見: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- ああ見えても
- despite appearances
- 臨床検査所見
- laboratory finding
- 鳥羽伏見の戦い
- Battle of Toba-Fushimi
- 伏見稲荷大社本殿
- Honden of Fushimi Inari Taisha Shrine
- 逸見重雄:京大生。
- Shigeo HENMI: A student of Kyoto Imperial University.
- 松前奉行 人見勝太郎
- Matsumae Bugyo, Katsutaro HITOMI
- ─ 指揮長辺見十郎太
- - Commander: Jurota HENMI
- 荒見神社本殿〔城陽市〕
- Honden of Arami-jinja Shrine [Joyo City]
- 2月(花見詩歌の宴)、
- February: Banquet for cherry blossom viewing and poetry reading
- 大隊長:立見尚文陸軍少佐
- Battalion Commander: Naobumi TATSUMI, Major of the Imperial Army
- 下記を根拠とする意見である。
- This theory was based on the following idea.
- (止まっているように見える)
- (It looks as if it stopped.)
- (見習い遊女、お歯黒を付けない)
- (Yujo who were in training; they did not apply tooth black.)
- 辺見らの諸隊は官軍に対し善戦した。
- The troops of Henmi and others fought a good fight against the government army.
- 分析にはまだ数年かかる見込みである。
- A full analysis of the scroll is likely to take several more years.
- これは人給には見られないものである。
- This was not the case with ninkyu
- また、当時は切り遣いの慣行が見られた。
- There was also a custom of cutting them into small pieces and using them as another unit.
- 佐渡金山、生野銀山、石見銀山、別子銅山
- Sado Gold Mine, Ikuno Silver Mine, Iwami Silver Mine, and Besshi Copper Mine
- 醍醐寺開山堂〔京都市伏見区醍醐醍醐山〕
- Kaizando of Daigo-ji Temple [Daigo Daigoyama, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City]
- 三宝院唐門〔京都市伏見区醍醐東大路町〕
- Karamon of Sanboin Temple [Daigo Higashioji-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City]
- (1万5000と見ても可能性がある)。
- (It is estimated that they mobilized as many as 15,000 men).
- このことは、通常例を見ない厚遇であった。
- This was unprecedented.
- これをもって、一応の古代国家成立と見る。
- It is considered that the accomplishment of this centralized government system marked the completion of the formation of the ancient state in Japan.
- 遺構が見つかっている唯一の鴻臚館である。
- It is the only Korokan in which ancient structural remnants were discovered.
- 安楽寿院五輪塔〔京都市伏見区竹田内畑町〕
- Gorinto (tombstone consisting of five pieces piled up one upon another) of Anrakujuin Temple [Takeda Uchihata-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City]
- ─ 第2旅団(三好重臣少将、本営鶴見崎)
- - The 2nd brigade (led by Major General Shigeomi MIYOSHI, headquartered at Tsurumizaki)
- 石垣の存在を至上とする見方も潜んでいる。
- Also, it contains an idea that the existence of stone walls is supreme.
- 朝鮮国内でも通商開化を説く意見が登場した。
- Opinions supporting commerce and civilization emerged within Korea.
- そのため、同じく年貢運上は見込めなかった。
- Therefore, like in the case of Saigoku, nengu unjo could not be expected.
- また、『扶桑略記』にも同様の記事が見える。
- A similar description is also found in 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Short History of Japan).
- 荘域は足利郡全域と安蘇郡の一部(赤見郷)。
- Its territory included the whole of Ashikaga County and a part of Aso County (Akami-go).
- これが外国使節を宿泊させる客館の初見である。
- This was historically the first guest house in Japan at which envoys from foreign countries could stay.
- 現代において意見箱を目安箱と呼ぶことがある。
- At present, opinion boxes are sometimes called as meyasubako.
- また、『吉田兼見』には「数千騎討死」とある。
- 'Kanemi YOSHIDA' states that 'a few thousand horsemen were killed.'
- - 668年ごろ制定?実在を疑う意見も多い。
- It was assumed to be enacted around 668, but many scholars deny its existence.
- 伏見稲荷大社御茶屋〔京都市伏見区深草薮ノ内町〕
- Ochaya (rest house) of Fushimi Inari Taisha Shrine [Fukakusa Yabunouchi-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City]
- 其醜態と云ふものは、実に見るに忍びざる有様で。
- The disgraceful behavior constituted an unbearable scene.
- 辺見は官軍を撃退すべく大口の雷撃隊を展開した。
- To defeat the government army, HENMI deployed the Raigeki-tai troop in Oguchi.
- 朝廷はこの意見を容れて3月、征夷の軍を解いた。
- The Imperial Court accepted his opinion and disbanded the forces against the Emishi in March.
- ここに陽明学は社会救済の根拠を見出したのである。
- Yomei-gaku found grounds for social relief in this idea.
- 浅井方と見られる土塁など野村町地域に残っている。
- The mound which seems to belong to the Azai clan has remained in Nomura-cho region.
- 『占事略決』の見出しを現代語にすると以下の通り。
- The titles of 'Senji ryakketsu' in modern language are as follows.
- 又、経営形態も職業的経営に移行する傾向を見せた。
- There also was a trend for management to become more occupational.
- 11月8日、榎本は英仏領事と英仏艦艦長と会見した。
- On November 8, Enomoto met the British and French consuls and the captains of the British and French warships.
- これは紀州側にとって完全に見込み違いの結果だった。
- This was totally different from what the Kishu side had expected.
- そのため、『能本作者註文』の伝本の見直しに役立つ。
- It is for this reason that it is useful for reviewing surviving copies of 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon.'
- 死者が葬られる埋葬施設には、様々な形状が見られる。
- There are many different shapes of mortuary spaces where the dead are entombed.
- 宝塔寺四脚門(総門)〔京都市伏見区深草宝塔寺山町〕
- Shikyakumon (four-legged gate) of Hoto-ji Temple (Somon [main gate]) [Fukakusa Hotojiyama-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City]
- ついで、701年の大宝律令により律令の完成を見た。
- Subsequently, the Ritsuryo saw its completion in the enactment of the Taiho Ritsuryo in 701.
- 最初の記述は江戸期に出版された通俗小説に見られる。
- The earliest description of the tactics appeared in popular fictions published in the Edo Period.
- 中国文献においては『論衡』に「倭人」が見えている。
- Description of 'Wajin' as seen in the Chinese literature 'Ronko' (Discourses weighed in the balance).
- 基経の威を恐れた博士らの見解は佐世と同じであった。
- In fear of Mototsune's power, hakase etc. submitted the same view as Sukeyo.
- その一方、伝来したキリスト教も広がりを見せていく。
- On the other hand, Christianity that came from abroad started to also expand.
- 見しは昔、相州小田原に玉瀧坊と云て年よりたる山伏有。
- A long time ago there was an old yamabushi (mountain priest) named Gyokuryubo in Odawara, Soshu Province.
- 天文異変とは、普段では見られない天文現象の事を指す。
- Extraordinary astronomical events are astronomical phenomena which are seen only rarely.
- 鉄砲場見廻役は、地元の村々の名主などから任命された。
- The patrolmen of the firing range were assigned by the head of the local village, etc.
- 鞄は後に近くの畑で見つかり、草案は無事だったという。
- The bag was found later in a nearby field, and the draft papers were still in the bag.
- この傾向は特に10万石前後の譜代大名に多く見られる。
- This tendency was often seen among hereditary vassale daimyo (fudai daimyo) with an annual stipend of around hundred thousand koku in rice.
- しかし江戸時代の各階層にある程度の流動性も見られる。
- However, a certain degree of flexibility was seen in each hierarchy during the Edo period.
- 平安時代中期から太閤検地まで、主に西日本で見られた。
- The system was found mainly in western Japan from the mid Heian period to the taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi).
- 読本:上田秋成『雨月物語』、曲亭馬琴『南総里見八犬伝』
- Yomihon (books for reading): 'Ugetsu Monogatari' (Tales of Moon and Rain) by Akinari UEDA, and 'Nanso satomi hakkenden' (Biographies of Eight Dogs) by Bakin KYOKUTEI
- 反乱の拡大がないと見極めが着いた3月下旬に引き揚げた。
- His troop left the port when it was confirmed that there would be no revolt expansion.
- 戦争の終わりが見えると、8月16日に帰郷命令を受けた。
- With the end of the war in sight, Tondenhei received the order to go home on August 16.
- 室町時代に入ると、暦博士が天文密奏を行う例も見られた。
- In the Muromachi era, reki hakase occasionally carried out tenmon misso (reporting unusual astronomical phenomena to the emperor).
- そのため、立法には成立までの十分な見立てが必要となる。
- Therefore, thorough examination of its legislation is required until it becomes effective.
- 藤森神社境内社大将軍社社殿〔京都市伏見区深草鳥居崎町〕
- Shaden (main building of Shinto shrine) of Daishogunsha Shrine, keidaisha (shrine in precincts) of Fujimori-jinja Shrine
- これも現在まで続く反日感情の一因であると見られている。
- It is also considered to be one of the reasons for the still lingering anti-Japanese feelings.
- 環濠の内側から約100棟の竪穴式住居が発見されている。
- About 100 pit dwellings were found inside the moat surrounded area.
- 結局この意見書が通り、西郷派遣は無期延期の幻となった。
- After all, this written opinion got through, and dispatch of SAIGO was postponed indefinitely and vanished in smoke.
- 「阿輩雞彌」はオオキミの音を写したものと見られている。
- It is understood that 'Okimi' (阿輩雞彌) was the phonetic equivalent of Okimi (King in Japanese).
- 以後、近世には田地へ賦課される地子は見られなくなった。
- After that, jishi that was imposed on rice fields was not seen.
- なかには石見国浜田藩のように、藩ぐるみで密貿易に関った。
- Some domains, including the Hamada Domain of Iwami Province, were concerned with illegal trade involving the whole domain.
- 大方の予想では、十河側は勝瑞城に籠城すると見られていた。
- Most people expected the Sogo force to have confined themselves in the Shozui-jo Castle.
- その為、御門葉と認められることは大変な名誉と見なされた。
- Therefore, it was considered a great honor to be acknowledged as a gomonyo.
- 記載神社名や割註から分かるとおり本地垂迹の影響が見える。
- The influence of Honji suijaku (Shinto and Buddhist syncretism) is read in the names of shrines and notes (Honchi-suijaku is the theory that Japanese gods and the gods of Buddhism, including the Buddha, Bodhisattva and the gods of esoteric Buddhism, are the one and the same).
- 逆に異姓でも同一の本貫と見なされる場合もわずかだが有る。
- On the contrary, there were a few cases where it was considered as the same hongan even if the family names were different.
- 唐律令制を摂取した東アジア諸国でも同様の状況が見られた。
- Similar circumstances were seen in the East Asian countries that had absorbed the Ritsuryo system from the Tang Dynasty.
- この中で武田遺臣の真田氏など近世大名化した例も見られる。
- Among them, there are cases where a former vassal of the Takeda clan became a modern daimyo like the Sanada clan.
- また伊集院氏の伏見の邸は島津氏宗家のそれよりも大きかった。
- The residence held by the Ijuin clan in Fushimi was larger than the residence of the main family of the Shimazu clan.
- 玉か瓦か、まだその実を見るに及ばずして、まずその名に酔う。
- People are intoxicated with just the name of the constitution even though they still don't know if it's actually a jewel or just a roof tile for us.
- 『自家伝抄』は、16世紀初頭に成立したと見られる能の伝書。
- 'Jika Densho' is a noh text that is thought to have been written at the beginning of the 16th century.
- 与杼神社拝殿(よどじんじゃはいでん)〔京都市伏見区淀本町〕
- Haiden of Yodo-jinja Shrine [Yodo Honmachi, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City]
- マルコ・ポーロの『東方見聞録』は、以下のように伝えている。
- 'The million: Travels of Marco Polo' by Marco Polo wrote as follows:
- しかし実際には平安時代初期9世紀ごろの成立と見られている。
- However, it is actually considered to have been established in the 9th century, during the early Heian period.
- しかし近年新資料が発見され、この説は訂正を余儀なくされた。
- However, in these days, the new material was found and it was inevitable to correct this theory.
- また、飛鳥時代に多発した皇位継承紛争の1つと見る説もある。
- Also, there is a theory that the war was one of the imperial succession disputes that occurred frequently in the Asuka period.
- この時期に、初源的な運送業が発生していたとする見解もある。
- There is a view that the prototype transportation industry started in this period.
- これを好機と見た武士らは元軍に襲いかかり、これを殲滅した。
- The samurai took this opportunity to attack the Yuan army and destroyed it.
- 先住民族からなる高砂義勇隊は南方戦線で大きな活躍を見せた。
- The Takasago Volunteer Army consisting of aborigines were very brave in the Southern battle line.
- 側面しか見えないために刻面は全く考慮していないものが多い。
- Because only the edges were visible, no consideration was given to many of their facets.
- 平安中期ごろには、遥任は一般的に見られるようになっていた。
- By the middle era of the Heian period, yonin had become a usual practice.
- 「白」の濃淡はどうして見分けるのだろうかと疑問視されている。
- It is questionable how the two shades of 'white' were distinguished.
- これらから、倭の意味は不明とするのが妥当と見る研究者もいる。
- Based on those references, some scholars think it appropriate to see the meaning of Wa unknown.
- また能、狂言の衣装として簡略化された物が見られる程度である。
- Moreover, simplified suo may be used as a costume in Noh plays and kyogen.
- これを見て佐々木道誉は尊氏軍に寝返り義貞軍も総崩れとなった。
- Then, Doyo SASAKI sold out to Takauji's army and Yoshisada's army also suffered a debacle.
- その様に世界的に見れば極めて高い水準であると言うことができる。
- In this manner, one can say that the literacy rate in Edo was significantly high vis-à-vis the rest of the world.
- これらの政策や事業に対しては批判する意見と評価する意見がある。
- There are criticism and appreciation on these policies and projects.
- ただし裁判官のなかでも死刑にすべきという意見は少なくなかった。
- But still, some judges thought that Tsuda should be sentenced the death penalty.
- 道路の遺構に加え、羅城(城壁)跡の一部が発見されたことによる。
- This was due to discovery of remains of the street, as well as part of Rajo (walls).
- これを好機と見た桐野が決死精鋭の1隊を率いて馳せ下り攻撃した。
- Taking this opportunity, KIRINO led a troop of the best fighters who were ready to die, ran down to the fighting field, and attacked the enemy.
- 次第に土一揆は頻発していき、毎年のように見られるようになった。
- The frequency of the occurrence of tsuchi-ikki gradually became higher, and eventually it occurred almost every year.
- また新大陸発見で世界的なインフレーション(価格革命)が発生した。
- Moreover, inflation (price revolution) on a global scale broke out following the discovery of the New World.
- 『続日本紀』神亀元年冬十月条(724年)にはこの記述が見られる。
- In its winter entry for the tenth month of 724, the 'Shoku nihongi' includes the following description.
- またタイに渡った山田長政のようにその国で重用される例も見られた。
- Like Nagamasa YAMADA traveling to Thailand, there were some examples where Japanese people were given an important position in a foreign country.
- 新井は長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にし、改革案を起案した。
- Arai developed a reform plan based on a proposal submitted by Kiyosuke OOKA, Nagasaki bugyo (the collective name of magistrates placed in important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period.)
- 社家の金子家は「石見国造」と呼ばれ、この地の物部氏の長とされた。
- The Kaneko family, which was a shake (family of Shinto priests serving a shrine on a hereditary basis), was called Iwami no Kuninomiyatsuko and considered as the chief of the Mononobe clan in this region.
- 端は2丈、すなわち20尺のこととされるが、周代以降は見られない。
- Although it has not been used since the Zhou period, a tan (端) represents 2 jo (unit of length, 1 jo is equal to 3.03 meters) that is 20 shaku (unit of length, approximately equal to 30.3 centimeters).
- 特に荘園では年貢徴収を指して勧農と呼ぶ例も見られるようになった。
- Especially in shoen, nengu (render) collection was sometimes referred to as kanno.
- したがって、必ずしも砂漠由来であるとは限らないとする見方もある。
- Therefore, there is also a view of considering that kosa not necessarily originates in deserts.
- 戦争後、欧米列強各国は清の弱体化を見て取り、中国分割に乗り出した。
- After the war Western powers took the opportunity of weakening Qing to start divisions in China.
- 元々は程明道に見られる発想であるが、陽明はそれを良知と結びつけた。
- This idea originated with Cheng Mingdao, and Wang Yangming combined the idea with ryochi.
- ただし、定員については、実際には定員が複数だったとする見方もある。
- Some scholars believe the position was available to multiple people.
- 連行途中、犯人は隙を見て逃走、在日本朝鮮人連盟の支部に逃げ込んだ。
- On his way to being taken to the police station, the suspect escaped and ran into the branch of the Association of Korean Residents in Japan.
- 世阿弥晩年の著で、永享4年(1432年)7月以前の成立と見られる。
- Written by Zeami in his final years and likely published before July and August of 1432.
- ただし、未発見の作者付に拠ったらしい少数の曲については参考になる。
- It has, however, become a reference for the small number of songs that appear to have been written by lost and unknown sakushazuke.
- 法界寺阿弥陀堂(ほうかいじあみだどう)〔京都市伏見区日野西大道町〕
- Amidado (temple hall having an enshrined image of Amitabha) of Hokai-ji Temple [Hino Nishi Omichi-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City]
- 吹元銀は釻場(ませば)で質量を改め、銀見役により品位が改められた。
- Cupellated silver was reassessed of its silver content at the maseba and its quality determined by the silver inspector.
- 他の二十巻本には見られない独自の本文を持つほか、本文の異同も多い。
- In addition to including its own unique text that is not found in other 20-volume books, this book also includes many descriptions different from those of others.
- その結果、田堵負名と国司の間で紛争がしばしば見られるようになった。
- As a result, disputes between tato fumyo and kokushi became very common.
- 彼自身が執筆したことが確実であるのは、各巻に見える序文のみである。
- Only the preface for each volume was certainly written by him.
- 児玉党系塩谷氏の活躍については、『源平盛衰記』などの資料に見られる。
- The great success of the KODAMA Party Line SHIONOYA clan was described in the materials such as 'Genpei Seisui ki' (Rise and Fall of the MINAMOTO and Taira Clans) and so on.
- また、平成13年(2001年)には山麓で豊臣秀次の館跡が発見された。
- Also, in 2001, ruins of Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI's residence were discovered at the foot of Mt. Hachiman.
- 人々は偶像崇拝者で外見がよく、礼儀正しいが、人肉を食べる習慣がある。
- People on the island worshiped idols and were good-looking and polite, but they had a man-eating custom.
- これを追って官軍は久木野前線の数火点および大関山・国見山を占領した。
- Chasing the troop, the government army seized Mt. Ozeki, Mt. Kunimi, and ignition points in the battle front of Kukino.
- 辺見と野村忍介が援兵を送り熊本隊を支援したが、官軍は守備を突破した。
- HENMI and Oshisuke NOMURA supported the Kumamoto-tai troop with reinforcements, but government army broke through the defense.
- これら幕府の対応の混乱は、義教の将軍親政策の結果という見方もできる。
- It can also be viewed that these confusions of bakufu's response were the result of Yoshinori's policy of direct rule of shogun.
- これらの語の指し示す範囲については、大きく2つの見解に分かれている。
- Concerning the control range indicated by each of these terms, there are largely two different opinions.
- これに見るとおり、一円知行は中世後期から加速度的に進行したのである。
- As described above, ichien chigyo was exponentially developed from the end of the Middle Ages.
- 戦後に発見された『市河文書』では伝令将校的な武士とも取れる記述がある。
- In 'Ichikawa Monjo' (Ichikawa's documents) found after the war, there is a description that he may have been an orderly officer..
- 堤防を完成させた秀吉は堤防の上に見張り場を設けて城内の様子を監視した。
- After the completion of the embankment, Hideyoshi placed guards on it over the castle.
- ここに至り戦局有利と見た織田信長は石山本願寺との和平交渉を打ち切った。
- Under the circumstances, Nobunaga ODA judged that the war situation was favorable for him, and discontinued peace talks with Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple.
- 古河は採鉱事業の近代化を進めたが、1885年までに大鉱脈が発見された。
- Furukawa promoted the modernization of mining operations, and rich deposits were discovered by 1885.
- 環濠の内側から2棟、外側からは15棟の円形竪穴住居が見いだされている。
- Two round shaped pit dwelling houses were discovered inside the moat surrounded area, while 15 were discovered outside.
- 以上に見る太政官の組織形態は、唐律令のそれを大きく改変したものである。
- The above-mentioned organization of the daijokan was adapted with many changes from the Tang Ritsuryo system.
- 弁官は国政中枢の実務を担っていたため、これも重要な官職と見られていた。
- Since the office of the benkan took charge of the practical business at the center of political affairs, it too was considered an important post.
- なおこの頃、織田有楽斎は豊臣家に見切りを付けて、大坂城を退去している。
- About that time Yurakusai ODA, abandoning the Toyotomi Family, left Osaka-jo Castle.
- しかし、挽回不能と見て、民家を買い取り、火を放ち、従容として切腹した。
- However, judging that it was impossible to reverse the disadvantageous state, he bought a private house, set fire to it and committed ritual suicide by disembowelment, accepting the situation.
- これは両翼のどちらかが敵陣を迂回突破することで勝利を見出す戦術である。
- The formation is a tactics for victory in which either wing makes a detour and breaks through the enemy lines.
- そのため、特に「国郡部」を見る際に「元和古活字本」とともに参照される。
- Therefore, this book is used together with 'Genna kokatsuji-bon,' especially when referring to the 'province/county category.'
- そのため、現存していない古書・珍籍の逸文が本書より見出すことができる。
- Therefore, descriptions in ancient books or rare books that do not remain now can be found in this book.
- 11世紀ごろから、中央政府の有力者へ田地を寄進する動きが見られ始める。
- From around the eleventh century, the rice-field donation to the powerful men in the central government started.
- 故に後進地域ができる精一杯の抵抗ではなかったかと言う同情的な意見もある。
- This leads to the sympathetic viewpoint suggesting that national isolation might be the best resistance for undeveloped nations.
- その後に半植民地化されたことを考えれば鎖国は必要だったという意見もある。
- Some hold to the view that national isolation was indispensable, given the fact that the dynasty later became a half-colonized country.
- 一方で、近年の論者には、双方にとって必要な戦いであったという見方もある。
- On the other hand, some commentators in recent years presented the view that the battles were necessary for both of the sides.
- 天正6年(1578年)の上月城の戦いにも参加し、尼子氏の最期を見届けた。
- He also participated in the Battle of Kozukijo Castle in 1578 and witnessed the end of the Amago clan.
- (これには、9世紀末の寛平年間に既に廃止されていたとする見解も存在する)
- (In another opinion, the nuhi system had already been abolished in the Kanpyo era at the end of the ninth century.)
- 師団司令部ならびに一部の隷下部隊・施設は京都市伏見区内に設置されていた。
- Some of the soldier units and facilities were located in Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City beside the headquarters for the division commander.
- 憲法改正後は、憲法学者らによって外見的立憲主義、王権神授説的と評された。
- After the amendment, the constitution was criticized as being based on pretended constitutionalism and a doctrine of royal absolutism by constitutional scholars.
- 常門吉次の来歴は不明だが、金春流の素人、ないし半玄人であったと見られる。
- Little is known of Yoshitsugu TSUNEKADO's career but it appears that he was an amateur or semi-professional writer of the Konparu-ryu school.
- 和歌山県の隅田八幡宮所蔵の隅田八幡宮人物画像鏡には以下の記述が見られる。
- On the Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror owned by Suda Hachiman-gu Shrine in Wakayama Prefecture, the following description is seen.
- 例えば地方国司による東大寺の荘園開発を示す史料などが多数発見されている。
- For example, many historical documents indicating that local kokushi (provincial governors) developed manors for Todai-ji Temple have been found.
- いずれにしても、「牧」と「武者・武士」の関係をここにも見ることが出来る。
- Nevertheless, the relationship between 'maki' and 'busha and bushi' could be observed here as well.
- 鎌倉時代中期から南北朝時代 (日本)までを中心に、主に西日本で見られた。
- Shitaji chubun was implemented mainly in the western part of Japan from the mid-Kamakura period to the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- これが押し寄せてくると、高さ数百mの「砂の壁」が迫ってくるように見える。
- When approaching, it looks like 'a sand wall' with a height of several hundred meters
- 一宮は桜井市の大神神社だが、神社が自ら一宮を称した文書は見つかっていない。
- Ichinomiya (the highest ranking shrine) was Omiwa Shrine in Sakurai City, but there have not been any documents that the shrine calls itself ichinomiya.
- 浪士組、新選組(壬生浪士組、甲陽鎮撫隊、靖兵隊、御陵衛士)、新徴組、見廻組
- Roshigumi (an organization of masterless samurai), Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate: Mibu-Roshigumi, Koyo Chinbutai [a military unit formed specially for the campaign in Kai Province], Seiheitai, Goryo-eji [guards of Imperial mausoleums]), Shincho-gumi (the Tokugawa Shogunate guard organization), Mimawari-gumi (an organization to maintain public order)
- また、朱雀は上に由来して寺社の縁起や地方の地誌等に私年号として散見される。
- Because of the above-mentioned reasons, Suzaku also appears from time to time in the origin stories of temples and shrines, as well as in the private (non-official) era names listed in the topographies and so forth.
- 三刀屋頼扶は、尼子経久に従って石見国・安芸国を転戦し、多くの軍功を挙げた。
- Yorisuke MITOYA fought on successive fronts through Iwami Province to Aki Province following Tsunehisa AMAGO and achieved meritoriious services on the field of battle.
- 天皇の地位に関しては、言われるほど差がある物ではなかったとする意見がある。
- Some people said that public ideas for the emperor's status was not so different from that defined in the constitution.
- 唯一こころの安らぎとなっていたのは、牢獄から見えるフジ (植物)であった。
- His only peace of mind was the wisteria which he could see from his jail.
- 少なくとも撮影所には採用人事の学閥重視を一蹴するような実力主義が見られる。
- It can be said that the recruitment process for studio staff seems to prioritise ability over academic clique.
- また呪術のようなものの中にも、こういった相性に関係するものは多々見出せる。
- An activity like magic also often deals with the idea of aisho.
- ヲワケが地方豪族であるか中央豪族であるかの判断など研究者で意見が分かれる。
- There are divisions of opinion among the scholars on the question that Owake belonged to a powerful local clan or a central clan.
- 襲撃者たちは『武鑑』を手にして大名駕籠見物を装い、直弼の駕籠を待っていた。
- The attackers, with the 'Bukan' (a book of heraldry) in their hands, disguised themselves as onlookers of a daimyo palanquin and waited for Naosuke's palanquin to pass.
- このことから、埴輪の成立地を吉備に限るという見解は改められるかも知れない。
- This distribution may revise the opinion that the Haniwa originated only from Kibi.
- 石見国安濃郡吉永(島根県大田市)周辺で1万石を領有し、吉永に陣屋を構えた。
- It had been located around Yoshinaga, Ano-gun, Iwami Province (current Ota City, Shimane Prefecture) with 10,000 koku of rice, and jinya (regional government) had been settled in Yoshinaga.
- これを見た官軍は増援を決定し、第3旅団を佐敷へ、第2旅団を水俣へ派遣した。
- From that situation, the government army decided on reinforcements and dispatched the 3rd brigade to Sashiki and the 2nd brigade to Minamata.
- 文永の役に関しては、台風の可能性はほぼなかったと、今日では見なす者が多い。
- Today, most people think that it is unlikely to have been a typhoon in relation to Bunei no Eki.
- このため幕府は政策を見直し、4代徳川家綱の時代に末期養子の禁は緩和された。
- For this reason, the bakufu reviewed its policy and the Matsugo yoshi no kin (ban on adoption of a son on one's deathbed) was loosened during the time of the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA.
- そして、1140年代の事例を最後に国司苛政上訴はほとんど見られなくなった。
- Eventually Kokushi kasei joso became rare after claims in the 1140's.
- 充行状(おておこないじょう/あてがいじょう)とは、中世に見られる文章形式。
- Ate okonai jo (also Ote okonai jo or ategai jo) was a style of document used during the medieval period.
- しかしながら、正使・黄慎と副使・朴弘長は共に秀吉より接見を許されなかった。
- However, both the head of the Tsushinshi, Koshin (黄慎), and its deputy head, Boku Kocho (朴弘長), could not be received by Hideyoshi.
- 3月23日、和泉を制圧したのを見届けて秀吉は岸和田城を発し、根来寺に向かう。
- On April 22, Hideyoshi, who saw the conquest of Izumi Province, left Kishiwada-jo Castle for Negoro-ji Temple.
- 御香宮神社表門(ごこうのみやじんじゃおもてもん)〔京都市伏見区御香宮門前町〕
- Front gate of Gokonomiya-jinja Shrine [Gokogu Monzen-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City]
- 清・朝関係は、近代的国際法から見ると極めてファジーな属人主義的関係であった。
- From the viewpoint of modern international law, the relationship between the Qing dynasty and Korea was extremely ambiguous on the personal principle.
- 朝幕共存共栄の見地から、皇家の血統に万一があった場合を考えての創設であった。
- Considering the mutual benefit and harmony between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court, the Kaninnomiya family was founded to prepare for an emergency of the genealogy of the Imperial family.
- 家康が大坂の役の折、煌びやかな直孝隊を見て平和な時代で堕ちた赤備えを嘆いた。
- At the time of Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka), Ieyasu saw Naotaka's gaudy troop and deplored the Akazonae which had fallen to the ground in the peaceful age.
- 奈良時代の建物基壇などが発掘されているが、飛鳥時代の遺構は見つかっていない。
- Although some Nara period structural platforms have been excavated, no remnants from the Asuka period have been found.
- 伏見宮貞成親王の日記『看聞日記』は義教の政治を「万人恐怖」と書き記している。
- The 'Kanmon Nikki' (Diary of Imperial Prince Fushimi no miya Sadafusa)' contains the record that the government by Yoshinori was the 'government everyone fears'.
- 忠烈王の発言は王権を保つためにクビライの意を迎えようとしたとする見解がある。
- Some consider that King Chungnyeol gave that opinion in order to preserve the power of the king, by attracting the intention of Kublai.
- 当時の軍隊は農民が多く、食料の配給や戦地での掠奪目的の自主的参加が見られた。
- Many of the troops in those periods were farmers, who voluntarily participated for food supplies or for the purpose of looting on battle fields.
- 境内に隣接して加茂遺跡 (射水市)が出土し、鎌倉期の居館跡が見つかっている。
- The Kamo ruins (Imizu City) were excavated right next to the shrine grounds where the remains of residences from the Kamakura period have been found.
- 中世から見られるが、特に戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代前期にかけて頻発した。
- Tsujigiri started in the Middle Ages, but it became quite frequent from the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) to the Edo period.
- 644年頃には黄砂が混ざったと見られる赤い雪が降ったという記録も残っている。
- There also remains a record that red snow, considered being snow mixed with kosa, fell around 644.
- 織田信長を倒し、天下の形勢がどのようなろうとも、本願寺は荒木を見捨てないこと。
- Nobunaga ODA should be defeated and, regardless what might happen to situations of the world, the Hongan-ji Temple should not run out on ARAKI.
- なお、「慎機論」は出版されてはおらず、家宅捜査時に草稿が発見されたものである。
- Shinkiron' had not been published and only the draft was discovered during a house search.
- なおこの頃、唐の強い影響のもとで、日本や新羅において律令制定の動きが見られた。
- Furthermore, movements to establish the Luli System was seen in Japan and Silla around this time by the strong influence of Tang Dynasty.
- 中国などの経済発展と密接に関連しており、政治的な対策が鍵を握るとの見方もある。
- Kosa is closely related to economical progress in China and there is a view of considering that political measures to be taken are the key to solving the problem.
- 黄砂が多い日には、花粉症、喘息、アトピーなどのアレルギー疾患の悪化が見られる。
- On a day when strong kosa arrives, the states of allergic diseases, such as hay fever, asthma, and atopy, may become worse.
- この曲解とは、私学校を政府への反乱を企てる志士を養成する機関だとする見解である。
- In other words, the central government took Shigakko for schools for training patriots to rebel against the government.
- 1月3日鳥羽街道・伏見街道において薩摩軍との戦闘が開始された(鳥羽伏見の戦い)。
- On January 3, battles started between the bakufu and the Satsuma clan on Toba-kaido Road and Fushimi-kaido Road (The Battle of Toba-Fushimi).
- 信長はこの好機を見逃さず、直ちに軍勢を率いて上洛し、将軍・義昭を河内に追放した。
- Nobunaga took advantage of this opportunity and immediately went to Kyoto with his army and banished the Shogun Yoshiaki to Kawachi Province.
- 諏訪大社の大祝を代々務めた諏訪氏をこの流れ(依田氏の一族)とする見方も存在する。
- Some people believe that the Suwa clan, who took over the position of Ohori (the highest rank of the saints in Shinto) at Suwa-taisha Shrine for generations, was a family of the Yoda clan.
- なお、高麗門は大阪府泉大津市松ノ浜の「細見美術館」が所有する地に移築されている。
- The Korai-mon Gate was moved to land in Matsunohama, Izumiotsu City, Osaka Prefecture, property owned by Hosomi Museum.
- 蕪村が寄寓していた京都府宮津市の見性寺の欄間に張られていたものと伝えられている。
- Buson Yokai Emaki was said to be hung on a ranma (transom) of the Kensho-ji Temple in Miyazu City, Kyoto Prefecture where Buson resided.
- 他には、662年に百済王子、余豊璋に織冠を与えたと言う記録が見られるのみである。
- In addition, there was only one record that shokkan was donated to YO Hosho, a prince of Paekche, in 662.
- このような埴輪の変遷は、古墳時代の祭祀観・死生観を反映しているとする見方もある。
- It is thought such change of Haniwa might reflect the view of a religious service and that of life and death in Tumulus period.
- 豊臣方は意地を見せたが、大勢は幕府方優勢で、いよいよ大坂城近郊に追い詰められる。
- The Toyotomi side showed their pride, but finally was cornered to the environs of Osaka-jo Castle by the overwhelming bakufu army.
- また使者に対する殺害に関して、彼らがスパイ行為を行っていたためと言う見解がある。
- Concerning the killing of the envoys, some consider that the reason was because they were acting as spies.
- 上記に見た王朝国家体制のあり方に、11世紀中期頃から変質が見られるようになった。
- The status of Dynastic polity explained above started to change from the mid-11th century.
- その後、「大倭」と「大和」の併用が見られるが、次第に「大和」が主流となっていった。
- Subsequently both '大倭' and '大和' were used, but '大和' became the mainstream gradually.
- 根来寺は三日間燃え続け、空が赤く輝く様子が当時貝塚にあった本願寺から見えたという。
- It is said that Negoro-ji Temple had burnt for three days and that red shining sky could be seen at Hongan-ji Temple which was located in Kaizuka in those days.
- 慶長4年(1599年)3月9日、伏見島津邸に於いて島津忠恒が伊集院忠棟を斬殺した。
- On April 4, 1599, Tadamune IJUIN was killed by Tadatsune SHIMAZU's sword at the Fushimi Shimazu residence.
- 律令制(りつりょうせい)は、主に古代東アジアで見られた中央集権的な統治制度である。
- The Ritsuryo system is the Japanese term for the system of centralized government seen mainly in ancient East Asia.
- その燃え上がる炎は夜空を照らし、京からも真っ赤にそまる大坂の空の様が見えたという。
- It is said that the rising flames lit up the night sky, and the brightly reddened sky over Osaka could be seen even from Kyoto.
- だが、信長はこの地を戦地に選定し、小川・連吾川を堀に見立てて防御陣の構築に努める。
- Nobunaga nevertheless chose Shitaragahara as the battle field, and proceeded to construct a defense camp, using the stream (Rengo-gawa River) as moat.
- 貞成親王の『看聞日記』は「赤松を討とうとして、露見して逆に討たれてしまったそうだ。
- 'Kanmon Nikki' (Diary of Imperial Prince Fushimi no miya Sadafusa) recorded that the shogun had tried to destroy the Akamatus clan but was exposed about the conspiracy and was killed the wrong way around.
- これには、中国と対等の地位で通交するため、あえて倭を称さなかったとする見解がある。
- There is a view that they dared not use the term Wa in an attempt to have relations with China on an equal footing.
- 銀遣いである商業の中心地にあって京都銀座の出見世(でみせ)としての機能を果たした。
- Located in the center of commerce where silver coins were used, the ginza served as an outlet for Kyoto-ginza
- これについては、元の艦隊が偶発的に同地に辿り着いて上陸を試みたものと見られている。
- They are considered to have been the Yuan fleet that accidentally reached there and attempted to disembark.
- 会合衆の数は36人とされるが、文明 (日本)年間は10人と見える(『蔗軒日録』)。
- It is said that the number of Egoshu members was thirty-six, but there were ten during the Bunmei era (Japan) ('Shaken nichiroku').
- 『占事略决』では、各章の見出しが全て「何々法」となっており、全体で36の章がある。
- 'Senji ryakketsu' consists of 36 chapters and each chapter is titled 'O O ho'.
- 多くの場合、領主側が地頭に譲歩し、和与中分が行われることが多かったと見られている。
- It is contemplated that wayo-chubun in which the lord of shoen made concessions to jito was widely done.
- その初見が692年(持統天皇6年)のため『飛鳥浄御原令』で制定されたとされている。
- The first zoyo is believed to have been established in the 'Asuka-kiyomihara-ryo' code of 692.
- 朝鮮王朝の当初の目論見では三浦は入港場にすぎず、日本人の定住は想定していなかった。
- At the outset, the Korean Dynasty considered Sanpo as just entrance ports and they did not anticipate that Japanese people would settle down there.
- これを見て山鹿素行は、日本こそが儒学の正統だとして、「日本こそ中国である」と論じた。
- Therefore, Soko YAMAGA said that the orthodox Confucianism rooted in Japan and concluded 'Japan was China.'
- こうした事から、氏姓によって与えられる位階に一定の制約があったとする見方も存在する。
- Due to this, some people have the view that there were certain restrictions on giving courtly ranks depending on clan and rank.
- この見解は、幕府時代の条約を引き継いだという認識に立つ日本政府と異なるものであった。
- This view was different from that of the Japanese government which stood on recognition of having took over the treaty of the shogunate era.
- このような一連の御家騒動が、慶長3年(1598年)に伏見にあった秀吉のもとに届いた。
- In 1598 the series of family disputes became known to Hideyoshi, who was residing in Fushimi.
- 16世紀の日本とスペインの間には、国家間関係が本格化する以前から人の往来が見られた。
- People came and went between Japan and Spain in the 16th century before the state-to-state relations went into full swing.
- 他、町火消が整備され、幕府が行っていた新田開発では、開発可能地の意見も参考にされた。
- Also, fire brigade was organized, and in the rice field development conducted by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), opinions about possible rice fields were taken into consideration.
- 政府内部やイギリス公使ハリー・パークスやアメリカなどからは出兵への反対意見もあった。
- There was opposition to the expedition from within the government as well as from British envoy Harry Parkes and the U.S.
- 次いで、『後漢書』安帝紀の永初二年(107年)の記事に初めて「倭国王」の語が見える。
- Following this, in the article of the Record of Emperor An in 107 in the 'History of the Later Han Dynasty,' the word 'Wakokuo' (the King of Wa) is first seen.
- 同一の氏族のルーツを表すモノである、同姓の場合でも本貫が違えば別の氏族と見なされる。
- Although the family name, which describes the origin of the same clan, is the same, it was considered a different clan when the hongan was different.
- 7月12日、辺見は赤坂の官軍の牙城を攻撃するため、雷撃隊を率いて財部の大河内に進撃。
- On July 12, to attack the stronghold of the government army in Akasaka, HENMI led Raigei-tai and advanced to Ogochi in Takarabe.
- 武田勝頼は名立たる重臣たちの「撤退すべき」という意見を無視し、決戦に臨んだとされる。
- Katsuyori TAKEDA decided to face the battle, ignoring his grand vassals who advised him 'to withdraw.'
- 例えば、「躬ら甲冑を環き、山川を跋渉す」などは『春秋左氏伝』にも見られる字句である。
- For example, 'equipped with armors explored mountains and rivers' is an excerpt from 'Master Zuo's Commentary to the Spring and Autumns'.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には戦国大名の夫人を指して「御簾中」と記述した文書が見受けられる。
- On the other hand, there have been documents found from the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) where the wife of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) was referred to as a 'Gorenju.'
- 発生頻度の変化とは別に、激しい砂塵嵐や濃度の高い黄砂の増加が見られるとの研究もある。
- Concerning data other than changes in the occurrence frequency of kosa, research shows that the occurrence frequency of dust storms and that of high-density kosa have been increasing.
- この頃には、惣村の形成に見られるように、百姓らの自治・連帯意識が非常に高まっていた。
- During this period, the level of awareness of self-governing and solidarity was rapidly raised among peasants and other commoners, as shown in the formation of soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association).
- 井上は1883年(明治16年)、工部卿宛てに意見書「私設鉄道に関する論旨」を提出した。
- Inoue submitted a written opinion entitled 'An opinion on building private railways' to Construction Minister in 1883.
- 鉄一文銭は見栄えも悪く不評であったことから川井久敬の建議により真鍮四文銭が制定された。
- Because one-mon iron coin looked poor and was unpopular, a four-mon brass coin was established in accordance with the proposal made by Hisataka KAWAI..
- 学習指導要領には大和朝廷の表記が見られるが、歴史教科書の表記は前述のように様々である。
- While government course guidelines employ the term Yamato Imperial Court, Japanese history textbook publishers use various different terms such as those mentioned above.
- この頃、各地で尊攘過激派による実力行使の動きが見られたが、いずれも失敗に終わっている。
- Various radical sonjo party across the country tried to use force at the time, but all attempts fell through.
- 義光が政宗との戦に忙殺されているのを好機と見た上杉景勝は、庄内占領のため兵を動かした。
- Kagekatsu UESUGI sent troops to conquer the Shonai district, by taking advantage of the situation in which Yoshiaki was busily occupied with the battle against Masamune.
- しかし、日本の鎖国も中国の海禁と同じとして鎖国より海禁とする方が適当とする見解もある。
- However, there is an opinion that the term 'Sea Trafic Ban' was more appropriate than the term 'national seclusion' on the premise that both was the same.
- 伊藤博文は死刑に反対する意見がある場合、戒厳令を発してでも断行すべきであると主張した。
- Hirobumi ITO insisted that if some people were opposed to the death penalty, the government should declare a state of martial law to enforce the death sentence.
- このため、8月27日に森山特使に引上げを命じて当面様子見を行うことが決定したのである。
- For this reason, they required to pull the special envoy Moriyama out of Korea on August 27, and decided to see how it works for a time.
- 環濠集落は朝鮮半島南部でも見られ、北九州では縄文時代晩期(前4世紀)の環濠集落がある。
- Moat settlements of this time can be found in the southern area of Korean Peninsula, as well as in northern Kyushu, which dates to late Jomon period (the fourth century B.C.)
- またこの日、大野の本営にいた辺見は久木野に進撃することを決意し、淵辺に応援を要求した。
- On this day, HENMI, who stayed at the headquarters in Ono, made up his mind to advance his troop to Kukino, and asked FUCHIBE for reinforcements.
- また辺見は7月23日の岩川攻撃作戦のために雷撃六番隊、干城七番を率いて岩川へ向かった。
- To participate in the strategy of attacking Iwakawa on July 23, HENMI moved towards Iwakawa, leading the 6th company of Raigeki-tai and the 7th company of Kanjo-tai.
- これ以降、薩軍は官軍へ投降する将兵が相次ぐものの、活路を宮崎へと見出していこうとした。
- Although the Satsuma army had its officers and soldiers began to surrender to the government army one after another after this, it tried to find a winning possibility in Miyazaki.
- 博多沖の東路軍も時間差で、同じ台風ないしは熱帯低気圧によって壊滅したと見なされている。
- The Eastern Route Army is also considered to have perished shortly after that, due to the same typhoon or tropical cyclone.
- この事件については伏見宮貞成親王の日記『看聞日記』に義教暗殺当日の事情が記されている。
- In 'Kanmon Nikki' (Diary of Imperial Prince Fushimi no miya Sadafusa), the incident and situation on the day of assasination of Yoshinori was recorded.
- 関連して武田軍には騎馬の最大の特徴である機動力を生かした作戦がほとんど見受けられない。
- The Takeda cavalry moreover had few tactics drawing on its mobility, albeit one of its greatest traits.
- そういう建築物としての酒屋は現在でも、合掌造りで知られる飛騨において見ることができる。
- Such a building for sakaya still exists in Hida, the place famous for Gassho-zukuri (a house built of wooden beams combined to form a steep thatched roof that resembles two hands together).
- また、大内氏の滅亡後には石見国を巡って毛利氏と尼子氏が熾烈な争いを続けることとなった。
- After the fall of the Ouchi clan, the Mori clan continued to have a devastating conflict with the Amago clan over Iwami Province.
- 年爵や内官(京官)は収入が多く、推挙の見返りとして被任命者から送られる収入も多かった。
- Those who were granted nenshaku and naikan (kyokan) enjoyed a large income from their position as well from appointees in exchange for recommendations.
- 私鋳銭の製造は極めて重い罪に位置づけられ、恩赦などの対象からも外される事例も見られた。
- Production of shichusen was considered an extremely serious crime, as in some cases, the producers of shichusen were not included when pardons were granted.
- しかし、中には守護など上位者が、地域の中小武士に斡旋して一揆を組織させる例も見られる。
- There were cases in which a person of higher rank such as a shugo (provincial constable) used its influence over small and middle-class samurai in the area to organize ikki.
- 家康はむしろ諌言する家臣を好み、また意見の相違で家臣とつかみ合いの喧嘩をする事もあった。
- Rather than being angry, Ieyasu actually liked the vassals who remonstrated against him, and when there was a difference of opinion he would sometimes have physical fights with them.
- しかし、日本を近代国家と見なしていない欧米諸国からは相手にされず、まだ時期尚早であった。
- However, it was still too early because western countries did not consider Japan to be a modern country and ignored Japan.
- こうしたなか、薩摩藩は徐々に幕府に非協力的な態度を見せ始め、逆に長州との提携を模索する。
- The Satsuma clan gradually became uncooperative towards the bakufu in those movements, and tried to cooperate with Choshu instead.
- 4月1日、仙石ら三将は潮見峠越え(田辺市中辺路町)において湯河勢の反撃を受け、退却した。
- On April 30, the three commanders such as Sengoku were countered by the Yukawa army over the Shiomi Pass (Nakahechi-cho, Tanabe City) and withdrew.
- また万葉集によれば、同じ赤兄の外孫である穂積親王も但馬皇女との密通が露見して左遷された。
- According to 'Manyoshu' (the oldest anthology of tanka), Imperial Prince Hozumi, a sotomago of Akae, was accused of adultery with Tajima no Himemiko and demoted.
- 六国史に散見する俘囚への賜姓例の中には、吉弥候氏が物部斯波連を賜ったという記録も見える。
- Among the examples of shisei (conferring a surname) to barbarians found in Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories), there is a record that the Kimiko clan was given the Muraji of Mononobe no Shiwa.
- この「撤退すべき」という意見は、圧倒的兵力差と落とせない長篠城を考えれば、当然といえる。
- Considering the fact that the Takeda force was vastly outnumbered by the enemy force and that Nagashino Castle was indestructible, their advice 'to withdraw' was more than reasonable.
- 9日、義雅が逃亡して幕府軍に降服し、播磨国の国人の多くも赤松氏を見放して逃げてしまった。
- On October 3rd, Yoshimasa ran away and surrendered to the army of bakufu and many of local lords in the Harima Province turned their back on the Akamatsu clan and ran way.
- 砂漠に多く黄土には無い石膏が含まれていることから、黄砂は砂漠由来であるとする見方がある。
- Because lots of gypsum exists in deserts but no gypsum in ocher, there is a view of considering that kosa originates in deserts.
- 上記のような事情を鑑みると、その一揆観は一揆のごく一部の相を見て創られたものに過ぎない。
- Considering the above-mentioned circumstances, however, it appears that such a view of ikki is based on a particular aspect of ikki.
- 更に武術・芸能など目には見えない技術を伝授する際にもその内容をまとめた文書を目録と呼んだ。
- Documents which compiled information on martial art techniques and techniques used in the arts were also called mokuroku.
- これを見たアメリカ合衆国、ロシア、プロシアの領事は、英仏艦に行かずに開陽丸を表敬訪問した。
- The American, Russian and Prussian consuls looked at this and made a courtesy call on Kaiyomaru without going to the British and French warships.
- 増援のために屯田予備兵が編成されたが、こちらは東京で訓練中に終戦の見込みとなり、解散した。
- Tondenhei reservists were organized for reinforcement, but were dismissed during training in Tokyo because the war was expected to end.
- 当時の文章に多く見られる特徴と同じように、比喩的な表現が多く、特にユーモラスな比喩が多い。
- Like many authors of the time, he used many figurative expressions, particularly humorous metaphors.
- このため、戦術的には上杉軍優勢で終わったとの見方もある(特に副将信繁の戦死は影を落とした。
- Therefore, there is the opinion that the battle ended in a state advantageous to Uesugi's forces strategically (in particular, the death in the fight of Nobushige, deputy general, cast a dark shadow.
- 秀吉は毛利方と和睦を結び、清水宗治の切腹を見届けた後、明智光秀を討つために軍を京へ返した。
- Hideyoshi made a peace treaty with Mori, and after he confirmed the seppuku of Muneharu SHIMIZU, sent his troops back to Kyoto to beat Mitsuhide AKECHI.
- そして自らの影響下にある京都市協議会名義で大会ごとに意見書を提出、本部批判の論陣を張った。
- Then, in the name of the Kyoto City Council, which was under the influence of Asada himself, he submitted a written opinion in each meeting and put out an argument to accuse the headquarter.
- 従来の薩長史観では見過ごされがちだが、この三者が幕末において果たした役割を再評価している。
- The three politicians of the government hadn't been considered important by the past historians who had followed the majority viewpoint (appreciating 'Saccho'), however recently the significance of their political works is being reconsidered due to the assistant professor's idea.
- これを見て田沼意次は、重商政策を取り入れようとしたが、反対勢力によって失敗に終わっている。
- Seeing this, Okitsugu TANUMA intended to implement a Mercantilism policy, which ended in failure due to his opponents.
- そのため、岩倉具視・伊藤博文らの反対に遭い、大隈の意見ともども、採択されるに至らなかった。
- Therefore, Tomomi IWAKURA and Hirobumi ITO disagreed with the draft, and neither Japan's national constitution draft nor Okuma's opinion on a constitution was adopted.
- ─ 指揮長永山弥一郎、一番小隊隊長辺見十郎太、三番小隊長高城七之丞、十番小隊長山内半左衛門
- Commander: Yaichiro NAGAYAMA, Leader of the 1st platoon: Jurota HENMI, Leader of the 3rd platoon: Shichinojo TAKI, Leader of the 10th platoon: Hanzaemon YAMAUCHI
- 根来衆の佐武伊賀守が天文18年(1549年)に鉄砲を習い始める、という記述が見受けられる。
- There is a description that a member of Negoroshu, Iganokami SATAKE, started to learn how to use a gun in 1549.
- 当時、低い身分の職と見なされていた人力車夫に勲位と勲章を与えることはきわめて異例であった。
- At that time, Rickshaw drivers were basically people from lower class families, and it was a rare case that they were given the Order of Merit and the medal.
- 「石」の元の用字は「斛」であったが、同音の「石」と書いている例が『史記』などにも見られる。
- The original Chinese character for 'koku' (石) was '斛,' but the homophonic '石' is often found in papers like 'Shiki' (the Chinese Historical Records).
- 6世紀末期から7世紀初頭の推古天皇の時代に、律令制を指向する動きがあったとする見解がある。
- According to some theories, attempts were made to adopt the Ritsuryo system during Empress Suiko's reign, from the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th century.
- そのため、桐野の命で淵辺群平・別府晋介・辺見らが鹿児島に戻って新たな兵力の徴集にあたった。
- Therefore, according to Kirino's order, Gunpei FUCHIBE, Shinsuke BEPPU, and HENMI returned to Kagoshima and recruited new soldiers.
- 特に武田軍を見た場合、兵力数が通説の1万5000であったとしてもその損害は異常な率になる。
- The Takeda force in particular had an extraordinary death rate even if we take the standard number of 15,000.
- すると、同国の大掾氏や下野の足利氏 (藤原氏)(足利忠綱)らがそれに同調する動きを見せた。
- Then, the Daijo clan in the same province and the Ashikaga clan (Tadatsuna ASHIKAGA)(Fujiwara clan) in Shimotsuke Province made a move to side with Yoshihiro.
- それとともに、知行国主が特定の知行国を代々継承していく知行国の固定化が見られるようになる。
- At the same time, chigyo-kokushu came to mean handing over their chigyo-koku provinces to their heirs, and fixing the relationship of chigyo-kokushu with specific provinces.
- 娯楽:花見、潮干狩り、花火日本での歴史、紅葉紅葉狩り、江戸三座、大相撲、成田参詣、お伊勢参り
- Entertainment: cherry blossom viewing, shell gathering, fireworks in the Japanese history, viewing of autumnal leaves, Edo's three licensed kabuki theaters, grand sumo tournament, visit to Naritasan Shinsho-ji Temple, and pilgrimage to Ise (Shrine)
- 波多野稙通はそのまま京に向かうと見せかけて、一気に南下し2月4日山崎城 (山城国)を陥れた。
- Pretending to leave for Kyoto, Tanemichi HATANO headed south, and took control of Yamazakijo Castle in Yamashiro Province on March 6.
- 慶長4年(1599年)には、秀頼の後見人として豊臣政権を何とか支えていた前田利家が死去する。
- In 1599, Toshiie MAEDA, who managed to support the government as Hideyori's guardian, passed away.
- 図書助等は進んで稷山まで距離一里許の地に到り日の出と共に敵兵が山野に充満し近迫する様を見る。
- Zushonosuke advanced up to about 4 meters before Shokusan, whereupon it became evident that the enemy troops were starting to fill the mountain fields and were drawing closer at dawn.
- 大王の表記はこの応神紀で初めて見え、その後は、允恭紀、雄略紀、顕宗紀、継体紀などでみられる。
- The notation of okimi is first seen in this Ojin section, and is later seen in records such as Ingyo section, Yuryaku section, Kenzo section, and Keitai section.
- しかし、この委員の意見はほとんど無視されたため、1964年10月5日、再び押出しが行われた。
- However, his opinions as a member of the council were mostly ignored, therefore on October 5, 1964, the local people carried out Oshidashi again.
- 1995年まで見られた旧朝鮮総督府庁舎は、景福宮の宮殿正面に1926年に造られた建築である。
- The old Chosen Sotoku-fu building seen until 1995 was a building built in front of the palace of the Gyeongbokgung Palace in 1926.
- 武内宿禰以前は後世の架上と言われており、蘇我石川宿禰も子孫の石川氏による創作と見る説がある。
- TAKENOUCHI no Sukune was previously alleged to be a fiction created by subsequent generations, and there are also those who view Soganoishikawa no Sukune to be a creation of descendents of the Ishikawa clan.
- 文久2年(1862年)5月 勅命により、一橋慶喜が将軍後見職に、松平春嶽が政事総裁職に就任。
- In accordance with an Imperial order in May, 1862, Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI assumed the role of Shogun-kokenshoku (one of three major posts of Edo bakufu), and Shungaku MATSUDAIRA became president of political affairs.
- 内蒙古自治区赤峰市にある興隆窪遺跡から、約8200~7400年前の環濠集落が見つかっている。
- At the Xinglongwa site located in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, remains of an approximately 7,400 to 8,200 years old moat settlement were discovered.
- 薩摩士族兵達の苛烈な白刃突撃や白兵戦を見て、日本軍は白兵戦を重視するに至ったとの意見もある。
- There is an opinion that, seeing the sight that soldiers from warrior class in Satsuma furiously rushed in with swords and waged hand-to-hand fights with swords, the Japanese army became to place importance on hand-to-hand fights.
- ・薩将辺見十郎太が、先鋒隊を掲げて、可愛岳の官軍を突いたときは、時恰も18日の昧爽であった。
- It was slightly before the dawn on the 18th of the month when Jurota HENMI, a commander of the Satsuma army, led the Senpo-tai troop and attacked the government army at Mt. Eno.
- 府県会は他に、府県内の施策について府知事・県令が意見を問うた事柄についても議する(第8条)。
- In addition, Fuken-kai discussed issues which prefectural governors asked for opinions, such as on measures to be taken in the prefecture (Article 8).
- このことから、一国平均役の賦課に即応できる体制が、諸国において構築されていたと見られている。
- This suggests that provinces had a system to immediately respond to the imposition of ikkoku heikinyaku taxes or tasks.
- 毛利軍も毛利元就、小早川正平、益田藤兼ら安芸国・周防国・石見国の国人衆を集めて出雲へ赴いた。
- For the Mori army, Motonari MORI, Masahira KOBAYAKAWA, and Fujikane MASUDA departed for Izumo Province recruiting local samurai from Aki, Suo, and Iwami Provinces.
- また、京都大学図附属書館蔵本にのみ見える「指年法」について触れる六壬の古典も、他に例がない。
- Also, no classical literature mentioned 'Shinenho' other than the manuscript possessed by The Kyoto University Library.
- この頃になると、直接の耕作者である作人の耕作権が作職として確立し、惣村の形成が見られ始めた。
- By this period, the right to cultivate by sakunin (local cultivators) was established as saku-shiki (the right of the cultivator), and the formation of soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) began to appear.
- ロシア側にとって、この通告がいかに突然であったかを知るには、ローゼン公使の対応を見てもわかる。
- How the notification caught Russia off-guard is visible in the response of Minister Rosen.
- 室町時代に流行した私印は江戸時代初期にも見られ、藤原惺窩や林羅山などの儒者を中心に用いられた。
- Private seals, which became popular in the Muromachi period, were still used by people, centering around Confucians such as Seika FUJIWARA and Razan HAYASHI in the early Edo period.
- 井上左太夫貞高(幕府鉄砲方)と、江川太郎左衛門(当主)と、鉄砲場見廻役(地元住民)で運営した。
- It was managed by Sadayu Sadataka INOUE (the government official of Teppo Kata), Tarozaemon EGAWA (family head) and the patrolmen of the firing range (local residents).
- 1887年に発掘され、鉄轡や鉄製馬具の破片、銅鏡、勾玉など、400点余りの副葬品が発見された。
- This kofun was excavated in 1887, and more than four hundred funerary goods such as pieces of iron bits and iron harnesses, bronze mirrors, and magadama comma-shaped bead were discovered.
- 先鋒の朝倉景鏡を押し返すなど健闘を見せるが、浅井対馬・玄蕃の2千に側面から攻撃を仕掛けられる。
- Although Yoshinari's forces fought bravely by pushing back Kageakira ASAKURA who led the allied forces, they were attacked on the flank by 2,000 soldiers from the Genba and Tsushima ASAI armies.
- 通用は江戸時代に入っても慶長大判と並行していたと見られ、元禄8年(1695年)に停止となった。
- It is considered to have circulated in the early Edo period as well as 'the Keicho oban', and it was abolished in 1695.
- またこれらが満たされない場合、軍事行動も含む強硬な外交姿勢を取ることをも合わせて意見している。
- Also he advised that if these requirements were not accepted, Japan should demonstrate a hard diplomatic position which includes the use of military action.
- この条項に対する両国の思惑の違いは、この後も継続し、最終的な決着を見たのは下関条約の時である。
- The misunderstanding between the two countries for this provision had not been solved for years until the Shimonoseki Treaty, and at that time they reached a final settlement.
- 日本に関連する王号の初出は、漢の光武帝が奴国の王に賜綬した金印に見える「漢委奴国王印」である。
- The first appearance of the title of king related to Japan is the 'Kanno Wano Nano Kokuo' (the King of Japan, Chinese Colony) seen in the gold seal given by the Emperor Guangwu of Han to the king of Nakoku.
- これを根拠として、むしろ農民というより、富豪や大寺院の利益誘導ではなかったかという見方もある。
- Based on this, some view that this was the result of inducement of profit by the wealthy or large temples rather than by farmers.
- 五世紀代の皇位継承争いにおいて軍事的な活躍を見せ、雄略朝には最高執政官を輩出するようになった。
- In the fifth century, the Mononobe clan showed great military performance in the conflict over succession of imperial throne and produced the chief administrator in the era of the Emperor Yuraku.
- この時、淀殿は会見を拒否し両者の関係は悪化するが家康は松平忠輝を大坂に遣わし融和に努めている。
- Yodo-dono then refused the meeting, which made their relationship bad, but Ieyasu sent Tadateru MATSUDAIRA to Osaka for reconciliation.
- また池辺率いる熊本隊(約1500名)も矢筈岳・鬼岳に展開し、出水・水俣へ進軍する動きを見せた。
- The Kumamoto-tai troop led by IKEBE (about 1,500 strong) was deployed in Mt. Yahazu and Mt. Oni, and showed a sign of advancing to Izumi and Minamata.
- その際、大名たちの歓心を得るために、布教の見返りに南蛮貿易や武器の援助などを提示した者もいる。
- In order to win favor with these daimyo, and in return for permission to proselytize, some missionaries agreed both to support Japan's trade with Spain and Portugal and to provide them with weapons.
- 北海道と沖縄を除く日本各地に現存する条里制の多くは、奈良時代中期以降に始まったと見られている。
- Most of the Jorisei system of land subdivision that exist everywhere in Japan except Hokkaido and Okinawa, are believed to have begun after the middle of the Nara Period.
- 元就は石見銀山の鉱夫を使って、白鹿城の井戸を制圧して、白鹿城の水を絶つために、坑道を掘らせた。
- Motonari employed coalminers of Iwami silver mine to make a tunnel for the purpose of capturing a water well of Shiraga-jo Castle and cutting off the water supply.
- その一方、ヨーロッパ封建制と本質的に異なる、日本独自の主従関係であるとする見解も出されている。
- On the other hand, another opinion has been proposed that the master-servant relationship is specific to Japan, being fundamentally different from that found in European feudalism.
- 名田の名称を、田堵本人の名前と同じとする場合が多く、人名のような名田の例は日本各地に見られる。
- Most myoden were named after a tato's name, and there were many myoden whose name sounded like a person's name across the country.
- 三宅御土居は、益田兼見により、室町時代の応永年間(1368〜75)年に築かれたといわれている。
- Miyake odoi was allegedly built between 1368 and 1375 by Kaneharu MIYAKE.
- が、知行国制が公的認知されるに伴って、知行国主が官物収得権を獲得する例も見られるようになった。
- However, as the chigyo-koku system became recognized officially, some of the chigyo-kokushu were bestowed the right to acquire kanmotsu.
- 「1 - 2キロほどしか見通しもきかず、呼吸ですら困難なほどであった」と地元新聞は伝えている。
- A local newspaper reported that 'the visibility was only 1 to 2 km and it was difficult even to breathe.'
- 東北地方は関東の騒乱にほとんど巻き込まれることなく、当然中央の政争の影響もほとんど見られない。
- The Tohoku Region was hardly involved in turbulences in the Kanto Region and no trace of influences from political strife in the central part of Japan can be observed.
- しかし、秀家は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍の中心武将と見られて流罪となり、大名としての宇喜多氏は滅んだ。
- However, Hideie was deemed as the leading busho (Japanese military commander) and condemned to exile and the Ukita clan, as a daimyo, was ruined.
- 明治天皇の2度の東京行幸により太政官も東京に移され、東京が事実上の首都と見なされるようになった。
- Since Emperor Meiji visited Tokyo twice the Dajokan moved to Tokyo, and from this point Tokyo was considered the de facto capital.
- けれども今広くこの人間世界を見渡すと、賢い人愚かな人貧乏な人金持ちの人身分の高い人低い人とある。
- However, looking around the world of human beings, we can see the wise and the fool, the rich and the poor, and the noble and the common.
- 従って、藤原氏とあるが本来の初姓は有道氏であり、12世紀中には塩谷を名乗っていたものと見られる。
- Thus the name was FUJIWARA, but originally the first family name was ARIMICHI clan; during the twelfth century, they identified themselves as SHIONOYA.
- 逆に戦闘が終了した亥刻(午後十時頃)には織田信長軍の万見重元ら多くの近臣と2千兵を失う事になる。
- On the other hand, by around ten o'clock in the night when the battle ended, troops of Nobunaga ODA had lost many close vassals including Shigemoto MANMI and 2,000 soldiers.
- 飛鳥京跡から「大津皇」「津皇」「皇子」などの文字の見える木簡(もっかん)の削り屑が出土している。
- Shavings of a mokkan (narrow, long, and thin pieces of wood strung together that were used to write on in ancient times) with words such as 'Otsuo' (Prince Otsu), 'Tsuo' (Prince Tsu) and 'Oji' (prince) were excavated from Asuka-kyo site.
- 顧客を身分が下の者とみなして「意見を聞いてやる」という姿勢が、傲慢で不愉快だと指摘する声もある。
- Therefore, the attitude to consider customers as people in lower social status and to allow customers to tell their opinions is regarded arrogant and uncomfortable for some people.
- 中国では、春秋戦国時代に諸侯の国が行った政策を「富国強兵」といい、『戦国策』秦策に用例が見える。
- In China, the policies that were carried out in lords' countries at the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period were called 'Fukoku kyohei', and some examples were given in Shinsaku (Qin strategies) of 'Sengoku (warlike period) strategies'.
- 長嶺地区の貴島は抜刀隊を率いて勇進し、別働第五旅団の左翼を突破して熊本城へ突入する勢いを見せた。
- Kijima in the Nagamine area pushed forward Batto-tai troop so bravely that they were likely to break through the left flank of the detached 5th brigade and invade Kumamoto Castle.
- 別働第1旅団は岩川から末吉の雷撃隊(辺見)・行進隊(相良)と交戦し薩軍を敗走させ、都城に入った。
- The detached 1st brigade from Iwakawa fought with Raigeki-tai (led by HENMI) and Koshin-tai (led by SAGARA) stationed in Sueyoshi, defeated them and entered Miyakonojo.
- 9世紀後半から見られた里倉負名(りそうふみょう)体制は出挙を富豪の輩に請け負わせる手法であった。
- The riso-fumyo system (a percentage/unit of the yearly land tax yield taken in by the manager of an estate), which appeared after the latter half of the ninth century, awarded the wealthy class a contract for suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the seventh through twelfth centuries).
- 火縄銃は、世界的に見ても異常な速度で瞬く間に日本全土に普及し、戦国時代の戦闘の形態を一新させた。
- Use of matchlock guns spread at a high speed that was unusual compared even with world standards, and they became used throughout Japan in quite a short time, completely changing fighting styles during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 国内武士の動員には、動員を要請する文書を順番に回覧する「廻文」の方法が利用されたと見られている。
- It is considered that, to mobilize samurai in the province, the way of circulating a document for requesting the mobilization one after another (called 'kaibun') was used.
- 以上で見たように政権掌握者は足利氏から細川氏京兆家(管領家)に移り、続いて三好氏が政権を握った。
- As seen in the above descriptions, the power holder was shifted from the Ashikaga clan to Hosokawa Keicho family (kanrei-ke (families in the position of the shogunal deputy)) and then to the Miyoshi clan.
- 我是を見、扨も不思議奇特 成物かなとおもひ、此鉄炮を一挺買て、関東へ持て下り、屋形氏綱公へ進上す。
- 'I was so surprised and impressed by the 'teppo' that I purchased one, and then took it back to the Kanto region and presented it to our lord, Ujitsuna HOJO.'
- この傾向は王心斎の一派にも見られ、それ故にもはや儒教ではなく 禅宗の学だという批判を招くに至った。
- This tendency was also seen in the Wang Xinzhai's group, which led to Yomeigaku being criticized as no longer Confucianism but Zen Buddhism teaching.
- 荒木村重の謀反に驚いた織田信長は、糾明の使者として明智光秀、松井友閑、万見重元を有岡城に派遣した。
- Nobunaga ODA, who was astonished by Murashige ARAKI's rebellion, dispatched Mitsuhide AKECHI, Yukan MATSUI and Shigemoto MANMI to Arioka-jo Castle as emissaries for examination.
- 以下の旧旅籠が昔の街道の宿場に現存し、宿泊はできないが、一般公開されていて、見学することができる。
- The following hatago still exist in shukuba (post station) on old kaido (old road) and they are not available for lodging but opened to the public and visitors can take a look inside hatago.
- 7月17日、辺見は奇兵隊を率いてきた別府九郎と本営の伝令使としてやってきた河野主一郎らと合流した。
- On July 17, Henmi joined Kuro BEPPU, who came leading Kiheitai, and Shuichiro KONO, who came from the headquarters as a messenger.
- 気象学的には過去の統計に台風の渡来記録が無いことから、台風以外の気象現象という見解もとられている。
- According to meteorology, there is no statistical record of the past that a typhoon came then, and therefore, some consider that it was a weather phenomenon other than a typhoon.
- 従前の大区小区制が地方の実情に合わず不評であったことから、これを見直すために導入されたものである。
- It was introduced to review the previous Daiku-shoku Sei (a centralized district system that abolished all pre-existing towns, villages and their offices and institutions), which had been unpopular as the system did not meet local circumstances.
- 後から来日した宣教師たちも同様に各地の大名に謁見し、領内布教の許可や大名自身への布教を行っている。
- Missionaries who came to Japan after Xavier's time also went to see daimyo in various places throughout Japan, and just as Xavier had, they obtained permission to spread Christianity in the domains of those daimyo, and also proselytized to the daimyo themselves.
- 『詩経』(小雅、四牡)などにおける用例から見て、倭は必ずしも侮蔑の意味を含まないとする意見がある。
- Some says 倭 does not necessarily imply an insult judging from the examples in 'Sikyo' (Chinese Poetry book) (Shoga (aristocracy).
- 『元史』「日本伝」は元側の記録であり、自分達で矢が尽きたと記録しているため信憑性は高いと見られる。
- The Yuan Dynasty itself recorded in 'Nihon Den' of 'Genshi' that arrows had run short, and therefore it is considered highly reliable.
- つまり武装を必要としない江戸時代の安定を見るまでは、あらゆる階層が武装していたと考えるほうがよい。
- That is, it is better to think that all the classes had been armed until the society was stabilized in Edo period.
- ところが後になって当時流布していた諸本に対して後世の偽書ではないかとする意見が現れるようになった。
- In later years, however, a hypothesis appeared arguing that the books circulated at that time may have been forgeries.
- 時代が下ると荘官の武士化が始まり、鎌倉時代以降は、荘官が鎌倉幕府から地頭に任じられる例も見られた。
- As time passed, shokan started to become samurai, and from the Kamakura period and on, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed shokan to jito (managers and lords of a manor).
- また、1522年伊達稙宗が奥州探題・大崎氏らを差し置いて陸奥守護職に就くなど下克上の芽は見られる。
- Also, a sprout of gekokujo could be seen in the fact that Tanemune DATE assumed the position of Mutsu shugoshiki (provincial constables of the Mutsu Province) in 1522 over the head of the Osaki clan (in the post of Oshu Tandai (supervisors for the civil government and military affairs in Mutsu Province)) and his son.
- その為、諸種の学派間の抗争は、直接には性善説の解釈をめぐって行われる場合も多々見られることになった。
- For that reason, disputes among the various schools of Confucianism often directly involved the interpretation of the 'Theory of Innate Goodness'.
- 上記のように伊奈氏を足利氏の庶流と見る説が一般的だが、『寛政重修諸家譜』には藤原氏と記載されている。
- Although the Ina clan is generally regarded as a branch family of the Ashikaga clan, as mentioned above, it was described as the Fujiwara clan in 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu' (a record of the family trees of samurai warriors of the Edo bakufu).
- その一方、織田政権崩壊の原因は、政権の構造的な問題より、むしろ織田信忠の死が大きいとする意見もある。
- On the other hand, according to a different view, the collapse of the Oda government was mainly caused by the death of Nobutada ODA, not by a structural problem within the government.
- 壱岐市では掛木古墳や平山古墳など、元々の土地の所有者の名字を古墳名につけると言う特殊な例も見られる。
- In Iki city, there are kofun named after family names of land owners, such as Kakegi Kofun and Hirayama Kofun.
- また時限立法とは税制の見直しをするために期限を設け、廃止すべきか継続すべきかを判断させるものである。
- In addition, temporary legislation is aimed at setting a certain grace period during which a tax system is overhauled to decide whether it needs to be abolished or maintained.
- 略奪を繰り返し、神呪寺城、鷲林寺城以外の補給基地となっていた六甲山系の寺院も発見され焼かれていった。
- They repeated robbery and temples in Rokko mountains which were used as bases for supply other than Kannoji-jo Castle and Jurinji-jo Castle were found and burnt.
- 上記のごとく、マルコ・ポーロのジパングが日本のことを指すという見方が現在一般的であるが、異説もある。
- As mentioned above, at the present day, it is generally believed that Zipangu told by Marco Polo referred to Japan, but there are some different opinions.
- 鉄剣に紀年が書かれていないが、木棺に収められていた鋲留短甲と鉄鏃の形式から五世紀中葉と見られている。
- The iron sword does not have an era, but it seems to have been made in the middle of the fifth century from the shape of short metal body armor with rivets and iron arrowhead collected in the wooden coffin.
- 根来衆と雑賀衆は、一部には混同される記述も見受けられるが、全く異なる点と極めて似通っている点がある。
- Although in some descriptions Negoroshu and Saikashu are mistaken for each other, in fact they have both completely different points and very similar points.
- つまり、中国の辺境の異民族の侵略を重く見た軍事的色彩の濃い城壁でなく、きわめて政治的な都市であった。
- In other words, it was a political city, rather than a military city concerned with invasion by different ethnic groups from remote regions of China.
- 6月18日、官軍の山野への進撃に対し、雷撃隊を率いる辺見は砲弾の雨の中、必死に官軍をくい止めていた。
- On June 18, under a rain of shells, HENMI, who led the Raigeki-tai troop, was making desperate efforts to stop the advancement of the government army to Yamano.
- こうした支配体制を改変する動きは、1040年代を中心とする11世紀中期になって非常に顕著に見られる。
- These reforms of governing structure were actively implemented in the mid-11th century, especially around 1040s.
- 見つかりそうにない場合、体面を保つために評定の沙汰(裁判)を待たずして自ら切腹する者が絶えなかった。
- When it was unlikely to find a witness, a lot of warriors killed themselves by disembowelment to keep their honor without waiting for the result of consultation (trial).
- 岩見隆夫(1958年卒・法学) 毎日新聞社で、政治部記者としてロッキード事件や日韓癒着の取材で活躍。
- Takao IWAMI (class of 1958, law): He was a political reporter for Mainichi Newspaper Co., Ltd., and took an active part in the report on the Lockheed scandal and a collusive relationship between Japan and Korea.
- 日本では江戸時代頃から、書物に「泥雨」「紅雪」「黄雪」などの黄砂に関する記述が見られるようになった。
- In Japan, descriptions of kosa started appearing around the Edo period, with the terms of 'dei-u' (mud rain), 'beni-yuki' (red snow), or 'Ki-yuki' (yellow snow).
- 1868年11月、英仏軍艦艦長に随行し、榎本と会見したイギリス公使館外交官外交官の種類アダムズである。
- It was Adams, a diplomat of the British Legation, who accompanied the Captain of Anglo-French warship and met ENOMOTO in Nonvember 1868.
- かくして小兵衛と辺見から西郷暗殺計画と弾薬掠奪事件を聞いた西郷は、これに対処するために鹿児島へ帰った。
- Consequently, having learned the assassination plan on himself and the munitions seizure incident from Kohei and HENMI, SAIGO returned to Kagoshima to take measures against the matters.
- 小国氏は、質の高い資料において断続的に見られており、戦国期に至っても信用できる系図を持った氏族である。
- The Oguni clan appears intermittently in reputable historical materials and has a reliable genealogy even until to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.
- 記紀神話に見る天岩戸にアマテラスが隠れたという記事(岩戸隠れ)に相当するのではないかという見解もある。
- Some people believe these eclipses correspond to the tale of Amaterasu hiding herself in Ama no Iwato (the Cave of Heaven), or Iwato Gakure, in Kiki-shinwa (this story is included in the Kojiki, the Nihonshoki, and mythology).
- 古河側は150万円の見舞金を提示したが、毛里田村民側は賠償金の一部としてでなければ受け取れないと拒否。
- Furukawa offered to pay 1.5 million yen to express their sympathy, however the residents of Morita Village refused it as they would not receive it unless Furukawa pays it as a part of their reparations.
- 8世紀末頃になると、実効性が薄れて来た制度や、実際に運用されなくなった制度が見られるようになってきた。
- Towards the end of 8th century, some systems were becoming ineffective and others had fallen out of use.
- 辺見・中島・河野主一郎・相良長良らの防戦により官軍は苦しい戦いになったが、やっとの思いでこれを抜いた。
- The government army fought a tough fight against the defending troops of HENMI, NAKAJIMA, Shuichiro KONO, and Nagayoshi SAGARA, and managed to break through the defense.
- しかしながら、一方で善阿弥が将軍に仕えた事に見られるように、近世ほど他身分から隔離されてはいなかった。
- However, as Zenami served the shogun at that time, they were not segregated from people with other social statuses to the extent during the early-modern times.
- 以上のように見ると、在庁官人は国司の従順なしもべであるようにも思えるが、実態は決してそうではなかった。
- Considering the above, zaichokanjin seem to have been obedient servants of kokushi, but in fact, they were not.
- 近代国家の建設を急ぐ日本では、朝鮮半島を自国の独占的な勢力下におく必要があるとの意見が大勢を占めていた。
- In its rush to establish a modern nation state the opinion that the Korean peninsula should be placed under the exclusive influence of Japan held sway.
- そのため、近年では「鎖国」ではなく、他の東アジア諸国でも見られた「海禁」にあらためようとする動きがある。
- Therefore, in modern times, there is a movement to replace the term 'Sakoku' with 'Kaikin,' the word used for seclusionism used in East Asian countries.
- 現在のわれわれが感じるイメージよりもはるかに広範な政治・情勢的知識を幕府が持ちえてきたことが垣間見える。
- This means that the Bakufu had far more knowledge about politics and the global situation than what people today imagine when they think of the Bakufu.
- 横口式石槨は、本来石室内に置かれていた石棺が単体で埋葬施設となったもので、古墳時代終末期に多く見られる。
- Yokoguchi-shiki sekkaku was originally a stone coffin which was placed in a rock chamber and the stone coffin itself became a mortuary space; many of this type can been seen at the end of the Kofun period.
- しかし、その後、天皇と貴族が相互に依存しながら運営して行く政治体制とする見解が出され、有力となっている。
- However, the most popular view now is that it was a political system operated by the emperor and the nobles based on mutual dependence.
- 長江中流域では、今から約8000年前の環濠集落が、湖南省のリーヤン平原にある彭頭山遺跡で発見されている。
- In the midstream of the Yangtze River, remains of an 8,000 years old moat settlement were discovered at the Pengtoushan site, located on the Li Yang flatlands in Hunan Province.
- そのため、春分とそこから15日単位の日(すなわち二十四節気)には京都のあちこちで貴族の大移動が見られた。
- Therefore, many nobles were seen to travel from one direction to another here and there in Kyoto on the Vernal Equinox Day and then every fifteen days (that is, 24 divisions of the old calendar).
- 昭和40年代の宅地開発の際にやぐらが破壊され、「元弘三年五月廿八日」の銘のある五輪塔の一部が発見された。
- When housing lots were developed during the decade from 1965, the caves were destroyed and a part of a gorinto (a gravestone composed of five pieces piled up one upon another) was found, in which the date 'July 18, 1333' was inscribed.
- 『占事略决』には、安倍家における家伝を背景に、目録的な意味合いで作成されたと考えられる記述が散見される。
- In 'Senji ryakketsu,' descriptions are seen here and there that seem to have been written with the intention of making a list, or something like it, of the oral tradition inherited in the Abe family.
- 平成16年(2004年)、 七尾城 (石見国)(益田城)とともに「益田氏城館跡」として国の史跡となった。
- In 2004, Miyake odoi was designated as a historic site together with Nanao-jo Castle (Iwami Province) (Masuda Castle) under the name 'Ruins of Masuda clan Castles.'
- 平安時代中期以降、貴族の女性は親兄弟といえどもみだりに異性に顔を見せてはいけない、という習慣が定着した。
- From the mid-Heian Period, it was an established custom for noble women not to show their faces to the opposite sex, even if it was their father or brother.
- 領主がこうした事案(所務沙汰)について幕府へ訴訟を起こした場合、領主側が勝訴する事案が多く見受けられた。
- In the event that the lords of shoen brought up litigations to the bakufu in connection with such disputes (shomusata), they often won the case.
- また、グリーンランドやアルプス山脈でも、黄砂由来のものと見られる砂や土壌粒子が観測されたとの報告がある。
- It was also reported that the sand and soil particles considered originating in kosa were found in Greenland and the Alps as well.
- 後には、様々な展開を見せ始め、一般の商品も取り扱うようになって室町時代には問屋へと展開するものもあった。
- As a result of expansion of their business, Toimaru began handling other general goods, and by the Muromachi period, some of them had also started the wholesale business.
- 徳川御三家紀州侯の大名行列は格式と威光を感じさせる大行列だったため、多くの農民が見物に訪れるほどであった。
- The daimyo gyoretsu carried out by the Kishu Tokugawa family, one of three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family, were so gorgeous and prestigious that many peasants spared the time to see the scene.
- 唐との戦後処理については様々な見解があるが、いずれにしても倭国がその和平条件を受け入れたことは確かである。
- There are numerous points of views regarding what took place during the processing of post-war matters, but at any rate, it is certain that Wakoku accepted the peace accord.
- これは単に「朝廷の衰微・幕府の驕慢」という皇国史観的な発想で解釈すると事実の見誤りの生じさせる言葉である。
- This expression is misleading if interpreted as 'the decline of the Imperial Court and the arrogance of the bakufu' according to kokoku shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
- 一方、陽明学の造詣の深さで、佐久間象山と対比される備中松山藩の山田方谷は、瀕死の藩財政を見事、建て直した。
- On the other hand, Hokoku YAMADA, who in his deep knowledge of Yomeigaku bears comparison with Shozan SAKUMA, completely restored the moribund finances of the Bitchu-Matsuyama domain.
- これにより、信長は足利義昭を室町幕府の第15代将軍に擁立し、自らはその後見人として政権を確立したのである。
- This enabled Nobunaga to put forward Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA as the 15th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and he, as his guardian, established the government.
- その後、徳川を盟主とする旧幕府勢力と薩長を主体とする新政府が対立し、鳥羽・伏見の戦いを機に戊辰戦争が勃発。
- After this, the conflict between the old shogunate forces in command of the Tokugawa clan and the new government led by Satsuma and Choshu domains mainly led to the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, the beginning of the Boshin Civil War.
- 同時代の諸記録(言継の『言継卿記』を含め)に「補任歴名」あるいはこれを略した「補歴」という言葉が見られる。
- In the various records (including 'Tokitsugu Kyoki', the Dairy of Tokitsugu YAMASHINA) in the same period, the term 'Bunin-Ryakumyo' or its shortened form 'Ryakumyo' was found.
- 特に伏屋A式竪穴住居と見られている建物跡がはさみ山遺跡(〈梨田地点〉大阪府藤井寺市)から出土した例がある。
- In particular, a site where a group of pit dwelling structures believed to have had fuseya A type (thatched roof completely covering the structure) roofs has been found at Hasamiyama site (Nashida Point, Fujiidera City, Osaka).
- この事件には家持は関与していなかったが、後に藤原仲麻呂の暗殺計画に関わっていたとされ、左遷の憂き目を見る。
- OTOMO no Yakamochi was not involved in either incident, although he was allegedly involved in the assassination plot of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and was transferred as punishment.
- 材木村は田ノ浦から人吉に通じる要路であったため鵬翼隊四・六番中隊は材木村に見張りを置き、大野口を守備した。
- Because Zaimoku Village was located at a strategic place along the road from Tanoura to Hitoyoshi, the 4th and 6th companies of the Hoyoku-tai troop placed watchmen there, and the troop guarded Onoguchi.
- 西上作戦では3万の兵力を動員したと言われるように、通説通りと見てもこの戦いにおいては最大動員兵力ではない。
- Even if we follow the standard theory based on the Takeda clan's westward operation in which they apparently deployed 30,000 men, this figure cannot be taken as the maximum number of soldiers they mobilized in the Battle of Nagashino.
- そのうち持貞と将軍側室との密通が露見したとして処刑されてしまい、満祐は赦免され三国の守護職を相続している。
- Before very long, Mochisada was executed for commiting adultery with a concubine of Shogun and Mitsusuke was pardoned and inherited the position of shugo of three provinces.
- しかし狩谷はこの下総本の本文を「後世の改竄によるもの」と見なし、「諸本の中で最も劣悪」として認めていない。
- However, KARIYA considered the Shimosa book as 'falsification by the posterity,' and rejects it as 'the most inferior one of the various books concerned.'
- しかし、早くも8世紀後期頃から百姓の偽籍・浮浪・逃亡が見られ始め、個別人身支配体制にほころびが生じていた。
- However, as early as from late 8th century, the regime of people-based governance started to fray at the edges as the case of peasants' false registration, vagrancy and escape increased.
- それが修整され始めたのは比較的最近のことであるが、しかし研究者の間では40年近く昔から見直しが進んでいる。
- This argument was corrected recently, but researchers have been reexamining it among themselves from nearly forty years ago.
- 戦国時代以前においては律令制に基づく軍団 (古代日本)制を除き、備のような系統だった部隊編成は見られない。
- Before the Sengoku Period, except for the troops based on the Ritsuryo system (ancient Japan), no troop organization existed that resembled sonae.
- 一時、日本軍は戦線崩壊の危機に陥ったが、秋山好古少将、立見尚文中将らの奮戦により危機を脱した(黒溝台会戦)。
- Although the Japanese army temporarily plunged into a crisis with a breach of a major front, it was able to overcome the crisis due to the fierce resistance put up by Major General Yoshifuru AKIYAMA and Lieutenant General Naobumi TATSUMI and others (the Battle of Kokkodai).
- またオホド王の登場以降、東北から南九州に及ぶ地域の統合が急速に進み、政治的な統一がなされたとする見解がある。
- Also, it can be seen that the regions between Tohoku and southern Kyushu rapidly consolidated and became politically unified after the time of King Ohodo.
- だが、実際には江戸時代も後期に入ると、都市・地方ともに新興商人の台頭が始まり、活発な展開を見せるようになる。
- However, the fact was that, during the late Edo period, up and coming merchants started to actively spread throughout cities and provinces.
- さらに徳川家康も天下人を目指して、伊達政宗らと無断婚姻を行なうなど、豊臣政権は次第に衰退の兆しを見せてゆく。
- In addition, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA aimed to be 'tenkabito' (a person becoming the ruler of the country) and entered an unauthorized marriage with Masamune DATE; thus, showing signs of the TOYOTOMI government's decline.
- 「自由民権家は皆明治維新を闘った尊皇家で、天皇の存在に国民の権利、利益の究極の擁護者の地位を仰ぎ見ていた。」
- Democratic activists used to be people with reverence for the emperor who had fought during the Meiji restoration, and they considered the emperor as the ultimate advocate of public rights and benefits.'
- 農地のための破壊は歴史を通じて見られ、中世には城砦のために、近代(特に戦後)には宅地のために破壊されてきた。
- Throughout history, kofun were continuously destroyed for agricultural land; in the Middle Ages, kofun were destroyed to build fortresses, and in modern times, kofun are destroyed for residential land (especially after World War II).
- 1917年、待矢場両堰普通水利組合は、渡良瀬川には鉱毒はなくなっていないとする意見書を群馬県知事に提出した。
- In 1917, the Common Water Supply Union of Machi-Yaba Ryozeki submitted papers to the governor of Gunma Prefecture to point out that the mining pollution was still tainting Watarase-gawa River.
- これらの意見はほとんど変更されることなく、太政大臣三条実美を通じて訓示に付属する内諭として使節に伝えられた。
- This opinion was conveyed to the envoy without change by the Grand Minister Sanetomi SANJO as an unofficial message attached to the instruction.
- この時代には朝鮮人による合法的民族運動が盛り上がり、朝鮮文学の発展や大都市における大衆文化の発達が見られた。
- In this period, legal racial movement by the Koreans became active, and development of Korean literature and that of popular culture in big cities were seen.
- また卑弥呼や台与(壹與)の時代にも生口を送っている記録があり、日本側からも人を送っていたことが見受けられる。
- It is also recorded that they conveyed seiko in the time of Himiko or Toyo (the kanji of Toyo is台与 or 壹與), which proves that such people were sent from Japan side as well.
- さらに、天智の改革においては地方豪族(特に東国)を軽視したために地方豪族の間で不平が高まったと見られている。
- Furthermore, in the reform by Emperor Tenchi, it is thought that complaints were growing between the local ruling families (especially Togoku) because they were disregarded.
- 4月22日に雷撃隊 (13個中隊、約1300名)の指揮長に抜擢された辺見は日ならずして大口防衛に派遣された。
- On April 22, HENMI was selected as the commander of the Raigeki-tai troop (consisting of 13 companies and approx 1,300 strength), and dispatched for defending Oguchi in a few days.
- また、当然信長としても鶴翼包囲を予見し、限られた数の鉄砲を両翼に集中的に配置していたと考えるのが自然である。
- Naturally, Nobunaga would have anticipated the two-flanking wings formation to concentrate gunners whose availability was limited on both wings.
- しかしこの戦いで日本側が物質的に得たものは無く、見返りとしての恩賞は御家人たちの満足のいくものではなかった。
- However, Japan gained nothing materially out of this war, and the rewards granted to vassals did not satisfy them.
- これらから、負名体制が本来的に有していた矛盾が国司苛政上訴という形態で現れたと評価する見解が提出されている。
- These views have brought about an opinion that a contradiction intrinsic to the local tax manager system appeared in the form of Kokushi kasei joso.
- この場合、郷司は郷司職、保司は保司職と呼ばれ、実際の現地支配において荘園と公領の区別は外見上ほぼなくなった。
- In this case, Goji were called Goshi shiki (sub district headships) and Hoji were called Hoshi shiki (executive officer of an Imperial demesne), and the difference between the shoen and koryo on actual local land ruling apparently almost disappeared.
- これは、小西説の指摘するとおり空海自身が本書の編成順序を天・地・東・西・南・北としていたと見做せなくもない。
- As Konishi indicated, it can be deemed that Kukai himself insisted that the order of the volume should be Heaven, Earth, East, West, South, and North.
- 漂着同然で各地に入港する外国船からの伝染病の脅威は幕府施薬院の成立と共に検疫強化に踏み切ったという見方もある。
- Another viewpoint claims that the Bakufu embarked on strengthening its quarantine practices in addition to establishing the Bakufu Seyaku-in (Pharmacy Institution), citing the threat of infectious diseases brought in by foreign ships entering ports in various regions in conditions that were no better than drifting ships.
- 拝観は宗教行為であるとする観点から、拝観料への課税は信教の自由を保障する憲法違反ではないかとする意見もあった。
- From the point of view that visiting temples and shrines is a religious activity, there was another opinion that the taxation of the entrance fee may be an act repugnant to the Constitution, which ensures freedom of religion.
- 無礼な蕃夷の書は、今後自分に見せるな、というのである(「帝覽之不悅 謂鴻臚卿曰 蠻夷書有無禮者 勿復以聞」)。
- In other words, he told the officer never to present him again with such rude letters from barbarians.
- 一見双方平等のようであるが、貿易に関する力量がすでに異なっていたため、朝鮮側にとって著しく不利なものであった。
- It seemed an equal treaty at a glance, but the ability to trade was already different, so it was remarkably disadvantageous to Korea.
- 最終的には、かつての王宮を塞ぐ形で建てられていることから、反対意見を押し切り、旧・王宮前からの撤去が決まった。
- Finally, over the opposition, it was decided to be removed from the former royal palace because it was built in the way of the old royal palace.
- 東西1.1km、南北3.2キロとみられていたが、1990年代の東西の京極大路の発見で「大藤原京」が想定された。
- It was believed that Fujiwara-kyo was 1.1 km from east to west and 3.2 km from north to south, however, the Dai Fujiwara-kyo (Greater Fujiwara-kyo) was revealed by the discovery of Kyogoku-oji Street from east to west in the 1990's.
- しかし、それでは三代後に国に返さなければならないことが見えており、農民の墾田意欲を増大させるには至らなかった。
- However, since the owner had to return their land to the state after three generations, the law did not increase farmers' willingness to develop new lands.
- 従来から有った、臣、連の姓の上の地位になる姓を作ることで、旧来の氏族との差をつけようとしたという見方もできる。
- It can be presumed that the Emperor made a distinction from old clans by establishing new titles which were ranked higher than the existing titles, Omi and Muraji.
- 久木野・山野を手に入れた辺見は5月9日、自ら隊を率いて官軍に激しい攻撃を加えて撃退し、肥薩境を越えて追撃した。
- On May 9, having seized Kukino and Yamano, HENMI led the troops by himself, fiercely attacked and defeated the government army, chasing it across the border between Higo and Satsuma Provinces.
- ここから北側地区にいた官軍を見たところ、警備が手薄であったため、西郷軍は辺見を先鋒に一斉に下山攻撃を開始した。
- Saigo's forces found that the guard of the government army on the north side from there was not strong, and therefore, went down the mountain en masse and attacked the government army with HENMI as the spearhead.
- 彼らは赤松氏がこれほどの一大事を引き起こした以上は必ず同心する大名がいるに違いないと考え、形勢を見極めていた。
- They thought that the Akamatsu clan set off such a big thing because some daimyos must had helped them and carefully observed subsequent developments.
- 一方、卑弥呼や邪馬台国と同様に非佳字をあてることにより、中華世界から見た夷狄であることを表すとする意見もある。
- But others says 倭 means iteki (barbarians) seen from China because the ominous character is used as in Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) and Yamatai Koku (Yamatai Kingdom).
- この雑色人が在地支配層と連携し、国司・受領層と対抗したことが国司苛政上訴として現れたとする見解も出されている。
- In other opinions, Kokushi kasei joso appeared as the evidence that these Zoshikinin worked with local influential persons to counter the Kokushi and Zuryo class.
- 『貫首秘抄』に、摂関・蔵人らが天皇の御作法や政治への顧問、幼帝の教育の方法を知るための必見の書と書かれている。
- It is described as a must-read for Sekkan (regents and advisers) and Kurodo (Chamberlain) to learn the Emperor's manners and the way of working as a political advisor and educating young emperors in 'Kanjuhisho' (accounts on the hints on Kurodo, written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori).
- 後者には異論も出されているが、この見解に従えば、中世期の支配・収取のあり方をより具体的に理解することができる。
- Opinions denying the latter were proposed, but according to the latter opinion, the state of the national control and tax-collecting systems during the medieval period could be understood more concretely.
- 一方で、乾燥化の進行よりも植林などの対策のほうがスピードが遅く、黄砂対策は実効性を現しにくいという見方もある。
- On the other hand, there is a view of considering that the speed of dry land expansion is higher than that of planting trees and it is not easy to make the effects of the measures taken against kosa visible.
- その評価は日清戦争・日露戦争における勝利により飛躍的に高まり、諸外国からも感嘆・驚異の目で見られるようになった。
- Public estimation of the reforms improved rapidly after the victory of the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese war, and foreign countries looked at Japan in wonder and admiration.
- 藤原宮のある地点が群臣の居住する地より低く、臣下に見下ろされる場所にあったのが忌避されたとみなされることもある。
- It is sometime assumed that it was moved away because Fujiwara no Miya (Fujiwara Palace) was at a lower level than the area where their subjects lived, and thus subjects could look down the capital.
- しかし、必ずしもこの呼称が定着したわけではなく大和政権、ヤマト政権、倭国政権、倭王権などの呼称で揺れが見られる。
- However, this new term has not really become established and various other names are also used, including the Yamato Government (with 'Yamato' written either in Chinese characters or phonetically), the Wa Government or the Wa Kingdom.
- 現在の天守は1983年に犬山城や伏見城をモデルにし模擬復元されたもので市立長浜城歴史博物館として運営されている。
- The current main building of the castle was rebuilt in 1983 modeled on Inuyama-jo Castle and Fushimi-jo Castle, and houses the City's Nagahama-jo Castle Historical Museum.
- その後のめざましい考古学研究の進展により緻密な編年作業が進展し、考古学者の比定と齟齬が生じているものも見られる。
- In accordance with remarkable progress in archaeological study, detailed chronological studies have progressed, and so there are some contradictions between estimations by archaeologist and results of studies.
- この時期の倭国王(倭王)は、中国史書に名が見える者が、讃、珍、済、興、武という5名おり、倭の五王と呼ばれている。
- There were references to the kings of Wakoku during that time in the history books of China, who were called the five kings of Wa, such as San, Chin, Sei, Ko, and Bu,
- 律令制に基づく律令国家から請負統治に依拠する王朝国家(前期王朝国家)へ転換したとする見解が広範な支持を得ている。
- It is widely maintained that the Ritsuryo-based state changed into an Imperial Court state (the earlier Imperial Court state) that relied on a form of contracted out government.
- 5月14日、高城率いる正義隊など6個中隊は延岡街道鏡山の熊本鎮台警備隊を襲撃し、追撃して馬見原、川口に進出した。
- On May 14, six companies including Seigi-tai led by Takagi and others assailed the guard of Kumamoto Garrison in Mt. Kagami along the Nobeoka-kaido Road, and advanced to Mamihara and Kawaguchi, chasing the guard.
- 当時の情勢を見た場合、信玄時代の時点で織田家は尾張・美濃・南近江・北伊勢・山城他近畿圏にまで勢力を伸ばしていた。
- The political landscape at the time of Shingen was such that the Oda family extended its power as far as the Kinki region, covering Owari, Mino, Minami Omi, Kita Ise, Yamashiro.
- これを見た高麗に反乱を起していた三別抄から、共同で元に対抗する軍事的援助を求める使者が来訪したがこれも黙殺した。
- In response to it, Sambyeolcho, which had risen in a rebellion against Goryeo, sent envoys to Japan to ask for military support and cooperation to fight against the Yuan Dynasty, but it was also ignored.
- この失敗に対する反省から、明治11年(1878年)に新たに郡区町村編制法が制定され、地方制度の見直しが図られた。
- Learning a lesson from the experience of the failed local system, the government established the act for the alignment of local government system in 1878 and the practice of the local system was reviewed.
- 史料上の国司苛政上訴の初見は、974年(天延2)に尾張国の百姓らが国守藤原連貞の非法を太政官へ訴えた事例である。
- The first historical record of Kokushi kasei joso was a case in which farmers in Owari Province complained to Daijokan about illegal behaviors of their kokushu, FUJIWARA no Tsurasada in 974.
- 一方、黄砂の影響を受けている韓国や日本なども、木材や農産物の輸入などを通して間接的に関わっているとの見方がある。
- On the other hand, there also exists a view of considering that Korea and Japan, which have been affected by kosa, are responsible indirectly as well, for example, through importation of woods and agricultural products.
- 2時間半に及ぶ交渉を行ったが結局合意が得られず、同年度における吉田寮建て替え予算の提出は見送られることとなった。
- In spite of two and a half hours of negotiation, no agreements were reached and the submission of the budget for reconstruction of Yoshida dormitory in the academic year 2006 was not reached.
- 一つの土地の耕作者がその土地の唯一の権利者となり、土地の生産力は米の見込生産量である石高で計られることとなった。
- The cultivator of the land was considered the only person who was entitled to own the land, and the productivity of the land was measured by kokudaka, an estimated amount of rice to be produced from the land.
- 当時最大の権力者だった恵美押勝(藤原仲麻呂)により、対東国防備の強化のため、健児を復活したのだとする見解もある。
- There is an opinion that these kondei were restored by the greatest mogul of that time, EMI no Oshikatsu (FUJIWARA no Nakamaro), who intended to reinforce the defenses against Togoku.
- 戦後処理を見てみると、秀吉は阿波に蜂須賀家政、讃岐に仙石秀久、伊予に小早川隆景と信任できるメンバーを集めている。
- As postwar measures, Hedeyoshi appointed reliable members as Iemasa HACHISUKA in Awa, Hidehisa SENGOKU in Sanuki and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA in Iyo.
- 海外では日清戦争の事を第一次中日戦争と呼んでいるが、実際には日本軍と中国軍が戦ったのは歴史的に見れば2度目である。
- Although the Sino-Japanese War was called the First Sino-Japanese War abroad, this was in effect historically the second battle between the Japanese troops and Chinese troops.
- しかし鎖国中の幕府が、北東アジア・ロシア・東南アジア等などの情報を多くもち分析していたことが各史料から垣間見える。
- Several historical materials suggest that the Bakufu had an abundance of information about Northeast Asia, Russia, Southeast Asia, etc. to analyze, despite its seclusionism.
- その後、陸奥国において金鉱を発見し、東大寺盧舎那仏像の建立に貢献した功により、百済王敬福が従三位を授けられている。
- Subsequently, Kyofuku Kudara no Konikishi was conferred Junior Third Rank for his meritorious deeds, which included discovery of a gold mine in Michi Province, and his contribution towards building the statue of Birushana Buddha in Todai-ji Temple.
- 明治時代の西南戦争や幸徳秋水事件(大逆事件)、1936年の二・二六事件も、当時の資料には謀反の言葉が見うけられる。
- We can find the word 'muhon' in the historical documents regarding the Seinan War and Shusui KOTOKU incident (the case of high treason) in the Meiji Period as well as February 26th Incident in 1936.
- 室町幕府第8代将軍・足利義政以来の室町幕府にはできなかったことであり、ここに豊臣秀吉の天下一統が成ったと見てよい。
- The Muromachi Bakufu of the post-eighth shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, could not have attained such a thing, which indicated that Hideyoshi's unification of Japan was fully established at that point.
- 「これほど的確に当時の政情を物語る文書も珍しい」としながらも、「後世の改ざんかねつ造」との見方を主張し続けている。
- He continued insisting his view that, 'It must be a fabrication or forgery from a later period', while saying that 'It is a very rare document that narrated the political situation of that time with such accuracy.'
- そして、家康が畿内を留守にしている隙をついて伏見城を落とし、次いで北陸地方や伊勢国伊勢方面の平定に乗り出していた。
- He then captured the Fushiki-jo Castle exploiting Ieyasu's absence from the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), and after that he set out to suppress the Hokuriku region and Ise area in Ise Province.
- このときの両者の行軍経路を阿賀野川(大彦命)と鬼怒川(武渟川別)と推察する見解が哲学者の中路正恒から出されている。
- Philosopher Masatsune NAKAJI proposed the view that Obiko no mikoto had marched along the Agano-gawa river and Takenunakawa wake no mikoto along the Kinu-gawa river.
- 元治元年(1864年)3月25日、一橋慶喜(徳川慶喜)は、将軍後見職を免ぜられると同時に禁裏御守衛総督に就任した。
- On April 30, 1864, Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI (Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA) assumed the post of Kinri Goshuei Sotoku at the same time he was excused from the post of the Shogun-kokenshoku (one of three major posts of Edo bakufu).
- 発掘調査から有岡城の土塁の下から石垣積みが発見され、墓石などの転用石材があり石垣の先駆ではないかと注目されている。
- By research by excavation, a stone wall was found below the earthwork of Arioka-jo Castle and, as there were diverted stones such as tombstones, it attracted attention as possible forerunner of stonewall.
- しかしユーザーにして見れば「何だか判らない不都合(競合)」であり、問題の判別は勿論、異常個所の修正は困難を極める。
- However, this is an 'incomprehensible inconvenience (competing)' from users' point of view and the adjustment of the problematic parts is extremely difficult, not to mention understanding the cause of the problem.
- 中国には壬申の乱を「倭国」と「日本国」との戦いであるとする見解が存在したとする主張がある(詳しくは旧唐書を参照)。
- In China, there is a thesis that the Jinshin War was the battle of 'Wakoku' and 'Japan' (refer to the Jiu Tang Shu [Old Tang History] for more detail).
- この他に都市ブルジョワ層や貧困層、博徒集団に至るまで当時の政府の方針に批判的な多種多様な立場からの参加も見られた。
- In addition to these two groups that led the movement, many people from various social backgrounds, including city bourgeoisie, the poor, and gamblers, who shared the opposition to the government, joined the movement.
- 秀頼の上洛を求める家康に対し反対もあったが、加藤清正や浅野幸長ら豊臣家恩顧の大名らの取り成しもあり会見は実現する。
- Although some objected to Ieyasu's demand, the meeting was realized through mediation of daimyo that had been favored by the Toyotomi Family including Kiyomasa KATO, Yoshinaga ASANO and others.
- また、鉄砲の時間差を見越して断続的に攻撃を仕掛けたが、織田軍の時間ロスを減らした三段撃ちによって被害を拡大させた。
- Another explanation is that the Oda army's sandan-uchi which compensated for the teppo's slow reloading did greater damage to the Takeda forces which made intermittent attack, anticipating the delay in firing.
- 同じ時期に山田 (伊勢市)(伊勢国)、大湊 (伊勢市)(伊勢)、博多、酒田市などの都市にも類似した組織が見られた。
- Around the same time, similar organizations were seen in cities such as Yamada (Ise City) (Ise Province), Ominato (Ise City) (Ise Province), Hakata or Sakata City.
- 元は中国古典に見られる『勧課農桑』という句が略されたもので、日本では律令において国司の職務とされたのが初見である。
- Originally, kanno was a shortened term for 'kankanoso' written in the Chinese classics and in Japan that was first regarded as the duty of kokushi in the ritsuryo system of governance (a constitutional form of governance).
- よって、『政事要略』の年中行事篇に引用される国史は、六国史からの引用と、『類聚国史』からの引用が見られるのである。
- Therefore, in the annual event part of 'Seiji Yoryaku,' citations concerning national history were made from Rikkokushi (six official national histories) and from 'Ruiju Kokushi.'
- これは、私鉄を監督する法律である私設鉄道法の条件が厳しいという背景もあったが、地域開発の観点から見ると問題があった。
- This is partly because the conditions of the Private Railway Law that supervised the private railways were strict, however, there were some problems in terms of local development.
- 「公論」は公議と同義、または公議輿論の略語であり、「みんなの意見」または「公開された議論」といったような意味である。
- 公論' (open discussion) is a synonym or abbreviation of '公議輿論' which means 'everyone's opinion' or 'open discussion.'
- 1923年に競馬法が公布されたのを機に、1924年に競馬場が京都市伏見区に移転することが決まり同年の競馬開催は中止。
- When the Horse Racing Act was promulgated in 1923, it was decided the horse track would be relocated to Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City in 1924, and horse racing was suspended in the same year.
- また卑弥呼には弟がおり人々に託宣を伝える役を担っていたが、アマテラスにも弟スサノオがおり共通点が見出せるとしている。
- Another commonality is Himiko's younger brother, who played the role of delivering a divine message, much like Amaterasu's younger brother, Susanoo.
- 毛利秀元は天安に在り稷山の戦急なるを聞き、乃ちその兵を率いてこれに赴援し先鋒の将宍戸元続・吉見広行等に先ず進ませた。
- Hidemoto MORI was at Cheonn, heard about the precarious situation at Shokusan and immediately rushed to support the battle at Shokusan with his army, ordered vanguards including Mototsugu SHISHIDO and Hiroyuki YOSHIMI to spearhead the attack.
- これらの強硬意見の背景には、廃藩置県によって失業した40万~50万人に上る士族の不満のはけ口を探していたことがある。
- Behind those hard-line ideas was the fact that they were seeking a vent for dissatisfaction of 40 to 50 thousand warriors who had lost their position because of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
- 「多沙鬼獲居」の「多沙鬼」は、『日本書紀』神功皇后 50 年 5 月の条に見える「多沙城」に由来する名と推定される。
- It is conjectured that '多沙鬼' in '多沙鬼獲居' was derived from '多沙城' in the article dated June 250 of 'Nihonshoki.'
- 幕府成立当初は東国支配確立のため制度的保障としての意義があったが、幕府体制の安定に伴い役割が低下したためと見られる。
- While Kanto Gobunkoku played a great role in securing the rule of the Kamakura bakufu during it's time, it's importance was reduced once the shogunate order was established and stabilized, and the number of provinces gradually decreased.
- 伍長が五人からなる「伍」を率いたとする説があるが、明確な規定がなく発掘資料にも見えないことから、存在を疑う者もいる。
- There is a theory that Gocho headed 'Go' (one of units of corps; literally meaning 'five') consisting of five soldiers, but some people doubt of its existence because there were no definite regulations and there were no descriptions of its existence in found materials.
- 官軍が高瀬川の線に陣を構築するのを見た岩切らは高瀬川の橋梁から攻撃を仕掛け、熊本隊は渡河して迫間・岩崎原を攻撃した。
- At the sight of the government army pitching a camp along the Takase-gawa River, the IWAKIRI's troop fired down upon them from the bridge over the river, while the Kumamoto-tai troop crossed the river and attacked Hazama and Iwasakihara.
- 仏教や神道を奉ずる大名の中にも、僧侶たちの意見を聞き入れ外来の宗教であるキリスト教を『邪教』として弾圧する者もいた。
- Among those daimyo who professed faith in Buddhism or Shinto, some took heed of the monks' or priests' views and branded Christianity, a foreign religion, a type of 'heresy,' oppressing its followers.
- 鉄砲製造の起源は、天文 (元号)13年(1544年)、将軍足利義晴より見本の銃を示され作ったのが始まりと伝えられる。
- Firearm production in Kunitomo is reputed to have begun in 1544 when samples were ordered by Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA.
- この見解では、郡司・百姓層が在庁官人として国衙行政に取り込まれていったことにより、国司苛政上訴が消滅したとしている。
- In this opinion, Kokushi kasei joso disappeared because Gunji and farmers became involved in Kokuga government as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
- 貞観_(日本)元年(895年)12月付の元興寺領近江国愛智荘(えちのしょう)の検田帳に「田刀」とあるのが初見である。
- The term '田刀' first appeared in kenden-cho (note of Cadastral Surveys) of Echinosho, Omi Province owned by Ganko-ji Temple, as of December 895.
- 一方で西国では百姓が地縁的な結合を強め、村落を形成し、地頭とは別個に荘園経営を請け負う百姓請が見られるようになった。
- Meanwhile, in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki), peasants strengthened their territorial bonds, formed villages, and established the hyakushouke system (the contract system where the manor's owner entrusts a peasant to manage his manor and pay the customs) to operate shoen independent of jito's management.
- 一方で西国では百姓が地縁的な結合を強め、村落を形成し、地頭とは別個に荘園経営を請け負う百姓請も見られるようになった。
- In the meantime, in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) as the peasants strengthened their territorial bond and formed villages, Hyakushouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrust a peasant to manage his manor and pay the customs) began to appear in addition to Jitouke.
- 小谷城で使われていた資材や、あらかじめ、竹生島に密かに隠されていた材木などを見つけ出し、それらを使用し築城を開始した。
- He began building the castle by utilizing the material used at Kotani-jo Castle as well as wood and other material, which he found hidden at Chikubu-shima Island.
- もっとも、華族の分家には特旨により特に華族に列せられる例や、家を継がない華族の子には他華族家の養子となる例も見られた。
- However, there were cases where some branch families of kazoku were also ranked as kazoku due to special considerations, and a son of a kazoku family who was not an heir of the family was adopted into some other kazoku family.
- 1880年(明治13年)、元老院は「日本国国憲按」を成案として提出し、また、大蔵卿・大隈重信も「憲法意見」を提出した。
- In 1880, the Camber of Elders submitted 'Japan's national constitution draft' as a final draft, and the Minister of the Treasury, Shigenobu OKUMA also submitted 'My opinion on a constitution.'
- その観点からであれば、墾田永年私財法は、律令を否定するものというより、律令の法目的を補強するものだったとの見方もある。
- It may be said from this standpoint that there is a view that rather than denying the Ritsuryo Codes, the Konden Einen Shizai Law was reinforcing the aim of the law of the Ritsuryo Codes.
- 軍事氏族としての大伴氏と物部氏の違いは、あえて言えば、親衛隊的な大伴氏と、国軍的な物部氏と見ればわかりやすいであろう。
- The difference between these two military clans, the Otomo and the Mononobe, can be likened to bodyguards versus the national army, respectively.
- 5月8日、辺見・河野主一郎・平野・淵辺はそれぞれ雷撃隊・破竹隊・常山隊・鵬翼隊の4個隊を率いて神瀬箙瀬方面に向かった。
- On May 8, Henmi, Shuichiro KONO, Hirano, and Fuchibe moved towards the Konose and Ebirase area, leading the four troops of Raigeki-tai, Hachiku-tai, Jozan-tai, and Hoyoku-tai.
- 信長は、本来であれば虚勢を張ったりして自軍を強く見せるのが戦の常であるにも関わらず、逆に弱いと吹聴して回ったとされる。
- Nobunaga spread the rumor that his army was weak in defiance of his usual tactics in which he made his army appear stronger than it was with a show of bravado.
- それに対して、中央政府においても当然、王朝国家体制への移行に伴う何らかの行政機構変革があったとする見解が示されている。
- On the other hand, there is a view asserting that some administrative organization reform must have been implemented at the central government in association with the transition to the Dynastic polity.
- これらは魔除けやまじない、戦乱を避けて蓄蔵したとの解釈もあるが、悪貨への交換を避けるため良貨を保管したとの見方もある。
- According to a theory, these coins were stored underground to ward off evil spirits, as a charm or for avoiding the disturbance of war, but according to another theory, they were stored to prevent them from being exchanged with low-quality coins.
- 引用文献には、中国ではもちろん、中国で佚した漢籍をしばしば遺している日本においてすら今日見ることのできないものも多い。
- Much literature was cited that can no more be seen today not only in China but also in Japan, where some Chinese classic books still exist.
- これを払拭すべく、光明皇后の意見も有って、741年(天平13)令制国には国分寺(国分僧寺)・国分尼寺の建立の詔を出した。
- To clear up the uneasiness, also with the opinion of the empress Komyo, in 741, the Emperor issued the imperial proclamation to establish provincial temples and provincial nunneries in ryosei provinces.
- 二十四史に、中華民国期に編纂された『新元史』や『清史稿』を含めて「二十五史」あるいは「二十六史」という呼び方も見られる。
- The terms 'the twenty-five histories' or 'the twenty-six histories' referring to the regular twenty-four plus the PRC-era compilations 'The New History of the Yuan' and/or the 'Draft History of the Qing', are also sometimes used.
- これにより豊前・豊後国の土豪などは島津氏を見限って豊臣氏に帰順し、さらに肥前国の龍造寺政家と鍋島直茂も豊臣氏に帰順する。
- On this occasion, powerful local clans in Buzen and Bungo Provinces left the Shimazu clan and went over to the Toyotomi clan, and Masaie RYUZOJI and Naoshige NABESHIMA in Hizen Province followed their examples.
- また他の一説には、(中国から見て)単に外来語であることを表す目印として先頭の文字を特別なものとしているというものがある。
- It is also said that special characters were used to express a name's foreign origin to a Chinese perspective.
- これに対して、自治体の財政収入を市外からの来訪者へ負担してもらうのは応益の原則に反しているのではないかとの意見もあった。
- There was also the opinion that imposing taxes on visitors from outside the city may be in opposition to the benefit principle of taxation.
- 第26代昭光は天正18年(1590年)、豊臣秀吉による小田原攻めに参陣しない伊達政宗を憚って自らも援軍の派兵を見送った。
- In 1590, Akimitsu, the twenty-sixth head of the family, postponed sending the reinforcements to the Invasion of Odawara headed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, as he was afraid of Masamune DATE who did not participate in the invasion.
- 協約締結後の1907年に、協約の無効を主張する高宗 (朝鮮王)の親書をたずさえた密使の派遣が露見する(ハーグ密使事件)。
- In 1907, after the conclusion of the treaty, the dispatch of the secret agent who carried a personal letter of Gao Zong (King of Korea) that insisted on invalidity of the treaty was exposed (the Hague Secret Emissary Affair).
- 中期では円形および楕円形が多く、4本から5本の柱をもつものが主流であり、地床炉や石囲炉、また炉体土器を伴う炉が見られた。
- In the mid-Jomon period, round and elliptical layouts with four or five support columns became prevalent, with fireplaces built on the dirt floor, those surrounded by stones or those employing earthen vessels.
- 竪穴(縦穴)建物の屋根の軒先は地面付近まで下がることが多かったと推測され、外からは屋根しか見えなかったものと考えられる。
- The eaves of the pit-type dwelling roof are believed to have commonly reached close to the ground, with the roof the only part of the dwelling visible from the outside.
- 宿禰の語は、野見宿禰、葦田宿禰や武内宿禰のように、大和朝廷初期(1世紀~4世紀ごろ)では名前として使われていた様である。
- It seemed that Sukune was used as a name such as NOMI no Sukune, ASHIDA no Sukune, TAKEUCHI no Sukune in the early Yamato Dynasty (the first century - the fourth century).
- その後1886年星亨らによる大同団結運動で民権運動は再び盛り上がりを見せ、中江兆民や徳富蘇峰らの思想的な活躍も見られた。
- The popular rights movement resurged in 1886 following the Daido Danketsu movement led by Toru HOSHI and some leading political theorists, including Chomin NAKAE and Soho TOKUTOMI, came out.
- 設楽原は原と言っても川に沿って丘陵地が幾つも連なる場所であって、相手陣の深遠まで見渡せるほど視界の良い場所ではなかった。
- Although the 'hara' of Shitaragahara means a plain, Shitaragahara was a hilly place along the river and did not provide a visibility enough to overlook the entire enemy camp.
- ただし、当時の主従関係は割とルーズなもので、複数の主人に仕える、一時的にだけ主従関係を結ぶ、といったことも多く見られた。
- However, the master-servant relationship was rather loose, and it often happened that a samurai served more than one master or established a master-servant relationship with a master only temporarily.
- しかしながら、その注釈には内容的に見て間違ったものも含まれており、伝承が時代と共に劣化していった様子もまたうかがわれる。
- However, some of these notes are incorrect, indicating that the oral tradition deteriorated with the passing of time.
- 郎党の出自を見ると、下人・所従から郎党になった者もいれば、百姓身分の者が在地武士と主従関係を持って郎党となった者もいた。
- Some roto originated from lower ranked people or shoju (retainers), and some were peasants who had formed a relation with a local warrior to become a roto.
- 江戸時代前期の年貢徴収は、田を視察してその年の収穫量を見込んで毎年ごとに年貢率を決定する検見法(けみ-)を採用していた。
- In the early Edo period, kemi-ho (annual crop inspections), with which the amount of the crop yield during that year was estimated and the rate of nengu to be paid each year was determined, was carried out.
- 扨又根来法師に、杉房・二王坊・岸和田などといふ者下りて、関東をかけまはつて鉄炮ををしへしが、今見れば人毎に持し、と申されし
- 'Priests of Negoro-ji Temple such as Sugibo, Niobo, and Kishiwada traveled around the Kanto region to teach gun manufacturing but today everyone has a gun.'
- つまり、この時代には唯一の検断権の行使機関であった鎌倉幕府に対する反抗は即ち社会秩序全体を危うくする行為と見なされていた。
- A rebel against the Kamakura bakufu, which was the only agency to exercise the right to criminal cases, was considered as a dysfunctional behavior in this period.
- その他、長浜市内にある大通寺の台所門は長浜城の大手門を移したものと伝えられ、今でも矢尻の跡が残っているを見ることができる。
- The daidokoro-mon gate of Daitsu-ji Temple in Nagahama City is said to have been the ote-mon gate of Nagahama-jo Castle, and scars made with spearheads can still be seen on the gate.
- 別府晋介と辺見は問罪の師を起こすべしと主張したが、永山弥一郎は西郷・桐野・篠原の三将が上京して政府を詰問すべしと主張した。
- Shinsuke BEPPU and HENMI said that they should raise the army, whereas Yaichiro NAGAYAMA said that the three leaders SAIGO, KIRINO, and SHINOHARA should go to Tokyo to raise the matter with the government.
- 和平成立後、家康は京都から駿府へ戻り、秀忠も伏見に戻ったが、一方で国友鍛冶に大砲の製造を命じるなど、戦争準備を行っている。
- After pacification was made, Ieyasu returned from Kyoto to Sunpu, and Hidetada to Fushimi, however, on the other hand, they ordered blacksmiths in Kunitomo to manufacture cannons to prepare for war.
- また長尾山から西部の可愛岳にかけては辺見十郎太(雷撃隊)・中島健彦(振武隊)・野満長太郎(協同隊)らの5個中隊を配備した。
- In the area from Mt. Nagao to Mt. Eno in the west, five companies from the Raigeki-tai troop led by Jurota HENMI, from the Shinbu-tai troop led by Takehiko NAKAJIMA, and from the combined troop led by Chotaro NOMITSU were deployed.
- 戦国期の公家の生活の情報に富み、細川政元の暗殺や細川澄元の敗死などいわゆる永正の錯乱を巡る畿内の政局をつぶさに見て取れる。
- The diary was full of detailed information on the life of kuge (court noble) during the Sengoku period and described in detail the politics in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) with regard to the Eisho no Sakuran that involved the assassination of Masamoto HOSOKAWA and the death of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA in battle.
- 被官国人らへの軍役について見ると、本領分・給分ごとに課せられた例も散見され、国人支配がまだ一元化していなかったことを表す。
- Concerning the military service assigned to the vassalized kokujin, there were several cases that the service was imposed considering the scale of territory and kyubun (bonus), which suggests that the control over the kokujin had not yet been unified.
- そして、「連判状」はんせいに代表される一揆契状に見られるように、局地的には全参加者が平等で民主的な合議制の場合が多かった。
- In most cases, ikki locally ensured equal treatment for all members within a democratic council system, as symbolized in ikki keijo (ikki deed) which is represented by the 'renpanjo' hansei.
- これで、従来の荘園に見られた重層的な土地所有関係がすべて解消され、奈良時代に始まった荘園はここで終焉を迎えることとなった。
- Thus, the multilayered land ownership relationships as seen in the traditional shoens were all dissolved and the shoen, which had began during the Nara period, finally ended.
- 「江戸」という地名は、鎌倉幕府の歴史書『吾妻鏡』が史料上の初見で、おおよそ平安時代後半に発生した地名であると考えられている。
- The first written record pertaining to the name 'Edo' first appeared in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), a Kamakura-bakufu (c.1185 - 1333) history, but the name itself is said to be a place name that emerged in the latter half of the Heian Period (794 - c.1185).
- そのために、徳川幕府は、能力よりも忠誠心や家柄、譜代家臣を重視する旧来の封建体制を復活させ、体制維持に努めたとの意見もある。
- Some believe that, in order to avoid making the same mistake, the Tokugawa shogunate restored the old feudal system under which loyalty, family lineage and fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals) were more important than the ability to maintain the regime.
- これを見た煬帝は立腹し、外交担当官である鴻臚卿(こうろけい)に「蕃夷の書に無礼あらば、また以て聞するなかれ」と命じたという。
- This message made Yang Guang angry, and it is said that he told a foreign service officer whose position was called korokei (the chief of the office which was in charge of the entertainment of foreign envoys or ambassadors) not to talk about this country because the message was rude.
- そうした中、日本は朝鮮語教育に力を入れ、朝鮮民衆にハングルが広まったのは、日本の政策の結果であったとする意見も存在している。
- There exists an opinion that Japan promoted education of Korean language, and the prevalence of Hangeul among Korean people was a result of the Japanese policy.
- ただ、各王朝の実権者の側から見れば、容易に反体制集団に利用されることが予想される緯書は、厳しく禁圧される禁書の対象とされた。
- However, these books were strictly prohibited, as persons of power during each dynasty considered them (I book) to be used by dissident groups.
- 先駆者としては、肥前国長崎生まれの西川如見がおり、長崎で見聞した海外事情を通商関係の観点から記述した『華夷通商考』を著した。
- Among the pioneers, Joken NISHIKAWA from Nagasaki, Hizen Province wrote 'Kaitsushoko' (Considerations on commerce with foreign countries) which described overseas circumstances he learned in Nagasaki from the viewpoint of trade relations.
- その夜のうちにニコライを見舞う予定であったが、ニコライ側の侍医の要請により翌日へ延期され、天皇はひとまず京都御所に宿泊した。
- The Emperor planned to visit Nicholas that night, but it was postponed to the next day on the request of Nicholas's doctor, and the Emperor stayed in the Kyoto Imperial Palace.
- そこで「〔略〕(中学生たちの)前の方にいる連中は、しきりに何だ地方税の癖に、引き込めと、怒鳴ってる」といった記述が見られる。
- The novel says that 'some students at the front were yelling, 'you, local-tax eaters, go home'.
- 現在では歌舞伎や時代劇の「勧進帳」で富樫泰家が、「忠臣蔵」’松の廊下’のシーンで浅野長矩が着用している姿を見ることが出来る。
- At present, we can see Yasuie TOGASHI wearing Daimon in 'Kanjincho' (Kabuki (traditional performing art)) and Naganori ASANO wearing one during the scene of 'matsu no roka' (literally, a corridor of pine trees) in 'Chushingura' (period drama).
- しかし、14世紀末ごろになると、一定の氏族がその国の守護職を相伝(世襲)するという守護職の固定化が見られるようになっていた。
- However, in around the end of the 14th century, the shugo-shiki was exclusively possessed by a certain clan that inherited the post of its province, which was called 'monopolization of the shugo-shiki.'
- この上杉氏・北条氏の争いは全関東の諸豪族を二分して、北条氏康と里見義堯(上杉陣営)による国府台合戦などの戦いを惹き起こした。
- This struggle between the Uesugi clan and the Hojo clan divided gozoku the whole of Kanto into two groups causing battles such as the Battle of Konodai between Ujiyasu HOJO and Yoshitaka SATOMI (UESUGI SIDE).
- また、東海道新幹線や山陽新幹線、北陸自動車道などの交通網や、今後想定される東海地震や南海地震などの名称にもその名残が見られる。
- Names of transportation networks such as the Tokaido Shinkansen, the Sanyo Shinkansen, and the Hokuriku Expressway, and names of predicted earthquakes such as the Tokai Earthquake and the Nankai Earthquake have the vestiges of the gokishichido.
- その反面、18世紀以降の蘭学流行に見られるように、植民地にならなかったアジア諸国でこれだけヨーロッパの学問が広まった国はない。
- On the other hand, among Asian countries that were not colonized, Japan was the only country in which the study of Europe spread, typified by the Western learning boom observed in and after the 18th century.
- 家茂の死後、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜は徳川宗家を相続したが、幕府の自分に対する忠誠を疑ったため、征夷大将軍職への就任を拒んでいた。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who succeeded Iemochi as head of the TOKUGAWA family, was suspicious whether the bakufu would be loyal to him and refused to assume the position of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- これらの事件は倒幕を目的とした最初の軍事的行動として、後世から見た歴史的な意味は大きいものの、この時点では無残な結末となった。
- From the current point of view, those incidents are significant because they were the first military actions attempting to overthrow the bakufu, but all of them failed miserably.
- いわば梁啓超らは明治日本において陽明学の再発見・再評価したのみならず、陽明学を柱とする国民精神創造運動も取り込んだといえよう。
- In other words, Liang Qichao not only rediscovered and reevaluated Yomeigaku but also introduced the movement to create a national spirit supported by Yomeigaku into China from Japan during the Meiji period.
- また、建久元年(1190年)頼朝が上洛した際の御家人の中に高梨次郎の名が見え、鎌倉時代も御家人として存続していた事が伺われる。
- When Yoritomo moved to Kyoto with his gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)in 1190, Jiro TAKANASHI was included among the gokenin, so that the Takanashi clan is considered to have retained its position as gokenin during the Kamakura period.
- その他挙げなければならないのは、総じて西欧の対日条約の中に見出すことができるものの、その不平等性が増している条項の存在である。
- What should be noted was that the provisions in the treaties between Japan and the countries of Western Europe served to strengthened the unequal character of this treaty.
- 1984年(昭和59年)、保存修理中だった島根県松江市大草町岡田山1号墳出土の鉄刀に銀象嵌(ぎんぞうがん)の銘文が見出された。
- In 1984, an inscription inlaid with gold on the iron blade was found in Okadayama No.1 Tumulus which was under conservation work in Okusa-cho, Matsue City, Shimane prefecture.
- これを見た煬帝は、立腹し、外交担当官である鴻臚卿(こうろけい)に「蕃夷の書に無礼あらば、また以て聞するなかれ」と命じたという。
- The letter angered Emperor Yodai and the Emperor said to Korokei, a diplomat, that 'if another rude letter comes from the barbarian, do not bring it to me'.
- 関ヶ原の戦いに勝利した徳川家康は、日本国内の覇権を意識し、1601年(慶長6年)、京都伏見区の伏見城下に貨幣鋳造所を設立した。
- After his triumph in the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA set up a mint near Fushimi Castle in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, in 1601.
- また、造作を行う際、その工事場所が家の中心から見て禁忌の方角に当たる場合に、いったん他所で宿泊して忌を移してから工事を行った。
- Also, in building a new house, if the construction site was located in the tabooed direction from the center of the house they lived, they stayed in another place to change the direction of the site before starting the construction.
- 徳川家康はスペインとの貿易に積極的姿勢を見せ、京都の商人田中勝介を当時スペイン領のヌエバ・エスパーニャ(メキシコ)に派遣した。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA adopted the posture of actively promoting trade with Spain, and sent Shosuke TANAKA, a merchant in Kyoto, to Nueva Espana (present Mexico) that was a territory of Spain at that time.
- 後段に現れる「沙汰」の意味するところについては様々な議論があるが、佐藤進一が提示した「国衙在庁指揮権」とする見解が有力である。
- Although there are a lot of arguments about 'sata' which appears in the latter part, a view presented by Shinichi SATO that it means 'the right to command the local officials of kokuga' is most convincing.
- 8月・9月という収穫期を目前としながら、諸国の荘園・公領から朝廷・諸権門への年貢運上はほとんど見込めない状況にあったのである。
- Although the harvest time of August and September was close at hand, the Imperial Court was in a condition of little possibility of nengu unjo from the shoen and the koryo in the various districts to the Imperial Court and the influential families.
- しかし、1580年織田信長との抗争に敗れて顕如が大坂を退去した後は本願寺の分裂騒動もあって一向一揆という名称は見られなくなる。
- But in 1580, when their resistance to Nobunaga ODA was quelled, the Ikko (Jodo Shinshu) sect patriarch, Kennyo, was forced to flee the Ikko stronghold of Osaka, and thereafter a rift appeared in the power structure of Hongan-ji Temple itself, and from that point on one heard of Ikko ikki no more.
- 欧米文化を至上とした欧化政策が進められために、「白人の価値観で見て汚らしい」とされたものは時代遅れとして捨てられることがあった。
- As the Europeanization policy regarding the culture of Western countries as supreme was promoted, culture evaluated as 'detestable in light of the Caucasian's sense of values' was sometimes abandoned as old-fashioned culture.
- 他にも度を過ぎて交流を絶ったために外交手段が分からず、黒船来航の際に対応を誤り、不平等条約を結ばされたとする批判的な意見もある。
- From another critical viewpoint, it is suggested that the Bakufu failed to take adequate measures upon the arrival of the Black Ships due to a lack of knowledge involving diplomatic procedures resulting from excessively severing exchanges with foreign countries, and this resulted in the Bakufu being forced to sign an unequal treaty.
- また同時期書かれた梁の『徳育鑑』や「論私徳」(代表作『新民説』の一節)には、井上哲次郎の『日本陽明学派之哲学』の影響が見られる。
- 'De Yu Jian' and the 'Lun Si De' chapter of Liang Qichao's important work 'Xin Min Shuo', written during this period, show the influence of Tetsujiro INOUE's 'Nihon Yomei-gakuha no Tetsugaku'.
- 2月9日、西郷の縁戚川村純義中将が軍艦に乗って西郷に面会に来たが、会うことができず、県令大山綱良と鹿児島湾内の艦船上で会見した。
- On February 9, Vice Admiral Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, a relative of SAIGO, came by warship to see SAIGO but had no chance to see him, then met prefectural governor Tsunayoshi OYAMA on the warship in Kagoshima Bay.
- なお、郷村断層は、国の天然記念物に指定(1929年・昭和4年12月17日)され、現在、3か所で保存されており、見ることができる。
- The Goson Fault was designated as a national natural treasure on December 17, 1929, and today it can be observed at three spots where it is preserved.
- しかし、大河内氏の初期段階の動向・系図には不明な点が多く、顕綱も信頼性のある資料に見えていないことから仮冒であるとする説もある。
- However, the clan's activity and family tree aren't clearly defined, and the name 'Akitsuna' doesn't appear in any reliable source, so to some the stated origin is only an assumption.
- ただこのように軍事的高圧な姿勢を表面上見せながら、当時の日本は軍費の負担という点からいって、戦争が好ましいとは考えていなかった。
- However, while Japan showed an oppressive military attitude on the surface, Japan at that time thought that the war would not be preferable from the point of military expenditure.
- 2008年、徳川記念財団の調査により徳川宗家文書から訴状留(側近が訴状内容をまとめたもの)が発見され貴重な資料として注目される。
- In 2008, sojodome (the contents of petitions collected by close associate) was found from the documents of the head of the Tokugawa family in the survey conducted by the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation and is attracting attentions as an important material.
- 石見国の一の宮「物部神社 (大田市)」(島根県大田市)は、部民設置地説以外に古代出雲に対する鎮めとして創建されたとする説もある。
- There is also a theory that 'Mononobe-jinja Shrine' (Oda City, Shimane Prefecture), which is an ichinomiya (a shrine occupying the highest rank among the shrines of a province) of Iwami Province was built as an appeasement for ancient Izumo except for the theory of arm control.
- これを見送りに行った桂久武は貧弱な輜重への心配と西郷への友義から急遽従軍し、西郷軍の大小荷駄本部長(輜重隊の総責任者)となった。
- Hisatake KATSURA went to see SAIGO off, but immediately decided to join the army because he felt anxious about the poor military goods they transported and because of his chivalrous spirit toward his comrade SAIGO, and became director-general of laborers transporting large and small provisions of Saigo's army (chief executive of transport corps.)
- しかしながら、友軍の川尻突入を見て、機逸すべからずと考え、兵を分けて、自ら撰抜隊を率いて熊本城目指して突入し、遂に城下に達した。
- At the sight of the troops on his side charging into Kawajiri, YAMAKAWA made a snap decision that he must not miss the opportunity, divided his soldiers and led the pick of the troops by himself and rushed towards Kumamoto Castle, and entered the castle town.
- このような状況のもと室町時代になると、公家領、武家領という概念が定着し諸法令上も一円知行を前提とした規定が見られるようになった。
- Under such circumstances, the concept of territory of kuge (court noble) and territory of samurai families took root and the provisions in the various laws on the premise of Ichien chigyo began to appear.
- 当時、欧米列強の支配下にあり、後に独立した国々の指導者達の回顧録に下記のような、植民地時代における感慨の記録が数多く見受けられる。
- Many of the memoirs written by the leaders of countries formerly colonized by western countries refer to the Russo-Japanese War with great excitement.
- 鷹見安二郎(1940年)によると住宅密集地区外に点在する民家は文政年間で約9500戸程度と見積もられ、約4万3500人程度である。
- TAKAMI Yasujiro (1940) estimated that there were 9,500 households and approximately 43,500 people inhabiting the dense residential area.
- 18世紀末に、ロシアに漂流しエカチェリーナ2世に謁見した大黒屋光太夫や、幕末に活躍する中浜万次郎(ジョン万次郎)もその一人である。
- Kodayu DAIKOKUYA, who drifted to Russia and presented to Catherine II of Russia at the end of the 18th century, and Manjiro NAKAHAMA (John Manjiro), who would play an active role at the end of Edo period, were one of them.
- また、弾薬掠奪事件を聞き、吉田村から鹿児島へ帰ってきた桐野利秋は篠原国幹らと談合し、2月2日に辺見十郎太ら3名を小根占へ派遣した。
- Toshiaki KIRINO, who learned of the munitions seizure incident and came back to Kagoshima from Yoshida Village, discussed with Kunimoto SHINOHARA and sent three persons including Jurota HENMI to Konejime on February 2.
- 古墳時代前期初頭(3世紀中葉〜後葉)には、円筒形または壺形、少し遅れて器台の上の壺を乗せた形の朝顔形埴輪などの円筒埴輪が見られた。
- In the early Tumulus period (from about the middle to the late part of the third century), cylindrical Haniwa appeared such as cylindrical form Haniwa, or jar form Haniwa, and later, bell-shaped Haniwa which had the form putting a jar on the stand.
- また、名義をはじめとする著者の属性に虚偽を含もうと、同一人物によって書かれたと見なされていれば、普通贋作や偽書などとは呼ばれない。
- Moreover, even in case a writer's attribution such as name is fallacious, if it is written by the same person, the work is not usually considered to be forged writings or gisho.
- 我等が辺見に従つて、牙営に入つたときには、種種の遺棄品も多くあつたが、一寸、吾人の目を惹いたものは、三味線と婦人の駒下駄であつた。
- When we entered the leaders' office following HENMI, among various abandoned goods, the things that attracted our attention slightly were a three-stringed Japanese banjo and a pair of female low wooden clogs.
- 4月1日 (旧暦)、家康は畿内の諸大名に大坂から脱出しようとする浪人を捕縛すること、小笠原秀政に伏見城の守備に向かうことを命じた。
- On April 1 (the old calendar) Ieyasu ordered daimyo in Kinai region to capture ronin trying to escape from Osaka and Hidemasa OGASAWARA to go to defend Fushimi Castle.
- 正午頃に開始された天王寺・岡山の戦いは戦国の世最大にして最後の戦いであり、これまでに例を見ない兵力と火力が集中し、大激戦となった。
- The Battle of Tennoji/Okayama, which began at about noon, was the greatest and the last battle in the Warring States period, became a fierce battle using intensively the greatest force of arms and firepower that had been seen before.
- だが、ほぼ確実に長坂はこの戦に出陣していなかったと見られることや、史料中での3人の扱いが不当に貶められていることから信憑性は低い。
- However, this theory is not so credible in that Nagasaka almost certainly did not participate in the battle and the historical source does not do justice to the three vassals.
- 逆に信長の立場から見た場合、武田と直接戦わずとも時間が経つほど戦略的に優位に立つことになり、この時点で戦う必要は必ずしも無かった。
- Conversely, Nobunaga did not necessarily have to fight with Katsuyori at this point in history, or rather he would have been better off had he not confronted the Takeda clan directly, so that he would have gained strategic advantage over time.
- 「日本人と対等に扱う政策であった」との擁護論があるが、日本人化するという発想自体が日本人を優位と見るものであり、差別の証拠である。
- There is a theory that advocates it as a 'policy treating them equally to the Japanese' but the concept of Japanization itself considers Japanese being superior, presenting an evidence of discrimination.
- もう一つは石見、生野、佐渡金山などの天領にある銀山から上納される、公儀灰吹銀(こうぎはいふきぎん)(御銀)を預り丁銀に吹き立てた。
- The other was the official minting with shogunate-property cupellated silver from shogunate-owned silver mines in Iwami, Ikuno and Sado Kinzan for minting Chogin silver.
- これに対して保則は出羽国の現状を報告して、寛大な政策をおこなって苛政によって逃亡した夷俘の還住を促すことこそ上策であると意見した。
- In response he reported on the status of Dewa Province and stated the opinion that it would be better to adopt a sympathetic policy to urge the Ifu, who had fled from their homes due to misrule, to return to their homes.
- 1579年、上杉謙信が死ぬと常陸の佐竹氏、安房の里見氏などが北条氏の侵攻に抵抗したが、北条氏の勢力拡大を抑えることができなかった。
- In 1579, as Kenshin UESUGI died, the Satake clan in Hitachi, the Satomi clan In Awa and so on resisted against invasion by the Hojo clan but they could not prevent expansion of influential power of the Hojo clan.
- しかし、逆の見方をすれば、日本は明治維新によって列強と化した事により、アジア諸国では数少ない植民地にならなかった国となったのである。
- However, because Japan became one of the powerful countries due to the Meiji Restoration it was one of few Asian countries which didn't become a colony.
- 虐殺の有無や、虐殺された人数については諸説あるが、実際に従軍し直接見聞した有賀長雄は清国民間人の巻き添えが有ったことを示唆している。
- Opinions are divided on whether it was a massacre or not and, if so, how many people were killed, but Nagao ARIGA who was there in service and saw or heard what happened suggested that civilians were involved in the battle.
- しかしイギリスやアメリカの反対意見と局外中立の表明および征韓論にも反対していた参議木戸孝允の反対と辞任により政府は派遣中止を決める。
- However, the government decided not to dispatch the troops, because Britain and the US expressed oppositions against it and the government remained rather neutral, and because Sangi Takayoshi KIDO expressed his opinion against Seikanron and resigned in opposition to the dispatch.
- 10日午前8時頃、川中島を包む深い霧が晴れた時、いるはずのない上杉軍が眼前に布陣しているのを見て、信玄率いる武田軍本隊は愕然とした。
- Around 8 AM on October 17, when dense fog in and around Kawanakajima cleared, the main troops of Takeda's forces was astonished seeing Uesugi's forces that should not have been there were in battle formation just in front of them
- つまり後醍醐天皇の行為は鎌倉幕府が社会秩序を維持する国家形態及び政権自体に対する転覆の企て、即ち「謀叛」であると見なされたのである。
- The Emperor Godaigo's act was seen as an attempt to overthrow the state or government itself, namely '謀叛', when the Kamakura bakufu maintained the social order in Japan.
- しかし、戊辰戦争終結の見通しがつくとともに、政府は公議輿論の尊重に対して消極的となり、同年9月(同年10月)には議政官は廃止された。
- However, when the Boshin War was almost over, the government became negative about regarding public opinion in a deliberative assembly, and in October, 1868, they abolished Giseikan.
- これを打開するため、発展してきた商品生産・流通に新たな財源を見出し、さらに大規模な新田開発と蝦夷地開発を試みたのが田沼意次であった。
- It is Okitsugu TANUMA who devised a strategy for breaking out of this situation by levying business taxes on production and distribution of commodities as a new source of revenue and furthermore carrying out the large-scale development of a new fields and development of the Ezo (present Hokkaido).
- この際に条例反対の意見があったため当時の高山義三市長は今後同種の税を新設や延長することはないという覚書を反対する寺社と交わしている。
- At this time, due to the opposition against this ordinance, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor at the time, exchanged memorandums with the opposing temples and shrines in which he stated that the same kind of taxation would be neither enforced nor extended thereafter.
- 目安箱(めやすばこ)は施政の参考意見や社会事情の収集などを目的に、庶民の進言の投書を集めるために設置した箱、及びその制度の事である。
- Meyasubako was a box which was set up to collect letters of proposal by the common people for the purpose of collecting opinions about administrative policies and information about the society, or the system thereof.
- ただし、『続日本紀』巻十五の同日条を見ると、同じく天皇による命令形式である詔として出され、その中に次の逸文が入っていたことが分かる。
- However, according to an article with the same date in roll No.15 of 'Shoku Nihongi' ('Chronicle of Japan Continued'), it was issued in the same way as an imperial order, and it can be understood to have included the following lost description.
- 日本軍が白兵戦を重視し始めたのは、第一次世界大戦の研究を通じて採用された浸透戦術によって、白兵戦闘が多発すると予見されてからである。
- The Japanese Army started placing importance on hand-to-hand fights when it was predicted that hand-to-hand fights would occur frequently when the infiltration strategy, employed through a study on the First World War, was to be used.
- しかし受領による国内支配の強化への妥協と見る説と、郡司層が旧来の権利を失った代替として越訴権が与えられたとする見解が提出されている。
- However, some have suggested it was accepted as a compromise measure against Zuryo's growing control over entire Japan, while others have suggested that the Gunji class (local magistrates) was given the right to direct appeals in exchange for their lost conventional rights.
- そうした立場からは、古代から中世への過渡期に位置づけられるべき王朝国家体制期は、11世紀中期に終わったのだとする見解も出されている。
- From the above standpoint, some assert that the period of Dynastic polity, which should be regarded as the transitional period from the ancient times to the medieval age, ended in mid-11th century.
- 特に7月信濃国で諏訪氏の支援のもと蜂起した北条時行は、各地の反建武政権勢力を吸収し、足利直義を追い出し、鎌倉を占領する勢いを見せた。
- In particular, Tokiyuki HOJO who rose in revolt with the support of the Suwa clan in Shinano Province in July gathered the anti-Kenmu government forces around the country and got enough momentum to remove Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and occupy Kamakura.
- そのため、2つ目の見解、すなわち荘園公領制における支配・収取(徴税)の基礎単位とする見方が広範な支持を得ており、支配的となっている。
- This makes the other opinion more dominant, and many researchers support this idea that a myoden was a basic unit of governance and tax collection in the shoen-koryo system.
- カザフスタンでは、アラル海の例を見ると分かるように、農業政策の失敗により地下水や湖水をくみ上げすぎるなどして、土地の乾燥化が進んだ。
- In Kazakhstan, as known from the example in the Aral Sea, inappropriate agricultural policies caused underground water and wake water to be pumped excessively, expanding dry areas.
- 宗教については、日蓮宗や浄土真宗といった厭世気分と免罪への求心から発しその後救世への渇望と強い結束を見せた宗派の布教が成功している。
- With respect to religion, propagation of religious schools that started with a pessimistic way of thinking and desire for indulgence and later showed anxiety for salvation and strong solidarity such as the Nichiren sect and Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) succeeded.
- 1868年に戊辰戦争が起こり、鳥羽・伏見の戦いで幕府軍が敗れると、薩摩藩長州藩軍の大軍が江戸に迫り、江戸は戦火に晒される危険に陥った。
- The Boshin War broke out in 1868, and when the Bakufu army was defeated in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, a large force of combined Satsuma and Choshu Domains advanced on Edo, putting the metropolis under the threat of warfare.
- また、金銀の備蓄も底が見え始め、の元禄小判元禄丁銀の発行を発端に出目獲得および通貨拡大のため品位を低下させる改鋳が行われるようになる。
- Since stockpiled gold and silver also began to dry up, coins with low content of gold and silver were reminted in order to gain a profit margin and expand currency in circulation, beginning with the issue of Genroku Koban (gold coin) and Genroku Chogin (silver coin) in 1695.
- 7世紀後半から701年までの期間に、国号が「日本」と定められたとされているが、このときから、日本を「やまと」と訓じたとする見解がある。
- It is said that the name of the country was determined to be '日本' (Nihon) in the latter half of the seventh century to 701, but some say that 日本 was pronounced Yamato.
- 日本においては偽書目録は少なく、速見行道の『偽書叢』(嘉永6年 3巻 早稲田大学蔵)と伊勢貞丈撰の「偽撰の書目」が存在する程度である。
- There are few gisho catalogues in Japan only with 'gisho shu' (collection) by Kodo HAYAMI (1853, 3 volumes, in the possession of Waseda University) and 'gisho sen' (selection) by Teijo ISE.
- 千年以上もその存在が忘れられていたが、菅政友(かんまさとも、1824年 - 1897年)によって見出され、金象嵌の文字が研ぎ出された。
- Its existence had been forgotten for more than thousand years, but it was found by Masatomo KAN (1824-97), and the letters inlaid with gold was polished out.
- これは、南側に階段のある出入り口を持つ約5メートル×4メートル、深さ80センチメートルの隅丸方形のもので内部に炉が見られるものである。
- This type of dwelling is quadrilateral-shaped measuring roughly 5 by 4 meters, with a stepped entrance on the south side leading inside that is 80 cm in depth and a fireplace located inside.
- さらに関野貞は、大極殿の基壇を見つけ、平城宮の復元研究を深めて、その成果を『平城宮及大内裏考』として1907年(明治40)に発表した。
- In addition, after Tadashi SEKINO discovered the substructure of Daigokuden and conducted research on the restoration of Heijo-kyu Palace, its results were published as 'Heijo-kyu oyobi Daidairi ko' in 1907.
- そして、それは千島樺太交換条約の締結によって、政府内に残留した征韓派は今度こそ朝鮮遣使を実現するようにという意見を上げ始めたのである。
- And due to the conclusion of the Chishima-Karafuto Kokan Joyaku (the Treaty of Saint Petersburg), Seikan-ha who remained in the government started raising their voice to make an envoy's dispatch to Korea come true this time.
- 大化の改新は日本書紀に描かれるほどの画期的な改革ではなく、その後、改革への動 きは停滞したとする見解が広範な支持を集めているのである。
- It is now widely held that the Taika Reforms were not so epoch-making as to have been depicted in the 'Nihon shoki' ('Chronicles of Japan') and that the movement toward reform later stagnated.
- なお急速な西洋化の一端には、西洋列強国が当時盛んに植民地経営で、莫大な富をアジア諸国から吸い上げていたことに対する危機感も見出される。
- The rapid and drastic Westernization was promoted also because of the notion of impending crisis, by seeing the act of the Great Powers of the West exploiting Asian countries to acquire a vast wealth through the management of colonized countries.
- このとき西郷・桐野・桂久武・村田新八・池上・別府晋介・辺見十郎太ら将士40余名は西郷が籠もっていた洞窟の前に整列し、岩崎口に進撃した。
- At this time, slightly more than 40 high-level samurai, including SAIGO, KIRINO, Hisatake KATSURA, Shinpachi MURATA, IKEGAMI, Shinsuke BEPPU, and Jurota HENMI, lined in front of the cave where SAIGO had stayed, and started advancing for Iwasakiguchi.
- 特に畿内では国人の独立志向が非常に高く、山城や丹波などで、守護(細川氏)が数十年をかけても国人層の被官化を達成できない事例も見られた。
- Especially, kokujin in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) had quite a strong inclination for independence, which was exemplified by the case that the shugo (the Hosokawa clan) failed to achieve the 'Hikanization' of kokujin in Yamashiro Province, Tamba Province and other provinces despite having spent several decades.
- このため、外形の大きさや厚みなどの見た目で判断するしかなく、これにつけ込んだ「鐚銭」も混じりやすいためにますます実勢レートが下がった。
- Therefore, to evaluate the quality of these coins, there were no other means except using external sizes and their thickness, cause bitasen coins to mix more easily and consequently downgrading their real values further.
- そのため、彼らは婚姻を通して複雑なネットワークを形成し、国司の施策が自らの意向にそぐわなければ、国司へ反抗することもしばしば見られた。
- Thus, they formed complicated networks through marriage and if the measures and policies by kokushi were inappropriate for their interests, they often resisted kokushi.
- ここに至り、田堵負名層らによる対受領闘争(「凶党」行為)はほとんど見られなくなり、代わって荘園と公領間の相論・武力紛争が頻発し始めた。
- Then the conflicts in which persons of the Tato fumyo class fought against zuryo ('gangster'-like acts) almost ceased, and instead, disputes and armed conflicts between manors and Koryo (an Imperial demesne) began occurring frequently.
- しかし、実際のところ歴史学者や仏教学者の間でも何をもって「国家仏教」と定義づけるのかについては統一した見解が出されているわけではない。
- However, historians and Buddhist scholars have not yet reached a united opinion regarding what would define 'National Buddhism.'
- 雑徭の賦課は国司の権限であり、なかには私用で雑徭を課す国司もおり、公民の負担となり班田農民の没落・逃散を促したとする見解が通説である。
- It was the kokushi's right to impose the zoyo, and among the kokushi there was some who imposed the zoyo for personal use; it is commonly accepted that the zoyo became a burden to the komin (the registered people, especially farmers, under the Ritsuryo system) and thus caused the handen farmers (farmers whom the government had given the handen, or the allotted land for farming) to decline, abandon the land and flee to other domains.
- その後、豊臣政権から江戸幕府成立の過程において、佐竹氏や里見氏などの旧来の勢力は転封あるいは改易によって関東の地から姿を消す事になる。
- Later, in the process from the Toyotomi government until the formation of the Edo bakufu, old powers such as the Satake clan and Satomi clan, disappeared from Kanto by relocation or being deprived of their territory.
- 日本の戦況優勢を見て、東学党の系列から一進会が1904年に設立され、大衆層での親日的独立運動から、日本の支援を受けた合邦運動へ発展した。
- Recognizing that Japan had the upperhand in the war, the Iljinhoe was established from the Donghak Party in 1904, developing from a grass-roots pro-Japanese independence movement into an pro-annexation movement that received support from Japan.
- 貸し手の商人達から見れば大名貸は一種の不良債権であり返って来る見込みは薄くても名目上は資産として認められ、また社会的な地位ともなりえた。
- From the standpoint of merchants who lent money, daimyo-gashi was the nominal assets and the basis of their social status in spite of the fact that they were a kind of bad loan and their collectability was low.
- 日本における「道」の成立については大化の改新以前より存在したとする見方もあるが、五畿七道の原型は天武天皇の時代に成立したと言われている。
- Do' apparently came into existence in Japan before the Taika Reform while the archetype of gokishichido was organized in the time of Emperor Tenmu.
- そこへ土佐藩ら公議政体派が巻き返しを図り、12日には肥後藩・筑前藩・阿波藩などの代表が御所からの軍隊引揚を薩長側に要求する動きを見せた。
- Furthermore, those in favor of parliamentary regime including Tosa Domain attempted to regain of power, and representatives from Higo, Chikuzen, and Awa Domains requested Satsuma and Choshu to withdraw the army from the Imperial Palace on the 12th.
- 1946年6月9日未明、パトロール中の七条警察署の巡査が、不審人物5人を発見し職務質問をしようとしたところ、中の1人から突然発砲された。
- A constable from the Shichijo Police station, who was making his rounds in the early hours of June 9, 1946, saw five suspicious people, and when he tried to question them, was shot by one of them.
- 石室を上から見たとき、羨道が玄室の中央につけられているものを両袖式、羨道が玄室の左右のどちらかに寄せて付けられているものを片袖式と呼ぶ。
- When looking at the rock chamber from above, if the passage is located at the center of the burial chamber, it is called Ryosode-shiki and if the passage is located toward right side or left side, it is called Katasode-shiki.
- 第二回修信使の見聞、日本政府との交渉、そして『朝鮮策略』の持参によって、朝鮮の対外政策は欧米に対する開国政策へと舵をきり始めるのである。
- Through the experiences of the second training delegates, negotiations with the Japanese government, and bringing back 'A stratagem for Korea,' the diplomatic policy of Korea changed to the policy of opening of the country to Europe and the United States.
- 現存長68センチメートルほどの鉄刀の佩裏(はきうら)に「戊辰(ぼしん)年五月□」の銅象嵌(どうぞうがん)で刻まれている文字が見つかった。
- On the inside of the iron blade whose actual total length was about 68 cm, letters inlaid with copper, '戊辰年五月□,' (in May 608) were found.
- 後漢書は遥か後代の編纂であるが、このことから、1世紀末から2世紀初頭にかけて、倭国をある程度代表する政治勢力が生まれたとする見解もある。
- For this reason, although 'History of the Later Han Dynasty' was complied long afterward, one theory states that the political force representing Wakoku on some level emerged during the period from the end of the first to the beginning of the second century.
- 1968年に東京・多摩地区の農家の土蔵から発見されて有名になった「五日市憲法」は地方における民権運動の高まりと思想的な深化を示している。
- The 'Itsukaichi Draft Constitution,' which is known to have been found at a warehouse owned by a farmer in Tama area, Tokyo in 1968, signifies how the movement powerfully and deeply permeated in the local areas.
- 律令の規定がかなりの程度で徹底実施されていたとする説や、依然として慣習法による統治もなされていたとする説など、様々な意見が出されている。
- There are various opinions about the enforcement of the Ritsuryo system, with some theories claiming that the stipulations of the Ritsuryo system were strictly enforced, and others that common law was still used in ruling the country.
- 而して辺見が、獅子奮迅の勢で、絶壁を飛下り、萱原の中を飛び越え、大喝一声、電光石火の如く、官軍の牙営(第一旅団、第二旅団)に斫り込んだ。
- Then HENMI flied down a precipice with irresistible force, high-jumped a reed field, and cut his way into the leaders' office of the government army (the 1st and 2nd brigades) quickly like lightning, shouting loudly.
- 慶長16年(1611年)3月 (旧暦)、後陽成天皇の譲位を受けての後水尾天皇即位に際して上洛した家康は二条城での秀頼との会見を要請する。
- In March (the old calendar), 1611 when Emperor Gomizunoo succeeded Emperor Goyozei, Ieyasu visited Kyoto and demanded a meeting with Hideyori at Nijo-jo Castle.
- 尊氏の参陣で志気が上がる尊氏軍が押し気味に戦局が展開し、翌日これを見た大友貞載、塩谷高貞は尊氏軍に寝返り、義助軍は総崩れとなり敗走する。
- Takauji's army whose morale was boosted by Takauji's participation in the war took the lead and on the following day, Sadatoshi (Sadanori) OTOMO and Takasada ENYA sold out to Takauji's army, thus Yoshisuke's army suffered a debacle and took flight.
- もう1つは、中世史料を詳細に検討した結果、進止の語が土地支配を意味するのに対し、知行の語は土地からの収益処分を指すものとした見解である。
- The other is as follows; As a result of detailed investigations of historical materials concerning the medieval period, it is considered that the term of shinshi indicated land control, but that of chigyo the right of obtaining profits from land.
- その後、長く不明になっていたが、江戸幕府の医家多紀元簡が紅葉山文庫より上下2巻全18編の古写本を発見して再び世に伝えられるようになった。
- Although it had been lost for a long time since then, an old manuscript of the two-volume dictionary composed of 18 chapters was dug up from the Momijiyama Library by Genkan TAKI, who served as a doctor in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and it came to be handed down again to posterity.
- 更に職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
- Moreover, shiki itself became mere tokubunken (the right to share of profits of each shiki) from the one indicating the class difference, and the cases that honke (head family) and ryoke held the shiki containing the feature of local lords and vice versa came to be seen.
- 本書は、著者自身の見解を叙述するのではなく、律令格式や国史の記事、和漢の典籍を引用することによって語らしむ引証主義的方法を採用している。
- This document was not described based on the author's own opinions, but was written using the reference-based method in which explanations were made by citing laws of codes and ethics (conduct), descriptions in national histories and Japanese/Chinese dictionaries.
- 戦争遂行には膨大な物資の輸入が不可欠であり、日本銀行副総裁高橋是清は日本の勝算を低く見積もる当時の国際世論の下で戦費調達に非常に苦心した。
- It was critical to import a vast amount of resources to carry out war, and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI, the Deputy Governor of the Bank of Japan had difficulty in raising such funds because international opinion underestimated the prospects of a Japanese victory.
- また寛永期を過ぎると金銀の産出に陰りが見え始めたのに対し、人口が次第に増加し経済が発展して幕府の支出が増大したため財政難に陥るようになる。
- As the outputs of gold and silver began to decline after the Kanei era, in spite of the increase of expenditure due to the economic development and the population growth, the shogunate government got into financial trouble.
- 他にも、織田政権が崩壊した理由には、極端な能力主義を採ったために、信長死後の羽柴秀吉による織田家の簒奪を許したことが主要因との意見もある。
- Another theory suggests that the Oda government collapsed because Nobunaga adopted a system of radical meritocracy, which allowed Hideyoshi HASHIBA to usurp the position of the Oda clan after Nobunaga's death.
- ただし、関ヶ原の戦いにおいて徳川家康が勝利したを始期、江戸幕府の本拠地である江戸城が官軍(朝廷)に明け渡されたを終期とする見方も存在する。
- Another view holds that starting point of this period is when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA won the Battle of Sekigahara, and its ending is when Edo-jo Castle, the base of the Edo shogunate government, was surrendered to the imperial army, however.
- 田中正造の直訴後、学生が相次いで団体で足尾見学に向かうなど、世論の盛り上がりにあわてた政府は、1902年に第二次鉱毒調査委員会を設置した。
- After Shozo TANAKA made direct appeals to the government, popular opinion changed in the residents' favor as many groups of college students visited Ashio one after another, and the government, realizing it could become a threat, hastily set up the second Research Committee of the Mining Pollution in 1902.
- 『日本書紀』大鷦鷯(仁徳)天皇(4世紀末から5世紀初頭)即位前紀に「大王、風姿...」と見えるが、当時から用いられていたかは定かではない。
- In the first part of the article on the enthronement of Osazaki no Sumeramikoto (Emperor Nintoku) in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) (from the end of the fourth century to the beginning of the fifth century), the words 'Okimi, image...' are seen, but it is unclear whether these words were used from this period.
- 今のところ、弥生時代でもっとも古い環濠集落は、北部九州の玄界灘沿岸部に位置する福岡県粕屋町の江辻遺跡で弥生時代早期のものが見つかっている。
- The oldest moat settlement from the Yayoi period known until now is the one from Initial Yayoi period discovered at Etsuji site of Kasuya-machi, Fukuoka Prefecture, located nearby the coast of Genkainada in northern Kyushu.
- 縄文時代前期では、概ね方形、台形、楕円形で、6本の主柱をもち、壁面周辺に支柱穴とも推察されるピット (考古学)が並んでいる状況が見られる。
- In the early half of the Jomon period, dwellings were generally quadrilateral, trapezoid or elliptical in shape and were found to have six large columns, as well as support columns located near the wall, based on small pits that were found in archaeological excavations.
- 嘉永6年(1853年)に第12代将軍徳川家慶が死去し、第13代将軍に家慶の四男・徳川家定が就任するが、病弱で男子を儲ける見込みが無かった。
- In 1853, the 12th shogun, Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA died and his fourth son, Iesada TOKUGAWA ascended to be the 13th Shogun, but was in poor health and had no hope to have a son.
- キリスト教に入信した大名とその配下達の中には、宣教師たちの意見を聞き入れ領地内の寺院や神社を破壊したり焼き払うなどの行動を取った者もいた。
- Among those who became Christians, some daimyo and their retainers took heed of the missionaries' views and chose to burn or knock down temples and shrines in their territory.
- この時期は古代律令国家の残滓を見せつつも、次なる中世国家につながる時代性格も併せもっており、まさに古代から中世への過渡期に当たるといえる。
- This period is exactly a transitional period from ancient times to medieval times since it had elements of the precursor to the medieval national polity while keeping the vestiges of the ancient Ritsuryo-based nation.
- 組成を見ると、主に石英、長石、雲母、緑泥石、カオリナイト、方解石(炭酸カルシウム)、石膏(硫酸カルシウム)、硫酸アンモニウムなどからなる。
- The composition mostly includes quartz, feldspar, mica, chlorite, kaolinite, calcite (Calcium carbonate), gypsum (calcium sulphate), and ammonium sulfate.
- 王となってから後は、彼女を見た者は少なく(自爲王以來 少有見者)、ただ一人の男子だけが飲食を給仕するとともに、彼女のもとに出入りをしていた。
- After she became queen, there were few people who saw her, and only one boy went in and out of her room to serve her food and drink.
- 『戦国の武将たち』によると、この時尼崎城には毛利氏、石山本願寺、雑賀衆の御番衆もいたので、荒木村重の意見は通らなくなってしまったとしている。
- According to 'Sengoku no Bushotachi,' as there were observers of the Mori clan, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and Saigashu were in Amagasaki-jo Castle at that time, Murashige ARAKI's opinion was not accepted.
- 現在では法律上遊女は存在しないが、遊郭の伝統の一部は観光資源として保存され、定期観光バスや和風テーマパーク、および各地の祭りで見る事が出来る
- Today yujo does not exist legally, but a part of yukaku's tradition has been preserved as tourism resources, which can be seen in a tourist bus tour that operates on a fixed schedule, or at Japanese style theme parks and festivals all over Japan.
- 直弼の死を秘匿するため、存命を装って直弼の名で桜田門外で負傷した旨の届けが幕府へ提出され、将軍家からは直弼への見舞品が藩邸に届けられている。
- To conceal his death, a report stating that Naosuke had only been injured at the Sakuradamon Gate was submitted to the Shogunate under the name of Naosuke to pretend as if he had been still alive; the Shogunate replied with a sympathy gift for Naosuke.
- これについては、日本の律令制が、律令に基づく国家による人民支配と並行して、在地首長による氏族制的な人民支配をも内包していたとする見解がある。
- This has led to the view that the Japanese Ritsuryo system included the ruling of the people by local powerful clans in parallel with the ruling of the people by the state based on the Ritsuryo system.
- こうした例に見られるように、律令制に対する評価は、徐々にヨーロッパ的な視座ではなく、東アジア的な視座からの再評価が行われるようになっている。
- As seen in these examples, the Ritsuryo system has gradually been re-evaluated from an East Asian, rather than a European, viewpoint
- また、『甲陽軍鑑』にある各部将に付属される騎馬武者数を見ても主力と呼べるほどではない(ただし、甲陽軍鑑は余り信用できないとする意見もある)。
- The number of mounted warriors assigned to each busho in 'Koyo Gunkan' suggests that it was not enough to make a main force (though some have argued that the Koyo Gunkan is not so reliable).
- 名の通り府県会が開かれていない時期にも活動する数人の常置委員が、府知事・県令から地方税支弁事項について諮問を受け、意見を述べるものであった。
- As the name suggests, several permanent commissioners, who were active even when Fuken-kai was not opened, were consulted and they were to express opinions.
- それまでの年貢徴収法は、年毎に収穫量を見てその量を決める検見法がとられていたが、これでは収入が安定しないので、享保の改革の一環で導入された。
- Until then, kemi ho (annual crop inspections), in which the amount of tax is determined based on the amount of crop that was produced each year, was adopted as the method of land tax collection, but the income was unstable with this method and jomen ho was adopted as part of the Kyoho reforms.
- 東勝寺旧跡での発掘調査では三つ鱗の入った瓦などが見つかるものの遺骨の発見はなく、新田勢や時宗の僧らによって遺体が処理されたと考えられている。
- When the Tosho-ji Temple site was excavated, Mitsu uroko (tiles inscribed with three scales in a circle, the crest of the Hojo clan), and other cultural artifacts were discovered; no cremated ashes of the war dead were ever found, and it is assumed their remains were taken to another place, possibly by Buddhist priests of the Ji sect, Nitta forces or others.
- 目録(もくろく)とは、物の所在を明確にする目的あるいは物の譲渡や寄進が行われる際に作成される品名や内容、数量などを書き並べて見やすくした文書。
- Mokuroku are documents that are made for the purpose of either clarifying the place where something is kept or showing the name, content and the number of articles that are to be assigned or donated.
- 近年の知見では新都平城京の規模は旧都藤原京とほぼ変わらず、むしろ藤原京のほうが広いぐらいであり、長安城に比較すれば4分の1程度にすぎなかった。
- According to recent findings, the scale of the new capital, Heijokyo, was almost same as the old capital Fujiwarakyo, in fact Fujiwarakyo was even greater although compared to Chang'ancheng, it was not even one quarter of the size.
- 最終的に、元駐清公使フォン・ブラントの意見書(4月8日)を皇帝ヴィルヘルム2世 (ドイツ皇帝)が受け入れて、ロシアと共に干渉することになった。
- In the end, Germany began the coordinated intervention with Russia after obtaining the approval from German Emperor, Wilhelm II.
- 意見書によると、ロシアとの共同行為は、恩を感じた清国から艦隊や貯炭所の割譲または租借ができる唯一の可能性を与えるものである、と認識されている。
- According to a written statement, the concerted intervention with Russia was acknowledged among the high officials as the only way to get a cession or a lease of fleets and coal yards from Qing, as Qing would feel obligated to do so if the intervention was successful.
- 逆に尊攘派の代表と見られた姉小路公知が暗殺される事件(朔平門外の変)も起き、犯行に関与したとみられた薩摩藩など公武合体派の勢力が一時低下した。
- In the meantime, Kintomo ANEGAKOJI, who was regarded as a leader of sonjo party, was assassinated (the Sakuheimon incident); some groups that had worked for kobu-gattai, including the Satsuma clan, were suspected to be responsible for the incident and for a while their authority fell.
- 味方の苦戦を見て、羽柴秀次は千石堀城がにわか造りゆえに防備は十分でないと推測し、田中吉政・渡瀬繁詮ら直属の将兵三千余を側面から城に突撃させた。
- Seeing the hard battle of his side, Hidetsugu HASHIBA guessed that the Sengokubori-jo Castle's defense was not enough because it had been built quickly and had more than 3,000 of his direct soldiers such as Yoshimasa TANAKA and Shigeaki WATARASE flank the castle.
- ここに秀長の本隊が救援にきたが、状況を見た軍監の尾藤知宣は救援は不可能、島津の軍に当たるべからずと秀長に進言し、秀長は救援の中止を受け入れた。
- Then the main force of Hidenaga arrived to relieve the allies, but seeing the situation, Tomonobu BITO, who was a gungen (assistant deputy general), figured that relief was difficult and advised Hidenaga not to become engaged with the Shimazu army, to which Hidenaga followed.
- 並び称せられた「堺」の銃は、豪華な装飾金具や象嵌が施された「見た目の付加価値」であるのに対し、国友の製品は「機能美的」に洗練された秀作が多い。
- Whereas guns made in Sakai City, which was also well known for the manufacture of firearms, were famous mainly for their artistic value, such as elaborate metal works and beautiful inlays, many of the firearms manufactured in Kunitomo were excellent works of functional beauty.
- 年号には他に「天正十七」、「天正十九」と書かれたものが存在するが、全体の現存数は数品と見られ、貨幣博物館および造幣博物館などに展示されている。
- Although there remain other Tensho hishi oban which were minted in the seventeenth and nineteenth year of Tensho era, at present Tensho hishi oban is very rare, and some of those are displayed in Currency Museum, Mint Museum and so on.
- この事は、煬帝からの返書は倭国を臣下扱いする物だったのでこれを見せて怒りを買う事を恐れた妹子が返書を破棄してしまったのではないかと推測される。
- It is thought that Imoko destroyed the reply from Yang Guang because Yang Guang regarded Wakoku to be a subject of the Sui, and he was afraid that the letter might make the king angry.
- また1910年から1920年代中頃までは朝鮮人の平均身長も伸びており「朝鮮人の生活水準が着実に向上していたのは明らか」とする見解も存在している
- There also exists a view that the Korean's average height increased from 1910 to the mid 1920s, which 'clearly shows that the Korean living standard steadily improved.'
- 連子は天智天皇の正式な即位を見ないまま死去し、赤兄ともう一人の弟である蘇我果安は壬申の乱で弘文天皇側について敗れ、それぞれ流罪・自害となった。
- Murajiko died before Emperor Tenchi was officially enthroned, and Akae and his other younger brother SOGA no Hatayasu both of whom took the side of Emperor Kobun during the Jinshin War were respectively deported and prompted to commit suicide upon their defeat.
- 9月1日、鹿児島入りすると、辺見は私学校を守っていた200名の官軍を排除して私学校を占領し、突囲軍の主力は城山 (鹿児島市)を中心に布陣した。
- On September 1, upon entering Kagoshima, HENMI seized Shigakko by removing the government army of 200 soldiers who had guarded, and the main part of the Totsui-gun forces set up a battle formation with Shiroyama (in Kagoshima City) at the center.
- 宝永年間や文化 (元号)年間に見られるように、酒屋たちが連帯して反対すると、幕府も一度出した法度でもあわててひっこめたりしているくらいである。
- The power was so great that, in the Hoei era (1704 - 1711) and in the Bunka era (1804 - 1818), the bakufu withdrew a law presented for approval, when the sakaya opposed it jointly.
- また、百姓、町人などは表向きは苗字を持たないことになっていたが、実際には江戸時代以前から伝えられた名字を私称していたケースも多々見受けられる。
- Although persons like merchants or farmers were not allowed officially to possess their family names, there were many examples where family names handed down from the era before the Edo period were used privately.
- 農業生産の高まりと宋銭の流入によって商工業が全国的に発展した鎌倉時代中期以後から見られるようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)には全国的に普及した。
- This system started in the mid-Kamakura period when commerce and industries developed nationwide thanks to boosting agricultural production and the circulation of Sung currency and spread throughout the nation in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 同時に社研に関係があると見なされた京大の河上肇、同大の山本宣治・河野密、関西学院大学の河上丈太郎・新明正道ら教員に対しても家宅捜索が行われた。
- At the same time, the houses of Hajime KAWAKAMI of Kyoto Imperial University, Senji YAMAMOTO and Mitsu KONO of Doshisha University, as well as Jotaro KAWAKAMI, Masamichi SHINMEI, and other teachers of Kwansei Gakuin University, who had been considered to have some relationships with Shaken, were searched.
- むしろ撰銭を「制限」する一方で、混入比率や交換比率など、一定の撰銭行為を「公認した」という面に注目すべきだという意見が、今日では強まっている。
- Rather, the following opinion has been gaining strength today: The erizeni act was restricted actually, but more attention should be paid to the aspect that certain erizeni acts were 'officially permitted,' for example, through the use of a mixing ratio or of an exchanging ratio.
- なお、中世の西ヨーロッパ・中央ヨーロッパに見られたmanor(英語)、Grundherrschaft(ドイツ語)の訳語としても用いられている。
- And it is also used as the translation of manor (English) or Grundherrschaft (German) as seen in medieval Western Europe or Central Europe.
- 江戸の町は、大きく分けて見ると江戸城の西に広がる山の手の武家屋敷と、東の隅田川をはじめとする数々の河川・堀に面した庶民の町(下町)に大別される。
- The town of Edo was roughly categorized into an uptown area west of Edo Castle where samurai lived, and a downtown (shitamachi) area facing several rivers and moats beginning with the Sumidagawa riverwhere commoners lived.
- 世襲化した守護の守護所としては当該武家の本拠地、あるいはかつての国衙所在地である府中、その他交通・商業の要所などに置かれるケースが多く見られた。
- Shogosho for hereditary Shugo were often placed in the home ground of the said samurai family, in Fuchu (provincial cities which consist of local governments as the core of the city), where the seat of the Kokuga was, or in other important spots for transportation or business.
- 『実隆公記』(文亀元年3月6日条)には三条西実隆が禁裏の「歴名」を借りて「歴名土代」を沙汰したとする記述が見られる(最古の『歴名土代』の記録)。
- In 'Sanetaka koki' (Sanetaka's Diary – April 3, 1501), there is another description that Sanetaka SANJONISHI ordered 'Ryakumyo dodai' by borrowing 'Ryakumyo' of kinri (the oldest record of 'Ryakumyo dodai').
- この内容は主に、鉱害による損害賠償請求が行えるようにして欲しいというものだった(当時は原告に立証責任があったため、裁判で勝つ見込みがなかった)。
- The petition was mainly to ask for the authorities' permission that the victims claimed compensation for the damage by the mining pollution (in those days, since plaintiffs had the burden of proof, the victims had no chance of winning in court)
- これを受けた天皇は直ちに了解し、威仁親王に到着までのニコライの身辺警備を命ずるとともに、即刻北白川宮能久親王を見舞い名代のために京都へ派遣した。
- Emperor Meiji accepted the request of Imperial Prince Takehito immediately, and ordered him to guard Nicholas until the Emperor arrived in Kyoto, and hastened to send Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa to Kyoto on behalf of him.
- 北浦定政が、自力で平城京の推定地を調査し、水田の畦や道路に街の痕跡が残ることを見つけ、1852年(嘉永5)『平城宮大内裏跡坪割之図』にまとめた。
- When investigating the possible location of Heijo-kyo, Sadamasa KITAURA discovered that ruins of the city remained on the ridges between rice fields and streets, which he recorded in 'Heijo-kyu Daidairi ato tsubowari no zu,' in 1852.
- 辺見は雷撃隊を中心に正義隊・干城隊・熊本隊・協同隊などの諸隊を加えて大塚付近に進み、8日の朝から久木野本道に大挙して攻撃を加え、官軍を撃退した。
- HENMI led the Raigeki-tai troop together with other troops including the Seigi-tai, Kanjo-tai, Kumamoto-tai, and the combined troop, and advanced to the area around Otsuka; on the morning of May 8, he attacked in full force on the main road of Kukino and defeated the government army.
- それ以下のものは精錬し直して、最上位の一割入れとし、規定の割合に銅を組み合わせて秤量し取組みが行われ箱に入れ封印し、銀見役から常是手代へ引き継ぐ
- Others were refined again and reclassified as top-quality ichiwari-ire, mixing the silver with lead in the statutory proportion, weighed, stored in boxes, sealed and handed from the silver inspector (ginmiyaku) to the jouze-tedai (assistant manager).
- 11世紀中期に見られた体制変化・社会変化は、当時徐々に一円化を進め、著しい増加を見せていた荘園に対抗するための国衙側(公領側)の対応策であった。
- The changes in the governing structure and society that occurred in the mid-11th century were countermeasures taken by kokuga side (public land side) in order to counter shoen (manor in medieval Japan), which were rapidly increasing at the time and proceeding with ichienka (realization of complete ownership).
- しかし、他の地域については美濃国や土佐国などにわずかに記録が見られるものの、実際には北朝/室町幕府の勢力を前にほとんど行い得なかったようである。
- Although marginal records of the tax have been found from Mino Province and Tosa Province, in other areas the tax was almost never conducted due to the influence of the North Court and the Muromachi bakufu.
- 逆に守護大名の段階において領国の一円支配を一応は完成させていた武田氏や今川氏、新興の外来勢力である後北条氏・里見氏には見られない現象でもあった。
- By contrast, this phenomenon was not seen in the Takeda and Imagawa clans, which had achieved ichien shihai (integrated rule over whole territory) when they were still in the stage of Shugo daimyo; nor was it seen in the Gohojo and Satomi clans which were a newly emerged foreign power.
- さらに1987年の球場外野席改修工事で、破壊されたと考えられていた遺構の一部が良好な状態で発見され、残る遺構も同様に残存している可能性が浮上した。
- Furthermore, some of the ancient structural remnants were discovered in good condition when repair work for the outfield bleachers of the stadium was being conducted in 1987, which raised the expectation that other remnants were remaining.
- 武田家菩提寺、恵林寺領の例を見ると家臣団の末端に位置して武芸を専らとする「同心衆」のほかに、年貢の一部負担を免除された「軍役衆」の存在が見られる。
- According to the example of the estate of Erin-ji Temple, the Takeda family's ancestral temple, in addition to the smallest unit of the lowest position of vassals devoted themselves to military arts, there were a band of farmers exempt from a part of their land taxes.
- 朝鮮総督府庁舎が完成すると街から宮殿は見えなくなり、これらにより朝鮮民族(朝鮮人)にとって総督府庁舎は屈辱的な歴史の象徴ともいわれるようになった。
- When the Chosen Sotoku-fu building was completed, the palace got out of sight from the town, which made the Sotoku-fu building called a symbol of the humiliating history for the Korean people (the Koreans).
- 発給文書においては、元亀3年・天正2年の武田信豊宛武田家朱印状など武田氏の軍制において装備外装に関する規定が存在していたことを示す文書が見られる。
- Among the issued documents, there are some documents such as Shuinjo (a vermillion seal letter) of the Takeda Family addressed to Nobutoyo TAKEDA in 1572 and 1574, which show the fact that regulations stipulating the equipment and outfit existed in the military system of Takeda clan.
- 随行員に命じて顛末を急いで書きまとめさせ、東京の明治天皇の元へ電報で上奏するとともに、ロシア側に誠意を見せるため天皇の京都への緊急行幸を要請した。
- He ordered his escort person to make a report on this incident and sent it to Emperor Meiji by telegraph, and also requested that the emperor should visit Kyoto as soon as possible in order to show sincerity toward Russia.
- 後日、明治天皇自らが神戸港のロシア軍艦を訪問するとした際に、「拉致されてしまう」と進言する重臣達の反対を振り切って療養中のニコライを再び見舞った。
- Later, when Emperor Meiji visited a Russian warship in Kobe harbor, he paid a visit to Nicholas again, ignoring protests from some senior statesmen that he might be taken hostage.
- 熊本鎮台部隊が5月22日に馬見原から竹田方面に転進すると、この方面を担任することになった第1旅団は5月25日、折原を攻撃し、遂に三田井を占領した。
- Troops of Kumamoto Brigade changed their course to the Takeda area from Mamihara on May 22, and then the 1st brigade, having been assigned to this area, attacked Orihara on May 25 and seized Mitai at last.
- 江戸時代に江戸幕府が安定した品質の寛永通宝を発行し、渡来銭や私鋳銭を厳しく禁ずるようになると、鐚銭は見られなくなり、撰銭も行われなくなっていった。
- As the Edo bakufu put Kanei Tsuho (coins) of stable quality into circulation and strongly prohibit Torai-sen and Shichusen, akusen disappeared and Erizeni was not carried out any more.
- 南蛮貿易が始まるとヨーロッパからガレオン船と呼ばれる竜骨 (船)を使った現在我々が普通に見る船底が尖った波の揺れに強い船が入港されるようになった。
- When nanbanboeki started, ships with a keeled bottom, called galleon ships, with a now ordinary V-shaped bottom resistant to waves, began to enter ports in Japan.
- しかし承久の乱以降は西日本を中心に荘官と地頭が並立する荘園も見られ、後述するように地頭請が行われるようになると、徐々に地頭職という観念が定着した。
- However, after the Jokyu War, shoen in which shokan and jito stood abreast were also seen mainly in western Japan and, as described below, with the beginning of Jitouke (the contract system that manor's owner entrust a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) the conception of Jito shiki gradually took root.
- 後の慶応3年12月9日の王政復古の大号令において慶喜の将軍辞職と幕府の廃止が決定、江戸幕府は幕を閉じた(1868年の江戸開城の時とする見解もある)。
- The Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule on December 9, 1867 finalised the resignation of Yoshinobu as shogun and the abolishment of the bakufu, thus the Edo bakufu came to an end (although some say the end of the Edo bakufu was the time of the surrender of Edo Castle in 1868).
- まず『海国図志』を著した魏源によって陽明学は見直され初め、康有為の師である朱次キは「朱王一致」を再び唱えるなど陽明学は復活の兆しを見せるようになる。
- Yomei-gaku showed signs of reviving when Wei Yuan, who wrote the 'Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms'(Ch; 'Haiguo Tuzhi'; Jp: 'Kaizu Zushi') began reappraising Yomeigaku and when Zhu Ciqi, the master of Kang Youwei, advocated 'Zhu and Wang as one' again.
- 黒船来航・開国以来、尊皇攘夷が高まりを見せ、天皇・朝廷が急速に政治的求心力を備えてくると、幕府の所在する江戸から離れた京都が政治動向の中心となった。
- After the Perry Expedition and the Opening of Japan, the following of Sonno Joi greatly extended their influence, accordingly the Emperor and the Imperial Court rapidly gathered momentum, and the political center moved from Edo to a distant city, Kyoto (the Imperial Court and its vicinity).
- '荒木家老の者共さし寄りて村重を諫めて云く、つらつら城中の形勢を見るに、毛利家の援兵も今は頼み少なく、徒らに月日を送り給う故、兵糧甚だ乏しく成り候。
- 'Araki's senior retainers gathered together and tried to convince Murashige that, judging from the situations in the castle, hope for obtaining reinforcement troops from the Mori clan became unbelievable and, since Murashige had wasted time in vain, provisions ran low.
- 翌13日に天皇はニコライの宿舎である京都ホテルに自ら赴いてニコライを見舞い、さらには熾仁・威仁・能久の三親王を引き連れてニコライを神戸まで見送った。
- On May 13, the Emperor visited Kyoto Hotel where Nicholas stayed, and then escorted Nicholas to Kobe together with 3 Imperial Princes, Taruhito, Takehito and Yoshihisa.
- 翌23日に池上が村田・深見らの小隊を率いて小倉へ向けて出発したが、途中で激戦の銃声を聞いて池上は田原に転進し、村田三介の小隊だけが小倉方面へ進んだ。
- On February 23, IKEGAMI led the platoons of MURATA and FUKAMI toward Kokura, but upon hearing the gunfire of a fierce battle on the way to Kokura, IKEGAMI changed the course to Tabaru and only the platoon of Sansuke MURATA headed toward Kokura.
- しかし、人吉・郡山・坊主石山からの三方攻撃の中、寄せ集め兵士の士気の激減と敵軍の圧倒的な物量で、さしもの辺見指揮下の部隊も敗れ、遂に大口は陥落した。
- However, since the spirits of the hastily-recruited soldiers of the troop led by HENMI were lowered seriously under attacks from three sides of Hitoyoshi, Koriyama and Bozuishiyama, and the government army had the overwhelming amount of materials, even the troop led by so brave HENMI was defeated, and Oguchi fell at last.
- そのため、唐代末期以後に銅銭の穴に紐をとおして纏めた束一差しに一定枚数があればそれをもって100枚と見なすという短陌の慣習が形成されるようになった。
- In this way, the custom of tanhaku, in which a bundle of a certain number of copper coins held together by a piece of string was considered to be 100 coins, became established from around the end of the Tang Dynasty.
- 掾官はその名の通り掾や目といった下級国司の子孫が土着したものと見られ、衛門府の尉官などの官位を得ていることが多く、国衙で指導的立場にいたと思われる。
- Jokan is, as the name suggests, were regarded as localized lower-ranking kokushi descendants such as jo or sakan, and jokan often attained official ranks such as ikan and so on in emonfu (bureaucracy in the ritsuryo system of governance) and seemed to have been in a position of leadership within the kokuga.
- この様な同一カテゴリの問いであってもYes/Noで見方を変える占い方は、『占事略决』の六壬が現代の六壬とは異なる風格を持っていることをしめしている。
- Such a method of divination that produces a yes-no answer to the questions belonging to the same category shows that Rikujin of 'Senji ryakketsu' had a different character from contemporary Rikujin.
- この頃になると、職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
- Meanwhile, shiki itself shifted from being an expression of an official position to being the right to tax profit, and there were cases where honke or ryoke directly held the shiki of a local lord, or the other way around meaning local lords holding the shiki of honke or ryoke.
- 中でも石見銀山産出の銀で作られた、石州銀(ソーマ銀)(佐摩)は良質で量的にも潤沢であったが、銀産地による品位のバラつきは取引上甚だ不便なものであった。
- Among them, Sekishu silver coin (Soma Silver) (from Sama), which was made of silver produced in Iwami silver mine, was in high quality and abundant; however, the quality in general was inconsistent according to mines, causing quite inconvenience in trade.
- しかし、西郷によって推挙された大蔵大丞・安場保和が大隈弾劾の意見書を提出したために大隈やこれを支持する江藤新平・後藤象二郎らが結束してこれに対抗した。
- When Yasukazu YASUBA, Okura Taijo (senior secretary of the Minister of the Treasury) who was recommended by Saigo, voiced his opinioin that Okuma should be impeached, Okuma and his supporters, including Shimpei ETO and Shojiro GOTO, uniformily opposed the move.
- また座頭相撲など見せ物に就く者たちもいたり、元禄頃から官位昇格費用の取得を容易にするために高利の金貸しが公認されたので、悪辣な金融業者となる者もいた。
- Also, some blind people worked in the show business such as zato sumo or became unscrupulous moneylenders because high interest money lending business was officially approved around the Genroku era to help the blind to get money for the promotion of the official court rank.
- 系列会社にも当てはまるが、東映の作品は基本的に中身より量をメインとしており、「数打てば当たる」のごとく企画などは常に見切り発車の状態で実行されている。
- With regards to production policy, both Toei and its affiliates basically prioritize quantity over quality; projects are carried out without detailed examination of their feasibility, along the lines of the proverb 'He that oft shoots at last shall hit the mark.'
- 慶長8年2月12日 (旧暦)(1603年3月24日)、家康は伏見城で征夷大将軍に就任、江戸幕府を開き、江戸城を始め普請事業を行うなど政権作りを始める。
- On March 24, 1603, Ieyasu assumed the post of Seiitaishougun (Barbarian Subduing Generalissimo) in Fushimi-jo Castle, established the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and started to strengthen his political power by performing construction projects including Edo Castle.
- この上表文には、『春秋左氏伝』・『毛詩(もうし)』・『荘子』・『周礼(しゅらい)』・『尚書(しょうしょ)』等から引かれているものが見受けられるという。
- The Johyobun quoted several sentences from 'Master Zuo's Commentary to the Spring and Autumns', 'The Book of Odes', 'Zhuang-zi', 'Rites of Zhou', 'Classic of History' and so on.
- しかし大内家の周防国守護代陶興房が九州に乗り込んでくると再び劣勢になり、さらには義隆が自身で大軍を率いて攻勢をかけて来ると、頼みの家兼にも見放された。
- However it lost strength again when Okifusa SUE, the Ouchi clan's Shugodai of Suo Province joined the war in Kyushu, and furthermore it was given up by reliable Iekane when Yoshitaka himself launched offensive with a large army.
- なお、御恩と奉公による主従関係について、中世ヨーロッパに見られた封建制(feudalism)との共通点に着目して、封建的主従関係と理解する見解がある。
- By the way, concerning the master-servant relationship based on goon and hoko, there is an opinion that the relationship is interpreted the same as the feudal master-servant relationship, because when it is compared with feudalism found in Medieval Europe, there are some common points.
- 幕府および鎌倉殿(源頼朝)が、朝廷に対し武力面で奉仕すると約束し、その見返りとして朝廷が、幕府および鎌倉殿の軍事警察権などを公認したことの反映である。
- This reflected the fact that the bakufu and Kamakura-dono (MINAMOTO no Yoritomo) promised to serve the Imperial Court with their military power and the Imperial Court officially approved the military-police authority of the bakufu and Kamakura-dono in return.
- 現在の考古学は箸墓古墳を卑弥呼の墓の最有力候補と見ているから、倭迹迹日百襲媛命(やまとととひももそひめのみこと)は卑弥呼の有力な候補の1つと考えられる。
- According to today's archaeology, the Hashihaka Tumulus is the most probable resting place of Himiko, so Yamatototohimomoso Hime no Mikoto is considered the most likely person to be identified with Himiko.
- これにならい、諸大名からも続々と見舞いの使者が訪れたが、その中には当の水戸藩の者もおり、彦根藩士たちの憎悪に満ちた視線のなかで重役の応接を受けたと言う。
- Following this, various territorial lords sent envoys to express their sympathy, among them were executives of the Mito clan who were treated with contempt by soldiers of the Hikone clan.
- これらは、従来とは異質の統治体制を築こうとするものであり、律令制の再編成とする見解が多数派だが、桓武天皇の時代期をもって、律令制の終焉とする論者もいる。
- It is generally accepted that the aim was to establish a system of government different from the one that had existed up till then by reorganizing the Ritsuryo system, although there is another opinion that Emperor Kanmu's reign marked the end of the Ritsuryo system.
- なお、施行当時より慣例的に「交替式」と呼ばれてきているが、律令法における格式のおける考え方からすれば、これは「格」にあたるのではないかとする意見もある。
- By the way, although it was called 'kotaishiki' (indicating a kind of 'shiki') from the time it was enforced for the first time, there is also the following opinion: According to the concept of 'kyakushiki' (kyaku indicates supplementary laws or regulations, and shiki indicates detailed rules for enforcing them) in the Ritsuryo laws, use of 'kyaku' is more appropriate.
- 元木泰雄は、この時点で頼朝は王権擁護者の地位を得たとし、宣旨による頼朝の最大の成果は、東国行政権というよりも王権擁護者の地位だったとの見解を示している。
- Yasuo MOTOKI presents his view that Yoritomo gained a position as a supporter of the royal authority at this time, and the foremost achievement of Yoritomo gained by the decree was the position of a supporter of the royal authority rather than the administrative authority over the Togoku region.
- もっとも町人から侮辱を受けたまま何もせずにいたところを朋輩に見られた場合、今度は「臆病者」との謗りを受け、これまた「士道不覚悟」で罰せられることになる。
- When a warrior was seen insulted by a townsman without doing anything about it by his colleague(s), the warrior was denounced as 'a coward' and was punished as 'not having the samurai spirit.'
- 『北山抄』によると「見吏部王(重明親王)天暦七年菊合日記」(括弧は筆者註)とあり、天暦7年の菊合の御遊は、10月13日に行われている(『古今著聞集』)。
- In 'Hokuzansho' (a representative book of ceremonies for the Heian period written by FUJIWARA no Kinto), there is a mention of 'the Chrysanthemum Contest of the year 953 recorded in the diary of Kenrihoo (Imperial Prince Shigeakira)' (A parenthetical reference by the author), and it is known that the imperial event of the Chrysanthemum Contest in 953 was held on November 23 (according to 'Kokonchomonju' [A Collection of Tales Heard, Past and Present]).
- 世論においてはロシアとの戦争も辞さずという強硬な意見も出たが、当時の日本には列強諸国と戦えるだけの力は無く、政府内では伊藤博文ら戦争回避派が主流を占めた。
- Although Japanese public opinon was strongly in favor of declarling war on Russia, Japan still did not have the strength to fight a great power such as Russia, and a faction opposing war prevailed in the government.
- しかし、日本古代史の学界からは史料批判などの歴史学の基本的な手続きを踏んでいないとして「学説として批判・検証を受ける段階に無い」と見做され黙殺されている。
- However, this theory has been ignored by the academic circles of ancient Japanese history, who claim that, 'This theory is not at the level of being evaluated or examined,' and it has not gone through the basic methodology necessary for historical science such as the cross examination of historical documents.
- 箸墓古墳の築造年代についても、研究者により多少の前後はあるものの卑弥呼の没年(248年頃)に近い3世紀の中頃から後半と見る説が最近では一般的になっている。
- Opinions concerning the Hashihaka Tumulus differ among scholars, though recently it is widely accepted that the tumulus was created between the mid-third century (which is close to the year of Himiko's death in 248) and the latter half of the third century.
- 信長自身が出陣したことで徳川に対する義理(後詰)も果たしている(ただし、第一次高天神城の戦いで事実上見捨てており、少なくとも武田を退かせる必要はあった)。
- He did his duty to the Tokugawa clan by leading his troops (as the rear guard) (although he at least should have made the Takeda force retreat before abandoning the battle after the first battle at Takatenjin-jo Castle).
- これによって、延喜・天暦期を特別に重視することなく、9世紀から11世紀までの期間を律令国家期から王朝国家期への移行期としてとらえる見解が通説となっている。
- Following this reappraisal, the view that the period from the 9th century to the 11th century was a transition period from the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes to a dynastic state system became commonly accepted, without focusing on the Engi and Tenryaku eras too much.
- 本拠地とされた摂津国大阪や伊勢国長島町 (三重県)、三河国矢作川流域などは湿地帯であったことから、高度な治水技術があったのではないかとの見方もされている。
- Because their main strongholds, including Osaka in Settsu Province, Nagashima-cho in Ise Province (Mie Prefecture today), and the Yahagi-gawa River basin in Mikawa Province were all in the low-lying wetlands, some have suggested the Ikko ikki may have developed advanced flood control techniques (without which it would have been difficult to create prosperous communities in such flood-prone areas).
- 短期間のうちにほぼ独力で近代国家を整備し、西欧列強に比肩する国家を築き上げたことは諸外国からは奇跡と見られ、とくにアジア諸国にとって近代革命の模範となった。
- People in foreign countries thought it a miracle that Japan organized a modern state mostly on their own in such a short period and built a country which had almost the same power as any Western European country, and it served as a model for the modern revolution especially for other Asian countries.
- 現在において、壬申戸籍の情報公開請求をした事例が平成13年(2001年)、および平成16年(2004年)に見受けられるが、いずれも答申として却下されている。
- Until today there were cases in 2001 and 2004 where information disclosure of the Jinshin-koseki was claimed, but they were rejected in reports.
- 外務卿の副島種臣は駐日アメリカ公使デロング(Charles E.DeLong)を仲介しリゼンドルと会談、内務卿だった大久保利通もリゼンドルの意見に注目した。
- Foreign Minister Taneomi SOEJIMA met with LeGendre through U.S. envoy to Japan, Charles E. DeLong, while Interior Minister Toshimichi OKUBO showed interest in LeGendre's opinion.
- 結果的に、李氏朝鮮外交に翻弄された日本政府は、遂に痺れを切らし、小艦を釜山に派遣し東莱府館員を艦上に招待し発砲演習を見せつけることにより、局面打開を図った。
- The Japanese government was at the mercy of the Joseon Dynasty's diplomacy and they lost their patience at last, so they made a breakthrough; dispatched a small warship to Pusan and invited the members of Toraifu on board to show the shooting exercises.
- 簡明な叙述であり、情熱的な文章であった為に広く愛読されたが、参考史料として軍記物語なども用いているため、歴史的事実に忠実であるとは言いがたい記事も散見する。
- Concise descriptions and enthusiastic sentences were very popular, however, it used those war chronicles and so on as reference historical materials and there are some articles found, which are hard to say to be true to the historical facts.
- それ以降の天皇・皇子の子孫についても、奈良時代にたびたび賜姓が行われ、『新撰姓氏録』の載せる真人姓は48氏に昇る(六国史にのみ所見のものも含むと更に増加)。
- After the Emperor Yomei era, descendants of emperors and princes were often given kabane in the Nara period and the number of Mahito amounted to more than 48 clans which are recorded in the 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility) (If it includes those which appeared in 'Rikkokushi' [the Six National Histories], the number of Mahito clans increases).
- その中で使い古された具足を身に付けている者達を発見し、「あの者らは甲州からの家臣団であろう」と言い、確認が取れると「あれこそが本来の赤備え」と言ったという。
- Ieyasu is said to have told, discovering some warriors in worn-out armor among them, like 'Those warriors should be the vassals from Koshu.', and after the confirmation, 'That is a real Akazonae.'
- 明治十四年の政変によって、自由民権運動に好意的と見られてきた大隈をはじめとする政府内の急進派が一掃され、政府は伊藤博文を中心とする体制を固める事に成功した。
- The 1881 Political Crisis drove off the radicals, which supported the freedom and popular rights movement, including Okuma, and helped the government establish a firm regime that had Hirobumi ITO as the central figure.
- 西郷は、負傷して駕籠に乗っていた別府晋介を顧みて「晋どん、晋どん、もう、ここでよかろう」と言い、将士が跪いて見守る中、跪座し襟を正し、遙かに東方を拝礼した。
- Looking at Shinsuke BEPPU who was injured and rode on a palanquin, SAIGO said that 'Shindon (Shisuke's pet name), Shindon, we already have done everything we should do, haven't we?' and, in front of those high-level samurai who kneeled down, SAIGO dropped to his knees, straightened up, and bent his head down towards a far place in the east.
- 西郷の切腹を見守っていた桐野・村田新八・池上・辺見・山野田・岩本平八郎らは再び岩崎口に突撃し、敵弾に斃れ、自刃し、或いは私学校近くの一塁に籠もって戦死した。
- KIRINO, Shinpachi MURATA, IKEGAMI, HENMI, YAMANODA, Heihachiro IWAMOTO, who had watched SAIGO committing suicide by disembowelment, rushed into Iwasakiguchi again, and some of them were shot dead, killed themselves by falling on their swords, or were killed in fights while barricading themselves in a fort near to Shigakko.
- 当時の日本国内では、対元戦争を日本の神と元の神の争いと見る観念が広く共有されており、歌詠みや諸社による折伏・祈祷は日本の神の力を強めるものと認識されていた。
- In Japan at that time, people had a common idea of seeing the war against the Yuan Dynasty as the war between the Japanese gods and Yuan gods, and believed that the power of the Japanese gods would be strengthened by creating poems and performing shakubuku and prayers in shrines.
- その他、8世紀頃に唐周辺に見られた諸国(渤海 (国)や吐蕃王朝)は、自前の律令は制定しなかったが、唐律令制を積極的に受容・改変し、独自の律令制を立てていた。
- Moreover, the neighbouring countries that existed around Tang during the eighth century (ex. Balhae or Tibetan Empire), did not enact Luli that they created from scratch, but positively adapted and altered the Tang Luli to make the Luli System of their own.
- 王朝国家論が唱えられ、史学的検証が進んでからは、以上に見るとおり、中央政府は積極的に社会実態に適合した統治体制(王朝国家体制)を構築していったとされている。
- As explained above, it is now contemplated, thanks to progress in the study of Dynastic polity and its historical verification, that the central government actively built up the governing structure which could adapt to changing social situation.
- 藤原佐世が勅命を奉じて作成した『日本国見在書目録』や藤原通憲が個人蔵書を記した『通憲入道蔵書目録』、滋野井実冬説などがある『本朝書籍目録』などが知られている。
- Well-known mokuroku of this type include 'Nihonkoku Genzaisho Mokuroku' (The Catalogue of Chinese Texts Existent in Japan), which was made by FUJIWARA no Sukeyo on imperial order, 'Michinorinyudo Zosho Mokuroku', in which Fujiwara no Michinori recorded his personal library, and 'Honcho Shojaku Mokuroku' (The Catalogue of Books in Our Country), which is believed to have been made by Sanefuyu SHIGENOI.
- これを地図で見るとちょうど大手門から数寄屋橋に至るまでの「の」の字の堀の内外に渦巻き上に将軍・親藩・譜代・外様大名・旗本御家人・町人が配置されている形になる。
- The layout of Edo is evident on the map as the shogunal, shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives), fudai daimyo, tozama daimyo, hatamoto and townspeople are positioned inside and outside a 'の' shaped moat stretching from Ote-mon Gate to Sukiya-bashi Bridge.
- 中国の星座である二十八宿(月の見かけ上の通り道である白道を28分したもの)は、四神の名によって7宿ずつ4つにまとめられ、それぞれが四神の姿をかたどるとされる。
- The 28 constellations of Chinese astrology (in which the moon's apparent path across the sky is split into 28 sections) are divided into 4 groups of 7 constellations, 1 group for each of the 4 directional gods, and each group was thought to model the appearance of its god.
- なおこの頃、政情不安や物価の高騰による生活苦などから「世直し一揆」や打ちこわしが頻発し、また社会現象として「ええじゃないか」なる奇妙な流行が広範囲で見られた。
- Due to the political instability and the inflated prices of goods in the market, many radical actions, such as 'reform riots' and destructive urban riots, occurred, and 'Eejanaika', an unusual movement consisting of religious celebrations and communal activities, was seen in many parts of the country.
- 今体派と古体派が江戸時代における篆刻の二大潮流といえるが、その他にも水戸において立原杏所などの水戸派や頼春水などが中心となった文人学者の篆刻の流れも見られた。
- Other than the two major schools of tenkoku in the Edo period--the Kintai school and the Kotai school--there were the Mito school established by people such as Kyosho TACHIHARA and the trend of tenkoku by the literati such as Syunsui RAI.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には、源満快の子孫とされる摂津国宿野城の多田氏や、頼光流とする一方で源満季の後裔であるとの説が存在する多田満頼(甲斐多田氏)などが見られる。
- During the Sengoku (Warring States) period, there existed the Tada clan that is said to have been the descendant of MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi, whose foothold was at Shukuno-jo Castle in Settsu Province, and there also existed Mitsuyori TADA (a member of the Kai-Tada clan), who is commonly said to have fallen under the lineage of Yorimitsu; some say he was the descendant of MINAMOTO no Mitsusue.
- 青銅で造られた十円硬貨は、ソース (調味料)、酢、醤油、レモン汁、洗剤等に浸すと、表面の金属酸化物や汚れが溶出したり脱落して一見未使用硬貨のような光沢を放つ。
- Ten-yen coins are made of bronze, and as such, when immersed in Worcestershire sauce, vinegar, soy sauce, lemon juice, or even detergent, the metal oxide and dirt on the surface is eluted or dissolved, and the coins look shiny as though they had never been used.
- 日本では歴史的な記録としてこの漢字を見ることは少なく、使用頻度的にはカタカナ表記の「カルカ」、ひらがなの「かるか」、漢字で「㮶」(木偏に朔)の順で用いられる。
- The Chinese characters used for the word are seen very rarely in Japanese historical documents, and the word is most often written in katakana characters, then hiragana characters, then Chinese characters.
- 『日本書紀』垂仁紀には、野見宿禰(のみのすくね)が日葉酢媛命の陵墓へ殉死者を埋める代わりに土で作った人馬を立てることを提案したとあり、これを埴輪の起源とする。
- According to the book of Emperor Suinin in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), NOMI no Sukune suggested the Emperor to take clay and form the shapes of men and horses instead of burying dead people who followed their lord to the grave in an imperial mausoleum of Princess Hibasu, which was defined as the origin of the Haniwa.
- ニコライの元に届けられた見舞い電報は1万通を超え、山形県金山村(現・金山町 (山形県))では「津田」の姓及び「三蔵」の命名を禁じる条例を決議する村まであった。
- More than 10,000 telegrams wishing his speedy recovery were sent to Nicholas, and in Kanayama Village, Yamagata Prefecture, its local government enforced a regulation of forbidding the use of the family name 'Tsuda' and the given name 'Sanzo'.
- 雷撃隊が大口から撤退することになった時、辺見は祠の老松の傍らに立ち、覚えず涙を揮って「私学校の精兵をして、猶在らしめば、豈此敗を取らんや」と嘆いたと言われる。
- It is said that, when the Raigeki-tai troop retreated from Oguchi, HENMI shed tears in spite of himself and deplored beside an old pine at a small shrine saying that 'If excellent soldiers from Shigakko still participated in this battle, we must not have been defeated like this.'
- 朝鮮半島の高麗・李氏朝鮮では、国内文書や史書などに「倭」「倭奴」の記述が見られるが、これについて、高麗・朝鮮が日本を蔑視していたことの表れだとする指摘がある。
- Descriptions of 'wa' and '倭奴' can be found in domestic literatures and history books at the ages of Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty in Korean Peninsula, and some people says that is the express of contempt for Japan by Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty.
- さらに『新元史』によれば日蓮の書簡の記述に依るとして、この時民衆を殺戮し、生き残った者の手の平に穴を開け、そこに革紐を通して船壁に吊るし見せしめにしたという。
- In addition, according to 'Shin Genshi' (New History of the Yuan Dynasty), a letter of Nichiren describes that they then massacred people and made a hole in the palms of survivors to lace a leather cord through it, and hung them on the ships' sides as a warning.
- 東国から赴任した地頭が現地の開発領主や名主の上に位置した西日本を中心に、もう一つの解決手法として見られたのが、地頭と領主との間で下地を折半する下地中分である。
- Another measure, which was seen mainly in the western part of Japan where jito came from the eastern part of Japan were placed higher than local kaihatsu-ryoshu or myoshu (owner of rice field), was Shitaji chubun by which jito and the lord of shoen divided the land equally.
- しかし、濃度が高くなった場合は、屋外の風景全体が黄味や赤味を帯びた色に見えるようになって、視界が極端に悪くなるとともに、さまざまな被害が報告されるようになる。
- However, when the density becomes high, outdoor landscape becomes yellowish or reddish, visibility becomes affected seriously, and various kinds of damages are reported.
- そして1982年12月、寮生側との協議や意見聴取などのないまま、評議会によって「吉田寮の在寮期限を昭和61年3月31日とする」(原文ママ)との決定がなされた。
- In December 1982, the university council decided, without consultation with the members of the dormitory or hearing their opinions, that 'the time limit for staying at Yoshida dormitory is March 31, 1986' (so in original).
- また、近代に入ると、荘園に関する学術的な研究の進展も見られ、1933年には『荘園志料』が編纂されたほか、石母田正らによる伊賀国黒田荘の研究は良く知られている。
- And in the modern era, the academic studies on shoens also progressed and 'Shoenshiryo' (Dictionary of manors in Japan edited by Masatake SHIMIZU) was edited in 1933 and the study on Kuroda no sho of Iga Province by Tadashi ISHIMODA and so on is well-known.
- 堺市の南鐐座の銀細工師湯浅作兵衛らは諸国の灰吹銀を集め極印を打って売買していたが、銀座 (歴史)伏見・銀座町設立前に徳川家康の上覧に供するための丁銀を試鋳した。
- In Nanryoza, Sakai City, the silver craftsman Sakube YUASA had been collecting refined silver coins and selling them again after engraving hallmarks, but with other craftsmen, he was asked to make samples to show Ieyasu TOKUGAWA before the shogun opened the Ginza in Fushimi town.
- だが、この事態に危機感を抱いた薩摩藩の暗躍に幕府側の強硬派が乗せられ、慶応4年1月3日 (旧暦)(1868年1月27日)に鳥羽・伏見の戦いに突入することになる。
- However the clandestine activities of the Satsuma Domain, who felt very much threatened by this development, successfully agitated the hard-liners of the Shogunate supporters, leading to the Battle of Toba and Fushimi on January 27, 1868.
- 政治史の分野においては、幕末の把握に関して、単なる過渡期とするか、あるいはそれ以前以後とは異なった独自の国家状態もしくは国家体制とするかの2つの見方に分かれる。
- In the field of political history, there are two different views on the bakumatsu period, one of which sees it as a normal transitional period, and another which views the period as a unique state of governance, separate from the previous system.
- 近代以後、日本の中国思想研究は、哲学(西欧の哲学)を模倣する必要に迫られた結果、朱子学の思弁的側面を強調し、これを以て哲学と比較可能であると見なすようになった。
- In the modern era, Japanese scholars of Chinese ideology have been required to follow philosophy (Western philosophy), and have therefore emphasized the speculative side of Shushigaku and considered it as comparable with the philosophy.
- 加えて試験を受ける学生と特定の有力貴族が通じて、学生側から有力者への利益供与などと引換にその権力を背景に省試や秀才試合格を得ようとする例も見られるようになった。
- In addition, there were cases in which students taking the exam conspired with certain nobles and persons of influence would exercise the power to let the students get through shoshi as well as the difficult official appointment examination for the 'shusai' rank in exchange for some benefits from those students.
- たとえば、薬局経営者・開業医の子が親の営む薬局・診療所を継ぐ為に医・歯・薬学部を目指したり、実子が後を継がない場合養子が跡継ぎになったりすることがよく見られる。
- For example, children of a pharmacy owner or medical practitioner will aim to enter a school of medicine, dentistry or pharmaceutical sciences in order to take over the clinic or pharmacy run by their parents, and if a biological child is not able to take over, then often an adopted child will become the successor.
- しかし、工事の最中に発見された小さな古墳が公にされないまま破壊されている可能性があるほか、2005年には古江古墳が破壊されるなど、小規模の古墳の破壊は今もある。
- However, there have been some cases of minor destruction of kofun such as the incident in which Hurue Kofun was destroyed in 2005, and here is also the possibility that minor kofun are secretly destroyed during construction.
- 幕末に長州藩が幕府軍に武力抵抗して打ち勝ち(長州征伐)、幕府の弱体化が顕になって大名への絶対的統制は崩れ、鳥羽伏見の戦い以後の戊辰戦争により幕藩体制は終焉した。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Choshu clan defeated the bakufu army through armed resistance (the Choshu Conquest), the bakufu dramatically lost its power and absolute control over the Daimyo, and the shogunate system was destroyed as a result of the Boshin War that occurred after the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.
- これをもって侵攻の意図と見る見解があり、14万人という過剰な人員のうち、旧南宋の兵員からなる江南軍10万人は軍隊兼移民団だったのでは、と言う見解も出されている。
- Some people consider that it indicates his intention of invasion, and out of 140,000 soldiers, whose number was excessively large, 100,000 soldiers of the Southern Yangtze Army, consisting of the former Southern Sung soldiers, would have been immigrants as well as soldiers.
- 6月24日、満祐は、結城合戦の祝勝の宴として邸の池にいる鴨の親子と松囃子(赤松囃子・赤松氏伝統の演能)を見てもらいたいと称して西洞院二条にある邸へ義教を招いた。
- On July 21st, Mitsusuke invited Yoshinori to his residence in Nishinotoin to show wild ducks in his residence' pond and Matsuhayashi (Akamatsu-hayashi: traditional Akamatsu clan's Noh performance) as a celebration of the triumph of the Yuki War.
- 15世紀後期、応仁の乱から明応の政変にかけて、幕府の支配体制が流動化していくと、守護代や有力国人が守護に代わって、領国支配の実権を握る例も見られるようになった。
- With unrest spreading over the ruling system of the bakufu in the period of the Onin War to the Meio Coup in the late 15th century, some shugo-dai and influential kokujin held real power in ruling the territories instead of shugo.
- 1590年(天正18年)に豊臣秀吉に派遣された通信使(12月3日(11月7日 (旧暦))に秀吉に謁見)は名目としては秀吉の日本統一を祝賀することが目的であった。
- The nominal mission of the Tsushinshi sent to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in 1590 was to celebrate the unification of Japan by Hideyoshi (this Tsushinshi had an audience with Hideyoshi on December 3).
- (事件とは、)朝鮮人か恒居倭か正体不明な海賊を恒居倭だと決め付け、見せしめに倭館の前に首を晒す、あるいは無実の日本人が海賊と間違われて斬られる、(などである。)
- The incidents which triggered this outburst of anger were, for example, the incident that the hensho insisted that some pirates who might or might not be kokyowa were definitely kokyowa and displayed their heads in front of the wakan as a warning, and the incident that ordinary Japanese people were killed on a false charge of pirates.
- その中で力を持ちすぎた者が中央政府である朝廷に謀反人と見なされ、中央から派遣された軍隊(実際には、これも武士たちである)によって討たれる事件が起こるようになった。
- Some of these samurai had so much power that they got killed by the army dispatched by the central government, the Imperial Court (but actually the army consisted of other samurai) for the charge of muhon.
- しかし系図には疑うべき余地も多く、実際には源平合戦の際は井上一族では無く北安曇の仁科氏らと行動を共にしていたので、当時の慣習から見て別の一族であった可能性がある。
- However, because there are uncertain aspects of its genealogy and the Takanashi clan fought in the Genpei War along with the Nishina clan of northern Azumi, not the Inoue clan, the Takanashi clan probably doesn't belong to the Inoue clan, considering the custom of the time.
- また、九州の大友氏、関東の後北条氏、東北の伊達氏などは信長に恭順する姿勢を見せており、このまま順調にいけば、織田政権による天下統一はほぼ達成されるとみられていた。
- The Otomo clan in Kyushu, the Gohojo clan in Kanto, and the Date clan in Tohoku also signaled their allegiance, so the Oda Government was expected to unify the whole country if things went well.
- それでも60年代半ばまでは業界的にはNET系のプロダクションと見られていたと、キャラクター作品担当のプロデューサーだった平山亨は後日雑誌「宇宙船」で回顧している。
- Even so, Toru HIRAYAMA, a producer in charge of character series at that time, later looked back and commented in the magazine 'Uchusen' that by the middle of the 1960s Toei was regarded as an NET-affiliated production company within the industry.
- 明成の死後、第2代藩主の座は加藤明友が相続し、天和2年(1682年)6月、明友は1万石加増の2万石で、水口藩に転封となり、廃藩となって天領(石見銀山領)となった。
- After the death of Akinari, Akitomo KATO, who succeeded to the second lord of the domain, was transferred to the Minakuchi Domain with 10,000 koku of rice increased to 20,000 in total in July 1682, so that the Yoshinaga domain was abolished to become a tenryo (bakufu-owned land of Iwami Ginzan Mine).
- 鎌倉時代後期になると、幕府が直接両使を派遣することに代えて、守護に施行状で下達し、守護が使節を選定し遵行状に基づき遵行を実施するようなケースも見られるようになる。
- In the late Kamakura period, some cases emerged in which the Bakufu, instead of sending ryoshi directly, sent shigyojo (a letter conveying orders from the head to the subjects) to a Shugo, who in turn selected an envoy and carried out this procedure based on the shigyojo.
- 王朝国家体制期における中央政治機構や軍制・荘園政策・負名体制に関する研究は著しい進展を見せ、さらには王朝国家に代わる新たな古代-中世移行論が唱えられ始めてはいる。
- The study of central government organization, military systems, shoen policy, and local tax management systems during the Dynastic polity period has marked significant progress and another theory concerning the transition from the ancient times to the medieval age was proposed in lieu of the theory of Dynastic polity.
- 鎌倉時代初期の多田経実に始まり大和国の国人(衆徒)として存続した多田氏は源満仲の後裔と伝え代々佐比山城に拠ったが、別族とも取れる記述が見られるなど系譜が明確でない。
- The Tada clan, as founded by Tsunezane TADA in the early Kamakura period, existed in Yamato Province (today's Nara Prefecture) as local samurai, and this clan, which is said to have comprised descendants of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, maintained a foothold at Sahiyama-jo Castle for generations; however, in some historical sources there are depictions that can be taken to mean that this lineage had nothing to do with the Tada clan mentioned above, so the detail of this lineage is unclear.
- しかし実際には当主は生活苦から各地の大名を頼って転々とし、邸宅の施設は荒廃して、京都の人々は身分の上下を問わずに勝手に邸内に侵入して庭や池を見て楽しむ有様であった。
- In reality, the lord of the Nijo family, who lived in poverty, had to rely on the protections of daimyo (feudal lords), moving across the country from one to another, and the residence was dilapidated to the point where the people of Kyoto, regardless of their classes, entered the compound freely and enjoyed looking at the garden and the pond.
- 7月23日、官軍が岩川に進出したとの報を受け、高野から雷撃隊八・七番隊・干城隊七番隊を率いてきた辺見と合流し、辺見・相良を指揮長として岩川へ進撃し、官軍と交戦した。
- On July 23, the retreated troops merged with the 7th and 8th companies of Raigeki-tai and the 7th company of Kanjotai, both led from Takano by HENMI who received the report that the government army had advanced to Iwakawa, and advanced to Iwakawa with HENMI and SAGARA as Commanders and fought with the government army.
- もちろん、『今昔物語集』巻第25第5 「平維茂、藤原諸任を罰ちたる語」に、「騎馬の兵70人、徒歩の兵30人」とあるように、歩兵もいるが、歩兵の戦闘描写は見られない。
- Of course, there was reference to foot soldiers in 'seventy cavalry and thirty foot soldiers' within the 'Story about Punishing TAIRA no Koremochi and FUJIWARA no Morotoo' in Section five of Volume twenty-five of 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu,' but there were no battle scenes depicted of foot soldiers.
- 世界巡遊中の前合衆国大統領ユリシーズ・グラントが明治天皇との会見で西欧列強の介入を防ぐための日清両国の譲歩を助言したこともあり、1880年北京で日清の交渉が行われた。
- In 1880, negotiations were held in Beijing through the arbitration of ex-US President Ulysses Grant, who had a meeting with Emperor Meiji during his world tour and advised that both Japan and Qing compromise to prevent the intervention of western powers.
- この時点で辞官納地(慶喜の内大臣辞任と幕府領の放棄)は決まってはいなかったが、岩倉らは徳川政権の失政を並べ、「辞官納地をして誠意を見せることが先決である」と主張する。
- At this point, Yoshinobu's resignation from Minister of the Interior and the abandonment of the Shogunate's territories ('Jikan-nochi') were not yet determined, but Iwakura and his comrades listed the mistakes made by the Tokugawa Shogunate and demanded that their first step be to show their sincerity by agreeing with 'Jikan-nochi.'
- また、大陸側でも、広開土王碑400年条の「任那」が初出で、『宋書』では「弁辰」が消えて、438年条に「任那」が見え、451年条に「任那、伽耶」と2国が併記されている。
- Similarly, even on the mainland side, 'Mimana' appears at the very beginning of the Article of year 400 of the Gwanggaeto Stele, and from 'Sungshu' (Book of the Sung Dynasty), 'Byeonjin' disappears, and 'Mimana' appears in the Article of year 438, and lastly, in the Article of year 451, the two countries of 'Mimana, Gaya' are written down together.
- 1917年のロシア革命に端を発し、寺内正毅内閣により7月12日にシベリア出兵宣言が出されると需要拡大を見込んだ商人による米の買占め、売惜しみが発生し米価格が急騰した。
- In 1917 when the Russian Revolution broke out, prompting the Masatake TERAUCHI cabinet to announce on July 12 the dispatch of troops to Siberia, rice merchants anticipated a sharp rise in demand and curbed rice sales, causing rice prices to skyrocket.
- 敗戦後、関係資料が発見され、暗殺計画にいくらかでも関与・同調したとされているのは、宮下太吉、菅野スガ、森近運平、新村忠雄、古河力作の5名にすぎなかったことが判明した。
- After World War II, materials related to the assassination plot of the Emperor were discovered, revealing that the number of people actually involved in the plot were only five, Takichi MIYASHIA, Suga KANNO, Unpei MORICHIKA, Tadao NIIMURA and Rikisaku FURUKAWA.
- 当時、宮家は伏見宮家、京極宮家、有栖川宮家と3家あり、この3家を継いだ場合を除き親王を名乗ることができず、その他の天皇家の子女はすべて出家されるという形になっていた。
- At this time, there were three Miyake (houses of an imperial prince), the Fushiminomiya family, the Kyogokunomiya family and the Arisugawanomiya family, and only the prince who succeeded the family could be the Imperial Prince, and the rest of princes and princesses had to become priest or priestess.
- 風刺文学の最高峰と見なされる『ガリヴァー旅行記』は全編フィクションであるが、英国人船長にして医師のレミュエル・ガリヴァーなる人物の体験談であると、本文は主張している。
- 'Gulliver's Travels,' which is considered to be the best work in satirical literature, is composed of fictions throughout whole volumes, but in the novel it is insisted that the novel is based on the experiences of Lemuel Gulliver, an Englishman, a captain and a doctor.
- 「国宝○○寺」あるいは「国宝○○城」のような表記がまま見られるが、厳密に言えば寺院や城郭全体が国宝に指定されているのではなく、指定の対象はあくまでも個々の建造物である。
- It is not uncommon to see terms like 'XX Temple, a national treasure' or 'XX Castle, a national treasure,' but strictly speaking it is always individual buildings, not the entire temple or castle complex, that are designated as national treasures.
- 宇喜多直家は当初は毛利氏の傘下として行動し、織田よりであった主君の浦上宗景を追放し下剋上を果たしていたが、織田氏と秀吉の力を知ると毛利氏を見限り秀吉に降参を申し入れた。
- At first, Naoie UKITA acted under the dominance of the Mori clan and climbed up the ranks after driving out Munekage URAGAMI, who was his lord but was more on Oda's side, but once he found out how powerful the Oda clan and Hideyoshi were, he gave up on the Mori clan and offered to surrender to Hideyoshi.
- 天文密奏の詳細は、仁安 (日本)元年(1166年)に奏上された陰陽助賀茂泰親・天文博士安倍業俊の連署の二十数通の天文密奏を集成した『安倍泰親朝臣記』で見ることができる。
- The details of tenmonmisso are written in the compilation of more than 20 tenmonmisso 'Abe no Yasuchika Asonki,' as reported with the signatures of onmyojo (onmyo vice-minister) KAMO no Yasuchika and tenmon hakase, Abe no Naritoshi.
- 逆にソウル大学校教授李栄薫は、韓国で教えられている「日帝による土地収奪論」は神話であり、客観的数値で見ても日本が編入した朝鮮の土地は10%に過ぎないとする研究者もいる。
- On the other hand, researchers such as Lee Yong-hoon of the Seoul National University say that the 'land requisition by Empire of Japan' taught in South Korea is a myth, and the Korean land incorporated by Japan was only 10% from the viewpoint of objective figure.
- しかし馬子の死後に、蘇我氏に対する皇族や諸豪族の反感が高まって蘇我氏の政治基盤が動揺し、それを克服しようとして入鹿による強権政治に繋がった、という見方も少なからずある。
- However, there are also those who view Iruka's hard-line politics as having been motivated by his desire to overcome the weakness of a political base undermined by antipathy among the Imperial family and other influential families towards the Soga clan after the death of SOGA no Umako.
- また当時の朝鮮において興宣大院君が政権を掌握して儒教の復興と攘夷を国是にする政策を採り始めたため、これを理由に日本との関係を断絶するべきとの意見が出されるようになった。
- In the Korea at that time, Heungseon Daewongun took the reins of government, he started to adopt a national policy that revives the Confucianism and expulsion of foreigners, and caused to develop an opinion that break off relations with Japan.
- このことから、「律令制=奴隷制」、「律令制=独裁制に基づく搾取制」という考えが否定されていき、代わって百姓を隷属農民として見る隷農制という概念が提示されるようになった。
- Accordingly, the idea of 'the Ritsuryo system equals slavery' or 'the Ritsuryo system equals a system of exploitation based on a dictatorship' was refuted and, instead, the concept of villeinage that views the peasants as serfs, has been suggested.
- ただ当時発足したばかりの日本軍は地方農村部などの次男・三男を集めた集団であり、飯や日本食で育った彼らの中には、あまりに異質な西洋の料理に対して拒否感を示す者も見られた。
- The early stage of Japanese military was formed by the group of young people composed of the second or third sons collected from rural and agricultural regions; they had grown up by eating traditional Japanese food with rice-centered diet, thus some could not easily accept such Western style dishes so different from their eating habit.
- 五代十国の一つである後漢_(五代)の宰相であった王章 (五代)は、77枚をもって銅銭100枚として見なす事を公的に許すようになり、宋 (王朝)以後の王朝でも採用された。
- Osho (王章) (Five Dynasties period) who was the prime minister of the Later Han Dynasty (Five Dynasties period), one of Godai-Jikkoku (Wudai Shiguo) period, officially permitted to consider 77 copper coins equal to 100 and it was also adopted in the dynasties after the Sung.
- 中国の新聞の報道によれば、砂塵の飛散時には肺の感染症・心臓血管の疾病・心筋梗塞・高血圧・脳卒中などの増加が見られるという(『新生網』2002年5月28日付記事による)。
- According to a newspaper report in China, it was found that, when dust is scattered, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cardiac infarction, hypertension, and cerebral strokes increased (according to an article on May 28, 2002 of 'Xin Sheng net').
- 寛政年間(1690年代)頃から農村や漁村へも広がりを見せ始め、江戸時代中期(18世紀)以降に益々増加し、特に江戸時代後期の天保年間(1830年代)前後に著しく増加した。
- From the 1690s, it spread to agricultural and fishing villages, and became even more widespread after the middle of the Edo period (eighteenth century), especially around the Tenpo era (1830s) during the late Edo period.
- 戦国時代には戦国大名の一部は自身の居城の城下町に服属した武士を集めるようになり、豊臣秀吉が大坂城・聚楽第・伏見城で支配下に服した大名に屋敷を与え、そこに妻子を住まわせた。
- During the Sengoku Period, some Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) allowed their subjects to reside in their castle towns and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI set up the residences near Osaka Castle, Jurakudai, Fushimi Castle for his subjects and their families.
- 徳川幕府の中枢が移るに従い駿府にも銀座が設けられ、さらに慶長13年(1608年)に伏見銀座は京都両替町、続いて慶長17年(1612年)に駿河銀座は江戸新両替町に移された。
- The location of the ginza moved with the transition of power of the Tokugawa shogunate, with ginza created in Sunpu, followed by Fushimi-ginza in Kyoto Ryogae-cho in 1608 and Suruga-ginza in Edo Shinryogae-cho in 1612.
- 全六巻の内容は、天・地・東・南・西・北の順で見たとき、冒頭の天巻では中国語(古代漢語)に見られる声調変化、四声の原理を説き、地巻では詩の形式や描くべき題材について述べる。
- Concerning the contents of the total of six volumes, when the order was Heaven, Earth, East, South, West, and North, the first volume of Heaven described the shift of the tone seen in the Chinese (the ancient kango [words of Chinese origin]) as well as the principle of the four tones, while in the volume of Earth described the format of the poetry and materials to be depicted.
- また、大江広元の舅であった多田仁綱が摂津源氏多田氏の出身と伝え、仁綱の娘は広元との間に大江親広(寒河江氏の祖)を儲けているが、仁綱の名は『尊卑分脈』等の系図に見えていない。
- It is also said that Noritsuna TADA, who was the father-in-law of OE no Hiromoto, was from the Tada clan of 'Settsu-Genji' (Minamoto clan), and that Noritsuna's daughter and Hiromoto had their child, OE no Chikahiro (the founder of the Sagae clan), but the Noritsuna name can't be found in the Tada clan's genealogy on 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' and other historical sources.
- しかしながら、後述のように文永の役での日本派遣軍の目的はもともと威力偵察の類いであり、このやり取りも当初からの撤退予定を見越したものではなかったか、という指摘もされている。
- However, as explained later, there is an opinion that the purpose of the expeditionary force to Japan in Bunei no Eki was, from the beginning, a kind of reconnaissance of the fighting strength and this conversation also might have been held based upon a withdrawal plan already made.
- 『花園天皇宸記』正和2年(1313)10月14日条に「今日寛平御記十巻、一見了」と記されていることから、当時10巻が伝存していたことがわかるが、現在は1巻も残存していない。
- Although the fact that the diary of October 14, 1313 of 'Hanazono Tenno Shinki' (The Records of Emperor Hanazono) described 'Today, I finished reading the 10th volume of Kanpyo gyoki' shows that Kanpyo gyoki existed in 10 volumes, no books exist now.
- 地子銭の納入は決して多くはなく、一部の都市(京)などにとどまっていたが、中世末期の戦国時代 (日本)ごろになると、農村部でも銭貨による地子納入の事例が見られるようになった。
- The payment of jishisen was not much in any sense and it was limited to some big cities (imperial capital) but cases of jishi payment in coins became common even in rural areas in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in the end of the medieval period (Japan).
- 当時の学問水準より比定の誤りなどが見られるが、平安初期以前の薬物の和名をことごとく記載しておりかつ来歴も明らかで、本拠地である中国にも無いいわゆる逸文が大量に含まれている。
- Although there are some errors in the identification of the medicines by analogy due to the low level of the study at that time, every single Japanese name of the medicines used before the early Heian period is recorded, and the origins and histories of them are revealed, and plenty of so-called itsubun (lost writings), which previously existed but do not exist now even in its home country, China, are included in the dictionary.
- ただ美しいと感じてその色を見るときには、すでにして好んでいるのであるから、「知」と「行」、つまり認識と体験とは一体不可分であって、両者が離れてあるわけではないと王陽明は説く。
- Wang Yangming explained that when people are looking at a color while feeling it is beautiful, they are already fond of it, therefore 'chi' and 'gyo', i.e., recognition and experience, are not separate from each other and cannot be separated.
- 降って治承4年(1180年)に源頼政が以仁王と語らって挙兵した際には、決起を促す諸国の源氏の一群の中に親治とその子達の名前が見え、なおも国内に一勢力を保っていたことが窺える。
- In 1180, MINAMOTO no Yorimasa and Prince Mochihito joined forces and raised an army; the names of Chikaharu and his sons appeared among the group of the Minamoto clan that encouraged insurrection in many districts, and this shows that Yamato-Genji still maintained their power within the province.
- 戦国時代 (日本)では、主君を違える行為は一般的に発生していたが、江戸時代に入ると「脱藩は臣下の身で主を見限るものとして」許されない風潮が高まり、討手が放たれることもあった。
- During the Sengoku Period of Japan it was a frequent occurrence for samurai's to part from their masters, but from the Edo Period it became an unforgiveable crime for a vassal to abandon his lord and many times pursuers were sent after them.
- 台与以後、しばらく倭国による中国王朝への朝貢の記録は途絶えていたが、4世紀後期ごろから東晋など南朝への朝貢が再び見られるようになり、この朝貢は5世紀末頃まで断続的に行われた。
- After the rule of Tayo, there were no records that the Wakoku ruler had offered tribute to the Chinese dynasties for a few centuries, but around the late fourth century, records of tribute to the Southern Dynasty, including the Eastern Jin dynasty, were found and the tribute had been sent intermittently till the end of the fifth century.
- これは当時の仏典『大智度論』(『摩訶般若波羅蜜多経』の注釈書)などに「」とあるように東方にあることを示しただけとする考えもあるが、倭国王の表記を忌避したものと見る考えもある。
- The 'Daichidoron (Commentary on the Great Wisdom Sutra, '摩訶般若波羅蜜多経,' literally translated to the 'Heart of the Perfection of Transcedent Wisdom')' written at that time indicated that such expression as the land where the sun rises only referred to the East of China, but some people mention that the expression of the King of Wa was avoided.
- また一方では、王朝国家と呼ぶべき政治実態は、鎌倉幕府成立後の朝廷にも見られるとして、13世紀の朝廷による支配体制も王朝国家体制期に含める意見(佐藤進一,1983など)もある。
- On the other hand, some people assert that the ruling system adopted by the Imperial court in 13th century should be included in the Dynastic polity period on the ground that the regime which should be regarded as the Dynastic polity was seen after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Shinichi SATO, 1983 etc).
- 式神・識神(しきがみ、しきじん)、式の神ともいい、文献によっては式鬼(しき)、式鬼神とも)とは、陰陽師が使役する鬼神のことで、人心から起こる悪行や善行を見定める役を務めるもの。
- Shikigami or Shikijin were fierce gods employed by the Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) to judge the evil doings and well doings of the populace, and they were also called Shiki no Kami, and in some literature, Shiki or Shiki Kijin.
- 武力紛争の総数から見れば、その大部分は、隣接する非友好的な勢力が互いに、領地、あるいは、影響を及ぼし得る勢力圏の境境付近において繰り広げる小競り合い・抗争レベルの応酬であった。
- Judging from the total number of armed conflicts, most of them were exchanges of skirmishes/private wars which were conducted between neighboring unfriendly powers in the vicinity of the border of their territory or areas on which they could influence.
- 大宰府跡からは「掩美嶋」(奄美大島)・「伊藍嶋」(沖永良部島か)と書かれた木簡が出土しており、また奄美大島奄美市の小湊・フワガネク遺跡から夜光貝による貝匙製作跡が見つかっている。
- From the ruin of Dazaifu, mokkan (a narrow strip of wood on which an official message is written) with characters 'Amamishima' (Amami-Oshima Island) and 'Irabu-jima' (Oki-no-erabujima Island) was unearthed and vestiges of the manufacture of spoons with shells of yakogai were found in Kominato, Fuwaganeku ruins in Amami City of Amami Oshima Island.
- 承和_(日本)元年3月8日_(旧暦)(834年4月20日)に紀伝道と文章道(「道」の呼称が未だ成立していなかったとする見解を採るならば、紀伝科と文章科)は統合されることとされた。
- On April 20, 834, kidendo and monjodo were merged (if one accepts the theory that their names were not established as 'do,' kidenka and monjoka were merged).
- 大彦命に関しては、埼玉県の稲荷山古墳から発掘された金錯銘鉄剣に見える乎獲居臣(ヲワケの臣)の上祖・意冨比垝(オホビコ、オホヒコ)と同一人である可能性が高いとする見解が有力である。
- Regarding Obiko no mikoto, the most convincing explanation is that he was most probably identical to Ohobiko or Ohohiko, a forefather of Owake no omi whose name was inscribed on Kinsakumei-tekken (an iron sword with gold-inlaid inscriptions) excavated at the Inariyama kofun (an ancient tomb at Mt. Inariyama) in Saitama Prefecture.
- 書名については本来無題、あるいは『能作者』、『謡作者』であったと見られるが、1915年『禅竹集』に吉田東伍が翻刻した際、『能本作者註文』の題で収録して以来、この名が定着している。
- The book was originally untitled or may have been entitled 'No Sakusha' or 'Utai Sakusha' but the name 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon' took hold since it was recorded under this title when it was reprinted in 'Zenchiku Shu' by Togo YOSHIDA in 1915.
- 彼は、幕府開設から元禄までの間、長崎貿易の決済のために、金貨国内通貨量のうちの4分の1、銀貨は4分の3が失われたとし、長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にして、この法令を出した。
- He concluded that from the opening of the shogunate government in Edo to the Genroku era, a quarter of domestic gold currency and three quarters of domestic silver currency were lost due to the settlement of foreign trades in Nagasaki, and issued this regulation using the proposal of the Nagasaki magistrate Kiyosuke OOKA.
- 江戸時代の遊女の一部は女衒から売られた女性であったが、高級遊女の大部分は、廓の中や、遊芸者層で生まれた女子の中で、幼少時から利発かつ明眸皓歯な者が、禿として見習いから育てられた。
- A part of yujo in the Edo period were women who had been sold from a pander, but most of the high ranking yujo were born to a red-light district or the family of light accomplishments; of such girls, those who were bright and beautiful since they were young were trained as kaburo (child attendants of prostitutes).
- そこで宮崎市・佐土原と敗北した薩軍は、桐野をはじめ辺見、中島・貴島・河野主一郎らの諸隊と、池辺の熊本隊、有馬が率いる協同隊やほかに高鍋隊も高鍋河畔に軍を構えて官軍の進撃に備えた。
- After having been defeated in Miyazaki City and in Sadowara, the Satsuma army forces set up a fighting formation beside the Takanabe-gawa River as follows in preparation for attacks by the government army: the troops led by those including KIRINO, HENMI, NAKAJIMA, KIJIMA, and Shuichiro KONO, the Kumamoto-tai troop led by IKEBE, and the combined troop led by ARIMA as well as the Takanabe-tai troop.
- 元が最初に送った国書であるが、これに関しては東洋史学者は概ね他の歴代中国王朝の国書と比べて驚くほど低姿勢であると見ているのに対して、日本史学者は高圧的と見る傾向にあると言われる。
- Concerning the first letter sent by the Yuan Dynasty, most scholars of eastern history think that it is surprisingly polite compared to letters by other Chinese dynasties, but scholars of Japanese history are said to have a tendency to see it as authoritative.
- そのため、進学を希望している者の中で、学資が支給されない学校に入学しても、支払いが見込めない(いわゆる、経済的に恵まれない)者は、他の学校より、師範学校に入学することが多かった。
- Therefore, those who wished to receive a higher education, but could not afford their school expenses chose a normal school instead of other ordinary schools which did not provide the school expenses of students.
- 貪欲な受領とされることの多い藤原元命だが、当時、花山天皇が即位直後に地方税制の改革など積極的な政策展開を行っており、元命はこの花山新制の方針を遵守したに過ぎないとする見方もある。
- Although FUJIWARA no Motonaga had been often regarded as a greedy Zuryo, some suggest that Motonaga only observed strictly the policy of Kazan shinsei (new laws issued by Emperor Kazan) under the new local tax system Emperor Kazan actively introduced immediately after his enthronement.
- それ以前は、古代の戸籍制度・計帳・班田収授法などに立脚した律令制統治が行われていたが、この頃には、人民の浮浪・逃亡・偽籍が著しく増加したため、律令制統治が行き詰まりを見せていた。
- Before that, Japan had been ruled by the ritsuryo system of governance (a constitutional form of governance) built on an ancient family register system, tax book, handenshuju-no-ho (law on the distribution and collection of farmlands) and so on, but at that time, vagrancy, elopement, false family registration of the people dramatically increased and the ritsuryo system of governance ran into an impasse.
- 更に、戸田芳実は石母田正や安田元久らの、武士階級は農村から権門など古代階級を打ち破る階級として生まれるとする見解に対して、武士は初めから農民と対立する支配者側であったと主張する。
- In addition, Yoshimi TODA argued that bushi was on the ruling side in opposition to the peasants from the start in contrast to the argument by Tadashi ISHIMODA and Motohisa YASUDA stating that the bushi class formed by breaking free from ancient social class of peasants as influential families.
- 浮遊運動をする砂の運動を詳しく見ると、砂嵐によって巻き上げられた後、日中暖まった空気が上昇することによって起きる上昇気流に乗って、上空500m - 2km付近に上昇して移動する。
- In more details, the movement of the floating sand is as follows: The sand flung up into the air by a sandstorm ascends up 500 m to 2 km above the ground due to an ascending air current and moves at that height.
- 斎藤実や鳩山文相が当時語っていたように、政府当局が処分を強行した意図は、「大学自治の総本山」と見られていた京大を強力な国家権力のもとに屈服させるという点にあったと考えられている。
- As Minoru SAITO and Minister of Education Hatoyama talked at that time, the reason why the government used force was to place Kyoto University, which was thought to be the 'stronghold of university freedom,' under the power of the government.
- その動きは早くは中世から見られるが、一般には江戸時代中期後期以後の儒教や国学 (学問)や復古神道に伴うものを指し、狭義には明治新政府により出された神仏分離令(正式には神仏判然令。
- The earliest movement had already appeared in the Medieval Period, but the Shinbutsu-bunri usually refers to the separation carried out in accordance with the advancement of Confucianism, Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature), and the Fukko-shinto (Reactionary Shintoism) which occurred in and after the mid or late Edo period.In a more limited sense, it refers to the separation carried out throughout the country according to the ordinance issued by the new Meiji government, called Shinbutsu Bunri-rei (officially named Shinbutsu Hanzen-rei, which means the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism), which was a general term representing a series of official notices issued between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, such as the edict of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the notification of the Jingikan (Department of Worship), and the notification of the Daijokan.
- 相対的な価値は慶長期と急激な下落を見た幕末期では概ね一桁以上は異なる上に、生活様式が現在と全く異なるため物価基準であるか賃金基準であるかにより、さらに物価も品目により大きく異なる。
- Relatively, the value in Keicho era was different in more than one digit from that in the end of Edo period by its sharp depreciation, moreover, since the life style was completely different from that of today, it varied greatly whether it was the standard of wage or commodity price which differed from items.
- 諸藩における年貢米の売り上げ、物品購入代金の管理を任命された両替商、および天領である石見銀山、生野銀山などで産出される上納灰吹銀の量目を掛け改めた役職は掛屋(かけや)とも呼ばれた。
- The name given to money exchangers who were appointed to calculate the revenue from each domain's annual rice tax and to manage money for the purchasing of goods was 'Kakeya'; this name was also used for persons in charge of reapplying the ryome for cupellated silver that had been produced in the Iwami Ginzan and Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mines (which were located in lands owned by the bakufu) and paid to the authorities.
- また、長州藩の大楽源太郎による反乱やその支持者によると言われる広沢真臣暗殺、公家の愛宕通旭・外山光輔による新政府転覆計画発覚(二卿事件)など新政府内部は更に混乱の様相を見せ始めた。
- The new government began to experience turmoil due to the revolt of Gentaro DAIRAKU of Choshu domain, the assassination of Masaomi HIROSAWA that was said to have been done by the supporters of Gentaro DAIRAKU, and the plot to overthrow the new government that was attempted by court nobles Michiteru OTAGI and Mitsusuke TOYAMA (Nikkyo Jiken).
- 「サレドモ今広クコノ人間世界ヲ見渡スニ、カシコキ人アリ、オロカナル人アリ、貧シキモアリ、富メルモアリ、貴人モアリ、下人モアリテ、ソノ有様雲ト泥トノ相違アルニ似タルハ何ゾヤ」である。
- 'However, looking around the world of human beings, we can see the wise, the fool, the poor, the rich, the noble, and the common, and find differences between them, they are as different as cloud and mud.'
- 3月1日に始まった田原をめぐる戦い(田原坂・吉次峠)は、この戦争の分水嶺になった激戦で、戦争から100年以上たった現在でも現地では当時の銃弾が田畑や斜面からしばしば発見されている。
- The battle over Tabaru (Tabaru Slope, Kichiji Pass) started on March 1, which was a decisive battle of the war, was so fierce that bullets fired at that time are often found from the fields and the slope at the site still now, over 100 years after the war.
- これらの動きは、中世を通じて社会体制であり続けた荘園公領制の出現を意味するものであり、これと相前後して開始した院政と併せて、11世紀後期には既に中世に入っていたと見ることもできる。
- These movements implies the arrival of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the social structure throughout the medieval age, and based on this fact together with the advent of cloister government, we can consider that the medieval age already arrived in late 11th century.
- その後も修史事業は試みられ「新国史」なるものが存在したと伝聞されるが、若干残った逸文から見ると完成奏上に至らなかったとする見解が主流であり、原因としては律令政治の衰退があげられる。
- There were other attempts to compile national histories following Rikkokushi and it is rumored that there was a 'Shinkokushi' (New National History), but the few remaining rare texts have led to the prevailing opinion that they were never completed and reported to the emperor, with the decline of government according to the Ritsuryo codes given as a reason for this.
- これに伴い、戦国大名にとっては、戦国時代から始まるとして世界遺産にも指定された石見銀山に代表されるように、領内にある金山・銀山の運営が、軍資金の調達のために戦略的な重要性を増した。
- As a result, for sengoku daimyo, operation of gold and silver mines in the territory increased their strategic importance as a means to raise war funds as represented by Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine which was designated a World Heritage as commenced in the Sengoku Period.
- 徳川宗家を相続した慶喜は自ら親征の意志を見せるものの、一転して和睦を模索し、広島で幕府の使者勝海舟と長州の使者広沢真臣・井上馨らの間で停戦協定が結ばれ、第二次長州征伐は終焉を迎えた。
- Yoshinobu, who succeeded as head of the Tokugawa family, at first showed the will to participate in the battle himself, but he changed his position and tried to make peace, ending the second attempt to conquer Choshu when Kaishu KATSU from the bakufu side, and Masaomi HIROSAWA and Kaoru INOUE from the Choshu side concluded the armistice in Hiroshima.
- 1月24日に幸徳秋水、森近運平、宮下太吉、新村忠雄、古河力作、奥宮健之、大石誠之助、成石平四郎、松尾卯一太、新見卯一郎、内山愚童ら11名が、1月25日に1名(菅野スガ)が処刑された。
- 11 people, Shusui KOTOKU, Unpei MORICHIKA, Takichi MIYASHITA, Tadao NIIMURA, Rikisaku FURUKAWA, Kenshi OKUNOMIYA, Seinosuke OISHI, Heishiro NARUISHI, Uitta MATSUO, Uichiro NIIMI and Gudo UCHIYAMA, were executed on January 24, and another one (Suga KANNO) on January 25.
- が、この朝鮮使を宗氏は「朝貢使」と称して秀吉に謁見させると、秀吉からしてみると、要求に応じ「朝貢使」を派遣し「服属」してきた朝鮮に、以前からの要求通り征明の先導(征明嚮導)を命じた。
- However, as the So clan introduced these Korean delegates as 'tributary delegates' to Hideyoshi, he believed that the Joseon Dynasty had sent 'tributary delegates' to yield allegiance to him as he had demanded, and ordered them again to be the guide for conquest of the Ming (Seimin kyodo).
- しかし元章は各作者付の信頼度については深く検討せず、結果として誤りの多い資料を無批判に採り入れる一方、逆に『申楽談儀』『五音』など根本資料と言える世阿弥の著書も見ていなかったらしい。
- However, Motoakira did not place great emphasis on the reliability of the sakushazuke, on which he based his work and as such, not only did he unquestioningly adopted sources containing numerous mistakes but it also appears as though he did not refer to fundamental sources such as 'Sarugaku Dangi' an 'Go On.'
- 更に室町時代後期に壬生晴富が二条持通より、相博を行ったのは永仁年間であったとする話を聞いており(『晴富宿禰記』文明 (日本)10年3月9日条)、後伏見天皇が二条富小路殿にて即位した。
- Haretomi MIBU also heard from Mochimichi NIJO that the exchange of the residence occurred during Einin era (the April 20, 1478 entry of in 'Haretomi Sukune Ki'), and the Emperor Go-Fushimi was enthroned at the Tomikojidono residence.
- 近代国際法の立場から見て、当時の朝鮮をどのように位置づけるかは種々の意見があったが、日本はこの一文を入れることで、解釈の一元化を試み朝鮮を近代国際法に於ける独立国に措定しようとした。
- There were several opinions about the situation of Korea at that time from the point of modern international law, but by inserting that sentence, Japan tried to unify the interpretation of Korea as an independent country under modern international law.
- その後、韓国国内でも、旧植民地の遺構として撤去を求める意見と、歴史を忘れないため保存すべきという意見があり議論が行われたが、大韓民国の韓国国立中央博物館として利用されることになった。
- Later in Korea, there were opinions to remove it as remains of the former colony and opinions to conserve not forget the history, and discussions were held, but it was decided to be used as the National Museum of Korea.
- こうした贋作は文体や語彙の齟齬から比較的容易に見抜かれてしまうものだが、中には『ガルガンチュワとパンタグリュエル』の「第五之書」のように、現在でもなお完全な決着をみていない例もある。
- While these forged writings can be detected relatively easy based on their literary style and inconsistency in vocabulary, 'the fifth book' of 'Gargantua and Pndagruel ' is an example where it is hard to draw a conclusion whether it is a fake or an original even to this day.
- 荘園公領制では、本家-領家-荘官・地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- Under the stratified land ruling structure of shoen koryo sei, the right to rule lands/peasants and the right to the proceeds of lands were very complicated because these were entangled in a multi-layered way, as seen in the structure of honke (official/nominal owner of shoen (manor)) - ryoke (lord of shoen) - shokan/jito (officer of governing shoen/manager of shoen).
- 老中首座の阿部正弘(備後福山藩主)は、海防参与徳川斉昭(水戸藩主)らや、松平慶永(越前藩主、のち春嶽)・島津斉彬(薩摩藩主)ら親藩・外様大名をはじめ、庶民にいたるまで対応意見を求めた。
- Masahiro ABE, the head of roju (member of shogun's council of elders) (the lord of Bingofukuyama domain), asked a broad range of people, including a coastal defense officer Nariakira TOKUGAWA (the lord of Mito domain), Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA (the lord of Echizen domain), Nariakira SHIMIZU (the lord of Satsuma domain), and other various kinds of lords across the country, as well as ordinary people, about how they should respond to the situation.
- しかし、これらは紀州徳川家から将軍に就任した吉宗が側用人政治を嫌う土屋政直ら「援立の臣」らに功績としてどちらかというと形式的なところに着目してなされた一種の配慮とみる見解が有力である。
- However, it's generally understood that Yoshimune from the Kishu Tokugawa family showed his consideration for his 'supportive vassal' Masanao TSUCHIYA who hated the lord chamberlain government, so Yoshimune made changes to Arai's achievements mainly from a formality.
- 洞(うつろ)とは、室町時代後期から安土桃山時代にかけて、現在の東北地方及び関東地方の戦国大名に見られた形態で惣領である当主を中心に一族・家臣をまとめた擬似的要素のある族縁共同体のこと。
- Utsuro was a quasi family-related community from the late Muromachi period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period that organized family members and vassals around the head of the family, called soryo (heir); organizations such as these were seen among Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in the Tohoku and Kanto regions.
- 尾張国の戦国大名織田信長が、農民の子から足軽になった羽柴秀吉(豊臣秀吉)を家臣に登用したように、実力次第では出世が可能になるのも、戦国大名の家臣団において見られたひとつの傾向であった。
- Within the Kashindan under a Sengoku daimyo, however, there was a trend to give promotions based on abilities; this was seen in the case of Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) who had been born from a peasant family, became an ashigaru (common foot soldier) and was promoted to a vassal by Nobunaga ODA, a Sengoku daimyo in Owari Province.
- 最初の前方後円墳は3世紀前葉~中葉に出現しているのでヤマト王権の成立をこの時期に求める説が有力だが、この時期はまだヤマト王権に先立つ王権の段階(プレ・ヤマト王権)だったとする見解もある。
- As the first keyhole-shaped mounds appeared between the beginning and middle of the third century, the most widely believed theory claims that the Yamato Kingdom was established around this time; however, there is also a theory that this was a different kingdom (the pre-Yamato Kingdom) and that the Yamato Kingdom emerged after this.
- また、『日本書紀』垂仁紀には、野見宿禰が日葉酢媛命の陵墓へ殉死者を埋める代わりに土で作った人馬を立てることを提案したという(埴輪の起源説話であるが考古学的には否定されている)記載がある。
- According to Suininki in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), NOMI no Sukune suggested to bury the people and horses made of earth instead of burying people who sacrifice their own lives to follow the Empress in the imperial mausoleum of Hibasuhime no mikoto (it is a narrative about the origin of haniwa [a clay figure]; however, it is not admitted archaeologically).
- 弥生時代前期末以降に発達する環濠集落は、濃尾平野以西の各地域に水稲農耕が定着した段階であり、その定着によって引き起こされた土地や水争いなどの村落間の戦いに備えて独自に成立したと見られる。
- Individual moat settlements were developed beyond the end of Early Yayoi period in preparation for conflicts between villages over the control of land and water, as wet-rice cultivation became established in various districts on the west side of the Nobi Plain.
- だが、この見解も日本の律令制社会をヨーロッパ的な発展史観に当て嵌め、欧米列強がかつて行った植民地支配の実態と重ね合わせているだけで、本末転倒な見方とする意見が現在では多くなってきている。
- Recently, the most popular current theory is that the above-mentioned view emphasizes the wrong points because it adapts Japanese society based on the Ritsuryo system to the historical view of European development, merely to match that Japanese society with the realities of the Western powers' colonial rule.
- また、当時理蕃政策と称された台湾原住民に対する統治政策では、原住民の教育水準に一定程度の向上を見ることができ、法的には日本人や中国語系住民とほぼ同等の権利の保障が認められるようになった。
- The management policy of the aborigines in Taiwan so called 'riban seisaku' (aboriginal management policy) contributed to the improvement of the educational level among them to some extent, and they were legally given almost the same rights as the Japanese or Chinese people.
- 平成10年(1998年)度に行われた秋田城(秋田県秋田市)第72次調査で見つかった漆紙文書は、国立歴史民俗博物館の平川南教授の赤外線カメラを用いた解読によって死亡帳であることが判明した。
- The lacquer-infiltrating paper document found in the 72nd research of Akita-jo Castle (Akita City, Akita Prefecture) in 1998 turned out to be Shibocho through decipherment using an infrared camera by Professor Minami HIRAKAWA of the National Museum of Japanese History.
- また『柳烟雑記』は享保九年五月(1723年)の武家人口として、大名264人、旗本5205人、御目見以下1万7004人、与力・同心並びに六尺・下男3万0909人、その他487人と伝えている。
- Additionally, according to the 'Ryuenzakki' [柳烟雑記] (Miscellaneous Records of Smokey Willow), the samurai population as of May 1723 (Kyoho 9) comprised of 264 daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), 5,205 hatamoto (bannermen), 17,004 subordinates, 30,909 of those including yoriki (police sergeant), doshin (police constable), rokushaku (servant) and genan (houseboy), and 487 others.
- 一方鷹見安二郎(1940年)は明治初年の華族・士族人口や石高の統計などをもとに、諸藩の在府者と家族の人口を約36万人、幕府配下の武家と家族の人口を約26万人、合計約62万人と推定している。
- On the other hand, Yasujiro TAKAMI (1940) estimated the population of domain-retained samura and their dependents to be approximately 360,000, and the population of samurai and dependents administered by the Bakufu to be approximately 260,000 for a combined total of 620,000 based on an 1864 (meiji 1) census carried out over peerage and warrior classes.
- その一方で長期に渡る鎖国の反動からか文化・風土面においても世界的に類を見ない規模の欧化政策(脱亜入欧)を行い、現代に至るまでの日本人における白人コンプレックスの礎となったと考える者もいる。
- On the other hand, there is also an opinion that the Japanese government introduced a Europeanization policy (leave Asia, enter Europe) into its culture and its natural features on an such an unprecedented scale due to a backlash against its extended seclusionism, that it layed a foundation for the people of Japan to have an inferior complex to the Caucasian that remains even today.
- 奴隷としての賤民は早い時代に消滅したが、被差別階級としての賤民(いわゆる“穢多”“非人”)が中世の頃から顕著に見られ始め、近世を通じて存続し、明治4年(1871年)の解放令まで残っていた。
- Senmin as a slave disappeared in an early period, but Senmin as a discriminated class (so-called 'Eta' [one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system, people whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses] and 'Hinin' [one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system, often ex-convicts or vagrants]) started appearing obviously in the medieval period, survived throughout the early-modern times, and existed until Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) was promulgated in 1871.
- 大本営陸軍部の大本営組織をつとめる石黒忠悳(軍医総監・陸軍省医務局)や軍医部長の一人森鴎外医学功績と脚気問題から見た再評価(森鴎外)などが科学的根拠がないとして、麦飯の支給に強硬に反対した。
- Tadanori ISHIGURO responsible for the entire system of the Army of the Imperial headquarters (surgeon general of Medical department of Ministry of Army) and one of directors of army surgeons, Ogai MORI and other surgeons were strongly opposed to supplying barley rice; suggesting that reevaluation in view of medical achievements and beriberi Ogai MORI) lacks scientific evidence.
- 徳川慶喜の静岡下向を見届けた海軍副総裁榎本武揚は旧幕臣の保護と北辺防備を目的として慶応4年(1868年)8月19日に品川沖から開陽丸を旗艦に8隻の軍艦を率いて江戸を脱出し、蝦夷地に向かった。
- Takeaki ENOMOTO, the Vice-President of Navy, who made sure that Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA left the capital for Shizuoka, went away form Edo for Ezo leading eight military ships on Kaiyomaru as a flagship from off Shinagawa on August 19, 1868, for the purpose of rescue of former retainers of shogun and protection of Hokuhen.
- この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの(寺田屋騒動参照)、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
- Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.
- ただし、近年では物部氏の居住跡から氏寺(渋川廃寺)の遺構などが発見され、物部氏を単純な廃仏派として分類することは難しく、個々の氏族の崇拝の問題でなく、国家祭祀の対立であったとする見方もある。
- However, due to the recent discovery of the remains of former Shibukawa-ji Temple, which was an Uji-dera Temple (temple built for praying for clan's glory) from the Mononobe clan's place of dwelling, it became difficult to categorize the clan as simply anti-Buddhist, and some say that it was a confrontation not over the matters of each clan's reverence, but over religious services over a national scale.
- このとき鋳造されたとされるものが、いわゆる二水永(にすいえい)と呼ばれる「永」字の上部が「二」に見えるものであり、背(裏面)下部には「三」と鋳込まれ、鋳造年の「寛永三年」を意味するといわれる。
- The coin which is thought to have been minted around this time was a so-called Nisuiei because the top part of letter '永' looked like '二' (ni), and it is believed that a letter of '三' (three) marked at the bottom on the reverse side indicated the 'third year of Kanei era,' the year it was minted.
- 幕府側にはそれを拒否する力は無く、安政の大獄で失脚した徳川慶喜を将軍後見職、松平春嶽を政事総裁職、松平容保(会津藩主)を京都守護職とするなどの人事を含む改革を余儀なくされた(文久の改革参照)。
- The bakufu side was not yet strong enough to resist that messenger, and had to accept the reformation, including personnel affairs such as appointing Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who lost his standing during the Ansei purge, as a guardian of the shogun, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA as Seiji sosai shoku (roughly, director-general of political affairs), and Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan) as Kyoto shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) (See Bunkyu Reform).
- が、この蕪村を含む江戸時代の妖怪画は、滑稽なものや親しみのあるものとして描かれるものが多く、妖怪をフィクションとして楽しもうとする娯楽性が見て取れ、現代の妖怪漫画にも通じているとの見方もある。
- However, ghost pictures in the Edo Period, including these works of Buson's, were intended in many cases to be comical and familiar, showing an entertaining tendency and trying to enjoy specters as a fiction; something that can be similarly seen in modern specter comics.
- 『八幡大菩薩愚童訓』には「夜々ニ筑紫之地ヲ見廻、船戦之場懸足逃道ニ至マテ、差図ヲ書」とあり、『元史』趙良弼伝にも「使日本趙良弼、至太宰府而還、具以日本君臣爵号、州郡名数、風俗土宜来上」とある。
- 'Hachiman Daibosatsu Gudokun' (another title of Hachiman Gudokun) reads, 'they looked around Chikushi Province in the night and wrote instructions about the place for naval battle, position and the way to escape' and in addition, the records on Liang-pi CHAO in 'Genshi' also says, 'envoy to Japan Liang-pi CHAO reached Dazai-fu and returned with detailed information about Japanese titles granted to vassals, the number and names of provinces, customs and products.'
- 徳川幕府を代理する立場ではあるが、江戸を離れた京都にあって天皇の信任を得る一方、必ずしも江戸の幕閣の意向を代弁するわけではなく、相対的に独自の勢力を形成していたとする見方からこのように呼ばれる。
- Originally they were to represent the Tokugawa Shogunate, however, in Kyoto, far from Edo (present Tokyo, the hub of the Shogunate), they gained the Emperor's trust and didn't always speak for the Shogunate, but instead formed an original force of politics; for that reason recently there is a historian saying that they should be called the 'Ichikaiso Government.'
- 農業生産力の発展を基盤として、経済的な繁栄が見られたのが元禄であり、この時代には文学や絵画の面でも、井原西鶴の浮世草子、松尾芭蕉の俳諧、近松門左衛門の浄瑠璃、菱川師宣の浮世絵などが誕生していく。
- The Genroku era enjoyed economic prosperity based on the development of agricultural productivity, and in the field of literature and painting famous masterpieces such as Ukiyozoshi (Literally, Books of the Floating World) by Saikaku IHARA, seven-syllable verse (haikai) by Basho MATSUO, Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU and ukiyoe paintings by Moronobu HISHIKAWA were created.
- これは、古河側が鉱毒事件で責任を認めて賠償金(契約書上の文言は「補償金」)を支払った最初の出来事である(それ以前の資金提供は常に「寄付金」「見舞金」「協力金」などの名目で、賠償金ではなかった)。
- This was the first case that Furukawa accepted responsibility for the mining pollution and paid compensation (called 'baishokin,' however, in the contract, it says 'hoshokin' which means the money you give them as they suffer from damage, while 'baishokin' means the money you give them as you hurt them; before that, any monetary provision was not under the name of compensation but either of 'donation,' 'consolatory money 'cooperation money.')
- 具体的には、明治11年(1878年)3月11日に大久保利通が三条実美太政大臣に提出した意見書「地方之体制等改正之儀」上申に基き、第2回地方官会議と元老院 (日本)の審議及び議決を経て制定された。
- Specifically, they were drafted on the basis of an opinion paper titled 'reorganization of the local administration system' which Toshimichi OKUBO submitted to the Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) Sanetomi SANJO on March 11, 1878, and they were then adopted after the deliberations and resolutions of the second chihokan kaigi (assembly of prefectural governors) and the Genroin (the Chamber of Elders, Japan).
- その次第を詳細に見れば、「聲譜~四聲論」(天巻所収)「十七勢~六志」(地巻所収)「二十九種對」(東巻所収)「文三十種病累、十種疾」(西巻所収)「論文意」(南巻所収)「論對属」(北巻所収)となる。
- In detail, the word order of the above sentence was firstly 'seifu to 4 seiron' which appeared in the volume of Heaven, secondly '17 sei to 6 shi' in the volume of Earth, '29 tai' in the volume of East, '30 contents of peirui and 10 shitsu' in the volume of West, 'meanings of articles' in the volume of South, and 'rontaizoku' in the volume of North.
- そして、旧幕府において京都と江戸の警備に当たっていた会津藩及び庄内藩は朝敵と見なされ、会津は武装恭順の意志を示したものの、新政府の意志は変わらず、周辺諸藩は新政府に会津出兵を迫られる事態に至った。
- Accordingly, the Aizu and Shonai clans that took the charges of keeping peace of the cities of Kyoto and Edo became the enemies of the imperial court; Aizu were willing to show allegiance but the new government still took Aizu as the enemy, forcing the surrounding clans to dispatch troops against Aizu.
- 例えば、改新の第一の方針は公地公民制を確立したものとして評価されてきたが、これは王土王民の理念を宣言したのみに過ぎず、改新時に公地公民制という制度は構築されなかったとする見解も有力となりつつある。
- For example, although the establishment of state ownership of both land and people was recognized as the first objective of the Taika Reform, the view that this was merely a proclamation of the concept of odo omin and that the system of state ownership of land and people was not established at the time of the reforms has been gaining prominence.
- 雷撃隊(指揮長辺見十郎太)・振武隊(指揮長中島健彦)・破竹隊(指揮長河野主一郎)・行進隊(指揮長相良長良)・鵬翼隊(指揮長新納精一)・熊本隊(大隊長池辺吉十郎)・協同隊(中隊長有馬源内)・加治木隊
- The Raigeki-tai troop (Commander: Jorota HENMI), the Shinbu-tai troop (Commander: Takehiko NAKAJIMA), the Hachiku-tai troop (Commander: Shuichiro KONO), the Koshin-tai troop (Commander: Nagayoshi SAGARA), the Hoyoku-tai troop (Commander: Seiichi NIINO), the Kumamoto-tai troop (Commander: Kichijoro IKEBE), the combined troop (Company Commander: Gennai ARIMA), the Kajiki-tai troop
- 『山海経』(戦国-秦漢期成立)には倭が中国東北部にあった燕_(春秋)国に服属していたという記述があり、紀元前6-4世紀頃のことと考えられているが、同書についても依拠することに慎重な見解が存在する。
- There is a description in 'Sengaikyo' (oldest topography of China), written sometime between the Warring States Period and Qin/Han Dynasty) that says Wa was obedient to Yan (Chunqiu period) which was in the northeast of China, therefore it is considered to be in the period from the sixth century to fourth century B.C. but some think the book should also be taken with caution.
- 唐や宋の荘園には不輸不入の権限は存在しなかったものの、皇帝からの恩賜地は租税を減免され、官僚所有の荘園には免役特権が存在したため、農民が重い税負担から逃れるために荘園を官僚に寄進する例も見られた。
- The shoens during the Tang and Sung dynasty did not have the right of tax exemption and the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property, but the lands from the Emperor were exempt from taxation and the shoens owned by bureaucrats had the right of tax exemptions and so some farmers donated their shoens to the bureaucrats so as to escape from heavy tax burden.
- この時の使節団訪朝前に、日本では寺島宗則外務卿が、「朝鮮輸出税は今より無論に是を徴せす。彼国より輸入し来る物品と雖少数、且多くは実用品にて国害となるへき物品無之候」と三条太政大臣に意見具申している。
- Before the envoy visited Korea from Japan, Munenori TERASHIMA, the chief of the Foreign Ministry, gave his opinion to the Grand Minister Sanjo, 'Export duties to Korea will not be imposed from now on. As the imported products from Korea would be not so many and most of them were utilities, those would not be harmful to our country.'
- しかし、「渡来」には単に渡ってやって来たという語義しかなく、倭国王(大王 (ヤマト王権))に帰属したという意味合いを持たないため、やはり「帰化」を用いた方が適切だとする関晃・平野邦雄らの見解もある。
- Nevertheless, Kunio HIRANO and Akira SEKI advocated that it was still more appropriate to use 'kika,' for 'torai' only signifies to come over without meaning to attribute to the King of Wa (great king [Yamato kingship]).
- 台湾出兵時に西郷従道が装備したガトリング砲も九州へ送られるなど、徴兵で構成された政府軍は精強な薩摩士族相手に戦うために、相当な意気込みを見せたが、一番肝心な歩兵銃の弾薬調達でトラブルが発生していた。
- The government army, which consisted of conscripts, was so enthusiastic about fighting against the powerful band of warrior class in Satsuma that it even sent the Gatling gun that had been equipped by Tsugumichi SAIGO for the Taiwan expedition to Kyushu but had a trouble in the essential matter of supplying ammunition for infantry rifle.
- フランク王国(カロリング朝)の時代から奢侈禁止令が見られるが、本格的に奢侈禁止令が出されるようになるのは、十字軍以後の商業の急激な発展と都市生活の高度化に対する教会及び国家の警戒によるものであった。
- Sumptuary laws existed from the time of the Frankish kingdom (the Carolingians), and after the Crusades full-scale laws started to be issued because the church and states were alerted to the rapid development of trade and advancement of urban life.
- 中世の荘園公領制では、本家-領家-開発領主-荘官-地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- As seen in relationships among honke (head family), ryoke (lord of the manor), kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notable who developed the land), shokan (officer governing shoen), and jito (manager and lord of manor), dominance relationships involving lands and farmers and also relationships involving rights such as land and profit were related to each other in multiple ways; therefore, the Shoen Koryo system of the Middle Ages was extremely complicated.
- 1933年4月、内務省 (日本)は滝川の著書『刑法講義』『刑法読本』に対し、その中の内乱罪、姦通罪に関する見解(後者については妻にだけ適用されることを批判した)などを理由として発売禁止処分を下した。
- The Ministry of Internal Affairs (Japan) ruled in April 1933 that Takigawa's books 'Keiho Kogi' and 'Keiho Dokuhon' were not allowed to be for sale because of his stance on insurrection crimes and adultery (which he criticized because it was only applicable to the wife).
- 四道将軍の説話は単なる神話ではなく、豊城入彦命の派遣やヤマトタケル伝説などとも関連する王族による国家平定説話の一部であり、初期ヤマト王権による支配権が地方へ伸展する様子を示唆しているとする見解がある。
- According to one explanation, the story of Shido-shogun is not merely a myth but a part of a narrative of conquest of a country by members of the royal family associated with the dispatch of Toyokiirihikono-mikoto and the legend of Yamato Takeru, thus suggesting how the royal power of the early Yamato dynasty had expanded its hegemony.
- 同時代の他の古墳に比較して規模が隔絶しており、また日本各地に類似した古墳が存在し、出土遺物として埴輪の祖形と考えられる吉備系の土器が見出せるなど、以後の古墳の標準になったと考えられる重要な古墳である。
- This particular tumulus is significant, as its size and enclosed Kibi style artifacts (an original form of 'haniwa,' or hollow clay figurines) seem to suggest that it served as a model for the later tumuluses all over Japan.
- また、国史の記事の引用について、祖父公方が編纂した『本朝月令』が、直接『日本書紀』以下の六国史から引用しているのに対し、本書は、六国史からの引用と、菅原道真が編纂した『類聚国史』からの引用も見られる。
- As for quotation of articles of the national history, while 'Honcho Gatsuryo' compiled by Kinkata, Tadasuke's grandfather, uses direct quotations from 'Rikkokushi' (Japan's six national histories chronicling the seventh and eighth centuries) such as 'The Nihon Shoki' (the Chronicle of Japan), the Seiji yoryaku includes not only some quotations from Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories) but also some from 'Ruiju-kokushi' (Classified National History) compiled by SUGAWARA no Michizane.
- この門葉の顔ぶれを見る限り、門葉たる地位を付与されるためには、血筋上の嫡流庶流や頼朝の血筋との近接性はあまり問題ではなく、あくまで忠勤の目覚ましい清和源氏であることがその要件であったということができる。
- Given the manner in which the members of these monyo were selected, in order to be given the status of monyo, what mattered wasn't the main line or branch of the family blood nor how close one was to Yoritomo's blood but was instead being the faithful Seiwa-Genji, which was the only requirement.
- 天和 (日本)3年(1682年)、賤ヶ岳の七本槍の1人として知られる加藤嘉明の孫で、外様の石見国吉永藩(1万石)藩主・加藤明友が祖父と自身の功により1万石の加増を受け、2万石で近江国水口城主となり立藩。
- The Minakuchi Domain was founded in 1682 by Akitomo KATO, a tozama (outsider feudal lord) of the Yoshinaga Domain in Iwami Province (with a fief yielding 10,000 koku of rice), who became the lord of the Minakuchi-jo Castle in Omi Province with 10,000 koku of rice increased to 20,000 in total because of the military exploit by himself and his grandfather, Yoshiaki KATO, known as one of the seven excellent military commanders in Hideyoshi's army at the battle of Shizugatake (Shizugatake-no-shichihon-yari).
- しかし4世紀後葉になると、東北(仙台平野・会津地方など)から南九州(日向・大隅など)まで前方後円墳の分布が急速に拡大しており、ヤマト王権の支配権がそれらの地域へ伸展していったことの表れだとする見方がある。
- However, during the latter half of the fourth century, keyhole-shaped mounds spread rapidly from Tohoku (Sendai plain and Aizu Region) to southern Kyushu, which is seen as evidence of the Yamato Kingdom extending its hegemony in other areas.
- これにより、5世紀ごろには簡易な官僚制が形成されていたとして、それまでの王の権威を権力の源泉としていた「ヤマト王権」から王を中心とする政治組織が権力を担う「ヤマト政権」への転換がなされたとする見方もある。
- As seen from these organizational changes, it is thought that a simple bureaucratic system was already being formed around the fifth century; there is an opinion that during this time, the 'Yamato Kingdom', where the king's authority was the source of power, was replaced by the 'Yamato administration', where a political organization, with a King at the center, held the power.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)には、多田頼貞、多田貞綱、多田義基などが南朝 (日本)方の武将として活動しているが、その明確な系譜は未詳である(『尊卑分脈』には多田頼盛の三男能瀬高頼の後裔に頼貞、貞綱の名が見える)。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, some warlords called Tada, such as Yorisada TADA, Sadatsuna TADA and Yoshimoto TADA, fought on the side of the Southern Court, but the details of their family is unlear; incidentally, in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' there is the depiction that Takayori NOSE (the third son of Yorimori TADA) had Yorisada and Sadatsuna as his descendants.
- 厳冬期の旅を終えて長崎に到着した一行を見た責任者の寺沢半三郎は、一行の中に12歳の少年ルドビコ茨木がいるのを見て気の毒に思い、信仰を捨てることを条件に助けようとしたが、ルドビコはこの申し出を丁重に断った。
- When the supervisor, Hanzaburo TERAZAWA, found 12-year old Louis IBARAKI among the party which arrived in Nagasaki after the journey in the coldest period of winter, he felt sorry and tried to save him by offering the condition that he should renounce his religion, but Louis politely turned down this offer.
- 理論通りに行われれば、検見法のほうが負担がより公平になり採用されるはずであったが、これにもまた、幕府側にとっては経費がかかり、農民側では苦労が多かったし、不正が行われ、調査が確実でないなどの問題があった。
- In theory, kemi ho evens the tax burden, but it costs the bakufu a lot of money and peasants had a lot of trouble, also there were frauds such as uncertainty of the inspection.
- 慶長6年(1601年)には、伏見銀座から慶長丁銀が鋳造され、以後、江戸幕府によって品位を一定に定められた丁銀が発行され、元和 (日本)年間以降は常に小額通貨である同品位の豆板銀(小玉銀)を伴って発行された。
- In 1601, Keicho Chogin (oval silver coins) were made in Fushimi Ginza (silver mint) and since then, Chogin of a consistent standard had been coined by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and after the Genwa era, Mameitagin (small coins) of the same quality were made as a permanent small currency unit.
- また、朝鮮半島南部を中心にいくつもの倭独特の前方後円墳が発見されており、中国の史書からも倭への朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める記述があることから朝鮮半島南部(任那)は大和王権が統治していた地と有力視されている。
- Furthermore, from the discovery of keyhole-shaped mounds, a feature unique to Wakoku, together with descriptions in Chinese historical sources of Wa controlling the southern Korean Peninsula, it is regarded that the Yamato Kingdom governed southern Korea.
- 貿易額の制限そのものは綱吉時代の踏襲に過ぎず、更に新井の意見書には綱吉時代の改革で金銀の海外流出はほとんどなくなっていた事実を意図的に無視するなど、儒教的な抑商思想に由来する貿易統制ありきの発想が存在する。
- In the first place, Arai's plan was developed based on the intention to implement trade controls originating from Confusion commerce suppression policy, so limiting the amount of trade simply followed the system developed in the Tsunayoshi era and his plan intentionally ignored the truth that the outflow of gold and silver had already stopped by Tsunayoshi's reform.
- 戊辰戦争の際には、すでに鳥羽伏見の戦いの時点で薩摩藩兵とともに東寺や大津を守備するなど、最初から勤王の姿勢を示しており、近藤勇を逮捕する手柄を立てるなど実戦での功績も評価され、賞典禄2万石を与えられている。
- From the beginning of the Boshin War, the Ii Family showed their loyalty to the Emperor by guarding To-ji Temple and the town of Otsu with soldiers of the Satsuma clan at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi and, having achieved great success with the arrest of Isami KONDO, were rewarded with territory worth 20,000 koku.
- 京都の撮影所の俳優会館には大物俳優のみが個室を持つ事が許されるとされ、里見浩太朗、北大路欣也、松方弘樹他数名が現在占有しているとされているが、たった一人だけ来ないのに名札の掛かっているのは高倉健であるという。
- In Haiyu-Kaikan Hall at the Kyoto studio, it is said that only major stars are permitted to occupy rooms exclusively; the current members of such a privileged class are Kotaro SATOMI, Kinya KITAOJI, Hiroki MATSUKATA and some others, however, Ken TAKAKURA is the only person to have never used the room even though his name plate remains on the door of his room.
- 兵力的には劣る朝倉・浅井両軍であったが、浅井側先鋒磯野員昌率いる浅井家精鋭部隊が織田方先鋒坂井政尚、続いて池田恒興、豊臣秀吉、柴田勝家の陣を次々に突破し13段の備えのうち実に11段までを打ち破る猛攻を見せた。
- Although Asakura and Azai troops were understrength, Azai's elite troops led by its top Kazumasa ISONO broke through those of Oda's top Masahisa SAKAI, Tsuneoki IKEDA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Katsuie SHIBATA one after another, and in fact, they launched fierce attacks to knock down eleven out of thirteen layers of military reserves.
- 堺で会合衆の名が初見されるのは季弘大叔の『蔗軒日録』で、1484年(文明16年)8月1日に三村社(開口神社)の祭礼で頭を務めたのが「会合衆内、カスエ(材木商・三宅主計)、イスミ(和泉)屋両人」と記されている。
- The name of Egoshu first appears in Sakai City, in the 'Shaken nichiroku,' a diary written by a Zen priest, Daishuku KIKO. It records that on August 1 in 1484, both the Kasueya (timber merchant, Kazue MIYAKE) and the Isumiya (Izumiya) from among the Egoshu members led the festival at Mimura-sha Shrine (Aguchi-jinja Shrine).
- 河内祥輔は東国独立論の存在を否定(平広常の個人的意見でしかないと)する立場から、頼朝の立場を平家政権の支配からの独立とそれに代わる朝廷との関係構築を求めて、一貫して後白河法皇との直接交渉を望んだ点を重視する。
- From the standpoint that denies the existence of the argument about the independence of the Togoku region (and regards it as only a personal opinion of TAIRA no Hirotsune), Shosuke KOUCHI focuses on the fact that Yoritomo consistently desired to negotiate directly with the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa seeking independence from the ruling of the Heike government and the relationship building with the Imperial Court in lieu thereof.
- やがて彼らの土地の保証は源氏、平家といった、貴種に連なる上級武家に委ねられ、下級、中級の武士は「給人」と呼ばれて、主君から恩給された土地の見返りに、平時、戦時における主君への軍事的奉仕を行う構造が出来上がった。
- Later, the higher ranking samurai families such as the Minamoto clan or the Taira family, which had relationships with persons of noble birth were entrusted to warrant the local nobles their developed lands, and a system was established in which middle and lower ranking samurai were called 'kyunin' who offered military services to the lord not only in peacetime but also in wartime in exchange for the land which the lord granted them as stipend.
- なお土地課税基調体制への移行の時期について、宇多天皇及び菅原道真の主導による寛平の治を王朝国家体制への転換準備期とし、延喜の治を時平による王朝国家体制への移行期であるとする意見(平田耿二,2000など)がある。
- Concerning the time when the old system shifted to the system based on tax on land, there is a view asserting that the era of Kanpyo no chi (Glorious rule in the Kanpyo era), led by the Emperor Uda and SUGAWARA no Michizane, was the preparatory period for the transition to the Dynastic polity regime and Engi no chi (Reign of Emperor Daigo), led by Tokihira, was the transitional period to the Dynastic polity regime (Koji HIRATA, 2000).
- こうして軍勢の統括者に提出された軍忠状は、内容に問題が無ければ、文書末尾(先頭の場合もあり)にその統括者の証判(花押)と文書を一読し承諾した旨(「一見了」「承了」「無相違」などの文言)が書かれて効力が発生する。
- When the Gunchujo was submitted to the administrator of the troops and certified to be true, the document took effect with the addition of the approval mark of the administrator (Kao [written seal mark]) at the end of the document (or the head in some cases) and with words along the lines of 'I looked through the above and agree that it does not differ from the facts.'
- 多紀元簡により発見された古写本の現時点の所在は不明であるが、多紀が寛政8年(1796年)に校訂を行って刊行し、6年後に民間にも出された版本が存在する他、古写本を影写した森立之の蔵本が台湾の故宮博物院に現存する。
- The present whereabouts of the old manuscript discovered by Genkan TAKI is unknown, but there still remains the version revised and issued by Taki in 1796, which was also published for the general public six years later, and the National Palace Museum in Taiwan has another version traced from the old manuscript and once possessed by Tatsuyuki MORI.
- 以前は唐の都の長安を模倣して作られたというのが一般的な定説であったが、先行する藤原京との密接な関係から現在は関連が疑われており、北魏洛陽などをモデルとした、日本独自の発展系ではないかという見方も有力となっている。
- Although it was a well established theory that the capital was modeled after Changan of Tang Dynasty, its relationship with Fujiwara-kyo, previously thought to be close, became questionable, and therefore another theory became accepted, which stated that Rakuyo in Northern Wei Dynasty was the inspiration, yet the development of the capital was unique to Japan.
- 20世紀中後期頃までは、大化の改新が日本の律令制導入の画期だったと理解されていたが、20世紀後期頃から、大化の改新の諸政策は後世の潤色であることが判明しており、必ずしも律令制史上の画期とは見なされなくなってきた。
- Until the second half of the 20th century, it was understood that the Taika Reforms were an epoch in the introduction of the Ritsuryo system into Japan, but since the latter part of the 20th century, they have not necessarily been considered an important epoch in the history of the Ritsuryo system as it has proven that the measures of the Taika Reform were later embellishments.
- 例えば、江西省撫州の人呉与弼(康斎)や 陳献章(白沙)は朱子学派に属すものの、その聖人となるための修養法は読書よりも実践・静坐を重視するなど、後世から見ると若干朱子学とは異なる側面も見られないではなかったのである。
- For example, although Wu Yubi (Kangzhai) and Chen Xianzhang (Baisha) in Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province belonged to the Shushigaku school, they emphasized practice and meditation instead of reading as a way to become a sage, which from a later viewpoint seems to be slightly different from conventional Shushigaku.
- また学校教育や警察機構を通じた台湾人の衛生概念改善行動もあり、一般市民の衛生概念も着実に改善を見ることができ、また台北帝国大学内に熱帯医学研究所を設置し、医療従事者の育成と台湾の衛生改善のための研究が行われていた。
- Activities were developed through school education or policy for improving public health awareness of Taiwanese, resulting in a steady improvement of public health awareness of the public, and a research center for tropical medicine was established attached to the Taihoku Imperial University to educate healthcare professionals and research for the public health improvement.
- 古寛永の総鋳造高については詳しい記録が見当たらず不明であるが、鋳銭目標などから推定した数値では325万貫文(32億5千万枚)とされた。この内、鳥越銭が30万貫文(3億枚)、沓谷銭は20万貫文(2億枚)との記録もある。
- Although the total minted amount of Ko-Kanei is unknown because no detailed records remain, the amount was estimated from the target amount of minted coins to be 3.25 million kanmon (1,000 kanmon equaling 10,000 yen) (3.25 billion coins).
- その後17世紀前半(江戸初期)にかけて、キリスト教の布教(キリシタン)と貿易(南蛮貿易)を通じて、日本とスペインの間には盛んな人物の往来が見られ、また衣食住を含む当時の日本の文化や世界観にも影響を与えた(南蛮文化)。
- From then till the first half of the 17th century (the early Edo period), people frequently came and went between Japan and Spain through propagation of Christianity (Christian) and trade (with Spain and Portugal), which had an impact on Japanese culture including housing, food and clothing, and its world view.
- また、農本主義的に思われている家康だが、実際には織田信長、豊臣秀吉と同時代の人間であり、また信長の徹底的な規制緩和による経済振興策をその目で見てきていることからも、成長重視の経済振興派であった可能性が指摘されている。
- Even though Ieyasu was believed to be an agricultural fundamentalist, it is pointed that Ieyasu was, in effect, likely to pursue the growth-oriented economic promotion because he actually lived in the same period as Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and witnessed Nobunaga's economic promotion policy by thorough deregulation.
- その後、逃走者が発見された場合には逃亡先の戸籍に編入させられる「当所編附」あるいは元の本貫地への強制送還させられる「本貫還附」の措置が取られた(ただし、陸奥国・出羽国の本貫者については「本貫還附」が決められていた)。
- Later, when those that fled were found, measures either 'tosho henpu' that made them admitted to the family register that they had fled to, or 'hongan kanpu' that had them deported back to their original honganchi, was taken (however, for people with hongan in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, 'hongan kanpu' was taken).
- 慶長13年(1608年)、伏見銀座より移転し、京都の室町通と烏丸通の中間、二条通から三条通までの四町(二条下ル、押小路通下ル、御池通下ル、姉小路通下ル)に亘って拝領して設立され、この地を両替町通と称するようになった。
- Kyoto-ginza was created with the move from Fushimi-ginza in 1608 to the location between Muromachi-dori Street and Karasuma-dori Street and across 4 town blocks south of Nijo-dori Street, Oshikoji-dori Street, Oike-dori Street and Aneyakoji-dori Street, which came to be known as Ryogaecho-dori.
- 個別の国司苛政上訴事案を観察すると、訴えられた国司らは、慣例で免除されていた税目を法令どおりに課税したり、当時よく発令された天皇代替わり新制に伴う地方税制に則った課税を行ったりと、彼らの遵法的な行政姿勢が見て取れる。
- Examining individual cases of Kokushi kasei joso, we can find law-abiding administrative stances of the sued Kokushi; some legally levied tax items not collected by customs or others levied local taxes, often collected in those days under a new system by the change of the emperors.
- 明は日本(幕府)に倭寇の取り締まりを求め、幕府も公船で貿易を行ない、私貿易を禁止すれば、既存の民間貿易の利得を幕府側で一手に引き受けることが可能になるという目論見から、勘合符を用いる貿易が推し進められることとなった。
- As the Ming dynasty required Japan (that is, the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) to crack down on the wako, the bakufu continued to trade using official ships and prohibited private foreign trade in the hope that they could exercise total control over existing profits from private foreign trade; thus, trade using Kangofu was implemented.
- 成人男性の識字率も幕末には70%を超え、同時期のロンドン(20%)、パリ(10%未満)を遥かに凌ぎ、ロシア人革命家メーチニコフや、トロイア遺跡を発見したドイツ人のハインリッヒ・シュリーマンらが、驚きを以って書いている。
- The literacy rate of adult males living in Edo exceeded seventy per cent by the end of Edo Period, far higher than those of London (20%) and Paris (below 10%), which a Russian revolutionist, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, and German archaeologist, Heinrich Julius Schliemann who discovered Trojan Ruins, reported with astonishment.
- 先の藤原利仁も、平将門の祖父の平髙望も、あるいはそれ以前に関東進出を果たしていた嵯峨源氏も、そうした「群盗蜂起」に対する治安維持の為に、京の貴族社会の中で武勇に優れたものが下向し、治安維持に当たったものと見られている。
- FUJIWARA no Toshihito, who lived earlier, TAIRA no Takamochi, who was the grandfather of TAIRA no Masakado, and Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) that entered Kanto region even earlier than all of them sent one within the aristocratic society of Kyoto that excelled in martial arts to travel to districts to deal with the 'increase in robberies' for the sake of public peace.
- 文政7年(1824年)には量目を減少させた、文政南鐐二朱銀/新南鐐二朱銀(ぶんせいなんりょうにしゅぎん/しんなんりょうにしゅぎん)を発行し、その後、天保8年(1837年)発行の天保一分銀に計数銀貨は完成を見たのであった。
- In 1824, Bunsei Nanryo Nishu Gin/Shin (new) Nanryo Nishu Gin were issued with less ryome and, in 1837, production of countable silver coins was completed with Tenpo Ichibu Gin.
- 戸籍は、律令制の諸制度を実施するために必要な要素であり、最初の戸籍がこの時期に作成されているという事実は、班田収授制が大化の改新時に始まったのではなく、天智天皇以後に始まったことの反映であるとする見解が有力となっている。
- As the family register was an essential element for implementing various elements of the Ritsuryo system, the widely-accepted view is that the rice field allotment system was started after Emperor Tenji's reign and not at the time of the Taika Reform.
- 慶長20年(1615年)3月15日 (旧暦)、大坂に浪人の乱暴・狼藉、堀や塀の復旧、京や伏見への放火の風聞といった不穏な動きがあるとする報が京都所司代板倉勝重より駿府へ届くと、徳川方は浪人の解雇、豊臣家の移封を要求する。
- On March 15 (the old calendar), 1615, when Katsushige ITAKURA, Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy), reported to Sunpu that there was a disturbing trend in Osaka such as violent and dangerous behaviors of ronin, restoration of moats and walls, rumors of setting fire to Kyoto and Fushimi, the Tokugawa side demanded that the Toyotomi family should dismiss ronin and their territory should be changed.
- 国勢調査以前の日本の人口統計主要都市人口で見ると、日本三大都市の東京には麹町区以下東京15区、大阪には東区 (大阪市)・西区 (大阪市)・南区 (大阪市)・北区 (大阪市)の4区、京都には上京区・下京区の2区が置かれた。
- Regarding the three largest cities, according to the major city population statistics before a census was started, Tokyo had 15 wards including Kojimachi Ward, and Osaka had four wards; Higashi Ward (Osaka City), Nishi Ward (Osaka City), Minami Ward (Osaka City) and Kita Ward (Osaka City), and Kyoto had two wards; Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward.
- 過去の人口推定値として海外でしばしば引用されるTertius Chandler(1987年)は、町奉行支配下の町人人口の3/8程度を武士人口とし、18万8千人(1701年)から約21万5千人(1854年)と見積もっている。
- Tertius Chandler, whose estimates for historical populations are frequently cited in other countries, estimated that three-eighths of the population of townspeople were samurai, and approximated the demographic shift from 188,000 in 1701 to 215,000 1854.
- 戦争による格差の拡大、新聞社に対する言論の弾圧などの問題を孕んだこの騒動は9月21日、寺内内閣の総辞職をもって一応の収まりを見せ「平民宰相」と呼ばれた原敬による日本で初めての本格的な政党内閣が9月27日組織されるに至った。
- The riots that were also linked to the widening divide in wealth caused by wars and suppression of free speech against newspapers subsided to some extent with the mass resignation of the TERAUCHI cabinet on September 21, paving the way for the inauguration of the first full-fledged party cabinet under Takashi HARA, who was called 'the commoner Prime Minister,' on September 27 of the same year.
- 「文人」に対する「武人」、「文官」に対する「武官」と同じような使い訳で、「文士」に対する「武士」といういわれ方は奈良・平安時代初期にも僅かに見られたが、職能としてはともかくとして、それは後の「武士」につながるものではない。
- The 'literati' in contrast to 'warrior,' 'civil officer' in contrast to 'military officer' were referred a little during Nara and early Heian periods but not as a work duty nor connected to later 'bushi.'
- 慶長13年(1608年)(慶長11年との説も有り確定的でない)大坂高麗橋東一丁目両替町に設立された銀座は、主に生野銀山および石見銀山からの灰吹銀および大坂銅吹所における粗銅からの絞銀を集積して京都の銀座に送る役割を果たした。
- The ginza located in Ryogaecho, Koraibashi-higashi 1-chome, Osaka, was established in 1608 (or 1606, according to another report) for the purpose of gathering cupellated silver from Ikuno and Iwami silver mines and silver extracted from silver ore at the Osaka Dobukijo refinery and sending them to the ginza in Kyoto.
- 幕府による地頭に対する土地支配権の安堵によって、現地支配の場で見受けられた荘園の国司に対する不安定な法的地位が安定したことにより、地頭は、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていった。
- By the fact that the jito's rights to control local land ruling were guaranteed by the bakufu and the unstable legal status of jito to kokushi seen in the scenes of local land ruling were stabilized, the jito tried to dissolve the existing relationship with the stratified land ruling, and came to direct the monistical land ruling.
- 建武中元二年(57年)、博多湾沿岸に所在したと見られる倭奴国の首長が、後漢の光武帝から倭奴国王に冊封されて金印(倭奴国王印)の賜与を受けており(『後漢書』「」)、当時は北部九州の勢力が倭国内の中心勢力であったと考えられている。
- In 57, a chieftain of Wanonanokuni (small country in Hakata area of Fukuoka Prefecture), which is believed to have been located along the Hakata Bay, had suzerain-vassal relationship with the Emperor Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of the Latter Han Dynasty, who invested him with Wakoku by giving golden stamp (Wa no na no kokuo in [the oldest known seal in Japan]), ('History of the Latter Han Dynasty'), therefore, the center of Japanese political force is believed to have been located in the northern part of Kyushu at that time.
- 翌5日に大野治長の使者が来て豊臣家の移封は辞したいと申し出ると、常高院を通じて「其の儀に於いては是非なき仕合せ」(そういうことならどうしようもない)と答え、4月6日 (旧暦)および7日に諸大名に鳥羽・伏見に集結するよう命じた。
- On 5th, the next day when Harunaga ONO' messenger came and reported that they would like to decline the changing of the territory; Ieyasu, answering through Joko-in that if so, nothing could be done about it, ordered daimyo to gather in Toba/Fushimi on April 6 and 7th (the old calendar).
- 三好氏の当主三好長慶の死後、後継者の三好義継は幼く、長慶の弟達もまたこの世を去っていたため、義継の後見役としてこの三名が台頭し、三好氏の重臣として同じく権勢を振るっていた松永久秀と共に足利義輝の謀殺(永禄の変)に携わるなどした。
- After Nagayoshi's death, the three men emerged as custodians of the successor Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI who was still a child and all of Nagayoshi's brothers were deceased and collaborated with Hisahide MATSUNAGA, another Miyoshi commander wielding similar power, in the assassination of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA (Eiroku no hen).
- 突破の隊編成として、前軍に河野主一郎・辺見、中軍に桐野・村田新八、後軍に中島・貴島をおき、池上・別府晋介は約60名を率いて西郷を護衛した(「鎮西戦闘鄙言」では村田・池上が中軍の指揮をとり、西郷と桐野が総指揮をとったとしている)。
- To break through the mountain, the troops were organized as follows: the front troop led by Shuichiro KONO and HENMI, the middle troop led by KIRINO and Shinpachi MURATA, and the rear troop led by NAKAJIMA and KIJIMA, with approx. 60 soldiers led by IKEGAMI and Shinsuke BEPPU for guarding SAIGO (according to 'Chinzeisentoteigen' (the battles in Kyushu in country dialect), MURATA and IKEGAMI led the middle troop and SAIGO and KIRINO took supreme command of the Satsuma army).
- 卑弥呼の没したとされる近辺に、247年3月24日と248年9月5日の2回、北部九州で皆既日食がおきた可能性があることが天文学上の計算より明らかになっている(大和でも日食は観測されたが北九州ほどはっきりとは見られなかったとされる)。
- Astronomical calculations have confirmed that total solar eclipses could have occurred on March 24, 247, and September 5, 248, in the vicinity of northern Kyushu where Himiko died (solar eclipses were observed in Yamato, but it is considered that they were not as clear as those in Kyushu).
- 「風のまはるに随って、魚のこぞる様に上を下へとなみより、焦熱、大焦熱のほのほにむせび、おどり上り飛び上り、悲しみの声煙につれて空に響き、獄卒の呵責の攻めも是なるべし。肝魂を失ひ、二日共更に見る人なし。哀れなる次第中々申し足らず。」
- As wind chopped about, they moved up and down like a fish jumps and heaved because of very hot flame and jumped up and voice of sorrow sounded to the sky going up with smoke and it was like jailer's torture. They lost their guts and nobody observed for two days. Misery could not be expressed sufficiently.'
- いわゆる「一目ぼれ」(訳も判らず一見で気に入ってしまうこと)や「癪に障る」(苛立たしいと感じる・怒りのうち抑圧 (心理学)され継続的なもの)など、当事者には説明しがたい感情に支配された結果、相性が良い/悪いとみなされる場合もある。
- The so-called 'love at first sight' (when one is attracted to someone without even knowing him/her) or 'getting under one's skin' (the emotion of frustration and anger that is suppressed (psychology) and continual) are the situations which are controlled by emotions inexplicable to the one experiencing it, and as a result of which causes one to feel that he/she has a good/bad aisho with the given person.
- これを聞いた薩軍の野村忍介は植木にいた隊を引き連れて鳥巣に向かい、挽回しようと奮戦するが、結局、この日一日では決着はつかず、4月7日に官軍がこの地に一旦見切りをつけ、古閑を先に攻略しようとしたことにより、一時的に休戦状態になった。
- In response to the report, the Satsuma army's Oshisuke NOMURA in Ueki led his troop to Torisu to restore the area but the battle was not decided on the day; on April 7, the battle over the area was suspended once, since the government army temporarily gave up the area to capture Koga first.
- ある町人が残した記録「見しかよの物かたり」には「男、女のへだてなく、老ひたるも、みどりごも目の当たりにて刺し殺し、あるいは親を失ひ子を捕られ、夫婦の中も離ればなれになりゆくことの哀れさ、その数を知らず」とその悲惨さが語られている。
- According to a townsman's document, 'Mishikayono Monokatari'(A story of what I saw in life), the misery was that 'they stabbed to death men and women including old people and babies and the number of miserable people who lost their parents, whose children were captured, or who parted their partners were beyond number.'
- 彼は、その論拠として総序の末尾、先述の「配巻軸於六合…」の前に「総有一十五種類、謂聲譜、調聲、八種韻、四聲論、十七勢、十四例、六義、十體、八階、六志、二十九種對、文三十種病累、十種疾、論文意、論對属等、是也」と見えることを挙げる。
- As the ground of his thesis, he mentioned there was a phrase at the end of the general introduction 'the theory is classified into 115 categories, I think, as follows; seifu (tones), chosho (a leading part of sutra sentences), 8 in (八種韻, 8 rhymes), 4 seiron (四聲論, 4 tone methods), 17 sei (十七勢, 17 powers), 14 rei (十四例, 14 examples), 6 gi (六義, 6 doctrines), 10 tei (十體, 10 formats), 8 kai (八階, 8 grades), 6 shi (六志, 6 wills), and 29 tai (二十九種對, 29 replies), 30 contents of peirui (文三十種病累, 30 contents of disease related),10 shitsu (十種疾, 10 disease), meanings of articles, rontaizoku (論對属, attached articles), and so on' before the phrase of 'the volumes are titled after the universe …' mentioned above.
- 1335年(建武 (日本)2年)には、鎌倉時代に関東申次を務め、北条氏と繋がりがあった公家の西園寺公宗や日野氏らが京都に潜伏していた北条高時の弟北条泰家(時興)を匿い、持明院統の後伏見天皇を擁立して政権転覆を企てた陰謀が発覚する。
- In 1335, a conspiracy became apparent in which court noble Kinmune SAIONJI and the Hino clan, who had a relationship with the Hojo clan since they served as kanto moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with the bakufu) during the Kamakura period, sheltered Yasuie (Tokioki) HOJO, a younger brother of Takatoki HOJO who was in hiding in Kyoto, and attempted to overthrow the government in support of Emperor Gofushimi of the Jimyoin line.
- しかし外山・佐阿弥・十二次郎・観世元雅越智観世など他の作者付には見られない作者が挙げられ、これらの人物については信用のおける古書を参照しているとも考えることも出来、信頼には検討を要するとは言え、傍証が得られれば重要な資料となり得る。
- However, it includes writers such as Sotoyama, Saami, Junijiro, Kanze Motomasa and Ochi Kanze who do not appear in other sakushazuke and it can be thought that details regarding these individuals is based on credible ancient texts, so although it is important to remain skeptical, this book will become a valuable resource if its content can be corroborated.
- これに対し浪人衆の真田信繁は、まず畿内を制圧し、近江国の淀川まで軍を進め、ここで関東から進軍してくる徳川軍を迎え撃ち、足止めしている間に諸大名を味方につけ、その見込みが無いときに初めて城に立て籠もって戦う、二段構えの作戦を主張した。
- In contrast, Nobushige SANADA, one of the ronin shu, asserted a two-stage strategy that they should bring down Kinai region under control, then move troops to Yodo River in Omi Province, fight the Tokugawa Army coming from Kanto region and while the Tokugawa army were hung up they should win a number of daimyo over to their side, and if that was impossible, they should stay in the castle and fight them.
- しかし、今から約4000年前、北海道苫小牧市にある静川(しずかわ)16遺跡から幅1~2メートル、深さが2メートルほどあり、断面形がV字状になった溝が、長軸約56メートル、短軸約40メートルの不正楕円形にめぐる環濠集落が発見されている。
- Ruins of a moat settlement, estimated to be 4,000 years old, was found in Shizukawa 16, Tomakomai City, Hokkaido, whose surrounding oval ditch measured about 56 m (major axis) by 40 m (minor axis) large, 2 m deep with a 'V' shaped cross section and 1 to 2 m wide.
- サイズが大きく見栄えのするものであることから、豊臣秀吉が天正17年(1589年)5月に太閤の金賦りで与えたものは長大判であるとする説もあるが、これは菱大判の鋳造時期であり長大判の初鋳が文禄4年(1595年)であるならば矛盾し疑問である。
- Based on its impressive big size, some historians consider that the Tensho naga oban were used when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI generously gave away money to lords and court nobles in May 1589 (according to old lunar calendar, that event is called 'Taiko no Kanekubari'), however, that theory is doubtful because Tensho naga oban was minted first in 1595.
- 台湾総務長官は、前身である民政長官などを含め水野遵、曽根静夫、後藤新平、祝辰巳、大島久満次、宮尾舜治、内田嘉吉、下村宏、賀来佐賀太郎、後藤文夫、河原田稼吉、人見次郎、高橋守雄、木下信、平塚広義、森岡二郎、斎藤樹、成田一郎が就任している。
- Successive Chief of Home Affairs and its forerunners such as Director of the Home Affairs Bureau (民政長官) included Takashi MIZUNO, Shizuo SONE, Shinpei GOTO, Tatsumi IO, Kumaji OSHIMA, Shunji MIYAO, Kakichi UCHIDA, Hiroshi SHIMOMURA, Sagataro KAKU, Fumio GOTO, Kakichi KAWARADA, Jiro HITOMI, Morio TAKAHASHI, Shin KINOSHITA, Hiroyoshi HIRATSUKA, Jiro MORIOKA, Itsuki SAITO and Ichiro NARITA.
- その慣習は戦国時代 (日本)初期の永正2年(1505年)の室町幕府による撰銭令の中において、(銅銭96枚を100文とすることを前提として)100文の1/3を32文として換算する規定が見られ、こうした慣行を九六銭(くろくせん)とも呼んだ。
- This custom is found in the ban on use of poor-quality currency issued by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the early Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), 1505, saying (on the assumption that 96 cooper coins is considered as 100 mon) all figures must be converted at 32 mon to one third of 100 mon, and such a custom was also called kurokusen ('ku' means 9, 'roku' means 6 and 'sen' means money).
- 特に、千利休による茶道の大成は、禅の思想に基づく“わび・さび”の考え方と、豊臣秀吉の発案との言い伝えを持ち、美醜について大きく意見の分かれる“金の茶室”という極限的な豪壮さを一つに内包したものと言え、今も日本文化全体に強く影響している。
- In particular, completion of 'sado (tea ceremony)' by SEN no Rikyu, which can be said to include the idea of 'wabi, sabi' based on Zen Buddhism and the ultimately splendid 'golden tea arbor,' which is handed down as the idea of Hideyoshi and for which opinion on beauty is divided, gives strong influence on the whole culture of Japan even today.
- 日本政府内では小村寿太郎、桂太郎、山縣有朋らの対露主戦派と、伊藤博文、井上馨ら戦争回避派との論争が続き、民間においても日露開戦を唱えた戸水寛人ら七博士の意見書(七博士建白事件)や、万朝報紙上での幸徳秋水の非戦論といった議論が発生していた。
- While debates continued within the Japanese government between factions including Jutaro KOMURA, Taro KATSURA, and Aritomo YAMAGATA and an anti-war faction including Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, these discussions were mirrored in the public sphere by an pro-war petition circulated by seven professors (Seven Professor's Petition) including Hirondo TOMIZU and an anti-war argument and discussion by Shusui KOTUKU which was published in the Yorozuchoho (a daily newspaper).
- 武田家伝統の赤備えで編成した真田信繁隊は、天王寺・岡山の戦い天王寺口の戦いで家康本陣を攻撃し、三方ヶ原の戦い以来と言われる本陣突き崩しを成し遂げ、『真田日本一の兵 古よりの物語にもこれなき由』と薩摩旧記(島津家)に賞賛される活躍を見せた。
- Nobushige SANADA's troop formed in the Takeda Family's traditional Akazonae attacked the headquarters of Ieyasu in the battle of Tenno-ji and the battle of Tenno-ji-guchi, in which they achieved the breaking of headquarters which was said to be for the first time since the Battle of Mikatagahara, and showed the performance as praised in the Satsuma Nikki (Journal of Satsuma Domain) (Shimazu Family) which tells, 'Sanada is the best troop in Japan. Even an old story has never told such a strong troop.'
- 10月14日-15日に開かれた閣議は紛糾したが、採決で同数になった結果、この意見が通らないなら辞任する(西郷が辞任した場合、薩摩出身の官僚、軍人の多数が中央政府から抜けてしまう恐れがある)とした西郷の言に恐怖した議長の三条が即時派遣を決定。
- The cabinet meeting held on from October 14 to 15 got complicated, but chairman SANJO who was afraid of SAIGO's remark that he will resign when his idea couldn't put through as a result of a tie (there is a possibility that numerous bureaucracies and military men from Satsuma will leave from central government in case of Saigo's resignation), determined immediate dispatch.
- ここで交渉は再開されるはずであったが、1872年(明治5年)5月外務省官吏・相良正樹は、交渉が進展しない事にしびれを切らし、それまで外出を禁じられていた草梁倭館(対馬藩の朝鮮駐在事務所)を出て、東莱府へ出向き、府使との会見を求めた(倭館欄出)。
- On this occasion, the negotiation was going to be reopened, but 相良正樹, the government official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, lost his patience because the negotiation was not proceeded at all, so he went to Toraifu, although he was prohibited to go out of Choryang-dong Wakan (the residence office of the Tsushima clan), and he demanded to meet with an ambassador of Toraifu in May of 1872 (go out of Wakan).
- 東京大学史料編纂所には『歴名』、国立歴史民俗博物館には「補任」の引用と見られる『補略』と呼ばれる書物が所蔵されており、その内容より「補任」は公卿を官位順に記したもの、「歴名」は親王・公卿・諸王・殿上人を官位順に記したものであったと考えられている。
- The Historiographical Institute of The University of Tokyo possesses 'Ryakumyo' and National Museum of Japanese History has books called 'Horyaku' cited from 'Bunin' and according to their contents, it is considered that 'Bunin' recorded court nobles in the order of official court rank and 'Ryakumyo' recorded Imperial princes, court nobles, Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince), or tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) in the order of official court rank.
- 成功(じょうごう)とは、朝廷の公事・行事及び殿舎の営繕、寺社の堂塔修造費用など本来、朝廷の公費で負担すべきところを、任官希望者を募り任料を納めさせるか、または自己負担でそれぞれの事業の功を成らせて、見返りに官職に叙任するという売官制度の一種である。
- Jogo was a system by which those aspiring to a government post would either pay directly to gain an appointment, or pay for expenses that would otherwise have had to be paid from the coffers of the Imperial Court, such as those incurred in carrying out public functions or events for the Imperial Court, building or repairing the palace, or repairing the buildings and pagodas of shrines and temples.
- 当時使われない文法や不自然な敬語の使い方など内容に疑問があるため後世の改ざん・偽作とする見方もあるが、増田長盛・長束正家等が家康に送った書状や『鹿苑日録』の記録から、承兌が受け取った兼続の返書が存在し、それにより家康が激怒したことは確かのようである。
- Though, in later years, it is acknowledged that they were falsified and forged due to the questionable content such as grammar that was not used in those days and unnatural use of honorific expressions, it is possible that Kanetsugu's reply received by Jotai really existed and Ieyasu was outraged by that based on the letter sent from Nagamori MASHITA, Masaie NAGATSUKA, and others to Ieyasu and the record of 'Rokuon-nichiroku Diary'.
- 主に屋外の物品に砂ぼこりが付着して汚したり、周囲の見通し(視程)や日照を悪化させたり、交通に障害を与えたり、人間や家畜などが砂ぼこりを吸い込んで健康に悪影響を与えたりするなど、多数の被害が発生し、経済的損失は毎年7000億円を超えると推定されている。
- Kosa causes lots of damage described as in the following and the economical loss due to it is estimated to exceed 700 billion yen yearly: Dust from kosa adheres to things placed outdoors, making them dirty, degrades outdoor visibility, makes the sunlight reaching the ground weaker, obstructs traffic, and adversely affects the health of human beings and animals from inhaling the dust.
- 但し、現憲法の「公共の福祉」による制限も法律による人権の制限の一種であり、現在教育の現場で解説されるように「旧憲法のそれは非常に制限的であり、現憲法のそれは開放的である」とする程の本質的な差はないとする意見もある(但し、比較的な傾向としては肯定する)。
- However, limitations for the sake of the 'public welfare' defined by the current constitution could be also a kind of limitation of human rights, some people opposed to the common idea instructed at schools, 'the former constitution was too restrictive, but the current constitution was unlimited' and they thought there was not radical difference between two constitutions (but they approved the relative difference).
- しかし国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は、自領のように扱いはじめた国衙領を増やすため、天皇の代替わりに際して「新政」として発布された荘園整理令を根拠とし依然として収公を進めることが多く、領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースが多く見られた。
- Meanwhile, being granted a more powerful authority due to the contract system of kokushi (provincial governors), kokushi often executed confiscation on grounds of the Manor Regulation Act issued as a 'new policy' when the Emperor changed in order to increase kokugaryo (territories governed by the provincial government office) as their own territories; therefore, there were many cases that the authority of ryoke was insufficient to maintain Shoen ownership.
- 小野篁の後裔といわれているが、安田元久は諸系図の精査や世代間の年数の計算、当時の国司の任命状況から見て後世の作為で、実際は在地の開発領主の末裔であろうと推測し、太田亮の『姓氏家系辞典』での所見である武蔵国造の末裔ではないかという見解を消極的に支持している。
- It is generally believed that the party were descendants of ONO no Takamura; however, Motohisa YASUDA carefully examined family trees, and calculated the number of years among generations, and studied appointments of kokushi (provincial governors) at that time, and consequently thought that this was contrived by later generations, and the party were actually descendants of kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land), and passively supported a view that the party may have been descendants of Musashinokuni-no-MIYATSUKO, which is a view found in the 'Seishi Kakei Jiten' (Dictionary of Family Names and Lineages in Japan) by Akira OTA.
- 蘇我入鹿が山背大兄王を滅ぼし権力集中を図ったのは、高句麗における淵蓋蘇文のクーデターを意識しており、乙巳の変は新羅における金ユ信らによる毗曇の内乱鎮圧後の王族中心体制の元での女王推戴と類似していたが故に諸臣に受け入れられやすかったとする吉田孝の見解がある。
- Takashi YOSHIDA's view states that the reason SOGA no Iruka strove for the concentration of authority by destroying Prince Yamashiro no Oe was to do with the coup carried out by Gaisobun EN in Goguryeo, and furthermore; Isshi Incident was easily accepted by the officials since it was similar to the enthronement of the Queen under the Royal Family based on the political structure formed after the suppression of Pidam War done by Yushin KIM in Silla.
- 徳川家康は関ヶ原の戦いの翌年、慶長6年(1601年)に築城を始めた膳所城を皮切りに伏見城・二条城・彦根城・篠山城・亀山城 (丹波国)・名古屋城の再建・造営や江戸城・駿府城・姫路城・上野城などの大改修など、諸大名を動員した建築事業、いわゆる天下普請を行った。
- The next year of the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA carried out so-called Tenkabushin (Construction Order by the Tokugawa Shogunate: he ordered all daimyo to participate in construction projects including the construction of Zeze-jo Castle in 1601 as a starter, followed by the rebuilding and construction of Fushimi-jo Castle/Nijo-jo Castle/ Hikone-jo Castle/Sasayama-jo Castle/Kameyama-jo Castle (Tanba Province)/Nagoya-jo Castle and the great renovation of Edo-jo Castle/Sunpu-jo Castle/Himeji-jo Castle/Ueno-jo Castle.
- 慶長19年(1614年)(設立時期は諸説あり確定的でない)に長崎市芊(すすき)原、後に大村町、島原町北入込に設立された銀座は、主に銀の海外への不正持ち出しの監視、良質灰吹銀輸出の防止の役割を果たし、京の銀座より銀見役および銀座手代が一年毎に交代派遣された。
- Nagasaki-ginza reportedly established in 1614 (exact date unknown) in Susukihara in Nagasaki City and later in Omuracho, Shimabaracho and Kitairikomi operated chiefly to prevent illegal export of silver and prevent outflow of quality cupellated silver and was staffed by a silver inspector or ginza assistant manager dispatched alternately for one-year assignments.
- 奴婢自体は、三国志 (歴史書)魏志倭人伝に卑弥呼が亡くなったとき100人以上の奴婢を一緒に殉葬したと言う記述や、生口と呼ばれる奴隷(または捕虜。異説もある)を魏 (三国)に朝貢したと言う記述が見られるように、少なくとも邪馬台国の時代には既に奴婢は存在していた。
- As shown by a description in Gishiwajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of Wei Dynasty') of Sangokushi (Three Kingdom Saga), that more than 100 Nuhi were buried together as martyr to duty when Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) died, and another description that slaves (or captives; there is another theory) called Seiko were brought to the Wei dynasty (Three States Period) as a tribute, Nuhi itself already existed at least in the period of Yamatai Koku (Yamatai Kingdom).
- 実際、長門国守と紛争を起こした在庁官人が意趣返し的に苛政上訴を行う事例や、丹波国守を苛政上訴していた百姓らがその直後に当該国守を称揚する書状を提出した事例、上訴百姓が京にある国守宅に焼き打ちした事例など、むしろ郡司・百姓層に私欲的な姿勢を見いだすこともできる。
- In fact, rather selfish desires of Gunji and farmers can be seen in some cases: for example, Kokushi kasei joso was a revenge by zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) who had an argument with Nagato no kuni no kami (governor of Nagato Province); farmers submitted a letter to praise their Tanba no kuni no kami immediately after Kokushi kasei joso; and appealing farmers set fire to the kokushi's residence in Kyoto.
- 江戸中期には、農村生活の疲弊が見られるようになったが、18世紀後期~19世紀前期(寛政期~文化文政期)ごろ、幕府は農村復興を大々的に進め、潅漑用水の整備や荒廃地の開発、そのための資金融資を実施するとともに、有能な者を代官に任命して長期間、同一職務にあたらせた。
- During the middle of the Edo period life in farming villages was exhausting, but during the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century (from Kansei era to Bunkabunsei era) the Edo bakufu began to drastically revive the farming villages, maintained irrigation facilities and developed denuded lands as well as made loans for them, appointed competent men as daikan (managing post instead of the landlord) and made him perform the same duties for a long time.
- また1580年から1640年までスペイン王がポルトガル王を兼ねたため(ポルトガルの歴史参照)、ポルトガル・イエズス会と密接な関係にある天正遣欧使節の一行も、ポルトガルから陸路スペインに入って各地を訪問、1584年11月にはマドリードでフェリペ2世に謁見している。
- Since the King of Spain also served as the King of Portugal from 1580 to 1640 (see the History of Portugal), the Tensho era mission to Europe, which was closely related to the Society of Jesus, entered Spain by land from Portugal and visited various places, and was presented to Felipe the Second in Madrid in November 1584.
- 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽身分のものだけでは不十分なケースが多々見られ、こうした場合、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設することがあった。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and its domains were forced to eliminate their 'matchlock infantry' armed with matchlocks and to form a 'musket infantry' or 'musket unit' armed with Western style firearms, however, the number of ashigaru (common foot soldiers) was sometimes not enough to form these infantries or units and, in these cases, new members were recruited to create a musket infantry similar to the ashigaru troops in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- その後も、一部の人々は攘夷運動を進めようとした(草莽)が、明治2年(1869年)に入ると、明治政府は公議所・上局から上げられた「公議輿論」が攘夷は不可能であるという意見であったことを理由に「開国和親」を国是として以後は攘夷を議題としないことを決定(5月28日)した。
- Even after that, some ordinary citizens tried to continue the Joi movement; however, because the kogi-yoron (public deliberation) issued by the Kogisho (the lower house) and the Jokyoku (a law-making body) expressed the judgment that joi (the expelling of the barbarians) was not possible, the Meiji government adopted a national policy of 'opening the country up and establishing friendly relations with other countries' (kaikoku washin) in 1869 and decided not to employ joi as part of their agenda anymore (May 28).
- しかし欧米や日本の研究者の中には、欧州の瞬発式メカが日本に伝えられて改良発展したものが、オランダによって日本から買い付けられて東南アジアに輸出され、それらが手本となって日本式の機構が東南アジアに広まったとする説をとる者も少なくなく、宇田川説を否定的にみる意見も多い。
- On the other hand, other researchers in Japan, Europe and America doubt UDAGAWA's theory, pointing out that the instantaneous mechanism of European guns was first introduced to and improved in Japan and then Dutch purchased and exported Japanese guns to Southeast Asia, resulting in the spread of the Japanese-style mechanism in Southeast Asia.
- かつては「治天下犭复□□□歯大王」と読み、多遅比弥都歯大王(反正天皇)にあてる説が有力であったが、1978年に埼玉稲荷山古墳出土の鉄剣に金象嵌の銘文が発見されたことにより、「治天下獲□□□鹵大王」 と読み、獲加多支鹵大王(ワカタケル大王、雄略天皇)とする説が有力となった。
- It was once read as '治天下犭复□□□歯大王,' and an opinion that it refers to Tajihi no Mizuhawake no Mikoto (Emperor Hanzei) was dominant, but in 1978, when the inscribed iron sword inlaid with gold was excavated in Inariyama Kofun Tumulus, it came to be read as '治天下獲□□□鹵大王,' and an opinion that it means Wakatakeru no Okimi (Emperor Yuryaku) became dominant.
- 国宝(こくほう、英語:National treasures)とは日本の文化財保護法によって国が指定した有形文化財(重要文化財)のうち、世界文化の見地から価値の高いものでたぐいない国民の宝たるものであるとして国(文部科学省)が指定したものである(文化財保護法第27条第2項)。
- The term 'national treasures' ('kokuho' in Japanese) refers to those buildings, artworks or other items, among the larger group designated tangible cultural assets (important cultural properties) by Japan's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (according to the second item listed under article 27 of the law), that possess great cultural worth from the viewpoint of world culture, as well as those buildings, artworks or other items, considered peerless treasures by Japan's citizens, that are designated as such by the state (specifically, by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology).
- MAVO(柳瀬正夢、村山知義、尾形亀之助、大浦周蔵(1890年-1928年)、門脇晋郎で結成。他、岡田達夫(?-?)、加藤正雄(1898年-1987年)、高見沢路直(1899年-1989年)、戸田達雄(1904年-1988年)、矢橋公麿(1902年-1964年))1923年結成
- MAVO (formed by Masamu YANASE, Tomoyoshi MURAYAMA, Kamenosuke OGATA, Shuzo OURA [1890 - 1928], and Shinro KADOWAKI and also Tatsuo OKADA [dates unknown], Masao KATO [1898-1987], Michinao TAKAMIZAWA [1899 - 1989], Tatsuo TODA [1904 - 1988], and Kimimaro YABASHI [1902 - 1964]) was formed in 1923.
- 台湾領有については松方、陸奥、伊藤ら日本政府要人も1894年以来、その領有の必要性や目的を意見書「威海衛を衝き台湾を略すべき方策」(伊藤)、「台湾島鎮撫策に関して」(陸奥)などでマレー半島や南洋群島に進出する根拠地、中国大陸に将来版図を展開する際の根拠地とする意見を表明していた。
- Leaders in the Japanese government such as Matsukata, Mutsu, and Ito expressed their opinion in their papers on the aim and necessity for Japan to occupy Taiwan based on its expansion to the Maly Peninsula and the South Sea Island or as a base in the future to conquer territory on the Chinese continent since 1894: for example 'Strategy for occupation of Taiwan by attacking Weihaiwei' (Ito), and 'A measure to pacify the Taiwan Island' (Mutsu).
- 昭和天皇は幣原喜重郎首相が連合国軍最高司令官総司令部に主導されて作成した草案を初めて見た際に、「これで結構だが、これまでも皇室が決して独裁的なものでなかったことを示すために、明治天皇の五箇条の御誓文を加えることはできないだろうか」と述べ、急遽GHQの許可を得て加えられることになった。
- When the Emperor Showa saw the draft of prime minister Kijuro SHIDEHARA led by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for the first time, the Emperor said 'it is fine, but to show that the Imperial Family has never been dictatorial, it that possible to add Charter Oath of Five Articles of the Emperor Meiji?' and it was added in haste under permission from GHQ.
- 事件は、京都帝国大学法学部の瀧川幸辰教授が、1932年10月中央大学法学部で行った講演「『復活』を通して見たるトルストイの刑法観」の内容(レフ・トルストイの思想について「犯罪は国家の組織が悪いから出る」などと説明)が無政府主義的として文部省および司法省内で問題化したことに端を発する。
- The incident started when a lecture, 'Tolstoy's view on penal law through his novel, 'Resurrection'' in October 1932 by Professor Yukitoki TAKIGAWA of the Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University explained in his talk that 'Criminal offenses occur when organization of the national governmental is bad,' which was considered problematic by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law as being anarchist.
- しかし、前述の菅原氏や大江氏など優秀な学者を代々輩出した一族や給料学生以外の学生でも勧学院より同じような学問料が支給された藤原氏(主として藤原北家日野流・藤原南家・藤原式家)などによる文章博士や文章生の世襲や文章博士による門人の推挙による一種の学閥化の風潮が次第に見られるようになった。
- However, there came the trend of forming kinds of academic cliques as the families which produced excellent scholars, such as the above mentioned Sugawara clan as well as the Oe clan and families like the Fujiwara clan (mainly Hino Line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), which were able to receive similar education at Kangakuin (educational institutions) despite their not being kyuryo gakusei, started to pass down monjo hakase and monjosho and monjo hakase began recommending their followers to the positions.
- しかし、山上憶良の「貧窮問答歌」などにも見られるように、親が子を思い、そのために何かをしてやりたいという気持ちは時代が違っていても変わることはなかったようで、資料の残っている以前から、親や大人たちが子どもや若者が1人前になっていく上で、何かの手助けや指導をしていたことは想像に難くない。
- However, as seen in 'Hinkyu mondo ka (Dialogue on poverty)', made by YAMANOUE no Okura, it seems that at any period the parents cherished their children and wanted to do something for them; it is easy to imagine that even long ago, before any document was made, parents or grown-ups have given help or guidance when their children or younger people were growing up.
- 伊藤正徳 (軍事評論家)によると、制度としては予備役でもよいとなっていても、実際問題として誰が適任で誰が空いているか、清浦には全く見当がつかなかった上に相談相手も得られなかったので組閣断念に至ったという(また、清浦が軍部大臣現役武官制の擁護者であった山縣有朋の側近であったことも大きい)。
- According to Shotoku ITO (military critic), even if Yobieki was accepted by the system, Kiyoura probably would not have known who might be appropriate or available, and besides he did not have any consultants to discuss with; therefore, he gave up on forming a Cabinet (moreover, the fact that Kiyoura was a close adviser of Arimoto YAMAGATA, who was an advocate for Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei, played a part).
- が、結果的には他の学科が学科名と博士の称号の合致を見ている(明経道=明経博士、算道=算博士、明法道では当初律学博士という呼称が用いられたものの後に明法博士と改称された)ことから、明治以後に文章道と紀伝道が別々に存在したのが紀伝道が文章道に併合されたという誤った解釈を流布させる原因となった。
- However, as all other subject names and titles of hakase corresponded with each other (myogyo hakase for myogyodo, san hakase (professor of mathematics) for sando and myobo hakase for myobodo in which once the title of ritsugaku hakase (professor of the law in the Ritsuryo system) was used but changed to myobo hakase later on), it left room for misunderstanding after the Meiji period that monjodo and kidendo existed separately and kidendo was absorbed into monjodo.
- 根拠として、本来モンゴル帝国の軍事行動では、事前に兵力100〜1万規模での敵地への威力偵察を数度段階的に行った後、本格的な侵攻を行う場合が多く、また『元史』「日本伝」には元軍の矢がすぐに尽きたという記述が見られることと、3万人程度(中には非戦闘員もいる)という少ない兵力からこの説も根強い。
- This theory is persistent, based upon the following facts; the army of the Mongol Empire in many cases performed several reconnaissances in a phased manner before a serious invasion, with a number of soldiers varying from a hundred to ten thousand; arrows run short soon in the Yuan army as described in 'Nihon Den' of 'Genshi;' and the number of soldiers was small, about thirty thousand (including non-soldiers).
- 福岡は後年「この時平民までも此議会に与らしめる御つもりであったか」と問われ、「それは後から考えればそうも解釈されるが、御恥ずかしい話ですが当時私はまだその考えはなかったです」「広くとは人々の意見を広く集めて会議するというのではなく府藩県にわたりて広く何処にも会議を興すという義です」と答えた。
- Fukuoka was asked in later years 'Were you also going to get common people engaged in this assemblies at that time?' and he answered 'It can be interpreted so in retrospect, but I'm ashamed to say, I was not thinking about that at that time' 'Widely didn't mean holding assemblies by gathering people's opinions widely, but holding assemblies widely through all prefectures.'
- 上総介広常の父・常澄の所領である印東庄において、「預所」菅原定隆との、年貢をめぐった相論に関する文書数通が、『醍醐雑事記』の紙背文書(しはいもんじょ)に見つかり、それによって、印東庄を構成する「村郷」には、「藤原」「中臣」「文屋」「平」「刈田」などの本姓をもつ郷司、村司が居たことが知られる。
- There were several letters discussing nengu (land tax) exchanged between Intonosho manor owned by the father of Hirotsune of Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province), Tsunezumi, SUGAWARA no Sadataka, who was the 'azukaridokoro' (a deputy of 'Shoen' manor lord), in shihai monjo (an old document which was written on the other side of a piece of used paper) of 'Daigo-zojiki' (records of the history of Daigo-ji temple) that clarified that 'villages' that formed Intonosho manor had Goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and Sonshi (村司) with surnames of 'Fujiwara', 'Nakatomi,' 'Funya,' 'Taira,' and 'Katta.'
- さらに明和2年(1765年)から金座監督の下、江戸亀戸、明和4年(1767年)から京都伏見、明和5年(1768年)からは仙台石巻(「千」字)、常陸国常陸太田市(「久、久二」字)などの銭座で鉄一文銭が大量に鋳造され、銭相場は下落し安永7年(1778年)頃には一両=6000文前後を付けるに至った。
- Moreover, since a large amount of one-mon coins was minted at zeniza in Kameido, Edo from 1765 under the supervision of kinza (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period), at zeniza in Fushimi, Kyoto from 1767, and at zeniza in Ishinomaki of Sendai (coin marked with a letter of '千'), Hitachiota City, Hitachi Province (coin marked with a letter or letters of '久' or '久二') and so on from 1768, the market price of currency fell and dropped to about 6,000 mon per ryo in around 1778.
- 享保三年十二月、享保七年三月、享保八年五月、享保九年七月、享保十年九月、享保十六年四月、享保十七年十一月の数字を仮に町方並寺社門前の人口として扱ったが、公文書では少なくとも享保十年六月までは町方支配場の人口のみしか集計しておらず、そもそもこれらのほとんどにアナグラム的な数字の誤記が見受けられる。
- In this chart, the figures of seven censuses (December 1718, March 1722, May 1723, July 1724, September 1725, April 1731 and November 1732) provisionally treated represent the combined population of the townspeople and those around Jisha-Monzen (Literally translated as area in front of temples and shrines); However, according to official documents, censuses up to the June 1725 (Year 10 Kyoho) only take account of townspeople, but even these records include numerical errors.
- 現存する日本最古の史書『古事記』の場合、正史である『続日本紀』に記録がないことや写本の伝存状況などから偽書と疑う大和岩雄(『古事記成立考』(1975年)、『古事記偽書説は成り立たないか』(1988年))や大島隼人(『古事記成立論』(1989年)、『古事記撰録方法の発見』(1994年))らがいる。
- In the case of 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), the oldest history book in Japan, since there is no record on the time of its completion in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), which is the official history book, and also based on the fact that it is a handwritten copy, it is suspected as gisho by Iwao YAMATO ('Consideration into the completion of Records of Ancient Matters' (1975), 'Is the view that Records of Ancient Matters is gisho, not established?' (1988), and Hayato OOSHIMA ('Discussion about Records of Ancient Matters establishment' (1989), 'Discovery of anthologizing method of Records of Ancient Matters of Japan' (1994).
- これらの指定物件(いわゆる「旧国宝」)は文化財保護法施行の日である1950年(昭和25年)8月29日付けをもってすべて「重要文化財」に指定されたものと見なされ、その「重要文化財」の中から「世界文化の見地から価値の高いもの」で「たぐいない国民の宝」たるものがあらためて「国宝」に指定されることとなった。
- All of the designated items (the 'old' national treasures) were relabeled 'important cultural properties' on August 29, 1950, the day the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into effect, while within that larger group of important cultural properties, those items considered to possess great cultural worth from the viewpoint of world culture, as well as those items considered peerless treasures by Japan's citizens, were re-designated 'national treasures.'
- また、塩谷氏については、小田原の役の際、直接参陣しなかったために改易されたとする見解もあるが、義綱は、天正17年(1589年)6月29日に上洛して秀吉に恭順の意を表しており、小田原の陣では、名代として家臣の岡本正親を派遣していることから、この時に改易になったとは考え難い(『ふるさと矢板のあゆみ』)。
- One theory states that the SHIONOYA clan was ordered 'kaieki' because they did not directly join the Siege of Odawara, but Yoshitsuna went to the capital (Kyoto) on August 10, 1589 to show reverence for Hideyoshi and, in the Siege of Odawara, he sent his retainer Masachika OKAMOTO as a representative; therefore, it isn't plausible that he was ordered 'kaieki' at that time ('Furusato Yaita no Ayumi (History of Our Hometown Yaita)').
- 「やまと」の語源は山に囲まれた地域であるからと言う説、この地域を拠点としたヤマト王権が元々「やまと」と言う地域に発祥したためとする説、「やまと」は元は「山門」であり山に神が宿ると見なす自然信仰の拠点であった地名が国名に転じたとする説、三輪山から山東(やまとう)を中心に発展したためとする説など諸説ある。
- There are a variety of views about the origin of the word 'Yamato': the area is a region surrounded by mountains; the Yamato Dynasty located in this region originated in an area called 'Yamato'; 'Yamato' means 'Sanmon' (temple gate) and the name of a place of belief in nature that gods exist in mountains was changed to a country name; or it was developed in the area centered around Mt. Miwa and Yamato.
- このため、天武天皇は大陸の礼楽思想を取り入れる意図をもって五節舞を考案したとする見方もある(なお、聖武天皇が元正上皇のために孝謙天皇(孝謙天皇)に五節舞を舞わせた際に、天皇が上皇に対して「天武天皇が天下統治のために礼と楽を整備するために五節舞を考え出された」と述べている(『続日本紀』天平15年5月辛丑条))。
- Based on this interpretation, a number of people assert that Emperor Tenmu invented the Gosechi no mai with the aim of introducing Reiraku philosophy (ancient Chinese philosophy emphasizing propriety and music) (Incidentally, when Emperor Shomu got Empress Koken to dance in a Gosechi no mai for the Retired Empress Gensho, the Emperor said to the Retired Empress, 'Emperor Tenmu invented Gosechi no mai with the intention to govern the nation and in order to make rei (propriety) and raku (music) take root among the people' ('Shoku Nihongi' - June 3, 743)).
- これに対して興膳宏は、東・西、と北・南で巻題の命名に対応関係が見られること(とくに東・西の巻ではそれぞれ巻頭に小序が付されていてそれが顕著である)、また体裁の面でも東・西の巻が諸家の論を空海自身の裁量で取捨しているのに対し、南・北の巻ではそのままの形で引用されていることが多いなど、対になっているのは明らかだとしている。
- In response to this, Hiroshi KOZEN explained that evidently pairs were made, as the titles of the volume corresponded to each other such as East against West, and North against South (particularly the volumes of East and West were noticeable because they had small prefaces in the beginning), and concerning the format, in the volumes of East and West Kukai selected each family's comments on his own discretion, while in the volumes of South and North they were cited as they were.
- 文永の役については現在では壊滅的な被害があったかについても含め多くの疑問が持たれているが、弘安四年七月三十日から翌閏七月一日(1281年8月15日 - 8月16日)にかけては京都でも激しい風雨に見舞われたことが日記類などの記録にあるため、弘安の役での東路・江南両軍の壊滅の原因は台風であるとの説は現在でも有力視されている。
- Nowadays, there are many doubts about Bunei no Eki, including whether there was any serious damage, but what destroyed both armies of the Eastern Route and Southern Yangtze in Koan no Eki is still now widely considered to have been a typhoon, because there are diaries and records stating that even Kyoto had a furious storm from August 15, 1281 to August 16.
- 戦国時代における合戦には、示威行動や小競り合いといった、低強度の武力闘争から、戦国時代に含めるか否かは別として、少なくとも戦国時代の延長線上にはある関ヶ原合戦のように、国内を二分しての会戦・決戦といった、後の国家総力戦にある程度擬し得る戦争形態、さらには、文禄・慶長の役である文禄・慶長の役まで、多様な戦争形態が見られる。
- Battles in the Sengoku Period include various forms of war such as armed conflict with low-intensity like demonstrative actions or skirmishes, a form of war that was to a certain extent comparable to later all-out war like the Battle of Sekigahara which was a decisive battle fought by dividing all forces in Japan into two and even if there is a doubt if we can say that it occurred in the Sengoku Period, it was on the extension of the Sengoku Period, and the Bunroku/Keicho War which was war to invade a foreign country.
- いっぽう幕権強化・雄藩連合などの様々な思惑を孕みつつ、文久3年12月に徳川慶喜・松平春嶽・松平容保・伊達宗城(宇和島藩主)・島津久光による参預会議が開催され、神奈川鎖港談判、長州藩の処置、大坂港の防備強化などの議題が話し合われたが、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜の非協力的態度に春嶽・久光らが反撥して帰国したため、早くも翌年3月には崩壊。
- Leaving various ideas, such as reinforcing the power of the bakufu, and the alliance of major clans, as they were, a council meeting was held on December 1863 by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Munenari DATE (the lord of Uwajima clan), and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU to discuss the condition of the port of Kanagawa, the treatment of the Choshu clan, and strengthening the defences of the port of Osaka, but it failed as early as in March 1864, when Shungaku and Hisamitsu became upset with Yoshino TOKUGAWA, a guardian of the shogun, who was not cooperative at all.
- 鉄一文銭の総鋳造高は明治時代の大蔵省による流通高の調査により、6,332,619,404枚とされ、中でも明和年間以降の鋳造高が特に多く、亀戸では2,262,589貫文(2,262,589,000枚)、伏見1,422,782貫文(1,422,782,000枚)、常陸太田690,500貫文(690,500,000枚)などとなっている。
- The survey on the amount of circulated coins which was conducted by the Ministry of Finance in the Meiji period revealed that 6,332,619,404 one-mon iron coins were minted in total, and the amount of one-mon iron coins minted in and after the Meiwa era was especially high as shown by the following figures: 2,262,589 kanmon (2,262,589,000 coins) in Kameido, 1,422,782 kanmon (1,422,782,000 coins) in Fushimi, 690,500 kanmon (690,500,000 coins) in Hitachiota, and so on.
- 1613年(慶長18年)に、セバスティアン・ビスカイノの協力でサン・フアン・バウティスタ号を建造した仙台藩が、ルイス・ソテロや支倉常長等の慶長遣欧使節団をヌエバ・エスパーニャ経由でスペインに派遣し、常長等は1615年1月にマドリードでフェリペ3世 (スペイン王)に、同年11月にはバチカンでローマ教皇パウルス5世 (ローマ教皇) に謁見する。
- In 1613, with the help of Sebastian VIZCAINO, the Sendai clan built a ship named San Juan Bautista and dispatched the Keicho era mission to Europe including Luis SOTELO and Tsunenaga HASEKURA to Spain via Nueva Espana, and Tsunenaga and others were presented to Felipe the Third (King of Spain) in Madrid in January of 1615 and in November of the same year, they were presented to the Pope Paulus the Fifth at the Vatican in Rome.
- 豊臣政権の三奉行・三中老が家康の上杉征伐を諌めた連書状に「今度直江所行相届かざる儀、御立腹もっともに存じ候」とあることや、上杉景勝が重臣にあてた書状の内容が直江状に酷似している点などから、「多数の伝本があり、少なからず異同も見られるが、全体としては信用できる史料」とし、「(家康を挑発した)追而書だけは後世の偽作の可能性がある」との見方を示した。
- He expressed his view that 'only the postscript (that provoked Ieyasu) may be a forgery from a later period' considering that 'there are many manuscripts with only a few differences, but they are generally reliable historical materials' because in the letter remonstrated with Ieyasu's conquest of Uesugi by three magistrates and arbitration office in the Toyotomi regime, it is written that 'your anger is quite reasonable since Naoe's conduct did not reach you this time', the content of the letter from Kagekatsu UESUGI to senior vassals was remarkably similar to that of Naoejo, among other things.
- この時期、九州では依然として激戦が続いており、更に1,800万発の調達が必要と見積もられていたこともあって、大量の弾薬在庫が残されていたツンナール銃を九州に送る案が検討され、実際に和歌山(旧紀州藩)の臨時召集部隊は藩兵時代から使い慣れたツンナール銃装備のまま九州へ派遣されたほか、大阪鎮台の医歩兵など後方部隊もツンナール銃を装備して派遣されていた。
- As fierce battles were still fought in Kyushu in this period, the Army Ministry estimated further 18 million rounds of ammunition would be needed and examined a plan of sending Zundnadel guns to Kyushu because it had a great deal of stockpiles of ammunition for the gun; in fact, an emergency call-up troop in Wakayama (former Kishu Domain) was dispatched to Kyushu armed with Zundnadel gun, which they had used when they served for the domain, and a rear unit including medical soldiers in Osaka Garrison were also armed with Zundnadel guns and dispatched.
- 第一に、上記に掲げた太閤蔵入地約200万石、第二に、直轄領とした金山・銀山(佐渡国佐渡金山、石見国石見銀山、但馬国生野銀山)から上がる金銀の収益(金銀の収益を背景に、平安時代に発行された皇朝十二銭以来となる国内発行の貨幣(天正大判・天正通宝)を発行)、第三に、商業が発達した都市(大坂、堺、京都、伏見、長崎)を直轄地とすることから上がる収益であった。
- First, by gaining approximately two million koku from the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi; second, by gaining profits of gold and silver from gold and silver mines, which were part of Hideyoshi's directly controlled territories (Sado Gold Mine of Sado Province and Iwami Silver Mine of Iwami Province and Ikuno Silver Mine of Tajima Province) (Hideyoshi issued the new coins, 'Tensho-Oban' and 'Tensho Tsuho' after a long interval since 'Kocho-Junisen' (twelve coins casted in Japan) had been issued in the Heian period; third, gaining profits by directly controlling cities where commerce had developed (Osaka, Sakai, Kyoto, Fushimi and Nagasaki).
- 連合艦隊は、東郷平八郎司令長官の優れた戦術、二人の参謀(秋山真之、佐藤鉄太郎)による見事な作戦、上村彦之丞将軍率いる第二艦隊(巡洋艦を中心とした艦隊)による追撃、鈴木貫太郎の駆逐隊による魚雷攻撃作戦、下瀬火薬(世界最強火薬)、伊集院信管、新型無線機、世界初の斉射戦術、世界最高水準の高速艦隊運動などによって、欧州最強と言われたバルチック艦隊を圧倒、これを殲滅した。
- The Combined Fleet overwhelmed and annihilated the Baltic Fleet which was said to be the strongest in Europe through the superior tactics of the commander Heihachiro TOGO, the outstanding strategy of his two staff officers (Saneyuki AKIYAMA and Tetsutaro SATO), the pursuit of the enemy by the Second Fleet (a cruiser fleet) under the command of General Hikonojo KAMIMURA, torpedo operations with destroyers led by Kantaro SUZUKI, and the use of Shimose gunpowder (What was then the world's most powerful gunpowder), Ijuin fuse, cutting-edge radio sets, the invention and application of volley tactics, and the deployment of the world's fastest fleet in battle among several other factors.
- また朱子学(旧来の思想に対抗して生れたように考えられた)、特に陽明学(後に説明されるように、これは明朝が正式に認めた学問であった朱子学に対抗して生まれ出たように見えた)は、敗戦後の日本に於ける近代思惟・反権力・人間解放などの概念と容易に結びつき、朱子学及び陽明学の中、比較的それらの概念に近似する部分を抜き取り、そこに思想的価値を与えるという試みが盛んに行われた。
- Shushigaku (considered to have arisen in opposition to traditional thinking), and especially Yomei-gaku (as described later, considered to have arisen in opposition to Shushigaku, which was officially authorized by the Ming Court), were easily linked in a defeated Japan to concepts such as modern thinking, antiauthoritarianism and human emancipation; as a result, most scholars have frequently attempted to extract from Shushigaku and Yomei-gaku the elements that are relatively close to these concepts and attempt to attach an ideological value to them.
- これによって一見すると守護大名の領域に治外法権地域が生まれる事になり、室町幕府の支配系統に障害が生じたかのように見られるが、実態はそれとは反対で守護領国制の強化によって守護大名による領国一円支配を阻止してその勢力拡大を抑制するとともに、特権を受けた御家人層は幕府権力への依存を強めてこの権利を維持しようと図り、幕府にとっては守護大名に対抗するための政治的・経済的・軍事的な基盤を支える支持の形成に効果があった。
- Although this could have apparently produced a chigaihoken (extraterritoriality) area in the domains of shugo daimyo and seems to have caused an obstacle in ruling systems of the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, contrary to that, by tightening of the shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo dominates a manor), it prevented shugo daimyo from executing ryogoku ichien shihai (ruling the whole region of the territory) and suppressed expansion of his power, and at the same time, the privileged gokenin class tried to maintain this privilege by increasing dependence on the bakufu powers, which helped the bakufu form support for political, economic, and military bases to confront the shugo daimyo.
- またイスラーム世界(アラビア語・ペルシア語圏)に伝わった日本の旧称「倭国」に由来するといわれる「ワークワーク(الواقواق al-Wāqwāq)」ないし「ワクワーク(الوقواق al-Waqwāq)」は金山を有する土地として知られているが、「ワクワク」に類する地名はアラビア語・ペルシア語による地理書や地図においてアフリカや東南アジアによく見られる地名でもあり、日本のことを指したものではないとする説もある。
- Moreover, another is that although WaqWaq is said to have been derived from the old name for Japan, 'wakoku (倭国),' with the Japanese pronunciation 'waakuwaaku' (الواقواق al-Wāqwāq), or 'wakuwaaku' (لوقواق al-Waqwāq), which spread in Muslim's world (the Arabian and Persian speaking areas) as the land of gold, an area name of its kind was often found in Africa and Southeast Asia in geography books written in Arabia and Persian languages, so that it didn't indicate Japan.
- 元文元年には深川十万坪、淀鳥羽 (洛外)横大路、京都伏見区、元文2年には江戸亀戸、江戸本所小梅(背面に「小」字)、下野国日光市、紀伊国宇津、元文3年(1737年)には秋田阿仁銅山、元文4年(1738年)には深川平田新田、相模国藤沢市、相模吉田島、寛保元年(1741年)には大坂高津(「元」字)、下野足尾(「足」字)、長崎一ノ瀬(「一」字)、明和4年(1767年)には肥前国長崎市(「長」字)、など各地に銭座が設置された。
- Zeniza was established in various places such as Jumantsubo of Fukagawa and Yokooji of Yodo-Toba (Rakugai (outskirts of Kyoto)) in 1736, Kameido in Edo and Honjo-Koume in Edo (coin marked with a letter of '小' on the reverse side), Nikko City in Shimotsuke Province and Uzu in Kii Province in 1737, Anidozan Copper mine, Akita Prefecture in 1738, Hirata-Shinden of Fukagawa, Fujisawa City, Sagami Province and Yoshidajima, Sagami Province in 1739, Takatsu, Osaka (coin marked with a letter of '元'), Ashio, Shimotsuke Province (coin marked with a letter of '足') and Ichinose, Nagasaki (coin marked with a letter of '一') in 1741, Nagasaki City, Hizen Province (coin marked with a letter of '長') in 1767 and so on.
- 「日本の憲法は御承知のごとく五箇条の御誓文から出発したものと云ってもよいのでありますが、いわゆる五箇条の御誓文なるものは、日本の歴史、日本の国情をただ文字に現わしただけの話でありまして、御誓文の精神、それが日本国の国体であります。日本国そのものであったのであります。この御誓文を見ましても、日本国は民主主義であり、デモクラシーそのものであり、あえて君権政治とか、あるいは圧制政治の国体でなかったことは明瞭であります」と答弁した。
- He answered 'As you know, it can be said that the Constitution of Japan started from Charter Oath. So-called Charter Oath of Five Articles was just written expressing the history and the state of affairs of Japan. The spirit of Charter Oath itself is the national policy of Japan and what Japan is. Seeing Charter Oath, Japan is a democratic country and democracy itself. It is obvious that the national policy was not monarchy or repressive government.'
- いくつかの雑記は江戸在中の武士の人口として2億人を超える荒唐無稽な数値(享保十七年四月(1732年) 2億3698万7950人(『月堂見聞集』)、享保二十年(1735年):2億3608万5950人(『半日閑話』)、寛政三年(1743年)及び文化十二年(1815年):2億3658万0390人(『甲子夜話』))を記載しているが、唯一『土屋筆記』は御屋敷方の人口として70万0973人(年次不明)という比較的現実的な人口を伝えている。
- In a several miscellaneous notes, populations of samurai residing in Edo were irrationally estimated as large as over 0.2 billion (236,987,950 in 1732 ['Getudo Kenmon shu'], 236,085,950 in 1735 ['Hannichi Kanwa'] and 236,580,390 in 1743 and 1815 ['Kasshi yawa']), whereas 'Tsuchiya Hikki' describes a realistic figure of 600,973 (years unknown).
- (大田南畝 「寛政十年戊午江戸人別」 『一話一言』 巻26 (1820年) 山下重民 「江戸市街統計一班」 『江戸会雑誌』 1冊(2号) pp. 18–26(1889年) 勝海舟 「江戸人口小記」「正徳ヨリ弘化迄江戸町数人口戸数」 『吹塵録』(1890年) 小宮山綏介 「府内の人口」 『江戸旧事考』 2巻 pp. 19–23(1891年) 『日本財政経済史料』 9巻 pp. 1210–1243(1922年) 柚木重三、堀江保蔵 「本邦人口表」 『経済史研究』 7号 pp. 188–210(1930年) 幸田成友 「江戸の町人の人口」 『社会経済学会誌』 8巻(1号) pp. 1–23(1938年) 鷹見安二郎 江戸の人口の研究」 『全国都市問題会議』 第7回1(本邦都市発達の動向と其の諸問題上) pp. 59–83(1940年) 高橋梵仙 『日本人口史之研究』 三友社(1941年) 関山直太郎 『近世日本の人口構造』 吉川弘文館(1958年) 南和男『幕末江戸社会の研究』 吉川弘文館(1978年)より作成。
- Sources: Nanbo OTA, 'Kansei 10 nen, Bogo, Edonin betsu' from vol. 26 of 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (1820); Shigetami YAMASHITA, 'Edo shigai Tokei Ippan' from vol.1 (pp. 18-26) of 'Edokai zasshi' (1889); Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Jinko Shoki' from 'Suijinroku' (1890); Yasusuke KOMIYAMA, 'Funai no Jinko' from vol. 2 (pp. 19–23) of 'Edo kyujiko' (1891) and vol. 9 (pp. 1210–1243) of 'Nihon Zaise Keizai Shiryo' (1922); Juzo YUZUKI and Yasuzo HORIE, 'Honpo jinko hyo' from vol. 7 (pp. 188–210) of 'Keizaishi Kenkyu' (1930); Shigetomo KODA, 'Edo no Chonin no Jinko' from vol. 8 (pp. 1–23) of 'Shakai Keizai gakkaishi' (1938); Yasujiro TAKAMI, 'Edo no Jinko no Kenkyu' from the 7th conference (pp. 59–83) of 'Zenkoku Toshi Mondai kaigi' (1940); Bonsen TAKAHASHI, 'Nihon Jinkoshi no Kenkyu' from Sanyusha publishing (1941), Naotaro SEKIYAMA, 'Kinsei Nihon no Jinko Kozo' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1958); Kazuo MINAMI, 'Bakumatsu Edo Shakai no Kenkyu' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1978).