記: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 軍記物
- War Chronicles
- Military epic
- War tales
- Gunki-mono (Military Tales)
- 方丈記
- The Hojoki (Chronicle of my tiny hut)
- Hojoki (An Account of My Hut)
- Hōjōki
- 伝記絵
- Denki-e (pictorial biographies)
- 応永記
- The Chronicle of the Oei Era (Oei-ki in Japanese)
- 関係軍記
- Related military records
- 記念碑等
- Monuments and others
- 鎌倉持氏記
- Kamakura Mochiuji ki
- 記載の神社
- Shrines that the book listed
- 史書の記述
- Description According to Historical Records
- 『太平記』
- 'Taiheiki' (Record of the Great Peace)
- The 'Taiheiki' (Record of the Great Peace)
- 十六夜日記
- The Izayoi nikki (Diary of the Night of the Sixteenth)
- 源平盛衰記
- Genpei seisuiki (the Rise of the Minamoto and Fall of the Taira)
- Genpei Seisuiki (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans)
- 平知信朝臣記
- TAIRA no Tomonobu Asonki
- 丹後国風土記
- Tango no kuni Fudoki (the records of Tango Province)
- 『前太平記』
- The 'Zentaiheiki' (Record of the Earlier Great Peace)
- 春日権現験記
- The Kasuga gongen genki (a set of twenty illustrated scrolls of incarnations at Kasuga shrine)
- 『結城戦場記』
- 'Yukisenjo ki' (Yuki Battle Record)
- 大日本国一宮記
- Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki
- 『建武年間記』
- 'Kenmu Nenkanki' (a record of the Kenmu era)
- 日記・紀行文学
- Diaries and traveler's journals
- 『源平盛衰記』
- The 'Genpei seisuiki' (The Rising and Falling Fortunes of the Genji (Minamoto) and the Heike (Taira))
- 『結城戦場別記』
- 'Yukisenjo bekki'
- 『古事記』成務段
- 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters), Seimu Section
- 平安遷都記念事業
- Heian Capital Relocation Memorial Activities
- 海道記、東関紀行
- The Kaidoki (Record of the Kaido (Sea Road)) and the Tokan kiko (Journey to the Eastern Barrier)
- 『足利持氏滅亡記』
- 'Record of the Decline of Mochiuji Ashikaga'
- 六原とも記される。
- Rokuhara is usually written as '六波羅' and also as '六原'.
- 現存は左記のもの。
- The items listed previously still remain.
- 別名『為隆卿記』。
- Also called 'the Tametaka gyo ki'.
- 志駄氏とも表記する。
- It is also written as 志駄氏.
- 太田牛一『安土日記』
- 'Azuchi Nikki'(Azuchi Diary) written by Gyuichi OTA
- 『承久記』:全2巻。
- 'Jokyu ki,' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era), two volumes in total.
- 『師守記』 中原師守著
- 'Moromoriki' by NAKAHARA no Moromori
- 『匡遠記』 小槻宿禰著
- 'Tadatoki' by Ozuki no sukune
- 『康富記』 中原康富著
- 'Yasutomiki' by Yasutomi NAKAHARA
- 『薩戒記』 中山定親著
- 'Sakkaiki' by Sadachika NAKAYAMA
- 『師郷記』 中原師郷著
- 'Morosatoki' by Morosato NAKAHARA
- 『二水記』 鷲尾隆康著
- 'Nissuiki' by Takayasu WASHINOO
- 『継芥記』 中院通勝著
- 'Keikaiki' by Michikatsu NAKANOIN
- 『拾芥記』 五条為学著
- 'Shugaiki' by Tamezane GOJO
- 関連年表を以下に記す。
- The following is the chronology of events relating to the Old Capital Tax.
- 『絵本太閤記』での記述
- According to the 'Ehon Taikoki' (The Illustrated Chronicles of the Regent)
- 鎌倉幕府の半公式記録。
- A semi-official record of events connected to the Kamakura bakufu.
- 『公定公記』 洞院公定著
- 'Kinsada-ko Ki' by Kinsada TOIN
- 『兼宣公記』 広橋公宣著
- 'Kanenobu-ko Ki' by Kanenobu HIROHASHI
- 『教言卿記』 山科教言著
- 'Noritoki-kyo Ki' by Noritoki YAMASHINA
- 『仲光卿記』 広橋仲光著
- 'Nakamitsu-kyo Ki' by Nakamitsu HIROHASHI
- 『満済准后日記』 満済著
- 'Mansai Jungu Nikki ' by Mansai
- 『教興卿記』 山科教興著
- 'Norioki-kyo Ki' by Norioki YAMASHINA
- 『実冬公記』 三条実冬著
- 'Sanefuyu-ko Ki' by Sanefuyu SANJO
- 『後愚昧記』 三条公忠著
- 'Gogumaiki' by Kimitada SANJO
- 『実夏公記』 洞院実夏著
- 'Saneatsu-ko Ki' by Toin Saneatsu
- 『忠光卿記』 柳原忠光著
- 'Tadamitsu-kyo Ki' by Tadamitsu YANAGIHARA
- 『兼致卿記』 吉田兼致著
- 'Kanemune-kyo Ki' by Kanemune YOSHIDA
- 実録的軍記の代表である。
- A representative example of a factual military record.
- 詳細は『永享記』を参照。
- See 'Eijunki' for more details.
- 実録的軍記に分類される。
- Classified as a factual military record.
- 『言国卿記』 山科言国著
- 'Tokikuni-kyo Ki' by Tokikuni YAMASHINA
- 『兼顕卿記』 広橋兼顕著
- 'Kaneaki-kyo Ki' by Kaneaki HIROHASHI
- 『兼右卿記』 吉田兼右著
- 'Kanemigi-kyo Ki' by Kanemigi YOSHIDA
- 『言継卿記』 山科言継著
- 'Tokitsugu-kyo Ki' by Tokitsugu YAMASHINA
- その一例を以下に記した。
- Examples of these are given below.
- 承久の乱を記した軍記物。
- A war chronicle that records the events of the Jokyu Rebellion.
- 一般的には、下記を指す。
- In general, it indicates below:
- 『建内記』 万里小路時房著
- 'Kennaiki' by Tokifusa MADENOKOJI
- 『晴富宿禰記』 壬生晴富著
- 'Haretomi Sukune Ki' by Haretomi MIBU
- 『親長卿記』 甘露寺親長著
- 'Chikanaga-kyo Ki' by Chikanaga KANROJI
- 『資益王記』 白川資益王著
- 'Sukemasu-o Ki' by Sukemasuo SHIRAKAWA
- 『公名公記』 西園寺公名著
- 'Kinna-ko Ki' by Kinna SAIONJI
- 『中院一品記』 中院通冬著
- 'Nakanoin-Ippon Ki' by Nakanoin Michifuyu
- 『実隆公記』 三条西実隆著
- 'Sanetaka-ko Ki' by Sanetaka SANJONISHI
- 『晴右公記』 勧修寺晴右著
- 'Haresuke-ko Ki' by Haresuke KAJUJI
- 『忠富王記』 白川忠富王著
- 'Tadatomi-o Ki' by Prince Tadatomi SHIRAKAWA
- 『宣胤卿記』 中御門宣胤著
- 'Nobutane-kyo Ki' by Nobutane NAKAMIKADO
- 『元長卿記』 甘露寺元長著
- 'Motonaga-kyo Ki' by Motonaga KANROJI
- (別名は記載されている。)
- (Instead, his alias name was described there)
- 詳細はそれぞれの節に記す。
- Detailed descriptions of these meanings are provided below.
- 『山科家礼記』 大沢久守ら著
- 'Yamashinake Raiki' by Hisamori Osawa and others
- 『斎藤親基日記』 斎藤親基著
- 'Saito Chikamoto Nikki' by Chikamoto SAITO
- 『蜷川親元日記』 蜷川親元著
- 'Ninagawa Chikamoto Nikki' by Chikamoto NINAGAWA
- 『斎藤基恒日記』 斎藤基経著
- 'Saito Mototsune Nikki' by Mototsune SAITO
- 『十輪院内府記』 中院通秀著
- 'Jurinin-naifu Ki' by Michihide NAKANOIN
- 『蜷川親孝日記』 蜷川親孝著
- 'Ninagawa Chikataka Nikki' by Chikataka NINAGAWA
- 『厳助往年記』 理性院厳助著
- 'Gonjo Onenki' by Rishoin Gonjo
- 姦婦も同罪」と記されていた。
- Same punishment applies to an adulteress.'
- 下記を根拠とする意見である。
- This theory was based on the following idea.
- 『賢俊僧正日記』 三宝院賢俊著
- 'Kenshun Sojo Nikki ' by Sanpoin Kenshun
- 『後深心院関白記』 近衛道嗣著
- 'Goshinjinin Kanpaku Ki ' by Michitsugu KONOE
- 『看聞日記』 伏見宮貞成親王著
- 'Kanmon Nikki' by Imperial Prince Fushimi no miya Sadafusa
- 『後知足院関白記』 近衛房嗣著
- 'Gochisokuin Kanpaku Ki' by Fusatsugu KONOE
- 『後法興院関白記』 近衛政家著
- 'Gohokkyoin Kanpaku Ki' by Masaie KONOE
- 『在盛卿記』 勘解由小路在盛著
- 'Arimori-kyo Ki' by Arimori KADENOKOJI
- 『後法成寺関白記』 近衛尚通著
- 'Gohojoji Kanpaku Ki' by Hisamichi KONOE
- 『政覚大僧正記』 大乗院政覚著
- 'Seikaku Daisojo Ki' by Daijoin Seiikaku
- 『後慈眼院殿御記』 九条尚経著
- 'Gojiganin-dono Gyoki' by Hisatsune KUJO
- 現存4種の私記が残されている。
- Four types of private notes remain extant today.
- この時の様子を『信長公記』では
- Situations at that time are described in 'Shinchoko-ki' as follows:
- 出自には下記に記す諸流がある。
- The clan has originally several lines as follows.
- 新撰組と表記された資料も多い。
- There are also many documents inscribed with 'Shinsen-gumi' (with a slightly different character for 'sen').
- 『後小松天皇宸記』 後小松天皇著
- 'Gokomatsu Tenno Shinki' by Emperor Gokomatsu
- 『醍醐地蔵院日記』 地蔵院房玄著
- 'Daigo Jizoin Nikki ' by Jizoin Bogen
- 『後奈良天皇宸記』 後奈良天皇著
- 'Gonara Tenno Shinki' by the Emperor Gonara
- 『記・紀』・風土記と万葉集の編纂
- Compilation of the 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), fudoki (description of regional climate, culture, etc.) and 'Manyoshu.'
- 『氏経卿神事日次記』 荒木田氏経著
- 'Ujitsune-kyo Shinji Nichijiki' by Ujitsune ARAKIDA
- 多岐荘(多岐荘・多記荘)…皇室領。
- Taki-no-sho: estate of Imperial family.
- 【現代中国語でのピンインでの表記】
- [Modern Chinese written in Pinyin]
- 記述の密度は六国史中もっとも高い。
- 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' contains the most descriptions of the Rikkokushi.
- 天皇は無念の思いを日記に記している
- The Emperor expressed his regret in his diary.
- また、下記のような迷信が信じられた。
- People believed superstitions such as the following:
- 「黄沙」とも表記されるが頻度は低い。
- The expression of '黄沙' is also used, though rarely.
- 『日本霊異記』:景戒編纂の仏教説話集
- 'Nihon Ryoiki': collection of Buddhism stories edited by Kyokai
- また山林や沼沢・荒地なども記載された。
- And the nature of the land (e.g. woody land/bogland/ wetland/desolate land) was entered into the blank space left in the item of 'chimoku.'
- 朝鮮半島の『三国史記』新羅本紀による。
- The following information is based on 'Samguk Sagi' (the History of the Three Kingdoms), created on the Korean Peninsula.
- このときのことも日本史には記述がある。
- It is also written in 'Nihonshi.'
- (歌詞と読みは国旗国歌法の表記による。
- (The words and reading are as per description in the Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem.
- 『大乗院寺社雑事記』 尋尊、政覚、経尋著
- 'Daijoin Jisha Zojiki' by Jinson, Seikaku and Kyojin
- 物語的軍記の代表であり、さきがけである。
- The first and foremost example of a story-telling military record.
- 記載順や社名、鎮座地は群書類従版に同じ。
- The order of the shrines, the shrines' names and the locations follow the Gunsho-ruiju edition.
- 後半は、葬制の内容を具体的に記している。
- The contents of a funeral are specifically stated in the last half.
- 節会や祭祀など年中行事の執行を毎年記す。
- Annual events such as sechi-e (seasonal court banquets) and religious services were recorded for each year.
- 陽イオン(1mg/kg以上の成分を表記)
- Cation (only ingredients 1 mg/kg or more)
- 陰イオン(1mg/kg以上の成分を表記)
- Anion (only ingredients 1 mg/kg or more)
- この乱の内容は『応永記』に記されている。
- The events of the Oei rebellion are recorded in 'the Chronicle of the Oei Era.'
- 」とあり、平家物語にも同様の記述がある。
- This episode is also described in a very similar way in the Heike monogatari.
- また、本書にのみ『指年法』の記載がある。
- The description concerning 'Shinenho' is seen only in this book.
- 名請人の記載方法には大きく分けて2つある。
- Roughly speaking, there existed two ways on what to enter into the item of naukenin.
- 能作者についての各家の所伝が記されている。
- They contain details of each performer.
- 伊預部馬養連の記したところのものを述べる。
- IYOBE no Umakai no Muraji described as follows:
- (下に挙げる和歌は漢字仮名交じり文で記す)
- (The following Japanese poems are written in kanji and kana:)
- このことは、以下の記事から推測されている。
- This was assumed from the following article.
- 「明徳記」は、太平記の流れを汲む軍記物語。
- Meitoku ki is a war chronicle that follows the style of Taiheiki (The Record of the Great Peace).
- 信西は改革実現のために、記録所を設置する。
- In order to ensure his reforms would come to fruition, Shinzei created the Kirokusho (Records Office for Shoen Land Deeds).
- また、『扶桑略記』にも同様の記事が見える。
- A similar description is also found in 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Short History of Japan).
- しかし、記録が乏しく詳細は分かっていない。
- Due to scarce records, however, the details are unknown.
- 詳細な記事が多いが、欠失部分も少なくない。
- It contains a large number of detailed entries, but quite a few parts have been lost.
- この際に位階・兼官などの記載は一切省かれる。
- All information about title, concurrent posts etc. is omitted.
- 他にこの時代の代表作として下記が挙げられる。
- Following are other works that represent this period.
- 「芦名氏」、「葦名氏」と表記される事もある。
- Some Ashina families in the clan were written as 芦名 and 葦名.
- 主に1470年頃の状況に照らした去就を記す。
- The following description refers mainly to affiliations in or around 1470.
- また各地の殉教者記念堂も巡礼の対象となった。
- Martyriums at various places were also destinations for pilgrimages.
- なお、この日記は現存する最古の女流日記である。
- Incidentally, this is the oldest woman's diary literature of all still existent today.
- 上記のような有様で、治安は悪化の一途を辿った。
- Just as described above, the public order continued to deteriorate.
- 日常の言葉を漢字で表記するための辞書といえる。
- It can be regarded as a dictionary used for expressing household words in the written form of kanji.
- 『大日本国一宮記』自体にも写本が多数存在する。
- There remain many copies of 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' as well.
- 「比治真奈井 奈具社」という項目に記述がある。
- The article entitled 'Hiji no Manai, Nagu no yashiro' describes as follows:
- (現代表記)勅意宏遠、誠に以って感銘に堪えず。
- (modern written Japanese) 勅意宏遠、誠に以って感銘に堪えず。
- 眺望景観保全地域として下記の3種が定められる。
- Three types of vistaed view preservation zones are established as follows:
- 別名『野房記』(家号の小野宮と名の資房から)。
- It is also referred to as the 'Yaboki' (after his house name Ononomiya and his name Sukefusa).
- 『太平記』は尊氏による毒殺であると記している。
- The 'Taiheiki' describes the death as being due to poisoning under orders from Takauji.
- 東北戦争における列藩同盟軍は同盟軍と記述する。
- The Reppan allied forces in the Tohoku war are described as the allied forces.
- その様子は『二条河原の落書』にも記されている。
- This characterization is also recorded in the 'Scribblings by the Nijo Riverbed.'
- 乱の原因を後鳥羽上皇の不徳であると記している。
- It asserts that the cause of the rebellion was the retired Emperor Gotoba's lack of virtue.
- 平安神宮・時代祭(1100年記念、1895年)
- Heian Shrine, Jidai Festival (1100th Anniversary, 1895)
- そのひとりが『更級日記』の作者菅原孝標女である。
- The author of 'Sarashina Nikki' (The Sarashina Diary), the daughter of SUGAWARA no Takasue was one of those readers.
- (現代表記)広く会議を興し、万機公論に決すべし。
- (modern written Japanese) 広く会議を興し、万機公論に決すべし。(Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion.)
- 「筒川嶼子 水江浦島子」という項目に記述がある。
- The article, 'Tsutsukawa no Shimako, Mizunoe Urashima no ko,' provides a description.
- ただし施設名や場所についての記録は残っていない。
- But the record of the facility's name and place do not remain.
- なお、古事記では彦坐王が丹波に派遣されたとある。
- In addition, according to the Kojiki, Hikoimasu no miko was dispatched to Tanba.
- 上記の財閥と異なり、創業者には技術者出身が多い。
- Unlike the zaibatsu mentioned above, emerging Konzern in the Showa period were mainly started by engineers-turned-entrepreneurs.
- 『保元物語』は保元の乱を題材にした軍記物語文学。
- 'Hogen Monogatari' is a military chronicle based on the Hogen Disturbance.
- 2010年 平城遷都1300年記念事業開催予定。
- 2010: Commemorative Events of the 1300th Anniversary of Nara Heijo-kyo Capital are scheduled to be held.
- たとえば、「洌」では、次のように記載されている。
- In this manuscript the entry '洌' is described as follows:
- 正式名称は御誓文であり、以下では御誓文と表記する。
- Hereinafter referred to as Charter Oath, proper name of Charter Oath of Five Articles.
- 口頭の日本語を漢字の音・訓を用いて表記されている。
- It described spoken Japanese language using on (the Chinese-derived reading of a Chinese character) and kun (the Japanese reading of a Chinese character).
- 文永3年(1263年)に最古の評定始の記録がある。
- The oldest hyojohajime in record was in 1263.
- 2010年に平城遷都1300年記念事業が開催予定。
- Commemorative Events of the 1300th Anniversary of Nara Heijo-kyo Capital are scheduled to be held in 2010.
- 一方、『玉葉』にはより詳細な内容が記録されている。
- The contents of the decree are more precisely described in the 'Gyokuyo.'
- 『占事略决』は、比較的平易な漢文で記述されている。
- 'Senji ryakketsu' was written in relatively simple kanbun (Sino-Japanese).
- 編者は吉田兼将で、観世長俊の談話を元に記されている。
- It was compiled by Kanemasa YOSHIDA and written based on the talks he had with Nagatoshi KANZE.
- 『大日本国一宮記』には以下の67社が記載されている。
- The following are all 67 shrines listed in 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki'.
- 本来の表記は「卑(上部の「ノ」が無い)彌呼」である。
- Her name was originally written '卑彌呼' (卑 without 'ノ,' or 'no').
- 夏島の跡地には、明治憲法起草地記念碑が建てられてる。
- A monument commemorating the place of drafting the Meiji Constitution was built in the former site of the villa in Natsuhima.
- それを伝えたのが『記紀』の神武東征であるとしている。
- The Jinmu Tosei (the Eastern Expedition of the Emperor Jinmu) mentioned in the Kiki (the Record of Ancient Matters and 'Chronicles of Japan') tells of the relocation.
- これらの記録は特に東北戦争において見ることができる。
- The records of these acts were found from the Tohoku War in particular.
- 光秀は悔しがり食器を池に投げ入れた(『川角太閤記』)
- Then, Mitsuhide was chagrined and threw plates and utensils into the pond ('Kawasumi Taikoki').
- 一つは単純に年貢・諸役の負担義務者を記したものである。
- One was that only the person responsible for nengu and shoyaku was entered.
- 最後に検地を行った地域全体の段別総計と石高合計を記す。
- In the end, the total yield (and that per tan) of the whole kenchi-implemented region was written in kenchi-cho.
- この時期の歴史書には『扶桑略記』、『本朝世紀』がある。
- History books during this period were 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Brief History of Japan), 'Honcho seiki' (Chronicle of Imperial Reigns), etc.
- このような義仲の開き直りとも取れる発言が記されている。
- These statements made by Yoshinaka can be construed as a so-what attitude.
- 元は2巻本で上巻に四位、下巻に五位の記述がされていた。
- The original books consisted of two books and Shii was recorded in Volume 1 and Goi, in Volume 2.
- 「能瀬」・「野瀬」・「能世」など複数の表記が存在する。
- Nose' is written in several patterns of kanji such as '能瀬,' '野瀬,' '能世.'
- (現代表記)旧来の陋習を破り、天地の公道に基づくべし。
- (modern written Japanese) 旧来の陋習を破り、天地の公道に基づくべし。(Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature.)
- (現代表記)智識を世界に求め、大いに皇基を振起すべし。
- (modern written Japanese) 智識を世界に求め、大いに皇基を振起すべし。(Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.)
- (現代表記)上下心を一にして、さかんに経綸を行うべし。
- (modern written Japanese) 上下心を一にして、さかんに経綸を行うべし。(All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.)
- 数多くある風土記逸文の中でも比較的長文が残されている。
- Among a number of lost books of the Fudoki, Tango no Kuni Fudoki remains as relatively long articles.
- 丹波道主命は、古事記によると開化天皇の子、彦坐王の子。
- According to the Kojiki, Tanbamichi nushi no mikoto was a son of Hikoimasu no miko, a prince of Emperor Kaika.
- 自由農民の保有地では、上記の様な貢納は免除されていた。
- The lands owned by free farmers were exempt from the tributes like mentioned above.
- このことから貞応元年の誤記ではないかと考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that the author mistook 貞応6年 for 貞応元年 (the first year of Teio (1222)).
- 六国史にない記述も含まれており、史料としての評価も高い。
- This book is highly appreciated as historical material since its contents include some records that are not found in Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories).
- この時の様子を『信長公記』では、下記のように記している。
- The situation at that time is described in 'Shinchoko-ki' (Biography of Nobunaga ODA) as follows:
- 記載神社名や割註から分かるとおり本地垂迹の影響が見える。
- The influence of Honji suijaku (Shinto and Buddhist syncretism) is read in the names of shrines and notes (Honchi-suijaku is the theory that Japanese gods and the gods of Buddhism, including the Buddha, Bodhisattva and the gods of esoteric Buddhism, are the one and the same).
- 京都議定書の効果に対しては、下記のような議論も見られる。
- The following discussions are made as for the effects of Kyoto Protocol.
- 7世紀前半には聖徳太子らによって『天皇記』が編纂された。
- In the first half of the 7th century, 'Tennoki' (a record of emperors) was compiled by Prince Shotoku as well.
- 更級日記:菅原孝標女が自分の人生を自伝的に綴った回想録。
- Sarashina Nikki (Sarashina Diary): A memory in which the wife of SUGAWARA no Takasue spoke of her own life in the style of an autobiography.
- 記録所、恩賞方、9月には雑訴決断所がそれぞれ設置される。
- Offices were established for the keeping of records and the distribution of rewards, and in the ninth month an office for the deciding of miscellaneous appeals was also established.
- 西大寺 (奈良市)系の律僧も参加していたと記されている。
- It states that risso (monks following Rishu) of the Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City) branch also participated in the plan.
- 現存は城壁、「淀城址」の碑、「田辺治之助君記念碑」のみ。
- Now, only the castle wall, the monument of 'The Site of Yodo Castle,' and the 'monument for Harunosuke TANABE' remain.
- 上記のように、約30番の能についてその作者が記されている。
- Approximately 30 noh plays are written with their playwrights in the above-mentioned manner.
- 勅語中「年号月日」とある箇所は、実際の日付が記されている。
- At the part of '年号月日' (year, month, date) in the ordinance, actual date was written.
- 比較的正しい記事は、朝鮮など外国史料を参照したものである。
- Relatively trustworthy articles, such as those from Korea, make reference to foreign historical materials.
- 16代久時が種子島時堯を顕彰する目的でまとめた記録である。
- The chronicle was compiled by the sixteenth family head Hisatoki to honor his father Tokitada TANEGASHIMA.
- 以下、主に絵画・彫刻・工芸・建築の各分野について記述する。
- The following is a description focusing on painting, sculpture, handicraft, and architecture.
- 官職についての解説について記した現存する最古の書籍である。
- The Kanshoku Hisho is the oldest reference book on government posts in existence.
- ホルチン砂漠(同上)(参考:中国語版ウィキペディアの記事)
- The Horqin desert (same as above, located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China) (for reference: A description in the Chinese version of Wikipedia)
- また、紀元前300年以後の黄砂の記録が残された書物もある。
- Furthermore, a document recording kosa from 300 BC also exists.
- そのために、院政期の摂関家に関する記事が多いのが特徴である。
- Accordingly, many descriptions of the sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) in the cloister government period are seen.
- 私記の逸文からの引用と考えられる部分が同書中に記されている。
- That is because the descriptions which seem to be citations from lost fragments of the private notes can be found in the 'Shaku Nihongi.'
- 他にこの時代の代表作として下記が挙げられる(いずれも国宝)。
- The following are the representative works in this period (all of them are national treasures).
- 『本願寺文章』によると顕如への誓書として、下記のようにした。
- According to 'Honganji bunsho,' written oath to Kennyo read as follows:
- 左記の団体から固定資産税は歳入(財政に入るお金)へ入らない。
- These institutions are exempt from paying Fixed Property Tax.
- 古事記、日本書紀、万葉集など現存最古の史書・文学が登場した。
- History books and works of literature, which are currently the oldest in existence, such as 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters), 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) appeared.
- これら、阿蘇山への信仰・祭礼の記録は、隋書倭国伝にみられる。
- Records of these beliefs in Mt. Aso, rites, and festivals are contained in Zuisho-wakoku-den (Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty).
- そもそも、「天文」とは、天に現れた変化を記録することを指す。
- Originally, 'Tenmon' meant to record the changes that appeared in the sky.
- 摂関政治の登場も上記の歴史的な流れの中で説明が可能であろう。
- The appearance of the regency might also be explainable in this historical context.
- 「貞丈雑記」によれば、強飯を握り固めて鶏卵形にしたものである。
- According to 'Teijo-zakki' (Teijo's memorandums), it was egg-shaped steamed glutinous rice.
- 上記の通り、各国憲法を研究して憲法草案を起草せよと命じている。
- As mentioned above, the emperor ordered the preparation of drafts of a constitution after studies on other countries' constitutions.
- 両者は本質的に異なる概念であるため、詳細はそれぞれの節に記す。
- Since the two concepts are substantially different, they are detailed respectively.
- 承和9年(842年)の太政官符にも鴻臚館の名が記載されている。
- The name of Korokan is also found in the Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) issued in 842.
- 江戸時代の記録には騎士と表記され、これは徒士との比較語である。
- In a record during the Edo period, it was described as kishi (a man on a horse, knight) and compared with kachi.
- 義経はその2日後に信兼討伐に出撃した(『山槐記』8月10日条)。
- Two days after that, Yoshitsune sortied to put down Nobukane ('Sankaiki' (The Diary by Tadachika NAKAYAMA) the article of September 23).
- 主に外記や神祇官、大学寮や陰陽寮に属する諸道の学者などが行った。
- Such a survey was principally conducted by Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State), Jingikan (department of worship) and scholars of Shodo (various fields of academy) belonged to Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) or Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination).
- 従って、外記局を管轄する少納言が持つ太政官の官印は押印されない。
- Therefore, kansenji was not sealed with the official stamp of daijokan that a shonagon, who administered the gekikyoku, had in his hand.
- こうした、花粉症ビジネスに参入する自治体の動きも記しておきたい。
- The movement of autonomous bodies into such hay fever businesses is particularly noteworthy.
- なお中国の歴史書では356年に「新羅」となったと記述されている。
- According to Chinese historical records, the country became 'Silla' in 356.
- 上記のように士農工商の概念と実際の身分制度は大きく異なっている。
- As described above, the theory of shi-no-ko-sho differed significantly from the actual class system.
- 上記の室町幕府将軍による武家執奏を多く取次したのも実俊であった。
- And as mentioned above, it was Sanetoshi that relayed many bukeshisso by the Muromachi bakufu shogun.
- このときのことをフロイスの『日本史』では、次のように記している。
- 'Nihonshi' by Luis Frois describes the event as follows:
- 春記の名は、死没するまで12年間在任した春宮権大夫の職名による。
- The name Shunki originated from the title of Togu Gon no Daibu (Provisional Master of the Crown Prince's Quarters) assumed for twelve years until his death.
- 代表的なものに『武徳大成記』『本朝通鑑』『大日本史』などがある。
- 'Butoku taiseiki,' 'Honchotsugan' and 'Dainihonshi' (great history of Japan) are typically such books.
- その影響で、鎌倉幕府の正史である『吾妻鏡』も日記体をとっている。
- Affected by such a situation, 'Azuma Kagami' (the Mirror of the east), an official history of the Kamakura bakufu, was written in a diary style as well.
- 文化面では、『日本書紀』・『万葉集』・『風土記』などが編まれた。
- With respect to culture, 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), and 'Fudoki' (descriptions of regional climate, culture, etc.) were compiled.
- 以下ふたつは、「会所」の語がみえる初期、鎌倉時代での記述である。
- The following two quotes were from articles written during the Kamakura period, the start of a time when the word, 'Kaisho' could be observed.
- 証本には伊勢 (歌人)によるものとされる仮名日記が付けられている。
- 'Shohon' (The copy faithful to the original classic) on Teiji-in uta-awase contains the diary written in 'kana' (the Japanese syllabary), whose writer is said to have been Ise (a poetess).
- 漢文を訓読する際に訓点を記入することは、奈良時代末期から見られる。
- Kunten (guiding marks for rendering Chinese into Japanese) has been added for reading kundoku since the end of the Nara period.
- 『吉記』は「後に聞く」としてと戦場の混乱を以下のように記している。
- In 'Kikki,' there is a following description of the confusion on the battle area, stating that the author 'heard of it later.'
- また、のちに伊藤が建てた別荘が野島に残っている(伊藤博文記念館)。
- Another villa which Ito had built later still remains in Nojima (Ito Hirobumi Museum).
- 無尽は、貞永式目追加法にも記述があり、鎌倉時代に登場したとされる。
- Mujin is already described in Joeishikimoku Tsuikaho and it is said that it appeared during the Kamakura period.
- 1113年(天永4年)、愛甲内記太郎の殺害事件により追討を受ける。
- In 1113, because of the murder of Naiki Taro AIKO, the members of the party were searched out and destroyed.
- このころから蝦夷とは呼ばれず、夷俘、俘囚と記録されるようになった。
- From this period the terms 'Ifu' or 'Fushu' started to be recorded instead of 'Emishi.'
- 上記の通り戦国時代は室町時代・安土桃山時代と重なる年代区分である。
- As described above, the Sengoku Period is a chronological period that overlaps with the Muromachi and Azuchi-Momoyama Periods.
- 古典『太平記』によれば直義派による師直暗殺騒動も存在したとされる。
- According to the classic, 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), there was an attempt to assassinate Moronao by the Tadayoshi group.
- 738年(天平10年)頃には大宝令の私的注釈書「古記」が生まれた。
- Around 738, 'Koki' (ancient records), a private commentary on the Taihoryo (law of Taiho), was published.
- ついで、8月平通盛・平経正が追討使として北陸に出陣する(『吉記』)。
- Following this, TAIRA no Michimori and TAIRA no Tsunemasa departed for Hokuriku as envoys for the search and kill expedition in September or October (August by the old lunar calendar) ('Kikki' (a diary by Tsunefusa YOSHIDA)).
- 他にも『結城家法度』や『安土城下掟書』でも押買禁止が明記されている。
- Both the 'Yuki-ke Hatto' (a territorial law promulgated by the Yuki family) and the 'Azuchi-joka Okite-gaki (rules in the castle town of Azuchi)' prohibited oshigai.
- また、原文では祭神・別称を漢文で記載しているが、ここでは書き下した。
- As for the names of the gods and the nicknames, although in the original text they are written in only kanji characters, the article's writer converts those to a mix of hiragana and kanji characters.
- 『五箇條御誓文』と題して明治神宮外苑聖徳記念絵画館で展示されている。
- It is on display as the title 'Charter Oath of Five Articles' in Seitoku Kinen Kaigakan (Meiji Memorial Picture Gallery) in the outer garden of the Meiji-jingu Shrine.
- また、政府は713年(和銅3年)には諸国に「風土記」の編纂を命じた。
- In 713, the government ordered to each provision to edit 'Fudoki.'
- しかし、総司令部はその記事内容が真正な松本委員会案であると判断した。
- But GHQ misunderstood that the published draft was the official Matsumoto committee draft.
- いずれにしても『甲陽軍鑑』が記載の長坂・跡部逃亡説は史実に反する)。
- In any case, the theory in 'Koyo Gunkan' (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family, compiled by one of the Takeda vassals, and completed in 1616 by Kagenori OBATA) that claims that Nagasaka and Atobe escaped violates a historical fact).
- また、暦注の記載に関しては『大唐陰陽書』などを参照したとされている。
- It is believed that they referred to 'Daito Onmyosho' (the book of yin and yang in the Tang era) and other books in order to write rekichu.
- 児玉党系塩谷氏の活躍については、『源平盛衰記』などの資料に見られる。
- The great success of the KODAMA Party Line SHIONOYA clan was described in the materials such as 'Genpei Seisui ki' (Rise and Fall of the MINAMOTO and Taira Clans) and so on.
- 平安末期になると歴史物語・軍記物語などの時代を顧みる文学が芽生えた。
- At the end of the Heian period, literature was born that looked back over the past, such as historical tales and war chronicles.
- 元慶の乱では、ところどころ記録が欠けていると記して略した箇所がある。
- There are several parts regarding the Gangyo War in which it is stated that records are missing and details are omitted.
- 埋骨の碑と有志による慰霊碑があり、碑面には以下の文面が記されている。
- The monument for the burial and the memorial monument voluntarily created still remain, and the surface of the stone is inscribed as follows:
- 上記の国政改革と並行して、東国では寛平・延喜東国の乱が発生していた。
- In parallel with the national reformation described above, Kanbyo Engi Togoku War (Disturbance by robberies in Togoku during the eras between Kanbyo [889 to 898] and Engi [901 to 923]) occurred.
- 『平家物語』には狼藉停止の命令に対して、このような発言が記されている。
- In 'The Tale of the Heike,' the following statements are found regarding the order to ban violence.
- 更に書写の途中で他の書の内容の混入や重複した記述も行われたと見られる。
- It is also considered that some contents of other books were mixed in while copying and that there are overlapping descriptions.
- 年代が明記された『史記』の最古の写本であり、かつ最古の訓点本でもある。
- It was the oldest written copy of 'Shiki' with the date of the transcription clearly marked as well as the oldest Kuntenbon.
- 原本は南朝 (中国)宋 (南朝)の裴駰による『史記集解』を用いている。
- The original text was 'Shikishikkai' written by HAI in of Nan-Dynasty (Southern Dynasty) (China) in the era of Song.
- これら僧侶の日記にはしばしば商船にて来日・入元したことが記されている。
- In diaries of these Buddhist priests, their visits and returns home on board merchant ships were frequently described.
- 現在知られている中で最も古い作者付は、世阿弥の著作中にある記事である。
- The oldest known sakushazuke is the description included within a book by Zeami.
- 到故郷」と記され、そのことから帰還まで300年程度経ったと推定される。
- for his home village,' it said, then it seemed that 300 years had passed from the time of his departure until his homecoming.
- 健磐とは、つまり巨岩の事である(崩落し火口湖へ落ちたとの記録がある)。
- Takeiwa means a huge rock (there is a record that it fell into a crater lake).
- 京都議定書の削減義務に対しては、日本国内で下記のような議論も見られる。
- The following are discussions in Japan on the reducing obligation in the Kyoto Protocol.
- 宮中の女官によって書かれた『御湯殿上日記』長享元年・十一・四条の記事。
- According to the Clause November 4, 1487 (old calendar) of 'Oyudono no Ue no Nikki' written by the court lady of the empress.
- (現代語訳は河出書房『義経記』高木卓訳)上の壬生忠岑の歌を本歌とする。
- (Modern Japanese translation is excerpted from the translation version of 'Gikeiki' (A Military Epic about the Life of Yoshitsune) by Taku TAKAGI published by Kawade Shobo) This poem was written based on MIBU no Tadamine's poem above.
- ※平成の大合併で消滅した自治体に関しては旧自治体名もあわせて表記する。
- *With respect to the local governments that became defunct as a result of the great Heisei merger, the names of former local governments are also listed.
- ただし、フロイスの記述の信憑性から、看過ないし黙殺する説が比較的多い。
- However, because of reliability of descriptions by Frois, rather many views overlook or neglect it.
- 暦応4年(興国2年/1341年)に既に訴訟機関として記録に登場している。
- It was as early as 1341 when it first appeared in historical records as a legal institution.
- 親王を擁護する立場から執筆されており以下のような故事などが記されている。
- This book was written from the viewpoint of a person who was in favor of the Imperial prince and the following historical events etc. are seen in this book.
- 事書には規定の概要・趣旨が書かれ、本文にその具体的な規定が記されていた。
- The kotogaki contained the summary and aim of the regulation, and text provided concrete descriptions of the regulations.
- 乱舞した人びとが宮中に入り、「一城の人、皆狂うがごとし」との記録がある。
- The people rushed into the court, dancing frantically, which was recorded as 'all the people in the castle looked crazy.'
- これは、中国の歴史書の体裁にならったもので、漢文の編年体で記されている。
- This followed the form of history books of China and was presented in the Chinese way using chronological order.
- 資料によっては城下町にも放火したとの記述が見られるが、これは誤りである。
- Some documents describe that the natives set fire not only to the castle but also to the castle town, but they are wrong.
- ただし、支配階層には皇族・華族・士族の称号が付与され、戸籍に明記された。
- Exceptionally, the ruling classes were granted titles of kozoku (the Imperial Family), kazoku (the peerage), and shizoku (samurai family) which they put on their family register.
- 末尾には家訓とともに「永仁元年二月」(1293年)の日付が記されている。
- The date 'February in the first year of the Einin era' (which corresponds to March of 1293 in the western calendar) as well as family precepts, is written down at the end of the picture scrolls.
- 奴隷狩りと略奪は各地で行われた記録が残り、海外へ売り払われた人々もいた。
- There are records of slave hunts and robbery in many places and certain people were sold to overseas countries.
- また、略奪、暴行、放火、強姦や殺戮のような戦争犯罪が行われた記録も多い。
- Moreover, there were many recorded incidents of war crimes such as pillage, violent assaults, arson, rapes and massacres.
- しかし、これは『古事談』のみの記述であり、信憑性を疑問視する学説もある。
- However, this account is found only in 'Kojidan (Collection of Folklore),' but there are theories that discredit its authenticity.
- 京都駅・京都市営地下鉄東西線・二条~醍醐間(1200年記念、1997年)
- Kyoto Station/Kyoto Municipal Subway Tozai Line/Nijo Station -Godaigo Station (1200th Anniversary, 1997)
- 上記の状況下において、頼朝は政治的な窮地に立たされ、危機感を強く抱いた。
- Under the circumstances mentioned above, Yoritomo, who was put in a politically difficult situation, developed a strong sense of crisis.
- 家領の権利書である公験は家記などとともに代々嫡男などの後継者に継承された。
- Kugen (a standard deed acknowledging a holder's ownership), which was a deed of the keryo, was inherited for generations by an heir such as a legitimate son, along with the kaki (records inherited within the family).
- 主に本文の訓読に関する記述が多いが、中には内容にまで踏み込んだものもある。
- The contents of the notes were mainly about kun-doku (the word-for-word translating method from Chinese to Japanese) of the main text of the 'Nihonshoki' but some of them delved into the comprehension of it.
- 「歴三事、古今更無此例、誠是家之余慶也」(『山槐記』元暦元年9月18日条)
- This is an unprecedented event and a great pleasure for the family' ('Sankaiki' - The Diary by Tadachika NAKAYAMA) dated eighteenth day, ninth month of the first year of Genryaku era).
- その記載される日常生活用語は、原則的に「いろは順」での分類がなされている。
- Such household words in the setsuyoshu were basically arranged in 'iroha order' (traditional Japanese alphabetical order).
- 木簡の中には「綱司」「東福寺」「筥崎八幡宮」などと記されたものが多数ある。
- Such names as 'Goji,' 'Tofuku-ji Temple,' and 'Hakozakihachiman-gu Shrine' are found on many of these mokkan.
- 「御諱」とは実名のことであり、ここには明治天皇の実名の睦仁が記されている。
- 御諱' means real name and the real name of the Emperor Meiji, Mutsuhito was written.
- 質の高い漢文体で書かれ、記事には出典を明らかにし、考証にも気を配っている。
- It is written in splendid kanbun form and has historical authenticity to some extent because the sources of articles are definite.
- 神代から後土御門天皇の文明_(日本)9年(1477年)までを記述している。
- It describes the history from immemorial times to 1477, the Bunmei era under the rein of Emperor Gotsuchimikado.
- 大和国の守護である興福寺が菩提山寺の醸造業に壷銭を課したとする記録がある。
- The records suggest that Kofuku-ji Temple, which was the Governor of Yamato Province, imposed tsubo-sen on the brewing industry in the Bodaisan-ji Temple.
- 事件は幕府内に憶測を招き、山名氏や細川氏の関与が疑われた記録も残っている。
- This incident intrigued the bakufu, and there are records remaining that held the Tamana clan and Hosokawa clan under suspicion of being associated with this incident.
- 「除」は前官を除いて新官を任ずる意味で、「目」は目録に記すことを意味する。
- Ji or jo means removing the former official and appointing a new one, and moku means recording in a list.
- 朝廷の官衙である和歌所・御書所・記録所・院文殿・後院などにおける職員を指す。
- It indicates the staff that worked in Kanga (government office) of the Imperial Court such as Wakadokoro (office of waka), Goshodokoro (office to maintain books in the Imperial Court), Kirokujo (land record office), Infumidono (the retired emperor's documents bureau), Goin and so on.
- 嘉靖年間末期に自己の日本での体験や日本の実情を記した『日本一鑑』を撰述した。
- At the end of the Kangzi period, Cheng Shun-kung wrote his experiences in Japan and Japan's actual circumstances in 'Nihon Ikkan' (Japan One Model.)
- それは御家人に対して大田文に記載された所領内の公田の広さに応じて賦課された。
- It was imposed on Gokenin based upon the size of koden (field administered directly by a ruler) in their shoryo (territories) which was registered on a cadaster called Ota-bumi.
- また、能阿弥は他にも東山御物について撰述した『君台観左右帳記』を著している。
- Noami also wrote 'Kumidaikansochoki' (book of secrets about zashiki-kazari or decorations of a room or study with shoin - one of Japan's most important residential architectural styles, established during the Momoyama era).
- 近年においては、1995年および2005年が記録すべき大量飛散の年であった。
- In recent years, particularly high airborne pollen levels were recorded in 1995 and 2005.
- また石寺楽市の古文献には「保内町」という記載が見受けられ、大字石寺にはない。
- Although the old literature, mentions about Ishidera Rakuichi, it contains a place name 'Honaicho,' which is not located in Oaza-ishidera.
- 『日本書紀』には、欽明天皇の時代に百済の暦博士が来日した記事が記されている。
- 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) states that a reki hakase (master of reki (calendar)) had come to Japan from Paekche during the era of the Emperor Kinmei.
- このときのことを『烈祖成蹟』は「我が軍大いに敗れ、死傷算なし」と記している。
- '烈祖成蹟' describes this as 'Our army defeated badly and had countless casualties.'
- 合戦の記録は真田家の『真田軍記』ほか、徳川方の『三河物語』にも記されている。
- The battle is recorded in 'Sanada Gunki' (a war chronicle) of the Sanada family as well as 'Mikawa Monogatari' (Tales from Mikawa) of the Tokugawa side.
- 奴隷労働から脱走し、逮捕されると腕に入れ墨を入れられて脱走回数が記録された。
- They were tattooed on the arm if they escaped from slave labor and were caught, and the number of escapes was recorded.
- 644年頃には黄砂が混ざったと見られる赤い雪が降ったという記録も残っている。
- There also remains a record that red snow, considered being snow mixed with kosa, fell around 644.
- まだ敵地の出雲国・伯耆国もしくは石見国に国替えを命ぜられた(『絵本太閤記』)
- He was ordered transference of his fief to Izumo Province, Hoki Province or Iwami Province which was still enemy territory ('Ehon Taikoki').
- こうした歴史像に基づく記述が、21世紀初頭まで一部の辞書などに残存していた。
- Such a historical image remained in some dictionaries until the beginning of the 21st century.
- 5日、淀藩への入城を拒絶された(下記参照)幕府軍は淀千両松に布陣するも惨敗。
- On January 29, the Shogunate forces, which were refused entry to the castle of the Yodo domain (see below), set up camp in Yodo-Senryomatsu, but were severely defeated.
- 寿永二年閏十月十三日条には小槻隆職からの伝聞として、次のように記されている。
- In the section of 13th day of intercalary 10th month of 1183, the following is described as the report from OTSUKI no Takamoto.
- 先ず①について、当該条に「贈皇后藤原氏、諱胤子、先帝之妣」という記載がある。
- First, concerning (1), the description includes 'The title of Empress was awarded after her death; her posthumous name was FUJIWARA no Inshi; the mother (妣) of the former Emperor.'
- 先例と実務関連記事の引用を行い、別巻では関連儀式についての記述が行われている。
- Precedents and the records of practical jobs were cited in the book and an explanation concerning related ceremonies were described in supplementary volumes.
- 『新抄格勅符抄』巻十にその内容が記されている(なお番号は便宜上のものである)。
- The contents of Chohogannenrei are described in 'Shinsho kyakuchoku fusho' volume 10. (Numbering is for reference only.)
- これによって天皇は親王の立坊・譲位を決断することになった(『後光厳院御記』)。
- HOSOKAWA's advice led to the Emperor's decision on his son's investiture and his abdication from the throne, according to 'Gokoingyoki' (The Diary of Emperor Gokogon).
- 逆に弘仁式や延喜式には序文において、儀礼については省略したことを明記している。
- Conversely, Koninshiki (Palace regulations of the Konin era) and Engishiki (Palace regulations of the Engi era) stated in their prefaces that descriptions of formalities were omitted.
- 『蜻蛉日記』の作者藤原道綱母は、彼女の叔母にあたり、その影響が指摘されている。
- The author of 'Kagero Nikki' (The Gossamer Years) was her aunt, the mother of FUJIWARA no Michitsuna, and it is pointed out that she was influenced by her.
- しかし、『史記』の「節用」(日常随時用いるという意味)からという説も存在する。
- However, there is also another theory that the word was derived from 'setsuyo' (meaning everyday and everywhere use), which defined in 'Shiki' (also known as Shiji, the Chinese Historical Records).
- 『戦国合戦大事典』によると「謀反の原因については不明な点が多い」と記している。
- According to 'Sengoku Kassen Daijiten' (literally, 'Encyclopedia of battles in the Sengoku period'), it is recorded as 'There are many unclear points about the cause of the rebellion.'
- 北条宗家を当時、得宗(徳宗)と呼んだことから、上記の政治体制を得宗専制という。
- Because Muneie HOJO was called Tokuso at the time, the above political system is referred to as the Tokuso autocracy.
- また1019年の刀伊の入寇の後、山を背にした地に防備を固めたという記述がある。
- It is also described that the Dazaifu fortified the area with the hills behind after the Toi invasion in 1019.
- 古くは、1477年に紅雪が降ったとの記録(『本朝年代紀』による)が残っている。
- In 'Honcho Nendaiki' (the Chronicle of the Dynasty), it is recorded that beni-yuki (red snow) fell in 1477.
- 『新国史』などに資料を求めたようだが、内容的には月日の記録に疎漏があるという。
- It appears as though 'Nihongi Ryaku' referred to 'Shinkokushi' (New National History) for the source of material, but the daily records contained within are not accurate.
- 前記の時代に謀反の疑惑をかけられて自害した、大津皇子の墓が雄岳山頂付近にある。
- There is the grave of Prince Otsu, who committed a suicide after being suspected of rebelling in the above-mentioned period, near the top of Odake.
- また、これらの私記は後世の『釈日本紀』編纂時の資料として用いられたと考えられる。
- It is also thought that these private notes were utilized as the materials for the compilation of 'Shaku Nihongi' (annotated text of the Nihon Shoki) in later years.
- ただし、同条に父・古人の侍読の功績によると記されており、その後の支給の例もない。
- However, the description is also seen in the above book saying Gakumonryo was granted in reward for their father Huruhito's achievement as Jidoku (imperial tutor) and none were rewarded thereafter.
- 日本で最初に出家して仏を祀ったのは尼(善信尼)であるという記録が日本書紀にある。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the first Japanese Buddhist priest who entered into priesthood and deified the Buddha was a nun called Zenshin-ni.
- これが『公卿補任』及び『歴名土代』の元になった公的記録であったと考えられている。
- It is considered that this was the formal record that became the base of 'Kugyobunin' (directory of court nobles) and 'Ryakumyo dodai.'
- 庄内軍記によれば、忠真の兵力は2万人と記されているが、実際は8千人程度であった。
- According to the Shonai Gunki, Tadazane's forces numbered 20,000, but actually they were about 8,000.
- 商人最も数が多く、記録に残る限り65名、さらに婦人2名、琉球出身者1名を数える。
- It had the greatest numbers of merchants, consisting of sixty five members, two ladies, and one who originated from Ryukyu region (current Okinawa area).
- 頃に、落雷により本丸が焼失したと、ルイス・フロイスが著書『日本史』に記している。
- Luis FROIS recorded in his book 'Nihonshi' (The History of Japan) that Honmaru was burnt down due to a lightning strike around the year 1579.
- 高野山側の記録よりもかなり小規模な形で戦いがあったとするのが妥当ではなかろうか。
- It might be reasonable to consider that there was a much smaller battle than that on the record of Koyasan.
- 以下、まず古典的「開発領主」武士起源論と近年流行の「職能」武士起源論を記述する。
- First, the classical theory on the origin of bushi by 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' (local notables who actually developed the land) will be described below, followed by the recently popular theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function.'
- この「応期法」について、『占事略决』に記された河魁を用いる応期法は他に例がない。
- Okiho,' which uses Kakai (one of Junigessho) described in 'Senji ryakketsu,' is rarely seen in other books.
- また、国史(担当は内記)は占文部分は重大な機密として記録しないものとされていた。
- It was decided that since the prediction was a top secret, it should be excluded from the record of national history (under the command of naiki - secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs).)
- 11月2日平通盛は北陸の遠征に何の実績を上げることもできずに帰京する(『吉記』)。
- On December 16, TAIRA no Michimori returned to Kyoto without having accomplished anything on his expedition to Hokuriku ('Kikki' (a diary by Tsunefusa YOSHIDA)).
- 奥書には宝徳3年(1451年)8月に結城氏家老の水谷入道の日記を写したものとある。
- The okugaki describes it as a copy of the diary of Yuki clan Karo (chief retainer) Mizutani Nyudo in September 1451.
- たとえば九州のスギは花粉が少ないことなどが知られている(上記の県別有症率を参照)。
- For example, it is known that the Japanese cedar trees on Kyushu produce little pollen (refer to the above prevalence rates by prefecture).
- 『海部氏系図』に記される、彦火明六世孫、宇那比姫命(うなびひめ)を卑弥呼とする説。
- There is a theory that Unabi Hime no Mikoto, the sixth-generation Hikohoakari mentioned in 'A Family Tree of the Amabe Family,' was Himiko.
- 旧事本紀には、健磐龍命の子とされる速瓶玉命が初代阿蘇国造であったと記録されている。
- According to 'Kujihoongi' (Ancient Japanese History), Hayamikatama no mikoto, who was Takeiwa tatsuno-mikoto's child, was the first Asonokuni no miyatsuko.
- 日本の世界遺産暫定リストにも記載されているが、世界遺産登録は大変厳しい状況にある。
- It has been on Japan's Tentative List of World Heritage Site, but the prospect that it would be registered as one of World Heritage Sites seems to be very unlikely.
- 鴨長明の『方丈記』、吉田兼好の『徒然草』と並んで日本三大一覧歴史・風刺と称される。
- 'Hojoki' (An Account of My Hut) by KAMO no Chomei, 'Tsurezure gusa' (Essays in Idleness) by Kenko YOSHIDA and this book are called Japan's three most famous books on history and caricature.
- Along with both 'Hojo-ki (The Ten-Foot-Square Hut),' written by KAMO no Chomei, and 'Tsurezuregusa (Essays in Idleness)' written by Kenko YOSHIDA, it is called one of the three Japanese major lists, histories and satires.
- 俘囚の地位を特別視するようなことは次第になくなり、歴史に記されることもなくなった。
- From this period, the position of the Fushu was no longer perceived as special and thus no longer recorded in history.
- 文学の面では古事記、日本書紀、万葉集、風土記など国内最古の史書や歌集が編纂された。
- In terms of literature, Japan's earliest history books and poem anthologies, such as 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and fudoki (description of regional climate, culture, etc.), were compiled.
- しかし、「醍醐雑事記」には壇ノ浦で没した人物の一人として教経の名が挙げられている。
- In the 'Daigo zatsuji ki' (The Record of the Finest Miscellaneous Matters of Life), however, Noritsune's name is listed among those who perished at Dannoura.
- 1.は天平9年(737年)、2.は天平11年(739年分)をそれぞれ記載している。
- The former recorded such people in 737, and the latter recorded such people in 739.
- 『中外抄』などの記述によると、匡房が藤原師通の命令を受けて編纂がはじめられたという。
- Some historical sources, including 'Chugaisho' (a collection of sayings of FUJIWARA no Tadazane), say that Masafusa began to compile under the order from FUJIWARA no Moromichi.
- 『大鏡』のあとを受けた伝記・逸話集の『今鏡』は嘉応2年(1170年)成立とみられる。
- 'Imakagami' (The Mirror of the Present), collection of biography and anecdotes, completed after 'Okagami,' is regarded completed in 1170.
- さらに、語によって表記を区別するという意識は和歌・連歌の世界を除いてさほどなかった。
- In addition, there was little idea that same pronounced words could be differentiated by letter variations, except in the field of waka (a traditional Japanese poem of 31 syllables and renga (linked verse).
- なお、各国の憲法の中には、「憲法改正の限界」を憲法に明記していているものも存在する。
- The 'theory of limitation of constitutional amendment' was clearly stated in some constitutions of other countries.
- 宣教師のルイス・フロイスは著書『日本史』にて豪壮華麗で安土城に次ぐ名城と記している。
- Luis FROIS, a missionary, described in his book 'History of Japan' that the great castle was the second most magnificent and gorgeous next to Azuchi-jo Castle.
- 皇代暦(こうだいれき)は、南北朝時代_(日本)から室町時代にかけてに書かれた年代記。
- Kodaireki is a chronicle written between the Period of Northern and Southern Courts and the Muromachi period.
- 正和年間の新日吉社造営費用のために洛中などの酒屋に壷銭を課したのが最古の記録である。
- The oldest records show that tsubo-sen was imposed on Sakaya in 'Rakuchu' (inside the capital) to cover the cost for constructing Ima Hie-sha Shrine during the Showa era.
- 戸主「茜部 馬甘」の戸口「服部 波加麻、年45、残疾、去年9月19日」の記録がある。
- There was a record that Ko headed by 'Akanabe no umakai' had a member of Ko, 'Hatoribe no hakama (波加麻), aged 45, mildly handicapped, died on September 19 of the previous year.'
- 戦国時代 (日本)には戦国大名の夫人を指して「御簾中」と記述した文書が見受けられる。
- On the other hand, there have been documents found from the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) where the wife of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) was referred to as a 'Gorenju.'
- これは当時の江戸幕府の法律である『公事方御定書』71条追加条によって明記されている。
- It was clearly written in the additional condition of Article 71 of 'Kujigata-osadamegaki' (the law of Edo bakufu), the law decided by the Edo Bakufu in those days.
- 鎌倉時代を経て室町時代になり、その式目は変化し、「代始和抄」には、以下の記述がある。
- These arrangements changed during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, and the following description is seen in 'Daihajime-washo.'
- その中で彼は上記のような土地問題を、更にはそれらが地方政治を乱していると指摘している。
- In the statement, he pointed out the land issues described above and indicated that they disrupted the local politics.
- まず結政所に弁官全員とその下の史 (律令制)、更に立会いとして少納言・外記が着座する。
- First, all of the Benkan and Shi (lower ranking official) (Ritsuryo system [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code]) and as witnesses, Shonagon (lesser councilor of state) and Geki, sit in the Katanashi-dokoro.
- 平安時代後期には官政も外記政も衰微して結政請印で実際の政務が行われることが多くなった。
- In the late Heian period, Kansei and Gekisei declined and actual governmental affairs were often run by Katanashi shoin.
- 学習指導要領には大和朝廷の表記が見られるが、歴史教科書の表記は前述のように様々である。
- While government course guidelines employ the term Yamato Imperial Court, Japanese history textbook publishers use various different terms such as those mentioned above.
- 記録所は後醍醐の親政時代に再興し、建武政権では荘園文書の調査に加えて一般の訴訟も担当。
- The Records Office was revived by Emperor Godaigo during the era of direct Imperial rule; under the Kenmu government, in addition to examining the records for all the shoen, it was also responsible for settling general legal disputes.
- 例えば、太政官の弁官局は小槻氏、同じく外記局は中原氏が請負、世襲的に継承するようになる。
- For example, Benkankyoku of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was held by Ozuki clan and the Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office of the Council of State) was held by the Nakahara clan.
- この時の状況を『信長公記』では、下記のように記していおり、臨終の悲惨な状況が伺えしれる。
- Situations at that time are described in 'Shinchoko-ki' as follows, and disastrous situations at their mortal moment can be imagined.
- 『いろは作者註文』は、いろは順に能の曲名を並べた一覧(名寄)に、作者名を注記した作者付。
- 'Iroha Sakusha Chumon' is sakushazuke that lists the names of noh songs according to the ordering of Japanese phonetic kana with annotations of the names of the writers.
- 半世紀に満たない短い期間であるが、美術史上は特に絵画と建築において特記される時代である。
- Lasting for less than half a century, the Momoyama period is noteworthy in art history, especially in the fields of painting and architecture.
- 持統天皇2年(688年)には筑紫館で新羅国使全霜林を饗したと『日本書紀』に記されている。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki,' Tsukushi-no-murotsumi was used to entertain 全霜林, an envoy of the Silla Kingdom in 688.
- ここで訴訟や政治問題などの処理が行われるとともに、院文殿に記録所の機能が兼ね揃えられた。
- Lawsuits and political issues were processed at the venue, and the venue also served as Kirokujo (Land Record Office) of the in-no-fu-dono.
- 上記のような事情を鑑みると、その一揆観は一揆のごく一部の相を見て創られたものに過ぎない。
- Considering the above-mentioned circumstances, however, it appears that such a view of ikki is based on a particular aspect of ikki.
- 『六代勝事記』:承久の乱を後鳥羽上皇が不徳の「悪王」であったことに原因があるとしている。
- 'Rokudai shojiki'(Record of the Triumphs of Six Imperial Generations): it claims the Jokyu Rebellion was a result of the fact that the retired Emperor Gotoba was an immoral 'wicked king.'
- 降って室町時代に一条兼良は『令抄』を著したが、これも古来の注釈を摘記したものにすぎない。
- Then in the Muromachi period, Kaneyoshi ICHIJO authored the 'Ryosho,' but this also was simply a summary of ancient commentaries.
- また、京都大学図書館所蔵の写本には、付箋の形で本文とは異なる「天一治法」が記されている。
- Further, a slip explaining 'Tenichijiho,' which is different from what is explained in the text, is attached to the transcript possessed by The Kyoto University Library.
- 『鎌倉持氏記』(かまくらもちうじき)は、室町時代の永享の乱・結城合戦を描いた軍記物である。
- Kamakura Mochiuji ki is a military diary depicting the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle during the Muromachi period.
- 鎌倉時代に書かれた『本朝書籍目録』には全1巻であることが記されているが、原本は存在しない。
- 'Honchoshojaku mokuroku' (the oldest list of Japanese books in existence written during the Kamakura period) states that the note was in one volume, but the original doesn't exist.
- 封建領主側は検地帳に記された村の石高の集計(村高)を元にして年貢・諸役を賦課した(村請)。
- Based on 'muradaka' (the total yield of a village) written on kenchi-cho, the feudal lord imposed 'nengu' (land tax) and 'shoyaku' (miscellaneous taxes other than nengu) on villagers as a whole, which was called 'murauke' (the village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment).
- また、良基の執政時代の北朝 (日本)において実際に行われていた官制に則して記述されている。
- Also, this book was written based upon the court official system that was actually implemented during the era of Yoshimoto's administration.
- 巻九・巻十では「飛駅儀」など政務に付随して行われる行事や、臨時儀式についてが記されている。
- Ceremonies accompanying government affairs such as 'Hiekigi' and other ad hoc rites are stipulated in volumes nine and ten.
- 西宮記(さいきゅうき/さいぐうき)は、平安時代に源高明によって撰述された有職故実・儀式書。
- Saikyuki (Saiguki) was a book on Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) and rites, which was compiled by MINAMOTO no Takaakira during the Heian period.
- 両者の争いは決定的になり、荒木村重は織田信長軍に備えるため、下記のように広範囲に配置した。
- War between the parties became decisive and Murashiga ARAKI posted in a wide range as follows:
- 『信長公記』では有岡城の記述が減っていき、織田信長が鷹狩りを楽しんでいる記述が増えてくる。
- In 'Shinchoko-ki,' the amount of descriptions about Arioka-jo Castle decreases and descriptions about Nobunaga ODA enjoying falconry increases.
- 庄内軍記によれば、忠恒の兵力は10万人と記されているが、実際は3万から4万人程度であった。
- According to the Shonai Gunki, Tadatsune's forces numbered approximately 100,000, but actually they amounted to about 30,000 to 40,000.
- 更に二条家に伝わる『二条押小路家門亭泉記』には二条良実が建長年間に相博したと記されている。
- Furthermore, it is written in 'Nijo Oshikoji Kamon Teisen-ki' passed down in the Nijo family that Yoshizane NIJO changed his residence during the Kencho era.
- 絵本太閤記では、泗川城(泗川古城)を守備していたのは伊勢兵部少輔定正(貞昌)となっている。
- According to Ehon Taikoki, the one that defended Sacheon Waeseong (Old Sacheon Waeseong) was Sadamasa (his name was written as 定正 or 貞昌 with same pronunciation), who had the title of Ise Hyobu shoyu (junior assistant minister of the Hyobusho Ministry of War in Ise Province).
- 『兼見卿記』の筆者でもある吉田兼見は、短文ながら天守の壮大さに驚いている様子が伺え知れる。
- From his sentence, though it is short, the surprise at the magnificence of the castle by Kanemi YOSHIDA, the author of 'Kanemi-kyo Ki,' can be imagined.
- 当初、暦道と宿曜道が共同して暦を作成していた時期もあった(『小右記』長和4年7月8日条)。
- Initially, scholars of rekido and sukuyodo collaborated to make a calendar (according to an entry in 'Shoyuki' (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke) dated August 30, 1015).
- 京都市、兵庫県洲本市、福井県福井市、敦賀市、奈良県奈良市、広島県福山市で震度5を記録した。
- Kyoto City, Sumoto City (Hyogo Prefecture), Fukui City (Fukui Prefecture), Tsuruga City, Nara City (Nara Prefecture) and Fukuyama City (Hiroshima Prefecture) all registered a magnitude of 5 on the Richter scale.
- 作曲は『小学唱歌集 初編』には「英国古代の大家ウェブの古歌」と記されているが、詳細は不明。
- With respect to composition, it is written in 'Shogaku Shokashu Shohen' as 'an old song by Webb, who was a virtuoso in ancient Great Britain.
- 華北や東北地方では日常的に指数が100前後と高く、これまでに500を記録したことはあった。
- In Huabei (the North China) and northeastern part of China, index values of around 100 are observed almost everyday and the index value of 500 was once recorded there.
- 土佐日記:紀貫之が土佐守の任務を終えて帰る旅の途中のことを女性を装って平仮名で書いている。
- Tosa Nikki (The Tosa Diary): A diary written in Hiragana detailing his trip after completing his mission as Tosa no kami (the Governor of Tosa Province), in which he impersonated a woman.
- 明治時代には陸軍を中心に迂回奇襲説が、近年では信長公記に基づいて正面攻撃説が主流であった。
- In the Meiji period, it was particularly believed by the army that the Oda army attacked by way of a detour, but in recent years, the belief that they attacked head-on has been favored, based on Shincho Koki (Biography of Nobunaga ODA).
- 『占事略决』には、現代に伝わる六壬神課では忘れられた技法や、その断片が幾つも記されている。
- There are many descriptions in 'Senji ryakketsu' concerning the techniques of Rikujinshinka or its fragments that are almost forgotten at present.
- 忠親は後白河院や源頼朝に重用され、日記の現存期間は平氏の興隆から全盛、滅亡の時期にあたる。
- Tadachika was given important posts by Goshirakawa-in (the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa) and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and the diary's existent period stretches from the Taira clan's rise, through its golden days, to its fall.
- また、目録には全21巻の編目が記載されるため、欠巻たる第6巻・第21巻の内容も判明している。
- The catalogue of Gokeshidai shows all titles of all 21 volumes, so the contents of the missing volume 6 and 21 are known.
- 名請人として記載された者は土地の保有者として認められる一方でその土地に緊縛されることになる。
- The person described in the kenchi-cho as naukenin was certified to be the owner of the land, while this meant that he (or she) was bogged down in the land.
- 最初に惣田数と年間可収租税総額を記載して、次に「除田」と「定田」のそれぞれの明細を列記した。
- In the first part, the total number of rice fields and the total amount of the annual tax to be imposed were written, and in the second part, the details of 'joden' (tax-free rice fields) and 'teiden' (taxable rice fields) were written.
- また、平安時代中期以後には『西宮記』・『北山抄』のような私撰の儀式も作成されるようになった。
- After the mid Heian period, privately compiled 'Gishiki' such as 'Saikyuki' (also referred to as Seikyuki and Saiguki; a work outlining court rules and customs) and 'Hokuzansho' (manual of court rules and customs) began to be created.
- 上記のように、京都が義仲の軍事制圧下にある状況で義仲の功績を全て否定することは不可能だった。
- As stated above, it was impossible then to completely negate Yoshinaka's achievements when Kyoto was under the control of Yoshinaka's force.
- 同日、中納言・藤原朝方以下43人が解官された(『吉記』『百錬抄』同日条、『玉葉』29日条)。
- On the same day, 43 government officials including chunagon (vice-councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Tomokata were dismissed ('Kikki' and 'Hyakuren sho,' entry of January 19; 'Gyokuyo,' entry of January 20).
- 軍記物のさきがけをなすものとして文学史上の意義も大きく、いずれも日本風の漢文で書かれている。
- As a precedence of military epic, they have great meaning in literal history, all of which were written in Japanese style kanbun (Sino-Japanese).
- 作者付(さくしゃづけ)とは、能の曲目に関して、各作品の作者が誰であるかを列記した書物である。
- A sakushazuke is a book which lists the writers of noh plays.
- 『日本書紀』の「神功皇后紀」において、「魏志倭人伝」の中の卑弥呼に関する記事を引用している。
- 'The Record of Empress Jingu' that appears in the Nihonshoki has a quoted article concerning Himiko in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei.
- 長崎県大村市:「天正遣欧少年使節顕彰之像」(1982年、使節の出発400年を記念して建立)。
- Omura City, Nagasaki Prefecture: 'Statue of Tensho Ken-o Shonen Shisetsu' (built in celebration of the 400th anniversary of the mission's departure in 1982)
- 特に石田三成は秀次助命のために奔走し、秀吉に「秀次公は無実であること」(武宗記)を直訴した。
- Mitsunari ISHIDA, in particular, tried everything to save the life of Hidetsugu, and pleaded the 'innocence of the lord Hidetsugu' (according to 'Buso-ki') directly to Hideyoshi.
- この時の『天王寺屋会記』によると、'御座船を城の内より乗り候て、安土へ参'と記載されている。
- According to 'Tennojiya-kaiki,' the record of the tea ceremony at the time, there is a description to the effect that 'went to Azuchi, getting on a gozabune (a roofed pleasure boat) inside the castle.'
- しかし、九州帝国大学医学部教授の中山平次郎が、万葉集の記述などを検討し福岡城址説を提唱した。
- But Heijiro NAKAYAMA, the professor of the Medical Department of Kyushu Imperial University, advocated an opiion that the construction site of Korokan was the ruins of Fukuokajo Castle after examining records including Manyoshu.
- 糸島半島にあった伊都国には「郡使の往来、常に駐まる所なり」と記された外交施設が存在していた。
- There was a diplomatic facility in Ito Province of Itoshima Peninsula, which was recorded in a poem envoy from county always stop at this facility.'
- 方丈記では、京都市中の死者を4万2300人とし、市中に遺体があふれていたことが記されている。
- In the Hojoki, it is written that 42,300 people died in Kyoto City, and that the city was filled with corpses.
- 奉行人が折紙に記した正月の神事などの議題3つを読み上げて将軍の決裁を得た後に、三献を開いた。
- After the Shogun passed his decision concerning three issues on the agenda such as divine services in the New Year which was recited by a bugyonin (a magistrate), and the sankon (three trays of drink and food) ceremony was conducted.
- 同書は作者不明で全3巻の軍記物語であり、平治物語を題材に絵巻物の「平治物語絵巻」が描かれた。
- This work is a war chronicle totaling three volumes, whose author or authors remain unknown; an emaki (hand scroll) called 'Heiji monogatari emaki,' which takes the Heiji monogatari itself as its subject, was also created.
- それでも、田中義成などの一部の学者は「吉野朝」の表記に対して抗議している(南北朝正閏問題)。
- Even then, some academics such as Yoshinari TANAKA have argued against using 'Yoshino-cho' (Nanbokucho-Seijun problem).
- 更に『神木動座之記』(内閣文庫所蔵)という書物によれば、寛弘3年(1006年)が最初だという。
- And 'Shinboku doza no ki' (the book on moving the sacred tree, owned by the Cabinet Library) says the first one was in 1006.
- 収穫不可な「損田」と収穫可能な「得田」に分類して在地における見込み租税額などを算定・記載した。
- In it, they divided the fields between 'sonden' (damaged fields) from which harvest could not be expected and 'tokuden' (productive fields) from which harvest could be expected, and calculated and recorded the expected amount of tax to be imposed on the local area.
- 太政官が出す公文書は原則外記局が作成するが、官宣旨は諸国・寺社との窓口である弁官局が発給する。
- While official documents to be issued by Daijokan are edited by Gekikyoku, kansenji is edited and issued by benkankyoku which is a point of contact with different provinces and temples.
- 「その数、雲霞の如し」(『兵範記』)、「帯箭の輩、院中に満つ」(『玉葉』)という状況となった。
- The situation was 'they were like the clouds and haze in number' (quoted from 'Heihanki') and 'there were warriors all over the place' (quoted from 'Gyokuyo').
- 現代では、国語学において、漢字表記・読み・字体・用字など漢字の用法の知識を得るのに利用される。
- In modern times, the setsuyoshu has been utilized in the field of Japanese philology (linguistics) for the purpose of acquiring the knowledge about uses of kanji, such as writing, reading, forms and usage of kanji.
- 漢字の音と訓をたくみに組み合わせて日本語を記す万葉仮名が用いられていることも大きな特徴である。
- Its significant feature is the use of Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu) which describes Japanese language by combining on and kun readings of Chinese characters.
- この記述はルイス・フロイスの感想ではあるが、名城安土城と並び称される建物として意識されていた。
- Although this is Luis FROIS's personal impression, Sakamoto-jo Castle was recognized as no less magnificent than the great Azuchi-jo Castle.
- 彼の離日に同行した天正遣欧使節によりヨーロッパに送られて教皇庁に保管されているとの記録がある。
- Furthermore, the folding screen was later sent to Europe by Tensho Ken-o Shisetsu (mission to Europe of 1582), who traveled with Alessandro VALIGNANO when he left Japan, and is now preserved at the Roman Curia, the record says.
- 現在でも宮崎県小林市にはこの泗川での戦勝を記念して「輪太鼓踊」という舞踊が今に伝えられている。
- There is a dance called 'Wadaiko-odori Dance' passed down in Kobayashi City, Miyazaki Prefecture, praising the victory at Shisen.
- 寛治5年(1091年)に宋商人李居簡が鴻臚館で写経した記述を最後に文献上から消えることとなる。
- The last record of Korokan is the description that 李居簡, a merchant from the Northern Sung dynasty, transcribed a sutra in Korokan in 1091.
- 『山槐記』治承3年(1179年)11月17日条によれば、臨時除目より以下の39名が解官された。
- According to the entry written on December 24 (November 17 in old lunar calendar), 1179 in 'Sankaiki' (Tadachika NAKAYAMA's diary), the following thirty-nine people were dismissed from their positions in the emergency Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials).
- さらに、『寛政重修諸家譜』『新編相模国風土記稿』など、幕府の編纂事業も学問所がおこなっていた。
- Gakumonjo also edited documents for Bakufu: 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu (genealogies of vassals in Edo Bakufu)' and 'New edition of Sagamino kuni fudoki,' and so forth.
- 以下の『唐書』の記述が示すように、遠国である倭国の朝貢は毎年でなくてよいとする措置がとられた。
- Measures were taken to allow Japan called Wa at that time, a country far away, not to send a mission every year, as described in the Books of Tang below.
- 記された各人の官位からの推測では、寛平5年(893年)4月から寛平6年(894年)8月となる。
- Conjecture according to the official ranks of each contributor place this date between April 893 and September 894.
- 詔勅や表奏文を豊富に収録し、先例のできあがった慣行を記載するなど、読者たる官人の便宜を図った。
- Its substantial collections of imperial edicts and addresses made to the emperor as well as descriptions of the customary practices established by precedents accommodated the government officials at whom the text was aimed.
- さらに、1923年(大正12年)、皇太子(後の昭和天皇)成婚を記念して5千本の梅が植林された。
- Furthermore in 1923, five thousand plum trees were planted to celebrate the marriage of the Crown Prince (later the Emperor Showa).
- 信孝捜索も上記の信忠戦で屋根に光秀軍を上らせ殲滅させたことを咎めたのではないかという説がある。
- With respect to search by Nobutaka, there is a view which considers that it was just to blame Sakihisa for having allowed Mitsuhide's army to climb on the roof to attack and kill Nobutada.
- なお、現存する算生に関する記録を見る限りでは、渡来人系の氏族に属する者が多かったとされている。
- As far as can be told from existing Sansho-related records, there were many people who belonged to the clans of toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese).
- 戸主「江沼臣 鷹麻呂」の戸口「江沼臣 黒麻呂、年28、正丁、去年12月10日死」の記録がある。
- There was a record that Ko headed by 'Takamaro ENUMA NO OMI' had a member of Ko, 'Kuromaro ENUMA NO OMI, aged 28, seitei, died on December 10 of the previous year.'
- 『清凉記』の成立は天慶9年(946年)であるので、本書の成立は天慶9年以前でなくてはならない。
- Because 'Seiryoki' was complete in 946, this document must have been complete in 946 or before.
- 特に知康は伊勢大神宮の託宣を受けたと称するなど(『吉記』11月15日条)、主戦派の急先鋒だった。
- Especially, Tomoyasu was the spearhead of the war party, claiming that he had received an oracle from Ise-daijingu Shrine ('Kikki' [a diary of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA], entry of January 6, 1184).
- また、人物の容姿描写、年中行事、儀式、服飾、物忌に関する記述などはすぐれた歴史資料となっている。
- Depiction of people's image, and statements on annual events, rituals, clothes, and monoimi (confinement to one's house on unlucky days) were used as a great references to know history.
- 室町幕府の将軍による執奏は「奏聞」「申入」「口入」など記録によっていくつもの表記が存在している。
- As a description of bukeshisso, it is written, depending on the record, in several different ways such as 'somon' (reporting to the Emperor), 'moshiire' (making a proposal to the Emperor) and 'kuchiire' (mediating two parties).
- しかし、後世の史料であるが「庄内陣記」には義弘・忠恒が共謀し義久が同意を与えたという記述がある。
- However, although it was written later, 'Shonai Jinki' (Shonai war chronicle) has an entry stating that Yoshihiro and Tadatsune had conspired together while Yoshihisa gave his consent to the plan.
- (現代表記)官武一途庶民にいたるまで、おのおのその志を遂げ、人心をして倦まざらしめんことを要す。
- (modern written Japanese) 官武一途庶民にいたるまで、おのおのその志を遂げ、人心をして倦まざらしめんことを要す。(The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.)
- 『永禄以来年代記』によると、'明智坂本に城をかまへ、山領を知行す、山上の木にまできり取'とある。
- According to 'Choronicle of Eiroku Era,' there is a description that 'AKECHI built a castle in Sakamoto, governed the estate and cut down the trees on the mountain.'
- 吉備国を平定したために吉備津彦を名乗ったと考えられているが、古事記には吉備津彦の名は出てこない。
- He is believed to have called himself Kibitsuhiko as he had suppressed Kibi Province, but there was no such name written in the Kojiki.
- なお、第1-3巻には、唐土の事歴・僧侶の補任が付記されており、その部分を「裏書」と呼称している。
- In the first to the third volumes, the history and appointments of monks in China were added and these parts were called 'uragaki' (additional parts).
- しかし、実際には上記のような京極氏・赤松氏らの高経への不満が将軍義詮を決断させたものと考えられる。
- In reality, however, it is considered that the above-mentioned dissatisfaction on the part of Kyogoku and Akamatsu clans was the cause for the decision of shogun Yoshiakira.
- 関東から京への旅、『源氏物語』とのめぐり会い、結婚から晩年に至るまでを記した生涯の回想日記である。
- It is a diary flashing back her entire life that contained the journey from the Kanto region to Kyoto, the encounter with 'Genji Monogatari,' and the period from her marriage to her afterlife.
- 『能本作者註文』と同じ原資料などに基づいて作者名の注記が行われており、内容的にはその異本に当たる。
- This book has the writer names annotated based on the same original sources as those of 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon', but as for the content, it is an alternative version.
- 前項の記述の通り、近世以前の田圃は全て棚田だったため、歴史的には「棚田」と「田んぼ」の違いはない。
- As stated in the preceding paragraph, all the rice fields before the modern times were Tanada, so historically there was no distinction between 'Tanada' and 'rice paddies.'
- また坂本城はイエズス会宣教師のルイス・フロイスの『フロイス日本史』にも、以下のように記されている。
- Also, Sakamoto-jo Castle was mentioned by Luis FROIS, one of the missionaries of the Society of Jesus, in his book titled 'Frois's History of Japan' as follows.
- 安土城は現在の安土山に建造され、大型の天守(現地では「天主」と表記)を初めて持つなど威容を誇った。
- Azuchi-jo Castle was built on now Mt. Azuchi, presenting dignified appearance for its unprecedented large-scaled castle tower (or Azuchi-jo Castle keep) and others.
- 表に御記入しなされ候六条は小・西両氏および老兄龍等も御同席にて談論せし所にて、毛も相違これなく候。
- The six articles written on the face were concluded in the presence of some people, such as Kiyotada KOMATSU, Takamari SAIGO, Kogoro KATSURA, and Ryoma SAKAMOTO, and the contents are just the same as the alliance.
- あまりの多さに供養が追いつかず、仁和寺の僧が死者の額に「阿」の字を記して回ったとも伝えられている。
- It is also said that because there were so many dead people, it was impossible to hold a memorial service for each of them, monks at the Ninna-ji Temple went around the city to mark the Sanskrit character 'a' (,the first letter in the Sanskrit characters, 阿 in kanji) on the foreheads of the dead.
- 「梅松論」は足利尊氏の正当性を強調して書かれた史書であるが、成立は太平記よりも早く、資料性は高い。
- The 'Baishoron' is a historical work written with special emphasis on supporting the legitimacy of Takauji ASHIKAGA's rise to power, but it was completed faster than the Taiheiki and relied on a rich assortment of documents.
- 「難太平記」は今川貞世が著した史書で、太平記の誤りを訂正しつつ、今川氏の事績を中心に書かれている。
- The 'Nantaiheiki' (Defects of the Taiheiki) is a historical work written by Sadayo IMAGAWA in which he attempts to correct the errors in the Taiheiki, though its primary focus is on the achievements of the Imagawa clan.
- しかし、潮流に関しては、合戦について簡潔にしか記していない『吾妻鏡』にはもちろん触れられていない。
- However, it goes without saying that the 'Azuma kagami,' which only describes the battle in a very simple, brief manner, doesn't mention the tides at all.
- 軍記物語の『平家物語』では「門司関、壇ノ浦はたぎり落ちる汐なれば、平家の船は汐に逢って出て来たる。
- The 'Heike monogatari,' a war chronicle, records that 'Since the tides at Monjigaseki and Dannoura flowed powerfully out, the Taira ships rode the tide and sallied forth.
- 釈文は、向日市埋蔵文化財センター・向日市教育委員会により1997年8月13日に記者発表されている。
- The transliterated record was announced at a press conference by the Muko City Center For Archaeological operations and Muko City Board of Education on August 13, 1997.
- 後者は実際の耕作者名を記載することで所有するだけで耕作を行わない地主層への牽制の意味も含まれていた。
- The latter way implies that the regime watched out for the rise of the land-owning class who owned lands but never cultivated them.
- 11世紀後半には『新猿楽記』が著されており、藤原明衡の晩年の手になるものではないかと考えられている。
- In the latter half of the 11h century, 'Shin sarugo ki' was written; it is considered to be written by FUJIWARA no Akihira in his later days.
- 「台記」春日詣の条には、「屯食十五具、裹飯五百具」と書き分けられているから、別の物であったかという。
- According to the passage, pilgrimage to Kasuga-jinja Shrine of 'Taiki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Yorinaga), they were distinguished as '15 Tonjiki and 500 Tsutsumiii;' they might be different food.
- 作者付には多数の能本の作者がひとまとめに明記されており、能作者の考定においては大変重要な資料となる。
- The fact that authors of many noh scripts were detailed in sakushazuke all together means that they are important resources for the clarification of noh writers.
- 上記のように伊奈氏を足利氏の庶流と見る説が一般的だが、『寛政重修諸家譜』には藤原氏と記載されている。
- Although the Ina clan is generally regarded as a branch family of the Ashikaga clan, as mentioned above, it was described as the Fujiwara clan in 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu' (a record of the family trees of samurai warriors of the Edo bakufu).
- これは現代日本語でのカタカナの使用や英語での固有名詞の表記、ドイツ語での名詞の表記に似た方法である。
- This is similar to the use of katakana characters in modern Japanese, which are used, for example, to write proper nouns from English or nouns from German.
- 『陰徳太平記』では南条元続が河原山城を直接攻撃したと書かれているが元続は実際に出兵を行ってはいない。
- According to 'Intoku Taiheiki' (Old Chronicle), Mototsugu NANJO directly attacked Kawarayama-jo Castle, but in actuality, Mototsugu never dispatched troops.
- 『武将感状記』によると、築堤の総経費は63万5040貫文、米6万3504石という莫大なものとなった。
- According to 'Busho Kanjoki' (Collection of Samurai Generals' Letters of Appreciation for Distinguished War Services), the total cost of the embankment amounted to as much as 635,040 kanmon and 63,504 koku (crop yields).
- そのため、暦道は毎年の暦注の記入と暦の頒布(具注暦)、七曜暦・中星暦の作成や日食の予測に限定された。
- This limited the application of rekido to a few tasks, such as the writing of rekichu (various information recorded in the almanac), the making of shichiyoreki (calendar of the seven luminaries) and chuseireki (chusei calendar), and the prediction of solar eclipses.
- 日本の数学が「和算」の姿にて再び学問として復活するのは、近世初期の『塵劫記』の時代以後のことになる。
- Only after the days of 'Jinkoki' (a mathematical book) in the early modern period were Japanese mathematics again resurrected as learning in the shape of 'Wasan' (Japanese mathematics).
- 現存記事の大部分は蔵人頭在職時期のもので、平安時代における蔵人の活動を具体的に記述しているのが特色。
- Most of the currently existing entries in the Shunki were written when Sukefusa served as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and they are unique in describing concrete activities of Kurodo (Chamberlain) in the Heian period.
- 酒壷10壷以上の酒屋が対象になったと考えられ、諸記録から酒壷毎に100文が課されたと推定されている。
- Based on various records, sake breweries equipped with 10 sake pots or more are considered to have been subject to tax, and probably 100 mon was imposed on each sake pot.
- 日本では江戸時代頃から、書物に「泥雨」「紅雪」「黄雪」などの黄砂に関する記述が見られるようになった。
- In Japan, descriptions of kosa started appearing around the Edo period, with the terms of 'dei-u' (mud rain), 'beni-yuki' (red snow), or 'Ki-yuki' (yellow snow).
- この時、甘粛省で22.9mg/m3(22,900μg/m3)という記録的な黄砂の濃度を観測している。
- In this case, a record kosa density of 22.9 mg per cubic meter (22,900 μg per cubic meter) was observed in Gansu Province.
- 岩見隆夫(1958年卒・法学) 毎日新聞社で、政治部記者としてロッキード事件や日韓癒着の取材で活躍。
- Takao IWAMI (class of 1958, law): He was a political reporter for Mainichi Newspaper Co., Ltd., and took an active part in the report on the Lockheed scandal and a collusive relationship between Japan and Korea.
- またその儀式自体である宮中の年中行事を指し、任官した者を列記した帳簿そのものを指す(除書ともいう)。
- It also refers to an annual event in the Imperial Court, a ceremony for appointing officials itself, as well as a book listing the names of appointed officials (also referred as Josho).
- だが、黒田は甲陽軍鑑に着目し、「記憶違いはあるが、悪意の捏造はなく、体験に基づく良質な史料」と断定。
- Focusing on Koyo Gunkan (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family), however, Kuroda determined that 'lapses of memory were seen, but the stories are not maliciously fabricated; this is a historical material of good quality based on their experiences.'
- 平氏政権時代から治承・寿永の乱での東国情勢などについて独自の記事も多く、重要史料として扱われている。
- It has many unique articles on the situation in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan) from the time of the Taira clan's government to the Jisho-Juei War, and is treated as an important historical resource.
- 御物本『更級日記』に藤原定家が付した奥書には『浜松中納言物語』『夜半の寝覚』も彼女の作と書かれている。
- According to the okugaki that FUJIWARA no Teika attached on the Gyobutsubon (Emperor's book stock) of 'Sarashina Nikki,' 'Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari' (The Tale of Hamamatsu Chunagon) and 'Yowanonezame' (Awaken at the midnight) were written by her as well.
- ただし、実際には言継自身が清原氏や広橋兼秀所蔵の『歴名土代』から書写したことを原本の識語に記している。
- However, in fact, Tokitsugu himself noted in the original books that he transcribed it from 'Ryakumyo dodai' possessed by the Kiyohara clan or Kanehide HIROHASHI.
- 朝廷の実務官僚である四位・五位の官人のみならず中央・地方の武家や神官などの叙位について記録されている。
- It recorded not only government officials of Shii and Goi, and governmental officials responsible for practical works of the Imperial court, but also court ranks of central and local samurai family and Shinto priests.
- 記紀神話に見る天岩戸にアマテラスが隠れたという記事(岩戸隠れ)に相当するのではないかという見解もある。
- Some people believe these eclipses correspond to the tale of Amaterasu hiding herself in Ama no Iwato (the Cave of Heaven), or Iwato Gakure, in Kiki-shinwa (this story is included in the Kojiki, the Nihonshoki, and mythology).
- ちなみに泗川の戦いでの明軍の兵力ははっきりしていないが、敗戦側の明の記録では「戦死者約8万人」とある。
- The seize of the Ming force in the Battle of Shisen was not certain, but the record of the defeated Ming side mentioned 'eighty thousand war casualties.'
- その規模、容姿は太田牛一や宣教師の記述にあるように天下布武、信長の天下統一事業を象徴する城郭であった。
- According to the descriptions made by Gyuichi OTA and the missionary, the scale and appearances of the castle symbolized Nobunaga's task of unifying the whole country that was expressed in his policy 'Unify Japan by the military government.'
- 鴻臚の名は入唐留学僧円仁の『入唐求法巡礼行記』の承和 (日本)4年(837年)の記述に初めて登場する。
- The name 'Koro' first appeared in the chapter of the fourth year of the Showa era (837) of 'Nitto guho junreiki' (The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law), which was described by Ennin, a monk who went to China for studying.
- なお、ルイス・フロイスの『日本史』では、信長が大軍を率いて上洛したときのことを、次のように記している。
- 'Nihonshi (The History of Japan) ' written by Luis Frois describes Nobunaga's march to Kyoto with his many soldiers as follows:
- これを背景として、中世中期には、北畠親房により神道的な神国思想をテーマとする『神皇正統記』が著された。
- With such a situation as a background, Chikafusa KITABATAKE wrote, in around the middle of the medieval period, 'Jinno shotoki' (records of the legitimate succession of the divine emperors) whose theme was Shinkoku-shiso (the thought considering Japan as the land of the gods) based on the Shinto religion.
- 本書には、全部で1182氏姓が記録され、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に3分類されている。
- This register records a total of 1182 clan names, being classified the into three types - 'Kobetsu,' 'Shinbetsu' and 'Shoban' - based on the place of origin.
- ちなみに、京都大学寄宿舎規程によれば、「学部学生に限り入舎させる」(寄宿舎規程第3条)との記述がある。
- Incidentally, a description stating 'only undergraduates are allowed to enter the dormitory' is seen in the regulation for the student dormitory of Kyoto University (article 3 of the regulation for the student dormitory).
- 」(相親相愛、ただ兄弟の如くあるのみならず、言語飮食、利害緩急、之を共にせざるは無し)と記されている。
- The relationship between them is more than the relationship between brothers, and moreover, they even use the same language and share food, drink, and interests.'
- 」と記されており、一般的には三種の神器のうち天叢雲剣は壇ノ浦の戦いで一度失われていると考えられている。
- In general, this seems to suggest that of the Imperial Regalia, the Sword was lost at one point at the battle of Dannoura.
- 図書寮本では、漢字を字形ごとに並べて掲出し、反切(発音)・用例・和訓・和音などを多くは出典つきで記す。
- The Zushoryo manuscript lists Chinese characters by form with hansetsu (pronunciations), usage examples, semantic readings, and Japanese readings of Chinese characters, many of which are provided with bibliographical information.
- 『権記』寛仁元年(1017年)正月7日条には、藤原資業(日野家の祖)について「三司兼帯」と記されている。
- In 'Gonki' (The FUJIWARA no Yukinari's diary) dated January 7 of the first year of Kannin era (1017), FUJIWARA no Sukenari (founder of the Hino family) was recorded as 'Sanji kentai.'
- 義仲に弁解の余地を与えない厳しいものだった(『玉葉』11月17日条、『吉記』『百錬抄』11月18日条)。
- It was severe enough to make Yoshinaka indefensible ('Gyokuyo,' entry of January 8, 1184, 'Kikki' and 'Hyakuren sho,' entry of January 9, 1184).
- 経顕は光厳上皇の側近中最も重んじられた1人であったことが光厳天皇曾孫貞成親王の『椿葉記』に記されている。
- It was written in 'Chinyoki' (an account of the raising to the throne of the Emperor Gohanazono in 1429) by Imperial Prince Sadafusa, who was the retired Emperor Kogon's grandson, that Tsuneaki was one of the most important close aides to the Retired Emperor Kogon.
- 全国の戸口調査を命じ、一村単位の家数、人数、男女、老若、職業などを明記した書類を作成して提出させたもの。
- It was mandated to take a census, such as the number of households, the given population, gender, age and occupation in village units and to submit the census in writing.
- ポルトガル人イエズス会宣教師であるルイス・フロイスは著書『日本史』に、天主に関して次のように記している。
- Portuguese Jesuit missionary Luis FROIS described the castle tower in his book 'Nihonshi' as follows.
- 最古の部類に入る浦島伝説、羽衣伝説の記述は万葉仮名書きの和歌が入っている点も含めて特筆すべきものである。
- The legends of Urashima and Hagoromo (a robe of heavenly feathers), which belong to the oldest articles, are particularly unique, including Japanese poems written in Manyo-gana (an ancient Japanese writing system using Chinese characters).
- 朝鮮では、『三国史記』に、新羅時代の174年頃の記述として、「ウートゥ(雨土)」という表現が残っている。
- In Korea, the term of 'wutu' is included in descriptions for around 174 A.D. in 'Samguk Sagi' (History of the Three Kingdoms) in the Silla period.
- 宇多天皇から後一条天皇まで、887年から1036年の記述は、抜粋ではなく日本紀略編者の作った部分である。
- Descriptions of period from the reign of Emperor Uda to Emperor Goichijo between 887 and 1036 are not excerpts but were created by the compiler of 'Nihongi Ryaku.'
- 後醍醐天皇は父である後宇多天皇に代り1324年から親政を開始し、記録荘園券契所の再興などの政治を始める。
- Emperor Godaigo started direct governance in 1324 in the stead of his father, Emperor Gouda, and started policies such as re-establishing the Office for the Investigation of Estate Documents (Kiroku Shoen Kenkeijo).
- 『占事略决』には、安倍家における家伝を背景に、目録的な意味合いで作成されたと考えられる記述が散見される。
- In 'Senji ryakketsu,' descriptions are seen here and there that seem to have been written with the intention of making a list, or something like it, of the oral tradition inherited in the Abe family.
- 乱の詳細は不明であるが、その鎮圧には10年余りかかったことが『扶桑略記』や『日本紀略』に記載されている。
- Although its details are not known, it is described in 'Fuso Ryakki' (A brief history of Japan) and 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese chronologies) that it took around ten years to suppress the war.
- 更に村内の個々の土地についての記述を終えた後に村全体の地目・品位ごとの段別集計を行った後に村高を記載する。
- After the above-mentioned items for each plot of land in the village were entered in kenchi-cho, the yield per tan by the land category and that by the land's fertility rank were calculated, and then, muradaka was written into kenchi-cho.
- ここでデモ隊は、上記許可条件を熟知していなかった被告人の誘導により、交差点の中央付近まで進行してしまった。
- But the defendant, who did not know fully about the condition of permission, led the demonstration march around the center of the intersection.
- 10世紀後期の状況を示していると考えられている『西宮記』で御暦奏で進上される頒暦は120巻と記されている。
- According to the 'Seikyuki,' a book supposed to have described the court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette in the latter half of the 16th century, the number of copies of hanreki to be presented to the emperor was 120.
- 17日には延暦寺所司・日吉社所司が尾張国知行国主・藤原成親の遠流と目代・政友の禁獄を訴えた(『兵範記』)。
- On January 12th, Deputy Chief of the Board of Retainers of Enryaku-ji Temple and Deputy Chief of the Board of Retainers of Hiyoshi-sha Shrine appealed to exile Kokushu (kokushu daimyo, a rank of territorial load during the Edo period) of the enfeoffment of the Owari Province FUJIWARA no Narichika and imprison Mokudai Masatomo (according to 'Heihanki' (Diary of TAIRA no Nobunori)).
- それは、軍記物の執筆や説話集の編纂、また、新しい絵画ジャンルである絵巻物の画題などにもよくあらわれている。
- This is recognized through written military records, compiled stories, or subjects on a picture scroll, a new type of painting at the time.
- 歴名土代(りゃくみょうどだい/れきめいどだい)とは、中世日本の四位・五位の位階補任(叙位)の記録簿である。
- Ryakumyo dodai (also called rekimei-dodai) was the record book of Ikai-Bunin (directory of Court ranks) of Shii (Fourth Rank) and Goi (Fifth Rank) in medieval Japan.
- 同時代の諸記録(言継の『言継卿記』を含め)に「補任歴名」あるいはこれを略した「補歴」という言葉が見られる。
- In the various records (including 'Tokitsugu Kyoki', the Dairy of Tokitsugu YAMASHINA) in the same period, the term 'Bunin-Ryakumyo' or its shortened form 'Ryakumyo' was found.
- 風土記編纂が命じられたのが和銅6年(713年)であるため、原本は遅くとも8世紀中にはできていたと思われる。
- Because Fudoki (the description of regional climate, culture, etc.) was compiled by imperial order in around 713, it seems that the original text came into existence during the middle of eighth century at the latest.
- また、政所執事・山城守護として朝廷との交渉役も務めたことから、公武交渉についての記述についても詳細である。
- The book also describes negotiation between the nobles and soldiers in detail because he was responsible to conduct negotiations with the Imperial Court as Mandokoro Shitsuji as well as the military governor of Yamashiro Province.
- 大気汚染指数は0 - 500の数値で表され、300以上が「重度」とされており、今回は最悪の数値を記録した。
- Because a value between 0 and 500 is used for the air pollution index, with values of 300 or more considered 'serious,' this was the worst value recorded until now.
- いわゆるガラの悪い人物の多い混成部隊ではもちろんの事、藩兵が同盟領内や自国内で行った記録すら残されている。
- There were even records of these acts, not only by mixed forces comprising a large number of so-called outlaws, but also by regular soldiers within their own and allied domains.
- 漢文伝(かんぶんでん)とは、中国正史の紀伝体や日本正史の国史体の影響を受けて書かれた漢文による伝記のこと。
- Kanbunden is a style of biography written in classical Chinese, influenced by Kidentai (an East Asian historical writing style) of Chinese authentic history and Kokushitai (Japanese historical writing style) of Japanese authentic history.
- 巻六から巻八までは、「元正受朝賀儀」「正月七日儀」「五月五日節儀」などの毎年の年中行事について記されている。
- Annual events like 'rite of receiving the New Year's Felicitations to the emperor,' 'rite of the seventh Day of New Year' and 'rite of the Tango-no setsu on the fifth day of the fifth month' are stipulated in volumes six to volume eight.
- 12世紀末に吉田経房・九条光長・定長の兄弟が三事兼帯を果たしたことについて、中山忠親は次のように記している。
- When the brothers of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA and Mitsunaga and Sadanaga KUJO became Sanji kentai holder in the late twelfth century, Tadachika NAKAYAMA wrote as follows.
- 日本語を記した辞書として10世紀末ごろには既に『和名類聚抄』が作られていたが、院政期にも新たな動きがあった。
- By the end of the tenth century, 'Wamyo Ruijusho' (dictionary of Japanese names) was already made, and there was a new progress in the Insei period.
- この表向きの一揆の盟約の禁止下で行われた百姓一揆は、その建前上の性格ゆえに土寇(どこう)とも漢語表記された。
- Hyakusho ikki, which took place under the ostensible prohibition of making a league of ikki, was, due to its official nature, also written as the originally Chinese word 土寇 (doko).
- もう一つは、それに不服の者については頼朝へ連絡し「沙汰」させる、というものである。(詳細は上記内容を参照)。
- The other was to notify Yoritomo and have him execute 'sata' on anyone who objected to the first subject (for details, please refer to the above contents).
- ウジに付した「西漢人」などの記載により、賀夜の渡来系の人の割合は全体の2割、宇都は3割を占めたことがわかる。
- Descriptions of 'Seikanjin' (people from China) and so on attached to Uji showed that the proportion of Immigrants to ancient Japan to the total was 20 percent in Kaya and 30 percent in Uzu, respectively.
- 現存する伝文によれば、記載時期は仁平元年(1151年)から建久5年(1194年)までの40年間あまりである。
- According to an existent document, it was written over the course of about 40 years, from 1151 to 1194.
- しかし、当時実際に城を観覧している宣教師ルイス・フロイスなどの記録によってその様子をうかがい知ることができる。
- However, the records made by a missionary Luis FROIS and others, who had actually visited the castle in those days, enable us to imagine its atmosphere.
- 27日、院御所議定が開かれ、謀反を起こした園城寺・興福寺に対する措置が議論された(『玉葉』『山槐記』同日条)。
- On the twenty-eighth (twenty-seventh in lunar calendar), a meeting was held at the palace of the retired emperor, at which a debate began over what sort of measures to take against Onjo-ji and Kofuku-ji temples, which had joined the insurrection (as recorded in both 'Gyokuyo' and 'Sankaiki').
- 貞成親王の『看聞日記』(永享三年二月七日、1431年)には、「凡会所奥端両会所以下荘厳置物宝物等、目を驚かす。
- According to the 'Kanmon Nikki' of the Imperial Prince Sadafusa (written on February 7, 1431 (old calendar)), 'the normal kaisho such as the Oku gokaisho and Hashi gokaisho both had Shogon (decorations related to Buddhism) and jewelries, which was surprising to the eyes.
- 藤原種継暗殺と早良親王排除の事情に触れた部分では、政治的理由で消された『続日本紀』の削除文を記して貴重である。
- The section pertaining to the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu and the exile of Imperial Prince Sawara contains valuable text which was deleted from 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for political reasons.
- 遣唐使(けんとうし)とは、『旧唐書』や『新唐書』にも記されているとおり、倭国が唐に派遣した朝貢使のことをいう。
- Japanese missions to Tang China were diplomatic missions sent to Tang China by Japan, as described in the 'Old Book of Tang' and the 'New Book of Tang.'
- 後世の「源平盛衰記」には為平親王を東国に迎えて乱を起こし、帝につけようとしていたと書かれているが信用できない。
- According to the 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira Clans) written years later, MINAMOTO no Takaakira intended to invite Imperial Prince Tamehira to the eastern provinces to start a war and then place Prince Tamehira on the throne, but this is not credible but this is not credible.
- この時代に全国的に国造・県主を配置したとは考えがたく、記事そのものは『日本書紀』の潤色であると考えられている。
- It is difficult to contemplate that kuni no miyatsuko and agatanushi were stationed throughout the entire country during this peirod, and these references are thought to be rhetorical flourishes of 'Nihonshoki.'
- その他、「林連」(ウジ名のみ判明)がみえ、数名(死亡月日のみ、または年齢のみ判明)の死亡を記載した断片がある。
- In addition, there found several fragments describing 'Hayashimuraji' (only the name of Uji was clarified), and deaths of several persons (only the date of death or the age was clarified).
- 備中国(現岡山県)の賀夜・宇都・窪屋(現在の岡山市・総社市を中心とする地域)の死亡者72名を記した帳簿である。
- This register recorded 72 deceased persons in Kaya, Uzu (宇都), and Kuboya (area around present-day Okayama City and Soja City) of Bitchu Province (present-day Okayama Prefecture).
- とすると、前記の如く、本書収録の最新年次の文書は寛治7年の宣旨であるため、長暦3年説を採用すると矛盾が生じる。
- However, the latest document included there is an imperial decree issued in 1093, as described before, contradicting the theory that its compilation ended in 1039.
- 遺言により、管領細川頼之が新将軍足利義満を支える体制となった(このできごとをもって『太平記』の物語は終焉する)。
- According to his will, kanrei Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA took on a role to support new shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (the story of 'Taiheiki' ended with this event).
- - 伝統産業に従事する職人が集まってできた町、あるいはその産業・工芸品の売買によって栄えた町で、上記産業町の一種
- town formed with artisans engaged in traditional industries, or a town that prospered as a result of trading their products, which is a kind of the aforementioned Industrial town
- これらの私記は、漢文で書かれた『日本書紀』を本来の伝承形態に戻って解釈することに力を注いでいると考えられている。
- It is considered that these private notes concentrated on the interpretation of the 'Nihonshoki' written in kanbun (Sino-Japanese) from the viewpoint of its original form of lore.
- スギ花粉症の発症メカニズム・症状・治療は、その他の花粉症とほぼ同じであり、スギ花粉症特有の特記すべき事項がない。
- The onset mechanism, symptoms and treatment of Japanese cedar pollinosis are the same as for other forms of hay fever, and there are not and particularly notable features particular to Japanese cedar pollinosis.
- 『扶桑略記』は寛治8年(1094年)以降の堀河天皇代に比叡山功徳院の僧皇円が編纂したとされる私撰の歴史書である。
- 'Fuso Ryakki' is a history book privately selected that is believed to be compiled by Priest Koen in Kudoku-in temple on Mt. Hiei during the generation of Emperor Horikawa after 1094.
- 文明本が最古であり、『下学集』が成立したらしき1444年から文明本の年記1474年までの間に、節用集は成立した。
- The oldest of these was the Bunmeibon, which fact indicates that setsuyoshu had been formed during the term from 1444, which was the estimated year of establishment of 'Kagaku-shu,' to 1474, which was the year of establishment of the Bunmeibon.
- このことから、上記の関東大仏造営料唐船と同様、この船が元へ再航する際に住吉神社造営料唐船に指定されたと思われる。
- Therefore, the ship, like Kanto-daibutsu zoeiryotosen above, is believed to have been designated as Sumiyoshi-jinja zoeiryotosen when it traveled to Yuan again.
- 室町時代の楷書中心の書体から、楷書と行書・草書を二列併記する「真草二行(真草二体)」が広く使われるようになった。
- Instead of Kaisho, which had been the main calligraphic style of the setsuyoshu in the Muromachi period, a writing style called 'Shinsonigyo' (also referred as Shinsonitai), in which Kaisho and Gyosho (a cursive style of writing Chinese characters) or Sosho (a very cursive style of writing Chinese characters, more abbreviated and flowing than Gyosho) were written in two rows side by side, came to be widely used.
- 国立国会図書館が運営する日本法令索引では、1979年に元号法制定によって一世一元の詔は実効性喪失と記載している。
- Index to Laws in Japan, run by the National Diet Library, mentions that the imperial decree of the practice of assigning one era name to the reign of each Emperor was lost its effectiveness by the Era Name Law which was established in 1979.
- 上記の岩倉使節団は西欧諸制度の調査も目的であったが、条約改正のための下準備という面もあり、実際交渉も準備された。
- The purpose of the Iwakura Mission was not only to do research of the systems of western Europe but to make primary arrangements for revising the treaty, and in fact, the negotiation of the revision was prepared.
- 『出雲国風土記』がほぼ完全に伝存するほか、常陸国、播磨国、豊後国、肥前国の風土記のそれぞれ一部が伝えられている。
- 'Izumo no kuni fudoki' (the local reports of Izumo Province) still exists in its almost complete form and a part of each fudoki from Hitachi Province, Harima Province, Bungo Province and Hizen Province still remains.
- 『鉄炮記』の記述は詳細で、種子島への鉄砲伝来に関しての史料が他にないこともあり伝来説の根本史料として利用される。
- Both because the description given in the 'Teppoki' is very detailed and because no other historical record describing the transmission of guns on Tanegashima island exists, the Teppoki is used as the source document for the transmission theory.
- 例えば、上記殺虫効果は、銅イオンが溶出することによると考えられるが、銅イオンが溶出すれば当然十円硬貨は腐食する。
- For example, the pesticidal effect described above is caused by the elution of copper ion from the coin, which of course causes the erosion of 10-yen coins.
- 後述するように、記載氏族が限られているとはいえ、日本古代氏族あるいは日本古代史全般の研究に欠かせない史料である。
- As will be described later, although the number of clan names included in Shinsen Shojiroku is limited, it is clearly an indispensable historical material for the study of Japanese ancient clans and the ancient history of Japan in general.
- 兵力は、『応仁記』によれば東軍が16万、西軍が11万以上であったと記されているが、誇張があるとも指摘されている。
- The Eastern camp had 160,000 samurai and the Western, 110,000 or more, according to 'Oninki' (The Record of the Onin War), but some suspect these figures may be exaggerated.
- 範頼軍は3万余騎(『源平盛衰記』)をもって陸地に布陣して平氏の退路を塞ぎ、岸から遠矢を射かけて義経軍を支援した。
- Noriyori took about 30,000 horsemen (according to 'the Chronicle of the Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira') from his army and drew up his battle lines on land to cut off the Taira's avenue of retreat, supporting Yoshitsune's army by shooting arrows long-distance from the cliffs.
- ②について、本書と『政事要略』に引用される典籍を比較した場合、本書に引用されない典籍のひとつに『清凉記』がある。
- Concerning (2), compared with the documents referred to in 'Seiji Yoryaku,' one of those not referred to in this document is 'Seiryoki.'
- 摂関家における歌合で記録に残るものでは、建治元年(1275年)の一条実経による摂政家月十首歌合以来のものであった。
- According to the records of utaawase (waka poetry contest) hosted by sekkanke (the families which produced the regent and the chief adviser to the emperor), it was the first utaawase since Sekkanke Tsukijusshu Utaawase was held by Sanetsune ICHIJO in 1275.
- その上で、その四隅の境界線に牓示(記となる杭などを打つあるいは付近の自然物に印を付ける)を行って四至を明確にした。
- Thereafter, they clarified Shishi by putting on Boji (notices) (planting stakes or putting marks on nearby natural things) on the four corners of shoen.
- 記主の吉田経房は「筆端及び難し」と言葉を濁しているが、慈円は『愚管抄』に明雲・円恵法親王について詳細に記している。
- The author Tsunefusa YOSHIDA made an evasive statement that 'it is hard to describe,' but Jien gave the details about Myoun and Cloistered Imperial Prince Ene in 'Gukansho.'
- 従来、上記の箸墓古墳の築造年代は古墳分類からは3世紀末から4世紀初頭とされ、卑弥呼の時代とは合わないとされてきた。
- It has been said that the Hashihaka Tumulus was created between the end of the third century and the beginning of the fourth century, which does not match the period of Himiko's reign.
- 卑弥呼が、『古事記』や『日本書紀』に書かれている誰にあたるか、またあたらないかが、江戸時代ころから議論されていた。
- Since the Edo period, there has been much debate about which records in the 'Kojiki' (the Records of Ancient Matters) or the 'Nihonshoki' (the Chronicles of Japan) can be identified with Himiko.
- 排出量取引 (ET Emissions Trading) とは、下記 4種類の炭素クレジットを取引する制度である。
- Emissions Trading (ET) is a mechanism which allows the following four types of carbon credit trades.
- 雑賀では、『昔阿波物語』に「主護(守護)はなく、百姓持に仕りたる国にて候」と記されるほどに守護の影響力は薄かった。
- In Saiga, the power of Shugo was so small that it was described as 'There is no Shugo and it was a country governed by farmers' in 'Mukashi Awamonogatari' (Tale of Old Awa Province).
- また『古事記』によれば、北陸道を平定した大彦命と、東海道を平定した武渟川別が合流した場所が会津であるとされている。
- According to 'Kojiki,' Aizu was the place where Obiko no mikoto and Takenunakawa wake no mikoto joined together after having conquered Kuga no michi (Hokuriku region) and Umitsu michi (Tokai region) respectively.
- 『信長公記』によれば、この時期には既に義昭が信長に対し反抗する意思を有していたことは明白になっていたとされている。
- 'Shincho koki (Biography of Nobunaga ODA)' says that it had already become apparent that Yoshiaki showed a rebellious attitude toward Nobunaga.
- 日本紀略(にほんぎりゃく)は、平安時代に編纂された歴史書で、六国史の抜粋と、六国史以後後一条天皇までの歴史を記す。
- Nihongi Ryaku (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) is a Japanese history text compiled during the Heian period which contains excerpts from Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories) and details of the history from the completion of Rikkokushi until the reign of Emperor Goichijo.
- 「楽市楽座は信長が安土城で始めた」という認識があるが、上記のように実際は中世の門前町や六角氏により開始されている。
- It is recognized that 'rakuichi-rakuza were begun in Azuchi by Nobunaga' but, as described above, they were actually first established by temple towns and the Rokkaku clan during the middle ages.
- 巻数について、『中右記』『本朝書籍目録』等で、全130巻あったことが分かるが、現存するのはそのうちの26巻である。
- As for the number of volumes, it is evident from 'Chuyuki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Munetada), 'Honchoshojaku mokuroku' (the oldest list of Japanese books in existence written in the Kamakura period) and others that there were 130 volumes in total, of which 26 still exist now.
- これらのことから、親王は天暦7年10月13日迄日記を筆録していたことがわかるが、いつを下限とするかは明確ではない。
- The earliest possible date for the diary's last entry is said to be April 14, 953; however, as this is a date one year and a half prior to the death Imperial Prince Shigeakira (the Imperial Prince passed away on October 18, 954), the possibility that which he did not make any entries in his diary during this period may be significantly low (Morosuke FUJIWARA, who was a court noble contemporary with Imperial Prince and also his farther-in-law, made entries in his diary until two days before his death).
- なお、博士ら講義担当者は講義にあたって予めテキストに相当する覚書である『日本紀私記』(にほんぎしき)を作成している。
- The persons in charge of giving lectures, such as the hakase, drew up private notes called Nihongi Shiki as a textbook in advance of their lectures.
- 文化財保護法では重要文化財は大きく「建造物」と「美術工芸品」の2つの部に分かれているが、本記事では建造物のみを扱う。
- In the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, important cultural properties are broadly divided into 'buildings and structures' and 'works of arts and crafts,' and this section highlights the buildings and structures only.
- 絶望的な戦いに命が惜しくなって逃げ出してしまったという解釈もあるが、『陰徳太平記』によると、下記のように記している。
- Certain views understood that he fled holding his life dear, but 'Intoku Taiheiki' understood as follows:
- 造幣局 (日本)では便宜上年号の記された面を「裏」としているが、明治時代の硬貨と異なり法律上、百円硬貨に表裏はない。
- The Japan Mint defines that the side on which the year is marked is the tail side for convenience sake, however, unlike coins from the Meiji period, the 100-yen coin legally has no head or tail.
- この日記が広く知られるようになったのは、江戸時代末期に編纂された『丹鶴叢書』の中の13冊として上梓されたためである。
- The diary became widely known when it was published in thirteen volumes in the series 'Tankaku-sosho' compiled in the late Edo period.
- 南朝の北畠親房は関東地方で南朝勢力の結集を図り、篭城した常陸国小田城にて南朝の正統性を示す「神皇正統記」を執筆する。
- Chikafusa KITABATAKE, of the Southern Court, planned to concentrate the Southern Court's forces in Kanto, and wrote the Jinno shotoki (Succession of Heavenly Imperial Rulers), a document trying to show the Southern Court's legitimacy, while besieging Oda castle in Hitachi Province.
- 初期のものは、単なる業績のみの記述に留まったが、時代が下るにつれて様々なエピソードが盛り込まれるようになっていった。
- In early times those descriptions were only about their achievements, but later various episodes were also added.
- ここに記載されている氏(ウジ)には、「伊我臣」、「海犬養」、「牛鹿部」、「車持連」、「酒人」、「日下部」などがある。
- Uji (family names) listed in this register included 'Igaomi' (伊我臣), 'Amainukai' (牛鹿部), 'Ushikabe,' 'Kuramochimuraji,' 'Sakahito,' and 'Kusakabe.'
- たとえば、下記のようにある項目では、「洌」という漢字について、まず、「玉(ごく)に云ふ」と、『玉篇』の説を引用する。
- For instance, the entry for '洌' first cites the account in 'Gyokuhen' (Chinese dictionary edited in the sixth century), which is indicated by the phrase '玉云' (according to 'Gyoku') appears as follows:
- 本編は、第一・二は蔵人(上下)、第三-六は外記(甲乙丙丁)、第七は外記蔵人方随召文書、第八は雑々任人諸例となっている。
- The records concerning Kurodo (Chamberlain) (section one and two) were compiled in Chapter one and two of the book, those concerning Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) (sections one, two, three, and four) were compiled in Chapter three to six, those concerning Geki Kurodo zuishomonjo were compiled in Chapter seven and those concerning zatsuzatsuninjin shorei were compiled in Chapter eight respectively.
- 『続日本紀』によれば、文武天皇2年(698年)に朝儀の礼、天平20年(748年)に釋奠の礼を定めたことが記されている。
- According to 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), Chogi no rei (ceremonies in the imperial court) was decided in 698, and Shakuten no rei (also referred to as Sekiten no rei; a festival to Confucius and his disciples) was decided in 748.
- 統治能力を持ちあわせた阿蘇神社大宮司としての阿蘇氏は、記録上12世紀前半の阿蘇惟宣(宇治惟宣)にまで遡ることができる。
- The origin of the Aso clan, the daiguji of Aso-jinja Shrine having political ruling power, could date back to Korenobu ASO (Korenobu UJI) who lived in the early twelfth century according to records.
- 信長が権力を誇示するために狩野永徳に安土城を描かせた金箔の屏風がアレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノに贈られたと記録にある。
- There is a record that a gilded folding screen with a painting of Azuchi-jo Castle produced by Eitoku KANO under the instruction of Nobunaga aiming to show off his power was presented to Alessandro VALIGNANO.
- しかし、長暦2年(1038年)頃に両者の対立から宿曜道側が暦道の批判に回ったという(『春記』長暦2年11月27日条)。
- However, in about 1038 a conflict arose between them, and the scholars of sukuyodo began criticizing those of rekido (according to an entry in 'Shunki (Spring Tale)' dated December 31, 1038).
- 蝦夷「えみし」についての形式上最も古い言及は『日本書紀』神武東征記中に詠まれている来目歌の一つに愛濔詩として登場する。
- The oldest record of Emishi in form is introduced in Kumeuta (a kind of poem) composed in a 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) Jinmu tosei (story in Japanese myth about the first generation of the Imperial family) as an Aibishi.
- しかしこのような生活は史料にみえる他の記述とも現在の考古学的知見とも矛盾し、蝦夷を野蛮人と誇張するための嘘と思われる。
- However, this type of lifestyle contradicts other descriptions in the history books and the archaeological evidence presented to date, and therefore it seems to be an attempt to exaggerate Emishi's characteristics as barbarians.
- 「君が代は」の型は『和漢朗詠集』の鎌倉時代初期の一本に記すものなどが最も古いといえる(巻下祝、国歌大観番号775番)。
- We can say that the oldest example of the form of 'Kimigayoha' appears in the version of 'Wakanroeishu (Japanese and Chinese poems to sing)' at the beginning of the Kamakura Period (巻下祝, Kokka Taikan No. 343).
- 武家伝奏であった公家の勧修寺晴豊の「日々記」の天正十年夏記六月一日によると、信長はこれを死の前日まで公に指摘していた。
- According to description for June 1, 1580 (old calendar) in 'Nichinichiki' of Harutoyo KAJUJI, who was a noble and Buke Denso (imperial official in charge of communication with the shogunate), Nobunaga officially pointed out this problem even one day before his death.
- 形式そのものは差出人が文面に表記される私信と同じものであるが、将軍自身による花押・署判(署名・捺印)が加えられていた。
- Although a Gonaisho was written in the style of a private letter with the sender's name written in the text, a kao (written seal mark) or shohan (signature/seal) was added to the document by the shogun himself.
- 長保4年(1002年)11月に編纂が完了したが、允亮の歿年と考えられる寛弘5年(1008年)頃まで追記がなされている。
- The compilation was finished in December, 1002, and was followed by occasional addition until nearly 1008, which is thought to be the year of Tadasuke's death.
- 奥書によると、浅羽民部少輔なる人物が宝徳3年(1451年)8月に鎌倉公方足利持氏の最後の日記として書き留めたものである。
- According to the okugaki (postscript), a person called Asaba Minbu shoyu (Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs) scribed the book as the last diary of Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) Mochiuji ASHIKAGA in September 1451.
- なお、中宮・東宮には別途に陰陽寮からの奏進が行われ、更に准三宮にも同様の待遇が与えられる場合があった(『貞信公記抄』)。
- Besides that, calendar presentation was made separately to chugu and togu by Onmyoryo and similar treatment was sometimes given to junsangu (according to 'Teishin koki-sho Extract').
- また、その際には牓示の正確な位置を記した絵図(四至牓示絵図)を作成して領域を確定することで、後日の境相論の防止に努めた。
- In such cases, relevant persons made a picture map (Shiishiboji ezu) that showed the exact position of Boji in order to confirm the territory of shoen and prevent future disputes over its boundaries.
- 『陰徳記』によると石山合戦で織田信長と交戦中の石山本願寺へ毛利氏勢と通じた荒木村重が兵糧を密かに搬入したとの噂が流れた。
- According to 'Intokuki' (the war chronicle of the Sengoku period in Chugoku region), it was rumored that Murashige ARAKI, who clandestinely consorted with the troops of the Mori clan, carried army provisions into Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple which had been fighting with Nobunaga ODA in Ishiyama War.
- 古賀達也は『海部氏勘注系図』とは別の高良大社に残る「高良記」系図にある二十一代目の「天造日女命」を卑弥呼と同定している。
- Apart from 'A Family Tree of the Amabe Family,' Tatsuya KOGA identified the 21st generation, 'Ametsukuru Hime Mikoto,' in the 'Record of Kora,' which was left in Kora Taisha Shrine with Himiko.
- 信長の家臣であった太田牛一は、天正7年1月『安土日記』に村井貞勝による天主に関しての記述を次のように引用して記している。
- Gyuichi OTA, a vassal of Nobunaga, wrote in the chapter on February 1579 of 'Azuchi Nikki' as follows by quoting the description made by Sadakatsu MURAI about castle tower.
- 上記のように、炭素税は工場等を狙ったものではなく自家用乗用車や民生部門などからの排出を抑制する効果を主にした制度である。
- As mentioned above, a carbon tax does not aim at factories or the like, but intends to effectively drive the suppression of the emissions from private cars, civilian sectors and so on.
- 以下は、様々な証拠や証言、文書の記述などを参考に各学者・研究者などより出されている復元案の一部または想像図の概要である。
- The following is a part of ideas for the restoration or the summary of imaginary pictures proposed by scholars and researchers, etc. on the basis of various evidences, testimonies, documents and so on.
- これでも戦死者を過少報告している可能性もあるが、日本側の死者3万余との記録とも大きく食い違うため実体は今なお不明である。
- It is likely that a smaller number of casualties were reported, but in reality this remains uncertain due to the great difference in numbers for which the Japanese army proclaimed over thirty thousand casualties.
- 京都府連執行部内で多数派を形成していた三木一平副委員長、塚本景之書記長ら共産党グループは、朝田の批判を快く思わなかった。
- The Japanese Communist Party faction, including Ippei MIKI, a vice-chairman, and Kageyuki TSUKAMOTO, a general secretary, who accounted for the majority of the Kyoto Federation executives, were offended at Asada's criticisms.
- この運動の名称は、下記の五十殿利治による大著『大正期新興美術運動の研究』(初版は1995年刊行)により、強く提唱された。
- The names of the movements were strongly advocated in the following bulky work 'Study of New Art Movements in the Taisho Period,' by Toshiharu OMUKA (which was first published in 1995).
- 『日本紀略』には寛平4年(892年)5月1日とあるが、この時期に関する同書の記述には誤記が多く、信頼度は高くないという。
- 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) places the date as June 3, 892 but this text contains many errors in its descriptions of this period, and is said not to be a reliable source.
- 特に湯殿がある部分は明治41年(1908年)に増築登記されたもので、当時のものではあり得ない(お龍はその2年前に病没)。
- Since the space of the bathroom was added to the new building and registered in 1908, it can not be the same one as the time of the incident (Ryo had passed away two years before).
- 村山1981では正応6年の誤記ではないかとの説を展開しながらも、尊経閣文庫蔵本が執筆された年は最終的には不明としている。
- Murakami 1981, which asserted on one hand that the author mistook 貞応6年 for 正応6年 (the sixth year of Shoo era (1293)), eventually concluded that the year in which the transcript possessed by Sonkeikaku-bunko was written is unknown.
- 本書の成立年代は詳らかではないが、本書のなかに一条天皇を「今上」と記していることから一条天皇の朝に行われたと考えられる。
- It is not well known when this book was compiled, but judging from the fact that the Emperor Ichijo was referred to as 'the present emperor' in the text, it is considered to be edited during the Emperor Ichijo's reign.
- 現存する記事は長治2年(1105年)から大治 (日本)4年(1129年)年までの25年間に及ぶが、欠落部分も少なくない。
- The existing article spans 25 years from 1105 to 1129, but many segments are missing.
- 「政」の開催場所のよって結政が開かれる結政所が違った(官政は太政官庁西廊、外記政は外記南舎(外記庁の南側に置かれた離れ)。
- The Katanashi-dokoro where Katanashi was conducted was different depending upon where the 'Sei' was held (west corridor of the Dajokan Office for Kansei and Geki South Building, the annex on the south side of the Geki Office for Gekisei).
- そして検注の実施年月日と「注進如件」の書止を記し、荘園領主から派遣された検注使と在地の荘官、場合によっては地頭が連署した。
- It was carried out on the same date the kenchu was carried out and the established words 'chushin kudan no gotoshi' (the case is thus reported as above) as well as the signatures of the kenchushi (land surveyor) were dispatched by the manor owner, the local shokan (an officer entrusted with local management by the manor owner), and in some cases, jito (estate steward).
- そのため、令制や他の官職解説と異なる記述や任命されることが無くなっていた四等官主典級及び判官級の一部の記事が省かれている。
- As a result, some of its descriptions are different from those of the Ritsuryo system or other instruction manuals and the explanations of fourth grade Sakan (secretary) or Hangan (inspector), to which none were appointed at the time, were omitted.
- 当初は太政官の上卿から弾正や検非違使に勅許の内容を伝えることとなっていたが、後に外記が宣旨を作成して伝える方法に変わった。
- Initially, the high-ranking courtiers of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) were to transmit the content of the decree to the Danjo (censors) and Kebiishi (police and judicial chief), but later it changed to the Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) preparing the senji and transmitting the content.
- 『政事要略』においては、『儀式 貞観』という引用句があり、続いて『本朝法家文書目録』には『貞観儀式』10巻と記されている。
- The term 'Gishiki Jogan' is cited in 'Seiji yoryaku' (examples of politics in the Heian period) and the term 'Jogan gishiki 10 volumes' is found in 'Honcho hoka monjo mokuroku' (legal book-catalog during Heian-Japan).
- 弥生時代においても帥升や卑弥呼などが倭国王として中国の史料に記されているように、倭国と呼ばれる政治的な結合が存在していた。
- Already in the Yayoi period (c.300BC-c.300AD) there existed a political alliance known as Wakoku, with Chinese historical sources mentioning rulers of Wa such as King Suisho and Queen Himiko.
- 上記の要因が複合し、島津軍の奇襲作戦や伏兵などが成功して連合軍が混乱し瓦解したため、寡兵の島津軍が勝利しえたと推測できる。
- It could be assumed that the outnumbered Shimazu army was able to face a victory due to a combination of various factors mentioned earlier and the successful surprise and ambush attacks that led the allied force into confusion and fell.
- 室町時代には、高梨惣領家と山田高梨・中村高梨・江部高梨を併せて高梨四家と呼ばれていたと記されている(「上高井歴史」より)。
- During the Muromachi period, the head family of the Takanashi, Yamada Takanashi, Nakamura Takanashi and Ebe Takanashi were called the four families of Takanashi (from 'the history of Kamitakai').
- 記録荘園券契所を設置して実効的な荘園整理を進める(延久の荘園整理令)など、当時の社会変動に伴う課題に自ら取り組んでいった。
- He coped with the challenges associated with social changes in those days such as promoting effective regulation of shoen by establishing the Kiroku shoen kenkeijo (office for the investigation of estate documents) (Enkyu Manor Regulation Acts).
- 5世紀の中国の歴史書『宋書』倭国伝に、 478年(順帝昇明2年)倭王武が宋 (南朝)に届けた上表文として以下の記述がある。
- In 'Sosho (Sung Shu) Wakokuden,' the Chinese history book of the fifth century, the following sentence is seen as a Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) delivered from Waobu to Sung (Nan-Dynasty) in 478.
- 8月5日の記録では日本の戦死者20人に対し朝鮮側が百余名とされており、正規軍での対戦では朝鮮軍は日本軍に歯が立たなかった。
- According to the entry in the True Record of the Joseon Dynasty for the fifth day of the eighth month, the Japanese forces suffered 20 dead in the fighting, while the Korean army had suffered over 100, demonstrating that in battles between the two countries' regular armies, the Korean forces were no match for the Japanese.
- ただし、以上のうちで律令の研究といえるものは「古記」のみで、他は条文の解釈を公的に確定する作業であったというべきであろう。
- However, among the above, only the 'Koki' can be referred to as being research on ritsuryo, while others were acts of publicly deciding on the interpretation of the text.
- 唐の『新修本草』を範に取り、その他漢籍医学・薬学書に書かれた薬物に倭名を当てはめ、日本での産出の有無及び産地を記している。
- The dictionary is modeled after 'Xinxiu Bencao' compiled in Tang-dynasty China, and includes names of medicines, which were found in other Chinese medical books and translated into Japanese, and information about whether the medicines (medical plants) were produced in Japan and where they were produced.
- 検地の実施後、その結果を元にしてそれぞれの村の石盛を決定し、村内の田畑・屋敷地について、一筆ごとに以下の項目を記載していく。
- Based on the result of kenchi, 'kokumori' (the estimated yield from the land per 'tan' [the old Japanese unit of land area]) was calculated in each village, and then, the following items were entered in kenchi-cho for each parcel of paddy, field, and residential area of the village.
- 必要に応じて屋敷地には居住者の身分(村役人・僧侶・神官・後家など一般農民と年貢・諸役の負担に違いが生じる人々)が記載された。
- If necessary, the inhabitants' social position was entered into the blank space left in the item of residential area of kenchi-cho, because the degree of the burden of nengu and shoyaku differed between the common farmer and the other people, such as village officer, Buddhist priest, Shinto priest, and widow.
- 『大内氏掟書』によれば、権力や武力を用いて強引に買いあさるために「公方買」「守護買」などとも呼ばれていたことが記されている。
- According to the 'Ouchi-shi Okite-gaki (rules set by Mr. Ouchi),' they were called kobo-kai as well as shugo-gai as some used their official powers and force of arms to coerce sales.
- 『古事記』・『日本書紀』によれば、王仁が『論語』・『千字文』を伝えて応神天皇の皇子に教えたとされているが、真偽は不明である。
- According to the history books, 'Kojiki' (Record of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (The Chronicles of Japan), Wani is believed to be a teacher to the Prince of Emperor Ojin using the books 'Rongo' (The Analects of Confucius) and 'Senjimon' (The Thousand Character Classic); however, this remains unconfirmed.
- 源義経が師事した流派という伝説もあり、様々な人物伝や伝記などの伝承もあるが、どれも具体的な物証などがなく、伝説の域を出ない。
- There is a legend that Yoshitsune MINAMOTO was a follower of this school, and there are many folklores such as stories on various characters and biographies related to the school but none has concrete evidence and do not go beyond being a legend.
- もっとも、当時、経綸の語は一般に馴染みのある語ではなく、江戸版の太政官日誌では経綸を経論と誤記しケイロンとルビを振っていた。
- However, at that time the phrase 経綸 (the administration of affairs of state) was not familiar to common people, in Daijokan nittshi of Edo version it was written wrongly as 経論 with wrong pronunciation 'keiron('keirin'is right pronunciation of the word).'
- ヤマト王権(倭国)は百済と連携して朝鮮半島南部への出兵を頻繁に展開し、このことは高句麗が遺した広開土王碑にも記述されている。
- The Gwanggaeto Stele, erected by the Korean Kingdom of Goguryeo, states that the Yamato Kingdom (Wakoku) began dispatching troops to the southern Korean Peninsula in collaboration with the Kingdom of Baekje.
- 朝田らは早速、左京区内の文化厚生会館内に設置されていた府連書記局の明け渡しを要求したが、三木らはこれを拒否、物別れに終わる。
- Asada and other members immediately asked Miki and others to move out of the Kyoto Federation secretariat located in the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City but they refused and their talk broke down.
- 天文道(てんもんどう)とは、天文現象の異常(天文異変/天変現象)を観測・記録し、その地上への影響について研究する古代の学問。
- Tenmondo (ancient horoscopy) is an ancient study involving the observation and recording of unusual astronomical phenomena (extraordinary astronomical events/extraordinary natural phenomena) and investigation of their effects on the Earth.
- 源氏・平氏による争乱期(治承・寿永の乱)の最中に発生した飢饉であり、源平盛衰記や方丈記など当時の状況を詳細に記す史料も多い。
- The famine occurred during a period of conflict (Jisho-Juei War), and there remain many historical documents which describe the situation in detail such as the Genpei Seisuiki (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans) and the Hojoki (An Account of My Hut).
- もちろん次官の仕事などしていないのはいうまでもないが、前記のように内蔵寮と浅野長矩が長官を務める内匠寮とは職務上関連が深い。
- It goes without saying that he did not do have any duties as deputy, but as mentioned previously, the Kuraryo and Naishoryo, where Naganori ASANO was head, have a close relationship regarding duties.
- 11月20日、五条河原で源光長以下百余の首がさらされ、義仲軍は勝ち鬨の声を挙げた(『百錬抄」同日条、『吉記』は21日とする)。
- On January 11, 1184, with more than 100 severed heads laid on Gojogawara, Yoshikuni's army gave a shout of victory ('Hyakuren sho,' entry of January 11, 1184; 'Kikki' recorded the date as January 12).
- 諸国一宮の社名、祭神、鎮座地を記した史料は「一宮記」と呼ばれ同種の本が多数存在するが、『大日本国一宮記』はその内の一つである。
- The historical materials, in which the names of Ichinomiya (high-ranking shrines of provinces), gods and locations are written, are generally called 'Ichinomiya-Ki'; that kind of material is not rare, and 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' is one of those.
- (現代表記)我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- (modern written Japanese) 我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- 平城京への遷都に先立って撰定・施行された大宝律令が、日本国内の実情に合うように多方面から検討し変更されるなどから上記が分かる。
- This can be seen in the fact that Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) - which had been chosen and implemented before the transfer of the capital to Heijokyo - was reviewed and adapted in various ways so that it would be more suitable for real Japanese society.
- 本来、士農工商とは中国の春秋戦国時代(諸子百家)における民の分類法で例えば『管子』には「士農工商四民、国の礎」と記されている。
- Originally, shi-no-ko-sho was a categorization of citizenry in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods in China (Shoshi hyakka (The Various Masters of the 100 Schools: Thinkers of Ancient China)), as described in 'Kuan Tzu,' 'the four social classes of government official, farmers, artisans, and merchants form the foundation of a country.'
- また、英俊(興福寺僧侶)による『多聞院日記』などでは、政策の主目的が一揆(盟約による政治共同体)の防止であったと記されている。
- It was recorded in some documents such as 'Tamonin Nikki' (Diary of Tamonin) written by Eishun (a monk in the Kofuku-ji Temple) and the like that the primary objective of the katanagari policy was preventing ikki (political community based on a league).
- その際、上記の建て替え予算案を提出する用意があり、吉田寮が立て替えを受諾するか否か、その回答期限が10月23日であると告げる。
- In these meeting, they informed that the student center was prepared to submit the budget for reconstruction, and requested Yoshida dormitory to reply by October 23 whether or not it would accept the reconstruction.
- この句が、明智光秀の謀反の決意を示すものとの解釈があるが(下記動機と首謀者に関するその他の考察の項参照)、句の解釈は種々ある。
- There is a view that interprets this line as Mitsuhide's determination of revolt (Refer to the section 'Other Considerations about Motive and Ringleader'), but there are various interpretations.
- 荘園絵図(しょうえんえず)とは、上記のため、あるいはそれに起因した具体的な紛争を解決するための手段として描かれた絵地図である。
- Shoenezu is a pictorial map drawn for the above mentioned purpose or as a means of settling a concrete dispute arising therefrom.
- 第六章から第十九章は陰陽五行による五行の相剋の説明といったように、陰陽道における基礎知識や占うにあたっての前準備を記してある。
- The fundamental knowledge of Onmyodo and the preliminary preparation for divination, such as the explanation about the rivalry of gogyo based on the philosophy of inyogogyo (the cosmic dual forces (yin and yang) and the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth) in Chinese cosmology), is explained in Chapters 6 to 19.
- ただ、公家日記によると京都周辺で落武者狩りが行われ、60名前後が捕縛、処刑されたとあるので、小規模な戦闘はあったと思われている
- Judging from the description in kuge-nikki (noblemen's diaries) that 'the hunt for defeated warriors began around Kyoto and some sixty warriors were arrested and executed,' it could be considered that there was a small-scale battle.
- そのため、巻数が様々で記録では4巻・10巻・15巻・16巻などと伝えられているが、現存本には17巻・18巻本なども存在している。
- As a result, there are different theories about how many volumes the book came in, but among the existing books, there is a book in 17 volumes and one in 18 volumes, although the record indicates various numbers including 4, 10, 15, and 16.
- また『風口』という伝書中に本著の内容が含まれ、その末尾には金春禅鳳の署名があるが、こちらも記述内容の相違から、仮託と考えられる。
- The content of this publication is included in a book entitled 'Kazekuchi,' which also features the signature of Zenpo KONPARU at the end, but this is believed to be false due to the discrepancy in the book's content.
- 総司令部は、その記事に示された「松本委員会試案」は受け入れ難いと考え、自ら憲法改正案を作成し、日本政府に提示することを決定した。
- GHQ rejected the published 'Matsumoto committee draft' and decided to prepare another draft proposal by themselves and submitted it to the Japanese government.
- なお『古事記』では、4人をそれぞれ個別に記載した記事は存在するが、一括して取り扱ってはおらず、四道将軍の呼称も記載されていない。
- For reference's sake, in the 'Kojiki' (the Record of Ancient Matters), the generals were not collectively described and no designation of Shido-shogun was used although a description of each of the four generals appeared individually in some articles.
- なお、郷村断層は、国の天然記念物に指定(1929年・昭和4年12月17日)され、現在、3か所で保存されており、見ることができる。
- The Goson Fault was designated as a national natural treasure on December 17, 1929, and today it can be observed at three spots where it is preserved.
- そのため信憑性には難があるものの『平家物語』『源平盛衰記』などの軍記物語を基に巷間で信じられている合戦の経過を述べることになる。
- Hence, there is no choice but to describe the progress of the battle relying on hearsay, and based on war chronicles like the 'Heike monogatari' (Tale of the Taira) or 'Gempei monogatari' (Chronicle of the Rising and Falling fates of the Minamoto and Taira clans), despite the fact that such chronicles are plagued with credibility issues.
- 小説、観光パンフレット類やテレビドラマはもちろん、源平合戦を扱った歴史関係書籍でもこの黒板説を元に壇ノ浦の戦いが記述されている。
- Depictions - including novels, sightseeing pamphlets and so forth, and of course TV dramas - that deal with this battle, and even history-related academic publications on the Gempei War (the war between the Minamoto and the Taira clans) all show the battle from the standpoint of KUROITA's changing tides theory.
- 7・8歳あるいは13・14歳(時期によって違う)になると、読書始(御書始)の儀が行われ、『御注孝経』や『史記』などから始められた。
- When children reached the age of 7 or 8, or the age of 13 or 14 (depending on the era), the Ceremony of First Reading were held, and they began reading books such as 'Gyochu Kokyo' and 'Shiki.'
- ためらいもなく別所長治のもとに走った事から、神吉藤太夫と荒木村重は通じており、荒木村重も疑われることになったという説を記している。
- It introduced the view that, as Todayu KANKI fled to Nagaharu BESSHO's place without any hesitation, it was suspected that Todayu KANKI and Murashige ARAKI had contact with each other, and Murashige ARAKI was also suspected.
- また安房国、豊後国では異なる2つの神社を同一社のごとく記載していることから、現地を調査して編纂されたものでは無いことが推測される。
- Since the book lists two shrines of Awa Province and Bungo Province as one and the same shrine, it is considered that the writer hadn't gone to all the spots for research.
- 宮廷の後宮には貴族出身の女房らが多数出仕していたが、これらの女房は高い教養を持ち、仮名を駆使して多くの物語・日記文学を生み出した。
- A number of court ladies from noble families worked for kokyu (empress's residence) of the Imperial court, and they were well educated and created many stories and a diary literature through the use of Kana.
- 以上の記号は、地上実況気象通報式などの形式に変換され、国際的に気象情報を交換する気象通報式として各観測地点から世界中に送信される。
- The above symbols are converted to a format, such as surface synoptic observations, and are transmitted globally from observation points in the meteorological data format for exchanging such data internationally.
- 1068年に即位した後三条天皇は、1069年に延久の荘園整理令を発し、荘園整理事務を中央で処理するために記録荘園券契所を設置した。
- The Emperor Gosanjo, who was enthroned in 1068, promulgated Enkyu manor regulation Acts in 1069 and set up kiroku shoenken keijo (kirokujo: land record office) in order to process the office work for arranging shoens in the central government.
- これに対し細川清氏を失脚させた有力守護佐々木道誉は、婿である六角氏頼を推薦していたが果たせず、高経に恨みを懐いたと『太平記』は記す。
- According to 'Taiheiki,' Doyo SASAKI, an influential shugodaimyo who made Kiyouji HOSOKAWA lose his position, recommended his son-in-law Ujiyori ROKKAKU in vain and had a grudge against Takatsune.
- このほか、院政期には藤原為房『撰集秘記』や源有仁の『叙位抄』『秋玉秘抄』など部門別儀式書や儀式分類記的な著作が編まれるようになった。
- Apart from them, books on rites according to department or those according to the categories of ritual, such as 'Senju-hiki' by FUJIWARA no Tamefusa, 'Joi-sho,' 'Shugyoku Hisho' by MINAMOTO no Arihito, were compiled during the Insei period.
- 当時の水軍は舞鶴湾沿いに根城を持っており舞鶴市の佐波賀という集落に残る城跡の城主は田辺旧記によると下志万七郎左衛門であったとされる。
- Navies in those days had strongholds along Maizuru Bay and according to the Tanabe Kyuki (the old record of Tanabe), the lord of the castle of which ruins remained in the village called Sabaka in Maizuru City was Shichiro Zaemon SHIMOJIMA.
- そのため、複数年にわたる記述である可能性が高いが、卑弥呼の死が247年か248年か(あるいはさらに後か)については説が分かれている。
- There is a strong possibility that they were recorded over several years, but opinions are divided on the year of Himiko's death, be it in 247, 248, or even later.
- 宣長は「魏志倭人伝」の記述から邪馬台国は九州にあったと結論し、九州の熊襲の女酋長が勝手に神功皇后の使いを偽って魏へ通交したと考えた。
- Considering the description in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, Norinaga concluded that the Yamatai Kingdom was located in the Kyushu District, and a female chief of Kumaso was cultivating friendly relations with Wei under the pretense of Empress Jingu's envoy.
- しかし総数の1%程度の被害で和平を受け入れるとは考えにくく、敗戦と自ら明記していることからも、実際の被害はもっと多かったと思われる。
- But as this would amount to only about 1% of their total force, it is difficult to imagine why the Korean army would have made peace, leading some to suspect that actual casualties were much higher, a possibility reinforced by the Korean's own records clearly indicate that this invasion was a defeat.
- 戦史編纂研究所の分析は、世宗実録の敗戦記述を無視して偽使者の言葉のみを取り上げており、意図的に史料を歪曲して解釈している疑いがある。
- But the analysis conducted by the research center that compiles Korean military annals ignores the entry in the True Record of King Sejong's Reign that describes the expedition as a military defeat, focusing exclusively on the words of a man who claimed to be an emissary, leading to doubts about whether they intentionally distorted historical records to support their explanation.
- 上記の紅葉パラダイス、旅亭 紅葉のかつての運営主体の丸玉観光株式会社(京都市)はホテル改装と遊園地の不振などによる負債を抱えていた。
- Marutama Kanko in Kyoto City, the former operating company of the above-mentioned Koyo Paradise and Ryotei Koyo, was in debt due to the renovation of the hotel, the business depression of the amusement park, etc.
- なお、日本美術史では20世紀末頃から「弘仁・貞観時代」という表記をあまり用いなくなり、「平安時代前期」と称することが多くなっている。
- In Japanese art history, the term 'Konin-Jogan Culture' has become less common from the end of the twentieth century, and the term 'early Heian period' is commonly used.
- 吏部王記(りほうおうき/りぶおうき)は、醍醐天皇第四皇子重明親王の日記で、平安時代中期の政務や朝儀を理解する上での重要な史料である。
- Rihooki (also referred to as Ribuoki) was the diary of Imperial Prince Shigeakira, the fourth son of Emperor Godaigo, and is regarded as an important historical document for understanding the administrative affairs and rituals of the imperial court during the mid Heian period.
- 通常の寺社縁起のごとく、開山の縁起を記したものではなく、平安時代中期に信貴山で修行して当山の中興の祖とされる命蓮に関する説話を描く。
- Unlike other Jisha Engi picture scrolls, which generally depict origins of shrines and temples, it depicts stories related to Myoren, the restoration patriarch of the mountain, who trained himself in Mt. Shigi in the middle of the Heian period.
- 実際には、何らかの事情によって、4月と夏が5番ずつ略されて計30番60首で行われた(ただし、記録には省略されたものも採録されている)。
- In reality, five pairs of tanka were omitted for some reason from each of April and summer, so 30 pairs (60 tanka) were read, while a document also contained the omitted ones.
- 頼信の孫・源義家が称された「武士之長者」(『中右記』)も同様の意味であり、義家の子孫(河内源氏)は特に「天下第一武勇之家」と呼ばれた。
- The term 'Bushi no choja' (leader of samurai families) used for Yorinobu's grandson MINAMOTO no Yoshiie ('Chuyuki' - diary of FUJIWARA no Munetada) had the same meaning and Yoshiie's descendant (Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan)) was specifically called 'Tenka daiichi buyu no ie' (a peerless family of bravery).
- この時の様子を、「山々をさがし、あるいは斬りすて、あるいは兵糧その外、思い思いに取り来ること、際限なし」と『信長公記』には記している。
- Situations at that time are described in 'Shinchoko-ki' as 'continuing without end to search in mountains and cut down people and rob provisions and so on at will.'
- 平安中期以降は官人らが政務処理に先例を参照するための歴史資料として『類聚国史』『日本紀略』『百錬抄』やその他各種の年代記が編纂された。
- During the middle era of the Heian period and later, government officials compiled various chronicles, including 'Ruiju Kokushi' (classified national history), 'Nihongi Ryaku' (a summary of Japanese chronologies), and 'Hyakuren sho' (history book from the Kamakura period), as the historical documents that they would refer to in conducting their political operations.
- 海津大崎の桜並木は、昭和11年(1936年)6月に大崎トンネルが完成したのを記念して海津村(現・高島市マキノ町)が植樹したものである。
- Sakuranamiki (row of cherry trees) of Kaizu-osaki was planted by Kaizu-mura (present Makino-cho Takashima City) to commemorate the completion of Osaki Tunnel in June 1936.
- 後にこうした国史や中国の『史記』に代表される歴史書の列伝の影響を受けて、個人の顕彰のためにその伝記が書かれる事が行われるようになった。
- By the influence of those histories of Japan and series of biographies of major Chinese history books such as 'Shiki,' biographies used to be written for rewarding individuals.
- 平安時代の承和 (日本)5年(838年)から南北朝時代 (日本)の貞和3年(正平 (日本)2年/1347年)までの記録が採録されている。
- Records from 838 during the Heian period to 1347 during the Northern and Southern Courts period were compiled in this book.
- 他の日記には、女流作家による『成尋阿闍梨母集』(成尋阿闍梨母)、『讃岐典侍日記』(藤原長子)、男性による『厳島御幸記』(源通親)がある。
- Apart from Sarashina Nikki, 'Jojin Ajari no haha no shu' (A collection of poems by mother of Jojin Ajari) written by a female author (the mother of Jojin Ajari), 'Sanukinosuke Nikki' (the Diary of Sanukinosuke) (by FUJIWARA no Nagako), 'Takakurain in Itsukushima Gyoko ki' (The record of the visit of a retired Emperor Takakura to Itsukushima) (by a male author, MINAMOTO no Michichika) are famous examples as well.
- 個々の記述は割注を含めた「本文」と多くの文献の引用などによって出典を示した多数の頭書・傍書・裏書などからなる「勘物」から構成されている。
- Each description consists of the 'text' including notes inserted between the lines, and 'kanmotsu' comprised of many Tosho (superscription), bosho (傍書) (additions or supplements written by the side of the main texts), and book-end notes showing the sources of quotations from many books.
- 進講者の一人である瀧川幸辰(のち京大学長)によれば、この時天皇制廃止を記したプラカードを掲げた学生たちが正面玄関に殺到する行動があった。
- According to Yukitoki TAKIGAWA (he later became the president of Kyoto University), who was one of lecturers, students who were carrying a placard asserting the abolition of Imperial system rushed to the front entrance at this time.
- 倭迹迹日百襲媛命(やまとととひももそひめのみこと)は、『日本書紀』の倭迹迹日百襲姫命または倭迹迹姫命、『古事記』の夜麻登登母母曾毘賣命。
- Mentions of Yamatototohimomoso Hime no Mikoto in the Nihonshoki and the Kojiki refer to the same individual.
- また、『類聚符宣抄』に収められた安和2年8月11日 (旧暦)(969年9月25日)に出された宣旨にも「紀伝道」という語が明記されている。
- In addition, an imperial decree issued on September 25, 969 recorded in 'Ruijufusensho' (a collection of statute books dating from the years 737 to 1093) clearly states the word 'kidendo.'
- 一揆の盟約を結ぶに際しては、神前で宣言内容や罰則などを記す起請文を書いて誓約を行い、紙を焼いた灰を飲む一味神水と呼ばれる儀式が行われた。
- To conclude an ikki, a rite called Ichimi Shinsui (one taste of the gods' water) would be held, during which the members would make a written and spoken vow, after which they would drink, before the gods, the ashes of the document in which they had written their declaration and the penalties to which they would be subject should they fail to honor the ikki.
- 本書は、著者自身の見解を叙述するのではなく、律令格式や国史の記事、和漢の典籍を引用することによって語らしむ引証主義的方法を採用している。
- This document was not described based on the author's own opinions, but was written using the reference-based method in which explanations were made by citing laws of codes and ethics (conduct), descriptions in national histories and Japanese/Chinese dictionaries.
- 積極的な海外貿易推進者であった戦国大名の分国法「大内氏掟書」には自分への貢納銭は撰銭し、庶民は撰銭するななどと虫のいいことを記している。
- 'Ouchi-shi Okitegaki' (collections of laws and regulations established by the Ouchi clan), a bunkokuho (the law individual Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) enforced in their own territories) of a Sengoku daimyo who promoted oversea trade actively, includes the following rather selfish description: The erizeni act shall be carried out for the coins paid as taxes but it is not permitted for the general public to carry out the erizeni act.
- 『太平記』では、必死に弁明する高経に対し、義詮は涙を浮かべながら、今の世は将軍の自分でも思い通りにならないので下国してくれと頼んだという。
- According to 'Taiheiki,' Yoshiakira asked in tears Takatsune, who was defending himself desperately, to go to his province by saying he was not able to decide things to his satisfaction though he was shogun.
- この事実等から『「一宮記」の諸系統』では、選者は『延喜式神名帳』の式内社であることを強く意識して編纂に当たったのではないかと考察している。
- Therefore 'The Various Lines of Ichinomiya-Ki' concludes that the writer of 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' intended to classify shrines based on whether it had been listed in 'Engi-shiki Jinmyocho' or not.
- またこの説では、卑弥呼の後に王位に就いたとされる台与(とよ)を、系図の中で、宇那比姫命の二世代後に記される、天豊姫(あまとよひめ)とする。
- According to this theory, Toyo, who succeeded to the throne after Himiko, is identified with Amatoyo Hime, whose name was mentioned two generations after Unabi Hime no Mikoto in the family tree.
- この箸墓古墳の後円部の大きさは直径約160mであり、「魏志倭人伝」の「卑彌呼死去 卑彌呼以死 大作冢 徑百余歩」と言う記述に一致している。
- The Hashihaka Tumulus is about 160 meters in diameter, which corresponds to the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, which states, 'When Himiko passed away, the Wajin made a large mound that was more than 150 meters long.'
- なお、本書の対象とする範囲は京(左京・右京)と五畿内に住む姓氏に限られており、また「序」にはそれすらも過半が登載されていないと記している。
- The scope of this document includes clans that lived in Kyo (Sakyo and Ukyo) and the Gokinai capital region; however, its introductory section states that still more than half the target clan names hadn't been registered.
- 「増鏡」は四鏡の最後の史書で、後鳥羽天皇の即位から1333年に配流となっていた後醍醐天皇が京都に帰還するまでの宮廷社会の動向を記している。
- The 'Masukagami' is the last of the four 'kagami' history books (books with the word 'kagami,' or 'mirror,' in the title), and covers the period from Emperor Go-Toba's enthronement to Emperor Go-Daigo's triumphant return to Kyoto from exile in 1333, focusing on trends within courtly society.
- これは、古代遺跡の木簡等の遺物出土例から推して、京進文書ではなく、地方の役所にとどめ置く公文書に特徴的な、「実用的」な記載様式とみられる。
- Guessing from unearthed relics from ancient remains such as mokkan and so on, it is considered that this Shibocho adopted a 'practical' description style which was characteristic of official documents retained in regional offices, not of documents sent to Kyoto.
- 結政はその後に開かれる太政官の会議である「政」が太政官庁で行われる官政の場合には官結政、外記庁で行われる外記政の場合には外記結政と呼ばれた。
- Katanashi was called Kan katanashi if the meeting of Daijokan, 'Sei' was a Kansei (a council at the Dajokan Office) to be conducted at the Dajokan Office, and was called Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) katanashi if it was a Gekisei (a council at the Geki office) conducted at the Geki Office.
- 基本的な構造としては、毎年の恒例行事を1月から12月まで月ごとに配列した「恒例」と臨時に発生する行事について記した「臨時」に分けられている。
- Basically, the structure is divided into two parts: 'Annual' where annual events per month were lined up from January to December and 'Temporary' where descriptions are given about the events that took place on a temporary basis.
- しかし、現存するのは毛利博物館所蔵の呂后本紀第九・東北大学附属図書館所蔵の孝文本紀第十・大東急記念文庫所蔵の孝景本紀第十一の3巻のみである。
- However, the existing volumes are only three: the ninth volume of Ryoko hongi of Mori Museum, the tenth volume of Kobun hongi of Tohoku University Library and the eleventh volume of Kokei hongi of Daitokyu memorial library.
- 元章は国学の影響を受け、「明和の改正」と言われる能の詞章の大変更を行い、新たに謡本を編纂したが、本著はその目録に作者名を注記したものである。
- Influenced by the study of (ancient) Japanese literature and culture, Motoakira undertook a major revision of noh poetry and prose known as the 'Meiwa no Kaitei' (lit. Major Revision during the Meiwa era) and compiled utaibon (books of words and musical notation for noh plays); this book has the names of its writers annotated in the catalogue of the book.
- 「大日本史」は光圀死後の正徳 (日本)5年(1715年)に藩主徳川綱條による命名で、同時代には「本朝史記」や「国史(倭史)」と呼ばれている。
- Dai Nihonshi' was named by TOKUGAWA Tsunaeda, the domain head, in 1715 after the death of Mitsukuni and it was called 'Honcho shiki' or 'Kokushi (Washi)' by contemporary people.
- ただし、各村の「村明細帳」などに「殺生人」と記される「漁師」・「猟師」などの曖昧な存在もあり、士農工商以外を単純に賎民とすることはできない。
- However, there were also people of ambiguous existence such as fishermen and hunters, being described as 'in charge of butchery' in the 'village details' and others in each village, and therefore it wasn't possible to simply refer to them as being of the Senmin hierarchy.
- 上記のような時代区分論は、発展段階史観の影響を少なからず受けており、歴史の重層性・連続性にあまり目を向けていないという限界が指摘されている。
- The theories concerning the classification of historical periods, described above, are significantly affected by the evolution phase concept of history, and it is pointed out that they have a limitation in not taking into account that history is layered and is continuous.
- 記録所や恩賞方は調査機関であり、個々の政務に関する判断を下すための先例や意見が答申され、それらが後醍醐の決済を経て「綸旨」の形で発せられた。
- The Records and Rewards offices were both investigative organizations, reporting on the precedents and different viewpoints in order to pass down judgments on each individual governmental matter; such judgments then came before Godaigo, who issued a settlement for each in the form of an Imperial command.
- 『富士野往来』に始まる歴史物語を織り込んだものは「武家往来」とも呼ばれ、十返舎一九が伝記型の往来物を確立し、更に史詩型の往来物へと発展した。
- Oraimono with historical episodes which started with 'Fujino Orai' are called 'buke orai' (literally, samurai orai) and later developed into the historical poetry style oraimono, after Ikku JUPPENSHA established the biography style oraimono.
- 『今鏡』には藤原師実や源雅実の邸宅の納殿が登場し、『吾妻鏡』(安貞元年6月17日条)にも征夷大将軍の御所に納殿が造営された記事が存在している。
- According to 'Imakagami,' Osamedono existed at the residence of FUJIWARA no Morozane and MINAMOTO no Masazane and according to 'Azumakagami' (dated June 17th of the first year of Antei era), Osamedono was constructed at the residence of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 『鎌倉持氏記』は前者の代表で、かつ永享の乱・結城合戦を描くすべての軍記の源流になったことが梶原やその後の佐藤陸の研究でほぼ確定的となっている。
- 'Kamakura Mochiuji ki' is an example of the first type, and it has become almost definite from the research of Kajiwara and later Riku SATO, that it was the basis of all military records that depict the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle.
- 書類の記録・作成の必要上、右筆などの経験者が任じられることもあり、執事・執事代・所司代・開闔などの幹部も寄人・公人から選ばれることが多かった。
- Because it was necessary to record and prepare documents, experienced staff such as yuhitsu (amanuensis) were appointed, and officers such as Shitsuji (steward), Shitsujidai (deputy steward), Shoshiidai (representative of shoshi, a governor of the board of retainers) and Kaigo (assistant administrator) were often selected from yoriudo/kunin.
- また、外記で天文密奏の資格も有した中原氏には諸道勘文を採録した「諸道勘文」200巻と「続諸道勘文」(巻数不明)が伝えられていたと言われている。
- It was said that 200 volumes of 'Shodo kanmon' (written reports by various scholars from Daigaku-ryo and Onmyo-ryo) and 'Zoku shodo kanmon' (its number of volumes is unclear) were inherited by the Nakahara clan, which had the qualification of Tenmon misso at Geki.
- もっとも、これらの名称は実頼没後の呼称であり、実頼本人は単に「私記」と称していた(これは、当時の貴族が自己の日記に用いた一般的な名称である)。
- These names, however, came into use after the death of Saneyori, who himself referred to it as simply 'Shiki' (a private record) which was a term the nobility commonly used for their personal diaries at that time.
- 『大日本国一宮記』は、全国67社の名称、祭神と別称、鎮座地が記載され、最後に 「右諸国一宮神社如此。秘中之神秘也」 との言葉で閉められている。
- 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' lists the names of 67 shrines of Japan, the names of enshrined gods, the nicknames and the locations; it is closed with the passage 'the above are all Ichinomiya shrine of various provinces, those are the mysteries of extreme secrets'.
- 山内政綱は防戦したが、守り切ることができず、火を放ち敗走し、六角高頼方の武将23人が六角・京極連合軍に寝返ったと『碧山目録』に記載されている。
- According to 'Hekizan Mokuroku,' although, Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI fought against the allied forces, he eventually set the castle alight and withdrew, and the 23 military commanders, who once belonged to the side of Takayori ROKKAKU, switched allegiance to the allied forces of the Rokkaku and the Kyogoku clans.
- 全1冊の自筆本が東山御文庫蔵書として現存する他、同文庫・宮内庁書陵部・陽明文庫・尊経閣文庫・大東急記念文庫などに室町時代の写本が残されている。
- Besides a complete volume in the author's own handwriting which was the extent of one of the collections in the Imperial Library of the Kyoto Palace Higashiyama Bunko, handwritten copies made during the Muromachi period were held in the same Higashiyama Bunko as well as the Imperial Household Agency Shoryobu (Archives and Mausolea Department), Yomei Bunko (Yomei Archives), Sonkeikakubunkio, and Daitokyukinenbunko Library.
- 上皇挙兵の報に鎌倉の武士は大いに動揺したが、『吾妻鏡』や『承久記』によれば北条政子が「故右大将(頼朝)の恩は山よりも高く、海よりも深いはずだ。
- News that the retired Emperor was raising an army caused great consternation among the samurai of Kamakura, but according to the 'Azuma kagami' (Mirror of the East) and the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era), Masako HOJO responded, 'The obligation we bear to the former great general of the Right (Yoritomo) is surely higher than a mountain, and deeper than the sea.
- 宮中においては、累代の御物は宜陽殿、恒例の御物は蔵人所・綾綺殿、紙と屏風は仁寿殿を納殿としていたことが『西宮記』(巻8・所々事)に記されている。
- At the Imperial Palace, according to 'Seikyuki' (volume 8, shoshoji), Giyo-den, Kurodo-dokoro/Ryoki-den and Jiju-den were used as Osamedono for inherited Imperial treasures, other general Imperial treasures and papers/folding screens respectively.
- 『実隆公記』(文亀元年3月6日条)には三条西実隆が禁裏の「歴名」を借りて「歴名土代」を沙汰したとする記述が見られる(最古の『歴名土代』の記録)。
- In 'Sanetaka koki' (Sanetaka's Diary – April 3, 1501), there is another description that Sanetaka SANJONISHI ordered 'Ryakumyo dodai' by borrowing 'Ryakumyo' of kinri (the oldest record of 'Ryakumyo dodai').
- 現存する『新撰姓氏録』は、目録だけの抄記(抜き書き)であって本文は残っていないが、所々にその残滓が認められるとともに、若干の逸文が知られている。
- The existing 'Shinsen Shojiroku' has only a list of excerpts but no body text; however, some remnants can be seen in several places and a few itsubun (compositions that previously existed but no longer do) are known.
- 戦国時代の城は、“よく知られ、有名”でないために、開発に際して必ずしも十分な調査や記録がなされないままに貴重な遺構が破壊されてしまうこともある。
- As castles of the Sengoku Period are not 'well-known and famous,' precious structural remains are sometimes destroyed without sufficient research and recording in developing land.
- あるいは一つの卦にいくつかの卦をまとめてある場合や一つの卦に対して多数の説があげてある場合もあり、これら異説については煩雑なので記載を省略した。
- Further, there are cases where some divination signs are lumped together into one divination sign or where one divination sign leads to many views, but I omitted these different opinions in order to avoid complicated explanation.
- しかし、他の地域については美濃国や土佐国などにわずかに記録が見られるものの、実際には北朝/室町幕府の勢力を前にほとんど行い得なかったようである。
- Although marginal records of the tax have been found from Mino Province and Tosa Province, in other areas the tax was almost never conducted due to the influence of the North Court and the Muromachi bakufu.
- 律令制下の日本でも天文道・暦道の教科書として用いられていた『晋書』天文志には「天文異変には吉兆もあるが、多くが災異の前兆である」と記されている。
- The Astronomical Chapter of 'Jin shu' (History of the Jin Dynasty) -- which was also used as a textbook of tenmondo (ancient horoscopy) and rekido (calendrical study) in Japan -- described that 'some of the unusual movement of starts were good omens, but most of them were bad omens of natural disasters.'
- 丹後国加佐郡寺社町在旧起においては「蛇島城主光孝天皇二十九代末孫下志万七郎右衛門助景丹波国何鹿郡志万庄より当国に来る時代不知。」という記述もある。
- In the record of 'Zaikyu-ki of Jisha-machi, Kasa County, Tango Province,' there was a description that Shichiroemon Sukekage SHIMOJIMA, the 29th descendant of the Emperor Koko, the lord of the Hebishima Castle came to this province from Shima no sho, Ikaruga County, Tanba Province, but when he came remained unknown.
- 大日本国一宮記(だいにほんこくいちのみやき)は群書類従 第二輯 神祇部 巻第二十三 に編纂されている日本国内の一宮一覧で、室町時代の成立とされる。
- 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' is an Ichinomiya Ichiran (catalogue of high-ranking shrines of Shinto in Japan) which was written in the Muromachi period, and it was collected into 'Gunsho ruiju (Collection of historical documents compiled by Hokiichi HANAWA)' (Volume 23, Part of gods, Collection 2).
- また戦後に咸鏡道に建てられた日本軍撃退記念碑の北関大捷碑には加坡の戦闘で斬殺した日本兵から左耳825個を切り取って朝鮮王へ送った記録が残っている。
- On Hokkantaishohi, which is a monument raised in Hangyong Province after the war to commemorate repulsion of the Japanese army, it is recorded that 825 left ears were cut from Japanese soldiers killed by the sword in the battle in Kaba for the King of Korea.
- そうした武士の一人、佐賀藩士・山本常朝が話した内容が『葉隠』に「武士道」という記述としてまとめられているが、それは武士社会に広まることはなかった。
- One such bushi, the feudal retainer of the Saga clan Tsunetomo YAMAMOTO talked on this and the contents were edited in the description called 'bushido' in 'Hagakure' (the book of Bushido), but they did not spread in the society of bushi.
- 『承久記』によると、敗走した京方の藤原秀康、三浦胤義、山田重忠は最後の一戦をせんと御所に駆けつけるが、上皇は門を固く閉じて彼らを追い返してしまう。
- According to the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era), the routed generals of the capital faction, Hideyasu FUJIWARA, Taneyoshi MIURA, and Shigetada YAMADA, intended to fight to the last and rushed to the imperial palace to make their stand, but the retired Emperor Gotoba had ordered the gates firmly shut and turned them away.
- また、フロイス「日本史」における信長神格化の記述をもとに、信長神格化が朝廷と相容れなかったとする指摘もある(この点の最近の指摘者として井沢元彦)。
- Based on the description about deification of Nobunaga in 'Historia de Iapan' by Frois, there is a view which points out that deification of Nobunaga could not be accepted by the Imperial Court. (Motohiko IZAWA is the recent advocator of this view.)
- 梶原正昭は永享の乱・結城合戦関係軍記を大きく「永享の乱を中心とした実録的なもの」と「結城合戦を中心とした潤色の多い物語的なもの」の2系統に分類した。
- Masaaki KAJIWARA classified the military records related to the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle into two types, 'those that recorded facts centering on the Eikyo Rebellion' and 'those that were story-like and embellished centering on the Yuki Battle.'
- 発症者が増えた原因の第一は、花粉飛散量が増え、それに曝露された者が増えたためであることは明らかである(上記の地域別有症率との相関もこれを支持する)。
- It is clear that increases in airborne pollen levels and the number of individuals exposed to this pollen are the main reasons for the increase in the number of patients developing symptoms (this is supported by the above correlation with symptom prevalence rate by area).
- 中でも知識に対する貪欲さはすさまじく、皇帝から下賜された品々を売り払って、その代価ですべて書籍を購入して積み帰ったと唐の正史に記されるほどであった。
- It is recorded in the official history of Tang that their thirst for knowledge in particular was so insatiable that some people from Japan sold goods bestowed by the emperor and spent all the money to buy books to take back to Japan.
- 但し、近年ではより厳密な定義として、上記摂津源氏の中でも特に多田庄を相続した系統のみを指して「多田源氏」と呼ぶ用い方もなされている(以下にて詳述)。
- A recent, precise definition says, 'Tada-Genji' means only the line which inherited Tada Manors among Settsu-Genji branches (for further details, see below).
- 代表的なものとしては、歴史物語では『栄花物語』『大鏡』『増鏡』などが、軍記物語では『平家物語』『太平記』などが、説話集では『今昔物語集』などがある。
- Typical examples of these include 'Eiga monogatari' (a tale of flowering fortunes), 'Okagami' (the great mirror) and 'Masukagami' (the clear mirror) for the historical stories, 'Heike Monogatari' (the tale of the Heike) and 'Taiheiki' (the record of the great peace) for war chronicles, and 'Konjaku monogatari shu' (tales of times now and then collection) for collections of anecdotes.
- 記紀、隋書倭国伝、祝詞(のりと)などの資料によっても、大化前代の地方族長社会においては、神判制度や宗教からまだ完全には分離しない形での法が存在した。
- According to sources like the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, the Zuisho-wakoku-den (Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty), and Shinto ritual prayers, in the provincial patriarchal society under the pre-Taika era, law existed in a form not yet completely detached from the trial by ordeal system and religion.
- 京都の町代を務めた古久保家の記録によれば、焼失した町1,424・焼失家屋36,797(65,340世帯相当)・焼失寺院201・焼失神社37とされる。
- According to the records of the Furukubo family who served as the Kyoto chodai (town officials who assist government officials called Machi Doshiyori or Machi Nanushi in the Edo Period), the fire ravaged an area of 1,424 towns and destroyed 36,797 houses (equivalent to 65,340 families), 201 Buddhist temples and 37 shrines.
- 検田の語も早い時期から行われていたと考えられているが、現存最古の記録は天平9年(737年)作成の豊後国正税帳にある「壱度検田不熟」の文言とされている。
- Although the word kenden was believed to have been used from an early period, the oldest extant record is considered to be that in 'ichido kenden fujuku' (壱度検田不熟, Kenden weren't doing well at first) described in the shozeicho (local financial records) of Bungo Province made in 737.
- 建武の新政の崩壊後、後醍醐天皇が足利尊氏によって花山院に幽閉された後、壊れた築地から秘かに脱出して吉野に向かったことが、『太平記』などに書かれている。
- According to 'Taiheiki' and other books, following the collapse of Kenmu no Shinsei (the New Administration of the Kenmu Era), the Emperor Godaigo was confined to the Kazanin residence, but he escaped through a broken fence and fled to Yoshino district.
- 2千年紀(過去1000年)間の中国での塵の降下頻度の記録から、塵の降下頻度の増加が気温の上昇と逆相関関係にあるという研究があり、この説を裏付けている。
- Research based on dust-falling frequencies in the last 1,000 years (between 1000 to 1999, roughly the last 1,000 years) showed that an increase in the dust-falling frequency was inversely proportional to an increase in the temperature, supporting this theory.
- またこれと並行して、守護は強い経済力をもって、上記の在庁官人の他、国内の地頭・名主といった有力者(当時、国人と呼ばれた)をも被官(家臣)にしていった。
- In parallel with these processes, the shugo, with their strong economy, recruited as vassals even influential figures called kokujin, such as the jito (estate steward) and the myoshu (owner of the paddy field) in the province, in addition to the zaicho-kannin mentioned above.
- この帳簿は、すでに京進されている古代の戸籍制度に載せられていた人についてだけその死亡者名を提出するもので、造籍後に生まれた乳幼児については記載しない。
- This register was for submitting the name of a deceased person that had been already submitted to Kyoto and been recorded under the ancient family registration system, and had no descriptions about infants who had been born after having a new family register.
- また、多くの文献でこの如意ケ嶽の戦いで細川澄元は阿波国へ落ち延びていったという記述が見受けられるが、10月2日の岡山城の戦いで落ち延びたという説もある
- Besides the many documents that describe that 'Sumimoto HOSOKAWA fled to Awa Province in the Battle of Nyoigatake,' there was another opinion, that 'he fled in the Battle of Okayama-jo Castle on November 4, 1508.'
- 1406年に帰国した第二次遣明船は6~7隻と記録が残っており、1410に足利義持が中止するまでの初期6回の遣明船の船団規模は同程度であったと推定される。
- As the record exists that the number of ships of the second Kenminsen fleet returned to Japan in 1406 was six to seven, it is presumed that the scale of six Kenminsen fleets which visited Ming until Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA ceased dispatching them in 1410 was within the same range.
- 積荷木簡の中には「綱司」(交易船長の意)という字を記すものが110点あり、その多くは「綱司私」と記され、商人の私的交易品が多く含まれていたことが伺える。
- 110 pieces of the Tsumini mokkan have the mark 'Goji' (meaning the captain of a trading ship) on them and the most of them have 'Goji shi' (items for the private use of Goji), suggesting that many private trading goods for merchants were included.
- 東屋には、憲法ゆかりの地であることを記念して、1935年(昭和10年)に、起草メンバーの一人であった金子堅太郎書による「憲法草創の処」の碑が建てられた。
- At Azuma-ya, a monument was placed in 1935 in commemoration of the place associated with the constitution, and on the monument, a phrase, 'Place for drafting the constitution' was inscribed using the writing of Kentaro KANEKO who was a member of the drafting.
- もっとも、20世紀以降の美術については、作者がもっぱら海外で制作していたり、国境を越えて幅広く活動していることが多く、上記の考え方は必ずしも妥当しない。
- And the above-mentioned idea about the geographical range does not always apply to the art from the 20th century, because many Japanese artists have come to produce their arts only in foreign countries or make their activities worldwide.
- 漢字で表記された場合でも、その多くは「かるか」の振り仮名が付されており、明治以降学術的呼称として、音読みで「さくじょう」と呼ばれる傾向にあるようである。
- Even when the word is written with Chinese characters, they are accompanied by furigana (Japanese characters showing how to read the Chinese characters), and after the Meiji period, the scholarly reading of the word tends to be sakujo following the Chinese reading style.
- 二条親政派は藤原経宗(二条天皇の伯父)・藤原惟方(二条天皇の乳兄弟、記録所の弁官の一人)が中心となり、美福門院の支援を背景に後白河の政治活動を抑圧する。
- The principal figures of the Nijo faction were FUJIWARA no Tsunemune (Emperor Nijo's uncle) and FUJIWARA no Korekata (Nijo's foster brother, meaning they were both essentially raised by the same wet nurse), one of the controllers at the Records Office, and with the continued financial backing and aid of Bifukumonin, they worked to limit Goshirakawa's political activities.
- 『北山抄』によると「見吏部王(重明親王)天暦七年菊合日記」(括弧は筆者註)とあり、天暦7年の菊合の御遊は、10月13日に行われている(『古今著聞集』)。
- In 'Hokuzansho' (a representative book of ceremonies for the Heian period written by FUJIWARA no Kinto), there is a mention of 'the Chrysanthemum Contest of the year 953 recorded in the diary of Kenrihoo (Imperial Prince Shigeakira)' (A parenthetical reference by the author), and it is known that the imperial event of the Chrysanthemum Contest in 953 was held on November 23 (according to 'Kokonchomonju' [A Collection of Tales Heard, Past and Present]).
- 平安京以来、現在も用いられる「東西通+南北通」(例:四条烏丸)という地点の表記の方法にならい、町小路が東西の通りと交差する地点は、「○○+町」と呼ばれた。
- Following the notation method of 'East-West street and South-North street' (example: Shijo Karasuma) used even today that began with the establishment of Heian-kyo, the location where a Machi-koji Street bisects a East-West street was called 'XX-cho (town).'
- 書止の次行に年月日を記し、その下に作成した史の署判、奥上(最終行上部、この場合は年月日・史の署判の入った行の次行にあたる)に発給する弁官の署判が記された。
- A date was given in a line next to the line of the text-closing term and, under this date, the signature and stamp of the recorder who made this edict was given and those of the benkan who issued this edict is given in the ojo (over the last line, next to the line containing the date and the stamp of recorder).
- この時の様子を『陰徳太平記』では、'忍び有岡の城を出立づ。共に乾助三郎に重代相伝の葉茶壺を負はせ、阿古とて、常に膝下に召使ひし女を召具しけり'としている。
- 'Intoku Taiheki' (old chronicle) described the situation at that time as 'He departed Arioka-jo Castle secretly. He made his attendant, Sukesaburo INUI carry a chatsubo (jar for tea leaves) of inherited for generations on his back and he was accompanies by a girl, who was called Ako and served always around him.'
- 新宮氏滅亡後、会津は豊穣になったとの記載が『心清水八幡神社塔寺八幡宮長帳』にあり、このことから新宮氏と蘆名氏との戦いで会津盆地が荒廃していたことが窺える。
- The record asserting that the productiveness in Aizu increased after the fall of the Shingu clan was found in 'Todera-hachimangu Nagacho (record) of the Kokoroshimizu-hachimanjinja Shrine,' which reflected the fact that the Aizu Basin had been devastated due to fights between the Shingu and Ashina clans.
- 九条兼実が日記『玉葉』に「第一之珍事也」と記しているように、平氏以外の武士が公卿(従三位)となるのは異例で、頼政が清盛に信頼されていたことの証明といえる。
- As recorded in 'Gyokuyo' (Jewelled Leaves), Kanezane KUJO's diary, 'This was the first unusual occurrence,' and indeed for a warrior not of the Taira clan to be promoted into the ranks of Kugyo (Jusanmi) was quite unusual during this period, and proves the extent to which Kiyomori trusted Yorimasa.
- 記録上に残る最古の座は青蓮院を本所とする八瀬里座で杣伐夫や駕輿丁によって構成されて青蓮院の本山である延暦寺や朝廷に奉仕を行い、後の八瀬童子の源流となった。
- The oldest za on record was the Yaseri-za (written as 八瀬里座 in Japanese), which was under the control of the Shoren-in Temple and comprised of fellers and palanquin bearers, and the Yaseri-za offered services to the Enryaku-ji Temple, which was the head temple of the sect that the Shoren-in Temple belonged to, and the Imperial Court.It eventually became the origin of the later Yase-doji (palanquin bearers for an emperor in Yase).
- この他にも立花の史料の扱い方に関する問題が、江戸時代の信用に欠ける『明智軍記』などを検証無く多数引用する、など谷口克広の2007年の著作に提起されている。
- In addition, the writing of Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI in 2007 raised a question about TACHIBANA's way of handling historical materials such as quoting many unreliable materials of the Edo period such as 'Akechi Gunki' (biography of Mitsuhide AKECHI) without verification.
- しかし、対岸の大山崎を守護する津藩の裏切り(下記参照)に遭い、思いもかけない西側からの集中砲火を喰らった幕府軍は総崩れとなり、淀川を下って大坂へと逃れた。
- However, betrayed by the Tsu domain guarding Oyamazaki across the river (see below) and consequently subjected to unexpected heavy fire from the west, the Shogunate forces collapsed and fled to Osaka down the Yodo-gawa River.
- 戸主「江沼臣 乙麻呂」の戸口「江沼臣 小志鹿麻呂、年21、中男、去年12月10日死」、「坂合部 昨刀自女、年58、丁女、去年12月18日死」の記録がある。
- There was a record that Ko headed by 'Otsumaro ENUMA NO OMI' had members of Ko, 'Kojikamaro ENUMA NO OMI, aged 21, chunan (young man from seventeen to twenty years old), died on December 10 of the previous year' and 'Sakaibe no Sakutojime, aged 58, teijo, died on December 18 of the previous year.'
- しかしその具体例として引用される約70番の能の謡について、「○○作」「××曲」という形で作曲者が明記されており、研究においては作者付に準じて用いられている。
- However, it is used as a sakushazuke, since the approximately 70 noh songs cited are listed in the format of 'written by XX' and 'composed by XX.'
- 712年(和銅5年)にできたとされる『古事記』は、宮廷に伝わる「帝紀」「旧辞」をもとに天武天皇が稗田阿礼によみならわせた内容を太安万侶が筆録したものである。
- The 'Kojiki,' which is believed to have been completed in 712, was a record of histories which the Emperor Tenmu ordered HIETA no Are to memorize based on 'Teiki' (records of Emperor's family tree) and 'Kyuji' (a record of stories current at court) and recorded by O no Yasumaro.
- 日本では『日本書紀』以下六国史など史書は編年体で編纂されるのが常で、『史記』のような紀伝体の史書が編纂された先例はなく、史館員からの反対意見もあったという。
- History in Japan such as the six histories including 'Nihon shoki' were commonly compiled chronologically and because there was no history like 'Shiki' written along events, compiling staff had objections.
- 奈良時代から日本語を表記するため漢字の音訓を借りた万葉仮名が使われていたが、この時代になって仮名 (文字)(ひらがな、カタカナ)が広く使われるようになった。
- From the Nara period, manyo gana, making use of Chinese manners of reading to read Japanese, had been used; from this period, however, kana (hiragana and katakana --- both Japanese syllabary characters) began to be used.
- その後卒族が廃止されたのち卒族のうち上格の者は「士族」その他の者は農工商と同じく「平民」と戸籍に記載されその表記制度は1948年(昭和23年)まで残された。
- After the subsequent abolition of sotsuzoku, high-ranking members of sotsuzoku were recorded in their family register as 'shizoku' while others were recorded as 'heimin' (commoner) in the same manner as farmers, artisans, and merchants - a system which continued until 1948.
- この頃には新令により発生した所領問題、訴訟や恩賞請求の殺到、記録所などの新設された機関における権限の衝突などの混乱が起こり始め、新政の問題が早くも露呈する。
- It was right around this time that due to these new decrees, the Court started receiving a flood of land-related problems as well as court cases and requests for rewards, and chaos caused by conflicts of authority between the mechanisms of the newly established Records office and so forth began to arise; the fact that the new government was beset with problems had come to light very quickly.
- これを契機に北面武士の規模は急激に膨張し、元永元年(1118年)延暦寺の強訴を防ぐため賀茂河原に派遣された部隊だけで「千余人」に達したという(『中右記』)。
- From this point onwards, the number of Hokumen no Bushi grew quickly and it was said that the number of troops sent to defend the Kamo Kawara from the monks of Enryaku-ji Temple in 1118 numbered 'around 1,000 or so' ('Chuyuki' (Diary of a court official)).
- 鎌倉公方足利持氏と関東管領上杉憲実の不和から始まり、持氏の遺児である春王・安王の処刑に至るまでの永享の乱・結城合戦の顛末を真字(漢文)体で実録的に記している。
- It records the events of the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle in Mana (Chinese characters) starting with the dispute between Kamakura kubo Mochiuji ASHIKAGA and Kanto kanrei (shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) Akimitsu UESUGI, and ends with the execution of Mochiuji's remaining children, Shuno and Ano,
- その後の合戦の経過について貴族の日記による記録はないが、『源平盛衰記』によると、伊勢国滝野の城に立てこもる100騎ほどの信兼軍が激戦の末、討ち取られたという。
- There is no record in the diaries written by nobles about the subsequent course of the battle, but according to 'Genpei Seisui Ki' (Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans), after a fierce battle, about 100 horsemen on the Nobukane side that holed up in the castle of Takino, Ise Province were defeated and killed.
- 在家を下人・所従と同様の従属民とする見方もあるが、在家の位置づけは地域によって異なっている上に、実際に領主の人格的支配が在家にまで及んでいたとする記録はない。
- Zaike could be categorized as slaves similar to genin (the base) and shoju (followers); but, zaike was considered differently in each region, and besides, there was no record indicating that ryoshu in fact controlled zaike.
- この新制の審議手続と法文配列が以後の先例とされたことが、約200年後の九条兼実の日記『玉葉』建久元年11月1日条に記された手続の様子から知ることが可能である。
- It is possible to learn that the procedure for discussion in connection with this shinsei and arrangement of provisions of the law were made a precedent for issuance of the subsequent shinsei, from the description of the procedure in an article dated November 1, 1190 of 'Gyokuyo,' the diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane about two hundred years later.
- なお、明治以前には「東山殿御物」・「東山殿之御物」・「東山殿御所持」などの呼称が用いられており、「東山御物」の4文字表記が出現するのは明治に入ってからである。
- Before the Meiji period, names such as 'Higashiyama dono gyomotsu' (東山殿御物), 'Higashiyama dono no gyomotsu' (東山殿之御物), and 'Higashiyama dono goshoji' (東山殿御所持) were used, and the four-character name 'Higashiyama gyomotsu' (東山御物) came into being during the early Meiji period.
- この間、(前記のプラカード学生の突出した行動を唯一の例外として)学生たちは天皇一行の出入りを遠巻きに合唱していただけで、特にこれを妨害する行動はとっていない。
- In the meantime, students (except for those who took radical action while carrying the above-mentioned placards) were singing together while looking across at the Emperor's party and didn't take any actions to hinder them.
- 日本では歴史的な記録としてこの漢字を見ることは少なく、使用頻度的にはカタカナ表記の「カルカ」、ひらがなの「かるか」、漢字で「㮶」(木偏に朔)の順で用いられる。
- The Chinese characters used for the word are seen very rarely in Japanese historical documents, and the word is most often written in katakana characters, then hiragana characters, then Chinese characters.
- 系譜に理由の記載は無いが、この2年後に本家である宇都宮氏も改易された事実とあわせて考えると、豊臣政権内の政争に巻き込まれたものと考えられているが定かではない。
- There is no description of the reason in the family tree, but two years later the UTSUNOMIYA clan, a head family, was also ordered 'kaieki', which suggests they were involved in political strife in the TOYOTOMI administration, but this isn't clear.
- また、鎌倉時代には津軽地方の豪族である安東氏が、鎌倉幕府の執権北条氏より蝦夷管領(または蝦夷代官)に任ぜられ、これら3種の蝦夷を統括していたとする記録もある。
- Another record states that the Ando clan, the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Tsugaru region, was appointed as an Ezo Kanrei (or Ezo Daikan (local governor)) by the Hojo clan, the regent of the Kamakura bakufu, and that it controlled these three Ezo groups in the Kamakura period.
- さて、会所に関する論文が書かれるとき、必ずといっていいほどとりあげられるのが、南北朝時代 (日本)を描いた軍記物語である『太平記』の巻三十七の以下のくだりだ。
- The following quote from thirty-seven volumes of 'Taiheiki,' which was a war chronicle describing the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), is almost always referred to within papers written about Kaisho.
- 補給路を断つためか、烽火城を潰すためかは不明だが、『信長公記』によると、「御断わりも申し上げず曲事」と織田信長は激怒し兵を六甲山中や神呪寺城、鷲林寺城に向けた。
- It is not known whether it was for blocking the supply route or destroying castles for signal fire, but, according to 'Shinchoko-ki,' Nobunaga ODA got angry and said 'It is an outrageous thing to do the act without permission' and sent troops to Rokko mountains, Kannoji-jo Castle and Jurinji-jo Castle.
- 『魏志倭人伝』のような実録が元となっている書物と、『記紀』や古系図のような後世の編纂物を、1対1で結び付けることは学問的に正しい方法といえないという立場である。
- It would be academically irresponsible to make a decision about Himiko based on a one-to-one correspondence between documents such as the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, the Kiki and old genealogies alone.
- その理由は、『記紀』の成立過程に関する史料批判が進み、ヤマト王権内部における文字使用状況から推測すると、継体天皇以前の伝承に信用を置くことはできないためである。
- The reason for this is that, upon examining historical materials on the process of creating the Kiki, it was found that the methods for keeping records (particularly the use of letters under Yamato sovereignty) used before Emperor Keitai are not reliable.
- この条文によると、憲法改正は天皇が発議・裁可する事になっており、実際、憲法改正の上諭文には「朕は...憲法の改正を裁可し...」との記述(欽定憲法)がなされた。
- According to Article 73, the constitutional amendment shall be proposed and ratified by the emperor, and actually in the edict of the constitutional amendment, the emperor stated 'I …sanction the amendments of the Imperial Japanese Constitution …' (Constitution enacted by the emperor).
- 九州王朝説を唱えた古田武彦は、『筑後風土記逸文』に記されている筑紫君の祖「甕依姫」(みかよりひめ)が「卑弥呼(ひみか)」のことである可能性が高いと主張している。
- Takehiko FURUTA, who advocated the Kyushu Dynasty theory, claimed that there was a strong possibility that the ancestor of Tsukushi no Kimi, 'Mikayori Hime,' (Princess Mikayori) whose name was written in 'Chikugo no Kuni Fudoki Itsubun' (a surviving fragment of the topography of Chikugo Province), was 'Himika.'
- また、中世のもう一つの歴史認識は、年中行事や有職故実などの儀礼を通じて歴史を考えるというもので、そのため、故実を伝えるための日記や各種記録文書が多数作成された。
- During the medieval period, history was also recognized through ceremonies in annual events and in Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette), and therefore, many diaries and records were written to hand over practices from older days to later generations.
- 子母沢寛の著書『新撰組始末記』で紹介されて以来、有名となり、以下の5ヶ条として知られるが、同時代史料にはこれを全て記録した物は現在までのところ発見されていない。
- The rules became famous after Kan SHIMOZAWA introduced them in his book 'Shinsengumi Shimatsuki,' and are known by the following 5 Articles, although no historical materials describing all 5 Articles have been found as of now.
- その根拠は、『小記目録』(『小右記』の目録)に「長保四年十一月五日、世事要略部類畢んぬ事」と記されていることや、本書が代々小野宮家に相伝されていたこと等である。
- The ground lies in a description in 'Shoyu mokuroku' (the contents of 'Shoyuki' [The Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke]) that reads: 'December 17, 1002, I have finished a category of seji yoryaku (examples of social affairs),' in the book having been handed down to the Ononomiya family from generation to generation, and so on.
- このため諸藩は江戸在勤者に対し、直接切捨御免には言及していないものの『町民とトラブルを起こさずにくれぐれも自重すべき』旨の訓令をたびたび発した記録が残っている。
- Because of this, it was recorded in many domains that official directives saying 'You should respect yourself not to have trouble with townsmen,' were issued many times, without directly mentioning Kirisutegomen.
- 大舘常興書札抄(おおだちじょうこうしょさつしょう)は、室町時代後期から戦国時代 (日本)にかけての室町幕府幕臣大舘尚氏の書札礼書(「大館」とも表記、常興は法号)。
- Odachijoko shosatsusho is a book of shosatsurei (model sentences for official letters) written by Hisauji ODACHI, a vassal of the Muromachi bakufu from the late Muromachi period to the Sengoku period (Japan) (the book is also called 'Odachi' and Joko was the priest name of the author).
- 幕末の国学の高揚とともに、『大日本史』(一部が刊行されていた)や『日本外史』・『日本政記』・『国史略』など尊皇意識を高める書籍も藩校や一部寺子屋などで採用された。
- With the rising of the standard of learning on ancient Japanese thought and culture during the latter period of the Tokugawa Shogunate, books such as 'Nihon Gaishi,' 'Nihon Seiki,' and 'Kokushiryaku,' which increased the reverence for the Emperor, were adopted in the schools of the clans and in some of the private elementary schools for the common people.
- 所領給与・年紀法などの所謂「武家社会の道理」に関する部分については明記はされているものの、但書や細目、例外条項の形で触れられており、間接的に触れているに過ぎない。
- In shikimoku the section of so-called 'reason in the samurai society' regarding incomes from land taxes on shoryo (territory), Nenkiho (a legal principle for the statute of limitations on land in possession) and so force were clearly described, while only indirectly mentioned in the form of proviso, details, and article of exceptions.
- 『立入左京亮入道隆佐記』によると「安土城に出向くのはもってのほか、安土城に行って切腹させられるより、摂津国で一戦に及ぶべき」と中川清秀に引き止められたとしている。
- According to 'Tateiri Sakyonosuke Nyudo Ryusa-ki' (Record by Munetsugu TATEIRI), he was held up by Kiyohide NAKAGAWA as 'It is out of question to visit Azuchi-jo Castle. It is better to fight in the Settsu Province rather than to visit Azuchi-jo Castle and forced to commit harakiri.'
- 鴻臚館という名称が難波館に用いられた年代は定かではないが、そののち承和11年(844年)に難波の鴻臚館が摂津国国府の政庁に転用され廃止されたとの記録が残っている。
- It is uncertain when the name Korokan was used for Naniwa-no-murotsumi, however, there is a record that Korokan in Naniwa was disused in 844 after being converted into a government office belonging to the provincial office of Settsu Province.
- 特徴としては、平仮名・片仮名の発明で中古日本語の表記が容易になったことによる、和歌・日記・物語文学の隆盛、官衣束帯の登場(官服の国風化)、寝殿造の登場などがある。
- It is characterized by the following: the prosperity of waka, diaries, chronicles, which occurred because description of ancient and medieval Japanese became easier following the invention of hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries); the appearance of Kan-i-sokutai (official uniform in aristocratic culture), and the appearance of Shinden-zukuri style (architecture representative [characteristic] of a nobleman's residence in the Heian period).
- 佐佐木信綱が記した『竹柏漫筆』によると明治天皇が関西へ行幸する際、フランス軍から天皇行幸に際して演奏すべき日本の国歌を教えてほしいという申し出が日本海軍へあった。
- According to 'Chikuhaku Manpitsu' by Nobutsuna SASAKI, on the occasion of Emperor Meiji's visit to Kansai, the French Army requested the Imperial Japanese Navy to teach them Japan's National Anthem in order to play on the occasion of the Emperor's visit.
- 平重盛の出家、平清盛による大輪田泊の改修、以仁王の挙兵、富士川の戦いなどにおいて、平家物語や源平盛衰記などの軍記物語とは異なる記述があり、史実の相違を示している。
- Its descriptions of TAIRA no Shigemori's entry to the priesthood, the repair of Owada no tomari (Owada port) by TAIRA no Kiyomori, the uprising of Prince Mochihito, the Battle of Fujigawa and so on differ from those in other war chronicles such as Heike Monogatari (The Tale of the Heike) and Genpei Seisui ki (The Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans), and it displays differences in historical evidence.
- 1468に足利義政の命令で明に渡った禅僧の天与清啓が記録した『戊子入明記』によると、遣明船は700~1700石の大型船で150人程度の乗員(内水夫50人)であった。
- According to 'Boshi Nyuminki' written by Zen monk Tenyo Seikei, who visited Ming in 1468 at the behest of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, large ships, whose size were 700 to 1700 goku (a unit of ship size), were used for Kenminsen and 150 persons (including fifty sailors) were on board.
- 永和 (日本)元年(天授 (日本)元年/1373年)から3年にかけて、東寺が幕府に依頼した訴訟に関して引付方ではなく仁政方での裁決を求める遣り取りが記録されている。
- During the term from 1373 to 1375, the proceedings which appealed not to Hikitsukeshu, but to Jinseigata for a ruling had been recorded.
- 永徳元年(1384年)に後円融天皇が三条公忠に充てた書簡の中で「執奏之下、無沙汰者、可為公家御咎也」と記し、武家執奏に従わないことは公家の咎になる現状を嘆いている。
- In his letter to Kimitada SANJO in 1384, Emperor Goenyu wrote '執奏之下,無沙汰者,可為公家御咎也' and lamented the situation that not to obey the bukeshisso led to court nobles' sin.
- また、「鴨川」は、河川法により一級河川淀川水系鴨川に指定された河川を指すため、通例としては賀茂川または加茂川と表記されている部分(高野川との合流点より以北)を含む。
- Since 'Kamo-gawa River (鴨川)' is commonly considered to indicate the rivers which are designated by River Act as 'the class A river Yodo-gawa River system Kamo-gawa River', it is supposed to include the north area of the meeting of Kamo-gawa River and Takano-gawa River as well, although the river of the area is written as '賀茂川' or '加茂川' (the pronunciations are the same as '鴨川').
- 豊臣秀吉の死後、朝鮮から帰国した忠恒に石田三成もしくは徳川家康が伊集院忠棟に叛意があることを伝えたという日州庄内軍記の記述があるが、それを裏付ける同時代史料はない。
- According to Nisshu Shonai Gunki, there is an entry stating that Mitsunari ISHIDA or Ieyasu TOKUGAWA told Tadatsune, who had returned from Korea after the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, that Tadamune IJUIN was thinking of rebellion, but there is no other historical evidence of the same era to prove it.
- 鎌倉時代初期の多田経実に始まり大和国の国人(衆徒)として存続した多田氏は源満仲の後裔と伝え代々佐比山城に拠ったが、別族とも取れる記述が見られるなど系譜が明確でない。
- The Tada clan, as founded by Tsunezane TADA in the early Kamakura period, existed in Yamato Province (today's Nara Prefecture) as local samurai, and this clan, which is said to have comprised descendants of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, maintained a foothold at Sahiyama-jo Castle for generations; however, in some historical sources there are depictions that can be taken to mean that this lineage had nothing to do with the Tada clan mentioned above, so the detail of this lineage is unclear.
- 盛子は夫・藤原基実の死後、摂関家領の大部分を相続していて、九条兼実は「異姓の身で藤原氏の所領を押領したので春日大明神の神罰が下った」(『玉葉』)と日記に記している。
- Moriko inherited most of the estate of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) after the death of her husband, FUJIWARA no Motozane, and Kanezane KUJO mentioned in his diary, 'Gyokuyo,' 'Since she forcefully took away the estate of Fujiwara clan despite being someone of an opposite gender, there was a divine punishment from Kasuga Daimyojin (the Shinto deity).'
- 「神皇正統記」は、南北朝時代に南朝の北畠親房が関東で勢力を集めるために南朝の正統性を神代から記した所で、のちの皇国史観に繋がるイデオロギー的性格の強い史書であった。
- The 'Jinno shotoki' (Record of the Imperial Succession) was a work written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE and argues for the legitimacy of the Southern Court line of succession, that it was unbroken since the age of myth, in an attempt to drum up support for the Southern Court in the Kanto; in later times, it was to have a powerful influence on ideologues trying to promote a historiographic view of Japan as divine and Emperor-centered.
- しかし近年、道真主導による王朝国家体制への転換準備期であったが、時平により道真の政治の記録が抹殺されたため詳細が不明となっていたにすぎないとする意見が出されている。
- Recently, however, there is an opinion that it was a preliminary period to convert it into the system of the dynasty state lead by Michizane, and that details were not known because Tokihira destroyed the political records by Michizane.
- 検注目録を別個に作らず、検注帳に一括して記載される場合もあったが、反対に検注以外の時に在地において目録との照合・訂正を行って古くなった検地帳の補完を行う場合もあった。
- There were examples in which kenchu mokuroku was incorporated into the kenchucho, but there were also examples in which kenchu mokuroku was made by the local administration separately and especially to supplement the kenchucho, which was in need of update and correction by collating with the index when the kenchu was not being carried out.
- この人物は尚氏の子弟か近親者と推定されている(なお、宮内庁書陵部所蔵松岡本は宛先を息子の大舘晴光とするが、晴光が九郎の名乗りを用いた記録は無く、別人の可能性が高い)。
- It is presumed that this person was either Hisauji's son or relative (Matsuoka-bon (one of manuscripts) possessed by Imperial Household Archives assumed the addressee was his son Harumitsu Odachi, but there are no records proving that Harumitsu called himself Kuro and therefore, he might be an another person).
- 藤原実頼は、儀礼について深く研究したことで知られ、後に小野宮流と呼ばれる彼を祖とする流派の根本資料となる宮中の儀礼・慣習に関する記述が多数含まれていたと言われている。
- FUJIWARA no Saneyori is known for his deep study of Girei (rites), and the diary, is said to include many definitions about the rituals and customs of the imperial court, later it became the primary written material in a school called Ononomiya line, of which he was the founder.
- 一方、「延喜儀式」についても逸文とされるものは残されているものの、それらが実際の宮中行事に活用されたという当時の記録は無く、未完成あるいは後世の仮託とする見解もある。
- As for 'Engi Gishiki,' although the part believed to be a surviving fragment of it remained, no records existed to prove that it was used for virtual functions in the imperial court; therefore, some say it was an incomplete work or a pretense made in later ages.
- 中国の史書に残るほどの人物であれば日本でも特別の存在として記憶に残っているはずであり、日本の史書でこれに匹敵する人物は天照大神(アマテラスオオカミ)しかないとする説。
- Another theory supposes that, if she was important enough to make it into the Chinese history books, then Himiko's name should have been recorded as with equal mention within Japan, and it is only Amaterasu Omikami who held such status in the Japanese history books.
- 世宗実録で自ら敗戦と明記していることや、『世宗実録』1420年閏1月10日には「時応界都が言うには(曰)」と記録されており、上記の降伏文書にあたるものは見あたらない。
- The True Record of King Sejong's Reign expressly states that the invasion ended in military defeat, and it also contains an entry for the tenth day of the intercalary first month of 1420 that says, 'What Shiokatsu had said was indeed spoken;' yet no mention is made of the content of the above-mentioned document of capitulation.
- ただし、いくつかの写本では表題として明確に占事略决の表記が採用されており、最も入手しやすい村山1981でもそれにならっていることから、これが一般的な表記となっている。
- However, '占事略决' is the commonly used title, as the titles of some transcripts can be clearly discerned, and the most easily available 'Nihon Onmyodoshi Sosetsu' by Shuichi MURAYAMA also followed suit.
- 『後二条師通記』永長元年8月13日_(旧暦)条(嘉保3年/1096年9月2日)によれば、8月に入って夜空に流星が見えて人々が大騒ぎをしているのに、天文密奏が無かった。
- According to the entry of 'Gonijo Moromichi ki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi) for September 8, 1096, people were terribly frightened at the sight of a meteor streaking across the night sky in August, yet no tenmon misso was done.
- 義政期には唐物の管理や鑑定を行っていた同朋衆能阿弥にが「御物御画目録」(280幅、東京国立博物館所蔵)を編纂し、材質・形態別の分類を行い、画家や画題、賛者などを記した。
- During the period of reign of Yoshimasa, Noami, the doboshu (the shogun's attendants in charge of entertainment), who was responsible for the maintenance and appraisal of Karamono, compiled 'Gomotsu One Mokuroku' (an inventory of selected Chinese paintings in the Ashikaga collection) (280 sets, owned by Tokyo National Museum), sorting the works by materials and styles, and recording the names of the painters, the subjects of the paintings and sanja (person who appreciates the work and writes appraisal in it).
- 史記延久点(しきえんきゅうてん)とは、中国前漢の司馬遷が著した歴史書『史記』に対して、日本平安時代の延久5年(1073年)に大江家国が書写・加点した巻子本形式の訓点本。
- Shikienkyuten is kuntenbon (a book with guiding marks for rendering Chinese into Japanese) of 'Shiki' (Records of the Grand Historian), a Chinese history book written by Sima Qian in the era of Former Han in China, and it was in the form of Kansubon (book in scroll style) transcribed by OE no Iekuni by adding kunten (marks and symbols beside lines of Chinese text to indicate how the text is to be read in Japanese) in 1073 during the Heian period of Japan.
- 宣長は、日本は古来から独立を保った国という考えを強く持っており、「魏志倭人伝」の卑弥呼が魏へ朝貢し、倭王に封じられたという記述は、宣長の受け入れられるものではなかった。
- Norinaga strongly believed that Japan had been an independent country since ancient times, and therefore to him, the article in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei that described Himiko's tribute to Wei as a fiefdom and appointed her as Queen of Wa was not acceptable.
- 史料の吉川家文書には1591年(天正19年)と記されているが、最近の研究においてはこの日付には否定的で翌年の1592年(文禄元年)の誤りではないかとする説が有力である。
- The Yoshikawa family documents, historical material, state that it was executed in 1591, but recent researchers doubt the date and strongly suggest it was executed in 1592.
- 天文密奏の詳細は、仁安 (日本)元年(1166年)に奏上された陰陽助賀茂泰親・天文博士安倍業俊の連署の二十数通の天文密奏を集成した『安倍泰親朝臣記』で見ることができる。
- The details of tenmonmisso are written in the compilation of more than 20 tenmonmisso 'Abe no Yasuchika Asonki,' as reported with the signatures of onmyojo (onmyo vice-minister) KAMO no Yasuchika and tenmon hakase, Abe no Naritoshi.
- そして、経歴的には天徳 (日本)4年(960年)には40歳で未だに天文得業生、天禄3年(972年)にようやく天文博士(『親信卿記』)となり、従四位下左京権大夫には至った
- At the age of 40 in 960, Seimei was still a Tenmon tokugyou no sho (researcher of astrology); in 972, he was promoted to tenmon hakase ('Chikanobu kyo ki') and was ranked as jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) Sakyo no gon no daibu (Provisional Master of the Eastern Capital Offices).
- また、上記の関以外にも北白川口(今路道下→東山道)、東寺口(→山陽道)、法性寺口(→南海道)、西三条道(→(嵯峨道))を七口の1つとして挙げている文書・史料も存在する。
- Other than the checkpoints above, some documents and historical materials name the Kita-shirakawa entrance (the Imamichi michishita: the Higashiyama road), the Higashi-dera entrance (the Sanyo road), the Hossho-ji entrance (the Nankai road) and the Nishi-sanjo road (the Saga road) as one of the Nanakuchi.
- 中国の新聞の報道によれば、砂塵の飛散時には肺の感染症・心臓血管の疾病・心筋梗塞・高血圧・脳卒中などの増加が見られるという(『新生網』2002年5月28日付記事による)。
- According to a newspaper report in China, it was found that, when dust is scattered, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cardiac infarction, hypertension, and cerebral strokes increased (according to an article on May 28, 2002 of 'Xin Sheng net').
- 俘囚という地位は、辺境の人を下位に置こうとする朝廷の態度が作ったものであるが、俘囚たちは無税の条件を基盤に、前記の事実上の交易をも利用して、大きな力を得るようになった。
- Although Fushu was a position created by the Imperial Court who intended to set frontiersmen at the lower rank, they gradually gained power based on their tax-free condition and through the trading system, as mentioned earlier.
- 『承久記』など旧来の説では、これは「官打ち」(身分不相応な位にのぼると不幸になるという考え)などの呪詛調伏の効果であり、後鳥羽上皇は実朝の死を聞いて喜悦したとしている。
- According to the explanation given in the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era) and other ancient sources, this resulted from the curse of 'getting too big for one's breeches' (the idea that if someone rose to an official post beyond what was appropriate for them, disaster would occur); when the retired Emperor Gotoba heard of Sanetomo's death, he was inordinately pleased.
- そもそも、鎌倉幕府の公式文書を使って編纂した『吾妻鏡』の記述を否定すべきではなく、『吾妻鏡』のとおり、合戦は午前に行われ午の刻(12時ごろ)に終わったとする説も根強い。
- And right from the outset, the view that, there being no reason to question what the 'Azuma kagami' - the official record of the Kamakura Shogunate - claimed, the battle thus must have been fought in the morning and had ended by 12, is strong and deeply rooted.
- 源氏の船は汐に向かって押され」と記されており、平氏が追い潮、源氏が向かい潮で戦ったことは述べられているが、潮流が反転して戦況を転換させたとまでの筋立てにはなっていない。
- The Minamoto ships had to push against the current,' thereby claiming that the tide was with the Taira and against the Minamoto as they fought, but still doesn't go so far as to say that the reversing of the tidal current's direction led to a reversal in the fortunes of the two sides.
- 教科書は平安時代に三経(詩経・書経・易経)、三礼(周礼・儀礼・礼記)、三伝(春秋左氏伝・春秋公羊伝・春秋穀梁伝)及び『論語』『孝経』の11経が主な教材として確立された。
- The following eleven books were established as the major Myogyo textbooks during the Heian period: the three Sankyo (three classics on Confucianism) called Shikyo, Shokyo and Ekikyo; the three Sanrai (three classical texts on rites) called Shurai, Girai and Raiki; the three Sanden (three classics on a Chinese history book 'Shunju') called Shunju Sashiden, Shunju Kuyoden and Shunju Kokuryoden; as well as the 'Rongo' and 'Kokyo.'
- 弘文院設立の時期は『日本後紀』の散逸などにより不明であるが、広世に関する他の記事から延暦年間末期から大同 (日本)年間初頭(大同元年は806年)の設立と推定されている。
- It was impossible to know when the Kobunin was founded mainly because 'Nihon Koki' was scattered and ultimately lost; but from the other records of Hiroyo, it was estimated that the Kobunin was founded from the end of the Enryaku era (782 - 806) to the beginning of the Daido era (the first year of Daido was 806).
- この時の強訴については、藤原道長の『御堂関白記』同年7月12日条に「寺侍法師等、只今来申云、大衆参上木幡山大谷云所、二千許参着云々」という記述が対応すると考えられている。
- The article on July 12 (in the lunar calendar), 1006, in 'Mido Kanpakuki' (FUJIWARA no Michinaga's diary), which goes, 'They said monk-soldiers have just come and made an appeal, and that about 2000 people arrived at the place called Kohatayama Otani, and so forth,' is thought to have mentioned this goso.
- 後者は当初は『文選 (書物)』と『爾雅』を採用していたが、『延喜式』では『爾雅』に代わって「三史」(『史記』・『漢書』・『後漢書』)が採用されていずれも大経とされている。
- And the latter adopted 'Monzen' and 'Jiga' at first, but in the 'Engishiki,' 'Sanshi' (three history books) ('Shiki,' 'Kanjo,' and 'Gokanjo') were adopted in place of 'Jiga' and all were categorized as large scriptures.
- 反対に貞観式では序文(現在は『類聚国史』所収)に式とは別に儀式次第を作成することが明記されており、「貞観儀式」(もしくは単に「“儀式”」)がそれにあたると考えられている。
- In contrast, Joganshiki (Palace regulations of the Jogan era) stated in the preface (presently contained in 'Ruiju kokushi' - Classified National History) that the prescription of rules and customs was provided separately from shiki (Regulations) -- 'Jogan Gishiki' (or, simply 'Gishiki') was considered to be that prescription.
- 差出相手の下と本文冒頭において「牒」という1文字をそれぞれに加え、更に書止には「故牒」の文字が加えられ、日付の次に太政官牒を作成した弁官と史 (律令制)が署名が記された。
- A letter 'cho' was placed under a sender and at the beginning of a text, the text was closed by letters 'kocho' and the date was followed by the signatures of the benkan and recorder (ritsuryo system) who made the dajokancho.
- また『兼見卿記』元亀3年(1572年)12月22日の記述よると、'明智見廻の為、坂本に下向、杉原十帖、包丁刀一、持参了、城中天守作事以下悉く披見也、驚目了'とされている。
- Also, according to the description of 'Kanemi-kyo Ki' (The Diary of Kanemi YOSHIDA) on February 4, 1573, there is a description that '明智見廻の為、坂本に下向、杉原十帖、包丁刀一、持参了、城中天守作事以下悉く披見也、驚目了.'
- 天文密奏(てんもんみっそう)とは、古代の東アジアにおいて、異常な天文現象が観測された場合に、その観測記録と占星術による解釈(占言)を内密に君主に対して上奏することを指す。
- Tenmon misso was a practice in ancient East Asia whereby observation of unusual astronomical phenomenon was confidentially reported to the monarch along with observations and astrological divination (prediction.)
- ただし、後世には太政官の一上(あるいは摂関)が事前に内容を確認して改めて密封を行って天文博士に返却してから改めて陰陽頭に提出する形式となる(『西宮記』・『新儀式』など)。
- In later ages, a procedure was established such that ichinokami (the ranking Council Member) of Daijokan (Grand Council of State or Sekkan - regents and advisers) confirmed the contents in advance, sealed the documents again, and returned them to tenmon hakase, and then the documents were submitted to Onmyo no kami (according to 'Saikyuki' - record of court practices and usage, written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki in Chinese style), 'Shingishiki' (New Procedures in Administration.)
- このうち、冒頭の10項目と次の4項目は諸本揃っているものの、文体などが異なること、後者には漢詩以外の散文に関する記事が含まれていることから別個の著者がいたと考えられている。
- Although all books consists of the first ten items and the subsequent four items, the latter is considered to have been written by another person because its writing style is different from the former and it contains a description concerning prose.
- 更に鎌倉時代になると本地垂迹説による両部神道や山王神道による大祓詞(おおはらえのことば)の密教的解説や、記紀神話などに登場する神や神社の祭神の密教的説明の試みが活発化した。
- Furthermore, during the Kamakura period, it became popular to make explanations, according to esoteric Buddhism, of Ryobu Shinto based on Honji-suijaku setsu, Oharae no Kotoba based on Sanno Shinto and the enshrined deities of deities and shrines appeared in Kiki-shinwa (the Kojiki, Nihonshoki and mythology).
- 部隊が駐留した旧河辺村(大宮町を経て現・京丹後市)に隣接する峰山町(現・京丹後市)の表記に合わせて「峰山」と表記する例が多いが、当時の隊員らは「峯山」と表記することが多い。
- Mineyama is most often written with the Chinese characters 峰山, the same characters as used for Mineyama Town (currently Kyotango City) adjacent to Kawabe Village (which became Omiya Town, and now Kyotango City) where the squadron was stationed, but the members of the squadron more often used the characters 峯山.
- 例えば、摂関を家業とする摂関家(藤原北家)、弁官事務を家業とする官務家(小槻氏)、外記事務を家業とする局務家(中原氏・清原氏)、武力行使を担当する兵の家(武家)などがある。
- For example, the Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) which worked for Sessho and Kanpaku as a family business, the Kanmu (literally official duty) family (the Ozuki clan) which worked for the Oversight Department of the Grand Council of State as a family business, the Kyokumu (literally bureau duty) clan (the Nakahara clan and the Kiyohara clan) which worked for the duties of Geki (upper secretariat) as a family business, and the Army clan (samurai families) which was in charge in exercising force.
- また、復元図のもとになった史料、『室町殿行幸御餝記』、『小河御所并東山殿御餝図』の解釈のちがいにより、主室にあったのはつくりつけの押板ではなく置押板である、という説もある。
- Due to a difference in the interpretation of the historical documents in which the reconstructed image was based upon, 'Ogawagosho narabini Higashiyamadono Okazarizu' within 'Muromachidono Gyoko Okazariki,' there was a theory that stated that the master bedroom did not have the built-in oshiita but oshiita that was simply placed there.
- またこれらとは別のもので、ルイス・フロイスの『日本史』に、変数ヶ月前に光秀が何か言うと信長が大きな声を上げて、光秀はすぐ部屋を出て帰る、という諍いがあった、と記されている。
- Independently from these, it is recorded in 'Historia de Iapan' of Luis Frois that, several months before the incident, there was such quarrel as Mitsuhide said something and then Nobunaga shouted and Mitsuhide immediately came out the room and returned to his place.
- また、江戸幕府が幕末に編纂した史書として「後鑑」があり、1333年から1597年に至るまでの史実を編年体で記し、各項目に出典となった各種資料を直截採録する形式となっている。
- There is also a historical work, the 'Nochi kagami' (Later Mirror), that was compiled by the Edo bakufu during the Bakumatsu period (the mid-eighteenth century), which describes the events from 1333 through 1597 in chronological order; the book very straightforwardly reveals each of the historical sources consulted for each event described.
- 後宇多が記した大覚寺統の所領処分目録には、後醍醐の子孫は皇位継承権を持たないこと、後醍醐は邦良を自分の実子と思って待遇することなどが記され、そのことは関係者にも周知された。
- In the property allocation list for the Daikakuji line written by Gouda, he wrote that Godaigo's descendants had no right to succession and Godaigo should consider Kuniyoshi as his own son and this was also known to those concerned.
- 当時の学問水準より比定の誤りなどが見られるが、平安初期以前の薬物の和名をことごとく記載しておりかつ来歴も明らかで、本拠地である中国にも無いいわゆる逸文が大量に含まれている。
- Although there are some errors in the identification of the medicines by analogy due to the low level of the study at that time, every single Japanese name of the medicines used before the early Heian period is recorded, and the origins and histories of them are revealed, and plenty of so-called itsubun (lost writings), which previously existed but do not exist now even in its home country, China, are included in the dictionary.
- 本書は逸文しか残っていないが、これらを蒐集すると、延喜20年(920年)正月14日条から、天暦7年(953年)2月23日条までの34年間に亙って記録されていることがわかる。
- The name of the diary derives from 'riho,' the Chinese equivalent of Shikibu, which was the highest position (Shikibukyo [Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial]) that Imperial Prince Sigeakira held in the court during his lifetime.
- 堀河天皇・鳥羽天皇・崇徳天皇の3天皇(つまり白河・鳥羽院政)時代の朝廷における行事・叙位・修法などの諸儀式について詳細に記述してあり、後世有職故実の書物として重んじられた。
- Various ceremonies such as events, investitures, and incantations that happened during the eras of the three emperors, Emperor Horikawa, Emperor Toba and Emperor Sutoku (in other words, the cloistered government period of Shirakawa and Toba) are described in detail and the document is treasured by researchers as a well-written knowledgeable account.
- 従って現時点で明らかであるのは、平安時代の後期には延喜年間に編纂あるいは記録に由来を持つ『延喜儀式』という儀式(書物)が存在して、先例として重んじられていたということである。
- The only thing apparent at present was the Gishiki (Book) called 'Engi Gishiki' during the late Heian period which might have been compiled or the contents of which might have originated during the Engi era and were highly regarded as authority.
- 「東福寺」と記された木簡の裏に「十貫公用」などの字が見られることから、この船は元応元年(1319年)に焼失した東福寺の造営料を名目として派遣された唐船であることが推測される。
- This ship is presumed to have been a Tosen dispatched to raise funds to construct Tofuku-ji Temple burnt down in 1319, because words 'ten kan (an unit of currency) for public use' are found on the back side of the mokkan with 'Tofuku-ji Temple' on it.
- 一方、中国語発音を考慮すると、当時の中国が異民族の音を記す時、「呼」は「wo」をあらわす例があり(匈奴語の記述例など)、卑弥呼は「ピミウォ」だったのではないかとする説もある。
- Considering Chinese pronunciations, for example, '呼' can be read as 'wo' (as demonstrated in examples of writing Xiongnu, and so on), so there is an opinion that Himiko might have been pronounced 'Pimiwo.'
- また、上記とは別に戦後京都大学人文科学研究所(京大人文研)にて頻繁に共同研究会を開き、活発な討論を行っていた一派も、京都学派と呼ばれるが、上記の京都学派とは直接の関係はない。
- Moreover, apart from the above, a group which frequently held collaborative research in the Institute for Research in the Humanities, Kyoto University, and actively held discussions after the war is also called the Kyoto school, but is not directly related with the above Kyoto school.
- 紀伊国伊都郡志富田荘(和歌山県かつらぎ町)の棚田の反別、収穫量を記した建武 (年号)5年(1338年)の高野山文書では、「棚田一反御得分四十歩ハ・・・」と棚田の文字がみえる。
- The word 'Tanada' was mentioned in Koyasan Bunsho written in 1338, which recorded the yield and marking off of Tanada in units of 'tan' in Shibutasho, Ito County, Kii Province (today's Katsuragi-cho, Wakayama Prefecture), in a sentence '棚田一反御得分四十歩ハ.'
- 高梨高信・高梨忠直らは源義仲傘下として越後から南下した城資茂率いる平家方を破り、その後も源義仲に最後まで従ったと思われ、高梨忠直は京都の六条河原で刑死した記録が残されている。
- Takanobu TAKANASHI and Tadanao TAKANASHI, who were affiliated with MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, won the Heike led by JO no Sukemochi, who had moved south from Echigo, and then seem to have accompanied Minamoto no Yoshinaka to his end, because it is recorded that Tadanao TAKANASHI was executed at the Rokujo-gawara riverbed, in Kyoto.
- こうした事情は武士の発生時期から数世紀下る17世紀初頭の日葡辞書に、「さむらい」は貴人を意味し、「ぶし」は軍人を意味すると区別して記載されていることにもその一端が現れている。
- We can see a part of these situations in the description, where distinctively, 'samurai' refers to nobility and 'bushi' a military officer, in the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603-1604) during the early 17th century, some centuries after the time of bushi's emergence.
- 秀吉が豊臣氏の姓を授かるのは、この一件の翌年の天正14年9月9日_(旧暦)(1586年10月21日)であるため、当時の表記にあわせて賜姓以前については「羽柴秀吉」表記とする。
- Because he was awarded the clan name of Toyotomi on October 21, 1586, the following year of the dispute, Hideyoshi before the award is described as 'Hideyoshi HASHIBA' in this section according to the name at that time.
- それに対して室町将軍も、守護大名の頭越しに各地の武士と主従関係を結び、上記の「奉公衆」を編成し、将軍直轄の軍事力を強化するのみならず、守護大名の領国支配に楔を入れたのである。
- Against such circumstances, Shogun Muromachi hired samurais of various regions over the Shugo daimyos' heads, and formed 'Hoko-shu' as mentioned above, which not only strengthened the direct military power of the shogun but also deterred the control of Shugo daimyos over their lands.
- また、当時は村請制であったために、村高にかかる「高免」と村高から潰れ地や損毛分を差し引いた「毛付免」の2種類があり、領主からの免状には2種類の免が併記されている場合が多かった。
- At that time, Mura-uke Sei (tax system that placed responsibility for payment on villages) was employed, and there were two types of men: 'Komen' for the kokudaka of a Village and '毛付面' for the kokudaka of a village after deduction of non arable land and losses, and both of them were often written in the certificate by a feudal lord.
- これに対抗して『信長公記』では織田信長軍の布陣の様子を、'二重、三重堀をほり、塀、柵を付け、手前々々堅固に申し付けられ候'としており、有岡城に対する砦のようなものが建てられた。
- In contrast, according to 'Shinchoko-ki,' troops of Nobunaga ODA took up position by digging ditches double and triple, providing walls and fences to guard tightly forming a fort-like structure against Arioka-jo Castle.
- 『日本書紀』には、倭迹迹日百襲媛命について、三輪山の神との神婚伝説や、前記の箸墓が「日也人作、夜也神作」という説話が記述されており、卑弥呼と同様な神秘的な存在と意識されている。
- Nihonshoki contains a legend of Yamatototohimomoso Hime no Mikoto marrying a deity of Mt. Miwa, as well as a tale that says the Hashihaka was 'built by men during the day, and by gods during the night.' Like Himiko, she was considered a mysterious woman.
- 仁平3年(1153年)忠盛が没したとき、藤原頼長は「数国の吏を経、富巨万を累ね、奴僕国に満ち、武威人にすぐ」(『宇槐記抄』)と評したが、これは平氏の実力の大きさを物語っている。
- When Tadamori died in 1153, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga said of him 'he governed several provinces, gained riches, obtained followers and was full of military prowess' ('Ukaikisho'), and this indicates the greatness of the Taira clan.
- 以下の写本において、本文冒頭の記述が京都大学附属図書館蔵本では『常以月将加占事』だが、尊経閣文庫蔵本と宮内庁書陵部蔵本では、尊経閣蔵本その他では『常以月将加占時』となっている。
- While the description of the opening paragraph of the transcript possessed by The Kyoto University Library is '常以月将加占事', that of the transcripts possessed by Sonkeikaku-bunko and Imperial Household Archives is ' 常以月将加占時'.
- 更に『本朝書籍目録』に『弘仁儀式』と並んで記載されている『内裏式』及び『内裏儀式』と呼ばれる2種の儀式は伝存しており、なおかつその編纂年代が弘仁年間であったことが明記されている。
- Besides, two kinds of Gishiki called 'Dairi shiki' (Palace regulations) and 'Dairi Gishiki' (Book on outline of ceremonies) which were described together with 'Konin Gishiki' in 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' were extant and they stated that they were compiled in the Konin era.
- 日本書紀の記述などから少なくともオオササギ王(仁徳天皇)は大阪に本拠を置き河内平野を開発したことが判っており、当時の河川改修痕跡(難波の堀江)や堤防痕跡(茨田堤)も残存している。
- From descriptions in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), it has become clear that at least one ruler, King Osasagi (Emperor Nintoku), made his base in Osaka and developed the Kawachi Plain; evidence of river improvement (the Naniwa-horie canal) and embankments (Manda-no-tsutsumi levee) can still be seen today.
- 一説には、中華思想により、他国の地名、人名には『蔑字』を使っているため、このような表記になっている原田常治『記紀以前の資料による 古代日本正史』 同志社・婦人生活社 1976年。
- According to another account, 'characters of contempt' were used for the names of foreign places and people as a result of Sinocentrism (Tsuneji HARADA, 'Official History of Ancient Japan Based on the Materials before Kiki' Doshisha, Fujin Seikatsusha, 1976.)
- しかし、平安後期になると、人間をあるがままに日本風に描くという国風文化の影響のもと、表現形式がより柔軟かつ豊富な和文体による歴史物語・軍記物語・説話集が多数記されるようになった。
- However, in the latter half of the Heian period, the Kokufu Bunka, in which human beings were depicted in Japanese styles, prevailed, and many historical stories, war chronicles and collections of anecdotes were written in the Japanese-writing style that enabled the descriptions to be made more flexibly and richly.
- 日本の気象庁の観測では、1967年の観測開始以降、2002年に黄砂観測の日数・延べ日数が共に最多を記録したが、年ごとの変化が大きいため長期的な変化傾向ははっきりと判明していない。
- The Japan Meteorological Agency has observed kosa since 1967, and the data obtained there shows the following: Both the number of kosa occurrences and the total number of days when kosa was observed were maximum in 2002, but the long-term trend is not clear because the data changed considerably depending on the year.
- 次いで律令の研究が興隆したのは 8世紀末から 9世紀はじめにかけての時期で、このとき『令集解(りようのしゆうげ)』が引用する令釈、跡記、穴記などの多くの私的注釈書が生まれている。
- After that, research on ritsuryo became active between the end of the eighth century and the beginning of the ninth century, and many private commentaries such as Reishaku, Sekki, and Kekki, which are quoted in the 'Ryo no shuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) were published around that time.
- 古典『太平記』で巻一に正中の変の顛末が記されており、無礼講と称して討幕計画や、計画に参加していた土岐頼員が妻に謀反の計画を漏らし、六波羅探題に事情を密告する話などが記されている。
- The first scroll of the classic, 'Taiheiki' (Records of Great Peace), includes an account of the Shochu no Hen (Shochu Incident), depicting it as an overthrow plan disguised as 'bureikou' (do as you please), and a story about Yorikazu TOKI, who was participating in the plan, leaking the rebellion plan to his wife who then betrayed them to the Rokuhara Tandai.
- 反面、優れた曲で作者不明のものについてはほとんど全てを世阿弥の作とする一方、観阿弥・元雅といった重要な作者が掲載されていないなど、同時代以外の曲については不正確な記述も少なくない。
- On the other hand, although outstanding songs whose playwrights are unknown are almost all attributed to Zeami, the major writers Kanami and Motomasa are not included; as such, there are many incorrect descriptions relating to the songs other than those from the same period.
- また、左記はあくまで単年の排出量で比較した話であり、累積排出量で比べればその差は歴然としているため、その事にも配慮してEUなどの工業先進国は率先して京都議定書を締結したものである。
- And the above descriptions comes from the comparison in a single year emission amount and if compared in accumulated emission amounts, the difference will be obviously bigger; therefore, industrially developed countries such as EU and the like took the lead in ratification of the Kyoto Protocol.
- 教科書としては歴史からは「三史」と呼ばれた『史記』・『漢書』・『後漢書』と文学からは『文選_(書物)』を中心として、『三国志_(歴史書)』・『晋書』・『爾雅』などが用いられていた。
- The materials used as textbooks were 'Sanshi' (three historical records of ancient China), which included 'Shiki' (Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty and Qin Dynasty), 'Kanjo' (Historical records of the Han Dynasty) and 'Gokanjo' (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty) from history and 'Wen Xuan' as a main book, and others such as 'Sanguo Zhi' (History of the Three Kingdoms), 'Jin shu' (History of the Jin Dynasty) and Erya from literature.
- それによると、平均値に比べてヒ素が22倍、マンガンが13倍、クロムが7倍、ニッケルが3倍という高い数値を記録しており、黄砂の飛来時には大気の成分が通常とは異なることを示唆している。
- In the investigation, the amount of arsenic included was 22 times the average value, that of manganese 13 times the average value, that of chromium 7 times the average value and that of nickel 3 times the average value, each quite a high value compared with the average value, were detected, suggesting that the components of the air in the time when kosa is falling are different from those of the ordinary air.
- 根拠は乏しいのだが、島津義久の側近である上井覚兼の日記として有名な「上井覚兼日記」の記述で、本能寺の変が起こった天正10年6月2日から11月3日までの項が白紙にされているのである。
- Although there was little grounds, in description in 'Uwai Kakuken Nikki' that is famous as the diary of Uwai Kakuken, who was a close vassal of Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, sections for the period from July 1, 1582, when Honnoji Incident occurred, to November 28 were left blank.
- 鎌倉幕府の公式日記(もしくはそれに准じるもの)である『吾妻鏡』には壇ノ浦の戦いについては元暦二年三月二十四日の条で「長門国赤間関壇ノ浦の海上で三町を隔て船を向かわせて源平が相戦う。
- In the 'Azuma kagami' (Mirror of the East), the official (or semi-official) diary of the Kamakura Shogunate, the battle of Dannoura, listed under the entry of 24th day of the third month of Genryaku 2, is described as follows: 'The ships of the Minamoto and Taira, their forces apart from each other by approximately 300 meters, met in battle on the sea of Dannoura in Akamaseki of Nagato Province.
- だが、10世紀中期に書かれたと考えられている源高明の『西宮記』には弘文院は既に荒廃に帰している事が記されていることから、道真の時代からそれ程時間を置かずに廃絶したと考えられている。
- From the description in 'Saikyuki' (record of court practices and usage written in Chinese style) written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki supposedly written in the mid tenth century that the Kobunin had been already ruined, it was estimated that the Kobunin was defunct shortly after the days of Michizane.
- 将門の新皇即位は、神仏習合の神であり天皇家の祖神でもある八幡神がその位を授け、位記(辞令)を菅原道真が書いたとし、仏教音楽により儀式を行うようにと神祇信仰の巫女が託宣したものである。
- At the enthronement of new emperor Masakado, it supposed that Hachiman (God of War), deity of shinbutsu-shugo and Imperial Family's soshin (ancestor honored as god), granted the throne, SUGAWARA no Michizane wrote the Iki (court rank diploma), and a shrine maiden of Jingi belief had an oracle to play Buddhistic music at the ceremony.
- 実態は冥加に対しても一定額が定められる場合もあり、「運上と云も冥加永というも同様たり(中略)、何れを唱へても苦しからず」とした『地方凡例録』の記述が近いものであったと考えられている。
- In view of the fact that there were cases where a fixed amount was set for Myoga, the reality might be similar to the description of 'Jikata hanreiroku' saying 'Unjo and Myogaei are the same, (snip) you may use them interchangeably.'
- 更に室町時代後期に壬生晴富が二条持通より、相博を行ったのは永仁年間であったとする話を聞いており(『晴富宿禰記』文明 (日本)10年3月9日条)、後伏見天皇が二条富小路殿にて即位した。
- Haretomi MIBU also heard from Mochimichi NIJO that the exchange of the residence occurred during Einin era (the April 20, 1478 entry of in 'Haretomi Sukune Ki'), and the Emperor Go-Fushimi was enthroned at the Tomikojidono residence.
- 井上毅らの国体論は古事記神話に基づいて公私を峻別し、天皇は公的な統治を行う(シラス)ものであって、他の土豪や人民が行う私的な所有権の行使(ウシハク)とは異なるとする(井上「古言」)。
- The national polity theory of Kowashi INOUE insisted that the emperor separated private and public matters and fairly ruled the country according to the mythology of Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) (Shirasu in Japanese), and the emperor's sovereignty was completely different from private controls by local clans and people (Ushihaku in Japanese) (according to Inoue's writing 'Kogen').
- が、前項で記されている長岡京での騒動が原因のひとつとして、再び遷都された理由により、新京では悪いことが起こらず「平安」(訓読みは「たいら」)であって欲しいという意味が込められている。
- However, since the turmoil of the Nagaoka-Kyo, previously mentioned, was one of reasons for relocation, they wished the name to have 'Heian' (Kun-yomi 'Taira') (peace and tranquility) to avoid the new capital having any bad luck.
- なお、後年の編纂物である『吾妻鏡』などには一連の北陸出兵が「義仲討伐の為」と記されているが、当時の記録には、『玉葉』寿永2年(1183年)5月16日条まで義仲の名前は記載されていない。
- The books compiled in later years, including 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), state that the serial dispatch of troops to Hokuriku was 'in order to seek out and kill Yoshinaka' but Yoshinaka's name was not recorded in the records made at the time, until the June 14, 1183 entry in 'Gyokuyo' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane).
- これを受けて検非違使庁は特に問題視された5・7・9の3ヶ条について一部修正を加えた上で新たな法文として公任から一条天皇に提出し、これを元に再度公布を行った(『権記』同年5月14日条)。
- In response to this reprimand, Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief) partially revised clauses 5, 7, and 9, which were the most controversial, and presented the revised shinsei as a new law to Emperor Ichijo via Kinto, and issued Chohogannenrei again based on this revision (an article dated May 14, 1000 of 'Gonki').
- 本城惣右衛門覚書(ほんじよそうえもんおぼえがき)は、本能寺の変で明智光秀に従軍していた光秀配下の武士 本城惣右衛門が、江戸時代に入って晩年、親族と思われる三人の人物に宛てた記録である。
- The Honjo Soemon Oboegaki is a record sent by Soemon HONJO, a samurai serving Mitsuhide AKECHI during the Honnoji Incident, to three people who are thought to be his relatives, during his late years in the Edo period.
- 後に電話会社に勤務していた湯川敏治(中世公家日記研究会)によって『歴名土代』のデータベース化の試みがなされ、平成8年(1996年)にそれを元にした翻刻版が続群書類従完成会より刊行された。
- Later, Toshiharu YUKAWA (Society for Research on the Medieval Court Nobles' Diaries) who worked at a telephone company tried to make a database of 'Ryakumyo dodai' and in 1996 the revised version based on this database was published from the 'Classified Documents, continued' completion committee.
- また立花説では、5月4日付けの記事にある「将軍になるべき」との晴豊の言葉を朝廷公式の意向であったとし、「御らん」(森成利)を派遣した信長の意図を真意を隠しわざと当惑して見せたものとする。
- Tachibana's interpretation also claims that Haretoyo's words 'should be the Shogun' in an article on May 4 (old calendar) were the official intention of the Imperial Court, and Nobunaga intentionally expressed his false embarrassment concealing his true meaning by having 'Oran' (Naritoshi MORI) meet the envoy.
- 『平家物語』に描かれた平氏随一の剛将として知られ屋島の戦い、壇ノ浦の戦いで義経を苦しめた教経の最後だが、『吾妻鏡』によれば教経はこれ以前の一ノ谷の戦いで討ち死にしているという記述がある。
- The above is the account given in the 'Heike monogatari' of the final moments of Noritsune, known as the greatest of the strong leaders of the Taira clan and a thorn in Yoshitsune's side at both the battle of Okushima and at Dannoura, yet in the 'Azuma kagami,' Noritsune is recorded as having been killed during the battle of Ichinotani.
- このように、本書は政務に関するあらゆる事例を掲げたもので、それぞれに関係する律令格式の条文や国史・日記の記事、その他和漢の典籍を正確に引用し、彼自身や父祖先輩の勘文・勘答も収録している。
- Thus, it carries every example of governmental affairs, accurately quotes related articles on laws of codes and ethics (conduct), and related reports from the national history and diaries, in addition to Chinese and Japanese classical books, and also includes not only his own kanmon (written reports for what the imperial court requested) and kanto (written response), but also those of his ancestors and older lawyers.
- 書生は書の良し悪しによって優越が判定され、『説文解字』の理解など字体などについての知識も求められた唐の制度よりも簡素化されており、試験に及第して内記などの書記的な官職に配されたようである。
- It appears that the superiority of a shosei's calligraphy would be judged based on its quality, that the curriculum was simpler than the system of Tang Dynasty China which demanded knowledge of disciplines such as 'Shuowen Jiezi' and the formation of characters, and that students who passed examinations were placed in clerical government posts such as that of naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs).
- 「泰時消息文」によれば、公家法は漢文で記されており難解であるので、武士に分かりやすい文体の法律を作ったとあるが、これは公家法の再構成して武士たちに理解しやすい形態に改めたという意味である。
- According to 'Yasutoki shosokubun' (a letter of Yasutoki HOJO), since the court noble law had been described in Chinese classics and is difficult to be understood, a law written in a style easily understood by samurai was made, meaning that the court noble law was reconstructed and altered to be more understandable for the samurai.
- 以上の説は、「卑弥呼」に該当する人物が『記紀』や古系図に明確に特定できる形で残っているとする前提があるが、日本古代の記録の残存状況から考えると、そのようなことは期待できないとする説である。
- The theories mentioned above assume that Himiko is identifiable as a character in the Kiki, or old genealogies, but there are also opinions that insist this cannot be done, especially considering the state of the remaining records of ancient Japan.
- 明の冊封国であった李氏朝鮮に征明嚮導の意思はなく、秀吉は明への遠征のため先ず朝鮮の制圧を決め、文禄元年(1592年)4月(和暦。漢数字表記の月は以下同じ)、16万人の大軍を送ることとなる。
- The Yi Dynasty Korea, which had been Sakuho-koku (countries to confer a peerage with a Saku paper) of Ming, did not have the intention of leading troops to conquer Ming and Hideyoshi decided to conquer Korea at first in order to make a successful expedition to Ming and a large army of 160,000 were sent in May 1592 (according to the traditional Japanese calendar).
- 日本の正史であった六国史は、原則として漢文による編年体の体裁を取っているが、『日本書紀』以外の5史においては高官あるいは高僧の死亡記事の際に当該人物の伝記を挿入する事が行われた(国史体)。
- A Japanese authentic history, Rikkokushi (6 histories of the nation), basically maintains the appearance of Hennentai (a chronological writing style) in classical Chinese, but in the 5 histories other than 'Nihonshoki,' the biographies of high officials or high-rank priests were added in the descriptions of their deaths (Kokushitai).
- 『太平記』巻17には、恒良親王に皇位を譲ったとの記述がある(ただし、後醍醐天皇は尊氏との和議を成立させて比叡山を降り、後に京を脱出して吉野において南朝を開いたことで、皇位は無意味化される)。
- Vol. 17 of 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) says Emperor Godaigo transferred the Imperial Throne to Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi around then; Emperor Godaigo made peace with Takauji ASHIKAGA and went down Mt. Hiei, but afterward, Emperor Godaigo left Kyoto and newly established the Southern Court for himself in Yoshino Province, and so, the transfer of the throne became meaningless.
- 現存する記事は、長暦2年(1038年)・長暦3年(1039年)・長久元年(1040年)・長久2年(1042年)・永承3年(1048年)・永承7年(1052年)・天喜2年(1054年)である。
- The remaining entries in the Shunki are dated 1038, 1039, 1040, 1042, 1048, 1052 and 1054.
- 親長が同書を大事にしていた事は、彼の日記である『親長卿記』において、文明8年(1476年)京都で大火があった時に、この本のみを真っ先に抱えて避難したことが書かれていることで知ることが出来る。
- One can see Chikanaga took good care of Kodaireki from his diary 'Chikanaga-kyoki' which says he first grabbed this book while evacuating a big fire which occurred in Kyoto in 1476.
- 「太平記」は後醍醐天皇の即位から細川頼之が管領に就任するまでの南北朝時代を扱っており、軍記物語の性格が強く室町時代から江戸時代にかけて太平記よみと呼ばれる物語僧によって庶民にも語られていた。
- The 'Taiheiki' (Record of the Great Peace) describes the Northern and Southern Court period, from Emperor Godaigo's enthronement to Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA's appointment as Kanrei; characterized by its strong stylistic similarities to war chronicles, it also gained popularity among the commoners through the reciting of tales by monks from the Muromachi period through to the Edo period, and was so often recited that such readings aloud, regardless of the title of the work being read, came to be called 'Taiheiki readings.'
- その結果、法皇は義仲への配慮のため北陸道は除いたが、ほぼ上記の内容を認める寿永二年十月宣旨を頼朝へ発して東海道・東山道の荘園・国衙領を元の通り領家に従わせる権限(沙汰権)が頼朝に認められた。
- As a result, the Cloistered Emperor issued 'Juei Ninen ju gatsu no senji,' an Imperial order close to the content above, except that Hokuriku-do Road was excluded in order to honor Yoshinaka and gave Yoritomo the right (Sata ken) to return shoen and Kokugaryo in the Tokai-do Road and Tosan-do Road back to their owners.
- しかしそうであれば、実朝薨御後も足利氏が存続し、やがて室町幕府を開くのであるから、「系譜的視点」なるものによるならば本項記述の如く実朝薨御を以て河内源氏の「崩壊」とするのは矛盾すると言えよう。
- However, if that is the case, it is contradictory to see the death of Sanetomo as the collapse of Kawachi-Genji as written in this section, because Ashikaga clan continued after the death of Sanetomo and established the Muromachi bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) according to the genealogical viewpoint.
- 1966年から1980年にかけて、京都市左京区の「部落問題の中央センター」である文化厚生会館(府連書記局が設置されていた)の帰属を巡り、部落解放同盟京都府連合会と部落問題研究所の間で争われた。
- From 1966 to 1980, the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation and the Institute of Buraku Problem disputed over whether the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall belonged, which was regarded as 'the central center of Buraku problems' (where the Kyoto Federation's secretariat was located) in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.
- なお、「本所領」という語には本来は寺社領も含まれているが、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて寺社領を他の本所領と区別するために「寺社領」と「本所領」を併記する用法が出現するようになった
- The term 'honjoryo' originally included the jisharyo, but from the end of the Kamakura period to the Nanbokucho period (Japanese North and South Dynasties period), 'jisharyo' was written separately from 'honjoryo' to distinguish between the jisharyo and the honjoryo.
- 公賢の死去は延文5年(正平15年/1360年)であること、実弟で猶子となった洞院実守が奥書に公賢「老後」の著書であると記していることから、貞和3年以降の13年間のうちに書かれたと推定されている。
- In view of the fact that Kinkata died in 1360 and his younger brother and adopted son Sanemori TOIN wrote in the book's postscript that the book was written after Kinkata's 'retirement,' it is presumed that the book was written during the period thirteen years after 1347.
- 正確な築城年代は定かではないが、古典『太平記』には、南北朝時代 (日本)のに、南朝(吉野朝廷)側の北畠顕家軍に備えて六角氏頼が篭もったという記述があり、そのころには築かれていたと考えられている。
- Although it is unknown when the castle was built, according to an old book 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), Ujiyori ROKKAKU barricaded himself inside the castle preparing for an attack from Akiie KITABATAKE who belonged to the Southern Court (the Yoshino Court) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the castle had already been built at that time.
- さらに、北畠親房の『神皇正統記』の影響を受けており、林羅山父子が執筆していた歴史書『本朝通鑑』の草稿に、大和民族(日本人)を「呉_(春秋)の太伯の末裔である」という記述を発見して憤慨したという。
- As Mitsukuni was influenced by 'Jinnoshotoki' by KITABATAKE Chikafusa, he was furious that he found the description that the Yamato race (Japanese) 'are the descendants of Taihaku in Go (China)' in a draft of 'Honchotsukan' HAYASHI Razan and his son were writing.
- 続いて擬文章生及び蔭位の対象者、宣旨などで特に許された者に対して式部省が直接行う省試にて詩賦を課し、それに合格することにより初めて文章生になった(記録では極稀に文章得業生に抜擢された例もある)。
- Following this, gimonjosho, those who enjoyed On I (the automatic promotion of persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from the Imperial Prince to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents are above upper third rank) and those who were given permission by imperial decree would take Shoshi (an examination held by Shikibusho for determining whether applicants are employable) on poetry, which was held directly by the Shikibu sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) and those who passed this examination became monjosho (a record shows that in exceptional cases, students were promoted to monjo tokugosho).
- また伴信友が天保8年(1837年)に著した『神社思考』では、世の一宮記に書かれている神々は全て『延喜式神名帳』に載っていると記しており、伴信友も『大日本国一宮記』系統の本を参照していたと思われる。
- Besides, 'Jinja Shiko' by Nobutomo BAN (1837) says 'Engi-shiki Jinmyocho had already listed all the gods which current Ichinomiya-Ki mention', so Ban seems to have had some Ichinomiya-ki which had been copied after 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki'.
- 安本美典は、卑弥呼がアマテラスだとすれば、邪馬台国は天(『日本書紀』)または高天原(『古事記』)ということになり、九州にあった邪馬台国が後に畿内へ移動して大和朝廷になったとする(邪馬台国東遷説)。
- Yasumoto states that if Himiko was, in fact, Amaterasu, the Yamatai Kingdom would be Ten (according to the Nihonshoki) or Takamanohara (according to the Kojiki), which would mean that the Yamatai Kingdom was located in Kyushu, then moved to the Kinai region, where it became the Yamato Imperial Court (this is the theory of the Yamatai Kingdom being relocated to the East).
- 近世ノ作法、仏の懸記ニタガハズコソ、仏ノ弟子ナヲ仏意ニ背ク、マシテ在家俗士堂塔ヲ建立スル、多ハ名聞ノ為メ、若ハ家ノカザリトス、或ハ是レニヨリテ利ヲエ、或ハ酒宴ノ座席、詩歌ノ会所トシテ、無礼ノ事多シ
- The modern customs are shameful to the Buddhist record written about the future, and the students of Buddhism turned away from the will of the Buddha as the samurai of existing families built a tower, young men decorated their houses in order to have his name heard many times, gained profits from it, sat at drinking parties, or made it into kaisho where poetry is read, and held many rude activities.
- 上記史料を総合すると、本宣旨は、東国における荘園・公領の領有権を旧来の荘園領主・国衙へ回復させることを命じる。その回復を実現するため源頼朝の東国行政権を承認するという2つの内容から構成されている。
- Putting the above historical records together, the contents of this decree can be summarized as; the order that required lords of the manor and kokuga (provincial government officers) to restore the territorial rights for shoen and koryo, and the approval of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's administrative authority on the Togoku region in order to make the above restoration come true.
- この死亡帳は、「去年7月」から「今年6月」までの一年間について、秋田城の支配領域(秋田郡周辺)の民について記載したもので、当時の出羽国国府(9世紀初頭に移転)に清書したものを提出したと考えられる。
- This Shibocho described citizens in the area (around Akita County) controlled by Akita-jo Castle for one year from 'July of the previous year' to 'June of this year,' and was considered to be a transcript submitted to the provincial office of Dewa Province at that time (transferred in early ninth century).
- 「儀式」のモデルになったのは、唐における礼制の集大成である礼書であったと考えられているが、日本の「儀式」は律令格式と重複する部分を削り、法令で定めるのには不適切な純粋な礼儀作法の記述に特化している。
- It was considered that 'Gishiki' modeled after the Book of Etiquette and Decorum, a compilation of decorum in Tang -- Japanese 'Gishiki' was specialized exclusively in rules and customs inappropriate to be specified in law by omitting the parts that overlapped with ritsuryo kyakushiki (Laws and regulations).
- これを受けて亀山上皇は1286年(弘安9)12月に院評定を徳政沙汰と雑訴沙汰に分割、続いて伏見天皇は1293年(正応6)6月に記録所組織の改革を行って、政治組織の刷新を行って円滑な政務遂行を図った。
- In response to this, Retired Emperor Kameyama divided In no hyojo (consultation under the government by the retired Emperor) into tokusei-sata (dealing with problems related to religious matters and official appointments) and zasso sata (litigation investigation) and the Emperor Fushimi reformed the organization of Kirokusho (government agency of lawsuits) in June 1293 and aimed for the smooth implementation of government duties by the renewal of political system.
- また大軍に比してそれを指揮する武将の格が低すぎること、名を挙げられている人物には明らかに当時他方面で働いている者が含まれていることから、『高野春秋』の記す合戦規模については疑問符をつけざるを得ない。
- In addition, compared to the large army, the status of the commander was too low and the names of samurai who appeared in this literature clearly included those who were working in other region in those days, therefore, the size of the war described in 'Koya Shunju' are cast into doubt.
- この35年後の長禄2年(1458年)5月8日、今度は教綱が、和睦を口実に宇都宮城に招かれたところを殺害され、藤姓塩谷氏は衰退する(5月13日に宇都宮城からの帰りの氏家町で討たれたと記す文献もあり)。
- Thirty-five years later, on June 27, 1458, when Noritsuna was invited to Utsunomiya-jo Castle under the pretense of reconciliation, he was killed, whereupon the SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family entered a decline (there is also a document asserting that he was killed on July 2 in Ujiie-machi, on his way back from Utsunomiya-jo Castle).
- ただし、当時の伊東の書簡は対話を重んじるものばかりで、伊東自身も人を斬った記録が油小路事件以外には無く、さらには近藤勇を暗殺しようとしたものがないため、近藤暗殺計画自体が存在しなかったとの説もある。
- However, documents left behind by Ito only placed importance on a conversation, and there is no record of him killing anyone, other than during the Aburanokoji Incident, nor are there any records of him trying to assassinate Isami KONDO, which led to the theory that plans for the assassination never existed.
- 当時の神呪寺は現在より広範囲に寺院があったと思われ、池田市、豊中市、尼崎市まで眺望がきき、『郷土の城ものがたり』によると神呪寺城、鷲林寺城は烽火城で織田信長軍の動きを烽火で知らしていたとも記している。
- It is considered that Kanno-ji Temple at that time had many sacred buildings in the area wider than today and had a good view of Ikeda City, Toyonaka City and Amagasaki City and, according to 'Kyodo no Shiro Monogatari' (literally, story of castles in home town), it is recorded that Kannoji-jo Castle and Jurinji-jo Castle were castles for signal fire and used to inform movements of troops of Nobunaga ODA with signal fire.
- これが通称としての「紀伝道」の成立である(ただし、『皇代記』には延暦24年(805年)6月に「紀伝儒者始」があったと記されており、紀伝博士成立以前に紀伝を担当する専門教員が置かれていた可能性がある)。
- This is how the name, 'kidendo,' was established (however, as 'Kodaiki' (The Chronicle of the Emperors) states that there was 'Kiden jusha hajime' (Start of Confucianism Class) in June, 805 (old lunar calendar), there is a possibility that an expert in teaching kiden had already been set up before kiden hakase).
- 各ページ5段構成となっており1段目には天皇の略歴、2段目には皇居及び重要な事件、3段目には上皇・東宮・皇子皇女・后妃、4・5段目には摂政・関白・大臣・征夷大将軍・近衛大将などの要職補任が記されている。
- Each page has five columns: the first column has the Emperor's brief biography; the second column has important incidents around the Imperial Palace; the third column has matters about the Retired Emperor, the Crown Prince, the Imperial Prince, the Imperial Princess, and an empress; the fourth and the fifth columns have personnel affairs of important offices such as sessho (regent), kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), a minister, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), and Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards).
- 合戦が行われた時間については『吾妻鏡』は午の刻(12時ごろ)に終わった記しており、一方、関白九条兼実の日記である『玉葉』には午の刻(12時ごろ)に始まり、申の刻(16時ごろ)に終わったと記されている。
- Regarding the time the battle is thought to have taken place, the 'Azuma kagami' has it as ending by the hour of the Horse (around noon), while the 'Gyokuyo,' the diary of the Kampaku (Chief Advisor) Kanemitsu KUJO, records it as beginning at noon and ending by the hour of the Monkey (around 4 PM).
- しかし、これらの事件当時の建物は鳥羽・伏見の戦いの兵火で焼失しており、現在の京都市伏見区南浜町263番地にある建物は当時の敷地の西隣に建てられたものである(明治38年(1905年)に登記されている)。
- However, the building at the time of the incident was burned down during the Battle in Toba-Fushimi; in fact, the current building in 263 Minamihama-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City was built to the west of the Teradaya of the incident (the current building was registered in 1905).
- また、国史の記事の引用について、祖父公方が編纂した『本朝月令』が、直接『日本書紀』以下の六国史から引用しているのに対し、本書は、六国史からの引用と、菅原道真が編纂した『類聚国史』からの引用も見られる。
- As for quotation of articles of the national history, while 'Honcho Gatsuryo' compiled by Kinkata, Tadasuke's grandfather, uses direct quotations from 'Rikkokushi' (Japan's six national histories chronicling the seventh and eighth centuries) such as 'The Nihon Shoki' (the Chronicle of Japan), the Seiji yoryaku includes not only some quotations from Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories) but also some from 'Ruiju-kokushi' (Classified National History) compiled by SUGAWARA no Michizane.
- 中世後期に入ると、下記(世阿弥『風姿花伝』別紙口伝)に代表されるように「家学」そのものの継承を優先として血縁者ではなくても教えに忠実な門人が継ぐ場合でも結果的には「家学」は守られるという考え方も生じた。
- In the late medieval period an idea came about that 'kagaku' was consequently upheld even when it was inherited, not by relatives, but by pupils who were committed to the doctrine with a view to giving priority to the inheritance of 'kagaku' itself, as represented as follows ('Fushikaden' [The Flowering Spirit] Besshi Kuden [a separate secret teaching] written by Zeami).
- 朝鮮王朝実録には、恒居倭同士の殺人事件に関し朝鮮王朝が関与を放棄した事例や、宗氏の派遣した代官が検断権を握っていたことなどが記録されており、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対する検断権を放棄していたと考えられている。
- The 'Korean Dynasty's Fact Record' mentioned the incident that the Korean Dynasty gave up the investigation of a murder which occurred between kokyowa and the fact that a daikan which was sent by the So clan had the police authority and the legal jurisdiction. It is thought that the Korean Dynasty abandoned the police authority and the legal jurisdiction over kokyowa.
- 第二は、最高裁は、上記3つの要件を充たさない写真撮影は全て違法であるとまでは述べておらず、それ以外の場合(特に、(1)現行犯的状況がない場合)でも、写真撮影を適法とする余地は残している、という解釈である。
- Second, it was interpreted that the Supreme Court left room that photographing without the three conditions above was not always illegal and even in cases without those conditions (especially without (1) Circumstances in which a crime is being committed or it does not seem long since a crime was committed) photographing could be legal.
- また良実の子二条道良が死去したのが、二条富小路殿であったことも『経光卿記』正元 (日本)元年11月8日条の死去記事(「今暁(二条道良)令薨去給云々、坐二条富小路亭、已為陣中、旁無便宜」)に明記されている。
- It is also known that Michinaga NIJO, the son of Yoshizane, died at Nijo Tomikojidono residence according to the entry which records his death on December 29, 1259 in 'Tsunemitsukyo-ki' (The Record of Lord Tsunemitsu) ('Today at dawn, Michinaga Nijo was said to have passed away at the Nijo Tomikoji residence; as I could not be there as I was taken in a battle').
- 天福 (日本)2年(1235年)には宣旨を受けていない安倍家氏が客星出現を知らせた功績で天文博士に補されるという本来の天文博士が天文密奏を行うのとは逆の事例も生じている(『明月記』文暦2年3月26日条)。
- There was an incident quite contrary to the usual cases in which tenmon hakase conducted tenmon misso (Article on April 22, 1235 of 'Meigetsuki (Chronicle of the Bright Moon) ') : in 1235, one member of the Abe clan who had not received an imperial decree was appointed as tenmon hakase for his distinguished service in reporting temporarily appearing stars.
- なお、残っている建物こそ少なくても、多くの旧城下町では道の区割りなどに城下町時代の痕跡を残しており、上記のように敵の侵攻を妨ぐように道が区画されていた場合、現在では自動車交通に支障を来していることが多い。
- Although there are few remaining buildings, many previous jokamachi still retain the mark of their jokamachi period in their road division and the like, and since the roads were made to prevent enemy invasion, in many cases, they are limiting automobile transportation.
- また、朝鮮半島南部を中心にいくつもの倭独特の前方後円墳が発見されており、中国の史書からも倭への朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める記述があることから朝鮮半島南部(任那)は大和王権が統治していた地と有力視されている。
- Furthermore, from the discovery of keyhole-shaped mounds, a feature unique to Wakoku, together with descriptions in Chinese historical sources of Wa controlling the southern Korean Peninsula, it is regarded that the Yamato Kingdom governed southern Korea.
- イングランドで1086年に編纂された統計大鑑ドームズデイ・ブックに残された記録から推計してみると、国王が直接支配した荘園は全体の17%を占め、さらに大きな割合(4分の1以上)を主教職や修道院が保有していた。
- Estimated from the records remaining in the great statistical survey book Domesday Book edited in 1086 in England, the shoens which the king directly dominated occupied 17 % and the larger ratio (more than one-fourth) was owned by bishops or monasteries.
- 業倫は、八代荘設立の経緯と「熊野権現垂迹縁起」の記述とを根拠として、忠重らの狼藉を、院庁下文を無視し、伊勢と同体である熊野権現を侵犯したことから律令の盗大祀御神物に相当するとして、絞刑とするべきだと勘申した。
- Based on the details concerning the establishment of Yatsushiro no sho and the description of 'Kumano Gongen Suijaku Engi,' Gyorin reported that the conducts of Tadashige etc came under the clause of Todaishi goshinbutsu of Ritsuryo code because they neglected innocho kudashibumi and offended Kumano Gongen Deity which was identical with Ise, and that they should be sentenced to death by hanging.
- なお、用いる経典の注釈書についても『周易』は鄭玄・王弼、『尚書』・『孝経』は孔安国・鄭玄、『周礼』・『儀礼』・『礼記』・『毛詩』は鄭玄、『春秋左氏伝』は服虔・杜預、『論語』は鄭玄・何晏のものと定められていた。
- Also, each of the scriptures had annotations written by specific authors, such as Gen TEI and Hitsu O for 'Shueki,' Ankoku KO and Gen TEI for 'Shosho' and 'Kokyo,' Gen TEI for 'Shurai,' 'Girai,' 'Raiki' and 'Moshi,' Ken FUKU and Yo TO for 'Shunju Sashiden,' Gen TEI and An KA for 'Rongo.'
- 『日本書紀』は中国の正史の影響を強く受けており、天皇支配の正統性を強く訴え、皇位継承の経緯に関する記述が主たる内容だったが、もう一つ重要な点としては、中国・朝鮮に対する日本の独自性を主張していたことであった。
- Strongly affected by the official histories of China, 'Nihonshoki' strongly appeals the legitimacy of control by the Emperor and its contents mostly include descriptions of how succession to the Imperial Throne had been made.
- そこで中世の七口の関について比定する研究も行われたが、実態として7つ以上の関所が存在したのは確実で、かつ現存記録でさえ七口に該当する場所がまちまちである以上、7つを特定することには意義はないとする見解もある。
- Therefore, studies to extrapolate the Nanakuchi no seki in the medieval times was conducted, but it is certain that more than seven checkpoints existed in reality, and even existing records have different points corresponding to the Nanakuchi, which lead to an opinion that it makes no sense to identify the seven checkpoints.
- 近年の研究では、義経が平氏追討から外されたのは、後年の編纂書『吾妻鏡』が記すような無断任官による頼朝の怒りのためではなく、京都の治安維持に義経が必要であり、法皇や貴族たちの強い反対があったためと考えられている。
- According to recent studies, it is thought that Yoshitsune was dismissed from the army to search out and kill the Taira clan not because Yoritomo resented the appointment of Yoshitsune without his permission (as described in 'Azuma Kagami,' which was compiled in later years), but because Yoshitsune was needed to maintain the security of Kyoto and the Cloistered Emperor and nobles were strongly against it.
- 日本軍は、漆川梁海戦で朝鮮水軍を壊滅させると進撃を開始し、たちまち全羅道の道都全州を占領、忠清道の稷山で明軍と交戦(稷山の戦い:双方とも自軍の勝利と記録)した後、京畿道 (朝鮮八道)の安城市・竹山まで進撃した。
- Having wiped out the Korean navy at The naval Battle of Chilcheollyang, the Japanese forces attacked and conquered the cities of Chonju of Jeolla Province, fought against the Ming force at Shokusan (the Battle of Shokusan: both forces recorded they had won.), and also attacked Chikusan, Anjo-city of Gyeonggi Province (Eight Provinces of Korea).
- 特に藤原時平を「若いが政理に通じているので顧問にして輔導に従うべき」とし、菅原道真「鴻儒で深く政事を知るもので“新君之功臣”として信任すべき」と説き、醍醐天皇の立太子も譲位も道真だけに相談して決めたと記している。
- Particularly, FUJIWARA no Tokihira was described as 'young, but familiar with political theory, therefore suitable for an advisor whose guidance should be followed,' and SUGAWARA no Michizane as 'a great Confusion scholar with a deep knowledge of politics that should be confided in as the 'meritorious retainer for the new emperor,'' and it is recorded that Emperor Uda consulted only Michizane to decide on the investiture of the Crown Prince and the abdication of throne.
- 本能寺の変前年に光秀が記した『明智家法』によれば、『自分は石ころのような身分から信長様にお引き立て頂き、過分の御恩を頂いた。一族家臣は子孫に至るまで信長様への御奉公を忘れてはならない』という趣旨の文を書いている。
- In Mitsuhide's writings 'Akechi-kaho' (family rules of the Akechi clan) written one year before the incident, Mitsuhide wrote a sentence that reads 'I was set up in the world by Nobunaga from the status like a pebble and I owe him a lot. My family and vassals including their descendents should not forget to serve to Nobunaga.'
- 神木入洛強訴の最初は安和元年(968年)に発生した東大寺との抗争の際に、同年7月15日に神木をもって入洛した(『日本紀略』)のが最初とされているが、寛治7年(1093年)の強訴を最初とする異説もある(『康富記』)。
- 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) says that the goso with Shinboku carried into Kyoto was made for the first time on July 15 (in the lunar calendar), 968, when Kofuku-ji Temple was in conflict with Todai-ji Temple, but 'Yasutomi-Ki' (Diaries of Yasutomi NAKAHARA) says the first one was in 1093.
- 次の応仁2年(1468年)については御暦奏の記録はなく、かつ章首の朔旦冬至が実施された最後のもの(朔旦冬至に御暦奏を行う意義の消滅)であったことから、その前年に発生した応仁の乱の影響で廃絶したものと考えられている。
- Since no record existed of the goryakuso in 1468 and the last sakutan toji was carried out at Shoshu (the merit of carrying out goryakuso at the sakutan toji disappeared), it is thought that goryakuso was abolished due to the Onin War that broke out the previous year.
- その後、院政期に入ると朔旦冬至の年に官務と局務に各3部ずつ、記録所に1部を進上することが慣例化された(大治 (日本)元年藤原宗忠『中右記』・永仁5年賀茂定清『永仁五年朔旦冬至記』・明徳3年中原師豊『大外記師豊記』)。
- Later, when insei period started, people made it rule to present three copies of the calendar to kanmu and kyokumu and one copy to kirokujo in the year of sakutan toji (according to 'Chuyuki' by FUJIWARA no Munetada in 1126, 'Einin gonen sakutan tojiki' by Kamo no Sadakiyo in 1297 and 'Daigeki morotoyoki' by Morotoyo NAKAHARA in 1392).
- だが、二条良実邸は後に内裏として用いられる二条富小路殿であったことが、『平戸記』寛元2年4月20日条に記された良実の冷泉殿から二条富小路殿への移転記事(「今夜殿下(二条良実)御渡二条富小路御所」)から確認可能である。
- However, the residence of Yoshizane NIJO was in fact Nijo Tomikojidono residence, which later served as the dairi (Imperial Palace), as is written in the June 4, 1244 entry of 'Heikoki' (Diary of TAIRA no Tsunetaka) ('Tonight the lord (Yoshizane NIJO) moved to Nijo Tomikoji residence').
- 日本へは原始的な火器は倭寇などにより鉄砲伝来以前に持ち込まれていたとする宇田川武久らの説もあるが、『鉄炮記』に記されているのはにポルトガル人により種子島へ鉄砲(火縄銃)が持ち込まれたとする事件(鉄砲伝来)を意味する。
- Another theory, advanced by Takehisa UDAGAWA and others, holds that before the arrival of guns in Japan, primitive firearms had already been introduced into by wako (Japanese pirates) and other people, but the 'Teppoki' provides an account of how firearms (arquebuses) were brought to Tanegashima Island in 1543 by Portuguese sailors ('introduction of guns into Japan').
- 光秀は次男を連れて洞ヶ峠まで来たが、順慶が来るはずもなかった(この話が拡大して「筒井順慶が洞ヶ峠で日和見を行った」なり、それにちなんで日和見を「洞ヶ峠(を決め込む)」と言うが、記したとおり順慶は洞ヶ峠には来ていない)。
- Mitsuhide, accompanied by his second son, came over to Horaga Toge (Horaga Pass), but there was no possibility for Junkei to come (this episode was dramatized into a story that 'Junkei TSUTSUI took a wait-and-see attitude at Horaga Pass,' which became the origin of the Japanese colloquial expression 'taking a Horaga Toge attitude' meaning opportunism, but as stated above, Junkei in fact did not come to Horaga Pass.
- 日ごとに権力を増す信長に脅威を抱いた朝廷は、信長の朝廷に対する忠誠心を計るため、天正10年(1582年)に「いか様の官にも任ぜられ」(どのような官位も望みのままに与える)と記された誠仁親王の親書(誠仁親王御消息)を送る。
- The Imperial Court sensed a threat from Nobunaga who had been increasing his power day by day and, in order to measure Nobunaga's loyalty to the Imperial Court, sent in 1582 a letter from the Imperial Prince Sanehito that read 'You may have any official position that you wish to have.' to Nobunaga (Sanehito Shinno Goshosoku (letters of the Imperial Prince Sanehito)).
- しかし殺到する兵から槍傷を受けたため、それ以上の防戦を断念、女衆に逃げるよう指示して、奥に篭り、信長の小姓・森成利に火を放たせ、自刃したと言われる(信長の家臣太田牛一の著作『信長公記』による、この女衆に取材したとある)。
- As he got hurt with the spear by rushing enemies, however, he gave up to defend any further and instructed women to run away and, then, he shut himself up in the interior and let his page, Naritoshi MORI, set fire and he himself committed suicide (Writings of Nobunaga's vassal Gyuichi OTA 'Shinchoko-ki' (Biography of Nobunaga ODA); it is written that this story based on hearing from such women.).
- また、天福 (日本)2年(1235年)には宣旨を受けていない安倍家氏が客星出現を知らせた功績で天文博士に補されるという本来の天文博士が天文密奏を行うのとは逆の事例も生じている(『明月記』文暦二年3月26日 (旧暦)条)。
- In 1234, there was a case contrary to the general rule such as that ABE no Ieuji -- who had not received the senji (imperial decree) -- reported on the appearance of a guest star, and was appointed to tenmon hakase in recognition of the services (the entry of 'Meigetsuki' [the diary of FUJIWARA no Sadaie] for April 22, 1235).
- また、契約期間中に買主に違約があった場合には売主は本銭返と同じように直ちに買戻しが認められた(本銭弁償文言)をはじめ、売主の課役負担や抵当物件の処理、入質の設定、罪科文言などの多くの条件が契約を記した証文中に記されていた。
- Furthermore, most contracts had many provisos written into them that stipulated the wording of what constituted a crime or breach to ensure that if the buyer broke the agreement made with the buyer during the contract period, it would be recognized that the seller would immediately buy back whatever was sold, just as with a honsengaeshi (a land sale that had the seller buy the land back in such a situation; nenki-uri were also worded in such a way as to have sellers buy back whatever had been sold), and moreover, that the seller's obligations for labor (and the distribution of other assignments) as well as the collateral offered for the sale would be disposed of, and that those possessions which could be sold would be pawned.
- 朝貢を行った理由・背景は明確にはなっていないが、おそらく朝鮮半島南部諸国(任那・伽耶)に於ける利権争いへの参入を有利に進めるためであろうと考えられており、実際に中国史書には倭へ朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める内容を記している。
- Although the reasons for and the background to these tributes by Wakoku remain unclear, it is thought they may have been to provide an advantage in the competition over interests and rights in the kingdoms of the southern Korean Peninsula (the Gaya Confederacy) and in fact, Chinese sources mention Wakoku's hegemony over the southern Korean Peninsula.
- 例えば、『記紀』の記述によると、広開土王碑が伝える朝鮮半島奥深くに侵入しての高句麗との戦闘は一切伝えられていないし、倭の五王の遣使も伝わらない(倭王武の上表文によると5世紀の最も重大な外交問題は対高句麗問題であるにも関わらず)。
- For example, the Kiki does not say anything about the battle against Koguryo in the depths of the Korean Peninsula (mentioned in the Gwanggaeto Stele), or about envoys of the Five Kings of Wa (despite the most important diplomatic issue in the fifth century being a relationship with Koguryo as Waobu's johyobun).
- 太閤記や佐久間軍記などでは、和議の時点ですでに毛利氏は本能寺の変の発生を知っていたとして描かれており、小早川隆景が「信長に代わって天下を治めるのは秀吉であるから、今のうちに恩を売るべきである」として和議を支持する進言をしている。
- In Taikoki and Sakuma Gunki, it is described that the Mori clan already knew about the occurrence of Honnoji Incident at the time of negotiations for peace, and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA proposed 'Because Hideyoshi will govern the country after Nobunaga, we should put Hideyoshi under an obligation at this stage.' supporting negotiations for peace.
- 太政官符・太政官牒の発給には直接の担当者ではない少納言や外記が関与したり、天皇の御璽の請印などが必要とされたために、手続が煩雑でしかも間に儀礼的な文書授受や請印を求めるための儀礼が加わるなど、緊急時には対応が出来ないものであった。
- The daijokanpu or dajokancho was not fit for emergencies because shonagon and geki, who were not directly in charge of their issuance, were implicated, because the imperial stamp was needed for their issuance and because the procedures were complicated and often necessitated ceremonious events: exchange of documents, stamping etc.
- 能勢氏は摂津源氏の流れを汲む一族で、源頼光の玄孫・源国基を祖とするが、多田源氏の惣領であった源頼盛の三男・能瀬高頼の後裔であるともいう(『尊卑分脈』の記述によると国基の後裔は田尻、高頼の後裔は倉垣を本拠としていたものと推察される)。
- The Nose clan follows Settsu Genji having MINAMOTO no Kunimoto, a great-great-grandson of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu as their ancestor, while they are said to have been the descendant of Takayori NOSE, the third son of MINAMOTO no Yorimori, the successor of Tada-Genji (according to the description from 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' Kunimoto's descendants were based in Tajiri and Takayori's were in Kuragaki).
- 棟と梁は建物の最も高い部分にあり、かつ重要な部分であるため、転じて国家などの組織の重要な人物を指し、また「頭領」・「統領」という表記も用いられた(『日本書紀』景行天皇51年(121年)条において武内宿禰を「棟梁之臣」と表現している)。
- Because to and ryo are situated at the top of building and were its essential parts, the term 'toryo' became the one that referred to an important person of organization like a nation and was also written in Chinese characters as '頭領' or '統領' (according to the description of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) for the fifty-first year of the Emperor Keiko (121), TAKENOUCHI no Sukune was described as '棟梁之臣' (Mune no machigimi) (a prime minister).
- 『義公行実』など各種伝記史料によれば、水戸徳川家世子として教育を受けていた青年時代の光圀は非行も多かったが、正保2年(1645年)に『史記』「伯夷伝」を読んで伯夷・叔斉に感銘を受け、以来は反省して学問に精励し、史書編纂を志したという。
- According to various biographical materials such as 'Giko kojitsu,' Mitsukuni in his youth who was educated as an heir of the Mito Tokugawa family committed some acts of delinquency, but came to regret what he had done and study hard after he read the chapter Hakuiden of 'Shiki' and was moved by Hakui and Syukusei, and then aspired to compile history.
- 裏書が付いている第1-3巻の3巻が、洞院公賢が書いた最初の形態であり、そのことは彼自身が書いた日記『園太暦』の延文元年(1356年)4月9日_(旧暦)条にて、皇代暦の続きを編纂したと記しており、これが第4巻部分であると考えられている。
- The third volume belonging to the first three volumes with uragaki is the original form written by Kinkata TOIN which is indicated in the page of April 9, 1356 (the first year of the Enbun era) (old calendar) of his own diary 'Entairyaku', which says he had edited the continuation of Kodaireki, and this continuation is considered to be the fourth volume.
- 奈良時代に藤原鎌足以下3代の伝記を記した『家伝』や『聖徳太子伝暦』が著され、平安時代に入ると、都良香(正史『日本文徳天皇実録』の編者)の『道場法師伝』、三善清行の『藤原保則伝』・『円珍和尚伝』、紀長谷雄の『恒貞親王伝』などが著された。
- In the Nara period, the biography of the FUJIWARA three generations began with FUJIWARA no Kamatari, 'Kaden' (Family history) and 'Shotokutaishi Denryaku' (Biography of Shotokutaishi) were written, and in the Heian period MIYAKO no Yoshika (the compiler of an authentic history 'Nihon Montoku Tenno Jitsuroku' [Fifth of the six official national history books]) wrote 'Dojo Hoshi Den' (Biography of Dojohoshi), Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI wrote 'FUJIWARA no Yasunori den' (Biography of FUJIWARA no Yasunori) and 'Enchin Osho Den' (Biography of Enchin), and KI no Haseo wrote 'Tsunesada Shinno Den' (Biography of Imperial Prince Tsunesada).
- 日記終了の下限とされる天暦7年2月23日は、親王薨去の1年6ヶ月前(親王は天暦8年9月14日に薨去)であるため、その間の日記が存在しなかったとは考えがたい(同時代の公卿で親王の舅でもある藤原師輔は、薨去2日前まで日記を筆録している。)
- The earliest possible date for the diary's last entry is said to be April 14, 953; however, as this is a date one year and a half prior to the death Imperial Prince Shigeakira (the Imperial Prince passed away on October 18, 954), the possibility that which he did not make any entries in his diary during this period may be significantly low (Morosuke FUJIWARA, who was a court noble contemporary with Imperial Prince and also his farther-in-law, made entries in his diary until two days before his death).
- 『日本後紀』に記された弘文院の役割は他の大学別曹の例と同様ではあるが、設立そのものが文章院や他の大学別曹に対して幾分か早くかつ記録がほとんど残されていないために、設立当初から後世の大学別曹と同じ目的を担っていたかについては不明である。
- Although the role of the Kobunin described in 'Nihon Koki' was the same as that of the other daigaku besso; since the Kobunin was founded a little earlier than the other daigaku besso including Monjoin and since few record on the Kobunin was left, it was unknown whether it had the same purpose as that of the other later daigaku besso from the beginning or not.
- 冒頭に天慶2年(939年)作の大江朝綱作の『倭注切韻』序文を冒頭に掲げ(ただし、その意図については不詳)、次に漢詩作成上に注意を必要とする10項目を記し、その後「筆大体」「詩本体」「雑体詩」「詩雑例」というそれぞれ独立した4項目が続く。
- The book starts with the preface of '倭注切韻' written by Oe no Asatsuna in 939 (its purpose is not clear), followed by ten matters to be attended in writing kanshi, which is followed by independent four items of '筆大体,' '詩本体,' '雑体詩,' and '詩雑例.'
- その最中でも藤原頼長や近衛家実によって道具の一新や頒暦制作の振興措置が取られたが一時的なものに終わり、宝徳元年に官務・局務分をそれぞれ2部に削減して行われたことが判明(『康富記』宝徳元年11月21日条)するのが最後の御暦奏の記録である。
- Even in such a situation, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga and Iezane KONOE renewed the tools and took measures to encourage calendar-making, but this ended up as a temporally solution, and the record on the last goryakuso is an article in 'Yasutomi ki' on November 21, 1449 who said: the number of copies for kanmu and kyokumu were reduced to two, respectively.
- 絵巻の内容は、大江匡房の『江談抄』に記される物語と一致しており、遣唐使の吉備真備が在唐中に幽閉され、鬼(幽霊)となった安倍仲麻呂に導かれて、皇帝による『文選 (書物)』や囲碁による無理難題を解いて、遂に帰国を達成する、というものである。
- The contents of the picture scroll match the story marked down in 'Godansho,' written by OE no Masafusa, and the story is about KIBI no Makibi, a Japanese envoy sent to Tang Dynasty China, who succeeds in returning to Japan after being imprisoned during his visit to Tang by solving arduous tasks: 'Monzen' (Wen-hsuan, ancient Chinese poems) Igo (board game of capturing territory) and more set by the Emperor of Tang, with the guidance of his companion ABE no Nakamaro who passed away and became a ghost.
- 上記のごとく寺社造営料唐船は、幕府や寺社側の必要性から派遣されたというのが通説であったが、近年の研究では、むしろ貿易船の主体は博多などの商人であり、利潤の一部を寺社の造営費用にあてるというのは看板に過ぎなかったとの見方が提唱されている。
- A prevailing view on the Jishazoeiryotosen was that, as described above, they were dispatched out of necessity of the bakufu or shines and temples, but recent studies suggest that merchants in Hakata rather had the purpose of trade and that the willingness to use a part of profits for the building expenses were only a pretext.
- 大治 (日本)4年(1129年)に白河法皇が没したとき、院の発願で制作された仏像仏画の数は、丈六像・半丈六像合わせて193体、等身像3,150体、仏画5,470余におよんだとの記録があるように、院政期は仏教絵画も多数描かれた時代であった。
- As evidenced by the record; Buddhist statues and paintings; 193 statues of joroku-zo and half joroku-zo, 3150 statues of full-size statues, and more than 5470 Buddhist paintings had been created at the wish of the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa when he passed away in 1129, many Buddhist paintings were created during the Insei period.
- また、『政事要略』巻30に採録された『宇多天皇御記』仁和4年6月2日条には天皇が以前「卿従前代猶摂政焉、至朕身親如父子、宜摂政耳」と基経に伝えたことに対して基経が「謹奉命旨必能奉」と解答しているのに裏切られたと憤慨する記述が残されている。
- According to the description of June 2, 886 in 'Uda Tenno Gyoki' compiled in volume 30 of 'Seiji Yoryaku,' the Emperor was disappointed and got angry with Mototsune because when the Emperor asked Mototsune by saying 'you have served as acting Sessho so far, but please assume the position of Sessho since we are like father and son,' Mototsune replied by saying 'I was told your order.'
- 『三国志』魏志倭人伝、『後漢書』の通称倭伝(『後漢書』東夷傳)、『隋書』の通称倭国伝(『隋書』卷八十一 列傳第四十六 東夷 倭國)、『梁書』諸夷伝、『三国史記』新羅本紀では表記は「卑彌呼」、『三国志』魏書 帝紀では「俾彌呼」と表記されている。
- The Imperial Records of the Wei-shu, or 'Sanguo Zhi,' list Himiko as '俾彌呼,' while other sources write her name as '卑彌呼,' including the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, the Waden (or 'Eastern Barbarians') in the 'History of the Later Han Dynasty,' Wakokuden (eastern barbarians) of the 46th biography in the 81st volume of 'Suishu' (The Book of the Sui Dynasty), the Record of Various Barbarians in the Book of the Liang Dynasty, and the Shilla History of Samguk Sagi (the History of the Three Kingdoms).
- 太平洋戦争勃発後、無尽会社は戦時統合の対象とされ、都道府県別に1社に「強制的に合併させられた」と第二地方銀行協会は記念誌で主張しているが、これは、陸上交通事業調整法のような直接的法律に基づき行なわれた明確な処分ではないので、実態は未詳である。
- After the Pacific War broke out, Mujin companies became the target of wartime integration and a Second Association of Regional Banks asserted in an anniversary magazine that they were 'forced to merge' into one company per prefecture, but this was not a clear disposition performed based on direct law like the Land Transportation Business Coordination Act, therefore, actual conditions are not known.
- 『菅家文章』の「書斎記」によれば、菅原氏の私邸(後世にて「紅梅殿」と称された。現在の京都市下京区の北菅大臣神社に比定される)の西南に一丈四方の書斎があり、そこから多くの文章生・文章得業生を輩出したこと、その名称が山陰亭であったことを伝えている。
- Shosai-Ki' (essays of SUGAWARA no Michizane) in 'Kanke bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) described: There was a study of about nine square meters in the southwest corner of the private residence of the Sugawara clan (the residence was called Kobai-Den (red plum blossom residence) in later ages. The residence was likened to Kita kandaijin-jinja Shrine in the present Shimogyo Ward of Kyoto City); The study had produced many monjosho (student of literary studies in the Japanese Imperial University) and Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters); and The name of the residence was Sanin-tei.
- こうしたとき「唐物目利」として活躍したのが、同朋衆の能阿弥、芸阿弥、相阿弥で、彼らによって書かれた『室町殿行幸御餝記』や『小河御所并東山殿御餝図』から、行幸のときや普段、御所がどう飾りつけられたか、が分かるが、会所を飾ったのは主に唐物であった。
- Doboshu, Noami, Geiami, and Soami were active as the 'judges of Karamono' and wrote 'Muromachidono Gyokookazariki' and 'Ogawagosho hyohigashiyamadonookazariki' and described how gosho was decorated during gyoko or usually, but kaisho was mostly decorated with karamono.
- 羽織のダンダラは忠臣蔵の赤穂浪士が吉良邸に討ち入りするときに着ていた羽織の柄で、浅葱色は武士が切腹の時に着る切腹裃の色だと伝えられているが、羽織は実際には最初の1年ほどで廃止されたらしく、池田屋事件の時に着用していたとする証言が最後の記録である。
- The mountain-like patterns on short coats are those of Ako Roshi of Chushingura, when they marched into and attacked the KIRA residence, and very light blue is said to be the color of the seppuku kamishimo worn by a samurai when he commits hara-kiri, but the short coats of Shinsen-gumi seem to have been abolished after the 1st year, and the last recorded instance of the coats being worn was in the Ikedaya Incident.
- もともと後白河の即位は守仁即位までの中継ぎとして実現したものであり、信西も美福門院の要求を拒むことはできず、保元3年(1158年)8月「仏と仏との評定」(『兵範記』)、すなわち信西と美福門院の協議により後白河天皇は守仁親王に譲位した(二条天皇)。
- Since Goshirakawa's own enthronement had occurred with the understanding that Morihito would succeed him to the throne, Shinzei dared not refuse Bifukumonin's request, and so in August, 1158, in what is known in the 'Heihanki' as 'a Buddha's joint decision with another Buddha,' or in other words a negotiation between the two powerful figures, Shinzei and Bifukumonin, in which it was decided for Goshirakawa to abdicate in favor of Imperial Prince Morihito (who became Emperor Nijo).
- 当初は明確な学科の種別はなかったが、一般の官人を育成するために設けられた本科に相当する儒教の講義(後の明経道にあたる)以外には、儒教経典の原典をそのまま筆記するための書道 (大学寮)とそのまま発音するための音道は本科の補完するためのものであった。
- Initially there were no clearly defined departments, but the course established to educate general government officials consisted mainly of Confucian lectures (later Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)), complemented by Shodo (calligraphy), which involved writing down the original Confucian scriptures verbatim (Daigaku-ryo), and Ondo, learning to pronounce them correctly.
- 当時使われない文法や不自然な敬語の使い方など内容に疑問があるため後世の改ざん・偽作とする見方もあるが、増田長盛・長束正家等が家康に送った書状や『鹿苑日録』の記録から、承兌が受け取った兼続の返書が存在し、それにより家康が激怒したことは確かのようである。
- Though, in later years, it is acknowledged that they were falsified and forged due to the questionable content such as grammar that was not used in those days and unnatural use of honorific expressions, it is possible that Kanetsugu's reply received by Jotai really existed and Ieyasu was outraged by that based on the letter sent from Nagamori MASHITA, Masaie NAGATSUKA, and others to Ieyasu and the record of 'Rokuon-nichiroku Diary'.
- ザビエルの日本来航に随行したイエズス会士は、コスメ・デ・トーレス神父がバレンシア_(スペイン)、フアン・フェルナンデス (宣教師)修道士はコルドバの出身であり、日本へのキリスト教伝来という出来事はまた、スペイン人の日本への来航を記す出来事でもあった。
- Among the members of the Society of Jesus who attended XAVIER on his visit to Japan, Father Cosme de TORRES was from Valencia and (missionary) Monk Juan FERNANDEZ was from Cordoba, therefore, the introduction of Christianity was an event which also marked the visit of Spanish people to Japan.
- 1970年代より以前は大和朝廷(やまとちょうてい)と呼ばれることが多かったが、「大和」という表記は奈良時代以降のものであるとともに、この政治勢力を説明するには「朝廷」という用語は適当でないとされ、1980年代以降はヤマト王権の呼称が一般的となっている。
- Until the 1970s, Yamato Imperial Court (written in Chinese characters) was the more frequently used term but, since the 1980s, Yamato Kingdom (with Yamato written phonetically) has become more common after it was pointed out that the Chinese characters for 'Yamato' were not used until the Nara period and that 'Imperial Court' was not an appropriate expression for the polity of that time.
- 『小右記』永延2年12月4日 (旧暦)(989年1月14日)及び翌日条によれば、権中納言藤原道長が自らが推挙した甘南備永資が省試に落ちた腹いせに式部少輔橘淑信を強引に捕えて自邸まで引き回したために父親の摂政藤原兼家より一時勘当された事件が記されている。
- Articles in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke) dated January 14, 989 and the next day states that Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Michinaga got disowned by his father, Sessho (regent) FUJIWARA no Kaneie: it was because Michinaga ordered the capture of Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonial) TACHIBANA no Yoshinobu and brought him forcibly to his house when he got upset knowing that Nagasuke KANNABI, whom Michinaga recommended, failed the shoshi exam.
- 口宣は最初の行に出された年月日を書いてからその下に一字分を開けて「宣旨」という2文字を書き入れ、次の行以後にその内容を記し、最後の行には勅旨の奉者(受けた者)の位署(蔵人所における官職・その他の兼官職・氏名)の後にその下に小さく「奉」の1文字を据える。
- This was the form of kuzen: Put the date of issue in the first line; then two Chinese characters '宣旨' (senji) on the second line from the date line; below the line of the two Chinese letters, the contents of the senji; and isho (the government post at kurodo dokoro, an additional post, and name) of hosha (the personnel who receive it) of the imperial edict, with a Chinese character '奉' added in a size smaller than that of the other letters.
- 後南朝は次第に勢力を失い、応仁の乱において小倉宮の末裔(『大乗院寺社雑事記』には小倉宮の子孫との記述あり)と称し、岡崎前門主という人物の息子が山名宗全により洛中の西陣に迎えられた(これを「西陣の南帝」と呼ぶ)との記録を最後に、歴史上にあらわれなくなった。
- The Gonancho forces gradually lost their power, and during the Onin War were labeled in historical records as descendants of Oguranomiya (in the 'Daijoin temple and shrine records of miscellaneous matters' they are listed as offspring of Oguranomiya), while the son of Zenmonshu (Gatekeeper) OKAZAKI being welcomed in the capital's western district (this son was called 'The Southern Emperor of the western district') by Sozen YAMANA is the last historical mention of them; after this point, they no longer appear in historical records.
- 更に平安時代以来官司請負制のもとで暦博士を世襲してきた賀茂氏はその伝統と実績を背景として御暦奏を同氏の専権として主張するようになり、阿倍氏が陰陽頭であっても関与させないことを朝廷に認めさせるようになった(平経高『平戸記』仁治元年閏10月14日・22日条)。
- Besides that, Kamo clan, who had been taking over the post of rekihakase by succession in the government office contract system since the Heian period, thanks to its tradition and its experience, began to claim that goryakuso was its exclusive right and began to get the emperor to agree not to involve Abe clan in goryakuso even if they were Onmyonokami (according to 'Heikoki' by TAIRA no Tsunetaka on December 5 and 13, 1240).
- 『新撰姓氏録』は、平安京および畿内に住む1182氏を、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に分類してその祖先を明らかにし、氏名(うじな)の由来、分岐の様子などを記述するものであるが、主として氏族の改賜姓が正確かどうかを判別するために編まれたものである。
- For the 1182 clans that lived in Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in the current Kyoto) and the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), 'Shinsen Shojiroku' describes the origin of their family names, how the pedigrees branched and other information by classifying the clans, based on the place of origin, into 'Kobetsu' (clans that branched out from the Imperial Family), 'Shinbetsu' (clans the branched out of the family of god) and 'Shoban' (clans coming from foreign lands) to clarify their ancestors; however, it was compiled mainly to determine whether the changed family names of the clans were accurate.
- 2007年になって1992年に『兼見卿記』を基にした『信長謀殺の謎』を上梓している桐野作人が、インタビューの中で、ある研究者に『これは一種の陰謀史観だよ』と言われたことや、「そのころは古文書のくずし字がほとんど読めなかった」ことを告白し、自説を批判している。
- In 2007, Sakujin KIRINO, who published in 1992 'Nobunaga Bosatsu no Nazo' (mystery of deliberate murder of Nobunaga) based on 'Kanemikyo-ki,' criticized his own view by admitting in an interview with a researcher that he was told by a researcher 'This is a kind of inboshikan (conspiratorial interpretation of history).' and that 'at that time, he could hardly read writing in simplified style in ancient documents.'
- また、2007年7月13日には、金成萬(キム・ソンマン)前海軍作戦司令官(予備役海軍中将)が、Korean National Security Netで日本の防衛白書の竹島 (島根県)領有問題の記載に対しての反論および、対馬侵略計画を作成するよう主張している。
- Also, on July 13, 2007, Sung Man KIM, a former high-ranking officer specializing in naval tactics (specifically, a vice-admiral in the Navy reserve) spoke out on the Korean National Security Net against the claim of sovereignty over Takeshima island (by Shimane Prefecture) made in Japan's Self-Defense white paper, and also requested that he be allowed to draw up a plan for the invasion of Tsushima.
- これに対して久木幸男は、「内外の経書」という記述に注目して「内外」を仏教書とそれ以外の書と解釈し、表向き仏教を排除している日本の大学寮の学生のための機関である大学別曹に仏教書を置くことの矛盾を指摘しており、弘文館を大学別曹ではなく図書館であったと推測している。
- On the other hand, Yukio KUKI (Japanese educator) paid attention to the description 'Chinese classics from inside and outside,' interpreting 'inside and outside' as Buddhist books and the other books, and pointed out that if the Kobunin held Buddhist books, it was inconsistent with the fact that the daigaku besso was an institute for students of Japanese daigaku-ryo which had ostensibly excluded Buddhism -- Then, he inferred that the Kobunin was not the daigaku besso but a library.
- ところが、歴史研究家の立花京子が晴豊の日記全体の「被申候」使用例を分析した結果、村井貞勝の言葉と解釈し、独断専行を嫌う信長に無断で貞勝が発言するはずがないとし、信長の将軍任官の意向を踏まえたものであったと主張したことにより、歴史学者の間で賛否両論の論争となった。
- However, Kyoko TACHIBANA, a researcher of history, studied usages of '被申候'in other passages across Haretoyo's diary and concluded it was what Sadakatsu MURAI said, arguing that Sadakatsu would never say such a thing without Nobunaga's permission because Nobunaga disliked his followers' arbitrary decisions or executions, and that he represented Nobunaga's wish to gain the post, which led to controversies of pros and cons among historians.
- なお、勧修寺晴豊の「日々記」では、天正十年夏記において、 六月十七日 天晴。早天ニ済藤蔵助ト申者明智者也。武者なる者也。かれなと信長打談合衆也。いけとられ車にて京中わたり申候。と光秀と朝廷側の人間が「信長ヲ打ツ」謀議(談合)を持っていたことと伺わせる記述がある。
- In 'Nichinichiki' of Harutoyo KAJUJI, there is a description which hints that there was a plot (discussion) 'to overthrow Nobunaga' between Mitsuhide and persons form the Imperial Court as follows:June 17 (old calendar) FineIn early morning, Kuranosuke SAITO, who belonged to the Akechi clan and discussed about overthrowing Nobunaga, was caught and paraded through Kyoto.
- この争乱が以仁王の「平氏追討」の令旨に始まること、平氏政権から頼朝政権(鎌倉幕府)に交代したこと、民間レベルでは『平家物語』や『源平盛衰記』などの影響から清盛・宗盛ら平氏一門と頼朝・義経・義仲ら源氏一門の争いと受け取られてきたことなどが、この呼称を生んだといえる。
- This term started because the war was considered as a fight between Kiyomori and Munemori of the Taira family and Yoritomo, Yoshitsune, Yoshinaka of the Minamoto clan due to the fact that the war started with Prince Mochihito's call for 'destroying the Taira clan,' the transition from the Taira clan government to Yoritomo government (Kamkura bakufu), and the effect of stories such as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tales of the Heike) and 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Fall of the Genji and the Heike) had on the people.
- 後花園天皇の実父である後崇光院が著した『看聞日記』をはじめとする同時代の日記類によれば、事件は9月24日に起こり、首謀者は南朝の後亀山天皇あるいはその弟の子孫とされる金蔵主、通蔵主の兄弟、鎌倉時代の後鳥羽上皇の後胤を称する源尊秀、日野氏傍流の日野有光、日野資光ら。
- According to diaries written at that time such as the 'Kanomon Nikki (Diary)' written by Emperor Hanazono's biological father, Gosukoin, the incident occurred on September 24 and the main people behind the incident were the Kinzosu and Tsuzosu brothers who were thought to be descendants of the Southern Court Emperor Gokameyama or his brother, MINAMOTO no Takahide, who claimed to be a descendant of the Retired Emperor Gotoba (Kamakura period) and Arimitsu HINO and Sukemitsu HINO, who came from a branch line of the Hino clan.
- だが、本来東京都は花粉症増加の原因をディーゼル自動車の排気ガスに求め、排ガス汚染との関連はみられないという疫学調査の結果が出たにもかかわらず、その規制を強行した自治体であることは記しておかねばならない(ただし、規制そのものは花粉症のみのために行なったものではない)。
- However, it must be said that Tokyo is an autonomous body that enforced diesel regulation based on the concept that exhaust fumes from diesel vehicles was the cause for increases in pollinosis despite epidemiological investigation findings that there is no relationship between exhaust gas pollution and pollinosis (although these regulations did not pertain only to pollinosis).
- 明治の歴史学界では、南北朝時代に関して「太平記」の記述を他の史書や日記などの資料と比較する実証的な研究がされ、これに基づいて1903年(明治36年)及び1909年(同42年)の小学校で使用されている国定教科書改訂においては南北両朝は並立していたものとして書かれていた。
- The academic field of history during the Meiji period conducted evidence-based research comparing the 'Taiheiki' with other documents such as historical books and diaries, and based on this, the 1903 and 1909 revisions of national textbooks for elementary schools depicted both the Southern and the Northern Court as being concurrent.
- 『日本後紀』にある広世の父・和気清麻呂の薨条(延暦18年2月乙未(21日)条)に、広世が式部少輔と大学別当(大学頭)を兼務し、父・清麻呂の遺志を継いで大学寮の南側にあった私邸を弘文院として内外の経書数千巻を集め、また墾田40町を寄付して学問料を支給したと記されている。
- The entry for the date when Hiroyo's father WAKE no Kiyomaro died (April 4, 799) in 'Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan) contains the description that -- Hiroyo concurrently assumed the offices of Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonies) and Daigaku Betto (Chancellor of the University) (Daigaku no kami; Director of the Bureau of Education), and, as his father Kiyomaro had wished, located his private residence south of the daigaku-ryo the Kobunin where he collected thousands of Chinese classics from inside and outside Japan, and donated 0.4 square kilometers of new rice fields for awarding scholarship funds.
- これは、上記のように歯止めの効かず野放図に増え続けてきた自動車や民生部門等からの化石燃料の浪費に対し、産業界・個人などの枠にとらわれず幅広く、排出量に応じた経済的負担をさせるための枠組みを設けることで、市場原理に基づいて上記部門からの排出抑制に直接働きかけるものである。
- It directly exerts influence on waste of fossil fuels at cars, civilian sectors and so on, which has hugely increased with no restraint, sets up the framework for widely imposing economic burdens, depending on the amount of emissions, on industries, individuals and so on, and consequently, according to the market principle, directly drives the suppression of emissions from the sectors mentioned above.
- 最終的には「大日本史」の記述を根拠に、明治天皇の裁断で三種の神器を所有していた南朝が正統であるとされ(ただし、現在の学説では北朝の光厳・光明・崇光の三帝は三種の神器を保有していたことがほぼ確実とみられ、神器の有無を根拠に北朝のすべてを「正統でない」とするのは無理である。
- In the end, based on the description in 'Dainihonshi' (Great Japanese History) as evidence, the Emperor Meiji decided that the Southern Court was the legitimate line because it owned the Three Sacred Treasures (however, the current academic theory has basically established that the three Northern Court emperors, Emperors Kogon, Komyo and Suko, had owned the Three Sacred Treasures, so the assumption that all of the emperors in the Northern Court were 'not legitimate' because they did not own the sacred treasures is incorrect.
- ここで信長が怒り狂った饗応の不手際とは、「太閤記」にあるような「魚が腐っていた」といった ような表の理由ではなく、実は、信長が饗応の機会を捉えて家康を暗殺するよう光秀に指示したがこれを光秀が拒んだのが真因だと解釈する等、信長に家康暗殺の意図があったことを推定する説が多い。
- In this regard, many views infer that Nobunaga had an intention to assassinate Ieyasu, for example, assuming that the reason why Nobunaga got angry was not mismanagement of entertaining such as 'rotten fish' in 'Taikoki,' but the real cause was that when Nobunaga ordered Mitsuhide to kill Ieyasu taking opportunity of entertainment but Mitsuhide refused this order.
- 室町幕府申次衆などを務め、征夷大将軍と諸権門との連絡役を務めることが多かった大舘氏当主が将軍・公卿以下の公家、門跡以下の僧侶、管領以下の守護大名、室町幕府の諸役人や諸大名の家臣などに出す場合の書札礼を差出対象ごとに分けた上で実際の書札を例に取りながら注記を加えたものである。
- In this book, the head of the Odachi clan, who served the Muromachi bakufu as moshitsugishu (a civil servant post of Muromachi bakufu) and played a role of corresponding secretary between seii taishogun (literally, a great general who subdues the barbarians) and influential families, listed actual shosatsurei together with his notes based on the categories of addressees, namely shogun, court nobles including top court officials, Buddhist priest including monzeki (priest-prince), shugo-daimyo (military governor) including kanrei (shogunal deputy), officials of Muromachi bakufu and vassals of daimyo.
- 同じ荘園内でも田畑ごとに所有権が異なったり、特殊な事情(伊勢神宮などの有力社の遷宮の際の費用の負担率を上げるために一時的に国衙領とする場合など)によって、荘園の権利が重複・移管されている場合(同じ荘園でも名称が異なって文章に表記されている)もあり、一概に認識するのは難しい。
- The ownership differed in each field, even in the same shoen and in some particular cases (the shoen was temporarily regarded as kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) to increase the burden ratio of cost for the sengu (transfer of a deity to a new shrine building) of dominant shrines such as Ise-jingu Shrine and so on) the rights and control of shoen were duplicated and transferred (the name of the same shoen was differently described in the documents) and thus it is difficult to recognize shoens in an unequivocal way.
- 同時期にはまた、学徒出陣記念のために製作されたにもかかわらず受け入れ先が決まっていなかった「わだつみ像」(当初東京大学での建立が予定されていたが東大当局の拒否により実現しなかった)が、末川博総長などの尽力によりようやく立命大に受け入れられこの地に建立されることが決まっていた。
- Before that, due to the President of Ritsumeikan University Hiroshi SUEKAWA's effort, Ritsumeikan University had decided to accept the 'Wadatsumi-zo Statue' to the campus (the statue was to memorialize the Students' Departure to the Front, and originally it had been planned for Tokyo University, however the authorities of Tokyo University had rejected the offer).
- その成立時期は上記「えぞ」の初見と近い13世紀と見られており、また擦文文化とアイヌ文化の生活体系の最も大きな違いは、日本からの移入品(特に鉄製品)の量的増大にあり、アイヌ文化は交易に大きく依存していたことから、アイヌ文化を生んだ契機に日本との交渉の増大があると考えられている。
- It was probably established in the thirteenth century, when the word 'Ezo' can be seen for the first time as mentioned above; however, the greatest difference between the Satsumon culture and the Ainu culture was the increase in imported items (especially ironware), meaning that it should be seen that Ainu had increased negotiations with Japan when the Ainu culture was born, because the Ainu culture was very reliant on trade with Japan.
- 清の徐継畭の『瀛環志略』や李氏朝鮮の安鼎福の『東史綱目』には、倭寇の原因は日本に対する侵略行為(元寇)を行った高麗(朝鮮)への報復である、と記述されており、応永の外寇以前の前期倭寇は局地的な奪還・復讐戦であるとして『倭寇』と呼ばず、これ以降の後期倭寇を『倭寇』と考える説もある。
- In both the 'Ying huan zhi lue' by the Qing-period Chinese writer Jiyu XI and the 'Tongsa kangmok' by the Joseon-era Korean writer Chong Bok AN, the motivation of the Wako is considered to be retribution for Goryeo-era Korea's participation in the two invasions (by the Mongols) of Japan, and as such some have argued that the actions of the early Wako, who appeared before the Oei Invasion, should be considered a local effort to recapture lost wealth and a war of vengeance against Korea and China, so these pirates should not be called Wako (Japanese pirates); according to this theory, only pirates appearing after this point should be considered 'Wako,' or Japanese pirates.
- 日本では、天文博士あるいは天文密奏宣旨を受けた天文学・占星術に通じた人物が、異常な天文現象を見つけた際には、占いの結果と過去に発生した同様の事例から勘案してその意味を解釈したものを観測記録とともに奏書に認めて密封して、速やかに陰陽頭を通じて天皇に対して上奏されることとなっていた。
- In Japan, it was decided that upon observing an unusual astronomical phenomenon, tenmon hakase (a master of astronomy) or a person who was well versed in astrology and astronomy and had received an imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso should draw up a document stating what it symbolized by taking into account the divination and similar cases in the past, and observations; seal it; and directly submit it to the emperor through Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) at once.
- だが、実際には『三代実録』には明経・紀伝がしばし併記して記述され、『日本紀略』の応和4年2月25日 (旧暦)(964年4月10日)の講日本紀(後述)において大学寮から「紀伝明経道」学生の出席が命じられた経緯が記されており、この出来事ついて触れた『類聚符宣抄』も同様の記載をしている。
- Meanwhile, in reality, there are some accounts in 'Sandaijitsuroku' in which both myogyo and kiden appear, and there is also a description in 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) that 'kidenmyogyodo' students were ordered from the daigakuryo to attend lectures on the chronicles of Japan on April 10, 964, and a similar account can also be found in 'Ruijufusensho' (a collection of statute books dating from the years 737 to 1093).
- 編纂者を直接示す記録は無いが、臨時格を追加したときに編纂に関与した人物として左大臣藤原時平が総裁を務め、藤原定国(大納言・右近衛大将)・三善清行(文章博士)・大蔵春行(民部大輔)・藤原善経(明法博士)が挙げられており、「延喜格」本文の編纂もほぼ同じ人員構成であったと考えられている。
- Although there is no record directly identifying the compilers, the names of persons cited as having participated in the compilation of the extraordinary volumes include FUJIWARA no Tokihira, Sadaijin (minister of the left), serving as the editor-in-chief, FUJIWARA no Sadakuni (Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and Ukone no Taisho or the Chief of Ukonefu, (Guard Department)), Kiyotsura MIYOSHI, Monjo-hakase (teacher of Chinese poetry and history under the Ritsuryo system), Haruyuki OKURA (Minbutaifu, executive officer of the Ministry of Popular Affairs) and FUJIWARA no Yoshitsune, (Myoho-hakase, teacher of the law under the Ritsuryo system), and the staff which compiled the main volumes of Engikyaku are assumed to have consisted mainly of the same persons.
- 裏づけとする史書の記述として、フロイスの「日本史」が続いて、光秀の京都への反転に際して 「兵士たちはかような(本能寺を攻める)動きがいったい何のためであるか訝り始め おそらく明智は信長の命に基づいて、その義弟である三河の国主(家康)を 殺すつもりであろうと考えた。」という部分がある。
- As descriptions in historical books that support this view, it is well-known that a section of 'Historia de Iapan' by Frois continued as, when Mitsuhide reversed the course to Kyoto, 'Soldiers began to wonder about the purpose of such action (to attack the Honno-ji Temple and thought that Mitsuhide intended to kill the lord of Mikawa Province (Ieyasu), who was a younger brother-in-law of Nobunaga, according to Nobunaga's order, and a section of 'Rojinzatsuwa' by Munetomo EMURA.'
- 「三職推任問題」は、本能寺の変の直前の出来事であり、その性質上、信長が即答可能な問題ではないこと、京への立ち寄りの理由の1つは、それへの返答にあったと考えられることは、上記根拠への疑問を投げかける(信長が返答することを阻止するためにこの日程で本能寺を襲ったと解する事は可能ではある)。
- The facts that 'sanshokusuininmondai' occurred immediately before Honnoji Incident and from its nature, it was not a matter for which Nobunaga could answer instantly and it seems that the purpose of making stopover at Kyoto was to give his answer raise a doubt with respect to the above-described grounds (It is possible to interpret that Mitsuhide attacked the Honno-ji Temple in order to prevent Nobunaga from giving an answer).
- 戸主「高志公 ■」に対し、男子とみられる「高志公 祢宜良」(年齢不明)、「高志公 秋麻呂」(正丁)の2名、妻か母または父の妻とみられる女性「■公 広野売」(丁女)、「小長谷部 都夫郎売」(52歳、丁女)、「桑原 刀自売」(68歳、老女)、「秦 弥奈■」(年齢不明)の4名の記載がある。
- To the head of Ko, '(unidentified) KOSHI NO KIMI,' the following persons were recorded: Two considered to be sons named 'Negira KOSHI NO KIMI' (age unknown) and 'Akimaro KOSHI NO KIMI' (seitei [age classification referring to a man from 21 to 60 years old]), and four women considered to be a wife, a mother, or father's wife named 'Koyame (unidentified) KIMI' (teijo [age classification referring to a woman from 21 to 60 years old:), 'Tsubuiratsume OHASSEBE' (52 years old, teijo), 'Tojime KUWABARA' (68 years old, old woman) and 'Yana something (unidentified) HATA' (age unknown).
- 書博士が書生を教えることとされていたが、学令には書生に関する規定はあるものの、学生定員を定めた職員令には書生の定員規定が書かれておらず、若干名であったと考えられている(『続日本紀』天平宝字2年11月甲午条に淳仁天皇から書生に生糸が授けられたとする記事があり、全くいなかった訳ではない)。
- It was thought that shosei (students who were given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties) were taught by sho hakase (professors of calligraphy) but despite the fact that there were regulations regarding shosei in education laws, there were no regulations regarding the fixed number of shosei written within the shikiinryo (law which stipulates duties of the ministries) which fixed number of students, and they are thought to have been few in number (an entry in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for December 758 contains an article stating raw silk thread was awarded to shosei by Emperor Junnin, so it was not the case that there were not any shosei at all.)
- 律令制確立後に大学寮の下に音博士が位置づけられたが、本科(後の明経道)の学生が儒教の教育を受けるために行う最初の課程であった経典の音読を指導するのが役割であった事から、算道・書道_(大学寮)のような独自の学生を保持することは学令などにも記載されていないなど、最初から補助的地位に止められていた。
- After the Ritsuryo Legal Codes were established, the Professors of Ondo were positioned within the Daigaku-ryo system, but because their role was to teach the reading aloud of the scriptures during the first course of Confucianism to the students of the main course (later known as Myogyodo, the Confucian department of Daigaku-ryo), their position was only deemed to be supplementary and it was not mentioned within the regulations that they may have their own students like Sando (Mathematics) and Shodo (Calligraphy) Departments.
- そこで佐々木宗雄は、基経の本心は「阿衡」という言葉よりも光孝天皇の時に基経に与えられていた政務の全面委任(王権代行の権限)の授与を示す言葉が2度の詔には明記されなかったために、天皇が自己の政治権限の削除を図っているとの反感を抱いて、光孝天皇の時と同等の権限を求めたのではないかという説を立てている。
- Muneo SASAKI pays attention to the fact that the Japanese word indicating the full delegation of state affairs (authority to act as the Emperor's deputy), to which Mototsune was entitled during the Era of Emperor Koko, was not explicitly used in these two shochokus, and asserts that Mototsune felt antipathy toward the Emperor because he suspected the Emperor might be trying to reduce his political authority, rather than because the term 'Ako' had been used, leading Mototsune to request that he be given the same level of authority as he had held during the era of Emperor Koko.
- その職務が過重となってきたために、京都郡代を経済・財政部門を扱う京都代官に改め、今まで京都郡代が担当していた京都とその周辺(山城国・丹波国・近江国・大和国)の裁判及び天領に関する行政の権限については、万治3年11月22日 (旧暦)(1660年12月24日)に小出尹貞が執り行う事になった(『万治日記』)。
- However, due to excessive workload, Kyoto Gundai was reorganized into Kyoto Daikan, responsible for the economic and finance division, and Masasada KOIDE took over judicial power in Kyoto and the neighboring areas (Yamashiro Province, Tanba Province, Omi Province and Yamato Province) as well as administrative power in the shogunate demesne from Kyoto Gundai on December 24, 1660 ('Manji Nikki (Manji Diary)').
- 1338年(延元3年/建武 (日本)5年)には北畠顕家が出陣前に新政の失敗を諌める諫奏を行い、北畠親房の『職原抄』や公家の日記などにも新政への批判や不満を述べる文章があるなど、武家や庶民のみならず、後に後醍醐天皇方について北朝と対立した北畠父子のような公家でさえ、新政を支持していなかったことが示唆される。
- Criticism of the new government was not limited to warrior families and commoners, however; in 1338, before Akiie KITABATAKE led his army out, he remonstrated with Emperor Godaigo about the failures of the new government, and his father Chikafusa KITABATAKE's 'Shokugensho' as well as other nobles' diaries record comments critical of and indicating their dissatisfaction with the government, showing that later on, even nobles like the Kitabatake father-son duo, who fought to oppose the Northern dynasty, did not fully support the new government.
- このボーリング結果(ボーリング記録とサンプルより)と、湖底の地層構造を衝撃波により調査したこれまでの学術調査結果(植村善博:「比較変動地形論 古今書院、及び、 URBAN KUBOTA NO.37/11)から推定される湖底の岩盤深さとが一致するので比良湖岸断層は、この掘削地点より山側にあると推定されます。
- As the result of this boring (from records of boring and samples) coincides with the depth of base rock at the bottom of lake inferred from the result of scientific investigation of strata architecture at the bottom of lake with shock wave ('Hikaku Hendo Chikeiron' written by Yoshihiro UEMURA, Kokon Shoin publisher, and URBAN KUBOTA NO. 37/11), it is inferred that the Hira-ko lakeshore fault exists on the mountain side from this drilling point.
- ただし、公家社会において政所及びこれを構成する家司の制度が解体された中世後期に入ると、公家の家臣層も諸大夫と青侍を中心とする家僕に再編成されることになるが、諸大夫を持てない中下層公家では青侍のみで家僕が構成されて公家家政を運営するようになり、青侍と家僕が同義語として扱われる場合もあった(『教言卿記』など)。
- In the late Medieval period, with the mandokoro (Administrative Office) and Ie no tsukasa (house steward) system that constituted mandokoro being broken up by the court, those of the court nobles at the level of vassals were to be reassigned to retainers, mainly including shodaibu and Aozamurai; however, the court nobles at the lower and middle levels who could not have vassals at shodaibu rank had only Aozamurai constituting their vassals and managing their households, whereas Aozamurai and vassals were treated as synonyms in some cases (according to 'Noritoki Kyo ki' [The Diary of Noritoki YAMASHINA]).
- このため、『歴名土代』とは元々は「歴名」のうち「補任」(あるいはこれを元にした『公卿補任』)などの他の記録と重複する公卿などの記述を省いて、予め四位・五位の叙位が予定されている人名を列記し、実際の叙位が行われた後に「歴名」を参考にして日付などが追記され、更に校合の過程で一部の整理がなされたと考えられている。
- Therefore, 'Ryakumyo dodai' is considered to have originally listed the names of persons who were scheduled to be conferred a court rank of Shii and Goi and added dates etc. with the help of 'Ryakumyo' after the conferment of actual court rank and also organized parts of them in the process of collating, except for the descriptions of court nobles which overlapped other records such as 'Bunin' (or Kugyobunin based on this) among 'Ryakumyo.'
- 通説によれば、延喜年間に延喜格式と並行して編纂が行われたとされ、『本朝法家目録文書』及び『本朝書籍目録』によれば、ともに10巻とし、前者には約90条の目録を掲げているが、『北山抄』・『江家次第』・『中右記』などにその逸文とされるものが記載されており、藤原俊憲の『貫首秘抄』でも職事が持つべき書として挙げている。
- It was commonly accepted that Engi Gishiki was compiled in parallel with Engi Kyakushiki during the Engi era -- According to 'Honcho hoke mokuroku monjo' (Catalogue of legalist documents in our country) and 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' (Catalogue of books in our country), Engi Gishiki and Engi Kyakushiki were in ten volumes respectively and ninety items were listed for the former; and such documents as 'Hokuzansho' (Manual of court rules and customs), 'Goke shidai' (Ritual Compendium by the House of Oe), and 'Chuyuki' (The Diary of the Minister of the Right, written by Munetada FUJIWARA) recorded the parts which was considered to be a surviving fragment of the former; and 'Kanju hisho' (also referred to as Kanzu hisho; Secret Notes by Head Chamberlain) written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori recommended the former as a must for Shikiji (Chamberlains).
- また上記の伝承を元に木原敏江が1978年タイトル「大江山花伝」で漫画化、同作は1986年宝塚歌劇団雪組本公演で柴田侑宏脚色・演出で舞台化(茨木童子役は平みち)されたほか、島田まゆが1996年タイトル「IBARAGI茨木」で舞台を現代に移して、渡辺綱の子孫である高校生と茨木童子(この作品では女性である)のエピソードを創作している。
- Furthermore, in 1978 Toshie KIHARA used the above-mentioned texts as sources for her manga (comic) version of these events, entitled 'Oeyama kaden' (the Legend of Mt. Oe), and in 1986 this manga, in Yukihiro SHIBATA's theatrical version, was adapted for the stage by the winter performance troupe of the Takarazuka Revue Company (with Michi TAIRA in the role of Ibaraki Doji), and in addition to these adaptations, Mayu SHIMADA also created a play in 1996 entitled 'Ibaraki Ibaraki,' which shifted the setting of the story to the present day and focuses on the relationship between WATANABE no Tsuna's grandson, a high school student, and Ibaraki Doji (who is female in this version).
- 長官である上卿には大納言・三条公教が就任、実務を担当する弁官からは右中弁・藤原惟方、左少弁・源雅頼、右少弁・藤原俊憲(信西の嫡子)が起用され、その下で21人の寄人が荘園領主から提出された文書の審査、本所間の争論の裁判にあたった(後白河が「暗主」であるという信西の言葉は、この記録所の寄人だった清原頼業が九条兼実に後年語ったものである)。
- The Dainagon (chief councilor of state) Kiminori SANJO was appointed the highest lord of the Records Office, while the officials in fact responsible for running the office day to day, the controllers and so forth, included FUJIWARA no Korekata, appointed as Uchuben (Middle Controller of the Right), MINAMOTO no Masayori as Sashoben (third-ranked officer of the left), and FUJIWARA no Toshinori (Shinzei's own son and heir) as Ushoben (third-ranked officer of the right); under these officials, 21 Yoriudo (clerks) worked, inspecting the land deed documents submitted to the office from the shoen owners and judging disputed cases of ownership at the office (Shinzei's infamous comment that Goshirakawa was a 'foolish (unenlightened) ruler' was actually first mentioned by one of these Yoriudo, KIYOHARA no Yorinari, who repeated it years later to Kanezane KUJO).
- 第一に、上記に掲げた太閤蔵入地約200万石、第二に、直轄領とした金山・銀山(佐渡国佐渡金山、石見国石見銀山、但馬国生野銀山)から上がる金銀の収益(金銀の収益を背景に、平安時代に発行された皇朝十二銭以来となる国内発行の貨幣(天正大判・天正通宝)を発行)、第三に、商業が発達した都市(大坂、堺、京都、伏見、長崎)を直轄地とすることから上がる収益であった。
- First, by gaining approximately two million koku from the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi; second, by gaining profits of gold and silver from gold and silver mines, which were part of Hideyoshi's directly controlled territories (Sado Gold Mine of Sado Province and Iwami Silver Mine of Iwami Province and Ikuno Silver Mine of Tajima Province) (Hideyoshi issued the new coins, 'Tensho-Oban' and 'Tensho Tsuho' after a long interval since 'Kocho-Junisen' (twelve coins casted in Japan) had been issued in the Heian period; third, gaining profits by directly controlling cities where commerce had developed (Osaka, Sakai, Kyoto, Fushimi and Nagasaki).
- しかしながら堀新 (歴史学者)から出された反論では、同日記の5月4日 (旧暦)付けの記事や、『誠仁親王消息』などの資料から、三職いずれかなどという曖昧な推任をしたのは誰も信長の真意を理解していなかったための行動であり、貞勝と信長との間にこの件に関する打ち合わせをした形跡がないことなどから、三職推任は信長の意向とは言えず、5月4日の晴豊の言葉も晴豊個人の見解であるとした。
- Shin HORI (a historian) argued against these interpretations that Haretoyo expressed his own opinion on May 4 (old calendar) at that time and Sanshoku suinin had nothing do to with Nobunaga's intention, because: the article of the diary dated May 4 and 'Message from Imperial Prince Sanehito' (誠仁親王消息) suggest that such an unspecific Sanshoku suinin came from a situation where no one knew what Nobunaga wanted; and nothing suggests Nobunaga and Sadakatsu had talked about this matter.
- このとき、後三条天皇は院政を開始する意図を持っていたとする見解が慈円により主張されて(『愚管抄』)以来、北畠親房(『神皇正統記』)、新井白石(『読史余論』)、黒板勝美、三浦周行などにより主張されていたが、和田英松が、災害異変、後三条の病気、実仁親王 (平安時代)の立東宮の3点が譲位の理由であり院政開始は企図されていなかったと主張し、平泉澄が病気のみに限定するなど異論が出された。
- Because Jien asserted that Emperor Gosanjo at that time was intent upon initiating insei ('Gukansho'), Chikafusa KITABATAKE ('Jinno-Shoto-ki'), Hakuseki ARAI ('Tokushiyoron'), Katsumi KUROITA, Hiroyuki MIURA, etc., also supported such an assumption; however, there were different views, such as that of Hidematsu WADA, who asserted that the initiation of insei was not intended due to three reasons--disasters/accidents, Gosanjo's illness and Imperial Prince Sanehito's assumption of the position as the Crown Prince--which reasons were limited only to illness by Kiyoshi HIRAIZUMI.
- 国司は中央政府から検田権を委譲されると、治田(ちでん、田堵の開発した小規模の墾田)や公験(くげん、正式に土地所有を認めた文書)のない荘園・私領(郡司・郷司など在地領主の所領)を次々に没収して国衙領に組み入れ、税収を確保しようとした(この権限が強かったことは、若狭国にあった摂関家の荘園が国司に接収された際に関白藤原頼通が国司に公験不備を指摘されると、国司の判断を妥当とした(『小右記』万寿2年9月1日・13日条)ことでも明らかである)。
- When the right of cadastral surveys was transferred to kokushi from the central government, the shoens and private lands (lands of local lords such as gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and so on) without chiden (small scale land already developed by tato) or kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi or gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property) were confiscated one after another into kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in order for them to secure tax revenue (it is clear that this authority was strong because when the shoen of sekkan-ke in Wakasa Province was confiscated by kokushi and it was pointed out that FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, the chief adviser to the emperor, was wrong in kugen, the judgment of kokushi was justified (in the description on September 1 and 13, 1025 in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)).
- その一方で、平安時代中期の著作である『政事要略』が書名を『貞観儀式』とせずに『儀式 貞観』としているのは、当初からこの書名は『儀式』と称されており、『政事要略』は単に脚注として編纂年代である元号の「貞観」を付記したに過ぎないこと、『本朝法家文書目録』は今日では存在が疑問視されている三代儀式の存在を前提に書いており、実際には存在しなかった弘仁儀式を掲げるなど正確性に疑問があるとして、正式な書名は『儀式』であるとする森田悌らの説も存在する。
- On the other hand, Tei MORITA etc. asserted the official book title must be 'Gishiki' arguing that the author of 'Seiji yoryaku,' compiled during the mid-Heian period, used 'Gishiki Jogan' instead of 'Jogan gishiki' in order to add the era name of 'Jogan' in which the book was compiled while acknowledging the title of the book was 'Gishiki' from the very beginning, and that the credibility of 'Honcho hoka monjo mokuroku' is doubtful because it was written on the premise of the existence of Sandai gishiki whose existence is questioned at present and it listed Konin gishiki (ceremony in the manner of the Konin era) which, in reality, did not exist.
- また、元々頒暦が官庁に備え付ける暦であり、貴族や僧侶は自らの日記を執筆するために用いる具注暦をそれぞれが暦博士や暦生に依頼して制作もしくや書写の便宜を受けるのが慣例となっていた(藤原実資は予め(陰陽寮職員である)陰陽師に料紙を支給して暦を注文を行い、完成後に代金として絹1疋を支払っていたことが知られ(『中右記』長和3年10月2日条)、摂関家に至っては暦博士側から具注暦を献上してくることが慣例化していた(『後二条師通記』・『殿暦』・『玉葉』)。
- Hanreki was originally a calendar to be distributed to government offices, nobles and monks made it a practice to ask rekihakase or rekisei to make or transcribe guchureki in order to write their own diary (on this point, it is known that FUJIWARA no Sanesuke ordered calendars to an onmyoji (practionner in the Onmyoryo) by paying for paper and paid one hiki of silk when the calendar was completed (according to the article of 'Chuyuki' (diary written by FUJIWARA no Munetada) dated on October 2nd, 1014) and the line of regents and advisers made it rule that rekihakase presented guchureki to them (according to 'Gonijo Moromichi ki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi), 'Denryaku' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Tadazane) and ''Gyokuyo' (The Diary of Kanezane KUJO)).
- 更に『兵範記』には久寿元年(1154年)の省試が、予め関白藤原忠通・左大臣藤原頼長・崇徳天皇、そして式部省・大学寮幹部の間で入分(合格)者の枠を配分した後に試験が実施された事実を記しているのである(大幅に時代が下るが、試験が全く形骸化した15世紀に書かれた『桂林遺芳抄』によれば、宣旨分(天皇)2・院御分(上皇・法皇)1・殿下分(摂政・関白)1・省官分(式部大輔・少輔)3・両博士分(文章博士2名)2・判儒分(試験官)3の入分枠が定められていたという)。
- Furthermore, 'Heihanki' (diary of TAIRA no Nobunori) tells that in the shoshi exams in 1154, certain numbers of seats had been allotted to Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Tadamichi, Sadaijin (minister of the left) FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, the Emperor Sutoku, shikibusho and leaders of the daigakuryo beforehand, and they held the exams (a few centuries later, according to 'Keirinihosho' from the 15th century, the seats were allotted as follows: two for Senji (emperor), one for 院御 (the retired Emperor and the Cloistered Emperor), one for Denka (sessho and kanpaku), three for Shokan (Shikibu no taifu and Shikibu shoyu), two for two hakese (monjo hakese) and three for 判儒 (examiners)).
- また、上奏する資格も平安時代中期以後には天文博士を世襲した阿倍氏と局務の中原氏の両家のみに限定されるようになっていく(なお、中原氏の天文密奏は醍醐天皇の時代の中原以忠(後に天禄2年(972年)に宗家の中原有象とともに中原のカバネを与えられて同氏の祖となる)に遡り、同氏本来の外記の職務とは別に同氏が家学としていた明経道の出典である漢籍には天文現象の解釈に関する記述が含まれていることが多く、天文道に通じた人物を輩出することが多かった事によるとされている)。
- After the mid Heian period, such direct access to the emperor was only allowed to the Abe clan whose hereditary occupation was tenmon hakase and the Nakahara clan which was kyokumu (the chief secretary of the Daijokan, or Grand Council of State); incidentally, the Nakahara clan had assumed the role of tenmon misso from Mochitada NAKAHARA in the tenure of Emperor Daigo (afterwards in 972, he was granted the family name of NAKAHARA along with Uzo NAKAHARA [中原有象] of the head family and originated the clan), allegedly because, besides the clan's hereditary occupation of Geki [Secretary of the Grand Council of State], it inherited the family learning of Myogo-do [the study of Confucian classics] and used many Chinese classics as source books, many of which contained elucidation of astronomical phenomena so that the clan produced many persons well versed in tenmondo.
- ところが、石塚一石が『本朝書籍目録』の中にある弘仁儀式の篇目に「七月二十五日相撲儀」が含まれているのに対して、相撲節会の開催日が7月25日 (旧暦)に定められたのは、弘仁年間よりも70年も後の仁和年間であり、弘仁年間には7月7日 (旧暦)と定められていた事実(天長元年(弘仁15年/824年)の7月7日に平城上皇が崩御して同日が忌日となったために、従来この日を期日として定められていた宮中行事の期日が変更を余儀なくされた)を指摘し、更に篇目の中に弘仁式逸文に記載された日付と合致しない行事がある事実を指摘して、『弘仁儀式』は散逸したのではなく最初から存在しなかったとする見解を唱えた。
- Nevertheless, Kazushi ISHIZUKA advanced the view that the 'Konin Gishiki' did not exist from the beginning, by pointing out that although the table of contents of the Konin Gishiki in the 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' included 'Sumai no gi (the Rite of Sumo Wrestling) on July 25 (old calendar),' Sumai no Sechie (Festival of Wrestling) was fixed on July 25 (old calendar) in the Ninna era (885 - 889), about seventy years after the Konin era (810 - 824), and that the Sumai no gi was fixed on July 7 (old calendar) during the Konin era (since ex-emperor Heizei died on July 7 in the first year of the Tencho era (the fifteenth year of the Konin era, 824) and the date became the death day of emperor, the ceremonial functions at the imperial court which had been fixed, had to be fixed on another day), and by further pointing out that the table of contents includes the ceremonial functions, the dates of which did not match those described in a surviving fragment of the Konin shiki (Palace regulations of the Konin era).