'
- 国司苛政上訴がこの時期までに消滅したのは、公田官物率法が国司の課税権限を抑制し、郡司・田堵負名層との利害関係が解消されたからだとされている。
- It is contemplated that the reason why kokushi kasei joso disappeared around that time was because koden kanmotsu rippo restricted kokushi's right to collect tax and conflicts of interest between kokushi and gunji/tato fumyo were resolved.
- 平氏はまた、墨俣川の戦いに備えて、伊勢国へ水夫と船の雑役を課しており、宣旨が国司へ発出されてから10数日の内に水夫と船の徴発が完了している。
- Also, to prepare for the Battle of Sunomatagawa, the Taira clan imposed zatsueki on Ise Province so they would provide sailors and ships, and in this case, a request for sailors and ships was issued within 10 days after a senji was issued to the provincial governor.
- また、村落や町(ちょう)が、自らの共同体的な機能を維持するために住民に賦課する人足役(掃除・普請・番・荷物持ち)も「夫役」と呼ぶ場合がある。
- Additionally, villages and towns sometimes used the word 'buyaku' in reference to ninsokuyaku (cleanup, construction, guard and porter) that they imposed on residents in order to maintain their own communal functions.
- 学校教育法による短期大学又は高等専門学校において理科系統の正規の課程を修めて卒業した者で、その後七年以上安全の実務に従事した経験を有するもの
- Those who graduated in completing the regular course of science from a junior college or a technical college under the School Education Act and have the experience of having engaged in safety service for seven years or more thereafter.
- 「臨時雑役」という名称の租税が存在したわけではなく、「内裏雑事」「調沽買絹」などの名目で課された個々の賦課を一括する際に用いられた語である。
- There was no tax called 'Rinjizoyaku,' but the word was used to refer collectively to taxation in the form of forced labor imposed on the people in the name of 'dairizatsuji' (miscellaneous chores in the palace), 'cho no kobai kinu' (acquisition and purchase of silk), etc.
- 関ヶ原の合戦に勝利した徳川家康は幕府設立に先立ち、貨幣制度の整備を重要課題の一つとし、後藤庄三郎光次に全国流通を前提とした小判の鋳造を命じた。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had won the Battle of Sekigahara, made the improvement of currency system one of the most important tasks before the foundation of Bakufu, ordering Shosaburo Mitsutsugu GOTO to cast Koban which were supposed to be circulated across the country.
- そして政権の課題を解決する為に行ったことは第一に天皇家の権威を借りることとした(閑院宮家の創設、霊元天皇の息女、吉子内親王と徳川家継の婚約)。
- And in order to resolve the government's problems, he firstly decided to use the authority of the Imperial Family (by establishing the Kaninnomiya family and fixing the engagement between a daughter of the Emperor Reigen, Imperial Princess Yoshiko, and Ietsugu TOKUGAWA).
- この機会に幕府は税収のさらなる向上を企図して、造り酒屋に対して現行の酒価格の五割もの酒運上(さけうんじょう)と呼ばれる運上金を課すことにした。
- The bakufu decided to order sake breweries to pay as much as 50% as a business taxes called sake unjo (one of the taxes which was assessed on workers in all kinds of industries except for the agriculture industry) on the current price of sake, and this enabled further increases in tax revenues.
- しかし、土地課税原則のもとでは、田地の存在さえ把握していればそこを実質的に経営している富豪層から収取すべき租税を収取することが十分可能となる。
- Under the principle of tax on land, however, the government can collect tax from wealthy peasants who eventually manage the land in question only by confirming the existence of land.
- これらの荘園整理令はある基準年以降の新立荘園を停止する一方、それ以前に発生していた国免荘を臨時課税の対象として正式に公認化するものでもあった。
- These Manor Regulation Acts prohibited establishment of new shoen after the designated base year, while legalizing these extraordinary taxes that were to be imposed on kokumen no sho created prior to the base year.
- 特に明徳4年(1393年)には幕府は土倉に対して年間6,000貫文の納付と引き換えに寺社等が持つ一切の支配権を否定して臨時課役の否認を認めた。
- Particularly in 1393 when, in return for an annual payment of 6,000 kanmon paid by doso to the bakufu, all control rights held by temples and shrines were negated and special taxes were repudiated.
- 前項の保険料は、第一号被保険者に対し、政令で定める基準に従い条例で定めるところにより算定された保険料率により算定された保険料額によって課する。
- Insurance premiums as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be imposed upon a Primary Insured Person with the amount of an insurance premium calculated by the rate of an insurance premium that is calculated pursuant to the provisions of an ordinance in accordance with the standards provided by a Cabinet Order.
- その一方で、地坪制度を導入することによって農民負担の均質化をはかり、課税法を検見法から定免法に改めることによって、安定した年貢収入に成功する。
- On the other hand, he homogenized farmer's burden through the introduction of the land area system and succeeded in earning stable revenues from nengu (land taxes) by revising the taxation method from kemi-ho (annual crop inspections) to jomen-ho (a fixed tax rate).
- 北宋末の政和年間には限田法を行い、一品100頃(けい)~九品10頃以上の田地を所有する官戸に対して額外所有分に応じて差役と科配を課すこととした。
- The Zhenghe era at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty saw the enactment of a land ownership restriction which imposed mandatory labor and additional taxes on guanhu who owned in land in excess of between one 100-qing (approximately 666 ha) plot and nine 10-qing (approximately 66 ha) plots.
- 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
- Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.
- しかし、内裏の焼亡などを契機とした臨時措置として全国的な租税賦課が実施されると、荘園側は、国衙でなく中央の太政官へ免税の申請を行うようになった。
- However, when, starting with the burning-down of dairi (Imperial Palace), the central government levied national taxes as a temporary measure, the manor side came to apply for tax exemption to Daijokan in the central government, instead of kokuga.
- 厚生労働大臣の指定する児童福祉司若しくは児童福祉施設の職員を養成する学校その他の施設を卒業し、又は厚生労働大臣の指定する講習会の課程を修了した者
- A person graduating from a school or other facility for training of Child Welfare Officers or employees of child welfare institutions as designated by the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare, or completing the course of a training session designated by the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare;
- 当初は神封戸は神戸とは違い、賦役令の封戸に関する規定によって庸調及び課役のみを負担して田租の半分は神社に残りは国家に納めていたと考えられている。
- Originally, unlike jinko, only Yo (tax in kind), Cho (tributes), and allocated job were imposed on jinfuko, under the provision for fuko in Fuyaku ryo (tax law); they paid half of denso (rice field tax) to the shrine, and another half to the state.
- 例えば、タレントの井上聡(次長課長)が「世界三大美人に入っている日本人は?」という問いに「小野妹子」と答えたことがあった(本当の正解は小野小町。
- For example, Satoshi INOUE, half of the comedy duo Jicho-Kacho, answered 'ONO no Imoko' when asked 'who is a Japanese woman chosen as being among the world's three most beautiful women?' (the correct answer was 'ONO no Komachi).
- 幕府の許可を受けた和与は「下知違背之咎(げちいはいのとが)」の法理によって保障され、当事者が和与の条件に違反をすれば所領没収などの刑罰が課された。
- Wayo authorized by the bakufu was assured by 'the crime of violating the command' statutory principle which imposed penalties such as territory seizure on the interested party who violated wayo conditions.
- 金花銀(きんかぎん)賦課を嚆矢とする租税の銀納化や一条鞭法(いちじようべんぼう)による金公課の一元化も官田問題の解決を重要な契機として推進された。
- Tax payment by silver begining with Kinkagin imposition and the standardization of tax payment by gold with Ichijobenbo were promoted as important opportunities for solving kanden problems.
- 現代訳:(大意)子や孫が父祖の仇を殺した場合、(殺人をおかした犯人の)父や祖父がそのことを知らなくても同じ罪(死刑か流罪・財産没収)を課せられる。
- Modern Japanese translation (synopsis): If a son or a grandson kills the foe of his father or grandfather, the father or grandfather (of the perpetrator of the killing) will be punished for the same crime (death penalty, deportation or asset forfeiture) regardless of whether such person was aware of the crime.
- 朝廷が幕府に対して命じられた公役を御家人・守護・地頭などに転嫁するものと、幕府そのものの運営維持のために幕府が独自に賦課したものという考えである。
- According to this point of view, there were public services ordered by the Imperial court to the bakufu which were shifted onto Gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through the Edo periods), Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward), and taxes and labor imposed independently by the bakufu in order to operate and maintain itself.
- その維持のため天王寺苧座は、本所である三条西家に対して通過時の苧公事の納入を免除して貰う替わりに年間150貫に及ぶ苧課役を三条西家に納入していた。
- To keep its monopoly, Tennoji so-za paid the tax in kind in an amount of as much as 562.5 kg annually to its honjo Sanjonishi family in exchange for the exemption from so-kuji that it paid when passing through the checkpoints.
- この功績により地租課役の永代免除の綸旨を受け、特に選ばれた者が輿丁として朝廷に出仕し天皇や太上天皇の行幸、葬送の際に輿を担ぐことを主な仕事とした。
- For these achievements, they received rinji (the Emperor's order) that they would be permanently exemption from taxation and labor duties, and only those chosen served the Court as Yotei, mainly going in for koshi carrier on the occasion of departure or a funeral of the Emperor and the Cloistered Emperor.
- 明治44年に旧制中学校の課外授業に撃剣(剣術後に剣道と改称)、柔術(後に柔道にかわる)が採用になって以降、武道の道場に設けられるのは神棚となった。
- After gekiken (renamed kendo after kenjutsu) and jujutsu (later changed to judo) were introduced to extracurricular lessons in junior high school under the old education system in 1911, what was installed in martial arts dojos became a kamidana.
- また、検討中の課題として、京田辺校地にある文系学部1~2年次の今出川校地への移転や、文学部心理学科の改組による心理学部の京田辺校地設置などがある。
- Some works are under consideration, for example, relocation of the humanities faculties for the first-year and second-year students from Kyotanabe Campus to Imadegawa Campus, establishment of Faculty of Psychology on Kyotanabe Campus in accordance with the reform of Department of Psychology in the Faculty of Literature, and so on.
- 減封(げんぽう)とは、江戸時代においては大名、旗本などの武士に課せられた刑罰を意味し、武士の身分を剥奪して所領と城・屋敷の一部を削減することをいう。
- Diminishing the territory was a type of punishment imposed on samurai including daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and hatamoto (direct vassal of the shogun) during the Edo period, that deprived samurai of their ranks, and partially diminished their territories, castles, and residences.
- 氏は同税は住民に対する税金ではなく、京都市内の寺社建物へ支払う拝観料へ課税し文化財を保護する市への協力を拝観者へ依頼するものと市議会へ説明している。
- According to his explanation to the City Assembly, the tax was imposed not on the citizens but on the entrance fee paid to the temples and the shrines in Kyoto city, with the intention of eliciting cooperation with the city from the visitors in protecting its cultural properties.
- 一方、江戸城とその堀が幕府から大名に課せられた普請によって整備され、江戸城は巨大な堅城に生まれ変わり、城と武家屋敷を取り巻く広大な惣構が構築された。
- Meanwhile, the Edo Castle and its moats were renovated by daimyo who were consigned to labor by the government, and the castle was reborn as a massive, hardened citadel, and big defense facilities were also constructed in a way to surround the Castle and samurai residences.
- 晴明が六壬神課で占っていたという証拠が六壬勘文という形で存在し、『占事略决』が六壬神課の解説書である以上、土御門家における伝承を疑う必要は特にない。
- In view of the existence of Rikujin Kanmon, which proves the fact that Seimei divined fortune with Rikujinshinka, and the fact that 'Senji ryakketsu' is the commentary of Rikujinshinka, there is no need to doubt the existence of the oral tradition in the Tsuchimikado family.
- 南北朝の戦乱の中で守護領国制が形成されていく中で室町幕府及び在地を支配する守護大名が朝廷・国衙に代わって国役の賦課・免除の権限を掌握するようになる。
- During the formation of the Shugo-ryogoku system at the time of the wars between the Northern and Southern Courts, the Muromachi bakufu and Shugo daimyo, who controlled lands, took over the authority to impose or exempt public duties or taxes from the Imperial Court and provincial officials.
- しかし、10世紀ごろになると、上記のように名田、すなわち土地を対象に租税賦課する体制が確立したのである(この体制を名体制(みょうたいせい)という)。
- However, as described above, around the 10th century a system was established for levying tax on myoden or, in other words, on land (this system was known as the myo taisei).
- こうした在地領主の賦課に地域の百姓が公事の名目で負担の義務に応じることで地域の構成員・自由民としての権利が与えられるという図式は長く地域に根付いた。
- The pattern that local peasants accepted to bear the load in name of kuji imposed by local lord in exchange for a right of constituent member of the province as well as free people took root in the province for long time.
- そうなると、人民一人ひとりを収取(課税・徴税)単位としていた人別支配はもはや不可能となり、政府や支配層にとって別の支配体制を構築する必要が生じていた。
- Under such circumstances, controlling each member of the community by imposing and collecting taxes was no longer possible, and the government and the ruling class were becoming aware of the necessity for a new control system.
- こうして成立した年貢は、その後の中世・近世を通じて、支配層の主要な財源として位置づけられ、被支配層にとっては年貢を負担する義務が課され続けたのである。
- Through the medieval period and early-modern times, the nengu was the principal financial resource for the ruling class, which the ordinary population continued to bear its burden.
- また納税や返還の実行あるいは誓約が行われ神木が撤去される際にも「注連の本(もと)」と呼ばれる一種の手数料を徴収するなど、相手側に金銭的な制裁を課した。
- When the nengu was paid - or the disseized real estate (or the embezzled nengu) was returned (or promised to be returned) - to the temple or the shrine, Shinboku was removed, and the temple and the shrine imposed punitive money, such as 'shime no moto' (a kind of a commission), on the person who caused the trouble.
- この法律で定めるもののほか、児童自立生活援助事業及び放課後児童健全育成事業並びに児童福祉施設の職員その他児童福祉施設に関し必要な事項は、命令で定める。
- In addition to what is provided for in this Act, matters concerning children's self-reliant living assistance services and after-school child sound upbringing services and other necessary matters concerning a child welfare institution such as their employees shall be prescribed by an Order.
- 京都周辺の公家領からの収入は室町殿の家領安堵によって座や商工業者への課役や関所・率分所などからの収入とともに室町時代においても辛うじて維持されてきた。
- The income from the kuge-ryo in Kyoto and the surrounding area, along with the revenue of the tax levied on the trade guilds ('za') and the merchants and tradesmen, as well as the income from the barriers ('sekisho') and tax storehouses ('ritsubunsho'), managed to be sustained to the Muromachi period by the shogunal guarantee on the family estate ('keryo ando').
- 日本で神道学科のある大学は皇學館大学と國學院大學の2校のみで、所定の課程を修了することで正階、さらに必要な実習を経て明階(「階位」参照)が授与される。
- In Japan only two universities offer a course of study in Shinto, Kogakkan University and Kokugakuin University; students who complete the predetermined course of study are given the rank of seikai (the third-highest rank of Shinto priests), while those who go on to complete the additional practical training required earn the rank of meikai (the second-highest rank; for more information on ranking, see 'Ranks').
- 恒例の行事については、庸や調を継承したとされる年料・率分によって賄われ、臨時の行事については行事所や蔵人所が召物・所課などの形式で諸国に負担を配分した。
- The events in the established custome were alloted from nenryo (annual tribute) and ritsubun (ritsubun 〔the tax system where two-tenth of the tax delivered from the provinces to the Ministry of Finance at Heian-kyo were supplied to the tax storage called 'ritsubun-do'〕) that is said to have replaced yo and cho, and the extra events were borne by each province in form of meshimono or shoka (imposition) allocated by gyojisyo or kurodo dokoro (the Office of Imperial Household Logistics).
- 「古都保存法(古都における歴史的風土の保存に関する特別措置法)」により、政令で定める市町村」が「古都」とされ、指定地区内の開発制限などが課せられている。
- According to 'Koto Hozon ho' (The Ancient Capitals Preservation Law,) it is the ordinance of local governments that designates a city or a town or a village as 'an ancient capital,' and once it was designated as 'an ancient capital' development is restricted in the specified area.
- これにより基準年以前に発生していた荘園は臨時課税の対象として正式に公認化されることとなり、それまで散在していた荘園を一つの領域に統合する措置も行われた。
- Because of this, the shoen that had existed before the acts came to be officially recognized as the subject to the extraordinary taxation, and measures to integrate the shoen that had been scattered was taken.
- 龍谷大学・京都産業大学・ 京都文教大学・関西福祉科学大学・ 皇學館大学・ 愛知大学・ 九州産業大学と小学校教諭免許状課程履修に関する協定を締結している。
- It concluded agreements regarding the certified elementary school teacher's license course with Ryukoku University, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto Bunkyo University, Kansai University of Welfare Science, Kogakkan University, Aichi University and Kyushu Sangyo University.
- また、殖産興業のために工芸品の意匠・デザインに関する教育をおこなうことも目的のひとつであり、その課程に西洋画を導入したことは当時としては画期的であった。
- Also, another purpose was to provide education in the design of crafts in order to encourage new industry, and it was history making for a school of that time to introduce Western Painting in educational courses.
- 政府と衆議院の民党の間において中立を標榜し、国利民福のために政府と民党などの政党側が協調して「責任内閣」を組織して内外の課題にあたるべきであると主張した。
- It advocated the neutrality between the government and minto (general term of the political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a han-dominated government when imperial Diet was inaugurated) of the House of Representatives and argued that the government and parties such as minto should collaborate and form 'a responsible cabinet' to work on the internal and external matters for the national interest and people's welfare.
- 地震の多いことが日本の課題の一つであったが、耐震構造技術が進み、かつては百尺(31m)に制限されていた規制も緩和され、超高層建築が建てられるようになった。
- Frequent earthquakes was a problem in Japan, but, as quake-resistant technologies improved, the height restriction of 100 shaku (31m) was eased and more high-rise buildings were constructed.
- 準則訓練のうち普通職業訓練(短期間の訓練課程で厚生労働省令で定めるものを除く。)における職業訓練指導員は、都道府県知事の免許を受けた者でなければならない。
- A vocational training instructor for ordinary vocational training (excluding short-term training courses specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare) from among statutory vocational training shall hold a license granted by the prefectural governor.
- 「日本人は世界人となって、大いに国民的基盤を整備しなければならない」という明治維新の最重要課題を国民全員に印象付けることに留意するなどの修正を施している。
- He revised the Charter Oath to impress the nation with the Meiji Restoration's top-priority issue that 'the Japanese should be globalized to establish a great national basis.'
- 天平3年(731年)に京・畿内を対象に兵馬の権を与えられた新田部(にいたべ)親王の例に倣ったものであり、畿内近国に兵士役と兵糧米を課して臨戦体制を築いた。
- This appointment was to follow the example of Imperial Prince Niitabe, who in 731 had been given Heiba no ken (the right of supreme military power) over Kyoto and Kinai, and Kiyomori prepared for war by imposing forced military service and provisions in the Kinai and Kingoku provinces.
- 荘園においては年貢・公事が賦課される名田を対象とするのが一般的であるが、荘園領主直営の佃・正作や一色田・給名田をはじめとする雑役免の対象地、散田などを含む。
- In the manors, myoden (rice-field lots held by a nominal holder), which were subject to nengu and kuji, were generally categorized as joden, but also any lands which were subject to zoyakumen (exception from all levies except the regular land tax) including the cultivation of fields and rice fields directly managed by the manor owners, as well as isshikiden (partially exempt fields), kyumyoden (rice fields given to an officer or a steward of a manor by his lord), and sanden (deteriorated rice fields) were included in the category.
- 律令制では、王土王民および一君万民の理念のもと、人民(百姓)に対し一律平等に耕作地を支給し、その代償として、税・労役・兵役が同じく一律平等に課せられていた。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, based on the ideas of odo omin and ikkun banmin, cultivated land was granted equally to the people (peasants) who, in return, had to provide taxes, labor, and military service.
- これは氏族社会における血縁関係者に課された集団責任・連帯責任が、氏族社会の崩壊と地縁による社会形成に伴って転換されて慣習法化されたものであると言われている。
- This has been said to be the group responsibility/collective responsibility imposed on people in a blood relationship in a clan society, that changed into a common law, following the collapse of a clan society and social shaping by territorial connections.
- その代替として調及び雑徭などの課役の一部が免除され、また兵役も免除されていたが、品部と比較すると、内容・待遇の両面において重労働に従事したと考えられている。
- In return, they were exempted from part of assignments imposed, such as cho (tributes) and zoyo (irregular corvee), as well as from military service, but it is thought that they were engaged in harder work than shinabe in terms of both contents and treatment.
- 永保2年(1082年)、当時50歳の永観が日課の念仏を唱えつつ、阿弥陀如来の周囲を行道していたところ、阿弥陀如来が須弥壇から下り、永観と一緒に行道を始めた。
- It says that 1082 when Yokan, aged 50, was reciting the daily Nembutsu as he walked around the statue, Amida Nyorai came to life, stepped down from its dais and began to walk round with Yokan.
- 更に高山義三京都市長や大達茂雄文部大臣が学校封鎖を「暴力革命」と非難して、当時の政治課題とされていた「教育2法案」の早期成立を訴えたために事態は益々混乱した。
- Furthermore, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor of Kyoto City, and Shigeo ODACHI, the Minister of Education condemned the blockage of the school as a 'Violent revolution' and required the early establishment of the 'Two Education Laws' that made the situation more confused.
- 観光化に伴うこうした例は地域振興と密着しているため根絶を求めるのは難しく、古墳や景観の保護のためできるだけ環境負荷を最小限に留めるのが今後の課題となっている。
- Such examples and issues are closely related to regional promotion, and since there is no end to this kind of problem, minimizing environmental stress for kofun and landscape protection are future issues.
- 569年(欽明30)の春正月に、詔で吉備国の白猪屯倉(しらいのみやけ)では、年齢が十歳あまりに達しているのに、籍に漏れているために賦課を免ぜられている者が多い。
- In the spring of 569, an edict stated that many people were exempt from paying taxes even if they were older than ten years old because they were not listed in the family register in Shirai no Miyake, Kibi Province.
- これは生産者に課税を行い、これを販売・輸出業者に対して価格転嫁させようという意図の下に導入されたものだが、これに反発した生産農家による「世直し一揆」が勃発した。
- Although the aim of this system was that imposing tax on producers would lead them to shift the increased burden for taxation onto salespeople and exporters for prices, this provoked agricultural producers into raising a reform riot.
- 1909年7月に韓国併合の方針が閣議決定されたものの、韓国統監府を辞して帰国していた伊藤博文はあくまでも併合自体は将来的な課題として早期合併に抵抗を続けていた。
- The policy on the annexation of Korea was decided at a cabinet meeting in July, 1909, but Hirobumi ITO, who resigned from the Korea Protection Agency, and came back to Japan, continued to resist the early annexation, believing the annexation should be conducted later in the future.
- この頃、個別人身支配から土地課税への転換に伴って、従来からあった租庸調・正税・雑徭・交易物などの税目が消え、新たに官物・臨時雑役などといった税目が出現していた。
- In the wake of the transition from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, former taxes, such as Soyocho, shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse), zoyo (irregular corvee) and trading goods, were abolished and new items of taxation, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and rinji zoyaku (general term for odd-job tasks), were introduced.
- 私領も国家租税である官物の賦課対象であったが、領主は、私領から私的な得分を収取することについて国衙の承認を受けており、地子の語はこの私的得分を指すようになった。
- Although private lands were also objects for imposition of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), the national land tax, feudal lords obtained the recognition of kokuga to the right to collect profit personally and the term of jishi referred to this personal profit.
- 更に鎌倉時代になると、雑役免の領主が地頭化して耕作民を在家と呼んで、夫役以外の公事に相当する雑公事や雑役に相当する在家役を賦課して自己のものにする例が見られた。
- During the Kamakura period, some landlords of Zoyakumen became jito (manager and lord of shoen), and they imposed zatsukuji, which corresponded to kuji other than buyaku (compulsory labor service), and zaikeeki, which corresponded to zatsueki, for their own interest while calling farmers zaike.
- 朝用分(ちょうようぶん・朝要分)とは、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)が兵粮と財政収入確保のために自己の支配下の寺社領地などに臨時にかけた課税のこと。
- Choyobun refers to the taxation that the Southern Court temporarily imposed on the territories of temples and shrines under their control in order to secure provisions and revenue during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 職業能力開発校(普通職業訓練(次号に規定する高度職業訓練以外の職業訓練をいう。以下同じ。)で長期間及び短期間の訓練課程のものを行うための施設をいう。以下同じ。)
- Polytechnic Schools (meaning facilities for providing long-term and short-term training courses for ordinary vocational training (meaning vocational training excluding advanced vocational training as prescribed in the following item; the same shall apply hereinafter); the same shall apply hereinafter);
- そして、荘園公領制や名体制が衰退して惣が編成されて町や村に自治的要素が登場すると、その町や村における行事に対しても百姓に対する公事の賦課が行われるようになった。
- And, when the system of shoen and koryo and the system of myo declined followed by formation of So (village) that let appear self-govermental element's in town and village, kuji also began to be imposed to peasants for any events in town or village.
- 政変が収束し、11月には禄制改革の協議が再開され、最終処分までの過渡的措置として、家禄に対する税を賦課する家禄税の創設や、大隈重信の提案で家禄奉還制が討議される。
- After such a political turmoil was concluded, the government started an argument on the reform of the stipend system again in November, and proposed a new tax which would be imposed upon Karoku as a transitional measure until complete abolition of the stipend, and a Karoku returning system which was conceived by Shigenobu OKUMA.
- このため、神社・仏事に帰属されるべき所領(神物・仏物)が僧侶・神官の私物(僧物・仏物)になってしまった状態を元の状態に戻すことが寺社興行における最大の課題となる。
- In such circumstances, the biggest problem in the Jisha Kogyo was to restore the situation that the shoryo which should belong to the shrine or the Buddhist temple (god's belongings, Buddha's belongings) was treated as the private things of the Buddhist monks and the Shinto priests (monk's belongings, Buddha's belongings) to the original state.
- 『占事略决』について諸説あるが、安倍家における家伝を背景として、六壬神課について簡略に解説した書籍であり、中世陰陽道の研究に必須の文献資料 (歴史学)と解される。
- Though there are various theories on 'Senji ryakketsu,' it is regarded indispensable documentary records (history) for the study of medieval Onmyodo, since it briefly explains Rikujinshinka based on the tradition of the Abe family.
- 前項の条件は、当該指定に係る事項の確実な実施を図るために必要な最小限度のものに限り、かつ、当該指定を受ける者に不当な義務を課することとなるものであってはならない。
- The conditions set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be limited to the minimum necessary for the sure implementation of the matters pertaining to said designation, and shall not be such as to impose undue obligations on the person obtaining said designation.
- The conditions set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be limited to the minimum but enough to secure steady implementation of the matters pertaining to said designation, and shall not result in imposing unreasonable duties on the juridical person subject to the said designation.
- 学校教育法による大学又は高等専門学校における理科系統の正規の課程を修めて卒業した者で、その後三年以上建設工事の施工における安全衛生の実務に従事した経験を有するもの
- A person who has completed and graduated from the regular course of science line of a university or a technical college accredited under the School Education Act and has business experiences having engaged in the field of safety and health in the execution of construction work for three years or longer.
- 63年里見とともにテレビドラマシナリオ『青春放課後』を書くがその後体調に異変あり、4月がんセンターで手術、いったん退院するが10月に東京医科歯科大学病院に再入院。
- In 1963, he collaborated with Satomi on a TV script 'Seishun Hokago,' but fell ill and had to have an operation at the Cancer Center in April, and after being discharged he was readmitted to the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital in October.
- 一方、個々の荘園や公領を現地において経営している在地領主(預所や荘官、地頭ら)が荘園領主や国衙からの公事とは別個に必要に応じて独自の雑公事を賦課する場合があった。
- On the other hand, there was a case that local lords (azukaridokoro, shokan or jito) managing each shoen or koryo on the site imposed their original statute labor as necessary, apart from kuji from lords of the manor or kukoga.
- だが、土地の賦課の是非は大名などの領主の権限と考えられていたこと、従来の検地に代わる大規模な測量の必要性があることから、政府内でも賛否両論があってまとまらなかった。
- However, this proposal was not put into practice because there were arguments for and against within the government; the main reasons for the opposition lied in that at that time it was believed that the authority to impose land tax or not lied in the feudal lords such as daimyo and that it was necessary to conduct a large scale land survey replacing the existing nationwide land survey before getting into the land-tax reform.
- 官人の人事評価制度(人事考課)、礼式、及び選叙(叙位及び任官)、行賞を司り、役人養成機関である大学寮を統括するため、八省の内でも中務省に次いで重要な省とされてきた。
- Shikibu-sho was regarded as the most important ministry after Nakatsukasa-sho (Ministry of Central Affairs) among the eight central ministries, because it managed the personnel evaluation system (the Personnel Rating Section was responsible), the code of etiquette, the recruitment and promotion (the conferment of a court rank and appointment to an office), and the award, with administering Daigaku-ryo - an organization for training up government officials.
- が、元和 (日本)2年10月13日 (旧暦)(1616年)付で出された煙草に関する禁令には既に煙草栽培を行った農民及び同地の代官に過料を課していた(『東武実録』)。
- The ban on tobacco issued on November 21, 1616 had already stated that any farmer growing tobacco and a daikan (a local governor) with administration of the territory in which the farmer resided shall be imposed Karyo ('Tobu Jitsuroku').
- 下りホームには改札横のスロープ通路から、上りホームにはホーム裏から下記運輸課への入口を介して車椅子等での移動が可能であるが、定期乗車券販売所やトイレへの移動は困難。
- Although persons in wheelchairs can move to the platform for outbound trains through a ramp beside the ticket checkers and to the rear of the platform for inbound trains through the entrance to the Transportation Section, it's impossible for them to move to the commuter ticket sales office and/or the toilets.
- 農奴の保有財産は、名目上は領主と借地人(農奴)との合意に基づくものとされていたが、実際には、ほぼ強制的に世襲させられていた(相続時に領主への支払が課せられていた)。
- The estate owned by serfs was notionally based on the agreement between the lords and the tenants (serfs), but in fact was obligatorily succeeded by heredity (on succession, the payment to the lords were imposed).
- 賦課を行う主体によって、勅事(勅役)・院事(院役)・国事(国役)・神事(神役)・仏事(仏役)・天役・本所役・本家約・預所役・下司役・武家役・地頭役・守護役などがある。
- Corresponding to the officials that handled the imposition, there were chokuji (chokuyaku) (tax imposed by the Imperial Court), inji (inyaku) (imposed by In), kokuji (kokuyaku) (imposed by kokushi), shinji (shinyaku) (imposed by Shinto shrine), butsuji (butsuyaku) (imposed by Buddhist temple), tenyaku (provisional imposition for any emergency or construction), honjoyaku (imposed by administrative headquarters of manor), honkeyaku (imposed by head family), azukaridokoroyaku (imposed by custodian), gesuyaku (imposed by lower ranking officer), bukeyaku (general tax imposed in Kamakura and Muromachi Bakufu), jitoyaku (imposed by manager and lord of manor), shugoyaku (imposed by provincial constable) and so on.
- 寛永3年(1626年)及び同11年(1634年)に行われた征夷大将軍上洛の際に供奉者の道中作法を定め、違反者には死罪 (江戸時代)を含めた厳しい処罰を課すこととした。
- In journeys of Seii Taishogun to Kyoto conducted in 1626 and 1634, regulations on accompanying people's manners during the journey were established and it was stipulated that those who violated the regulations were punished severely, and sometimes sentenced to death (Edo period).
- 9世紀後期に至って律令制的な人民支配・租税収取に限界が生じたため、10世紀初頭より、地方政治への大幅な統治委任や個別人身支配から土地課税原則への方針転換が進められた。
- As the limitation of people-based governance/tax collection under the Ritsuryo system became clear in the late 9th century, policy changes, such as substantial delegation of authority to local administrative bodies and the switch from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, were implemented in early 10th century.
- 翌1926年1月15日には東京検事局の平田勲らが指揮をとり、記事報道を差し止めた上で各府県警察部特高課を動員して以後4ヶ月にわたって全国的な社研会員の検挙が行われた。
- In the next year, on January 15, 1926, Isao HIRATA and others of the Tokyo prosecutor's office assumed command, suppressed news reports, and further mobilized the Higher Police Division of each prefectural police to arrest Shaken members all over the country over the following four months.
- 戦国時代_(日本)には戦国大名が自らの輸送・通信手段を確保するために、輸送業者に対して伝馬や小荷駄などの義務を課して、それと引換に駄賃馬稼の許可を与えるようになった。
- During the Sengoku period (period of Warring States), in order to secure their own means of transportation and communication, Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) imposed duties such as posts and provisions on carriers in exchange for permission to use Dachin-uma kasegi.
- しかしこの記述が、月将と時刻の十二支から天地盤を作成して、日の干支から四課を作成する手続きについての記述であることを理解するには、六壬神課についての知識が必須となる。
- However, knowledge about Rikijinshinka is indispensable in order to understand that this paragraph is the explanation of the procedures to make Tenchiban based on Gessho and junishi of the time and derive Shika based on the Oriental zodiac of the day.
- その後、尊氏は南朝に対して和議交渉を行ったときには現実的な課題である直義討伐を優先して南朝側の要求を全面的に受け入れて「降伏」し、南朝も尊氏と結んで直義討伐を命じた。
- When Takauji subsequently conducted peace negotiations with the Southern Court, he accepted all of the Southern Court's demands and 'surrendered' with the priority that Tadayoshi be killed, which was followed by an alliance between Takauji and the Southern Court which issued an order to hunt down and kill Tadayoshi.
- 幕府は守護大名庶家や足利氏譜代から奉公衆を編成し、在京奉公を課したが、一方で守護大名は国内の在地領主(国人)に対する支配を強め、その所領に応じた軍役を課すようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu formed the military guard of the shogunate from branch families of the territorial lords as provincial constable and hereditary vassals of Ashikaga clan and imposed service in Kyoto on them; on the other hand, the territorial lords as provincial constable tightened control over the local lords in their provinces and imposed military services on them according to their territories.
- 当時の利用客からは全社共通運賃を望む声が多く、また全社日露戦争によって課せられた通行税によって経営を圧迫していたため、三社合併と同時に運賃を4銭均一制とすることにした。
- As much of the commuters of those days demanded a standardized fare and all companies suffered from the new transportation tax due to the Russo-Japanese War, they decided to merge and fix the fare to four sen.
- 領家は、開発領主を現地管理者として荘官に任命し、荘官を通じて、荘園からの収穫を地子として徴収したり、荘園内の百姓(荘民)に労役を課したり(公事)して、自らの収入とした。
- Ryoke appointed kaihatsu ryoshu to shokan to manage the lands, and through them, ryoke obtained income for themselves by collecting harvests from shoen as jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) and required peasants (shomin) who worked within shoen to provide labor for kuji (public duties).
- しかしこの先例は、国司・田堵負名の間の個人的な約定であるともいえたため、新たに赴任した受領が前任者の先例を無視して、規定どおりの租税を田堵負名らに賦課することもあった。
- However, since such precedents could have been merely a personal agreements between the kokushi and tato fumyo, a new zuryo could ignore the precedent made by his predecessor to impose a prescribed tax to the tato fumyo.
- 日本の税体系は,10世紀頃の籍帳支配崩壊に伴う公地公民制の崩壊をうけて,課税が個別的人身賦課方式から土地賦課方式へ転換されるまで,人頭税を財源の中心とするものであった。
- Jintozei (primitive taxes which were imposed individually) were the core financial resources in the tax system of Japan until around the 10th century, when the taxation system was converted from an individual tax imposition system to a land tax imposition system: this conversion was triggered by the collapse of the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens, after the managing system based on the family register and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) had collapsed.
- 有力寺社・貴族は労働力の確保のため、在地の新興富豪層を荘長に任じ、負債のため流亡した貧しい人や課役の追及を逃れた人を荘園に迎え入れることで、経営の安定化を図ろうとした。
- Nobles, powerful temples and shrines attempted to stabilize the management of the shoen by appointing a resident of an emerging wealthy class as a sho cho (administrator of a manor) and maintaining a labor force by accepting impoverished people who had run off due debts or escaped from their distributed assignments.
- 初期の官物徴収は特に基準がなかったためにそれぞれの国例に従って官物率法が決定されて賦課されたが、国司による恣意的な賦課(官物加徴)やこれに対する農民側の抵抗も強かった。
- The initial Kanmotsu collection did not have any standards and Kanmotsu ritsuho was customarily decided and taxed in each province, but arbitrary taxation (Kanbutsu kacho) by Kokushi (officiers of the local government) occurred and resistance by farmers against this was strong.
- ただし、唐代の江南では兵役がほぼ免除されていたり、日本では東国(関東地方)ばかりが防人の兵役義務を負っていたなど、必ずしも一律的に兵役が課されていないという実態があった。
- In fact, military service was not equally imposed on the people so that, for example, in Tang China, people in Jiangnan were exempted from almost all of their military services, and in Japan, only the people of the Kanto region were required to serve as frontier guards.
- 領事裁判権を認め、関税自主権を喪失し、かつ片務的最恵国待遇を課した拙速な不平等条約であり、同様な条約がイギリス・フランス・オランダ・ロシアとも結ばれた(安政五ヶ国条約)。
- The treaty was unequal, granting consular jurisdiction and tariff autonomy to the US, and imposing on Japan a necessity to provide most favored nation status to the US; moreover, similar treaties were concluded with Britain, France, the Netherland, and Russia; eventually those treaties were called the Ansei treaties with five nations.
- また、勝手に手鎖を外せば「手鎖100日」の刑罰が課された(もっとも、予想される刑罰が過料・叱などの手鎖よりも軽微に留まる場合には始めから手鎖を免除されたまま預けられた)。
- In addition, if the person/organization in charge took off the handcuff of a criminal without permission, such person/organization was imposed tegusari penalty (confinement to one's residence and restraint in behavior with handcuffs on the wrists) for a hundred days (when the expected penalty was lighter than fine or 叱, the criminal was not handcuffed when taken to azuke).
- 1925年12月、京都府警察部特別高等警察課は、全市の警察署高等係を動員して京都帝大・同志社大学などの社研会員の自宅・下宿などを急襲、家宅捜索および学生33名を検束した。
- In December, 1925, the Special Higher Police Division of Kyoto Prefectural Police Department mobilized the Higher Police Division of all the city police to attack and conduct domiciliary searches on the houses and lodgings of all the members of Shaken of Kyoto Imperial University and Doshisha University, and arrested 33 students.
- 都道府県、市町村その他の公共団体は、左の各号に掲げる建物及び土地に対しては、租税その他の公課を課することができない。但し、有料で使用させるものについては、この限りでない。
- A prefectural, municipal or other government may not impose any tax or charge on a building and land listed in any of the following items; provided, however, that this shall not apply to those that are made available for use with charge:
- 近代化=西欧化そのものは明治時代に於いて一貫した課題であったが、文明開化という言葉は、一般に明治初期に、世相風俗がこれまでの封建社会から大きく変わった時期を指して使われる。
- While modernization = Westernization was the fundamental issue throughout Meiji period, the term Civilization and Enlightenment is generally applied to the conditions seen in early Meiji period, when the social conditions and customs of people dramatically changed from the former feudalistic society.
- そこで、10世紀後期ごろから、臨時の事業の費用を賄うため、ある国が料国(りょうごく)として指定され、料国の国司は主に公田(国衙領)を対象として臨時雑役を課するようになった。
- For this reason, in order to cover the expenses of such incidental events, from the late tenth century, a particular province was designated as a ryogoku and the kokushi (governor) of that ryogoku imposed temporary tasks mainly on the owners of koden (or kokugaryo - territories governed by a provincial government office).
- これを賄うために、朝廷は専売制度を復活させて財政の立て直しを図る共に、国家の直接所有地(官田)を設定して民間に貸し出し、小作料である高税率の公課(租)を徴収するようになった。
- To cover them, the Imperial Court restored monopolization and tried to rebuild the finances and established areas which were under the direct control of the state (kanden) to lease them to private hands and collected a high-rate tax as a farm rent.
- その後、軍国主義が激しさを増すと、天皇家を多く題材とした能には厳しい目が注がれるようになり、1939年(昭和14年)、警視庁保安課は不敬を理由に「大原御幸」を上演禁止とした。
- With militarism gaining momentum, Noh came under scrutiny since many of its stories featured the Imperial family and the Safety Division of the Metropolitan Police Department banned in 1939 the performance of 'Ohara Goko' on the grounds of irreverence for the Emperor.
- 緒嗣の力量を買われた人選ではあったが、同職の最大の課題である蝦夷平定に反対した前歴があること、生粋の貴族で兵法にも疎く体も丈夫ではない事を理由に3度にわたって辞表を提出した。
- Though Otsugu was an excellent choice with appreciation of Otsugu's ability, Otsugu submitted a resignation letter three times with the reasons that he had objected the subjugation of Ezo which was the most important task of the position, that he was a genuine nobleman and, therefore, he did not know much about the military strategies and, in addition, that he was physically weak.
- 各地にくすぶりを残しこの課題(以前からの山内家家臣を上士、旧長宗我部氏の家臣を郷士とした差別的扱い)は次代から幕末になるまで引き継がれ坂本龍馬などの人物が生まれることになる。
- This left problems throughout the province, and this issue of former Yamauchi family vassals being in higher positions and former Chosokabe clan vassals being discriminated against as country samurai continued until the end of the Edo period, ultimately leading to the birth of people such as Ryoma SAKAMOTO.
- 1983年2月の新幹線定期乗車券販売開始をきっかけに、新幹線通勤定期券を支給する企業の増加、さらに企業が支給する通勤定期券代の所得税非課税限度額の引き上げがそれに輪をかけた。
- Starting with selling commuter passes for Shinkansen in February 1983, the number of companies offering commuter passes for Shinkansen increased, and in addition, the limit of nontaxable income for commuter passes given by companies was raised, accelerating this trend.
- 朝廷と幕府に二分化されていた京都の行政権や課税権なども幕府に一元化するとともに、守護大名の軍事力に対抗しうる将軍直属の常備軍である奉公衆や奉行衆と呼ばれる実務官僚を整備する。
- The administration and taxation authorities, which had been divided between the Court and the Shogunate, were integrated and a unit called Hokoshu or Bugyoshu was organized to handle practical matters, and was a standing army comparable to the Shugo Daimyo's army in military strength.
- 従来、上位者から下位者に対して共同体の一員としてまたは自由民としての権利保障のために課されていた公事という語が下位者から上位者に対する訴願に用いられた背景は次のとおりである。
- The following is the reason why the word 'kuji,' which originally meant a responsibility that was imposed by a higher-ranking person on a lower-ranking person in order to secure their right to be a member of the community or a free citizen, began to be used to mean an appeal to a higher-ranking person by a lower-ranking person:
- 令規定に毎年八月末日までに京に進上するべく義務づけられた計帳とはこの目録を指し、京都ではこれによって毎年の歳入予定を知るとともに、全国の口数、特に課口数を掌握していたのである。
- These mokuroku were keicho that were required by law to be submitted to Kyoto no later than the end of the eighth month every year, and Kyoto planned the revenue for each year and for the number of households (especially households bearing duties) throughout Japan with mokuroku.
- 江戸幕府が日米和親条約や日米修好通商条約で長崎、下田、箱館、横浜などの開港や在留外国人の治外法権を認めるなどの不平等条約を結ばされ、明治初期には条約改正が外交課題となっていた。
- The Edo Shogunate was forced to conclude unequal treaties, namely, the Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States and Japan and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, which prescribed the opening of ports including Nagasaki, Shimoda, Hakodate and Yokohama, and approval of extraterritoriality of foreign residents, and therefore the revisions of the treaties were a diplomatic issue in the early Meiji period.
- この政権の課題は、将軍が短命・幼弱ということもあり、「如何にして将軍個人の人格よりも将軍職の地位とその権威を高めるか」であり、綱吉の頃と同様、朱子学の影響を受けた政策と言える。
- The challenge of this government was 'how to enhance the status and authority of the shogunate, regardless of a shogun's own personality,' due to the fact that Shogun Ietsugu was not gifted with longevity and he was immature, and therefore, it can be said that the policies in this age were under the influence of Neo-Confucianism just as in the age of Tsunayoshi.
- (ただし、本来は人身に対する名別であり、在家別のような家屋(及び附属する宅地・田畠・住民をセットとする)に基づく賦課や反別のような土地に基づく賦課は後世に発生したものである)。
- (Tax was originally imposed on a person, but the imposition of tax on a person's house (including adjacent residential land, fields and residents) and that on the area of a person's rice field were established in later generations.)
- 不輸荘園はこれを回避すべく、有力貴族に働きかけて雑役免除の官符・宣旨を獲得していたが、国司側もさらに一国平均の雑役賦課を上級官庁へ申請し、認可を受けて不輸荘園へ対抗していった。
- In order to avoid paying taxes, owners of fuyu shoen influenced powerful aristocrats to obtain kanpu (official documents from Dajokan, or Great Council of State) or senji (an imperial letter) to become task or tax exempt; however, provincial governors then requested reinforcement of ikkoku heikin task or tax imposition to a superior authority, had their request approved, and countered fuyu shoen owners.
- しかし名田が確立できなかった地域や、供御人・神人など名田体系では把握できなかった人々が存在したので、これらに対しても年貢などを賦課するために、在家を単位として収取したのである。
- However, the myoden system could not catch hold of some areas, nor could it catch hold of some people, such as 'kugonin' (privileged people who contributed provisions to the emperor) and 'jinin' (associates of Shinto shrines), so instead, zaike was newly introduced as the unit of taxation and labor enforcement in order to seize those areas and people.
- 学校教育法(昭和二十二年法律第二十六号)に基づく大学又は旧大学令(大正七年勅令第三百八十八号)に基づく大学において、心理学を専修する学科又はこれに相当する課程を修めて卒業した者
- A person completing a department specialized in psychology or other equivalent course in a university pursuant to the School Education Act (Act No. 26 of 1947) or in a university pursuant to the old ordinance for universities (Imperial Ordinance No. 388 of 1918);
- 一門の知行国には兵糧米が課せられ、能登国(教盛の知行国)・但馬国(経盛の知行国)は了承したが、紀伊国・佐渡国(頼盛の知行国)は「力不及」と返答した(『山槐記』12月10日条)。
- Chigyo koku under the control of family members were required to provide provisions for the troops; however, whereas Noto Province (Norimori's domain) and Tajima Province (Tsunemori's domain) agreed, the Provinces of Kii and Sado (both Yorimori's domains) replied 'it is impossible to meet requirements' (see the entry for December 10 in the 'Sankaiki').
- 一方越前では、下間頼照ら本願寺から派遣された坊官らが重税を課した事などにより、越前で一揆をおこした民衆との関係は悪化し、坊官の専横に反発し一揆が起こるという一揆内一揆まで起きた。
- Meanwhile in Echizen, Raisho SHIMOTSUMA and other priests dispatched from Hongan-ji Temple imposed a heavy tax and worsened a relationship with the citizens that had participated in the Ikki, resulting in 'ikki inside ikki,' where another Ikki broke out against the priests' tyranny.
- これに対して幕府は「請酒」と呼ばれる小売専門の酒屋や「日銭屋」と呼ばれる高利・日歩の新興金融業者に対しても課税を行うなどして税収低下を抑制しようとするが、税収回復は困難であった。
- As a countermeasure, the bakufu tried to curb the tax revenue decrease by imposing a tax on the'請酒' (sake retailer) and 'hizeniya' (new money-lender which lends money at a high interest rate with daily interest), however the tax revenue was not restored.
- 臨時雑役は主に雑徭にあたる賦課が変質したものでそこに交易(租庸調などで徴収された米を元手に国家・国衙に必要な物資を調達すること)などの要素が加えられたものであると考えられている。
- Rinjizoeki is considered to be a modified form of the corvee imposing forced labor, but later other elements, such as Kyoyaku (a task to acquire the necessary materials for the State and kokuga, using the rice collected through the Soyocho and other tax levying system) were added.
- また、『勝山記』などによれば、信虎の治世は度重なる外征の軍資金確保のために農民や国人衆に重い負担を課し、怨嗟の声は甲斐国内に渦巻いており、信虎の追放は領民からも歓迎されたという。
- Also, according to the 'Katsuyamaki,' due to the heavy burdens imposed on farmers and local samurais to secure fighting fund for the repeated wars against other provinces, Nobutora's territory was filled with hatred towards him, and people were pleased when he was banished.
- 同年、信長が堺に対して矢銭二万貫を課した際、会合衆たちが三好氏の力を背景に徹底抗戦の姿勢を見せたのに対し、宗久はこの要求を受け入れるよう信長と会合衆の仲介を行い、これに成功する。
- In the same year (1568), when Nobunaga imposed Yasen (war funds) of 20,000 kan on Sakai, Egoshu (wealthy merchants who led self-governing organizations) with backing of the Miyoshi clan, displayed do-or-die resistance, but Sokyu persuaded them to accept Nobunaga's demand and succeeded in mediating that conflict between Nobunaga and the Egoshu.
- 基本的には「全国画一」の地租への統合を従来通りあるいはそれ以上の水準で農民に賦課しようとする明治政府と生活の維持・改善のために生産余剰の確保を求める農民側との対立ということになる。
- Basically, the revolts were collisions between the Meiji Government that hoped to impose a uniform ratio of integrated land-tax on peasants at a level as high as, or even higher than, the conventional one, and peasants that hoped to preserve the surplus products in order to maintain and improve their standards of living.
- 1925年12月1日:この日早朝、京都府警特高課が京大・同大などの寄宿舎、両大学の社会科学研究会員の自宅・下宿を急襲、家宅捜索のうえ「不穏文書」多数を押収したほか学生33名を検束。
- December 1, 1925: Early in the morning, the Special Higher Police Division of Kyoto Prefectural Police Department attacked and conducted domiciliary searches on dormitories of Kyoto Imperial University, Doshisha University, and so forth as well as the houses and lodgings of members of the Shakai Kagaku Kenkyu-kai to seize a lot of seditious documents and arrest 33 students.
- 律令制の租税である租が変質したと考えられる官物・年貢に対して、雑徭など人身別賦課を引く雑公事・夫役・臨時雑役などを指して称した(庸・調の後身に関しては官物説と雑役説の両方がある)。
- Whereas Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and Nengu (land tax) are considered as the transformation of the tax, So (rice tax) of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), Zoyaku indicated Zokuji (all miscellaneous dues in the form of non-rice products and labor), Buyaku (labor service), Rinji Zoyaku (extraordinary irregular levies) that are considered as a continuance of a per-capita tax, Zoyo (irregular corvee) (regarding what the taxes of Yo [labor or alternative goods] and Cho [textile goods or alternative money] transformed into, there are two theories: one theory asserts Kanmotsu and another Zoyaku).
- 田租の賦課対象となる田地を輸租田といい、田租が免除された田地を不輸租田というが、口分田・位田・賜田・功田・郡司への職田が輸租田とされ、郡司以外の職田・寺田・神田のみが不輸租とされた。
- Rice fields subject to rice tax were called Yusoden, and rice fields exempt from rice tax were called Fuyusoden; kubunden, fields given to those at Fifth Rank or above, fields given by the emperor, fields given for meritorious deeds for the state, and fields given to local magistrates were treated as Yusoden, and fields allotted to government posts other than local magistrate, fields given to temples, and the fields given to shrines, were treated as Fuyusoden.
- 大名などの主君から給人へ課せられる軍役は「馬上○騎、弓○張、鉄砲○挺、鑓○本、旗○本」といった具合であったが、これに小荷駄隊や下人などの人夫もあわせた総人数が規定されることもあった。
- The military services imposed on the middle and lower ranking samurai who offered military services to the lord by lords such as the territorial lords were defined by 'the number of Mounted Warriors, the number of Bows, the number of Muskets, the number of Spears, and the number of Banners,' to which manpower including the numbers of such laborers as caravan of men and animals carrying supplies and low ranked people was sometimes additionally defined.
- ところがそれは裏を返せば前年度予算がそのまま実行された場合には、当時の日本にとっての緊急の課題であった殖産興業や富国強兵政策のための新規事業が実施できなくなるという事も意味していた。
- What this really meant was that, if the budget of the previous fiscal year was adopted to the new fiscal year, the Japanese government could not carry out the urgent tasks such as promotion of growth of new industry and implementation of new businesses to increase wealth and military power.
- しかし、父が職務怠慢の咎により郡目付役を解職永蟄居の処分となったため生活は困窮し外生課程に進学せずに弘道館教授で儒学・国学者であった枝吉神陽の私塾に学び、神道や尊皇思想に影響される。
- However, his father was punished for negligence of duty by being removed from the position of superintendent officer of the district and placed under house arrest which forced the family into poverty and meant that Shinpei could proceed to tertiary education, so instead he studied at the private school of Shinyo EDAYOSHI, a scholar of Confucianism and ancient Japanese literature and culture, where he was influenced by Shinto and the principle of reverence for the Emperor.
- 当時は応仁の乱が終わった直後で、京都の経済は疲弊していたが、義政は庶民に段銭(臨時の税)や夫役(ぶやく、労役)を課して東山殿の造営を進め、書画や茶の湯に親しむ風流な生活を送っていた。
- Following the end of the Onin War, the economy of Kyoto was in ruins but Yoshimasa imposed a tansen (surtax) and enslaved the population in order to proceed with the construction of his Higashiyama-dono villa while he indulged in such refined pursuits as calligraphy and the tea ceremony.
- 行政官庁としての樺太庁は、外務省への移管を経て、1949年6月1日、国家行政組織法の施行によって廃止されている(外務省条約局法規課『日本統治下の樺太』〈外地法制誌〉、1969年を参照)
- Karafuto-Cho as a government agency was transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs jurisdiction and was then abolished in June 1, 1949 under the National Government Organization Act (See 'Nihon Tochika no Karafuto' [Sakhalin under Japanese rule] , Gaimusho Joyakukyoku Hokika [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Treaty Bureau, Regulation Section]; 1969).
- 軍役は広義には民衆に課せられる夫役のうちの兵役なども含まれるが、狭義には封建制度における「御恩と奉公」の関係において、知行地の安堵(御恩)と引き替えに主君に軍事的奉公を行うことである。
- In a broad sense, gunyaku meant conscription which included the labor service that was imposed on the people; but in a narrow sense, gunyaku referred to a retainer's offering of military service to the lord in exchange for recognition and guarantee of ownership of the fief (debt) in the relationship of 'debts and service' in the feudal system.
- 更に負担する対象となる賦課によって御家人役・荘役・警固役・人夫役・段銭・棟別・人別・間別・牛別・帆別・山手・川手・浦役・関銭・津料・市庭銭・座銭・節料・一献料(礼銭)などに分けられる。
- Moreover, corresponding to the object that was subject to imposition, there were gokeninyaku, shoyaku, keigoyaku (guard tax), ninpuyaku (coolie duty), tansen (a tax on arable land), munebetsu (tax on building), ninbetsu (tax on people), mabetsu, ushibetsu (tax on cow), hobetsu (tax on sail), yamate (a toll collected at the station of the road), kawate (a toll collected at the checkpoint of the river), urayaku (coolie duty), sekisen (toll), tsuryo (a toll collected at a harbor), ichibasen (tax imposed to the market in shoen), zasen (reward paid by member of za to protector), sechiryo (food and drink of events or its expense), ikkonryo (reisen) (gift of money) and so on.
- 功田は令の規定上、口分田などと同じく田租が賦課される輸租田(ゆそでん)とされたが、時代が下り平安時代以降になると、田租が免除される不輸租田(ふゆそでん)とされることが多くなっていった。
- As stipulated in the law, originally Koden was treated as Yusoden (rice fields subject to taxation) like Kubunden (rice fields given to each farmer under the Ritsuryo system), but later, after the Heian period, Koden tended to be treated as Fuyusoden (tax free rice fields).
- 12世紀末に鎌倉幕府が成立すると、武家の棟梁である征夷大将軍が独自の政治的権限と政務及年中行事の体系を「公事」(政務としての)として構築し、家臣である御家人に対して「公事」を賦課した。
- In the late 12th century when Kamakura bakufu was founded, Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), a leader of samurai family, built a system of the political authority, government affairs and annual events as 'kuji' (as government affairs), and imposed 'kuji' to gokenin, vassals.
- 1951年4月: 旧京都工専 機械科・第二部機械科・電気科・化学工業科を母体に、京都工芸繊維大学工業短期大学部が設置された (創立時の学科: 機械電気科・化学工業科。3年制夜間課程)。
- April, 1951: Kyoto Institute of Technology, Industry Junior College Department was instituted from a parent organization of the Departments of Machinery, Second Machinery, Electricity, Chemical Industry in the Kyoto Special School of Technology under the old system as a parent organization (Departments at the time of establishment: Machinery Electric, and Chemical Industry department, three year night course).
- ただし、秀才 (科挙)・進士を選考する際に文選_(書物)・爾雅から問題が出されていたことが、『令集解』の内容から判明しており、文学なども教育課程には組み込まれていたものと考えられている。
- Meanwhile, it is also thought that other subjects such as literature were incorporated into the education program, as it was revealed from the content of 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) that there were some questions from Wen Xuan (a book), as well as Erya, in examinations to appoint shusai (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test) (the Imperial Examination) and shinshi (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test).
- 由来は平安時代中期に行われた庸や調に替わる朝廷からの臨時の賦課であったが、荘園公領制の確立とともに荘園・公領・座などでも徴収されるようになり、太閤検地による新たな租税体系確立まで続いた。
- It derived from the provisional imposition by the Imperial Court replacing yo or cho of Heian period, but along with the establishment of shoen koryo sei (manor and public land system), it began to be collected even in manor, public land and za, which continued until the establishment of a new taxation system by taiko kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).
- 11世紀になるとこの流れに、各々の国内の荘園・国衙領への一律的な課税(一国平均役)の動きが加わり、荘園と郡、郷、保に再編成された国衙領を個々の収取単位とする体制(荘園公領制)が成立した。
- Entering the eleventh century, in addition to this trend, the trend of levying tax evenly on shoen (manors) and Kokugaryo (the territory governed by a provincial government office) (called Ikkoku heikinyaku) was also generated, and the system in which tax was collected from shoen and Kokugaryo, which had been reorganized into Gun, Sato (an area within Gun) and Ho (an area within Sato), (called shoen koryo sei) was established.
- 当初、こうした臨時雑役は国衙領を対象としていたが、租納入が免除された不輸荘園が拡大するにつれて国衙領を浸食していったため、国司側の対抗手段として不輸荘園にも雑役が課せられるようになった。
- Temporary tasks and taxes were first collected from kokugaryo, but fuyu shoen that were exempt of tax submission expanded and as a result reduced kokugaryo, so the governor imposed taxes and tasks on fuyu shoen as well.
- 前条第六項第三号の養成施設又は同項第四号の講習会の登録に関して必要な事項は政令で、受講科目その他同項第三号の養成施設又は同項第四号の講習会の課程に関して必要な事項は厚生労働省令で定める。
- Necessary matters concerning registration of training institutes under paragraph (6), item (iii) of the preceding Article or training sessions under item (iv) of the same paragraph shall be specified by a Cabinet Order, and subjects and other necessary matters concerning courses at training institutes under item (iii) of the same paragraph and courses of training sessions under item (iv) of the same paragraph shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
- 明徳4年(1393年)には「洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々」が出され、幕府が京都の土倉・酒屋に対する一律に役銭課税が開始された後に土倉や酒屋の有力者の中から徴収を担当する納銭方が選ばれた。
- After the bakufu issued 'five rules regarding Doso and sake brewers scattered Rakuchu' in 1393 and started to levy the uniform yakusen tax on the Doso and sake brewers in Kyoto, Nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) was elected from leading Doso and sake brewers.
- そこから盛んな論争が巻き起こり、現在では広元の献策「権門勢家の庄公を論ぜず、兵粮米(段別五升)を宛て課す」は、「諸国平均」ではなく「五畿・山陰・山陽・南海・西海諸国」であるとされている。
- That started a feverish controversy, and now it is regarded that Hiromoto's proposed policy; 'imposing tax on rice (five-sho per tan) regardless of private estate or public estate' was not for 'all the provinces,' but for 'Goki (Yamato, Yamashiro, Settsu, Kochi and Izumi Provinces), the Sanin (mountain provinces behind the Sanyo or Inland Sea provinces), the Sanyo (Inland Sea provinces), the Nankai (southern provinces), and the Saikai (provinces on the western seacoast).'
- 江戸幕府を倒した薩摩藩・長州藩などの攘夷派を中心とした明治政府も、明治2年(1869年)に政府として改めて開国を決定して、以後は不平等条約の撤廃(条約改正)が外交課題となっていくことになる。
- The Meiji government, lead by the Satsuma and Choshu clans, which had defeated the Edo bakufu, decided to open the country in 1869 and abolish the unequal treaties..
- 公共職業能力開発施設の長は、公共職業訓練(長期間の訓練課程のものに限る。)を受ける者に対して、技能及びこれに関する知識の照査(以下この条において「技能照査」という。)を行わなければならない。
- The head of a public human resources development facility shall conduct the verification of trade skills and knowledge thereon (hereinafter referred to as "trade skill verification" in this Article) for persons who receive public vocational training (limited to long-term training courses).
- 前者は荒田・仏神田(寺田・神田、その他宗教行事経費)・人給(荘官や地頭など代官の給分)・井料(井戸や用水などの灌漑設備)などが挙げられ、それ以外の後者に対して実際の年貢・公事が賦課されていた。
- The former included run-down fields, fields belonging to shrines and temples (including expenses for other religious events), personnel costs (salaries for local governors such as shokan and jito), and the cost of water (irrigation facilities such as wells and irrigation channels), while the latter, categorized as the rest, was the basis on which nengu and kuji were imposed.
- 前項の条件は、当該許可の趣旨に照らして、又は当該許可に係る事項の確実な実施を図るために必要な最小限度のものに限り、かつ、当該許可を受ける者に不当な義務を課することとなるものであつてはならない。
- The conditions set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be limited to the minimum necessary in view of the purpose of the license concerned or for ensuring the implementation of matters related to the license concerned, and shall not be such as to impose any undue obligation upon the person who is granted the license.
- 続いて擬文章生及び蔭位の対象者、宣旨などで特に許された者に対して式部省が直接行う省試にて詩賦を課し、それに合格することにより初めて文章生になった(記録では極稀に文章得業生に抜擢された例もある)。
- Following this, gimonjosho, those who enjoyed On I (the automatic promotion of persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from the Imperial Prince to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents are above upper third rank) and those who were given permission by imperial decree would take Shoshi (an examination held by Shikibusho for determining whether applicants are employable) on poetry, which was held directly by the Shikibu sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) and those who passed this examination became monjosho (a record shows that in exceptional cases, students were promoted to monjo tokugosho).
- また本来は人身の労働によって負担する筈の公事が在家別・反別など財力に応じた負担に移行するようになったほか、代銭納や公事銭と呼ばれる金銭を負担させることを目的とした賦課も広く行われるようになった。
- Also, kuji that had been supposed to be paid with labor came to be load corresponding to financial power such as zaikebetsu or tanbetsu, and an imposition demanding money called daisenno or kujisen also began to be applied.
- だが、加徴を巡って国司と現地の農民との対立が激化するようになり、11世紀中期には一定の基準(官物率法)に従って官物・雑物が徴収されるようになり、それ以外の臨時の賦課を臨時雑物と呼ぶようになった。
- However, conflicts between Kokushi and the local farmers over Kacho became serious, and in the middle of the eleventh century, Kanmotsu and Zatsumotsu were collected following a certain standard (Kanmotsu rippo) and other temporary taxation was called Rinjizatsumotsu.
- 2人の兄と父の葬儀費用や江戸幕府から借用していた10万両の返済、家中への差上金の賦課、藩札の停止、藩内各地で甚大な被害を発生させていた災害の復旧費などで悪化していた藩財政の再建に手腕を発揮する。
- He demonstrated great ability in reconstructing the domain's financial situation that had deteriorated as a result of factors such as 100,000 ryo borrowed from the Edo Bakufu to pay the funeral expenses of his father and elder brother, taxes imposed on borrowing money from vassals, the suspension of domain bills, and relief costs for natural disasters that caused great damage throughout the domain.
- また、かつては昆虫採集は理科の自由研究の課題としてよく取り上げられたが、現在はこれが少なくなっている理由のひとつに、むやみに採集するより、しっかり観察することが大事だとの方向性の変換があげられる。
- Insect collecting used to be popular as a subject of students' science projects, however, it is not the case anymore; one of the reasons is the direction of education has shifted to emphasize the importance of a close observation of insects rather than a random colleciton of them.
- ただし、「役金」には上記のものと違う意味合いで用いられる場合もあり、例えば肝煎名主への給金や両替屋への賦課、池などで漁猟をする者への「池魚役」などの賦課などで「役金」という言葉が使われる例があった。
- However, in some cases, the word 'yakukin' was used in different meanings from the above: for example, salaries paid to village and town representatives, impositions on bankers, and impositions on pond fishers as 'pond fishing charges.'
- このような事例を受領層の苛政の表れと評価する意見もあるが、個別の事例を見ると受領が法令どおりに課税した例が圧倒的に多く、むしろ受領の方が遵法的であり、田堵負名層が私益を主張していることが判っている。
- Although there is an opinion that such cases reveal the harsh governance by the zuryo, when each case is looked at closely, clearly a great majority of the zuryo imposed tax according to the regulations, which shows that the zuryo were more law-abiding while the tato fumyo pursued their own interests.
- 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
- Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.
- 前項の条件は、当該許可、免許、指定又は登録に係る事項の確実な実施を図るため必要な最少限度のものに限り、かつ、当該許可、免許、指定又は登録を受ける者に不当な義務を課することとなるものであつてはならない。
- The conditions under the preceding paragraph shall be limited to the minimum necessary for the sure implementation of the matters related to said permission, license, designation or registration and shall not be such as to impose unjustifiable obligations on the person obtaining said permission, license, designation or registration.
- 新法の施行の際現になされている旧法第十二条第一項の認可(市町村に係る認可を除く。)又は旧法第十五条第一項若しくは第十六条第一項の認定は、高等訓練課程の養成訓練に係る新法第二十四条第一項の認定とみなす。
- The authorization set forth in Article 12, paragraph (1) of the Old Act (excluding authorization pertaining to municipalities) or the accreditation set forth in Article 15, paragraph (1) or Article 16, paragraph (1) of the Old Act which has already been granted at the time of the enforcement of the New Act shall be deemed to be the accreditation set forth in Article 24, paragraph (1) of the New Act pertaining to training programs of advanced training courses.
- また『曾良旅日記』には、仙台藩の軍事要塞といわれる瑞巌寺、藩の商業港・石巻港を執拗に見物したことが記されている(曾良は幕府の任務を課せられ、そのカモフラージュとして芭蕉の旅に同行したともいわれている。
- 'Travel Diary of Sora' describes that they repeatedly visited Zuigan-ji Temple, which was considered to be a military fortress of the Sendai Domain, and Port of Ishinomaki, the domain's commercial port (Some say that Sora had assignments of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)) and accompanied Basho's travel to cover that).
- この節に規定するもののほか、保険料の賦課及び徴収等に関する事項(特別徴収に関するものを除く。)は政令で定める基準に従って条例で、特別徴収に関して必要な事項は政令又は政令で定める基準に従って条例で定める。
- In addition to the provisions as prescribed in this Section, matters concerning imposition and collection, etc., of an insurance premium (except for those matters concerning special collection) shall be specified by an ordinance in accordance with standards determined by a Cabinet Order, and the necessary matters concerning special collection shall be specified by a Cabinet Order or ordinance in accordance with standards determined by a Cabinet Order.
- 韓国では1961年の計量法施行によって、公式にはメートル法に移行しているが、不動産の売買には坪を用いる実態があったため、2007年7月施行の改定計量法によって、使用すると罰金が課せられるようになっている。
- In South Korea, the measurement law enacted in 1961 had officially declared to switch into the metric system; however, the usage of tsubo unit was still common in practice for real estate business, thus the government revised the measurement law in July, 2007, imposing a penalty for the usage of tsubo unit in business purpose.
- 私領といってもその地の課税が免除される訳ではないが、国衙は旧来の郡とは別の、新しい徴税単位として、特別な命令書により税を軽減し、開発領主の私領領有を認め、同時に開発領主がその地の納税義務を負うことになる。
- Even though it is called a private estate, it did not mean that one was exempt from tax, but Kokuga were treated differently from former districts as a separate tax unit, lowered tax under a special order, permitted cultivating land owners to have their own private estates, and the kaihatsu-ryoshu gained the responsibility to collect other taxes simultaneously.
- 前項の条件は、第三十条第一項の許可の趣旨に照らして、又は当該許可に係る事項の確実な実施を図るために必要な最小限度のものに限り、かつ、当該許可を受ける者に不当な義務を課することとなるものであつてはならない。
- The conditions set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be limited to the minimum necessary in the light of the purpose of the license provided for in Article 30, paragraph 1 or for achieving the secure implementation of matters pertaining to said license, and shall not impose any undue obligation on the person receiving the license concerned.
- 未だにエレベーターやエスカレーターは設置されていないが、狭いホームと階段では設置するには大規模改修をしなければならず、また駅舎が東海道新幹線の橋脚と一体化しているためバリアフリーの面でも課題を残している。
- Though elevators and/or escalators aren't yet installed, large-scale renovation is required for the installation of such facilities due to narrow platforms and stairs; moreover, barrier-free facilities aren't sufficient because the station building is unified with the bridge piers of the Tokaido Shinkansen.
- 本来であれば九州に所領を持つ御家人がその任務にあたる性質のものであったが、後に弘安の役などを踏まえて東国・西国を問わずかつ公領や寺社本所領の荘官など鎌倉幕府との主従関係を有さない非御家人に対しても課された。
- Ikoku keigobanyaku should have been served by Gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogun in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods), who had their territories in Kyushu, but this service was later imposed on non-Gokenin groups of people, such as administrators of Koryo lands (belonged to the imperial courts) and Jishahonshoryo (lands that belonged to temples and shrines), who were not in the master-and-servant relationship with the shogunate at all, whether or not they resided in East part or West part of Japan, anticipating the Koan Warm
- 文政6年(1823年)の時点で「普一」と名乗っており、諸国を遍歴し、各地の名医を訪ね、療法や秘薬の教えを乞い、病人を普(あまね)く救う事を自分の課題として、「普一(病人に普く一灯をともす)」と号したとされる。
- He referred himself as 'Shinichi' in 1823, because of his own challenge to save all patients by making a tour of various provinces and visiting noted doctors in each place to ask for instruction in medical treatment and secret medicine, therefore it is said that he named himself 'Shinichi (kindle a light for all patients).'
- 12世紀に入り、荘園公領制が確立されていくとともに荘園においても荘園領主である公家や寺社が朝廷に対して一国平均役などの自己荘園の賦課免除の申請と荘園と公領に両属していた農民層を自己の荘民として取り込んでいった。
- In the 12th century, as shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) was coming to be established, court nobles, temples and shrines, that were also lord of the manor, began to apply for the exemption of imposition to their manor such as Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen (manor) and kokugaryoi (provincial land) in a province) with the Imperial Court, and began to take in the peasantry that had belonged to both manor and koryo as their own shomin (people of the manor).
- なお土地課税基調体制への移行の時期について、宇多天皇及び菅原道真の主導による寛平の治を王朝国家体制への転換準備期とし、延喜の治を時平による王朝国家体制への移行期であるとする意見(平田耿二,2000など)がある。
- Concerning the time when the old system shifted to the system based on tax on land, there is a view asserting that the era of Kanpyo no chi (Glorious rule in the Kanpyo era), led by the Emperor Uda and SUGAWARA no Michizane, was the preparatory period for the transition to the Dynastic polity regime and Engi no chi (Reign of Emperor Daigo), led by Tokihira, was the transitional period to the Dynastic polity regime (Koji HIRATA, 2000).
- 響流館[真宗総合学術センター](図書館、グループ閲覧室、総合研究室〈文学部・大学院〉、博物館、博物館学課程実習室、真宗総合研究所、メディアホール、マルチメディア演習室、教育研究支援部、ギャラリー、書店、購買部)
- Koru-kan (Shin Buddhist Comprehensive Academic Center) (Library, Group Reading Rooms, Comprehensive Research Room (Faculty of Letters/Graduate School), University Museum, Museology Training Room, Shin Buddhist Comprehensive Research Institute, Media Hall, Multimedia Rooms, Educational Research Support Center, Gallery, Bookstore, School store)
- また、年貢を納める「年貢地」と公事を納める「公事地」に分けて賦課する方法も行われるようになったが、太閤検地によって公事の賦課の権限及び公事地の存在は否定され、年貢の米納を中心とした租税体系に移行することになった。
- Also, a method separately imposing 'nenguji' that was paid with nengu and 'kujiji' that was paid with kuji began to be applied, but power of imposition kuji had as well as existence of kujiji were denied by Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey), then it turned to be a taxation system mainly paying with rice.
- 更に国司・目代・在庁官人によって運営されている国衙機構においても国司の館の警固や国分寺・一宮の修繕などを自己の管轄下にあった国衙領に負担を求めるようになり、荘園と同様に検注が行われて在家役として「公事」が課役された。
- Moreover, even in the structure of kokuga managed by kokushi, mokudai (deputy) and Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods), they began to ask Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) under their control to bear the load of guard of kokushi's residence or repair of Kokubun-ji Temple or Ichinomiya, thus a land survey was carried on as in shoen to impose kuji as zaikeyaku.
- 租税としての「所当」も本来は適切に賦課された官物・雑役・地子などの租税のことを指していたが、12世紀初頭頃より、単に「所当」をもって(公事や臨時雑役などの臨時の賦課に対する)正規の賦課を意味する言葉となったのである。
- Shoto,' which meant tax, originally indicated taxes properly levied such as kanmotsu (produce tax), zoyaku (miscellaneous labor services), and jishi (land tax); but from the beginning of the 12th century, 'shoto' solely meant a regular levy (in contrast to such extraordinary levies as kuji and extraordinary odd-jobs).
- 9世紀末~10世紀初年に醍醐天皇及び藤原時平が主導した律令制復活の最後の試みである延喜の治が失敗に終わると、次代の朱雀天皇及び藤原忠平は、個別人身支配を基調とする体制から土地課税基調の体制へと大きな政策転回を行った。
- When the Engi no chi (Reign of the Emperor Daigo), the last attempt for reviving the Ritsuryo system led by the Emperor Daigo and FUJIWARA no Tokihira during the period from the end of the 9th century to the early 10th century, ended in failure, the emperor Suzaku, his successor, and FUJIWARA no Tadahira made a bold policy change from the principle of people-based governance to that of tax on land.
- しかし、1170年以降、マネーサプライの増大とそれがもたらしたインフレーションの結果、貴族たちは、賃貸していた土地や財産を取り戻すとともに、文字どおり減退してしまった現金支払の固定価値と同等の労役を再び課していった。
- However, after 1170, money supply increased and thus inflation happened and as a result, the aristocrats came to impose the same labor service as the fixed value of paying cash which was literally diminished as well as regaining the leased lands and assets.
- 江戸幕府においては『科条類典』に享保3年(1718年)に白紙の手形と引換とした借金契約を結ばせた貸主に初めて過料を課したという記述があることから、徳川吉宗の享保の改革の一環として過料が導入されたという学説が存在していた。
- During Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) ruling period, 'Kajoruiten' (a collection of classified regulations and laws) mentioned that Karyo was imposed on a lender who made a debt contract by using an empty promissory note the first time in 1718, therefore, there was a theory that Yoshimune TOKUGAWA introduced Karyo as a part of Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform).
- 設立経緯により東京府を中心とした都市部で活動し、地租軽減は訴えても営業税などの商工業者への課税の軽減には積極的とは言えなかった民党に代わる受け皿としての期待から、同年の第4回衆議院議員総選挙では須藤・田口ら4名が当選した。
- Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai operated in urban areas around Tokyo Prefecture due to its reason for establishment, and its four candidates including SUDO and TAGUCHI were elected in the fourth general election of members of the House of Representatives in 1894 in the hopes of changing from Minto (general term of the political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a domain government when the Imperial Diet was inaugurated) that was reluctant to reduce business taxes of commercial and industrial men while asserting a reduction in land taxes.
- また、契約期間中に買主に違約があった場合には売主は本銭返と同じように直ちに買戻しが認められた(本銭弁償文言)をはじめ、売主の課役負担や抵当物件の処理、入質の設定、罪科文言などの多くの条件が契約を記した証文中に記されていた。
- Furthermore, most contracts had many provisos written into them that stipulated the wording of what constituted a crime or breach to ensure that if the buyer broke the agreement made with the buyer during the contract period, it would be recognized that the seller would immediately buy back whatever was sold, just as with a honsengaeshi (a land sale that had the seller buy the land back in such a situation; nenki-uri were also worded in such a way as to have sellers buy back whatever had been sold), and moreover, that the seller's obligations for labor (and the distribution of other assignments) as well as the collateral offered for the sale would be disposed of, and that those possessions which could be sold would be pawned.
- だが、欧米列強との交渉が始まると、日本に民法典が無いことが列強による治外法権を正当化させる理由の一つに挙げられて、幕末から明治初期の日本において、不平等条約条約改正という政治的課題の一つとして民法典の整備が急務とされていた。
- However, when negotiations were started beween Japan and the allied western powers, the fact that Japan lacked Minpoten became one reason to justify exterritoriality of the western powers, so that in Japan from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, the preparation of Minpoten was an urgent matter as one of political tasks to revise unequal treaties.
- 中でも関西線の101系は、前年8月の台風10号による王寺駅構内電留線の冠水による101系の大量廃車により、首都圏からこれまた廃車予定車の101系をかき集めて運行していたことから、これらの置換えは緊急の課題となっていたものである。
- These replacements were urgently required especially by the Kansai Line which was compelled to scrap many 101-type cars due to damage caused by water-covered storage tracks within the enclosure of Oji Station when typhoon No.10 attacked that area in August of the previous year, though the Kansai line managed to operate other scrap-determined 101-type cars collected from other lines in metropolitan area.
- その結果、中央財政にも影響を与えるようになり、宋王朝では乾興 (宋)元年(1022年)に官僚荘園を30頃、将吏衙前荘園を15頃に制限する提案が出されたものの失敗し、その後限田免役法を行って免役の範囲や寄進に制約を課そうとしている。
- As a result, the finance of the central government was influenced by this and during the Sung dynasty in 1022, the proposition that the manors owned by a bureaucrat be limited to 30 and shorigozenmaeshoen to 15 was issued but it failed and later the regulations of tax exemptions were promulgated to impose the restrictions on the range of tax exemptions and the donations.
- 公共職業能力開発施設は、職業訓練の水準の維持向上のための基準として当該職業訓練の訓練課程ごとに教科、訓練時間、設備その他の厚生労働省令で定める事項に関し厚生労働省令で定める基準に従い、普通職業訓練又は高度職業訓練を行うものとする。
- Public human resources development facilities shall provide ordinary or advanced vocational training in accordance with the standards provided by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for each training course of said vocational training with a view to enhancing and maintaining levels of such training concerning its curriculum, training hours, equipment or other matters specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
- 今後の課題としては、地表の水分量や植生の状態、作物の種類や分布、家畜の分布、地下水の取水状況などの継続した調査や、観測機器の整備、観測データの常時共有化、黄砂の定義や分類の統一、黄砂の予測技術の改良、対策の評価などが挙げられている。
- The following are considered as future problems to be tackled: Continuing surveying the water amount and state of flora on the earth surface, the kinds and distribution of crops, the distribution of livestock, and the continuous survey of the state in which underground water is taken up, deploying advanced observation instruments, enabling observed data to be shared anytime, unifying the definitions and classifications of kosa, improving kosa-forecasting technologies, and evaluating the measures taken.
- 「株式会社和泉宗家」の代表取締役である節子はこの問題に関し、「税務調査が入り見解の相違があったことは事実だが、簿外口座などは存在しない」として、この疑惑を全面的に否定しているが、追徴課税は、重加算税などを含め1億円を越すといわれた。
- Setsuko, the representative director of Izumi Soke Co., denied the suspicion by saying 'It is the case that tax inspection was conducted and difference of views existed, but the company has no off-the-book account,' but the company was imposed reportedly over \100M of back taxes including a penalty for tax evasion.
- 環境税のうち特に炭素税については、二酸化炭素排出に対して直接課税を行う手法により、それまでの外部費用を内部化し、つまり従来は環境汚染に対する外部性ために市場経済の中で環境負荷が考慮されなかった市場の失敗を補正する役割を担うものである。
- As for a carbon tax in particular, among environmental taxes, conventionally external expenses are internalized by the method of direct taxation against the emissions of carbon dioxide, that is, it has a role of correcting the failure of a market, where an environmental burden is not considered so far in a market economy because of the externality against environmental pollutions.
- 2001年 大学院教育学研究科生涯教育専攻(博士後期課程)を開設、通信制大学院に文学研究科国文学専攻・社会学研究科、社会学専攻を開設、国文学科を日本語日本文学科に改称、中国文学科を中国語中国文学科に改称、英文学科を英語英米文学科に改称
- 2001: The school installed the Graduate School of Education, Lifelong Education Program (Ph.D.) and opened the Graduate School of Literature, Japanese Literature Program and the Sociology Program within the Graduate School of the Correspondence School of the Correspondence Division; additionally, the Department of Japanese Literature renamed as the Department of Japanese Language and Literature, the Department of Chinese Literature was renamed as the Department of Chinese Language and Literature, and the Department of English Literature was renamed as the Department of English Language, British and American Literature.
- 明治政府の外交政策にとって、この是正は重要な課題のひとつとなるが、逆に一部の国粋主義者からは居留地の存在が外国の思想や宗教から日本の伝統・文化を守る防壁になっているという見地からの存続論も登場して複雑な論争を招くことになった(内地雑居)。
- While this change was an important policy issue for the Meiji government, complicated disputes arose among some nationalists as to whether the settlements acted as a bulwark protecting Japanese tradition and culture from foreign ideas and religion.
- 同じ頃、天皇や院、寺社、摂関家などの他の権門に仕えていた神人・寄人・供御人などの非農業民である職能民に対して、本来在家として課される公事を免除される(免在家)とともにその代償としてそれぞれの職能に応じた奉仕を行い、これも「公事」と称した。
- During the same period, nosyokumin (workers engaged in special vocations), who were non-peasants including jinin (shrine associates), yoriudo (a dependent, frequently one who served a noble house or proprietor) and kugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) who served another influential family such as Emperor, In, temples, Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) and so on were exempted from kuji that was supposed to be imposed to zaike (local cultivator household) (Menzaike), and as a compensation, they provided with service corresponding to their professional ability, which was also called 'kuji'.
- 旧来の恩赦規定をそのまま残すものの、より儀式的なものとして手続の主体を評定所に置くとともに、旧来は縁座のケースも含めて15歳以下の未成年にも課されていた追放などの重罰については直ちに恩赦の対象とするなどの事実上の刑罰の緩和策が盛り込まれた。
- A scheme to mitigate actual punishments was incorporated, although former regulations on pardon remained as they were, but they were put together with conventional procedures in the hands of the council chamber, and Juveniles younger than fifteen who were formerly given severe punishments like banishment including cases where they were guilty only because of a relative's crime (enza) became eligible for pardon right away.
- こうした規定は鎌倉幕府が御家人に対して課していた御家人役が円滑に行われるためには、惣領に対する族的結合と財政基盤の確保が必要であり、そのために惣領の権限強化を図って御家人の所領分散による窮乏化を最低限に留めるためのものであったとされている。
- These rules were set because, for Gokeninyaku (the posts of retainers), the task the Shogunate set to Gokenin (vassals), to be carried out smoothly, the strong connection of the family toward the heir and assurance of financial base were necessary; and for this, the Shogunate needed to minimize the Gokenin's impoverishment from property dispersion by strengthening the power of the heirs.
- 9世紀末頃より、租庸調・雑徭・正税などといった律令制に基づく税体系が解体され始め、まず地方(国衙)レベルの徴収において官物と臨時雑役に分けた賦課・徴収が行われるようになり、次第に中央(朝廷)レベルでも同様の徴収が行われるようになっていった。
- Since the end of the 9th century, the tax system had been based on the Ritsuryo system, with Soyocho (taxes on rice, labor or alternative goods, and textile goods or alternative money), Zoyo (irregular corvee), and Shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouses), however, this system was gradually dismantled, and at the local (kokuga) level, dual taxation consisted of Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and Rinjizoyaku began to be imposed and collected, and gradually this way of taxation extended to the central (Imperial Court) level.
- このように現在伝えられる聖徳太子像は、様式上の問題点と同時に、阿佐太子に対する記録が大韓民国側資料にはないという事実によって、未解決の課題だが、三国時代 (朝鮮半島)当時の百済と日本との活発な交流を考慮すれば、その可能性は充分に認められる。
- It is quite possible that Prince Asa did make a portrait of Prince Shotoku, considering the active cultural exchange between Baekje and Japan at that time, during the Three Kingdoms period (of Korean history); however, the matter is still in doubt, due to stylistic problems with such an attribution and the fact that historical records in the Republic of Korea do not mention Prince Asa.
- 第一項の規定により公共職業安定所の業務の一部を分担する学校の長(以下「業務分担学校長」という。)は、第五条の五本文及び第五条の六第一項本文の規定にかかわらず、学校の教育課程に適切でない職業に関する求人又は求職の申込みを受理しないことができる。
- Heads of schools who undertake a part of the businesses of the Public Employment Security Offices pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 (hereinafter referred to as "business-undertaking school heads") may reject offers for posting job offerings or offers for registering as a job seeker, with respect to jobs that are not relevant to the courses of education given by the schools, notwithstanding the provisions of the main clause of Article 5-5 and the main clause of Article 5-6, paragraph 1.
- 市町村(前項ただし書に規定する市町村を除く。次項において同じ。)は、前条第二項又は第三項の規定による通知が行われた場合においては、当該通知に係る第一号被保険者に対して課する当該年度の保険料の一部を、特別徴収の方法によって徴収することができる。
- A Municipality (except for a Municipality as prescribed in the proviso of the preceding paragraph; the same shall apply in the following paragraph), in a case when notification is issued pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) or paragraph (3) of the preceding Article, may collect a portion of an insurance premium of said fiscal year that is imposed upon a Primary Insured Person pertaining to said notification by the method of special collection.
- なお、検注に際して国衙側の公文が持つ土地台帳と荘園側の公文が持つ台帳を勘合する際の事務経費を公文勘料(くもんかんりょう)と呼び、検注時に農民に対して臨時に賦課されて、実際の経費及び実務に当たった荘園側の公文に対する得分(報酬)として宛がわれた。
- In addition, kumon kanryo, the clerical expense at kenchu (land survey) for checking the cadaster owned by kumon of kokuga against that of kumon of shoen, was imposed on peasants as extra tax at the time of kenchu, in order to cover the actual expense and the reward to kumon of shoen who actually handled the practice.
- 戦後では、栄典や顕彰・表彰・人事考課などという概念が一般的となり、公的に恩賞の概念は用いられないが、政権獲得や内閣成立に功績のあった与党政治家の重要役職への就任や入閣があった場合に、論功行賞人事や恩賞人事と揶揄される場合に用いられることもある。
- After the War the notions of honor, public recognition, commendation, and performance review have become common and the concept of onsho (rewards) has not been publicly used, however, when ruling-party politicians who rendered service in the formation of the government or cabinet are appointed to important posts or enter the cabinet, this is sometime ridiculed as onsho or reward-oriented appointments.
- 結局、2月2日 (旧暦)(2月24日)、備前藩は諸外国側の要求を受け入れ、2月9日 (旧暦)(3月2日)、永福寺において列強外交官列席のもとで滝を切腹させるのと同時に備前藩部隊を率いた日置について謹慎を課すということで、一応の決着を見たのである。
- At last on February 24, the domain of Bizen accepted the demand of the foreign countries, and on March 2 it made TAKI commit suicide by disembowelment in the presence of the diplomats of the powerful countries at Eifukuji Temple and at the same tiime put HEKI, who was a chief of the troops of the domain of Bizen, under house arrest, which tentatively settled the Incident.
- 永正13年の禁令は全国的に出され、故戦者が全所領没収ならば防戦者も所領の半分を没収され、更に故戦者が死刑にされた場合には防戦者に対しても全所領没収が課される事になっていた(もっとも、これによって処罰された戦国大名・国人領主などは皆無であったが)。
- The ban in 1516 was issued nationwide; to confiscate half of the defender's territory if the whole territory of the offender was confiscated, and to confiscate the whole of the defender's territory if the offender was sentenced to death (although no Japanese territorial lords or local samurai lords were punished in this way).
- この背景には廃藩置県に伴い、寺社領を与える主体であった領主権力が消滅したために寺社領の法的根拠も失われたこと、地租改正によって全ての土地に地租を賦課する原則を打ち立てるために寺社領を含めた全ての土地に対する免税特権を破棄することを目的としていた。
- One of the reasons for the confiscation was that the legal basis for jisha-ryo was lost when feudal lords, who had granted jisha-ryo, lost their power due to Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and the purpose of the confiscation was to abolish the privilege of tax exemption of all the lands including jisha-ryo to establish the principle of uniform land taxation through the land-tax reform.
- 市町村は、児童の健全な育成に資するため、その区域内において、放課後児童健全育成事業及び子育て短期支援事業並びに次に掲げる事業であつて主務省令で定めるもの(以下「子育て支援事業」という。)が着実に実施されるよう、必要な措置の実施に努めなければならない。
- For the purpose of contributing to the sound upbringing of children, a municipal government shall endeavor to implement necessary measures in order that after-school child sound upbringing services and short-term child care support services, and the following services as specified by an ordinance of the competent ministry (hereinafter referred to as "Child Care Support Services") can be carried out steadily in its district:
- 学校教育法(昭和二十二年法律第二十六号)に基づく大学、旧大学令(大正七年勅令第三百八十八号)に基づく大学又は旧専門学校令(明治三十六年勅令第六十一号)に基づく専門学校において医学、歯学、薬学、獣医学、畜産学、水産学又は農芸化学の課程を修めて卒業した者
- A person who has graduated from a university under the School Education Act (Act No. 26 of 1947), a university under the old University Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 388 of 1918) or a vocational training school under the old Vocational Training School Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 61 of 1903) after completing a course in medical science, dentistry, pharmacy, veterinary medicine, animal science, fisheries science, or agricultural chemistry;
- これらの公事はかつての庸や調などの人身に対する賦課の延長上にあり、荘園や国衙領に居住する者が「名主百姓の役」である公事を負担することが平民百姓=自由民としての義務と考えられていた(これに対して年貢・所当は田地への賦課である租の延長上に捉えられている)。
- These kuji were on the extended line of the imposition on human body such as cho or yo in the earlier days, so it was considered that bearing kuji of 'myoshu hyakusho no eki' was for people living in the manor or kokugaryo an obligation as commoner peasants = free people (on the other hand, nengu and shoto were positioned on the extended line of so that was an imposition to rice field).
- 賦課を負担する対象となる主体によって百姓役・田堵役・名役・荘役・御家人役・守護役・受領役・下司役・預所役・家司役・本所役などがある(重複しているものもあるが、間違いではなく中間的身分にある者は賦課する主体にも負担する対象にも成り得たことを意味している)。
- Corresponding to the tax payer, there were hyakushoyaku (peasant tax), tatoyaku (cultivator tax), 名役, shoyaku, gokeninyaku (shogunal retainer tax), shugoyaku (provincial constable tax), zuryoyaku (provincial governor tax), gesuyaku, azukaridokoroyaku, keishiyaku (household superintendent tax), honjoyaku and so on (some of those overlapped, but it's not a mistake, it shows some people in the middle rank could have been a tax imposer as well as a tax payer.
- だが、松方・進歩党が希望するこの二大課題が解決すると、元々大隈との提携に不満があった薩摩閥系閣僚と進歩党側の対立が激化、更に松方が財政難の解決のために地租改正反対一揆以来一種のタブーとなっていた「地租増徴」を提案したことから進歩党内に倒閣の機運が生じた。
- However, once two major tasks the Progressive Party represented by MATSUKATA aimed for were solved, conflicts were intensified between the cabinet members from Satsuma Domain clique who had been dissatisfied with cooperation with OKUMA from the beginning and the Progressive Party side, and moreover to solve economic difficulties, MATSUKATA proposed 'the plan to increase land taxes' which had been a sort of taboo since the peasant revolt against the land-tax reform, which gathered momentum within the Progressive Party of overthrowing the Cabinet.
- 同様に交流電化で列車本数が少なく、米原以西への直通がなかった湖北地区に「新快速の直通を」という機運が高まり、湖西と湖北地区の相互交流も、この交直セクションのために直通電車が少なく不便であったので、これらを解消するためにも直流化工事は地元の重要課題であった。
- Likewise, in the Kohoku area, where the line was AC-electrified and thus operated with only a few trains, and a through-train to Maibara Station and stations to the west of Maibara Station didn't exist, 'the special rapid train' gathered momentum; since the transfer among the Kosei and Kohoku areas was inconvenient because of the existence of the AC/DC section and a few through-trains being operated, the construction for the DC electrification was the important challenge for the local governments so as to overcome these problems.
- 雄足がその経歴・経済活動・その職務において特別なのであれば、より「平凡」な官人たちはどのような活動をしていたのかが今後の検討課題となるし、雄足の活動は多くの他の官人たちも行いうるものであったのならば、雄足の研究はまさに下級官人の実態に直接迫る研究となりうる。
- If Otari was special in term of career, economic activity and work, finding out about how more 'ordinary' government official worked became subject of future investigation, and if many other government officials could work the same way as Otari, studying about Otari surely leads us to approach the actual condition of lower-ranking government officials.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- 明治維新後も新政府は、江戸時代の貨幣制度をほぼそのまま受け継いだが、中央集権的な国家を建設するためには、各藩が独自に発行していた藩札(さらにそれを受け継いだ府県札)の整理や、東日本の小判(計数貨幣)と西日本の丁銀(秤量貨幣)の統一なども課題として残されていた。
- Although the currency system in the Edo period had been kept in almost the same manner by the new government after Meiji Restoration, there were problems including organizing han bills (bills usable only in a particular feudal clan) (further, prefectural bills taken over from the han bills) issued by each domain independently and integrating koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) (Keisu kahei [currency by table]) in eastern Japan and chogin (collective term of silver) (Hyodo kahei [currency valued by weight]) in western Japan in order to establish a centralized state.
- 12世紀に入ると既存の官物率法に代わって、国衙領の公田のみならず、荘園の年貢に対しても一国平均役・御家人役などの形で公租が賦課されるようになり、これらの賦課による貢納物に対しても官物という言葉が用いられるようになり、南北朝時代 (日本)の頃までこの呼称が用いられた。
- In the twelfth century, in place of the previous Kanmotsu rippo, public taxes called Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen manors and provincial lands) and Gokeninnyaku (odd-jobs for vassals) were collected from not only Kokuga owned public fields but also Shoen, and the tithes from these taxes were also called Kanmotsu and this term was used until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 児童自立生活援助事業又は放課後児童健全育成事業を行う者及び児童福祉施設の設置者は、その事業を行い、又はその施設を運営するに当たつては、相互に連携を図りつつ、児童及びその家庭からの相談に応ずることその他の地域の実情に応じた積極的な支援を行うように努めなければならない。
- When performing their services or operating their institutions, the persons engaged in children's self-reliant living assistance services or after-school child sound upbringing services and the establishers of child welfare institutions shall facilitate their mutual coordination and shall endeavor to provide consultation to children and their families and afford other positive support in line with the condition of each region.
- 学校教育法(昭和二十二年法律第二十六号)に基づく大学若しくは高等専門学校、旧大学令(大正七年勅令第三百八十八号)に基づく大学又は旧専門学校令(明治三十六年勅令第六十一号)に基づく専門学校において医学、歯学、薬学、獣医学、畜産学、水産学又は農芸化学の課程を修めて卒業した者
- A person who has graduated from a university or a vocational high school under the School Education Act (Act No. 26 of 1947), a university under the old University Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 388 of 1918) or a vocational training school under the old Vocational Training School Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 61 of 1903) after completing a course in medical science, dentistry, pharmacy, veterinary medicine, animal science, fisheries science, or agricultural chemistry;
- 戦後の医療の進歩、医学的知見の積重ね、科学技術の進展により、肝炎の克服に向けた道筋が開かれてきたが、他方で、現在においても、早期発見や医療へのアクセスにはいまだ解決すべき課題が多く、さらには、肝炎ウイルスや肝炎に対する正しい理解が、国民すべてに定着しているとは言えない。
- The path to conquer hepatitis has been opened, thanks to the advancement of medical care, accumulation of medical knowledge and development of science and technology in the post-war period, while there are still many problems to be solved in terms of early detection and accessibility of medical care. Further, it cannot be said that all Japanese citizens have an accurate understanding of the hepatitis virus and hepatitis.
- 更に鎌倉時代以後の貨幣経済の発達に乗って官司の供御人の系譜を引く座や商工業者(官司の代わりに生産物を生産・調達して官司に納める義務を有するとされていた)に対する課役権を行使(京都における営業権の意味合いもある)や関所・率分所の設置による収入なども公私の経済の資を支えた。
- Furthermore, as the monetary economy had developed in and after the Kamakura period, the kaeki-ken right (the right to levy duty, which was alternatively considered as the trade rights in Kyoto) was exercised against the 'za' (trade guilds) which had been descended from kugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) as well as merchants and traders (who had to provide guji on his behalf with the produce and products by means of production and acquisition), and an income which was resulted from the set-up of sekisho (barriers) and ritsubunsho (tax storehouses) supported both public and private economy.
- 中世において成立した収取体制においては、雑役系の公事・夫役は名田を収取単位として租税の賦課が行われていたが、名田が十分に確立されていない地域や供御人・神人など荘園・公領の支配体系に属しない人々(主に非農業民)から公事・夫役を収取するために在家を単位として賦課したのである。
- Under the tax collection system established in the Medieval period taxes relating to public duties and labor services, which were kinds of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks), were assessed for myoden (rice field lots) as a collection unit; on the other hand, taxes relating to public duties and labor services were collected in regions where myoden had not sufficiently established or from people who did not belong to the ruling system of shoen (manor) and koryo (mainly non-cultivators) (mostly non-farmer), such as kugonin (groups of producer-merchants) or jinin (shrine dependents) by assessing for zaike as a collection unit.
- この法律で、放課後児童健全育成事業とは、小学校に就学しているおおむね十歳未満の児童であつて、その保護者が労働等により昼間家庭にいないものに、政令で定める基準に従い、授業の終了後に児童厚生施設等の施設を利用して適切な遊び及び生活の場を与えて、その健全な育成を図る事業をいう。
- The term "services for sound upbringing of after-school children" as used in this Act shall mean services to pursue sound upbringing of elementary-school children around or under 10 years of age whose guardians are absent from home during daytime hours due to work, etc., by utilizing children's recreational facility or other facilities after finishing lessons and giving adequate opportunities for playing and living to those children in accordance with the standards specified by a Cabinet Order.
- 公式令によれば、訴えの起こす場合には地方においては郡司→国司→太政官、首都においては京職→刑部省→太政官の順序を取ることが定められており(太政官で訴えが受理されなければ、天皇に上奏することが許される)、この手続に反する訴えをした場合には笞刑40の刑に課された(『闘訟律』)。
- According to the Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code), the fixed course of a suit in local districts was a gunji (local magistrate), a kokushi (provincial governor), the Daijokan (Great Council of State) in that order, and in the Capital the Kyoshiki (Capital Bureau), the Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice), the Daijokan in that order (if appeals were not accepted by the Daijokan, people were allowed to report to the emperor), and if people made an appeal against this procedure, they were given 40 strokes of cane ('Toshoritsu').
- 学校教育法に基づく大学又は旧大学令に基づく大学において、心理学、教育学若しくは社会学を専修する学科又はこれらに相当する課程を修めて卒業した者であつて、厚生労働省令で定める施設において一年以上児童その他の者の福祉に関する相談に応じ、助言、指導その他の援助を行う業務に従事したもの
- A person completing a department specialized in psychology, pedagogy or sociology or other equivalent course in a university pursuant to the School Education Act or in a university pursuant to the old ordinance for universities, who has been working, or used to work, for 1 year or more, in providing consultation and affording advice, guidance and other assistance for welfare of children or others in an institution specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare;
- 室町幕府が成立すると、守護領国制が確立されていく過程で公家や寺社などの荘園領主は守護の軍事力に依拠しなければ年貢・公事の徴収が困難となり、反対に守護はその立場を利用して国内の荘園・公領に段銭などの形で独自の公事を賦課することで領国支配の強化と財政基盤の構築を図るようになった。
- After Muromachi bakufu was founded, in the process of establishing Shugo-ryogoku system, it became difficult for lords of the manor such as kuge, temples and shrines to collect nengu and kuji unless they relied on the military power of shugo, on the other hand, shugo made a use of their position to impose their original kuji to shoen and koryo in form of tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan), so that they could have enhanced the control over daimyo's territory and built financial base.
- 1941年(昭和16年)、宮地直一(内務省 (日本)神社局考証課課長、東京帝国大学教授など)は「大化改新は、祭祀に始まり、惟神の道によりて樹立せられし国家中興の大業にして、此時に振起せられし国家神道の精神は、此後久しきに亘り持続せられて」 などと、「国家神道」の語を頻繁に用いている。
- In 1941, Naoichi MIYAJI (head of the historical research section at the Ministry of Home Affairs' Bureau of Shinto Shrines and a professor at Tokyo Imperial University) used the term 'State Shinto' on several occasions, such as 'beginning with religious services, the Taika Reform accomplished the great achievement of reviving the country in accordance with 'kannagara no michi' (the Way of the Gods), and the spirit of State Shinto cultivated at this time will last perpetually.'
- これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである(ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している)。
- Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)
- 学校教育法(昭和二十二年法律第二十六号)による大学(短期大学を除く。)若しくは旧大学令(大正七年勅令第三百八十八号)による大学又は旧専門学校令(明治三十六年勅令第六十一号)による専門学校において理科系統の正規の課程を修めて卒業した者で、その後五年以上安全の実務に従事した経験を有するもの
- A person who graduated in completing the regular course of science from a university (excluding a junior college) under the School Education Act (Act No. 26 of 1947) or a university under the previous University Order (Imperial Order No. 388 of 1918) or from a college under the previous Technical College Order (Imperial Order No. 61 or 1903), and has the experience of having engaged in safety service for five years or more thereafter.
- 公共職業訓練のうち、職業能力開発校及び職業能力開発促進センターにおいて職業の転換を必要とする求職者その他の厚生労働省令で定める求職者に対して行う普通職業訓練(短期間の訓練課程で厚生労働省令で定めるものに限る。)並びに障害者職業能力開発校において求職者に対して行う職業訓練は、無料とする。
- From among public vocational training, ordinary vocational training (limited to short-term training courses specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare) provided for job applicants who need to change jobs and for other job applicants specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare at Polytechnic Schools and Polytechnic Centers, and vocational training provided for job applicants at Polytechnic Schools for Persons with Disabilities shall be given free of charge.
- 戦前より旧京都市内の交通は主として市交通局の市電・市バスが担当し、郊外路線は民間バス会社が受け持つといった形態で運行されており、利用客からは乗り換え無しに直通できる運行を希望する声が高かったので、発足当初からの課題は企業規模の拡大と市内部への進出、特に主要ターミナルへの乗り入れ実現にあった。
- The company's biggest tasks, subsequent to its inauguration, were to expand and make inroads into the area within the city--especially to the principal terminals--because since the pre-war period private bus companies had operated basically in the suburban area while City Tram and City Bus (operated by the City Transportation Bureau) had dominated the area within the city; as a result, the company faced a strong request from its passengers to run buses by which they could reach the city center without having to transfer.
- 律令制確立後に大学寮の下に音博士が位置づけられたが、本科(後の明経道)の学生が儒教の教育を受けるために行う最初の課程であった経典の音読を指導するのが役割であった事から、算道・書道_(大学寮)のような独自の学生を保持することは学令などにも記載されていないなど、最初から補助的地位に止められていた。
- After the Ritsuryo Legal Codes were established, the Professors of Ondo were positioned within the Daigaku-ryo system, but because their role was to teach the reading aloud of the scriptures during the first course of Confucianism to the students of the main course (later known as Myogyodo, the Confucian department of Daigaku-ryo), their position was only deemed to be supplementary and it was not mentioned within the regulations that they may have their own students like Sando (Mathematics) and Shodo (Calligraphy) Departments.
- 解官の理由は、保盛については五節の節会で舞姫参入・御覧の儀式の勤めを、後白河の指示に従わず毎度怠ったこと、頼盛については、3月26日の滋子の代始めの入内に奉仕しなかったこと、休暇願いを出さずに無断で厳島神社に参詣したこと、鎮西を知行していたにも関わらず大嘗会関係の課役を勤めなかったことだった。
- They were dismissed from office because Yasumori had failed each time to carry out Goshirakawa's instructions in performing his duties in relation to the maihimesannyu (entrance of the dancers) and goran (watching the dance) ceremonies that were part of the gosetsu no sechie, and that Yorimori failed to be in attendance at Shigeko's first entry at Court as an Imperial Consort (daihajime) on May 12, without having submitted an application for leave, even though he had visited Itsukushima-jinja Shrine on a pilgrimage, and also because he had failed to perform allocated works related to the Daijoe, though he was obliged to do so in his capacity as Controller of Chinzei (Kyushu).
- 元禄10年10月6日、江戸では諸大名の江戸屋敷留守居役が、幕府の勘定奉行荻原重秀に呼び出され、「酒の商売人が多く、下々の者がみだりに酒を飲み不届き至極である。よって、すべての造り酒屋に対して運上金を課する。酒の価格にはこの運上金を上乗せし、今までの五割増しの値段で酒類を販売せよ」との覚書を手渡された。
- On November 19, 1697, Shigehide OGIWARA, a kanjo bugyo of the bakufu, summoned and handed rusuiyaku (persons representing the master during his absence) of the Edo residences owned by territorial lords a memorandum saying 'it is completely unforgivable that there are many sake merchants and that commoners drink sake unnecessarily. Therefore, business taxes shall be imposed on all sake breweries. Add the business taxes onto the price of sake and sell alcoholic drinks for 50 percent more than the previous price.'
- そのために遅くても11世紀中期には公田を賃租・請作した場合の地子に基づいて、1段=3斗(段別三斗)を「見米」と称して租に替わる基本的な賦課とし、それに庸・調・出挙・雑搖などに替わる地税賦課を「准米」と呼ばれる代物納(一部は絹・布・油などの手工業品を含む)の形で上乗せすることという基本が確立されることになった。
- Therefore, in the middle of the eleventh century at the latest, a basic foundation was established based on Jishi (land rent) of Koden that was leased and determined 'Genmai' of 3 to per dan (Dan betsu san to) as the basic tax instead of So, and on top of that, a property tax instead of Yo, Cho, Suiko, or Zoyo called 'Junmai' that was collected in kind (some included manufactured items such as silk, cloth, oil).
- 同戸籍は、その後の六年に一度作成するという「六年一造」の造籍の出発点になっただけでなく、五十戸一里を基準に行政的に戸を編成して、その戸内の家族(戸口)の名・年齢・戸主との続柄などを詳述したことによって、個々の家族構成を直接的に把握することを可能にし、それを基に班田収授を行い、人頭課税をする台帳の機能も果たした。
- This registration system not only served as a starting point of 'rokunen-ichizo' (literally, 'one creation in six years) in which family registers were created every six years thereafter, but also made it possible to see the direct composition of each household by organizing households in terms of fifty households in ichi-ri on an administrative basis and describing each family member's name, age and relation to the household head in detail, and served as a ledger to conduct Handen Shuju (a regulation of land ownership) and jinto kazei (poll taxation).
- 後に「武士」として登場する、関東の開発領主達の11世紀末までの状況がどうだったかといえば、当時はその所領支配は、郡司、郷司などの公的な職の体系を媒介として、開墾を行い、村落を形成することを課題としはじめた頃であり、領地支配、あるいはその拡大において、隣接する開発領主との抗争が日常化するほどの飽和点にはまだ至ってはいない。
- The situation of kaihatsu-ryoshu in the Kanto region that later appeared as 'bushi' in the late eleventh century used soryo ruling through gunji, goji, and other public duties to start cultivating and forming villages and was not up to a saturated level to quarrel constantly with neighboring kaihatsu-ryoshu over the ruling and expansion of manors.
- 準則訓練のうち高度職業訓練(短期間の訓練課程で厚生労働省令で定めるものを除く。)における職業訓練指導員は、当該訓練に係る教科につき、第二十八条第三項各号に掲げる者と同等以上の能力を有する者のうち、相当程度の知識又は技能を有する者として厚生労働省令で定める者(同条第五項各号のいずれかに該当する者を除く。)でなければならない。
- Vocational training instructors for advanced vocational training (excluding short-term training courses specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare) from among statutory vocational training shall be persons specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare as those who have a distinguished level of knowledge or skill (excluding persons falling under any of the items of paragraph (5) of the same Article) from among persons who have equal or higher ability compared with the persons listed in the items of Article 28, paragraph (3) with regard to the curriculums of said training.
- 三道の一郡一荘それぞれから船1艘を課し、和泉国・摂津・播磨・備前国・備中国・紀伊国・伊勢・淡路国・讃岐国・阿波の計10か国の海岸に漂着して破損した船を没収、また、山城国・河内国・摂津・播磨・淡路の5か国の公田・荘園の竹木を伐採し、さらに摂津・播磨・淡路の民家から人夫を徴用して、河尻泊・魚住泊とともにこの泊を修築することを奏請した。
- He imposed one ship on each one county and one manor in the three Roads, confiscated wrecked ships washed ashore on beaches in ten provinces such as Izumi, Settsu, Harima, Bizen, Bicchu, Kii, Ise, Awaji, Sanuki and Awa provinces, cut down bamboo grove in Koden (field administered directly by a ruler) and shoen in five provinces such as Yamashiro, Kawachi, Settsu, Harima, Awaji, furthermore recruited laborers from folk dwellings in Settsu, Harima and Awaji provinces and petitioned the Emperor to reconstruct the port as well as Kawajiri no tomari and Uozumi no tomari.
- なお、同様の措置は僧侶に対しても取られており、音博士も僧侶の試験のために派遣されている(延暦12年4月28日 (旧暦)(793年6月11日)に年分度者に対して漢音に通じなければ得度を認めないとし(『日本紀略』・『類聚国史』)、延暦20年4月15日 (旧暦)(801年5月30日)には、僧侶の得度の際に漢音の試験を課している(『日本紀略』))。
- Similar laws were passed which applied to monks and Professors of Ondo were sent in to perform examinations of the monks, and further, on June 15, 793, the law stated that monks must master the Han pronunciation in order to enter the Buddhist priesthood ('Nihongiryaku,' 'Ruijukokushi' (Classified History of Japan)), and then on June 3, 801, the Examination of Han Pronunciations of Chinese Characters was imposed on the monks entering the Buddhist priesthood ('Nihongiryaku').
- カリキュラムは、当初「リベラルアーツカレッジ」にならって教養教育に重きが置かれ、大学によっては医学部への進学課程等も置かれていたが、戦後、小・中学校が整備されるとともに卒業生の進路も教員が主流となり、昭和41年に改正国立学校設置法が施行されると、ほとんどの学芸学部は教職以外の分野に進むコースを順次廃止し、その名称を「教育学部」へ変更するようになった。
- On the model of 'liberal arts colleges' the curriculum at first put emphasis on liberal arts education with some universities providing a course to a medical school, however, following the upgrading of elementary/middle schools after World War II, most of the graduates chose a teaching job, and when the revised National School Establishment Law came into force in 1966, most of departments of arts and sciences sequentially abolished courses not related to school teaching and began to change their names to 'Department of Education'.
- これは当時日本で一国ほどの価値があるとされた茶器や陶器を作り出す陶工を大名が藩の庇護の下、士分を与えるなど手厚い待遇をしていたのに比べ、李氏朝鮮では儒教思想による身分制において陶工は最下層の賤民に位置づけられ、奴隷的な労働を強いられるとともに、失策を犯した場合には体罰を課せられるという過酷な状況にあり、職人に対する根源的な差別があったことが原因である。
- The reason is considered as follows: In Japan at that time, potters who produced chaki (tea utensils) and earthenware, considered having a value equal to that of a province, were treated favorably, for example, given the samurai status, but in Yi Dynasty Korea, potters were designated as humble or lowly people with the lowest social status in the social status system based on the Confucian thought: They were forced to work like slaves and were placed in such harsh conditions that they were punished physically when committing an error, or in other words, there existed fundamental discrimination against craftsmen.
- この作品には、かぐや姫が竹の中から生まれたという竹中生誕説話(異常出生説話)、かぐやが3ヶ月で大きくなったという急成長説話、かぐや姫の神異によって竹取の翁が富み栄えたという致富長者説話、複数の求婚者へ難題を課していずれも失敗する求婚難題説話、帝の求婚を拒否する帝求婚説話、かぐや姫が月へ戻るという昇天説話(羽衣説話)、最後に富士山の地名由来を説き明かす地名起源説話など、非常に多様な要素が含まれている。
- This work contains very different elements of story: a story of Princess Kaguya's being born from a bamboo (a story of extraordinary birth); a story of sudden growth as Kaguya's becoming grown-up in three months; a story of becoming a rich man as Taketori no Okina's flourishing due to miracles created by Princess Kaguya; a story of suitors and difficult tasks as her giving difficult tasks to the suitors to fail in solving them; a story of Emperor's marriage proposal as her refusing Emperor's courtship; a story of rising to heaven (a story of a robe of feathers) as Princess Kaguya's returning to the moon; a story of an origin of the name of the place as the name of Mt. Fuji being revealed at the end of the tale.
- 学校教育法に基づく高等学校若しくは中等教育学校若しくは旧中等学校令(昭和十八年勅令第三十六号)に基づく中等学校を卒業した者又は厚生労働省令で定めるところによりこれらの者と同等以上の学力があると認められる者で、第一項の規定により食品衛生管理者を置かなければならない製造業又は加工業において食品又は添加物の製造又は加工の衛生管理の業務に三年以上従事し、かつ、厚生労働大臣の登録を受けた講習会の課程を修了した者
- A person who has graduated from a high school or secondary education school under the School Education Act or a secondary school under the old Secondary School Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 36 of 1943) or a person who is deemed to have equal or greater academic ability than the above-mentioned persons pursuant to an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and who has been engaged in sanitation management of the production or processing of food or additives for three years or more at production or processing businesses for which full-time food sanitation supervisors are required under paragraph (1), and who has completed courses of training sessions registered by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare.
- しかし、日本では新たに植林をする場所がほとんどない上、むしろ森林所有者の管理放棄(特に人工林)や、相続税支払いのために売却・宅地転用 を余儀なくされる山林や農地の増加、さらに生産緑地地区農地課税の扱いが異なる自治体を施行したり、保安林維持予算の縮減・林野庁職員の大幅減員を行うなど政府与党の政策はむしろ逆行しているため、このままでは当初見込まれた吸収量を達する可能性が薄いと考えられており、達成できるかどうかは微妙な情勢である。
- However in Japan, there is little land for newly tree planting, and the mountain forests and farmlands increase, in which management has been abandoned by the forest owners (especially artificial forests) and/or disposition or diversion to building lots has been inevitably done in order to complete the inheritance tax payment; furthermore, the policies of the ruling party put a clock back, such as the enforcement of autonomous bodies where the taxations on productive green area farmlands are differently dealt with, the reduction of budget for keeping conservation forests, the large reduction of the staff in Forestry Agency and so on; therefore, it is considered to be difficult to achieve the absorption target initially expected.
- 厚生労働省令で定める実務の経験を有する者であって、都道府県知事が厚生労働省令で定めるところにより行う試験(以下「介護支援専門員実務研修受講試験」という。)に合格し、かつ、都道府県知事が厚生労働省令で定めるところにより行う研修(以下「介護支援専門員実務研修」という。)の課程を修了したものは、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより、当該都道府県知事の登録を受けることができる。ただし、次の各号のいずれかに該当する者については、この限りでない。
- A person that possesses practical experience as determined by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, has passed an examination undertaken pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare as administered by a prefectural governor (herein referred to as "Long-Term Care Support Specialist Examination"), and has completed a training program provided pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare as administered by a prefectural governor (herein referred to as "Long-Term Care Support Specialist Internship") shall be issued a registration by said prefectural governor pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, however, provided that this provision shall not apply to a person that corresponds to any of following items:
- 京都町奉行の成立に先立つ寛文8年12月5日 (旧暦)に作成された「町代役之覚」という17ヶ条の町代と町奉行間で交わされた文書によると、町奉行から出された法令・触書の伝達、町から出された様々な請願・届出の提出、京都市民を代表して江戸城の征夷大将軍への年頭拝礼、町人役(町々への賦課)の徴収、火災・闕所・見廻などの出役などがあり、訴訟事務などのために公事・訴訟が行われる日には交替で1名が奉行所内の町代部屋に出仕して事務処理の補佐を行った。
- There was documents exchanged between Machidai and the Kyoto city magistrates called 'Machidaiyaku no Oboe' consisting of 17 Articles compiled on January 7, 1669 (prior to the establishment of the Kyoto city magistrates), which states duties of Machidai as follows: Outside works of transmission of ordinance and notification issued by the city magistrates, submission of various applications and written reports entrusted by the town, New Year visit to the shogun in Edo-jo Castle as a representative of Kyoto citizens, collection of levy from towns, examination of the scene of a fire and a confiscated estate, and patrol; and Machidai alternately does desk works in Machidai room of the Kyoto city magistrates' office to assist court clerical on the day when a court is held.
- 市町村は、前条第一項の規定による通知が行われた場合においては、当該通知に係る第一号被保険者(災害その他の特別の事情があることにより、特別徴収の方法によって保険料を徴収することが著しく困難であると認めるものを除く。次項及び第三項において同じ。)に対して課する当該年度の保険料の全部(厚生労働省令で定める場合にあっては、その一部)を、特別徴収の方法によって徴収するものとする。ただし、当該通知に係る第一号被保険者が少ないことその他の特別の事情があることにより、特別徴収を行うことが適当でないと認められる市町村においては、特別徴収の方法によらないことができる。
- A Municipality, in a case when notification is issued pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, shall collect all of an insurance premium (in a case as determined by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, a portion of said insurance premium) of said fiscal year that is imposed upon a Primary Insured Person pertaining to said notification (except a person for whom it is determined significantly difficult to pay the insurance premium by the method of special collection due to disaster or other special circumstances; the same shall apply in the following paragraph and paragraph (3)) by the method of special collection, however, provided that an insurance premium may not be collected by the method of special collection in a Municipality that is determined inappropriate to implement special collection due to a limited number of Primary Insured Persons pertaining to said notification or other special circumstances.
- 法第七十一条の規定による許可を受けた使用者が行う職業訓練を受ける労働者(以下「訓練生」という。)に係る労働契約の期間は、当該訓練生が受ける職業訓練の訓練課程に応じ職業能力開発促進法施行規則(昭和四十四年労働省令第二十四号)第十条第一項第四号、第十二条第一項第三号又は第十四条第一項第三号の訓練期間(同規則第二十一条又は職業訓練法施行規則の一部を改正する省令(昭和五十三年労働省令第三十七号。以下「昭和五十三年改正訓練規則」という。)附則第二条第二項の規定により訓練期間を短縮する場合においてはその短縮した期間を控除した期間とする。)の範囲内で定めることができる。この場合、当該事業場において定められた訓練期間を超えてはならない。
- The period of a labor contract pertaining to a worker who receives vocational training (hereinafter referred to as "trainee") from an employer who has obtained the permission pursuant to the provision of Article 71 of the Act may be determined according to the level of the vocational training course the trainee receives, within the period stipulated by item (iv) of paragraph (1) of Article 10, item (iii) of paragraph (1) of Article 12, or item (iii) of paragraph (1) of Article 14 of Ordinance for Enforcement of the Vocational Ability Development and Promotion Act (Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor No. 24 of 1969) (in the case where the training period is reduced under the provision of Article 21 of the same Ordinance or paragraph (2) of Article 2 of the supplementary provisions of Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor for Making a Partial Revision of the Ordinance for Enforcement of the Vocational Training Act (Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor No. 37 of 1978; hereinafter referred to as "the 1978 Revised Training Rules"), the reduced period shall be deducted). In this case, the training period prescribed by the workplace shall not be exceeded.
- 市町村は、前条第二項若しくは第三項の規定による通知が行われた場合(前項の規定により当該通知に係る第一号被保険者に対して課する当該年度の保険料の一部を特別徴収の方法によって徴収する場合を除く。)又は同条第四項から第六項までの規定による通知が行われた場合において、当該通知に係る第一号被保険者について、翌年度の初日から九月三十日までの間において当該通知に係る老齢等年金給付が支払われるときは、その支払に係る保険料額として、支払回数割保険料額の見込額(当該額によることが適当でないと認められる特別な事情がある場合においては、所得の状況その他の事情を勘案して市町村が定める額とする。)を、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより、特別徴収の方法によって徴収するものとする。
- In a case when notification is issued pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) or paragraph (3) of the preceding Article (except for a case when a portion of an insurance premium of said fiscal year which is imposed upon a Primary Insured Person pertaining to said notification is collected by the method of special collection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph) or when a notification is issued pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (4) to paragraph (6) of the same Article, a Municipality, when an Old Age, etc., Pension Benefit pertaining to said notification is paid to the Primary Insured Person pertaining to said notification during the period from the first day until September 30 of the following fiscal year, shall collect the prospective amount of an insurance premium that is divided by the number of payments (in a case when there are special reasons to determine said amount is inappropriate, it shall be the amount specified by a Municipality by taking into consideration the status of income and other circumstances) for the amount of said insurance premium pertaining to said payments by the method of special collection, pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare.
- 第百二十九条の保険料の徴収については、第百三十五条の規定により特別徴収(国民年金法(昭和三十四年法律第百四十一号)による老齢基礎年金その他の同法、厚生年金保険法(昭和二十九年法律第百十五号)、国家公務員共済組合法、地方公務員等共済組合法若しくは私立学校教職員共済法に基づく老齢若しくは退職、障害又は死亡を支給事由とする年金たる給付であって政令で定めるもの及びその他これらの年金たる給付に類する老齢若しくは退職、障害又は死亡を支給事由とする年金たる給付であって政令で定めるもの(以下「老齢等年金給付」という。)の支払をする者(以下「年金保険者」という。)に保険料を徴収させ、かつ、その徴収すべき保険料を納入させることをいう。以下同じ。)の方法による場合を除くほか、普通徴収(市町村が、保険料を課せられた第一号被保険者又は当該第一号被保険者の属する世帯の世帯主若しくは当該第一号被保険者の配偶者(婚姻の届出をしていないが、事実上婚姻関係と同様の事情にある者を含む。以下同じ。)に対し、地方自治法第二百三十一条の規定により納入の通知をすることによって保険料を徴収することをいう。以下同じ。)の方法によらなければならない。
- With regard to the collection of an insurance premium as set forth in Article 129, except for a case when the insurance premium is collected by a method of special collection (which means having a person (hereinafter referred to as "Pension Insurer") that pays an Old Age Basic Pension pursuant to the provisions of the National Pension Act (Act No. 141 of 1959), other benefits for a pension with the reason of payment, such as old age, retirement, disability, or death that are provided by a Cabinet Order and based on the same Act, Employees Pension Insurance Act (Act No. 115 of 1954), National Public Service Mutual Aid Association Act, Local Public Service Mutual Aid Association Act, and Private School Personnel Mutual Aid Association Act, and other benefits as a pension with the reason of payment, such as old age, retirement, disability, or death that are similar to those benefits as a pension and are provided by a Cabinet Order (hereinafter referred to as "Old Age, etc., Pension Benefit"), collect insurance premiums and pay to the government said insurance premiums to be collected; the same shall apply herein) pursuant to the provisions of Article 135, the insurance premium shall be by a method of ordinary collection (which means that a Municipality collects an insurance premium by providing notification of the payment pursuant to the provisions of Article 231 of the Local Autonomy Act to a Primary Insured Person that is subject to an insurance premium, the householder of said family where said Primary Insured Person resides, or the spouse of said Primary Insured Person (including a person that has not submitted a notification of marriage, but is under virtually the same circumstances in a marital relationship); the same shall apply herein).
- 前項の調整保険料率は、市町村相互財政安定化事業を行う市町村(以下この条及び次条第二項において「特定市町村」という。)のそれぞれが、それぞれの第一号被保険者に対し、当該調整保険料率により算定した保険料額によって保険料を課するとしたならば、当該特定市町村につき事業実施期間(市町村相互財政安定化事業を実施する期間として特定市町村が次項の規約により定める三年を一期とする期間をいう。以下この項及び第四項において同じ。)において収納される保険料の額の合計額が、当該事業実施期間における当該特定市町村の介護給付及び予防給付に要する費用の額(当該介護給付及び予防給付に要する費用の額につき第百二十一条第一項、第百二十二条第一項、第百二十三条第一項、第百二十四条第一項及び第百二十五条第一項の規定により、国、都道府県、市町村の一般会計及び支払基金が負担し、又は交付する額を除く。)、地域支援事業に要する費用の額(当該地域支援事業に要する費用の額につき第百二十二条の二、第百二十三条第三項及び第四項、第百二十四条第三項及び第四項並びに第百二十六条第一項の規定により、国、都道府県、市町村の一般会計及び支払基金が負担し、又は交付する額を除く。)、財政安定化基金拠出金の納付に要する費用の額並びに基金事業借入金の償還に要する費用の額の合計額と均衡を保つことができるものであって、当該特定市町村が政令で定める基準に従い定めるものとする。
- The adjustment rate of insurance premiums as set forth in the preceding paragraph, if each Municipality that participates in said Municipal Mutual Fiscal Stabilization Project (hereinafter referred to as "Specified Municipality" in this Article and paragraph (2) of the following Article) imposes upon each Primary Insured Person an insurance premium according to the amount of insurance premium that is calculated by using the rate of adjustment of insurance premiums, shall be the total amount of insurance premiums received during the project implementation period (which means a period that shall be deemed to be three years that is provided by a Specified Municipality pursuant to the provisions of the constitution referred to in the following paragraph as one period to implement said Municipal Mutual Fiscal Stabilization Project; the same shall apply hereinafter in this paragraph and paragraph (4)) for each said Specified Municipality to be able to maintain a balance of the total amount of the disbursements necessary to provide for Long-Term Care Benefits and Prevention Benefits (except with regard to the disbursements necessary for said Long-Term Care Benefits and Prevention Benefits, the amount defrayed or granted to a general fund or Payment Fund by the national government, a prefecture, or Municipality, pursuant to the provisions of Article 121, paragraph (1), Article 122, paragraph (1), Article 123, paragraph (1), Article 124, paragraph (1) and Article 125, paragraph (1)), the disbursements necessary for Community Support Projects (except with regard to the disbursements necessary for said Community Support Projects, the amount defrayed or granted to the general fund or Payment Fund by the national government, a prefecture, or Municipality, pursuant to the provisions of Article 122-2, Article 123, paragraph (3) and paragraph (4), Article 124, paragraph (3) and paragraph (4), and Article 126, paragraph (1)), the disbursements necessary for payment of a Fiscal Stability Fund contribution, and the disbursements necessary for repayment of Borrowings for Fund Project during said project implementation period in said Municipality, and be determined by said Specified Municipality in accordance with the standards provided by a Cabinet Order.