解: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 作品解説
- Content of the Play
- Explanation
- Comment on works of FUTABATEI Shimei
- 様々な解釈
- Various interpretations
- 解説と逸話
- Comments and anecdotes
- Explanation and anecdotes
- 出典と解釈
- Sources and interpretation
- 士族の解体
- Disorganization of the warrior class
- 新政の瓦解
- The new government collapses
- 「新聞図解」
- Shinbun Zukai' (newspaper illustrated)
- 勘解由小路家
- The Kadenokoji/Kageyukoji Family
- 昭和天皇の見解
- The view of the Emperor Showa
- 本項にて解説。
- Explained in this section.
- Described in the main section.
- みどころ・解説
- The Point of Interest and Explanation
- High spot and comments
- 笠置寺解脱の鐘
- Bell for deliverance from earthly bondage in Kasagi-dera Temple
- SIMロック解除
- SIM unlock
- SIM lock cancellation
- 「各種新聞図解」
- Kakushu-shinbun-zukai' (various newspapers illustrated)
- 黄砂実態解明調査
- Surveys of the reality of kosa
- 禁止と解禁の経緯
- The circumstance concerning the prohibition and lifting a ban
- これにより解散。
- Goryo-eji was dissolved as a result.
- メタボロミック解析
- metabolomic analysis
- 「新聞絵解づくし」
- Shinbun-ekai-zukushi' (newspaper full of illustrations)
- 地質調査による解析
- Analysis on Geological Survey
- 因明纂解講義 五巻
- Inmyo Sange Kogi, 5 volumes
- 因明纂解鼓攻 三巻
- Inmyo Sange Koko, 3 volumes
- 分解元である糖の枯渇
- The depletion of the sugar which is the source material to be decomposed.
- 李溥光『永字八法解』
- Li Puguang, 'Eijihappo-kai'
- Li Puguang, 'Eiji Happo-kai'
- 三催体制の成立と解体
- Establishment and the end of the three major office system
- 同年2月、解散となる。
- The company was liquidated in February of the same year.
- 石川半山自身による解説
- Explanation by Hanzan ISHIKAWA Himself
- 解由(げゆ)ともいう。
- It was also called a geyu
- 設立1年少々で解散した。
- It was liquidated a little over a year after its establishment.
- 専門用語や用具の解説など。
- Terminology and equipments
- 詩の解読は7句にとどまる。
- The interpreted poems are only seven of them.
- 『明治事物起源』による解説
- Explanation in the 'Meiji Jibutsu Kigen'
- 解官者一覧(11月17日)
- The list of people who were dismissed from their positions (November 17)
- 建武政権の瓦解と北朝の成立
- Debacle of the Kenmu Government and Establishment of the Northern Court
- 以下、この意味で解説する。
- It is explained in this sense as follows:
- この和解を文保の和談という。
- This agreement was called the Bunpo Compromise.
- 審判問題の解決は急務である。
- Solving the referee issue is a matter requiring immediate attention.
- 解散式には月形龍之介も現れた。
- Ryunosuke TSUKIGATA participated in the ceremony, too.
- 『解脱 (歌舞伎)』(げだつ)
- 'Gedatsu'
- 『古事記』の解釈はさらにわかれる。
- The interpretation in 'Kojiki' is further divided.
- 同年10月に負債を残して解散した。
- The company fell into debt and was dissolved in October 1948.
- 「太秦撮影所現代劇部」は解散した。
- The 'Uzumasa Satsueijo Gendaigeki-bu' (the Uzumasa Studio's Modern Drama division) was then closed.
- 融米造りへの誤解に基づく批判的意見
- Negative opinions based on the misunderstanding of the yumai-zukuri method
- その後、太閤検地により解体された。
- Afterwards, it was effectively dismantled by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi).
- これは以下のように解説されている。
- This is explained as follows.
- 12月31日 - 合併協議会解散。
- December 31: Dissolved the Council on Merger
- 烏丸光広の二男勘解由小路資忠が祖。
- The founder was Suketada KADENOKOJI, the second son of Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU.
- 清和源氏足利氏流 以下で解説する。
- The Ashikaga clan of Seiwa Genji: To be explained below.
- 以下、各場のあらすじに解説を添える。
- The story of each scene is described below along with comments.
- ここでは広義の漢学について解説する。
- This section will explain the kangaku in a broad sense.
- この引継ぎ完了の文書が解由状である。
- The certificate showing the acceptance of such a proper document was a geyujo.
- その理由について見解が分かれている。
- Opinions are divided on the reason.
- その解決策が地頭請や下地中分である。
- To resolve this issue, the Jito uke (proprietor's annual tax) and Shitaji chubun (physical division of land) were adopted.
- 「集解釈別記」に、鵜飼37戸との記録。
- It was recorded in 'Shukaishakubekki' that 37 houses were engaged in ukai.
- 日本政府の公式見解は以下の通りである。
- The official views of the Japanese government are as follows:
- 誤解が多いが、花街の水揚げとは異なる。
- Although it tends to be misunderstood, it is different from Mizuage in the red-light district.
- 何故そうなったのか客観からは解らない。
- There is no objective view as to the reason borei are formed.
- その終期にも複数の見解が並立している。
- Also, for its time of termination, there exist multiple views.
- 協議会は解散され、合併は白紙となった。
- The deliberation committee was dissolved, and the merger proposal was scrapped.
- 藩主父子は江戸にて永禁固(のち解除)。
- His father and son were sentenced to life imprisonment in Edo (later pardoned).
- これによりルール解釈が覆ることとなった。
- This meant that the interpretation of the rules was reversed.
- それに伴い「君」の解釈にも変化が生じた。
- The interpretation of 'kimi' changed accordingly..
- 同じく信長による一向一揆平定で解体する。
- Once again, it was Nobunaga that quelled the Ikko Ikki (popular religious uprisings) and dismantled the Jinaicho.
- 和歌の才能もあり、古典への理解も深かった。
- He was a talented poet and had a deep understanding of classical studies.
- 「法語伝道聖句三昧」説法向きの言葉を解説。
- Every day Buddhism, preaching, Saint sayings' explains words for preaching.
- 「飯豊」と「忍海」について見解が分かれる)
- The opinion is divided between 'Iitoyo' and 'Oshinumi.'
- (藤原氏系)勘解由小路家(かでのこうじけ)
- The Kadenokoji family (of the Fujiwara clan lineage)
- (賀茂氏系)勘解由小路家(かでのこうじけ)
- The Kadenokoji family (of the Kamo clan)
- これにより、尊氏は征夷大将軍を解任された。
- As a result of this Shohei Unification, Takauji was dismissed from his position as seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 武士階級では刀と同じ物と解釈され尊ばれた。
- They were appreciated by warriors as a form of a weapon in the Samurai society.
- このため、本項では天平宝字5年説で解説する。
- Therefore, we give you a explanation based on theory on the Imperial Prince Osabe born in 761.
- これは武士として最期に礼を尽くす解釈である。
- The above is based on the interpretation that a samurai should observe the proprieties until the last moment of his life.
- ここではこれにしたがってあらすじを解説する。
- The storyline is described here based on these.
- 士族身分の解体により大量の失業者が発生した。
- The disorganization of the warrior class generated a large number of unemployed people.
- 1998年(平成10年)に解体修理を行った。
- In 1998 the residence was torn down and repaired.
- 客の正解数を足したものがチームの得点となる。
- The total number of correct answers given by each guest is a score for his/her team.
- 完全に正解すると、記録紙に「玉」と書かれる。
- When a guest gives all the correct answers, the letter Ball (玉) is written down on his/her paper.
- 遺恨を解くことは、好いことであると解釈できる。
- Resolving the grudge can be interpreted as good.
- 朝廷はこの意見を容れて3月、征夷の軍を解いた。
- The Imperial Court accepted his opinion and disbanded the forces against the Emishi in March.
- 2004年8月比企地域3町3村合併協議会が解散
- August 2004: Dissolved the Hiki Area Council for Merger of Three Towns and Three Villages
- 『仏祖歴代通載略釈』 - 無著道忠撰の、注解書
- 'Brief Commentary on Busso Rekidai Tsusai' - Annotated book by Dochu MUJAKU
- 後白河は事態の不利を悟り、成親の解官を決定した。
- Goshirakawa sensed the danger and decided to remove Narichika from his position.
- また、『令義解』た『日本後紀』の編纂が行われた。
- 'Ryo no Gi Ge' and 'Nihon Koki' were edited.
- 本作の「伊豆屋」を元に近代的な解釈をほどこした。
- Based on 'Izuya' of this play, he added modern interpretations.
- 密漁や密輸された鯨肉の存在を主張する見解もある。
- There are opinions insisting that the meat of poached whales and smuggled whale meat exist.
- 1997年(平成9年) 老朽化した飼育池を解体。
- 1997: Dilapidated farming ponds were removed.
- この地は京都の小路名で勘解由使庁の在ったところ。
- Konoe was the name of the street in Kyoto and where Kageyushicho (an organization auditing local governments in the Ritsuryo period) was located.
- 「ミケイリ」は「食物に神霊が入る」の意と解される。
- In this way, 'Mikeiri' can be interpreted as '食物に神霊が入る''the spirit entering into the food.'
- 同年5月末には契約解除となり、訴訟にまで発展した。
- The agreement was terminated at the end of May of the same year and the disputes went all the way to litigation.
- 以下では、それぞれの場をさらに詳細に解説してゆく。
- Each scene is described in detail below.
- 東大新人会は1929年11月7日に解散を声明した。
- The Shinjin-kai of Tokyo Imperial University declared disorganization on November 7, 1929.
- 基経の威を恐れた博士らの見解は佐世と同じであった。
- In fear of Mototsune's power, hakase etc. submitted the same view as Sukeyo.
- 解由状は、平安前期には有効に機能したと考えられる。
- It is considered that geyujo functioned effectively during the first half of the Heian period.
- 安土桃山時代の始期と終期には複数の見解が存在する。
- There are several opinions regarding the start and end of the Azuchi Momoyama period.
- しかしながら、楊守敬の説とは往々見解が異なっていた。
- However, his opinions were not always the same as those of Yang Shoujing.
- 拓本でもやや破損があり、3句は解読不能となっている。
- Even the rubbed copy of this is partially broken and three poems are not legible.
- 院政の開始をもって中世の開始とする見解が有力である。
- It is usually interpreted that the initiation of the cloister government signaled the start of the Medieval Age.
- 明応の政変により中央政権としての幕府体制が瓦解した。
- However, the bakufu system as the central government fell down because of the Coup of Meio.
- 原材料は輸入した本銭に鉄などを混ぜて融解して用いた。
- Molten iron mixed with imported coins was used as the raw material.
- 解由状の発給は、赴任地(現地)で行うのが原則だった。
- Basically, a geyujo was issued at the site of the office concerned.
- 解体は木屋町の医者南部精一の弟子に頼んでいたという。
- They asked a pupil of Seiichi NANBU, physician of Kiya-machi, to butcher the pigs.
- また、鹿季を宗季の子とする系図を支持する見解もある。
- There is also another theory that supports the genealogy in which Kanosue was recorded as Munesue's son.
- 我が国民の生活の推移の理解のため欠くことのできないもの
- Those which are indispensable for the understanding of changes in our people's modes of life.
- それを伊周が自分の相手の三の君に通っているのだと誤解。
- Korechika made it understood that the Cloistered Emperor was visiting his San no kimi.
- 以降は両統迭立することで和解が成立したといわれている。
- A settlement was reached by the alternative succession of emperors of Daikakuji-to line and Jimyoin-to line after Emperor Kogon.
- また、理解を容易にするため文章が添えられることも多い。
- In many cases, to facilitate understanding, instructions in writing are added to the diagram.
- 「瓦解(がかい)」は組織が崩れると言う意味に使われる。
- Gakai' (tumbling of tiles) means a collapse of an organization.
- しかし、7月末に早くも山崎らの「館主連盟」が瓦解する。
- However, the Theater Owner's Association established by Yamazaki and others had already collapsed by the end of July.
- これは黒澤と親交の深かった淀川長治最後の解説となった。
- Nagaharu YODOGAWA, who was a good friend of KUROSAWA, made his final commentary during this broadcast.
- 翌年には日本と和解し、回礼使として宋希璟が派遣された。
- The following year a peace treaty was concluded between Japan and Korea, and Hui Gyeong SONG (also known as Nosongdang) was sent as special envoy.
- 1926年9月15日:予審決定にともない新聞掲載解禁。
- September 15, 1926: The press ban was lifted according to the decision of a preliminary examination.
- 室町幕府における武家の作法・制度について解説している。
- The book provides a guide to manners and systems of samurai family in the Muromachi bakufu
- 古典的な理解での摂関政治はまさに院政によって終焉した。
- The regency in the traditional sense definitively came to an end due to cloistered government.
- また、有職故実に通じていて解説書『禁秘抄』を著している。
- He knew the Yusoku kojitsu well (to study traditional Imperial events or regulations and so on), he wrote a practical guide, 'Kinpi shio.'
- なお、現在の政府公式見解では、下記のように説明している。
- Today's government's official view about Kimigayo is as follows:
- - 百済の福信が,使を遣わして王子の糺解の帰国を求める。
- - Fukushin of Kudara sent an envoy to ask for the return of Prince Kuge.
- 石燕の解説にある7尺の屏風とはこの咸陽宮の屏風とされる。
- It is said that the 2.10-meter-high byobu in Sekien's caption was the one in the Xianyang Palace.
- その多くは解散し、6大銀行グループに取り込まれていった。
- Most of them were dismantled, and this necessitated their absorption by the six major bank groups.
- この事件は、藤原氏による他氏排斥と理解されることが多い。
- the incident is often interpreted as the Fujiwara clan's exclusion of other clans.
- 堺幕府の解体後は、義維を阿波に迎え、平島公方としている。
- After the disorganization of the Sakai bakufu, he invited Yoshitsuna to Awa as Hirashima Kubo.
- 以下、古代以来の天皇と政治体制との関わりを中心に解説する。
- Below is an explanation about the Emperors and the political system since ancient Japan.
- また、文楽協会は、十九大夫との契約を11月25日付で解除。
- Furthermore Bunraku Kyokai terminated its contract with Tokutaro as of November 25 that year.
- 平衡神経科の第一人者として心身症とめまいの関係を解明した。
- He was the leading person of the study of the vestibular nerve and he clarified the linkage between psychosomatic illness and dizziness.
- だが楠木正成は、長期間の抗戦は不可能であると理解していた。
- Masashige KUSUNOKI, however, knew he couldn't afford a prolonged resistance.
- 別の紛争解決として、下地中分(したじちゅうぶん)があった。
- As the other way of dispute settlement, there was shitaji chubun (physical division of the land).
- 心痛した天皇は基経に丁重に了解を求めるが、確執は解けない。
- Although the Emperor, who was in agony, politely asked for Mototsune's understanding, the dispute couldn't be resolved.
- 悪臭のする魚を出して家康の接待役を解任されて面目を失った。
- He served ill-smelling fish and lost his face by being dismissed from the position of marshal for Ieyasu.
- しかし、後にこの養子縁組は解消となり、白川家は断絶となる。
- However, the adoption was broken off afterward, and the Shirakawa family was ended.
- 官職についての解説について記した現存する最古の書籍である。
- The Kanshoku Hisho is the oldest reference book on government posts in existence.
- 一円神領興行法ともいい、徳政の一類型として理解されている。
- It is also known as Ichien-shinryokogyo Law, and understood as a typical pattern of benevolent rule.
- そこへ、月代と髭の伸びた団七が役人に伴われて、縄を解かれる。
- There, Danshichi appeared with long sakayaki (shaved part of the forehead) and beard accompanied by an officer and his rope was removed.
- 後者は喪葬令集解古記に遊部(あそびべ)の祖として記載がある。
- The latter is described in Moso-ryo shuge koki (Ancient commentaries on the codes regarding mourning and funeral), as the ancestor of Asobibe.
- しかし彼女が解放されてから上宮王家に不穏な兆しが見え始める。
- However, after her release, an ominous sign had started to be seen.
- この様な紋様が現れる理由は、未だに完全には解明されていない。
- The reason why these spots appear on them has not been completely explained yet.
- 半数強の10句が解読され、雨の中を帰る人々の姿がつづられる。
- Ten poems that are a little more than the half of all the poems have been understood and these poems describe the scenes of people going home in the rain.
- 融米の工程ではデンプンはオリゴ糖にまでしか分解されていない。
- During the process of melting the rice, starch is broken down to oligosaccharide.
- 大政奉還、王政復古 (日本)により江戸幕府が消滅すると解散。
- The organization was dissolved when the Edo bakufu ceased to exist by Taisei Hokan (the Return of Political Power to the Emperor) and Osei Fukko (the Restoration of Imperial Rule).
- 12月25日、義満は軍評定を開き、重臣の間では和解論も出た。
- On January 27, 1392, Yoshimitsu held a war council, and there were discussions of reconciliation among the senior vassals.
- これにより、百姓らの兵役の負担はほぼ解消されることとなった。
- As a result of this movement, peasants were relieved of most part of their burden of military service.
- この過程で軍事貴族と呼ぶべき実態は発展的に解消されていった。
- During the course of these events, the status called military aristocrat rapidly disappeared.
- 同書をもって初めて歴史認識が明確に示されたとする見解もある。
- According to some opinions, this book is the first one in which a recognition of history was clearly described.
- 勘解由小路家(かでのこうじけ/かげゆこうじけ)は日本の氏族。
- The Kadenokoji/Kageyukoji family is a Japanese clan.
- 日本国外から伝来したもの(これのみを雅楽とする見解もある。)
- Introduced numbers from abroad (there is an opinion that they should be taken only as Gagaku)
- 南北朝正閏論以降、宮内省も南朝が正統であるという見解を取った。
- After having discussing the Southern and Northern Courts controversy, the Department of the Imperial Household took the position that being from the Southern Court was the orthodox line.
- 一方で仏教への理解も厚く、各地の名刹に書や物品を下賜している。
- He had a deep understanding of Buddhism as well, and he granted documents and commodities to famous temples.
- なお現在は「ハンセン病を正しく理解する週間」と改称されている。
- Currently the 'Leprosy Prevention Day' has been renamed as the 'Awareness and deep understanding of Hansen's disease week.'
- 霊玉は一角の変化を解き、かつて現八が左目を射た妖猫が姿を現す。
- The bead of soul nullified Ikkaku's transformation and Ikkaku was turned into the specter cat which Genpachi had shot in the left eye.
- 俺には金が必要なのだ… このカネさえあればすべては解決する…。
- I need money… everything will be fine if I get this money….
- 地域国家間の政治的・経済的矛盾は、武力によって解決が図られた。
- Political or economical contradictions among these regional nations were solved through fighting with arms.
- この史実との矛盾点に対し、馬山市の正式な解釈は示されていない。
- No official interpretation has been forthcoming from the city government of Masan that adequately resolves this discrepancy between the historical facts and the grounds for their claims that Tsushima is part of Korea.
- 「絵抄系」は、挿絵で理解をはやめ正確にしようとしたものである。
- Esho-kei' attempted to help the student get a faster and accurate grasp of its texts with the aid of illustrations.
- そして、こうした問題を解決するため、親王任国の制度を奏上した。
- In order to solve these problems, he proposed the Emperor establish the Shinno-ningoku system.
- 父は『令集解』の著者惟宗直本、孫は『政事要略』の著者惟宗允亮。
- His father was KOREMUNE no Naomoto who wrote 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the civil statutes), and KOREMUNE no Masasuke who wrote 'Seiji Yoryaku' (examples of the politics in the Heian period) was his grandson.
- 年号は統一され神器も南朝方に返されて北朝はいったん解体される。
- With the era names unified and the Sacred Treasures returned to the Southern Court the Northern Court was terminated.
- 6月、師直は直義の要請で執事を解任される(後任は甥の高師世)。
- In June, Moronao was fired as steward by the request of Tadanao (his successor was his nephew, KO no Moroyo).
- その後は専門学者が令師(りようし)として解釈の治定にあたった。
- Subsequently, specialized scholars decided the interpretation as ryoshi.
- 議会は満場一致で首長解任を決議し、新首長にサバーハを指名した。
- The congress unanimously decided on dismissing the Chief and named Sabah as the new Chief.
- この説の先駆者は瀧川政次郎である(「日本歴史解禁」昭和25年)。
- The pioneer of this theory is Masajiro TAKIKAWA ('Opening the Door of Japanese History', 1950).
- 同大学には1964年に能舞台が新設されたため解体保存されていた。
- The Noh stage was taken apart and preserved since a new one was built in the university in 1964.
- 1941年国民学校令の施行で唱歌は芸能科音楽へと発展的解消した。
- In 1941 with the enforcement of the National School Order, shoka developed into the geinoka (entertainment course) music.
- 「隠された出典」と解釈されたものに以下のようなものがあげられる。
- The following is what is interpreted as 'hidden sources.'
- 京大当局は70年代後半になってこれらの運動基盤の解体に着手した。
- In the late 70's, the authority of Kyoto University stated to destroy such bases of movements.
- 一方で受領は勘解由使や受領考過定など監査制度の制約も受けていた。
- On the other hand, they had some restrictions through an auditing system such as Kageyushi (Board of Discharge Examiners) and Zuryo kokatei (Evaluation of Zuryo).
- 従来、撰銭令は撰銭そのものをなくすためのものだと理解されてきた。
- In the past, it was understood that Erizenirei was used to eliminate the erizeni act itself.
- 解任の理由は、15日に羽柴秀吉から応援の要請が届いたためである。
- The cause of this dismissal was a request for reinforcements from Hideyoshi HASHIBA that arrived on May 15.
- が、近年、南北朝時代成立の史料により次の見解などが出されている。
- However, the following theories were recently presented based on the historical materials on the establishment of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- しかし、安東氏の十三湊進出自体を遅く見る見解もあり分かれている。
- However, there is an opinion that the Ando clan's advance to Tosaminato itself might have taken place later.
- このように、次第に荘園公領制の解体が推し進められることとなった。
- The decomposition of Shoen Koryo Sei (system of court-owned lands and private manors) was thus steadily driven forward.
- 徳政令が発布され、寺社を支配下に置くための官社解放令が出される。
- A decree commanding benevolent rule was promulgated, and temples and shrines were ordered to free the territories under their control from the system of support by the Bureau of Divinities or the provincial governments.
- また、荻生徂徠の「明律国字解」が司法官の必読書として推奨された。
- Additionally, 'Minritsu kokujikai' by Sorai OGYU was put forward as required reading for judicial officers.
- 焼失以外の事由によって指定を解除された例としては次のものがある。
- The following are examples in which designations have been canceled for reasons other than because the properties have burned down:
- 江戸時代には本居宣長が、不改常典を大化改新時の諸法を指すと解した。
- In the Edo period, Norinaga MOTOORI interpreted that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten means a series of laws formulated during the Taika Reforms.
- しかし、同年7月末に早くも山崎らの「館主連盟」が瓦解してしまった。
- However, YAMAZAKI's 'Kanshu Renmei' fell apart early at the end of July that year.
- 人語を解し、赤い顔をした人間のごとき容姿で、酒を好むとされている。
- Shojo is supposed to look like human beings with red face, understand human language and love alcohol.
- 劇中の問題を解決し、ドラマのしめくくりをつける役であることが多い。
- In many cases, a jitsugoto solves the problems in the drama and conclude the story.
- 作原鼓(7字11行・句数不明)石臼に転用された鼓で、詩は解読不能。
- Zuo-yuan-gu (the number of poems unknown each including 11 lines of seven characters): This gu is the one which was wrongly used as a stone mortar and the poems on it are impossible to read.
- 国家保護と制約から解放されるにつれ、伎楽は様々に形を変えていった。
- As released from the governmental support and restrictions, gagaku has transformed into various ways.
- その解消策として中心駅である福知山駅とその周辺の路線を高架化する。
- As a solution, Fukuchiyama Station, together with surrounding railroads were elevated.
- なお、これによって実質的に大内家は滅亡したとする見解も有力である。
- Meanwhile, there is a popular view that the Ouchi clan would have substantially fallen by this revolt.
- ヨーロッパでは、これを文化財保護の歴史の嚆矢であるとする見解がある。
- Some regard this as the beginning of history of cultural properties preservation in Europe.
- こう考えると、代々のどの継承時に言及されても自然なものと理解できる。
- If standing on this assumption, it seems natural that the code has been cited by each emperor/empress upon his/her enthronement.
- 日本の宗教(にほんのしゅうきょう)では、日本における宗教を解説する。
- 'Religions of Japan' describes religions in Japan.
- 22本を製作したが、同社も翌1938年(昭和13年)春には解散した。
- The above company produced 22 films, but it was also liquidated in the spring of 1938.
- しかし入手した手段が侍の道にもとる非道なものだと誤解され、切腹する。
- However, the way he obtains the money is regarded as a violation of samurai virtues, and he commits seppuku.
- 名田の性格をめぐって、日本史学界では大きく2つの見解が対立していた。
- There have been two major different opinions about the characteristics of myoden in the Japanese historical science world.
- これらの語の指し示す範囲については、大きく2つの見解に分かれている。
- Concerning the control range indicated by each of these terms, there are largely two different opinions.
- だが、廃業に伴いこれら客車も解体されてしまった(SLホテルも参照)。
- But these sleeping cars were dismantled due to the closing down (also refer to the section on Steam Locomotive Hotel).
- ただし、地方指定の文化財が国指定となった場合は地方指定は解除される。
- However, when a prefectural or municipal cultural property becomes nationally designated, the prefectural or municipal designation is canceled.
- その後、西園寺公宗のときに鎌倉幕府が滅亡して関東申次の役を解任される。
- Thereafter, at the generation of Kinmune SAIONJI, the Saionji Family was dismissed from the post of Kanto Moshitsugi after the fall of the Kamakura shogunate.
- そこでは、邴(へい)は鄭の湯沐邑であるとして、湯沐邑について解説する。
- In the article, Hei is said to be Zheng's Tomokuyu and there is an explanation about Tomokuyu.
- そこへデンプンを分解する耐熱性の酵素剤を加えて100℃ほど蒸気で蒸す。
- The heat-stable enzyme, which breaks down the protein, is added to the liquid, which is then cooked with steam of about 100 degrees Celsius.
- こうすると約10分で米のデンプン質が融解してオリゴ糖になり、液化する。
- In about 10 minutes, the rice protein melts and becomes oligosaccharide and is liquidized.
- そのほか、高山では酸性霧の中和に関与していることが解明されてきている。
- In addition, it has also been made clear that this type of kosa is concerned with the neutralization acid fogs in high mountains.
- 前任者は、解由状を式部省へ提出して初めて、次の官職に就くことができた。
- Only after submitting a geyujo to Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies), is the former officer able to assume the next official position.
- だが、その数ヵ月後には源義経に義仲は討たれて、師家は解任されてしまう。
- However, a few months later, Yoshinaka was defeated by Minamoto no Yoshitsune, and Moroie was dismissed.
- 1644年(正保元年)烏丸光広の次男勘解由小路資忠によって創立された。
- The family was established by Suketada KADENOKOJI, the second son of Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU, in 1644.
- 明雲は突如、座主を解任されて所領まで没収された上、伊豆に配流となった。
- Myoun was suddenly forced to quit as Zasu, had his property taken away, and was exiled to Izu.
- 15日、基房・師家が解官され、基通が関白・内大臣・氏長者に任命された。
- Motofusa and Moroie were dismissed from their posts on 22nd (15th in old lunar calendar), and Moromichi was appointed to be the Kanpaku, Naidaijin, and Uji no choja (the head of the clan).
- 「歩射」「騎射」「堂射」の概念を根本に置くと流派の性格を理解しやすい。
- Based upon the ideas of 'Busha,' 'Kisha'' and 'Dosha,' it is easy to understand the character of schools.
- しかし近年の学界では合意はなされていないとする見解が主流である(和談)。
- Recently, however, it is generally believed in academic circles that there was no such agreement.
- その他は建築解体、曳き屋(詳しくは下記分類参照)、木遣り(木材の運搬)。
- The other work includes building demolition, hikiya (refer to the below classification for the details) and kiyari (lumber carrier).
- しかしながら、化学物質が分解されて有害なものになることも懸念されている。
- However, there is also concern about chemicals that might decompose into dangerous ones.
- 中島飛行機(財閥解体後、主要5社が合同し、富士産業・現富士重工業を設立)
- Nakajima airplane (after the dissolution of Zaibatsu, major five companies jointly established Fuji Sangyo (now Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd.))
- 凶党が発生した場合、国衙は即時に中央の太政官へ報告書(国解)を送付した。
- When gangsters started a criminal act, the kokuga sent a report about it (called Kokuge) to Daijokan in the central government.
- なお、以上のような解由制は、主に国司の事務引継ぎを対象とするものだった。
- The geyu system described above was mostly concerned with kokushi, or more specifically, handing over a description of matters necessary for continuing office duties when a new kokushi was appointed.
- 勘解由使により編纂・集成され、官吏交替の手続きは交替式に則して行われた。
- They were collected and compiled by Kageyushi, and the replacement procedure was conducted based on Kotaishiki.
- 賀茂氏は室町時代には勘解由小路家を称したが、戦国時代に断絶したとされる。
- The Kamo clan identified itself as the Kadenokoji (it is also read Kageyukoji) family in the Muromachi period, but this name was abandoned in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 室町時代に賀茂在方の子在貞・在長(在豊・在成とも)が勘解由小路を称した。
- In the Muromachi period, Arinaga (aka Aritoyo/Arinari), the son of KAMO no Arikata, took the name of Kadenokoji.
- 特に、会所が最も発達した室町時代については、節を設けて詳しく解説したい。
- The following is a detailed explanation of the Kaisho during the Muromachi period, which is when they were developed the most.
- 江戸到着直後に太政官制度が発足し三職は廃され、熾仁親王の総裁職は解かれた。
- Just after arriving in Edo, the system of the Grand Council of State was established and the Sanshoku (president, Gijo, counselor) was abolished, the Prince's position as the President was no longer valid.
- 「サデイストとしての春永、マゾヒストとしての光秀」と解釈されることもある。
- The structure is also interpreted as the contrast between 'Harunaga as a sadist and Mitsuhide as a masochist.'
- 養老7年(723年)、田地の不足を解消するために三世一身の法が制定された。
- In 723, Sanze isshin no ho (the law to assure the possession of the reclaimed land for three generations) was established in order to deal with the lack of rice fields.
- が、アメリカ式で食べていれば、幾分は犬食い姿勢が解消できたのかもしれない。
- However, if they eat in American style, Inugui posture might be improved in some degree.
- 『二番手赤穂浪士』の配給権を日活に売却、代金を従業員への解散手当てとした。
- Distribution rights of 'Nibante Ako Roshi' were assigned to Nikkatsu and proceeds from the sales were used to pay employee severance allowances.
- 而師鼓(6字11行・17句)半数の字が満遍なく破損しており、詩は解読不能。
- Er-shi-gu (17 poems each including 11 lines of six characters): A half of the characters are evenly broken and the poem is impossible to read.
- 以下の外部サイトでも関連作品の列挙と解説が行われているので、参照されたい。
- Refer to the following websites, where related works are listed and explained:
- その後も明智光秀の丹波経略に内藤氏も名を留めており、貞勝とする見解がある。
- Sadakatsu is also thought to be the member of the Naito clan who later joined the conquest of Tanba by Mitushide AKECHI.
- この結果同学会は解散させられ、中心人物と目された学生2名が逮捕起訴された。
- As a result, the Dogaku-kai was forced to dismantle and two students who were considered the leaders were arrested and charged.
- 国家主義的な歴史観のくびきから解かれた戦後史学は多くの重要な実績を残した。
- After the war, history has been released from the restrictions of nationalistic views of history and has achieved many important results.
- 2003年5月21日 第4回協議会において比企地区任意合併協議会解散を決定
- May 21, 2003: Decided the dissolution of the Hiki Area Voluntary Council for Merger during a meeting by the fourth council
- 鎌倉末期に蝦夷大乱において惣領から退けられた季長を上国家の祖と見なす見解。
- And, the theory to regard Suenaga as the ancestor of the Kaminokuni family, who was discarded to be the heir of the family because of the Ezo War in the late Kamakura period.
- 土佐藩の坂本龍馬らの仲介があって、薩摩藩と長州藩は和解、倒幕の密約を結ぶ。
- With Ryoma SAKAMOTO of the Tosa clan acting as an intermediary, the Satsuma and Choshu clans reconciled and concluded a secret agreement for tobaku.
- 保元・平治両乱は政治抗争が武力で解決されることを示した歴史的な事件だった。
- Both the Hogen no ran (Hogen Rebellion) and Heiji no ran (Heiji Rebellion) were historical events that indicated that political conflict can be solved by military force.
- 半済令に伴う影響としては、荘園が解体への第一歩を踏み始めた点が挙げられる。
- The most noticeable influence of the practice of the hanzei law was that it triggered the first step to demise of manors.
- 現存する漢訳は、偈頌と散文とでできており、偈頌の内容を散文で解説している。
- The existing Sinitic version is written in verse and prose, and the Buddhist text in verse is explained in prose.
- 細画とは細部まで細かく描き込んだ絵、大画は豪放な作風の絵と解釈されている。
- An elaborate painting is interpreted as a work described in every detail, and monumental painting is interpreted as having a high-minded style.
- 大日本帝国憲法を素直に解釈すると、天皇は大きな権力を持っていたように読める。
- When the Constitution of the Empire of Japan is interpreted without argument, it can be read as if the Emperor had very strong powers.
- 実は重成のとりなしで淀君の勘気を解かせ、且元を登城させて討つ陰謀なのである。
- This is in fact a plot to make him dispel Yodogimi's disfavor and attend the castle before killing him there.
- (君が代の歌詞を)「我が国の末永い繁栄と平和を祈念したものと解するのが適当」
- 'And it is reasonable to take the lyrics of Kimigayo to mean the wish as for the lasting prosperity and the peace of such a country as ours.'
- これらの条文や憲法全体の解釈運用にあたっては、大きく分けて2つ学派があった。
- There were mainly two school sects regarding interpretation and operation of these provisions and the whole constitution.
- ただ、布団状のものが飛んできて顔面にかぶさって窒息させるものとの解釈がある。
- And some people explain - about what Yanagida means - that something like a futon (the general term of Japanese bedcovers) comes floating and abruptly covers a human's face until death.
- 同年4月の初めの夕刻、撮影所内の通称「マキノトーキー広場」で解散式を行った。
- A farewell ceremony was held in the evening of a day in early April at commonly-called 'Makino Talkie Square' located in the studio.
- 建築物を基礎から分離し上物は解体、分解せずそのままの形で移動、移設する職業。
- Hikiya worker separates a structural building from its foundation, and moves or relocates the upper portion of the building to another place without demolishing or dismantling it.
- 敗戦後、昭和24年(1949年)に配給制が解かれ酒類販売の自由化がなされた。
- After Japan was defeated in World War II, the rationing system was abolished and the liberalization of alcohol sales was initiated in 1949.
- このことが、日本の民間信仰の説明に用いられる時に、誤解が発生する原因である。
- This is a reason why misinterpretations sometimes occur in discussions about the folk beliefs of Japan.
- 最近では1993年5月5日に発生して甚大な被害を出した(後節で詳しく解説)。
- The latest one occurred on May 5, 1993 and inflicted significant damage (to be described later in further details).
- 奥州藤原氏が築いた独自政権の仕組みは鎌倉幕府に影響を与えたとする解釈もある。
- Some take the view that the original political system developed by the Oshu Fujiwara clan influenced the Kamakura shogunate.
- そのためこの複雑な感情を解き明かそうとして後述のような文学作品が創作された。
- For this reason, some literary works, covered later, written in an attempt to unravel his complex feelings.
- 『令義解(りようのぎげ)』はこうした気運のなかで斤定された公的注釈書である。
- 'Ryo no gige' (commentary on the Ryo) is a public commentary published during such trends.
- 下剋上を鎌倉期から武家社会に見られた主君押込め慣行として理解する見解もある。
- One point of view holds that the custom of shukun oshikome (shutting away/neutralizing one's lord) often seen among the warrior society in the Kamakura period is another type of gekokujo.
- しかし人格に秀で、他者への気遣いが巧かった家茂の機転で和宮-大奥側は後に和解。
- However Iemochi, who was smart and considerate to others, helped to solve the conflict with the Ooku side.
- 後白河も同意したため、明雲は天台座主を解任され所領も没収、伊豆に配流となった。
- Goshirakawa agreed and Myoun was removed from the head priest position of the Tendai sect and his private land was taken away, then was banished to Izu Province.
- 9本の映画を製作したが、設立半年後の1935年(昭和10年)4月には解散した。
- The company produced nine films, but was liquidated half a year after its establishment in April of 1935.
- この問題を解決するために生まれたのが、「搨模」(とうも)と呼ばれる方法である。
- To clear this problem, a new method named 'tomo' was invented.
- そのころ京都駅に戻ってきた笹井とマキノとの密談で、同年4月の同社解散を決めた。
- Around that time, Sasai who returned to Kyoto and Makino had a secret meeting and they decided to liquidate the company in April of the same year.
- 一応大会競技規定は存在するが、競技者がそれを読み、理解しているとは言いがたい。
- Although there are the rules for the tournaments, it cannot be believed that the players read them and understand them.
- 最終的には、太閤検地に伴う荘園の解体により領家という地位も消滅したことになる。
- Eventually, shoen were demised by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), leading to extinction of the position of ryoke as well.
- その後、南北朝時代 (日本)に大番役が廃れ、旧来の大犯三箇条の解釈が変わった。
- Then, Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) was abolished during the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and the conventional interpretation of Taibon Sankajo had been changed.
- しかしながら、反発する薩摩藩、長州藩らとの内戦(戊辰戦争)に敗北し、瓦解した。
- However, the bakufu was defeated in the civil war with Satsuma domain and Choshu domain against such a move of the bakufu (Boshin Civil War) and was ruined.
- 「注釈本系」は、単語や短句、文意について、「注」の形で解説を試みたものである。
- Chushakubon-kei' attempted to give a commentary on words, phrases and sentence meanings in the form of 'book notes.'
- 解由状に関する規定は、根本法令である大宝律令・養老律令には置かれていなかった。
- No specification for geyujo was stipulated in the basic laws of Taiho Code and Yoro Code.
- ところで、平安期当時、前任者が解由状を受理することを受領(ずりょう)といった。
- By the way, in the Heian period, the act of a predecessor accepting a geyujo was called 'zuryo.'
- しかしそれを四神相応とする以上、奈良時代には別の解釈がとられていたことになる。
- However, as long as it is associated with Shijin-so-o topography it is likely that another interpretation would have been accepted during the Nara period.
- 万世一系を否定する見解を徹底して主張した歴史家や知識人は、決して多くはなかった。
- Most historians and intellectuals could not insist their opinion that denied the unbroken Imperial line.
- 『古事記伝』では、「五瀬」は「厳稲」の意味とし、穀物や食料の神の意と解している。
- According to 'Kojiki-den' (Commentary on the Kojiki), 'Itsuse' (五瀬) was understood as (厳稲) (literally, majesty of rice), and therefore, he was identified as the god of crops and foods.
- 翌1932年(昭和7年)10月、早くも「東活」は解散、等持院撮影所は閉鎖された。
- The next year, in October 1932, 'Tokatsu' dissolved in a short term and Tojiin Studio was closed.
- これらは、従前の正史的歴史観への新たな歴史的意味付けの所産であると解されている。
- It is understood that these were produced by giving new historical meanings to the views of history in the previous official histories.
- したがって下記にある若党、中間、小者に分けた解説はあくまで参考程度の内容である。
- Therefore, the following description dividing them into wakato, chugen, and komono should be read only as a guide.
- 797年(延暦16年)頃に国司交替の際に行政実績を監査する勘解由使が設置された。
- Around 797, kageyushi was introduced to audit results of the administration when a kokushi (provincial governor) was to be replaced.
- 荻生の実兄である儒学者荻生徂徠も弟の影響を受けて「明律国字解」という本を著した。
- Confucianist Sorai OGYU, the blood brother of Ogyu was influenced by his younger brother and also authored a book 'Minritsu kokujikai' (The Ming code, with Japanese explication).
- 1961年(昭和36年)4月10日付けで陶器3件が重要文化財の指定を解除された。
- On April 10, 1961, three pieces of earthenware had their designations as important cultural properties canceled.
- 見かねた源五兵衛は、二人を引き取り、勘当が解けるまでは別々に住むがいいと提案する。
- As Gengobei could not just watch their miserable situation, he decides to take care of them and advised them to live separately until the two families accepted them.
- 観光名所をコースで遊覧し、車夫が観光ガイドとして解説してくれるものが一般的である。
- In general, jinrikisha take people to tourist attractions on sightseeing tours, with commentary provided by the rickshaw man, who acts as a tour guide.
- 奉安殿の多くは戦後解体・もしくは地中に埋められ、御真影も全て奉還された訳ではない。
- After the war, many of the Hoan-den were dismantled or buried in the ground, but not all goshin-ei portraits were returned to the emperor.
- また、地頭と荘園領主との間で作合を巡る争いの解決方策として下地中分が行われ始めた。
- In addition, as a solution to dissolve disputes over sakuai (share that each shiki had for taxes) between jito and shoenryoshu, Shitaji chubun (physical division of the land) was started.
- Also, shitaji chubun (physical division of land) started to take place as a solution to a conflict between jito and shoen ryoshu over sakuai.
- 坂本によって名体制の成立と王朝国家の成立とが初めて有機的に理解されるようになった。
- Thanks to Sakamoto, the establishment of the myo-system and that of Dynastic polity were coordinately understood for the first time.
- そのため、織田政権・豊臣政権・江戸幕府などの統一政権の誕生とともに解消に向かった。
- Therefore, such problems had been gradually eliminated as the centralized government, such as the Oda government, the Toyotomi government, and the Edo bakufu, were born.
- また、海上においては海賊勢力を解体して大名の水軍武士と漁民に分離するものであった。
- Also, they were to dismantle the pirates' power and separate suigun (navy) samurai from fisher men.
- 当初は勘解由小路とも号し、頼資の孫である広橋兼仲の日記は『勘仲記』と呼ばれている。
- At the beginning the family called itself also Kadenokoji and, therefore, the diary of Kanenaka HIROHASHI was called 'Kanchuki.'
- そのため、大正5年(1915年)に当主の意志で世襲財産の解除が行えるようになった。
- Therefore, in 1915, it became possible to cancel the setting of the hereditary property at the owner's discretion.
- この場での團十郎は戦国武将としての光秀を演じると解釈し、あっさりと謀反の野望を抱く。
- Danjuro's interpretation of Mitsuhide in this scene was as a feudal warlord and therefore he easily oriented himself to rebellion.
- 「主権」という語は多義的にさまざまな意味に解釈することができるため注意が必要である。
- Since the word 'sovereign power' can be interpreted in various means, it is necessary to be careful.
- しかし種々の難問があったことや所期の目的を達成したことからすぐに解散の声明を発した。
- However, because various difficult problems existed and initial purposes were achieved, the announcement about dissolving the body was issued.
- このほかに桂枝雀 (2代目)による四分類法(ドンデン、謎解き、へん、合わせ)がある。
- In addition to the classification above, the second Shijaku KATSURA classified otoshi-banashi into four categories according to the type of punchline, namely, donden (punchlines which amuse the audience with an unexpected twist to an ordinary story line), nazotoki (that suggest the answer to a riddle presented to the audience within the story), hen (that amuses the audience by taking the story on a tangent), and awase (punchlines that amuse the audience by bringing together two separate things mentioned earlier in the story).
- 徳田武らによって『八犬伝』に執筆当時の社会情勢への馬琴の批評を見出す解釈も存在する。
- Some researchers including Takeshi TOKUDA are trying to see in 'Hakkenden' Bakin's criticism against social situation of those days.
- 義経、弁慶主従をのせるために用意された船はともづなを解き、主従の乗るのを待っている。
- The boat prepared for Yoshitsune and his retainers including Benkei is unmoored and waiting for them.
- この論争は2007年現在も継続しており、いまだ定説と見なされる見解は確定していない。
- This controversy was still under way as of 2007 without reaching any settlement over an accepted theory.
- 元亀4年(1573年)4月12日、武田信玄が信濃駒場で病死し、信長包囲網は瓦解した。
- On May 23 (Apri 12 in old lunar calendar), 1573, in Komanba in Shinano Province, Shingen TAKEDA died of illness, leading to dissolution of the coalition against Nobunaga.
- 鐚銭の理解には、単に贋金や加工銭などのほかに、中国などの通貨の実体を知る必要がある。
- To have more accurate knowledge about bitasen coins, it is necessary to know the facts about currencies in China and other nations concerned, in addition to having knowledge about false coins and modified coins.
- 近代史学の発達とともに、律令の研究はその解釈にとどまらず、多方面にわたって深化した。
- With the development of studies in modern history, research on ritsuryo deepened in various directions beyond interpretation.
- この日、解官された者は39名(公卿8名、殿上人・受領・検非違使など31名)に及んだ。
- Up to thirty-nine people were dismissed from their office on this day (eight Kugyo (court nobles), Tenjobito (a courtier allowed to enter the Imperial Palace), Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), thirty-one Kebiishi (police and judicial chief)).
- 政元はこれに反対するが、畠山氏の家督問題を解決させるため、義材は討伐軍を進発させた。
- Although Masamoto was against this request, Yoshiki marched off with a punitive force to settle the issue of the succession to the head of Hatakeyama clan.
- 現代の日本では次表のような、四神を「山川道澤」に対応させる解釈が一般に流布している。
- In modern Japan, the interpretation that the Four Gods are related to 'mountain, river, road and lake,' as shown in the following table, is generally accepted.
- そのため、他家の定紋は出来るだけ配慮して使わないこととする暗黙の了解があったとある。
- Hence, there was an unspoken rule to avoid using other Jomon (family crests) as much as possible.
- 伏見天皇の時代は、持明院統と大覚寺統が解決策を見つけられず綱引きをしていた時代である。
- During the reign of Emperor Fushimi, there was a dispute over who wielded political power as the Jimyo-in and Daikaku-ji lines were unable to come to an agreement.
- この急速な変化は、当時政界首班となっていた藤原良房の意図に基づくものとする見解もある。
- There is a view that such rapid change was caused by FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa who was the political leader at the time.
- 直ちに幕府は院政は認められないとする見解を朝廷に通告するものの、上皇はこれを黙殺した。
- The government of Edo immediately warned the Imperial Palace not to accept the cloister government, but the Retired Emperor Reigen took no notice of it.
- 明治2年(1869年)9月、処分を解かれ、明治3年(1870年)10月に伏見宮に復帰。
- In October 1869, he was absolved from punishment and in October 1870 he returned to Fushimi no miya.
- この話を聞いて私兵を率いて武芝の許を訪れた平将門は興世王と武芝を会見させて和解させた。
- TAIRA no Masakado, who visited Takeshiba with his troops after learning of the dispute, settled the problem peacefully by arranging a meeting between Prince Okiyo and Takeshiba.
- 同年12月には、阪東妻三郎プロダクション、高田稔プロダクションが解散を余儀なくされた。
- Bando Tsumasaburo Productions and Takada Minoru Productions were forced to disband in December of 1935.
- 妖怪研究家(作家)・多田克己らの著書においては、雲外鏡は、鏡の付喪神と解釈されている。
- Some people, like Katsumi TADA, a ghost researcher and a writer, explain in their books that Ungaikyo is a mirror version of Tsukumo-gami.
- 菅丞相の庇護のもと、つつがなく暮していた白太夫一家が、政変により一気に瓦解してしまう。
- The Shiratayu family that protected Kanshojo lived in peace but that collapsed with the change of government.
- - 死後、肉体を離れた魂が、遺恨を解くため現世に残り、生前の姿で幽かに可視化したもの。
- Yurei are spirits that have departed from the body but remain in Utsushiyo as they have a grudge about something that happened before death, and they too appear faintly in the form they had during life.
- 栄養面からも脂肪の分解やビタミンやミネラルの吸収を助けるなどの効果があるとされている。
- From the nutritional viewpoint, it is also said to promote decomposition of fat and absorption of vitamins and minerals effectively.
- 義満は和解論を退け「当家の運と山名家の運とを天の照覧に任すべし」と述べて決戦を決める。
- Yoshimitsu avoided the peace treaty, and he decided to fight by saying, 'I leave up to the view of the heavens the destinies of my clan and the Yamana clan.'
- しかし大学の夏期休暇などもあり学内の抗議運動は終息、自由擁護連盟も弾圧により解体した。
- However, with the summer break at university, the protest movement within the university ended and the Jiyu Yogo Renmei was dissolved because of pressure.
- ただし、全ての座が解体した訳ではなく、座役を伴わない商業共同体として残ったものもある。
- This was not to say, however, that all za were dismantled, and in fact some of them remained as commercial communities which did not have to do za-yaku.
- 解由状(げゆじょう)は、古代日本の律令制における、官人交替の際の事務引継ぎ文書である。
- A geyujo is a document that, when an officer in a position is replaced with another person under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in ancient Japan, was issued confirming the change necessary for continuing office duties.
- さらに、鎌倉時代前期には、受領支配が有名無実化したため、受領の解由状も消滅していった。
- Furthermore, in the first half of the Kamakura period, control by zuryo became existent in name only and geyujo for zuryo went out of existence as well.
- 山名は、中腹に牛頭天王を祀る山崎天王社(現 自玉手祭来酒解神社)があることに由来する。
- The name of the mountain comes from Yamazaki Tennosha Shrine (now Tamadeyori Matsurikitaru Sakatoke-jinja Shrine) enshrining Gozu Tenno (deity said to be the Indian god Gavagriva) on the mountainside.
- 藤原北家白河家流では、藤原伊尹の子孫経尹-行尹と続き、行尹が勘解由小路を号したとある。
- The Shirakawa family lineage of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan continued to FUJIWARA no Tsunetada, the son of Koretada/Koremasa and his son Yukitada, and Yukitada then took the name Kadenokoji.
- 立花はこの解釈に基づき、三職推任を信長の勝利と位置づけ、朝廷が拒めなかったものとした。
- Based on this interpretation, Tachibana concluded that Sanshoku suinin indicated Nobunaga's victory over the Imperial Court which it was unable to veto.
- この治承三年の政変をもって、武家政権としての平氏政権が初めて成立したとする見解もある。
- This 'Political Change in Jicho 3 (1179)' is considered by some as the initial establishment of the Taira clan administration as a bushi government.
- 平氏政権は清盛という一個人に大きく依存しており、清盛の死から数年のうちに瓦解に至った。
- The Taira clan government relied heavily upon Kiyomori himself, and disintegrated within several years of his death.
- 『今昔百鬼拾遺』の解説文によれば、屏風のぞきとは屏風の外側から人を覗き込む妖怪である。
- According to a caption in the 'Konjaku Hyakki Shui,' the byobu nozoki is a yokai which peeps at people from behind a byobu (folding screen).
- 標準的な風水の観点では、船岡山を玄武を伝ってやってくる山龍が目指す星峰と解釈している。
- In the standard viewpoint of feng shui, Mt. Funaoka is interpreted as Seiho, to which Sanryu, a dragon of mountains, is headed via Genbu.
- 大正デモクラシーの時期には、天皇制を自由主義的に解釈する吉野作造の民本主義なども現れた。
- During the period of Taisho democracy, ideas such as Minponshugi, or a democratic interpretation of Tennosei in liberalism, by Sakuzo YOSHINO appeared.
- これは『唐音和解』にある中国の俗歌「酔胡蝶」の「一更裡天一更裡天、月照紗窓」に由来する。
- This song derived from '一更裡天一更裡天、月照紗窓,' a phrase of Chinese popular song 'Suikocho' (drunken butterfly) compiled in 'Toon Wage.'
- 妖怪や怪異をだまし絵のように描写することで、それらが人間の妄想であるかのように解釈する。
- As above, monsters and apparitions are drawn like illusionism, which is interpreted as human delusions.
- 以前は補助機関車の連結・解結のため全ての旅客列車が長時間停車していた(碓氷峠鉄道参照)。
- In old times, in the Usuitoge Line, all the passenger train were stopped for a long time at the station because attachment and release of the bank engine were operated there (see Usui Toge Railway).
- 明治には新政府の政策に反対する徴兵令反対一揆や解放令反対一揆、地租改正反対一揆が起こる。
- In the Meiji period, uprisings in objection to the policies of the new government, including choheirei hantai ikki (conscription ordinance objection uprising), kaihorei hantai ikki (edict of Grand Council of State objection uprising), and chiso kaisei hantai ikki (land-tax reform objection reform), occurred.
- ここで、毛人は蝦夷に体毛が多かったためだと解し、やはり体毛が多いアイヌと比べる説がある。
- One theory explains that the Emishi had a lot of body hair (毛), which compares with the Ainu, who are hairy in general.
- このように当初は太政官が郡司・百姓らの主張を認め、国司を解任することが基調となっていた。
- Initially as described above, it was common that Daijokan approved claims of gunji and farmers and dismissed the kokushi.
- そこで、同詔によって、解由状の発行と式部省への提出を再徹底することが通達されたのである。
- Therefore, this mikotonori was issued to remind officers that they were responsible for issuing a geyujo and for submitting it to the Shikibu-sho.
- このため家臣を養いえず、直臣1万の家禄を削減するとともに、陪臣2万に暇を出して解雇した。
- This deprived the Date clan of its power to feed its vassals, and was forced to cut hereditary stipends of 10,000 direct retainers and laid off 20,000 indirect vassals.
- 尊氏は後醍醐天皇との和解を図り、三種の神器を接収し持明院統の光明天皇を擁立(北朝)した。
- Takauji sought reconciliation with Emperor Godaigo, and having regained control over the three Imperial Regalia, he became the principal support for Emperor Komyo of the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) lineage (the Northern Court).
- いかに生々しく憎く演じるかで、団七が引き立ち観客も団七の苦渋と殺人に至る経過が理解できる。
- How vivid and hateful he acts making Danshichi standout and audience understand Danshichi's anguish and the process leading up to the murder.
- 「(中略)いずれ会う機会が増えて、打ち解けて話をするようになることを楽しみにしています。」
- (omission of a sentence) I hope that we can see her more often, and that we and Aiko can talk freely in someday.'
- 同年10月、わずか1年で早くも東活映画社が解散し、東亜キネマは「等持院撮影所」を閉鎖する。
- In October of the same year, Tokatsu Eiga-sha was liquidated only one year after its establishment, and Toa Kinema closed 'Tojiin Studio.'
- 織田信長が新都市に楽市・楽座をおこない、最終的に豊臣秀吉によって中世の座は解体させられた。
- Nobunaga ODA launched rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) in new cities, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI ultimately dismantled the za system of the medieval period.
- 公家社会は幕末まで温存されたが、明治維新期に解体され、公家のほとんどは華族身分へ移行した。
- Although the kuge society was retained until the end of the Edo period, it was abolished in the course of the Meiji Restoration and most of the kuge shifted to the social status of peerage.
- 一時後醍醐帝と和解し持明院統の光明天皇を擁立(北朝 (日本))して征夷大将軍に任ぜられた。
- He came to a temporary understanding with Emperor Godaigo, where he supported and protected Emperor Komyo of the Jimyoin-line (the Northern Court) and thus was appointed seii taishogun.
- この規定によって重要文化財の指定を解除されたものの大部分は火災によって焼失したものである。
- The majority of cancellations of designations as important cultural properties based on this ordinance are in reference to those that have burned in fires.
- 女性は、和服が一般的で、洋装するのは左翼運動で女性解放運動を主張するなど一部の者に限られた。
- For women, wafuku was common and wearing western clothes was limited to some women who advocated women's liberation movement under leftist movement.
- 再三の守護代罷免・復任劇は内藤氏が如何に細川氏内紛に関わっていたかを物語るとする見解がある。
- There is a view that these dramatic and repeated replacements of the shugodai show how deeply the Naito clan was involved in the internal conflict of the Hosokawa clan.
- しかし同社は資金難により2か月で解散、この間に製作したうちの2作の配給が決まらず宙に浮いた。
- However, Kokusai Eiga-sha was liquidated two months after its establishment due to financial difficulties, leaving the two films it produced undistributed.
- しかしながら、観測点に偏りがあることに加え、気象観測だけでは黄砂現象の解明には不十分である。
- However, the observation points are not placed uniformly nor weather observations alone are enough for understanding kosa phenomena thoroughly.
- 開発領主はそれらの武士貴族と主従関係を結ぶことにより、荘園を巡る紛争解決に役立てようとした。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to establish the lord-and-vassal relationship with those samurai to facilitate dispute resolution over their shoen.
- 神道側の解釈として金毘羅大権現は大物主とも牛頭天王(スサノオ)とも、また崇徳天皇ともされた。
- The understanding in Shinto is that Konpira Daigongen is Omono nushi (a Japanese ancient god), Susanoo or Emperor Sutoku.
- 更に建武の新政では諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化は急速に進んだ。
- Moreover, at the Kenmu Restoration honke shiki and ryoke shiki in various provinces were abolished and Kansha (shrines) kaiho (liberation) edict was issued, therefore the monistical ruling was rapidly advanced.
- 戦前(1940年代以前)は平安時代を王朝政治の形骸化・地方政治の荒廃が進んだ時期と解釈した。
- Before the war (before the 1940's) the Heian period was interpreted as a period when dynasty government was becoming a mere shell or dead letter and local government was devastating.
- 明治維新後の1872年(明治5年)、再び株仲間は解散を命じられ、以降復活することはなかった。
- In 1872 after the Meiji Restoration, kabunakama were ordered to dissolve again and it has never had a resurgence since then.
- したがって、武士以外の苗字帯刀禁止によって百姓や町人などが完全に武装解除されたわけではない。
- Therefore, the fact that the myojitaito right was given to samurai alone did not mean that people like farmers or merchants were completely prohibited from possessing any arms.
- 「鎌倉時代」あるいは「鎌倉幕府」の始まりをどこに置くかは、研究者によって見解が分かれている。
- Opinions on when the 'Kamakura period' or 'Kamakura bakufu' started are divided.
- 家格は半家 (公家)(詳細は祖先にあたる阿倍氏土御門家(室町~明治時代)の項目で解説する)。
- The social standing of the Tsuchimikado family was hange (kuge), kuge of lower rank (and the details have been discussed under the Tsuchimikado Family of the Abe Clan (Muromachi Period to Meiji Period), the ancestors of the Tsuchimikado family).
- 法皇は鳥羽殿に幽閉され、関白・基房は解任・配流、院近臣39名が解官された(治承三年の政変)。
- Cloistered emperor Goshirakawa was put under house arrest at Toba Palace, while his Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Motofusa was dismissed from his post and banished, and 39 of his close retainers were relieved of their official duties (in what became known as the Jisho Coup, so named because it occurred in the third year of the Jisho era).
- この密約には義満によって一方的に九州探題を解任され失脚していた今川了俊が仲介役になっている。
- This secret agreement was reached through the mediation of Ryoshun IMAGAWA, who had unilaterally lost his standing and had been dismissed from his post as tandai (local military commissioner) of Kyushu thanks to Yoshimitsu's machinations.
- 律令条文の解釈・研究は、701年(大宝元年)に大宝律令が施行された直後からはじめられている。
- The interpretation and research of ritsuryo text began immediately after the Taiho code was enforced in 701.
- 明治41年(1908年)12月までに6回開演したが、東京毎日新聞社の組織変更とともに解散した。
- It had had six performances by December, 1908, but it dispersed because of changes of organization of the Tokyo Mainichi Shimbun.
- 昨日とは違う颯爽とした討ち入り装束に身を固め、「宝船」の句の意味を理解してくれたことを喜んだ。
- He was in costumes for a raid and appeared differently from yesterday, and he was pleased to learn `takara bune,' which he recited, was understood.
- しかし、同書の紀年には幾つかの矛盾が見られ、それを解決するための議論がいくつか提示されてきた。
- However, the calendar era of the book shows some contradictions with regard to the year of his enthronement; therefore, many theories relating to the accurate year have been presented.
- 続いて宣化を擁立する等欽明朝と安閑・宣化朝は一時並立し、宣化の崩御により解消されたと主張した。
- Subsequently supporters of Ankan supported Senke; therefore, the court of Kinmei and the court of Ankan/Senka coexisted side by side at one time; but this juxtaposition was dissolved by the demise of Senka; this was what Kida insisted.
- 同年2月14日に平貞盛・藤原秀郷らとの合戦で将門が討ち死にすると、将門の勢力は一気に瓦解した。
- Masakado died in the battle against TAIRA no Sadamori and FUJIWARA no Hidesato on February 14 of the same year, 940, whereupon his influence immediately ceased.
- しかし「館主連盟」が7月末には瓦解、5つのプロダクションのうち3つが解散を余儀なくされていく。
- However, the association collapsed at the end of July and three out of the five production companies were forced to disband.
- また生後の氏神参りを他宗教でいう洗礼とみなし、これをもって神道の一員になるという解釈も出来る。
- The custom of bringing a baby to the deity of the clan (ujigami) after birth may be interpreted as a kind of baptism of other religions, which gives the membership of Shinto.
- 同時に独立したプロダクションたちとともに、中根プロは3本の喜劇映画を撮って、8月には解散した。
- Nakane Productions was closed down in August after shooting three comedy films along with the other independent productions that had started their businesses around the same time.
- 「太秦撮影所現代劇部」は解散、『飛行夜叉』全3作は未完のまま、35本のサイレント映画を残した。
- The 'Contemporary Drama Division of Uzumasa Studio' was dissolved, and the three films called 'Hiko Yasha' were never completed and the company left behind thirty-five silent films.
- その必要性の背景を明らかにすることは、断髪令以前の社会を更に理解することにつながると思われる。
- Making clear the background of the needs for chonmage can lead to a better understanding of the pre-dampaturei society.
- 地頭は、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていった。
- Jito abolished the traditional stratified land ruling relationships and preferred centralized land ruling.
- その一方、ヨーロッパ封建制と本質的に異なる、日本独自の主従関係であるとする見解も出されている。
- On the other hand, another opinion has been proposed that the master-servant relationship is specific to Japan, being fundamentally different from that found in European feudalism.
- 第一条「士道ニ背キ間敷事」など抽象的な内容で、解釈は局長や副長の一存に委ねられるものであった。
- The contents were abstract, as can be seen in Article 1, 'One should not act against the ways of the samurai,' and interpretation of the rules was up to the Commander or Vice Commander.
- 『山槐記』治承3年(1179年)11月17日条によれば、臨時除目より以下の39名が解官された。
- According to the entry written on December 24 (November 17 in old lunar calendar), 1179 in 'Sankaiki' (Tadachika NAKAYAMA's diary), the following thirty-nine people were dismissed from their positions in the emergency Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials).
- 天平16年(744年)1月13日 (旧暦)、弟の安積親王の死により、斎王の任を解かれ、退下する。
- On February 5, 744, she was dismissed from the post of Saio (high priestess) and resigned due to the death of her younger brother Prince Asaka.
- 日本においては、特に天皇に側近奉仕する文官や位を意味するため、この項目ではこれについて解説する。
- In Japan, this term specially refers to a civil officer who serves an emperor or the rank of that person, and this section describes these.
- このため、多くの憲法学者が、戦後の宮中祭祀を「天皇が私的に執り行う儀式」と解釈するようになった。
- Therefore many constitutional scholars interpreted the postwar Court rituals as the Emperor's private rituals.
- このうち、伊勢 (歌人)集と貫之集下は1929年に冊子の形を解体して一葉ずつの断簡に分割された。
- Among them, the collections of Ise (poet) and Tsurayuki were split into dankan (fragmentary pieces of a book) in 1929.
- 広辞苑では瓦解に関して「一部が落ちれば、その余勢で他の多くの瓦が崩れ落ちるように」と形容される。
- According to the Kojien dictionary, Gakai describes a situation that if a part of Kawara collapses, most of the other will also fall down.
- 会社組織として、建築現場の仮設足場のレンタル・据付・解体を一体となって請け負っている場合が多い。
- In most cases, ashibatobi, as a member of the company organization, has a contract for scaffold rental, erection and disassembly on construction sites.
- しかし休演の理由がたとえ一日で解消されても、本役は三日間舞台に出ることはできない(権利の停止)。
- Although the reason of cancellation is dissolved in one day, the initial actor cannot perform for three days (Suspension of the right).
- 守護大名の権限強化と惣村・郷村の自立とによって、荘園は次第に解体への道を進んでいくこととなった。
- The shoens gradually collapsed with the aggrandizement of shugo-daimyo and the independence of sosons and gosons.
- このように、名主の性格は一概に説明できるものではなく、名田を経営した階層と広義に解釈されている。
- Thus, the myoshu class defies simple characterization and is interpreted broadly as a class of farmers who managed the cultivation of myoden land.
- 824年(天長元年)以降、国司(外官)だけでなく内官(在京の官吏)も勘解由使の監査対象となった。
- In 824 and later, naikan (officers living in Kyoto) in addition to kokushi (officers living outside Kyoto) were also audited by kageyushi.
- 一方、明徳の乱に幕府方として参戦した満貞は、卑怯な振る舞いがあったとして尾張守護を解任され没落。
- On the other hand, Mitsusada, who participated in the Meitoku War on the Shogunate side, was dissmissed from Owari no Shugo (provincial constable of Owari Province) because of his despicabel act, which declined his power.
- 1982年(昭和57年)4月15日付けで縄文時代の深鉢形土器1件が重要文化財の指定を解除された。
- On April 15, 1982, a deep-pot type of pottery of the Jomon period had its designation as an important cultural property canceled.
- 慶応3年(1867年)1月に明治天皇が践祚すると、幟仁親王・熾仁親王父子は許されて謹慎を解かれた。
- In January 1867 after Emperor Meiji ascended to the throne, both father and son, Imperial Prince Takahito and Taruhito were forgiven and allowed to appear in public appearances.
- 歴史家の今谷明は、広義門院による政務就任は公家ではなく幕府からの発案だったとの見解を提示している。
- Historian, Akira IMATANI presents a view that offering the government practices to Kogimonin was proposed by the Bakufu, not by the Court nobles.
- 「私にとっては沖縄県の歴史を紐解くということは島津氏の血を受けている者として心の痛むことでした。」
- For me, as a person descended from Shimazu family, it was a painful task to know fully the history of Okinawa Prefecture.'
- したがって、同時に独立したプロダクションたちとともに、2作目を製作することなく山口プロも解散した。
- As a result, Yamaguchi Pro was dissolved without producing a second movie along with other production companies that had been established at the same time.
- しかし、昭和16年(1941年)12月29日、声明書を発して解散し、「興亜書道連盟」に吸収された。
- However, on December 29, 1941 the association was dissolved issuing an announcement, being absorbed into 'Koa Shodo Renmei.'
- もうひとつは、これまでにない高額のすしを売り出し、市中のすし屋も追従したために一変したという解釈。
- The other one is that the sushi shops started selling sushi at a higher price than before and other ones followed suit, which trend changed the sushi world completely.
- 12世紀中期の保元の乱・平治の乱は、朝廷内部の政争が軍事衝突によって解決された画期的な事件である。
- The Hogen War and the Heiji War in the middle of the 12th century were noteworthy incidents since political conflicts inside the Imperial Court were resolved by means of military confrontations.
- このような事情と、幕府の支配体制が一応の完成を見たことから、慶安4年、幕府は末期養子の禁を解いた。
- For the circumstance described above, and together with the fact that the control system of the shogunate was considered complete and secure for the time being, in 1651, the shogunate lifted the ban on Matsugo yoshi.
- こういった時期を経ることで、現代では一揆の本来の意味は忘れられ、理解されがたくなってしまっている。
- As a result of such events, the original meaning of ikki has been forgotten today and become difficult to understand.
- 1688年『庭訓往来図讃』では、頭書に挿絵を509葉用意、それぞれの挿絵に要語略解をも付けている。
- In 1688, the book 'Teikin Orai Zusan' (Home Education Textbook, the illustrated edition) contained 509 illustrations above the sentences, each supplied with simple comments on keywords.
- この体系が知行であり、日本史における領主階層のあり方を理解する上で、知行の概念の理解は欠かせない。
- Chigyo indicates this system, and understanding the concept of chigyo is indispensable for understanding the position of the territorial lord class in Japanese history.
- 宇治市・城陽市・宇治田原町・井手町→しかし、意見の合意を見ず、2007年8月、合併協議会は解散した
- Uji City, Joyo City, Uji tawara-cho and ide-cho: The negotiation to merge them did not reach an agreement, and the conference for the negotiation was abolished in August 2007.
- 「走り」とは、「先駆け」を意味し、「走り梅雨」とは、梅雨に先駆けて降り続く雨と解釈することもある。
- 'Hashiri' means 'forerunner' and 'hashiri tsuyu' is also understood as a rain continues in advance of baiu.
- しかしながら、17日に光秀は接待役を途中解任されて居城坂本城に帰され、秀吉援護の出陣を命ぜられた。
- However, Mitsuhide was dismissed midway from the marshal on May 17 and made to return to his residence, Sakamoto-jo Castle, and was ordered to deploy to the front in order to support Hideyoshi.
- ここに至って明治新政府も陰陽寮が反「近代科学」勢力の中心になる事を恐れて陰陽寮の解体に乗り出した。
- Then, finally the new Meiji government launched dissolution of Onmyoryo for the fear of it becoming the core of the anti-modern science power.
- 大正8年には弓術は弓道へと改称、武徳会は幾度か射法統一を試みるが普及せず、第二次世界大戦後に解散。
- In 1919 Kyujutsu changed the name to Kyudo, and Butoku-kai tried to integrate the different ways of shooting, but failed, and they dissolved after the World War II.
- 皇位継承法説をとる場合には、桓武天皇以降の法がそれ以前と別の理解をされていたと説くことが通例である。
- Supporters of the imperial succession theory usually argue that the interpretation of laws during the reign of Emperor Kanmu, or later, differs from the way of the time before Emperor Kanmu.
- これには、一箇所で食国法とあっても、他の箇所は皇位継承法として理解するほうが自然だという判断もある。
- Their argument stands on the belief that even if the description, the law of the nation's governance, is used in one place, it is rather natural to understand that the rest of the part is referring to the imperial succession code.
- ただし、年中行事などは信徒であるなしに関わらず一般的に認知されており、キリスト教に対する理解は深い。
- However, annual events are acknowledged by the general public, regardless of whether they are Christians, so Christianity is deeply accepted.
- この解釈に従えば、竜田山の件があった後、夫は宮廷勤めの為都にいってしまい、そのまま音沙汰がなくなる。
- According to this interpretation, the husband goes to the capital for court duty after the incident of Tatsuta-yama Mountain, and is not heard from again.
- また、原作を志向した作品であってもさまざまなレベルの再解釈が行われ、現代の作品として蘇生されている。
- Even works which try to be true to the original are revived as a modern work through different levels of reinterpretation.
- その一方で農村部では各地に存在した荘園は戦国大名や国人領主による押領の対象となり、荘園制は解体する。
- On the other hand, in agricultural community areas, shoen (manor in medieval Japan) existed in various districts became objects of seizure by sengoku daimyo and kokujin ryoshu and the shoen system was broken down.
- また、橋本政宣は、信長が就任を受けたのは征夷大将軍ではなく、太政大臣であったとする見解を出している。
- Masanobu HASHIMOTO presented that Nobunaga accepted the post of Daijo daijin instead of Seii taishogun.
- 荘園公領制の確立と軌を一にして、在地領主は彼ら同士の土地争いの解決のため武装し、武士となっていった。
- With the establishment of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estate), the local lords armed themselves to settle their land disputes and began to become samurai.
- 撰銭を禁じた大名から良貨を大量に仕入れ、これを融解して悪貨を作って戻せば莫大な利益が出ることになる。
- If a person obtained lots of high-quality coins from a daimyo who prohibited erizen, melt them and generated corresponding low-quality coins, the person could gain a huge profit.
- 重継の子江戸重長は初め頼朝と対立して頼朝方の三浦氏を伐ったが、後に和解して鎌倉幕府の御家人となった。
- In the beginning, Shigetsugu's son Shigenaga EDO, opposed to Yoritomo, killed a Miura clan member on the Yoritomo side, but after they made peace, he became a shogunal retainer of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- このため、国人層は伊勢派と細川派に分裂してしまい、翌年には山城国一揆は解散に追い込まれる事になった。
- Due to this, the local samurai class divided into an Ise faction and a Hosokawa faction, and the following year the uprising in Yamashiro Province was forced to disband.
- GHQに没収された刀の多くは赤羽にあった米軍の倉庫に保管され、占領の解除と共に日本政府に返還された。
- Most swords collected by GHQ were stored in US Army's warehouse in Akabane, which were returned to the Japanese government at the end of the occupation.
- そのため、神社建築の様式を解明することは、その神社の祭神の性格を知る上で重要な手がかりの一つとなる。
- Understanding architectural style of a shrine gives important clues about the characteristics of saishin, or the deity of a shrine.
- したがって、同時に独立したプロダクションたちとともに、2作目を製作することなく「山本プロ」も解散した。
- As a result, 'Yamamoto Pro' was dissolved without producing a second film along with other production companies which had been established at the same time.
- 翌1935年(昭和10年)1月、日活の瓦解を目論む松竹が設立した子会社「日本映画配給」に提携先を移す。
- In January of 1935, the company partnered with 'Nihon Eiga Haikyu,' a company established by Shochiku with the aim of destroying Nikkatsu.
- 安土桃山時代に実施された太閤検地により、一つの土地に対する重層的な支配・権利関係がほぼ全て解消された。
- As a result of the Taiko kenchi (the nationwide land survey done by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) carried out in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, the complicated pattern of control and rights over the land were almost entirely dissolved.
- これについては、公営田の施行が次第に拡がったとする見解と、公営田の施行は限定的だったとする見解がある。
- It is interpreted in two ways: one is that Kueiden became popular and the other is that Kueiden was conducted in a limited way.
- 更に、室町幕府の奥羽大名施策において、両安東氏を屋形を称する家柄として秩序立てていたとする見解もある。
- In addition, according to an observation, both Ando families were positioned in the family rank entitled yakata (an honorific title) within the Muromachi bakufu's daimyo (feudal lords) policy in Ou Province, as being used in order to maintain the feudal order of the region.
- ところが、義昭は尾張国の織田信長に頼って同年9月に上洛、朝廷は富田の義栄を解任して義昭を新将軍とした。
- Yoshiaki, on the other hand, won the support of Nobunaga ODA of Owari Province in his procession to Kyoto in October of the same year, and the Imperial Court, dismissing Yoshihide at Tonda, replaced him with Yoshiaki as the new Shogun.
- 飯島幸人東京商船大学名誉教授も船同士の相対運動に潮流は関係ないとして潮流説に否定的な見解を述べている。
- And Yukihito IIJIMA, professor emeritus at Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, criticized the changing tides theory by also asserting the view that tidal speed has no effect on the relative velocity of ships riding the same current.
- また、幕府にとっても、尊氏が征夷大将軍を解任されたため、幕府自体が法的根拠を失ってしまう状況になった。
- Additionally, Takauji was dismissed as Seii Taishogun, the bakufu itself also lost its legal foundation.
- 直後に相手が浪士ではなく土佐藩士麻田時太郎(時次郎、とする説もある)と判明したため、その場で解放した。
- Soon after, the samurai was found to be Tokitaro ASADA (Tokijiro, in another opinion), a retainer of Tosa clan, and not a masterless samurai; therefore, he was released on the spot.
- しかし皇太子については別の解釈方法もあり、傍系継承の淳和天皇、仁明天皇は皇太子に前天皇の子を立てている。
- However, there is another interpretation in the treatment of the imperial prince, in which it is said that Emperor Junna and Emperor Ninmyo, who undertook the collateral line succession, put up the late emperor's son.
- しかし、持氏が幕府と和解したことにより頓挫、同年12月21日に満雅は伊勢国守護・土岐持頼に敗れ戦死する。
- However, Mochiuji came to a settlement with the shogunate and thus the cooperation broke down; accordingly, Mitsumasa was defeated by Mochiyori TOKI, who was Shugo (Military Governor) of Ise Province, and died in the battle on February 3, 1429.
- なお、「ヒガシ」のアップテンポな演奏こそが、曳行する地車の制約から解放された音楽の典型例とも考えられる。
- In addition, the uptempo performance of 'Higashi' is thought to be a typical example of the music of danjiri-bayashi becoming free from the restrictions of drawing danjiri.
- 火事のせいか、当時の「神変麝香猫」全3作シリーズ、9月公開の3作目は『神変麝香猫 火焔解決篇』となった。
- Although it is not known whether or not the fire had an influence on when the next film was to be produced, the third film released in September became 'Shinpen Jakoneko 3: Kaen Kaiketsu-hen' (Masked Cat 3: The Fire was Solved) which was the last of the trilogy, 'Shinpen Jakoneko' (Masked Cat).
- 4.無形の民俗文化財のうち前3号には該当しないが、重要有形民俗文化財の特質を理解するために特に必要なもの
- 4. Immaterial folk cultural properties that are not applicable to the above three numbers yet are especially necessary in order to understand the characteristics of important tangible folk cultural properties.
- これによって勘当を解いてもらおうと、女房お六を小万と名乗る深川芸者をさせて、百両の調達しようとしている。
- Since he wanted his father's forgiveness, he made his wife Oroku work as a geisha named Koman in Fukagawa (in Edo, present Tokyo) to prepare 100 ryo.
- このグレーゾーン状態を解消するため、1996年から福岡市は「屋台問題検討会」を発足させ、基本方針を検討。
- In order to resolve and clear up this gray area of the road usage licensing code, Fukuoka City established an 'investigative commission on the street stall issue' and discussed the basic policy in 1996.
- 鯨肉の消費の歴史を考えるうえでは、魚介類・獣肉類全体の流通・消費形態の変化を理解することが不可欠である。
- When considering the history of whale meat consumption, it is essential to understand how the ways of distributing and consuming fishes/shells and animal meat as a whole have changed.
- 従って、近現代の日本では一揆自体があたかも反乱、暴動を意味する語であるかのように誤解されるようになった。
- That is why, in modern Japan, ikki was eventually mistaken for a word meaning a revolt or a riot.
- 古代の始期については古代国家の形成時期をめぐって見解が分かれており、3世紀説、5世紀説、7世紀説がある。
- Concerning the start of the ancient times, there are the following opinions about the era when an ancient state was formed: the 3rd century, the 5th century, and the 7th century
- 小和田哲男は堀と同様の解釈をとりながら、5月4日以降に将軍任官を考えたのではないかとの見解を示している。
- Tetsuo OWADA with the same interpretation as Hori's presented that Nobunaga probably thought of accepting the title of the Shogun after May 4 (old calendar).
- 君が代の歌詞が難解、雰囲気が陰鬱という点を取り上げて、君が代が好きになれないという意見を述べる者もいる。
- There are certain persons who state they cannot like Kimigayo because the words are difficult to understand and the atmosphere of the song is cheerless.
- しかし、領地内に大きな鉱山をもたなかったことから、根本的な解決方法である良質の銅銭発行が行われなかった。
- However, although issuing high-quality copper coins could lead to a fundamental solution of the problem, he could not do it because he didn't have a large mine in his territory.
- 兵農分離(へいのうぶんり)とは、安土桃山から江戸時代にかけて推し進められた武士階級以外の武装解除を指す。
- Heinobunri indicates the disarming of the classes pushed forward during the period from the Azuchi-Momoyama through Edo periods except for the samurai (warrior) class.
- しかし、茶屋トンネル(L=390m)を含む約2kmバイパス道路の開通により、交通ネック区間が解消された。
- However, the traffic bottleneck was relieved after the opening of new bypass which was approximately 2km including Chaya Tunnel (390m in length).
- 作家の司馬遼太郎は、この事件がなかったら薩長土肥主力の明治維新は永遠にこなかったであろうと解釈している。
- Author Ryotaro SHIBA's interpretation is that the Meiji Restoration led by the four major clans of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, and Bizen would never have happened without this incident.
- なお、3.の姉小路家の名跡を継承した戦国大名(旧宇多源氏三木氏)については、姉小路氏の項目で解説を行う。
- The daimyo of the warring states period (the Miki clan of the old Uda-Genji (Minamoto clan)) who took over the name of the Anegakoji/Anekoji clan (3) are described in the entry for the Anegakoji/Anekoji clan.
- さらに平氏一門の平頼盛・平親宗、縁戚の花山院兼雅も、それぞれ右衛門督・右中弁・春宮大夫の官職を解かれた。
- Furthermore, TAIRA no Yorimori and TAIRA no Chikamune of TAIRA clan, and also their relative, KASANNOIN Kanemasa were dismissed from their court posts of Uemon no Kami (the chief of a government office called 'uemonfu'), Uchuben (dupty minister of department overseeing some major ministries), and Togu no Daibu.
- 直義は光厳上皇の治天としての権威のみが、室町幕府の政治的な正統性を保障していることを理解していたのである。
- Tadayoshi understood that only authority from the Retired Emperor Kogon as Chiten, would have proved the legitimate political power of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 「新様」の意味については諸説あるが、「中国(南宋)伝来の新しい画法」という意味に解釈するのが一般的である。
- Although there are several meanings for the 'new style' of painting, it is commonly regarded as the 'new style of the painting introduced from China (Southern Sung Dynasty).'
- 同年10月、「新マキノ映画株式会社」は解散、高村正次が直木三十五の協力を得て「大衆文芸映画社」を設立する。
- Shin Makino Eiga Kabushiki Gaisha'was liquidated in October of the year, and Masatsugu TAKAMURA established ''aishu Bungei Eiga-sha' in cooperation with Sanjugo NAOKI.
- もともとは、若乃花幹士 (初代)の二子山の口癖であったとも、相撲解説者の玉ノ海梅吉の言葉だったとも伝わる。
- It is said that this was originally a pet phrase uttered by Futagoyama, Kanji WAKANOHANA (the first) or a comment made by a sumo commentator, Umekichi TAMANOUMI.
- 堯智は、橘清友の名を出して、初句を「君か代ともいうなり」とし、「我が大君の天の下知しめす」と解説している。
- 堯智 referred to TACHIBANA no Kiyotomo and said that the first line read 'Kimigayo' and explained that it meant 'my lord reigns over the whole world.'
- 本書は、惟宗氏の明法家としての活動の集大成といえる書で、平安時代の政治を理解するうえでの重要な史料である。
- The document can be said to be a great collection of the Koremune clan's activities as scholars of law and is an important historical material for understanding politics in the Heian period.
- 反対に支配者側も惣村の了解が得られない限り、勝手に惣村への法令・規制を発布できない状況も生まれていた。
- Moreover, rulers could no longer issue a statute and regulation for a soson without consent.
- なお、本項解説における町名リストや町数の記載は、混乱を避けるため便宜上『角川日本地名大辞典』を基準とした。
- Meanwhile, the list of town names and the number of towns in this explanation are on the basis of 'Kadokawa Nihon Chimei Daijiten' for convenience' sake to avoid confusion.
- 従来、安倍氏を東北地方の在地の土豪と捉え、前九年の役を中央による辺境支配への反乱と見る解釈が主流であった。
- It has hitherto been the mainstream to recognize the Abe clan as a local Dogo (powerful family) in the Tohoku region, and to interpret Zen Kunen no Eki (the Earlier Nine Years' War) as a rebellion against the domination over the remote regions by the central government.
- 農民の自立が進むと、それまで宮廷に属していた工人も解放されて自立し、手工業が一般的に行われ市場が成立する。
- As farmers made progress towards political independence, artisans also were freed from the control of the imperial court--which had dominated their livelihoods until this point--and achieved independence, leading to the general proliferation of handicrafts and the establishment of markets.
- 事件は禅僧夢窓疎石の仲介もあり、重能・直宗の配流、直義が出家し幕政から退くことを条件に、師直は包囲を解く。
- This incident was intervened into by the Zen priest Muso Soseki, under the condition that Shigeyoshi and Naomune were to be exiled, Tadayoshi became a monk and retired from the bakufu administration, Moronao removed his barricade.
- 近衛前久は鷹狩の権威者として織田信長と交わり、また豊臣秀吉と徳川家康に解説書「龍山公鷹百首」を与えている。
- Sakihisa KONOE communicated with Nobunaga ODA as an authority of Taka-gari and gave a practical guide, 'Ryuzan-ko Taka-hyakushu' to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA as well.
- しかし、頼朝が奥州藤原氏を攻めると、事後承諾の形で奥州藤原氏追討の院宣を下し、後に頼朝は上洛して法皇と和解。
- But when Yoritomo attacked the Fujiwara clan in Oshu (Mutsu Province), Goshirakawa issued the command to follow and kill the Fujiwara clan in Oshu, later on Yoritomo went to Kyoto and was reconciled with the Cloistered Emperor.
- 算額(さんがく)とは、江戸時代の日本で、額や絵馬に数学の問題や解法を記して、神社や寺院に奉納したものである。
- 'Sangaku' means mathematical puzzles or solutions described on wooden tablets or set in frames, which were dedicated to Shinto shrines or temples during the Edo Period in Japan.
- 具体的には、天皇主権より統治大権を重視し君主であっても『憲法ノ條規(議会)』に行動が制限される解釈と云える。
- Concretely, it is interpreted that they attach more importance to governing right than to imperial sovereignty and even a monarch's actions are limited by 'the articles of the constitution (diet).'
- この規定の影響などもあって、紀元節は旧暦1月1日、すなわち旧正月を祝う祝日との誤解が国民のあいだに広まった。
- Many people misunderstood Kigensetsu as a national holiday to celebrate January 1 of the old lunar calendar, or the lunar New Year, partly due to this regulation.
- したがって、同時に独立したプロダクションたちとともに、2作目を製作することなく「歌舞伎映画プロ」も解散した。
- As a result, 'Kabuki Eiga Pro' was dissolved without producing a second film along with other production companies that had been established at the same time.
- なお、近年の研究では、荘園の職の体系についての理解としての「職権留保付寄進」という概念に疑問が呈されている。
- In addition, recent studies question the concept of 'contribution with reserving authority' as the understanding of the shiki system in shoen.
- これらから、負名体制が本来的に有していた矛盾が国司苛政上訴という形態で現れたと評価する見解が提出されている。
- These views have brought about an opinion that a contradiction intrinsic to the local tax manager system appeared in the form of Kokushi kasei joso.
- 太閤検地によって土地に対する重層的な権利関係が解消されると、刈田狼藉という行為も概念も次第に消失していった。
- Once the multilayered relation of the rights to land were dissolved as a result of Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), both the act and concept of karita-rozeki gradually disappeared.
- また一手部隊の内訳は規模の大小の違いはあるものの旗本部隊の構成と大きな違いはない(本陣備は次項で解説する)。
- Furthermore, the breakdown of a te squad was not very different from the composition of hatamoto (banner men, a direct retainer of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)) squad, even though there was a difference in their size (army headquarters sonae is explained in the next section).
- ただし国人・地侍等の既得権授益層の解体を意味するため、最終的に徹底しされるのは、豊臣秀吉の天下統一後である。
- However, as the measures meant to dissolve the classes such as kokujin (local lord) and jizamurai who had had vested interests, it was after the unification of the whole country by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI that heinobunri was thoroughly accomplished.
- 一般的ないたずらの落書きとは違い抗議が目的であるために強硬な措置は取られず話し合いにより解決する方向である。
- Since it was not a common graffiti but intended to protest, therefore, dialogue is planned to solve the problem instead of taking a forceful action.
- 4日、俊寛・基仲・中原基兼・惟宗信房・平資行・平康頼など参加者が一網打尽にされ、5日、明雲が配流を解かれた。
- On July 8, participants such as Shunkan, Motonaka, NAKAHARA no Motokane, Nobufusa KOREMUNE, TAIRA no Sukeyuki and TAIRA no Yasuyori were all captured, and on July 9, Myoun was released from exile.
- 明治維新を経て幕府解体、また第二次世界大戦と以後の煽りを受けるなど三度の衰退を見るが戦後に復興、現在に至る。
- Despite losing popularity for a second time following the dissolution of the bakufu (the Tokugawa shogunate) that was brought about by the Meiji Restoration and for a third time following the outbreak of World War II and its immediate aftermath, yabusame experienced a revival after the end of the war and remains popular to this day.
- 醗酵している醪を自然に放置しておくと、上記の分解がどんどん進んでいくが、けっしてそれは無限に続く作用ではない。
- If the fermenting moromi is left by itself, the decomposition mentioned above progresses steadily, but it never lasts indefinitely.
- 兄弟継承の古い慣習に対抗するために不改常典が持ち出されたと考えると、聖武天皇の詔も元明天皇の詔も理解しやすい。
- The edict of Emperor Shomu as well as that of Empress Genmei can be easily understood, if you suppose that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was brought forward in order to cope with the old practice of the brother to brother succession.
- 国民のこの反応を見て政府は、紀元節は神武天皇即位日を祝う祝日であるという理解が広まらないのではないかと考えた。
- The government saw the reaction of the people and thought that it would be difficult to have people understand that Kigensetsu was a day to celebrate the accession of Emperor Jinmu.
- 具体的には、天皇主権に重きをおき原則的に天皇には『憲法ノ條規』があってもあらゆる制限は無いという解釈と云える。
- Concretely, they put importance on imperial sovereignty, and they interpret the emperor's actions are not limited in principle irrespective of 'provisions in the constitution.'
- 正映マキノキネマ(しょうえい-、1932年2月 設立 - 4月 解散)は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。
- Shoei Makino Kinema (established in February 1932, liquidated in April) was a film company that existed in Kyoto.
- しかし日活は経営が立ち直り、松竹の目論みは破れて「日本映画配給」は解体、同年10月には新興キネマの配給となる。
- However, Nikkatsu regained its footing, 'Nihon Eiga Haikyu' was liquidated, breaking Shochiku's plan, and Shinko Kinema became Chiezo Productions' distribution company in October.
- しかし本作では鬼が本体であって、仮に美女の姿をとっている(黒塚 (能)もそのように解釈することが可能である)。
- However in this Noh piece, the oni are the true forms and the beautiful women their assumed forms (Kurotsuka (Noh play) may also be interpreted likewise).
- このような解析は、登場人物の外づらが決まれば興行も大入りとなった往事の歌舞伎の様子を端的に言いあわらしている。
- His comment clearly demonstrates past circumustances of Kabuki, in which if only the outward appearances of characters worked well, the performance would draw a large audience.
- しかし、野暮の意味するところは比較的共通理解があるといえる(具体的な内容についての見解の相違があるとしても)。
- However, the meaning of yabo is, relatively-speaking, commonly understood (even though there are different opinions on its specific connotations).
- この問題は、皇帝直轄地である王領(fisc)のうち、未耕作で不毛な地帯を西ゴート族へ割り当てることで解決した。
- This problem was solved by allotting the uncultivated and barren areas in the land of the direct rule of the emperor (fisc) to the west Goths.
- 四大財閥に、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による財閥解体指令を受けた11財閥を加えたものを、特に十五大財閥と呼ぶ。
- The four major zaibatsu, together with the 11 zaibatsu that were ordered dismantled by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) are referred to as the 15 major zaibatsu.
- この雑色人が在地支配層と連携し、国司・受領層と対抗したことが国司苛政上訴として現れたとする見解も出されている。
- In other opinions, Kokushi kasei joso appeared as the evidence that these Zoshikinin worked with local influential persons to counter the Kokushi and Zuryo class.
- しかし、律令上に出挙が明確に規定されることによって、利子付き貸借が国家により制度化されたのだと解釈されている。
- However, stipulating the Suiko in the Ritsuryo codes is considered that the system of loaning was institutionalized by the government.
- 後者には異論も出されているが、この見解に従えば、中世期の支配・収取のあり方をより具体的に理解することができる。
- Opinions denying the latter were proposed, but according to the latter opinion, the state of the national control and tax-collecting systems during the medieval period could be understood more concretely.
- 今谷明は立花説の解釈に立脚しながら、信長は朝廷の権威に屈服し中世的権力関係を指向せざるをえなかったとしている。
- Akira IMATANI, supporting Tachibana's theory, presented that Nobunaga bowed down to the Imperial Court's authority because he had to keep the medieval relationship of power with the Emperor.
- 国府の発掘は面積的に一つの都市を掘り出すのに等しいため、位置が確定しても全貌を完全に解明したことにはならない。
- Considering the scale of Kokufu, its excavation amounts to excavating a whole city, therefore only identifying its location is insufficient to grasp all the details.
- 跡地は京都市により運動公園として整備されたほか、解体予定だった模擬天守は地元の要望もあり残されることとなった。
- The site was rearranged as an athletic park by Kyoto City, and the replica castle, which was planned to be demolished at first, was decided to remain by the local's request.
- 晴信は次に信濃国攻略に乗り出すが、勘助の理解者であった板垣をはじめ、勘助を快く思わず命までも狙った甘利らが戦死。
- Harunobu then started to attack Shinano Province, but Itagaki, who supported Kansuke, and Amari, who disliked Kansuke and even made an attempt on his life, died in the battle.
- 通常の律令解釈によれば本来親王は天皇の息子または孫に天皇から直接「親王宣下」されない限り名乗れなかったとされる。
- According to an ordinary interpretation of the Ritsuryo codes, a son or grandson of an emperor could not call himself Imperial Prince unless the emperor 'gave the title of Imperial Prince' to him directly.
- 東活映画社(とうかつえいがしゃ、1931年 設立 - 1932年 解散)は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。
- Tokatsu Eiga-sha Film Company (established in 1931 - dissolved in 1932) is a film company once existed in Kyoto.
- 馬薦鼓(5字8行・句数不明)靖康の変で字を失った鼓で、宋拓でも20字に満たず、詩の解釈は当初から断念されている。
- Ma-di-gu (the number of poems unknown each having eight lines of five characters): This gu is the gu which lost its characters in the Jingkang incident and less than 20 characters can be read from the Song rubbed copy and interpretation of its poems was given up from the first.
- その禁を少しずつ解いていったのが、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部総司令官の副官フォービアン・バワーズ陸軍少佐である。
- The person who gradually lifted the ban was Army Major Faubion Bowers, an adjutant to the Supreme Commander of General Headquarters.
- 当時最大の権力者だった恵美押勝(藤原仲麻呂)により、対東国防備の強化のため、健児を復活したのだとする見解もある。
- There is an opinion that these kondei were restored by the greatest mogul of that time, EMI no Oshikatsu (FUJIWARA no Nakamaro), who intended to reinforce the defenses against Togoku.
- 唐代の部曲がヨーロッパの農奴に相当していたが、晩唐以後の混乱によって部曲が自立して一円的な大土地所有も分解した。
- The buqus during the Tang dynasty corresponded to the serfs in Europe, but during the chaos after the late Tang dynasty buqus became independent and the large landholding widely collapsed.
- 中世以後においては、「公家御下知違背事也」(『沙汰未練書』)と解され、漠然と天皇の命令に逆らうことと考えられる。
- In and after the Middle Ages, the Ichoku was understood as 'punishing all the violations against judgements issued by court nobles' (according to the book called 'Satamirensho'), and by people, it is ambiguously thought to have gone against an Emperor's command.
- 財閥解体以降も、銀行・証券・商社などさまざまな会社に分割されつつも、バブル経済のころまでは絶大な経済力を持った。
- Although zaibatsu were dissolved and divided into banks, securities companies, trading companies, etc, they retained overwhelming economic power until around the bubble economy era.
- 昭和の当主は資承、なお、資淳を養子に迎えるさい、資淳を一度武者小路実篤の養子にしてから勘解由小路家に迎え入れた。
- The family head in the Showa period was Sukekoto; Sukeatsu had first been adopted by Saneatsu MUSHANOKOJI and then accepted by the Kadenokoji family.
- 同じ家紋を使用すると敵・仲間の区別をしづらくなる不都合を解消するため、このころから急激に家紋の種類が増え始めた。
- Using the same Kamon caused confusion between friend and foe so, that the number of Kamon rapidly began to increase around this time.
- 算額は、和算において、数学の問題が解けたことを神仏に感謝し、ますます勉学に励むことを祈念して奉納されたと言われる。
- It is said that each sangaku was dedicated by a person who had solved the mathematical puzzle, as a token of his gratitude to the gods and in hope that he would devote more efforts to his studies.
- そこで、文徳天皇の時に不改常典は皇位継承と解されていなかったのであり、それは桓武天皇の場合も同様であると推定した。
- Then he supposed that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten during the reign of Emperor Montoku was not considered as the code to rule imperial succession and Emperor Kanmu also had a similar understanding.
- 1937年(昭和12年)4月、千恵プロ百本記念作品『浅野内匠頭』を撮り、『松五郎乱れ星』を製作して同社は解散した。
- In April of 1937, Chiezo Productions produced 'Asano Takuminokami,' a film to commemorate their 100th film, then liquidated after filming was completed for 'Matsugoro Midareboshi.'
- 明治維新後、新政府は財政問題解決のため、旧武士階級の士族に一時金の代りに俸録米支給を打ち切る「秩禄処分」を行った。
- After the Meiji Restoration, the new government implemented 'Chitsuroku-shobun' (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend) which was the abolishment of salary-like payments to members of the warrior or samurai hierarchy in exchange for lump-sum payments in order to solve financial problems.
- 1872年(明治5年)、成立したばかりの明治政府によって芸娼妓解放令が発令されたが、実態はほとんど変わらなかった。
- In 1872, the newly inaugurated Meiji government issued the Emancipation Decree for Female Performers and Prostitutes, but it had little effect on the real situation.
- 清酒に比べ濾過が不十分であるため、未発酵の米に含まれるデンプンや、澱粉が分解した糖により、ほんのり甘い風味である。
- As Doburoku is filtered less than Seishu, it has a soft sweet flavor with starch contained in unfermented rice and sugars converted by starch.
- 12世紀中期頃には貴族社会内部の紛争が武力で解決されるようになり、そのために動員された武士の地位が急速に上昇した。
- Around the middle of the 12th century, conflicts among the aristocracy were solved by force, which increased the status of warriors who were recruited solely for this purpose.
- 1990年代中期に電話局において宇治市の回線・久御山町の回線をそれぞれ分離して収容することでこの問題は解消された。
- This problem was solved in the middle of 1990s by installing the telephone lines of Uji City and Kumiyama-cho separately within the telephone exchange station.
- 2004年9月29日、日本冶金工業(東京都)が和解金として計2100万円を支払い、大阪高等裁判所で一部和解が成立。
- On September 29, 2004, Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd. (headquartered in Tokyo) paid a settlement totaling twenty-one million yen, and a reconciliation was partly effected at the Osaka High Court.
- また、承久の乱以後の朝廷の衰退は皇位継承を巡る自己解決能力をも失わせ、結果的に幕府を否応無しに巻き込む事になった。
- Also fall of the Imperial Court after the Jokyu Rebellion resulted in losing its ability to solve the imperial succession crisis and consequently it entangled the bakufu without any choice.
- 龍樹の『菩提資糧論(ぼだいしりょうろん)』との関係も深いので、大乗仏教を理解するうえで、きわめて重要な論書である。
- Since the book is closely related to the 'Bodhisambhara-sastra' by Ryuju, it is a very important treatise for understanding Mahayana Buddhism.
- ただし指定等およびその解除にあたっては、文部科学大臣はあらかじめ文化審議会に諮問しなければならない(第153条)。
- However, for the purpose of designation or the cancellation of designation, the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology should consult the Council for Cultural Affairs beforehand (Article 153).
- 智仁親王は、豊臣秀吉の猶子であったが、天正17年(1589年)に秀吉に実子豊臣鶴松が生まれたために縁組が解消された。
- Imperial Prince Toshitito was Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's adopted son, but the appointment was cancelled after Hideyoshi had his biological son, Tsurumatsu TOYOTOMI in 1589.
- 広義門院の受諾を得るほかに解決策が皆無の幕府は、広義門院へ懇願を重ね、6月19日にようやく承諾を取り付けるに至った。
- The Bakufu had no choice but to obtain the acceptance of Kogimonin; they asked Kogimonin over and over, finally obtaining her approval on June 19.
- 武井龍三プロダクション(たけいりゅうぞう-、1929年2月 設立 - 解散)は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。
- Takei Ryuzo Productions (established and dissolved in February 1929) was a film company located in Kyoto.
- 最終作の『鉄路の薔薇』にはムーランルージュ新宿座のスター・明日待子を起用したが、解散後に東宝に上映権を売却している。
- The last film, 'Tetsuro no bara' (roses on the railway), used Machiko ASHITA, the star of Moulin Rouge Shinjukuza; however, film rights were sold to Toei after its dissolution.
- エトナ映画社(-えいがしゃ、1934年9月 設立 - 1935年4月 解散)は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。
- Etona Eiga-sha (established September 1934, liquidated April 1935) was a film company that existed in Kyoto.
- しかし、この2作で月形は15万円もの負債を背負い、再度プロダクションを解散、月形は東活映画社に入社することになった。
- However, Tsukigata incurred a debt of 150,000 yen in the production of these two films and joined Tokatsu Eigasha after liquidating the company.
- また、9本の千恵プロ作品に出演した武井は同年2月に独立、双ヶ丘撮影所に武井龍三プロダクションを設立した(同年解散)。
- Takei, who appeared in nine films produced by Chie Puro, became independent in February and established Takei Ryuzo Productions at Narabigaoka Studio (liquidated the same year).
- 掘り出される以前は民法上の「埋蔵物」であり掘り出されたり拾われた時点で「拾得物」となるという法的解釈がなされている。
- The legal interpretation is that a relic before being unearthed is a 'hidden treasure' in accordance with the Civil Codes, but once it is unearthed or picked up, it is regarded as a 'found article.'
- この見解では、郡司・百姓層が在庁官人として国衙行政に取り込まれていったことにより、国司苛政上訴が消滅したとしている。
- In this opinion, Kokushi kasei joso disappeared because Gunji and farmers became involved in Kokuga government as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
- しかし、鎌倉時代後期頃から、主に地頭によって、重層的な関係を解消し、一元的な支配体系が指向されるようになっていった。
- Around the latter half of the Kamakura period, the multi-tiered relationship disappeared mainly due to the appearance of jito, and it was oriented so as to introduce a unified control system.
- 後白河も清盛の姿勢に理解を示し、嘉応元年(1169年)から安元3年(1177年)まで毎年のように福原の山荘へ赴いた。
- Goshirakawa showed understanding towards Kiyomori's stance and visited the mountain retreat in Fukuhara every year from 1169 to 1177.
- 官職秘抄(かんしょくひしょう)とは、鎌倉時代初期の元治2年(1200年)頃に平基親によって書かれた有職故実の解説書。
- The Kanshoku Hisho was a reference book concerning the yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) written by TAIRA no Motochika in 1200 in the early Kamakura period.
- 山伏は名利を得んとする傲慢で我見の強い者として、死後に転生し、魔界の一種として天狗道が、一部に想定されて解釈された。
- A Yamabushi monk was supposed to be worldly minded, arrogant and self-centered, and was supposed to transmigrate after death, but some people assumed and interpreted the realm of Tengu as a sort of devildom.
- このように四神相応の解釈は古代から近世にかけて変化していき、古代中国の風水とは異なる独自のものであったと考えられる。
- This is how the interpretation of Shijin-so-o topography has changed from ancient times to the early modern times, and it is believed to be unique and different from the feng shui of ancient China.
- 「田植えの前に豊作を祈る「田遊び」から発達した」「渡来のものである」などの説があり、その由来には未解明の部分が多い。
- There are various theories about its origins, including that it developed from a 'ta-asobi' ritual to pray for a good harvest before planting rice or that it was introduced from overseas, but there are still many uncertainties as to its origins.
- 一見、南北朝合一により皇位継承は再び安定したように見られたが、もう一つの問題であった北朝内部の内紛は解消されなかった。
- It seemed that Imperial succession was sacred at a glance with the unity of the Northern Court and the Southern Court, however, the internal trouble within the Northern Court did not become resolved.
- なお、国会の召集のほか、衆議院解散及び衆議院議員の総選挙、参議院議員の通常選挙の施行の公示も詔書によって行われている。
- In addition, other than the Diet convocation, public announcement to enforce dissolution of the House of Representatives, general election of a House of Representatives member, and regular election of upper house members are also conducted by the imperial rescript.
- 一方で、後白河との対立は生涯に渡って解消されることはなく、「孝道には大に背けり」(『源平盛衰記』)という世評もあった。
- On the other hand, the Emperor had opposed Emperor Goshirakawa all his life, and some people said 'Emperor Nijo did not respect his father' ('Genpei Josui Ki').
- 木瓜紋は、瓜の切り口や瓜そのものを図案化したものとする説や鳥の巣とする説など何を図案化したのかの見解や説が幾つかある。
- There are several opinions and theories about what mokko-mon designs are based on, such as a theory that suggests that mokko-mon is a design of a cross-section of a gourd or the gourd itself, and an opinion that suggests that mokko-mon is a design of a bird's nest.
- 酵母が、自ら分解によって生じたアルコール分があまり多くなると、そのアルコール濃度の高さゆえに死滅してしまうからである。
- If the alcohol produced by decomposition by the yeast itself is too much, then the yeast cells are killed because of the high concentration of alcohol.
- その見解によると、幕府が提案した内容については上記のとおりであるが、皇太子と次代の皇太子は決定に至らなかったとされる。
- According to this opinion, although the bakufu in fact made the above proposals, an agreement was not reached concerning the Crown Prince and the successive Crown Prince.
- しかし、天皇を最高機関とせず国民主権原理に基づく日本国憲法が成立するに至り、天皇機関説は解釈学説としての使命を終えた。
- However, with the enactment of the Constitution of Japan which doesn't set the emperor as the highest organ and is based on the principle of popular sovereignty, the Emperor Organ Theory ended its duty as an interpretation theory.
- 海神の怒りを解くため、弟橘媛は「私は夫である皇子の身に替わって海に入水します。どうぞ皇子の東征を護らせ給え」と念じた。
- In order to soothe the anger of Watatsumi, Oto Tachibana Hime prayed: 'I will sacrifice myself for my husband, Prince Yamatotakeru, by drowning myself in the sea. I beg you to protect his expedition to the east.'
- 一般の鍋を使うなどして、炊く際に温度むらが出て芯が残った場合、茶碗等に移して電子レンジで長めに再加熱すると解消できる。
- If rice is not cooked through because of uneven cooking temperature when using a commonly available pot, the problem can be solved by transferring the rice into a rice bowl and reheating it for a slightly longer time in a microwave oven.
- なお引用にあたってはおもに参考文献にあげた『謡曲大観』を参照しているが、読解の容易から適宜漢字変換、句読点を追加した)
- Although the quotations were referenced from the 'Yokyoku Taikan' (a complete anthology of Noh plays), some characters have been converted into modern Chinese characters and punctuation marks have been added for readability.
- 乳酸菌の生成する乳酸が雑菌の発生を抑え、麹の分解酵素により生成された糖を酵母が分解しアルコールが生成される(醸造酒)。
- Lactic acid generated from lactobacillus suppresses the development of bacteria, and sugar generated by the degrading enzyme of rice malt is degraded by yeast into alcohol (brewage).
- 1493年(明応2年)には自ら自治を放棄する集会を開き惣国は解体され、新しい守護の伊勢貞陸の支配下に入ることになった。
- In 1493, the sokoku held a meeting to abandon its autonomy and the organization was dismantled; the community was then put under the rule of Sadamichi ISE, a newly appointed shugo.
- 説文解字には「田賦なり」とあり、元々は田からの徴税である田租(でんそ)をさし、祭祀の費用としての徴収を名目としていた。
- According to Setsumon-kaiji (Shuowen Jiezi) (Explaining Simple and Analyzing Compound Characters), So is defined as 'Tax levied on rice crops,' which was originally Denso, and was collected nominally for ritual expenses.
- それに対して、中央政府においても当然、王朝国家体制への移行に伴う何らかの行政機構変革があったとする見解が示されている。
- On the other hand, there is a view asserting that some administrative organization reform must have been implemented at the central government in association with the transition to the Dynastic polity.
- これらは魔除けやまじない、戦乱を避けて蓄蔵したとの解釈もあるが、悪貨への交換を避けるため良貨を保管したとの見方もある。
- According to a theory, these coins were stored underground to ward off evil spirits, as a charm or for avoiding the disturbance of war, but according to another theory, they were stored to prevent them from being exchanged with low-quality coins.
- 9世紀~10世紀ごろに律令制の解体が進展していくと、百姓の中に他から田地を借りて耕作し、富を蓄積する富豪層が出現した。
- When the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on ritsuryo code) began to dissolve around the ninth-tenth century, some farmers amassed wealth by cultivating rice fields which they rented from others.
- しかし、近くには上七軒があり、五番町は職人が通う花街としてのイメージが抱かれたため、発展解消され娼妓本位の街となった。
- Due to the existence of nearby Kamishichiken, many people had the impression that Goban-cho was the geisha quarter for craftsmen; consequently Goban-cho was reorganized into a town that centered on prostitution.
- しかし氏信は1368年(応安元年)に幕府によって守護職を解任され、以降安芸守護職は今川氏や細川氏等の足利一門が担った。
- Ujinobu was removed by the bakufu from the position of shugo in 1368 and the clans of Ashikaga side, such as the Imagawa clan and the Hosokawa clan, served as shugo.
- その後、太閤検地により、土地には直接の耕作者の権利しか認められなくなり、以前までの重層的支配構造は名実共に解消された。
- After that, based on the Taiko kenchi, only new cultivator's rights became effective, resulting in the disappearance of the old multilayered land governance structure in both reality and in name.
- 応安の半済令により、守護は実質的に荘園・公領の半分を簒奪することとなり、荘園の解体が緩やかに進行していくこととなった。
- Based on the practice of the hanzei law of Oan, provincial constables disfranchised half of the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government virtually, thereby resulting in the gradual demise of manors.
- 田村麻呂は出発に当たってかつて蝦夷征伐の戦友だった文室綿麻呂の禁錮を解くことを願い、綿麻呂は許されて参議に任じられる。
- On his departure, Tamuramaro entreated the emperor to release from confinement FUNYA no Watamaro, who had been a fellow soldier during the conquest of the Emishi (Japanese northerners), and Watamaro was set free and appointed as Sangi.
- 今解説したのは、刀身全域において理想状態が実現した場合の話で実際は目に見えない欠陥により脆くも折れてしまうことがある。
- The explanation above is a case showing that the ideal condition is realized in the whole blade, so in fact, invisible defects can make a sword easily broken.
- さらに言えば、姫路城や福山城 (備後国)、熊本城などを「山川道澤」の四神相応とするもの同様に後世に創られた解釈である。
- Furthermore, the interpretation that Himeji Castle, Fukuyama Castle (Bingo-no-kuni) or Kumamoto Castle matches the Shijin-so-o topography of 'Mountain, river, road and lake' theory emerged later.
- この「新聞」を浮世絵の題材に取り上げて、平仮名しか読めない大衆も絵と平易な詞で理解できるようにしたものが錦絵新聞である。
- Nishiki-e-shinbun featured this 'shinbun' as its subject matter and worked out its expression for even the general public who could only read hiragana (one of the two types of phonograms of Japanese language) to be able to understand the shinbun through pictures and easy words.
- 山口俊雄プロダクション(やまぐちとしお-、1928年6月 設立 - 8月 解散)は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。
- Yamaguchi Toshio Productions (established in June 1928 and dissolved in August) was a film company located in Kyoto.
- 最終的には太閤検地により、土地には直接の耕作者の権利しか認められなくなり、以前までの重層的支配構造は名実共に解消された。
- Eventually, by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi), only the right of direct cultivator was admitted to the land, and the previous stratified ruling structure disappeared both in name and reality.
- 2004年11月 赤字経営が続いていた第三セクターである、(株)イオン工学センター(氷室・津田地区)の解散が決定される。
- November, 2004: It was decided that Ion Engineering Research Institute Corporation, a so-called third-sector company (located in the Himuro and Tsuda district), would be dissolved.
- 一般的には、ドラマなどの影響で信長からの度重なるイジメが原因だとする理解が多いが、それらは根拠のないフィクションである。
- Partly because of dramas, many persons understand that the cause of the incident was repeated harassment by Nobunaga, but it is just a fiction without any ground.
- 今井町は称念寺を中心に発展した寺内町であったが、織田信長に武装解除されてから後は、堺と共に自治都市として幕末まで栄えた。
- Imai Town had developed as a jinai-cho around the Shonen-ji Temple, but after Nobunaga ODA disarmed the town, it enjoyed prosperity as an autonomous city, along with Sakai, until the end of the Edo period.
- だがこれを発表した光孝は、断定こそ避けているものの、ねずと同じく毒物による中毒死を推察させるコメントを解説文の中に残した。
- However 光孝 who published this diary, left his commentary about the possibility that the Emperor might have been poisoned and died although it was not conclusive, but it was the same theory as Nezu's.
- 逍遥の手になる台詞は、それまでの歌舞伎のセリフと違い難解な語句を多用しながらも芸術性豊かな出来でこの劇の品格を高めている。
- Words written by Shoyo, unlike traditional words in Kabuki, uses a difficult passage, but are of high artistic quality, giving dignity to this drama.
- その原因については既に上皇側に拘束されていたからだとも、仲麻呂を見限って上皇側との和解を探っていたからだとも言われている。
- As to the reason, some say that Emperor Junnin was already captured by the ex-emperor's side, others say that having gave up on Nakamaro, Emperor Junnin was trying to reconcile with the ex-emperor's side.
- この発言では、天皇の地位が憲法に記されたものであることを確認した一方、護憲とも解釈可能なため一部の右翼勢力から非難された。
- Letting people confirm that the Constitution of Japan gives a definition of the Emperor, the remark was criticized by a small group of right-wing organizations for its probability of being interpreted as protecting the Constitution.
- マキノ芸能社(-げいのうしゃ、1946年6月 設立 - 1948年10月 解散)は、かつて京都に存在した芸能事務所である。
- Makino Geinosha (established June 1946 - dissolved October 1948) was a performing art office located in Kyoto.
- 1980年に『八犬伝の世界』を上梓した高田衛は、副題に「伝奇ロマンの復権」を掲げ、「典拠」に関する大胆な解釈を打ち出した。
- In 1980 Mamoru TAKADA published 'The World of Hakkenden' with a subtitle of 'Restoration of Fantasy Roman' and delivered an exciting interpretation of 'tenkyo' (accurate foundation).
- これで、従来の荘園に見られた重層的な土地所有関係がすべて解消され、奈良時代に始まった荘園はここで終焉を迎えることとなった。
- Thus, the multilayered land ownership relationships as seen in the traditional shoens were all dissolved and the shoen, which had began during the Nara period, finally ended.
- 以前は寛平6年(894年)の遣唐使停止により中国の直接的影響を抜け出し、日本独自の文化が発展したと一般的に解釈されてきた。
- In general, people used to think that the stop of Japanese missions to Tang China in 894 allowed Japan to get out of direct influence of the China and to develop its own cultures.
- この点が歴史学において十分解明されていなかった時期には武士を国家の統制外で私的に武装する暴力団的なものと見る見方もあった。
- During the period when this point was not fully clarified in historical studies, bushi were sometimes seen as gang groups who were privately armed outside of the nation's control.
- また、クーデターや、信長による古くからの日本社会を変革させる急進的な動き(仏教弾圧など)への反動(反革命)との理解も多い。
- Also, many persons understand that it was a coup d'état or a reaction (antirevolutionary act -revolution) against Nobunaga's radical behavior to change traditional society of Japan (such as oppression of Buddhism).
- 一方で日本海海運の拠点であった小浜市に代官関戸氏を置いていたとの見解もあり、北日本海に止まらない活動範囲も指摘されている。
- On the other hand, there is a theory that the family assigned the Sekido clan as daikan (local governor) of Obama City, where was a maritime trade hub in the Japan Sea at that time, and extended the space of its activities even beyond the northern Japan Sea.
- ただし、以上のうちで律令の研究といえるものは「古記」のみで、他は条文の解釈を公的に確定する作業であったというべきであろう。
- However, among the above, only the 'Koki' can be referred to as being research on ritsuryo, while others were acts of publicly deciding on the interpretation of the text.
- このような中で、後白河は突如として先の事件を蒸し返し、天台座主・明雲を解任、所領を没官すると5月22日に伊豆国へ配流した。
- In this situation, Goshirakawa suddenly brought up the former incident and dismissed Myoun of Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect), took away his property, and exiled him to Izu Province on June 27.
- 更に偶然にも藤原師通(頼通の孫)の死後の摂関家では後継者争いが生じ、最終的に白河法皇の介入という形で解決がなされてしまう。
- Furthermore, after the death of FUJIWARA no Moromichi (the grandson of Yorimichi), there occurred a coincidental struggle for the successor in the regent's house, and it was eventually settled by the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa's intervention.
- いずれにしても、第二次世界大戦以前には「国宝」であったものが戦後「重要文化財」に「格下げ」されたと解釈するのは誤りである。
- It is in any case a misconception that some national treasures designated prior to World War II were demoted to the postwar status of important cultural properties.
- 華厳経の思想はきわめて深遠かつ難解であるが、ごく概括的に言えば、聖武天皇は日本の総国分寺である東大寺に廬舎那仏を安置する。
- Although the thought of the Kegon-kyo was profound and difficult to comprehend, on the extremely whole, the Emperor Shomu enshrined Birushana-butsu inside the Todai-ji Temple of the head of provincial temples.
- 古代までにはなんらかの弓術、礼式の形はあったと考えられるが、しかし史料も乏しく史実としての古代の弓射の実体は解っていない。
- It is suspected that some forms of Kyuju and codes of etiquette existed in ancient times, but there is little historical data to explain Yumiire in ancient times.
- やがて憲仁立太子の陰謀が発覚し、平時忠・平教盛・藤原成親・藤原信隆らが二条天皇により解官され、後白河の政治介入は停止された。
- Soon after, it became apparent that Prince Norihito organized a plot, TAIRA no Tokitada, TAIRA no Norimori, FUJIWARA no Narichika and FUJIWARA no Nobutaka were removed from their positions, and Goshirakawa's involvement into the politics was stopped.
- 佐賀右衛門の悪事露見と磯之丞の勘当が解け、三婦とお梶に伴われた長松が団七に縄をかけるが、兵太夫により団七の減刑が約束される。
- Wrongdoings of Sagaemon were revealed, disowning Isonojo was dissolved, and Nagamatsu accompanied by Sabu and Okaji tied up Danshichi with rope, but a reduction of sentence was promised by Hyodayu.
- 協立映画プロダクション(きょうりつえいが-、1931年 設立 - 1932年 解散)は、かつて存在した日本の映画会社である。
- Kyoritsu Eiga Production (established in 1931- dissolved in 1932) is a Japanese film company that once existed.
- 高村正次と立花良介が「マキノ再興」を目指して、かつて牧野省三が建設した「御室撮影所」に設立したが、資金難で2か月で解散した。
- Masatsugu TAKAMURA and Ryosuke TACHIBANA established this company aspiring for 'the revival of Makino' at the 'Omuro Studio' constructed by Shozo MAKINO, but it was liquidated in two months due to financial difficulties.
- 井筒では伊勢物語24段から「真弓槻弓...」の歌の一部が引用されており、それゆえシテの女を24段の女と同一視する解釈がある。
- Izutsu quotes a part of the poem that begins with 'Mayumi Tsukuyumi...' from passage 24 of Ise Monogatari, therefore there is an interpretation that the female Shite and the woman in passage 24 are one and the same.
- 「いき」は現代ではしばしば拡大解釈されており、ファッション雑誌などに乱用されるように、正確な意味を把握していないことも多い。
- The meaning of 'iki' is often overinterpreted in the modern period, and it is often used without recognition of its precise meaning, like being abused in fashion magazines, etc.
- 以前は1467年に始まった応仁の乱を戦国時代の始期とする見解が有力とされていたが、その後も幕府は中央政権として機能していた。
- In the past the view that the Sengoku Period started at the time of Onin War, which commenced in 1467, was prevailing, but the bakufu functioned as the central government even after that.
- 9世紀~10世紀ごろ、律令制の解体にともなって、律令上の租税体系である租庸調制も次第に崩壊し、官物・雑役へと変質していった。
- Around the 9th or 10th century, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and the Soyocho tax system collapsed and as a result, the taxes due changed into kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zatsueki (odd-job tasks).
- 関ヶ原の戦いの後、忠興は徳川家との関係を重視し、警戒を解くために嫡男・細川忠隆とその妻・千世(前田利家の娘)の離縁を命じた。
- After the battle of Sekigahara, Tadaoki considered the importance of the relationship with the Tokugawa family, therefore he ordered a divorce of his legitimate son Tadataka HOSOKAWA and Tadataka's wife Chiyo (a daughter of Toshiie MAEDA) to end the Tokugawa family's vigilance.
- 此比の人々の会に連なりて見れば、まず会所のしつらひより初めて、人の装束の打解けたるさま、各が気色有様、乱れがわしき事限りなし
- By looking at series of meetings of people at this time, the day Kaisho was established, there was a look of relaxation on all people, each showing their emotions, and there was no limit to the disturbance.
- この事件は、直義の排除のため師直・尊氏の間で了解があったとする噂が存在し、現在でも積極的に意図されていたという考え方もある。
- This incident sparked rumors that said there was an understanding between Moronao and Takauji to eliminate Tadayoshi, and even to this day, there are theories that propose the incident was caused with intention.
- 半官の逐条解説書『皇室典範義解』も、旧皇室典範第1条の男系継承規定について「皇家の成法」「不文の常典」であるとするのみである。
- 'Koshitsutenpan gige,' the official clause-by-clause descriptions, just states the Male-line Succession Provision in Article 1 of the old Imperial Family Law was defined pursuant to `Established Law of Imperial Family,' `Unchangeable unwritten law.'
- 近年の妖怪関連の文献では石燕の画をもとにしたイラストを挿絵とし、旅人から粟をねだる妖怪として小雨坊が解説されていることがある。
- The recent books on specters sometimes use the illustration based on Sekien's picture and the caption is added that Kosamebo is a specter that begs for travelers for millets.
- それは綱吉が近衛基熙を嫌う一因となっていた徳川家宣(綱吉の甥で基熙の娘婿)と和解して自己の後継者に指名した事で拍車がかかった。
- After Tsunayoshi reconciled with Ienobu TOKUGAWA (the nephew of Tsunayoshi and husband of Motohiro's daughter), which was the reason that Tsunayoshi did not like Motohiro KONOE, he appointed Ienobu as his successor, which made it more apparent that the government of Edo would support the Imperial Court.
- また、在位年数を十年とする史料が『梅松論』しか存在しないことから、和談においては皇太子即位しか決まらなかったとする見解もある。
- Furthermore, since only 'Baishoron' (Historical tale compiled in 1349) shows that the period of reign was made ten years, some believe that only the decision on the heir to the throne was made as a Compromise.
- また、翌天長10年(833年)には、淳和天皇の勅に従い菅原清公らとともに令義解を編纂し、日本法制史にも大きな足跡を残している。
- Additionally, in the following year, 833, he compiled Ryo no gige (Clarification of Code) with SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi and others, under Emperor Junna's order, leaving a major impact in Japan's legal history.
- 食国法は国家統治の法律と解することに異論はないので、当時の国家統治の法、すなわち最初の令として制定された近江令のこととされる。
- Since there is no objection that the law of the nation's governance is a law formulated to rule the nation, this can be the law for the governance of the nation at that time, or that means, Omi-Ryo instituted as the administrative code for the first time.
- 武井龍三は「千恵プロ」から独立、双ヶ丘撮影所に「武井龍三プロダクション」を設立し、3本の映画を製作したが、失敗に終り解散した。
- Ryuzo TAKEI became independent from 'Chie Pro' and established 'Takei Ryuzo Productions' in Narabigaoka Studio to make three films, but then went under and disbanded.
- 解散後のスターを含めたキャスト、スタッフのほとんどは、マキノ以外のメジャー系撮影所に移籍、あるいは舞台出身の者は舞台に戻った。
- Most of the cast, including the popular actors and staff, moved to major film shooting studios other than Makino, and those that came from theatrical performances returned to the stage.
- 解散後の小文治は、千恵プロ、寛プロに出演したのちの同年内に、芳之助とともに日活撮影所に入社、監督の富沢は帝国キネマに移籍した。
- After the dissolution, Kobunji acted in films produced by Chie Pro and Kan Pro and then joined Nikkatsu Studio with Yoshinosuke in 1928, while the director TOMIZAWA moved to Teikoku Kinema Engei Kabushiki Gaisha (Imperial Cinema Entertainment Co. Ltd.).
- 対して鳥山石燕の画集『今昔画図続百鬼』では『諸国里人談』の記述に基いて女性の姿であり、解説文でも『諸国里人談』を引用している。
- Contrastingly, Sekien TORIYAMA portrayed Katawa-guruma as a woman's figure in his collection of paintings called 'Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki' (Continued Illustrations of Variety of Demons, Past and Present)' based on the description in 'Shokoku Satobitodan,' and he also referred to 'Shokoku Satobitodan' in his explanation of ghosts.
- 翌1932年(昭和7年)10月、わずか1年で東活映画社が解散し、東亜キネマは製作事業をついに断念、「等持院撮影所」を閉鎖する。
- In October 1932, Tokatsu Eigasha was dissolved only one year after its establishment, and Toa Kinema finally gave up to continue film production business and closed 'Tojiin Studio.'
- 発酵を起こすには、融かした米に麹を投入して(麹歩合が'原料米の3%以上'必要)酵母が消費できるグルコースに分解する必要がある。
- In order for the fermentation to occur, the sake rice malt needs to be added to the melted rice (in which the amount of malt must be more than 3% of the amount of rice), so that it is broken down to glucose which can be consumed by yeast.
- 上方では、二つ玉の意味を二つ玉の強薬(つよぐすり)、すなわち「火薬が二倍使われている威力の強い玉」と解釈し、一発しか撃たない。
- In Kamigata, the meaning of 'futatsudama' is interpreted as 'futatsudama no tsuyogusuri,' which means 'a powerful bullet using double the amount of gunpowder,' and therefore, only a single bullet is fired.
- ひとつは握りずしを創案し、それまで押しずしなど、上方風のすしが中心だった江戸市中のすし屋が、握りずし一色に一変したという解釈。
- One interpretation is that sushi shops in Edo, as a result of the invention of nigiri-zushi, completely shifted their attention from the Kansai-area style sushi such as oshi-zushi (lightly-pressed piece of sushi topped with cooked ingredients) to nigiri-zushi.
- また滝川を法学部長とし、法学部再建の全権を委ねる旨密約がなされ、黒田法学部長は解任され、佐伯ら前記「復帰組」教官らは辞職した。
- There also was a secret pact that made Takigawa head of the Faculty of Law and have all the rights to rebuild the faculty, which led to Kuroda who was faculty head being fired and the staff who returned such as Saeki resigning.
- 戦国大名は武力で自らの支配地域を確立していったため、従前の権利関係を解消して、支配地域を家臣や寺社へ分け与えることが多かった。
- As Sengoku-daimyos established their own regions of influence by force, they dissolved the previous rights and often gave their regions to the retainers, temples or shrines.
- また、古事記に記される允恭天皇の遠飛鳥宮、日本書紀に記される顕宗天皇の近飛鳥八釣宮もこの地におかれたものと解されることが多い。
- In addition, it is often understood that Totsuasuka no Miya Palace of Emperor Ingyo stated in Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) and Chikatsu Asuka no Yatsuri no Miya Palace of Emperor Kenzo stated in Nihonshoki were established in Asuka.
- 古典的理解による摂関政治は母系的繋がりを持つ天皇、公卿による政治の独占で、母系の要となる者が摂政・関白となるという理解である。
- The regency in the traditional sense is an administration monopolized by emperors and court nobles related on the maternal side, with the key person in the maternal line taking the posts of regent and chancellor.
- だが、鳥羽法皇も忠実の人事介入には内心不快感を抱き、近衛天皇が急死すると直ちに頼長を内覧から解任し、後の保元の乱の一因となった。
- However the Cloistered Emperor Toba was not comfortable with Tadazane getting involved in personnel matters, and after the sudden death of Emperor Konoe, he stripped Yorinaga of his position as Nairan, an action that would later result in the Hogen War.
- 途中、中川宮や正親町三条実愛らが孝明天皇に幟仁・熾仁両親王の赦免嘆願を上奏したが、孝明天皇はついにその勅勘を解かぬまま崩御した。
- Once Nakagawa no Miya and Sanenaru Ogimachi-SANJO asked Emperor Komei that Prince Taruhito and Takahito to be pardoned, however, the Emperor died without canceling their punishment.
- ただし根拠に乏しく、近年では、桜井市倉橋にある巨大方墳、赤坂天王山古墳を崇峻陵とする森浩一の見解が有力視されるようになっている。
- But the authorization lacks foundation, and in recent years, Koichi MORI's view that Akasaka Tennozan Tumulus, a giant square tumulus in Kurahashi, Sakurai City is Sushun's Mausoleum is most prevalent.
- 「しかし、それであればこそ沖縄への理解を深め、沖縄の人々の気持ちが理解できるようにならなければならないと努めてきたつもりです。」
- However, I have tried to do my best, keeping the following belief in my mind: The more difficult the task is, the more efforts I must make so that I can deepen my understanding of Okinawa, having a proper understanding of the feelings of people in Okinawa.'
- 山本礼三郎プロダクション(やまもとれいさぶろう-、1928年6月 設立 - 8月 解散)は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。
- Yamamoto Reizaburo Productions (established in June 1928 and dissolved in August) was a film company located in Kyoto.
- 解散後の中根は、有馬や小崎とともに、妻の女優泉春子の実家を頼って佐賀県唐津町(現在の唐津市)へと流れ、浪花節芝居の一座に入った。
- After the production was closed down, Nakane stayed at his wife's parents' home (the actress, Haruko IZUMI) in Karatsu-cho, Saga Prefecture (present-day Karatsu City) with Arima and Ozaki and joined the Hanabushi Shibai (Hanabushi Play) troupe.
- マキノトーキー製作所(-せいさくしょ、1935年11月 設立 - 1937年4月 解散)は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。
- Makino Talkie Seisaku-jo (established in November 1935, liquidated in April 1937) was a film company that once existed in Kyoto.
- 井上の監督作3本、悪麗之助の監督作を製作し、翌1929年(昭和4年)井上の監督作『剣士沖田総司』を製作して、一度同社を解散した。
- Tsukigata Productions produced three films directed by Inoue as well as one film directed by Reinosuke AKU and then liquidated in 1929 after producing director Inoue's 'Kenshi Okita Soji'.
- 寶塚キネマ興行株式會社(たからづか-、1932年11月 設立 - 1934年2月 解散)は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。
- Takarazuka Kinema Kogyo (established in November of 1932, liquidated in February of 1934) was a film company that existed in Kyoto.
- 石鼓は10基で1セットであるが、無造作に発掘されたために順序は明確ではなく、詩歌の解釈を通して現在の並びが妥当と判断されている。
- One set of sekko is constituted by ten stone monuments, however, they were carelessly excavated and, therefore, their order is not clear and it is determined that the present order is correct through the interpretation of the poems.
- 日本ではツバキには神霊が宿るという伝承があることから、牛鬼を神の化身とみなす解釈もあり、悪霊をはらう者として敬う風習も存在する。
- On the ground that there is a legend in Japan that says a divine spirit dwells in a camellia, Ushioni may be interpreted as an incarnation of a deity, and in some customs people respect it as something that clears evil spirits away.
- その結果、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなり、次第に荘園公領制の解体が推し進められることとなった。
- As a result, the nature of ryoke shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and jito shiki at shoen/koryo changed substantially and the collapse of shoen koryo sei was prompted.
- 日本史の教科書によく描かれている、事件の真相解明のきっかけとなった子供の喧嘩の場面では「異時同図法」という手法が用いられている。
- The scene of the children fighting, which led to the revelation of the truth of the incident, uses the 'Iji-dozu-ho technique' (showing scenes of incidents that happened at different times in one picture) and is often introduced in the textbooks of Japanese history.
- 反射星雲に類するものなのか、過去の超新星爆発の、遅れて届いた光であり俗にいわれる「光のこだま」現象に類するものなのか解っていない。
- It is unclear whether this is one of the reflection nebulas or some kind of so-called 'optical light echo' phenomenon caused by light from a past supernova explosion finally reaching the earth.
- 12世紀中期に鳥羽上皇が没すると、治天の君の座を巡って天皇家・摂関家を巻き込む政争が起こり、軍事衝突によって解決した(保元の乱)。
- After the death of the retired Emperor Toba in the middle of the 12th century, a political fight for the seat of chiten no kimi occurred, which involved the Emperor's family and Sekkan-ke, and was resolved after a military confrontation (the Hogen War).
- この洪水は日吉ダムの開設により一応は解決しているものの、遊水池となっていたJR嵯峨野線と保津川(大堰川)の間には殆ど建築物がない。
- While the construction of Hiyoshi Dam has basically solved the flood problem, no buildings have been erected in the area (formerly flood control basin) between the JR Sagano Line and the Hozu-gawa (Oi-gawa) River.
- 以上の経過により、顕広王の王氏復帰をもって白川家の成立とみなすことが多い(十三世紀初頭の資宗王によって成立したという見解もある)。
- Due to the process above, the generally accepted theory says the Shirakawa family was formed when Akihiro-o returned his family name to 'O'; another theory says it was formed by Sukemune-o in the early thirteenth century.
- これによって二重政権は解消され、豊臣政権は再び秀吉のもとに一元化されるが、政権の正統性の拠り所である関白職は豊臣宗家から失われた。
- By Hidetsugu's death, the dual government was dissolved and the Toyotomi administration was unified again under Hideyoshi, however, the head family of TOYOTOMI lost the post of Kanpaku, by which the government could justify itself.
- 1409年に管領職を譲られた孫の斯波義淳もまもなく解任され、足利義教が6代将軍に就任するまで長い間、幕府から冷遇される事となった。
- After Yoshiatsu SHIBA, a grandchild of Yoshimasa who had been given the Kanryo shoku (a post of Chief Adviser) in 1409, was soon dismissed, the Shiba clan had been treated coldly by Bakufu for a long time until the inauguration of the sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 後醍醐天皇は光厳天皇の即位と正慶の元号を廃止、光厳が署名した詔書や光厳が与えた官位の無効を宣言し、さらに関白の鷹司冬教を解任した。
- Emperor Godaigo declared both Emperor Kogon's reign and the Shukyo era name annulled, and announced that all imperial decrees signed by Kogon, or court appointments made by him, were invalid; he took the additional step of dismissing Fuyunori TAKATSUKASA from his position as kanpaku (chief advisor/Prime Minister).
- この事件に関しては不可解なことが多く、上の今井信郎説のほかにも、薩摩藩士説や、浅田次郎の『壬生義士伝』のような解釈も行われている。
- There are many unanswered questions to this incident, with theories other than Imai assassinating Ryoma, including a theory holding that the assassination was by feudal retainers or warriors of Satsuma and another interpretation by Jiro ASADA in his 'Mibu Gishin Den'
- 旧皇室典範がはじめて男系の継承原理を成文法とし、現在の皇室典範もこれを踏襲したが、戦前も戦後も政府としての公式解釈は存在していない。
- In the old Imperial Family Law, the principle of male-line succession was established as a written law, and the current Imperial Family Law also followed it; the official interpretation of it by the government doesn't exist before/after War.
- 文化 (日本)8年(1811年)に高橋景保の提案によって蛮書和解御用が設置され、安政3年(1858年)の蕃書調所設置まで続いている。
- Bansho-wage Goyo (government office for the translation of western books) was established in 1811 according to the proposal of Kageyasu TAKAHASHI, and it continued to exist until Bansho Shirabesho (government office for the study of western books) was established in 1858.
- しかし、製作費の出資と興行をになう山崎の「館主連盟」が同年7月末には早くも瓦解、「千恵プロ」と「寛プロ」以外は解散を余儀なくされた。
- However, Yamazaki's association that had been shouldering production investment costs and promotions collapsed early at the end of July of the same year and every film company except 'Chie Pro' and 'Kan Pro' were forced to liquidate.
- この見解は中国絵画史に大きな影響を与えたが、董其昌の主張は対立する北宗画を攻撃する狙いもあり、その理論の組み立ては恣意的な点が多い。
- His opinion made a great influence on the history of Chinese paintings, but his theory was structured on much arbitrariness, for Dong Qichang's claims were also aimed to attack the Hokusoga that stood in opposition.
- 単に高所作業を行うだけでなく、設置場所の状態や作業性、足場解体時の効率など、その場に応じて的確に判断して組み立てることが求められる。
- Besides working simply in high places, ashibatobi is required to assemble scaffolds based on proper judgment of the condition or the workability in the area and the efficiency at the time of disassembling depending on the various situations.
- 『八犬伝』の物語構造や人物配置には仏教説話・日本神話、あるいは民間信仰などのモチーフが複合的に投影されていると解釈する研究者もいる。
- Some researchers interpret the organization of 'Hakkenden' and its arrangement of characters as comprehensively reflecting motifs from preaching story of Buddhism, Japanese Mythology and folk beliefs, folk religion.
- 戦史編纂研究所の分析は、世宗実録の敗戦記述を無視して偽使者の言葉のみを取り上げており、意図的に史料を歪曲して解釈している疑いがある。
- But the analysis conducted by the research center that compiles Korean military annals ignores the entry in the True Record of King Sejong's Reign that describes the expedition as a military defeat, focusing exclusively on the words of a man who claimed to be an emissary, leading to doubts about whether they intentionally distorted historical records to support their explanation.
- そうした立場からは、古代から中世への過渡期に位置づけられるべき王朝国家体制期は、11世紀中期に終わったのだとする見解も出されている。
- From the above standpoint, some assert that the period of Dynastic polity, which should be regarded as the transitional period from the ancient times to the medieval age, ended in mid-11th century.
- 吏部王記(りほうおうき/りぶおうき)は、醍醐天皇第四皇子重明親王の日記で、平安時代中期の政務や朝儀を理解する上での重要な史料である。
- Rihooki (also referred to as Ribuoki) was the diary of Imperial Prince Shigeakira, the fourth son of Emperor Godaigo, and is regarded as an important historical document for understanding the administrative affairs and rituals of the imperial court during the mid Heian period.
- 守護は大田文に基づいて、国衙領・荘園への支配を強化することが可能となり、ひいては荘園公領制の解体・崩壊が一層進んでいくこととなった。
- The Ota bumi enabled shugo to strengthen the control over the territories of kokuga and the shoen, which resulted in the further dissolution and collapse of the shoen-koryo-sei (the system of public lands and private estates).
- そのため、2つ目の見解、すなわち荘園公領制における支配・収取(徴税)の基礎単位とする見方が広範な支持を得ており、支配的となっている。
- This makes the other opinion more dominant, and many researchers support this idea that a myoden was a basic unit of governance and tax collection in the shoen-koryo system.
- しかし受領による国内支配の強化への妥協と見る説と、郡司層が旧来の権利を失った代替として越訴権が与えられたとする見解が提出されている。
- However, some have suggested it was accepted as a compromise measure against Zuryo's growing control over entire Japan, while others have suggested that the Gunji class (local magistrates) was given the right to direct appeals in exchange for their lost conventional rights.
- 以後、戦前の皇国史観のもとでは、足利尊氏を天皇に叛いた逆賊・大悪人、楠木正成や新田義貞を忠臣とするイデオロギー的な解釈が主流になる。
- Afterwards, the view on imperial history before the war mainly consisted of ideological interpretation, such as declaring Takauji ASHIKAGA a villain for rebelling against the Emperor and Masashige KUSUNOKI and Yoshisada NITTA loyalists.
- 不改常典をめぐる諸学説は、直接的には詔の一節の解釈にすぎないが、これを足がかりに当時の政治体制とその変化について異なる理解が開かれる。
- Although the theories surrounding Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten are mere direct interpretation of a paragraph of imperial edicts, they can lead us to different views on the political system during that period and its transition.
- 例えば、護良を祭神とする鎌倉宮では「もりながしんのう」と読んでおり「もりよし」は「祭神の名前の読みとしては誤用である」との見解である。
- For example, the Kamakura-gu Shrine that enshrines the Prince, calls him Prince Morinaga, saying that 'moriyoshi' is an mistaken pronunciation of the enshrined deity's name.
- 国民の間での知名度もきわめて低く、皇位継承者としての正統性の確立が見込まれないことから、この意見は現実的な解決策とはみなされていない。
- Therefore, this has not been seen as a viable solution as Kobetsu Sekke is extremely little known amongst the public, and it is not regarded as legitimate that Kobetsu Sekke succeed to the Imperial Throne.
- マキノ・プロダクション(1925年6月 設立 - 1931年5月 改組 / 10月 新社解散)は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。
- Makino Production (established in June, 1925, reorganized in May 1931, the new company was liquidated in October) was a movie company once existed in Kyoto.
- 「融かした米→グルコース」への分解工程と「グルコース→エタノール」への発酵工程が同時進行しているので、単発酵ではなく並行複発酵である。
- It is considered the multiple parallel fermentation, and not the single fermentation, because the dissolving process, in which the melted rice is turned to glucose, and the fermentation process, in which glucose is turned to ethanol, are in progress at the same time.
- 江戸時代が過ぎてもこの仕組みは残った、なお戦後は講を賭博行為とみなした連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により解散させられた(無尽講を参照)。
- This structure survived to the end of the Edo period, but the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) regarded the 'ko' as gambling and dismissed it after the war (see the 'Mujin-ko' (beneficial association) section).
- 既存の独占販売権、非課税権、不入権などの特権を持つ商工業者(市座、問屋など)を排除して自由取引市場をつくり、座を解散させるものである。
- Rakuichi-rakuza was the creation of free trade markets and the dissolution of guilds with the exclusion of preexisting merchants and tradesmen (market and trade guild system, wholesalers etc.) with special rights such as exclusive sales rights, non-taxation rights and the right to keep tax agents from entering one's property.
- したがって、少なくとも17世紀半ば、江戸時代前期において、天皇の御世を長かれと祝賀する歌である、とする解釈が存在したことは確かである。
- Therefore, we can say for sure that, at least in the middle of the seventeenth century, namely during the early part of the Edo Period, there was an interpretation that the poem in question was for celebrating the reign of the emperor and wishing his reign would last long.
- 保元以前、武力で政争が解決した事例は平安初期の平城上皇の変にまで遡り、三百数十年ぶりの異変だったため、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- These wars astounded people of the time because they had not had a political fight which involved a military force for 300 years and several decades since the War of retired Emperor Heizei, in the early Heian period.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には戦国大名による一円知行が成立、荘園の形骸化はますます進み、最終的に豊臣秀吉の全国的な検地によって荘園は解体した。
- During the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), the Ichien chigyo (complete proprietorships) by the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period was realized and shoens lost substance increasingly and disappeared finally with the nationwide land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 雑徭の賦課は国司の権限であり、なかには私用で雑徭を課す国司もおり、公民の負担となり班田農民の没落・逃散を促したとする見解が通説である。
- It was the kokushi's right to impose the zoyo, and among the kokushi there was some who imposed the zoyo for personal use; it is commonly accepted that the zoyo became a burden to the komin (the registered people, especially farmers, under the Ritsuryo system) and thus caused the handen farmers (farmers whom the government had given the handen, or the allotted land for farming) to decline, abandon the land and flee to other domains.
- しかし、実際のところ歴史学者や仏教学者の間でも何をもって「国家仏教」と定義づけるのかについては統一した見解が出されているわけではない。
- However, historians and Buddhist scholars have not yet reached a united opinion regarding what would define 'National Buddhism.'
- 中分には、両者の示談による和解で決着する和与中分(わよちゅうぶん)と、裁判判決など幕府からの命令により実施される強制的な中分があった。
- There were two kinds of chubun, namely wayo-chubun by which the land was divided amicably through both parties' negotiation and compulsory chubun by which the land was divided according to the order of the Bakufu, such as a court ruling.
- 戦国大名が登場すると、守護大名の存在を前提とした守護領国制も変質し、守護領国制は事実上解体されて、大名領国制と呼ばれる体制へ移行した。
- With the appearance of the Sengoku daimyo, the shugo-ryogoku system, for which the existence of shugo-daimyo was prerequisite, was changed and dissolved in fact, replaced with the system called 'daimyo-ryogoku sei' (daimyo-ryogoku system).
- なお近年、葛城氏を北部の葦田宿禰系(葦田宿禰 ─ 蟻臣)と南部の玉田宿禰系(玉田宿禰 ─ 円大臣)の2系統に峻別して考える見解もある。
- Recently, some prefer to view the Katsuraki clan as two separate lineages: the line of Ashita no sukune (Ashita no sukune - Ariomi) in the north and the line of Tamada no sukune (Tamada no sukune - Tsubura no Okimi) in the south.
- 公家は武家に、将軍は管領に、守護は守護代にと下位の者に実権を奪われ、こうした状況を下剋上と理解するのが、当時のほぼ一般的な観念だった。
- When we look back on historic situations where a lower-ranked group usurped the authority of their superiors, as when the aristocracy was overthrown by the samurai class, the Shogun by the Kanrei (shogunal deputy), and the Protectors (essentially provincial governors) by their deputy Protectors, we label it 'gekokujo,' but for people in fact in the Sengoku Period, such situations were more or less par for the course.
- だが、創成期の武家政権と既存の朝廷勢力の権限を巡る駆け引きと緊張関係は引き続き存在し、その一応の解決をみるのは承久の乱以後の事である。
- However, the politics over rights and the tense relationship between the initial warrior class government and the conventional Imperial Court forces continued, and it was resolved to a certain degree only after the Jyokyu Rebellion.
- 『釈日本紀』(述義)にある陽成天皇によるの日本紀講筵の元慶度講書(-)で、惟良宿禰高尚(惟良高尚)がソシモリを今の蘇之保留と解説した。
- In the 'Lecture on Chronicles of Japan in the Gangyo Era 'by Emperor Yozei, which is collected in 'Shaku Nihongi' (annotated text of the Nihon Shoki), KOREYOSHI no Takahisa proposed that Soshimori was So(no)hori, or the present day Seoul.
- この事件は親王時代に学問を教え、当時式部丞になっていた紫式部の父藤原為時や、尾張国郡司百姓等解文で有名な藤原元命の運命にも影を落とした。
- While Emperor Kazan was a prince, this incident had a detrimental effect on the fates of Murasaki Shikibu's father, FUJIWARA no Tametoki, who taught and was appointed to the position of Shikibu no jo (a position within the Bureau of Ceremony) at that time and FUJIWARA no Motonaga, who was well known for the ”Letters of local government officials and farmers from Owari Province” (Owari no kuni Gunji Hyakusho ra no Gebumi).
- 天皇は伴善男を信頼していた為、事件を解決した良房に遠慮する形で既に貞観6年(864年)に元服していたにも関わらず、正式に摂政に任命した。
- Because the Emperor trusted TOMO no Yoshio, after Yoshifusa sorted out the incident, the Emperor officially appointed Yoshifusa as a regent to spare his feelings, although Emperor Seiwa celebrated his coming of age in 864.
- しばしば誤解されているが、ここで「皇室の行事」というのは、「皇室の私的な行事」という意味ではなく、「皇室の公的な行事」という意味である。
- It is sometimes misunderstood that 'an event of the Imperial family' means 'a private event of the Imperial family,' but it is actually 'a public event of the Imperial family.'
- 本来の語義からいえば、女形を演じる役者は男にかぎられるものではないが、現在では「男が女を演じる」という認識に立って理解されることが多い。
- In the original meaning, the term, actors who play oyama should not be limited to men, but today, oyama is often recognized as the word which refers to `the man acting a woman.'
- 地上からの観測による情報は無いが、衛星画像による観測の解析から、ロシアの沿海州・樺太なども黄砂の通過ルートとなっていると考えられている。
- Although no ground-level data observed is available, it is considered, based on analyses of images observed with satellites, that Enkai shu (Russian maritime provinces) and Sakhalin in Russia also constitutes a kosa-passing route.
- 同後半の黒船来航と日米和親条約締結を契機として、幕府の管理貿易体制(鎖国)は解かれ、結果として幕府の威信は低下し、朝廷の権威が増大した。
- With the arrival of Kurofune (the black ships of Commodore Matthew Perry) and the conclusion of Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan as the turning point, the trade system controlled by the bakufu (Sakoku) was dissolved, resultantly lowering the authority of the bakufu and increasing the authority of the Imperial Court.
- 本書は、著者自身の見解を叙述するのではなく、律令格式や国史の記事、和漢の典籍を引用することによって語らしむ引証主義的方法を採用している。
- This document was not described based on the author's own opinions, but was written using the reference-based method in which explanations were made by citing laws of codes and ethics (conduct), descriptions in national histories and Japanese/Chinese dictionaries.
- もう1つは、中世史料を詳細に検討した結果、進止の語が土地支配を意味するのに対し、知行の語は土地からの収益処分を指すものとした見解である。
- The other is as follows; As a result of detailed investigations of historical materials concerning the medieval period, it is considered that the term of shinshi indicated land control, but that of chigyo the right of obtaining profits from land.
- 足利義昭が京都から追放された後も、征夷大将軍の解任手続は行われなかったために、依然として信長に反対する勢力からは将軍として扱われている。
- Because procedures for the removal of Seii Taishogun were not implemented even after Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA's banishment from Kyoto, he was still treated as a shogun by the powers opposed to Nobunaga.
- 特に武満徹の「秋庭歌一具」(1973年 - 1979年)は優秀な解釈により頻繁に演奏され、現代雅楽の欠かせないレパートリーとなっている。
- Particularly, 'Shuteiga-ichigu' (1973-1979), by Toru TAKEMITSU, is frequently played due to its excellent interpretation, and this is an essential number for modern Gagaku.
- 『梁書』にある「天監元年(502年)鎮東大将軍倭王武を征東将軍に進号せしむ」の倭王武は、年代的には武列(ママ)に相当するとする見解がある。
- In the Book of the Ling Dynasty 'Ryojo'(梁書) it is recorded that 'the Great General of Holding the East the King of Wa, Bu was given the title'the General of Subduing the East in 502' which is regarded as meaning Emperor Buretsu as it corresponds chronologically to Bu, the King of Wa (Waobu,倭王武).
- 「癸未」を503年とする説では、鏡を作らせて長寿を祈った「斯麻」は、当時倭国と同盟関係にあった百済の武寧王(別名斯麻王)とする解釈がある。
- In the theory which interprets 'Yin Water Sheep' as 503, 'Shima' who ordered a mirror to pray for the longevity was Muryeong-wang (another name King Shima) of Baekje which was then allied with Wakoku (Japan).
- また千恵プロを解散した片岡千恵蔵や元マキノトーキーの志村喬らとミュージカル映画『鴛鴦歌合戦』(1939年)を監督するのはこの後の話である。
- He later directed a musical film 'Oshidori Utagassen' (1930) together with Chiezo KATAOKA, who had liquidated Kataoka Production, and Takashi SHIMURA, who had belonged to Makino Talkie.
- 同社の解散は、同年早々の片岡本人の3か月にわたる病気休養もあったが、大河内伝次郎の日活退社とJ.Oスタヂオ移籍による日活側の要望であった。
- Rather than Kataoka's absence due to illness for three months at the beginning of the year, Chie Puro was basically liquidated due to a request by Nikkatsu when Denjiro Okochi resigned from Nikkatsu and joined J.O Studio.
- 中根龍太郎喜劇プロダクション(なかねりゅうたろう きげき-、1928年6月 設立 - 8月 解散)は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。
- Nakane Ryutaro Comedy Productions, founded in June of 1928 and closed in August of 1928, was a film company located in Kyoto.
- 第一回において、白竜の昇天を見た里見義実が古今の典籍を引用して竜を解説するくだり(研究者によって「龍学」と呼称される)はよく知られている。
- In the first episode, an explanation about dragons given by Yoshizane SATOMI in seeing a white dragon going to heaven, quoting books of all ages is well known (and called 'ryugaku' [dragonology] by researchers).
- 外国版では、国内版の一部シーンが日本の歴史を知らない外国人には理解しにくいとの理由でカットされた(上杉謙信が、信玄の訃報を聞く場面など)。
- Some scenes from the domestic version were cut for the international version, because they were difficult for foreigners unfamiliar with Japanese history to understand (like the scene where Kenshin UESUGI hears the news of Shingen's death).
- 組成を見ると、主に石英、長石、雲母、緑泥石、カオリナイト、方解石(炭酸カルシウム)、石膏(硫酸カルシウム)、硫酸アンモニウムなどからなる。
- The composition mostly includes quartz, feldspar, mica, chlorite, kaolinite, calcite (Calcium carbonate), gypsum (calcium sulphate), and ammonium sulfate.
- さらに後世、初句が「君が代は」となり、さまざまな形で世に流布されるにつれ、歌われる場も多様となり、解釈の状況が変わっていくことは後述する。
- In addition, it will be described below that, in later ages, the first line was changed to 'kimigayoha' and, as the waka was disseminated in society in various forms, situations under which the waka was chanted varied and the situations related to interpretation were changed.
- これに対して細石(さざれ石の項目を参照)についての詳細など、先に述べた歌詞の正確な内容がほとんど知られていない事による誤解が広まっている。
- In this regard, there are misunderstanding due to the fact that above-described correct meaning of the words such as the details of sazareishi (pebbles) (Refer to the section for 'sazareishi (pebbles),' are hardly known.
- 追放刑や財産没収は、一定年限が経過した後に解除されることもあったが、窃盗や傷害に対する検断は非常に厳しく、死刑となることも少なくなかった。
- The banishment and forfeiture of property were sometimes extinguished when a certain period of time passed; however, kendan (ruling and judgment) for theft or injury was carried out very strictly, and the death sentence was often handed down.
- このため、撰銭の完全なる解決は、江戸時代に江戸幕府が安定した品質の寛永通宝を発行し、私鋳銭を厳しく禁ずるようになるまでの長い時間を要した。
- Therefore, the problems concerned with the erizeni act did not dissolve for a long time until, in the Edo period, the Edo bakufu issued Kanei Tsuho coins with stable quality and severely prohibited minting coins privately.
- その後、紀伊田辺藩との同一藩名を解消するため太政官より田辺藩の名称変更を命じられ、同年6月に田辺城の雅号・舞鶴城に因んで舞鶴藩に改称した。
- The Dajokan (great council of state) then ordered that the name of the Tango Tanabe clan be changed, in order to prevent duplicating the name of the Kii Tanabe clan, causing the Tanabe clan to change its name to the Maizuru clan after the pseudonym of Maizuru castle (Tanabe castle), in June of the year.
- 清河八郎や頼山陽のように、実母を「親孝行」として揚屋で遊ばせた例があり、世間一般に誤解されがちな「遊廓」とは異なる存在であることがわかる。
- As can be seen from the examples of Hachiro KIYOKAWA and Sanyo RAI, who as filial duty let their birth mothers have fun at the ageya (a high-class restaurant where courtesans or geisha were called to entertain customers), Shimabara was different from what the public negatively considers the 'yukaku' (red-light district) to be.
- 時子の妹・平滋子(建春門院)が後白河の皇子を出産すると、一門の時忠・教盛は立太子を画策して二条の逆鱗に触れて解官、後白河院政は停止された。
- Tokiko's sister, TAIRA no Shigeko (Kenshunmonin) gave birth to Goshirakawa's prince and when Tokitada and Norimori of the Taira clan tried to plan Rittaishi (investiture as Crown Prince) of the prince, they faced the anger of Nijo and were fired and the Goshirakawa cloistered government was terminated.
- 平安時代までの難解で、大衆への布教が禁じられていた仏教を変革する運動として鎌倉仏教の宗派が興隆し、奈良仏教(旧仏教)の革新運動がすすんだ。
- Events that led to the reforming of the Buddhist faith--which up through the Heian period had remained very abstruse, comprehensible only to a select few, and for which any proselytizing activities towards the masses were prohibited--included the rise to prominence of the Kamakura sect of Buddhism as well as new progress in efforts to reform Nara (i.e., old-guard) Buddhism.
- この宣告によって、政治権力が孝謙上皇のもとに移ったとする理解と、御璽を保持しつづけていた淳仁天皇が依然と権能を発揮していたとする見解がある。
- Due to this declaration, some researchers think that the political power was moved to Retired Empress Koken, others say that Emperor Junnin still exerted his power because he had possessed Gyoji (the Imperial Seal).
- 令集解では垂仁天皇の子とされるが、雄略天皇の時代にも同名の皇族がおり、同一人物か、名が数代継がれていたのか、天皇の名前が間違いなのか、不明。
- It is described in Ryonoshuge (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) that he was the child of Emperor Suinin, but since there was a member of the Imperial family who had the same name that lived during the period of Emperor Yuraku, whether if they were the same person, or the name had been succeeded for a number of generations, or if the name of the Emperor was a mistake, is unknown.
- この見解は直木孝次郎らによって支持されているが、これに対しては曽倉岑・荒井秀規らに反論があり、荒井は「穿ちすぎであろう」と疑義を示している。
- YOSHINAGA's argument is supported by historians including Kojiro NAOKI, but it is questioned by Takeshi SOKURA and Hideki ARAI, who claims that YOSHINAGA is 'too inquisitive.'
- 同作は「館主連盟」の配給で、同年7月19日に神戸新開地「菊水館」を中心に公開されたが、7月末に早くも山崎らの「館主連盟」が瓦解してしまった。
- Although the film was distributed by 'Kanshu Renmei' and released in theaters such as the 'Kikusuikan' in Shinkaichi, Kobe on July 19, 1928, YAMAZAKI's 'Kanshu Renmei' fell apart only days later.
- 「東方書道会」は解散、「泰東書道院」・「三楽書道会」は休眠状態に入り、「興亜書道連盟」は健在である声明書を発したものの自由が利かなくなった。
- In such a situation, 'the Toho Shodo-kai association' was dissolved, 'Taito Shodo-in' and 'the Sanraku Shodo-kai association' became totally inactive, and 'Koa Shodo Renmei' issued an announcement about continuing activities, but could not act freely.
- さらに鳩山文相との間で「滝川の処分は非常特別のものであり、教授の進退は文部省に対する総長の具状によるものとする」という「解決案」を提示した。
- He also submitted a 'solution' to Minister of Education Hatoyama that 'The punishment of Takiwgawa is an extraordinary case, and the suspension of professors is decided by the Dean with the guidance of the Ministry of Education.'
- 慈円は末法思想と「道理」をテーマとして国初以来の歴史を説き起こし、武家が大きな政治権力を握ったことを「道理」観念で合理的に理解しようとした。
- Jien described Japanese history based on Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) and dori (order), and tried to rationally understand, based on the concept of dori, why samurai came to gain such strong political power.
- 国司苛政上訴がこの時期までに消滅したのは、公田官物率法が国司の課税権限を抑制し、郡司・田堵負名層との利害関係が解消されたからだとされている。
- It is contemplated that the reason why kokushi kasei joso disappeared around that time was because koden kanmotsu rippo restricted kokushi's right to collect tax and conflicts of interest between kokushi and gunji/tato fumyo were resolved.
- しかしながら、平安中期から後期になると、ある官職を特定の家系が相伝する「官司の家職化」が進行していき、内官の解由状は次第に形骸化していった。
- However, in the middle to the latter half of the Heian period, the trend of an office position monopolized by members of a specific family progressed, making geyujo for naikan gradually ineffective.
- 867年(貞観_(日本)9年)頃、内外官の交替手続きに関する法令を集成した『新定内外官交替式』(貞観交替式)が勘解由使においてまとめられた。
- Around 869, 'Shinjo naigekan kotaishiki' (literally, new kotaishiki for officers living in Kyoto as well as those outside Kyoto) (Jogan kotaishiki) (literally, kotaishiki in the Jokan era), in which laws and regulations concerning replacement of officers living in Kyoto as well as those outside Kyoto were collected, were compiled by kageyushi.
- 将軍職を解任され、建武政権における発言力をも失っていた護良親王は武力による尊氏打倒を考えていたとされ、10月には拘束され、鎌倉へ配流される。
- Dismissed from his position as Shogun and having lost his influence over the Kenmu administration, Imperial Prince Morinaga was accused of plotting to overthrow Takauji through force of arms, so in the tenth month he was seized and exiled to Kamakura.
- 1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)に後亀山天皇は京都へ赴いて後小松天皇に神器を譲渡し、南朝が解消される形で南北朝合一は成立した(明徳の和約)。
- This established peace and in 1392, Emperor Gokameyama traveled to Kyoto to give the Sacred Treasures to Emperor Gokomatsu and a unified Southern and Northern Court was established with the termination of the Southern Court.
- 種類としては、天狗として世にあだなし、業尽きて後、再び人身を得ようとする「波旬」、自尊心と驕慢を縁として集う「魔縁」と解釈される場合もある。
- As for types, some are interpreted as 'Hajun,' which try to regain human form after living in infamy as Tengu; or as 'Maen,' which gather together, linked by pride and arrogance.
- 皇室典範には、規定がなくむしろ禁止されていたと解されるが、皇室典範增補第2条により、王は、華族の家督相続人となることが認められるようになった。
- It was not mentioned in the Imperial House Law, but it is presume to be not allowed, however, according to the clause 2 of the Imperial Family Law 增補, the Princes are permitted to become a successor to a nobleman.
- 片岡千恵蔵プロダクション(かたおかちえぞう-、1928年5月10日 設立 - 1937年4月 解散)は、かつて京都府に存在した映画会社である。
- Kataoka Chiezo Productions (established on May 10, 1928, liquidated in April of 1937) was a film company located in Kyoto Prefecture.
- 同時に独立したプロダクションたちが解散を余儀なくされていくなかで、千恵プロのみが年内に6本の映画を製作、あらたな自前の撮影所用地の物色をした。
- While other film studios that had been established around the same time were being forced to liquidate, Chie Puro was the only company to produce six films that year and began looking for land for their own studio.
- それゆえ能の井筒では筒井筒の物語を、愛する夫を待ち続ける物語として再解釈しており、待ち続ける辛さや喪失感を詠った和歌がいくつか追加されている。
- Therefore the Noh version of Izutsu has re-interpreted the story of Tsutsuizutsu as a story of a wife waiting for her beloved husband, and there are several waka (traditional Japanese poems) that have been added, expressing the bitterness and sense of loss related to waiting.
- 主要人物の名には、物語世界においてあらかじめ定められた宿命に関わるものがあり、その名の意味が解き明かされることで因果が成就したことを証明する。
- In some cases a character's name is connected with his/her fate which is predetermined in the world of the novel, and clarification of the meaning of the name shows that the fate has been met.
- 四条通より南側に続く通り(下京区)を先斗町と呼んでも理解されるが、正しくは西石垣通(さいせきどおり)という別の名前があり、繁華街が続いている。
- Even if a street (Shimogyo Ward) running from Shijo-dori Street to the southern part is called Ponto-cho, most people can recognize the name, but, the street has another official name: Saiseki-dori Street, and the entertainment district lies along the street.
- 敗戦後に研究はさらに深化したが、全体としてみれば個別化し細分化して、個々の条文の意味やそれによって定められた制度などは詳細に解明されつつある。
- After the defeat in the war, research deepened further, but in general, through individualization and fragmentation, the meaning of each text and the systems established based on them are becoming clarified in detail.
- また、幕府も荘園制度の解体や守護の権力強化は望ましいとは考えておらず、朝廷や寺社との対立をしてまで、有力守護大名に対して度々掣肘を加えている。
- Moreover, the shogunate did not think it was appropriate to dismantle the manorial system or strengthen the power of the shugo, and this often disturbed powerful shugo daimyo despite the opposition of the Imperial Court, temples and shrines.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年に、後醍醐天皇により開かれた南朝は、3代将軍足利義満時代の1392年に明徳の和談が行われて名目上は解消された。
- In 1336, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Nancho (Southern Court) started by Emperor Godaigo was alleviated in the Meitoku no wadan (peace negotiations between Nancho and Hokucho) during the time of the third shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in 1392.
- 中世には、仏教の六道のほかに天狗道があり、仏道を学んでいる為地獄に堕ちず、邪法を扱うため極楽にも行けない無間(むげん)地獄と想定、解釈された。
- In the Middle Ages there was the realm of Tengu other than the six realms of Buddhism, which was assumed and interpreted as Avici for those who were not going to fall into Hell because they had learned Buddhism but were not going to Heaven either because they had done wrong.
- 同書の解説文によれば、脂粉仙娘(しふんせんじょ)というおしろいの神に仕えている侍女とされているが、奈良の伝承における白粉婆と同一のものかは不明。
- According to an expository writing of the same book, it is a waiting woman serving a deity of face powder called 'Shifunsenjo' (Goddess of White Powder); however, it is unclear whether this is the same one as the Oshiroibaba according to the legend in Nara.
- しかし、宮内庁が定めている、奈良県香芝市今泉にある現在の陵墓は「古墳として造営されたものではなく、単なる自然丘」という見解を学会は発表している。
- But a scientific society published its opinion that the current Imperial Mausoleum (ryobo) in Imaizumi, Kashiba City, Nara Prefecture, determined by the Imperial Household Agency, 'was not built as a tumulus (kofun), but is just a natural hill.
- 現代日本では転じて天皇以外の男性皇族の配偶者に対して用いられている(例皇太子妃・親王妃)が、本項目では本来の意味である后妃身分について解説する。
- In modern age, Hi is used for all spouses for male imperial family except Emperor (like Kotaishi hi [crown princess] and shinno hi [imperial princess]), but this section explains an original usage of empress's title.
- 建国以来の法とするなら理解できるし、『日本書紀』や『古事記』はそのような歴史を記述しているのに、天智天皇が決めたから守るというのは不必要である。
- And they insist that it is understandable if this code had long existed since the country's foundation and the descriptions in 'Nihonshoki' and 'Kojiki' (A Record of Ancient Matters) historically back up the existence, however, it doesn't make any sense if the people had followed it only because it was instituted by Emperor Tenchi.
- 直系・嫡系皇位継承法説を支持する学者の多くは、桓武天皇以降に不改常典は形骸化し、内容が理解されないまま先例を踏襲して書き継がれていったと考える。
- Many of the scholars who support the direct line imperial succession code theory or the legitimate child imperial succession code theory think that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten had become a dead letter after the reign of Emperor Kanmu, and it had continued to be written according to precedent without understanding the contents.
- 東京の版元「具足屋」が東京日日新聞の記事を題材に、落合芳幾の錦絵にふりがなつき解説文を添えて錦絵版の「東京日日新聞」として売り出したものである。
- The first one was a newspaper which was produced by a printer-publisher named 'Gusoku-ya store' (armor and furniture store) by using articles of Tokyo-nichinichi (day after day in Tokyo) Shinbun and nishiki-e prints by Hoki OCHIAI and adding explanation texts with furigana in them to the nishiki-e prints, and was also sold by Gusoku-ya as nishiki-e-version 'Tokyo-nichinichi Shnbun'.
- 急造のバラックスタジオで、牧野の長男・マキノ正博監督が『二番手赤穂浪士』ほかを撮影したが、配給網が確立できず、資金難となり、2か月で解散となる。
- Director Masahiro Makino, Makino's oldest son, filmed 'Nabante Ako Roshi' and other films using a hastily built studio, but the company was unable to secure a distribution network and was liquidated two months later due to financial difficulties.
- 同年は6本を製作したが、6本目の長尾監督のオリジナル脚本による『怒濤一番乗』を最後に、同年末で「阪東妻三郎プロダクション」は正式に解散となった。
- Six movies were produced throughout the year; however, they formally closed down 'Bando Tsumasaburo Productions' to make the sixth and final film, 'Doto Ichibannori' (First to Arrive), originally scripted by Nagao.
- よく、「麹が不要」「並行複発酵ではなく単発酵」と誤解されているが、実際は麹による糖化が必要な並行複発酵(麹歩合が原料米の3%以上必要とされる)。
- Although,about the method, it is often misconceived that 'No rice malt is necessary' or 'Single fermentation is done, not multiple parallel fermentation,' the multiple parallel fermentation is actually done, which requires saccharification with rice malt (the rice malt over 3% of the amount of the original rice is required).
- 鑾車鼓(7字10行・18句)「□□鑾車」で始まり、全行の冒頭2字が欠けているため6句しか解読されていないが、狩が終わって喜ぶ情景をつづっている。
- Jin-che-gu (18 poems each including 10 lines of seven characters): Starting with 'kou-kou-jin-che', only six poems have been understood because the first two characters of each of all the poems are lost, however, these poems describe the sense of happiness after the hunting.
- 外国語教育において、文法、会話などと並ぶ、文章を読解することおよびそのための能力を育成することを目的とした課程およびそのための教科書などの名称。
- Tokuhon is the name of a learning program and the textbooks in the field of foreign language education, like grammar or conversation,, intended for the understanding of sentences, as well as for the cultivation of such skill.
- 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
- Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.
- 新政府は天皇大権のもと欧米の諸制度を積極的に導入し、廃藩置県、身分解放、法制整備、国家インフラの整備など明治維新と呼ばれる一連の改革を遂行した。
- Under the Emperor's power, the new government introduced various systems from European countries and the United States, and made a set of reformations called Maiji Restoration, such as Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), abolition of the class system, establishment of the system of law and construction of national infrastructures.
- 蝦夷に統一アイデンティティーは無かったと解するか、日本との交渉の中で民族意識が形成されたであろうと想定するかは、研究者の間で意見が分かれている。
- Opinions are varied among researchers regarding the interpretation of whether the Emishi lacked a unified identity or if their ethnic consciousness was formed while they were negotiating with Japan.
- 王朝国家とは、古代律令国家がいかに中世国家へ移行したかを理解するために提示された概念であり、研究者の立場によって様々な位置づけが試みられてきた。
- As the notion of Dynastic polity was proposed in order to understand how the ancient Ritsuryo-based nation shifted to the medieval nation, varieties of views have been asserted by researchers depending on their standpoint.
- 南朝方は北畠親房の指揮で、東西で呼応して京と鎌倉の同時奪還を企て、翌1352年2月には南朝は尊氏の征夷大将軍を解任し、代わって宗良親王を任じた。
- The Southern Court under the leadership of Chikafusa KITABATAKE planned to regain Kyoto and Kamakura together by calling for forces in both eastern and western Japan, and in February 1352, Takauji is relieved of his position as Seii Taishogun by the Southern Court and Imperial Prince Muneyoshi was installed in his place.
- 次いで757年(天平宝字元年)に養老律令が施行されたのを契機に、時の権力者藤原仲麻呂は新律令の講書を開催し、みずからも解釈の治定にあたっている。
- Triggered by the enforcement of the Yoro code soon after in 757, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, who was in power at the time, lectured on the new ritsuryo and personally made interpretation decisions.
- 治天広義門院の登場についても、天皇・治天という職が遷代化し始めたものとする見解があり、後の足利義満による皇位簒奪未遂へつながっていったとしている。
- As for the emergence of Chiten Kogimonin, there is a view that official ranks; Emperor, Chiten, became transferable, which led to the following incident; an attempted deprivation of the imperial throne by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 「軍の統帥権は天皇にあるのだから政府の方針に従う必要は無い」と憲法を拡大解釈して軍が大きな力を持つこととなった(権力の二重構造、統帥権干犯問題)。
- Stretching interpretation of the constitution the military insisted that 'they do not have to follow the government policies because the Supreme Command lies on the Emperor' and the military gained power (Dual System of Power and the Problem of the infringement of Independence of the Supreme Command)
- このため、征夷大将軍を解任され、建武 (日本)元年(1334年)冬、皇位簒奪を企てたとして、後醍醐の意を受けた名和長年、結城親光らに捕らえられた。
- For this reason, he was dismissed from seii taishogun, and was captured by Nagatoshi NAWA and Chikamitsu YUKI in the winter of 1334, for his plot to deprive the imperial throne along with the intentions of Emperor Godaigo.
- しかしながら近年の研究によると、この和談の実態は従来の理解とは異なり、合意に達しない単なる話し合いの場であったとする見解が極めて有力となっている。
- According to the recent study, however, the conventional understanding for this comprise was far from what the practical comprise was, and it is a prevailing opinion that an agreement was not reached in the Bunpo Compromise and it was just a meeting.
- 江戸時代に不改常典(かはるまじきつねののり)に関する学説を示した本居宣長は、『続記歴朝詔詞解』と『続紀宣命問目』で、大化改新の諸法を指すと解した。
- In the Edo period, Norinaga MOTOORI, who presented a theory on Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten (The Irreversible Permanent Code), advocated in his books 'Shokki Rekicho Shoshikai' and 'Shokki Senmyo Monmoku,' that it refers to a series of laws instituted during the Taika Reforms.
- 興世王、将門、武芝は承平9年5月2日付けで常陸・下総・下野・武蔵・上野5カ国の国府の「謀反は事実無根」との証明書をそえて送ると朝廷は疑いを解いた。
- The certifications sent by Prince Okiyo, Masakado and Takeshiba dated May 2, 939, dispelled the court's doubts because the provincial office of five provinces--Hitachi, Shimofusa, Shimotsuke, Musashi and Kozuke--suggested in the certification that the rumor of a planned rebellion was groundless.
- また天皇が「お前が結んだ下紐は、誰が解いてくれるのか」と尋ねると、姫は「旦波比古多多須美知能宇斯王に兄比売と弟比売という姉妹がいます。」と応えた。
- The Emperor continued asking, 'who on earth will untie the strings of my under-kilt you tied?' and she answered, 'Tanihanohikotatasumichino-ushinoo has two daughters called Ehime and Otohime, respectively.'
- 刀自古と厩戸王子の子、山背大兄王子は、両親の葬儀に出席させるため、実父の厩戸によって生まれてから15年間軟禁されていた末妹、馬屋古女王を解放する。
- Tojiko and Prince Yamashiro no oe, a son of Prince Umayado, released their youngest sister, Umaya no himemiko who had been confined for fifteen years since she was born, in order to make her attend her parent's funeral.
- 1872年になると、新しい農業・私法政策に取り組む政府は、旧来から存在していた水呑の呼称の禁止及び身分から解放等を規定した法令を大蔵省から発した。
- In 1872, the government was working for new policies of agriculture and private law and the Finance Ministry announced the law including the prohibition of the name, Mizunomi that had existed conventionally and the emancipation of Mizunomi from the position.
- 終に、明治44年(1911年)に大阪相撲の主催団体大阪相撲協会が吉田司家と和解したことにより、江戸時代以来の横綱免許を巡る混乱に終止符が打たれた。
- Finally, in 1911, because the Osaka Sumo Association, the organizer of Osaka zumo, reconciled with the Yoshida Tsukasa family, an end was put to the disorder over yokozuna licensing that had continued since the Edo period.
- 『豊臣』の由来ははっきりしておらず、「聖徳太子の名前「豊聡耳(とよとみみ)」から取られたという説などがあるものの、現在のところ定まった見解は無い。
- The origin of the 'Toyotomi' is not clear, and there is no established opinion on it, although there are some theories including that, it derived from the name of Prince Shotoku, 'Toyotomimi.'
- ここではこの騒乱に付随して一時的に生じた南朝 (日本)側による南北朝の統一である「正平一統」(しょうへい(の)いっとう)についても併せて解説する。
- This article will also explain the Shohei Itto (Unification of Shohei) by the Southern Court that temporarily happened in relation to this disturbance.
- 市川小文治歌舞伎映画プロダクション(いちかわこぶんじ かぶきえいが-、1928年6月 設立 - 8月 解散)は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。
- Ichikawa Kobunji Kabuki Eiga Productions (established in June 1928 and dissolved in August) was a film company in Kyoto.
- このような不条理な演出が可能となっている理由として梅若は、能が一般に「ワキの夢の中でシテが夢を見ている」という難解な構造を持っていることを指摘した。
- To explain such an irrational scene, UMEWAKA points out that Noh has in general an incomprehensible structure such as 'Nohwaki dreaming of protagonist (Shite) who is also dreaming in it.'
- 但し、「年紀」を意味する『紀』の文字を含む『帝紀』、『帝王本紀』、『先紀』と『紀』の文字を含まない『日嗣』等は分けて考えるべきであるとする見解もある。
- However, there are opinions that the 'Teiki,' 'Teio Honki,' and 'Senki,' which have the letter 'ki' meaning 'nenki' and the 'Hitsugi' which does not have the letter 'ki' should be thought separately.
- 同様の枠組みで製作した『サザエさん』の配給は松竹が行なったが、同社は1948年10月に親会社の「マキノ芸能社」が解散したため、畳まざるを得なくなった。
- Distribution of 'Sazaesan,' produced in the same manner, was handled by Shochiku; however, since its parent company, Makino Geinosha, dissolved in October 1948, Makino Eiga was also forced to close.
- 結局、名称に「の」を挿入した「建国記念の日」とすることで、“建国されたという事象そのものを記念する日”であるとも解釈できるように修正し、社会党も妥協。
- At last Japan Socialist Party compromised with a revised bill, in which the possessive particle 'の' was inserted into the name of the day to allow an interpretation of 'cerebrating the foundation of a nation itself.'
- その後、両説を折衷する見解や地域差・民族問題などと関連付けて両説の並立の可能性を探る見解も出されているが、通説の確立には程遠い状況にあるとされている。
- Later, the viewpoint eclectically mixing both of the two theories and the viewpoint seeking the possibility of the compatibility between them linking with the regional differences, ethnic problems and so on was proposed, but it is far from establishment as a commonly accepted theory.
- さらに対立する村落間の紛争もしばしば自らの保有する武力によって解決され、村落ごとに高地に城砦を備え、また成員が戦闘訓練を受けていることも通例であった。
- Disputes (trouble) between conflicting rural communities were also settled by their own military power and it was usually the case that each community built fortresses at high altitudes and all members had combat training.
- なお、御恩と奉公による主従関係について、中世ヨーロッパに見られた封建制(feudalism)との共通点に着目して、封建的主従関係と理解する見解がある。
- By the way, concerning the master-servant relationship based on goon and hoko, there is an opinion that the relationship is interpreted the same as the feudal master-servant relationship, because when it is compared with feudalism found in Medieval Europe, there are some common points.
- これは、一旦世襲親王家として定めると、世代を経て皇統との血縁関係が離れていっても容易にこれを解消することができず、弾力ある運用が難しくなるためである。
- This was necessary for the resilience of the Meiji system - if the rights of the Seshu-Shinno-ke were accepted under the law, they could not have been easily rescinded, even as the blood line diverged from the reigning imperial line over the generations.
- 天皇家の御厨は畿内近国に限られており、特権を獲得した供御人やその統括者は渡辺党がその典型であるように西日本における武士の淵源となったとする見解もある。
- The mikuriya of the Imperial Family were limited to Kinai (the five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto) and provinces nearby, and there is the opinion that Kugonin and their leaders were the origin of warriors in western Japan including the Watanabe-to seen as a typical model for them.
- 同月には時忠らによる憲仁立太子の陰謀が発覚したため、二条はただちに時忠・平教盛・藤原成親・藤原信隆らを解官して、後白河の政治介入を停止する措置をとった。
- In the same month, a plot to have Prince Norihito become Crown Prince was discovered, Emperor Nijo immediately took positions away from Tokitada, TAIRA no Norimori, FUJIWARA no Narichika, and FUJIWARA no Nobutaka to stop Emperor Goshirakawa's political involvement.
- いっぽう、それと同時期である同年10月に、1925年に独立した牧野が設立したマキノ・プロダクション、正確にはその新社「新マキノ映画株式会社」が解散した。
- At around the same time in October of the same year, Makino Productions, or more precisely 'Shin Makino Eiga Kabushiki Kaisha,' which was established by Makino in 1925 was liquidated.
- 日本の学界では中国の荘園に対する理解(主に「世界史の基本原則」及び中世ヨーロッパの荘園との対比)について大きく分けると2説に分かれて論争が行われてきた。
- Concerning the understanding on Chinese shoens in Japanese academia (mainly the contrast between 'the basic principle of world history' and European shoens in medieval times), opinions have been divided roughly into two theories and disputed.
- そして803年(延暦22年)、勘解由使の菅野真道により『撰定交替式』(延暦交替式)が編纂され、桓武天皇の裁可を得て、正式な国司交替の例規として扱われた。
- Then in 803 SUGANO no Mamichi, a kageyushi, compiled 'Sentei kotaishiki' (literally, selected kotaishiki) (Enryaku kotaishiki) (literally, kotaishiki in the Enryaku era), approved by Emperor Kanmu and was handled as the rules covering official replacement of kokushi.
- 当初、柴の行為に問題無しとして念のため会津藩から医師と謝罪の使者を送り、これに対し土佐藩側も最初に名乗らなかった麻田にも落ち度があると理解を示していた。
- At first, Shiba's action was passed and the Aizu clan dispatched a doctor and a messenger to apologize to the Tosa clan; the Tosa clan responded by mentioning that Asada was also to blame for not having mentioned his name in the beginning.
- 法文を素直に解釈すると、大日本帝国憲法においての天皇は大きな権力を持っていたように読めるが、明治以降も、天皇が直接命令して政治を行うことはあまり無かった。
- Reading the contents literally gives the impression that the Emperor had great power; but even after the Meiji period, the Emperor rarely governed the affairs of state directly.
- 大日本帝国憲法の解釈は、当初、東京大学教授・穂積八束らによる天皇主権説が支配的で、藩閥官僚による専制的な支配構造(いわゆる超然主義)を理論の面から支えた。
- For the interpretation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the imperial sovereignty theory suggested by Yatsuka HOZUMI, a professor of the University of Tokyo, was dominating and theoretically supported the autocratic ruling structure (what is called the doctrine of superiority) by domain clique bureaucrat.
- ツキガタプロダクション(登記上正式表記ツキガタプロタクシヨン、1928年 設立 - 1932年 解散)は、かつて京都、のちに奈良に存在した映画会社である。
- Tsukigata Productions (registered as Tsukigata Purotakushon, established in 1928, liquidated in 1932) was a film company that existed in Kyoto and then in Nara.
- これによって、延喜・天暦期を特別に重視することなく、9世紀から11世紀までの期間を律令国家期から王朝国家期への移行期としてとらえる見解が通説となっている。
- Following this reappraisal, the view that the period from the 9th century to the 11th century was a transition period from the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes to a dynastic state system became commonly accepted, without focusing on the Engi and Tenryaku eras too much.
- 初めは懐良親王ら南朝勢力の討伐に任じられた今川貞世(了俊)が就くが、了俊が九州で独自の勢力を築くと幕府に警戒され、了俊が解任された後は渋川氏の世襲となる。
- Initially, Sadayo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun), who had been ordered to subdue Nancho powers such as Imperial Prince Kanenaga, assumed the position, but the Bakufu feared that Ryoshun would establish his own power in Kyushu; after Ryoshun was dismissed, descendants of the Shibukawa clan succeeded in the position.
- が、これは大坂城主の豊臣宗家のみを指して「豊臣家」と呼ぶことが一般的であるためであり、豊臣氏全体が滅亡したという誤解を生じさせかねない不正確な表現である。
- However, this is because in general 'Toyotomi family' only refers to the head family of Toyotomi, the lord of Osaka-jo Castle, and, this is an inaccurate explanation that might lead to a misunderstanding that the whole Toyotomi clan was destroyed there.
- 後の方の修飾語なしの「法の随に」については、文脈上不改常典のことと理解すべきだとする説と、他にも見える常套句で特定の法を指したものではないとする説とがある。
- There two theories of interpretation about the phrase 'based on the spirit of the lay' mentioned in the latter part without any adjectives; one advocates that this should be interpreted as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten according to the context, and the other argues that this phrase is commonly used in other documents as well and it does not mean a certain specific law.
- 各パフォーマンス前後に、事前に選ばれた学生(留学生を含む)が、伝統芸能の奥にある精神性(「日本の心」)を説明し、それが現代にどう生かされているかを解説する。
- Before and after each performance, pre-selected students (including overseas students) explain the spiritual nature ('Japanese minds') behind traditional arts, and also how they are reflected in the present age.
- ブドウ糖その他の分解の元となりうる糖分(醗酵性糖分)が醪のなかに存在する量が、醗酵の初めから決まっているし、それが分解によって使い尽くされていくからである。
- The amount of glucose sugar and other sugar (fermentable sugar) to be decomposed in the moromi is fixed at the beginning, and they are consumed as the decomposition proceeds.
- これは『万葉集』において「中皇命」なる人物を間人皇女とする説から来るもので、「中皇命」とは天智即位までの中継ぎの天皇であるという解釈出来るという主張である。
- In the Man'yoshu ('The Anthology of Myriad Leaves),' 'Nakatsusumera-mikoto' is considered to be Hashihito no Himemiko, and it is said that the one named 'Nakatsusumera-mikoto' was a temporary Emperor until the enthronement of Emperor Tenchi (Tenji).
- ともあれ、前述の5万点に及ぶ出土木簡の、「長屋親王宮」や「大命」の記載は、王家の生活や経営の実態とともに、皇親としての謎にせまるものとして、解明が待たれる。
- Anyway, the words 'Imperial Prince Nagaya' and 'imperial command' on the about 50,000 excavated mokkan are considered useful to make clear the facts of life and management of the royal family and mysteries of Prince Nagaya as a member of Koshin, and are awaited to be analyzed.
- 憲法学会の学説では、日本国憲法下の現行体制を立憲君主制とは捉えず、また天皇は元首ではないとするのが通説であるが、実質的に元首であるという見解を示す説もある。
- The common theory of the constitution study group is that the current system under the Constitution of Japan is not considered as the constitutional monarchy and therefore the Emperor is not the head of state; but there are some theories that believe the Emperor is practically the head of state.
- この種のずれは数年に一度起こるが、ほとんどの場合翌月1日(旧暦で)には解消されるので、旧正月のずれを引き起こす1月以外では大きな混乱を引き起こすことはない。
- This type of shift happens once in several years although it does not cause great confusion, except in January where the Chinese new year may shift, as it is resolved on the first day of the next month (in the old calendar).
- しかし、阪妻プロと松竹キネマとの契約上、ユニヴァーサル社が望む「阪東妻三郎主演作品」が1作もなかったため、同年5月末には契約解除となり、訴訟にまで発展した。
- However, since Universal Pictures, Inc. desired a film starring Bantsuma and such a film was never created due to a contract between Bantsuma Productions and Shochiku Kinema, the contract with Universal Pictures, Inc. was cancelled at the end of May of the same year and even turned into a lawsuit.
- 更なる発展形として、移動販売車の欠点[衛生面での業態の制限][道路交通法の問題][電気や給排水設備の不足][車内作業効率の悪さ]を解決した車両も現し始めた。
- Subsequently, Mobile Food Vendor Vehicles were developed into different forms to facilitate and resolve certain negative aspects: 'Limits on the business dependent on hygiene conditions,' 'problems in compliance to the Road Traffic Act,' 'the lack of equipment electricity, water supply, draining systems,' and 'the inefficiency of working inside a vehicle.'
- 驚きという感情は本人の認識と現実の格差からも生まれるものでもあり、その格差を自身の誤解と認めなければ、現実がおかしいと帰結したための、怪奇な現象ともいえる。
- The feelings of surprise which arise from the gap between the recognition and the reality, and it is also an unnatural phenomenon led by the conclusion that the reality was not right unless you don't recognize the gap came from your misunderstanding.
- しかし、少なくとも勢力間において発生する諸問題の解決に際して行使可能な手段として、武力、すなわち軍備の果たす役割に注目が集まる傾向にあったことは確かである。
- It is certain however, that there was a tendency that the role of military power, namely armaments, as at least available means in solving various problem occurring between such powers attracted attention.
- しかしながら、解体を免れた奉安殿は現在でも全国各地に少数ながら残っており、倉庫として使われていたり、荘厳な外観を生かして神社や納骨堂に転用されていたりする。
- Hoan-den that escaped being dismantled still remain even now although the number is small, used as a warehouse or converted to a Shinto shrine or an ossuary, taking advantage of its solemn external appearance.
- 日本の各時代や地域によっても「死者は聖なる存在」「死者は忌み嫌うべき存在」「自然死以外は、悪霊化し、生者に祟る」など様々な見解がとられていたといわれている。
- It is said that there have been different viewpoints throughout the ages in Japan and across different regions including that 'the dead become sacred beings', 'the dead become beings to be abhorred' or that 'people who die of unnatural causes become revengeful ghosts and curse the living.'
- さらに、以上の諸説と組み合わさるものとして、時代による違いの解釈があり、まったく別の法があるとする説から、一つの法がしだいに形骸化したとする説まで濃淡がある。
- In addition, there are interpretations made based on the combination of various theories by period, in which a wide range of theories are found, from the theory that insists on the existence of another totally different law to the theory that argues that it is a law which had gradually became a dead letter.
- また、朝鮮で作られた教本『捷解新語』では、日本語における/b/、/d/、/z/、/g/の発音をハングル文字でmp、nt、nz、ngkと読むように表記していた。
- 'Shokai Shingo', a Japanese language textbook in Modern Korea, tells that/b/,/d/,/z/ and/g/ in the Japanese language should be pronounced the same as Hangul letters representing mp, nt, nz and ngk respectively.
- 天武天皇の事跡の多くは『日本書紀』に述べられているが『日本書紀』編纂の中心人物が天武天皇の息子の舎人親王であることから、潤色が加えられているとする見解もある。
- The 'Nihonshoki' contains many achievements of the Emperor Tenmu, however, because his son the Imperial Prince Toneri was the pivotal figure of compiling the book, some say that the Imperial Prince Toneri somewhat embellished the contents.
- 逆に、既成財閥に較べて金融部門が弱いため、第二次世界大戦中には経済統制と既成財閥系の銀行団によって侵食されて、財閥解体前に実態を失ったコンツェルンも多かった。
- Conversely, many other Konzerns lost their status during World War II, before the dissolution of Zaibatsu, because they had eroded due to their weaker financial sector compared to that of the existing zaibatsu, by economic control and a syndicate of banks that had already been zaibatsu.
- 東国から赴任した地頭が現地の開発領主や名主の上に位置した西日本を中心に、もう一つの解決手法として見られたのが、地頭と領主との間で下地を折半する下地中分である。
- Another measure, which was seen mainly in the western part of Japan where jito came from the eastern part of Japan were placed higher than local kaihatsu-ryoshu or myoshu (owner of rice field), was Shitaji chubun by which jito and the lord of shoen divided the land equally.
- 類聚符宣抄(るいじゅうふせんしょう)は、天平9年(737年)から寛治7年(1093年)までの間の太政官符・宣旨・解状を、部目別に分類して編集した法令集である。
- Ruiju fusensho is a collection of official documents where Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State), imperial decrees and gebumi (reports to upper-class persons) from 737 to 1093 were classified and compiled.
- 中でも著名なのが988年(永延2)11月8日付けの「尾張国郡司百姓等解」であり、尾張の郡司・百姓層が国守藤原元命による非法・濫行横法31条を訴えた事例である。
- One of the most famous appeals was 'Owari no kuni (Owari Province) Gunji (a local government official) Hyakusho (farmers) ra no Gebumi (letter)' of November 8, 988, in which the Gunji and farmers in Owari complained their Kokushu, FUJIWARA no Motonaga's illegal behaviors as a breach of thirty-one articles of misconduct and violence.
- さらに戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名による一円支配の強化とともに名田の解体が急激に進み、最終的には安土桃山時代の太閤検地によって、名田は完全に消滅した。
- In the Sengoku period (the period of warring states in Japan), the collapse of the myoden system rapidly proceeded accompanying the enhancement of the unified government by Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period), and eventually, it completely disappeared due to the taiko-kenchi (cadastral surveys instituted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- 同年、九州から再び東上した足利軍は、持明院統の光厳上皇の院宣を得て、5月に湊川の戦いにおいて宮方を撃破し、光厳上皇を奉じて入京、ここに新政は2年半で瓦解する。
- That same year, the Ashikaga army once again marched east towards the capital from Kyushu, and having obtained an Imperial edict from retired Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin lineage, in the fifth month they crushed Emperor Godaigo's loyalist forces at the battle of the Minato river; in obedience to retired Emperor Kogon, they entered the capital and thus marked the downfall of the new government, after just two and a half years.
- これは、鳩摩羅什の翻訳方法が、多分に彼自身の解説や、彼自身が記憶する仏典を交えながら翻訳する形態を採っているので、散文にはそれが多分に入っていると考えられる、
- Because Kumaraju put his own explanations and Buddhist scriptures that he remembered into his translation, it is likely that the prose part contains many of them.
- その外、天皇の廃位を唱える見解や昭和天皇の退位と皇太子の即位により元号を改正するのが妥当とする説も、南原繁・佐々木惣一・中曽根康弘らが唱えたが、一部に止まった。
- Other than that, opinion advocating abolishment of the Emperor and theory which states the revision of the name of era by the abdication of Emperor Showa and enthronement of the Crown Prince is appropriate, were advocated by Shigeru NANBARA, Soichi SASAKI, Yasuhiro NAKASONE, and others, but were backed by only some of the people.
- 「この過去の歴史をその後の時代とともに正しく理解しようと努めることは日本人自身にとって、また日本人が世界の人々と交わっていく上にも極めて大切なことと思います。」
- I believe that trying to understand correctly the past history along with that of the postwar period is extremely important for the Japanese, which is also quite essential when the Japanese aim to be a member of global society.'
- 本項目においては、項目名は共通する「すごろく」を採用し、個々の記述に関しては今日の主流な呼び方である「盤双六」/「雙六」と「絵双六」/「双六」の名称で解説する。
- In this article, a common word 'Sugoroku' is used for the title, and to describe each, they are referred to as 'board Sugoroku'/ '雙六' and 'picture Sugoroku'/ '双六' respectively.
- 阪東妻三郎プロダクション(ばんどうつまさぶろう-、1925年9月 設立 - 1936年12月 解散)は、かつて京都、のちに千葉の東京湾に存在した映画会社である。
- Bando Tsumasaburo Productions, founded in September of 1925 and liquidated in December of 1936, was a film company established in Kyoto and later moved to the Tokyo Bay Area in Chiba.
- 馬琴が用いた参考史料の開示、里見氏の史実(当時の軍記物にもとづく)や安房の地理の解説のほか、著者の失明の事実が明かされ、筆記者お路への慰労の言葉が書かれている。
- In the afterword, Bakin disclosed reference materials that he had relied upon, to explain about the historic facts concerning the Satomi family (based on gunkimono or war chronicles, prevailing in those days) and geography of Awa, revealed the fact that he had lost his eyesight, and said a word of appreciation for Omichi, who had transcribed the story for him.
- 日本では第二次世界大戦前に三井財閥・三菱財閥・住友財閥・安田財閥などの財閥があったが、敗戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により分散させられた(財閥解体)。
- In Japan, there were several zaibatsu prior to World War II, including Mitsui Zaibatsu, Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, Sumitomo Zaibatsu and Yasuda Zaibatsu, but after the war they were dismantled by the order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) (i.e., the dissolution of Zaibatsu).
- 天慶年間(930年代末 - 940年代後葉)の承平天慶の乱は、寛平・延喜東国の乱および承平南海賊での勲功行賞が十分に行われなかったために発生したと解されている。
- It is considered that the Johei and Tengyo War in the Tengyo era (from the end of the 930s to the latter half of the 940s) occurred because conferment for distinguished services in the Kanbyo Engi Togoku War and Joheinankaizoku was not sufficient.
- この当時、日本の社会各層で家産の相続を前提とする「家」(イエ)制度の成立が進行しており、公家社会の形成も、貴族層における「家」の成立として理解することができる。
- At that time 'a family system' assuming inheritance of family property was being established in each class of Japanese society, therefore, the formation of the kuge society can be understood as establishment of 'a family' within the noble hierarchy.
- 伊達稙宗は陸奥守護職に補任し、奥州探題であった大崎氏の内紛を解決して、大崎義宣を養子に入れて傘下に取り込み、出羽国の最上氏も勢力圏に組み込むなど大きく飛躍した。
- After appointed as Mutsu shugoshiki (provincial constables of Mutsu Province), Tanemune DATE drastically increased its influence by adopting Yoshinobu OSAKI in return for solving an internal conflict of the Osaki clan (then-Oshu Tandai), and putting the Osaki clan and later the Mogami clan of Dewa Province under control.
- 土器自体は縄文時代の作品であったがこの土器の特色とされた口縁部の蛇形装飾の把手がオリジナルではなく、推定復元であることが判明したため指定を解除されたものである。
- Although the earthenware dated back to the Jomon period, the characteristic ear with decoration shaped like a snake near the rim of the mouth was not original; therefore, since it was presumed that this was the result of restoration, its designation as an ICP was canceled.
- 平安末期になると、鳥羽上皇の後継をめぐって崇徳天皇、近衛天皇、後白河天皇の兄弟間による皇位承継紛争が保元の乱・平治の乱という武力衝突により解決されることとなった。
- In the late Heian period, the dispute about Imperial succession to the Retired Emperor Toba happened, Emperor Sutoku, Emperor Konoe, and Emperor Goshirakawa, between brothers, opposed to each other, but, it was settled by armed conflict after the Hogen War, the Heiji War.
- こういった工夫された食器の使用は一つの解決策ではあるが、その一方では止むに止まれぬ個々の事情により「犬食いをせざるを得ない」ということへの理解も重要だと言えよう。
- Using these well-devised eating utensils is one of the solution for Inugui, however, on the other hand, it is important for us to understand that 'some people are forced to eat like a dog' because of individual unavoidable reasons.
- ただ、万葉仮名の「共」を逆説の確定条件を示す接続助詞「ども」や「とも」として用いる例はないので、上のいずれの読み方であっても「ともに寝る」という解釈がされている。
- As '共' (Tomo) of Manyogana (early Japanese syllabary composed of Chinese characters used phonetically) has never been used as conjunctions of 'domo' and 'tomo' indicating fixed conditions of paradox, both of the above reading have been interpreted as 'sleep together.'
- このたび父が旧主のために金子百両を必要としていることを知り、これを用立てて勘当を解いてもらおうと考え、女房お六に因果を含め、小万と名乗らせて芸者勤めをさせている。
- Since Sangoro's father needs 100 ryo for his former master, Sangoro planned to prepare the money for gaining his father's forgiveness; he persuaded his wife Oroku of its necessity and she eventually became a geisha calling herself Koman.
- また、それら文化財自体の地震などへの耐震性についても、現在の基準で判断すると問題のある建物も相当数あるが、解体修理は世紀単位で一度しかできず、莫大な費用を要する。
- When judging the earthquake resistance of those cultural properties in accordance with current standards, there are many buildings that fail but dismantling and repair can only be conducted once every century and requires enormous amounts of money.
- このことで、太上天皇の地位は後任の天皇から与えられることに根拠を持つものに変質し、在位の天皇の優位性が確立して、二頭政治・二重権力の弊害は解消されることになった。
- This led to a change in the position of retired emperor as a position to be given by the coming emperor, and established the superiority of the residing emperor, relieving the harmful effects of diarchy/dual power.
- 健岑と逸勢は容疑を否認したが結局流罪とされ、淳和に近い立場にいた貴族たちが解任され、ついには恒貞も連坐して皇太子の地位を追われ、かつての高岳と同じように出家した。
- Kowamine and Hayanari both denied the charges but were exiled and aristocrats close to Junna were dismissed from office, and finally, Tsunesada was deposed as Crown Prince to take joint responsibility and he became a priest as Takaoka did in the past.
- 五 地域における人々の生活又は生業及び当該地域の風土により形成された景観地で我が国民の生活又は生業の理解のため欠くことのできないもの(以下「文化的景観」という。)
- 5. The indispensables in order for our nationals to appreciate the life and livelihood of a local region (such as the scenes formed by the customs of the region that reflects the locals’ lives and livelihoods) (such indispensables being hereinafter referred to as cultural landscapes')
- この表現が日本の皇室について用いられる理由としては、日本神話において天皇は神の末裔であり、一般の人間とはかけ離れた存在という思想背景があったためと解釈する説がある。
- This expression is used for the Japanese Imperial family because there is an idea that the emperors are descendents of gods in the Japanese mythology and are different from ordinary people.
- 熊本県玉名郡和水町の江田船山古墳出土の銀象嵌鉄刀銘や埼玉県行田市の稲荷山古墳出土の金錯銘鉄剣銘を「獲加多支鹵大王 (ヤマト王権)」と解しその証とする説が有力である。
- Also there is a popular theory to prove his power by deciphering the inscriptions on the iron sword inlaid with silver (excavated from the Eta Funayama Tumulus (Nagomi Town, Tamana County, Kumamoto Prefecture)) and the iron sword with gold inscription (excavated from the Inariyama-kofun Tumulus (Gyoda City, Saitama Prefecture)) as 'Wakatakeru no Okimi (the Great King Wakatakeru).'
- 解散後の稲葉、後藤、綾野小路は極東映画社へ、田中はフリーランスに、水原はマキノ雅弘のマキノトーキー製作所へ、五十鈴は大都映画を経て極東へ、高木は地方巡業の旅に出た。
- After the company was liquidated, Inaba, Goto and Ayanokoji joined Kyokuto Eiga-sha, Tanaka turned freelance, Mizuhara joined Masahiro MAKINO's company called Makino Talkie Seisakusho and Takagi began doing road shows.
- だが、朝鮮通信使が実際に書いた日記(日東壮遊歌 など)などの当時の資料を紐解くと、進んだ文化を持つ日本の繁栄ぶりが描写されており、韓国の教育とは相違が見受けられる。
- However, when reading documents concerning that time, for example, actual written diaries (such as Nittosoyuka), it is found that Japan was advanced culturally and was prosperous, showing differences between what is educated in Korea and reality.
- 天保の改革で水野忠邦は株仲間による流通の独占がインフレーションの原因であるとして、1841年-1842年に掛け、冥加金の上納を停止させ、株仲間の大半の解散を命じた。
- In the Tenpo Reforms, Tadakuni MIZUNO ordered to stop the payment of render from 1841 through 1842 and dissolve most kabunakama, saying that the monopoly of the distribution system by kabunakama was the cause of inflation.
- こういった事情はクオリティ・オブ・ライフにも絡み、当人が羞恥心と感じて萎縮してしまったり、あるいは周囲からあらぬ非難を被るといった問題は解決されるべきだと考えられる。
- These situations are also related to the quality of life, and the problems that the person is overwhelmed with shame and daunted or gets a bad rap from his or her environment should be solved.
- そのため、慣例で源氏がなるとされていた征夷大将軍に任官されるために、新田氏の末裔となるべく系図を借り受けて「源朝臣」を称するようになったという解釈がされることが多い。
- It is often viewed that, as seii taishogun was appointed from the Minamoto clan by convention, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA borrowed a spot in the family tree so as to be a descendant of the Nitta clan, thereby calling himself 'Minamoto no Ason' so that he could become seii taishogun.
- 戦前彼の著書は不敬であるとして発禁処分とされたが、戦後になって天皇制のタブーが解かれると、多くの歴史学者によっておおむね妥当な推論であるとして支持されるようになった。
- Although his books had been banned for sale in the prewar time as the books lacking respect for the emperor, many historians came to support his books as an approximately reasonable assumption when the taboo against discussion of the Emperor system was removed after World War II.
- 残ったのは千恵プロと嵐寛寿郎プロダクション(寛プロ)であったが、寛プロも同年内に1度解散(第1期寛プロ)、千恵プロだけが嵯峨野に自前のスタジオを築いていくことになる。
- Chie Pro and Arashi Kanjuro Productions (Kan Pro) survived, but Kan Pro liquidated for the first of two times in 1928 (this is why it was called The First Arashi Kanjuro Production) and only Chie Pro went on to build its own studio in Sagano.
- 同作は山崎の「館主連盟」の第1回配給作品となったが、千恵プロの設立第2作伊丹原作・脚本、稲垣監督の『放浪三昧』が公開される直前の7月末に早くも「館主連盟」が瓦解する。
- This film was the first to be distributed by Yamazaki's 'Kanshu Renmei,' but this distribution company had already collapsed by the end of July right before the release of 'Horo Zanmai,' the second film produced by Chie Puro, written/adapted by Itami and directed by Inagaki.
- 財閥解体には繋がらなかった場合も多く、存続企業としては松坂屋、旧東海銀行(→UFJ銀行→現三菱東京UFJ銀行)(ともに伊藤財閥)、キッコーマン(茂木財閥)などがある。
- There were many cases in which zaibatsu didn't get dismantled but instead remained as surviving companies, such as Matsuzakaya Co., Ltd., the old Tokai Bank, Ltd. (UFJ Bank Limited -> now Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd.) (both of which used to be Ito Zaibatsu) and Kikkoman Corporation (Mogi Zaibatsu).
- 当主である父・幟仁親王は謹慎解除後は政治活動から距離をおいたが、明治天皇の信任と倒幕派の人望が篤い熾仁親王は、王政復古のクーデター計画も西郷隆盛等から事前に知らされる。
- The father, and the head of the family, Imperial Prince Takahito stayed away from political activities after he was allowed to appear in public, however Emperor Meiji had complete trust in Imperial Prince Taruhito and other people who were against the bakufu also trusted him as well, Takamori SAIGO and others let the Prince know about a planned coup, in advance, for the restoration of imperial rule.
- 延暦15年(796年)2月15日、斎宮で斎王解任のための奉幣使が立てられ、3月15日には平安京から朝原内親王の帰京を求める奉迎使左少弁兼左兵衛佐橘朝臣入居が派遣された。
- On April 1, 796, an Imperial messenger arrived at the Shinto shrine in Itsukinomiya to give Itsukinomiko some time off from her position, there were other Imperial messengers, Sashoben and Sahyoenosuke, TACHIBANA no Asomi Irii, who were sent from Heijokyo (the ancient capital of Heijo), to have Itsukinomiko return to Kyoto on April 30.
- 特に教育に関しては儒学を基本にすべしとする元田の最大の理解者でもあり、教育行政のトップに田中不二麿や森有礼のような西洋的な教育論者が任命された事には不快感を抱いていた。
- Especially when it came to education, he duly understood Motoda's philosophy based on Confucianism, he was frustrated when Fujimaro TANAKA and Arinori MORI who were both educational debaters preferred the western way of thinking, were appointed as educational administrators.
- 承和9年(842年)、承和の変で皇太子恒貞親王が廃されると、変の解決に功のあった伯父藤原良房にも推され代わりに立太子し、嘉祥3年(850年)、仁明天皇の崩御に伴い即位。
- After Prince Tsunesada was removed from the position of Crown Prince in the Showa Incident of 842, instead the Emperor Montoku succeeded to the throne after Emperor Nimmyo died (850), with the recommendation of his uncle, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, who had contributed to the resolution of the incident.
- ところが、1936年(昭和11年)になると松竹の専務取締役に就任した城戸四郎が新興キネマの製作指揮を行うようになり、提携しているスタープロダクションとの解約を推進した。
- However, Shiro KIDO, who became the CEO of Shochiku and directed the productions of Shinko Kinema in 1936, abandoned the contract with the Star Production.
- 植民地化されずに自力で近代化への改革をなした日本は、明治27年(1894年)にはイギリスと条約改正を成し遂げ、これを皮切りに江戸時代末期以来の不平等条約の解消を進めた。
- Successfully reforming itself to a modern nation without becoming a colony of another country, in 1894, Japan accomplished a treaty revision with England which started the process of terminating an unequal treaty that had existed since the end of the Edo period.
- こういった誤解のため、日本の一揆が英訳されて海外に紹介されるに際しても、 riot, revolt といった暴動や反乱を意味する語として訳されるのが一般化してしまった。
- Because of the above-mentioned misinterpretation, the Japanese word 'ikki' has generally been introduced to the world through its English translation as 'riot' or 'revolt,' words suggesting violent behavior in a public place or an illegal, sometimes violent attempt to change the political system.
- これについて前出の八世観世銕之丞は、能は本来、全て即興で演じられるものであり、出演者同士がお互いのことを解りすぎていることは、能においてはデメリットになると論じている。
- Bearing upon this, Tetsunojo KANZE VIII argues that, Noh were originally completely impromptu performances and if the performers understood one another too much, it becomes a demerit.
- 幽霊(ゆうれい)は、日本の民間信仰の中で、人が死亡して、肉体から魂が離れた後も、未練や遺恨を解くために、現世(うつしよ)に残り、生前の姿で幽か(かすか)に可視化したもの。
- In Japanese folk belief, yurei are faintly visible figures who have remained in Utsushiyo (the land of the living) even after their soul left their body after death, in order to resolve some form of lingering attachment or to seek revenge for a wrong.
- 古今和歌集収録の歌として、ごく一般的な「君」の解釈を述べるならば、「君は広くもちいる言葉であって、天皇をさすとは限らない」ということであり、それ以上はなにも断定できない。
- According to the general interpretation of 'kimi' in poems compiled in Kokin-Wakashu, the word 'kimi is used in a broad sense and it does not necessarily mean the emperor,' and nothing can be said for sure about anything more than that.
- また、才覚よりも家格を官職就任の最優先の要件とするという見解は、南北朝時代 (日本)の北畠親房による一連の著作とも共通しており、親房は同書の影響を受けたとする見方もある。
- Additionally, Motochika's position to prioritize the family's social standing rather than talent for the appointment of the government posts coincided with Chikafusa KITABATAKE's series of books in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts; some believe that Chikafusa had been influenced by the Kanshoku Hisho.
- 衣食住、生業、信仰、年中行事等に関する風俗慣習、民俗芸能、民俗技術及びこれらに用いられる衣服、器具、家屋その他の物件で我が国民の生活の推移の理解のため欠くことのできないもの
- Manners and customs related to food, clothing and housing, to occupations, religious faiths, annual observances, etc., folk performing arts and folk techniques, and clothes, implements, houses and other objects used therefor, which are indispensable for the understanding of changes in our people's modes of life.
- 大島菊松が神戸に経営する「菊水館」を中心に興行に協力する映画館は残ったが、寛プロも翌1929年(昭和4年)2月には解散、嵐は東亜キネマ京都撮影所(等持院撮影所)に入社した。
- Movie theaters that cooperated with promotions such as Kikumatsu OSHIMA's 'Kikusuikan Theater' in Kobe remained, but Kan Pro disbanded the following February in 1929 and Arashi joined Toa Kinema Kyoto Studio (Tojin Studio).
- 芸者妲妃の小万 実は神谷召使お六 神谷の家人の娘であるお六は、父に勘当された三五郎と夫婦となり、三五郎の勘当を解いてもらうため、百両の金子を調達するために、芸者をしている。
- Geisha, Dakki no Koman (in fact a servant of the Kamiya family, Oroku's disguise): a daughter of a retainer of the Kamiya family, Oroku married Mitsugoro who had been disowned by his father, and worked as a geisha to gain 100 ryo so that Mitugoro's father could forgive his son.
- 政権を担当する者・勢力はいつの世でもそうすることが多いが(そうなることが多いが)、黒船に象徴される圧倒的な武力を見せ付けられた江戸幕府は、現実的な解として、開国を選択する。
- As is the general course for all persons/powers in charge of the government in any age, Edo Bakufu, which had shown the overwhelming military power symbolized by the black ships, chose to open the country to the world as a practical solution.
- この相論は摂政一条兼遐や京都所司代板倉重宗らによって審議されたが、途中で壬生孝亮による売官問題が発覚、孝亮は解官・追放となったために有耶無耶に終わり、問題は先送りとされた。
- Those including the regent Akiyoshi ICHIJO and the shogun's deputy for Kyoto, Shigemune ITAKURA examined the dispute, but the examination ended leaving the dispute unsettled when an illegal official rank selling of Takasuke MIBU was discovered and Takasuke was dismissed and expelled from the court.
- また、復元図のもとになった史料、『室町殿行幸御餝記』、『小河御所并東山殿御餝図』の解釈のちがいにより、主室にあったのはつくりつけの押板ではなく置押板である、という説もある。
- Due to a difference in the interpretation of the historical documents in which the reconstructed image was based upon, 'Ogawagosho narabini Higashiyamadono Okazarizu' within 'Muromachidono Gyoko Okazariki,' there was a theory that stated that the master bedroom did not have the built-in oshiita but oshiita that was simply placed there.
- 19世紀を中心にヨーロッパで展開した精神運動である「ロマン主義」の影響を受け、大正時代の個人の解放や新しい時代への理想に満ちた風潮にかぶせて、このように呼ばれるようになった。
- The idealistic trend in hoping for a new era and the liberation of an individual, which were affected by the 'romanticism' of Europe around the 19th century, began to be referred to as 'Taisho Roman.'
- 千恵プロと嵐寛寿郎プロダクション(寛プロ)だけが残ったが、寛プロ(第1期寛プロ)も同年内に1度解散、ただ千恵プロだけが翌年早々に嵯峨野に自前のスタジオを築いていくことになる。
- Chie Pro and Arashi Kanjuro Productions (Kan Pro) survived, but Kan Pro dissolved for the first of two times in 1928 (this is why it is called The First Arashi Kanjuro Production) and only Chie Pro went on to build its own studio in Sagano early the next year.
- しかし、現地での実際においては、地頭は風水害など様々な理由をつけ、年貢を押領することも多く、領主との紛争は訴訟だけでは解決できず、訴訟の結果も実効性を持たないことも多かった。
- At local shoen, however, jito often embezzled nengu on the pretext of natural disasters etc. and many of these disputes couldn't be resolved through litigations alone or the results of litigations were virtually ineffective.
- 稀に誤解されることがあるJR福知山線脱線事故(尼崎脱線事故)は、兵庫県尼崎市塚口駅 (JR西日本)~尼崎駅 (JR西日本)間で発生した事故でありこの市で発生した事故ではない。
- There is some misunderstanding concerning the derailment accident on the JR Fukuchiyama Line (Amagasaki Derailment Accident), which occurred in a section between Tsukaguchi Station (JR West) and Amagasaki Station (JR West) in Amagasaki City, Hyogo Prefecture, but did not occur in Fukuchiyama City.
- このとき、三守護職を代官として設置した(道南十二館)ことが『新羅之記録』に記載されているが、実態は安東家政或いは安東定季が一人守護として統括していたとする見解も出されている。
- According to 'Shinra no Kiroku,' Masasue then set up the post of Sanshugoshoku as daikan (local governor) to carry out decentralized control (Dokan Juni Tate [12 castles of the Oshima Peninsula]), however, according to another observation, Iemasa ANDO or Sadasue ANDO practically controlled alone as Shugo.
- 一方で出羽国に奥州合戦後も御家人として在地支配を許された豪族が多いことから、在地領主の家人化が進んだ陸奥国と押領使としての軍事指揮権に留まった出羽国の差を指摘する見解もある。
- On the other hand, based on the fact that there were many local ruling families which were empowered to rule their local lands as gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) in Dewa Province even after the battle of Oshu, some point out the difference in the influence of the Oshu Fujiwara clan between Mutsu and Dewa Provinces—local lords in Mutsu Province had been vassalized by the Oshu Fujiwara family, while it was merely allowed military command as Oryoshi in Dewa Province.
- 11月14日清盛は福原から上京すると、関白・基房、権中納言・師家を手始めに、藤原師長以下39名(貴族8名、殿上人・受領・検非違使など31名)を解官、後白河も鳥羽殿へ幽閉した。
- On November 14, Kiyomori arrived in Kyoto from Fukuhara and fired, beginning with Regent Motofusa, Gonchunagon Moroie (head of the Left Division of the Outer Palace Guards), FUJIWARA no Moronaga and 39 other people (8 aristocrats, 31 court officers, province officers, Kenbiishi, etc.) and locked Goshirakawa up at the Toba residence.
- 後醍醐は両統迭立状態を解消し、自身の系統に皇統を再度統一したと考えていたが、その後、後醍醐の新政へ多くの離反が相次ぎ、離反勢力からなる足利幕府は持明院統から光明天皇を擁立した。
- The Emperor had the intention to solve the current problem of conducting Ryoto Tetsuritsu and re-unifying the Imperial line to his lineage, however there were many disputes against the Emperor's new government, the Ashikaga shogunate who was in opposition to the Emperor appointed Emperor Komyo from the Jimyoin Imperial line.
- このように自分の都合でしか事象を解釈できず、かつて敵視していた人物を一転して賛美したり、或いはその逆で支援していた人物を排除したりと、態度が180度逆転する事が非常に多かった。
- Thus, Goshirakawa's attitude totally changed on many occasions, once he considered someone as his enemy then he changed to glorify him, or to the contrary, he eliminate someone whom he considered as a supporter, he only took things in a way that suited his needs.
- 756年5月の聖武天皇崩御の際、天皇の遺詔により子の道祖王が皇太子に立てられるが、翌757年品行不良を理由に皇太子を解かれ、同年7月橘奈良麻呂の乱に加担したとして拷問され獄死。
- Although his son, the Prince Funado became the Crown Prince by the Emperor Shomu's will when the Emperor died, he was demoted from the Crown Prince due to his bad behavior in 757, then he was tortured and died in prison on the accusation of the involvement in the revolt of TACHIBANA no Naramaro in July of the same year.
- 清盛の強硬姿勢に驚いた法皇は、静憲(信西の子)を使者として今後は政務に介入しないことを申し入れたため、一時は関白父子の解任で法皇と清盛が和解するのではないかという観測も流れた。
- The cloistered emperor was surprised by the firm attitude of Kiyomori, and used the Joken (the son of Shinzei) as the messenger, and said that he would not interfere with political duties hence forwards, and it was interpreted that the dismissal of Kanpaku father and son from their posts made the cloistered emperor and Kiyomori reconcile temporarily.
- 慶応3年1月15日(1867年2月19日)、明治天皇の践祚に伴い処分が解かれたが、幟仁親王はこれ以降政治的な表舞台には姿をあらわさず、打診された国事御用掛への復職も辞退している。
- On February 19, 1867, Imperial Prince Takahito was forgiven in accordance with Emperor Meiji's accession to the throne, but he never returned to the political stage from that time onward and he even declined a reinstatement offer for the Kokuji Goyogakari position.
- 「空海・小野道風の書、妙は則ち妙なり、神は則ち神也、然れども之れを細観し来る時は唯唐書の盲従者たるに過ぎずして、唐代の書を遡源的に解釈して之れを崇拝したるものにあらざるが如し。」
- The calligraphy of Kukai and that of ONO no Tofu are exquisite, if asked whether they are exquisite or not, and are like being written by god, if asked whether they are like being written by god or not, but when viewing their works minutely, it is found that they were only imitators of calligraphy in Tang and did not worship what they understood as the origin of calligraphy in the Tang period.
- そのルールも曖昧な点が多く、例えば共お手つき(相手と手が接触し、自らの意思に拠らず不可抗力でお手つきが発生すること)などの解釈は人によって違うどころか、知らない競技者も存在する。
- The rule contains many unclear points, for example, tomo otetsuki (unavoidable otetsuki that caused by touching opponent hand) is interpreted differently depending on players, or even some players do not know the rule.
- 律令法を総体としてとらえ、法としての構造と特質を明らかにする試みや、律令法に基づいて形成された国家の歴史的特質の解明などは、ようやくその究明に緒がつけられたというのが実情である。
- As it stands, investigation has finally begun in an attempt to grasp the ritsuryo law holistically and to clarify its legal structure and characteristics, and on the clarification of the historical characteristics of a nation formed based on ritsuryo law.
- 次いで律令の研究が興隆したのは 8世紀末から 9世紀はじめにかけての時期で、このとき『令集解(りようのしゆうげ)』が引用する令釈、跡記、穴記などの多くの私的注釈書が生まれている。
- After that, research on ritsuryo became active between the end of the eighth century and the beginning of the ninth century, and many private commentaries such as Reishaku, Sekki, and Kekki, which are quoted in the 'Ryo no shuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) were published around that time.
- 古典的理解での摂関政治では、幼帝の外祖父とその血縁者のみが摂政、後に関白や公卿の権利を持っていたが、院政の成立後には藤原北家頼通流にのみ摂政・関白職が世襲されることが公認される。
- In the traditional sense of the regency, only an infant emperor's maternal grandfather and his relatives had the right to take the post of regent, and then the post of chancellor or court noble, but after the cloistered government was formed, it was officially recognized that the posts of regent and chancellor were to be passed down from generation to generation only within Yorimichi's line in the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- この死亡帳は同時に出土した20号文書(解文の書止部分)に「嘉承二年」(849年)、21号文書(書状)に「嘉祥三年」(850年)の年紀があることから、9世紀前半のものと判断される。
- It is judged that this Shibocho was created in the first half of the ninth century, because a year was described as 849 in Document No. 20 (back matter of a letter), and was described as 850 in Document No. 21 (letter), which were unearthed together.
- このため模刻本と対することは書道研究の上で避けられない事態であり、そのような時は「模刻」という行為の特性とその行為がはらんでいるリスクを理解した上で、よく考えて使用する必要がある。
- For this reason, to face books made by mokoku is absolutely necessary for the study of calligraphy, and the books need to be used after understanding and considering characteristics and risks of the act of 'mokoku.'
- 1924年(大正13年)7月、牧野は東亜キネマとの合併を呑むが、その後の1925年6月、マキノ・プロダクション(1925年 設立 - 1932年7月 解散)を設立、完全に独立する。
- In July of 1924, Makino accepted merger with Toa Kinema, but in June of the following year 1925, he set up a film business completely on his own by establishing Makino Production (established in 1925 - dissolved in July 1932).
- その後も修史事業は試みられ「新国史」なるものが存在したと伝聞されるが、若干残った逸文から見ると完成奏上に至らなかったとする見解が主流であり、原因としては律令政治の衰退があげられる。
- There were other attempts to compile national histories following Rikkokushi and it is rumored that there was a 'Shinkokushi' (New National History), but the few remaining rare texts have led to the prevailing opinion that they were never completed and reported to the emperor, with the decline of government according to the Ritsuryo codes given as a reason for this.
- また、殺生禁断を建前とする寺社領域の拡張が全国的に広まったため、これまで山野河海を生活の場としてきた民衆たちが苦境に立たされ、悪党となったのではないかとする見解が近年出されている。
- Also, as the expansion of temple or shrine premises, in which it was theoretically prohibited to kill animals, became a nationwide tendency, common people who had lived on the blessings of mountains, fields, rivers and seas ran into difficult situations and some of them became bandits, according to recently published views.
- 大村は5月1日、旧幕府による江戸府中取締の任を解き、東北地方、越後で仙台藩主導による北部政府(奥羽越列藩同盟)が誕生した直後の5月15日 (旧暦)(同7月4日)、彰義隊を攻撃した。
- On June 20, OMURA dismissed the former Shogunate from the task of patrolling the Edo-futyu, and attacked the Shogitai on July 4 right after the Sendai Domain-led Northern government (Ouetsu-reppan alliance) was established in the Tohoku Region and Echigo.
- 翌年、伏姫に懐妊のしるしがあらわれ、山中で出会った仙童から八房が玉梓の呪詛を負っていたこと、読経の功徳によりその怨念は解消されたものの、八房の気を受けて種子を宿したことが告げられる。
- The next year Princess Fuse showed signs of pregnancy, and a child hermit whom she encountered in the mountain told her that Yatsufusa had been cursed by Tamazusa, that Tamazusa's curse had been cleared up by the merit of the sutras but that Princess got pregnant with Yatsufusa's ki (essence, phenomenon).
- 子孫は堂上家で、日野家を筆頭に、広橋家、柳原家(祖は日野資明)、烏丸家、竹屋家、日野西家、勘解由小路家(かでのこうじけ)、裏松家、外山家、豊岡家、三室戸家、北小路家の12家を数える。
- The descendant is ranked as the Dojo Family, which consists of 12 families from the Hino Family to the House of Hirohashi, the House of Yanagihara (the original forefather is Suketomo HINO), the Karasuma Family, the Takeya Family, the Hinonishi Family, the Kadenokoji Family, the Uramatsu Family, the Toyama Family, the Toyooka Family, the Mimuroto Family and theKitakoji Family.
- そこで李氏朝鮮は高麗時代からの民族雑居状態の解消と、官営貿易で利益を独占する事を望み、室町幕府や九州探題、対馬の実質的な支配者である宗貞茂に対して倭寇および私貿易の取締りを要求した。
- At this point, the Joseon dynasty wanted to cull society of its multiethnic character, which had been the norm during the Goryeo period (918 - 1392), and achieve a monopoly over trade profits by bringing trade under government control, so they requested that the Muromachi bakufu, the tandai (military commissioner) of Kyushu, and Sadashige SO, the de facto ruler of Tsushima island, bring both Wako activity and private trade under control.
- しかし、下国家はなおもかつての勢力圏の支配の意欲を捨てておらず、東海将軍を称して内外に出羽、陸奥北部から蝦夷にかけての支配圏を誇示しようとした(これには否定的見解も出されている。)。
- However, Shimonokuni family still did not give up the attempt to continue controlling where was once its sphere of influence, and tried to display the controlling range from the northern Mutsu Province to Ezo, by proclaiming itself Tokai Shogun (general of Tokai) within and outside the territory (About this, there are some contradictions).
- この争いを、文永元年(元の至元 (元世祖)元年/1264年)から徳治3年(元の至大元年/1308年)にかけての骨嵬(アイヌ)と元との交戦後の講和を巡る方針争いによるとする見解がある。
- There is an observation that this was a conflict concerning the peace policy after the war between the Ainu and Yuan that took place in 1264 and ended in 1308.
- その一方で、鎌倉時代には地頭による侵食を受け、室町時代には守護(守護大名)によって蚕食されるなど、武士の進出に伴って次第に解体への道を進み、戦国時代 (日本)頃までにほぼ形骸化した。
- The system, however, was encroached on by Jito (lords of the manors) in the Kamakura period and by Shugo Daimyos (provincial constables) in the Muromachi period, and thus gradually dismantled in accordance with the rise of samurais and almost became a mere formality by the time of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).
- 工学的側面からは、金属の結晶の理論や相変化の理論が解明されていない時代において、刀工たちが連綿と工夫を重ね科学的にも優れた刃物の到達点を示しえたことに今も興味の眼差しが注がれている。
- From the engineering aspect, in the periods when the theory of metallic crystal or phase transition was not resolved, sword craftsmen kept making an effort and achieved cutting tools that were excellent scientifically as well, which attracts much interest even now.
- 作家の井沢元彦は、日本には無意識の強烈な「怨霊」信仰と、怨霊を発生させない「和」への信仰があり、神道はその上に成立し、仏教も結局は怨霊を鎮魂する為の道具として活用されたと解説している。
- Writer Motohiko IZAWA explains that in Japan there are unconscious and strong belief in 'vengeful spirits' and faith in 'harmony' to prevent the vengeful spirits from coming into this world, and on this foundation Shinto was established, while Buddhism turned out to be used as a tool to appease these vengeful spirits.
- 文化財保護法では無形の民俗文化財を、「衣食住、生業、信仰、年中行事等に関する風俗慣習、民俗芸能、民俗技術で、わが国の国民の生活の推移の理解のため欠くことのできないもの」と規定している。
- The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties provides that intangible folk cultural properties are 'manners and customs related to food, clothing and housing, to occupations, religious faiths, festivals, etc., to folk entertainments, arts and crafts and techniques which are indispensable for the understanding of changes in our people's modes of life.'
- しかしながら、交易で生計を立てている対馬と、胡椒・丹木・銅などの輸入を対馬に全面的に依存している朝鮮王朝の双方は折り合いを付ける必要に迫られ、1512年、壬申約条により和解が成立した。
- However, people in Tsushima who made their living from trade and the Korean Dynasty, who was totally dependent on imports from Tsushima for pepper, tanboku and copper, were obliged to get along with each other, and in 1512 they agreed on a settlement under the Jinshin Yakujo (visitor regulations which were established by the Korean Dynasty).
- 2006年9月に41年ぶりの男性皇族である秋篠宮悠仁親王が誕生したが、若い男性皇族不足が解決されたわけでもないため、皇位継承問題は終わっていない(問題を先送りしただけ)とする意見がある。
- In September 2006, the male Imperial member, Imperial Prince Akishinonomiya Hisahito was born for the first time in forty one years, however the issue of the shortage of male Imperial members was yet unsolved, the Imperial succession problem still remains the same.
- さらに、平安京でうまく行ったとされる山川道澤との対応付けは、江戸時代以降に主張されるようになったものであり、それが一般的な解釈とされるようになったのはようやく明治時代になってからである。
- Moreover, the association of mountain, river, road and lake, as allegedly done well into the Heian-kyo, has been claimed since the Edo period, which became the general interpretation later in the Meiji period.
- 父である二条天皇は在世中に親政を行おうとして後白河と対立した上、異母弟・憲仁の擁立を画策したとして、憲仁の叔父・平時忠を流罪、平教盛・藤原成親・藤原信隆を解官して後白河の院政を停止させた。
- His father, Emperor Nijo tried to directly rule the government and was opposed to Goshirakawa, he put an end to Goshirakawa's cloister government by saying he was scheming to allow his half younger brother, Prince Norihito, ascend to the throne, and Norihito's uncle, TAIRA no Tokitada was sentenced to deportation, TAIRA no Norimori, FUJIWARA no Narichika and FUJIWARA no Nobutaka lost their positions.
- 忠成王、尊忠と親子で同じ宮号を名乗ったことから、岩倉宮を最初の世襲宮家と見る意見がある一方、宮内庁の資料『皇室制度資料』では岩倉宮を宮家の一つとしてみることに対して慎重な見解を取っている。
- From the fact that both Prince Tadanari and Takatada, parent and son, announced the same reigning name, there is a view that Iwakuramiya was the first hereditary court noble, but on the other hand, the material in the Imperial Household Regency 'Koshitsueidoshiryo' takes a cautious view on looking at Iwakuramiya as one of the Miyake.
- この期間の政治体制は、中央政権たる室町幕府が上位に立ち、地域権力たる守護大名が幕府の監督下にありつつも、両者が相互補完的に政治的経済的支配を展開する室町幕府-守護体制として理解されている。
- The Muromachi bakufu, as the central administrative authority, enjoyed a preeminent position above everyone else, but the political system during the period was characterized more by the shugo daimyo, somewhat analogous to feudal barons in their control over their respective provincial areas, and though they were nominally under the direction of the bakufu, in practice the bakufu and the system of daimyo can be understood to have ruled jointly, with each mutually complementing the other in exercising and developing political and economic control.
- 更に建武の新政において元弘3年(1333年)、諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化が急速に進んだため、室町時代の法令には初発から寺社領、本所領、武家領の表現が現れる。
- Furthermore, under the Kenmu Restoration regime in 1333, as the positions of honke (nominal landowners) and ryoke (virtual landowners) of manors were abolished in various provinces and Kansha Kaihorei (Order to Release Officially Authorized Shrines) was issued, resulting in rapid progress of proprietorship unification, and such expressions as jisharyo (estates of temples or shrines), honsho ryo (estates of honsho) and bukeryo (estates of samurai families) began to be found in the initial forms of these orders of Muromachi period.
- 「古事記」に見える王名「袁本杼(ヲホド)」と鏡の銘文に記された「男弟(ヲオト)」とは6世紀初頭における発音は異なっていたので、鏡にある「男弟(ヲオト)」は継体天皇ではないと解釈する説がある。
- Also, there is a theory which claims that the 'Wooto' on the mirror cannot be identified as Emperor Keitai because the pronunciation of 'Wohodo', the King's name in 'Kojiki', differed from 'Wooto' in the inscription on the mirror in the early sixth century.
- 令では中宮職を担当の役所となし、『令義解』では「太皇太后……の宮また自ずから中宮なり」とし、中宮職をもって太皇太后に仕える根拠とするが、実際には中宮職と別個に太皇太后宮職をおいて奉仕させた。
- Ryo (administrative code) assigned Chugu-shiki (Office of the Consort's Household) to manage the Grand empress dowager's affairs, quoting Ryo no gige (commentary on the Ryo) as its legal basis which says that 'the Grand empress dowager is Chugu (Empress) accordingly', but, in fact, Taikotaigogu-shiki (Office of the grand empress dowager) was established to serve Grand empress dowager exclusively.
- これに対して、「自由主義史観」では、歴史解釈は「類似」し、「平行」する現象の存在により成立するので、幕府が外交権・貿易権を有した江戸時代がすでに絶対主義体制であったと考えられる、としている。
- On the other hand, in the 'liberalism view of history', interpretation of history is determined with the existence of 'similar' and 'parallel' phenomenon; therefore, it says that in the Edo period when the Bakufu (shogunate) who had the diplomatic rights and the trading rights, it was thought to have already been under a system of absolutism.
- 古典の画図においては鳥山石燕の画集『今昔画図続百鬼』に描かれており、解説文には中国の古書『清尊録』からの引用で、姿は鶴のようで、体色が黒く、眼光は灯火のようで、羽を震わせて甲高く鳴くとある。
- Its was depicted in a diagram within classics such as the art book by Sekien TORIYAMA, 'Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki' (Continued Illustrations of the Many Demons Past and Present), in a note quoted from a Chinese classic 'Seisonroku,' and its appearance was like that of a crane, having black body color, and its glittering eyes were like flame, and it sang in a high pitch note while shaking its wings.
- 文政13年(1830年)喜多村信節『嬉遊笑覧』に「文化(1804-1817年)のはじめ頃、深川六軒ぼりに、松がすしが出来て、世上すしの風一変し」とあるが、この「一変」には二つの解釈ができる。
- 'Kiyoshoran' (an en encyclopedic book on cultures) written in 1830 by Nobuyo KITAMURA pointed out that 'the Matsugasushi, having started operations in Fukagawa rokken bori early in the Bunka era (1804-1817), changed the sushi world completely,' which 'changed completely' can be interpreted in two ways.
- 特に東国では武士身分の下級貴族が多数、開発領主として土着化し、所領の争いを武力により解決することも少なくなかったが、次第に武士団を形成して結束を固めていき、鎌倉幕府樹立の土台を築いていった。
- Especially in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan), many lower-ranking nobles from the samurai class were indigenized as kaihatsu-ryoshus and they often solved land disputes by force, but they gradually became closely united by forming groups of samurai and laid down the foundation for the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- すなわち、その年から翌年にかけて、藤原不比等(ふひと)をはじめとする編纂者たちは、 明法博士(みようぼうはかせ)または令官(りようかん)として、分担して律令条文を講説し、また解釈を治定した。
- From that year and on to the following year, FUJIWARA no Fuhito and other compilers took part in lecturing, explaining, and deciding the interpretation of the ritsuryo text as myoho-hakase (illuminators of the law) and ryokan.
- 第二次世界大戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により武徳会は解散(昭和時代21年(1946年))させられ武道全般禁止となるが、時の弓道家の尽力により昭和24年(1949年)全日本弓道連盟設立。
- After World War II, Butoku-kai was dispatched by General Headquarters (in 1946) and all martial arts were prohibited, but in 1949 The All Nippon Kyudo Federation was established by efforts of Kyudo-ka at that time.
- 1356年(延文元年/正平11年)に解放されて、翌年に京都に帰還するが、京都では既に崇光天皇の実弟である後光厳天皇が尊氏によって擁立された後であり、崇光天皇と直仁皇太子の復位要求は拒絶された。
- After their release in 1356, they returned to Kyoto in the following year, however, their demands for reinstatement of Emperor Suko and Imperial Prince Naohito were denied; in Kyoto, the younger bother of Emperor Suko, Emperor Kogon had been enthroned by Takauji until then.
- 『春秋』の注釈書である「公羊伝」の隠公_(魯)元年春王正月条(すなわち『春秋』の冒頭記事にあたる)の解釈の中に「子以母貴、母以子貴(子は母を以って貴し、母は子を以って貴し)」という文章がある。
- An understanding of 春王正月条, an article written in the first year of Inko (Lu) (B.C. 721) in 'Kuyoden,' which is a commentary of 'Shunju' (Spring and Autumn Annals) (i.e., the top article of Shunju), says '子以母貴、母以子貴' (Child is noble for its mother, and mother is noble for her child).
- 鳥山石燕は『今昔画図続百鬼』で、全身毛だらけの野槌がウサギを食べる様子を描いており、解説文で「草木の精をいふ」と述べ、その形状を『沙石集』からの引用で「目も鼻もなき物也といへり」と述べている。
- In 'Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki' (Ancient and Modern Illustrations of Various Demons, Continued), Sekien TORIYAMA depicts Nozuchi with its entire body covered in hair and eating a rabbit; in the comment, he says 'Nozuchi is a spirit of grasses and trees', and by quoting from 'Shaseki-shu' he describes its shape as 'a thing with no eyes nor nose.'
- また現地の港湾からの流通に対する独占的権利を確立して港湾支配を確立したものの、逆に特権によって他者の流通を妨げる存在に成長したために楽市楽座政策によって座とともに解体に追い込まれたものもある。
- There were also some Toimaru which monopolized the rights over the transport business in ports, and there were even some which, under the policy of the 'rakuichi-rakuza' (Free Market, Free Guilds), were forced to dissolve their business and guild that had become far too powerful for the smooth and fair operations of transportation business in the ports.
- しかし、郡司・百姓層の要求が多分に自利的であることに藤原道長を首班とする太政官も次第に気付き始め、1110年代後期~1120年代にかけて国司解任に至る事例は約5割から約2割へと激減していった。
- However Daijokan headed by FUJIWARA no Michinaga became aware that some claims of Gunji and farmers are rather selfish and thus claims that won dismissal of the Kokushu dramatically dropped from about 50% to 20% during the period between the latter half of the 1110's and the 1120's.
- その反面、その他の規定に対する違反については、惣村からの追放や財産の没収という罰則を伴っていたが、一定年限(数ヶ月~数年)が経過した後は、惣村の衆議によって解除されるケースがほとんどであった。
- On the other hand, although penal regulations for other violations were banishment from a soson or confiscation of property, they were usually pardoned after a fixed period (several months to several years) by the public discussion of the soson.
- ところが、室町時代になると、自立した百姓らによる自治村落(惣村)の形成が進み、こうした惣村では、惣内部や時には対立する他の惣との紛争解決の検断沙汰についてすら自ら検断権を行使するようになった。
- However, during the Muromachi period, self-governing communities (sosons) by independent peasants were formed and these communities started to exercise the right themselves against Kendan-sata to settle conflicts within the communities and sometimes even between communities.
- 一説によれば、在富の嫡男である勘解由小路在昌がキリスト教の洗礼を受けた事を知った在富がこれを廃嫡し、続いて甥の在種を養子とするが、後に在富自身がこれを暗殺して自ら家名を絶ったとも言われている。
- According to one theory, Aritomi disinherited Arimasa KADENOKOJI who was his heir as he knew that Arimasa had been christened as Christian; he then adopted Aritane, who was his nephew, but later assassinated him, and personally terminated the family name.
- 新内を聞きながらおまんへの欲情が抑えきれなくなる件では、他の俳優が表現の工夫にもて余す中で、左團次は何もしないでじっと新内を聞いている演技によって源五兵衛の揺れ動く心理を観客に理解させたという。
- In the part where Gengobei loses the inner fight to hold down his sexual urge for Oman while listening to shinnai, Sadanji chose to have the audience understand the volatile emotion by being rapt in listening to shinnai, while other actors struggled to express the emotion.
- 「癸未」を503年、「男弟王」を(おおと)男大迹王と解釈すると、継体天皇は癸未武烈天皇5年8月10日 (旧暦)(503年9月18日)の時点では、大和の意柴沙加宮忍坂宮にいたとする仮説が成り立つ。
- Interpreting 'Yin Water Sheep' as 503 and 'Otonokimi' as Odonookimi leads to the hypothesis that Emperor Keitai lived in Oshisaka no Miya Palace = (Oshisaka no Miya Palace) on August 10, Yin Water Sheep Buretsu era 5 (the old calendar) (September 18, 503).
- しかし、うえの歌の「駒」が間人を譬喩しており、古代の「見る」が恋愛の直結するものであることから、自分の妻をほかの男に見られたの意に理解し、中大兄との近親相姦の関係を説く吉永登のような見解もある。
- Minoru YOSHINAGA who interprets the Emperor Kotoku's poem to mean that some man has stolen his wife, based on the assumption that 'a chess piece' is the metaphor of Hashihito and that in the ancient times 'to see someone' implies to love someone, says that Hashihito no Himemiko had an incestuous relationship with her brother, Naka no Oe no Oji.
- 『古事記』に伊久米伊理毘古伊佐知命(いくめいりびこいさちのみこと)、『常陸国風土記』に伊久米天皇、『令集解』所引「古記」に生目天皇、『上宮記』逸文に伊久牟尼利比古(いくむにりひこ)大王と見える。
- His name appears in 'Kojiki' (Record of Ancient Matters, 'Ikume Iribiko Isachi no Mikoto'), 'Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki' (Topography of Hitachi Province, 'Ikume Emperor'), 'Koki' (Ancient Records) quoted in 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on Civil Statutes; 'Emperor Ikume') and 'Joguki' (history book written around the 7th century, 'Great King Ikumunirihiko').
- しかし、宮廷の対立が戦闘によって解決したこと、とりわけ京都市街を戦場とし、数百年ぶりに死刑が執行されたことは、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与え、貴族から庶民まで武士の力を強く印象づけることとなった。
- People at that time, however, were surprised by the fact that the internal conflict of the Imperial Court was resolved militarily, particularly in a battle in the urban area of Kyoto, and the death penalty was imposed for the first time in hundreds of years; commoners as well as nobles were left with a strong impression of samurai power.
- こうした事態を憂慮した伊藤は初代内閣総理大臣就任とともに引き続き初代宮内大臣を兼ねて天皇の意向を内閣_(日本)に伝えることで天皇の内閣への不信感を和らげ、伊藤の目指す立憲国家建設への理解を求めた。
- Concerned about this, Ito told the Cabinet (Japan) of the emperor's intention once he had been appointed to serve as the first Prime Minister while also serving as the Minister of the Imperial Household at the same time in order to quell the emperor's distrust of the Cabinet and gain his acceptance for the constitutional government Ito sought to implement.
- さらに徹底して、折口信夫の中天皇あるいは民俗学者がいうヒメ・ヒコ制で歴史を整理すれば、『古事記』・『日本書紀』の矛盾の多くが解決し、巨大古墳の被葬者の治定も容易に定まることになるとする意見もある。
- Furthermore, there is an opinion that quite a few inconsistencies in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki' are solved, and deceased persons in the gigantic ancient tomb are easily identified by reviewing history adopting the Nobuo ORIGUCHI's theory regarding Nakatsusumeramikoto; Empress or Princess who is a liaison between God and Emperor, and the Hime-Hiko system advocated by folklore scholars; the Princess-Prince system; governing the country by female and male imperial family members.
- 日本書紀によれば、十市皇女のなきがらは天武天皇7年(678年)4月14日に赤穂に葬られたとあるが、赤穂という地名が奈良県内のどこにあたるかという解釈には諸説あり、いまだ定説は明らかになっていない。
- While Nihonshoki mentions that the remains of Tochi no Himemiko were buried in Ako on May 13, 678, there are various theories on whereabouts the place name of Ako be located in Nara Prefecture and none of them has become established.
- ただしこの説は北宋時代の高承『zh事物紀原』卷二 酒醴飲食部や曾三異『』などに記事があり、のちの明時代に書かれた説話『三国志演義』に収録され多く知られるようになり、このように解説されることが多い。
- This story is talked a lot, however, because it is mentioned in books such as the Shurei inshokubu, the Vol. 2 of the 'Jibutsukigen (similar books of China)' written by Cheng GAO and the 'Yin hua lu (因話録) (Anthology of Essays and Short Stories)' written by Sanyi ZENG (曾三異), and then became well known for the episode in the 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' which was later written during the time of the Ming dynasty.
- この概念が登場した背景として、1970年代以降、王朝国家論を巡る議論の中で、在地の農民層から武士が生まれて貴族の荘園支配を打倒していったとするそれまでの解釈への批判が強まったことがあげられている。
- One of the commonly understood reasons for the rise of this concept was the increasing criticism in the 1970's and onwards of the conventional understanding that local farmers were the foundation of the samurais who overthrew shoen (manors in medieval Japan) control by aristocrats.
- 1933年4月、内務省 (日本)は滝川の著書『刑法講義』『刑法読本』に対し、その中の内乱罪、姦通罪に関する見解(後者については妻にだけ適用されることを批判した)などを理由として発売禁止処分を下した。
- The Ministry of Internal Affairs (Japan) ruled in April 1933 that Takigawa's books 'Keiho Kogi' and 'Keiho Dokuhon' were not allowed to be for sale because of his stance on insurrection crimes and adultery (which he criticized because it was only applicable to the wife).
- 奈良時代末期から平安時代初期にかけての桓武天皇は、国司の任務遂行の徹底を企図して、延暦元年(782年)、後任が到着して120日経過しても解由状を得られない官司は、厳しい処分を受けることが定められた。
- Emperor Kanmu, who was an emperor from the end of the Nara period to the early Heian period, attempted to make kokushi perform his duties completely, and regulated in 782 that, if a government officer could not obtain a geyujo even after 120 days from when his successor arrived, the officer should be punished severely.
- 明治以後は公家、武家の常連客がいなくなり、さらに窮状に置かれるものの「太夫道中」などの行事で支えていたが、昭和後期にお茶屋、太夫、芸妓の人数が減り、ついにはお茶屋組合が解散して普通の住宅地と化した。
- After the Meiji period, Shimabara lost regulars of the court nobles and the samurai class and thus its economic condition deteriorated; the district tried to survive by holding events such as the 'Tayu Dochu' (public procession of the tayu, a courtesan or geisha of the highest rank), but the numbers of ochaya (teahouse), tayu and geisha decreased; finally, the teahouse association was dissolved and Shimabara became an ordinary residential district.
- 会所(かいしょ)とは、文字通り解釈すれば、なんらかの会、催し物、寄合・会合が行われるところであるが、日本の中世期に発展して、ある特定の区画、さらには独立した建物が「会所」と名づけられることもあった。
- Kaisho, interpreted literally, was some sort of place where a meeting, exhibition, Yoriai (debate), or association was held, but developed in the medieval era in Japan where certain divisions, or even independent buildings were named 'kaisho.'
- 文化財保護法第29条には「国宝又は重要文化財が国宝又は重要文化財としての価値を失つた場合その他特殊の事由があるときは、文部科学大臣は、国宝又は重要文化財の指定を解除することができる」との規定がある。
- The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, Ordinance 29, stipulates, 'When a national treasure or an important cultural property has lost its value as a national treasure or an important cultural property, the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology may, given these special circumstances, cancel its designation as a national treasure or an important cultural property.'
- 続く東巻は対句の種類と用法を解説し、南巻は文章のあるべき形、またそれを作る際の心構え等を述べ、西巻は韻律上の避けるべき事柄を論じ、そして最終の北巻は対句に関して守らねばならぬ法則のまとめを綴っている。
- The following volume of East explained the kinds and usage of distich, the volume of South mentioned the ideal pattern of sentences and attitude to make, the volume of West discussed the things to be avoided about rhythm, and the last volume of North referred to the summary of the rules to be followed concerning distich.
- 国道9号線の一部などではスプリンクラーによる散水を行い、解雪や凍結を防いでいる地域も見られるがそれはほんの一部であり、基本的に冬季の車での移動はスタッドレスタイヤを装着しないと非常に危険な状態となる。
- There are some areas where the melting of snow and freezing of roads are prevented by sprinkling water with a sprinkler over part of National Route 9, but are limited; driving a car without using winter tires is basically very risky in winter.
- 概して、「その怨霊化したとされる者の死んだ場所や墓所を荒らしたり、不用意にそういった場所の近くを通りかかっただけの生きた人間に対してさえも祟りが降りかかる場合がある」といった見解がとられることも多い。
- The usual understanding is that 'there are cases where the place or grave where the person who is said to have became an onryo died, is vandalized or people who merely inadvertently pass such a place become cursed.'
- しかし、明治維新による諸制度の変革で宮門跡の制度が廃されたことから、明治4年(1871年)に稠宮の妙法院門跡内定は解約され、明治天皇によって父幟仁親王が東京への転居を命じられたのに従い、稠宮も上京した。
- However, due to the change of various regulations after the Meiji Restoration, this custom was abolished, the pre-arrangement for Sawanomiya to enter into the temple to become a priest prince was cancelled in 1871, when Emperor Meiji ordered Imperial Prince Takehito, his father, to move to Tokyo, Sawanomiya also moved to Tokyo.
- これらは解釈が難しい所であるが、大日本帝國憲法においては明確に「統治權ヲ總攬(第4条)」とあるので主権は君主が有する(第4条での統治権は「總攬」が政治の掌握の意であり、すなはち国家の最高決定権を指す)。
- Interpreting these issues are difficult, however, since the Constitution of the Empire of Japan clearly describes as 'combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them (Article 4),' sovereign power resides with monarch (in Article 4, sovereignty means the highest right to decide in the nation since 'combining' means seizure of politics).
- 上記の歌舞伎での意味から転じ、「実際にはそこに居るのだが、観客・演者たちの“暗黙の了解”として劇中では『居ないもの』として扱われる存在」・あるいは「表には名前や顔を出さない裏方」といった意味で使われる。
- The word, kurogo, has the extended meaning that 'a person who is treated as 'non-existence' although he is on the stage by 'tacit understanding' between audiences and actors' or 'a backroom person who is unidentified publicly.'
- ただし、この説は明治当初に海軍が陸軍に対抗して自ら国歌の必要性を理解した上で発起したということを知らしめるために利用されていた節があり、現在の国歌研究においては「大山発案説」が事実であると見られている。
- However, this view seems to have been used by the Navy to compete with the Army by making it known that the Navy made the proposal understanding the necessity of the national anthem and, according to the present study of the national anthem, it is understood that 'Oyama's ' was the fact.
- 江戸時代の頼山陽の『日本外史』では、亀山城出陣の際に「信長の閲兵を受けるのだ」として桂川渡河後に信長襲撃の意図を全軍に明らかにしたとあるが、実際には、ごく一部の重臣しか知らなかったとの見解が有力である。
- According to 'Nihon Gaishi' (historical book on Japan) written by Sanyo RAI during the Edo period, it was written that 'We will be reviewed by Nobunaga.' when they departed Kameyama-jo Castle with the intention to attack Nobunaga made clear to all the troops only after they crossed the Katsura-gawa River, but it is a widely-accepted view that, in reality, only a limited number of key vassals were informed of the real intention.
- 1414年(応永21年)、4年前に京都を出奔して吉野に潜行していた南朝最後の天皇後亀山天皇とその皇子小倉宮を支持して伊勢国国司の北畠満雅が挙兵したが、室町幕府の討伐を受け和解、上皇は2年後に京に帰った。
- In 1414 (Oei 21), the provincial governor of Ise province, Mitsumasa KITABATAKE - financial backer of the last Southern Court Emperor, Gokameyama, who had fled from Kyoto four years earlier and traveled incognito to Yoshino, as well as his son Prince Oguranomiya - raised an army in response, but after receiving an order from Gokameyama to subjugate the Muromachi Shogunate, a peace settlement was reached, and the Retired Emperor Gokameyama returned to Kyoto two years later.
- 摂関政治や院政などの新しい政治形態の出現、班田制の衰退と荘園の発展、律令法的身分秩序の解体などにみられる各種の歴史上の変化によって、律令法に基づく新しい慣習法が律令法の各分野で形成されてきた結果である。
- This is a result of new common laws being formed in various areas of ritsuryo law, due to a variety of historical changes such as the emergence of new political formats like sekkan seiji (politics of regents and advisers) and insei (rule by a retired Emperor), decline of ancient farmland allotment and accepting system and development of manors, and dismantling of the class system under ritsuryo law.
- 幕府瓦解後一旦京都へ戻った和宮だが、明治天皇や市谷砂土原に居住していた実麗らの勧奨もあり再び東京へ戻ることを決め、明治七年七月、東京に戻った和宮は麻布市兵衛町にある八戸藩南部遠江守信順の元屋敷に居住した。
- After the bakufu collapsed, Kazunomiya returned to Kyoto, however she decided to return to Tokyo after Emperor Meiji and Saneakira, who lived in Ichigaya Sadohara, encouraged her to come back, she lived in the former residence of Nobuyuki Totoumi no kami Nanbu of the Hachinohe Domain which is located in Hyoe-machi Town, Azabu City from July 1874.
- また、『隋書』倭国伝に倭国王の姓を「阿毎」(あま、あめ)とする記述があり、7世紀初頭まで大王家が姓を有していたとする考えもあるが、中国風の一字姓でないことから「阿毎」は姓でないとする見解が支持されている。
- Further, there is an opinion that Daio-ke had family name until the beginning of 7th century since there is a description in 'Zuisho (Sui Shu)' Wakokuden (articles about Wa written in Sui) stating that the family name of Wakoku-o (king of Wa) is 'Ama' or 'Ame,' but because it is not a single letter family name seen in Chinese style, an opinion that 'Ama' or 'Ame' is not a family name is supported.
- 阪東はしばらくの休養を経て、自らもマキノトーキー製作所を解散したばかりのマキノ正博の友情と、日活の実権を握っていた松竹の大谷竹次郎社長の手により、1937年(昭和12年)、日活撮影所に入社することとなる。
- After taking a rest, Bando joined Nikkatsu Studio in 1937 with the help of his friend Masahiro MAKINO, whose company called Makino Talkie Seisaku-jo (Makino Talkie Production) had just been closed, and with the help of Takejiro OTANI, the president of Shochiku who headed Nikkatsu.
- 王朝国家体制期は、通常古代の末期に位置づけられるが、分権的な中世の萌芽期と位置づけることも可能であり、古代から中世への過渡期と理解されている(日本文学史研究においては「中古」という表現も用いられている)。
- Although the dynasty system is usually placed as having existed during the end of ancient times, it is also possible to place it during the early years of the middle age having a decentralized system and it is generally accepted as a transient period from the ancient period to the middle age (the expression 'Chuko' (literally, middle old) is used in the historical study of Japanese literature).
- 室町時代にも荘園は存続したが、中央貴族・寺社・武士・在地領主などの権利・義務が重層的かつ複雑にからむ状況が生まれる一方、自立的に発生した村落=惣村による自治が出現し、荘園は緩やかに解体への道を歩み始めた。
- Also during the Muromachi period shoens continued, but while the rights and duties of central aristocrats, temples and shrines, samurais, local lords and so on began to be complicated in a multi-layered way, the autonomous control by the independently emerging village = soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) started and shoens began to disappear slowly.
- 「これらの催しごと(家康の饗応)の準備について、信長はある密室において明智と語っていたが元来、逆上しやすく、自らの命令に対して反対を言われることに堪えられない性格であったので」光秀を折檻し饗応役を解いた。
- With respect to preparation for those events (entertainment for Ieyasu), Nobunaga was talking with Mitsuhide behind closed doors, but because Nobunaga tended to go wild with rage by nature and could not accept that someone oppose to his order, he chastised Mitsuhide and dismissed Mitsuhide from the position of marshal.
- その一方で、本来は禁中外の存在である「院政の否定」を対朝廷の基本政策としてきた幕府が後水尾上皇(法皇)の院政を認めざるを得なかった背景には東福門院が夫の政治方針に理解を示し、その院政を擁護したからでもある。
- Moreover, the government had set a basic policy to prevent a 'ruling cloister government,' which should have been naturally up to the Imperial Palace to control; however, the government had no choice but to accept the cloister government of Retired (Cloistered) Emperor Gomizunoo, since Tofukumonin understood her husband's intention to rule the cloister government and protected him from the political pressure.
- 20世紀末頃よりは冷凍技術の発達にも伴い、鮮度や味の面ではやや劣るものの、適切に温度管理されれば保存や流通にも耐え、適切に解凍することで生に近い状態に出来る冷凍の食材が流通しており、その供給も安定している。
- With the development of freezing techniques from the late twentieth century frozen foods have been circulated and they can keep good and be circulated if their temperatures are properly managed and be served in a state as good as the raw ones if properly thawed, though a bit inferior in freshness or taste, and the supplies are stabilized.
- だが、やがて「天下布武」を唱えて新秩序形成を目指す信長と旧来の将軍・幕府中心の秩序の再建を目指す義昭は敵対し、1573年に義昭は信長によって京都を追放されて幕府組織は信長の築いた政治機構に解体・吸収された。
- But eventually, Nobunaga, who aimed to create a new system of government consistent with his motto of 'Tenka fubu' (warriors rule all under heaven), and Yoshiaki, who was trying to revitalize the old system of Shogun and bakufu, were bound to become enemies, and in 1573 Yoshiaki was driven out of Kyoto by Nobunaga, and with this, the bakufu system was dismantled and absorbed into a new governmental system created by Nobunaga.
- 三 衣食住、生業、信仰、年中行事等に関する風俗慣習、民俗芸能、民俗技術及びこれらに用いられる衣服、器具、家屋その他の物件で我が国民の生活の推移の理解のため欠くことのできないもの(以下「民俗文化財」という。)
- 3. The indispensables in order for our nationals to appreciate the flow of life (such as food, clothing, housings, industry or livelihood, beliefs, folk customs about festivals, public entertainments, and traditional skills with the associated costumes, tools and stages) (such indispensables being hereinafter referred to as folk cultural properties)
- なお、幕末以後日本が西洋と国交を開いた直後には、西洋の皇帝(=天皇)と王の関係を日本や中国と同様の非対等な関係と誤解をして、帝制の国家と王制の国家あての国書に格差を付けてしまった為に、紛糾したと言われている。
- Soon after Japan established diplomatic relations with the West at the end of Edo Period, the Japanese government misunderstood that the relationship between the emperor (Japanese emperor) and king of the West was an unequal relationship like that of Japan and China, and discriminated sovereign's messages to imperial states from those to royal states, causing confusions.
- 7月17日、美智子妃を伴いひめゆりの塔に献花のため訪れたところ、その場に潜んでいた過激派二人(沖縄解放同盟準備会メンバーの知念功と共産主義者同盟のメンバー二人)から火炎瓶を投げつけられる(ひめゆりの塔事件。)
- When he and the Crown Princess Michiko visited Himeyuri-no-to Tower (The Tower of Lilies) for offering flowers on July 17, two members of radical parties (Isao CHINEN belonging to the preparatory society for Okinawa liberation alliance and the other belonging to the communist alliance) lurking at the spot hurled a Molotov cocktail at the Imperial couple (so-called 'The incident at Himeyuri-no-to Tower.')
- 現代的大衆文化に基づいて著される妖怪図鑑や画集では、雲外鏡は腹に鏡をつけた(腹が鏡になっている)化け狸のような姿の妖怪であるとか、自らの体に様々なものを映し出すことができる、などと解説されることが少なくない。
- Based on the modern mass media culture, picture books of ghosts or collections of paintings of ghosts distort the form of Ungaikyo into, for example, a ghost like raccoon dog disguised as a mirror (a raccoon dog whose body incorporates a mirror), or a ghost that can project various images on its own body.
- ところが、水野をはじめとした幕府首脳は幕府権力の保護を受けた株仲間の弱体化や、商取引の制度的基礎になっていたという現実を理解出来なかったために、株仲間を解散させれば、全国的な流通網を動かせると考えたのである。
- However, Mizuno and other heads of the bakufu could not understand the fact that kabunakama got weak due to the protection by the power of bakufu and kabunakama was the institutional basic of trading and thought that they could control the national distribution network if kabunakama were dissolved.
- さらに近衛前久は本能寺の変の当日または数日後に出家しており、これを細川幽斎の出家と同様、信長に殉じたと解釈するのが適切と見る見解や、後々まで信長の死を惜しんだ和歌を残している事などが反論として挙げられている。
- It has been also pointed out as refutations that Sakihisa KONOE became a priest on the day of or several days after Honnoji Incident and it seems appropriate to understand his becoming a priest was to follow Nobunaga same as Yusai HOSOKAWA's becoming a priest and that Sakihisa KONOE made a waka (31-syllable Japanese poem) which mourned Nobunaga's death.
- そこで中世の七口の関について比定する研究も行われたが、実態として7つ以上の関所が存在したのは確実で、かつ現存記録でさえ七口に該当する場所がまちまちである以上、7つを特定することには意義はないとする見解もある。
- Therefore, studies to extrapolate the Nanakuchi no seki in the medieval times was conducted, but it is certain that more than seven checkpoints existed in reality, and even existing records have different points corresponding to the Nanakuchi, which lead to an opinion that it makes no sense to identify the seven checkpoints.
- これは直前に行われた呉 - 高川格の本因坊三番碁の第2局で、終局時にコウの手入れを巡るルール解釈の問題が生じたことから、当時不合理な点の残る当時の囲碁規約見直しについての問題提起の一つであった、との見方もある。
- Some people take the view of this as an action to raise a question about the revision of the then Japan Igo rules with several unreasonable points since there was a trouble in the interpretation of the rules concerning the ko at the end of the game of the preceding the second game out of Honinbo three match series between Go and Kaku TAKAGAWA.
- 枕の部分を別とすれば、落語の本筋の部分では、必要最小限の情景の叙述(「地」といわれる部分)と、演出上、話からはなれて緊張を解くなどの目的で、「語りかけ」に戻ることもあるが、主として、物語は対話で成り立っている。
- In rakugo the main topic centers around the dialogue between the characters, and the remainder is minimal background description (called ji) or a monologue which is separate from the main story and has the aim of relaxing the audience, though the structure of the introductory makura is different.
- 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の開始すると、この問題を解消するために家門管領の権限を持つ家督の移動の際に、本来は関連性のない家領を家門の経営上必要不可欠なものと位置づけて、家領全体の安堵も合わせて行う方針を打ち出した。
- When Emperor Godaigo started the Kemmu Restoration, in order to solve such problems he made the following policy to stabilize the family estate as well: in transferring the family reign, which had the authority to control the family, the family estate was included as an inevitable factor for keeping the family, although originally the estate wasn't associated with the reign.
- 三職推任問題(さんしょくすいにんもんだい)とは、天正10年(1582年)4月25日 (旧暦)、5月4日 (旧暦)両日付けの勧修寺晴豊の日記『晴豊公記(天正十年夏記)』の記事の解釈を巡る日本の歴史上の論争である。
- Sanshoku suinin mondai is a controversy in relation to the interpretation of the articles in Haretoyo KAJUJI's diary 'Haretoyo-koki (summer in the 10th year of Tensho)' dated April 25 (old calendar) and May 4 (old calendar) of 1582.
- しかし、16日、天台座主・覚快が罷免となり親平氏派の明雲が復帰、17日、太政大臣・藤原師長、大納言・源資賢、参議・藤原光能、大宰大弐・藤原親信、越前国守・藤原季能、大蔵卿・高階泰経、陸奥国守・藤原範季らが解官。
- However, Kakukai, who was the head priest of the Tendai sect of Buddhism was dismissed from his post on 23rd (16th in old lunar calendar) and Myoun of the pro-Taira clan party was reassigned, and FUJIWARA no Moronaga, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), MINAMOTO no Suketaka, Dainagon (chief councilor of state), FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, Sangi (councillor), FUJIWARA no Chikanobu, Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices), FUJIWARA no Sueyoshi, Governor of Echizen Province, TAKASHINA no Yasutsune, Okurakyo (Minister of the Treasury), FUJIWARA no Norisue, Governor of Mutsu Province were dismissed from their court official posts on 24th (17th in old lunar calendar).
- 応保元年(1161年)9月、後白河と平滋子の間に生まれた皇子憲仁(後の高倉天皇)を皇太子にしようとする陰謀が発覚すると、二条は後白河近臣の平時忠・平教盛・藤原成親・藤原信隆を解官して、後白河の政治介入を停止した。
- In September 1161, following the discovery of the conspiracy to let Prince Norihito (later called Emperor Takakura) succeed the Imperial Throne, he being the son of Emperor Goshirakawa and TAIRA no Shigeko, the Emperor removed Emperor Goshirakawa's close aides, TAIRA no Tokitada, TAIRA no Norimori, FUJIWARA no Narichika and FUJIWARA no Nobutaka, from their positions in order to stop Goshirakawa's political involvement.
- このような特別な八角墳が大王にのみ採用されたのは、畿内を中心とした首長連合の盟主であった大王の地位を、一般の首長を超越して中国の天子のような唯一の最高権力者として地位を確立しようとして形に表したという解釈がある。
- Some people argue that these octagonal tumuli, which were built only for Great Kings, were built as symbols designed to establish the status of these kings, who led the union of chiefs in and around the Kinai region (region around Kyoto and Nara), as supreme rulers like Chinese emperors ranking far above other ordinary chiefs.
- 価値の異なる原価をもった同一額面の通貨が同時に流通しようとするとき、人々は原価の高い貨幣(良貨)を集めて死蔵し、あるいはそれを元手に融解して多くの悪貨を生み出し、良貨が市場から消滅してインフレを招くという考え方。
- This indicates the following concept: When two coins have the same face value, but are made at different costs are circulated at the same time, people collect coins with a higher value (high-quality coins) and keep them, not using them, or melt them to mint many lower-quality coins, and therefore, high-quality coins disappear from the market and inflation ensues.
- 一般に「単独で設立された宗教法人」の意味と理解されているが、一説に寺院の僧堂内にある各僧侶1人1人のスペースを「単」といい、そこから1寺院を単になぞらえ、宗派という集団から独立した状態を指すようになったともいう。
- In general, the term Tanritsu is understood as 'a religious corporation that is set up independently,' however, one theory holds that they linked one temple to 'Tan,' the space that every priest has in a meditation hall at a temple, to create the term Tanritsu to express a condition in which one is independent from a religious school.
- 皇籍離脱という着想自体は、GHQにより新たに持ち込まれたものではなく、後述の「皇族ノ降下ニ関スル施行準則」に表現されているように、明治以来、皇族たちに対して一貫して採用されてきた政策の延長上に理解すべきものである。
- The concept of the ceasing to be a Imperial Family member was not brought about by the General Headquarters, as mentioned in ' The reinforcement regulations on ceasing to be a member of the Imperial Family' which was explained later, we must understand the concept as an extended policy towards the Imperial Family, which was applied to them since the Meiji period.
- しかし、道隆は、本来、皇后が「天子の嫡妻」(『令義解』による令の条文の解釈)であることから、現時点ではあくまで「太上天皇」円融の妻である遵子を皇后にとどめたまま、在位の天皇の嫡妻である定子の立后に強引に踏み切った。
- Since the empress was originally a 'lawful wife of an emperor' (an interpretation of the articles of the Ryo in 'Ryo-no-gige' [commentary on the Ryo]), Michitaka forcibly put up Teishi who was the lawful wife of the reigning emperor, as empress, while Junshi, the wife of 'Daijo tenno' (the Retired Emperor) Enyu, stayed as empress.
- 『切支丹お蝶』は、山上紀夫監督をはじめとして、東邦映画製作所の解散によって流れてきた撮影技師高城泰策らスタッフ、女優五月信子、男優高橋義信らキャストと、ハロルド・スミス、アル・ボックマンの指導による撮影が行われた。
- Involved in the production of 'Kirishitan Ocho' was director Norio YAMAGAMI, filming engineer Yasusaku TAKAJO and other staff from Toho Eiga Seisakusho, the actress Nobuko SATSUKI and actor YOSHINOBU TAKAHASHI, and its filming was done under the guidance of Harold Smith and Al Bockman.
- 義昭・信長と前久・石山本願寺との対立は後の元亀兵乱の一因となるが、兵乱の過程において、信長との関係が悪化した義昭は本願寺と和解し反信長同盟(いわゆる信長包囲網)を形成するも信長に敗れ、室町幕府は滅亡することになる。
- While the opposition between the Yoshiaki-Nobunaga pair and the Sakihisa-Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple alliance proved to make up a cause of subsequent Genki heiran (the Genki Disturbance), Yoshiaki whose relationship with Nobunaga worsened in the process of warfare made peace with Hongan-ji Temple to form an Anti-Nobunaga alliance (so-called Nobunaga encircling net), which eventually was defeated by Nobunaga, and the Muromachi bakufu collapsed.
- この準則に従えば、一部の旧皇族はいまだに皇族の身分にとどまっていたことになり、これらの旧皇族に男系男子があった場合「宮家からの天皇即位」という解決策をもって皇統断絶の危機を回避する手段とできた可能性があるからである。
- Because once this regulation is put into practice, if some former Imperial Families, still ranking as Imperial members, have a male successor who could have become a successor to the throne from the Miyake, this would possibly prevent a crisis of discontinuity in Imperial succession.
- 日本酒アルコール添加を採用している製法の場合は、酵母が自然に分解能力を出し切って衰滅するまえに、人為的にアルコールを外部から添加して酵母を死滅させてしまうので、完全醗酵しないうちに醗酵作用は止まり、不完全醗酵となる。
- In case of adding alcohol in producing sake, before the yeast cells have consumed their decomposing capability and died away, they are likely to be killed by externally added alcohol, and so the fermentation activity stops before completion, resulting in the incomplete fermentation.
- 阪妻・立花・ユニヴァーサル聯合映画(ばんつま たちばな ユニヴァーサル れんごうえいが、1926年9月 契約 - 1927年5月 契約解除)は、かつて存在した日本とアメリカ合衆国との合弁による、日本の映画会社である。
- Bantsuma Tachibana Universal Rengo Eiga was a Japanese film company that was jointly established between a Japanese company and an American company (its contract was signed in September 1926 and terminated in May 1927).
- 禅様とは宋代の書風で、中国の禅僧の間に流行した蘇軾、黄庭堅、米フツ、張即之などの書を指し、晋唐の規範や伝統から解放された自由剛健なもので、奈良朝以来行われた線の軟らかい王羲之風のものとは全く趣きを異にするものである。
- Zen style calligraphy, the calligraphic style in Song, indicates the calligraphic works of Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, and Sokushi CHO that became popular among Zen priests in China, and with free and strong natures freed from codes and traditions in the Jin and Tang eras, the style was totally different from that of Wang Xizhi, employed during the Nara period and later, which used soft lines.
- しかし、地頭は紛争を武力で解決しようとする傾向が強く、訴訟結果が実効を伴わないことも多かったため、荘園領主はやむを得ず、一定額の年貢納入を請け負わせる代わりに荘園の管理を委ねる地頭請(じとううけ)を行うことがあった。
- However, as the jitos tended to solve the disputes by force and many results of the lawsuits were not effective, the lords of shoens were compelled to do jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs), where the jitos did not undertake the payment for a certain amount of nengu (land tax) and instead controlled the shoens.
- 解散後の山本は、マキノから寛プロが引き継いだ『鞍馬天狗』の近藤勇役を2本演じてから、監督の高見とともに東京の河合映画製作社に入社、撮影技師の藤井は寛プロを経て東亜キネマ京都撮影所へ、糸浦こと桜井は日活撮影所へ移籍した。
- After the dissolution of Yamamoto Pro and after playing the role of Isami KONDO in two movies of 'Kurama Tengu,' which Kan Pro had succeeded from Makino, Yamamoto joined Kawai Eiga Seisakusha in Tokyo with the director TAKAMI, the cameraman FUJII moved to Kan Pro and then to Toa Kinema Kyoto Studio, and SAKURAI moved to Nikkatsu Studio using the alias ITOURA.
- 50年以上わたる南北朝の争いは、途中南朝が優勢に立って北朝を一時解体に追い込んだ事(正平一統)もあったものの、次第に北朝を擁立した足利尊氏が開いた室町幕府が全国の武士を掌握するにつれて北朝側優位の流れが固まりつつあった。
- The conflict that continued for more than fifty years between the Northern and the Southern Court was gradually ended with the dominant position favoring the Northern Court, as Takauji ASHIKAGA gradually established the Northern Court and opened the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) and controlled the Samurai all over Japan, although the Southern Court once was in the dominant position and nearly took the political power from the Northern Court (Shohei Itto).
- 九代目は、父・七代目が銘打った「新歌舞伎十八番」という名称は維持したが、その演目数は18に収まりきらず、結局「十八番」を数字の「じゅうはちばん」ではなく、むしろ得意芸の「おはこ」の意味に解釈して、32ないし40を撰じた。
- Danjuro the ninth maintained the name 'Shin Kabuki Juhachi Ban,' which had been given by his father, Danjuro the seventh, but the selection contained more than eighteen programs, and in the end he selected thirty-two or forty programs based on an interpretation of 'Juhachi Ban' not as '18 programs' but as 'Ohako, one's favorite stunt.'
- 近衛親子を初めとする五摂家が秀吉の関白就任を容認したのは、天下人である秀吉が相論収拾のために一時的に関白に就任して時が来れば近衛信輔に地位が譲られて再び以前のように五摂家間の持ち回りになるものと解釈されていたからである。
- The five sekke including Nobusuke KONOE and his father accepted the appointment of Hideyoshi to Kanpaku because they had presumed that Hideyoshi, the ruler of Japan, would temporarily assume the position of Kanpaku to settle the dispute and relinquish it to Nobusuke KONOE in due course, and that the position of Kanpaku would be rotated among the five sekke again as it had been.
- 治天の君は、自己の軍事力として北面武士を保持し、平氏や源氏などの武士とも主従関係を結んで重用したが、このことは結果的に、武力による政治紛争の解決への道を開くことになり、平氏政権の誕生や源氏による鎌倉幕府の登場につながった。
- Chiten no Kimi, holding Hokumen no Bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards) as his own military power, formed the relationships between lord and vassals with samurai such as the Taira and Minamoto clans and placed them in important positions, but as a result, it opened the way to solving political disputes by military power, and led to the birth of the Taira clan government and the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) by the Minamoto clan.
- その後も義昭は征夷大将軍職を解任されていない事を盾に各地で幕府再建運動を行うが、信長、そして豊臣秀吉による新秩序形成の勢いを前には全くの無力であり、義昭の京都追放の時点をもって室町幕府および室町時代の終期と看做されている。
- Thereafter, using the fact that Yoshiaki had never officially been dismissed from the post of Seii taishogun as a pretext, movements did arise in various provinces to restore the bakufu to power, but against the momentum of the new governmental structure created by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, such efforts were entirely fruitless, and so the Muromachi bakufu--and the Muromachi period itself--is considered to have ended at the point Yoshiaki was driven from Kyoto.
- これらを貢納する贄人を初めとする非農業民は、従来「無主」にして「公私共利」の地とされた山野河海の利用により生業をたてていたが、8世紀以降の律令制の解体、荘園公領制の成立とともに、荘園領主による制約を受けるようになってきた。
- Non-agricultural people, including those who presented these items, made their living from the mountains, fields, rivers, and the sea that were originally lands 'not owned by anyone' and were 'beneficial publicly and privately,' however, regulations were initiated by Shoen owners after the disbandment of the Ritsuryo system and the establishment of the Shoen-Koryo system from the 8th Century.
- 幕府による地頭に対する土地支配権の安堵によって、現地支配の場で見受けられた荘園の国司に対する不安定な法的地位が安定したことにより、地頭は、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていった。
- By the fact that the jito's rights to control local land ruling were guaranteed by the bakufu and the unstable legal status of jito to kokushi seen in the scenes of local land ruling were stabilized, the jito tried to dissolve the existing relationship with the stratified land ruling, and came to direct the monistical land ruling.
- しかし、租税納入を怠った、あるいは規定額を達成できなかった受領は、受領功過定(ずりょうこうかさだめ)と呼ばれる人事評定によって厳しい審査・処分を受けていたのであり、受領を巨富が得られる官職と理解することに疑義も出されている。
- However, some people assert that the position of zuryo should not be understood as such a profitable one because they were also subject to severe penalty, according to the result of personnel evaluation called zuryo koka sadame, if they failed to pay taxes or failed to achieve a pre-determined amount.
- 奈良県教育委員会による調査報告には、近世以前のルートの指摘や、文化的景観の観点からの自然誌・考古・歴史・景観に関する報告、民俗・文化財、さらに調査・研究史の概観や古文書・史料の解題といった、重要な調査・研究の成果を含んでいる。
- The reports by Nara Prefectural Board of Education listed the older routes before the early-modern period and reported the information linked to the conservation of cultural scenery including the information of natural history, archaeology, history and sceneries, in addition, it gave the results of the important investigations and studies such as summaries of the history of the investigations and studies, and bibliographies of the old documents and historical materials.
- こうした傾向は室町期に顕著となり、赤松氏による将軍足利義教の殺害(嘉吉の乱)、細川政元による将軍足利義材の廃立(明応の政変)、松永久秀による将軍足利義輝の殺害は、いずれも将軍家に対する主君押込めとして理解することが可能である。
- This sort of tendency is a striking feature of the Muromachi period; Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA being assassinated by the Akamatsu clan (in the Kakitsu Revolt), Shogun Yoshiki ASHIKAGA being driven from power by Masamoto HOSOKAWA and replaced (in the Meio Coup), and Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA's assassination by Hisahide MATSUNAGA can all be understood as examples of shukun oshikome (shutting away/ neutralizing their lords) against the Shogunal family.
- 石井研堂(1908)による『明治事物起源』は明治に始まる種々の事物・事象について、過去の新聞雑誌の記事などを元に解説したもので、以下はハイカラの語の由来を説明した一文である(同書 p.67-69、旧漢字は新漢字に変更してある):
- The ''Meiji Jibutsu Kigen' written by kendo ISHII is a book that explains things and events that started in the Meiji period, based on the past newspapers and magazines, and the origin of the word haikara is described in the book (pp.67-69) as follows (old-style kanji are changed into new kanji):
- 神道研究において、天皇家の血筋(いわゆる万世一系)を男系で引いていなければ天皇になる資格はないのか、それとも理論上は三種の神器を抑えた権力者は誰であれ天皇となりうるのかについては結論は出ていない(ただし、神道の公式見解ではない)。
- In the study of the Shito religion, a conclusion has not been reached whether one is not qualified to become the Emperor unless one is a man with the Imperial Family blood line (unbroken imperial line) or theoretically, any powerful person with the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family can become the Emperor (note that this is not the official point of view of Shinto).
- そのなかで片岡千恵蔵プロダクションと「寛プロ」だけが製作をつづけたが、設立第5作『鬼神の血煙』をもって解散、1929年(昭和4年)2月、嵐寛寿郎は東亜キネマ京都撮影所(等持院撮影所)にスター級幹部俳優として迎えられることとなった。
- Chiezo Productions and 'Kan Pro' continued with their productions, but Kan Pro disbanded after its fifth work called 'Kishin no Chikemuri' and Kanjuro ARASHI was invited to Toa Kinema Kyoto Studio (Tojiin Studio) in February of 1929 as an actor with administrative authority similar to one in a star production.
- 国歌と訳した後も、国歌は和歌と同義に使われていた言葉であったため、長らく漢詩に対するやまと言葉の国歌という意味の方が浸透した状態で、National anthemの意味するところは、なかなか国民一般の理解するところとならなかった。
- Even after it was translated as 'kokka,' because the word 'kokka' had been used in the same meaning as 'waka,' the meaning of poem in Japanese language opposing to kanshi (Chinese-style poem) prevailed and the meaning of national anthem could not be understood by people in general.
- 大向う(大向こう、おおむこう)とは、芝居小屋の三階正面席、またそこに坐る客を指す隠語・通言(現在の歌舞伎座では、構造上三階B席から幕見席あたりを指すものとして理解されている。)、つまり大向うとは、舞台上から見た客席の位置に由来する。
- O-muko (written as '大向う' or '大向こう'; literally, 'the welcome other side') comes originally from seats seen from the stage, and at present, it is used as a term referring to the front seats of the third floor of theatres and to the audience at those seats (in present Kabuki-za Theatre of Tokyo, it refers to the seats for b-class tickets and the seats on the highest balcony for a single act).
- また『源氏物語』に、主人公光源氏が「太上天皇になずらふ御位」に就いた旨の記述がなされていることから、しばしばあたかもそのような具体的な地位や称号が存在したかのように誤解されるが、准太上天皇は、地位や称号ではなくあくまでも待遇である。
- People often misunderstand as if such a concrete status and a title had existed because it is written in 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji) that Hikaru Genji, the main character of the story, took 'the position which was equal to Daijo tenno', however, Jun Daijo tenno is neither a position nor a title but treatment.
- 従来、この「沙至比跪」と襲津彦を同一人とし、『書紀』紀年を修正して干支2運繰り下げて、壬午年を382年と解釈すると、襲津彦は4世紀末に実在した人物であり、朝鮮から俘虜を連れ帰った武将として伝承化されている可能性などが指摘されてきた。
- If we assume that there was a time lag of 2 uns (120 years; 1 un is equivalent to 60 years) of kanshi (Chinese calendrical system) in the year recorded in 'Nihonshoki' and consider Sotsuhiko as the same person as 'Hisachiku,' there is a possibility that Sotsuhiko was a legendized man who existed in the 4th century and was sent to Korea around 382 and brought some prisoners from the war.
- その後も東軍は畠山政長・赤松政則、西軍は畠山義就・大内政弘を中心に惰性的な小競り合いを続けていたものの、1477年12月16日(文明9年11月11日)に大内政弘が周防国に撤収したことによって西軍は事実上解体し京都での戦闘は収束した。
- Minor inertial fights continued between the Eastern camp mainly comprising the forces of Masanaga HATAKEYAMA and Masanori AKAMATSU and the Western camp primarily made up of the troops of Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA and Masahiro OUCHI, but the warfare in Kyoto came to an end when Masahiro OUCHI retreated to Suo Province on December 16, 1477, resulting in virtual disbandment of the Western camp.
- ついに翌1937年(昭和12年)、7月29日に公開された『御存知鞍馬天狗 千両小判』を最終作として、同年8月6日、第2期「寛プロ」は解散、110数名におよぶ全従業員を、永田雅一が所長をつとめる新興キネマ京都撮影所に預けることとなった。
- The second period 'Kan Pro' eventually disbanded on August 6, 1937 after releasing its final production on July 29, 1937 called 'Gozonji Kuramatengu Senryo Koban,' passing all 110 of its staff members to Shinko Kinema Kyoto Studio where Masaichi NAGATA worked as department head.
- しかし、一般に「君」は琉球の祭祀をつかさどる祝女(ノロ)を意味し、「手摩」は祈祷の際に手をすり合わせることを意味すること、また君手摩を行事として記載する別の史料もあることから、君手摩は神名ではなく、宗教儀式名であると解釈する説もある。
- However, since 'kimi' generally means female priest (Noro) who administers religious rites in Ryukyu, and 'tezuri' means rubbing one's hands at the time of prayer, Kimitezuri is interpreted as a name of a religious ceremony, not as the name of a god in a different theory.
- 2004年当時、丹波町(京都府)が存在していたが、市町の違いがあるので、競合そのものに法律上の問題はなかったが、丹波町が周辺の町と合併して京丹波町が発足した2005年(平成17年)10月11日をもって、丹波市・丹波町の並存は解消した。
- At that time, there was a Tanba town in Kyoto, though there was no legal issue of competition, due to the difference between town and city, and the problem itself disappeared when Tanba town consolidated with the surrounding towns and renamed itself Kyotanba town on October 11, 2005.
- また治承5年(1181年)に設置した畿内惣官職や諸道鎮撫使は、これもその職能の詳細は不明な点もあるが、数か国にわたる広い領域を軍事的に直轄支配するものと見られており、特に畿内惣官職は征夷大将軍と同様の性格を見出しうるとする見解もある。
- Although some points about the actual details of their work are unclear, Kinai Sokanshiki (a military position with power over the provinces of the Kinai) and Shodo (various roads) chinbushi (one of the posts that were not originally specified in the Ritsuryo system) which were established in 1181, are considered to have directly ruled a wide area with several provinces regarding military aspects and in particular Kinai Shokanshiki is proposed to have had similar properties to the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 長州藩士との接触が多かった諸大夫の粟津義風は、彼らに便宜を図っていた容疑で慶応2年(1866年)に至るまで京都町奉行所に逮捕・投獄され、熾仁親王自身も孝明天皇の怒りを買い、幟仁親王とともに国事御用掛を解任され、謹慎・蟄居を申し渡された。
- The Shodaibu (Samurai who receiving higher than the Fourth or Fifth Court Rank), 粟津義風, who had often dealt with the Choshu Domain, were arrested and sent to the Kyoto City Magistrate's office being suspected of doing favors for the Choshu Domain until 1866, Emperor Komei was furious about Prince Taruhito under these circumstances, the Prince lost his position as a general affairs official of the Imperial Household in charge of State affairs, and both Prince Taruhito and Takahito were ordered to refrain from making public appearances and were placed in confinement at home.
- 近代以前のヨーロッパの法律や近代法体系において、名誉の侵害に対する正当防衛は認められない、あるいは法益均衡の観点から生命の侵害をもって報いることは認められないと解されるのが通説(ただし、近代以前には決闘による名誉回復はあり得た)である。
- According to the commonly accepted theory, under laws that predate the modern age in Europe and modern legislation, justifiable defense or violation of the sanctity of life in order to protect one's honor was not accepted from the viewpoint of legal equilibrium. (Before the modern age, however, it was possible to redeem one's honor by dueling.)
- 現在の日本で四神を「山川道澤」に対応させる解釈が一般的となったのは、平安京をモデルとして、青龍=鴨川 (淀川水系)、白虎=山陰道、朱雀=巨椋池(おぐらいけ)、玄武=船岡山の対応付けが比較的うまく行ったと考えられるようになってからである。
- The interpretation that the Four Gods are related to 'mountain, river, road and lake' has been generally accepted in modern Japan, since the association of Seiryu=Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system), Byakko=Sanin-do Road, Suzaku=Ogura-ike Pond and Genbu=Mt. Funaoka was relatively successful with Heian-kyo as a model.
- 一切の解説文がないため、どのような妖怪を意図して描かれたものかは想像の域を出ないが、妖怪ではなく実在の動物であるヤマアラシを描いたもの、またはヤマアラシが全身の棘によって相手を威嚇するという断片的な情報が妖怪視されたもの、などの説がある。
- Because no detailed description is attached to it, no one can be sure what kind of Yokai (specter) the Yama-arashi represents, but some say that the Yama-arashi is not Yokai but merely an illustrated figure of the real animal, porcupine (yama-arashi in Japanese), or that fragmented information that a porcupine uses its spines to threaten other animals created the fictitious Yokai, Yama-arashi.
- なお、マッコリを日本のどぶろくや日本酒のルーツとする記載がネット上で散見されるが、そもそも使用する麹が異なっている(マッコリは麦麹、どぶろくは米麹)ので、両者は醸造学的に異なる歴史を歩み発展した別系統の酒であるとする見解がほとんどである。
- Although there are descriptions on the Internet that Japanese Doburoku and sake were derived from makgeolli, as they use different malts (makgeolli uses malt and Doburoku uses malted rice), a prevailing view is that they are different lines of sake, which went through different histories and developments in zymurgy.
- また、『政事要略』巻30に採録された『宇多天皇御記』仁和4年6月2日条には天皇が以前「卿従前代猶摂政焉、至朕身親如父子、宜摂政耳」と基経に伝えたことに対して基経が「謹奉命旨必能奉」と解答しているのに裏切られたと憤慨する記述が残されている。
- According to the description of June 2, 886 in 'Uda Tenno Gyoki' compiled in volume 30 of 'Seiji Yoryaku,' the Emperor was disappointed and got angry with Mototsune because when the Emperor asked Mototsune by saying 'you have served as acting Sessho so far, but please assume the position of Sessho since we are like father and son,' Mototsune replied by saying 'I was told your order.'
- 現在では社会経済史的視点からの研究や戦国大名武田氏の権力構造の解明、家臣団の個別研究のほか、財政や治水事業、軍事や外交、交通や都市問題、商職人支配や郷村支配、宗教など各分野における実証的研究や民俗学的アプローチなど研究の地平が広っている。
- At present, empirical as well as ethnological studies are being conducted on various themes, including socio-economic history, power structure of the Sengoku daimyo Takeda clan, individual study of vassals, finance, flood prevention projects, military and foreign affairs, urban problem, ruling of merchants/craftsmen, ruling of villages and religion etc.
- これは、鎌倉殿による地頭に対する土地支配権の承認(安堵)が荘園の持つ不安定な法的地位を改善したために、地頭側が、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、下地進止権の獲得を通じた一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていったためと考えられている。
- The background behind the above is considered to be the fact that jito began to pursue the unified ruling of land by annulling the multi-layered land ruling system and obtaining Shitaji shinshi ken (the right to shitaji) since the legal status of shoen became stable thanks to the Kamakura Bakufu's authorization of jito's right to rule the land (ando).
- しかし身内の不幸もなかったにも関わらず、突如朝原内親王は延暦15年(796年)2月15日、朝原内親王の斎王解任のため、斎宮では奉幣使が立てられ、3月15日には平安京から朝原内親王の帰京を求める奉迎使左少弁兼左兵衛佐橘朝臣入居が、斎宮に派遣された。
- However, although there had been no sudden crisis such as a death in her family, an Imperial messenger was sent to Saigu to dismiss Imperial Princess Asahara from her position as Saio/Itsukinomiko on April 1, 796; some time later on April 30, an Imperial messenger called TACHIBANA no Asomi Irii, who held the titles of Sashoben (Minor Controller of the Left) and Sahyoe no suke (Assistant Captain of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards), was sent to Saigu to ask her to return to Kyoto.
- 三婦が下帯を床の若い衆に解かせる場面においては、東京では地味に、又床の店に入るが、上方では三婦が床の者に下帯を持たせ「それ、引いたりしょ。」の掛け声から下座音楽に「かんから太鼓」を交える派手な演出となり、いかにも上方らしいサービス満点さが楽しい。
- In the scene where Sabu makes some young people at Toko no mise (store) remove their loincloths, he enters the store again quietly in Tokyo, but the staging is colorful in kamigata and Sabu has the Toko no people wear loincloths calling out 'Let's pull it' and geze (off-stage) music with 'Kankara Daiko' (drum), which is fullly enjoyable truly like kamigata.
- これを、アイヌに仏教を強要したためとする意見もあるが、この頃元 (王朝)が樺太アイヌを攻撃したことが元史に記録されており、ここでいう「ゑぞ」をアイヌではなく広く北方の異民族と解し、安藤氏がアイヌを率いて元に討たれたのではないかと推察する説もある。
- Some researchers interpret this as the fact that he had forced Buddhism to the Ainu, however, others suppose that the Ando clan that lead the Ainu might have been defeated by Yuan Dynasty because the Yuan's attack against the Ainu in Sakhalin (Karafuto) Island around that time was documented, and therefore, the word 'Emishi' here might indicate the northern foreign people in general, and not meaning precisely the Ainu.
- 定まった形式を持たず、口頭で宣べ伝えられたものだろうとするのが通説だが、律令と並べて遜色ない堂々たる形式を備えた法だとする説、天皇から次の天皇へ秘密に伝えられたとする説、解釈によってどうとでもとれるような漠然とした規定だったのではないかとする説もある。
- According to the popular theories, it had no established form and it seems to have been transferred verbally, however, there are such theories that advocate: i) it was equipped with a refined form comparable to Ritsuryo, ii) it was handed down from one emperor to another in a confidential manor, and iii) it might have been a vague norm that permitted a wide range of interpretation.
- この時こそ清盛の平氏政権が最も強固な体制を築いた絶頂期であったが、しかし、平氏政権は後白河との良好な関係の上に形成されてきたのであり、前年のクーデターによって後白河との関係は解消されてしまっており、平氏政権の絶頂は極めて脆弱な基盤に載っていたといえる。
- This period was the peak, when the Taira clan administration built its strongest organization, but this was based on good relations with Goshirakawa, and since the relationship with Goshirakawa had soured with the coup d'etat the previous year, the peak of the Taira clan administration was on an extremely weak foundation.
- 津田は記紀の成立過程に関して初めて本格的な文献批判を行い、神話学、民俗学の成果を援用しつつ、神武天皇は弥生時代の何らかの事実を反映したものではなく、主として皇室が日本を支配するいわれを説明するために述作された日本神話の一部として理解すべきであると断じた。
- TSUDA was the first person who criticized literature regarding the process of coming into existence of the kojiki and Nihonshoki in earnest, and concluded that the Japanes had to understand that description concerning Emperor Jimmu did not reflect any fact in the Yayoi period, but were mostly written as part of Japanese Mythology in order to justify the ruling of Japan by the Imperial Family, taking advantage of mythology and folklore.
- それを犯せば君主であれ国民であれ主権を侵すことになり、ここに立憲制は瓦解する(この場合の主権は、例えば領海侵犯や国民が他国へ拉致された場合などにおいて「我が国の主権侵害」などと言われるが、まさにこの内外に(法律面で)侵されざるべき国家の權利を主権という)。
- Irrespective of monarch or general people, violating it means a violation of sovereign power, and this makes the constitutional system collapse (in this case, sovereign power means state right which shouldn't be [legally] violated in and outside of Japan, and an expression like 'infringement of Japanese sovereignty' is often used in the case of intrusion into territorial waters or abduction of Japanese civilians to other country).
- これらの中で三島由紀夫は「自分の吃音や不幸な生い立ちに対して金閣における美の憧れと反感を抱いて放火した」と分析し、水上勉は「寺のあり方、仏教のあり方に対する矛盾により美の象徴である金閣を放火した」と分析したが、実際のところ真相は解き明かされる事はなかった。
- Yukio MISHIMA analyzed the motives behind his conduct and said 'The young man set fire because he had great admiration for beauty of and felt antipathy toward Kinkaku-ji Temple, contrasting his dysphemia and unhappy background,' while Tsutomu MIZUKAMI said, 'He set fire to Kinkaku-ji Temple, which was a symbol of beauty for him, owing to the antilogy of how temples and Buddhism should be.'; however, the truth was in fact never clarified.
- この介入は、執権北条時宗が後深草の立場に同情したためという説明が当時からなされている(『増鏡』)ほか、得宗と治天の交渉を仲介する立場にある関東申次西園寺実兼が亀山父子よりも後深草父子と親しかったため、後深草にとって有利な解決をはかったことも指摘されている。
- Other than the explanation for this intervention that has been given since it happened that the Regent Tokimune HOJO sympathized with Gofukakusa's situation ('Masukagami' (The Clear Mirror)), it has been pointed out that the Kanto Moshitsugi, Sanekane SAIONJI, who was in the position to mediate between Tokimune and the Chiten, was more intimate with the Gofukakusa father and son than the Kameyama father and son and could have worked for a more advantageous solution for Gofukakusa.
- (赤坂恒明氏) 『権記』に引用されている天暦七年の王氏爵不正事件に現れる、清和天皇の子孫でありながら陽成天皇子孫を詐称したとして罰せられた源経忠を経基あるいはその兄弟と推定し、頼信が願文で陽成天皇の子孫であることは真実であると主張して名誉回復を図ったと解釈する。
- (Tsuneaki AKASAKA) It assumed that MINAMOTO no Tsunetada, whose name appeared in Oujinojaku fusei jiken (the case of unauthorized use of the family name 'O') of 953 cited in 'Gonki' (FUJIWARA no Yukinari's diary) and was charged in representing himself as the descendant of Emperor Yozei (he was actually the descendant of Emperor Seiwa), was Tsunemoto or his brother, and interpreted that Yorinobu attempted to retrieve his honor by insisting in a petition that he was in fact the descendant of Emperor Yozei.
- 元就は長男の毛利隆元(53代)に家督を譲った後も戦国大名として陣頭指揮を続け、尼子氏に対しては策略を以ってその軍事の柱石である新宮党を主家の尼子晴久に誅殺させた(しかし近年では新宮党粛清は元就の策謀ではなく、あくまで晴久の意志で実行されたとの見解が有力である)。
- Even after Motonari handed over his family estate to his first son, Takamoto MORI (the 53th), he continued to take command as a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period); also, in order to destroy the Amago clan, he made Haruhisa AMAGO execute the Shingu-to group who were the pillar of their military affairs, as criminals (However, a more prominent opinion in recent years is that the purge of the Shingu-to was not conducted by the conspiracy of Motonari, but by the will of Haruhisa.)
- ところが、歴史研究家の立花京子が晴豊の日記全体の「被申候」使用例を分析した結果、村井貞勝の言葉と解釈し、独断専行を嫌う信長に無断で貞勝が発言するはずがないとし、信長の将軍任官の意向を踏まえたものであったと主張したことにより、歴史学者の間で賛否両論の論争となった。
- However, Kyoko TACHIBANA, a researcher of history, studied usages of '被申候'in other passages across Haretoyo's diary and concluded it was what Sadakatsu MURAI said, arguing that Sadakatsu would never say such a thing without Nobunaga's permission because Nobunaga disliked his followers' arbitrary decisions or executions, and that he represented Nobunaga's wish to gain the post, which led to controversies of pros and cons among historians.
- したがって、今日、一般的に伝えられる、鼻が高く(長く)赤ら顔、山伏の装束に身を包み、一本歯の高下駄を履き、葉団扇を持って自在に空を飛び悪巧みをするといった性質は、中世以降に解釈されるようになったもので、本来まったく性質の異なったものが習合された俗信であるとされる。
- Therefore, the characteristics that have generally been passed on till today--a long nose and red face, wearing the attire of a Yamabushi monk, and wearing wooden clogs with single support, flying freely in the sky with a leaf fan and having evil design--have been interpreted since the middle ages, and it is considered to be the superstitious blending of originally quite different characteristics.
- 2004年(平成16年)9月から東京文化財研究所が、蛍光X線分析法や高精細デジタル画像解析などの最新技術で化学的分析を行っており、顔料には純度の高い品質のよい物(おそらくは輸入品)が使用されている事や、人物や炎については下書きがなく一気に描かれたことなどが判明した。
- The National Research Institute for Cultural Properties has been using the most modern techniques such as X-ray florescent analysis and high resolution digital image analysis to conduct scientific analyses of the scroll since September 2004 and has found that a very pure and high quality paint (most possibly imported from abroad) was used and that there are no outline sketches for the people and flames which means that they were drawn in one go.
- 完全醗酵または完全発酵(かんぜんはっこう)とは、日本酒の製法上の重要概念の一つで、並行複醗酵において、酵母が日本酒醪(もろみ)の中の糖分をほぼ分解しつくしたことによって自然に衰弱し、これによって醗酵作用が止まること、あるいは、そこまで自然に醗酵を全うさせることをいう。
- Complete fermentation is one of the important notions in producing Japanese sake, and means that, in parallel multi-fermentation, yeast has almost completed decomposing sugar in Japanese sake moromi (raw unrefined sake), resulting in getting weak by itself and terminating fermentation activity, or that the yeast has thus far completed fermentation by itself.
- 折口信夫の解釈によれば、飯豊皇女は巫女であるか、ないしはそれに近い神秘的な人物であり、執政していたのではなく、清寧天皇崩御後に、巫女として「誰に皇位についてもらうべきか」と神託を仰がれて、その段階ではまだ発見されていなかった億計尊・弘計尊の兄弟の名を託宣したのだという。
- According to Shinobu ORIGUCHI's interpretation, Iitoyo no himemiko was a miko or a mysterious figure near to it, and she did not administer but was asked for shintaku (oracle) 'who should be on the throne,' after the demise of Emperor Seinei, and she delivered an oracle of the name of Oke no mikoto brothers who had not been found at that stage.
- ここで信長が怒り狂った饗応の不手際とは、「太閤記」にあるような「魚が腐っていた」といった ような表の理由ではなく、実は、信長が饗応の機会を捉えて家康を暗殺するよう光秀に指示したがこれを光秀が拒んだのが真因だと解釈する等、信長に家康暗殺の意図があったことを推定する説が多い。
- In this regard, many views infer that Nobunaga had an intention to assassinate Ieyasu, for example, assuming that the reason why Nobunaga got angry was not mismanagement of entertaining such as 'rotten fish' in 'Taikoki,' but the real cause was that when Nobunaga ordered Mitsuhide to kill Ieyasu taking opportunity of entertainment but Mitsuhide refused this order.
- 近衛天皇の時に摂政藤原忠通が父藤原忠実の怒りを買って、藤氏長者の座を弟の藤原頼長に奪われた折、忠実から天皇に対して忠通の関白解任を求められたが、院政を行っていた鳥羽天皇の介入で忠通の関白留任と引き換えに頼長にも内覧の宣旨が下った(関白と内覧が並存する事はこれまでありえなかった)。
- While Emperor Konoe was in power, Chancellor FUJIWARA no Tadamichi incurred the anger of his father, FUJIWARA no Tadazane, and Tadamichi's position as leader of the Fujiwara clan was passed to his younger brother, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga; at this time, Tadazane asked the Emperor to strip Tadamichi of his position as Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), but Emperor Toba, who was ruling as a cloistered emperor at the time, helped resolve the situation by issuing an Imperial decree for Yorinaga to become Nairan in exchange for Tadamichi being allowed to retain his position as Kanpaku. (Until this time, it had not been possible for the positions of Kanpaku and Nairan to be filled at the same time.)
- 外記局や弁官局などが持っていた律令制における公文書管理組織が解体していった10世紀に儀式や公事の作法・判断の典拠として日記に記された先例故実の校勘に求めるようになり、そうした日記を多く所持していた家系がそれを理由として先例故実の家柄として公家社会において重要視されるようになった。
- The apparatus to manage official documents under the Ritsuryo system, namely the Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office) and the Benkankyoku (Controller's Office), was dismantled in the 10th century, which led people to begin seeking to modify the precedents for etiquette and legal judgments of public ceremonies and events according to what was found in the written record as recorded in diaries; this meant that for the noble families of aristocratic society, who tended to own many such diaries and could now use them to defend their own pedigree according to past precedent, great importance came to be attached to diaries.
- しかし第二次世界大戦になると食糧不足解消のため、桑畑をサツマイモ畑に転作したことや、糸そのものの価格の低下、ナイロンなどの化学繊維の出現や養蚕農家の後継者不足と高齢化などのさまざまな理由によって養蚕業の衰退を招き、これらをきっかけにほとんどの養蚕農家や製糸業者は廃業に追い込まれた。
- However, when the World War II broke out, sericulture declined due to various reasons, including changes in crop (from mulberry to sweet potato) to prevent food shortages, price reduction of yarn itself, the appearance of chemical fibers such as nylon fibers, lack of successors in silk-raising farmers, aging of silk-raising farmers, etc., all factors leading to a decline and the eventual closeout by silk-raising farmers and yarn-making companies.
- 「三職推任問題」は、本能寺の変の直前の出来事であり、その性質上、信長が即答可能な問題ではないこと、京への立ち寄りの理由の1つは、それへの返答にあったと考えられることは、上記根拠への疑問を投げかける(信長が返答することを阻止するためにこの日程で本能寺を襲ったと解する事は可能ではある)。
- The facts that 'sanshokusuininmondai' occurred immediately before Honnoji Incident and from its nature, it was not a matter for which Nobunaga could answer instantly and it seems that the purpose of making stopover at Kyoto was to give his answer raise a doubt with respect to the above-described grounds (It is possible to interpret that Mitsuhide attacked the Honno-ji Temple in order to prevent Nobunaga from giving an answer).
- また、いくつかの神社などにおいて、実在した歴史上の人物(一部の皇族や武将を除く)が、神として祀られている場合でも、「当初、その(祀られている)人物が、暗殺や反乱などによって殺害されたもので、それが怨霊化して祟りをなすことを畏怖して、祀った結果によるもの」という見解を持つ研究者も少なくない。
- Furthermore, quite a few researchers hold the view that at various shrines and temples, even in the case of historic figures who once lived and are now enshrined (excepting some imperial family members and warriors), 'at first the enshrined people were murdered or died in rebellions and the people were fearful of these people becoming ghosts and placing curses so they deified them.'
- 平安時代初期の刀剣の遺品は乏しく、作風の変遷や、いつごろどのようにして日本独自の湾刀が形成されたかについては、学問的に十分解明されていないが、承平天慶の乱などが発生した平安時代中期以降(10世紀ころ)従来の直刀に代わって騎乗時に扱い易い刀身に反りのある蕨手刀(彎曲刀)が使用されるようになった。
- Although relics of swords from the early Heian period are scarce, and the transition of styles or how and when Japanese original curved swords were formed are not fully figured out academically, after the mid Heian period (around the 10th century), when the turmoil of Johei and Tengyo occurred, Warabiteno Katana (curved sword) which was easy to use when riding with its warped body of blade was used instead of conventional straight swords.
- また、明治時代末期から第二次世界大戦敗戦まで、当時の政府の公式見解においては、南朝 (日本)を正統な皇統としてこの時代を「南北朝時代 (日本)」と称していたが、その結果、北朝 (日本)が任じた初代尊氏・2代足利義詮・3代足利義満(南北朝合一以前)は正式な将軍とは認められていなかった(皇国史観)。
- Also, according to the official opinion of the government at the time, from the end of the Meiji period until defeat in World War II, Nancho (Japan) was regarded as the legitimate imperial line, and this age was referred to as the 'period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)'; because of such a view, the first shogun Takauji, the second shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were not acknowledged as official shoguns (based on imperial history).
- 貞享5年(1680年)有栖川宮幸仁親王の養子となるが、幸仁親王に実子が誕生したことに加え、元禄5年(1692年)作宮の夭折によって常磐井宮(桂宮)が空主となっていたため、元禄8年(1695年)幸仁親王との養子縁組を解消し、翌元禄9年(1696年)7月常磐井宮家を相続し、新たに京極宮の宮号を賜った。
- Although he was adopted by Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Yukihito in 1680, he cancelled the adoption in 1695 because Imperial Prince Yukihito's own child was born and Tokiwainomiya lost its family head due to Sakunomiya's early death in 1692, inheriting the Tokiwainomiya family by being granted the new reigning name, Kyogokunomiya in July, 1696.
- 異母兄弟姉妹間での恋愛・婚姻は許されるが、同母兄弟姉妹間でのそれは許されなかったのが当時の人々の恋愛事情だったが、里中満智子作の天上の虹では実際に関係があった解釈がなされ、説得して伯父の軽大王(孝徳天皇)に嫁がせた後も関係を持った事をたまたま有間皇子に見られ、激怒した彼に叱責された場面等が見られる。
- In those days, romance and marriage were allowed between half-sisters and brothers from different mothers but not between half-brothers and sisters from the same mother; however, in the comic story 'Tenjo no niji (The Rainbow in the Sky),' by Machiko SATONAKA, it is described that there was a romance involving this kind of forbidden love; Hashihito no Himemiko was persuaded to marry with Karu no Miko (Emperor Kotoku), but she kept the relationship with Emperor Tenchi (Tenji), and Arima no Miko was furious after knowing this and became angry at Hashihito no Himemiko.
- 天皇及び皇族の選挙権・被選挙権は、象徴的な立場にある天皇とその一家として「政治的な立場も中立でなければならない」という要請や、天皇は「国政に関する権能を有しない」(憲法4条1項)という規定の趣旨などを根拠として、有していないとされているのであり、公職選挙法の規定が根拠になるわけではないと解されている。
- Since the Emperor and members of the Imperial Family, who are in a symbolic position, 'are required to be politically neutral,' and the Emperor 'shall not have powers related to government' (Article 4, Paragraph 1 of the Constitution), they are not allowed to have suffrage and eligibility for election, and it is understood that the provisions of the Public Offices Election Act do not provide grounds for that.
- この理由については、従来幕府による朝廷権力の掣肘であるとする見解が主流であったが、近年では亀山が西園寺実兼との不和に加え、霜月騒動で失脚した安達泰盛と親しかった事や、「新制」に対し熱心であった態度が東国のみならず全国へ実効支配を広げようとする得宗勢力の不審を呼んだのではないかとする説が有力となっている。
- Conventionally, it was believed in general that interference in the authority of the imperial court from the bakufu resulted in the above circumstances; but recently it is widely believed that, in addition to the friction between Kameyama and Sanekane SAIONJI, Kameyama's intimacy with Yasumori ADACHI who fell during the Shimotsuki Incident, as well as his ambition for 'Shinsei' (law reconstitution) produced suspiciousness among the Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) family who aimed to control not only the eastern part, but the entire country.
- しかしその一方で、一部の刀匠を除き多くの刀匠は本業(刀鍛冶)だけでは当たり前ながら作刀需要が少ない為生活が難しく、かと言っては上述の本数制限もあり無銘刀は作刀出来ず、武道家向けに数を多く安く作りその分稼ぐという事も出来無い為、他の伝統工芸の職人と同じく数々の問題を抱えているという事も理解しなくてはならない。
- On the other hand, however, most sword craft masters except some, naturally have difficulty making a living only by making swords due to the little demand for the creation of swords, but they are not allowed to make anepigraphic swords due to the restriction of sword numbers described above, so they cannot make lots of cheap swords for martial artists to earn money, and we must understand that they have various problems like other craftsmen have that are involved in traditional handicrafts.
- また、諸家がそれぞれ持っているとされる『帝紀』や内容の異なるものが存在するとされる『帝王本紀』のような一定の条件を満たす複数の書物ないしは文書の総称であると考えられる「普通名詞」と、『帝王の日嗣』といった特定の時点で編纂された特定の書物を示すと見られる「固有名詞」とは明確に区別するべきであるとする見解もある。
- Further, there are opinions that the 'common noun' which is thought to be the generic term for several books or documents that satisfy fixed conditions, such as the 'Teiki,' which every family was thought to have, and the 'Teio Honki' (Chronicle of Emperors) which existing contents were supposed to be different, and the 'proper noun' which is thought to describe specific books that are complied at a specific point of time called 'Teiki no Hitsugi' should be clearly distinguished.
- 米不足が解消した後も、酒造米の配給 (物資)が続き自由に酒造米を購入できなかったこと、低コストで清酒を製産できるので利益率が高いこと、大量に生産できるので消費の拡大に対応ができたこと、消費者が米不足のため低精白になり雑味などが増えた純米酒よりは三倍増醸清酒を好んだことなどにより、戦後の清酒の主流であり続けた。
- Even after the alleviation of rice shortage, it remained the main stream of the post-war seishu, because rice for sake brewing could not be purchased freely due to the continued rationing, profitability was high due to the production of seishu at low cost, the expansion of consumption could be met due to the high-volume production, and the consumers preferred the sanbai zojo seishu to the junmaishu (sake made without added alcohol or sugar) that contained more miscellaneous flavors due to insufficient polishing in response to the rice shortage.
- 上嶋家文書の真偽をめぐって学界では意見がわかれ、概ね否定的見解が主流であったが、後にその記載内容を裏書きする古文書が兵庫県揖保郡揖保川町新在家の豪農であった永富家(元楠木同族会顧問 鹿島建設株式会社会長鹿島守之助の生家)から発見され、この系図は江戸後期の写しであっても、古本を書写したものであることが証明された。
- The credibility of this document has been a controversial issue in the society of Japanese history that majority of them viewed as false; however, an old document that was found in the house of a wealthy farmer, the Nagatomi family (the birthplace of Morinosuke KAJIMA who was the chairman of Kajima Corporation and the former advisor of the Kusunoki family council) in Shinzaike, Ibokawa-cho in Ibo-gun, Hyogo Prefecture and it was revealed that this geneology recorded in this manuscrit during the late Edo Period was actually copied from an old document.
- 解散後の山口は舞台に戻り、監督の印南、女優の小島は東亜キネマ京都撮影所へ、大塚は中根龍太郎喜劇プロダクションの『おんぼろ草紙』の撮影ののちにマキノに移籍、小文治と芳之助は千恵プロへ、高田は松竹京都撮影所へ、都は右太プロへ、千代田はツキガタプロダクション(月形龍之介)を経て東京の河合映画製作社へとそれぞれ移籍した。
- After the dissolution, YAMAGUCHI went back to the stage, director INNAMI and actress KOJIMA went to Toa Kinema Kyoto Studio, OTSUKA went to Makino after shooting 'Onboro Zoshi' for Nakane Ryutaro Comedy Productions, Kobunji and Yoshinosuke went to Chie Pro, TAKADA went to Shochiku Kyoto Studio, MIYAKO went to Uta Pro, and CHIYODA went to Tsukigata Productions (Ryunosuke TSUKIGATA) and then to Kawai Eiga Seisakusha in Tokyo.
- その一方で、鎌倉時代初期に書かれた道長の6代目の子孫にあたる慈円の著した『愚管抄』によれば、天皇の死後道長は天皇の遺品の中に一通の手紙を発見し、その中には「三光明ならんと欲し、重雲を覆ひて大精暗し」と書かれていて、これを「道長の専横によって国は乱れている」という意味に解した道長はその文を焼き捨てたという一件がある。
- On the other hand, according to 'Gukan-sho,' which was written early in the Kamakura period by Jien, who was Michinaga's sixth descendent, Michinaga found a letter in the Emperor's mementos saying that 'one person tried to have all the power to himself, therefore the world is covered by clouds and people are unhappy'; Michinaga burned this letter, since he took it as saying, 'Because of Michinaga's own way of ruling the government, the world is not in peace.'
- 財閥(ざいばつ)とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社(持株会社)が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社(子会社)に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
- The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.
- 鹿鳴館などの建築で有名な明治初頭の西洋近代建築を日本にもたらしたイギリス人、ジョサイア・コンドル(ジョサイア・コンダー)Josaih Conderが自国に紹介した日本のいけばなの書物、The Floral Art of Japan に解説されているいけばな理念、精神、花形、などはそのほとんどが遠州流から引用されている。
- Josaih Conder, a British architect who is famous for the construction of modern Western buildings like Rokumeikan in the early Meiji era, introduced Japanese ikebana to his country by his book 'The Floral Art of Japan,' and he explained the principle, sprit and shape of ikebana almost solely based on those of Enshu school.
- 「歌舞伎映画プロ」は、中根プロ、および山口の「山口俊雄プロダクション」に協力し、小文治はそれらの第1作に出演、奈良の市川右太衛門プロダクションあやめ池撮影所(右太プロ)から「歌舞伎映画プロ」に参加した市川芳之助(のちの沢田清)も千恵プロの『愛憎血涙』に出演したが、同年7月末に早くも山崎らの「館主連盟」が瓦解してしまった。
- Kabuki Eiga Pro,' in cooperation with Nakane Pro and YAMAGUCHI's 'Yamaguchi Toshio Productions,' Kobunji acted in the first films that were produced by these two production companies and Yoshinosuke ICHIKAWA (later known as Kiyoshi SAWADA), who had come from Ayameike Studio of Ichikawa Utakemon Productions (Uta Pro) in Nara and joined 'Kabuki Eiga Pro,' also acted in 'Aizo Ketsurui' (Love and Hate, Blood and Tears) produced by Chie Pro, but YAMAZAKI's 'Kanshu Renmei' fell apart early at the end of July in 1928.
- 男鹿半島の領主として確認される安藤孫五郎、安東太の両者や、「市川湊文書」に含まれている寺社修造棟札写に残る寂蔵、安倍忠季、安倍浄宗等が鹿季の南遷と伝えられている時代以前に遡れること、湊家以前の男鹿半島の領主を女川家と伝える伝承があること等から、湊家の成立と伝えられる以前に安東一族が秋田郡に土着していた可能性を指摘する見解
- The theory to point out the possibility that the Ando family had been already settled in Akita Country before the supposed time of the Minato family's establishment, based on such findings; the family's history can be dated back even earlier period than the time of Magogoro ANDO and Andota, both of whom are confirmed as the territorial lords of the Oga Peninsula, and also earlier than the time of the legendary Kanosue's Nansen (provincial capital's relocation to the south), about which Jakuzo, Tadasue ABE, Joso ABE, etc. described in the copy of Jisha shuzo munefuda (ridge tag with history of the reparation and construction of temples and shrines) compiled in 'Ichikawa Minato Monjo' (The letter of Ichikawa Minato), and that there is an oral tradition in which a family called the Onagawa family was the territorial lord of the Oga Peninsula before the Minato family.
- 『日本書紀』によれば、清寧天皇の治世中にすでに仁賢天皇(おけのみこと)と顕宗天皇(おけのみこと)は発見されており、後継問題は解決されていたが、清寧天皇崩御後に億計尊と弘計尊が皇位を相譲したため、飯豊青皇女が忍海角刺宮(おしぬみのつのさしのみや、奈良県葛城市忍海郡の角刺神社が伝承地)で執政し、「忍海飯豊青尊」と称したという。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' Emperor Ninken and Emperor Kenzo had already been discovered in the administration of Emperor Seinei and the successor issue was solved, but after the demise of Emperor Seinei, Oke no mikoto (億計尊) and Oke no mikoto (弘計尊) ceded the Imperial Throne and Iitoyo no himemiko engaged in state affairs in Oshinumi no tsunosashi no miya (Tsunosashi Shrine in Oshimi-gun, Katsuragi City, Nara Prefecture is the traditional place) and called herself 'Oshimi Iitoyo ao no mikoto.'
- 南朝から北朝への神器の引渡し、国衙領を大覚寺統、長講堂領を持明院統の領地とする事、皇位は両統迭立とする(後亀山天皇の子である小倉宮実仁親王の立太子)事など3か条を条件に和睦が成立し、1392年(明徳3年/元中9年)に後亀山天皇は京都へ赴いて、大覚寺にて後小松天皇と会見して神器を譲渡し、南朝が解消される形で南北朝合一は成立した。
- After there were three agreements settled such as passing the three sacred treasures from the Southern Court to the Northern Court, a governorship that was to belong to the Daikakuji Imperial line and the Chokodo possessions were to belong to the Jimyoin Imperial line, and Imperial succession would be shared by both Courts, (Emperor Gokameyama's son, Oguranomiya Imperial Prince Sanehito was going to become Crown Prince) in 1392 Emperor Gokameyama went to Kyoto to see Emperor Gokomatsu at the Daikaku-ji Temple, and to pass the three sacred treasures, there was the unity of the Southern and Northern Courts, although Imperial succession was succeeded by the Northern Court this time, not by the Southern Court.
- 隅田八幡神社旧蔵の国宝「隅田八幡神社人物画像鏡」の銘文に『癸未年八月日十大王年男弟王在意柴沙加宮時斯麻念長寿遣開中費直穢人今州利二人等取白上同二百旱作此竟』「癸未の年八月十日、男弟王が意柴沙加の宮にいます時、斯麻が長寿を念じて河内直、穢人今州利の二人らを遣わして白上銅二百旱を取ってこの鏡を作る」(判読・解釈には諸説あり)とある。
- The inscription on 'Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror', a national treasure, once possessed by Sudahachiman-jinja Shrine says '癸未年八月日十大王年男弟王在意柴沙加宮時斯麻念長寿遣開中費直穢人今州利二人等取白上同二百旱作此竟' 'On August 10, year of Yin Water Sheep, when Otonokimi lived in Oshisaka no Miya Palace, Shima sent KAWACHI no Atai and AYAHITO Imasuri to make a mirror with 200 kan of high-quality copper to pray for his health.' (There are various theories as to the decipher and interpretation).
- 安康暗殺の背景に葛城氏が直接関与していた可能性も指摘されているが、生前の安康は押磐皇子に後事を託そうとしていたという記述(雄略即位前紀)からすれば、むしろ安康(允恭系)と押磐皇子(履中系)・葛城氏との間には王位継承に関する妥協が成立していて、このことに強く反発した大泊瀬皇子が安康を含む敵対勢力の一掃に踏み切ったと解釈することも出来よう。
- It has been pointed out that the Katsuraki clan was involved in the assassination of Emperor Anko; however, there is a record that Emperor Anko was planning to hand over his future affairs to Prince Oshihano, which could mean that there was a compromise between the Emperor Anko (the Ingyo family), and Prince Oshihano (the Richu family) and Katsuraki clan, but Pince Ohatsuse was strongly opposed to this plan and decided to wipe out his opponents, including Emperor Anko.
- ただし、フロイスがこの「儀式」について初めて記したのは信長の死後であり、フロイス自身が「儀式」が行われたとされる当時に安土周辺にはいなかったこと、日本国内の一級史料ではこの「儀式」についてまったく言及されていないことなどから、谷口克広はフロイスの記述に信憑性はなく、信長が滅んだことを正当化するために記したものであるとの見解を示している。
- However, as Frois first written about this 'ceremony' only after Nobunaga's death and he was not in the vicinity of Azuchi when such ceremony was held and this 'ceremony' has never been referred to in first-class historical materials in Japan, Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI proposed the view that description by Frois is not reliable and it was written just to justify overthrowing Nobunaga.
- また、明治天皇、大正天皇、昭和天皇などの呼称は、それ自体に敬意が込められた諡追号であるため、昭和天皇陛下とも言わない(口頭では「昭和の天皇陛下」という言い方をすることがあるが、この場合の「昭和」は「昭和時代」の意であると解される。ただ皇后美智子は昭和天皇を「先帝陛下」と公の場では呼んでいる。ただ皇后美智子は昭和天皇を「先帝陛下」と公の場では呼んでいる)。
- Also, the names of Emperor Meiji, Emperor Taisho, Emperor Showa and so on are posthumous titles which denote respect by themselves and therefore the expression of Showa Tenno Heika is not used (Orally 'Showa no Tenno Heika' (his Imperial Majesty of Showa) may be used and in this case 'Showa' is construed as 'Showa era'. However, the Empress Michiko calls the Emperor Showa 'Sentei Heika' (His Imperial Late Majesty) in public).
- 『法曹至要抄』によれば、養老律令詐偽律の解釈を巡る明法家の先例の学説として「太上天皇宣」の偽造は詔書と同一の罪に当たるとする説を挙げており早くから知られていた可能性があるが、院宣に関する記録の初見は延長 (日本)7年(927年)の宇多天皇が伊勢神宮に宣旨を下されたことを受けて神宮側がその指示を神郡に向けて発した「延長七年大神宮勘注」(『大日本史料』一之六)である。
- According to 'Hososhiyo-sho', when the Myobo-ke (judicial officials) interpreted Yororitsuryo Sagi-ritsu (punitive clause regarding fabrication of official documents and government properties under the Yororitsuryo code) earlier, it was described that the fabrication of the Daijo Tenno Zen (a decree by the Retired Emperor) is a crime comparable to the fabrication of the Shosho (an imperial decree), which shows that the concept of inzen could have been in use early in the history. Nonetheless, the first record which mentions the term inzen is 'Encho Shichi-nen Daijingu Kanchu', taken from 'Dai Nihon Shiryo' (the Historical Materials of Japan) Vol.1, no.6, which was a document that, upon receipt of an imperial decree from Emperor Uda in 927, Ise-jingu Shrine issued as the Emperor Uda's instructions to Shingun (a district designated as a sanctuary which enjoyed certain privileges under an Imperial charter).
- 従来の学説では院庁において実際の政務が執られたとされていたが、鈴木茂男が当時の院庁発給文書に国政に関する内容が認められないことを主張し、橋本義彦がこれを受けて院庁政治論を痛烈に批判したため近年では、非公式の私文書としての側面のある院宣を用いて朝廷に圧力をかけ、院独自の側近を院の近臣として太政官内に送り込むことによって事実上の指揮を執ったとする見解が有力となっている。
- Earlier theories asserted that political affairs were in fact conducted at Incho, but Shigeo SUZUKI asserted that no details regarding national government could be seen in the documents issued by Incho at that time, and Yoshihiko HASHIMOTO, based on this fact, strongly criticized the view that political affairs were conducted at Incho; consequently, in recent years it has become the prevalent view that the In put pressure on the Imperial Court by using inzen, which had the aspect of a non-official document, and that by placing his aides in positions of general council of state he took virtual control of the government.
- この黒板説については、近年になって反論が出され、海事史の金指正三博士は1990年に潮流のコンピュータ解析を行い、合戦の行われた日は小潮流の時期で、8ノットという早い潮流は無く、また大正時代に潮流を調査した場所は最も狭い早鞆瀬戸であり(ここで千艘以上の兵船で戦うことは不可能)、広い干珠島、満珠島辺りの海域では潮流は1ノット以下であり合戦に影響を与えるものではないとした。
- Concerning KUROITA's theory, in recent years objections to it have surfaced; in 1990 the maritime historian Dr. Shozo KANASASHI ran a computer analysis of the tides on the day of the battle, and concluded that there was a neap tide that day, and thus that there could not have been a strong, swift current of eight knots, and moreover pointed out that the tidal study done in the Taisho period had been conducted at the narrowest point of the Kanmon straits (where it would have been impossible for more than 1000 ships to fight), concluding that in the spacious area of sea near Kanju and Manju islands, the tide was under one knot in speed and would have had no influence over the course of the battle.
- しかしながら堀新 (歴史学者)から出された反論では、同日記の5月4日 (旧暦)付けの記事や、『誠仁親王消息』などの資料から、三職いずれかなどという曖昧な推任をしたのは誰も信長の真意を理解していなかったための行動であり、貞勝と信長との間にこの件に関する打ち合わせをした形跡がないことなどから、三職推任は信長の意向とは言えず、5月4日の晴豊の言葉も晴豊個人の見解であるとした。
- Shin HORI (a historian) argued against these interpretations that Haretoyo expressed his own opinion on May 4 (old calendar) at that time and Sanshoku suinin had nothing do to with Nobunaga's intention, because: the article of the diary dated May 4 and 'Message from Imperial Prince Sanehito' (誠仁親王消息) suggest that such an unspecific Sanshoku suinin came from a situation where no one knew what Nobunaga wanted; and nothing suggests Nobunaga and Sadakatsu had talked about this matter.
- 光秀がいつ頃から謀反を決意していたかは明らかではないが、亀山城出陣を前にして、愛宕権現での連歌の会で光秀が詠んだ発句、「時は今 天が下知る 五月哉」は、「時(とき)」は源氏の流れをくむ土岐氏の一族である光秀自身を示し、「天が下知る」は、「天(あめ)が下(した)治る(しる)」、すなわち天下を治めることを暗示していると解し、この時点で謀反の決意を固めていたのだとする説もある。
- Although it is not clear since when Mitsuhide made his mind to rebel, there is a view that he made his mind to rebel at the time of the party for renga (linked-verse) in the Atago-gongen Shrine before going to battle from the Kameyama-jo Castle by understanding the first line made by Mitsuhide, 'Tokihaima amegashitashiru satsukikana' (The time is now in May which everybody knows), as 'toki' means Mitsuhide himself, who belonged to the Toki clan which descended from the Minamoto clan and 'amegashitashiru' as 'to govern the area under the heaven,' namely governing the whole country.
- このとき、後三条天皇は院政を開始する意図を持っていたとする見解が慈円により主張されて(『愚管抄』)以来、北畠親房(『神皇正統記』)、新井白石(『読史余論』)、黒板勝美、三浦周行などにより主張されていたが、和田英松が、災害異変、後三条の病気、実仁親王 (平安時代)の立東宮の3点が譲位の理由であり院政開始は企図されていなかったと主張し、平泉澄が病気のみに限定するなど異論が出された。
- Because Jien asserted that Emperor Gosanjo at that time was intent upon initiating insei ('Gukansho'), Chikafusa KITABATAKE ('Jinno-Shoto-ki'), Hakuseki ARAI ('Tokushiyoron'), Katsumi KUROITA, Hiroyuki MIURA, etc., also supported such an assumption; however, there were different views, such as that of Hidematsu WADA, who asserted that the initiation of insei was not intended due to three reasons--disasters/accidents, Gosanjo's illness and Imperial Prince Sanehito's assumption of the position as the Crown Prince--which reasons were limited only to illness by Kiyoshi HIRAIZUMI.
- ついで江戸時代に入ると漢学者、国学者の双方による律令研究が盛行し、注釈書を残した者に壺井義知(つぼいよしちか)(1657‐1735)、 荷田春満(かだのあずままろ)、稲葉通邦(いなばみちくに)(1744‐1801)、 河村秀穎(ひでかい)、河村秀根(ひでね)、 薗田守良(そのだもりよし)(1785‐1840)、 近藤芳樹などがあるが、依然として研究の中心は解釈学におかれていた。
- Next, in the Edo period, research on ritsuryo by both scholars of Chinese classics and scholars of Japanese classical studies flourished, and Yoshichika TSUBOI (1657 - 1735), KADA no Azumamaro, Michikuni INABA (1744 - 1801), Hidekai KAWAMURA, Hidene KAWAMURA, Moriyoshi SONODA (1785 - 1840), and Yoshiki KONDO are among those who left commentaries, but the center of the research was still on hermeneutics.
- ちなみに完全醗酵を好む杜氏たちのあいだでは、デンプンの並行複醗酵に限ってその良し悪しを語るのでなく、米に含まれているたんぱく質や脂肪など、デンプン以外の成分も、麹菌と酵母の作用によって分解され、複雑なプロセスを経て、それなりに玄妙な香味を構成する微量成分になっていくので、不完全醗酵であるとこうしたプロセスも一部切り捨ててしまう結果となるため、醪としてはは未熟である、という意見がある。
- In fact, some of chief sake brewers who like complete fermentation have an opinion that, in discussing the quality of fermentation, we should not focus only on parallel multi-fermentation, but we should consider the moromi as immature because the incomplete fermentation cuts off a part of process in which the ingredients such as protein and fat other than starch contained in rice are decomposed by Aspergillus oryzae and yeast, and then converted through complex processes to minor constituents to generate delicate flavors.
- 政府の公式見解は、国家国旗法案が提出された際の1999年6月11日段階では、「『君』とは、『大日本帝国憲法下では主権者である天皇を指していたと言われているが、日本国憲法下では、日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴である天皇と解釈するのが適当である。』(「君が代」の歌詞は、)『日本国憲法下では、天皇を日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴とする我が国の末永い繁栄と平和を祈念したものと理解することが適当である』」とした。
- According to the official view of the Government of Japan, it was explained on June 11, 1999 as 'Although it is said that, under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan,' the word 'Kimi' meant the emperor, who was the sovereign, but under the Constitution of Japan, it is appropriate to interpret it as the emperor who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people' and '(the words of 'Kimigayo' is) under the Constitution of Japan, it is appropriate to understand them to be the hope for prosperity of Japan, which has the emperor as the symbol of State and the unity of the people and peace.'
- 「大方の世の政事を始め、はかなき程の事まで御心にまかせぬ事なし(政治の上でのどんな些細なことでも女院の思いのままにならないことはなかった)」(『たまきはる』)とまで評された政治的発言力により、自身に近い人々である信範(叔父)、宗盛(猶子)、時忠・親宗(兄弟)の昇進を後押しした(ただし、嘉応の強訴では時忠・信範が解官、配流されていることから、その発言力も後白河を押さえるほどのものではなかったと思われる)。
- It was said in 'Tamakiharu' that 'there was nothing that Nyoin couldn't handle nor control concerning any small detailed issues about politics,' so whatever Shigeko said had a big influence on politics and she encouraged promotion for people close to her, like Nobunori (uncle), Munemori (adopted child), Tokitada, and Chikamune, (brothers). (However, because Tokitada and Nobunori, both lost their positions and were banished because of the Kao dispute, it was believed that Shigeko did not have enough political influence to stop Emperor Goshirakawa's political power.)
- 吸血鬼やゾンビや狼男なども、本来は人であった若しくは遺骸であったものが、様々な宗教的な観念においての邪道な儀式や行いにより、人や遺骸でなくなってしまったものであり、バイオハザードといわれるテレビゲームの中のゾンビの「生物化学兵器として開発された薬としてのウィルスにより、無理やり生き返らされたおぞましい姿の死者」という設定は、ジキルとハイドと、ゾンビといわれる宗教的な観念の存在を、合わせたものとも解釈できる。
- Vampires, zombies, werewolves, etc are creatures which were once human, but not any more due to a perverted ceremony or act with various religious connotations; zombies in a video game called Biohazard are portrayed as 'terrifying-looking dead people who were brought alive with viruses from medicines developed as biochemical weapons' are thought to be a combination of the setting of Jekyll and Hyde with a religious concept called zombi.
- しかし、そのおよそ2週間後の6月29日に「(「君」とは)『日本国憲法下では、日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴であり、その地位が主権の存する国民の総意に基づく天皇のことを指す』『『代』は本来、時間的概念だが、転じて『国』を表す意味もある。『君が代』は、日本国民の総意に基づき天皇を日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴する我が国のこととなる』(君が代の歌詞を)『我が国の末永い繁栄と平和を祈念したものと解するのが適当』」と変更した。
- On June 29, approximately two weeks after that, however, it was changed as ''Kimi' means the emperor who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, deriving this position from the will of the people with whom resides the sovereign power 'and 'Although 'yo' is originally a temporal concept, it has also a transferred the meaning of 'state'. It is appropriate 'to understand (words of Kimigayo) them as hope for the long-lasting prosperity of Japan, which has the emperor as the symbol of the State and the unity of the people and peace.'
- また、歴史学界からは相手にされない説であるが、鎌倉時代の『一代要記』、南北朝時代の『本朝皇胤紹運録』に記載の天武の年齢に基づくと、天武は天智より4歳年長であると解釈できることから、一部の研究家により第40代天武天皇の父親は第34代舒明天皇でないとする仮説(佐々克明、小林恵子、大和岩雄ら)が提唱されており、その場合父親が誰であろうと母親が第37代斉明天皇であったことが皇位継承の条件であったことになるとの主張もあるが、これは仮説であり正式なものとはされていない。
- In addition, according to the age of Tenmu stated in 'Ichidaiyoki' (summary chronicle of each reign) in the Kamakura period and 'Honcho Koin Joun roku' (the Emperor's family tree) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Tenmu was four years older than Tenji, for which some scholars including Katsuaki SASA, Keiko KOBAYASHI, and Iwao OWA advocate a tentative theory that the father of the fortieth Emperor Tenmu was not the thirty-fourth Emperor Jomei, and it is also advocated that the prerequisite for succeeding to the throne was that his mother was the thirty-seventh Emperor Saimei no matter who his father was; anyway, this is a tentative non-official theory and not accepted by the historical community.
- これは、2月に太政大臣に就任したばかりである近衛前久が5月に突如辞任していること、本能寺の変後の7月17日_(旧暦)に羽柴秀吉から毛利輝元に宛てられた手紙において、秀吉が信長のことを「大相国」と呼んでいるが、信長に対する太政大臣贈官が宮中で論じられたのは同年10月の事であること、加えてその結果出された贈官の宣命には「重而太政大臣」の語句があり、これを太政大臣の辞令が出されたのが2度目であると解釈して、1度目の辞令を三職推任問題の時に既に太政大臣就任の内諾を信長から得たことにより、非公式な内定が出されていたと解している。
- He thinks that the informal decision of appointing Nobunaga as Daijo daijin had been already made after confirming his informal consent when Haretoyo talked about Sanshoku suinin mondai based on the following facts: Sakihisa KONOE, who assumed Daijo daijin in March (February in old lunar calendar), abruptly resigned in June (May in old lunar calendar); Hideyoshi called Nobunaga 'Daishokoku' (the Grand Minister) in his letter to Terumoto MORI on August 15 (July 17 in old lunar calendar) after the Honnoji Incident, while the formal discussion at court on granting a posthumous title of Daijo daijin to Nobunaga was in October; and the subsequently issued Emperor's order of the posthumous title for Nobunaga contained a word 'choji Dajodaijin' (重而太政大臣) (the Grand Minister again), which Hashimoto believed meant the second appointment of Nobunaga as Daijo daijin.