衆: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 雑賀衆
- Saikashu (Saika group)
- Saiga shu
- Saika Ikki
- 評定衆
- Hyojoshu (a member of Council of State)
- Hyojoshu (government post)
- 若江八人衆
- Wakae Hachinin-shu (eight elite retainers of Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI)
- 三好三人衆
- The Miyoshi Truimvirate (Miyoshi Sanninshu, three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan)
- Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate)
- 公衆衛生学校
- public health school
- 国人衆その後
- Kokujin-shu after that
- アメリカ合衆国
- United States of America
- U.S.A.
- United States (of America)
- usa
- The United States of America
- 根来衆との関係
- Connection with Negoroshu
- 長慶の一門衆。
- Nagayoshi's clansman.
- 衆議院を解散。
- The House of Representatives was dissolved
- 衆議院議員時代
- Member of the House of Representatives era
- 室町幕府奉公衆。
- Hokoshu (shogunal military guard) of the Muromachi shogunate.
- 雑賀衆(雑賀一揆)
- Saiga shu (Ikko groups, who raised a riot called the Saiga riot)
- 根来・雑賀衆の敗因
- The reason for Negoro and Saiga shu's defeat
- 室町幕府の御供衆。
- He was a member of Otomoshu (Attendant group, who attended the Shogun Takauji Ashikaga to go up to the ancient capital Kyoto) of the Muromachi Bakufu.
- 「末の一家衆」とも。
- Also called 'Sue no ikkeshu' (youngest ikkeshu).
- 第10代衆議院議長。
- He was the tenth chairman of the House of Representatives.
- 大衆文化のなかの彦根城
- Hikone-jo Castle in the popular culture
- 一 景勝衆三百余討捕申候
- They said that they killed 300 soldiers on the Kagekatsu side.
- 雑賀衆は歴史から消滅した。
- In this way Saikashu disappeared from history.
- アメリカ合衆国・ロックヒル
- The United States: Rockhill
- 元アメリカ合衆国下院議員。
- Former U.S. Representative.
- 鈴木重興……雑賀衆の旗頭。
- 鈴木重興 - leader of Saikashu.
- 津田算正……根来衆の旗頭。
- Kazumasa TSUDA - leader of Negoroshu.
- 以後衆議院議員に5回当選。
- After that, he was elected as a member of the House of Representatives five times.
- 「諸人伺候、衆皆これを聞く」
- The people listened to his story.'
- 新しい法令を民衆に公示する。
- It was to notify the public of new acts and laws;
- 民衆の遵法精神の涵養を図る。
- It was to cultivate the law-abiding spirit of general public to the acts and laws
- 他国衆とは、戦国大名の領国。
- Takokushu is a territory of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period [period of Warring States]).
- 一 會津ニ御手前之衆置申度事
- One: Suggestion to mobilize your vassals in Aizu.
- 寒川元政……讃岐国人衆の旗頭
- Motomasa SANGAWA - leader of kokujin-shu from Sanuki Province.
- 安富盛方……讃岐国人衆の旗頭
- Morikata YASUTOMI - leader of kokujin-shu from Sanuki Province.
- 衆議院議員・中野正剛は娘婿。
- Seigo NAKANO, a member of the House of Representatives, was his daughter's husband.
- 内藤宗勝……丹波国人衆を指揮。
- Munekatsu NAITO - led kokujin-shu from Tanba Province.
- 十河存保……讃岐国人衆を指揮。
- Masayasu SOGO - led kokujin-shu from Sanuki Province.
- 岩成友通……山城国人衆を指揮。
- Tomomichi IWANARI - led kokujin-shu from Yamashiro Province.
- 伊丹親興……摂津国人衆の旗頭。
- Chikaoki ITAMI - leader of kokujin-shu from Settsu Province.
- 池田長正……摂津国人衆の旗頭。
- Nagamasa IKEDA - leader of kokujin-shu from Settsu Province.
- 三好政康……摂津国人衆を指揮。
- Masayasu MIYOSHI - led kokujin-shu (powerful families in a province) from Settsu Province.
- 天文7年、幕府相伴衆に列する。
- In 1538, he became a member of the Sobanshu (a group of officials who accompany the Shogun).
- 現在大字西大路衆議所として使用。
- It is currently used as a public discussion place at Oaza Nishioji.
- 民衆に法の趣旨の周知徹底を図る。
- It was to thoroughly notify the aim of the acts and laws to general public;
- 三好三人衆 攻められ壊滅状態に。
- Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate) was attacked and almost every one of their clan was killed.
- 遊佐高清……譜代・旗本衆を指揮。
- Takakiyo YUSA - led fudai and hatamoto unit.
- 根来衆も織田方として動員された。
- The Negoro shu was also mobilized by the Oda side.
- 足利義教の寵臣で御供衆を務める。
- As a Yoshinori ASHIKAGA's favorite retainer, he served as a Otomoshu (Attendant group, who attended the Shogun Takauji Ashikaga to go up to the ancient capital Kyoto).
- 犬養毅(衆議院・憲政党旧進歩党系)
- Tsuyoshi INUKAI (House of Representatives, the Constitutional Party, the former Progressive Party)
- 公家・門跡・諸出世ノ衆ハ制外ノ事。
- The rule omits kuge (court nobles), monzeki (successors of a temple) and those of high rank.
- 「西は衆夷を服すること六十六国。」
- In the West, we conquered sixty-six countries of Shui.'
- To the west, he subjugated sixty-six countries of Shui (western barbarians).'
- 現在のアメリカ合衆国における去勢刑
- Castration penalty in the United States today
- 衆またこの趣旨に基き協心努力せよ。
- (modern written Japanese) 衆またこの趣旨に基き協心努力せよ。
- 閣僚中、唯一の衆議院議員であった。
- He was the only member of the House of Representatives who was a cabinet member.
- 神鞭知常(衆議院・憲政党旧進歩党系)
- Tomotsune KOMUCHI (the House of Representatives, the Constitutional Party, the former Progressive Party faction)
- 逓信大臣(衆議院・憲政党旧自由党系)
- Minister of Communications (the House of Representatives, the Constitutional Party, the former Liberal Party faction)
- 根来衆の大半は行人でしめられている。
- Most Negoroshu consisted of gyonin.
- 雑賀衆の内部は分裂することとなった。
- Consequently Saikashu was internally split.
- アメリカ合衆国の開国意向文書概要報告
- Following is a summary of the monjo (written record) of Japan's intention to open its ports, as witnessed by the United States of America.
- 三好康長……阿波国人衆を臨時で指揮。
- Yasunaga MIYOSHI - temporarily led kokujin-shu from Awa Province.
- 阿弥陀聖衆来迎図(高野山有志八幡講)
- The painting of Amida Nyorai accompanied by his heavenly retinue bodhisattvas and other heavenly beings: owned by Koyasan Yushi Hachiman-ko (the voluntary organization of temples on Mt. Koya, which worship Hachiman)
- 陳状は引付衆を介して訴人へ渡された。
- The statement was delivered to the sonin via the hikitsukeshu.
- 衆乃其詐欺を知り、今復之を拾はずと。
- After having realized that they were cheated, the villagers never collected the bullets again.
- 「西道より軍衆が至ろうとしている。」
- An enemy is coming from the west road.'
- 尾崎行雄 (衆議院・憲政党旧進歩党系)
- Yukio OZAKI (House of Representatives, the Constitutional Party, the former Progressive Party faction)
- 京都の公家衆から歌書も送付されている。
- Waka anthologies were also sent from kugeshu (court nobles) in Kyoto.
- 雑賀衆は抵抗したがかなわずに壊滅した。
- Although Saikashu resisted, they were destroyed.
- 現ハワイ州選出アメリカ合衆国上院議員。
- The current U.S. Senator from Hawaii.
- 湯川直光……湯川衆・紀州国人衆を指揮。
- Naomitsu YUKAWA - led Yukawashu and kokujin-shu from Kii Province.
- 付属:織田長益他織田一門衆、丹羽氏次他
- Attachment: Nagamasu ODA, Oda Ichimonshu (clansmen), Ujitsugu NIWA, and others
- 雑賀衆が船上などで用いていた事で有名。
- The Saikashu (a group of soldiers from Saika in Wakayama) are famous for using it on board a ship.
- - アメリカ合衆国製の後装ライフル銃。
- This was a breech-loading rifle made in the US.
- 後に貴族院 (日本)議員、衆議院議員。
- Later he became a member of the House of Peers and a member of the House of Representatives.
- 一方、大衆は予想に反して内裏に向かった。
- Meanwhile, contrary to expectations, daishu headed to the dairi.
- アメリカ合衆国、カザフスタン、クロアチア
- The United States of America, Republic of Kazakhstan, Croatia
- 離脱した右派は、その後台湾民衆党を結成。
- The right wing, who left the Taiwan Cultural Association, later formed the Taiwan People's Party.
- 第1回衆議院議員総選挙に出馬するも落選。
- Although he ran in the first election for the member of the House of Representatives, he was defeated.
- 『碁経衆妙』1812年 詰碁、基本手筋集
- 'Gokyoshumyo' in 1812, collection of Tsumego (study of Go, in the position in a game of Go that decide life and death of a Go stone) and basic tesuji (moves in game of Go and Shogi (Japanese Chess))
- 『弘長記』では評定衆に任じた、ともある。
- According to 'Kocho-Ki', he appointed him as hyojoshu (a member of Council of State).
- 堀江芳介 陸軍少将・元老院議官・衆議院議員
- Yoshisuke HORIE: Army Major General, Genroin gikan, (councillor of Chamber of Elders or Senate) the member of the House of Representatives
- 安見宗房……河内国人衆の旗頭でこれを指揮。
- Munefusa YASUMI - leader of kokujin-shu from Kawachi Province.
- 筒井順政……大和国人衆の旗頭でこれを指揮。
- Junsei TSUTSUI - leader of kokujin-shu from Yamato Province.
- アメリカ合衆国・ニューヨーク公共図書館蔵本
- The United States of America: A work owned by the New York Public Library
- 所蔵者は、アメリカ合衆国のボストン美術館。
- It belongs to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in the United States of America.
- 国政参加の権利、衆議院議員の選挙・被選挙権。
- 1) The right to participate in the national government, the right to vote in House of Representatives elections and eligibility to run in said elections.
- 江戸時代の朝廷内にあった伺候衆の流れを汲む。
- This license followed shiko shu license system of the Imperial Court during Edo period.
- 土橋種興……雑賀・根来衆・和泉国人衆を指揮。
- 土橋種興 - led Saikashu, Negoroshu and kokujin-shu from Izumi Province.
- 大衆は歓喜して神輿を撤収し山へ戻っていった。
- The daishu delightfully withdrew mikoshi and returned to the mountain.
- 望厦条約 1844年7月3日 アメリカ合衆国
- Treaty of Wanghia, July 3, 1844, United States of America
- 本能寺の変は雑賀衆内部の力関係も一変させた。
- The Honno-ji Incident also changed the power relationship among Saiga shu.
- 増援軍の雑賀衆も白兵戦には弱くほぼ全滅した。
- Saiga shu (Ikko groups), which were reinforcement troops, were not good at close combat and totally wiped out.
- 大永8年、将軍足利義晴の御供衆に加えられる。
- In 1528, Takakage became a member of the Otomoshu (Attendant group) of the Muromachi Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA.
- 以後、アメリカ合衆国にて医療活動に従事する。
- After graduating, he practiced medicine in the United States.
- 民衆の直接行動が内閣を倒した最初の事例である。
- It was for the first time in Japanese history that a direct action by the public overthrew the administration.
- 根来衆には一定量の鉄砲があったと思われている。
- It is believed that Negoroshu had a certain amount of guns.
- 興福寺八部衆立像(阿修羅像など)、十大弟子立像
- The standing statues of Hachibushu, including Asura (fighting demon), and the standing statues of Judaideshi, both at Kofuku-ji Temple
- いずれの紙幣もアメリカ合衆国に製造を外注した。
- Production of each currency was outsourced to the United States.
- 審理結果は評定衆へ上申され、評定衆が裁定した。
- The result of trial was reported to the Hyojoshu where it was judged.
- しかし大衆はあくまで成親の配流を求めて譲らず。
- However, the daishu were strictly demanding Narichika's exile.
- 乾漆八部衆像(興福寺、8体のうち阿修羅が著名)
- The dry lacquer statues of Eight Guardians: enshrined in Kofuku-ji Temple, and the statue of Ashura (Bellicose Demon) is most famous of the eight
- 93% (-7%) - アメリカ合衆国(離脱)
- 93% (-7%) - The United States of America (defection)
- 町衆主導で行われてきた祇園祭は翌年中止された。
- The Gion-matsuri Festival, which was led by townspeople, was suspended the next year.
- 寛元2年(1244年)には、評定衆に就任した。
- In 1244, he assumed the post of Hyojoshu (a member of the Council of State).
- 1898年 ハワイがアメリカ合衆国の属領となる。
- In 1898, Hawaii became U.S. territory.
- 第4回衆議院議員総選挙最中に日清戦争が始まった。
- It was in the middle of the fourth general election for the House of Representatives when the Sino-Japanese War broke out.
- 群衆は遺骸を解き放ち、櫛原嶺の洞窟に投げ棄てた。
- The islanders untied the corpse and threw it into the cave in Kushiwara ridge.
- 鎌倉時代・室町時代の評定衆が合議した場所の名称。
- It was the name of the place where hyojoshu (members of the Council of State) in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods had conferences.
- 天台座主・明雲は早くから大衆の説得をあきらめた。
- Myoun of Tendai-zasu quickly gave up trying to persuade the daishu.
- 徒歩衆は、蔵米の御家人で、俸禄は70俵5人扶持。
- Kachi were gokenin (immediate vassals of shogun) who were entitled to kuramai (rice preserved in the depository of bakufu) and their salary was 70 bales, the equivalent of annual rice stipend of five men.
- 西の丸御前備衆を務め、500人の兵を預けられた。
- He worked as 御前備衆 at the western citadel, leading 500 soldiers.
- 天正九年(1581年)の馬揃連枝衆に名が見える。
- Nobukazu was one of the noble siblings at the Kyoto great military parade held in 1581.
- 幕府奉公衆伊勢貞仍、吉見義隆、畠山政近ほかの四番衆
- Yonban-shu (the fourth group to guard the bakufu) of Bakufu-Hoko-shu (the shogunal military guard of the bakufu) including Sadayori ISE, Yoshitaka YOSHIMI and Masachika HATAKEYAMA,
- 北海道開拓関係ではアメリカ合衆国人が多く招かれた。
- As regards the project of reclaiming the land of Hokkaido, most people invited to participate were from the United States of America.
- 安宅冬康……前線で譜代・旗本衆と淡路国人衆を指揮。
- Fuyuyasu ATAGI - led fudai (hereditary vassals) and hatamoto unit as well as kokujin-shu from Awaji Province at the battlefront.
- やがてカトリック教会と一般民衆との土地争いに介入。
- It eventually became involved in the land dispute between the Catholic church and common people.
- 幕府昵近公家衆日野某、阿野季綱、松殿忠顕、飛鳥井雅康
- Court nobles to work for bakufu, namely a certain Hino, Suetsuna ANO, Tadaaki MATSUDONO and Masayasu ASUKAI,
- これにより、三好三人衆と松永久秀の対立が先鋭化する。
- This caused the conflict between the Miyoshi Sanninshu and Hisahide MATSUNAGA become more serious.
- しかし「遺衆猶多」と残党が多くいたことも見えている。
- However, it is written that 'there are still many remnants' as well.
- 7日、武藤金吉は衆議院で、暴動に関する質問を行った。
- On 7, Kinkichi MUTO asked questions about the riot at the House of Representatives.
- それを補うために行った増税は民衆の強い反発を買った。
- The tax increase that was put in place to remedy it greatly upset the citizens.
- 惣番衆は、呼ばれなくとも出動しなければならないこと。
- Sobanshu (bodyguards) shall be ready if not commanded to.
- 唯一朝鮮人として朴春琴が衆議院議員に選出されている。
- Only Chun-Geum PAK was elected a member of Lower House as a Korean.
- 中央にいた者達は親類衆以外でも生還している者が多い。
- Besides Katsuyori's relatives, many survived in the central force.
- 大正4年(1915年)3月 高知県選出の衆議院議員。
- In March, 1915, he became a member of the House of Representatives elected from Kochi Prefecture.
- 致仕後に詩社を幽蘭社と称し、漢詩文の大衆化に務めた。
- After the resignation, he called Shisha as Yuransha and promoted popularization of Chinese-style poem.
- 翌1780年(安永9年)から院評定衆・院伝奏を歴任。
- From the following year, 1780, he successively held the posts of In no hyojoshu (the retired emperors judicial council) and Indenso (job title to relay messages of court people to the retired emperor).
- 1850年には蔵人所衆である岡田家の養嗣子となった。
- In 1850 he was adopted as the heir of the Okada family who was Kurodo tokoro no shu (officials of the Court).
- また、甥の林譲治 (政治家)は衆議院議長・厚生大臣。
- One of his nephews, Joji HAYASHI (statesman), served as chairman of House of Representatives and Kosei daijin (Minister of Health and Welfare).
- 政府はこれに反発し衆議院解散に至った(奉答文事件)。
- The government opposed to this and this led to the dissolution of the House of Representatives.
- また印刷は兌換紙幣に関してはアメリカ合衆国で行われた。
- In addition, convertible currency was printed in the United States.
- 火災は、京都経済を支えてきた町衆に大きな打撃を与えた。
- The fire dealt a serious blow to townspeople who had been supporting the economy in Kyoto.
- 申次を差し置いて当番衆が将軍へ披露してはならないこと。
- Tobanshu (rapporteurs) shall not make any report to the shogun without consulting moshitsugi.
- 上方勢の紀州攻めを前に、紀南の国人衆の対応は分かれた。
- Before the attack of Kishu by the Kamigata army, Kokujin-shu of Kinan showed various responses.
- 川崎造船所社長、衆議院議員(日本進歩党)、美術収集家。
- He was the president of Kawasaki Dockyard, a member of the House of Representatives (belonging to Nihon Shinpo-to [Progressive Party]), and an art collector.
- 津田真道:男爵・博士 (法学)・錦鶏間祗候・衆議院副議長
- Mamichi TSUDA: He was a baron, doctor (of law), Kinkei-no-ma shiko, and vice-chairman of the House of Representative.
- 津田真道 男爵・博士 (法学)・元老院議官・衆議院副議長
- Mamichi TSUDA: Baron, Dr. of law, Genroin gikan, (councillor of Chamber of Elders or Senate) the vice chairman of The House of Representatives
- 信長は本願寺を倒すためにまず雑賀衆を抑えることを考えた。
- In order to defeat Hongan-ji Temple, Nobunaga first considered taking control of Saikashu.
- 松山新介……前線で譜代・旗本衆を指揮し、安宅冬康を補佐。
- Shinsuke MATSUYAMA - led fudai and hatamoto unit at the battlefront, assisting Fuyuyasu ATAGI.
- この義兵は流民も多く、朝鮮の民衆や軍隊も襲う事もあった。
- Such volunteer soldiers included many displaced persons and sometimes attacked Korean people or the army.
- しかし、民衆の間では鐚銭を忌避する意識は根強く残存した。
- But there a deep-rooted consciousness existed among common people to avoid bitasen.
- 義満と馬廻(奉公衆)5000騎は堀川の一色邸で待機した。
- Yoshimitsu and 5000 cavalrymen of umamawari (horse guards) (hokoshu) (a military post in Muromachi shogunate) waited at the Isshiki family residence at Horikawa.
- 八人衆は秀次をよく補佐し、各地を転戦しつつ武名をあげた。
- Wakae Hachinin-shu supported Hidetsugu with professionalism, and they fought in many places and distinguished themselves as military commanders.
- 若江「八人衆」ではなく、若江七人衆であるという説もある。
- There is a difference of opinion that it was in fact Wakae Shichinin-shu (seven elite retainers of Wakae), and not Hachinin-shu (eight elite retainers).
- 朽木氏は朽木谷城を本拠として代々室町幕府奉公衆を務めた。
- The Kutsuki clan was based in Kutsukidani-jo Castle, which served as hokoshu (a military post in the Muromachi Shogunate) for the Muromachi bakufu (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for generations.
- 1890年(明治23年)衆議院議員に当選(滋賀第3区)。
- In 1890, he was elected to the House of Representatives from the Shiga third district.
- 慶応3年(1867年)に藩命によりアメリカ合衆国に留学。
- In 1867, he was dispatched to the United States to study there, upon the decree of the lord of the domain.
- そのため、衆議院における政党とは明らかな差異が認められる。
- There was, therefore a clear difference between the Innai groups and the political parties within the House of Representatives.
- 雑賀衆 信長をおおいに苦しめるが、後に誓紙を差し出し降伏。
- Saiga shu greatly troubled Nobunaga, but later yielded to him by giving him their written oath.
- これは一般民衆にも知られているからという理由からであった。
- This was because it was known by common people.
- のち更に減知により国主格のままで交代寄合表御礼衆となった。
- Later, as its territory was further reduced, the clan was provided with kotaiyoriai-omoteoreishu status, while retaining Kokushu (a daimyo owing a territory) status.
- 訴人(原告)からの訴状を問注所が受理し、引付衆へ進達する。
- The Monchujo (the court of justice) accepted a complaint from the sonin (plaintiff) and delivered it to the hikitsukeshu.
- 長尾景虎が北信濃国人衆を支援して、初めて武田晴信と戦った。
- Kagetora NAGAO fought Harunobu TAKEDA for the first time, supporting samurai land owners in the northern Shinano area.
- 城を守る雑賀衆を攻めるのは高山右近・中川秀政の両勢である。
- The troops of Ukon TAKAYAMA and Hidemasa NAKAGAWA attacked Saiga shu who guarded the castle.
- 『碁経衆妙後編』詰碁、手筋集、及び元美の打碁25局を収録。
- 'Gokyoshumyo kohen' includes tsumego, collection of tesuji and Genbi's 25 games of Uchigo.
- 茶の道を修め豊臣秀吉の茶頭八人衆に数えられるまでになった。
- He mastered the 'Way of Tea' (the Japanese tea ceremony) and became one of the Eight Tea Masters of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 日比谷焼打事件でも示された民衆運動の力がついに政権を覆した。
- A popular movement, the power of which was once exercised in the Hibiya riots of 1905, eventually toppled the government in the Taisho Seihen.
- 行人とは僧兵のことで根来衆は僧兵集団と解釈される場合もある。
- Sometimes Negoroshu is regarded as a group of armed priests, as gyonin means armed priests.
- 根来衆は根来寺を中心とした真言宗の僧徒らの集団を指している。
- On the other hand, Negoroshu refers to a group of monks of the Shingon sect, mainly in Negoro-ji Temple.
- なので恐らくこの以前には根来衆に伝来していたと思われている。
- Therefore it is believed that guns had been introduced to Negoroshu before this.
- また、衆議院でも多数を確保して安定した政権運営が期待された。
- In addition, it was expected that Rikken seiyukai would secure the majority in the House of Representatives and the Cabinet would stably manage government administration.
- これに反対する一部の国人衆は稲屋妻城に立てこもって抵抗した。
- Some local samurais who opposed to this outcome resisted and locked themselves in protest inside the Inayazuma-jo Castle.
- 会合衆の名前の由来は、寺の集会(しゅうえ)にあったとされる。
- Egoshu owes its name to Shue (gathering) at a temple.
- 訴訟一般は、評定衆の下に置かれた引付が担当することとなった。
- Hikitsuke (judicial board) under Hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) was responsible for general lawsuits.
- 立憲政友会公認で旧山口一区から衆議院議員総選挙に立候補した。
- He ran for a member of the House of Representatives at general election as a Rikken Seiyukai anointed candidate from former Yamaguchi First Electoral District.
- (この内紛によって所属衆議院議員の1/3が離党・除名された)。
- (This internal discord resulted in a loss of one third of the party members of the House of Representatives; they either left the party or were struck off the list.)
- その代表が第1回衆議院議員総選挙直後に設立された大成会である。
- One example being the Taiseikai (Great Achievement party) that was established after the first general election of members of the House of Representatives.
- 返々、自之人衆不遣前ニ、聊爾之扱無用候、尚一平可申遣候、以上。
- Again, do not take hasty action before sending my troops, and (尚一平可申遣候).
- 民衆の間には外国人は官僚より三等上という認識が広がっていった。
- Acknowledgement that foreigners were three ranks above the bureaucracy spread among commoners.
- 室町時代には京都扶持衆として、自らを「会津守護」と称していた。
- During the Muromachi period, the Aizu Ashina clan had a direct lord-vassal relationship with the Muromachi shogunate and the members of the clan called themselves Governors of Aizu (Aizu Shugo in Japanese).
- その上で当事者を招集し、引付衆の眼前で直接互いに相論をさせた。
- After that, the parties were convened and were made to argue directly with each other before the hikitsukeshu.
- 中世に穢れ観念が日本に流入した事により大衆から賤視されていた。
- After the concept of kegare (being dirty) was brought to Japan in the medieval period, these people became treated with contempt.
- なお、日本国憲法下では、首相は現在のところ全て衆議院議員である。
- Under the current constitution of Japan, all the Prime Ministers have been from the House of Representatives.
- そこで、貴族院は衆議院の政党勢力と対抗する存在と位置付けられた。
- So Kizokuin was placed as the oppositional power against the House of Representatives.
- 交代寄合表御礼衆として遇され、明治維新後に高直しにより立藩した。
- It was treated as a kotaiyoriai-omoteoreishu status, and established its own clan after the Meiji Restoration by a review towards increasing the amount of rice produced.
- 若江八人衆(わかえはちにんしゅう)は豊臣秀次の精鋭家臣団の通称。
- Wakae Hachinin-shu is a popular term for the group of elite retainers of Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI.
- その中で繰り広げられた長年にわたる戦いで国人衆や農民は疲弊した。
- As a result, local samurais and farmers of the province became impoverished due to the long-standing fights.
- 直轄軍である奉公衆を増強するなどして着実に将軍の権力を強化した。
- He steadily strengthened the shogun's authority by reinforcing the hokoshu (guard force under shogun's direct control), which was under his direct control.
- 結衆は規律を厳守し、叛いた者は脱退させて、代わりの者を補充する。
- Members should strictly adhere to rules and non-adherents will be expelled and new members recruited instead.
- 翌1890年第1回衆議院議員総選挙が行われ、帝国議会が開かれた。
- The next year in 1890, the first general election of members of the House of Representatives was held and Imperial Diet opened.
- (鳶ヶ巣山攻防戦から出た御親類衆の戦死者も叔父の河窪信実だけ)。
- (Likewise, his uncle Nobuzane KAWAKUBO was his sole relative killed in the Battle on Mt. Tobigasu).
- 現に、討死した将兵の多くは両翼にいた者達(譜代、先方衆)である。
- In fact, many of the shohei (officers and soldiers) killed in the battle were deployed in the two wings and (some were fudai (hereditary) vassals and others were among the senkatashu (vanguard)).
- 帝国議会を開設し、衆議院は公選された議員からなること(第3章)。
- The Imperial Diet shall be established, and the House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected by the people (Chapter 3).
- 雑賀衆残党が太田城に籠城し、上方勢の本隊は太田城攻めに当たった。
- The remnants of Saiga shu stayed in Ota-jo Castle and the main force of the Kamigata army attacked there.
- さらに澄元の命令で大和国に侵攻し、筒井氏らの大和国人衆を破った。
- He also invaded Yamato Province on the order of Sumimoto, and beat local clans of Yamato Province such as TSUTSUI clan.
- 1920年、後立憲民政党となる憲政会から出馬し衆議院議員初当選。
- In 1920, he ran for a member of the House of Representatives from Kensei-kai political party which would later be reorganized into Rikken Minsei-to political party, and he was elected for the first time.
- 劇画・時代劇『子連れ狼』に登場する黒鍬衆もこの黒鍬に由来している。
- Kurokuwashu (construction workers) in 'Lone Wolf and Cub,' a gekiga and also jidaigeki (historical play,) originated from this kurokuwa.
- 一方、三好三人衆らは義輝の従兄弟である足利義栄(後に義栄)を擁立。
- On the other hand, Miyoshi sanninshu backed up Yoshichika (later Yoshihide), a male cousin of Yoshiteru.
- 結党直後から東京市電値上げ反対運動など積極的に大衆運動を展開した。
- Immediately after its establishment, the Nihon Shakaito aggressively generated mass movements such as the one opposing the fare rise of the Tokyo Shiden (the streetcar network of Tokyo City).
- 大衆は内裏に乱入すると、建礼門・建春門に神輿を据えて気勢を上げた。
- When the daishu intruded into the dairi, they placed the mikoshi at Kenrei-mon Gate and Kenshun-mon Gate and raised morale.
- 別所に阿弥陀如来を奉安した往生院を建立し、病んだ結衆はそこに移す。
- An Ojo-in Temple celebrating Amida Nyorai will be established in a Bessho (remote religious facilities from main temple facilities) and sick members will be transferred there.
- 翌7日、衆議院は貴族院の修正に同意し、帝国議会での審議は結了した。
- On October 7, the House of Representatives approved the modifications added by the House of Peers, all the debates at the Imperial Diet were completed.
- 1570年に織田信長と三好三人衆の間で野田城・福島城の戦いが起こる。
- In 1570 the Battle of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle broke out between Nobunaga ODA and Miyoshi Sanninshu (the triumvirate of the Miyoshi clan).
- その後、信長に属していた雑賀衆、別所長治、荒木村重もこれに呼応する。
- Saiga shu, Nagaharu BESSHO and Murashige ARAKI, who had promised to work for Nobunaga, broke the promise and stood up against Nobunaga.
- 斯波高経はさらに子の斯波義種を小侍所、孫の斯波義高を引付衆につけた。
- Takatsune SHIBA further recommended his son Yoshitane SHIBA and grandson Yoshitaka SHIBA to the post of kozamurai-dokoro (an office of officers to guard shogun in attendance) and hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) respectively.
- 11世紀末から興福寺衆徒らによる強訴がしばしば行われるようになった。
- Direct petitions were often filed by the monk-soldiers of Kofuku-ji Temple from the end of the 11th century.
- そして警固衆を陸上の土豪や国人と同じように家臣団に組み入れていった。
- And they incorporated kegoshu as well as dogo (local clan) and kokujin (local samurai) into their group of vassals.
- 引付衆は訴状を論人(被告)へ開示した上で、書面(陳状)で反論させた。
- The hikitsukeshu disclosed the complaint to the ronnin (defendant), and had ronnin make a written argument (statement).
- 所務沙汰を取り扱うのは引付衆であり、それは次のような手順で行われた。
- Shomusata was handled by hikitsukeshu (co-adjustor of the High Court), as the following procedure was carried out.
- そのため、百姓の語は '天下万民・民衆一般' を指す意味に転化した。
- Thus, the meaning of the term 'hyakusho' changed into 'all common people.'
- 花台廟と名づけた結衆の墓地を定め、春秋2回、集まって念仏会を修する。
- The members' tomb will be called Kadaibyo and members will gather for a Nenbutsu meeting twice a year in spring and autumn.
- 朝廷内では二条家を含む五摂家には他の公家衆に対しての支配力があった。
- In the Imperial Court, the Gosekke (the five regent families) including the Nijo family had control over other Kugeshu.
- そのため和泉衆をその与力として付け、合わせて五千弱の兵力を編成した。
- Therefore, he added Izumi shu as the same side and composed less than 5,000 military force in total.
- 同月9日、信長は武田征伐に当たって筒井順慶以下大和衆に出陣を促した。
- On March 13, Nobunaga urged Yamato-shu including Junkei TSUTSUI to join the army for the conquest of the Takeda clan.
- 同時に、大和衆の一部と河内衆は残留して高野山の抑えとなるよう命じた。
- At the same time, he ordered a part of Yamato shu and Kawachi shu to stay behind in order to hinder Koyasan.
- だが、一部は室町幕府に降り奉公衆に取り立てられて重んじられたという。
- Some of them were appointed to the important government post of hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) by the Muromachi bakufu.
- 1966年:アメリカ合衆国国務省の招待でバード基地及び南極点を視察。
- 1966: He visited Byrd Station and the South Pole with invitation of the Department of State of the United States of America.
- 明治23年(1890年)第1回衆議院議員総選挙に出馬、初当選を飾る。
- In 1890, he ran for the first general election of the members of the House of Representatives, and was elected for the first time.
- 兇徒聚衆罪に問われたが、明治39年(1906年)無罪判決が出された。
- He was accused of mayhem, but was found not guilty in 1906.
- 一方雑賀衆には、行人や僧兵と言われる人たちはいなかったと思われている。
- On the other hand, it is believed that there were no gyonin or armed priests in Saikashu.
- 『戦国鉄砲 傭兵隊』によると、雑賀衆同士が戦った可能性を示唆している。
- 'Sengoku Teppo Yoheitai' (Warring Guns - The Mercenary Force) introduces the possibility that the members of Saikashu fought each other.
- しかし、前者は行家、源光長の猛反対で潰れ、後者も衆徒が承引しなかった。
- However, the former idea collapsed due to the fierce objection by Yukiie and MINAMOTO no Mitsunaga while the latter also was not accepted by the monk-soldiers.
- 国人衆により政治がおこなわれ、南山城は惣国とよばれる政治形態となった。
- The new regime of Minami-Yamashiro, where the local samurais conducted the affairs of the province, assumed a political form called 'Sokoku' (a federation of so villages).
- 1485年、南山城の国人衆や農民らが宇治の平等院に集まり評定を持った。
- In 1485, local samurais and farmers in Minami-Yamashiro gathered in Byodoin Temple in Uji to conduct a conference.
- そこで、1249年(建長1)12月9日 (旧暦)、引付衆が新設された。
- As a result, the position of Hikitsukeshu (member of the Hikitsuke, a judicial body of the Muromachi period) was established on January 13, 1249.
- 引付衆が下した訴訟判決に対する救済措置を行う越訴機関と推定されている。
- It is presumed to have been an institution that addressed a direct appeal to a senior official without going through the normal formalities as a relief measure against a judicial decision made by Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court).
- であり、少数の上兵(騎馬武者)を除けば、ほとんど烏合の衆と変わらない。
- As a result, they were similar to rabble except for a few johei (upper class soldiers) (cavalry busha).
- 武田氏は、高遠氏、藤沢氏、大井氏など信濃国人衆を次々と攻略していった。
- The Takeda clan conquered local samurai land owners, such as the Takato clan, the Fujisawa clan, and the Oi clan, one after another.
- 台湾文化協会は各地で講演会や映画上映などを行い大衆啓蒙運動を展開した。
- The Taiwan Cultural Association developed the enlightening movement for the public by organizing lectures or showing movies.
- また根来衆と通称される強力な僧兵武力を擁し、大量の鉄砲を装備していた。
- In addition, it held a strong military force of armed priests which were commonly called Negoro shu and equipped with a large amount of guns.
- またこの時期、根来・雑賀衆は四国の長宗我部氏とも連絡を取り合っていた。
- In addition, Negoro and Saiga shu communicated with the Chosokabe clan in the Shikoku region around this time.
- 一方、荘園・公領に在住する民衆は、村落を形成し、自立を指向していった。
- On the other hand, the common people living in shoen and koryo formed villages and aimed for their independence.
- 幕府滅亡後、実弟で笠置寺衆徒の中坊源専が恩賞として柳生荘を返還された。
- After the fall of the government, Yagyuso was returned to his own younger brother, Gensen NAKANOBO, who was a priest of Kasagi-dera Temple as a reward.
- そこで多くの民衆は、この事件の有様を河内音頭で知ることが出来たのである。
- A large number of people knew the incident through Kawachi ondo.
- これに対して南都大衆も般若寺と奈良坂に堀を築き、兵7千で固めたのである。
- Against this, Nanto Daishu (monks residing in the zendo) constructed moats in Hannya-ji Temple and Nara-zaka slope, which were fortified with 7,000 soldiers.
- そして衆徒・神人が法螺貝の音とともに隊伍を組んで京都に向かって進発する。
- And monk-soldiers and jinin lined up and - with a trumpet shell roaring - marched off to Kyoto.
- 賠償金の支給はまた中国の民衆に大きい負担になり、中国は更に貧弱になった。
- The payment of the reparations imposed a heavy burden on Chinese citizens, which pushed the nation into further poverty.
- 長尾氏が内輪もめを起こしている間に、晴信は北信濃国人衆への調略を進めた。
- While the Nagao clan was involved in the internal problem, Harunobu continued maneuvering local samurai landowners in the northern Shinano area.
- 16日には和泉に入り、翌17日に雑賀衆の前衛拠点がある貝塚市を攻撃した。
- On the 15th he entered Izumi Province and on the next day, the 16th, he attacked the Kaizuka City which was the front base of Saiga shu.
- また、議院法、貴族院令、衆議院議員選挙法、会計法なども同時に定められた。
- The Parliamentary Law, Law of House of Peers, and the House of Representatives Election Law were also enacted the same time.
- 一方、茨城県選出の衆議院議員達は県境変更法案を準備して帝国議会に望んだ。
- On the other hand, the members of the House of Representatives elected in Ibaraki Prefecture prepared the bill for changing the prefectural border and attended the Imperial Diet.
- 以後、大正9年(1920年)の第14回衆議院議員総選挙まで連続当選した。
- Since then, he was elected consecutively until the fourteenth general election of members of the House of Representatives in 1920.
- 議会停会に憤激した民衆は警察署や交番、御用新聞の国民新聞社などを襲撃した。
- The adjournment of the Diet enraged the masses, and they attacked facilities such as police stations, neighborhood police boxes, including a newspaper company Kokumin Shimbun, which was a government organ.
- 世界で最初に女性の参政権を認めたのは、アメリカ合衆国ワイオミング州である。
- In world history, the first political entity to enfranchise women was the U.S. state of Wyoming.
- 根来寺に入信後、後に雑賀衆として活躍したり、その逆も多々あったようである。
- It seems that some became believers in Negoro-ji Temple and later acted as Saikashu, and the reverse often happened too.
- 南進論を実行した結果、アメリカ合衆国によって石油の全面禁輸に踏み切られた。
- As a result, the United States banned the export of oil to Japan.
- ホイートンは アメリカ合衆国国際法学草創期を代表する法律家・外交官である。
- Wheaton was a jurist and diplomat who represents pioneer era of international jurisprudence in the United States of America.
- 海賊衆の財源であった通過商船の有償警護などの活動を海賊行為として禁圧した。
- He prohibited and oppressed the pirates' activities including the paid guarding merchant ships as a financial source, designating such activities as acts of piracy.
- 集団化・組織化すると、船党、警固衆(けごしゅう)、海賊衆などの呼称もある。
- The grouped or organized suigun is called funato, kegoshu or kaizoku-shu (pirates).
- しかし、民衆の間では鐚銭を忌避して撰銭をしようとする意識が根強く残存した。
- However, consciousness of avoiding bitasen coins and of carrying out the erizeni act was rooted strongly amongst the general public.
- また、惣村の構成員のうち、乙名になる前の若年者を若衆(わかしゅ)といった。
- Among the members of soson, young people prior to becoming Otona were called wakashu (young members of the soson village system).
- 県議会議員を10年以上に渡って務め、後に再び衆議院議員選挙に立候補し当選。
- After he had served on a member of the prefectural assembly over 10 years, he ran in an election for the member of the House of Representatives again and was elected.
- 『戦国鉄砲 傭兵隊』によると根来衆経由で雑賀衆に持ち込まれたと思われている。
- According to 'Sengoku Teppo Yoheitai,' guns are believed to have been brought to Saikashu through Negoroshu.
- そして、遂に怒りで暴走した民衆たちによって日比谷焼打事件が始まったのである。
- Then, the people who finally turned into a mob by rage caused Hibiya Incendiary Incident.
- 義輝は継嗣のないまま、三好三人衆や松永久秀らに襲撃・殺害された(永禄の変)。
- Yoshiteru was attacked and assassinated by Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate) and Hisahide MATSUNAGA (Eiroku Incident) without an heir.
- 三好三人衆は信長に抵抗したが、これも天正元年(1573年)までに滅ぼされた。
- The Miyoshi Sanninshu resisted against Nobunaga but were defeated by 1573.
- 最上へ人衆遣、又動、其外ニ人悉草臥申候へ共、内府様無御下向以前、何とそ仕度候
- I would appreciate it if you could make arrangements to report that I sent the troops to Mogami to take action and everyone got exhausted before Ieyasu moved from Kyoto.
- 副島種臣と福岡孝弟がアメリカ合衆国憲法および『西洋事情』等を参考に起草した。
- Taneomi SOEJIMA and Takachika FUKUOKA drafted 'The Constitution of 1868' mainly referencing 'The Constitution of the United States of America' and 'Seiyo jijo' (affairs in the Western countries).
- アメリカ合衆国はまだ京都議定書を批准していないため削減義務は課されていない。
- The reducing obligation is not imposed on the United States of America because it has not ratified Kyoto Protocol yet.
- 朝廷側が要求を拒否して使者を追い返したことから延暦寺大衆の動きが激しくなる。
- After the Imperial-Court refused the appeal and sent back the envoy, the movement of daishu of Enryaku-ji Temple intensified.
- 国人衆による政治は、国人と農民の対立、また国人同士の対立を生むことになった。
- The self-governance administrated by local samurais created conflicts between local samurais and farmers, as well as conflicts among themselves.
- 口分田(くぶんでん)とは、律令制において、民衆へ一律に支給された農地である。
- Kubunden indicates a field supplied uniformly to common people in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 5月31日 内閣弾劾上奏決議案が衆議院で可決され、伊藤内閣が倒閣の危機に直面
- May 31: The ITO cabinet faced a crisis of being overthrown, because a bill on the cabinet impeachment report to the throne was adopted in the House of Representatives.
- 賎民(せんみん)とは、通常の民衆よりも下位に置かれた身分またはその者を指す。
- Senmin indicates a rank or a person of such rank who is placed lower than the common person.
- これは多分に娯楽的な意味を持ち、民衆が旅行するようになった起源とも言われる。
- It is said that such pilgrimages were highly entertaining in a sense, and led to the popularity of travelling among common people.
- この築堤工事の途中、甲賀衆の担当部分が崩れたため、甲賀衆が改易流罪となった。
- In the middle of this construction of the bank, the part under Kogashu's responsibility broke, so that Kogashu was punished with Kaieki (forfeit rank of Samurai and properties) and exile.
- 長男の織田信氏は、天正9年(1581年)の馬揃えで御連枝の衆として参加した。
- Nobuuchi ODA, the eldest son participated in the Umazoroe (inspection of military horses) as a brother of a prestigious noble man in 1581.
- 9月5日、東京日比谷公園でも講和条約反対を唱える民衆による決起集会が開かれた。
- On September 5, another rally took place by the people who called for abrogating the peace treaty in Hibiya Park in Tokyo.
- 暴徒化した民衆は内務大臣 (日本)官邸、国民新聞社、交番などを襲って破壊した。
- The people who turned into a mob attacked and distracted the official residence of Minister of Home Affairs, Kokumin Shinbunsya, police stations and so on.
- しかしながら、因幡国守護であった山名豊国がのちに羽柴秀吉に降り御伽衆となった。
- However, later, Toyokuni YAMANA, the military governor of Inaba Province, surrendered to Hideyoshi HASHIBA to become Otogishu (whose function was to chat with his master).
- 大手倶楽部は硬六派に参加を表明し、これによって硬六派は衆議院で過半数を制した。
- Ote club announced its participation to the hard-line six parties, which made the hard-line six parties win a majority in the House of Representatives.
- このため三好三人衆は松永久秀との戦闘を停止して織田信長と雌雄を決しようとした。
- Thus, the Miyoshi Sanninshu and Hisahide MATSUNAGA ceased their fights and get together against Nobunaga.
- 一方越訴奉行は実際の審理発生ごとに執権・連署・頭人以外の引付衆より選定された。
- Meanwhile, ossobugyo were chosen from Hikitsukeshu, except for regency, rensho and ossotonin, for each trial.
- しかしこれらは不穏民衆を一揆と認識して討伐した慶長の役が始まった後の話である。
- However, this was conducted only after the Keicho war began when disruptive people were recognized as members of the insurgency.
- 1853年にアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリーが国書を持って来日し通商を求めた。
- Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States arrived in Japan with a presidential message in 1853 and demanded the establishment of a trade relationship.
- 秀次の豊臣家が断絶したため、若江八人衆を含め、多くの武将が連座し浪人となった。
- As the Hidetsugu's family line of the Toyotomi family became extinct, many military commanders, including Wakae Hachinin-shu became ronin (masterless samurai).
- 若衆は、惣村の警察・自衛・消防・普請・耕作など共同体の労働の中心を担っていた。
- Wakashu played a central part in the work of the community, such as police, self-defense, firefighting, construction and cultivation.
- 御用係や警備係、雑用係などの同朋衆など下級の使用人は前例通りをよしとすること。
- Low ranking servants such as dohoshu (attendants) including goyo gakari (clerks), keibi gakari (security officers), and zatsuyo gakari (housemen) shall follow precedents.
- 根来・雑賀衆は畠山貞政を名目上の盟主に立て、さらに紀南の湯河氏の支援も受けた。
- Negoro and Saiga shu worked respectfully for Sadamasa HATAKEYAMA as a nominal master and also received the support of the Yukawa clan in Kinan (southern part of Wakayama Prefecture).
- また開国後の貿易で日本への米輸出による米価高騰と食糧危機が民衆を圧迫していた。
- Also rice exports to Japan due to trade after opening of the country caused soaring rice prices and food crisis and put people's lives under pressure.
- 一般市民の身分制度は士農工商と呼ばれる階級制であり、武士が民衆を支配していた。
- The class system of common people was the hierarchy of soldiers (samurai), farmers, artisans, and merchants, called shinokosho, and the samurai controlled the others.
- アメリカ合衆国側は金貨、銀貨はそれぞれ同一質量をもって交換すべきあると主張した。
- The United States of America insisted that equivalent weights of gold coins and equivalent weights of silver coins should be exchanged.
- 鈴木孫一(雑賀孫市)らを指導者とする雑賀衆は傭兵部隊として三好三人衆軍についた。
- Saikashu, led by Magoichi SUZUKI (a.k.a Magoichi SAIKA) and others, fought with the army of Miyoshi Sanninshu as a mercenary command.
- あるいは、戦国大名が直轄支配する本国以外の勢力地である他国の国衆(国人)のこと。
- Or, it refers to local samurai who lived in other region which was under the influence of daimyo other than their directly-controlled main territory in the Sengoku period.
- その後も7月にロシア、フランスへ、10月にアメリカ合衆国、イギリスに密使を送る。
- And then, he sent secret agents to Russia and France in July and to the USA and the UK in October.
- 明六社は、明治初期にアメリカ合衆国帰りの森有礼が西村茂樹に相談して設立した結社。
- Meirokusha was an association which Arimori MORI, who returned from the United States of America, established in the early Meiji period, consulting with Shigeki NISHIMURA.
- 1円金貨の含有金を純金2分1.5グラムとする(1アメリカ合衆国ドルに相当する)。
- The gold content of 1 yen gold coin was specified as 1.5-gram to pure gold 2 bu (it was equivalent to 1 U.S. dollar).
- これは従来「一家衆」と呼ばれていた本願寺の一族寺院の間に家格を定めたことである。
- This created family ranks among temples belonging to the Hongan-ji Temple family which were called 'ikkeshu' (the same lineage people as the Hongan-ji Temple).
- これら土倉・酒屋は資金力にものを言わせ、有力な町衆として自治都市の主導権を握る。
- As important local businessmen with financial strength, these doso-sakaya took the leadership of autonomous cities.
- 国人領主も幕府の奉公衆の地位を得て守護の干渉を防いだり逆に牽制することもあった。
- A number of Kokujin ryoshu protected themselves from intervention by a Shugo or checked the movements of Shugo by obtaining the status of bakufu hokoshu (a military post of the bakufu).
- 日本では、幕末に朝廷から一般民衆まで熱く論じられ、反体制運動の合言葉ともなった。
- In Japan, it was discussed passionately among people from Chotei Court officials to the general public at the end of the Edo period and became a watchword for the anti-establishment movement.
- (ただし「国衆」を国人級の武士だと解すると、全戦死者はより増える可能性はある)。
- (The total number of the dead may increase if 'the people' in the citation is taken as kokujin-class warriors).
- 同日土橋平丞は長宗我部元親を頼って船で土佐へ逃亡し、湊衆も船で脱出しようとした。
- On the same day, Heinojo DOBASHI escaped to Tosa Province by ship, relying on Motochika CHOSOKABE, and Minato shu also tried to escape by ship.
- 但し、男色(衆道)を愛好することは戦国武将の間では、極めて一般的な風習であった。
- A Nanshoku (shudo) (gay) was a general custom among the busho (Japanese military commanders) in the Sengoku period.
- 京へ護送された時には、名高い勇者を一目見ようと群衆が集まり、天皇まで見物に来た。
- When he was led into Kyoto, a large crowd--including the Emperor himself--gathered to catch a glimpse of the famous warrior.
- 種子島に鉄砲の製造法が伝来すると、根来衆に続いて雑賀衆もいち早く鉄砲を取り入れた。
- Saikashu, following the Negoroshu, adopted the use of guns as soon as the manufacturing of guns was introduced into Tanegashima.
- しばしば鉄砲を有効に活用したとされる織田軍も、雑賀衆の鉄砲の技術と量には苦戦した。
- Although Oda's army was well-known for their effective use of guns, Saikashu's gun-handling skills and the amount of guns they possessed troubled the Oda's army.
- 明日モシ福嶋筋ヨリノオサエニ、可然人衆七手モ八手モ保原筋ヘ可遣候間、其衆可申合候。
- Since we will send numbers of appropriate troops to Hobara tomorrow to conquer a Fukushima area, you need to arrange with your troops.
- ただし、畠山方に参戦していた雑賀・根来衆の火縄銃4000丁が三好方の脅威であった。
- Hatakeyama, however, had Saikashu and Negoroshu (group of armed people and armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple) with 4000 matchlock guns, which was a menace to Miyoshi.
- また、衆徒以外にも興福寺領の荘官が農民田堵を動員して人数を揃えたと考えられている。
- In addition to monk-soldiers, peasants and farmers are thought to have been gathered for goso by 'shokan' (an officer governing the 'shoen' [manor in medieval Japan]) of Kofuku-ji Temple.
- 遠くで観測された例では、アメリカ合衆国のハワイ州、アメリカ本土、カナダなどがある。
- The far away places where kosa has been observed include the State of Hawaii and mainland of the United States of America, and Canada.
- 会合衆の数は36人とされるが、文明 (日本)年間は10人と見える(『蔗軒日録』)。
- It is said that the number of Egoshu members was thirty-six, but there were ten during the Bunmei era (Japan) ('Shaken nichiroku').
- また、納屋衆(倉庫業)として10人が訴訟を評定した(『糸乱記』)とする資料もある。
- Moreover, some accounts say that ten members as nayashu (warehousing business) were consulting on court cases ('Shiranki').
- 下関戦争 長州藩 vs 大英帝国・ フランス・ オランダ・ アメリカ合衆国 連合軍
- The Shimonoseki War the Choshu Domain vs allied forces of the British Empire, France, Holland, and the USA
- 同年3月、根来・雑賀衆及び粉河寺衆徒は日高郡の湯河・玉置氏の加勢を得て和泉へ出撃。
- In April of the same year, Negoro, Saiga shu and monk-soldiers of the Kokawa-dera Temple made a sortie to Izumi Province, gaining the reinforcements of the Yukawa and Tamaki clans of Hidaka County.
- 根来・雑賀の鉄砲衆は、その質量両面において戦国時代随一の鉄砲隊だったと言ってよい。
- It can be said that the unit of gun fighters of Negoro and Saiga shu was the strongest both in quality and quantity in the Sengoku period.
- 衆之を然りと為し乃ち歩率をして斉しく銃射せしめ士卒硝煙中より喊声を発して突撃する。
- They had the soldiers shoot guns and shout through the smoke, as they attacked.
- 先ず一旦城中を忍びて御出ありて、随分御智謀をめぐらされ候へと、衆口一舌に勧めけり。
- They recommended Murashige with one voice that he should, at first, go out of the castle secretly and concoct a resourceful strategy.
- 佐竹氏の内乱以降、小野崎氏は佐竹氏一門衆にも列し、小貫氏も宿老として活躍している。
- After the domestic conflict of Satake clan, Onosaki clan took its place among the Satake family, and Onuki clan also played an active part as chief vassals.
- 次に、同年12月17日の改正衆議院議員選挙法公布により、女性の国政参加が認められる。
- Next came the revised electoral law of the House of Representatives members, promulgated on December 17 of that year, which permitted women to participate in the national government.
- 「史実では、数正は信康の後見人として岡崎衆を率いてその補佐を努めていたからである。」
- In historical fact, Kazumasa led in Okazaki and made efforts to assist Nobuyasu.'
- いずれにせよ、こうした民衆の姿勢がその後の軍部躍進の一助となった可能性はあるだろう。
- Anyway, it was likely true that such people's thought later helped the Japanese army's surge.
- 19世紀末の移民によってアメリカ合衆国に渡った人々とその子孫のことを指すことが多い。
- It often refers to the Japanese people who immigrated to the U.S. in the 19th century and their descendants.
- 雑賀衆 信長に攻められ滅亡寸前に追い込まれるが、本能寺の変によって九死に一生を得た。
- Saiga shu was attacked and almost killed completely by Nobunaga but barely escaped due to the Honnoji Incident.
- やがて、幸倶楽部派は衆議院において政友会と対立する憲政会に次第に接近するようになる。
- In the course of time, the faction of Saiwai-club gradually approached to Kensei-kai group, which opposed to the Seiyu Party in the Lower House.
- (「会津ノ唱モ能々承候、籠城之用意迄ニ而、中々仙道口ナトヘ人衆可被出武體無之由申候。
- (会津ノ唱モ能々承候), he just prepared for holding the castle and did not seem to send the troops to Sendo-guchi.
- アメリカ合衆国が日本との通商を求めペリー提督の艦8隻が出航、次の年の3月に江戸へ来る
- Seeking trade with Japan, Commodore Perry of the United States of America set sail with eight ships and they will come to Edo in March of next year.
- 時頼は、司法制度の充実に力を注ぎ、1249年、裁判の公平化のため、引付衆を設置した。
- Yasutoki focused on the reinforcement of the judicial system and in 1249 he appointed a Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) to make the courts fair.
- 7日、13日には大衆の再入洛の噂が流れ、後白河は検非違使に命じて西坂本を警固させる。
- On the February 1 and 7, there was a rumor that daishu may go into Kyoto again, and Goshirakawa ordered kebiishi to guard Nishisakamoto.
- その下絵には京都における民衆の生活が大和絵の手法によって生き生きと描き出されている。
- The lives of the common people in Kyoto are vividly described through the method of Yamato-e painting in its sketch.
- このように、かつての海賊衆たちは豊臣氏を頂点とした大名権力の水軍に再編を強制された。
- As these facts indicate, the former kaizoku shu were forced to organize themselves into suigun under daimyo's power, whose top was the Toyotomi clan.
- その後、中世・近世を通じて、領主が百姓をはじめとする民衆に課する租税として存続した。
- Throughout the medieval period and the early-modern times, the feudal lords imposed the nengu on the populace including the peasants.
- 後に評定衆・引付衆による評定に代わって公的な決定もここにおいて行われるようになった。
- Later, it replaced hyojo (consultation) held with hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) and hikitsukeshu (coadjustor of the High Court) and began to deal with matters to make official decisions.
- 『碁経衆妙』『碁経精妙』、及び史話、随筆からなる『襴柯堂棋話』の著者として知られる。
- He is known as an author of 'Gokyoshumyo' (the foremost classic of Go problem), 'Gokyoseimyo' and 'Rankadokiwa', which includes historical anecdote and Zuihitsu Essay.
- 658年(斉明天皇4年)智達とともに新羅の船で唐に渡り、玄奘から無性衆生義を受けた。
- In 658, together with Chitatsu he traveled to Tang China aboard a boat from Shilla (ancient Korea), receiving musho-shujo-gi (literally, musho means 'no self-nature,' shujo 'sentient beings,' and gi 'doctrine or system') by Xuanzang.
- 烏合の衆である天誅組はたちまち大混乱に陥り、公家の忠光にこれをまとめる能力はなかった。
- Tenchu-gumi fell into a great confusion as soon as it was attacked by cannons and guns as they were simply disorderly crowds; Tadamitsu, who was a court noble, had no ability to restore the order lost among his soldiers.
- 畠山高政はこの期を逃さず根来衆をもって本陣へ突撃し、午後4時頃、三好義賢を討ち取った。
- Takamasa HATAKEYAMA took this opportunity and attacked the headquarters along with Negoroshu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple), and killed Yoshitaka MIYOSHI.
- しかし近江に逃れた澄元・之長らは近江の国人衆を味方につけ、8月1日には京都に侵攻する。
- However, Sumimoto and Yukinaga, who escaped to Omi Province, were supported by the kokujin-shu (powerful families in a province) and invaded Kyoto on August 1.
- 引付衆はその結果を評定会議へ上申し、評定衆で判決を行った後、勝訴人へ下知状を交付した。
- The hikitsukeshu submitted the results to the assessment assembly, and after a decision among the hyojoshu (a member of the Council of State) was made, the verdict was issued to the prevailing party as a gechijo (notification).
- 堺は摂津国の堺荘と和泉国の堺南荘に分かれていたが、会合衆が集まる会所それぞれにあった。
- Sakai was divided into the Sakaisho region of Settsu Province and the Sakaiminamisho region of Izumi Province, and there were meeting places for Egoshu members in both regions.
- この時、筒井勢のうち中坊秀祐と伊賀衆が搦手に迂回して城に接近し、城内へ火矢を射込んだ。
- At this time, Hidesuke NAKANOBO and Iga shu among the Tsusui troops approached the castle from karamete (backdoor) and shot a fire arrow into it.
- 同日根来衆と合流して18日に泉佐野市、22日には志立(信達・現泉南市)に本陣を移した。
- On the same day Negoro shu joined the army and Nobunaga moved the headquarter of the army to Izumisano City on the 17th and to Shidachi (Sennan City at present) on the 21st.
- 奉公衆となった一色式部家の当主として、細川輝経らとともに足利義輝・足利義昭に近仕した。
- As the lord of the ISSHIKI -SHIKIBU family, who took in charge of Hokoshu (the shogunal military guard), Fujinaga served Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA and Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA in collaboration with Terutsune Hosokawa and so on.
- したがって、選挙による選出である衆議院とは対照的に、貴族院は世襲貴族をその中心に据えた。
- So, in contrast to the House of Representatives, Kizokuin placed the hereditary peers in the center of the House.
- 豊臣政権の五奉行であった石田三成・長束正家・増田長盛は元々豊臣秀吉の右筆衆出身であった。
- Mitsunari ISHIDA, Masaie NAGATSUKA, Nagamori MASHITA, included in the Gobugyo (five Bugyo) of the Toyotomi government, were originally the members of Yuhitsushu belonged to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- この事態を憂慮した光格天皇が京都所司代を通じて江戸幕府に飢饉に苦しむ民衆救済を要求する。
- The Emperor Kokaku, deeply concerned with the situation, requested a relief of the people suffering from famine to the Edo bakufu (feudal government controlled by a shogun) through the Kyoto shoshidai (Kyoto deputy).
- また、アメリカ合衆国は米比戦争を戦っていたため、イギリスと同様に派兵は少数にとどまった。
- In addition, the United States was in the middle of Philippine-American War so, like Great Britain, they only dispatched a small number of soldiers.
- 近江宮遷都の際には火災が多発しており、遷都に対する豪族・民衆の不満の現れだとされている。
- Fire disaster occurred frequently when Omi no miya was relocated and it is said that the fires reflected the dissatisfaction of the local ruling families and citizens.
- 中世を通じて武器の所有は広く一般民衆にまで浸透しており、成人男性の帯刀は一般的であった。
- Throughout the medieval era, the possession of weapons prevailed in Japan with civilians customarily wearing swords.
- 国人衆は畠山氏の守護としての動員権を認めながらも、所領経営においては自立した存在だった。
- Kokujin-shu admitted the military mobilization right of the Hatakeyama clan as Shugo, but they were independent in the management of their territories.
- 根来衆の主要兵力は和泉の戦線に出払っていて、寺には戦闘に耐えうる者はほとんどいなかった。
- The main force of Negoro shu went out to the battle line of Izumi and few people who could fight stayed at the temple.
- 先の応仁の乱では、幕府の管領を務めた細川勝元に従って、他の国人衆とともに合戦に参加した。
- During the Onin War, members of the clan had served Kanrei (Shogunal deputy) Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and fought battles as was the case for other governors.
- 1889年には地元の鳥取県から第1回衆議院議員総選挙に立候補するが、すぐに辞退している。
- In 1889, he ran for the first Lower House elections from Tottori Prefecture, his constituency, but withdrew from elections soon afterwards.
- 585年に物部守屋による廃仏運動により法衣を奪われて全裸にされ、群衆の目前で鞭打たれた。
- In 585, Ezen-ni was stripped of all of her clerical garments and whipped in front of people due to an anti-Buddhist movement by MONONOBE no Moriya.
- 教育勅語の発布、第1回衆議院議員総選挙の実施(7月1日)、府県制・郡制の導入などを行った。
- He implemented such as issuance of the Imperial Rescript on Education, execution of the first general election of members of the House of Representatives (July 1), and introduction of prefecture/county system.
- 評定衆の教時は将軍宗尊親王の側近でもあり、親王が追放された際には警戒されていたと言われる。
- As Noritoki, who was a hyojoshu, was a close adviser to Shogun, Imperial Prince Munetaka, it is said he was being watched out, when the Imperial Prince was banished.
- 根来衆の佐武伊賀守が天文18年(1549年)に鉄砲を習い始める、という記述が見受けられる。
- There is a description that a member of Negoroshu, Iganokami SATAKE, started to learn how to use a gun in 1549.
- しかしながら、のちに分家を創設した際に一万石を割ったために交代寄合表御礼衆の旗本となった。
- However, because its earning came to less than 10,000 koku after generating branch families, it became a Hatamoto with kotaiyoriai-omoteoreishu status.
- 1915年の第12回衆議院議員総選挙において、第2次大隈内閣内務大臣大浦兼武が行ったもの。
- Election interference at the 12th Lower House general election in 1915 conducted by Kanetake OURA, the prewar Home Minister of the second OKUMA cabinet
- 1892年の第2回衆議院議員総選挙において、第1次松方内閣内務大臣品川弥二郎が行ったもの。
- Election interference at the second Lower House general election in 1892 conducted by Yajiro SHINAGAWA, the prewar Home Minister of the first Matsukata cabinet
- 1928年の第16回衆議院議員総選挙において、田中義一内閣内務大臣鈴木喜三郎が行ったもの。
- Election interference at the 16th Lower Hose general election in 1928 conducted by Kisaburo SUZIKI, the prewar Home Minister of Giichi TANAKA cabinet
- 海賊衆は陸の悪党と同様に徒党を組んでの略奪行為や金銭を代償に取った船舶航行の警護を行った。
- Kaizoku shu, as well as Akuto on land (villains during medieval times), banded together and were engaged in looting activities or guarding ship navigation in exchange for money.
- 均田制は、民衆へ一律に田地を支給する代わりに、納税と軍役を義務づけることを目的としていた。
- The objective of the equal-field system was to supply a field uniformly to the common people, in order to make them pay taxes and to make them work for military purposes.
- こちらは雑賀衆の他に村上水軍、乃美水軍(浦水軍)、児玉水軍などの瀬戸内水軍も使用していた。
- In addition to the Saikashu, Setouchi navies, such as Murakami navy, Nomi navy (Ura navy) and Kodama navy also made use of Horokudama.
- これを見たアメリカ合衆国、ロシア、プロシアの領事は、英仏艦に行かずに開陽丸を表敬訪問した。
- The American, Russian and Prussian consuls looked at this and made a courtesy call on Kaiyomaru without going to the British and French warships.
- 湯屋で働く湯女(ゆな)や、旅籠で働く飯盛女(めしもりおんな)はより大衆的な売春婦であった。
- Yuna, a woman who worked for a bathhouse, and meshimori onna, a woman who worked for a inn were more lowbrow prostitute.
- 翌年にはサンフランシスコ博覧会の視察を目的にアメリカ合衆国に渡り、そのまま同国に留学する。
- In 1871, he went to the United States for the purpose of inspecting the San Francisco Exhibition, and stayed there to study.
- 甲斐源氏の流れを汲む板垣氏の後継であるとの乾氏を示して甲斐国の民衆の支持を得るためである。
- With the act, Itagaki intended to gain support from Kai people, by reminding them that he was a member of the Inui clan succeeding the Itagaki clan that derived from Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 同年10月10日、比叡山衆徒が八王子山に城砦を構築して立て籠もり騒擾を起こす事態となった。
- On November 22 of the same year, Mt. Hiei's armed warrior priests built a fortress in Mt. Hachioji and caused a civil disorder by barricading themselves inside.
- 豊臣秀吉の馬廻衆となり、小牧・長久手の戦い、小田原の役、文禄・慶長の役などに従軍している。
- He became umamawarishu (horse guards) of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and took a part in campaigns of the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, Odawara no eki (the Siege of Odawara), and Bunroku Keicho no eki (the Bunroku-Keicho War.)
- また、寛永8年11月17日_(旧暦)には当時の後水尾上皇主導で「若公家衆法度」が制定された。
- On January 8, 1632, 'Wakakugeshu hatto' was enacted under the leadership of the then retired Emperor Gomizunoo.
- 一方足利義昭の要請に応じた畠山昭高が雑賀衆・根来衆らを援軍として送り出し織田信長軍についた。
- On the other hand, Akitaka HATAKEYAMA responded to the request from Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, and dispatched the reinforcement troops of Saikashu and Negoroshu to assist the army led by Nobunaga ODA.
- そこで、第2次伊藤内閣の伊藤博文は衆議院の第一党である自由党と提携して連立内閣を成立させた。
- Thus, Hirobumi ITO, in his second administration, formed a coalition government with the Liberal Party (自由党 Jiyuto), the leading party in the House of Representatives.
- 網野善彦は、貞時と越訴頭人となって御家人たちの衆望を集めようとした宗方の対立があったとする。
- Yoshihiko AMINO says that Sadatoki confronted Munekata who tried to win the confidence of Shogunal retainers through becoming Ossotonin (the head of legal institutions of Kamakura bakufu and Muromachi bakufu).
- 毛利軍も毛利元就、小早川正平、益田藤兼ら安芸国・周防国・石見国の国人衆を集めて出雲へ赴いた。
- For the Mori army, Motonari MORI, Masahira KOBAYAKAWA, and Fujikane MASUDA departed for Izumo Province recruiting local samurai from Aki, Suo, and Iwami Provinces.
- また、義満が増強していた直轄軍の馬廻(奉公衆)はこの戦いで大いに働き、将軍権力の力を示した。
- In addition, the umamawari under the shogun's direct command, which Yoshimitsu had been strengthening, was very successful in this battle, and they demonstrated the power of the shogun.
- 結衆に欠員が出ても、残った結衆が修善によって、先に往生した結衆との縁を保たなければならない。
- Even if there are absent members, the members that are left must keep ties with deceased members by Shuzen (restoration).
- 1923年9月1日に起きた関東大震災の2日後、戒厳令下に朝鮮民族が民衆によって私刑を受けた。
- Two days after the Great Kanto Earthquake of September 1, 1923, a series of lynching of Korean people by Japanese nationals occurred under martial law.
- しかも、この言葉は福澤諭吉の言葉ではなく、アメリカ合衆国のアメリカ独立宣言からの引用である。
- This is not FUKUZAWA's original idea, but a citation from the Constitution of the United States of America.
- 衆議院は通過したものの、貴族院 (日本)で修正され、原原案の17私鉄買収に戻った経緯がある。
- The bill was passed in the House of Representatives but was amended and changed in the House of Peers to the original plan to acquire 17 private railways.
- これに対抗して根来・雑賀衆は中村・沢・田中・積善寺・千石堀(いずれも現貝塚市)に付城を築く。
- As opposed to this, Negoro and Saiga shu built tsukejiro (branch castles) at Nakamura, Sawa, Tanaka, Shakuzenji and Sengokubori (all of them are located in the present Kaizuka City).
- これに対し、李氏朝鮮の特権階級であった両班は各地で民衆を組織化し義兵軍を編成して反抗を開始。
- Yangban', traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, organized Korean people at various places, formed a volunteer army and started fighting against the Japanese forces.
- それらのいわば宗教共和国について、フロイスは高野山、粉河寺、根来寺、雑賀衆の名を挙げている。
- Frois pointed out the Koyasan Temple, the Kokawa-dera Temple, the Negoro-ji Temple and Saiga shu (Ikko groups) as the names of so-called religious republics.
- その日、不破郡の郡家にさしかかったころに、尾張国司守小子部連鉏鉤が2万の衆を率いて加わった。
- Within the same day, when they reached the county office of Fuwa County, Owari no kuni no Kuni-no-mikotomochi-no-kami CHIISAKOBE no Muraji Sahichi joined the army of Prince Oama with 20,000 soldiers.
- この改姓の後、退助の目論見どおり甲斐国の民衆に絶大な支持を受け、甲州勝沼の戦いで大勝をした。
- As he expected, the change of his family name earned Itagaki the tremendous support from Kai people, leading to his landslide victory at the Battle of Koshu-Katsunuma.
- 小石川議員を経て、翌年1890年(明治22年)第1回衆議院議員総選挙に大成会から出馬し当選。
- After serving as assembly member of Koishikawa Ward, the next year, in 1890, he ran in the first general election for the House of Representatives from Taisei-kai Party to be elected.
- 1946年(昭和21)4月10日の戦後初の衆議院選挙の結果、日本初の女性議員39名が誕生する。
- On April 10, 1946, during the first postwar election for the House of Representatives, thirty-nine women were elected to become the first female members of the National Diet of Japan.
- この頃、政友会は衆議院で278名の議席を取る第一党であり、高橋も当初は清浦内閣を支持していた。
- In those days Seiyukai Party was the leading party in the House of Representatives, holding 278 seats, and TAKAHASHI was among supporters of the KIYOURA cabinet at first.
- また一般に天下は、一定の秩序原理を伴い、その対象とされる地域・民衆・国家という形で捉えられる。
- Generally speaking, Tenka is accompanied by a fixed principle of order and it means an area, people or a nation which is subject to such a principle of order.
- 地方の神官や国学者が扇動し、檀家制度のもとで寺院に搾取されていたと感じる民衆がこれに加わった。
- Shinto priests and scholars of Japanese classical literature in rural areas incited people who believed that they had been exploited under the parishioner system to join the campaign.
- このため、景虎は残る長尾方の北信濃国人衆への支配を強化して、実質的な家臣化を進めることになる。
- Therefore, Kagetora strengthened the control of the remaining local samurai landowners in the northern Shinano area, and became to make efforts to make them retainers of the Nagao family.
- 1921年- 日本・アメリカ合衆国・フランス・イギリスとの四カ国条約により日英同盟廃止を決定。
- 1921: The abrogation of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance was decided by the Four-Power Treaty between Japan, the US, France and Britain.
- 民衆を良民と賎民(五色の賤)とに分け、農民である良民には租・庸・調・納税・雑徭の義務を課した。
- The people were divided into Ryomin (law-abiding people) and Senmin (Goshiki no sen, five lowly castes), and the obligations of So (rice), Yo (capitation), Cho (textile products), tax payment, and zoyo (irregular corvee) were imposed upon Ryomin, who were peasants.
- 紀伊における武家勢力としては、守護畠山氏をはじめ、湯河・山本・愛洲氏などの国人衆が挙げられる。
- The powers of samurai in Kii included not only the Hatakeyama clan, who were Shugo, but also Kokujin-shu (local samurai) such as the Yukawa, Yamamoto and Aisu clans.
- 6月20日、政府は、大日本帝国憲法73条の憲法改正手続に基づき、憲法改正案を衆議院に提出した。
- On June 20, the government submitted the constitution revision proposal following procedures for amending the constitution defined in Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 6月25日から衆議院において審議が開始され、若干の修正が加えられた後、8月24日に可決された。
- The House of Representatives began debating on the constitution revision proposal on June 25, and adopted it on August 24 after adding some modifications.
- 明治31年(1898年)には衆議院議員に当選するが、任期中の明治34年(1901年)に没した。
- In 1898, he won a seat in the House of Representatives, however, he died during his term of office in 1901.
- 1865年(慶応元年)、五代友厚らとともにイギリスに留学し、その後アメリカ合衆国にも留学する。
- He studied in England with other students including Tomoatsu GODAI in 1865 and then went to study in the US.
- 一方神戸商業会議所会頭、明治45年(1912年)衆議院議員に当選し神戸の政財界の巨頭であった。
- In addition, he was the president of the Kobe Chamber of Commerce and Industry and was elected as a member of the House of Representatives in 1912, being a magnate in the political and business world of Kobe.
- 東京府会議員から衆議院進出を計画していた矢先、1906年(明治39年)4月27日に顎癌で死去。
- He died on April 27, 1906 for the cancer in jaw area, while he was just about to run for the House of Representatives from Tokyo Prefectural Assembly.
- 翌年の2月2日、本願寺に協力していた紀伊の雑賀三緘衆と根来寺の杉の坊が信長軍への内応を約束した。
- On March 1 of the following year, the Saika Mikarami shu (local military group) and Sugi no Bo of Negoro-ji Temple in Kii Province, who had cooperated to Hongan-ji Temple, promised a betrayal.
- アメリカ合衆国の南満州鉄道中立案(ノックス提案)の拒否を協定し、両国の満州権益の確保を確認した。
- They made sure that they would secure their interests in Manchuria through making an agreement to deny the proposal of having the South Manchuria Railways stand neutral by the United States of America (Knox's proposal).
- かつての雑賀衆は滅びた土豪勢力として帰農したり、各地に散らばって鉄砲の技術をもって大名に仕えた。
- Former members of Saikashu returned to farming or settled in other regions to serve daimyo (feudal lords) using their gun-handling ability.
- 根来衆と組んで小牧・長久手の戦いでは大阪周辺にまで出兵して尾張国に出陣した秀吉の背後を脅かした。
- In the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, Saikashu dispatched troops as far as around Osaka in cooperation with Negoroshu, and threatened the rear of Hideyoshi as he went to the front in Owari Province.
- しかし織田信長が義昭を擁立して上洛すると、後ろ盾の三好三人衆が敗れたため阿波国に逃れ、死去した。
- However, Nobunaga ODA backed up Yoshiaki and went up to Kyoto, the backing Miyoshi sanninshu lost, so Yoshichika escaped to Awa Province and died there.
- 地方官の裁定に不満な民衆は、教会や神父たち、信者を襲い、暴力的に解決しようとすることが多かった。
- Commoners who were unsatisfied with the judgments of the local officials attacked the church, its priest, and believers, and often tried to resolve the situation with violence.
- この大事業を推進するには幅広い民衆の支持が必要であったため、行基を大僧正として迎え、協力を得た。
- In order to garner the broad public support needed to promote this huge project, the government recruited the priest Gyoki, who was given the rank of Daisojo (the highest priestly rank).
- 庸調などの人頭税は,財源の中心と位置づけられており,民衆にとっては極めて負担過重なものであった。
- Yo and Cho of So-Yo-Cho, kinds of Jintozei, were recognized as the core financial resources, becoming an overwhelming burden on people.
- 特に明応の政変による幕府内部の混乱は幕府有力者達による山城国人衆への切り崩し工作となって現れた。
- The disorder within the bakufu brought by the Coup of Meio prompted the bakufu leaders to wipe out the local samurais of Yamashiro Province.
- 幕府安定期には20組が徒歩頭の下にあり、各組毎に2人の組頭が、その下に各組28人の徒歩衆がいた。
- During the period when the bakufu was stable, there were 20 Kachi teams under Kachigashira (superintendant of Kachi teams) and each team had two kumigashira (head of Kachi team) and 28 Kachi.
- これらのことから、36人の会合衆の中でもとりわけ有力な者が10人の納屋衆であるとする向きが多い。
- Therefore it is often said that the ten nayashu were especially powerful among the thirty-six Egoshu members.
- アメリカ合衆国はポーツマス条約の仲介によって漁夫の利を得、満洲に自らも進出することを企んでいた。
- The United States of America took advantage of its intermediary stance, and sought to advance its own ambitions in Manchuria.
- また朝鮮民衆の協力もあり、王都ソウル特別市や平壌を次々と占領するなど朝鮮領土の大部分を占領した。
- With the cooperation of the Korean people, the Japanese forces conquered most parts of Korea by conquering the capital, Seoul Special City, and Pyongyang.
- さらに、帝国議会の一院に、公選されない貴族院 (日本)を置き、衆議院とほぼ同等の権限を持たせた。
- Furthermore, the House of Peers, which consisted of non-elected-members, was established as a house of the Imperial Diet, and it had almost the same powers as the House of Representatives.
- 北条時頼が鶴岡八幡宮に参拝した日の夜、夢に神告があり、藤綱を召して左衛門尉を授け、引付衆とした。
- On the night of the day when Tokiyori HOJO visited Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine, he had a revelation in a dream and thus called Fujitsuna to give him Saemon no jo (third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) and appointed him as Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court).
- 民衆からの告訴(謂わば密告)の奨励(特にキリシタン札(切支丹札)などには高額の賞金が掲げられた)。
- It was to encourage general public to file a complaint for finding criminals; (as it were, an anonymous tip. High reward was offered for particular complaint, such as to accuse Christian.)
- 雑賀衆は鈴木重秀や土橋守重を始め、石山御坊などに籠城しているところから、浄土真宗門徒と考えられる。
- Saikashu can be considered to be a group of believers of the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) as its members, including Shigehide SUZUKI and Morishige TSUCHIBASHI, were besieged in Ishiyama Gobo (Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple).
- 民衆へは税の増額という形で負担がのしかかり、さらに困窮にあえぐこととなり、清朝への不満が高まった。
- Increased taxes were imposed on the people and made them suffer from more poverty, leading to their increased dissatisfaction with the Qing dynasty.
- 関ヶ原の戦いによって徳川家康に取り立てられ、七味郡全域を与えられて交代寄合表御礼衆の旗本となった。
- The clan was picked by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA through the Battle of Sekigahara, and given the entire area of Shichimi County to become a Hatamoto with kotaiyoriai-omoteoreishu status.
- 徳川家康より米良山が鷹巣山に指定されたことが縁で召し出され、交代寄合衆(四衆に準ずる家)となった。
- The clan became acquainted with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA when Mt. Mera was designated as Mt. Takanosu, and picked by Ieyasu, after which they received kotaiyoriai-shu status (a family with the status equivalent of that of the Shishu).
- 同盟倶楽部と同志倶楽部が合同して一部無所属議員なども加わって40名の衆議院議員によって結成された。
- After the Domei Club (League Club) and the Doshi Club (Alliance Club) united, forty lawmakers of the House of Representatives, who were from the two clubs and affiliated with no party as well, formed the party.
- マシュー・ペリー提督によってアメリカ合衆国大統領国書が江戸幕府に渡され、日米和親条約締結に至った。
- Commodore Matthew C. Perry presented a message from the President of the United States to the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which resulted in a treaty between the United States and the Empire of Japan.
- 三好方は久米田の戦いで雑賀衆および根来衆の鉄砲で三好義賢を失ったことから、雨を待っていたと伝わる。
- It is said that Miyoshi's army was waiting for the rain because Yoshitaka MIYOSHI was shot by Saikashu or Negoroshu in the battle of Kumeda.
- 日本人患者が多いスギ花粉症に対しては、花粉の飛散状況について大衆に周知するシステムが発達している。
- A system has been developed to make pollen dispersal information widely available for the many Japanese sufferers of the condition.
- 江戸時代には、幕府や海辺に領地をもった大名は船手組、船手方、船手衆などと呼ばれる水軍をもっていた。
- During the Edo period, the bakufu and daimyos that possessed their territory along coastal areas had suigun navies called funategumi, funatekata, or funateshu.
- 土一揆(つちいっき・どいっき)は、室町時代中期から後期にかけて発生した民衆の政治的要求活動をいう。
- The term 'tsuchi uprising' (called tsuchi-ikki or do-ikki in Japanese) refers to political appeals by the masses which had occurred from the middle to the late Muromachi period.
- しかしその支配が地域的であったことや鐚銭を排除しようとする民衆が多く、満足な結果は得られなかった。
- However, since the control was local and many of the general public wanted to eliminate Bitasen (low-quality coins whose surfaces were worn away), the results were not satisfactory.
- 秀吉の治世としては太閤検地や刀狩令など日本全国の土地や民衆のすべてを管理する中央集権となっている。
- During the reign of Hideyoshi, he established a centralized administrative framework that controlled lands and people all over the country by conducting Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey), giving commands to collect swords, and so forth.
- 「魏志倭人伝」によると、卑弥呼は鬼道(卑弥呼)で衆を惑わしていたという(卑彌呼 事鬼道 能惑衆)。
- According to the 'Gishiwajinden' (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty'), Himiko confounded her people with magic.
- 後藤基次は一高地を占領し其部兵を馳駆せしめ、以て敵をして我衆寡を測らさしめ、且つ先鋒兵に声援する。
- Mototsugu GOTO, who held a high ground, sent troops to fight the enemy, prevent the enemy from becoming aware that our troops are outnumbered, and also support our vanguards.
- 同時に天台座主明雲も解任され伊豆国へ配流となったが、大衆が配流途中の明雲を奪回し、叡山に帰還した。
- Concurrently, Tendai Zasu (head priest) Myoun was also dismissed and banished to Izu Province, but the general public rescued Myoun on his way to Izu, thus sending him back to Mt. Hiei.
- 以後、アメリカ合衆国とも同様の条約に調印、ドイツ、イタリア、フランスなどとも同様に条約を改正した。
- Later, he signed a similar treaty with the United States, and likewise revised the treaties with Germany, Italy, and France and such.
- 衆議院を解散してそのまま内閣総辞職を行った例は大日本帝国憲法・日本国憲法を通じてこの時だけであった。
- This is the only case in which dissolution of the House of Representatives directly led to cabinet resignation en masse under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the Constitution of Japan; The Constitution of Japan.
- 当時は義務教育も普及しておらず、大部分の民衆は文字を書くことはおろか、新聞も読むことが出来なかった。
- In those days, compulsory education was not spreading enough, and most people were unable to write letters, much less to read newspaper.
- 根来衆と雑賀衆は、一部には混同される記述も見受けられるが、全く異なる点と極めて似通っている点がある。
- Although in some descriptions Negoroshu and Saikashu are mistaken for each other, in fact they have both completely different points and very similar points.
- 囃子言葉と共に政治情勢が歌われたことから、世直しを訴える民衆運動であったと一般的には解釈されている。
- As the political situation was often sung with utterances to maintain the rhythm of a song, it is generally understood that it was a people's movement wishing for a better society.
- 町小路(まちこうじ)とは、中世日本京都の町衆の中心となった通りであり、そこには土倉が建ち並んでいた。
- Machi-koji Street was a street that was central to the townspeople of Kyoto in the middle ages, and was lined with doso (underground warehouses).
- 寺社は、自領の荘民や下級僧侶を大衆 (仏教)(のちに僧兵と呼称される)として多数かかえて武装化した。
- Temples made many of shomin (people of the manor) and lower ranked priests arm as daishu (group of priests) (Buddhism), later known armed priest.
- 病んだ結衆を往生院に移した時は、二人一組となって昼夜の別なく従い、一人が看病、一人が念仏を担当する。
- When a sick member is transferred to the Ojo-in Temple, a pair will stay with the sick member day and night, with one caring for the sick, while the other chants Nenbutsu.
- これを西晋の杜預が「五節=五声」として先王が5つの音調を用いて楽を作って民衆を教化したと解している。
- Du Yu of West Jin interpreted Gosetsu (五節) as Gosei (五声 - five tunes), wherein it was understood that the former emperor composed music using five tunes to educate the people.
- 1853年、浦賀にアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いる黒船来航、翌年には日米和親条約が締結された。
- Following the arrival of the Black Ships by Matthew PERRY of the United States in 1853 in Uraga, 'The Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan' was concluded the following year.
- 6月2日閣議は衆議院解散と公使館、居留民保護の名目で朝鮮への混成一個旅団8000名の派兵を決定した。
- On June 2, the cabinet dissolved the house of Representatives and decided to send a mixed brigade consisting of 8,000 soldiers to Korea on the pretext of protecting Japanese residents in Korea.
- これに対し根来・雑賀衆は沢・積善寺・畠中城・千石堀などの泉南諸城に合計九千余の兵を配置して迎撃した。
- Against this, Negoro and Saiga shu lined up more than 9,000 soldiers in total at some castles of Sennan such as Sawa, Shakuzenji, Hatanakajo and Sengokubori.
- 仏教は、幕府の宗教政策の一貫として民衆支配の方策として用いられたために(檀家制度)一概に不振だった。
- Buddhism was not so popular in general because it was used by the shogunate government as a ruling measure of people (the parishioner system) as a part of religious policies.
- この後、出家し叔父である時衆の名僧・国阿に弟子入りし、滋賀県大津市にある霊仙正福寺中興の祖となった。
- After that, he entered the priesthood, was taken on as a disciple of Kokua, who was a distinguished priest of Jishu school and Yorifusa's uncle, and became a Chuko no So (restorer) of Ryosen Shofuku-ji Temple in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture.
- 近江国水口城番、山城国二条城大番頭などを歴任した後の元禄元年(1688年)に御側衆に任じられている。
- He was appointed the Osobashu (Shogun's aid) in 1688 after he successively held various position including the Joban (castle administrator) of the Minakuchi-jo Castle in Omi province and the Obangashira (Chief guard) of the Nijo-jo Castle in Yamashiro Province.
- その後は衆議院議員を昭和11年(1936年)から連続3期務め、国民使節として渡米し国際的に活動した。
- Afterwards, Matsukata served as the member of the House of Representatives for three consecutive terms from 1936, and moved to the U.S. as a national ambassador to work internationally.
- このあとは、反立憲政友会陣営の雄として、衆議院小会派をいくつか渡り歩いた後、立憲国民党の結成に参加。
- After he went through small factions in the House of Representatives as a leader of anti-Rikken seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government) group, he participated in the formation of Rikken Kokumin-to Party (Constitutional Nationalist Party).
- だが、多くの死傷者と度重なる非常特別税などの増税に苦しんだ民衆の不満は日比谷焼討事件となって爆発した。
- However, since many were killed or injured in the war and people suffered from repeated tax increase such as emergency special taxes, their frustration and fury led to the Hibiya Incendiary Incident.
- 最も大きな影響は、民衆の不平不満の矛先が列強よりもむしろ清朝自体に向けられるようになったことであろう。
- The biggest influence was that the people's dissatisfaction was aimed not toward the allied western powers, but the Qing dynasty itself.
- 幕府では向井氏、長州藩では能島氏、尾張藩では千賀氏のようにかつての海賊衆の末裔たちが世襲して維持した。
- The suigun navies were succeeded and maintained in the bakufu by Mukai clan, in Choshu domain by the Noshima clan and in Owari domain by the Senga clan, who were all the descendants of kaizoku shu.
- 会合衆は、堺の有徳者(有力商人)で構成され、能登屋や臙脂屋(べにや)などの有力商人がその任にあたった。
- Egoshu comprised the affluent (influential merchants) in Sakai, and influential merchants such as Notoya and Beniya served as Egoshu.
- しかしこれらの動きは豪族や民衆に新たな負担を与えることとなり、少なくない不満を生んだと考えられている。
- However, it is thought that this movement became a burden for the local ruling families and citizens and produced a sense of dissatisfaction.
- 李王朝時代の朝鮮は、農地が荒廃しており、民衆は官吏や両班、高利貸によって責めたてられて収奪されていた。
- In Korea in the period of Joseon Dynasty, the agricultural lands were devastated, and the people were hounded and deprived by government officials, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) and loan sharks.
- だが、勝頼の代には有力な勢力だった浅井・朝倉が、長篠城の戦いの前年に長島一向衆が、既に滅ぼされていた。
- When Katsuyori came to power, however, the powerful clans of Azai and Asakura had been destroyed a year before the Battle and the followers of the Ikko sect in Nagashima had been already defeated.
- 甲斐から信濃、上野に及んだ武田遺領は織田家家臣に分与され、武田旧臣の信濃国人衆らは織田政権に臣従した。
- The property of the Takeda clan that spread from Kai to Shinano to Ueno was distributed to Oda vassals, and Shinano Kokujin-shu (local samurais) who had been Takeda vassals who came to serve the Oda government.
- また、日露戦争においては、アメリカ合衆国に渡り日本の戦争遂行を有利にすべく外交交渉・外交工作を行った。
- Moreover, during the Russo-Japanese War, he went to the United States of America to conduct diplomatic negotiations and enact strategies to bring an end to the war that would favor Japan.
- 1423年に京都御扶持衆の小栗満重が室町幕府の命令を受けて反持氏反乱を企てたとしてこれを攻め滅ぼした。
- In 1423, he destroyed Mitsushige OGURI who was one of the Kyoto fuchishu (samurais directly subjected to Shogun) on the ground that Mitsushige was ordered by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to plot a rebellion against Mochiuji.
- 地租増徴を目指して衆議院を解散したものの、政局運営に自信を失った前総理松方正義に代わって伊藤が組閣した。
- ITO organized the Cabinet in place of Masayoshi MATSUKATA, the previous prime minister, who dissolved the House of Representatives aiming for increase in land taxes, but lost confidence in management of such political situation.
- 1947年5月2日の日本国憲法公布に伴う貴族院廃止まで最大会派の地位を保って衆議院の政党勢力と対抗した。
- It remained to be the biggest faction and competed with party powers in the House of Representative until the abolition of the House of Peers following the promulgation of the Constitution of Japan on May 2, 1947.
- 現在の和歌山市の全域と海南市の一部に、沢山いた土豪の集まりで、地域と密着した集団が雑賀衆と思われている。
- Saikashu is thought to be a grouping of many powerful local clans who were based in the whole area of present day Wakayama City and a part of Kainan City, and closely attached to the local community,
- しかし石山本願寺が野田城・福島城の戦いに参戦すると、雑賀衆は一致して石山本願寺につき織田信長軍と戦った。
- However, when a group based in Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple entered the battles of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle, Saikashu acted in unison to support the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple side, and fought against the army of Nobunaga ODA.
- 1893年、第2次伊藤内閣は衆議院解散を行って大日本協会会員が外国人を襲撃したことを理由に解散を命じた。
- The second Ito cabinet dissolved the House of Representatives and ordered the Dai Nihon Kyokai to disband in 1893, citing the fact that some of its members attacked people from other countries.
- 八月下旬に始まり十二月九日王政復古発令の日に至て止む、とあり、明治維新直前の大衆騒動だったことがわかる。
- It is documented that the phenomenon began at the end of September in 1867 (表記の変更) and ended on January 3, 1968 (表記の変更) when the Restoration of Imperial Rule was proclaimed, which accordingly suggests that it was a people's movement occurred immediately before the Meiji Restoration.
- すなわち西欧のように知識人たちが集って親交と学識を深めつつ、民衆を啓蒙するために設立された団体であった。
- In other words, it was a group which aimed for intellectuals to deepen their friendship and scholarship and to enlighten the people like those in Western countries.
- しかしながら、民衆運動や政争に利用され、仙人になるために水銀などの危険薬物を使うため、やがて廃止された。
- However, because the institution ended up being used for controlling ordinary people's movements and political strife, and because dangerous substances such as mercury used in the formation of a sennin, were employed there, the institution was later abolished.
- 2月16日、武田勢は鳥居峠 (長野県)で信長の命を受けた織田一門衆らの支援を受けた義昌勢に敗北を喫した。
- On February 16, the Takeda army was defeated in the battle of Torii-toge Pass (in Nagano Prefecture) by Yoshimasa's army, which was supported by a group of Oda retainers who were ordered to defend Yoshimasa by Nobunaga.
- 後者の条件について、世界最大の温室効果ガス排出国であるアメリカ合衆国が国内事情により締結を見送っている。
- As for the latter condition, the United States of America, which emits the largest amount of gfreenhouse gases in the world, suspends the ratification because of its domestic situation at present.
- 以上の引付衆・問注所・侍所の所管地域は東国に限られており、西国については京の六波羅探題等が所管していた。
- The above mentioned Hikitsukeshu, Monchujo, and Samurai-dokoro handled cases that took place in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region); Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) controlled cases that took place in Saigoku (the western part of Japan).
- 衆議院に「鉄道国有に関する建議案」が提出、可決され、調査期間として首相直属の鉄道国有調査会が設置された。
- The bill of proposal on railway nationalization' was submitted to the House of Representatives and passed, and the Committee on railway nationalization under the direct control of the Prime Minister was established.
- 同年7月、雑賀荘・十ヶ郷の諸士を中心とする雑賀衆が兵を動かし、先に信長に与した三組の衆への報復を始めた。
- In August of the same year, Saiga shu consisting of warriors of Saigaso and Jikkago rose an army and began to retaliate against the three groups who previously sided with Nobunaga.
- 元老が議会勢力に妥協した結果、当時衆議院第一党であった憲政党の首班大隈と板垣に大命が降下されて組閣された。
- As a result of compromise of Genro (elder statesman) to force of the Diet, OKUMA, who was the head seat of the Constitutional Party, the leading party in the House of Representatives at that time, and ITAGAKI formed the cabinet, receiving an Imperial mandate.
- 桂は議会解散を決意したが、解散は内乱誘発を招くとの大岡育造衆議院議長からの忠告により内閣総辞職を決意した。
- Katsura, who at first planned to dissolve the Diet, finally decided the Cabinet resignation en masse following the advise of Ikuzo OOKA, chairman of the House of Representatives, who said to Katsura not to do so lest it should induce a civil war.
- これに対して丹波は、柏原の砦に籠もって抵抗したが、衆寡敵せずに織田の大軍の前に、多くの一族と共に戦死した。
- In response, Tanba resisted, holing up in a fort in Kashiwabara, but he was killed in the battle with many of his family members by the outnumbered enemy.
- 自由民権派は鹿鳴館をもって民衆から搾り取った税金を冗費にあてているのに「財政難」と主張していると非難した。
- The party of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement accused of the government's claiming on the 'economic difficulties' though they spent taxes for Rokumeikan siphoned off from the people on unnecessary expenses.
- 山門衆徒の強訴の防禦、強盗の追捕や九州での平直澄の追討などに起用し功を上げさせ、従四位下にまで昇進させた。
- Letting Masamori gain accomplishments by appointing him for the defense against the direct petition by the monk-soldiers of Sammon gate (temple gate), for searching and capturing robbers, for hunting down and killing TAIRA no Naosumi in Kyushu region, and for others, the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa promoted Masamori to jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade).
- また、交代寄合衆の伊那衆である伊那郡伊豆木(現・長野県飯田市伊豆木)の小笠原氏は明治初期に紙幣を発行した。
- The Ogasawara clan in Izuki, Ina County (present Izuki, Iida City, Nagano Prefecture), who was a member of the Ina group of the Hatamoto with the kotaiyoriai-shu status, issued paper money in the early Meiji period.
- その孫の土岐頼康は美濃国・尾張国・伊勢国の3ヵ国の守護に任ぜられて評定衆に連なり、土岐氏の最盛期を築いた。
- His grandchild, Yoriyasu TOKI, became the shugo of three provinces: Mino, Owari and Ise, and became one of the hyojoshu (members of the Council of State) to establish the golden age of the Toki clan.
- 九条兼実は、一切要求を認めないとしながら、大衆がやってきた途端に要求を認めるのは「朝政に似ぬ」ものと批判。
- Kanezane KUJO severely criticized 'this is not what Imperial Court government is supposed to do' to accept a demand soon after the daishu came despite the original policy that disallow any demand.
- 彼ら海賊衆は14世紀には活動を活発化させ、南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱には南北それぞれの側に分かれて戦った。
- Kaizoku shu increased their activities in the fourteenth century, and during the disturbance period of Northern and Southern Courts, they split into two groups and fought for each court.
- その間朝鮮王朝の圧政に苦しんでいた民衆は景福宮や奴婢の身分台帳を保管していた掌隷院などに放火し消失させた。
- During the battle, Korean people who had been suffering under their tyrannical dynasty burned the Gyeongbokgung Palace and changnye won, which kept the register of slaves, and turned them into ashes.
- 寺社から自立した土倉は幕府と結びつきながら、永享年間には土倉による座(土倉方一衆)が形成されるようになる。
- Doso, which gained independence from temples became associated with the bakufu and formed doso-za (doso guilds, 土倉方一衆).
- しかしながら、村上氏という防壁が崩れた事により北信濃の国人衆が一斉に武田氏に靡く事態を防ぐ事には成功した。
- However, although the protective wall called the Murakami clan collapsed, he succeeded in preventing the following situation from occurring: Local samurai landowners went to the Takeda side en masse.
- 佐野出身の衆議院議員田中正造は1891年以降、たびたび国会で鉱毒の質問を行い、鉱毒の害は全国に知れ渡った。
- Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives from Sano made enquiries at the parliament beginning in 1891, and the damages by the mining pollution became public throughout the nation.
- その後、浅井朝倉連合軍は延暦寺の僧兵衆や一向一揆と手を結び、湖西の志賀郡などで激しい攻防戦が繰り返された。
- Later, the allied forces of Azai and Asakura partnered with warrior monks of Enryaku-ji Temple and uprisings of Ikko sect followers and repeated fierce battles in the region such as Shiga-gun, Kosai.
- 信長は引き揚げるに当たり、雑賀衆の再起に備えて佐野砦(現泉佐野市)を築かせ、完成後は織田信張を駐留させた。
- When Nobunaga withdrew, he had Sano Fort (Izumisano City at present) built in order to prepare a comeback of Saiga shu and Nobuharu ODA stayed after completion.
- しかし、民衆の間には、賎民に対する差別意識が根強く残り、平民の間から新平民との呼称が自然発生的に成立した。
- However, a sense of discrimination toward Senmin was prevalent among the people, and the name 'Shin-Heimin (new commoner)' was spontaneously established from Heimin (commoner).
- 京兆家の政務執行を補佐する役目にあった在京香川家は京兆内衆として年寄衆、管領伴衆、管領内意見人などを歴任。
- The Zaikyo Kagawa family, which held a post to support the Keicho family to implement government affairs, held various posts including Toshiyori-shu (senior vassals handling government affairs), Kanrei-banshu (officials accompanying Kanrei [the shogun's deputy]) and Kanrei-nai-ikennin (a senior vassal of Kanrei) as a member of Keicho Uchishu (inner group of the Keicho family).
- おりしも南北戦争の復興期であったアメリカ合衆国の地で、哲学と科学を専攻し1876年(明治9年)に帰朝した。
- He studied philosophy and science in the US, which was in the recovery period from the Civil War, and returned to Japan in 1876.
- その後、三好三人衆と松永久秀が不仲になると、三人衆によって傀儡の当主として擁立され、久秀と戦うことになる。
- After that, when Miyoshi Triumvirate and Hisahide MATSUNAGA got onto bad terms, Miyoshi Triumvirate backed up him to be the family head as their puppet, and so he fought against Hisahide.
- 米騒動には統一的な指導者は存在しなかったが、一部民衆を扇動したとして和歌山県で2名が死刑の判決を受けている。
- Although there was no unified leader in rice riots, 2 people got a death penalty in Wakayama Prefecture for encouraging some people.
- だが、硬六派が第3回衆議院議員総選挙後に内閣不信任上奏案を提出したため、翌1894年に再度解散に踏み切った。
- However, the Ko Roppa tabled a no-confidence motion to be reported to the Emperor after the third general election for the House of Representatives, which resulted in the Diet having to dissolve itself in 1894.
- 啓蒙の目的の一つは民衆の無気力・権力への卑屈さを克服することにあるが、それらは専制政府によってもたらされる。
- One of the aims of enlightenment was to overcome people's spiritless and abjection to power, which were delivered by autocratic government.'
- 中華人民共和国では文化大革命によって道教は壊滅的な打撃を受けたが、民衆の間では未だにその慣習が息づいている。
- Although Taoism was seriously degraded during China's Cultural Revolution, its traditions are still alive among the general public.
- 室町幕府も50ヶ所近い御料所(公方御料)を保持して、直臣の奉公衆・奉行衆を代官として派遣して納めさせていた。
- The Muromachi shogunate, which owned approximately fifty goryosho (kubogoryo), delegated control of goryosho to great vassals, such as hokoshu (the shogunate military guard) or bugyoshu (group of magistrates) and made them pay tax to the shogunate.
- 外国人宣教師やその信者たちと、郷紳や一般民衆との確執・事件を仇教事件(史料では「教案」と表記される)という。
- Kyukyo Incident (the historical materials refer to it as '教案' [Kyoan]) was the feud or incident between the foreign missionary and their believers versus Kyoshin and common people.
- 江戸時代になると、身分や地域に問わず大衆的な金融手段として確立し、大規模化していく講も存在するようになった。
- During the Edo period, it was established as a popular means of financiing regardless of status or region, and some Ko establishments became large-scale.
- 両国はアメリカ合衆国の仲介の下で終戦交渉に臨み、1905年9月5日に締結されたポーツマス条約により講和した。
- The two countries entered into peace negotiations mediated by the United States, and concluded signed the Treaty of Portsmouth on September 5th, 1905.
- この時代には朝鮮人による合法的民族運動が盛り上がり、朝鮮文学の発展や大都市における大衆文化の発達が見られた。
- In this period, legal racial movement by the Koreans became active, and development of Korean literature and that of popular culture in big cities were seen.
- その陣容は、山手に根来衆と雑賀三組を先導役として佐久間信盛・羽柴秀吉・堀秀政・荒木村重・別所長治・別所重宗。
- The army of the mountain side consisted of Nobumori SAKUMA, Hideyoshi HASHIBA, Hidemasa HORI, Murashige ARAKI, Nagaharu BESSHO, Shigemune BESSHO with the spearhead army of Negoro shu and the Saiga three groups.
- また、騎馬で射ることをよくしたらしいことから、民衆層というより、郡司級の一族に属したのではないかと推測した。
- And based on his ability of shooting on a horse, it is considered that Kai no Yusha did not belong to the common people but district managers.
- 関ヶ原の戦いでは西軍に属し、豊臣秀頼配下の黄母衣衆として織田信高、伊藤盛正らと小西行長の陣営に加わり戦った。
- He fought in the Battle of Sekigahara, belonging to the Western Army and joining the unit led by Yukinaga KONISHI as a member of Kihoroshu (bodyguard group for Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) together with Nobutaka ODA and Morimasa ITO.
- 長女は元衆議院議長・石井光次郎に、三女は大隈重信の孫・大隈信幸に、四女は元東京急行電鉄社長・五島昇に嫁いだ。
- His first, third and fourth daughter married former chairman of House of Representatives, Mitsujiro ISHII, Shigenobu OKUMA's grand son, Nobuyuki OKUMA and former president of Tokyu Corporation, Noboru GOTO, respectively.
- 以前、町に放火するなどして民衆の反感を買ったことを反省した天狗党は、略奪・殺戮を堅く禁じるなどの軍規を定めた。
- Tenguto, which regretted about setting fire to the town and causing opposition by the people, set internal rules and banned looting and killing.
- 爵位を持たない衆議院議員を首相とする初の内閣となったということで、民衆からは「平民宰相」と呼ばれ、歓迎された。
- He was called 'Commoner Prime Minister' and welcomed by the people since it was the first cabinet whose prime minister was a member of the House of Representatives who did not have the peerage.
- まず、頼綱政権下で停滞していた訴訟の迅速な処理のため、合議制の引付衆を廃止し、判決を全て貞時が下すこととした。
- Firstly, for the rapid processing of lawsuits which stagnated under the Yoritsuna administration, the Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) council system was abolished and all judgments were passed by Sadatok.
- 守護大名は周辺の海賊衆を、領内の田畑を警固料の名目で所領として給する代償に警固衆に編成、海上軍事力に利用した。
- Shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) organized kaizoku shu on their periphery into keigo shu and used them as their naval military force in exchange for providing them the land in their territory under the pretext to guard the land.
- 実際の戦闘では毛利方の水軍の使用する焙烙玉・雑賀衆の使用する焙烙火矢の前に織田方の水軍は壊滅的な打撃を受けた。
- During the battle, horokudama (cooking-pot bombs), employed by the navy of Mori and horokubiya (cooking-pot fire arrows), employed by Saikashu (a group of local samurai from Kii Province, also on the Mori side) gave devastating damages to the navy of the Oda.
- 和睦の条件として、晴信は須田氏、井上氏、島津氏など北信濃国人衆の旧領復帰を認め、旭山城を破却することになった。
- As conditions to make the peace, Harunobu admitted that local samurai land owners, such as the Suda clan, the Inoue clan and the Shimazu clan, should be allowed to restore their former territories, and it was also decided that Asahiyama-jo Castle should be destroyed completely.
- しかし、台湾民衆党も蒋渭水により左傾化すると右派は台湾の地方自治実現を単一目標に挙げる地方自治連盟を結成した。
- However, when the Taiwan People's Party also became radical initiated by Weishui JIANG, the right wing formed the Taiwanese Federation for Local Autonomy with the establishment of local autonomy in Taiwan as a single goal.
- 信長の後ろ盾を得た孫一主導の下、雑賀衆は織田信孝の四国攻めに船百艘を提供するなど、織田氏との関係を強めていく。
- The Saiga shu led by Magoichi who was supported by Nobunaga had strengthened the relationship with the Oda clan, for example, it provided 100 ships for the attack against the Shikoku region by Nobutaka ODA.
- 信長によって加賀一向一揆は潰滅したが、雑賀惣国や根来衆は未だ健在であり、秀吉はこれに対する敵意を隠さなかった。
- The Kaga Ikko ikki Revolt was destroyed by Nobunaga, but Saiga sokoku and Negoro shu were still alive, so Hideyoshi did not hide his hostile feelings against them.
- 文政10年、17歳の時には、減租を求めて蜂起した民衆を説得して沈静させ、さらに代官に直訴し、民を救ったという。
- He is said to have persuaded and appeased the people rising up to call for tax reduction, and furthermore to have made a direct plea to the local governor to save the people when he was seventeen in 1827.
- アメリカ合衆国ではジョージタウン (ワシントンD.C.)で日本弁務官書記のチャールズ・ランメン家に預けられる。
- She lived in Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) with the secretary of Japanese legation Charles LANMAN and his family.
- その後、貴族院勅撰議員(1894年 -、1905年 -)、衆議院議員(1898年 - 1902年)などを歴任。
- After that he filled various posts such as a nominated member of the House of Peers (1894-1905) and a member of the House of Representatives (1898-1902) successivly.
- 三河国・尾張・近江国・大和国・河内国・和泉国に、根来衆を加えれば紀伊国にもと七ヶ国から与力をあたえられている。
- Including the Negoroshu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple), he was given yoriki (mounted warriors) from seven provinces such as Mikawa Province, Owari Province, Omi Province, Kawachi Province, Izumi Province, and Kii Province.
- 家督相続時、既に重臣の松永久秀や三好三人衆が主家を凌駕する実力を保持していて、義継は彼らの傀儡に過ぎなかった。
- By the time he succeeded to the family, a senior vassal, Hisahide MATSUNAGA, and Miyoshi Triumvirate had already had the power which surpassed that of the head family, and so Yoshitsugu was no more than their puppet.
- 上杉氏から織田氏への鞍替えには反対する傘下の国人衆も多く、頼綱はこれをことごとく攻め滅ぼすという政策を取った。
- Many powerful local lords under his umbrella opposed him, switching their allegiance from the Uesugi clan to the Oda clan, but Yoritsuna managed to attack and destroy every one of them.
- 1931年には婦人参政権を条件付で認める法案が衆議院を通過するが、貴族院 (日本)の猛反対で廃案に追い込まれた。
- The House of Representatives provisionally passed a bill to enfranchise women in 1931, but it was defeated due to fierce opposition in the House of Peers (of Japan).
- また、この民衆への周知徹底の為に高札の文面には、一般の法令では使われない簡易な仮名交じり文や仮名文が用いられた。
- In order to thoroughly deliver the contents of the notes to the people, the notes of Kosatsu was written in easily understandable mixed writing (characters and kana) or kana sentences, differentiated from the sentence style used for describing general law in code books.
- まず神前に当事者、奉行衆・公人などの幕府側、巫女もしくは陰陽師が集まり、巫女のお祓いの後に神前に湯を沸騰させる。
- First, the parties concerned, the officials from the bakufu side such as bugyoshu (magistrates) or oyakebito (officials who serve the Imperial Court), and a miko (a shrine maiden) or an onmyoji (the master of Yin Yang) gathered before the gods, and then after the miko had conducted purification, they boiled water before the gods.
- 以後は、もっぱら中央集権化を進めて土豪の在地支配を解体しようとする秀吉政権の動きに雑賀衆は一貫して反発し続けた。
- From then on, Saikashu consistently rebelled against Hideyoshi's administration that was promoting the centralization to dissolve the land ruling by each powerful local clan.
- 指導的仏師としては、東大寺大仏の責任者:国中連麻呂、興福寺の十大弟子八部衆制作の将軍万福などが記録に残っている。
- Names of leading sculptors of Buddhist statues recorded in history include KUNINAKA no Murajimaro, who was responsible for the construction of the Great Buddha at Todai-ji Temple, and Manpuku SHOGUN, who produced Judaideshi and Hachibushu (Ten Great Disciples and Eight Guardian Devas) at Manpuku-ji Temple.
- しかし、この戦いで織田軍は大きな損害を出し、服属させたはずの雑賀衆もすぐに自由な活動を再開して本願寺に荷担した。
- However, the Oda's army suffered huge losses in this battle, and Saikashu, who were supposed to be under Oda's control, soon resumed their independent activities and assisted Hongan-ji Temple.
- 1577年に信長自身率いる大軍をもって和泉国・河内国から紀伊に侵攻(第一次紀州征伐)し、雑賀衆に服属を誓わせた。
- In 1577, a large force led by Nobunaga himself invaded the Kii region (The First Conquest of Kishu) through Izumi Province and Kawachi Province, and forced Saikashu to swear their allegiance.
- 老中・阿部正弘が幕政改革を行ない、1854年にアメリカ合衆国と日米和親条約を、ロシアとは日露和親条約を締結した。
- The Roju Masahiro ABE carried out the reformation of the shogunate government and entered into the America-Japan Treaty of Amity and Friendship and a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan in 1854.
- 特に一般の商人や民衆には金銀貨の真贋を見分けることは難しく、外国商人の中にも贋貨を入手して損害を受ける者も出た。
- Particularly, it was difficult for general merchants and people to distinguish real gold and silver coins from the fake, and there were foreign merchants who also acquired counterfeit money and suffered damage.
- はじめは四国の軍勢も動員し、さらに将軍・足利義栄と三好家当主・三好義継を擁する三好三人衆が圧倒的に優勢であった。
- At first Miyoshi Sanninshu who were backed up by the shogun Yoshihide ASHIKAGA and Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI, the family head of the Miyoshi family, called out the troops in Shikoku region and they were overwhelmingly dominating.
- 治承・寿永の乱以前から北陸各地では、延暦寺の末寺である白山神社の衆徒・神人たちと国衙勢力との間に対立が見られた。
- In various locations in the Hokuriku region, the monk-soldiers and the jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) of Hakuzan-jinja Shrine, a branch shrine of Enryaku-ji Temple, had clashed with kokuga seiryoku (the force of the provincial headquarters) even before the Jisho-Juei War.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)中期の貞和年間(1340年代後半)に幕府評定衆の中条挙房が頭人を務めていたと推定されている。
- It is presumed that Morofusa NAKAJO, a member of Bakufu hyojoshu (an organization of bakufu employing the council system), served as its chief in Jowa era in the period of Northern and Southern courts (Japan) (late 1340's).
- さらに大友氏の重鎮立花道雪の死により大友氏の支配が緩んだ筑後国の諸国人衆も傘下に収め、九州統一を目前にしていた。
- Having also conquered the territories of local lords in Chikugo Province, where the domination by the Otomo clan had weakened as the result of the death of Dosetsu TACHIBANA, a powerful leader of the Otomo clan, the Shimazu clan was just about to establish its rule over the entire island of Kyushu.
- それに伴い、民衆に対する司法権・警察権の行使(検断沙汰)も支配者である荘園・国衙領領主や地頭武士に限られていた。
- Therefore, only the rulers, such as the lord of a manor and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and the lord-of-a-manor samurai, could exercise the jurisdiction and police powers (criminal cases) to the general public.
- このため、民衆が取引においてこのような悪銭を嫌ったために良銭を撰ぶ撰銭がおこなわれ、円滑な流通が阻害されていた。
- Therefore, the general public hated low-quality coins and sometimes carried out erizen acts in transactions, hampering smooth circulation of currencies.
- 秀吉の朝鮮出兵は「鼻を削いで首にかえよ」という残虐な侵略戦であったため長く朝鮮民衆の間にその非道が語り継がれた。
- Hideyoshi's invasion into Korea was a war of cruel aggression and a story of cruel acts as shown in his order to 'cut off the nose instead of the head' as a reminder passed down from generation to generation.
- 柳沢氏が甲斐源氏の一族である甲斐一条氏の子孫が甲斐国北西部の武川筋に土着した武川衆と呼ばれる辺境武士団であった。
- The Yanagisawa clan descended from the Kai Ichijo clan belonging to the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) and became part of the Mukawa-shu group, one of the warrior groups in the remote Kai area based in Mukawa, in the northwestern part of Kai Province.
- 初期の作品『英名二十八衆句』(落合芳幾との共同作品)では血の表現に、染料に膠を混ぜて光らすなどの工夫をしている。
- In his early period work 'Eimei nijuhachi shuku' (collaboration with Yoshiiku OCHIAI,) he elaborated coloring materials by mixing glue into the paints to make the blood of the figure gleam.
- 続いて同じく扶持衆の宇都宮持綱・桃井宣義を倒して関東から親幕府勢力の一掃を図った(小栗満重の乱または応永の乱)。
- Mochiuji continuously conquered Mochitsuna UTSUNOMIYA and Nobuyoshi MOMOI who were also members of the Kyoto fuchishu to wipe out groups which supported the Muromachi bakufu (The War of Mitsushige OGURI or The Oei War).
- 翌年1月、「憲政擁護」を叫ぶ大会が各地でひらかれ、日露戦争後の重税に苦しむ商工業者や都市民衆が多数これに参加した。
- In January the next year, rallies calling for 'the defense of the constitutionalism' were held in various places, in which many people participated, including the people working in the commercial and industrial sectors and the urban residents who were suffering from heavy tax after the Russo-Japanese War.
- 主に帝国議会開設から日清戦争にかけて使われてきたが、その後も「民衆代表政党」の意味を込めて大正期まで使われてきた。
- It was used mainly between the establishment of the Imperial Diet and the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, but was used to the Taisho period with the meaning of 'the Parties of the People's Representatives' afterwards.
- 多くの場合、一般民衆に混じって生活するが、場合によっては正当な権力の承継者だと称して実力者に利用されることもある。
- Though they lived among common people in most cases, they sometimes claimed to be a true heir of authority and were used by powerful people.
- 県吏は下地を屋根裏に隠し、抜刀して対抗したが衆寡敵せず、群衆は下地を引き出すと、十数町もズルズルと引きずり回した。
- Prefectural officials hid Shimoji in the attic and fought back with swords, but they were hopelessly outnumbered, and thus the islanders caught Shimoji and dragged him through more than 10 towns.
- 日本軍の王宮占領後、朝鮮では軍用電線の切断、兵站部への襲撃と日本兵の捕縛、殺害など民衆の「義兵」反日抵抗が続いた。
- Since the Japanese troops conquered the royal palace, there had been anti-Japanese resistance in Korea -- cuts of electric cables for military use, attack of logistics on bases, and capture and the murder of Japanese solders, and so forth.
- 同時代に成立した『多聞院日記』には、伝聞記事ではあるものの、この戦いについて「甲斐国衆千余人討死」と書かれている。
- 'Tamonin-nikki Diary,' completed around that time, mentions that 'about a thousand Kai people were killed ' in the battle, which the author heard from others.
- 朝鮮半島から暦法など中国の文物を移入するとともに豪族や民衆の系列化・組織化を漸次的に進めて内政面を強化していった。
- At the same time the Yamato Kingdom was importing Chinese culture, such as calendar making, from the Korean Peninsula, it was strengthening domestic administration by gradually organizing both the ruling elite and the common people.
- 持範の系統は後年、室町幕府将軍直属軍である奉公衆となり、更に織田信長、豊臣秀吉に仕えた後、江戸幕府の旗本となった。
- Mochinori's lineage became a hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) which is a direct army of the shogun of the Muromachi bakufu and became a hatamoto (direct retainers) of the Edo bakufu after serving Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI..
- 統治面においては、守護斯波氏の下では同格であった国人衆などと呼ばれる諸勢力を、完全に臣従下させるには至っていない。
- In terms of governance, Takakage could not completely subordinate various power groups called Kokujin-shu, which were on equal footing with the Asakura family under the Shugo (provincial military governor), the Shiba clan.
- また急進的な考えを持っていたので大衆とのギャップが出来てしまい、国民から揶揄され「明六の幽霊(有礼)」と呼ばれた。
- There was a gap between the general public and Arinori since he had a radical idea, and therefore he was criticized and called 'Meiroku no yurei (which is a pun for his name '有礼' that can also be pronounced 'yurei') (the ghost of the Meirokusha)'.
- 雑賀衆は15世紀頃に歴史に現れ、応仁の乱の後、紀伊国と河内国の守護大名である畠山氏の要請に応じ近畿地方の各地を転戦。
- Saikashu appeared in history around the 15th century, and after the Onin War they fought in various battles in the Kinki region responding to requests from the Hatakeyama clan, which had provided the military governor and feudal lord of Kii and Kawachi Provinces for generations.
- また、親日団体としての働きについてはプラスの効果よりも民衆の反発を招いたマイナスの結果の部分が大きかったとしている。
- It also mentions that their job as pro-Japanese organizaiton provoked people's antipathy, so the negative result was much bigger than the positive effect.
- これは京都の公家衆・堺の町衆などで法華宗の信者が多く、その宗教ネットワークを最大限に利用しようというものだったのだ。
- This was meant to take advantage of the religious network in the Kinai region because many of the Kugeshu (court nobles) in Kyoto and machi-shu (towns people) in Sakai were believers of the Hokke sect.
- しかし義和団の乱以後民衆の中に傍観者的な雰囲気が減り、孫文たちを積極的に応援する風向きが俄かに増加したと述べている。
- However, people could not simply stand by and watch after the Boxer Rebellion, and gradually they began to actively support Sun Yat-sen.
- 町衆の中の富裕層は、「有徳人」と称され、祇園会の際に国家に代わって山鉾巡行の費用を拠出し、「潤屋の賤民」と呼ばれた。
- The wealthier townspeople were called 'Utokunin' and paid for the Yamahoko Junko (procession of Gion Festival Floats) during the Gion-e (service for souls of Gion) instead of the government and were called 'Junya no Senmin' (people of the lower class who are wealthy).
- 日本の美術作品で民衆の暮らしぶりが描かれるのは、院政期に始まったこれら絵巻物が最初であり、その意味でも画期的である。
- These emakimono originated in the Insei period, and the emakimono is the first Japanese arts in which the life of people was described, therefore, it is revolutionary from this point of view.
- すると、これまで政元政権を支えてきた「内衆」とよばれる京兆家重臣(主に畿内有力国人層)と、阿波勢との対立が深まった。
- This intensified the confrontation between the forces from Awa and the senior vassals of the Keicho family (mainly powerful local lords in and around the capital) called 'uchishu' who had thus far supported Masamoto.
- 民衆を意味する百姓は、『論語』・『易』など戦国時代_(中国)に現在の形に編集されたと推定される書物から、頻見される。
- The term 'hyakusho' that indicates common people is often found in books that are considered to be edited in the Zhanguo Dynasty (China) into the current form, such as 'Rongo Analects' and 'Eki' (I ching).
- このように呪術的な信仰を求める大衆に対しての仏教の側からの浸透に対抗し、神祇信仰の側からも理論武装の動きが出てきた。
- Thus, the Jingi belief started to arm with reasoning to confront Buddhism, which spread to the public who demanded magical belief.
- 後に真田隊の猛攻を恐れ、家康を残して逃走した旗本衆の行動を詮議したという「大久保忠教覚書」(三河物語)も残っている。
- There remains 'Tadataka OKUBO Oboegaki (memoradom)' (Mikawa Monogatari [Tales from Mikawa]', a record of later-year investigations on hatamoto units that ran away, leaving Ieyasu, out of fear of fierce attacks by the Sanada troop.
- 有名人としては、中条家長(初代評定衆として御成敗式目の策定に関与)や愛甲季隆(弓の名手。畠山重忠を討ち取る)が居る。
- Ienaga CHUJO, who was involved in the establishment of code of conduct for samurai as the first member of the Council of State, and Suetaka AIKO, who was a very skillful archer and slew Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, were well known as members of the Party.
- 浜手は滝川一益・明智光秀・細川藤孝・丹羽長秀・筒井順慶・大和衆に加えて織田信忠・北畠信雄・神戸信孝・織田信包である。
- The army of the beach side consisted of Nobutada ODA, Nobukatsu KITABATAKE, Nobutaka KANBE and Nobukane ODA as well as Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, Mitsuhide AKECHI, Fujitaka HOSOKAWA, Nagahide NIWA, Junkei TSUTSUI and Yamato shu (people of Yamato).
- 明治23年(1890年)、大臣在任中に第1回衆議院議員総選挙に和歌山県第1区から出馬し初当選を果たし、1期を務めた。
- In 1890, while serving as the minister, he ran in the first election for a seat in the House of Representatives from the first electoral district in Wakayama Prefecture, was elected, and served the first term.
- 一色義有や丹後国人衆の反撃を受けて朝経は自害したが、長経は奇跡的に逃げ延びて細川澄元の家臣として仕えることとなった。
- The troop of Nagatsune was counterattacked by Yoshiari ISSHIKI and local clans of Tango Province, and Tomotsune committed suicide, but Nagatsune was barely able to evacuate from the battle, and became a vassal of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA.
- その一方、有識者が勅任により議員となる制度が存在し、良くも悪くも「衆議院のカーボンコピー」という批判は存在しなかった。
- There was also a system for yushikisha (people well-informed about rules of ceremonies and rituals) to become councilors appointed by the Emperor,so for better or worse, there was no criticism towards the Kizokuin for being 'a carbon copy of the House of Representatives.'
- 次の第1次桂内閣で妥協と反対の両政策を取り、1902年の第7回衆議院議員総選挙では190議席を獲得して過半数を制する。
- During the First Katsura Cabinet, which was formed after Ito's, Ito took both compromising and opposing policies toward the Cabinet and in 1902, the Seiyu Party occupied 190 seats and got a majority in the seventh general election of members of the House of Representatives.
- 明治政府に反対する勢力がナショナリズムの元に党派を超えて大衆を結集させて政府を攻撃する際のスローガンとして活用された。
- The opposition forces against the Meiji government used the ideas of Taigaiko as the slogan when they organized people across parties in the name of nationalism and attacked the government.
- 内務大臣 (日本)に就任した原敬は衆議院議員選挙に小選挙区制を導入しようとするが、貴族院_(日本)の反対で否決された。
- Takashi HARA who took office as the Minister of Home Affairs sought to introduce a single-member constituency system to the election of members of the House of Representatives, but it was rejected due to the oppose of the House of Peers of Japan.
- そのため、後に朝鮮の民衆の中には日本を一番の侵略者としながらも、明軍に対しても第二の侵略者として評する人間も出てきた。
- Therefore, later, there were certain persons among Korean common people who, while naming Japan as the top invader, criticized the Ming army as the second invader.
- この結社の性格は、極楽往生を希求する念仏結社であり、月の15日ごとに僧衆25名が集結して念仏を誦し、極楽往生を願った。
- The characteristic of this association was that it was a Nenbutsu association that wished for gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) and on the fifteenth of each month, 25 monks would gather to chant Nenbutsu and wish for gokuraku ojo.
- 井出原右近・山田蓮池坊らの指揮する根来衆からなる城兵に対し、細川忠興・大谷吉継・蒲生氏郷・池田輝政らが攻撃を担当した。
- Against the castle soldiers of Negoro shu led by Ukon IDEHARA (井出原右近), Hasuikebo YAMADA (山田蓮池坊) and others, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, Yoshitsugu OTANI, Ujisato GAMO, Terumasa IKEDA and others attacked.
- 千石堀城に籠るのは城将大谷左大仁以下根来衆の精鋭千四、五百人、他に婦女子など非戦闘員が四、五千人加わっていたとされる。
- It is said that 1,400-1,500 elite units of Negoro shu including the castle commander Sadahito OTANI (大谷左大仁) and 4,000-5,000 noncombatants including women and children took refuge in Sengokubori-jo Castle.
- 1946年(昭和21年)6月25日、衆議院本会議における日本国憲法案の審議の初め、当時の吉田茂首相は御誓文に言及した。
- On June 25, 1946, at the beginning of consideration of the Constitution of Japan in the Lower House, Prime Minister Shigeru YOSHIDA referred to Charter Oath.
- 江戸時代には公正な裁判を行い権力者の不正から民衆を守る「さばき役」として文学や歌舞伎などの芸術作品にしばしば登場した。
- In Edo Period, he often appeared in the works of art such as literature and kabuki as 'the role of justice' who offered a fair trial and protected people from injustice of powerful persons.
- 慶応2年(1866年)12月から慶応3年(1867年)6月にかけて、兄弟子の落合芳幾と競作で『英名二十八衆句』を表す。
- From January to July in 1867, he collaborated with Yoshiiku OCHIAI, his fellow pupil, on the production of 'Eimei nijuhachi shuku.'
- 天保8年(1837年)、異国船打払令に基づいてアメリカ合衆国船籍の商船モリソン号が打ち払われるモリソン号事件が起きた。
- In 1837, the Morrison Incident occurred when an American merchant ship named Morrison was driven away from a Japanese coast by cannon fire in accordance with the Order for the Repelling of Foreign Ships.
- しかし従来彼らを差別してきた他の民衆の中にはこれに反発するものがあり、一揆をなして被差別部落民を襲撃する事件を起こした。
- However some of those people who had discriminated them rebelled against this movement, and they caused incidents of raids on Burakumin (modern-day descendants of Japan's feudal outcast group) through uprisings.
- ただし、藩閥政権に対してもある程度の自立性を持ち、衆議院とその地位を競った結果、藩閥政権を幾度となく窮地に陥れてもいる。
- However, Kizokuin had a degree of independence from the Hanbatsu-dominated government and after fighting its status against the House of Representatives, Kizokuin sometimes made it difficult for the Hanbatsu government to maintain its power..
- 呉市では、海軍陸戦隊が出動し、民衆と対峙するなか、銃剣で刺されたことによる死者が少なくとも2名でたことが報告されている。
- It was reported that at least 2 people were killed by a bayonet in Kure City while Naval Landing Forces were called out and facing the people,
- その後、持氏は岩松氏や佐竹氏(山入氏系)などの氏憲の残党狩りや京都扶持衆の大名など関東における反対勢力の粛清などを行う。
- After that Mochiuji hunted the remaining attendants of Ujinori, including the Iwamatsu clan and the Satake clan (originating from the Yamairi clan), and purged the opponents in Kanto region including territorial lords belonging to Kyoto fuchishu (samurai in Kanto and Tohoku regions who were direct vassals of Shogun).
- だが、金貨の国外への流通が激しく、明治8年(1875年)には新しくアメリカ合衆国の貿易ドル銀貨と同等の貿易銀を発行した。
- As huge amount of gold coins fled outside the country, Japan had to issue silver trade coins equivalent to silver trade dollars of the United States in 1875.
- だが、南都の大衆は兼康勢60余人の首を切り、猿沢の池の端に並べるという挙に出て兼康は命からがら帰京し、清盛を激怒させた。
- However, Nanto Daishu (monks residing in Nanto) decapitated more than 60 of Kaneyasu forces and placed them along the edge of Sarusawa-no-ike Pond, and Kaneyasu returned to Kyoto with his bare life, which made Kiyomori furious.
- ところが、直後に第3回衆議院議員総選挙が行われて両会派とも減少したために、民党としての地位確保のために合同したのである。
- However, in the 3rd general election of the members of the House of Representatives held shortly after that, the factions both lost seats, and as a result, they united to secure their position as the Minto.
- 打ちこわし(うちこわし)とは、江戸時代の民衆運動の形態のうち、不正を働いたとみなされた者の家屋などを破壊する行為のこと。
- Uchikowashi refers to an action to destroy residences of the people who were considered to act wrong, and it was one of the patterns of grass-roots movements in the Edo period.
- そして山東省における熱烈な布教活動はその反動として民衆の排外的な感情を呼び起こし、時を追うごとに高まっていったのである。
- The enthusiastic missionary work in Shandong Province brought about anti-foreign emotions among the people that increased with time.
- 大衆は「幼主であっても内裏に参って天皇に訴え、勅定を承るのが先例・恒例である」と拒絶し、明雲の説得にも耳を貸さなかった。
- However, the daishu insisted, 'even if he is young, it is right to come to the dairi to appeal to the Emperor and hear a chokujo (something that the emperor decided) according to precedent and established practice' and ignored Myoun's persuasion.
- 文永元年(1264年)、これまで、1次の審理を行っていた引付衆が担当していた越訴などを専門として扱う部署として誕生した。
- It was established in 1264, as a special section that handled direct appeal, and so on, previously handled by Hikitsukeshu (Co-adjustor of the High Court) where the first trials were examined.
- 三好三人衆(みよしさんにんしゅう)は日本の戦国時代 (日本)に畿内で活躍した、三好長逸・三好政康・岩成友通の三人を指す。
- The Miyoshi Triumvirate consists of Nagayuki MIYOSHI, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI who stood out in the history of Japan's warring period for their activities in the Kinai region.
- 交渉が決裂し、再びの開戦は避けられないと悟った豊臣方は、4月12日 (旧暦)に金銀を浪人衆に配り、武具の用意に着手した。
- With negotiations broken down, th Toyotomi side, realizing that the second war could not be avoided, distributed gold and silver to ronin and began to prepare arms.
- 足利義昭や毛利輝元は当時から織田方の敗北を喧伝していたし、雑賀衆も半年もたたないうちに再度挙兵して信長と戦うようになる。
- Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA and Terumoto MORI had trumpeted the defeat of the Oda side in those days, and Saiga shu rose an army again and fought with Nobunaga within half a year.
- 筒井勢などは傘下の大和衆・伊賀衆を合わせて八千人で戦闘に臨んだが、城兵の銃撃の前に死傷者は数千人に上り、進撃を阻まれた。
- Among the 8,000 soldiers of the Tsutsui troops including its followers Yamato shu and Iga shu, several thousand soldiers were killed or injured by the shooting of the castle soldiers and could not progress.
- 斡旋案に対し根来衆の間では賛否分かれたが、反対派は夜中に応其の宿舎に鉄砲を撃ちかけ、このため応其は急いで京都に向かった。
- Negoro shu brought on active debate over its pros and cons, but the opposing group shot down the lodgment of Ogo by gun during the night, and as a result, Ogo quickly went to Kyoto.
- 1865年(慶応元年)に藩の留学生としてイギリス・アメリカ合衆国に留学、最初は航海学を学ぶが、後に政治学経済学に転じた。
- In 1865, YOSHIDA studied in England and the United States of America as an overseas student of the Satsuma Domain, first on navigation, and later politics and economics.
- 沖縄県および鹿児島県奄美諸島などは、太平洋戦争終結以降アメリカ合衆国による沖縄統治となったため、農地改革が行われなかった。
- The land reform wasn't carried out in Okinawa Prefecture or in Amami islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, etc., because after the Pacific War the United States governed Okinawa.
- 東遊運動はフランス植民地からの脱却を目指し、チャウは独立運動の若いリーダーを育てようと同志を募って大衆からも資金を集めた。
- The aim of the movement was to obtain freedom from French colonial rule, and Chau rallied like-minded people to foster young leaders of the independence movement and also raised funds from the public.
- なお、彼が処刑された年齢は犯行時15歳であり、現在のアメリカ合衆国最高裁判所の判例で禁止された18歳以下の死刑執行である。
- In addition, he was 15 years old when he was put to death, and it corresponds to an execution for people under 18 year old which is now prohibited by a legal precedent of the Supreme Court of the United States of America.
- 十市郡田原本(現・磯城郡田原本町)の平野氏は、豊臣秀吉騎下の賤ヶ岳七本槍の一人平野長泰の裔で、交代寄合表御礼衆の家である。
- The Hirano clan in Tawaramoto, Toichi County (present Tawaramoto Town, Shiki County) was a descendant of Nagayasu HIRANO, one of the seven spear soldiers at Mt. Shizugatake under Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and was provided with kotaiyoriai-omoteoreishu status.
- 飢饉などの天災により寄る辺をなくした民衆などは宣教師の慈善活動に救いを見出し、家族ぐるみ・村ぐるみで帰依することもあった。
- Peasants who suffered from natural disasters such as famine, and had nobody to turn to, found themselves being rescued by the charity work of missionaries and embraced Christianity, bringing with them a whole family or even a village.
- それに対し、畠山方は国人衆の旗頭や独立した国人領主が各自で参加する編成であったために、全体の指揮系統が一元化されていない。
- Compared to Miyoshi's, Hatakeyama's chain of command was not unified, as various leaders of local clans and samurai lords joined the force independently.
- 指揮系統に関しては三好方が各部隊(各国人衆)の指揮官に一族を配置して、総大将三好長慶の命令が伝わりやすい編成となっていた。
- Regarding the chain of command, Miyoshi made family members commanders of each unit (made of local clan), so the orders by the supreme commander Nagayoshi MIYOSHI were delivered well.
- 特に身分差別に苦しんだ朝鮮民衆は緒戦の混乱に乗じて官庁や被差別身分を示す書類を焼き払った例が朝鮮側資料により知られている。
- It is known from materials in Korea that Korean common people who suffered from class discrimination set fire to governmental offices and documents on discriminated classes.
- 民衆は無秩序に食料を求めて朝鮮・明軍・日本軍を襲い、食料調達が不足した日本軍・明軍・朝鮮軍は朝鮮民衆から現地徴発を行った。
- Common people attacked the troops of Korea, Ming and Japan disorderly looking for food and the latter, which suffered short supply of food, conducted local procurement from common people of Korea.
- なお、おそらくこの際の岸和田城攻防戦が伝説化され、大蛸に乗った法師が雑賀・根来衆を追い払ったとする蛸地蔵伝承へと変化した。
- As an aside, it was perhaps this story of the battle for Kishiwada-jo Castle which became a legend, evolving into the tradition of Octopus Jizo, where a priest riding on a giant octopus beat off Saigashu and Negoroshu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple).
- 町衆(まちしゅう/ちょうしゅう)とは、室町時代から戦国時代 (日本)にかけての、特に土倉などの京都の裕福な商工業者である。
- Machi-shu (also known as Cho-shu) was a class consisting of wealthy commercial and industrial men, including doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders), in Kyoto from the Muromachi period to the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in Japan.
- 特に1853年、浦賀沖に来航したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いるアメリカ海軍艦隊の事を指す(黒船来航を参照のこと)。
- The term is mostly associated with the fleet of United States Navy ships, led by Matthew PERRY, that arrived off the coast of Uraga in 1853.
- 畠山氏は実権はないものの、秀吉との抗争に当たっては根来・雑賀衆に名目上の盟主として担がれており、上方勢の攻撃対象になった。
- The Hatakeyama clan did not have real power, but since it was held as a nominal head of the battle with Hideyoshi by Negoro and Saiga shu, it was attacked by the Kamigata army.
- 東大寺の大衆 (仏教)の力は隣接する興福寺とともに大きなものがあり、平安時代から彼らの上洛は時の権力者の頭を悩ませ続けた。
- The power of the monks (Buddhism) of Todai-ji Temple was too great to be ignored together with that of Kofuku-ji Temple located next to Todai-ji Temple, and their visits to the capital Kyoto had bothered the man in power since the Heian period.
- また外国公館も多く、1875年にアメリカ合衆国公使館が設置され、1890年に現在の赤坂 (東京都港区)に移転するまで続いた。
- In addition, the settlement featured many foreign diplomatic offices; the Legation of the United States of America was established there in 1875 and remained there until it was relocated to what is now Akasaka (Minato ward, Tokyo) in 1890.
- 雑賀衆を構成した主な一族としては、雑賀荘の土橋氏、十ヶ郷(現和歌山市西北部、紀の川河口付近北岸)の鈴木氏などが知られている。
- The Tsuchibashi clan in Saikasho and the Suzuki clan in Jikkago (present day north western part of Wakayama City, the northern shore near the Kino-kawa River estuary) are known as the most important members of Saikashu.
- これに対して政府は第2回衆議院議員総選挙の際に大規模な選挙干渉を行って民党の壊滅を計画するも、逆に大敗北を招く結果となった。
- On the other hand, the government planned to destroy Minto by interfering in the second general election of the members of the House of Representatives in 1892 on a large scale but ironically led to its own defeat.
- この模型はアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー提督が2回目の日本訪問に際して大統領から将軍への献上品として持参したものであった。
- This model was presented to the Shogun as a gift from the President of the United States of America by Commodore Matthew Perry on his second visit to Japan.
- これは、六角定頼時代に家臣団、国人衆を観音寺城へ居住させ、文献上では初めて「城割」を実施したためではないかと推定されている。
- This is probably because Sadayori ROKKAKU implemented Shirowari (breaking castles), and made his liegemen and Kokujin-shu live in Kannonji-jo Castle, for the first time in literature.
- そうした中、日本は朝鮮語教育に力を入れ、朝鮮民衆にハングルが広まったのは、日本の政策の結果であったとする意見も存在している。
- There exists an opinion that Japan promoted education of Korean language, and the prevalence of Hangeul among Korean people was a result of the Japanese policy.
- このため各国はアメリカの通貨アメリカ合衆国ドルとの固定為替相場制を介し、間接的に金と結びつく形での金本位制となったのである。
- This made each country adopt gold and dollar standard system in which its currency was indirectly linked to the gold through the fixed exchange rate system with US dollar, the currency of the United State of America convertible into gold.
- だが越後国人たちの離反には度々悩まされているように、謙信も信玄同様、国人衆の連合盟主という地位から脱することができなかった。
- But, often being troubled with rebellions by powerful families in Echigo Province, Kenshin as well as Shingen could not escape from the leader of the alliance among powerful local lords in the province.
- だが、関東御扶持衆を用いて持氏の勢力拡大を牽制しようとする幕府側とそれに対抗しようとする持氏の対立は深刻化する一方であった。
- However the confrontation between the bakufu side who plotted to use the Kanto fuchishu to prevent Mochiuji from gaining power and Mochiuji who resisted this became worse.
- 大正末年から昭和初期にかけての政党政治の成熟期には、これらの会派の一部が衆議院における政党と結び、政党色を強めることもあった。
- From the final years of the Taisho era to the early years of the Showa era when party government was mature, some of these groups had connections with political parties within the House of Representatives and strengthened the influence of the political party.
- 他に右筆衆として著名なものに織田政権の明院良政・武井夕庵・楠長諳・松井友閑、豊臣政権の和久宗是・山中長俊・木下吉隆などがいる。
- Other famous Yuhitsushu are Ryosei MYOIN, Sekian TAKEI, Choan KUSUNOKI, Yukan MATSUI of the Oda government, and Soze WAKU, Nagatoshi YAMANAKA, Yoshitaka KINOSHITA of the Toyotomi government.
- そのため単なる精神論を越えて監視社会化してしまい、この結果、「悪法」として一般民衆からは幕府への不満が高まったものと見られる。
- In this way, the law went beyond the spiritualism, the society was put under surveillance, and as the result, it is thought that dissatisfaction with the bad law among people in general was heightened against government.
- 立石木下氏は日出藩藩主家の分家で、豊後国立石(現・大分県杵築市山香町立石)を中心とした5,000石の交代寄合表御礼衆であった。
- The Tateishi-Kinoshita clan, a branch of the lord family of the Hiji clan, was given the kotaiyoriai-omoteoreishu status, with a 5,000 koku of rice crop centered on Tateishi, Bungo Province (present Tateishi, Yamaga-machi, Kitsuki City, Oita Prefecture).
- 十人衆に選ばれたのは、本町の宮部・西村・下村・田辺、呉服町の安藤、大手町の樋口・大依・川崎、魚屋町の今村、舟町の吉川家だった。
- Families chosen as the juninshu were the followings: Miyabe, Nishimura, Shimomura, Tanabe in Hon-cho, Ando in Gofuku-machi, Higuchi, Oyori, Kawasaki in Ote-machi, Imamura in Uoya-cho (魚屋町), and Yoshikawa in Funa-machi (舟町).
- インドや東南アジアに拠点を持たないアメリカ合衆国は、西欧との競争のためには、清を目指するうえで太平洋航路の確立が必要であった。
- The United States, however, with no foothold in Southeast Asia, was in need of a route to China through the Pacific in order to compete with Europe.
- 頼るところは最早人心のみ」と述べながら、北京陥落後あっさり義和団を切り捨てた清朝・西太后の姿勢は大きな失望を一般民衆に与えた。
- All we can rely on now is the heart of the people,' but she simply cut ties with the Boxers after the fall of Beijing, and commoners lost trust in the attitude of the Empress and the Qing dynasty.
- 騒動も治まったかに見えた27日、後白河は突然、明雲を「大衆を制止せず、肩入れした」という理由で、高倉天皇護持僧の役から外した。
- On January 22nd, when the disturbance seemed settled, Goshirakawa suddenly removed Myoun from his post, gojiso (priest who guards the emperor) of Emperor Takakura for 'Not having controlled the daishu, but having backed them up.'
- 他にも武川衆や後の徳川四奉行といった多くの人材が旧武田家臣で徳川氏に帰参していた成瀬正一 (戦国武将)を頼り、難を逃れている。
- There were many other people, including Mukawashu warriors (warriors active in the remote region of Kai Province) and those who later came to be known as the four major Tokugawa magistrates, who were protected by Masakazu NARUSE (military commander in the Sengoku Period), a former vassal of the Takeda clan who became a vassal of the Tokugawa clan.
- そのため、江戸時代を通じて庶民にとっては数十年に一度やってくる異国情緒を持った一種の見世物として沿道の民衆にも親しまれていた。
- Therefore, the procession was accepted favorably by the general public along the road throughout the Edo period, as a kind of exotic show that came once every tens of years.
- 庭先に控えていた将軍警護の走衆と赤松氏の武者とが斬り合いになり、塀によじ登って逃げようとする諸大名たちで屋敷は修羅場と化した。
- Foot soldiers who were guarding the shogun in the garden and warriors of the Akamatus clan started fighting with swords and the residence transformed into a battlefield with territorial lords who climbed a wall trying to escape.
- アメリカ合衆国の一部の州において、性犯罪者に対して、本人の希望により、あるいは懲役刑との自由選択の形で、去勢刑が行われている。
- In some states within the United States of America today, castration is provided as an alternative to imprisonment and is conducted as a penalty for sex offenders at their request.
- (現代表記)我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- (modern written Japanese) 我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- 「太田の決戦は、中世を象徴する宗教的な民衆武力と、兵農分離の近世秩序が、真正面から戦いあった日本史上のクライマックス」である。
- The battle of Ota was the climax of Japanese history in which the military force of religious common people which symbolized medieval times and the order of heinobunri in recent times confronted.'
- その後、豊臣秀吉の家臣となり、1591年には近江国神崎郡 (滋賀県)山上内で1060石の所領を与えられ、黄母衣衆に列せられる。
- Later, he became a vassal of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and he was given the territory of 1060 koku in Yamagami, Kanzaki County, Omi Province (current Shiga Prefecture) and selected as Kihoroshu (selected bodyguards of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) in 1591.
- このため、永正7年(1510年)には逆に高国・義興による近江侵攻が行なわれたが、澄元は近江国人衆の支持を得てこれを破るなどした。
- Then Takakuni and Yoshioki invaded Omi Province in return in 1510, but Sumimoto gained support from the kokujin-shu of the Omi Province and defeated them.
- 内名志れ申候者、安田勘介、桑折図書、布施二郎右衛門、北川傳右衛門、武田彌之介、右之衆組頭之由申候(此衆蒲生氏郷譜代之由及承候)」
- Among the dead, well-known soldiers include Kansuke YASUDA, Zusho Koori, Jirouemon FUSE, Senuemon KITAGAWA, Binosuke TAKEDA (武田彌之介), who were the heads of the troops (who seemed to and were approved to be hereditary vassals of Ujisato GAMO).'
- 慶応3年12月9日(1868年1月3日)、朝議が終わり公家衆が退出した後、待機していた薩摩藩兵ら5藩の軍が京都御所9門を固めた。
- On January 3, 1868, after the Court Council ended and the participant court nobles left the room, soldiers of Satsuma and other domains who had been waiting outside, went to stand guard at the nine gates of Kyoto Imperial Palace.
- 5月、村上義清は北信濃の国人衆と景虎からの支援の兵5000を率いて反攻し、八幡の戦い(現千曲市八幡地区、武水別神社付近)で勝利。
- In May, Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI fought back Takeda's forces, leading the samurai land owners in northern Shinano and a support troop of 5,000 soldiers from Kagetora, and won the Battle of Hachiman (around present Takemizuwake-jinja Shrine in the Yawata area of Chikuma City).
- 占いは必ずしも理知的ではない論理に基づいた、言い換えればあやふやなものではあるが、娯楽としての要素もあり、大衆に親しまれている。
- The fortune-telling is based on a theory which is not necessarily logical, which is to say unreliable; however, it has an aspect as an entertainment and it is popular among people.
- そして石田三成など政務を執る奉行衆は20万石前後とし、外様には政権参与を原則的に許してないなど、政務者と軍事力の分離が図られた。
- Hideyoshi tried to prevent those in charge of government practices from having military forces; for example, Hideyoshi gave 200,000 koku to the 'bugyoshu' (group of magistrates), including Mitsunari ISHIDA, and didn't allow 'tozama' to participate in government affairs.
- 信長は戦局を打開すべく、本願寺の主力となっていた雑賀衆の本拠である紀伊雑賀(現和歌山市を中心とする紀ノ川河口域)に狙いをつける。
- Attempting a breakthrough in the battle, Nobunaga targeted Kii Saiga (the estuary region of the Kino-kawa River around the present Wakayama City) which was the base of Saiga shu who was the main force of the Hongan-ji Temple.
- 少しさかのぼって22日、有田郡の国人白樫氏に誘われて上方勢に寝返った雑賀荘の岡衆が同じ雑賀の湊衆を銃撃し、雑賀は大混乱に陥った。
- A little before that, on the 21st, the Oka shu (岡衆) of Saigaso who defected to the Kamigata army asked by the Shirakashi clan of Arida County, shot Minato shu (湊衆) of Saiga with a gun, which caused confusion in Saiga.
- 先祖・七左衛門啓道が、故あって慶安元年(1648年)に長岡藩主牧野家に仕え、高野姓に改称して微禄の中級藩士(馬廻り衆)となった。
- His ancestor, Keido SHICHIZAEMON, served the Makino family, the lord of the Nagaoka Domain, in 1684 for a certain reason and changed his surname to Takano to become a middle rank retainer (Umamawarishu [the lord's mounted guard]).
- アリス・メイベル・ベーコン(Alice Mabel Bacon、1858年~1918年5月1日)は、アメリカ合衆国人女性教育者。
- Alice Mabel Bacon (1858 - May 1, 1918) was an American female educator.
- 取手は以後3日間、湯起請が行われた神前(通常は神社)に留めて置かれ、3日目に奉行衆立会いのもとで双方の取手の火傷の調査が行われた。
- The torite held before the gods (normally in a Shinto shrine) where yugisho took place for three days, and then on the third day the degree of their scalds was examined by bugyoshu.
- そこで執権であった北条泰時が中心になり、一門の長老北条時房を連署とし太田康連、斎藤浄円らの評定衆の一部との協議によって制定された。
- Therefore, regent to the shogunate Yasutoki HOJO took charge in establishing the Goseibai-shikimoku by consulting with some of the hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) including Yasutsura OTA and Joen SAITO with assistance of the family patriarch Tokifusa HOJO.
- この事件は後に『曽我物語』としてまとめられ、江戸時代になると能・浄瑠璃・歌舞伎・浮世絵などの題材に取り上げられ、民衆の人気を得た。
- This incident was later compiled as 'Soga monogatari' (the tale of Soga), and in the Edo period, 'Soga monotagari' was picked up as subject matter for Noh, Joruri (Ballad drama), Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors), Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and so on, and gained popularity among the people.
- 末法の時代が近づくにつれ、釈迦入滅後56億7,000万年を経たのちに弥勒菩薩が地上に下って衆生を救済するという弥勒信仰が広まった。
- As the Mappo period nears, Miroku (Maitreya) Belief that Miroko Bosatsu (Buddha of the Future, Bodhisattva of the Present) would come down to the earth to save people 5.67 billion years after Shaka's death was widespread.
- これは二分金の含有金量および銀量の地金価値の合計が、アメリカ合衆国のenGold dollarの実質価値に近いことも関係していた。
- This is also because the total of content and purity of gold of nibukin was close to substance value of one gold US dollar.
- 五大老・三中老が置かれ、行政、司法、財政、土木、宗教の担当官として五奉行を設置、また訴訟の受理・聴取を担当する十人衆が設置された。
- Gotairo' and 'Sanchuro' were established as well as 'Gobugyo', who were in charge of public administration, justice, financial administration, civil engineering work and religion, and 'Juhinshu' (Ten influential families), who were in charge of the acceptance of lawsuits and hearing of opinions, were established.
- その際、部下に金庫の有り金を全て持たせてかけつけさせ、「中村屋ですがお預け!」と大声を出させることによって群衆のパニックを収めた。
- At that time, he had his subordinate run to the bank with all the money he had, and say in a loud voice that 'I'm from Nakamuraya, and please deposit all this money,' which subsided people's panic.
- しかし、実際は父・教之の指導下に置かれており、守護として活躍したと言うより足利義政の御供衆として人生の大半を京都において過ごした。
- Nevertheless he was actually under guidance of his father Noriyuki YAMANA, and he lived most of his life in Kyoto as otomoshu (a group of about ten attendants who joined the shogun at banquets and accompanied him) of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, rather than worked actively as Shugo.
- この頃の池田氏は三好氏の盟友であったが、翌年の三好長慶の死去によって三好氏が弱体化すると、勝正は三好三人衆と組み松永久秀と戦った。
- At that time, the Ikeda clan was a sworn allies of the Miyoshi clan, but the next year, after Nagayoshi MIYOSHI's death the Miyoshi clan lost power, so Katsumasa fought against Hisahide MATSUNAGA in cooperation with Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate).
- 早くから鉄砲に着目し、また根来衆を傭兵として雇ったりもしており、鉄砲を多数所有し鉄砲の扱いや軍事利用法などに長けていたと言われる。
- He took note of guns from early on, and sometimes hired Negoroshu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple); it is said he had a lot of guns and was aware of how to use a gun and usage for military purpose.
- 1580年に門主顕如が石山本願寺から退去して石山戦争が終結すると、雑賀衆の門徒たちは雑賀の鷺森(現在の鷺森別院)に顕如を迎え入れた。
- The Ishiyama War ended when Kennyo, the chief priest, left Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple in 1580, and the members of Saikashu welcomed him to Sagimori in Saika (present day Sagimori Annex).
- 帝国議会開設後、民党勢力は具体的に地租を地価の2.5%から2%に引き下げるように要求して、衆議院において度々予算の減額修正を図った。
- After the Imperial Diet was inaugurated, Minto specifically demanded the land tax reduction 2 to 2.5% of the land price and tried to decrease the budget of the House of Representatives.
- 仏や菩薩を本地であると考え、その仏や菩薩が救済する衆生に合わせた形態(垂迹)を取ってこの世に出現してくるというのが本地垂迹説である。
- According to Honji-suijaku setsu, Buddha and bodhisattvas are honji (original ground or true nature), and they come to this world, in the shape (suijaku - literally, trace manifestation) in accordance with the life to be saved.
- 孫一は事前に信長に連絡して内諾を受けており、織田信張とその配下の和泉衆・根来衆の応援を得て土橋氏の粟村(現和歌山市)の居館を攻めた。
- Before that, Magoichi received an informal consent from Nobunaga and attacked the residence of the Dobashi clan at Awamura (Wakayama City at present), helped by Nobuharu ODA and his followers Izumi shu and Negoro shu.
- とはいえ降参というのはあくまで名目上のことに過ぎず、雑賀衆の形式的な降伏と引き換えに織田勢が撤退したというのが事実に近いと思われる。
- However, it seems that they surrendered only nominally and that in fact, the Oda army withdrew in exchange for the nominal surrender of Saiga shu.
- 何人撃ち殺されても決して退かず、数を頼りに突撃を繰り返す大軍の前に、いかな精鋭の鉄砲衆といえども寡勢の紀州勢には抗する術はなかった。
- They never withdrew despite many soldiers who were shot, and repeated attacking with numbers, so that even the elite unit of gun fighters of the Kishu army could not oppose them with a smaller force.
- 平清盛の側近として仕え、保元元年(1156年)の保元の乱・平治元年(1159年)の平治の乱では、一門衆の要として多くの功績を挙げた。
- He served as a close adviser of TAIRA no Kiyomori; during the Hogen War in 1156 and the Heiji War in 1159, he made many achievements as the core of Ichimonshu (clansman).
- アメリカ合衆国は石炭補給基地の確保や、日本沿岸で漂流した自国民やその財産の保護、日本との自由貿易などの理由で日本との通商を試みていた。
- The United States of America reached out Japan for the purpose of establishing free trade, securing a coal supply-base, and protecting American castaways and their property, and freely trading with Japan.
- そして、信玄没後の信長は室町幕府をはじめ、浅井氏や朝倉氏、伊勢長島や越前の一向一揆衆を次々と滅ぼして勢力を畿内・西国・北国に拡大する。
- After the death of Shingen, Nobunaga conquered provinces of various regions and other opposing power one after another including the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the Azai clan, the Asakura clan, uprisings of Ikko sect of followers from Ise-Nagashima and Echizen Province; as the result, he expanded his power to provinces around the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto, Saigoku (western part of Japan [especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki]) and Hokkoku (the north western part of the main island of Japan).
- 日系アメリカ人(にっけいアメリカじん、Japanese American)とはアメリカ合衆国市民の中で、日本にルーツがある人々のこと。
- Japanese Americans are U.S. citizens who have roots in Japan.
- 「大須賀記」天正10年8月27日には、徳川家康が北条氏直と甲斐国新府でたたかったときに横須賀衆の手でかまりの指図をさせたことがみえる。
- An article dated September 23, 1582 in 'Osukaki,' describes Ieyasu TOKUGAWA commanding a group of vassals in Yokosuka to perform kamari when he was fighting Ujinao HOJO at the Shinpu-jo Castle in the Kai Province.
- 当初は朝鮮は戦後には支配下に繰り入れられるべき領土であり、日本の国内戦同様に非戦闘員である民衆は保護の対象であり殺戮は禁止されていた。
- At the beginning, it was understood that Korea was a territory that should be included in the territories under control of Japan and, same as a war in Japan, common people who were noncombatants should be the object of protection and it was prohibited to kill them.
- 会合衆(えごうしゅう、かいごうしゅう)とは、室町時代から安土桃山時代の都市で自治の指導的役割を果たした評定組織またはその組織の構成員。
- Egoshu (or Kaigoshu) (wealthy merchants who led self-governing organizations in cities from the Muromachi to the Azuchi-Momoyama period) are consultation organizations, or is a term that refers to the members of this organization which possessed a leading role in the self-government of cities from the Muromachi to the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- 1942年には台湾で陸軍特別志願兵制度が始まり、1944年には徴兵制も実施され、それに伴い、台湾からも衆議院を選出できるようになった。
- The volunteer soldier recruiting system and the army draft system started in 1942 and 1944 respectively, in line with which incidents House of Representative members were selected from Taiwan as well.
- ところが衆議院議長の大岡育造が議会の解散に猛反対したために解散させることができず、桂はひとまず、3日間の議会を停会を命じるだけであった。
- However, being met with strong opposition from Ikuzo OOKA, the chairman of the House of Representatives, KATSURA was not able to dissolve the Diet and all he was able to do was to order the suspension of the Diet for another three days.
- 後に帝国議会が開かれた時に、当初衆議院の選挙権や貴族院_(日本)の多額納税議員の資格が与えられたのは、その多くがこうした地主層であった。
- When Imperial Diet was held later, at first election franchise for House of Representatives or entitlement of councilor of large taxpayer in House of Peers were given to many of such landlord class.
- 明治通宝は1872年(明治5年)4月に発行され、民衆からは新時代の到来を告げる斬新な紙幣として歓迎され、雑多な旧紙幣の回収も進められた。
- Meiji Tsuho, issued in May 1872, were welcomed by the people as fresh bills that announced the arrival of a new period, and at the same time, the removal of the former bills in circulation was proceeded.
- 具体的には信者と一般民衆との土地境界線争いに宣教師が介入したり、教会建設への反感からくる確執といった民事事件などから発展したものが多い。
- Specifically, many incidents developed from the missionaries entering conflicts over land boundaries between believers and common people, and antipathy towards the construction of churches.
- また、武家も衆徒・大衆に武器を向ければ、今度はその武家を死罪 (律令法)・流罪などの重罪に処する様に求める強訴を引き起こすことになった。
- If a samurai family prepared an attack against monk-soldiers and goso-supporting people, they made goso on the samurai family and demanded that the family members should be punished with the death sentence, banishment, or other severe penalty.
- 中世以降、近世の終わりまで一般大衆の動員は工兵・兵站といった後方任務に限られており、彼らの戦闘要員としての動員は非常時にしか見られない。
- From the middle ages to the end of the early modern era, the recruitment of ordinary people was limited to the support roles of kohei (military engineering) and heitan (military logistics) and such individuals were only mobilized for battle in emergency situations.
- これによって、御前沙汰は最終決裁者である将軍とその直臣官僚とも言える御前沙汰衆を中心とする室町幕府における事実上の最高評議機関となった。
- Here, gozen-sata had become the virtual highest consulting body in the Muromachi bakufu centered around the shogun as the final decision-maker and gozen-sata shu as the officials under the shogun's direct command.
- 日本の戦況優勢を見て、東学党の系列から一進会が1904年に設立され、大衆層での親日的独立運動から、日本の支援を受けた合邦運動へ発展した。
- Recognizing that Japan had the upperhand in the war, the Iljinhoe was established from the Donghak Party in 1904, developing from a grass-roots pro-Japanese independence movement into an pro-annexation movement that received support from Japan.
- 嘉永6年(1853年)、アメリカ合衆国が派遣したペリー提督率いる4隻の黒船が浦賀沖に来航し、江戸幕府に開国を迫る大統領国書をもたらした。
- In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry's four-ship squadron, which was sent by the United States, arrived off the shore of Uraga, with an official letter from the President of the United States to urge Japan to open the country.
- 朝鮮には憲法も選挙法も適用されていなかったが、朝鮮人も日本国籍を付与されていたため、内地における衆議院選挙に参加することは可能であった。
- Though neither the constitution or the election law was applied in Korea, the Koreans were given Japanese nationality and it was possible for them to join the Lower House election in the mainland.
- 当初は有力守護大名による衆議によって政治を行っていた義教だが、長老格の三宝院満済、山名時煕の死後から次第に指導力を発揮するようになった。
- Yoshinori, at first, handled the affairs of state by public discussion of dominant shugo guardian feudal lords but he gradually started to show leadership after the death of Mansai SAMPOIN and Tokihiro YAMANA who were regarded as patriarchs.
- 一、信盛の与力・保田知宗の書状では本願寺に籠もる一揆衆を倒せば他の小城の一揆衆もおおかた退散するであろうとあり、信盛親子も連判している。
- 6. A letter from Nobumori's yoriki (assistant commander) Tomomune YASUDA says that if you defeat the enemy of the uprising entrenched in Hongan-ji Temple, the rest in other small castles will run away, and the letter has the seals of Nobumori and Nobuhide.
- このため、これら一連の動きなどから、1月31日清浦内閣は衆議院の任期満了を待たずに議会を解散して総選挙を行なうことで白黒をつけようとした。
- Due to these series of anti-cabinet movement, on January 31, the KIYOURA cabinet without waiting till the end of its term, dissolved the Diet and attempted to bring about a solution by calling a general election.
- 現役の衆議院議員で首相となったのは原敬が初めてであり、大日本帝国憲法下の33人の首相の中では、濱口雄幸、犬養毅を併せた3人に留まっている。
- Takashi HARA was the first serving councilor of the House of Representatives who became the Prime Ministor and out of 33 Prime Ministers under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there were only two more such cases: Osachi HAMAGUCHI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI.
- 安政3年(1856年)9月9日に下田御用所においてアメリカ合衆国総領事のタウンゼント・ハリスとの協議が行われ、ハリスは次のように主張した。
- On October 7, 1856, a conference was held with Townsend HARRIS, American consul general, at Shimoda Goyo-sho (a government office), and he argued as follows.
- しかしながら、単なる商工身分の者全般を町人と呼ぶわけではなく、特にブルジョワ階級である旦那衆のことを指し、家屋敷を所有する者のことを言う。
- It must be noted that the term was not used for all the people classified in artisans and merchants classes but referred to the owners and the masters who made up the bourgeoisie and possessed their own estates.
- しかし義継は若年のため、三好政権は義継の後見人である三好長逸・三好政康・岩成友通ら三好三人衆と松永久秀による連立政権が樹立されたのである。
- However, since Yoshitsugu was young, the Miyoshi's government was established by the coalition government by Nagayuki MIYOSHI, Masayasu MIYOSHI, Tomomichi IWANARI (Yoshitsugu's guardians and Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate)) and Hisahide MATSUNAGA.
- 一度は織田を共通の敵とする三好三人衆の助勢を得て撃退するも、翌年には箕作城を攻められ落城することになり、同時に観音寺城周辺の地盤も失った。
- Although Rokkaku clan once defeated back ODA with support by Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate) who were also opposed to ODA, the next year Mitsukuri Castle was attacked to fall, and Rokkaku clan also lost their footing around Kannonji Castle.
- 例によって教会建設に端を発する土地争いの裁判で不利な判決を言い渡された一般民衆が梅花拳という拳法の流派に助けを求めたのが、きっかけである。
- It was caused by common people seeking help from the Plum Blossom Martial Art school after receiving unfair judgment over a land dispute regarding the building of a church.
- ロシアでは、相次ぐ敗北と、それを含めた帝政に対する民衆の不満が増大し、1905年1月9日には血の日曜日事件 (1905年)が発生していた。
- In Russia, the successive defeats exacerbated popular dissatisfaction towards the Czarist regime, leading to the Bloody Sunday Incident on January 9th, 1905.
- 寛正6年(1465年)5月、三河国額田郡南部の幕府奉公衆の一族及び足利氏下級被官層が蜂起し、東海道の要所井口(愛知県岡崎市)に砦を構えた。
- In June 1465, the family of bakufu-hoko-shu (servants for bakufu) in the south of Nukata-gun, Mikawa Province and hikan (bureaucrats in lower class) of the Ashikaga clan rose in revolt and built their fortress in a key position of Tokai-do Road, Iguchi (Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture).
- 高札(こうさつ)とは、古代から明治時代初期にかけて行われた法令(一般法、基本法)を板面に記して往来などに掲示して民衆に周知させる方法である。
- Kosatsu is the method of public notification by setting up a street bulletin board with written laws and ordinances (general law/the fundamental law) on a board, commonly utilized in Japan since ancient periods until early Meiji Period.
- その起源は確かでないものの、延暦元年(782年)の太政官符に官符の内容を官庁や往来に掲示して、民衆に告知するように命じた指示が出されている。
- Although the origin of Kousatsu has not been clearly identified, Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) issued in 782 describes the order of notifying the contents of kanpu to general public by setting up Kosatsu at government offices or on major streets.
- なお、後述のように豊臣政権の没落後、右筆衆の中には徳川政権によって右筆に登用されたものもおり、右筆衆という言葉は江戸幕府でも採用されている。
- As stated below, after the Toyotomi government had fallen, some of the Yuhitsushu were hired by the Tokugawa government, and the term Yuhitsushu was also adopted by the Edo Bakufu.
- ただし、アメリカ合衆国のように議院内閣制を採用していない国では、政党政治が実施されていても、その政権をさして政党内閣とは呼ばない場合が多い。
- However, the cabinet of a country without a parliamentary cabinet system, for example that of the United States of America, is not usually referred to as a party cabinet, even though the country has a party system.
- さらに北京議定書によって定められた巨額の賠償金を支払うために、過大な負担を民衆に強いたことは、人々が清朝を見限るのに決定的な理由となりえた。
- The ultimate reason why people gave up on the Qing dynasty was the fact that a huge load was imposed upon commoners in order to pay the huge reparation determined by the Boxer Protocol.
- 興福寺の衆徒が強訴を行う際には、春日大社の社司に要請して大社の本殿及び大宮四所にそれぞれ安置されている神鏡を取り出して神木をあつらえさせる。
- When monk-soldiers of Kofuku-ji Temple did their 'goso' (direct appeal to the court, brandishing the divine retribution), they asked the chief Shinto priest of Kasuga-taisha Shrine to take out the divine mirrors enshrined at 'Honden' (the main shrine, called 'Omiya-shisho') and also asked him to set Shinboku on the mirrors.
- 中世の海辺の小土豪が結合して軍事力をもつようになった海上勢力を海賊衆といい、九州や瀬戸内海、紀伊半島、伊勢湾、東京湾など日本各地で見られた。
- The united small local ruling clans that held military forces on the sea were called kaizoku shu, which were seen in many places in Japan such as in Seto Inland Sea, Kii Peninsular, Ise Bay, and Tokyo Bay.
- これにより、まず当時の先進地域だった畿内において、民衆が連帯組織=一揆を形成して、支配者(幕府や守護など)へ政治的な要求を行うようになった。
- In the wake of the change, the masses in the Kinai region (the provinces in the vicinity of the capital which were under direct Imperial rule), which was an advanced area of those days, began to form solidarity organizations (called ikki in Japanese) to make a political appeal to their rulers such as the bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and their shugo (provincial constables).
- そのため、公家や寺院、奉公衆・奉行衆などの室町幕府官僚集団などは、段銭免除や京都の幕府倉奉行への直接納付(京済・直進)の特権を幕府から得た。
- This encouraged the court nobles, shrines and temples, and the bureaucratic groupings in the Muromachi bakufu, such as hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) and bugyoshu (group of magistrates), to acquire the privilege from the bakufu either to be exempted from tansen or to pay directly to the bakufu's magistrate in Kyoto, who was in charge of monetary and rice payment to the bakufu.
- より後方支援的な職種である工兵(金堀衆、黒鍬、小普請組)、主計(納戸方、右筆)、調理人(台所方)、医者、僧侶(陣僧)などといったものを含む。
- It included additional supporting personnel of kohei (military engineer) (mine development specialists, kurokuwa (construction workers), kobushin gumi (samurai without official appointments who received small salaries)), accountant (nandokata clerk, yuhitsu (secretary)), cooks (kitchen workers), physicians and monks (monks accompanying samurai to war).
- 『戦国の武将たち』によると、この時尼崎城には毛利氏、石山本願寺、雑賀衆の御番衆もいたので、荒木村重の意見は通らなくなってしまったとしている。
- According to 'Sengoku no Bushotachi,' as there were observers of the Mori clan, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and Saigashu were in Amagasaki-jo Castle at that time, Murashige ARAKI's opinion was not accepted.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、堅田は堅田水軍と呼ばれる水軍衆がおり、安土城を本拠として天下布武を狙う織田信長にとっては、堅田は重要拠点と見なされていた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states), there was Suigunshu (warriors battle in the sea) called Katata Navy in Katata, and Katata was regarded to be an important foothold by Nobunaga ODA who aimed at the unification of Japan with setting Azuchi-jo Castle as headquarter.
- この事件の後、大正政変やシーメンス事件に際して起こった民衆騒擾は、権力者に民衆の力を思い知らせるとともに、大正デモクラシーの推進力にもなった。
- After this incident, the civil disorder which occurred in the Taisho Coup or the Siemens Incident let men of power know people's potential and served as the propulsion for Taisho Democracy.
- そして「文明国」という「世界標準」に追いつくためには、民衆を「文明国」的「国民」へと改鋳すべきだという使命感を持ち活動した人々を啓蒙家という。
- Then, the people who worked with a sense of mission to change common people to 'the people' of 'civilized country' in order to catch up 'the standard of the world' as 'a civilized country' were called keimoka (illuminator).
- 高島郡朽木(現・滋賀県高島市朽木野尻)の朽木氏(交代寄合表御礼衆)は福知山藩朽木家の本家筋で、足利将軍家が有事の際にしばしば頼った名家である。
- The Kuchiki clan (kotaiyoriai-omoteoreishu) in Kuchiki, Takashima County (present Kuchikinojiri, Takashima City, Shiga Prefecture), from where the head family linage of the Kuchiki family in Fukuchiyama clan, was a distinguished family on which the Ashikaga shogun family often counted in emergencies.
- 仇教事件の頻発は、一般民衆の中に、西欧及びキリスト教への反感を醸成し、外国人に平身低頭せざるを得ない官僚・郷紳への失望感を拡大させたといえる。
- These frequent Kyukyo Incidents built antipathy toward Western Europe and Christianity and spread the loss of trust toward the bureaucracy and Kyoshin (those who worked under government officials), who were obliged to bow to the foreigners demands.
- 名品が多いなかでとくに傑作とされるのが、12世紀後半に制作された高野山有志八幡講十八箇院『阿弥陀聖衆来迎図』(国宝、高野山霊宝館保管)である。
- Among many masterpieces, 'Amida Shoju Raigo-zu' (image of the Descent of Amida and the Heavenly Multitude) of Takanosan Yushihachimanko Juhachika-in Temple (高野山有志八幡講十八箇院) created in the latter half of the 12th century (a national treasure, possessed by Koyasan Reihokan Museum) is the greatest Buddhist painting.
- そして普請を手がけたとの由緒を持つ石垣職人集団、いわゆる「穴太衆」はその後全国的に城の石垣普請に携わり、石垣を使った城は全国に広がっていった。
- The stone masonry group called 'Ano-shu Guild,' which had engaged in the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle, later took part in constructing stone walls of castle throughout the country, which contributed to the diffusion of the castle adopting the stone wall nationwide.
- アメリカ合衆国の東インド艦隊司令長官ペリーが来航した時には「泰平の眠りを覚ます上喜撰(蒸気船)、たった四杯で夜も眠れず」という狂歌が読まれた。
- When Admiral Perry of the the East India Squadron visited Japan, this Kyoka (comic Tanka) was created: 'Jokisen woke me up from a long peaceful sleep, only four of them but kept me awake all night.'
- 『宋書』倭国伝に引く倭王武の上表文にみえる「」(東は毛人を征すること五十五国、西は衆夷を服すること六十六国)の表現に対応するかのごとくである。
- It seems to correspond to the quoted part of Waobu's johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) which was collected in 'Sojo' (Sung Shu) Wakokuden (To the east, Emishi's fifty-five provinces were conquered, and to the west, Shui's sixty-six provinces were conquered).
- その後朝鮮は似たような内容の条約を他の西洋諸国(アメリカ合衆国、イギリス、ドイツ、ロシア帝国、フランス)とも同様の条約を締結することとなった。
- Later, Korea concluded treaties with similar contents between other Western countries (the United States of America, England, Germany, the Russian Empire, and France).
- 根来・雑賀衆は、相手がどれほどの大軍であっても、先陣を切って攻めてくる敵の精鋭さえ撃ち倒してしまえばそれで敵を退けることができると考えていた。
- Negoro and Saiga shu thought that they could stand down enemies if they defeated the vanguard elite troops even against a big army.
- 「大井寺奴」の4字は、兵士が民衆的な層から広く動員されたことを教える証拠であり、また、古代日本の奴(奴婢の男)が兵士として勇戦した例でもある。
- This four characters '大井寺奴' (Oi-dera no Yatsuko [servants of Oi-dera Temple]) recorded in 'Nihonshoki' proves that the common people were widely mobilized as soldiers, and this is also an example that Yatsuko (or Yakko, male slave) of ancient Japan fought bravely as soldiers.
- 『大武鑑』によれば、慶応3年(1867年)には部屋住みながらも表高家衆の一人として確認できることから、すでに御目見を済ましていたと推測される。
- According to 'Dai Bukan' (a book of heraldry), although he was a dependent in his family, he could be identified as a member of the family with omote-daka (face value of kokudaka assessed by the feudal government), thererfore, he is estimated to have had omemie (the privilege to have an audience with one's lord, a dignitary, etc.).
- 大阪商工会議所会頭、大阪肥料取引所理事長、大阪市会議員、大阪府会議員、衆議院議員を務め、正六位、明治36年勲五等、明治39年勲四等旭日小綬章。
- He served as kaito (society president) of Osaka Prefecture Chamber of Commerce and Industry, administrative director of Osaka Fertilizer Exchange, councilor of Osaka City and Osaka Prefecture, and a member of the House of Representatives, and also he was awarded the rank of Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank), the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Rays in 1903, and the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette in 1906.
- だが、江戸を見なければ我邦(日本)の「人口衆く(多く)、諸侯輻湊(集中)」して万国(他国)よりも繁華なることを理解できないであろう。と、述べた。
- They think that without seeing Edo, people will never understand that our country (Japan) has 'a large population and is more prosperous than any other countries, with concentrated information and goods.'.
- 律令制では民衆に支給する(班田収授する)農地の面積を一律に定めていたことから、整然とした条里区画は班田収授との強い関連が想定されていたのである。
- Because the area of agricultural land issued to the people (handen shuju) was determined in a single uniform way under the ritsutyo system, a strong relation between orderly jori sections and handen shuju was assumed.
- 貴族院議長近衛篤麿の東亜同文会を中心として貴族院議員や憲政本党・帝国党などの衆議院議員、頭山満に代表される右翼のような対外硬派の人々が結集した。
- Led by Chairman Atsumaro KONOE and his group, 'Toa-dobunkai (an association of Pan-Asianism)', members of the House of Peers, members of the House of Representatives belonging to right-wing parties such as Kenseihonto or Teikokuto having a strong foreign policy, rightist like Mitsuru TOYAMA joined forces to found the society.
- 平氏政権に反抗的な態度を取り続けるこれらの寺社勢力に属する大衆_(仏教)の討伐を目的としており、治承・寿永の乱と呼ばれる一連の戦役の1つである。
- It was one of a series of military campaign called Jisho-Juei War aimed for subjugation of Daishu (monks residing in the zendo) belonged to these forces of temples and shrines (Bhuddism) which have kept taking defiant attitude against the Taira clan government.
- その12日後、引付衆一番頭人で寄合衆と思われる北条宗宣らが貞時の従兄弟で得宗家執事、越訴頭人、幕府侍所所司で寄合衆と思われる北条宗方を追討した。
- In twelve days after that, Munenobu HOJO, who was considered the chief of Hikitsukeshu (coadjustors of the high court) as well as a Yoriaishu member (a member of the top decision making organ), and others chased Munekata HOJO, a male cousin of Sadatoki, who was considered chamberlain of the Tokuso family, and a Yoriaishu member as well as Ossotonin (the head of legal institutions of Kamakura bakufu and Muromachi bakufu) and Samurai-dokoro shoshi (Governor of the Board of Retainers).
- 景気の悪化など大きな不安要素はあったものの、5月に行われた第10回衆議院議員総選挙で、与党政友会が歴史的大勝を果たした矢先の退陣は憶測を呼んだ。
- Although there were certain disturbing elements such as economic downturn in those days, the resignation prompted a flurry of speculation because the cabinet was dissolved shortly after the ruling Seiyu Party won the tenth general election of the House of Representative in May with a historic landslide victory.
- 一方で勝家は四国の長宗我部元親や紀伊国の雑賀衆を取り込み、特に雑賀衆は秀吉の出陣中に和泉国岸和田城などに攻撃を仕掛けるなど、後方を脅かしている。
- Meanwhile, Katsuie won over Motochika CHOSOKABE of Shikoku and Saigashu (Ikko adherents of Saiga) of Kii Province, the latter of which especially threatened the rear regions through actions such as attacking castles including Kishiwada-jo Castle in Izumi Province while Hideyoshi was on another battlefield.
- にも関わらず、中央部隊の親類衆(特に重鎮、叔父・武田信廉、従兄弟・穴山信君、武田信豊 (甲斐武田氏))の早期退却によって中央部の戦線が崩壊した。
- Nevertheless, the central force was destroyed as Katsuyori's relatives (including the senior vassals like his uncle Nobukado TAKEDA and his cousins Nobukimi ANAYAMA and Nobutoyo Takeda (of the Kai-Takeda clan)) retreated prematurely.
- 8月16日、井ノ松原(現海南市)において鈴木孫一らの雑賀衆は日高郡の国人・地侍の応援を得て南郷の土豪稲井秀次・岡本弥助らと戦い、これを撃破した。
- On October 7, the Saiga shu including Magoichi SUZUKI fought with the local clan of Nango such as Hidetsugu INAI and Yasuke OKAMOTO at Inomatsubara (Kainan City at present), helped by kokujin and jizamurai in the Hidaka County, and defeated them.
- 王族が元興寺が所有する田に引水するのを妨害したが、童子はこの妨害を排除し衆僧に出家・得度することを許され、道場法師と称されるようになったという。
- It is believed that the ubasoku forced back an Imperial man preventing Gango-ji Temple from drawing water for the temple's rice paddies, so the ubasoku was allowed to receive a Buddhist ceremony to become a priest and came to be called Dojo Hoshi.
- 明治36年(1903年)、第10代衆議院議長に選ばれたが、12月第19議会開院式で、対露強硬派の立場から勅語奉答文で、桂太郎内閣弾劾を朗読した。
- In 1903, he was elected as the tenth chairman of the House of Representatives, but in the nineteenth opening ceremony of the House in December, he, from his position as hard-liners, read impeachment of Taro KATSURA Cabinet in Hotobun (response speech) to the imperial rescript (Hotobun Incident).
- 吉良上野介が浅野内匠頭に美しい小姓を譲ってくれるよう懇望したが、断られたため恨みをいだいたという男色(衆道)遺恨説も、幾つかの文献に記されている。
- There is also a theory called gay revenge theory which explains that when Kirano Kozuke no Suke implored Asano Takumi no Kami to send some handsome pageboys, he was rejected and thus held a grudge against Asano.
- このような義輝の行動に危機感を持った久秀・三好三人衆らは永禄8年(1565年)5月19日にクーデターを起こして義輝を二条城で暗殺した(永禄の変)。
- Hisahide and Miyoshi Sanninshu who sensed the danger in Yoshiteru's action caused a coup on May 19, 1565 and killed Yoshiteru at the Nijo-jo Castle (Eiroku Incident).
- 秀吉は1585年には先行して根来衆や雑賀衆から武器没収を行っており、また織田氏家臣の柴田勝家も越前国の一向一揆の鎮圧のために刀狩政策を行っている。
- In 1585, prior to katanagari edict, Hideyoshi confiscated weapons from negoroshu (armed monks with muskets at more than 500 temples in Negoro district collectively called Negoro Temple) and saigashu (or saikashu: musket troop of powerful families in Kishu who supported Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple), and Katsuie SHIBATA, a retainer to Nobunaga ODA, also executed a katanagari policy for putting down ikko ikki in the Echizen Province.
- 廃仏毀釈運動は明治以降、第二次世界大戦の敗戦まで一部の過激な神道家とこれに追随した一部民衆が行ったものの、一部地域を除き、民衆には普及しなかった。
- Since the Meiji period, the anti-Buddhism campaign had been promoted by some radical Shintoists and some people who followed such ideology until the end of World War II, but it eventually failed to prevail among ordinary people except for some areas.
- 将軍や管領が京都を落ち延びることは今まで何回もあったが、評定衆や奉行人といったものまで逃げ出してしまったため、京都幕府は崩壊してしまったのである。
- There had been a number of occasions in which Shogun or Shogunal Deputies escaped from Kyoto; but this time, because even the personnel like members of Council of State or magistrates also escaped, the Kyoto bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) collapsed.
- この旅の途中、三河国矢作へ宿泊した義教の許へ伺候しなかった同国在住の奉公衆中条詮秀は、翌月、所領高橋荘(豊田市)を召し上げの上、自害を命じられた。
- When Yoshinori stayed at Yahagi of Mikawa Province during this trip, Akihide CHUJO, a hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) who resided in the same area, did not pay a visit to Yoshinori and was ordered to kill himself next month after having his Takahashi no sho (the manor named Takahashi in Toyota City) confiscated.
- そして5月10日に行なわれた第15回衆議院議員総選挙の結果、護憲三派からは286名(憲政会151名。政友会105名。革新倶楽部30名)らが当選する。
- As a result of the 15th general election of the House of Representatives on May 10, 286 candidates were elected to the House from the Goken Sanpa (151 from the Kenseikai Party, 105 from the Seiyukai Party and 30 from the Kakusin Kurabu.)
- 応永21年(1414年)には興福寺の訴えにより幕府が仲裁に乗り出し、国人衆が幕府に直属し私闘をしない旨の誓約をしたが、争乱の火はくすぶり続けていた。
- Although the shogunate arbitrated the conflict in 1414 upon receiving an appeal from the Kofuku-ji Temple and made Kokujin-shu (local samurai) promise to report to the shogunate and never to have a duel, the fire of conflict continued to simmer.
- もともとこの地域は自立意識の高い国人衆が多く、彼らと連合政権のような政治を実施していくために、城郭も広い屋敷をもつ曲輪が必要であったと思われている。
- From the beginning, there were many Kokujin-shu (local samurai) with independent spirits, and it is thought that the castle needed to have Kuruwa, which contain large residences, so as to help establish a coalition government with them.
- 同様に、例えばミュンヘン一揆のように世界史における庶民や民衆運動による反乱、暴動も日本語訳されるときに一揆の語を当てることが慣用化している面がある。
- Conversely, a riot and a revolt caused by commoners and a popular movement in world history, such as the Munchen Putsch, have been commonly translated into Japanese with the use of the word 'ikki.'
- 引付衆は御家人の所領関係訴訟(所務沙汰)を扱い、問注所ではその他の民事訴訟(雑務沙汰)及び訴訟雑務(主に訴状の受理)を扱うという役割分担がなされた。
- Responsibilities were divided between the Monchujo and Hikitsukeshu; Hikitsukeshu dealt with Shomu-sata (lawsuits brought about by gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)), whereas Monchu-dokoro handled Zatsumu-zata (other civil cases) and served within the court (mainly receiving petitions.).
- 中世の民衆意識においては何かしら偉業を成し遂げるためには個人的な資質だけなく、血統的な資質もなければいけないというようなことが漠然と考えられていた。
- During the medieval ages, people vaguely thought that not only personal assets but also genealogical assets were necessary in order to accomplish great deeds.
- 絶対王政期には、国王及び貴族の優位性を確立することと重商主義の観点から輸入を抑制して国産品の消費を拡大させるために民衆に対して奢侈禁止令が出された。
- At the time of absolute monarchy, sumptuary laws were issued to the public in order to limit exports and to boost consumption of domestic products, thus enabling Kings and nobles to establish their superiority as well as to promote Mercantilism.
- 田は同化政策とは内地延長主義であり、台湾民衆を完全な日本国民とし、皇室に忠誠な国民とするための教化と国家国民としての観念を涵養するものと述べている。
- Den stated that an assimilation policy was inland territorial expansionism and that the Taiwanese would be educated to understand their role and responsibilities as Japanese subjects loyal to the Imperial family.
- この時期の総統である児玉源太郎は鎮圧を前面に出した高圧的な統治と、民生政策を充実させる硬軟折衷政策を実施し、一般民衆は抗日活動を傍観するに留まった。
- Gentaro KODAMA, who was Governor-General then, used the dual policy of the active suppression and the improvement of public livelihood, so most of the people in Taiwan chose the watch and wait attitude for these anti-Japanese movements.
- この政府案を元に国民の間で広く議論が行われ、4月10日には衆議院議員総選挙が行われた(もっとも、国民の最大の関心は、新憲法より生活の安定にあった)。
- People extensively discussed on the Draft on March 6, and the general election of members of the House of Representatives was held on April 10 (But people's actual greatest concern was their lifestyle stability, not the constitution.)
- しかし5月19日、松永久秀や三好三人衆に担ぎ出されて二条御所を襲撃し、足利義輝の暗殺に加担し、さらにキリスト教宣教師を京都から追放した(永禄の変)。
- On June 27, however, prevailed upon by Hisahide MATSUNAGA and Miyoshi Triumvirate, he attacked Nijo-gosho Palace, helped the assassination of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, and also expelled Christian missionaries from Kyoto (the Eiroku Incident).
- シーメンス事件によって第1次山本内閣が倒れたのち、民衆に人気のある大隈重信が立憲同志会、大隈伯後援会および中正会を与党として2回目の組閣をおこなった。
- After the Siemens Incident (1914) blew off the first Yamamoto Cabinet, a popular politician Shigenobu OKUMA formed his second Cabinet counting on a coalition of such parties as the Rikken Doshikai, the Supporters' Association of Count Okuma, and the Chuseikai.
- 山手・浜手の二手に分けて攻め入る方法が功を奏し、大きな損害もなく紀伊に攻め入った信長は、3月1日に雑賀衆の一人である鈴木孫一の居城を包囲し攻め立てた。
- Entering Kii without big loss thanks to divided forces into a mountain-side group and a shore-side group, Nobunaga sieged and attacked the castle of Magoichi SUZUKI, one of the Saikashu on March 30.
- それでも第1回衆議院議員総選挙においては41議席を獲得し(院内会派名としては議員集会所)、民力休養問題では地租軽減を支持して共闘の姿勢は崩さなかった。
- Even so, the party gained 41 seats in the first election for the House of Representatives, and continuously worked together with the Liberal party in favor of reducing land taxes to encourage the private sector.
- 他に、国策として海外への移民を奨励して、ブラジルやアメリカ合衆国、ペルー、カナダ、ハワイ、メキシコ、アルゼンチン、パラグアイなどに多数の移民が渡った。
- Moreover, the empire encouraged emigration to foreign countries as a national policy, sending many immigrants to Brazil, the United States of America, Peru, Canada, Hawaii, Mexico, Argentina, Paraguay and other countries.
- 第二次世界大戦後に死刑に失敗(生き返った)した死刑囚にアメリカ合衆国のウィリー・フランシス(enWillie Francis1929年生まれ)がいる。
- Willie Francis (born in 1929) of the United States of America was a condemned who failed the execution (resuscitation after an execution) after WWII.
- 彼らは自分達こそが国民・民衆の代表であるとする意識から、「民党」という言葉を用い、反対勢力を政府官吏と癒着した勢力と看做して「吏党」と呼んで卑下した。
- They used the word 'minto' to call themselves with the consciousness that they were the real representatives of the people, and they regarded their opponents as the group having a cozy relationship with the government officials and despised the group by calling it 'rito' (literally, the parties of the government officials, it is the discriminatory term used by the members and supporters of minto).
- 明治36年12月10日、議会開会のさい、衆議院議長河野広中は、開院の勅語にたいして奉答文で議院の先例を破って内閣弾劾の文を綴りこみ、議院の賛成を得た。
- On December 10, 1903, at the opening of the Diet, a chairman of the House of Representatives, Hironaka KONO broke with the precedent of the House and added an impeachment against the Cabinet into Hotobun to the imperial rescript, and he gained approval by the House.
- また長年キリスト教を『邪宗門』と信じてきた一般民衆の間にもキリスト教への恐怖から解禁に反対する声も上がったため、日本政府は一切解禁しようとしなかった。
- In addition, common people who had long believed that Christianity was 'Jasumon' (Heresy) also raised a voice of protest against the lifting of the ban out of fear of Christianity, and due to these circumstances the Japanese government was not willing to remove the ban at all.
- その根底には、壮麗な都を建設することが、外国使節や蝦夷・隼人などの辺境民、そして地方豪族や民衆に対して天皇の徳を示すことに他ならずとする考えがあった。
- The basis for this decision was that construction of a grand capital would show emperor's virtue to foreign envoys, frontiersmen such as Ezo and Hayato, and local clans and people.
- 400m予選は100m、200mで金メダルを取ったラルフ・クレイグ(アメリカ合衆国)が他選手に謙譲して棄権したこともあり、見事準決勝進出の権利を得た。
- In 400-meter preliminary race, Mishima got the right to compete in semifinal partly because an American athlete Ralph Craig who won gold medals in 100 and 200-meter sprint abstained expressing modesty toward other athletes.
- 1927年3月14日の衆議院予算委員会にて、大蔵大臣として「東京渡辺銀行がとうとう破綻を致しました」と実際には破綻していなかったにも関わらず失言する。
- At the Budget Committee of the House of Representatives on March 14, 1927, he made a false comment as the Minister of Finance, 'Tokyo Watanabe Bank finally filed for bankruptcy,' although the bank did not go into liquidation.
- 2月9日の憲政擁護第3大会は2万の集会となり、さらに、翌10日には数万人の民衆が議会を包囲して野党を激励、民衆示威のなかで桂は帝国議会の開会をむかえた。
- On February 9, about 20,000 people gathered at the third rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism, and on the next day, tens of thousands besieged the Diet Building to support the opposition parties, and Katsura had to convene the Imperial Diet amid a mass demonstration.
- だが、1893年頃から国民協会_(日本)と結んで対外硬路線を唱えて、現実路線に転じた自由党と対決姿勢を示し、星亨衆議院議長不信任問題で全面衝突に至った。
- However, around 1893 onwards, the party started to take the hard-line policy to tackle with foreign affairs, along with Kokumin Kyokai (National Association), and this conflicted with the Liberal party, who had shifted its position to a realistic stance, to lead a full scale confrontation by both parties, over a non-confident vote to Toru HOSHI, the chairman of the House of Representative.
- 基本的に室町幕府もこの制度を引き継いだが、次第に右筆の中から奉行人に任じられて発言力を増大させて、奉行衆(右筆方)と呼ばれる集団を構成するようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu basically took over the system, and some people worked as Yuhitsu were appointed to be Bugyonin (a magistrate) increasing their influences in the government and formed a group called Bugyoshu or Yuhitsukata.
- 6月19日、教育勅語などと共に、衆議院の「教育勅語等排除に関する決議」および参議院の「教育勅語等の失効確認に関する決議」によって、その失効が確認された。
- On June 19, 'Resolution on eliminating Imperial Rescript on Education and others' by the House of Representatives and 'Resolution on confirming the lapse of Imperial Rescript on Education and others' by the House of Councilors confirmed it became null and void along with Imperial Rescript on Education
- その後伊藤博文が発券銀行制度を導入しているアメリカ合衆国のナショナル・バンク制度(国法銀行制度)を参考に建議し、国立銀行条例として1872年に制定した。
- Later, Hirobumi ITO proposed the regulation of national bank, for which he had consulted the National Bank System (state law bank system) of the United States of America that adopts the system of issuing bank, and then it was enacted in 1872.
- 衆議院議員であり、農民運動の先導者であった田中正造は、1900年2月15日、事件に関する質問演説を行っている途中で、当時所属していた憲政本党を離党した。
- Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives and a leader of the peasant movement, announced his departure from the Kenseihon Party which he was then affiliated when he was questioning the Kawamata Incident at the Diet meeting on February 15, 1900.
- 長である越訴頭人と引付衆の中から2・3名の越訴奉行(おっそぶぎょう)から構成(越訴頭人も広義の越訴奉行に含む説もある(『関東評定伝』など))されていた。
- Ossotonin (the head of legal institutions) and two or three Ossobugyo (temporary positions in charge of retrials and accepting appeals) from Hikitsukeshu were in commission (according to 'Kanto hyojo den' (an annual listing of personnel for the years 1226 and 1232 to 1284) and so on, Ossotonin might be a part of Ossobugyo in a broad sense).
- 「宣祖実録(せんそじつろく、ソンジョシルロク)宣祖二十五年壬辰五月條」によると、このとき朝鮮の民衆は既に王や大臣を見限り、日本軍に協力する者が続出した。
- According to 'the record for May of the 25th year of Sonjo in 'Senso Jitsuroku' (literally, factual stories in the era of Sonjo),' The Korean people had already given up on Sonjo and many persons who cooperated with the Japanese army appeared one after another.
- 甲斐一国は、武田親族衆の穴山信君に与えられた南西部の八代、巨摩2郡を除いて河尻秀隆に、信濃は森長可らに、上野は滝川一益に与えられ、統治を任せて帰国した。
- Much of Kai was given to Hidetaka KAWAJIRI, but the two southeast districts of Yatsushiro and Koma, which were given to Nobukimi ANAYAMA, a relative of Takeda; Shinano Province was given to Nagayoshi MORI and others; Kozuke was given to Kazumasu TAKIGAWA; and Nobunaga returned to his province leaving them to govern their respective provinces.
- その時代には、「一揆は強者たる武士からの抑圧に対する、弱者たる民衆の決死の反抗であり、平等意識のもとで強固な団結力を持っていた」とみなす一揆観があった。
- A view of ikki in that period asserts that ikki was a do-or-die rebellion among the commoners, or the weak, against suppression by samurai warriors (the strong), and the ikki had strong solidarity under the consciousness of equality.
- 観応の擾乱によって幕府官僚の分裂・離反が生じた事から、2代将軍足利義詮が崩壊した評定衆・引付衆に代わる合議体として恩賞方にて開いたのが起源とされている。
- When bakufu officials were factionalized and declared secession in the Kanno Disturbance, the second shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA held a consultation in Onshokata (office to do desk work concerning the Onsho award) with a consultative body replacing the collapsed hyojoshu and hikitsukeshu, which was regarded as the origin of gozen-sata.
- そして義昭は信長を討伐するため、浅井長政や朝倉義景、武田信玄、本願寺顕如、三好三人衆らに信長討伐令を発して信長包囲網を結成し、信長と敵対することとなる。
- In order to defeat Nobunaga, Yoshiaki issued directions to defeat Nobunaga to Nagamasa ASAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA, Shingen TAKEDA, Kennyo HONGANJI, and Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan) to form a league and lay a siege to Nobunaga, and opposed Nobunaga.
- 奉公衆の湯河氏らも応仁の乱前後から畠山氏の内乱に参戦することが増え、畠山氏の軍事動員に応じ、守護権力を支える立場へと変化していった(教興寺の戦いなど)。
- Around the Onin War, hokoshu such as the Yukawa clan increasingly joined the internal insurrection of the Hatakeyama clan and changed into a position supporting Shugo's power, accepted with the military mobilization of the Hatakeyama clan (the Battle of Kyoko-ji Temple and so on).
- 1918年にアメリカ合衆国に戻り、『蝶々夫人』とアンドレ・メサジェの『お菊さん』を上演するが、後者は「蝶々さん」の焼き直しに過ぎないとして不評であった。
- In 1918, she went back to the United States of America, and performed 'Madama Butterfly' and 'Madame Chrysantheme' (お菊さん) composed by Andre Messager, but the latter got a bad reputation because it was considered as only a rehash of 'Cho-Cho-San'.
- 賀川豊彦(社会運動家)・松田竹千代(立憲民政党代議士。戦後、衆議院議長)・三木武夫(代議士。戦後、首相)らとともに「日米同志会」を立ち上げて会長となる。
- He worked with Toyohiko KAGAWA (engaged in a social movement), Takechiyo MATSUDA (a parliamentarian of Rikken Minsei-to political party, who became the Chairman of House of Representatives after the Second World War), Takeo MIKI (a parliamentarian who became the Prime Minister after the Second World War), etc. to found 'Japan-U.S. Fellow Association,' and he became the first chairman.
- 首班が議会(衆議院)に議席を持たないという意味ではやや条件を欠くが、軍部大臣以外を政党人によってかためたという点では、日本史上初の政党内閣であるといえる。
- Although the cabinet lacked the condition in the sense that the head seat did not have position in the diet (the House of Representatives), it was Japan's first party cabinet in terms of the fact that the cabinet members were not from the military but from political parties.
- そもそも日本を含めた東アジア文化圏においては、民衆は政治的に無権利であり、法的に許されたわずかな権利も支配者の統治・命令の絶対性を前提としたものであった。
- To begin with, in the East Asian cultural area including Japan the people had no political rights and even only a few rights legally approved were premised on the absolutism of administration and orders of a ruler.
- 政府と衆議院の民党の間において中立を標榜し、国利民福のために政府と民党などの政党側が協調して「責任内閣」を組織して内外の課題にあたるべきであると主張した。
- It advocated the neutrality between the government and minto (general term of the political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a han-dominated government when imperial Diet was inaugurated) of the House of Representatives and argued that the government and parties such as minto should collaborate and form 'a responsible cabinet' to work on the internal and external matters for the national interest and people's welfare.
- 経時の死を好機と見た名越光時は、頼経や頼経側近の評定衆の後藤基綱・千葉秀胤・三善康持ら反執権派御家人と連携し、時頼打倒を画策するが、時頼方が機先を制した。
- Taking Tsunetoki's death as a good opportunity, Mitsutoki NAGOE allied with Yoritsune, and anti-regent gokenin, such as Yoritsune's close advisers and hyojoshu (members of Council of State), Mototsuna GOTO, Hidetane CHIBA, and Yasumochi MIYOSHI, and planned the overthrow of Tokiyori, but Tokiyori's side forestalled it.
- 嘉応の強訴(かおうのごうそ)は、嘉応元年(1169年)12月23日 (旧暦)、延暦寺の大衆 (仏教)が尾張国知行国主・藤原成親の配流を求めて起こした強訴。
- Kao no goso refers a direct petition by Enryaku-ji Temple's daishu (residing monks) demanding the proprietor of the Owari Province FUJIWARA no Narichika into exile on January 18, 1170.
- 中世前期(平安時代~鎌倉時代)までは、民衆(百姓など)を規制する法令は、律令・公家法・本所法・武家法など支配者により定められたものしか存在していなかった。
- Before the early medieval period (from the Heian to Kamakura periods), the general public (peasants etc.) were regulated only by the laws established by rulers, such as the Ritsuryo codes, court noble law, honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law, and samurai law.
- 衆議院議員で庚申倶楽部だった大助の父難波作之進は即日議員辞職し、山口県熊毛郡 (山口県)周防村(現・山口県光市)の自宅で閉門蟄居後、食事を取らず餓死した。
- Daisuke's father, Sakunoshin NANBA, who was a member of the House of Representatives and also a member of the Koshin club (parliamentary group), resigned immediately, and starved to death by refusing food after confining himself to his own house in Suo Village, Kumage County, Yamaguchi Prefecture (present-day, Hikari City, Yamaguchi Prefecture).
- 直後、再度渡米して、帝政ロシアを敵視するアメリカ合衆国のユダヤ人銀行家ジェイコブ・シフと接触し、残額500万ポンドの外債引き受けおよび追加融資を獲得した。
- Korekiyo travelled back to the United States immediately afterwards and contacted Jacob Schiff, a Jewish banker in the United Stateswho regarded Tsarist Russia as an enemy, and secured another 5 million pounds from him in the form of foreign bonds and additional loans.
- 明治25年(1892年)の第2回衆議院議員総選挙では総理大臣・松方正義の依頼を受けて1月から2月まで近畿地方・瀬戸内地方で政府系候補の支援活動を行なった。
- At the second general election of members of the House of Representatives held in 1892, he was requested by the Prime Minister, Masayoshi MATSUKATA to support the government-affiliated candidates in Kinki area and Setouchi area from January to February.
- 5月10日、幕府が攘夷を実行に移すことはなかったが、長州藩はこれを信じて下関海峡を通過するアメリカ合衆国船を砲撃して遂に攘夷を決行してしまった(下関戦争)。
- On June 25, the bakufu never carried out any action; however, Choshu Domain believed in the words of bakufu and they themselves started expelling foreigners by firing on the ships of the United States that were passing the Straits of Shimonoseki (the Shimonoseki War).
- 1271年(文永8年)12月に長時の子北条義宗が北方として赴任し、六波羅評定衆の安達頼景が所領を没収されるなど、反鎌倉派の動きを封殺する措置が行われている。
- When Yoshimune HOJO, Nagatoki's son, took the post of Kitakata in January, 1272, he took measures to control the movements of the anti-Kamakura group, such as the confiscation of the shoryo (territory) of Yorikage ADACHI, who was a Rokuhara hyojoshu (a member of Council of State).
- 三省堂の『朝鮮の歴史 新版』では、一進会が1909年に出した声明について、民衆の声を代表しておらず、かつ「会員100万人」も実体のない数字だったとしている。
- In 'History of Korea, New Edition' published by Sanseido, there is an mention that the statement issued by Isshinkai in 1909 was not representing people's voice, and that the number described as 'one million members' was unsubstantial.
- 第二次世界大戦後は平和国家として再出発し、アメリカ合衆国の軍事的な保護の元、急激に海外文化(主にアメリカ文化)を吸収して経済発展を成し遂げた(神武景気等)。
- After World War II, Japan started out as a peaceful country and achieved economic development (Jimmu Boom and others), assimilating foreign cultures rapidly (mainly American culture) under the military protection of the U.S.A.
- しかし、越訴頭人は初代の頭人が金沢実時・安達泰盛であったように引付衆の中でも執権・連署を除く上首(最上位)もしくはそれに次ぐ御家人が任じられる慣例があった。
- However, among Hikitsukeshu, particularly joshu (the head) or second-tier vassal, except regency and rensho (assistant to regents), were customarily appointed as ossotonin; for example, the first ossotonin were Sanetoki KANEZAWA and Yasumori ADACHI.
- このようにして、中世末期から近世の初頭にかけて日本の海上勢力は自立した海賊衆から大名の統制に服して公権力の海上における軍事力である水軍に転化させられてゆく。
- As mentioned above, from the end of middle ages to the early modern ages, the armed forces on the sea in Japan changed from independent kaizoku shu to suigun that was put under control of daimyo and incorporated into military force of public power on the sea.
- 上記のように企業としては戦後派であるが、撮影所は東西ともに帝キネ→新興→大映第二(東横)を引き継いでおり、徹底して大衆娯楽路線を重視する路線なども似ている。
- As outlined above, Toei is categorized as a company which was established after World War Two, but both its eastern and western studios took over those of Teikoku Kinema Engei Kabushiki Gaisha (Imperial Cinema Entertainment Company), Shinko, and Daiei Second (Toyoko) and as with these studios, Toei specifically focused on mass entertainment.
- 朝経は同族(弟?)の葛西重元とともに官軍に加わり、討伐に向かい比叡山衆徒は蹴散らされたが、官軍300人が戦死し、佐々木重綱および、朝経、重元は討ち死にした。
- Asatsune joined the government army with Shigemoto Kasai of the same clan (younger brother ?) for subjugation and those priests were subdued, but three hundreds of the government army were killed, and Shigetsuna SASAKI, Asatsune, and Shigemoto also died in the battle.
- また、ある時、日本から中国へ留学した道昭が、行く途中の新羅の山中で五百の虎を相手に法華経の講義を行っていると、聴衆の中に役行者がいて、道昭に質問したと言う。
- Also, there is an anecdote that one day when Dosho was giving a lecture of Hokke-kyo Sutra to five hundred tigers in Silla on the way to China from Japan for study, EN no Gyoja was in the crowd and asked him questions.
- 642年7月、日照りが続いたため蝦夷は百済寺に菩薩像と四天王像をまつり衆僧に読経させ焼香して雨を祈ったところ、翌日、僅かに降ったが、その翌日には降らなかった。
- In July, 642, when Emishi offered a statue of Bosatsu as well as Shitenno (the Four Devas) statues to Hyakusai-ji Temple and gathered a group of monks to read a sutra and burn incense to pray for rain due to a long drought, it rained a little bit the next day but did not the following day.
- さらに『新元史』によれば日蓮の書簡の記述に依るとして、この時民衆を殺戮し、生き残った者の手の平に穴を開け、そこに革紐を通して船壁に吊るし見せしめにしたという。
- In addition, according to 'Shin Genshi' (New History of the Yuan Dynasty), a letter of Nichiren describes that they then massacred people and made a hole in the palms of survivors to lace a leather cord through it, and hung them on the ships' sides as a warning.
- 安元3年(1177年)、延暦寺の末寺白山涌泉寺と紛争を起こし、比叡山大衆が神輿を担いで強訴する騒ぎとなったため、師高は尾張国井戸田に流罪、師経は禁獄となった。
- In 1177, a conflict arose between Morotaka and Hakusan Yusen-ji Temple which was a branch temple of Enryaku-ji Temple, which turned out to be a commotion which was known as by Hieizan Daishu (warrior monks residing in the zendo of Mt. Hiei) who marched en masse carrying the sacred mikoshi (portable shrine carried in festivals), resulting in Morotaka's banishment to Idota of Owari Province and Morotsune's imprisonment.
- 実際に初代衆議院議長の中島信行は海援隊以来の親友であり、またかつて部下であった立憲自由党の実力者星亨とは終生親交が厚く、このつながりが議会対策に役立っている。
- In fact, Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA, the first chairman of the House of Representatives, was Mutsu's close friend since the time of Kaientai, and Mutsu also kept through his lifetime a close friendship with Toru HOSHI, a kingmaker in Rikken Jiyuto (a political party) who was also Mutsu's subordinate once; such connections helped Mutsu in his parliamentary affairs.
- 明治25年(1892年)には福岡県知事として第2回衆議院議員総選挙における選挙干渉の中心となるが、これが後に問題となり白根専一内務次官とともに辞めさせられる。
- In 1892, he became a main character of the election interference as Governor of Fukuoka Prefecture in the second general election of the members of the House of Representatives, and this was pointed out later as a problem, so he was dismissed from office together with Vice-Minister of the Interior Senichi SHIRANE.
- 吉良上野介は額と背中を斬られるが、側にいた旗本の梶川頼照がすぐさま浅野内匠頭を取り押さえ、また居合わせた品川伊氏、畠山義寧ら他の高家衆が吉良を蘇鉄の間に運んだ。
- Although his back and forehead were slashed, Asano Takumi no Kami was immediately held down by a hatamoto, Yoriteru KAJIKAWA, and Kira was taken to the Sotetsu Room by other koke members, including Koreuji SHINAGAWA and Yoshiyasu HATAKEYAMA.
- 第4回衆議院議員総選挙の最中に日清戦争が勃発して政治休戦が確立したのを機に、第2次伊藤内閣によって前年に解散に追い込まれた大日本協会復興を模索する動きが現れた。
- As a political truce was called due to the Sino-Japanese war that started during the 4th general elections for the House of Representatives, a move was made to restore the Dainihon Kyoukai (a political association) that had been disbanded by the Second Ito cabinet the previous year.
- 政権の性格は、「鬼道を事とし、能く衆を惑わす」卑弥呼を女王とする邪馬台国の呪術的政権ではなく、宗教的性格は残しながらもより権力的な政権であったと考えられている。
- The nature of the regime is considered not like that of the magical regime of Yamatai-koku Kingdom with Queen Himiko who 'used the art of shaman and often misled the people,' but more powerful government remaining the religious nature.
- 泰時は、世代交代期の混乱を防ぐため、叔父の北条時房を執権の補佐役といえる連署に当てるとともに、政治意思決定の合議機関である評定衆を設置し、集団指導体制を布いた。
- In order to prevent confusion during the transition of power to the next generation, Yasutoki appointed his uncle, Tokifusa HOJO, as rensho (assistant to the shikken), established the hyojoshu - a consulting institution for making political decisions - and founded the collective leadership system.
- しかし、衆寡敵せず、勝頼、信勝父子・北条夫人は自害し、長坂光堅、土屋兄弟、秋山紀伊守らも殉死した(跡部勝資も殉死したとする説もあるが、諏訪防衛戦で戦死したとも。
- However, being hopelessly outnumbered, Katsuyori and his son, Nobukatsu and Mrs. Hojo committed suicide, along with Mitsukata NAGASAKA, Tsuchiya brothers and Akiyama Kii no kami (governor of Kii Province); some people believe that Katsusuke ATOBE also committed suicide, but others believe that he was killed in the battle to defend Suwa.
- このため、天草の乱の討伐戦をはじめ、全国の多くの一揆鎮圧に伊賀衆が派遣され、大いに活躍している(『忍の里の記録 郷土の研究10』(石川正知著、翠楊社出版)参照)。
- For the reason, Iga Ninja were dispatched to a lot of uprising in all over the country for suppression including the putting down war of Amakusa Rebellion and showed a great performance. (Reference; 'The Record on Ninja Village, Research on Hometown 10' 〔written by Masatomo ISHIKAWA, published by Suiyo-sya〕)
- 運動の中心であった柳は、当時ほとんど研究が進んでおらず、美術品としての評価も定まっていなかった日本各地の民衆的工芸品の調査・収集のため、日本全国を精力的に旅した。
- Yanagi, who was the key figure of the movement, actively traveled to various places in Japan to investigate and collect folkish handicrafts that had hardly been researched or evaluated as art.
- 何ら暴力的な事件が起こっていなかったにもかかわらず、翌11月13日、衆議院文部委員会では、大学管理法案審議の過程で天野貞祐歴代の文部大臣がこの「事件」に言及した。
- Although there wasn't any acts of violence, the Minister for Education, Teiyu AMANO, mentioned this 'incident' the next day, November 13, at the Lower House Education Committee in the process of the deliberation of the draft law of the university administration.
- 日本の数値目標が-6%になった経緯は日米欧の非公式会合での政治的合意によるものであり、アメリカ合衆国と日本が足並みをそろえたのは、途上国の参加を促すためであった。
- Japan's numerical goal of -6% was brought in through a political agreement at a non-official meeting between Japan, America and Europe, and the agreement between America and Japan was intended for encouraging developing countries to join the conference.
- 室町時代、これらの国人衆は畠山氏の被官化したもの(隅田・安宅・小山氏など)、幕府直属の奉公衆として畠山氏から独立していたもの(湯河・玉置・山本氏)に分かれていた。
- In the Muromachi period, these Kokujin-shu were separated into those who were hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of the Hatakeyama clan (such as Sumida, Ataka and Koyama clans) and the others who were independent from the Hatakeyama clan as hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) under the direct control of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (such as Yukawa, Tamaki and Yamamoto clans).
- しかし、行基のように禁令にそむいて民間への布教をおこない、弾圧されたものの灌漑設備や布施屋の設置、道路建設などの社会事業に尽力し、民衆の支持を集める僧侶もあった。
- On the other hand, there were monks such as Gyoki who violated these restrictions and preached to the general public, and, although he was suppressed, he was also supported by general public for his efforts in social work such as provision of irrigation systems and fuseya (aid station or rest house) as well as road construction.
- その後、上杉謙信の支援を受けて一時的に所領を取り返したが、その後武田と長尾(上杉)の対立(川中島の戦い)の中で他の北信濃国人衆と共に上杉家の家臣化が進んでいった。
- After that, Kenshin UESUGI helped the Takanashi clan to get the manor back, but the Takanashi clan as well as other local lords in northern Shinano became retainers of the Uesugi family during the conflict between Takeda and Nagao (Uesugi) (Kawanakajima War).
- 慶長14年(1609年)7月、参議烏丸光広ら公家衆の密通が露顕する事件(猪熊事件)が起きると、乱交の手引きをしていた教利は京都所司代の追及を恐れて九州へ逃亡する。
- In August 1609, when adulteries of Kugeshu (court nobles) such as Sangi (Councilor) Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU were discovered (the Inokuma Incident), Noritoshi, who had been helping their promiscuities, was afraid of being prosecuted by Kyoto Shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy) and ran away to Kyushu region.
- 松尾尊兌は、ここに始まる大正デモクラシーが一部の都市知識人による脆弱な輸入思想ではなく,戦後民主主義に直結する性質を有する、広汎な民衆運動であったことを説いている。
- Takayoshi MATSUO (a Japanese historian) argues that Taisho Democracy, starting with the Taisho Seihen, was not a vulnerable foreign idea superficially scooped by some urban intellectuals but a widespread popular movement that had some characteristic directly reflected in the Japanese democracy after World War Ⅱ.
- しかし、この攻勢で周辺一帯が荒れ果てたため、事態を憂慮した雑賀衆が翌日に大坂での事に配慮を加えることを条件に降伏を申し入れたため、信長はこれを受け入れて兵を引いた。
- However, the Saikashu, worried about a war-torn land due to the attack, offered a surrender on the condition that they would give consideration to the attack in Osaka on the following day, and Nobunaga accepted it and withdrew.
- そのため、世論の非難(日本内部)が高まり、暴徒と化した民衆によって内務大臣 (日本)官邸、御用新聞と目されていた国民新聞社、交番などが焼き討ちされる事件が起こった。
- Because of this, the criticism increased in the public opinion (inside of Japan), and the people who turned into a mob burned out the official residence of Minister of Home Affairs, Kokumin Shinbunsya which was regarded as a pro-government newspaper company, police stations and so on.
- なお、日本書紀によるとこの遷都には民衆から大きな不満があり、昼夜を問わず出火があったという(当時は政治に不満がある時、宮殿へ放火する風習があったと推測されている)。
- According to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), because the people were extremely unhappy about the moving of the capital, there were fire breakouts regardless of day or night (It is presumed that there was such a custom at that time that they set fire to the palace when the people were unhappy about politics.)
- 大衆の行動は興福寺の平氏に対する敵意の大きさを物語る出来事だが、結果的に興福寺攻撃に対する公卿たちの反対を封じ込め、興福寺への大軍派遣の大義名分を与える事になった。
- Actions of Daishu revealed the incident which showed the magnitude of hostility of Kofuku-ji Temple to the Taira clan, but consequently, contained opposition to Kofuku-ji Temple attack by Court nobles and gave a legitimate reason to dispatch large force to Kofuku-ji Temple.
- 聖たちは、山林修行や諸国遊行を主としながらも造寺・造塔、写経、供養、鋳鐘、架橋や道路・港湾建設の勧進などの多彩な活動を通じて、民衆からの尊崇と支持を獲得していった。
- While the hijiri mainly underwent training in mountain forest, or wandered among various provinces, they obtained respect and support from common people, through various activities including building temples, pagodas, copying of a sutra, kuyo (a memorial service for the dead), casting bells, promoting the building of bridges, roads, and harbors.
- しかし阿蘇惟将の代となった1578年、大友氏が耳川の戦いで島津氏に大敗を喫すると肥後の国人衆は島津氏や新興勢力の龍造寺氏と誼を通じ、阿蘇氏の領域を脅かすようになる。
- In 1578, during the generation of Koremasa ASO, however, when the Otomo clan was badly defeated by the Shimazu clan in the Battle of Mimi-kawa, local samurai lords in Higo allied with the Shimazu clan or Ryuzoji clan, which was an emerging clan at that time, to invade the territories of the Aso clan.
- 秀吉の遺した莫大な金銀を用いて浪人衆を全国から集めて召抱えたが、諸大名には大坂城に馳せ参じる者はなく、ただ福島正則が蔵屋敷の兵糧を接収するのを黙認するにとどまった。
- Using a great amount of gold and silver, they employed many ronin across Japan, however, no daimyo hastened to Osaka Castle to join them, and Masanori FUKUSHIMA alone connived at the requisition of army provisions from Kurayashiki-warehouses.
- 週刊『平民新聞』は、第1面に英文欄を設け、アメリカ合衆国やイギリス、さらに日本にとっては敵国であるロシアの社会主義者らへ情報の発信をおこない、国際的な連帯を訴えた。
- The weekly 'Heimin-shinbun', having an English column on the first page, provided information to socialists in the United States of America, the United Kingdom and even Russia, which was a hostile country to Japan, and appealed to them for solidarity.
- しかしその年のうちに政盛が死去、越後では為景と新守護上杉定実の争いが起き、近隣の井上一族を始め北信濃の国人衆が上杉方に付き、唯一の長尾方として孤立していく事となる。
- However, Masamori died within the year, the conflict between Tamekage and Sadazane UESUGI, a new governor, took place in Echigo, local lords in northern Shinano (including the neighboring Inoue family) sided with the Uesugi, and the Takanashi clan was isolated as the Nagao side.
- 鎌倉時代初期の多田経実に始まり大和国の国人(衆徒)として存続した多田氏は源満仲の後裔と伝え代々佐比山城に拠ったが、別族とも取れる記述が見られるなど系譜が明確でない。
- The Tada clan, as founded by Tsunezane TADA in the early Kamakura period, existed in Yamato Province (today's Nara Prefecture) as local samurai, and this clan, which is said to have comprised descendants of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, maintained a foothold at Sahiyama-jo Castle for generations; however, in some historical sources there are depictions that can be taken to mean that this lineage had nothing to do with the Tada clan mentioned above, so the detail of this lineage is unclear.
- しかし、同年に家臣の荒木村重(池田長正の娘を娶っていたため一族衆)と一族の池田知正(長正の嫡男)が三好三人衆の調略を受け三好家に寝返り、勝正は池田城から追放される。
- However, the same year his retainer Murashige ARAKI (Because his wife was a daughter of Nagamasa IKEDA, he belonged to the Ikeda clan) and Tomomasa IKEDA (the legitimate son of Nagamasa) accepted a stratagem by Miyoshi Sanninshu and banished Katsumasa from Ikeda-jo Castle in cooperation with the Miyoshi clan.
- これに陸奥宗光農商務大臣が抗議して辞任(陸奥は解散以前は現職衆議院議員。今回は自身は出なかったが、弟分である岡崎邦輔(従弟)・星亨の推薦人であった)、品川も辞任した。
- The Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Munemitsu MUTSU protested against this by own resignation (MUTSU was an incumbent House of Representatives member before dissolution. He did not stand in this time, but commended his younger brother by courtesy, Kunisuke OKAZAKI (cousin) and Toru HOSHI), and SHINAGAWA also resigned.
- 当時の根本法令であった律令においては、原則として国の土地は全て国有地であり、公の土地を民衆へ耕作割り当てを行い(口分田)、その収穫から徴税する(租)と規定されていた。
- According to the Ritsuryo Code which was the fundamental law at the time, all the land in the country were, in principle, state-owned, and such public lands were allotted to common people for their cultivation (this allotment was called 'kubunden'), and it was stipulated that the collection of taxes be made from their harvests (this tax was called 'so').
- 同会専属の衆議院議員も存在したものの、協力関係にあった東洋自由党・国民協会_(日本)・政務調査会_(明治時代の政党)・同盟倶楽部などと掛け持ちであった議員が多かった。
- While some of the members were council members of the party, it included among it's members of the Dai Nihon Kyokai were lawmakers of the House of the Representatives, many of whom also belonged to other political parties that maintained cooperative relations with Dai Nihon Kyokai, including the Toyo Jiyuto (Oriental Liberal Party), the Kokumin Kyokai (National Association [Japan]), The Policy Affairs Research Council (a political party in the Meiji period), and the Domei Club (League Club).
- 帝国議会設置以来、衆議院では、自由党_(明治)・立憲改進党に代表される自由民権運動を継承する民党とこれに反対する国民協会に代表される温和派(吏党)が対立を続けてきた。
- There were conflicts between the 'Minto' (People's Party) representing the Jiyuto (Liberal Party) in Meiji period and the Rikken Kaishinto supporting the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and the 'Rito' (Bureaucrats' Party) representing the Kokumin Kyokai after the constitution of the Imperial Diet opposed it.
- しかし、事実上は日本陸軍はロシア、大日本帝国海軍はアメリカ合衆国を仮想敵国とする事態は変わらず、その国防思想を統一するという当初の狙いは不十分にしか達成されなかった。
- However, in fact, the situation never changed in which the Japanese Army considered Russia as the imagined enemy and the Imperial Japanese Navy considered the United States of America as the imagined enemy, and therefore the original intentions to unify the ideas of national defense was achieved imperfectly.
- また、安芸国の小早川氏、伊予国の越智氏や河野氏、三浦半島の三浦氏、津軽地方の安東氏などは、陸の武士であると同時に支配下の沿海土豪からなる水軍を擁した海賊衆でもあった。
- And the Kobayakawa clan in Aki Province, the Ochi and Kono clan in Iyo Province, the Miura clan in the Miura Peninsula and Ando clan in Tsugaru region were not only samurai on land, but also Kaizoku shu (pirates) that held suigun navies made up of coastal local ruling clans.
- また屋代氏などの北部の与力衆の離反もあって村上義清は本拠地葛尾城に孤立し、武田氏の勢力は善光寺(川中島)以北や南信濃の一部を除き、信濃国のほぼ全域に広がる事になった。
- Having been estranged from local samurai land owners in the northern area, such as the Yashiro clan, Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI was isolated in its stronghold Katsurao-jo Castle, and the Takeda clan became to control all areas of Shinano Province, except the area in the north of Zenko-ji Temple (or Kawanakajima) and part of the southern Shinano area.
- 世界巡遊中の前合衆国大統領ユリシーズ・グラントが明治天皇との会見で西欧列強の介入を防ぐための日清両国の譲歩を助言したこともあり、1880年北京で日清の交渉が行われた。
- In 1880, negotiations were held in Beijing through the arbitration of ex-US President Ulysses Grant, who had a meeting with Emperor Meiji during his world tour and advised that both Japan and Qing compromise to prevent the intervention of western powers.
- 永禄7年(1564年)7月に長慶が死去すると、三好三人衆の支持を受けて家督を継ぎ、三好家の当主となる(一説に、長慶は存命中の6月に家督を譲って隠居していたとされる)。
- When Nagayoshi died in July 1564, he succeeded to the Miyoshi family supported by Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate) and became the family head of the Miyoshi family (according to another theory, Nagayoshi transferred the headship of the family and retired while he was alive).
- 五榜の掲示(ごぼうのけいじ)とは、慶応4年3月15日 (旧暦)(1868年4月7日)に立てられた五つの高札のことであり、明治政府が出した民衆に対する最初の禁止令である。
- Gobo no keiji were five street bulletin boards erected on April 7, 1868 and the first public prohibitions published by the Meiji government.
- 19日の歌舞伎座での憲政擁護第1回大会では、政友会、国民党の代議士や新聞記者のほか実業家や学生も参加し、約3,000の聴衆を集めて「閥族打破、憲政擁護」を決議している。
- In the first rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism held at Kabuki-za Theater on December 19, many people took part, such as the Diet members of the Seiyukai and the Rikken Kokuminto (Constitutional National Party, hereinafter referred to the Kokuminto), journalists, businessmen, students and about 3,000 audiences, and they adopted a resolution that 'cliques should be overthrown and that constitutionalism should be defended.'
- しかしそれは、半年間の期限付の内閣であると見なされていたこと、清浦内閣を支持する勢力が衆議院でいなければ社会主義者などの過激な運動が高まる危険性を恐れてのことであった。
- However, TAKAHASHI rather supported the cabinet because he thought the KIYOURA cabinet was believed to be in power for only a limited period of time and feared that if the incumbent cabinet lost support in the House of Representatives, it might increase risks of radicalists including socialists gaining momentum.
- そのような状況の中で翌天正8年(1580年)3月1日、朝廷は本願寺へ勧修寺晴豊と庭田重保を勅使として遣わして年寄衆の意向を質し、本願寺は和議を推し進めることで合意した。
- Then, in March 26, 1580, the Imperial Court sent imperial envoys, Haretoyo KAJUJI and Shigeyasu NIWATA, to Hongan-ji Temple to confirm the will of the Toshiyorishu (senior vassals) and they agreed to proceed with the peace talks.
- 黒船来航(くろふねらいこう)とは、嘉永6年(1853年)にアメリカ合衆国のアメリカ海軍所属の東インド艦隊艦船が、日本の東京湾浦賀(神奈川県横須賀市浦賀)に来航した事件。
- In 1853, the East India Squadron of the United States Navy arrived in Japan at Uraga, near the entrance of Tokyo Bay (Uraga, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture)--an incident that came to be known as the 'Arrival of the Black Ships.'
- アメリカ合衆国のnational bank(現在では国法銀行と訳すことが多い)の直訳で、国家が設立した銀行ではなく、渋沢栄一、三井組などの民間資本が設立したものである。
- Kokuritsu ginko' was literal translation of the National Bank in the United States (now it is often translated as kokuho ginko), however, it was established not by the nation but by the private capitals from Eichi SHIBUSAWA, Mitsui gumi, and so on.
- 朕今萬機ヲ親裁シ億兆ヲ綏撫ス江戸ハ東國第一ノ大鎭四方輻湊ノ地宜シク親臨以テ其政ヲ視ルヘシ因テ自今江戸ヲ稱シテ東京トセン是朕ノ海内一家東西同視スル所以ナリ衆庶此意ヲ體セヨ
- ' Edo is the biggest city in eastern Japan and the Emperor decides that Edo is renamed Tokyo '.
- 高経放逐の表向きの理由は、興福寺の衆徒が、高経の被官である朝倉高景による興福寺領越前河口荘への押妨を高経が取り締まらず、放置していたため、朝廷へ嗷訴したためと思われる。
- The official reason for Takatsune's expulsion is considered to be the appeal made by the monks of Kofuku-ji Temple to the Imperial Court saying Takatsune didn't take proper action against his retainer Takakage ASAKURA who invaded Kawaguchi no sho in Echizen Province, the territory of Kofuku-ji Temple.
- 義政期には唐物の管理や鑑定を行っていた同朋衆能阿弥にが「御物御画目録」(280幅、東京国立博物館所蔵)を編纂し、材質・形態別の分類を行い、画家や画題、賛者などを記した。
- During the period of reign of Yoshimasa, Noami, the doboshu (the shogun's attendants in charge of entertainment), who was responsible for the maintenance and appraisal of Karamono, compiled 'Gomotsu One Mokuroku' (an inventory of selected Chinese paintings in the Ashikaga collection) (280 sets, owned by Tokyo National Museum), sorting the works by materials and styles, and recording the names of the painters, the subjects of the paintings and sanja (person who appreciates the work and writes appraisal in it).
- 先進諸国の中で唯一京都議定書から離脱しているアメリカ合衆国政府は、産業界の自己経済利益のみを追求する考え方に基づき取り組みを拒否しているとの非難を国内外から浴びている。
- The United States of America, the only non-party member of the Kyoto Protocol among the developed countries, is accused domestically and internationally of seeking only economical benefits of the U.S. industries and refusing to commit the duty.
- 幕府は守護大名庶家や足利氏譜代から奉公衆を編成し、在京奉公を課したが、一方で守護大名は国内の在地領主(国人)に対する支配を強め、その所領に応じた軍役を課すようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu formed the military guard of the shogunate from branch families of the territorial lords as provincial constable and hereditary vassals of Ashikaga clan and imposed service in Kyoto on them; on the other hand, the territorial lords as provincial constable tightened control over the local lords in their provinces and imposed military services on them according to their territories.
- 阿閉家の精鋭であった母衣衆の一人であったが、後に辞して天正10年(1582年)ごろより豊臣秀吉に仕え、2,000石の扶持をもって、秀吉の養子である羽柴秀勝付きとなった。
- He was one of the elite body guard unit members of ATSUJI clan, however, he later resigned from the position to serve Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI around 1582 and he was assigned to escort Hideyoshi's adopted son Hidekatsu HASHIBA with 2,000 koku (360.78 cubic meters) of fuchi (stipend).
- それぞれ、議長7,500円、副議長4,500円、議員3,000円であった(いずれも1920年(大正9年)の法改正から1947年(昭和22年)の法廃止まで、衆議院も同額)。
- It was 7,500 JPY for the chairman, 4,500 JPY for the deputy chairman and 3,000 JPY for the rest of the councilors (this did not change from the amendment of the law in 1920 until it was abolished in 1947 and the salary for the councilors of the House of Representatives was the same.)
- これに対して日英通商航海条約の締結を間近に控えた第2次伊藤内閣は警戒感を強め、また衆議院第1党の自由党も条約改正に関しては政府の漸進主義に賛同していたために反発を強めた。
- The second Ito cabinet became wary of the situation with the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation near at hand, and the Liberal Party, which was the first party of the House of Representatives, strengthened the opposition from supporting the government's idea of step-by-step revisions to the treaty.
- この時の強訴については、藤原道長の『御堂関白記』同年7月12日条に「寺侍法師等、只今来申云、大衆参上木幡山大谷云所、二千許参着云々」という記述が対応すると考えられている。
- The article on July 12 (in the lunar calendar), 1006, in 'Mido Kanpakuki' (FUJIWARA no Michinaga's diary), which goes, 'They said monk-soldiers have just come and made an appeal, and that about 2000 people arrived at the place called Kohatayama Otani, and so forth,' is thought to have mentioned this goso.
- 同年4月9日、摂津国の主だった国衆達は細川高国方につき、また大内義興軍が接近しつつある情勢を不利と読んだ細川澄元や三好之長は、自らの屋敷に火を放ち再び近江国に落ち延びた。
- On May 18, 1508, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI realized the disadvantage of having a band of kunishu (local samurai) who ruled Settsu Province take the side of Takakuni HOSOKAWA and also of the army of Yoshioki OUCHI close at hand, set fire to their residence and fled to Omi Province again.
- 渋沢栄一に加えて井上馨や加藤高明、高橋是清も反対論を唱えて衆議院を説得しようとしたために政府は彼らの説得に苦慮したが、同年3月16日に賛成243・反対109で可決された。
- With not only Eichi SHIBUSAWA but also Kaoru INOUE, Takaaki KATO, and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI opposing the bill and trying to persuade the Diet, the government had trouble dissuading them, but on March 16 in the same year, the bill was approved with 243 in favor and 109 opposed.
- しかし日本軍が台北への進軍を開始すると、傭兵を主体として組織された台湾民主国軍は間もなく瓦解、台南では劉永福が軍民を指揮、また各地の民衆も義勇軍を組織して抵抗を継続した.
- When the Japanese army started their advance to Taipei, the military force of the Republic of Formosa, which was mainly composed of mercenaries, fell apart soon, while, in Tainan, Yung-fu LIU commanded military and private soldiers and voluntary armies were formed in various places throughout Taiwan.
- しかし日本軍が台北への進軍を開始すると、傭兵を主体として組織された台湾民主国軍は間もなく瓦解、台南では劉永福が軍民を指揮、また各地の民衆も義勇軍を組織して抵抗を継続した。
- When the Japanese army started their advance to Taipei, the military force of the Republic of Formosa, which was mainly composed of mercenaries, fell apart soon, while, in Tainan, Yung-fu LIU commanded military and private soldiers and voluntary armies were formed in various places throughout Taiwan.
- 同年2月2日、以前から織田方に加勢していた根来衆に加えて雑賀三組(三緘)の協力も得られることになったため、信長は雑賀の残り二組、雑賀荘・十ヶ郷を攻略すべく大動員をかけた。
- On March 1 in the same year, since the Saiga three groups (Mikarami) came to cooperate with Nobunaga, added with the Negoro shu who had previously joined the Oda side, Nobunaga announced a large-scale mobilization in order to capture the remaining two Saiga groups, that is, Saigaso and Jikkago.
- 板垣家の宗旨は曹洞宗であり、退助自身の葬儀は遺志により仏式で行われたが、退助自身はプロテスタントでもあり、同郷の片岡健吉(初代衆議院議長)の入信などに多大な影響を与えた。
- Although the funeral ceremony of Itagaki was conducted with Buddhist rites in accordance with Itagaki's will, as the religious doctrine of the Itagaki family was the Soto sect of Zen Buddhism, Itagaki himself was a Protestant and greatly affected Kenkichi KATAOKA (the first chairman of the House of Representatives) from the same village as Itagaki with regard to his experience in the religion.
- 中島 信行(なかじま のぶゆき、弘化3年8月15日 (旧暦)(1846年10月5日) - 明治32年(1899年)3月26日)は、明治時代の政治家、初代衆議院議長、男爵。
- Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA (October 5, 1846 - March 26, 1899) was the statesman, the first chairman of House of Representatives and baron in the Meiji period.
- 日本製糖汚職事件(にほんせいとうおしょくじけん)は、台湾を舞台に日本製糖社取締役が共謀して、法律の延長を求めて複数の衆議院議員に対し金品を贈賄した明治時代に起きた疑獄事件。
- Nihon Seito Oshoku Jiken refers to a bribery scandal in the Meiji Period in which the board members of Nihon Seito in Taiwan conspired to bribe members of the House of Representatives with the aim of extending an effective period of a law.
- 検非違使別当・平時忠の「要求を聞き入れるなら速やかに受諾し、聞き入れないのなら武士を派遣して大衆を追い払うべきだ」という進言により、夜に入って法住寺殿で公卿議定が開かれた。
- After the proposal of Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) TAIRA no Tokitada, 'if the claim is accepted, accept it promptly, otherwise send samurai to expel the daishu,' Kugyo-gijo (meeting to form decisions by nobles) was held in the Hojuji-dono Palace at night.
- また日本に対しては1853年と翌年アメリカ合衆国は東インド艦隊司令長官ペリーとその艦隊を派遣し、軍事的威圧のもとに日米和親条約つづいて日米修好通商条約を江戸幕府と締結した。
- The United States of America dispatched Commodore Perry of the East Indian squadron and other squadrons to Japan in 1853 and the following year, and concluded a Treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and Japan; The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan followed by Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan under military threat.
- 大化の改新ののち、律令国家の形成におよぶと、古代の戸籍制度によって、氏姓はかつての部民(べみん)、つまり一般民衆にまで拡大され、すべての階層の国家身分を表示するものとなった。
- When Japan formed a nation under the ritsuryo codes after the Taika Reforms, the clan names and the hereditary titles became given to Bemin (people who belonged to the Yamato Dynasty); in other words, the system of clans and hereditary system was expanded to the general public and Uji and Kabane came to a way to reveal one's social position in the hierarchy of the state.
- 官吏任用叙級令施行に伴ふ官吏に対する叙位及び叙勲並びに貴族院及び衆議院の議長、副議長、議員又は市町村長及び市町村助役に対する叙勲の取扱に関する件(昭和21年5月3日閣議決定)
- On treatment of the bestowal of the honors and an order on government officials, and the bestowal of an order on the President, the Vice-President, and members of the House of Peers, the Speaker, the Deputy-Speaker, and members of the House of Representatives, and the mayors and deputy mayors of cities, towns, and villages as enforcement of the government official class bestowal act (Cabinet approval on May 2, 1946)
- さらに民衆向けに掲げられた五榜の掲示(第4札)にも「万国の公法」という字句が登場し、外交は朝廷が担い、条約を遵守するので、庶民は外国人に不法なことをしないようにと命じている。
- Furthermore, there was the word 'bankoku no koho' (same as bankoku koho) on Gobo no keiji (five edict boards) (the fourth board), and the government announced that the Imperial Court would handle foreign diplomacy and told common people not to do something impolite to foreigners.
- また、明軍と李氏朝鮮との交渉により鴨緑江より朝鮮側の兵糧供給は李氏朝鮮側の調達及び輸送と取り決められたため、自軍と政府の維持も含めて李氏朝鮮は民衆から過酷な食料調達を行った。
- As it was decided in negotiations between the armies of Ming and Yi Dynasty Korea thet, with respect to supply of provisions to the area on the Korea side from the Yalu River, Yi Dynasty Korea was responsible for procurement and transportation, Yi Dynasty Korea cruelly conducted confiscation of goods and services from common people including maintenance of both their own army and the government.
- 豊富な資金力を生かして民政面でも成果を上げており、太田資正は、「謙信の代になって越後の民衆の生活水準が劇的に向上しており、民を慈しむ優秀な領主である」と高い評価を下している。
- Kenshin put enormous wealth to good use and showed good results due to his civil administration, Sukemasa OTA highly evaluated him as 'a good feudal lord as people's standard of living in Echigo Province improved dramatically after Kenshin became a feudal lord.'
- 元亀2年(1571年)、松永ら三好三人衆と手を結んだ池田知正を討つため、伊丹氏や茨木氏と共に摂津国白井河原の戦い(茨木川畔)で戦い、池田氏家臣の荒木村重に敗れ戦死したという。
- In 1571, to put down Tomomasa IKEDA who cooperated with Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate) including Matsunaga, he joined the Battle of Shiraikawara in Settsu Province (at the bank of Ibaraki-gawa River) with the Itami and Ibaraki clans, lost against Murashige ARAKI, a retainer of the Ikeda clan, and died.
- 戦前にも婦人参政権の導入、労働組合の容認、帝国大学の増設などの法案が議会に提出され、衆議院では可決されているが、こうした「進歩的内容」の法案が貴族院を通ることは決してなかった。
- Before the World Wars, legislation - which included the recognition of women's suffrage, allowing labor unions to set-ups and expanding the Imperial University - was taken to the Diet and passed by the House of Representatives but never passed by Kizokuin.
- 雑賀衆(さいかしゅう)は、戦国時代 (日本)に紀伊国北西部の雑賀荘を中心とする一帯(現在の和歌山市の雑賀崎)の諸荘園に居住した国人・土豪・地侍たちの結合した集団(一揆)である。
- Saikashu was a group (ikki) of combined local lords, powerful local clans and local samurai who resided in private estates in the center of Saikasho in the north west part of Kii Province (present day Saikazaki, Wakayama City) during the Sengoku period (Warring States period).
- 名君である定頼存命中は彼らも服属していたが、定頼の死後、後を継いだ義賢・義治は三好長慶や浅井長政に対して失策を重ね、後藤氏のような有力国人衆への統制を失うこととなったのである。
- Those vassals served obediently during the period of Sadayori who was a wise ruler, but Yosikata and Yoshiharu who succeeded to Sadayori after his death repeatedly made political errors against Nagyoshi MIYOSHI and Nagamasa Azai, and lost control over powerful local loads (kokujin) such as Goto clan.
- 義和団鎮圧のために軍を派遣した列強は八ヶ国あり、その内訳はイギリス・アメリカ合衆国・ロシア帝国・フランス・ドイツ・オーストリア・ハンガリー帝国・イタリア王国と大日本帝国である。
- Eight allied western powers dispatched an army to suppress the Boxers: Great Britain, the United States of America, the Russian Empire, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan.
- また、衆徒・神人とよばれる俗人を多数配下において大人口を誇り、経済・学問・工芸活動などが盛んだった寺社周辺は、近年の日本歴史学で「境内都市」と呼ばれる一大メガロポリスであった。
- The temples had many laypeople called Shuto, Jinin who made up large megalopolises surrounding temples with high economical, learning and craft-making activity called 'Keidai toshi' (temple city) in recent Japanese history studies.
- こうしてそれまで各国の体制は、荘園も含めて一元的に受領の支配下にあったものが、荘官の支配する荘園と、受領の支配下にある公領が、大きく二分して土地・民衆支配をする形態に移行した。
- Eventually, the old provincial system, administered by zuryo collectively including shoen, was shifted into a new system, in which the control of land and people was roughly divided into two on the basis of shoen (administered by shokan) and koryo (administered by zuryo).
- また、記録によれば、一万数千の首の内、偽首を取られるなど殺害された民衆が数多くおり、生き残ったものの奴隷狩りに遭った者の数は大人から年端の行かぬ子供まで数千人に達したとされる。
- According to documents, among ten and some thousands of beheaded people, many ordinary people were included who were murdered for nisekubi (false head) and the number of people who survived but were captured as slaves reached as many as thousands from adults to young children.
- また、戦争による民衆の生活苦から血の日曜日事件 (1905年)やポチョムキン=タヴリーチェスキー公 (戦艦)の叛乱等より始まるロシア第一革命が誘発され、ロシア革命の原因となる。
- The popular resentment over the hardships endured by the populace during the war manifest itself in the First Russian Revolution, which began with the Bloody Sunday Incident (1905) and the mutiny on the Knyaz' Potemkin-Tavricheskiy (battleship), setting the stage for the Russian Revolution.
- 一方越前では、下間頼照ら本願寺から派遣された坊官らが重税を課した事などにより、越前で一揆をおこした民衆との関係は悪化し、坊官の専横に反発し一揆が起こるという一揆内一揆まで起きた。
- Meanwhile in Echizen, Raisho SHIMOTSUMA and other priests dispatched from Hongan-ji Temple imposed a heavy tax and worsened a relationship with the citizens that had participated in the Ikki, resulting in 'ikki inside ikki,' where another Ikki broke out against the priests' tyranny.
- 第二次世界大戦中には連合国側も発行していたほか、第二次世界大戦後もアメリカ合衆国が世界各地の米軍基地の兵士の給料として米ドル建ての軍票を、1970年代ごろまで支給し使用していた。
- During the WWII, the Allies issued their military currency, and after the WWII until the 1970's, the U.S.A. issued its military currency in US dollar and paid salary by that to the soldiers in U.S. military bases throughout the world.
- 柳、濱田、河井らは、当時の美術界ではほとんど無視されていた日本各地の日常雑器、日用品など、無名の工人による民衆的工芸品の中に真の美を見出し、これを世に広く紹介する活動に尽力した。
- Yanagi, Hamada and Kawai worked hard to find real beauty in the folkish handicrafts by unknown craftsman such as articles for daily use in various places in Japan that were almost ignored in the art industry at that time.
- 19日の源氏一族の会合では後白河を奉じて関東に出陣するという案が飛び出し(『玉葉』閏10月20日条)、26日には興福寺の衆徒に頼朝討伐の命が下された(『玉葉』閏10月26日条)。
- At the meeting of the Genji clan on December 12, an idea was put forth that they should depart to the front in the Kanto region, setting Goshirakawa up as the lord ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 13), and on December 19, an order to hunt down and kill MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was given to monk-soldiers of Kofuku-ji Temple ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 19).
- その後、摂津国の国衆で細川澄元派であった池田貞政は討死、阿波国に逃れたようとした芥川豊後守も台風で遭難、近江国からだと徴兵もままならず、細川澄元は八方ふさがりの状態に陥っていた。
- Sumimoto HOSOKAWA was hemmed in on all sides -- Sadamasa IKEDA who was a kunishu from Settsu Province taking the side of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA died in the battle, Akutagawa Bungo no kami (governor of Bungo Province) wrecked in typhoon on his way to Awa Province retreated, and there had been little progress in draft enrollment from Omi Province.
- 天から御札(神符)が降ってくる、これは慶事の前触れだ、という話が広まるとともに、民衆が仮装するなどして囃子言葉の「ええじゃないか」等を連呼しながら集団で町々を巡って熱狂的に踊った。
- Along with a widespread rumor that 'ofuda' (talismans) would falls down from heaven, which was believed a preamble of auspicious events, people in a clown like outfit went out and walked around their neighborhood in group with enthusiasm by repeatedly shouting 'eejanaika' (literally means 'it's good,' as an utterance added to complete the rhythm of a song).
- また打ちこわしから3ヵ月後の9月18日にはロバート・ヴァン・ヴォールクンバーグアメリカ合衆国公使が道に迷って雷門前に出たときに江戸市民の投石にあって警備の武士と小競り合いとなった。
- And on October 26, 1866 (表記の変更), about three months later from the riots, the then envoy from the United States, Robert B. Van Valkenburg was stoned by Edo citizens in front of Kaminari-mon Gate when he lost his way, and he had a brush with the guardian samurai of the area.
- この政体書第11条を書くに当たって参照されたのが『万国公法』第一巻第二章第二四節及び第二五節で、そこではアメリカ合衆国憲法やスイスの国会権限について部分的に訳され、紹介されている。
- For drafting of Article 11 of the Constitution on 1868, partial translated introduction regarding power and authority of national diets in the United States and Switzerland, which are covered in subsection 24 and 25 of volume 1, chapter 2 of 'Bankoku Koho' was referred.
- 対武田では村上氏と協力関係にあった善光寺平以北の北信濃国人衆(高梨氏や井上氏の一族など)は、元々村上氏と北信の覇権を争っていた時代から越後の守護代家であった長尾氏と繋がりがあった。
- The local samurai land owners in the northern Shinano area in the north of Zenko-ji Temple (such as the Takanashi clan and the Inoue clan), who were in a cooperative relationship with the Murakami clan against the Takeda clan, had originally connections with the Nagao family, the Echigo no Shugodai (the acting Military Governor of Echigo Province) family since they competed against the Murakami clan over the control of the northern Shinano area.
- 七分積金や人足寄場の設置など、今日でいう社会福祉政策を行ってもいるが、思想や文芸を統制し、全体として町人・百姓に厳しく、旗本・御家人を過剰に保護する政策を採り、民衆の離反を招いた。
- Although Sadanobu also implemented present social welfare policies such as the accumulation of relief fund for the poor (seventy-percent reserve fund) and the establishment of independence support facilities for minor offenders and the homeless (ninsokuyoseba), the support of the people was lost due to the strict control over thought, art and literature, in short townspeople and peasants as a whole, and the excessive protection of his retainers on the other hand.
- この事件の背景として、これに先立つ日清戦争での戦費負担を補って大いにあまりある賠償金獲得により「戦争は勝てば儲かる」という発想が民衆(および新聞社以下マスコミ)にあったと考えられる。
- It can be considered that, in the background of this incident, there was a people's (and media's, especially, news companies') anticipation that the war could bring a huge fortune if win, inspired by earlier Sino-Japanese War from which Japan had gained reparations much enough to compensate the war expenditure.
- 足尾銅山による鉱毒被害が増大すると、衆議院議員田中正造の主導の下、1896年10月4日、群馬県邑楽郡渡瀬村 (群馬県)(現館林市)にある雲龍寺に、栃木・群馬両県鉱毒事務所がおかれた。
- As the mining pollution damage caused by the Ashio copper mine became serious, Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives, set up a mining damage office for both Ibaragi and Gunma Prefecture on October 4, 1896 at Unryu-ji Temple in Watase Village, Oura County, Gunma Prefecture (the present Tatebayashi City, Gunma Prefecture.)
- 戦争が開始され、日本軍・明軍・朝鮮軍による現地調達による食料消費と治安悪化のために農民が耕作を放棄することで流民が流民を生み、飢えた民衆は敵味方より略奪することで飢えを凌ごうとした。
- After the war began, because of the consumption of food locally procured by troops of Japan, Ming, and Korea and the deteriorated safety, farmers gave up cultivation and roaming people created further roaming people, and starved people tried to keep hunger at bay by robbing both from enemies and by obtaining favors.
- 中でも往復書簡を集めた形式の書籍である往来物は特に頻用され、様々な書簡を作成する事の多かった江戸時代の民衆にとっては実生活に即した教科書であり、「往来物」は教科書の代名詞ともなった。
- Oraimono, collection of correspondences were frequently used as textbooks because the public during the Edo period often prepared various letters for practical life and eventually 'Oraimono' became a pronoun for textbook.
- この事件を知った清国アモイ駐在のアメリカ合衆国総領事リゼンドル(リ・ゼンドル。Charles E.LeGendre)は、駐日公使を通じて「野蛮人を懲罰するべきだ」と外務省に提唱した。
- U.S. Consul General to Xiamen in Qing Dynasty, Charles E. LeGendre, who learned about the case, suggested to the Foreign Ministry through a resident envoy to Japan that Japan punish the barbarians.
- 渋川義陸はその勢力の安泰を図るため、安芸・備後二ヶ国に所領を有する幕府奉公衆にして有力国人・小早川氏と親交し、1507年(永正4年)当主・小早川扶平に御調の所領の一部を譲与している。
- In order to attempt to keep his power secure, Yoshitaka SHIBUKAWA deepened friendship with the Kobayakawa clan, a bakufu hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) and powerful kokujin (local lord) who owned territories in two provinces of Aki and Bingo, and in 1507, he transferred a part of the territory in Mitsugi to the family head Sukehira KOBAYAKAWA.
- だが、これによって衆議院を敵に回した山縣の政権運営は次第に困難になり、北清事変後に憲政党が解党して伊藤博文らと立憲政友会を結成すると、政友会潰しを策して伊藤博文を後継に推して辞任した。
- But this gradually made YAMAGATA's government control difficult by making enemy of the House of Representatives, and after dissolution of the Constitutional Party and formation of Rikken seiyukai with ITO etc. after the Boxer Rebellion, he recommended ITO as his successor and resigned to aimed for dissolution of the Seiyu Party.
- 貴族院は、衆議院における政党政治の防波堤となり、国権主義の保持に寄与するという建前上、院内に政党を置くことはなく、政党に参加した議員は不文律として貴族院議員を辞職することになっていた。
- Because they were the defenders of the party government by the House of Representatives and their role in supporting national sovereignty, they never set up a political party within Kizokuin and members who joined a party had to quit the Kizokuin councilor's position based on unwritten rules.
- また、後に衆議院議長を務めた中島の最初の妻は陸奥の実の妹であり、また何の門人でその推挙で大阪で英学校の教師をしていた星亨は何の紹介で陸奥と知り合い、後年政治行動をともにすることになる。
- Also chairman of House of Representatives, Nakajima's first wife was a sister of Mutsu and Toru HOSHI who was ga's disciple and became an English teacher by ga's recommendation in Osaka got to know Mutsu by ga's introduction and later engaged in political activity together.
- また、朝廷の行動が実際の救済行動に結びついたことで、幕府の朝廷統制によって江戸時代を通じて忘れられかけていた朝廷の存在を民衆に再度思い起こさせる結果となり、尊王論の興隆の一因となった。
- The act by the Imperial Court led to the actual relief reminded the people of the existence of the Imperial Court, which had been almost forgotten throughout the Edo period due to the tight control on the Imperial Court by the bakufu, as a result this incident became one of the causes to rise the sonnoron (imperial loyalism).
- 永正4年(1507年)6月23日、修験道にとりつかれ、度々奇行のあった細川政元は、魔法を修する準備として邸内の湯屋に入ったところ、澄之を擁する内衆の薬師寺長忠・香西元長らに殺害された。
- On August 11, 1507, when Masamoto, who often behaved peculiarly and was obsessed with Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism that incorporated Shinto and Buddhist concepts) went into the bathhouse on his premises in preparation for acquiring magic, he was assassinated by the uchishu members Nagatada YAKUSHIJI and Motonaga KOZAI, who supported Sumiyuki.
- ところが大航海時代以降世界に進出、支配領域を拡大したヨーロッパ、続く帝国主義の波に乗ったアメリカ合衆国によるアフリカ・アジア進出・侵略・植民地化は、東アジア各国にとっても脅威となった。
- However, European countries which started to explore the world after the Age of Geographical Discovery to expand their areas of dominance and the USA which rode on the wave of continuous Imperialism and made a foray into Africa and Asia for incursions and colonization became a threat for East Asian countries.
- 軍役は広義には民衆に課せられる夫役のうちの兵役なども含まれるが、狭義には封建制度における「御恩と奉公」の関係において、知行地の安堵(御恩)と引き替えに主君に軍事的奉公を行うことである。
- In a broad sense, gunyaku meant conscription which included the labor service that was imposed on the people; but in a narrow sense, gunyaku referred to a retainer's offering of military service to the lord in exchange for recognition and guarantee of ownership of the fief (debt) in the relationship of 'debts and service' in the feudal system.
- 元亀元年(1570年)、氏康の7男(異説あり)である北条三郎を養子として迎えた輝虎は、三郎のことを大いに気に入って上杉景虎という自身の初名を与えるとともに、一族衆として厚遇したという。
- In 1570, Terutora adopted Saburo HOJO, the seventh son of Ujiyasu (a different opinion exists), he really liked Saburo giving his own original name, Kagetora UESUGI, as well as treating him kindly as one family.
- 「家門・宿老・侍隊将・奉行・頭人・近習・外様、出棺の前後を打囲て行列の姿堂々たれ共、獅竜の部伍に事替り、衆皆哭慟の声を呑み、喪服の袂を絞りければ、街に蹲る男女老若共に泪止め兼ねたり。」
- A magnificent procession of all who walked before and after the coffin were, Kamon (family), Shukuro (chief vassal), Samurai taisho (in charge of guard and departure for the front in a war), Bugyo (magistrate), Tonin (the director), Kinju (attendant) and tozama (outside feudal lord), brave troops followed, people suppressed the sound of crying with their sleeves, and men and women of all ages could not suppress tears.'
- しかし久秀は永禄10年(1567年)10月10日に興福寺に布陣していた三好軍を奇襲して東大寺大仏殿を焼き払って三好三人衆を撃退する(東大寺大仏殿の戦い)など、一進一退の攻防が続けられた。
- However, Hisahide attacked the Miyoshi's army which was lined up at the Kofuku-ji Temple on October 10, 1567, and fought off them by setting a fire to the Daibutsu-den Hall (the Great Buddha hall) of Todai-ji Temple (warrior clashes at the Great Buddha Hall of Todai-ji temple); the battle was a seesaw war.
- 永禄12年(1569年)、三好三人衆による本圀寺の変では手勢を率い救援に駆けつけ、桂川にて細川幽斎や三好義継とともに三好三人衆と戦い、敵陣に一騎駆けにて切り込み勝利に貢献する功を上げる。
- In 1569, at the time of Conspiracy of Honkoku-ji Temple by Miyoshi Sanninshu, he led his army and fought with Yusai HOSOKAWA and Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI against Miyoshi Sanninshu, then he ran into the enemy line on his own and contributed to the victory.
- 7人と言うのは後の語呂合わせである(ただし彼らが挙げたとされる手柄は勝利が確定した後の追撃戦によるもののみであり、一番手柄も大谷吉継、石田三成らの先駆衆と呼ばれる武士達に与えられている)。
- The number of 'seven' was a mere play on words made up in later years (However, the feats that were said to be theirs were performed only during the running battle after Hideyoshi's victory had been secured. The honor of launching the attack fell to a group of samurai called sakigakesyu [the vanguard], which included Yoshitsugu OTANI and Mitsunari ISHIDA).
- 室町時代から江戸初期までの社会用語としては、神社勢力が強訴などの要求を行うための武力である僧衆(江戸時代に僧兵と呼ばれる)も含め、中央もしくは地方政権から非公認の武装勢力そのものを指した。
- As a sociological term from the Muromachi period to the Edo period, ikki referred to military forces that had not been officially recognized by the central government or the local government; such forces included monk-soldiers (known in Edo period as sohei, meaning 'armed priests'), who the shrine authorities used to submit claims such as a goso (a petition lodged directly with the Imperial Court or the shogunate government).
- しかし言語等で意思の疎通を欠いていたため、1864年に幕府はイギリス・アメリカ合衆国・フランス・オランダの四カ国と協定を結び、居留地の自治組織である「居留地会」が警察を設置することになった。
- But because communication between patrolmen and inhabitants proved difficult due to the multiple languages spoken there, in 1864 the bakufu concluded an arrangement with the four countries of Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Netherlands, under which the autonomous settlement organization called the 'Settlement Party' would establish a police force.
- だが、応仁の乱以後には将軍の臨席は減少し、11代将軍足利義澄の頃には将軍主宰とされながら実際には将軍が臨席する事は無く、側近である内談衆が決定事項を将軍に取り次いで裁可を得る仕組みとなった。
- After the Onin War, the shogun's presence at gozen-sata became less, and in the tenure of the eleventh shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, the shogun namely chaired, but did not attend gozen-sata, which resulted in a procedure whereby naidan shu (judges), shogun's entourages, brought the decisions to the shogun for the approval.
- この間、陸奥国会津慧日寺や同国会津勝常寺、常陸国筑波山中禅寺(大御堂 (つくば市))、西光院など陸奥南部~常陸にかけて多くの寺院を建立すると共に、民衆布教を行い「徳一菩薩」と称されたという。
- During this time, Tokuitsu built many temples across the southern part of Mutsu Province to Hitachi Province, including Enichi-ji Temple in Aizu in Mutsu Province, Shojo-ji Temple in the same Province, Chuzen-ji Temple (Omido) on Mt. Tsukuba in Hitachi Province (Tsukuba City), and Saiko-in Temple, and at the same time conducted propagation among the people, which reportedly led them to refer to him as 'Tokuitsu Bosatsu,' Bosatsu (Bodhisattva) meaning one who vows to save all beings before becoming a Buddha.
- 翌1892年2月15日に第2回衆議院議員総選挙が行われたが、この際品川弥二郎内務大臣と白根専一同次官が中心となって大規模な選挙干渉を行って、民党関係者を中心に死者25名負傷者388名を出した。
- On February 15, 1892, the next year, the second general election of members of the House of Representatives was held, but Yajiro SHINAGAWA, Minister of Home Affairs and Senichi SHIRANE, the vice-minister took the lead in extensive election interference then, and 25 people died and 388 people injured mainly among people related to minto.
- 第10回衆議院議員総選挙において過半数に迫る187議席を獲得したものの、政友会の基盤が確固たるものになることを警戒した山縣有朋から財政政策の不備と社会主義取締の緩さを問題視する上奏が行われた。
- In the tenth general election of members of the House of Representatives, the Seiyu party won 187 seats, and almost became the majority; Aritomo YAMAGATA, who feared the stability of the party, reported to the throne that the cabinet was not effective in its financial policy or regulation of socialism.
- 大正政変は、山縣有朋・桂率いる陸軍・長州閥が第2次西園寺内閣を倒閣し、これに反対する民衆運動が政党組織や優詔政策といった小手先の政策で交わそうとする「閥族内閣」を打倒したというイメージが強い。
- The typical image of the Taisho Seihen is the public movement that toppled the 'clique-ruling Cabinet' formed by the Japanese Army and the former Choshu Domain clique, led by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Taro KATSURA respectively, because the public took objection to the Cabinet which, after overthrowing of the second Saionji Cabinet, tried to silence the public voices by fiddling measures such as the party politics and the Imperial Edict Tactics.
- また、日本人で鉄道に乗ったことが分かっている最初の人物は、太平洋で漂流しアメリカ合衆国の船に救われ、現地へ向かったジョン万次郎(中浜万次郎)であるとされ、1845年(弘化2年)のこととされる。
- The first known Japanese to ride a railway train is said to be John Manjiro (Manjiro NAKANOHAMA), who had been saved by the American vessel while adrift in the Pacific Ocean and taken to America, in 1845.
- その反面、その他の規定に対する違反については、惣村からの追放や財産の没収という罰則を伴っていたが、一定年限(数ヶ月~数年)が経過した後は、惣村の衆議によって解除されるケースがほとんどであった。
- On the other hand, although penal regulations for other violations were banishment from a soson or confiscation of property, they were usually pardoned after a fixed period (several months to several years) by the public discussion of the soson.
- 集まった浪人を併せた豊臣方の総兵力は約10万人で、著名な浪人として真田信繁(幸村)、長宗我部盛親、後藤基次(又兵衛)、毛利勝永、明石全登(彼らは五人衆と呼ばれた)、塙直之、大谷吉治などがいた。
- The total number of soldiers including employed ronin was about 100,000 people and among them there were well-known ronin including Nobushige SANADA (Yukimura), Morichika CHOSOKABE, Mototsugu GOTO (Matabe), Katsunaga MORI, Takenori AKASHI (they were called gonin shu), Naoyuki BAN, Yoshiharu Otani and others.
- しかし、家康のこともあり、おくれをとったとしても兄弟・身内やしかるべき譜代衆が討死でもしていればその甲斐あって運良く戦死を免れたと人々も不審には思わなかっただろうに、一人も死者をだしていない。
- Even if you fell behind because of Ieyasu, if your brothers or family, or one of your fudai had died on the battle field, people would not have doubted you since you luckily scapegoated the dead, but nobody died.
- その後しばらくは織田氏の家臣として三好三人衆などの畿内の反信長勢力と戦っていたが(野田城・福島城の戦い)、元亀2年(1571年)頃から久秀と手を結んで信長に反逆し、信長包囲網の一角に加わった。
- For a period of time after that, he fought against the anti-Nobunaga forces such as Miyoshi Triumvirate in and around Kyoto as a Nobunaga's vassal (the Battle of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle), but around 1571 he allied himself with Hisahide to rebel against Nobunaga, and took part in the siege around Nobunaga.
- 律令制下における国司による地方統治は、民衆に対して古来の首長権の権威をもって望む郡司層との協力関係に依存するものであったが、しだいにこの権威は平安時代初期の律令制のほころびとともに低下していく。
- The local governance by Kokushi under the ritsuryo system relied on a cooperative relationship with the class of Gunji, who ruled with the authority of ancient chieftainship over people, but this authority declined gradually along with fraying of the ritsuryo system in the early Heian period.
- 一方、イギリス公使ハリー・パークスは九州旅行中に大坂の打ちこわしの知らせを聞き、民衆の動きが攘夷派と結びついて第二の太平天国の乱になると、長崎奉行能勢頼之らに説いて清国からの外米輸入を提言した。
- Meanwhile, the then envoy from Britain, Harry Smith Parkes, who heard the news that destructive riots occurred in Osaka while he was traveling in the Kyushu region, anticipated that the public movement, if and when converged with Joi-ha (supporters of expulsion of the foreigners), would be the second Taiping Rebellion (the widespread civil war in China from 1850 to 1864), so he recommended Nagasaki bugyo (Nagasaki magistrate) Yoriyuki NOSE and others to import rice from Qing Dynasty of China.
- 11月26日には衆議院法務委員会に服部学長と同学会委員長が喚問される事態となり、政府(第3次吉田内閣)および与党自由党はこの事件をきっかけに大学への警官の自由な立ち入りを認めさせようと画策した。
- The president of the university Hattori and the chairman of the Dogakukai were summoned to the Lower House Judicial Affairs Committee on November 26, and the Government (the third Yoshida cabinet) and the ruling Liberal Party planned, taking advantage of this incident, to make it possible for the police to enter the university campus freely.
- 大和国の守護職を収めた興福寺の傘下にあった衆徒(大和武士)の指導者は幕府成立後も「棟梁」の地位を保ち、一乗院系の棟梁・筒井氏と大乗院系の棟梁・古市氏が互いに大和武士の指導者の地位を巡って争った。
- The leader of shuto (monk-soldiers) (Yamato bushi (samurai)) belonged to Kofuku-ji Temple, which was then the provincial governor of Yamato Province, maintained his position as 'Toryo' even after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu and the Tsutsui clan, toryo of Ichijo-in Temple's shuto, and the Furuichi clan, toryo of Daijo-in Temple's shuto, competed against each other for the status of the leader of Yamato bushi.
- 当時の朝廷には政権を運営する能力も体制もなく、一旦形式的に政権を返上しても、公家衆や諸藩を圧倒する勢力を有する徳川家が天皇の下の新政府に参画すれば実質的に政権を握り続けられると考えてのことである。
- As the Imperial Court at that time had no ability and system to come into power, Yoshinobu thought that the Tokugawa family could practically have control over political administration if the family, which had a power to overwhelm Kugeshu (court nobles) and domains, participated in the new government under the Emperor even if the family formally returned the power.
- 他に社会事業をおこなった人物としては、行基の師で宇治橋をつくったといわれる道昭(法相宗の開祖)、貧窮した民衆を救済するための悲田院・施薬院を設けた光明皇后、多数の孤児を養育した和気広虫などがいる。
- Others who carried out social works include Dosho (founder of the Hosso sect) who was Gyoki's teacher and said to have built Uji-bashi Bridge, the Empress Komyo who established Hidenin and Seyauin to give relief to poor people, and WAKE no Hiromushi who brought up a large number of orphans.
- これにより、江戸幕府の財政難に拍車がかかったことは否めないが一方で、同時期に出された服忌令、捨子禁止令からも見られるように、道徳観を民衆に扶植することで、文治政治を強化する狙いがあったともいえよう。
- It cannot be denied that this law accelerated financial difficulties of the Edo bakufu, but it was designed to strengthen bunchi seiji by establishing a sense of morality among the common people, as seen in the law of mourning or the prohibition of abandonment of children issued around the same time.
- 岩倉使節団(いわくらしせつだん)とは明治4年11月12日 (旧暦)(1871年12月23日)から明治6年(1873年)9月13日まで、日本からアメリカ合衆国、ヨーロッパ諸国に派遣された使節団である。
- Iwakura Mission was a delegation which was dispatched to the United States of America and European countries from Japan between December 23, 1871 and September 13, 1873.
- その後1919年にアメリカ合衆国が復帰したのを皮切りに、再び各国が金本位制に復帰したが、1929年の世界恐慌により再び機能しなくなり、1937年6月のフランスを最後にすべての国が金本位制を離脱した。
- Later, the countries returned to gold standard system, starting with the United States of America readopting the system in 1919, but as the system again became dysfunctional due to the outbreak of the Great Depression in 1929, all the countries abandoned gold standard system as France being the last one to abandon in June 1937.
- 5月20日 (旧暦)夜、酒井忠次率いる東三河衆の他、織田軍・金森長近などの与力、また鉄砲500丁を持たせた計約3000名という連合軍の大部隊(『信長公記』によると約4000名)が、密かに豊川を渡河。
- During the night of July 18, the great allied forces, comprising the Migashimikawa army under Tadatsugu SAKAI, the yoriki (assistants to commanders) including Nagachika KANAMORI of the Oda force, and approximately 3,000 (or 4,000 men according to 'The Shinchoko-ki') with 500 teppo, crossed Toyo-gawa River in secret.
- また、直接の軍事行動で敗北は殆どなかったものの、占領地を直接支配しなかったがために謙信が帰国するたび関東衆の離反を許すこととなり、北条・武田に対しての長期戦略は上野の一部を得るにとどまってしまった。
- Kenshin was seldom defeated in direct military activities, as he did not directly rule in the occupied territories he forgave people who were estranged, and this happened whenever he returned to his province, in long-term strategies he only obtained part of Kozuke Province from the Hojo clan and the Takeda clan.
- これに対して12月27日 (旧暦)に重衡らも兵を2手に分けて木津町方面より侵攻したが、大衆も木津川 (京都府)沿岸や奈良坂・般若寺などで抵抗を続けたため、全体的に平氏軍有利ながらも決着が付かなかった。
- On December 27 (old calender), Shigehira divided soldiers to 2 group to invade from Kizu-choarea, where Daishu continued resistance at Kizu-gawa River (Kyoto Prefecture) bank, Nara-zaka slope, Hannya-ji Temple and other places, and thus, overall situation was advantageous to the Taira clan army, but unsettled.
- その後、三好三人衆についた村重らの押さえとして信長より原田城城主に任じられ細川幽斎らとともに各地を転戦したが、荒木村重が信長家臣になると池田に戻り隠居した(諸国を旅し、九州へ渡ったとも言われている)。
- Later Katsumasa was ordered to be the lord of the Harada-jo Castle by Nobunaga to compete with Murashige's force which was on the side of Miyoshi Sanninshu, and he moved from place to place with Yusai HOSOKAWA to fight but after Murashige ARAKI became a retainer of Nobunaga, Katsumasa went into retirement at Ikeda (It is also said that Katsumasa traveled to the Kyushu region).
- また、終戦後10日目の1945年(昭和20)8月25日には、市川房枝らによる「戦後対策婦人委員会」が結成され、衆議院議員選挙法の改正や治安警察法廃止等を求めた五項目の決議を、政府及び主要政党に提出する。
- On August 25, 1945, ten days after the war ended, Fusae ICHIKAWA and her allies organized the 'Women's Committee on Postwar Policy' and submitted a resolution to the government and the major political parties which consisted of five demands, including the revision of the electoral law for House of Representatives members and the abolition of the Security Police Law.
- 民事上の問題が生じた場合には当事者間の話し合い(相対)による解決が付かない場合にのみ「お上からの恩恵」として仲裁に乗り出すという名目で民事裁判が行われたものであり、民衆を法的に救済する制度ではなかった。
- Only in cases of civil problems which could not be solved by discussion (vis-a-vis) between the people concerned, civil trials were made in the name of arbitration as 'favor from the authorities', therefore, these trials were not an institution that would give the people legal aids.
- 慶應2年(1866年)、幕府が改税約書によりイギリス、フランス、アメリカ合衆国、オランダ四ヵ国と交わした自由造幣局設立の確約を受け、慶應4年(1868年)4月17日、明治維新は金座および銀座を接収した。
- With a pledge to establish a free currency minting bureau in the amended tariff treaty that the Edo shogunate concluded with Britain, France, the United States and Holland in 1866, the ginza and the kinza were closed with the Meiji Restoration on April 17, 1868.
- 特に1942年の翼賛政治会結成には重要な役割を果たし(衆議院の政党とは違い、貴族院の会派は解散を求められなかった)、この功績で東條内閣以後貴族院廃止までの全ての内閣に研究会からの入閣者を出すことになった。
- Kenkyukai played an important role in the formation of Yokusanseijikai in 1942 (unlike political parties in the House of Representative, factions in the House of Peers were not asked to dissolve), and due to the contribution, Kenkyukai sent its members into all the cabinets after TOJO Cabinet till the abolition of the House of Peers.
- こうした考え方は商工業が盛んになって民事的な訴訟が増加した幕藩体制になっても基本的には変わらず、その司法制度は専ら刑事裁判の遂行のためのものであり、民衆が自己の権利として裁判を請求することは出来なかった。
- Such an idea did not change basically even in the shogunate system when civil suits increased due to activated trade and craft, and the judiciary system was entirely for performances of criminal trials, so that the people could not ask for trials as their own rights.
- 乱自体は幕府との協力で鎮圧されるが、乱後に持氏が残党狩りを名目として、京都扶持衆の宇都宮持綱などを粛清、さらに幕府の支援する佐竹氏を討伐するなど自立的行動が目立つようになり、幕府と鎌倉府は対立関係となる。
- Although the war itself was suppressed in corporation with the bakufu, Mochiuji's self-willed behaviors became prominent after the war - on the pretext of hunting down of stragglers, he purged Mochitsuna UTSUNOMIYA and others of Kyoto-fuchishu (Kanto samurais who were directly engaged by bakufu, not by the Kamakura Government) and subjugated the Satake clan who were supported by the bakufu - thus the bakufu and the Kamakura Government became a confrontational relationship.
- しかし久秀の勢力を危険視した三好三人衆は、永禄の変から7ヶ月ほどたった12月、かつて久秀に筒井城を奪われて(筒井城の戦い)放浪していた筒井順慶ら大和の国人衆らと手を結んで大和に侵攻し、久秀を討とうとした。
- However, the Miyoshi Sanninshu, who felt Hisahide's power was threatening, invaded to the Yamato Province in cooperation with the local samurai of the Yamato Province, including Junkei TSUTSUI who was drifting after Hisahide took over the Tsutsui-jo Castle (at the Battle of Tsutsui-jo Castle), and tried to kill Hisahide.
- 長浜三年寄(ながはまさんどしより)とは、豊臣秀吉の命を受け長浜城下町(49町・10組)を整備した町人衆のうち、組を代表する町年寄の十家が長浜十人衆と呼ばれており、そのうち更に有力であった三家のことである。
- Nagahama sandoshiyori refers to most influential three families among Nagahama juninshu (10 influential families in Nagahama), 10 representative families of machi-doshiyori (ward head) in townspeople who built the Nagahama-jo Castle town (49 towns and 10 wards) under the order of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- この地で蓮如は教義を民衆にわかりやすく説き、時には「御文(おふみ)」(「御文章(ごぶんしょう)」)を用いたり、「南無阿弥陀仏」の六字名号を下付したため、御坊には北陸はもとより奥羽からも多くの門徒が集った。
- In this place, Rennyo expounded the creed to the public in an easy-to-understand manner, sometimes using a preaching letter written by himself, which is called 'Ofumi' or 'Gobunsho,' and granting scrolls carrying 'rokuji myogo' (the six characters of Buddha's name), i.e., 'Na-Mu-A-Mi-Da-Butsu,' and so a great number of believers came to visit Yoshizaki Gobo not only from the Hokuriku region but from the Ou region (the present Tohoku region).
- そこで信玄は近畿圏において浅井長政・朝倉義景及び本願寺一向衆等の各勢力により織田家の兵力を拘束し、東方へ向ける兵力を限定させた上で三河・尾張若しくは美濃で織田と決戦するという戦略を立てていた(信長包囲網)。
- Shingen therefore planned to confront Nobunaga in either the Mikawa-Owari area or Mino after he limited Nobunaga's forces in the Kinki region by deploying the troops of Nagamasa AZAI and Yoshikage ASAKURA as well as the followers of the Ikko sect of Hongan-ji Temple, so that Nobunaga would have a limited force to move to the east (the anti-Nobunaga network).
- 条約励行建議案に対抗するために衆議院解散が行われた同年12月29日、突如集会及政社法の対象となる政治団体の指定を受け、その日のうちに大日本協会は度重なる外国人襲撃事件を理由として解散を命じられることになった。
- On December 29 of the same year, when the House of Representatives was dissolved in opposition of the proposal to rigorously enforce the treaties, the Dai Nihon Kyokai was suddenly designated as a political organization to which the Assembly and Political Association laws applied, and on the same day it was ordered to disband with the attacks on foreigners cited as the reason for the order.
- 高輪談判(たかなわだんぱん)とは、明治2年7月12日(1869年8月19日)に、東京高輪において開催された明治政府首脳とイギリス・フランス・アメリカ合衆国・イタリア・北ドイツ連邦の5ヶ国の駐日公使による会談。
- The Takanawa negotiation was a conference held by the the head of the Meiji Government and the ambassadors of England, France, United States of America, Italy, and Germany, in Takanawa, Tokyo Prefecture on August 19, 1869.
- 一方、西村茂樹は国民が「半開」(文明と野蛮の中間)にあるから時期尚早というのは理由にできない、むしろ議院を設立することで民衆を「文明」へと導くべきと主張し、民撰議院を設立することに積極的な賛成を表明している。
- On the other hand, Shigeki NISHIMURA showed a strong approve of the establishment of democratic representatives, with insisting that the thought that it was too early because the people were in the stage of 'hankai' (middle of civilization and barbarity) was irrational and that they should be led to 'civilization' by the establishment of parliament.
- それは、安元3年(1177年)の鹿ケ谷の陰謀で成親が逮捕された時、大衆が清盛に「敵を討っていただいたことは喜ばしい」とわざわざ使者を送って礼を述べていることからも明らかといえる(『玉葉』安元3年6月3日条)。
- That was obvious as the daishu bothered to send an envoy to show gratitude, 'It is gratifying that the enemy was caught' when Narichika was arrested at the Shishigatani plot in 1177 ('Gyokuyo' article of June 3, 1177).
- 堺で会合衆の名が初見されるのは季弘大叔の『蔗軒日録』で、1484年(文明16年)8月1日に三村社(開口神社)の祭礼で頭を務めたのが「会合衆内、カスエ(材木商・三宅主計)、イスミ(和泉)屋両人」と記されている。
- The name of Egoshu first appears in Sakai City, in the 'Shaken nichiroku,' a diary written by a Zen priest, Daishuku KIKO. It records that on August 1 in 1484, both the Kasueya (timber merchant, Kazue MIYAKE) and the Isumiya (Izumiya) from among the Egoshu members led the festival at Mimura-sha Shrine (Aguchi-jinja Shrine).
- 大正4年(1915年)の第12回衆議院議員総選挙で大隈信常(大隈重信養子)に敗れて落選した竹越は本野一郎らと「日本経済史編纂会」を結成し、大正8年(1919年)から翌年にかけて『日本経済史』全8巻を刊行した。
- Takekoshi, who lost to Nobutsune OKUMA (Shigenobu OKUMA's adopted son) and was defeated in the 12th general election of members of the House of Representatives held in 1915, set up 'Nihon Keizaishi Hensankai' (Compilation committee of Japanese history of economics), and from 1919 to the following year, he published 'Nihonkeizai-shi' (Japanese history of economics) consisting of eight volumes.
- 江戸時代後期に、たびたび日本へ来航して鎖国を行う日本に通商や国交を求める諸外国に対し、江戸幕府は1859年(安政6年)に安政五カ国条約(アメリカ合衆国、ロシア、オランダ、イギリス、フランスとの通商条約)を結ぶ。
- In the second half of Edo Period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) concluded a commercial treaty in 1859 with each of the countries which had frequently come to nationally isolated Japan by the sea to request commerce and diplomatic relations (that is, the United States of America, Russia, the Netherlands, England, and France), and those treaties were called the Treaty with the Five Countries in Ansei Era.
- ところが、大久保忠教は旗奉行の不首尾は古参譜代衆を差し置いて新参者に旗奉行のような要職を任せた家康の失態であり、高齢の家康には汚名返上の機会はないと思い、旗は倒れなかったと主張して聞かなかったという逸話がある。
- An anecdote is told about this, however, that Tadataka OKUBO strongly insisted that the flag was never fallen, because he worried that if it was revealed that the failure of Hata bugyo was attributable to failure of Ieyasu who left such an important post as Hata bugyo to newcomers by neglecting senior fudaishu (hereditary daimyo), no opportunity would be left for old-age Ieyasu to clear such dishonor.
- なお、1867年(慶応3年)にはアメリカ合衆国公使館員のポートマンに対し、江戸幕府の小笠原長行老中が「江戸・横浜間鉄道敷設免許」(日本人は土地のみ提供)を出しており、明治維新後の新政府に対してその履行を迫った。
- Meanwhile, 'a railway construction permit between Edo and Yokohama' (Japanese would provide the land only) had been issued in 1867 by Nagamichi OGASAWARA, a roju (senior councillor) of the Edo bakufu, to Portman, an American legation attaché, and after the Meiji Restoration Portman pressed to the new government for its implementation.
- 長享元年(1487年)、9代将軍足利義尚は六角高頼征伐を決定し、将軍直属の奉公衆を中心とした軍を率いて近江坂本へ出陣、9月には管領細川政元・若狭国守護武田国信・加賀国守護富樫政親を近江に召集し、高頼を攻撃する。
- In 1487, the ninth Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA decided to subjugate Takayori ROKKAKU, and headed an army mainly consisted of hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) directly under him to go into the battle in Sakamoto in Omi Province, and in September, the Shogun ordered the Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA, Wakasa no kuni shugo (the provincial constable of Wakasa Province) Kuninobu TAKEDA and Kaga no kuni shugo (the provincial constable of Kaga Province) Masachika TOGASHI to Omi Province and attacked Takayori.
- 立憲政友会を与党とした第1次山本内閣がシーメンス事件のスキャンダルに見舞われた際には、茶話会は清浦奎吾率いる会派・研究会_(貴族院)とともに、海軍予算7,000万円減を成立させ、3,000万円減の衆議院と対立。
- When the first Yamamoto administration with the Rikken Seiyukai Party as the ruling party was involved in the Siemens scandal, the Sawakai and the Kenkyukai (within the House of Peers) led by Keigo KIYOURA decreased the navy budget by 70 million yen and entered a conflict with the House of Representatives that had suggested a budget decrease of only 30 million yen.
- ところが贈賄側に内部対立がおき、1908年(明治41年)4月11日に秋山一裕が検事官舎を訪れ、日本製糖が帳簿操作で不正金を捻出して衆議院議員を買収し、その資金出所を隠蔽した事実を自供した事から世間に明るみに出た。
- However, an internal conflict rose among bribers, and Kazuhiro AKIYAMA visited a prosecutor at the government quarters on April 11, 1908 to confess the fact that Nihon Seito made an illicit fund by a bookkeeping maneuver to bribe the members of the House of Representatives and hid the sources of the fund, a result of which the scandal was brought to light.
- 同じく江戸城下の治安を預かる町奉行が役方(文官)であり、その部下である町与力や町同心とは対照的に、御先手組は番方であり、その部下である組与力・組同心の取り締まり方は極めて荒っぽく、江戸の民衆から恐れられたという。
- While Machi-yoriki and Machi-doshin were the subordinate of machi-bugyo (town magistrate) who were civil officers to maintain the public security of the Edo castle town, Kumi-yoriki and Kumi-doshin were under the control of the sakite-gumi, which was bankata (military officers), and regulated the Edo castle town so roughly that they were said to be feared by the Edo people.
- その上に、墨家の上帝鬼神の思想信仰、儒教の神道と祭礼の哲学、老荘(道家)の「玄」と「真」の形而上学、さらに中国仏教の業報輪廻と解脱ないしは衆生済度の教理儀礼などを重層的・複合的に取り入れてできあがった物であろう。
- Dokyo seems to have been created by incorporating, both in an integrated fashion and in a layer by layer fashion, Bokka's philosophy and belief of 上帝鬼神 (jotei-kishin: god in the heaven and the ogre preventing disasters), the philosophy of Shintoism and festival rites in Confucianism; the metaphysics of '玄' (gen) '真' (shin: truth) in Laozi and Zhuangzi (Doka); and finally, 業報輪廻 (gyoho-rinne: philosophy concerned with 'cause and effect '[業報], 'rebirth' [輪廻]), Gedatsu (being liberated from earthly desires and the woes of man, [reaching] nirvana, moksha, and mukti) and doctrines and rituals in salvation by Buddha and the Bodhisattvas (Shujyo Saido).
- 仮名垣魯文の『安愚楽鍋』にある「牛鍋食わぬは開化不進奴」(現代風に意訳すれば「牛鍋を食わないとは、とんでもない時代遅れな奴だ」)といった食文化の変化などが、大衆の生活にも取り入れられていった様子が伺える(後述)。
- In 'Agra Nabe' (which means, sitting cross-legged around hot pot, eat food and talk frankly) written by Robun KANAGAKI, he said, 'you are a dinosaur not eating beef hot pot!' which satirically describe the changing cultural habit of Japanese people even among the general public.
- これに対し雑賀衆は雑賀城を本城となし、雑賀川(和歌川)沿いに弥勒寺山城を中心として北に東禅寺山城・上下砦・宇須山砦・中津城 (紀伊国)、南に甲崎砦・玉津島砦・布引浜の砦を築き、川岸には柵を設けて防衛線を構築した。
- On the other hand, Saiga shu placed its headquarter at Saiga-jo Castle and built up the line of defense with Tozenjiyama-jo Castle, Joge Fort (上下砦), Usayama Fort, Nakatsu-jo Castle (Kii Province) in the north, Kosaki Fort (甲崎砦), Tamatsushima Fort and Nunobikihama Fort in the south and barriers on the riverside, centering on Mirokuyama-jo Castle along the Saiga-gawa River (Waka-gawa River).
- 民衆はこれを、山県の意を受けた桂が陸軍の軍備拡張を推し進めようとしたものとみなし、国民も議会中心の政治などを望んで藩閥政治に反発し、「閥族打破・憲政擁護」をスローガンとする憲政擁護運動(第一次)が起こったのである。
- The people, however, considered that KATSURA's intention was to expand armaments, following the advice of Aritomo YAMAGATA, and this provoked an angry response towards the Hanbatsu Seiji from the people who wished for constitutional government, which led to the first campaign for defending constitutionalism under the slogan 'Down with cliques from the major hans and protect constitutional government.'
- 日本以外には、移民(日系人)としてブラジルを始めとするラテンアメリカ諸国、アジア、ヨーロッパ、アメリカ合衆国など世界中に分布してはいるが、近隣の民族である漢民族や朝鮮民族と比べると日本国外への移住者は比較的少ない。
- They also live as immigrants of Japanese descent in countries around the world such as Latin America including Brazil, Asia, Europe and the United States; however, Japanese immigrants are relatively few in number compared to neighboring races such as the Han race and Korean race.
- 戦国大名から統一政権を打ち立てた織田政権・豊臣政権の両政権では右筆衆(ゆうひつしゅう)の制が定められ、右筆衆が行政文書を作成するだけではなく、奉行・蔵入地代官などを兼務してその政策決定の過程から関与する場合もあった。
- Under both the Oda and Toyotomi governments, which were established after the unification of the warring daimyo, there was an institution called the Yuhitsushu (corps of administrators), who not only created public documents, but also sometimes stood in as the Bugyo (magistrate) or the Daikan (local governor) of directly-controlled lands, taking part in the policymaking processes.
- この法度の制定に先立ち、慶長18年6月16日 (旧暦)(1613年8月2日)には、「公家衆法度」「寺院諸法度」「大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院法度」を定めていたが、この法度によって、さらに天皇までを包含する基本方針を確立した。
- Prior to having enacted this law, 'Kugeshu hatto,' 'Jiin shohatto,' and 'Daitokuji myoshinjito shoji nyuin hatto' had already been promulgated but the basic policy that also targeted for the emperor had been completed with 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto.'
- この当時、世界で女性参政権を認められていた地域はアメリカ合衆国のワイオミング州準州や英領サウスオーストラリアやピトケアン諸島といったごく一部であったので、この動きは女性参政権を実現したものとしては世界で数例目となった。
- Because in those days women's suffrage had been granted only in a few places worldwide, for example in Wyoming Territory in the U.S., British South Australia and the Pitcairn Islands, this movement was among only a handful of cases in the world where women's suffrage was won.
- 日系アメリカ人は、2005年の国勢調査において1,221,773人、アメリカ合衆国(以下アメリカ)の総人口の0.4%を占めており、アメリカ在住のアジア系住民の中ではフィリピン系、中国系についで第3位の規模を持っている。
- According to the 2005 national census, there were 1,221,773 Japanese Americans, accounting for 0.4 percent of the whole population of the U.S., and this is the third largest number of Asian residents by country in the U.S. after Philippine and Chinese Americans.
- すると持氏の叔父にあたる足利満隆、満隆の養子で持氏の弟である足利持仲らと接近し、氏憲の婿にあたる岩松満純、長尾氏春、千葉氏、宇都宮氏、小田氏、相模三浦氏、武田氏や地方の国人衆なども加えて1416年に持氏に対して反乱する。
- Ujinori then approached Mitsutaka ASHIKAGA (Mochiuji's uncle) and Mochinaka ASHIKAGA (adopted child of Mitsutaka and younger brother of Mochiuji), also gained Mitsuzumi IWAMATSU (Ujinori's son in-law), Ujiharu NAGAO, the Chiba clan, the Utsunomiya clan, the Oda clan, the Sagami Miura clan, the Takeda clan and Kokujin-shu (local samurai) over to his side and revolted against Mochiuji in 1416.
- 旧摂関家の当主であった近衛篤麿(近衛文麿の父)を擁した対露同志会を始めとして、七博士建白事件における日露開戦論の高まり、戦後のポーツマス条約締結に反対する民衆による日比谷焼討事件など、対外硬派の影響によるところが大きい。
- What were largely due to the influence of Taigaiko group are the anti Russia comradeship with Atsumaro KONOE (the father of Fumimaro KONOE) who was the family head of the former Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the fervor of theory of outbreak of Japanese -Russo War in the Incident of Shichihakase Kenpaku (movement of outbreak of Japanese-Russo War by seven doctors), and the Hibiya Incendiary Incident by the people who were against Treaty of Portsmouth.
- こうした干渉に対し、首相伊藤博文は列国会議開催による処理を提案したが、外相陸奥宗光は会議によってさらなる干渉を招く恐れを主張し、イギリス、アメリカ合衆国、イタリアなど他の列強の協力で勧告を牽制し、撤回させようと目論んだ。
- In response to the coordinated interventions, then-Japanese prime minister, Hirofumi ITO, made a proposal to the congress to hold a conference with the world powers, but then-foreign minister, Munemitsu MUTSU, claimed it might cause further intervention and proposed instead to invite other world powers, such as the UK, the U.S.A. and Italy, to counter and revoke the recommendation.
- 朕、...ここに元老院 (日本)を設け、もって立法の源を広め、大審院を置き、もって審判の権を鞏(かた)くし、又、地方官を召集し、もって民情を通じ公益を図り、漸次に国家立憲の政体を立て、なんじ衆庶と倶にその慶に頼らんと欲す
- I…established Genro-in (the Chamber of Elders) to develop nation's legislation, and established Daishin-in (Predecessor of the Supreme Court) to secure independence of the judiciary, and also summoned local officials to listen to the voices of the people and secure public interest, and aimed at a gradual shift to the constitutional system of government that provided benefits to both me and the public.
- 1926年(大正15年)、衆議院議員選挙と同様に府県会議員選挙に普通選挙制度を導入するための改正(納税額による選挙権・被選挙権制限の撤廃)が行われ、1929年(昭和4年)の改正では府県に条例および規則の制定権が与えられた。
- In 1926, a revision (which abolished the limitation of suffrage and eligibility due to the amount of tax payment) was made to introduce the popular election system to the Fukenkai assembly elections like the election of the member of the House of Representatives, and the revision made in 1929 gave prefectures the constitutive power on its ordinance and regulation.
- 設立経緯により東京府を中心とした都市部で活動し、地租軽減は訴えても営業税などの商工業者への課税の軽減には積極的とは言えなかった民党に代わる受け皿としての期待から、同年の第4回衆議院議員総選挙では須藤・田口ら4名が当選した。
- Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai operated in urban areas around Tokyo Prefecture due to its reason for establishment, and its four candidates including SUDO and TAGUCHI were elected in the fourth general election of members of the House of Representatives in 1894 in the hopes of changing from Minto (general term of the political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a domain government when the Imperial Diet was inaugurated) that was reluctant to reduce business taxes of commercial and industrial men while asserting a reduction in land taxes.
- 幕府は、船上のペリーに対してまず浦賀奉行所与力の中島三郎助を派遣し、ペリーの来航が将軍にアメリカ合衆国大統領親書を渡すことを目的とすることを把握したが、ペリー側は幕府側の与力の階級が低過ぎるとして親書を預けることを拒否した。
- The Shogunate dispatched Saburosuke NAKAJIMA, the yoriki (police sergeant) of Uraga Bugyosho (the magistrate's office in Uraga), to meet Perry on his ship, and from this dispatch understood that the purpose of Perry's visit was to deliver a letter from the President of the United States directly to the Shogun--Perry refused to give the letter to NAKAJIMA, claiming the man's rank was too low.
- 当時、越後では守護上杉定実が伊達稙宗の子・伊達実元(伊達実元)を婿養子に迎える件で天文の乱が起こっており、越後の国人衆も養子縁組に賛成派と反対派に二分されていたが、兄の晴景は病弱なこともあって内紛を治めることはできなかった。
- During that time, the Tenbun War broke out in Echigo Province when Sadazane UESUGI, Shugo (a provincial military governer), was to adopt Sanemoto DATE, son of Tanemune DATE, as a son-in-law, and Kokujin-shu (powerful families in a province) in the province were divided in favor or opposing such an adoption, but Kenshin's brother, Harukage, could not settle this internal conflict due to his illness.
- これらの現象は従来は下克上の一言で片づけられてきた嫌いがあるが、戦国大名による領国支配の形態の研究が進むにつれ、その支配体制が決して専制的なものでなく、家臣団の衆議・意向を汲み取っていたものであるとの見方が多くなってきている。
- These phenomena tended to be simply seen as gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) in the past, but as the study progresses on the form of territory ruling by daimyo in the Warring States period, more people think that the ruling system was never be autocratic and took into consultations and intentions of the vassalage.
- 原古才村を蜂須賀氏が、松井から本小山までを堀尾吉晴、生駒親正、木下備中、桑山重晴、戸田正治らが、蛙ヶ鼻より先を但馬国衆が担当することとなり、浅野長政は船や船頭を集めて備中高松城が湖に浮かぶ島になった際の城攻めの準備にあたった。
- The Hachisuka clan was responsible for Harakosai Village, Yoshiharu HORIO, Chikamasa IKOMA, Bitchu KINOSHITA, Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, Masaharu TODA for the areas from Matsui to Honkoyama, and the people of Tajima Province for the areas beyond Kawazugahana, while Nagamasa ASANO assembled boats and sendo (boatmen) to make preparations for attacking the castle when it would be floating on a lake.
- 昭和に入って数年は立憲民政党と交替で政権をになったが、1932年(昭和7年)、五・一五事件で犬養毅が暗殺されてからは軍部に圧迫されて衰退し、1936年の第19回衆議院議員総選挙では総裁の鈴木喜三郎が落選するなどの大惨敗を喫した。
- Although the Seiyu Party took charge of the government alternately with Rikken Minsei-to political party for the first several years of the Showa period, after Tsuyoshi INUKAI was assassinated in May 15th Incident in 1932, it was oppressed by the military and declined; the Seiyu Party suffered a devastating defeat in the 19th general election of members of the House of Representatives in 1936 including the president Kisaburo SUZUKI's failure.
- それにもかかわらず、この条約を結んだことを理由に、野党の立憲政友会総裁の犬養毅と鳩山一郎が衆議院で、「軍令部の反対意見を無視した条約調印は統帥権の干犯である」と政府を攻撃、続いて枢密院議長倉富勇三郎もこれに同調する動きを見せた。
- Despite of the fact, the government concluded the treaty, so that Tsuyoshi INUKAI, the President of the Opposition Rikken seiyukai, and Ichiro HATOYAMA attacked the government at the House of Representatives appealing 'The conclusion of the treaty ignoring the opposite opinion given by the Army means the interference and violate of supreme command', and following that the Chairman of the Privy Council Yuzaburo KURATOMI showed his attitude to sympathize with that.
- 民主と自由の思想による民族自決が世界の潮流となり、1918年1月にアメリカ合衆国大統領ウッドロウ・ウィルソンが提唱する民族自決の原則と、ウラジーミル・レーニンの提唱した植民地革命論は世界の植民地に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- Self-determination based upon democracy and freedom became a mainstream of the world, and the principle of self-determination advocated by Woodrow Wilson and the colonial revolutionism by Vladimir Lenin had a great influence on colonies in the world.
- このため、信長の怒りを買い、天正元年(1573年)11月、信長の命を受けた佐久間信盛率いる織田軍に若江城を攻められ(義昭は直前に堺へ脱出)、若江三人衆と呼ばれた重臣らの裏切りにもあって若江城は落城し、妻子とともに自害して果てた。
- It made Nobunaga angry, and so in November 1573, he was attacked by the Oda army headed by Nobumori SAKUMA under Nobunaga's command in the Wakae-jo Castle, and besides betrayed by his senior vassals called Wakae Triumvirate; thus the Wakae-jo Castle fell, and he killed himself and so did his wife and children.
- 貴族院 (日本)議員田村保によって民法商法施行延期法案が貴族院に出され、断行派議員と延期派議員との間でも激しい論戦が繰り広げられたが、同案は圧倒的多数で貴族院を通過、衆議院でも賛成多数で可決するに至りここに民法典論争は決着をみた。
- A bill of postponing the effectuation of the Civil Code and the Commercial Code were submitted by Tamotsu TAMURA, a member of the House of Peers, which caused heated arguments as to whether to carry it out or postpone it, but the bill passed the House of Peers by an overwhelming majority and the House of Representatives by a majority: Finally the Minpoten Ronso saw its settlement.
- もっともこの場合でも、当時の日本政府の財政事情(西郷隆盛も反対論の理由の一つに財政問題を挙げている)から、ヨーロッパやアメリカ合衆国の本線用の車両を購入して輸送するコストを考えれば、必ずしも日本政府の判断が誤りだったとはいえない。
- But even if it were the case, if the financial conditions of the Japanese government at that time (Takamori SAIGO also mentioned financial reasons to oppose the construction) and the expenses which would have cost to purchase and convey carriages for the main line from Europe or America are considered, it cannot be said that the decision of the Japanese government was a mistake.
- 1566年、織田信長の上洛に反発し、抵抗するが敵せず相次いで敗退し、三好三人衆の勢力は衰え、元亀年間には友通が戦死し、他の二人も消息不明な状態となり、畿内における三好氏の勢力の衰退と前後して三好三人衆としての活動は完全に途絶えた。
- The Miyoshi triumvirate tried to resist Nobunaga's visit to the Imperial Court in Kyoto in 1566 but failed, marking the decline of their power, and Tomomichi died in battle during the Genki Period while the others disappeared without a trace, then with the declining power of Miyoshi clan in Kinai region, the activities of Miyoshi Triumvirate signified the complete end.
- 更に応永7年(1400年)に信濃守護職小笠原長秀との間で行われた大塔合戦では、高梨氏や井上一族など北信濃衆は500騎を動員しており、この数は信濃国人衆の筆頭(信濃惣大将)である村上氏と同数で、東信濃の名族海野氏の300騎を上回る。
- In the Oto War between Nagahide OGASAWARA, the Shinano governor, and local lords in 1400, northern Shinano lords such as the Takanashi clan and the Inoue family gathered 500 warriors, while the Murakami clan gathered 500 warriors and the prominent Unno clan of eastern Shinano gathered only 300.
- 1873年(明治6年)7月にアメリカ合衆国から帰国した森有礼(もりありのり)が、福澤諭吉・加藤弘之・中村正直・西周 (啓蒙家)(にしあまね)・西村茂樹・津田真道・箕作秋坪・杉亨二・箕作麟祥らとともに同年秋に啓蒙活動を目的として結成。
- The society, whose aim was activities promoting enlightenment, was set up in the autumn of 1873 by Arinori MORI, who had returned to Japan from the United States of America in July of that year, along with people such as Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Hiroyuki KATO, Masanao NAKAMURA, Amane NISHI (an enlightenment intellectual), Shigeki NISHIMURA, Mamichi TSUDA, Shuhei MITSUKURI, Koji SUGI and Rinsho MITSUKURI.
- これに対し浪人衆の真田信繁は、まず畿内を制圧し、近江国の淀川まで軍を進め、ここで関東から進軍してくる徳川軍を迎え撃ち、足止めしている間に諸大名を味方につけ、その見込みが無いときに初めて城に立て籠もって戦う、二段構えの作戦を主張した。
- In contrast, Nobushige SANADA, one of the ronin shu, asserted a two-stage strategy that they should bring down Kinai region under control, then move troops to Yodo River in Omi Province, fight the Tokugawa Army coming from Kanto region and while the Tokugawa army were hung up they should win a number of daimyo over to their side, and if that was impossible, they should stay in the castle and fight them.
- 教利は『源氏物語』の光源氏を想起させる「天下無双」の美男子で、その髪型や帯の結び方が「猪熊様(いのくまよう)」と称されて京都の流行になるほど評判であったが、かねてから女癖の悪さにも定評があり、「公家衆乱行随一」と称されていたとされる。
- Noritoshi was 'more handsome than any other man under the sun,' reminding everyone of Hikaru Genji in 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji), and so highly-reputed for his beauty that his hair style and his way of knotting obi (a sash for traditional Japanese garment) were called 'Inokuma style' and became a major trend in Kyoto, but he was also notorious for messing around with women and it is said that he was also called 'the most immoral man of court nobles.'
- 同じころ、伊勢の山田には年寄による自治制度(山田三方)があったほか、伊勢の大湊にも会合衆による自治組織が、また博多は12人の年行司が町を治め、庄内酒田には町政を取り仕切った三十六人衆がいるなど、それぞれの都市に応じた制度で自治が行われた
- In the same period, the elders of Yamada in Ise, headed a self-government system called 'Yamadasanpo,' a form of self-government was also found in Egoshu in Ominato, Ise, while in Hakata, twelve Nengyoji (town officials) were administering the city, and in Shonai Sakata the Sanju-roku-nin shu with thirty-six members were in control of town administration; all these are examples of self-government that was suited to their respective cities.
- この桂内閣に対し国民は怒り、また衆議院議員の尾崎行雄や犬養毅らは藩閥政治であるとして桂内閣を批判し、「閥族打破・憲政擁護」を掲げた第一次護憲運動が展開され第三次桂太郎内閣は組閣してからわずか53日で内閣総辞職に追い込まれた(大正政変)。
- The Katsura cabinet angered the Japanese people and drew criticism of oligarchic rule by Yukio OZAKI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Lower House of the Imperial Diet, spurring the first Movement to Protect Constitutional Government aimed at 'doing away with the oligarchy and protecting constitutional rule' and ending with mass resignation of the cabinet after only 53 days (Taisho Political Crisis).
- アメリカ合衆国滞在中にアナルコ・サンディカリスムの影響を受けた幸徳秋水が帰国し、ゼネラル・ストライキによる「直接行動論」を党内で提唱すると、これに反対して労働者による普通選挙運動を主張する田添鉄二らの「議会政策論」との対立が激しくなった。
- When Shusui KOTOKU returned from the United States of America influenced by Anarcho-syndicalism, an intense internal conflict was created between Kotoku and the opposing Tetsuji TAZOE's group over the Nihon Shakaito's policy and tactics; Kotoku advocated 'direct action' through the general strike whereas Tazoe advocated 'parliamentary tactics' and insisted on promoting the universal suffrage movement led by workers.
- またその前に大阪貯蓄銀行副頭取、明治25年に衆議院議員、明治31年、浪速銀行頭取、大阪舎密工業社長、明治32年に阪神電気鉄道社長に就任したのをはじめ数多くの関西の会社設立に尽力し、大阪銀行集会所委員長として関西財界の指導者として活躍した。
- He was dedicated to establishing many companies in Kansai region by assuming the vice-president of Osaka Chochiku Bank before that, the member of House of Representatives in 1892, the president of Naniwa Bank and the president of Osaka Seimikogyo in 1898, the president of Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd. in 1899 and more, and was active in leading the financial world in Kansai region as the chairman of the committee of Osaka Bank.
- 神戸市街地は1945年に大空襲を受けたため、現在の神戸市役所西側一帯にあった居留地時代(1899年以前)の建物で残っているのは旧居留地十五番館(旧アメリカ合衆国領事館、国の重要文化財)が唯一で、多く残る近代ビル建築は主に大正時代のものである。
- The urban areas of Kobe were devastated by the great air raids in 1945, so building No. 15 of the former settlement (the former consulate of the United States, and an important cultural property of Japan) was the only building left standing among those built in the settlement period (that is, before 1899) in the western area of the settlement, which corresponds to the vicinity of the present-day city hall of Kobe; most of the modern-era buildings that remain standing were built in the Taisho period.
- 帰化人の東漢氏の一族は蝦夷に味方しようと蘇我氏の舘に集まったが、中大兄皇子が巨勢徳陀を派遣して説得して立ち去り、蘇我家の軍衆はみな逃げ散ってしまった(飛鳥寺での古人大兄皇子の出家を受け、旗印を無くした蘇我氏の戦意喪失を図ったとする説もある)。
- Although naturalized citizens of the Yamatonoaya clan gathered at the Soga clan's house to support Emishi, KOSE no Tokuta who was sent by Prince Naka no Oe managed to convince them to leave, which made troops on the Soga side scattered away (another theory states that the Soga clan lost their will to fight when Prince Furuhito no Oe became a monk at Asuka-dera Temple since he was who they were fighting for).
- 政友会がこの問題を持ち出したのはその年に行われた第17回衆議院議員総選挙で大敗したことに加えて、田中義一前総裁(元陸軍大臣・総理大臣)の総裁時代以来、在郷軍人会が政友会の有力支持団体化したことに伴う「政友会の親軍化」現象の一環とも言われている。
- The reason why the Seiyukai (Rikken seiyukai) rose this matter was that they lost the 17th general election of members of the House of Representatives held that year, and in addition to that, since the period of the former Prime Minister Giichi TANAKA (former Minister of Army, Prime Minister), an association of reservists became the influential support group of Seiyukai which led to the phenomenon of 'pro-militarization of Seiyukai'.
- 代わって在地社会の民衆を直接把握して支配下に置いたのは、元郡司層や土着国司子弟などから成長し、田堵や負名の資格で大規模な農地経営を行うようになっていった富豪の輩、有力百姓階層であり、彼らを現地赴任国司の筆頭者たる受領が支配するようになっていく。
- People who directly took hold and control of people in the local society instead, were those in the wealthy class and the powerful farmer class who grew from the younger people of class of former Gunji and native Kokushi and so on, and came to conduct a large-scale farmland management in the qualifications of Tato (a field manager) or Fumyo (a local tax manager), and they came to be controlled by Zuryo who was a head of Kokushi transferred to the locale.
- 1924年には干ばつがあり、これは、水源地の足尾の山林が荒廃して保水能力を失ったためだと考えた両組合は、それぞれ別個に活動を行い、1925年には群馬県側の農民ら数千人の署名が集められ、貴族院、衆議院、内務大臣、農務大臣宛てに請願書が提出される。
- In 1924, those areas was hit by a drought, and both unions considered it was because the damaged forests had no longer absorbed nor contained water; although the unions took action separately, in 1925 the petition including thousands of signatures of the farmers and peasants and others in Gunma Prefecture was submitted to the House of Peers, the House of Representatives, the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister of Agricultural Affairs.
- この事件をきっかけに蓑田胸喜ら原理日本社の右翼、および菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)(貴族院 (日本))や宮澤裕(衆議院・立憲政友会所属)らの国会議員は、司法官赤化の元凶として帝国大学法学部の「赤化教授」の追放を主張、司法試験委員であった滝川を非難した。
- Due to this incident, Muneki MINODA and others from the right wing group, Genri Nihonsha, Takeo KIKUCHI (army veteran) (House of Peers (Japan)), Yu MIYAZAWA (House of Representatives, affiliated with Rikken Seiyukai) and other Diet members proposed the exile of 'Red (communist) Professors' in the Faculty of Law in imperial universities as the cause of communist judges and accused Takigawa, who was a member of the bar test board.
- 6代将軍足利義教は、管領などに対抗して将軍の権威を高めるために、将軍が主宰・臨席する御前沙汰の権威強化に乗り出し、雑訴のみならず所務も御前沙汰の評定対象として加え、実務を担当する右筆・奉行人の中から御前沙汰衆を選んで御前沙汰への参加資格を与えた。
- To strengthen the power of shogun against the shogunal deputy and others, the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA started out to extend the influence of gozen-sata that was chaired and attended by the shogun -- he included shomu (land management) as well as zasso on the agenda of gozen-sata, and also organized gozen-sata shu (members of gozen-sata) from working-level officials of yuhitsu (amanuenses) and bugyonin (magistrates) and qualified them to attend gozen-sata.
- 国衙軍制の可能性を指摘し、それが武士の起源に関係することを論じたものには、石井進『中世成立期軍制研究の一視点』(「史学雑誌」78編12号所載、1969年)や戸田芳実『国衙軍制の形成過程』(「中世の権力と民衆」所載、創元社、1970年)などがある。
- The papers that pointed out the possibility of the kokuga forces system and discussed the relation of the system to the origin of samurai include 'A viewpoint concerning research about the military system in the early medieval period' written by Susumu ISHII ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), No. 12, vol. 78, in 1969) and 'The process in which the kokuga forces system was formed' written by Yoshimi TODA (recorded in 'Power and the general public in the medieval period,' published by Sogensha, in 1970).
- 平氏と興福寺の緊張関係は平氏の福原行幸後に一定程度緩和されていたが、この年の末に近江攻防で園城寺・興福寺の大衆が近江源氏らの蜂起に加勢し、それによって平氏は12月11日に平重衡が園城寺を攻撃して寺を焼き払うと、いよいよ矛先は興福寺へと向くことになる。
- The strained relation between the Taira clan and Kofuku-ji Temple was subsided to a certain degree after the Taira clan's Emperor visit to Fukuhara; however, when Daishu, monks residing in Onjo-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple assisted the uprising of Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan) in offense and defense in Omi Province at the end of this year, the Taira clan led by TAIRA no Shigehira attacked and set fire to Onjo-ji Temple on December 11 and finally took aim at Kofuku-ji Temple.
- たとえば1866年にはフランス軍がキリスト教徒虐殺事件(丙寅迫害)の報復として朝鮮の江華島を攻撃する丙寅洋擾が発生し、1871年にはアメリカ合衆国もジェネラル・シャーマン号事件(1866年発生)の報復として朝鮮の江華島に攻撃を行っている(辛未洋擾)。
- For instance, in 1866 the French army attacked Ganghwa Island in Korea in retaliation for the slaughter of Christians (known as the Byeong-in persecution), while in 1871, the United States of America attacked Ganghwa Island (an incident known as Shinmiyangyo) in retaliation for the General Sherman incident of 1866.
- 1866年ジェネラル・シャーマン号事件(対アメリカ合衆国)、丙寅洋擾(対フランス)、1868年日本(明治政府)からの国書(明治政府の樹立宣言、王政復古の通告)の受け取りを拒否する、1871年辛未洋擾(対アメリカ)、など、海禁政策をとった(鎖国攘夷策)。
- An isolationist policy was implemented resulting in the General Sherman incident (against the US) as well as the Heiinyojo war (against France) in 1866, the refusal of the declaration of the foundation of the Meiji government from Japan in 1868 and Shinmiyojo incident (against the US) in 1871.
- 第1次山本内閣の時代を含めることにより、この時期の民衆が一方では憲政擁護運動以来の反閥族感情を保ちながらも、他方では1913年7月の辛亥革命の混乱に際しては、革命派擁護を名目とする対中出兵論に容易に乗るような大正デモクラーの一側面が視野にはいってくる。
- By including the era of the first Yamamoto Cabinet into the Taisho Seihen, we can see another side of Taisho Democracy; since the out set of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism, the public in this period retained the anti-clique sentiment, however on the other hand, they easily agreed on dispatching troops to China in the name of supporting the revolutionary group in the turmoil of the Republican Revolution when it broke out in China in July 1913.
- 1905年、日露戦争は東郷平八郎率いる大日本帝国海軍がロシア海軍のバルチック艦隊を撃破したことを契機に、アメリカ合衆国大統領のセオドア・ルーズベルトの仲介のもと、アメリカのポーツマス (ニューハンプシャー州)にて日露の和睦交渉が行なわれることとなった。
- In 1905, Japan and Russia came to be holding reconcilatory negotiations at Portsmouth of America (State of New Hampshire) through the intermediation of Theodore ROOSEVELT, the President of the United States of America, triggered by the incident that the Baltic Fleet, the Russian Navy, was explosed by the Imperial Japanese Navy led by Heihachiro TOGO during the Russo-Japanese War.
- 中国においては、『周礼』の司徒属人條にて周が「委積法」を行ったことに由来しているとされているが、記録の上で明白なのは、隋の開皇8年(585年)に度支尚書長孫平が定義したもので、諸侯から民衆まで一定額の粟・黍を納めさせて州県に設置された義倉に納められた。
- In China, Shito zokunin jo (司徒属人條, an article of Shito zokunin) in 'Rites of Zhou' talks about its origin that Zhou applied 'Ishi-ho' (委積法, literally, method of goods), and according the definition Sonhei CHO, Takushi shosho (account office) made in the Sui Dynasty (in 585), that was obvious on record, people from the domains to ordinary people were forced to provide a certain amount of foxtail and proso millet and those millets were stored in giso warehouses which were constructed in prefectures.
- 1924年 埴原正直駐米大使の書簡により連邦議会が排日に傾き、5月の合衆国移民法1924 (排日移民法)成立により、正式には7月1日以降、実質的には6月24日、移民船「シベリア丸」でサンフランシスコ港に到着した移民を最後に日本人の移民が全面的に禁止される。
- In 1924, due to the letter from Masanao HANIHARA, the U.S. Congress took on a hostile attitude toward Japanese, and the Immigration Act, 1924 (Japanese Exclusion Act) passed in May, and officially after July 1st, though in reality from June 24th onwards, Japanese immigration was totally banned and those who arrived in San Francisco Harbor on the 'Siberia' were the last Japanese immigrants to the U.S.
- 「武士団」を単なる一般用語としてではなく、「武士」とは別の歴史用語としてあつかうならば、その範囲は11世紀後半から15-16世紀までの、イエ軍団をその類型として、それが戦国時代の、農村から生まれた「寄子」衆に置き換えられていったとも整理することが出来よう。
- If 'bushidan' is treated not simply as a simple term but an historical term different from 'bushi,' it could be organized as it ranged from the late eleventh century to the fifteenth to the sixteenth century as a similar form of family army and replaced by 'Yoriko' originating from farming villages of the Sengoku Period.
- 、長崎の出島への折衝のみを前提としてきた幕府のこれまでの方針に反して、江戸湾の目と鼻の先である浦賀に強行上陸したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリーとやむなく交渉した幕府は、翌年の来航時には江戸湾への強行突入の構えをみせたペリー艦隊の威力に屈し日米和親条約を締結した。
- In 1853 the shogunate government was forced to change the conventional foreign policy that foreign negotiation should be conducted only in Dejima island in Nagasaki and have talks with Matthew Perry of the United State who landed defiantly at Uraga, in the backyard of Edo, and next year concluded the Japan-U.S. Treaty of Peace and Amity, yielding to the pressure from the Perry squadron in readiness to enter the Edo Bay.
- この5年間有効の法律を更に1911年(明治44年)まで延長するために改正法案が提出され両院を通過したが、この法律を成立させるために、日本製糖社取締役秋山一裕、磯村音介などが自社の権益を守るために共謀し、有力衆議院議員20名に現金その他を渡して贈賄し買収したものである。
- While the proposed measure of a revised law aiming at further extending this law for five years up to 1911 was introduced and passed in both Houses, the board members of Nihon Seito, such as Kazuhiro AKIYAMA and Otosuke ISOMURA, conspired to bribe 20 influential members of the House of Representatives to enact the legislation in order to protect their own company's interests.
- 南北朝鮮では当時一進会が民衆のみならず知識人からも強い批判を受けていたこと、それまで一進会が同じくチンイルパの李完用首相と共に日本の朝鮮侵出を援護してきたことなどから、この声明書に対して「国権防衛運動、義兵闘争、愛国啓蒙運動などに反するもの」であると非常に批判的である。
- Because the Iljinhoe group were receiving strong criticism not only from the general public but also from intellectuals at that time and the group was back Japan's invasion of Korea together with another Chinilpa Prime Minister Lee Wan-Yong, in North and South Korea, people were fiercely critical toward this statement as 'a view opposing the protection of national sovereignty, the effort of the Righteous Army (Korean army) and the patriotic enlightenment movement.
- 経済発展をおこなう以上、多量の二酸化炭素を排出せねばならないと考えられたため開発途上国の自発的参加が見送られ、当初は推進していたアメリカ合衆国も後に受け入れを拒否、ロシア連邦も受け入れの判断を見送っていたため、2004年ごろまでは議定書の発効が行われていない状況であった。
- Voluntary participations of developing countries were shelved because they thought they had to emit a large amount of carbon dioxide as long as they pursued economical development, and the United States of America, which was positive at first, rejected to accept the protocol, further Russian Federation suspended the ratification; accordingly, Kyoto Protocol was not effected until around 2004.
- 室町幕府申次衆などを務め、征夷大将軍と諸権門との連絡役を務めることが多かった大舘氏当主が将軍・公卿以下の公家、門跡以下の僧侶、管領以下の守護大名、室町幕府の諸役人や諸大名の家臣などに出す場合の書札礼を差出対象ごとに分けた上で実際の書札を例に取りながら注記を加えたものである。
- In this book, the head of the Odachi clan, who served the Muromachi bakufu as moshitsugishu (a civil servant post of Muromachi bakufu) and played a role of corresponding secretary between seii taishogun (literally, a great general who subdues the barbarians) and influential families, listed actual shosatsurei together with his notes based on the categories of addressees, namely shogun, court nobles including top court officials, Buddhist priest including monzeki (priest-prince), shugo-daimyo (military governor) including kanrei (shogunal deputy), officials of Muromachi bakufu and vassals of daimyo.
- …抑モ東京ハ帝国ノ首都ニシテ政治経済ノ枢軸トナリ国民文化ノ源泉トナリテ民衆一般ノ瞻仰スル所ナリ一朝不慮ノ災害ニ罹リテ今ヤ其ノ旧形ヲ留メスト雖依然トシテ我国都タル地位ヲ失ハス是ヲ以テ其ノ善後策ハ独リ旧態ヲ回復スルニ止マラス進ンテ将来ノ発展ヲ図リ以テ巷衢ノ面目ヲ新ニセサルヘカラス…
- 'Tokyo is the capital of the empire and the political and economic center, and the source of Japan's culture. Tokyo suffered an enormous disaster this time and can not cling to its old situation, but still holds status as capital of the empire, therefore, it is necessary not only to restore it to what it used to be but also have it undergo a complete new transformation.'
- 特に加賀国においては教団への保護の約束を信じて蓮如自身が一揆とともに守護富樫氏の内紛に加担(文明_(日本)5年の「多屋衆決議文」)し、その後教団の力を恐れた富樫氏が弾圧を加えたため門徒らが激しく抵抗し、結果的に富樫氏を倒して一国を領有する事態となってしまっていた(加賀一向一揆)。
- Especially in Kaga Province, Rennyo himself participated in the internal conflict of the Togashi clan, a provincial military governor, along with the Ikki army, believing Togashi's protection for his religious community ('Taya-shu ketsugi bun' [Resolution of Taya Group] in 1473), but after that, the Togashi clan who feared the power of the religious community oppressed them which the followers fiercely resisted to the extent that they overthrew the Togashi clan and owned the province (Kaga Ikko-Ikki Revolt).
- また、若江八人衆も秀次助命のため最後まで奔走した三成に感謝し、慶長5年(1600年)の勃発した関ヶ原の戦いでは石田三成軍の本陣を死守する獅子奮迅の戦いをしている(ただし、藤堂玄蕃は従兄弟の藤堂高虎に仕え、安井喜内は浅野幸長に仕えるなど、必ずしも全員が三成に尽くしたわけではない)。
- The members of Wakae Hachinin-shu were also grateful for Mitsunari who tried his best to save Hidetsugu's life, and in return, they fought to protect the army headquarters of Mitsunari ISHIDA during the Battle of Sekigahara, which started in 1600 (However, not all the members served Mitsunari, as there were exceptions such as Yoshimasa TODO who served his cousin Takatora TODO and Kinai YASUI who served Yoshinaga ASANO).
- 同盟倶楽部は1892年11月20日に藩閥政権に失望した吏党系議員が民党側に離反した際に結成された院内会派、同志倶楽部は1893年12月5日に自由党_(明治)所属の星亨衆議院議長の不正問題で自由党が星議長の擁護の姿勢を変えないことに抗議した同党議員が離党して結成した院内会派であった。
- The Domei Club was an in-house faction that was formed on November 20, 1892, when the Rito (pro-government) lawmakers who were disappointed by the hanbatsu (domain clique) government defected from the Minto (anti-hanbatsu government political parties), while the Doshi Club was an in-house faction that was formed on December 5, 1893 by some members of the Liberal Party (in the Meiji period) who had left the party after protesting against the fact that despite improper acts perpetrated by Toru HOSHI, the speaker of the Lower House who was a member of the party, the party leadership maintained their stance in defending the speaker.
- また横浜市では、他の多くのアジア諸国と同様に「洋銀(メキシコドル)」での取引が常態化していたため、大隈としては金銀複本位制を考えていたが、当時アメリカ合衆国に出張中の大蔵少輔兼民部少輔伊藤博文の「現在、世界の大勢は金本位に向かいつつあり」との建言に基づき、金本位制の採用を決定する。
- In addition, although OKUMA was considering bimetallism should be introduced as 'nickel silver (Mexican dollar)'-based transaction was normal in Yokohama City as well as many other Asian countries, he decided the gold standard system would be introduced based on the proposal, 'now, most countries are going to the gold standard system.' by Hirobumi ITO, Okura no shofu (Junior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of the Treasury) and Minbu shohu (Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs), who was on a business trip to the United States at that time.
- こうした行政の動きに関しては、自由民主党 (日本)内で「花粉症等アレルギー症対策議員連盟(通称ハクション議連:事務局長・小野晋也衆院議員)」が、安倍晋三ら約50名(当時)の国会議員によって1995年に設立され、本格的な対策の推進を国に働きかけるようになったことが大きく影響している。
- Such administrative actions include the Liberal Democratic Party 'Federation of Diet Members for Measures Against Pollinosis and Other Allergies' (commonly known as Hakushon Giren, secretary general: lower house member Shinya ONO) which was established by Shinzo ABE and approximately 50 (at the time) other Diet members in 1995, and has had a major impact on the national implementation of serious efforts.
- 特に聖武天皇の発願によって建立されて、以後鎮護国家体制の象徴的存在として歴代天皇の崇敬を受けてきた東大寺と藤原氏の氏寺であった興福寺は、それぞれ皇室と摂関家の権威を背景と大衆と呼ばれる僧侶集団が元来自衛を目的として結成していた僧兵と呼ばれる武装組織の兵力を恃みとしてこれに反抗していた。
- Especially Todai-ji Temple which was constracted at the wish of the Emperor Shomu and since then had been revered by successive emperors as a symbol of polity for nation protection, and Kofuku-ji Temple built for praying Fujiwara clan's glory, rebelled against this, relying on military power of armed organization called armed monks which was originally organized for self-defense by Buddhist monk group called as Daishu, each with authorities of Imperial family and Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) in the background.
- これによって辞官納地も有名無実化される寸前になり、16日には慶喜がアメリカ合衆国・イギリス・フランス・オランダ・イタリア・プロシアの6ヶ国公使と大坂城で会談を行ない、内政不干渉と外交権の幕府の保持を承認させ、更に19日には朝廷に対して王政復古の大号令の撤回を公然と要求するまでになった。
- Through this Jikan-nochi became merely nominal, and Yoshimune met minister-counselors of six countries - USA, UK, France, the Netherlands, Italy and Prussia - at the Osaka Castle on the 16th and talked them into admitting noninterference in internal affairs and approving the Shogunate's rights to diplomacy, going so far as to publicly request the Imperial Court to withdraw the Decree of the Restoration of Imperial Rule on the 19th.
- 明治になって、勅令によって褒章条例がさだめられ、人命救助者、孝子、順孫、義僕、精励実業家、発明改良家、教育、衛生、社会事業、防疫の諸事業、道路、河渠、堤防、橋梁の修築、学校、病院の建設、田野の墾闢などにつくして公衆の利益をはかり、成績のすこぶる顕著なものにたいして褒章をあたえることにした。
- In the Meiji period, an ordinance for granting rewards was prescribed by imperial edict -- such that rewards were to be granted to the most conspicuous among: those who saved a life; koshi; junson; giboku; hard-working businessman; a person who involved in invention and innovation; and those who served the public interest by devoted themselves to education, hygiene, social service, projects to prevent epidemics, repair and construction of road, alveus, bank, and bridge, construction of school and hospital, and development of farms and fields.
- 神道国教化政策との絡みや、キリスト教を解禁しても直ちに欧米が条約改正には応じないとする懐疑的な姿勢から来る、政府内の保守派の反対のみばかりでなく、宗教界や一般民衆からも「邪宗門」解禁に反対する声が強く紛糾したものの、明治6年(1873年)2月24日禁制の高札を除去し、その旨を各国に通告した。
- The conservatives in the government opposed it because they thought that allowing Christianity could be an obstacle to establishing Shinto as a state religion, and because they doubted Europe and the United States would accept a revision of the unequal treaty immediately even if they lifted the ban on Christianity, but also because the religious world and people opposed it because they considered Christianity as 'Heresy,', but in any case the government lifted the ban on Christianity and announced it to foreign countries on February 24, 1873.
- →中国・インドなどいわゆる開発途上国の排出量が増加しているのは事実であるが、2007年には世界最大の排出国であるアメリカ合衆国に匹敵すると言われる中国ですら人口一人あたりの排出量は約1/4であることの難しさも内包している(逆にいえば一人あたり排出量の多い国の削減幅が足りないという話にもなる)。
- ->It is a fact that the emission amount of developing countries such as China, India and so on is increasing, but in 2007, even in China, which is said to be comparable to the United States of America, the largest emitter in the world, the per capita emission amount is about 1/4 of the United States; this makes things difficult, in other words, the reduction rate of a country whose per capita emission amount is large is not enough.
- 大日本帝国憲法、衆議院議員選挙法が公布された翌日(1889年(明治22年)2月12日)、黒田は鹿鳴館で開催された午餐会の席上において「超然主義演説」を行って政党との徹底対決の姿勢を示したが、その一方で立憲改進党前総裁(実質は党首)で外務大臣 (日本)の大隈重信を留任させて条約改正の任にあたらせた。
- The day after the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the election law of the members of the House of Representatives were issued (February 12, 1889), KURODA made the speech called 'speech of the doctrine of superiority' in order to show his attitude to cope with the political parties to the bottom in the luncheon held at Rokumeikan, and on the other hand, he had Shigenobu OKUMA, who was also the former president of the Constitutional Progressive Party, stay in the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) to assign the mission to revise the treaty.
- もう一つは、交流を禁止してしまったことで、ヨーロッパ(後にアメリカ合衆国も)で発達した産業革命による技術や文化を積極的に受け入れられなくなり、世界の潮流からとりのこされて科学文化が浸透せず(理系軽視)、ひいては太平洋戦争の敗戦の遠因ともなってしまった、とする和辻哲郎にみられるように否定的なものである。
- Another evaluation, typified by Tetsuro WATSUJI, argues that Japan fell behind the global current because of its inability to introduce technology and culture similar to what was being developed during the Industrial Revolution in Europe (later in the United States as well) due to its prohibition on exchanging with other countries; this not only resulted in the failure of Japan to make a scientific culture permeate throughout the nation (science courses were disregarded), but also became an underlying cause of defeat in the Pacific War.
- 旗本戸川氏一族は大きく4家に分かれ、都宇郡撫川(現・岡山県岡山市撫川)の撫川戸川氏(庭瀬藩主から減知により交代寄合表御礼衆)、都宇郡妹尾(現・岡山県岡山市妹尾)の妹尾戸川氏、都宇郡早島(現・岡山県都窪郡早島町早島)の早島戸川氏、都宇郡帯江(現・岡山県倉敷市羽島)の帯江戸川氏がそれぞれ独自に旗本札を発行した。
- The Hatamoto Togawa clan consisted largely of the four families of the Natsukawa-Togawa clan (from the lord of the Niwase clan to be kotaiyoriai-omoteoreishu status by reducing its territory) in Natsukawa, Tsu County (present Natsukawa, Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture), the Seno-Togawa clan in Seno, Tsu County (present Seno, Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture), the Hayashima-Togawa clan in Hayashima, Tsu County (present Hayashima, Hayashima Town, Tsukubo County, Okayama Prefecture), and the Obie-Togawa clan in Obie, Tsu County (present Hashima, Kurashiki City, Okayama Prefecture), and each of them issued its own Hatamoto-satsu.
- 明治政府が明治元年(1868年)3月に発した太政官布告神仏分離令や明治3年(1870年)の大教宣布などの法令は、仏教排斥を意図したものではなかったが仏像・仏具の廃棄を神宮寺の社僧に抑圧されていた神職が暴力的に行い、檀家制度のもとで、寺院に搾取されていると感じる民衆がこれに加わり、各地に廃仏毀釈運動が起きた。
- The Meiji Government issued the edict of Separation of Shinto and Buddhism by Dajokan (Grand Council of state) in March 1868, and the Imperial Edict for Establishment of Shinto in 1870, although they did not intend to exclude Buddhism, Shinto priests who were oppressed by the priests attached to Jingu-ji Temple abusively destroyed Buddha statues and Buddhist objects, and the people who felt being exploited by the temple under the danka (parishioner) system joined the movement then it led to the Haibutsu-kishaku Movement in various places.
- 元亀3年文書では信玄が信豊に対し装備を朱色で統一することを独占的に認められており、天正2年文書では武田勝頼により信豊の一手衆が黒出立を使用することを許可されており(これは『軍鑑』や『信長公記』長篠合戦時における記述と符号している)、武田軍では一手衆ごとに色彩を含めて兵装の規格化が整えられていたと考えられている。
- In the document in 1572, Shingen confirmed that Nobutoyo would exclusively use Shu-iro (Empire red) for his troop's all equipment, and in the document in 1574, Katsuyori TAKEDA permitted that Nobutoyo's Hitoteshu (a troop consisted of high ranking warriors) would wear a black outfit (this matches with the description on the Battle of Nagashino in 'Gunkan' and 'Shinchoko-ki (Biography of Nobunaga ODA)'), therefore, it is considered that Takeda Army gave a standard of military outfit including color to each Hitoteshu.
- しかし、これらの政党は対外政策では一定の一致をみていたものの、国内政策では国粋主義的な大日本協会や国民協会から自由民権運動の中でも急進派である東洋自由党まで幅広い勢力を含んでいたために、政府あるいは衆議院第2党の自由党 (明治)あるいは後に同党と伊藤博文系官僚勢力が合同した立憲政友会に対する批判でしか一致をみなかった。
- Although these political parties agreed certain points in external policy, in the internal policy these parties, which included nationalistic Dainihon Association, National Association, and the East Liberal Party which was a leftist among the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, agreed each other only in the point of criticism against the government, the Liberal Party which was the second party of House of Representatives (in Meiji Period), or the Rikken seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) which was established from the alliance of the Liberal Party and the governmental bureaucratic in the side of Hirobumi ITO.
- 明治14年に大阪府に編入されたことは廃藩置県後の県の整理の一環と見られるが、全国的に見ればその作業は完了しており、逆に大き過ぎる県の分割の方に問題が移りつつあった中での合併であった(現実に堺県の合併以後、北海道の再編と太平洋戦争後のアメリカ合衆国軍の軍政施行によって一時廃止された沖縄県以外に都道府県が廃止された例はない)。
- The fact that Sakai Prefecture was incorporated into Osaka Prefecture in 1881 was seen as part of the reorganization of prefectures after Haihan-chiken, yet, from the national level, the work had already been completed; therefore, it was more about the merge in the midst of the problem associated with partition of prefectures that were too big (in reality, after the merge of Sakai Prefecture, there have been no cases where the administrative divisions of Japan have been abolished, except for the reorganization of Hokkaido and the temporary abolition of the Okinawa Prefecture due to the military polices implemented by the US military after the Pacific War).
- 永禄2年(1559年)、上洛した謙信と交流した近衛前久は「この間は度々おいで候て、華奢なる若衆を多く集め候て、大酒までにて、たびたび夜をあかし申し候、少弼(謙信)は若いのが好みとの由承り候」と謙信を観察しており、この書状と謙信が生涯にわたって女犯を一切断ったことを結びつけて、謙信は専ら男色のみを愛好したと見る歴史家もいる。
- In 1559, while in Kyoto an acquaintance, Sakihisa KONOE, expressed his impression in a letter, 'shohitsu (assistant director of danjodai., Imperial Prosecuting and Investigating Office under the ritsuryo system) (referring to Kenshin) seemed to prefer young people as he often gathered many frail wakashu (younger members of soson village system), and often drank a lot of sake through the night,' some historians related this letter to the fact that Kenshin had no relationship with women throughout his lifetime, and concluded that he preferred men.
- 当時は安政の五カ国条約として、アメリカ合衆国(日米和親条約、日米修好通商条約)、オランダ(日蘭和親条約)、ロシア(日露和親条約)、イギリス(日英和親条約、日英修好通商条約)、フランス(日仏和親条約)と不平等条約を、李氏朝鮮とは逆不平等条約(日朝修好条規、日本が有利)を結んでおり、平等条約は清と結んでいる日清修好条規のみだった。
- Japan had unequal treaties, known as the Ansei Five-Power Treaties, that were imposed by the United States (the Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan), the Netherlands (the Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity), Russia (the Treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan), Great Britain (the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty and the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce) and France (the Treaty of Peace and Amity between France and Japan), and had another one with Yi Dynasty Korea (the Treaty of Ganghwa, imposed by Japan) while the Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship was the only equal treaty that Japan had at the time.
- それでも、犬養毅(立憲国民党非改革派→革新倶楽部)などの様にあくまでも民衆の代表であるという意識から「民党」という言葉に拘る政治家も存在したが、やがて自由党系と伊藤博文系官僚による立憲政友会と立憲改進党系と桂太郎派による立憲同志会(後の憲政会→立憲民政党)の2大政党に収斂されていくにつれて、民党という言葉は過去のものとなっていった。
- Although there were some politicians such as Tsuyoshi INUKAI (a member of the non-reform group in the Constitutional National Party who later found the Club of Innovation) and others who associated the word 'Minto' with representatives of people, but the word 'Minto' faded away as the movement to reorganize political parties concentrated on two major parties called the Constitutional Party of Political Friends consisting of the Liberal Party and government officials under Hirobumi ITO the Constitutional Association of Friends (it became the Constitutional Association afterwards and changed into the Constitutional Democratic Party) with the Constitutional Progressive Party and the group of Taro KATSURA,
- 当初は巨済島または鬱陵島の割譲を要求していたが、軍艦4隻と寺内正毅大隊長が率いる兵1500人が到着する6日前に、既に清国が反乱を鎮圧し、主導権を握っていたことと、アメリカ合衆国が軍艦を派遣し威圧をかけてきた事から交渉担当の花房義質李氏朝鮮公使は方針を変更させ、馬建忠(在朝清軍の隊長李鴻章の外交秘書)の仲介を経て上記の内容に落ち着いた。
- At first, Japan was demanding the cession of Geoje Island or Utsuryo Island, however, six days before the arrival of four warships and 1,500 soldiers led by Daitaicho (Battalion Chief) Masatake TERAUCHI, Qing had already subdued the rebellion and taken the initiative, and the United States of America had dispatched warships to put pressure on Japan, both of which led Yoshimoto HANABUSA, the Japanese Minister to Yi Dynasty Korea who was in charge of the negotiation, to change the original demands to the ones stipulated in the treaty, mediated by Jianzhong MA (a diplomatic secretary to Hung Chang LI, the captain of the army of Qing).
- この側室については存在を含め一切不明であるが、後に信高が西美濃三人衆の氏家直元の次子である氏家行広に預けられていること、直元長男の氏家直重が織田信孝と秀吉の戦いに際して信孝についた折、行広と共に信高も宇都宮で蟄居していることから、氏家氏か氏家氏ゆかりの西美濃の有力国人の娘である可能性が高い(蟄居するということは、縁者として連座したと解釈できる)。
- The things about this concubine, including her existence, is not clear at all, but it is highly possible that she is a daughter of the Ujiie clan or a powerful local lord of West Mino associated with the Ujiie clan because of the following data: Nobutaka was placed with Yukihiro UJIIE, the second son of Naomoto UJIIE of the Three of West Mino; when Naoshige UJIIE, the first son of Naomoto, supported Nobutaka (信孝) at the battle of Nobutaka ODA (織田信孝) versus Hideyoshi, Nobutaka (信高) was also placed in confinement at home in Utsunomiya with Yukihiro (being placed in confinement at home can be interpreted as having been implicated as a relative).
- 4月下旬に始まった帝国議会において、ロンドン海軍軍縮会議締結に対し、軍令部が要求していた、補助艦の対米比7割に満たないとして条約締結拒否を言ったにもかかわらず、この条約を結んだことを理由に、野党の立憲政友会総裁の犬養毅と鳩山一郎が衆議院で、「軍令部の反対意見を無視した条約調印は統帥権の干犯である」と政府を攻撃、続いて枢密院議長倉富勇三郎もこれに同調する動きを見せた。
- Despite the Army demanded to reject the conclusion of the treaty of London Naval Conference on Disarmament, at the Imperial Diet opened in the latter half of April, because the proportion of the auxiliary ships unreached to 70 percent comparing to that of the United States, the government concluded the treaty, so that Tsuyoshi INUKAI, the President of the Opposition Rikken seiyukai, and Ichiro HATOYAMA attacked the government at the House of Representatives appealing 'The conclusion of the treaty ignoring the opposite opinion given by the Army means the interference and violate of supreme command,' and following that the Chairman of the Privy Council Yuzaburo KURATOMI showed his attitude to sympathize with that.
- 藤木久志は著書である『雑兵たちの戦場』(朝日新聞社・1995年刊)で「上杉謙信は越後の民衆にとっては他国に戦争と言うベンチャービジネスを企画実行した救い主であるが、襲われた関東など戦場の村々は略奪を受け地獄を見た」と、通常言われる義人・上杉謙信像とは別の上杉軍の姿こそが実態であったとし、このセンセーショナルな「出稼ぎ」説は多くの識者から支持を得て広く世間に浸透した。
- In a book named 'Battle fields of zohyo' (common soldiers) (published by The Asahi Shimbun Company in 1995) written by Hisashi FUJIKI, he presented a theory that the image of the Uesugi army was different from the real Kenshin UESUGI who was usually reputed as a loyal person based on a phrase that 'Kenshin was a savior of the people in Echigo Province because he planned and implemented venture business called war in other provinces, stricken villages in the Kanto region, which were battlefields, suffered looting and he had seen hell,' this sensational theory of 'working away from home' was supported by many experts and widely spread among the public.
- 民党との「政費節減」・「海軍予算」を巡る攻防では、明治天皇よりの「和衷協同」詔勅と内廷費300万円と官吏の俸禄1割削減を条件に妥協を成立させて予算案を通過させ、続いて条約改正交渉末期に差し掛かって民党(立憲改進党)や右翼(国民協会、大日本協会など)の間で高まる対外硬派の動きに対しては2度の衆議院解散をもって対抗して、日英通商航海条約締結による治外法権の撤廃に成功する。
- In the battle over 'government cost-cutting' and 'budget for navy' with minto, he reached a compromise based on the imperial rescript of 'Wachukyodo (work together in the same spirit)' from Emperor Meiji, 3 million yen of daily living expenses, and 10% cut of salary for government officials to pass the budget, and subsequently opposed to movement of Taigaikoha (hard-line group against foreign countries) which were rising among a minto party (the Constitutional Progressive Party) and right-wing groups (including National Association and Great Japan Association) toward the end of negotiation for treaty revision by dissolution of the House of Representatives twice, and successfully removed exterritoriality by conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation.
- 日本民藝館の創設者であり民芸運動の中心人物でもある柳宗悦は、日本各地の陶磁器、染織、漆器、木竹工など、無名の工人の作になる日用雑器、朝鮮王朝時代の美術工芸品、江戸時代の遊行僧・木喰(もくじき)の仏像など、それまでの美術史が正当に評価してこなかった、西洋的な意味でのファインアートでもなく高価な古美術品でもない、無名の職人による民衆的美術工芸の美を発掘し、世に紹介することに努めた。
- Muneyoshi YANAGI, who was the founder and key figure of the Mingei (National Art) Movement worked hard to discover beauty of folkish art craftworks by unknown craftsman of ceramic ware, dyeing and weaving, lacquer ware, and woodwork such as daily use ware in various places in Japan and art crafts in Korean Dynasties period and Buddha statues of traveling monk or mokujiki in the Edo period which had not been fairly evaluated and not fine arts or expensive antiquities in the western sense and introduced them to public.
- 幕末の期間に関する厳密な定義はないが、嘉永6年(1853年)の黒船つまりアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いるアメリカ海軍のサスケハナ、サラトガ号、ポーハタン号、ミシシッピ号による艦隊の来航から、慶応3年(1867年)に徳川慶喜が大政奉還をおこなって幕府が日本の全国政権としての地位を失い、翌1868年に明治天皇が即位して元号が「明治」と改元されたときまでとするのが、一般的である。
- Though the duration of the Bakumatsu is not strictly defined, it generally refers to the period from 1853, when the squadron, called the Black Ships, led by Commodore Matthew Perry, consisting of the four US Naval ships Susquehanna, Saratoga, Mississippi, and Plymouth, arrived off the shore of Uraga near Edo (current Tokyo), to 1867, when Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA returned power to the Emperor, ending the central governance under the Tokugawa shogunate, allowing the start of the Meiji period in 1868.
- 戦国大名としての徳川氏にも右筆は存在したと考えられるが、徳川家康の三河国時代の右筆は家康の勢力拡大と天下掌握の過程で奉行・代官などの行政職や譜代大名などに採用されたために、江戸幕府成立時に採用されていた右筆は多くは旧室町幕府奉行衆の子弟(曾我尚祐)や関ヶ原の戦いで東軍を支持した豊臣政権の右筆衆(大橋重保)、関東地方平定時に家康に仕えた旧後北条氏の右筆(久保正俊)などであったと考えられている。
- Although Yuhitsu existed in the Tokugawa clan as a warring lord, because those Yuhitsu who were working for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA when he was in Mikawa Province were appointed to administrative posts, such as Bugyo or Daikan, or Fudai Daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) as Ieyasu expanded his influence and subdued various regions to unify Japan, it is thought that many of them who were hired as Yuhitsu when the Edo Bakuhu was established were the children of the Bugyo-shu belonged to the former Muromachi Bakuhu (Naosuke SOGA), the Yuhitsu-shu of the Toyotomi government (Shigeyasu OHASHI), supported the 'eastern' army at the Battle of Sekigahara, and the Yuhitsu of the former Gohojo clan, served Ieyasu when he subdued Kanto region.
- 自由民権運動は政府の弾圧によって衰微し、自由党_(明治)は解党、立憲改進党も休止状態にあったが、1887年にいわゆる三大事件建白運動が発生すると、かつての自由党の領袖である後藤象二郎は自由民権運動各派が再結集して来るべき第1回衆議院議員総選挙に臨み、帝国議会に議会政治の打ち立てて条約改正や地租・財政問題という難題にあたるべきだと唱え、3月に旧自由党・立憲改進党の主だった人々に呼びかけたのがきっかけである。
- The Freedom and People's Rights Movement once declined because of the government's oppression, which led Liberal Party (Meiji Period) to dissolve and the Constitutional Progressive Party to halt its activities, but in 1887, when so called the petition movement of three major events happened, Shojiro GOTO, a leader of former Liberal Party, advocated the reunion of factions of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement to prepare for upcoming of the first House of Representatives election and he called for the establishment of parliamentary government within the Imperial Diet to deal with difficult problems such as treaty revision, a land tax, and financial affairs; in March of the same year, he got principal members of former Liberal Party and the Constitutional Progressive Party to participate, which triggered the movement to unite for a common purpose.
- これに対して、12月22日(1868年1月16日)に朝廷は「徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事」という告諭を出した。
- In response, the Imperial Court issued a statement that '徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事' on January 16, 1868.