Honyaku Star - Search: 芸能

芸能: 471 Terms and Phrases

芸能
public entertainment
accomplishments
attainments
performing art
Performing arts
Performing arts in Japan

芸能者
performer

芸能界
world of show business

芸能人
performer
artiste
Show business
Entertainers

郷土芸能
folk entertainment
Local Performances

予祝芸能
Yoshuku Geino

芸能関係
Performing art

民俗芸能
folk entertainment
Folkways
Folk performing arts

伝統芸能
traditional art
traditional performance art
traditional performing art
Traditional performing arts
Folk art

古典芸能
classical theatre
classical theater

芸能娯楽
Entertainments

文化、芸能
Culture and performing art

各国の芸能人
Entertainers by nationality

詩吟と芸能人
Shigin and entertainers

マキノ芸能社
Makino Geinosha

日本の芸能人
Japanese entertainers

舞踊・芸能型
The dancing and public entertainment type

上級芸能記者
senior entertainment correspondent

愉快な芸能人
a pleasing entertainer

架空の芸能人
Fictional entertainers

歌舞音曲・芸能
Music and dancing/Entertainment

各種の郷土芸能
Folk Entertainments

米国芸能人連合
Associated Actors and Artists of America

日本の伝統芸能
Japanese folk art

さまざまな芸能
Various public entertainment

芸能としての神楽
Kagura as Art for Public Entertainment

イギリスの芸能人
British entertainers

単独で行う芸能人
an entertainer who performs alone

他の芸能との違い
Differences between rakugo and other performing arts

伝統芸能のくすぐり
Tickling as traditional performing arts

芸能プロダクション
talent agency
Talent agencies

彼女は芸能界にいる
she's in show biz

- 松尾芸能賞大賞。
He received the grand prize of Matsuo Prize of Entertainment.

芸能の家としての武士
Bushi as a family of public entertainment

文芸・芸能の場として
As the place of literature and art

郷土芸能としての式三番
Shiki Sanban as a Folk Entertainment

芸能、音楽としての太鼓
Japanese drums as public entertainment and music

アメリカ合衆国の芸能人
American entertainers

人間国宝の一覧（芸能）
List of Living National Treasures (performing arts)

天鈿女命は芸能の始祖神。
Ame no Uzume (a goddess in Japanese mythology) is a shiso-shin (an original god) for entertainment.

大観衆を引きつける芸能人
an entertainer who attracts large audiences

彼は芸能界に精通している。
He is familiar with the entertainment world.

-民俗芸能、娯楽、遊戯関係
Traditional folk entertainment, entertainment and amusement

起源は西域の諸芸能とされる。
Its origin is believed to be various arts of the western region of China.

平安時代に生まれた古典芸能。
This was an ancient form of theater that began in the Heian Period (794 to 1185).

芸能分野における「総合認定」
General Certification in the field of performing arts

伝統的な産業と芸能があること
Traditional industries and arts

一部の祭り・郷土芸能でも着用。
This gorgeous sagari loincloth is also worn in some festivals and local performing arts.

専門は日本文化論、伝統芸能史。
His specialty is the studies of Japanese culture and the history of traditional performance arts.

芸能上達祈願祭 - 3月10日。
Geino Jotatsu Kigan-sai (a service to pray for improvement in the performing arts: March 10.

芸能プロダクションのテンプレート
Entertainment company templates

芸能人たちは陽気なショーを見せた
The entertainers served up a lively show

(2)芸能の変遷の過程を示すもの
(2) What shows the transition process of performing arts.

巻第二十四本朝付世俗（芸能譚）
Volume 24 Honcho, secular (tales of art)

1990年第11回松尾芸能賞大賞
1990: The 11th Matsuo Prize of Entertainment

センセーショナルな影響を持つ芸能人
an entertainer who has a sensational effect

絵画、工芸、芸能に伝わる朝鮮通信使
Chosen Tsushinshi in pictures, craftworks and performing arts in Japan

(1)芸能の発生又は成立を示すもの
(1) What shows origination or formation of performing arts.

一　天子諸芸能ノ事、第一御学問也。
一　天子諸芸能ノ事、第一御学問也。

極めて大きな広がりを持つ芸能である。
It is a performing art that has a very broad presence.

田楽（でんがく）は、日本の伝統芸能。
Dengaku is a traditional Japanese performance art.

車折神社（芸能の神様として知られる）
Kurumazaki-jinja Shrine (known as the shrine of public entertainment)

（社）日本芸能実演家団体協議会会長。
He is the president of Japan Council of Performers' Organizations.

南宮の神事芸能（1979年2月3日）
Nangu's Shinto ritual performing art (February 3, 1979)

女人禁制とされている（されていた）芸能
Forms of entertainment that adopt (or have adopted) nyonin kinsei

雨宮の神事芸能（1981年1月21日）
Amenomiya's Shinto ritual performing art (January 21, 1981)

やがて上述の諸芸能の名称として定着した。
Then it became a commonly used title for the above-mentioned various form of public entertainment.

詩吟（しぎん）は、日本の伝統芸能の一つ。
Shigin is one of Japan's traditional performing arts.

しかしその近世芸能に与えた影響は大きい。
Still it had great influence on the early-modern performing arts.

上記の鷺舞をアレンジした新しい郷土芸能。
Kosagi odori dance is a new type of folk entertainment that had arranged the above-described Sagi mai.

ジャネットは芸能界での名声を求めていた。
Janet was seeking for fame in the world of show business.

日本放送協会大河ドラマの芸能考証も務める。
He also worked on the historical background of art for some long-running TV dramas on NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation).

修業性、伝統芸能の色合いが強い流派である。
It requires mentality in association with ascetic practices and traditional art performing.

祇園祭の中では様々な郷土芸能も上演される。
In the Gion Matsuri Festival, a variety of folk entertainments are also performed.

宗家は他の伝統芸能における家元に相当する。
Soke corresponds to Iemoto (the head family of a school) in other Japanese traditional performing arts.

- 「福は内」、有名力士、芸能人が多く登場
'Fuku wa uchi' is shouted, being attended by well-known sumo wrestlers and other entertainers.

舞台芸能では世話をすることを介錯と称する。
In a theatrical performance, Kaishaku refers to assisting (taking care of) someone.

能楽（のうがく）とは日本の伝統芸能である。
Nohgaku is a Japanese traditional performing art.

またそれを題材にした各種の芸能における演目。
In Japan, it also refers to the title of various performing arts.

これが「くすぐり伝統芸能のくすぐり」である。
These are a kind of word game to elicit laughter from audience, so-called 'kusuguri (literally tickling) in kusuguri traditional performing arts.'

民俗芸能、娯楽、遊戯に用いられるもの（1件）
Items used in relation to folk performing arts, entertainments and playgames (1).

与那国島の祭事の芸能（1985年1月21日）
Yonaguni's festival performing arts (January 21, 1985)

講談（こうだん）とは、日本の伝統芸能のひとつ。
Kodan is a form of traditional Japanese performing arts.

弁慶はもともと延暦寺では延年の芸能僧であった。
Benkei was originally a geino-so (a priest who takes charge of performing arts) for Ennen (singing and dancing performed by priests and pages after Buddhist services in temples, which started from the middle of the Heian era) at Enryaku-ji Temple.

春日若宮おん祭の神事芸能（1979年2月3日）
Kasuga Wakamiya On-matsuri Festival's Shinto ritual performing art (February 3, 1979)

芸道精進を祈願して寺を訪ねる芸能関係者も多い。
Many people who are involved in show business visit the temple in order to pray for devoting themselves to artistic expression.

中世芸能を読む（岩波セミナーブックス、2002）
Chusei Geino wo Yomu (Iwanami Seminar Books of Iwanami Shoten, Publishers, 2002)

猿楽より早く、芸能集団としての「座」を組織した。
In Dengaku, 'Za,' an organization of entertainers, had been organized earlier than in Sarugaku.

民俗芸能、娯楽、遊戯に用いられるもの（23件）
Items used in relation to folk performing arts, entertainments and playgames (23).

また中世の芸能を知る上でも、欠かせない一書である。
In addition, it is an essential book to know the performing art in Medieval Period in Japan.

武将、大名、姫、等の役に芸能人が扮する場合も多い。
Lots of professional entertainers dress as warlords, daimyo, princesses, etc.

萬歳（まんざい）とは、日本の伝統芸能の一つである。
Manzai is a kind of traditional art in Japan.

皮革、屠畜、清掃、造園のほか、芸能業にも従事した。
They were engaged in entertainment business in addition to making leather, slaughtering livestock, cleaning and gardening.

芸能の神として知られ、現在も芸能関係の参拝が多い。
Since it is known as a deity of public entertainments, this shrine is popular among people related to show business even now.

- 松尾芸能賞大賞、無形重要文化財（人間国宝）に認定
Received Matsuo Prize of Entertainment Grand Prize, and recognized as Important Intangible Cultural Property (Living National Treasure)

精大明神（球技・スポーツ芸能上達の神例祭7月7日）
Sei Daimyojin (god of ballgames and the improvement of sporting ability; annual festival held on July 7)

天才はなすべきことをなし、芸能者は出来ることをする。
Genius does what it must, and talent does what it can.

一年の五穀豊穣を祈願する予祝芸能の意味をもつとされる。
It is said that the decoration has a meaning for Yoshuku Geino (Preliminary Celebration) that prays for the productiveness of grain of the year.

熊野 (能)と同様に多くの古典芸能作品の題材となった。
Like Yuya (Noh), Matsukaze was used as a subject matter of many classical performing art works.

舞楽以外には神社・寺院での伝統芸能などでも用いられる。
Besides gagaku, they are also used in traditional arts performed at shrines and temples.

日本の伝統芸能における語り物の総称（本項で詳述する）。
It is also the collective name for the traditional Japanese art of katarimono (narratives) (as described below).

扇の塚のある寺として芸能関係にはよく知られた寺である。
As a temple with an ogi no tsuka (monument with a fan motif), it is well known by those in show business.

兄は沢村国太郎、姉は沢村貞子という芸能一家に生まれる。
He was born as a son of a family, which produced famous actor/actress like his elder brother Kunitaro SAWAMURA and his elder sister Sadako SAWAMURA.

芸能を主に、様々な作品の題材として広く採りあげられた。
It was widely adapted for various works as a subject matter, especially for public entertainment.

また芸能に従事する者もおり、芸能史の一翼を担ってきた。
In addition, some were entertainers who became part of the entertainment history.

そのほか、各地の民俗芸能や一部の宗教において演奏される。
In addition, it is also played for folk entertainment in various areas, and in some religions.

民謡、民俗芸能の三味線、尺八、胡弓は三曲には含まれない。
Shamisen, shakuhachi, and kokyu used in minyo (a traditional folk song) and folk arts are not included in sankyoku.

この記事の中で、能の演目及び民俗芸能についても記述する。
This article describes the legends of Shojo as well as 'Shojo' of Noh and the folkways related to Shojo.

伝統芸能では略して「笛」や「竹笛」と呼ばれることも多い。
In traditional performing arts, the shinobue is often called the 'fue' or 'takebue' for short.

このような式三番は現在では郷土芸能として演じられている。
Such Shiki Sanban is performed as a folk entertainment today.

幕府の儀式芸能であった能は、維新後、廃絶の危機に瀕した。
After the Meiji Restoration, Noh, which was ceremonial public entertainment for the bakufu, was struggling to survive at the edge of abolition.
After the Meiji restoration, Noh faced a crisis of elimination since it was the bakufu's ceremonial art.

このほか能楽などの伝統芸能にも神事の要素がある物が多い。
In addition, many traditional performances, like Noh plays, have elements of shinji in them.

－新田太郎兄の孫で芸能プロダクションを経営している。
Taro NITTA, Soseki's brother's grandson, operating a public entertainment agency

愛知県の奥三河地方に伝わる重要無形民俗文化財の民俗芸能。
The traditional folk entertainment designated an important intangible folk cultural property handed down in the Okumikawa region of Aichi Prefecture.

小浜島の盆、結願祭、種子取祭の芸能（2007年3月7日）
Kohamajima's Bon, Kechigan-sai and Tanedori-sai Festivals' performing arts (March 7, 2007)

神人とは神社に属して芸能その他卑賤の仕事に従事した者の称。
Jinin was a title given to people belonging to a Shinto shrine and engaging in public entertainments and other humble works.

能が成立する以前の翁猿楽の様式を留める芸能が式三番である。
Shiki Sanban is the performing art that maintains the style of Okina Sarugaku (the original form of the present-day Okina patterned after an ancient ritualistic ceremony), which precedes the formation of Noh.

義太夫節に操り人形が加わる芸能が人形浄瑠璃（文楽）である。
The art that consists of Joruri and puppets is Ningyo Joruri (Bunraku puppets).

1946年、戦後の復興期のなかで古典芸能の保護振興を志す。
In 1946 he aimed at conserving and promoting classical theater in the post-war years of recovery.

芸能は（良くも悪くも）人目につかない程度で十分としている。
Art (good or bad) is sufficient at an inconspicuous level.

長野県下伊那郡天龍村に伝わる重要無形民俗文化財の民俗芸能。
The traditional folk entertainment designated an important intangible folk cultural property handed down in Tenryu-mura, Shimoina-gun, Nagano Prefecture.

2.民俗芸能のうち、次の各号のいずれかに該当し、重要なもの
2. Important folk performing arts that are applicable to one of the following

なお、「延動」を独立した芸能のひとつとして捉える説もある。
There is a view that 'Endo' is one of the independent public entertainments.

能の歴史とは、日本の伝統芸能である能の発展史のことである。
History of Noh means the history of the development of Japanese traditional art of Noh.

黒川能（くろかわのう）とは、山形県の鶴岡市に伝わる伝統芸能。
Kurokawa-Noh is a traditional entertainment preserved in Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture.

前節の稚児（有髪の少年修行僧）の芸能の流れを汲むものもある。
Some of them follow the tradition of public entertainment performed by chigo (young trainee monks who did not shave their heads) mentioned before.

歌舞伎（かぶき）は、日本独特の演劇で、伝統芸能の一つである。
'Kabuki' is a theater peculiar to Japan, and is one of the traditional performing arts.

例えば、文楽などの古典芸能では小道具の受け渡しを介錯と呼ぶ。
In classical entertainment, such as with the Bunraku puppet theater, for example, Kaishaku refers to handing over stage properties

選択無形民俗文化財「春日若宮おん祭の芸能」（春日古楽保存会）
Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property - 'public entertainment of Shinto rituals of Kasuga Wakamiya Onmatsuri Festival' (Kasuga Kogaku hozon kai) (Preservation Society of Kasuga Kogaku)

郵便局は、有名なアメリカの芸能人を追悼するシリーズを発行した
the Post Office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers

平成18年度NHK教育テレビジョン「伝統芸能入門」能楽講師。
He served as an instructor of Nogaku for NHK educational channel 'A guide to traditional arts.'

都市に人口が集積することによって独立した芸能として成立した。
The movement of the population to urban areas enabled rakugo to become an independent performing art.

中国文人は琴棊書画に代表されるような芸能を遊戯として嗜んだ。
Bunjin in China enjoyed public entertainments represented by Kinkishoga.

芸や所作があるわけではないため、いわゆる芸能的な要素は少ない。
Not having a performance and dance, Hitotsumono includes few, so to speak, elements of performing art.

後にはこうした意匠に沿った芸能や美術・建築などにも用いられた。
Later, it also came to mean performing arts, art objects and architecture which were in tune with the spirit of Furyu.

秋田県横手市大森町八沢木に伝わる重要無形民俗文化財の民俗芸能。
The traditional folk entertainment designated an important intangible folk cultural property handed down in Yasawagi, Omori-machi, Yokote City, Akita Prefecture.

古典芸能において景清が登場する作品は「景清物」と呼ばれている。
The classical performing arts in which Kagekiyo appears are called 'Kagekiyo staff.'

松竹芸能-6代目笑福亭松鶴一門、3代目桂春団治一門、森乃福郎一門
Shochiku Geino: Shokaku SHOFUKUTEI VI and his family, the family of Harudanji KATSURA III, and the family of Fukuro MORINO.

狂言（きょうげん）は、能と同様に猿楽から発展した伝統芸能である。
Kyogen is a traditional form of public entertainment developed from Sarugaku (comical mimicry and speech performance in the Heian period), similar to Noh.

なお、この結婚は芸能人のできちゃった結婚の嚆矢とする意見もある。
Some people say the marriage was the origin of the shotgun weddings of entertainment celebrities.

彼らの中には現在でも芸能文化活動の第一線で活躍している者が多い。
Many of them are still active at the forefront of entertainment today.

1941年国民学校令の施行で唱歌は芸能科音楽へと発展的解消した。
In 1941 with the enforcement of the National School Order, shoka developed into the geinoka (entertainment course) music.

1989年、日本芸能実演家団体協議会より功労者として表彰される。
In 1989, Kichiya was commended for his distinguished merits in Kabuki by Geidankyo (Japan Council Meeting for Performers' Groups engaged in Public Entertainment).

日本の諸芸能のうち、演芸など大衆芸能的なものの起源とされている。
Of various Japanese arts, it is regarded as the origin of popular arts such as variety shows.

滑稽芸は狂言や笑いを扱う演芸になり、独自の芸能文化を築いていった。
Humorous arts developed into kyogen or comical entertainment which built up their unique art culture.

「春日若宮おん祭の神事芸能」は重要無形民俗文化財に指定されている。
'The entertainments performed at the shrine ritual of Kasuga Wakamiya Onmatsuri' has been designated as an important intangible folk cultural property.

傀儡子（かいらいし、くぐつし）：狩猟を生業とし、漂白した芸能集団。
Kairaishi/Kugutsushi: a wandering group of public entertainers who make a living by hunting.

本来は豊作を祈る田遊びの芸能に由来する地方農村の労働歌舞であった。
It was originally utamai (a performance of singing and dancing) for labor in agricultural villages that originated in the public entertainment of taasobi (ritual Shinto performance to pray for a good rice-crop for the year) to pray for rich harvest.

免税芸能法人等が支払う芸能人等の役務提供報酬等に係る源泉徴収の特例
Special Provisions for Withholding at Source of Remuneration, etc. Paid by Tax-Exempt Entertainment Corporations, etc. to Entertainers for Their Provision of Services
Special Provisions on Withholding at Source for Remuneration, etc. Paid by a Tax-Exempt Entertainment Corporation, etc. to Entertainers, etc. for Their Provision of Services

吉本興業や松竹芸能に所属する落語家が独演会や勉強会を行うことがある。
Rakugo storytellers who belong to Yoshimoto Kogyo and Shochiku Geino hold solo shows or workshops.

能・歌舞伎・日本舞踊・落語・雅楽・茶道・華道・詩吟等伝統芸能の従事者
Those engaged in traditional performance arts like Noh, Kabuki, Japanese dance, comic storytelling, ceremonial imperial court music, tea ceremony, flower arrangement, and recitation of Chinese poems.

決して盛んな芸能とは言えないが、新しい潮流も少しずつ生まれつつある。
Although it is not exactly a thriving form of performing art, new trends in kodan have gradually arisen.

また関西歌舞伎をはじめ人形浄瑠璃などの古典芸能の保護振興につとめた。
He endeavoured to conserve and promote classical theater, including Kansai Kabuki and the Japanese puppet theater.

戦後の伝統芸能不遇の時代から狂言の普及に努め、広く支持を集めている。
He has been striving to spread kyogen since after the war which was the dark days for traditional performing arts, and received broad support.

一遍の起した時宗教団に、芸能に優れた者が集まったものが起源とされる。
It originated from excellent entertainers who gathered together in Ji sect founded by Ippen.

伝統芸能を見せるだけでなく、その奥にある日本的な思想も合わせて紹介。
It was intended not only to show traditional performing arts, but also to introduce Japanese thoughts behind them.

(2)年中行事、祭礼、法会等の中で行われる行事で芸能の基盤を示すもの
(2) An annual event or event held in a festival, a memorial service, etc. that shows the foundation of performing arts.

世界各地の伝統芸能(特に東アジア、東南アジア)でも厚化粧の傾向がある。
In traditional performing arts all over the world (especially in East Asia and Southeast Asia) there is a tendency to wear atsugesho as well.

古典芸能界の鉄道愛好家として、長唄の杵屋栄二と並び称される存在だった。
His presence as a railroad fanatic in the classical entertainment society was equal to that of Eiji KINEYA among the nagauta society.

このように、散楽が後世の芸能に及ぼした影響には計り知れないものがある。
As shown above, Sangaku had an immeasurable impact on the arts of subsequent times.

昔は越後獅子など芸能や曲芸をする者がバランス能力を見せるために履いた。
In the olden days, people who performed public entertainments including Echigojishi, or performed acrobatics put on this Geta to show their capacity of balance.

紙切り（かみきり）とは、紙を鋏で切り、形を作る伝統芸能のひとつである。
'Kamikiri' is one of the traditional Japanese performing arts, which shows the performance of cutting a piece of paper in some shape with a pair of scissors.

重要無形民俗文化財「春日若宮おん祭の神事芸能」（春日若宮おん祭保存会）
Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property - 'public entertainment of Shinto rituals of Kasuga Wakamiya Onmatsuri Festival'

日立風流物（1977年5月17日　日立市宮田町　日立市郷土芸能保存会）
Hitachi Furyumono parade (May 17, 1977; Miyata-machi, Hitachi City; Hitachi-shi Kyodo Geino Hozonkai [Hitachi City Local Entertainments Preservation Association])

晶紀夫人は11月11日には東宝芸能へ所属、5年ぶりに芸能界に復帰した。
She signed with Toho Geino on November 11 and returned to the world of entertainment for the first time in five years.

家道（かどう）とは、特定の家において代々伝えられてきた技能・芸能のこと。
Kado is a skill and performing art which has been passed down in a specific family for generations.

1996年、勲一等瑞宝章を授与（芸能界初の勲一等生存者叙勲）されている。
In 1996, he received Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (it was the first time for a living person to receive the Grand Cordon in the entertainment industry).

朝廷は散楽師の養成機関「散樂戸」を設けるなどし、この芸能の保護を図った。
The Imperial Court protected this art by establishing 'Sangakuko,' a training school for Sangakushi (Sangaku players).

フランスの寄席芸能の猛烈に速い踊り（アパッシュはフランスの暗黒街の人間）
a violent fast dance in French vaudeville (an apache is a member of the French underworld)

芸道・芸能や相撲・武道の世界などにおいて代々襲名する名前（フルネーム）。
In the fields of accomplished arts, entertainment, sumo and the martial arts etc the names (full name) of practitioners are handed down.

すなわち、無形文化財とは芸能、工芸技術等の無形の「わざ」そのものを指す。
In other words, intangible cultural property refers to certain 'art,' such as arts and crafts or performing arts.

石井の七福神と田植踊（1995年12月26日二本松市　石井芸能保存会）
Ishii's Shichi Fukujin (Seven Gods of Good Fortune) and Taue-odori rice planting dance (December 26, 1995; Nihonmatsu City; Ishii Geino Hozonkai [Association for the Preservation of Folk Entertainments in Ishii])

芸能人も、大道芸人と呼ばれ、つかみ所のない者として、賎民呼ばわりされた。
Entertainers were called street performers and were also defined as Senmin, since they were considered pointless.

猿楽（さるがく、猿樂）は、平安時代から室町時代にかけて流行した日本の芸能。
Sarugaku is a Japanese art form that was popular during the Heian and Muromachi periods.

小説・芝居にも使われ、大阪の伝統芸能である河内音頭の代表的な演目となった。
The story was adapted for novels and plays, and became a representative song of Kawachi ondo (Kawachi dance), a traditional performing art in Osaka.

長崎県雲仙市（旧・国見町 (長崎県)）の伝統芸能「鳥刺し踊り」に使われる褌。
'Kyu-shaku fundoshi' (a longer fundoshi loincloth of about 3.6 meter in length) is worn for the traditional art 'Torisashi dancing' that is performed in Unzen City, Nagasaki Prefecture (former Kunimi Town, Nagasaki Prefecture).

芝居の下座音楽や郷土芸能の音楽、祭囃子、阿波踊りなどの民族舞踊に用いられる。
It's used in 'geza' (off-stage) music, music for local performing arts, 'matsuri-bayashi' (Japanese festival music), and folk dances such as Awa Dancing Festival.

なお、現代の能楽師たちはこの芸能を「翁」「神歌」（素謡のとき）と呼んでいる。
Incidentally, contemporary Nohgaku-shi (Noh actors) call it 'Okina' (the elder or an old man) or 'Kamiuta' (a song for god) (during su-utai, which is the chanting of a Noh text without music or dance).

寺社に所属する職業芸能人であり会日（縁日の原形）に寺社や大道で披露していた。
Sarugaku was performed by professional entertainers who belonged to temples and shrines and performed at shines and temples or on main streets during kaijitsu (the original form of fairs).

現在は能楽と呼ばれている芸能が「猿楽師」による「猿楽」と呼ばれて興行された。
The art form that is currently called Nogaku was commercially performed by 'Sarugakushi' under the name 'Sarugaku.'

そして散楽の芸は、他の芸能と融合していき、それぞれ独自の発展を遂げていった。
Subsequently, various arts of Sangaku merged with other arts and began to evolve on their own.

（特に、芸能界またはスポーツ界の）有能な人材を発掘、採用することに従事する人
someone employed to discover and recruit talented persons (especially in the worlds of entertainment or sports)

多良間の豊年祭（1976年5月4日　宮古郡多良間村　多良間村民俗芸能保存会）
Tarama's Honen-sai Festival for a good harvest (May 4, 1976; Tarama-son, Miyako-gun; Tarama-son Minzoku Geino Hozonkai [Association for the Preservation of Folk Performing Arts in Tarama Village])

呪術等を用い、色々な芸能を行うことが出来、また特に人形を操っていたとされる。
They are said to have used magic to conduct various performances, particularly the control of puppets.

道成寺関連の作品を演じる芸能関係者が舞台安全の祈願に訪れていた時代もあった。
There was a time when those who were in show business and performed the play concerning Dojo-ji Temple visited the temple to pray for safety of the stage.

予祝芸能に対し、災害を取り除く意味合いの強いものを除災芸能と呼ぶことがある。
In contrast to Yoshuku Geino, the traditional performing arts that emphasize warding off disasters are sometimes called Josai Geino (public entertainment for removal of disasters).

奈良時代に入ると、中国（唐）から伝来した踏歌と合流し、宮廷芸能の一つとなった。
In the Nara Period, utagaki was merged with toka (singing and dancing) imported from China, and became one of performance arts for court.

芸道（げいどう）は、芸能・技芸を日本独自のかたちで体系化したもののことを指す。
Geido refers to the performance of arts and handicrafts in a systematized way that is uniquely Japanese.

ヒルコがえびす神である信仰は古今集注解や、芸能などを通じ、広く、浸透している。
The belief that Hiruko is Ebisu has been widely spread through Kokinshu Chukai (apparatus criticus of the 'Kokinshu' (Collection of Ancient and Modern)) and other public entertainments.

「岩戸隠れ」のくだりなどに登場する芸能の女神であり、日本最古の踊り子と言える。
She is the goddess of entertainment who appears in the story of 'Iwatokakure' and can be said to be the oldest dancer in Japan.

1953年、東京文化財研究所芸能部文部技官となり、音楽舞踊研究室長、芸能部長。
He became the educational gikan (a bureaucrat with specialized skills) of the public entertainment department of National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo and served as the chief of the music and dancing research division and the director of the public entertainment department.

こうした「風流」の趣向は同時代の寺院芸能である猿楽・能・狂言などに影響を与えた。
This 'Furyu' trend affected the temple performing arts of the same period, such as Sarugaku, Noh and Kyogen.

日本の伝統的な芸能、芸道において、その流儀の最高権威伝承者またはその家系を指す。
These family lines or their heads are the highest authority on traditional Japanese arts.

棒の手は、剣術、棒術、薙刀術など日本武術の形を踊りにした伝統芸能日本舞踊である。
Bo-no-te is a traditional performing arts of classical Japanese dance, in which basic forms of Japanese martial arts such as sword, staff, and halberd techniques are transformed into dancing.

全国あるいは世界中の伝統芸能やそこで用いられる面、人形あるいは屏風画などを展示。
There are displays of dolls, masks and paintings on folding screens used in performing arts both nationally and internationally.

事実大和国の賣太神社に祀られるアメノウズメは芸能の始祖神として信仰を集めている。
In fact, the Amenouzume enshrined at Meta-jinja Shrine in Yamato Province has historically been widely worshipped as the Shiso Shin of entertainment.

三男のマキノ真三は、戦後、妻の女優・宮城千賀子と「マキノ芸能社」を設立している。
After the Second World War, Shozo's third son, Shinzo MAKINO, established 'Makino Geinosha' jointly with his actress wife, Chikako MIYAGI.

翌日、邦道は頼朝に宴の様子を「芸能、言動ともにとても優れた方でした」と報告した。
Kunimichi reported to Yoritomo about the atmosphere of the party on the following day as 'he was the one both excelled in art and use of words.'

彼の日記は「時慶記」として残り、宮中から武家や芸能まで幅広い交際をうかがわせる。
His diary is called 'Tokiyoshiki,' and it shows that his wide social circle included the Imperial Court and samurai families, as well as entertainment circles.

今日お気に入りの芸能人が出てるミュージカルを見に行った。彼は、今年の一押しだね。
I went to a musical with my favorite actor today. He's the one must-see for this year.

他の芸能との交流も進み、講釈での人気演目が歌舞伎や人形浄瑠璃化されることもあった。
Interacting with other forms of public entertainment helped popular koshaku acts to be performed in kabuki and ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater).

伎楽そのものは鎌倉期に衰退したとされるが、伎楽が後世の芸能に及ぼした影響は大きい。
Although gigaku itself declined in the Kamakura period, it has largely influenced to other performing arts.

喜多流（きたりゅう）とは、日本の伝統芸能である能楽のうち、能のシテ方の流派である。
The Kita school is one of the shite-kata (actors who play leading characters) schools of Noh in Nohgaku (the art of Noh), which is one of the Japanese traditional performance arts.

また中国から日本に伝わった民間芸能である散楽 (さんがく) にも鼓が使われている。
Tsuzumi is also used in sangaku (form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries), the popular entertainment which came down from China to Japan.

式三番（しき-さん-ばん）とは、能・狂言とならんで能楽を構成する特殊な芸能の一つ。
'Shiki Sanban' is one of the performing arts that form part of Nohgaku (the theatrical art of Noh), along with Noh (Noh plays) and Kyogen (a farce presented between Noh plays).

音曲（おんぎょく）とは、近世において音楽、あるいは音楽を用いた芸能のことを指した。
In the early-modern times, the term 'ongyoku' meant music or an art of musical performance.

天平年間のいずれかに、雅楽寮に散楽戸がおかれ、朝廷によって保護される芸能となった。
Sangaku-ko (Sangaku Section) was established in utaryo (Bureau of Traditional Music) sometime in the Tenpyo era and Sangaku became an art protected by the Imperial court.

関西出身の芸能人の「お好み焼きはおかず」との発言などで全国に知られるようになった。
Entertainers from the Kansai region have said 'okonomiyaki is an accompanying dish' and such statements have become known nationwide.

中国大陸から、散楽と呼ばれる芸能が移入されたのが、猿楽のはじまりと考えられている。
It is thought that Sarugaku was created when the art called Sangaku was introduced from China.

特に芸能関係者の信仰があつく、著名人が東京を始め全国各地からもたくさん参詣に来る。
As this shrine enjoys quite high popularity among people related to show business, many celebrities from Tokyo and other districts nationwide visit the shrine.

長野県飯田市の旧・南信濃村・上村 (長野県)に伝わる重要無形民俗文化財の民俗芸能。
The traditional folk entertainment designated an important intangible folk cultural property handed down in former Minamishinano-mura and Kami-mura, Iida City, Nagano Prefecture.

獅子舞（ししまい）とは、伝統芸能の一つで、祭囃子にあわせて獅子が舞い踊るものである。
'Shishimai' (Japanese lion dance) is one of the traditional Japanese performing arts, in which performers mimic a lion's movements in a lion costume to festival music.

延年（えんねん）は、寺院において大法会の後に僧侶や稚児によって演じられた日本の芸能。
Ennen is a Japanese art which was performed by monks and chigo (child in a Buddhist possession) at temples after Daihoe (great Buddhist memorial service).

落語では、仮名手本忠臣蔵がくすぐり伝統芸能のくすぐり、落ちとして使われることもある。
In Rakugo, 'Kanadehon Chushingura' is sometimes used as a material for kusuguri (making the audience laugh) or ochi (the punch line of a joke) in the traditional art of kusuguri Rakugo.

同朋衆（どうぼうしゅう）とは室町時代以降将軍の近くで雑務や芸能にあたった人々のこと。
Doboshu were people who had the responsibility for miscellaneous duties and entertainment near the shogun since the Muromachi period.

具体的には能楽や歌舞伎、浄瑠璃などの伝統芸能や陶磁器、漆器製作などの伝統工芸である。
Specifically, traditional performing arts such as nogaku (the art of Noh), kabuki and joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment), and traditional crafts such as manufacturing of ceramics and lacquer ware.

また、神事から発達した田楽・猿楽などが能など後の日本中世伝統芸能を形作る素地となった。
In addition, Dengaku (ritual music and dancing in shrines and temples), sarugaku (form of theater popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries) and so on which were developed from Shinto rituals became the base to form later Japanese medieval traditional performing arts such as Noh and so on.

天平勝宝4年（752年）の東大寺大仏開眼供養法会には、他の芸能と共に散楽が奉納された。
Sangaku was performed, along with other arts, on the occasion of the Buddhist ceremony to consecrate the Great Buddha of Todai-ji Temple held in 752.

それ以外にも、日本各地には土着の芸能として式三番を継承していった者たちが少なくなかった。
There were also many others who inherited Shiki Sanban as an indigenous form of entertainment across Japan.

このような公演活動を通じて、歌舞伎は現代に生きる伝統芸能としての評価を得るに至っている。
These performance activities earn Kabuki a good reputation as the traditional performing arts living in today's world.

和歌や故実などの公家文化に通じ、戦乱により衰退していた芸能文化面の再興に大きく貢献した。
He was well versed in Waka and ancient practices and customs, and contributed greatly to the revival of art and culture which had declined during conflict and war.

門前町民や寺社領民、修験者や陰陽師らの民間宗教者、さらに連歌師などの芸能民らも管轄した。
In addition, the Jisha-bugyo controlled temple town citizens, people in the domains of temples and shrines, folk religious leaders such as ascetic Buddhist monks and philosophers, and artists such as poets.

小河内の鹿島踊（1980年1月28日　西多摩郡奥多摩町　小河内の郷土芸能保存団体協議会）
Ogouchi's Kashima-odori dance (January 28, 1980; Okutama-machi, Nishitama-gun; Ogouchi no Kyodo Geino Hozon Dantai Kyogikai [Federation of Associations for the Preservation of Local Entertainments in Ogouchi])

本来この字、「芸」（ウン）は芸能・園芸などの「芸」（ゲイ）とは全く字形の同じ別字である。
The character used in the name is actually one that is totally different from the character '芸' (read 'gei') that is used for words such as 芸能 ('geino' meaning 'art' or 'show business') and 園芸 ('engei' meaning gardening or horticulture).

日本において、能楽などの伝統芸能や武術 (日本)などで家元の言いかえとして用いられる称号。
In Japan, Iemoto (the founder or current head master) of traditional arts, such as Noh, or martial arts, are also called Soke.

伝統芸能において、役者等が一定の距離を関係者らと行列して歩く（あるいは船で航行する）こと。
It also refers to performers marching along (or traveling by boat) with their staff for some distance in traditional performing arts.

現在では日本における代表的な伝統芸能として遇され、歌舞伎に並んで国際的に高い知名度を誇る。
In today's Japan, Noh is regarded as a traditional performing art internationally recogniｚed and is as highly reputed as kabuki is (a Japanese traditional drama performed only by male actors).

以降、散楽という言葉に集約される雑芸群は、民間に広まった様々な職業芸能に引き継がれていく。
Since then, various arts collectively called Sangaku were taken over by various professional arts that spread in the society.

芸能分野は、雅楽、能、文楽、歌舞伎、組踊、音楽、日本舞踊、演芸の8つの種別に分かれている。
The performing arts field consists of eight classes: Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music), Noh (traditional masked dance and drama), Bunraku, Kabuki, Kumi Odori (combination dance), music, classical Japanese dance and entertainment.

更に武術・芸能など目には見えない技術を伝授する際にもその内容をまとめた文書を目録と呼んだ。
Documents which compiled information on martial art techniques and techniques used in the arts were also called mokuroku.

ただ今日では、このような用法は学園祭などのような「素人芸能」的な活動以外ではほぼ見られない。
Today this use of konnyaku, however, can be seen only in such an 'amateur entertainment 'as an event performed in some school festivals.

香道は諸芸能と同様維新後に衰退したが、戦後に盛り返して現在は御家流と共に大きく二分している。
The incense-smelling ceremony declined after the Meiji Restoration just like other public entertainments, but after the World War II, it made a comeback and now there are two branches; the Shino school and the Oie school.

金剛流（こんごうりゅう）とは、日本の伝統芸能である能楽のうち、能のシテ方の流派の一つである。
The Kongo school is one of the shite-kata (actors who play leading characters) schools of Noh in Nohgaku (the art of Noh), which is one of the Japanese traditional performance arts.

歴史上、このことは太鼓を主体化するという革新的事実（芸能、音楽としての太鼓）に貢献している。
This general phenomenon, however, has proved in history by (the Japanese drum in performing arts and in music) centralizing the Japanese drum as the main constituent.

および、それをもとに室町期に観阿弥・世阿弥らによって確立された芸能の、1880年までの名称。
Until 1880, the term also referred to the art form that was established, based on the above, by Kanami and Zeami during the Muromachi period.

映画若しくは演劇の俳優、音楽家その他の芸能人又は職業運動家の役務の提供を主たる内容とする事業
A business that is mainly intended to provide the services of motion picture or theatre artistes, musicians and any other entertainers or professional athletes
A business that is mainly intended to provide the services of motion picture or theatre artistes, musicians and any other entertainer or professional athletes;

また、栄仁親王は、琵琶、笙、和歌など諸芸能に堪能で、伏見宮家が楽道を家業とする起源を作った。
He had many talents in art such as Biwa (a four-stringed Japanese lute), a sho (a wind instrument composed of a mouthpiece and seventeen bamboo pipes of various lengths), waka poems, and established the origin for the Fushiminomiyha family to start music as their family business.

上記のデーモン小暮閣下の件でも判るように、今上天皇は芸能音楽やスポーツ界の事情にも通じている。
As shown in the above-mentioned Mr. Demon Kogure's episode, the present Emperor knows a lot about public entertainments and popular music and the sports.

庶民の間では短編の読み物集である御伽草子が読まれ、狂言や小唄、幸若舞などの庶民芸能が流行する。
Among the common people, otogizoshi (fairy-tales), collections of short tales, were available to be read, while Kyogen, kouta (ballads) and kowakamai (a type of dance) were all popular forms of entertainment for commoners.

武術以外に、能や棒の手、太刀振り、ささら踊りなどの伝統芸能においても薙刀の形が採り入れられた。
The naginata form was adopted into the traditional performing arts such as the Noh theater, Bonote, Tachifuri (swinging of the sword) and Sasara dance (sasara is a Japanese traditional percussion instrument).

平曲の発生として、東大寺大仏殿の開眼供養の盲目僧まで遡ることが｢日本芸能史」等で説かれている。
A History of the Japanese Performing Arts' states that the history of heikyoku can be traced back to a vision-impaired monk attending a ceremony to consecrate a newly made Buddhist image which was held in Daibutsu-den Hall (the Great Buddha hall) of Todai-ji Temple.

東大寺の大仏開眼供養（西暦752年/天平勝宝4年）の時には他の諸芸能とともに大規模に上演された。
It was performed in a grand scale with other performances during the Buddhist ceremony to consecrate the Great Buddha of Todai-ji Temple in 752.

猿楽などに従事した芸能の民にも河勝の裔を名乗る者は多く、代表的なものとしては金春流が挙げられる。
Many performers of theater such as sarugaku (comical mimicry and speech performance) claimed to be descendants of Kawakatsu, and Konparu-ryu school of No play is considered as a representative example.

弾左衛門は非人、芸能民、一部の職人、傾城屋などを支配するとされていた（「弾左衛門由緒書」偽書）。
Danzaemon was given the authority to rule over the hinin, geinomin (entertainers without permanent residence), some craftsmen and keiseiya (brothels) (according to a bogus document, 'History of Danzaemon').

武士は社会的な身分であるのと同時に、武芸という芸能を家業とする職業的な身分であるとも規定できる。
The bushi can also be defined as a professional status whose family business was the public entertainment of military art as well as social status.

しかし、漫才など他の人気大衆芸能の誕生、大衆メディアの発達などに追いつけず、次第に衰微していった。
It gradually went into decline, however, due to the advent of other popular entertainments like manzai (comic dialogue) and the development of mass media.

一方、狂言は室町時代から江戸時代初期にかけて発展してきた芸能であり、当時の価値観が反映されている。
On the other hand, kyogen was developed from the Muromachi period to the early Edo period, and it reflected the values at that time.

そして、歌舞伎舞踊や日本舞踊にも取入れられているほか、各地の郷土芸能・神事としても保存されている。
It has not only been incorporated into Kabuki and Japanese dancing, but it has also been preserved as a folk entertainment and a Shinto ritual around the country.

その後、芸能を愛する後白河天皇に蹴鞠の才能を認められ、藤原師長・源資賢とともに院近臣に加えられた。
Later, his ability of kemari was appreciated by Emperor Goshirakawa who loved performing arts, he was added to the aides together with FUJIWARA no Moronaga and MINAMOTO no Sukekata when the emperor retired.

諸国を旅する芸能民や遊行僧などが悪党的性格を持つとされていたのも同様の理由からだと考えられている。
For this same reason, it is believed that entertainers and wandering monks who traveled in various provinces were considered to have akuto-like characteristics.

座（ざ）は、平安時代から戦国時代 (日本)まで存在した主に商工業者や芸能者による同業者組合のこと。
The za, established mainly by merchants, manufacturers and entertainers, refers to the guilds that existed from the Heian period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states).

「岩手県立博物館平成16年度伝統芸能鑑賞会/岩手県文化財愛護協会第57回岩手郷土芸能祭」に詳しい。
Its details can be found in 'Iwate Prefectural Museum 2004 Traditional Performing Arts Concert/Iwate Prefecture Cultural Property Association the 57th Iwate Local Performing Arts Festival'.

和歌や古典を通じて得た貴族的教養を生かし「猿楽」を芸能・理論の両面から大成させることに心血を注いだ。
Making use of the knowledge on aristocratic culture, he acquired through waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and Japanese classics, he devoted his life to establishing 'sarugaku' in both the aspects of art and theory.

説経は、仏教の経文や教義を説いて衆生を導く唱導から、鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけて発生した芸能である。
Sekkyo is a public entertainment which appeared between the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period based on shodo, which is the guidance leading all living things by explaining the Buddhist sutras and doctrines.

1から転じて、伝統芸能や武道などの芸道において、師匠が弟子に流派の奥義や秘伝を口伝えに教授すること。
The word 'kuden' has extended its meaning from the above 1, to mean that a master of traditional performance art or martial art orally teaches his or her disciples, the esoteric knowledge or secret techniques unique to each school of the art.

だが、京洛ではこれが近世に入って娯楽化し、壬生六斎念仏踊りのような伝統芸能となって伝わったのである。
However, in the modern era, such practices evolved into a form of entertainment in Kyoto and resulted in the development of traditional performing arts such as Mibu Rokusai Nenbutsu Odori.

幽玄（ゆうげん）とは、文芸・絵画・芸能・建築等、諸々の芸術領域における日本文化の基層となる理念の一つ。
Yugen is one of the basic ideas of Japanese culture in the area of various arts such as literature, paintings, performing arts and architecture.

特に島根県西部や広島県北西部に伝わる石見神楽の系流は、子供にも人気のある娯楽芸能として確立されている。
Especially, a school of Iwami-kagura in the west part of Shimane Prefecture and the northwest of Hiroshima Prefecture has now established as an amusement art which is popular among people including children.

当初は物真似だけでなく、散楽の流れをくむ軽業や手品、曲芸、呪術まがいの芸など、多岐に渡る芸能を行った。
Originally, Sarugaku players displayed various arts inherited from Sangaku, such as acrobatics, the conjuring of tricks, stunts, and something similar to magic.

しかし、その行動様式は侠客と呼ばれた無頼漢たちに、その美意識は歌舞伎という芸能の中に受け継がれていく。
However, their form of behavior was inherited by delinquents called 'kyokaku,' while their aesthetic values were inherited by the Kabuki performance.

俳名（はい-みょう）は、本来俳号と同義であるが、江戸時代中期以降の芸能分野において次のように用いられた。
Haimyo is originally synonymous with Haigo (the pen name of a haiku poet), but it was used as follows in the field of public entertainment after the mid Edo period:

この時、大量の門弟をまとめるために、現在では伝統芸能において一般に見られる組織形態：家元制度が確立した。
The formation of the head-master system commonly seen in a current traditional performing arts, developed in order to organize massive numbers of disciples.

しかしながら、転じて禅宗以外の宗派や政治家・芸能人などの言行などを収録した言行録一般を指すようになった。
However, the term has become used to generally indicate a collection of what a priest in religious sects other than Zen, a politician or an entertainer said.

後に勧進を目的とした芸能の徒なども乗船させるようになったり、水上演芸船の様相を呈したものもあったという。
In later years, entertainers were sent to such boats to carry out kanjin activities, and it has been said that some were like floating entertainment halls.

漫才の発祥と言われる万歳（まんざい）は、平安時代から始まった芸能で、新年を言祝ぐ（ことほぐ）歌舞である。
Manzai (written in different kanji from the main topic Manzai) which is said to be the origin of manzai is a form of entertainment that started in the Heian period to deliver a congratulatory speech for the New Year along with chanting and dancing.

スーパーモンキーズ、SPEED、知念里奈の活躍で、一躍芸能人養成プロダクション経営者として脚光を浴びる。
Thanks to the performance of Super Monkeys, SPEED, Rina CHINEN, he entered the limelight as the manager of a production for the training of entertainers.

また、土舞台（現桜井公園）は日本芸能発祥の地と言われ、“万葉のあけぼのの地”などと呼称されることもある。
Tsuchibutai (present-day, Sakurai park) is said to be the birthplace of public entertainment and is sometimes called 'Manyo no akebono no chi' (place of the dawn of Manyo).

また後世の音楽、芸能に取り入れられていることも多く、ことに能（修羅物）には平家物語に取材した演目が多い。
It has been adapted for music and performing arts in later years, especially the Noh play (Shuramono (Noh about warriors)) has a lot of programs based on Heike Monogatari.

転じて、現代では古語に近いが、近世邦楽を主として、その他の関連する音楽を中心とした伝統芸能を意味している。
Although it has become almost an obsolete word today, its meaning has changed to indicate traditional arts covering mainly traditional Japanese music of early-modern times as well as other concerned music.

この延年の舞は、他の芸能のなかに取り入れられていることがあり、そこから往事の延年の様子を伺うことができる。
As Ennen no mai was sometimes incorporated into other arts, we can gather from them the image of Ennen in the old days.

鎌倉時代の猿楽が発展し、観阿弥や世阿弥らの登場によって現在の能楽とほぼ同等の芸能としての猿楽が形作られる。
During these periods, the Sarugaku of the Kamakura period further evolved thanks to Kanami and Zeami, as well as the establishment of Sarugaku, which was nearly equivalent to the present-day Nogaku.

芸能では、貴族層は前代以来の歌謡である催馬楽（さいばら）や神楽歌、漢詩や和歌の名句を吟ずる朗詠を楽しんだ。
As for public entertainment, court nobles enjoyed songs and ballads from former generations; saibara (genre of Heian-period Japanese court music - primarily consisting of gagaku-styled folk melodies), kagura-uta (songs to accompany kagura performances) and roei recitation of famous phrases from Chinese-style poem or waka.

これは、東京都・埼玉県などのかつて武蔵国と呼ばれた地域の農山村では一般的な郷土芸能・民俗芸能となっている。
This is the general local performing art and folk entertainment at farming and mountain villages in the area that was once called Musashi Province, which overlaps with today's Tokyo Metropolis and Saitama Prefecture.

「重要無形文化財に指定される芸能を高度に体現できる者」または「工芸技術を高度に体得している者」が認定される。
Certification is given to 'individuals who are able to embody a performing art designated as an Important Intangible Cultural Property at the highest level,' or 'individuals who are a master of a technical art.'

上方の落語家は、戦後の経緯から、吉本興業や松竹芸能、米朝事務所などの所属芸能事務所によって色分けされている。
In Kamigata, on the other hand, storytellers belong to entertainment companies, including Yoshimoto Kogyo, Shochiku Geino Co., Ltd., and Office Beicho, resulting from Kamigata rakugo's peculiar development after the War.

大正、昭和初めまで武術として稽古されていて、いまだ芸能化せず、ほぼ武術の流派そのままで伝わっている流派もある。
Some of the schools practiced Bo-no-te as actual martial arts through the Taisho period to the beginning of the Showa period; they almost remain as authentic schools of traditional martial arts without taking the form of entertainment.

2006年現在、以下の24件が民俗芸能の田楽の分類で、重要無形民俗文化財に指定されている（指定日都道府県）。
As of 2006, the following 24 performances are designated important intangible assets in the classification of Dengaku Folk Performances (Date of designation, Prefecture).

鷺舞（さぎまい）は白絹の羽を纏い、雌雄の鷺に扮した成人男性の舞い手二人が囃子に合わせて優雅に舞い踊る郷土芸能。
In the Sagi mai, two adult male dancers wrapped with white silk feathers, dressed like male and female hernshaws, elegantly dance with the festive music.

その後、交通機関の発達で山王を離れての活動が容易になり、多くの芸人は吉本興業や松竹芸能と契約するようになった。
Later, it became easier for entertainers to work in places other than Sanno due to the development of public transportation, and many of them signed a contract with Yoshimoto Kogyo or Shochiku Geino.

2004年（平成16年）の文化財保護法改正により、従来の風俗慣習、民俗芸能のほか、新たに民俗技術が加えられた。
With the revision of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in 2004, folk techniques were included, in addition to existing manners and customs and folk performing arts.

伝統芸能では、演者が本筋とは直接関係がない駄洒落や内輪ネタでことさらに観客の笑いを取ることを「くすぐり」という。
In the traditional performing arts, performers sometimes go out of their ways to make the audience laugh by off-topic dajare (pun) and inside jokes, and that is called as 'kusuguri'.

須磨子の歌った「命短し恋せよ乙女」（ゴンドラの唄）にのせて、後の芸能人への憧れや自由恋愛の風潮を育む元となった。
This triggered people to dream about becoming an entertainer and produced a trend of free love, along with the hit single sung by Sumako, 'Inochi mijikashi, Koiseyo otome' (Life is short, fall in love girls) (Gondora no uta).

なお、いわゆる「人間国宝」とは重要無形文化財に指定された芸能、技術等の保持者として各個認定された者の通称である。
Note that the term 'living national treasures' is a nickname used for those people recognized as the holders of important artistic or technical skills and who have therefore been designated important intangible cultural assets.

しかし、農民でなく、定住もしていない芸能人や手工業者に対しては、自己と異なる特別の世界に住む者として認識された。
However, they recognized the non-peasants, as well as the unsettled entertainers and handicraftsmen, as people who lived in a special world that was different from theirs.

多くが人形浄瑠璃や歌舞伎といった舞台芸能と結びついて発展してきた近世邦楽の中で、舞台芸能とは比較的独立している。
Among the many pieces of modern traditional Japanese music that developed in association with stage entertainment, such as ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) and kabuki, jiuta is relatively independent from stage entertainment.

芸能事務所や放送局（当時、一部の名のある落語家は放送局と専属契約を交わしていた）の枠を超えた定席として位置づけた。
The association identified the Shimanouchi Yose Theater as rakugo-specific theater where storytellers of all affiliations, whether entertainment companies or TV stations (with which famous storytellers had exclusive contracts), could perform.

その結晶として、応永6年（1399年）には足利義満の後援で三日間の勧進猿楽を演じ、名実ともに芸能界の頂点に立った。
As a result, in 1399 he had the honor of performing kanjin sarugaku for three days under the auspices of Shogun Yoshimistu ASHIKAGA, at which point he reached the pinnacle of the performing arts world.

大相撲、歌舞伎、落語協会、花柳界と同じ伝統芸能を担う者としての繋がりも強く、襲名の時は華を添える為によく招かれる。
As a performer who plays a role in the same traditional performing arts, tobishoku has a strong connection with other performers in grand sumo tournament, kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors), rakugo kyokai (association of Japanese verbal entertainment), and karyukai (world of the geisha), and is often invited to their grand naming ceremonies to highlight the atmosphere.

『道成寺縁起』のように古典芸能の素材になったり『一寸法師』のように一般的な昔話として現代まで伝えられるものもある。
There are some stories that became subject matter for classical performing arts like 'Dojoji-engi,' and some that are handed down to the present day as popular folk tales such as 'Issun boshi' (dwarf).

ここには、多くの絵巻物の制作や今様の蒐集など芸能の中心に立ち続けた後白河法皇の膨大なコレクションも納められていた。
It stored numerous collections of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, who stood in the center of entertainment such as production of various emakimono (illustrated scroll) and collection of imayo (a popular style of song during the Heian period).

ただし、これらの伝統芸能のうち、視覚的要素をのぞく聴覚的要素のみを指す言葉としても、“音曲”という言葉は用いられる。
However, 'ongyoku' is now used as an indication to solely auditory elements of those traditional arts excluding their visual elements.

歌舞伎が「古典芸能」扱いされるようになると、舞台と観客席との間のこのような遊戯的即興的な交流はおこなわれなくなった。
Since Kabuki became classified in the category of 'classical art of theater,' no more improvising playgame-like communications between the stage and audience was performed.

「祀られる鬼」「仏と鬼」「神楽の鬼」「暮らしの中の鬼」「追われる鬼」「民俗芸能の鬼」など鬼の多面性について紹介する。
It illustrates the many facets of Oni, such as: 'Enshrined Oni': 'Oni and Buddha': 'Oni in Shinto music and dances': 'Oni in our everyday life': 'Oni running away from us': 'Oni and folklore.'

吉本興業と専属契約していなかった漫才師たちは大阪に結集し、仕事の受注やマネージメントをする団之助芸能社を立ち上げた。
Some manzai-shi, who did not have an exclusivity contract with Yoshimoto Kogyo, gathered in Osaka and established Dannosuke Geino-sha, a company that received orders for and engaged in managing entertainment.

タレントとして、日本放送協会の大河ドラマ「北条時宗」や、プロレス等、狂言以外の芸能活動も行うが、各種騒動で人気低迷。
He engaged in various activities as a character, such as starring in an NHK's Historical drama 'Tokimune Hojo' and playing professional wrestling matches, but his popularity remained low due to various scandals about him.

農作業、伝統芸能、祭、剣道などでのかぶり物、鉢巻、目隠し、汗ぬぐいなどとして、あるいは布巾として今なお利用されている。
Tenugui is used as a head covering, hachimaki (headband), blindfold, or for wiping away sweat in farm work, traditional performing arts, festivals, or the Japanese art of fencing, or dish towel.

ビジット・ジャパン・キャンペーンの広報役として、国内外の芸能人に対して観光親善大使を任命し、イベントなどを行っている。
Entertainers both within Japan and abroad have been appointed as Visit Japan Campaign spokespeople and in this capacity they attend related events.

つまり歌舞伎というのは当て字であるが、歌い、舞い、伎（技芸、芸人）を意味する、この芸能を表現するのに適切な文字である。
And so, the Chinese characters '歌舞伎,' that reads 'Kabuki,' are merely the phonetic equivalent, but nevertheless, '歌' (ka) means 'singing,' '舞' (bu) means 'dancing,' and '伎' (ki) means 'performances (or performers),' so the characters are appropriate for expressing this performing art.

明治維新により、江戸幕府の式楽の担い手として保護されていた猿楽の役者たちは失職し、猿楽という芸能は存続の危機を迎えた。
After the Meiji Restoration, Sarugaku actors, who had been protected by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as bearers of Shikigaku (the music and plays for official ceremonies), lost their job, and the performing art Sarugaku faced a crisis of survival.

このことが「俳優」の語源になっているように、神楽舞に連なるこれらの祭事は、日本の芸能の出発点となったことが確かである。
As shown by the fact that the above is the origin of the word 'actor,' it is certain that these festivals of Kaguramai (dance for Kagura) were the starting point of Japanese public entertainment.

猿女君・稗田氏の祖とされ、稗田氏の氏神である賣太神社では、芸能の始祖神、福の神、おたふく、おかめ、等と称すると伝わる。
She is held to be the ancestor both of Sarumenokimi and of the Hieda clan, and at Meta-jinja Shrine, where the private deity of the Hieda clan is enshrined, she is called by a variety of other names, including the Shiso Shin of entertainment, Fuku no Kami, Otafuku, and Okame.

名跡の襲名は歌舞伎や落語等の寄席演芸、家元制度を採る各種の芸能、芸道に多く見られる、日本独特の制度・慣習の一種である。
Succession of Myoseki `names` from one's predecessor is a system or custom unique to Japanese and often seen to occur in entertainment and accomplished art circles (including kabuki, and `rakugo` comic storytelling), which maintain `iemoto` systems (where the teaching and handing down of such traditional Japanese arts/pursuits is licensed).

境内社にアメノウズメを祀る芸能神社（げいのうじんじゃ）があり、芸能・芸術の分野で活動する人々より強い崇敬を受けている。
The Geino-jinja Shrine enshrining Amenouzume stands within the main shine precinct and is deeply revered by those in the performing and creative arts.

大喜利という名は能・浄瑠璃・歌舞伎といった古典芸能の舞台で、最後の演目を意味する言葉として使われる「大切り」に由来する。
The name Ogiri is derived from a word 'ogiri' or 'okiri' according to the Chinese characters and means the last item of the show in classical Japanese popular performing arts including Noh (traditional masked dance-drama), Joruri (ballad drama), and Kabuki.

しかし、現在、文楽といえば一般に日本の伝統芸能である人形劇、人形浄瑠璃（にんぎょうじょうるり）を指す代名詞的存在である。
At present, however, it is synonymous with ningyo joruri, one of Japan's traditional performing arts.

大きな神社仏閣では、節分の日に芸能人・スポーツ選手・等が来て豆をまくようなことも行なわれ、イベント化しているとも言える。
It may be said that big shrines and temples have made it become as an event to invite entertainers, athletes or others as bean throwers on the day of setsubun.

この他、文壇、芸能、音楽、学術、ジャーナリズムなど、各界の著名人によるエッセイ「住職・寺院に直言」が毎号2本掲載される。
Moreover, each issue has two 'Frank Speaking to Chief Priests and Temples': essays by famous peoples of various sectors, ranging from literary world, public entertainments, music, academics, to journalism.

衣装や道具、音曲に比較的頼らず、身振りと語りのみで物語を進めてゆく独特の演芸であり、高度な技芸を要する伝統芸能でもある。
It is a unique performance using gesture and narration rather than costume, props, or music, and requires a high degree of skill to perform.

一方、平安時代中期頃より、神道的宗教行事が起源の田楽や、仏教の寺院で行われた延年などの芸能も興り、それぞれ発達していった。
On the other hand, from about the middle Heian period, public entertainment like the ritual music (Dengaku) originating from Shinto rituals, and dancing for celebrating longevity (Einen) organized in Buddhist temples had become popular and developed respectively.
Apart from the above, dengaku, which originated from the ceremony of Shinto religion, and ennen, which was performed at Buddhist temples, were created in the middle of Heian period and they also developed independently.

やがて民衆の間に広まり、それまでにあった古来の芸能と結びつき、物まねなどを中心とした滑稽な笑いの芸・寸劇に発展していった。
However, they soon spread among the people, merging with the old public entertainment existing at that time, and developed into comic dramas or short plays that centered on mimicry etc.
Later, it became popular among ordinary people and developed into a comical performance/short play centered on mimics after it combined with a previously-existing ancient art.

出雲阿国（いずものおくに、元亀3年?（1572年） - 没年不詳）は、歌舞伎の創始者とされる安土桃山時代の女性芸能者。
Izumo no Okuni (1572? - year of death is unknown) was a female artist of the Azuchi-momoyama period who is considered the creator of Kabuki.

芸能音楽やスポーツ界関係者を招いた皇居でのお茶会や赤坂御苑での園遊会が催された際には、出席した各関係者に詳しい質問をする。
When guests from the public entertainment and music world and the sport world are invited to the tea parties held at the Imperial Palace, or to the garden parties held at Akasaka Imperial Garden, the Emperor asks them questions in detail.

マキノ芸能社（-げいのうしゃ、1946年6月設立 - 1948年10月解散）は、かつて京都に存在した芸能事務所である。
Makino Geinosha (established June 1946 - dissolved October 1948) was a performing art office located in Kyoto.

玄人の能楽師によるものではなく、何処の能楽流派にも属さず、約450年以上前から受け継がれて来たこの地方独自の郷土芸能である。
Not played by professional Noh actors nor belonging to any Noh schools, it is an original local art that has been handed down for about over 450 years in this region.

獅子舞や梯子乗り、纏舞い（まといまい）の伝統芸能であり御利益も神楽や町火消が職業として公的にない今、主に鳶職が伝承している。
Tobishoku mainly carries on the traditional performing arts such as shishimai (lion dance), hashigonori (ladder-top stunt), and matoimai (dance using firemen's flags) with the rewards since there are no officially registered jobs today such as kagura dancer (Shinto theatrical dancer) and machihikeshi.

飛鳥井家屋敷の跡にあたる白峯神宮の精大明神は蹴鞠の守護神であり、現在ではサッカーを中心としたスポーツ・芸能の神とされている。
The Sei-daimyojin (Energetic Great Gracious Deity) in Shiramine-jingu Shrine in the remains of the residential site of the Asukai family, was a patron saint of kemari, therefore now it is regarded as the god of sports and public entertainment centered on soccer.

やがてこの寺院で行われる催しに人気が出始めていくにつれ、観衆をより楽しませるために上記のような様々な芸能を取り入れていった。
With such temple performances becoming popular, it incorporated various arts mentioned above in order to afford more pleasure to spectators.

壬生六斎念仏踊り（みぶろくさいねんぶつおどり）は、主に8月の盂蘭盆の時期に行われる郷土芸能であり、重要無形民俗文化財である。
Mibu Rokusai Nenbutsu Odori is a local performing art mainly performed in Urabon festival (a Festival of the Dead or Buddhist All Soul's Day) in August and has been designated an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property.

総合認定が行われる分野は、一部の名人だけではなくその芸能自体が文化財保護の対象として考えられているものであるといえるだろう。
In General Certification, rather than being applied to only a few masters of an art, the form of entertainment or craft as a whole is considered to be certified.

同朋は猿楽や庭園作りなどの芸能を司り、足利義政の代には唐物の目利きに優れた能阿弥による東山御物の制定(選定？）などを行った。
Dobo were in charge of performing arts such as sarugaku and landscape gardening, and during the reign of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, Noami (one of the major Doboshu) with a good judgment concerning imported goods from China made selections of Higashiyama gomotsu (tools for tea ceremonies, etc. held by Yoshimasa).

傀儡子（くぐつ、傀儡とも言う）とは、9世紀頃から各資料に現れだした、諸国を旅し、芸能によって生計を営んでいた集団の事である。
Kugutsu were groups of people who traveled around the country and made a living in the performing arts, appearing on the records from around the ninth century.

詩吟は数ある「古典芸能」の中の1つであるが、現代のいわゆる「芸能人」たちの中にも、詩吟と関わっている人は少なからず存在する。
Shigin is one of many 'classical performing arts,' but many of so-called 'geinojin' (entertainer) in present-day engage in shigin.

しかし、これは穂積以貫が記録した『難波土産』に門左衛門の語として書かれているだけであり、門左衛門自身が書き残した芸能論はない。
This idea was introduced as Monzaemon's by Ikan HOZUMI in 'Naniwa Miyage' (Souvenir of Naniwa) but there are no theories on performing art written by Monzaemon himself.

伝承者として、歌舞を業として畿内を巡遊する芸能集団の存在が窺われ、物語素材も史実とはかけ離れた芸能的世界の所産であろうという。
As the memory keeper, there may possibly have been some entertainment groups which traveled around the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals Nara and Kyoto) with dancing and singing being their profession, suggesting a possibility that the material of the story may be product of the entertainment world which is far from the historical fact.

田楽その他の芸能が発展して室町時代にその形を整えた能においても、世阿弥の頃までには能囃子の中に笛が取り入れられていたようである.
Noh, which derived from dengaku and other folk entertainments, developed its style in the Muromachi period, and fue seem to have been introduced into Noh-hayashi (Noh musical accompaniment) around the time of Zeami.

また、華族は現在の芸能人的な扱いもされており、「婦女画報」等の雑誌には華族子女・夫人のグラビア写真が掲載されることもよくあった。
In those days, Kazoku were some kind of object of people's attention like today's celebrity, and gravure pictures of girls and wives of kazoku often made the pages of magazines such as 'Fujo Gaho' (the Women Pictorial).

さらに、後白河法皇による『梁塵秘抄』の編纂や、芸能化され貴賤問わず大流行した田楽のように、貴族と庶民の文化交流も広汎にみられた。
In addition, cultural interests including 'Ryojin hisho' (folk song collection) compiled by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, or dengaku (a style of dancing and music performed in association with rice planting) that was very popular regardless of one's rank, were widely exchanged between court nobles and common people.

当該事業のために芸能人等の役務提供をする他の非居住者　その芸能人等の役務提供に係る所得税法第百六十一条第八号に掲げる給与又は報酬
Another nonresident who carries out the provision of the services of entertainers, etc. for the said business:　Pay or remuneration listed in Article 161(viii) of the Income Tax Act which pertains to his/her provision of the services of entertainers, etc.

音楽、舞踊、演劇その他の芸能及びこれらの芸能の成立、構成上重要な要素をなす技法のうち我が国の芸能の変遷の過程を知る上に貴重なもの
The performing arts including music, dance and drama, and the techniques playing an important role in such performing arts' establishment and construction, which possesses a high value for seeing the history of transition of the performing art in this country.

この時に猿楽という言葉は意識的に能楽に言い換えられ、以降、現在に至るまで、前述の3種の芸能を総称する概念として使用され続けている。
At this time, the term 'Sarugaku' was consciously changed to 'Nohgaku,' and the term 'Nohgaku' has been used since then until now as a general concept for the three types of performing arts described above.

正倉院御物の「弾弓散楽図」などから推測される限りでは、軽業や手品、物真似、曲芸、歌舞音曲など様々な芸能が含まれていたものとされる。
What we can guess from 'Dankyu Sangaku zu,' one of the Shoso-in gyobutsu (Shoso-in Treasures), is that various arts such as acrobatics, the conjuring of tricks, mimicry, stunts, dance and music, etc., were included in Sangaku.

田楽とは、元々田植えに際してそれを囃した民間芸能が、平安時代に唐から渡来した散楽系の曲芸的な技を受け入れて専業化したものとされる。
It is said that originally Dengaku was a traditional local entertainment performed in planting rice, but became a specialized form of entertainment by introducing acrobatic techniques of the Sangaku style brought to Japan from Tang (in China) in the Heian period.

また日本国内に留まらず、1970年代の香港でも何作もアイドル映画の監督を務めており、東南アジアの映画や芸能の発展にも功績を残した。
His work was not limited to Japan, and he also directed several idol films in Hong Kong during the 1970s, and contributing to the development of the film and performing arts industries in Southeast Asia.

能楽、狂言、人形浄瑠璃、邦楽（能や歌舞伎から大衆的な津軽三味線まで）、日本舞踊と、日本の芸能のいずれの分野にも名跡襲名が存在する。
Irrespective of the field of Japanese public entertainment, be it: Noh dramas, Kyogen farce, Bunraku puppet theater, traditional Japanese music (accompaniments to Noh and Kabuki to the popular Tsugaru-shamisen three stringed banjo-like instrument), or Classical Japanese dance, the custom of inheriting professional artists Myoseki `names` exists.

「遊女」という呼称は古くからあり、元来、芸能に従事する女性一般を指したものであり、とりたてて売春専業者を意味するものではなかった。
The naming of 'yujo' had existed since old times, and it originally referred to the women in general who were engaged in the performing arts, so it did not necessarily mean prostitute only.

ある晩京の猿楽見物に訪れた家族の記事に仮託して当時の世相・職業・芸能・文物などを列挙していった物尽くし・職人尽くし風の書物である。
This is a kind of mono zukushi (list of things) or shokunin zukushi (list of craftsmen), in which the author listed social conditions, trades, public entertainment, and culture under the pretense of a man who went to see sarugaku (a medieval Noh farce) at Kyo one night.

それらのどの興行にも説明者が付いていた事実から、日本が活動弁士という特異な興行・芸能形態を確立する必然性を見て取ることが可能である。
Every one of these movies was accompanied by a narrator, so we can regard it as logical that the Japanese movie industry had established the peculiar performance style of having a katsudo benshi.

松囃子はその様相から、人家の門前で音曲を奏し金品を貰う「門付け」や、念仏踊りや獅子舞の起源である中世芸能の「風流」の一種とも言える。
From this aspect, it can be said that Matsubayashi is a kind of 'Kadotsuke' whereby performers play music in front of the gate of a house and are given money, or a kind of 'taste' of medieval performing arts, which is the origin of nenbutsu odori (dance while others say nenbutsu - Buddhist prayer) and shishimai Lion dance.

これは、1954年改正時の条文に「民俗芸能」（1975年改正時追加）と「民俗技術」（2004年改正時追加）を付け加わえたものである。
In this law, 'folk performing arts' (added in the revision in 1975) and 'folk techniques' (added in the revision in 2004) are added to the law revised in 1954.

いわゆる明治時代の後半期になると、大阪では豊竹呂昇、東京では竹本綾之助が空前の人気を博し、芸能での人気を歌舞伎と二分するほどになった。
During the latter half of the Meiji period, Rosho TOYOTAKE in Osaka and Ayanosuke TAKEMOTO in Tokyo gained unprecedented popularity, nearly equaling that of kabuki in the entertainment world.

里神楽は民俗芸能研究の第一人者である本田安次(1906-2001)がさらに大きく巫女神楽・出雲流神楽・伊勢流神楽・獅子神楽に分類した。
Yasuji HONDA (1906 - 2001), a foremost authority of folklore entertainment, has further divided the satokagura into miko-kagura (kagura performed by shrine maidens), Izumoryu-kagura (Izumo school of kagura), Iseryu-kagura (kagura of Ise school) and shishi-kagura (lion style Kagura).

これが編み出されるまで、他の芸能の脇役を務めることが多かった和太鼓は、複式複打法の確立により、和太鼓を主体とした音楽の地位を確立する。
With the accomplishment of multiple drums and multiple beat techniques, the Japanese drum, which had been until this was devised mostly playing a supporting role in other performing arts, established its position in music with itself being the main constituent.

後者の意味では衣、食、住などの日常生活全般に関わる慣習や、芸能、道徳、宗教から政治、経済といった社会構造まで、その範疇は非常に幅広い。
The latter meaning covers a very wide category from customs relating to general daily life including clothing, food and housing, entertainment, moral and religion, to a social structure including politics and economy.

今日では4月におこなわれる宮城県仙台市秋保の秋保の田植踊（重要無形民俗文化財）も元来は厳寒の小正月期におこなわれていた予祝芸能である。
Akiu no Taue-odori (the rice planting dance in Akiu) (designated as Important Intangible Property of Folk Culture) held in Akiu, Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture in every April today was originally a Yoshuku Geino held on Lunar New Year in the depth of winter.

しかし、本来は略礼装に過ぎなかった衣服であるため、伝統的な宗教・芸能などの分野では、かならずしも紋付羽織袴を正装としているわけではない。
But, since it had originally been no more than simplified formal wear, people of traditional religions and arts of performance do not necessarily consider Montsuki Haori Hakama formal.

しかし三方及第はそうした流儀を越えて技を競い批評し合うシステムであったと考えることができ、これは日本の伝統芸能の中では特異なものである。
However, it can be considered that sanpokyudai was a system to compete for their skillfulness and evaluate each other across such schools and sanpokyudai was a peculiar case in Japanese traditional entertainment.

記紀にはみられない神格やアイテムが登場したり、地方神話、民間伝承や芸能から取り込まれた要素が神話の中に混ざりこんでいたりすることもある。
It often contains divinities and items not seen in Kiki, and elements from regional myths and folklores and entertainment may be mixed into it.

幸若舞『大職冠』とも共通性がみられ、結末に縁起物語にみられるような詞章があるなど、能と他の芸能の関連性を考えるうえでも、貴重な作である。
In terms of considering how Noh relates to other performing arts Ama is a valuable play, due to the commonalities that can be seen with the Kowaka-mai (story-telling with a simple dance) 'Taishokukan' and the shi-sho (context of a poem or a book with musical components) at the end which is seen in historical stories.

このことから、咒禁道の影響を受けた儀式を芸能と融合させたものがこの時期に存在しており、それらが翁猿楽へと発展したのではないかとの説もある。
Based on the above, some people have asserted that something that combined the rituals Jugondo (way of vanquishing monsters, spirits, etc., through the use of charms) and art existed at that time and eventually evolved into Okina Sarugaku.

現在は功績のある物故者に位階が発令されており、公務員として功績のある者や芸能・文化活動、学術研究に功績のある大学教授などが叙せられている。
Currently, the court rank is issued to the deceased who made achievements, and is granted to government workers who made achievements, university professors with achievements in performing arts, cultural activities, academic research, etc.

江戸時代には無官の武士の最礼装とされ、身分のある町人もこれに倣うことが多かったため、現在でも伝統芸能や祭礼などにおいて用いられることがある。
In the Edo period, it was regarded as the utmost formal dress of the samurai without rank, because many town people with status also followed this practice, it is still used in the traditional Japanese theater and the festival and so on.

伝説によればかざしの起源は芸能の神であり巫女の神でもあるウズメの尊で、天岩戸の前で舞を披露する際に蔦を襷と鉢巻にしたのが始まりとされている。
According to a legend, Kazashi originated from Uzume-no-mikoto, the god of entertainment and shrine maidens, and it is said to have started when she used ivy for tasuki (cord used to tuck up the sleeves of a kimono) and a hachimaki (headband) and performed a dance in front of Ama no iwato (Cave of heaven).

7世紀頃に中国大陸より日本に伝わった日本最古の舞台芸能である伎楽や、奈良時代に大陸より伝わった散楽に端を発するのではないかと考えられている。
However, it is considered that this ancient masked drama may be the oldest staged public entertainment in Japan introduced from the Chinese continent to Japan in about the seventh century, or it may be originated from some variety show performance introduced from the continent during the Nara period.

このため世襲的に伝えられてきたものであるが、明治維新後禄を失ったことにより多くは絶えてしまい伝統芸能としては能の要素として残される程度である。
Therefore, mai dances have been handed down in a patriarchal way; however after the Meiji Restoration many were lost when their lines of succession were broken and now the remnants of this traditional art only remain as an element of Noh.

散楽（さんがく）は、日本の奈良時代に大陸から移入された、物真似や軽業・曲芸、奇術、幻術、人形まわし、日本舞踊など、娯楽的要素の濃い芸能の総称。
Sangaku, which was imported from the Asian continent into Japan in the Nara period, is the collective name of various amusement arts including, but not limited to, mimicry, acrobatics/stunt, trick, magic, puppet show and Japanese dancing.

一方で総合認定は、個人的な技術の高さではなく、ある芸能を保持し、後世に伝えてゆくために最低限必要な技量を持った人々に対して行われるものである。
On the other hand, General Certification is intended for people who have the minimum level of skills required to maintain and pass down the entertainment rather than having high individual skills.

また、正重は文明開化とともに衰微する一方であった京都の民間芸能の保存にも熱心で、祇園祭の長刀鉾の稚児の世話役や壬生狂言の維持会長などを勤めた。
Masashige was also keen on preserving folk performing arts in Kyoto that had been declining along with the progress of civilization and enlightenment and he took care of children who joined and rode the Naginata (long-handled sword) float in Gion Festival and served as chairperson of the preservation committee of Mibu Kyogen (pantomime performed in Mibu-dera Temple).

しかし以下のものが重要無形民俗文化財に指定されている他、民俗芸能（郷土芸能）としてその伝統を引き継ぐものは多々あり、面影をしのぶことができる。
However, as well as the following mai dances which have been designated important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties, there are many mai dance traditions which have been handed down as folk performing arts (local performing arts), so we can see the remnants of mai dance traditions.

特に南北朝時代 (日本)以後には、都市には町衆、農村には乙名などの有力な指導層が現れて、彼らが主導する祭礼や芸能の中で「風流」が取り入れられた。
After the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) in particular, powerful leaders like Machishu (rich merchants) in the urban areas and Otona (leaders of farmer's organizations) in the rural areas appeared, and 'Furyu' was included in the festivals and performing arts that they hosted.

芸能・技芸全般の神として信仰されており、芸能神社（京都市右京区）、椿大神社（三重県鈴鹿市）、鈿女神社（長野県北安曇郡松川村）などで祀られている。
She is widely worshipped as the deity of entertainment, gigei in general and is enshrined at Geino-jinja Shrine (Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City), Tsubaki Okamiyashiro Grand Shrine (Suzuka City, Mie Prefecture) and Uzume-jinja Shrine (Matsukawa-mura, Kitaazumi-gun, Nagano Prefecture).

日本の芸能や武術などにおいて、ひとつの分野について他との技術、手法、心構え、表現の目的、表現にあたっての解釈などの差異を理由として形成された集団。
'Ryugi' represents groups of people in Japanese performing arts and martial arts, each formed based on differences from other groups in techniques, approaches, purposes of expression, interpretation of arts to be expressed and so forth in one field of the arts.

しかし、お座敷芸より連なる伝統的芸能を支える空間としての役割を果たしながら、都市文化の華としての地位を江戸時代初期から守っているのは驚異的である。
However, it is astonishing that the yose has kept its position as the flower of urban culture since the early Edo period while serving to support the traditional performance arts related to performances in rooms (such as geisha dance).

衣食住、生業、信仰、年中行事等に関する風俗慣習、民俗芸能、民俗技術及びこれらに用いられる衣類、器具、家屋その他の物件は民俗文化財と定義されている。
Folk cultural properties are defined as being the folk customs, public entertainments and traditional skills, and the associated costumes, tools and stages related to the indispensables such as foods, clothing, housings, livelihoods, beliefs and annual events.

何世紀にも渡って、中央アジア、西アジア、アレクサンドリアや古代ギリシア、古代ローマなどの芸能が、シルクロード経由で徐々に中国に持ち込まれていった。
Various arts of Central Asia, West Asia, Alexandria, ancient Greece and ancient Rome were introduced, via the Silk Road, into China over a period of several centuries.

笛・鼓・ささらなどの囃しにあわせて踊る田楽も同様に貴族の関心をひくようになり、やがて京都や奈良にはいって芸能化されると、宮廷にも流れ込んでいった。
Dengaku, a dance in time with hayashi (musical accompaniment played on traditional Japanese instruments) such as fue (Japanese flute), drum, sasara (a Japanese traditional percussion instrument) also started drawing attentions of court nobles; it eventually was introduced to the Imperial Court after it entered Kyoto or Nara and became a public entertainment.

また、風流の格好・芸能・感覚は江戸時代に確立した歌舞伎・文楽などにも影響を与えた他、安土桃山時代桃山文化や元禄文化の建築などにもその影響が見られる。
The styles, performances and sensations of Furyu affected Kabuki and Bunraku, which were established in the Edo period, the architecture of the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and Genroku culture.

また、浄瑠璃や長唄の三味線は歌舞伎・文楽・日本舞踊といった伝統芸能と共に用いられてきたため、広い劇場でもよく聞こえるよう、音量を増す方向に進化した。
Additionally, the Shamisen used to accompany Joruri or Nagauta have also developed to increase their sound volume levels so that their sounds could be heard clearly even in large concert halls, because they have also been used for traditional performing arts such as Kabuki, Bunraku and Nihon-buyo (traditional Japanese dance).

指定にあたっては、たとえば「人形浄瑠璃文楽」「能楽」のような芸能、「備前焼」「彫金」のような工芸技術といった無形の「わざ」を重要無形文化財に指定する。
Intangible skills such as performing art including 'ningyojoruri' (Japanese traditional puppet show) and 'nogaku' (classical Japanese musical drama) or technique of arts and crafts including 'bizen yaki' (Japanese pottery produced in Okayama Prefecture) and 'chokin' (metalworking technique) are designated as important intangible cultural properties.

同様の枠組みで製作した『サザエさん』の配給は松竹が行なったが、同社は1948年10月に親会社の「マキノ芸能社」が解散したため、畳まざるを得なくなった。
Distribution of 'Sazaesan,' produced in the same manner, was handled by Shochiku; however, since its parent company, Makino Geinosha, dissolved in October 1948, Makino Eiga was also forced to close.

それら諸芸の総称として、また、宮廷の芸能である雅楽に対するものとして、「一定の決まりのない不正規な音楽」の意で中国の隋代に「散楽」と名付けられたという。
It is generally said that these arts were collectively named 'Sangaku' in the Sui era of China with the implication that these arts were, unlike gagaku, which was a court art, 'informal music with no fixed rules.'

また、文部科学大臣は、風俗慣習、民俗芸能、民俗技術などの無形の民俗文化財のうち特に重要なものを重要無形民俗文化財に指定することができる（第78条第1項）。
Among the intangible folk cultural properties (such as folk customs, public entertainments and traditional skills), the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology can designate the ones judged to be especially important as 'important intangible folk cultural properties' (Article 78, Clause 1).

富貴は新生プロダクション（現在の松竹芸能の母体の一つ）などから芸人を調達していたが、当時売れっ子が多かった千土地興行所属の芸人はすべて京洛劇場に出演した。
While Fuki used entertainers belonging to Shinsei Production (one of origins of current Shochiku Geino Co., Ltd), all entertainers belonging to Sentochi Kogyo, many of them were quite popular at the time, performed at Kyoraku Theater.

後醍醐に仕えたのは、学問や芸能、信仰などを通じて後醍醐と個人的なつながりのあった者や、新たに名家の家柄への上昇を目指す低い家格の家系の出身者が中心だった。
Those who worked for Godaigo were people who had a personal relationship with him through study, arts, religion, etc., and were mainly people who were descended from lower class families who wanted their family lines to become premier lineages.

当該事業のために芸能人等の役務提供を主たる内容とする事業を行う他の非居住者又は外国法人　その芸能人等の役務提供に係る所得税法第百六十一条第二号に掲げる対価
Another nonresident or foreign corporation engaged in conducting a business that is mainly intended to provide the services of entertainers, etc. for the said business:　Consideration listed in Article 161(ii) of the Income Tax Act which pertains to his/her or its provision of the services of entertainers, etc.

このような武装集団だけでなく、神社に隷属した芸能者・手工業者・商人なども神人に加えられ、やがて、神人が組織する商工・芸能の座が多く結成されるようになった。
Not only armed groups, but also performers, craftsmen, and merchants joined jinin, and over time, many commerce, industry, and entertainment guilds were organized by jinin.

王の舞と同じように、これら一連の芸能を構成する一つの芸能として平安後期の畿内の祭礼・法会でヒトツモノは成立し、中世に各地に伝播していったと考えられている。
In the late Heian period, like the king dance, as one of such a series of performance arts, Hitotsumono was established in the festivals or Buddhism gatherings in the countries near Kyoto, and in the Medieval Period, it spread to various regions.

各パフォーマンス前後に、事前に選ばれた学生（留学生を含む）が、伝統芸能の奥にある精神性（「日本の心」）を説明し、それが現代にどう生かされているかを解説する。
Before and after each performance, pre-selected students (including overseas students) explain the spiritual nature ('Japanese minds') behind traditional arts, and also how they are reflected in the present age.

狂言の古い口語のニュアンスを表現するため古い形の手話を使い、手話と声とのタイミングや、間のとり方にも工夫が重ねられ、古典芸能の強靭さを持つ手話狂言が誕生した。
Troupe members used the old-fashioned sign language to express the nuances of old spoken language in Kyogen and tried one way after another for the timing of sign language and vocalization as well as the pauses between the lines, then Shuwa kyogen with strength of classical Japanese popular performing arts was produced.

映画若しくは演劇の俳優、音楽家その他の芸能人又は職業運動家の役務の提供に係る法第百六十一条第二号（国内源泉所得）に掲げる対価で不特定多数の者から支払われるもの
A consideration listed in Article 161(ii) (Domestic Source Income) of the Act for the provision of the services of motion picture or theatre artistes, musicians and any other entertainers, or professional athletes, which is paid by many and unspecified persons

蝦夷、海民、芸能民、遊行僧らはいずれも荘園公領制的な支配体系の外部に生きる漂泊的な人々であり、支配外部にいることを示す奇抜な服装、すなわち異形の者が多かった。
Ezo, kaimin, entertainers, and wandering monks were all people who drifted about, living outside the system of private manors and public land system, and many had atypical appearance, with eccentric clothing indicating they were outside the system.

室町幕府は洛中に根拠を置いたために、武士の居住は減少し、再び寺院などが建てられて信仰の町としての趣が取り戻し、参詣客を相手とした芸能、茶売りなどの文化で賑わう。
Because the Muromachi bakufu was based in central Kyoto, warriors living there decreased and temples, were again constructed and the town recovered religious character and became cheerful with cultural activities targeting visitors to temples with entertainment and tea stands.

地方の人形芝居や祭りの囃子など民俗芸能に使われることもあり、かつて地方によっては農民の冬の副業として、また瞽女（ごぜ）によって、門付として演奏されることもあった。
Kokyu is sometimes used in traditional local attractions, such as puppet shows and hayashi (music performed with traditional Japanese instruments for making the atmosphere cheerful) in festivals, and in some areas, Kokyu was played in the past by farmers as one of their side jobs or by Goze (blind female musicians) as Kadotsuke (performance in front of the gate of houses).

このように伝統芸能の世界でしか着用している姿を見ることが出来なかったが、ここ最近の結婚式における花嫁の十二単にたいし花婿が着用する和装として再び脚光をあびている。
One could see it being worn only within the world of traditional performing arts, but it came again into spotlight as the Japanese kimono worn by the groom opposite the bride, who wore juni-hitoe (traditional multi-layer court costume, literally, twelve-layered ceremonial kimono), in present day weddings.

また同漫画をはじめとする水木の妖怪画では、その名の通り和服姿の老婆として描かれているが、妖怪研究家・京極夏彦によれば佐渡島の郷土芸能・鬼太鼓の面がモデルとされる。
In MIZUKI's pictures of specters including the above-mentioned comic, Sunakake-babaa is depicted as an old woman wearing traditional Japanese clothing as suggested by the name, but according to Natsuhiko KYOGOKU, a scholar of specters, the appearance is based on a mask used in a local performing art of Sadoga-shima Island called ondeko.

しかし、このように極めて完成度の高い曲目ばかり演じていては、能という芸能から活力が失われるのではないかとの懸念もあり、明治以降も新しい曲目が書かれ、上演されている。
However, there was also anxiety that a performing art, Noh would lose its vitality when only songs each having a very high degree of perfection were played as in those days, and, therefore, new songs were written and played in and after Meiji period.

京都においては、朝廷や御所や寺院の用をはたす商工業者や芸能者に限り、家格や家業に箔をつけさせるため、金品次第により守、介、掾などの受領名を授け、特権的立場を与えた。
In Kyoto, only merchants, traders and performers, who had businesses with the Imperial Court, Gosho (Imperial Palace) and temples, were granted the Zuryomei such as Kami (Governor), Suke (Vice Governor) and Jo (Provincial Governor), and a privileged position to increase their prestige for the social standing and family business.

家の芸（いえのげい）とは、能・狂言・浄瑠璃・歌舞伎・歌舞伎舞踊・上方舞などの伝統芸能において、家元とみなされる家に代々相伝する、その家が特に得意としている芸や演目。
Ie No Gei (literally, performance of a family) means performances or repertories of traditional performing arts such as Noh, Kyogen (farce played during a Noh play cycle), Joruri (Ballad drama), Kabuki, Kabuki Buyo (Kabuki Dance) and Kamigata mai dance, which have been passed down by the family recognized as the iemoto (the head family of a school) for generations, and especially the family has a good skill to perform them.

世阿弥の女婿・金春禅竹らとともに一時代を担い、他の芸能を押しのけて猿楽能が芸界の主流となる道を作って、祖父観阿弥、伯父世阿弥が築いた観世流を発展されることに成功した。
He worked along with Zenchiku KONPARU, who was the son-in-law of Zeami, and laid a path to ensure Sarugakuno as the main art form by pushing aside other art forms, and developed the Kanze school established by his grandfather Kanami and uncle Zeami.

基本的に芸能であるので、絶対的な価値観というものは存在しないが、掛け声を聞きに観劇料を払ってきている客はいないので、場を白けさせぬよう大向うは強く自律すべき点である。
Kabuki is just a performing art, so there is no strict rule; however, the audience comes to see the stage, not to pay for kakegoe, therefore, o-muko should be careful that kakegoe doesn't spoil the performance.

王朝末期から中世への過渡期において政治的・社会的大きな変動があったにもかかわらず、政治への関心は薄く、儀式典礼や風流韻事など中世,・芸能に重点を置く記述を貫いている。
Notwithstanding that there were large changes and turmoil in political and social situations in the transitional stage from the end stage of the Heian dynasty to the medieval period, interest in politics seems low and it emphasizes learning and public entertainment such as ceremonies and rituals as well as furyu-inji (elegant aestheticism and writing poems).

単独の芸能ではなく、舞楽や散楽、台詞のやりとりのある風流、郷土色の強い歌舞音曲や、猿楽、白拍子、小唄など、貴族的芸能と庶民的芸能が雑多に混じり合ったものの総称である。
It is not an independent art but is the collective name of various aristocratic and folk arts, including bugaku (traditional Japanese court music accompanied by dancing), sangaku (form of theater popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th century), furyu with lines (form of theater popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th century), local music and dance, sarugaku (form of theater popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th century), shirabyoshi (Japanese traditional dance) and kouta (a ballad sung to samisen accompaniment) etc.

珠光は他の芸能者達との交流もあり、能楽者である金春禅鳳が記した『禅鳳雑談』に有名な珠光の物語とて　「月も雲間のなきは嫌にて候　これ面白く候」　という一節が遺されている。
As Juko was acquainted with other artists, his remark saying 'I love the moonlight peeping through the cloud. It is interesting' was introduced in 'Zenpo Zodan' (Miscellaneous conversations with Zenpo), a book written by Noh player Zenpo KONPARU, as a famous anecdote concerning Juko.

非人（ひにん）は、主に、(1)日本中世の特定職能民・芸能民の呼称であり、次第に被差別民の呼称となり、(2)江戸時代には、穢多（えた、長吏）とともに賎民身分の呼称である。
The term Hinin is used to describe mainly (1) persons who worked in special occupations or as entertainers in feudal Japan; however they gradually became victims of discrimination, and (2) in the Edo Period, Hinin as well as Eta (Chori) were described as people of the lower classes.

また、芸能者では主要な大夫を家元とする芸能集団としての座が形成され、江戸時代以後に「○○座」という呼称で呼ばれるようになり、転じて劇場や映画館の名称としても用いられた。
Additionally, entertainers formed some za as entertainer groups whose headmen were major tayu (the headmaster of a school of performing arts), and people began to add the term 'za' to the end of their group names beginning in the Edo period. By further extension, such use of 'za' also began to be applied to theater names and movie theater names afterward.

この時代を象徴する言葉として有名なものに「散切り頭を叩いてみれば、文明開化の音がする」という言葉があり、散切物と呼ばれる歌舞伎芸能の新形態発生などといった現象がみられる。
There was a well-known phrase describing the period, saying that 'Zangiri atama wo tataite mireba, Bunmei Kaika no otogasuru,' ('Knocking on the short-cut hair by removing a topknot, we can hear the sound of civilization') which became the origin of the movement to produce a new style in Kabuki theatrical play called 'Zangiri-mono.'

「芸能または工芸技術の性格上個人的特色が薄く」かつ「当該芸能または工芸技術を保持する者が多数いる場合」において、「これらの者が主たる構成員となっている団体」が認定される。
Certification is given to a group of key members within all of the holders when 'the performing or technical art is not at all individualistic' and when 'there are many holders of the relevant performing or technical art.'

家ごとでサナブリがおこなわれるようになって以後、村落全体あるいは市町村単位、都道府県単位で大サナブリ（サノボリ）大会を開き、互いに郷土芸能を披露し合う行事が各地で生まれた。
After individual homes started to hold Sanaburi, big Sanaburi--events held by entire village communities, municipalities, or prefectures--came into being to show each other's local performing arts.

衣食住、生業、信仰、年中行事等に関する風俗慣習、民俗芸能、民俗技術及びこれらに用いられる衣服、器具、家屋その他の物件で我が国民の生活の推移の理解のため欠くことのできないもの
Manners and customs related to food, clothing and housing, to occupations, religious faiths, annual observances, etc., folk performing arts and folk techniques, and clothes, implements, houses and other objects used therefor, which are indispensable for the understanding of changes in our people's modes of life.

これに対し、「無形民俗文化財」の指定対象は風俗慣習、民俗芸能、年中行事などの一般庶民の生活、慣習、行事そのものであって、特定の個人や団体を「保持者」として認定することはない。
On the other hand, those designated as 'intangible folk-cultural properties' are lives, customs and events of commoners themselves, such as manners and customs, folk performing arts and annual observances, for which individuals or organizations are not certified as 'holders.'

申請人が興行に係る活動以外の芸能活動に従事しようとする場合は、申請人が次のいずれかに該当する活動に従事し、かつ、日本人が従事する場合に受ける報酬と同等額以上の報酬を受けること。
In cases where the applicant is to engage in show business outside of activities related to entertainment, he/she must engage in any of the following activities and must receive no less remuneration than would a Japanese national for comparable work.

但し、既に名を成した芸能人等が副業、余興として落語もやる場合（最近では、森末慎二、風間杜夫、山崎邦正、友近、林家テリ平、荻野アンナ、ダイアン吉日（大道芸人・英語講師）等）は除く。
However, entertainers who have already become famous and perform rakugo as a sideline or sideshow (Shinji MORISUE, Morio KAZAMA, Hosei YAMASAKI, Tomochika, Terihei HAYASHIYA, Anna OGINO, Diane Kichijitsu (street performer/lecturer in English), etc. in recent years) are excluded.

映画若しくは演劇の俳優、音楽家その他の芸能人又は職業運動家の役務の提供に係る法第百六十一条第二号又は第八号イ（国内源泉所得）に掲げる対価又は報酬で不特定多数の者から支払われるもの
A consideration or remuneration listed in Article 161(ii) or (viii)(a) (Domestic Source Income) of the Act for the provision of the services of motion picture or theatre artistes, musicians and any other entertainers, or professional athletes, which is paid by many and unspecified persons

11世紀に当時の芸能や世相の一端を書き記した『新猿楽記』の「千秋万歳之酒祷（せんずまんざいのさかほがい）」という記述からも、平安時代頃すでに芸能として成立していったことが伺える。
As 'Shin sarugoki' (a kind of textbook about manners and cultures of Kyoto in Heian era), where parts of the entertainment and social situation during the 11th century were written, has the description 'senzumanzai no sakahogai,' we can know that manzai as an entertainment already existed around the Heian period.

この時代の歌論はその枠を超えて一つの芸術論、思想体系とも言うべきものになっており能の大成者世阿弥も「能楽師に必要な学問は歌学のみである」と述べるなど他の芸能にも大きな影響を与えた。
Karon in this period had already moved beyond its original narrow focus on poetry and began to include essays on art in general or essays that outlined an entire ideological system, and thereby came to have a deep influence on other art forms; Zeami, who perfected the art of Noh, commented that 'Kagaku is the only type of learning a Noh actor really needs.'

実演　著作物を、演劇的に演じ、舞い、演奏し、歌い、口演し、朗詠し、又はその他の方法により演ずること（これらに類する行為で、著作物を演じないが芸能的な性質を有するものを含む。）をいう。
"performance"　means the [theatrical] acting, dancing, musical performances, singing, reciting, declaiming or performing in other ways of a work, including similar acts which do not involve the performance of a work but which have the nature of pubic entertainment;

日本古来からの物真似や形態模写などのお笑い芸や剣舞や独り相撲の舞踊りと唐から伝わった奇術や手品または、軽業や曲芸などの芸が合わさりできた芸能で、奉納相撲や御神楽祭の夜祭で演じられた。
It consisted of impersonations and other comedy routines, sword dancing, and dancing in one man sumo, as well as Tang's magic shows, acrobatics and stunts performed at honozumo (ritual sumo matches held at a shrine) and kagura (Shinto music and dance) festivals held at night.

伝統芸能や伝統のスポーツ、あるいは日常生活におけるお辞儀・礼儀作法・日本の食事作法などにおいて、広範に見られる特徴として「型（形）」の尊重という点が挙げられ、日本の美点ともされてきた。
As a characteristic which is broadly seen in traditional performing arts, traditional sports, or in manners in Japanese daily life such as bowing, civility and rules of etiquette and table manners, a respect for 'kata' (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.) (or called katachi (pattern)) is pointed, and has been considered to be a virtue of Japan.

文化財保護法では無形の民俗文化財を、「衣食住、生業、信仰、年中行事等に関する風俗慣習、民俗芸能、民俗技術で、わが国の国民の生活の推移の理解のため欠くことのできないもの」と規定している。
The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties provides that intangible folk cultural properties are 'manners and customs related to food, clothing and housing, to occupations, religious faiths, festivals, etc., to folk entertainments, arts and crafts and techniques which are indispensable for the understanding of changes in our people's modes of life.'

主役の料理ひとつ取っても、選りすぐりの高級食材を多用し、座敷のつくり、しつらえ、調度品、行き届いたサービス、伝統芸能、その数々が、他の料理店や飲食店と違うところであり、高級の由来である。
Even if a main dish is taken, the ingredients are often high grade and specially selectedl; the layout of the tables, the interior design, the facilities, the furnishings, the perfect service, the traditional Japanese performances, all these are incomparable from other food stalls or restaurants, these are the origins of the term high class.

六斎念仏には、踊念仏本来の姿をとどめた干菜寺（干菜山光福寺：京都市左京区田中上柳町）の系統のものと、芸能的な色彩の強い空也堂（紫雲山極楽院光勝寺：京都市中京区亀屋町）の系統のものがある。
Rokusai Nenbutsu is divided into two styles: the Hoshina-ji Temple (Kofuku-ji Temple on Mt. Hoshina: Tanaka Kamiyanagi-cho, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) style, which showcases the authentic form of traditional Odori Nenbutsu, and the Kuya-do Temple (Kosho-ji Temple Gokuraku-in on Mt. Shiun: Kameya-cho, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City) style, which is characterized by a strong influence in entertainment.

- 平安時代にあった傀儡師といわれる芸能集団で、猿楽の源流一つとされ、旅回りや定住せず流浪して、町々で芸を披露しながら金子（きんす）を得ていたが、後に寺社の「お抱え」となる集団もあった。
In the Heian Period, there were groups of entertainers called Kugutsushi (puppeteers), who are considered to be the one of the origins of sarugaku and who wandered from place to place, gaining money by performing in cities though some groups later came under 'the patronage' of temples and shrines.

このように元忠は比較的順調に芸能者としての道を歩み始めたが、細川高国が享禄4年（1531年）に戦死し、将軍家の権威が低下すると、代々幕府と強く結びついてきた観世座も苦境に陥ることとなる。
As such, Mototada started his career as a performer in relatively smooth water, but when Takakuni HOSOKAWA was killed in a battle in 1531 and the authority of the shogun family became weaker, the Kanze-za which had strong links with the Bakufu for generations also got into trouble.

落語が再現芸術でありながら演劇や舞踏と一線を画して考えられるのは、演劇・舞踏といった芸能が通常扮装を伴って演技されるのに対して、落語においては扮装を排し、素のままで芸を見せるためである。
Being an art based on a fixed model that is reenacted on stage rakugo can be distinguished clearly from other performing arts such as theatrical and dance performances because storytellers do not dress up as each character but rather appear as themselves, whereas theatrical and dance performers usually dress up as a character.

演劇、音楽などの芸能の分野では「各個認定」と「人間国宝芸能分野における「総合認定」」が行われ、工芸技術の分野では「各個認定」と「人間国宝工芸技術分野における「保持団体認定」」が行われる。
Individual Certification' and 'General Certification' prevails within the fields of performing arts, such as plays and music, while 'Individual Certification' and 'Preservation Group Certification' mainly occurs in the field of technical arts.

第二次世界大戦後の1946年（昭和21年）6月、夫の真三とともに「マキノ芸能社」を設立、「劇団なでしこ」の活動を基盤に、映画製作も行なうが、1948年（昭和23年）10月には解散している。
After World War II, in June 1946, she established 'Makino Geinosha' with her husband Shinzo and produced movies, on the basis of her activity in 'Gekidan Nadeshiko'; however, in October 1948, Makino Geinosha dissolved.

能の起源について正確なことはわかってはいないが、7世紀頃に中国大陸より日本に伝わった日本最古の舞台芸能である伎楽や、奈良時代に大陸より伝わった散楽に端を発するのではないかと考えられている。
Although the origin of Noh is not clear, it is generally believed that Noh originated from gigaku (ancient pantomime in which performers wear masks), Japan's oldest theatrical art that was introduced from China during the seventh century, and sangaku (form of theater popular in Japan during the eleventh to the fourteenth century) introduced from the Asian continent during the Nara period.

また著作や舞台イベントなどで狂言の普及に努める傍ら、日本伝統芸能と現代劇との融合を目指して『藪の中』や『RASHOMON』、『敦 - 山月記・名人伝 -』などを演出し、多大な評価を得ている。
Along with promotion of Kyogen in his books and stage events, he directed 'Yabu no naka' (In the Bush), 'RASHOMON' (Rasho-mon Gate), 'Atsushi Sangetsuki Meijinden' (The life of a master of the memoirs of the moon over the mountain) and so on, aiming at fusion of Japanese traditional arts and contemporary dramas, and has gained high evaluation for that.

予祝芸能行事としては、東京都板橋区にのこる板橋の田遊びや和歌山県かつらぎ町花園の花園の御田舞（ともに重要無形民俗文化財）が、年頭や小正月におこなわれるものとしては古い形態をよくとどめている。
Among events of Yoshuku Geino (Preliminary Celebration), Taasobi (ritual Shinto performance to pray for a good rice-crop for the year) handed down in Itabashi Ward, Tokyo and Hanazono no Ondamai (the rice field dance in Hanazono) performed in Hanazono, Katsuragi-cho, Wakayama Prefecture (both being designated as Important Intangible Property of Folk Culture) retain the old forms as an event held at New Year or Lunar New Year.

ことに伝統芸能については公卿やその芸道 (哲学)の開祖が子々孫々その伝統を継承したことから家業となし、今日でも歌舞伎、能、狂言をはじめ、剣術・武道、弓術、礼法などでは世襲が一般的にみられる。
Particularly with regard to the traditional performance arts, court nobles and the founders of a particular style of performing art (philosophy) would pass on the knowledge and skills of their tradition to their descendants; this would result in a kind of family business and even today heredity is commonly found in Kabuki, Noh drama, Kyogen (farce played during a Noh play cycle), swordsmanship, martial arts, Japanese archery and manners.

こうした中でも閉鎖的な株座的な宮座を守るものも少数ながら存在するが、村座へ移行されるものや更に宮座の解体、郷土芸能・民俗芸能の「保存会」などの新たな形態の組織に転換される事例も増加している。
Under these circumstances, there are a few people who preserve Miyaza, an exclusive and closed group including Kabuza; however, some are changed to Muraza or broken up, and the increasing number of others are transformed into new organizations such as 'a preservation society' of local performing arts or traditional folk entertainments.

「2人以上の者が一体となって芸能を高度に体現している場合」や「2人以上の者が共通の特色を有する工芸技術を高度に体得している場合」において、「これらの者が構成している団体の構成員」が認定される。
Certification is given to 'two or more persons who are working together to embody a performing art at the highest level' or 'two or more persons who are a master of a technical art that shares certain characteristics.'

古くは『舞子』と書き、かつては9～12歳でお座敷に上がり接客作法を学び、芸能など修業して一人前の芸妓に成長していたが、戦後児童福祉法と労働基準法の改正にともない現在は中学卒業後でないとなれない。
The 'Maiko (舞妓)' was written as 'Maiko (舞子)' in past times, and she learned customer service skills at ozashiki (banquets in which guests were attended by geisha) at the age of 9 - 12 and stood on her feet through the training of entertainment, but now no young girls can become Maiko until she graduates junior high school in accordance with the revision of the Child Welfare Act and the Labor Standards Law after the war.

「うまい本物の蕎麦を作って食べよう」という発想から生まれ、併せて郷土料理を食べたり大崎地区の伝統芸能を鑑賞できる等地域活性化の催しとなっている「大崎そばの会」が1978年（昭和53年）に誕生した。
Osaki Soba Festival was created based on the idea to make and eat real good tasting soba in 1978, is an event fostering regional vitalization where people can sample local specialty food items and enjoy the traditional performing arts of the Osaki area.

その起源は、中世末期ごろの御伽草子の一種『浄瑠璃十二段草子』（『浄瑠璃物語』。浄瑠璃御前と牛若丸の情話に薬師如来など霊験譚をまじえたもの）を語って神仏の功徳を説いた芸能者にあるとするのが通説である。
Joruri's origin is generally believed to be an artist who preached the blessing of deities and Buddha by narrating 'Joruri Junidan Soshi' ('Joruri Monogatari,' which is the combination of a love story between Joruri-gozen and Ushiwakamaru and the tale of the miraculous efficacy of Amida-nyorai), a kind of Otogi Zoshi (a collection of fair tales) compiled at the end of the medieval age.

予祝芸能（よしゅくげいのう）とは、伝統芸能を信仰の面からとらえたときの、萬歳や春駒など新春をことほぐ芸能や、農作業のあらましをあらかじめ一通り演じて順調に稲が実るように祈願する田遊び・御田などを指す。
In seeing the traditional perfuming arts from a religious point of view, Yoshuku Geino refers to various performing arts for celebrating the New Year such as Manzai (a traditional celebratory chant-like song) or Harukoma (a dance in which a performer carries a wooden horse's head), and Ta asobi or Onda, a performance mimicking the processes of rice production to pray for a good harvest before farm work starts.

このうち、巫女が布教の行脚中において舞を披露していく中で、次第に芸能を主としていく遊女へと転化していき、そのうちに遊女が巫以来の伝統の影響を受けて男装し、男舞に長けた者を一般に白拍子とも言うようになった。
Afterwards, shrine maidens traveled on foot to propagate religion and performed the dance, then it changed gradually to the performing arts of prostitutes who were influenced by the tradition of a shrine maiden disguising as a man, who excelled in dancing like a man were generally called shirabyoshi.

三　衣食住、生業、信仰、年中行事等に関する風俗慣習、民俗芸能、民俗技術及びこれらに用いられる衣服、器具、家屋その他の物件で我が国民の生活の推移の理解のため欠くことのできないもの（以下「民俗文化財」という。)
3. The indispensables in order for our nationals to appreciate the flow of life (such as food, clothing, housings, industry or livelihood, beliefs, folk customs about festivals, public entertainments, and traditional skills with the associated costumes, tools and stages) (such indispensables being hereinafter referred to as folk cultural properties)

この事もあり、漫才やコントなどの他の上方演芸ではよく見られ、テレビ番組の出演者編成でも時にネックとなる『所属芸能事務所間の壁』というものについても、落語界では決して絶無ではないがそれほど高くないとされている。
For this reason, the problem of 'the rivalries among entertainment companies,' which is common among stand-up or slapstick comedians, or who cause difficulties in assigning personalities to TV programs, is not so conspicuous, if not nonexistent, in the rakugo industry.

これらはいずれも多かれ少なかれ団らん的な、あるいは「一味同心」的な性格をもつ芸能・芸道であったが、当時の武士の日常に対応したものであり、惣における庶民の日々の生活、さらに都市民の生活にも合致したものであった。
These performing arts, which were more or less characterized by the concept of harmony or 'Ichimi doshin' (working together with one mind), reflected the ordinary lives of the warrior class at the time, and were perfectly fit for the everyday life of people in So (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) as well as of urban citizens.

大国主命を主祭神として、父母神のスサノオ・クシナダヒメ、奇稲田姫命の父母神のアシナヅチ・テナヅチを正殿に、大田大神（芸能と長寿の神）、乙羽竜神（旅行・交通安全の神）、オモイカネ（知恵と才能の神）を相殿に祀る。
The main building enshrines Okuninushi-no-Mikoto as the main deity, the parental gods Susanoo and Kushinadahime, and Kushinadahime-no-Mikoto's parental gods Ashinazuchi and Tenazuchi; and the aidono building enshrines Otano Okami (the god of the performing arts and longevity), Otowa Ryujin (the god of safety for travel and transportation), and Omoikane (the god of wisdom and talent).

芸能界との親交も多く、歌舞伎役者の市川團十郎 (9代目)（かつての養家から泣きつかれて背負いこんだ経営不振の河原崎座の借財整理に協力した）、落語家の三遊亭圓朝、清元のお葉、義太夫の竹本越後太夫などが名を連ねる。
He had many friends also in the world of public entertainment, for example, Danjuro ICHIKAWA (the 9th)(Inoue helped him with clearing financial problem of slumping Kawarazaki Kabuki Theater which Ichikawa had undertaken asked by his adoptive family), a Rakugo story teller Encho Sanyutei, Kiyomoto (a performance of Joruri [the Japanese-type puppet play]) player Oyo and a gidayu (a style of reciting dramatic narratives) player Echigodayu TAKEMOTO.

鎌倉時代末期から合戦に同行する陣僧の中に時衆の僧が多かったことから、武家との結び付きが強まり、平時においても芸能を活かして武士の慰めとするようになっていき、同時に側近、取次ぎ人としての役目も果たすようになった。
Following the end of the Kamakura period, many of the Jinso (monks who accompanied samurai into war) were Buddhist monks from the Ji sect, so their connections with samurai (buke) families became stronger; in times of peace, they provided samurai warriors with entertainment by making use of their abilities in the performing arts, while also fulfilling their duties as aides and intermediaries.

松囃子では、唱門師や散所などの芸能専業者のみならず村民や町人など各階層の人間が着飾り仮装し、京都においては花の御所へ、地方においては守護など各地の権力者の邸宅へ参向し、日本舞踊や囃子が披露され、祝辞が述べられる。
In Matsubayashi, not only full-time performers, including Shomonji (lower-ranked diviner) and sanjo (manor's area where people of the sanjo provided special skills to the imperial authority instead of rice tax), but also citizens in every class, including villagers and merchants, put on costumes todress up and visited Hana no gosho (residence of Shogun in Kyoto) or the lords called Shugo in each region; they performed the Classical Japanese dance and musical accompaniment and a congratulatory address was given.

中世以後、技能・芸能を家業とする特定の家の間で、それぞれの家が持つ技能・芸能の世界とその背景に存在する専門性・普遍性・伝承性・権威性などの価値感を「道」に擬えて、家と道（技能・芸能）の関係が説かれるようになった。
Since the Medieval Period among the specific families which had skills and performing arts as their family businesses, people preached the relationships between the family and the professional skill or performing art as their 'Michi (way)' by comparing each family's world of the skill or performing art and the values of the back grounds like specialty, universality, tradition, authority and others.

また、神社神道に対し生業（職業）としての神事があり、古くからの芸能・興行や農業・林業・水産業に限らず、鍛冶・多々良場（製鉄）や醸造・酒造や土木・建築といったように働く行為（いそしみ）自体に神が宿るとし神聖視してきた。
Some Shinto rituals, unlike those of Shrine Shinto, actually developed into occupations, including such ancient practices as entertainment and show business, farming, forestry, and fishing but also extending to blacksmithing, iron smelting, sake brewing, public works, and construction; it was said of such jobs that in the act of working itself was something divine.

また巫女の舞や庶民や芸能の芸として現在に受け継がれる「神事としての興行（相撲）」や舞（纏舞い・獅子舞）や神楽（巫女の舞など）や太神楽（曲独楽・軽業）なども神に捧げ神を和ぎ（かんなぎ）させるための祈りとしての祈祷である。
Moreover, Miko no mai (Shrine maidens' dance) as well as many kinds of entertainment among the common people and professional performers that have been passed down to the present day, including the 'show business (Sumo) as Shinto ritual' or various kinds of mai (dance) like the Matoi (flaming flag) mai, shishi (lion) mai, Kagura (musical dances including Miko no mai) and Daikagura (spinning tricks and acrobatics), were originally types of ritual prayer intended to honor and appease the gods.

自営業でなくても、親と同じ職種につくことは人脈や職務上必要とされる知識といった無形の財産をひきつぐ上で有利であるため、政治家、外交官、大学教員、芸能人など、社会的に突出した職業や地位の多くに、事実上の世襲が多くなる傾向がある。
Even though it is not an independent enterprise, to take the same occupation as the parent is advantageous in terms of the succession of intangible assets such as goodwill, personal networks and the knowledge required in the course of their work; therefore, many of those occupations or positions that are regarded as socially outstanding such as politicians, diplomatic officials, academics, and entertainers tend to be passed on through the generations.

会津戦争では板垣退助率いる新政府軍を破るという金星を挙げるが、8月22日_(旧暦)（1868年10月7日）に会津若松城が包囲されていることを知り、会津地方の伝統芸能である彼岸獅子を先頭で演じさせて加勢を入城させるという離れ業を演じた。
In Aizu War, he brought a dazzling victory by defeating the New government army led by Taisuke ITAGAKI, and on October 7, 1868, informed that Aizu Wakamatsu Castle was surrounded by the enemy, he took such a stupefying strategy as to let their reinforcements enter the castle with performers playing Higan-jishi, a traditional performing art of Aizu Region, put in the head of the procession.

歌舞伎の元である「かぶきおどり」を生み出したとされる出雲阿国（いずものおくに）は出雲大社の巫女であったという説もあり、古代の呪術的な動作が神事芸能として洗練され、一般芸能として民間に広く伝播していった経過を伺い知る例として捉えられる。
Some say that Izumo no okuni, who originated kabuki odori (kabuki dance), which gave birth to kabuki, was a miko of Izumo Taisha Shrine; this reveals how the magic rituals of ancient times have been refined and propagated as the art of public entertainment.

現在、能楽と呼ばれる芸能は、室町時代に観阿弥、世阿弥、音阿弥、金春禅竹らによって大成され、織豊期に観世座、宝生座、金春座、金剛座のいわゆる大和四座が、専ら猿楽を上演する芸能集団として、黒川能などの例外を除くと寡占的な地位を占めるに至った。
The performing art now known as nogaku was established during the Muromachi period by Kanami, Zeami, Onami and Zenchiku KONPARU, and during the Shokuho period, the so-called Yamato-yoza, consisting of Kanze-za, Hosyo-za, Konparu-za and Kongo-za, held a dominant position as a performing group which specialized in sarugaku (comical mimicry and speech performance), except for Kurokawa Noh.

元彌自身当初は“山脇元彌　本名で綴るアスナロぶろぐ”と構え、途中“和泉元彌のアスナロぶろぐ”に移行するなど、妻の羽野晶紀のような管理下の芸能人ブログでなく、一般人と同等の手作りブログ機能を採用していることに拘りをもって更新・管理を行っていた。
Motaya initially put up his blog 'Yamawaki Motohisa Asunaro blog using a real name' and later changed its name to 'Izumi Motoya no Asunaro blog,' and he updated/administered it while sticking to maintaining similar functions with ordinary people's home-made blogs, not entertainment personalities' blogs, such as his wife Aki HANO's blog under management.

重要無形民俗文化財（じゅうようむけいみんぞくぶんかざい）は、衣食住、生業、信仰、年中行事などに関する風俗慣習、民俗芸能、民俗技術など、人々が日常生活の中で生み出し継承してきた無形の民俗文化財のうち、特に重要なものとして国が指定したものである。
Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property refers to intangible folk culture which people have created in their daily lives and passed on to subsequent generations, such as manners and customs, folk performing arts, occupations, religious faiths, folk techniques related to clothing, food and housing, and festivals, and which have been designated as especially important by the national government.

その後も戎松の後身の「千日劇場」や、松竹芸能系の「道頓堀角座」「演芸の浪花座」（道頓堀）「新花月」（新世界 (大阪)）、吉本興業系の「なんば花月」「うめだ花月」、東宝系でケーエープロダクションの芸人が多く出演した「トップホットシアター」が開場。
The following theaters then opened in Osaka: 'Sennichi Gekijo Theater' which developed from 'Ebisu Matsu,' Shochiku Geino's theaters, 'Dotonbori Kadoza,' 'Engei no Naniwaza' (in Dotonbori) and 'Shinkagetsu' (in Shinsekai, Osaka), Yoshimoto Kogyo's 'Nanba Kagetsu,' 'Umeda Kagetsu,' and Toho's 'Top Hot Theater' where many performers of KA Production appeared.

一方の本人は記者会見で芸能リポーター達から「お元気ですねぇ～」と感嘆され、「（週刊誌の記者に）自分が元気だという事を証明して下さって、ガハハ!」と豪快に笑い、「老け込んだら駄目。日本の男性たちもみんな頑張ってほしいね」と余裕のコメントを残した。
However, at a press conference, when entertainment-field reporters admired him, saying, 'You are very active,' he replied by saying, 'Thank you for proving that I am active, ha, ha,' whereupon he laughed energetically and made a comment that showed his still remarkable reserve of power, saying, 'Do not get old... I would like all Japanese men to be active.'

そして職業身分とは、平安時代後期の上層階級での社会的分業が、「イヘ」への職能として固定し、その文士、例えば陰陽の家とかいう形で「芸能」としての家業が固定され、官職までが世襲されるようになる段階で、同様に武士という職業身分の類型が生まれるとする。
The 'job rank' referred to the specialized social job of the upper class during the late Heian period such as the writer or the house of yin-yang where the job function of 'art' became fixed to a 'house' as a family business, the court position became hereditary, at the same time as a similar form of bushi social rank was born.

歌舞伎・文楽・日本舞踊等、江戸時代に盛んになった伝統芸能、特に庶民階級を対象にして劇場や屋外の舞台で演じられたものには、「浄瑠璃」（じょうるり）のような「語り」あるいは「唄」と三味線によって、旋律と緩急がはっきりした大衆的な音楽をつけることが一般的であった。
It was common that popular music like joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a shamisen accompaniment), which contained narration or songs with a distinct melody played by shamisen, composed of up-tempo tunes and slow-tempo tunes, was used for traditional performing arts that became popular during the Edo period such as kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors), bunraku (Japanese puppet theater), and classical Japanese dance, especially for performances for the common people in a theater or on an outdoor stage.

古来、日本をかたちづける文化あるいはこの国に棲む人々の風俗や習慣には、宗教に基づく価値観が深く根ざしており、農業・林業・水産業、土木・建築などの諸産業、あるいは正月、七五三他の季節行事・祭、また伝統芸能、武道など、さまざまな場面で宗教の影響を見ることができる。
From ancient times, a culture forming Japan, or a mode of life or custom of people living in this country has rooted in the sense of worth based on a religion, and an influence of religion can be seen in various scenes such as industries including agriculture, forestry, fishery, civil engineering and construction, or seasonal events and festivals including New Years festivals, Shichi-go-san (a day of prayer for the healthy growth of young children), etc., traditional performing arts, Budo (martial arts), etc.

通常は、各種の武芸である日本武術、江戸期の公家家職に由来する有職故実・礼式、そのほか能楽、歌舞伎、人形浄瑠璃などの芸能、邦楽、茶道、華道、香道、書道、盆庭などをはじめとして、伝統工芸的な手工業、古典園芸など、ひろく技術を伝承する分野においてこうした観念が見られる。
This concept can normally be seen in the various Nihon bujutsu (Japanese martial arts) and the Yusoku kojitsu (traditional protocol of the imperial court and samurai families) or reishiki (etiquette) that are derived from the practices and manners observed by court nobles in the Edo period; it can also be seen in fields where skills are passed down from one generation to the next, ranging from performing arts such as Nohgaku, Kabuki, and Ningyo Joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater), Hogaku (traditional Japanese music), Sado (tea ceremony), Kado (flower arrangement), Kodo (traditional incense-smelling ceremony), Shodo (calligraphy), Bontei (tray garden) to traditional handicrafts and classic gardening.

芸能・園芸の「芸」（ゲイ）は当用漢字公布まで用いられた旧字体では「藝」（ゲイ）という書体だったが、戦後になって当用漢字（常用漢字の前身）が公布されてからは新字体として「芸」（ゲイ）に簡略化されたため、もとからある「芸」（ウン）と同形衝突（一致）してしまったのである。
The character '芸' that is used for 芸能 and 園芸 is derived from the traditional form '藝' which was simplified into 芸 as a new character form published for use as common-use kanji (then 'toyo-kanji' now superseded by 'joyo-kanji') after the war, resulting in integration of character form with the character 芸 that was older in existence and in use.

法第四十二条第一項の規定の適用がある場合における所得税法施行令第二百六十四条の規定の適用については、同条中「源泉徴収義務）」とあるのは、「源泉徴収義務）又は租税特別措置法第四十二条第一項（免税芸能法人等が支払う芸能人等の役務提供報酬等に係る源泉徴収の特例）」とする。
With respect to the application of the provisions of Article 264 of the Order for Enforcement of the Income Tax Act where the provisions of Article 42, paragraph (1) of the Act is applied, the term 'Article 212, paragraph (1) (Withholding Liability for Income of Nonresidents or Corporations) of the Act' in said Article shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 212, paragraph (1) (Withholding Liability for Income of Nonresidents or Corporations) of the Act or Article 42, paragraph (1) (Special Provisions on Withholding at Source for Remuneration, etc. Paid by a Tax-Exempt Entertainment Corporation, etc. to Entertainers, etc. for Their Provision of Services) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation.'

免税芸能法人等が芸能人等の役務提供に係る所得税法第百六十一条第二号に掲げる対価の支払を受ける場合における同法第百七十九条及び第二百十三条第一項の規定の適用については、同法第百七十九条第一号及び第二百十三条第一項第一号中「百分の二十」とあるのは、「百分の十五」とする。
With regard to the application of the provisions of Article 179 and Article 213(1) of the Income Tax Act in the case where a tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc. receives payment of the consideration listed in Article 161(ii) of the said Act for the provision of the services of entertainers, etc., the phrase '20 percent' in Article 179(i) and Article 213(1)(i) of the said Act shall be deemed to be replaced with '15 percent.'

その後新渡戸稲造がアメリカ人に紹介するために書いた『武士道 (新渡戸稲造)』が、日清戦争以降、逆輸入され広く受け入れられ、大日本帝国の軍人が持つべき倫理と接合して、軍人の倫理の骨格をかたちづくり、また一方では、美学として文学や芸能の世界でさまざまなかたちとなってあらわれた。
Later, Inazo NITOBE wrote 'Bushido (Inazo NITOBE)' to introduce bushido to American people, but after the Sino-Japanese War, it was reimported to Japan and formed the ethical framework for military officers, mixing with the ethics which the military officers of the Empire of Japan should have, and on the other hand it appeared as aesthetic in various forms in the world of literature or entertainment.

「寺島」は五代目菊五郎の本名「寺島清」を「島の中にある寺」に、「祖父さん」は五代目菊五郎の祖父にあたる化政期に名優と謳われた「尾上菊五郎_(3代目)」に、「名せえ由縁」は五代目菊五郎の次男が「尾上菊之助」であることにそれぞれ掛けている。これが「くすぐり伝統芸能のくすぐり」である。
The term 'terajima' referring to 'a temple in an island' is a pun for 'Kiyoshi TERASHIMA,' real name of Kikugoro the fifth, the term 'tottsuan' is a pun for 'Kikugoro ONOE the third' who was a grandfather of Kikugoro the fifth and was reputed to be a great actor in the Bunka Bunsei period, and the phrase 'na sae yukari' is a pun for 'Kikunosuke ONOE' who was a second son of Kikugoro the fifth.

元来は礼記に「鸚鵡は能く言して飛鳥を離れず。猩々は能く言して禽獣を離れず」とあるのが出典で、後代の注ではしばしばオランウータンなどの大型類人猿に擬せられるが（猩々はオランウータンの和名のひとつでもある）、一方で各種の説話や芸能によってさまざまなイメージが付託されて現在に及んでいる。
An ancient book of Chinese Confucianism 'Raiki' ('Liji') first described Shojo as 'a parrot can talk, but that is nothing but a bird; a shojo can talk, but that is nothing but an animal', and some annotations on 'Raiki' explained that Shojo resembled large anthropoid apes such as orangutan (in the past, some Japanese called orangutan 'shojo'); in Japan, they had been given other characters, and became legend and even dramatis personae of traditional performing arts.

また、天王寺方の伝統を受け継ぐ聖霊会の舞楽は重要無形民俗文化財であり、南都方は春日大社を中心として、雅楽のみならず、田楽、細男などの古楽もあわせて伝承し、「春日古楽保存会」雅楽部門を経て「南都楽所」を結成、「南都楽所」による春日若宮おん祭の神事芸能も重要無形民俗文化財に指定されている。
Maigaku, the Japanese ancient music for dancing of Seireikai Society which preserves the tradition of Tennoji-ho, is an important intangible ethnocultural asset, and Nanto-ho hands down not only gagaku but also ancient music such as dengaku and seinoo in mainly Kasuga-taish shrine and has organized 'Nantogakuso' after 'Kasuga Ancient Music Preserving Socity' and Shinto rituals and entertainments in Kasuga Wakamiya Festival performed by 'Nantogakuso' is also designated as an important intangible ethnocultural asset.

芸能、技芸を技術的な問題としてのみ捉えることをせず、しばしば実生活と芸の世界を混同させて、常住坐臥が芸を高めるための契機であり、修行であると考え、しかのみならず当人の倫理性、道徳性がそのまま芸にあらわれるがゆえに、芸の向上は同時に人格の向上でなければならない、とするところに芸道の特徴がある。
The main characteristic of Geido is the idea that the heightening of one's art should be simultaneously accompanied by a heightening of one's personality because one's ethics and morality are directly revealed in one's art; this is derived from the idea that rather than regarding the performance of arts and techniques as merely a matter of skill, we should merge our everyday lives and the world of art, which is an opportunity to heighten our art and is itself a form of training.

お蔭参りから帰ってきた者によって、最新のファッション（例：京都や松坂の最新の織物の柄）や農具（例：新しい品種の農作物がもたらされる。箕に代わって、手動式風車でおこした風で籾を選別する唐箕が広まる）、音楽や芸能（伊勢音頭に起源を持つ歌舞が各地に広まる）が、実際の品物や口頭、紙に書いた旅の記録によって各地に伝わった。
Those who returned from okage mairi spread the latest fashions (e.g., the newest patterns of textile fabrics in Kyoto and Matsuzaka), farming tools (e.g., new varieties of crops were introduced, and winnowers to separate the chaff by means of a current of air created with a hand operated windmill was spread to replace winnowing baskets), and music and performing arts (music and dance originating from Ise Dance were spread around the country) across the country by actual products, word of mouth, and notes of a journey.

戦後の歴史学において、悪党は封建領主のなかで位置づけられていたが、網野善彦、佐藤進一らが社会的基盤を農業以外に置く手工業民や芸能民などに着目した中世史像を提示すると、悪党の存在もそれらと関連付けて論じられるようになり、20世紀末からは海津一朗らによって元寇や徳政令等の社会変動における悪党の位置づけが試みられている。
In historical science after the war, akuto was positioned among feudal lords, but when Yoshihiko AMINO, Shinichi SATO, etc. introduced a picture of medieval history focused on craftsmen and entertainers whose social foundations were not agricultural, akuto was discussed in connection with them, and from the end of the 20th century, Ichiro KAIZU and others were attempting to position akuto in the context of social change such as genko and Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts).

法第百七十二条第一項第一号に規定する給与又は報酬（法第四編第五章（非居住者又は法人の所得に係る源泉徴収）又は租税特別措置法第四十二条第一項（免税芸能法人等が支払う芸能人等の役務提供報酬に係る源泉徴収の特例）の規定の適用を受けないものに限る。）の支払者の氏名又は名称及び住所若しくは居所又は本店若しくは主たる事務所の所在地
The name of a defrayer of wages or remuneration prescribed in Article 172, paragraph (1), item (i) of the Act (limited to wages or remuneration that is not subject to the provisions of Part IV, Chapter V (Withholding at the Source of Income of Nonresidents or Corporations) of the Act or Article 42, paragraph (1) (Special Provisions for Withholding at the Source of Remuneration, etc. for the Provision of the Services of Entertainers, etc. Paid by Tax-Exempt Entertainment Corporations, etc.) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation) and his/her domicile or residence or the location of the head office or principal office

これが中世期から近世期にかけて、さまざまな芸が体系化され伝授の形式を整えてゆくにつれて、単に芸能、技芸の体系というにとどまらず、それをめぐる思想や哲学的背景、さらに修行や日常生活の場においてこうした形而上的な問題をいかに生かし、みずからの芸を高めてゆくかという問題が含められてゆくようになって成立したのが、芸道という観念である。
When various arts became systematized from the middle ages to the early modern period, it started to take on more meanings, not simply meaning system of performing arts and techniques, but also including ideas and philosophical backgrounds of arts, and the issue of how these metaphysical problems could be used in ascetic practice and daily life to heighten one's own art, leading to the establishment of the concept of geido.

前項第二号に掲げる者が同号に定める対価につき同項の規定により所得税を徴収された場合における所得税法第二百十五条の規定の適用については、同条中「源泉徴収義務）」とあるのは「源泉徴収義務）又は租税特別措置法第四十二条第一項（免税芸能法人等が支払う芸能人等の役務提供報酬等に係る源泉徴収の特例）」と、「同項」とあるのは「これら」とする。
Where the person listed in item (ii) of the preceding paragraph has been subject to the collection of income tax pursuant to the provision of the said paragraph with respect to the consideration specified in the said item, with regard to the application of the provision of Article 215 of the Income Tax Act, the phrase 'Article 212(1) (Withholding Liability)' in the said Article shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 212(1) (Withholding Liability) or the provision of Article 42(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation (Special Provisions for Withholding at Source of Remuneration, etc. Paid by Tax-Exempt Entertainment Corporations, etc. to Entertainers for Their Provision of Services),' and the term 'the said paragraph [Article 212(1)]' in the said Article shall be deemed to be replaced with 'these clauses.'

社会保障審議会及び都道府県児童福祉審議会（第一項ただし書に規定する都道府県にあつては、地方社会福祉審議会とする。第二十七条第六項、第四十六条第四項並びに第五十九条第五項及び第六項において同じ。）は、児童及び知的障害者の福祉を図るため、芸能、出版物、がん具、遊戯等を推薦し、又はそれらを製作し、興行し、若しくは販売する者等に対し、必要な勧告をすることができる。
In order to pursue welfare of children and mentally retarded persons, a social security council and a Prefectural Child Welfare Council (or a Local Social Welfare Council, in the case of a prefecture provided in the proviso of paragraph (1); hereinafter the same shall apply in Article 27 paragraph (6), Article 46 paragraph (4) and Article 59 paragraphs (5) and (6)) may recommend performing arts, publications, playthings, playgames, etc., or give necessary recommendations to the persons, etc., who manufacture, perform or sell them.

また、桶狭間の合戦の際、織田方に敗れた今川方が磔（はりつけ）などによって処刑された地が「田楽窪」（でんがくがくぼ）と呼ばれる、かつて古典芸能の田楽が行われていたのではないかと言われる地（現在も愛知県豊明市沓掛町内に大字名として残る）で、その処刑方法が当時当地で食されていた野菜や鮎などの川魚を串に刺して食していたものと似ていたため、それを田楽と呼んだという説もある。
Another theory is that at a place called 'Dengakukubo' (in Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake City, Aichi Prefecture, and the name of the place 'Dengakukubo' has survived to remain used in the address today), where one of Japanese classic popular performing arts, Dengaku, is said to have been played, the Imagawa side defeated by Oda side in the Battle of Okehazama were crucified, and the local residents around there began to call vegetables and freshwater fishes such as ayu (sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) on skewers they used to eat 'Dengaku,' associating the crucification method conducted there with the cooking method.

具体例を挙げると、文化・宗教によって大きく異なるが、排泄物・腐敗物、血・体液・月経・出産、特定または一般の動物・食物、女性・男女間のあらゆる接触ならびに行為（ごくまれに男性、同性間の性関係ならびに行為）・自らの共同体以外の人（他県人・外国人・異民族）やその文化・特定の血筋または身分の人（不可触賎民など）・特定の職業（芸能、金融業、精肉業等）・体の一部（左手を食事に使ってはならない等）などがある。
Though they may differ depending on the culture and religion, some concrete examples are egested things, rotten things, blood, body fluid, period, child birth, particular or general animals and foods, all contacts and acts between women and between men and women (very rarely, sexual relations and acts between men and people of the same sex,) people outside own community (people of other prefectures, foreigners and different races,) culture, people of particular blood line or rank (scheduled castes,) particular occupations (entertainment, financial and meat industries) and particular parts of a human body (a left had can not be used for eating, etc.)

免税芸能法人等がその支払を受ける法第四十二条第一項に規定する芸能人等の役務提供に係る所得税法第百六十一条第二号に掲げる対価につき法第四十二条第三項の規定により読み替えられた所得税法第百七十九条及び第二百十三条第一項の規定の適用を受けようとする場合には、当該免税芸能法人等は、当該対価の支払を受ける際、財務省令で定める事項を記載した書類を、当該対価の支払をする者を経由して、当該支払をする者が当該対価につき同法第二百十二条の規定により徴収して納付すべき所得税の納税地の所轄税務署長に提出しなければならない。
Where a tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc. seeks the application of the provisions of Article 179 and Article 213, paragraph (1) of the Income Tax Act whose terms were replaced under the provisions of Article 42, paragraph (3) of the Act with respect to the consideration listed in Article 161, item (ii) of the Income Tax Act, which they shall receive for the provision of the services of entertainers, etc. prescribed in Article 42, paragraph (1) of the Act, said tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc. shall, when receiving payment of said consideration, submit a document that states the matters specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance, via a person who pays said consideration, to the competent district director with jurisdiction over the place for tax payment of the income tax to be collected and paid for said consideration by said payer pursuant to the provisions of Article 212 of the Income Tax Act.

芸能人等の役務提供報酬の支払を受ける者が非居住者である場合における当該非居住者に対する所得税法第百七十二条及び第二百十四条の規定の適用については、同法第百七十二条第一項中「源泉徴収）」とあるのは「源泉徴収）又は租税特別措置法第四十二条第一項（免税芸能法人等が支払う芸能人等の役務提供報酬等に係る源泉徴収の特例）」と、「次編第五章の」とあるのは「次編第五章又は租税特別措置法第四十二条第一項の」と、同法第二百十四条第一項中「源泉徴収義務）」とあるのは「源泉徴収義務）及び租税特別措置法第四十二条第一項（免税芸能法人等が支払う芸能人等の役務提供報酬等に係る源泉徴収の特例）」とする。
Where the person who receives payment of remuneration for the provision of the services of entertainers, etc. is a nonresident, with regard to the application of the provisions of Article 172 and Article 214 of the Income Tax Act to the said nonresident: in Article 172(1) of the said Act, the phrase 'Part IV, Chapter V (Withholding at Source of Income of Nonresidents or Corporations)' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Part IV, Chapter V (Withholding at Source of Income of Nonresidents or Corporations) or the provision of Article 42(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation (Special Provisions for Withholding at Source of Remuneration, etc. Paid by Tax-Exempt Entertainment Corporations, etc. to Entertainers for Their Provision of Services),' and the phrase 'Part IV, Chapter V' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Part IV, Chapter V or the provision of Article 42(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation'; in Article 214(1), the phrase 'Article 212(1) (Withholding Liability)' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 212(1) (Withholding Liability) and the provision of Article 42(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation (Special Provisions for Withholding at Source of Remuneration, etc. Paid by Tax-Exempt Entertainment Corporations, etc. to Entertainers for Their Provision of Services).'

芸能人等の役務提供報酬の支払を受ける者が外国法人である場合における当該外国法人に対する所得税法第百八十条及び法人税法第百四十四条の規定の適用については、所得税法第百八十条第一項中「前二条」とあるのは「前二条並びに租税特別措置法第四十二条第一項（免税芸能法人等が支払う芸能人等の役務提供報酬等に係る源泉徴収の特例）」と、法人税法第百四十四条中「源泉徴収義務）」とあるのは「源泉徴収義務）又は租税特別措置法第四十二条第一項（免税芸能法人等が支払う芸能人等の役務提供報酬等に係る源泉徴収の特例）」と、「同法第二百十五条」とあるのは「所得税法第二百十五条」と、「同項」とあるのは「同法第二百十二条第一項又は租税特別措置法第四十二条第一項」と、「同法第百六十一条第八号」とあるのは「所得税法第百六十一条第八号」とする。
Where the person who receives payment of remuneration for the provision of the services of entertainers, etc. is a foreign corporation, with regard to the application of the provisions of Article 180 of the Income Tax Act and Article 144 of the Corporation Tax Act to the said foreign corporation: in Article 180(1) of the Income Tax Act, the phrase 'the preceding two Articles' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the preceding two Articles and the provision of Article 42(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation (Special Provisions for Withholding at Source of Remuneration, etc. Paid by Tax-Exempt Entertainment Corporations, etc. to Entertainers for Their Provision of Services)'; in Article 144 of the Corporation Tax Act, the phrase 'Article 212(1) of the Income Tax Act (Withholding Liability Regarding Income of Nonresidents or Foreign Corporations)' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 212(1) of the Income Tax Act (Withholding Liability Regarding Income of Nonresidents or Foreign Corporations) or the provision of Article 42(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation (Special Provisions for Withholding at Source of Remuneration, etc. Paid by Tax-Exempt Entertainment Corporations, etc. to Entertainers for Their Provision of Services),' the phrase 'Article 215 of the said Act' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 215 of the Income Tax Act,' the phrase 'the said paragraph [Article 212(1) of the said Act]' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 212(1) of the said Act or the provision of Article 42(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation,' and the phrase 'Article 161(viii) of the said Act' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 161(viii) of the Income Tax Act.'

法第四十二条第一項に規定する芸能人等の役務提供報酬の支払をする同項に規定する免税芸能法人等（第三項において「免税芸能法人等」という。）のその支払につき同条第一項の規定により徴収をすべき所得税の納税地については、所得税法施行令第五十五条中「場所とする」とあるのは、「場所（租税特別措置法第四十二条第一項（免税芸能法人等が支払う芸能人等の役務提供報酬等に係る源泉徴収の特例）に規定する免税芸能法人等（以下この条において「免税芸能法人等」という。）が国外において同項に規定する芸能人等の役務提供に係る対価（以下この条において「芸能人等の役務提供に係る対価」という。）のうちから同項各号に掲げる者に支払う同項に規定する芸能人等の役務提供報酬については、当該免税芸能法人等に対し当該芸能人等の役務提供に係る対価の支払をする者（その者が免税芸能法人等に該当する場合には、その者に対して芸能人等の役務提供に係る対価の支払をする者）の国内にある事務所、事業所その他これらに準ずるものの所在地（これらが二以上ある場合には、主たるものの所在地））とする」とする。
With respect to the place for tax payment of income tax to be collected, pursuant to the provisions of Article 42, paragraph (1) of the Act, for the payment of the remuneration paid by a tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc. prescribed in Article 42, paragraph (1) of the Act (referred to as a 'tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc.' in paragraph (3)) to entertainers, etc. for their provision of services, the term 'shall be the place prescribed in said items' in Article 55 of the Order for Enforcement of the Income Tax Act shall be deemed to be replaced with 'shall be the place prescribed in said items (with respect to the remuneration paid by a tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc. prescribed in Article 42, paragraph (1) (Special Provisions on Withholding at Source for Remuneration, etc. Paid by a Tax-Exempt Entertainment Corporation, etc. to Entertainers, etc. for Their Provision of Services) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation (hereinafter referred to as a 'tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc.' in this Article), outside Japan, to entertainers, etc. listed in the items of said paragraph for their provision of services out of consideration for the provision of the services of entertainers, etc. prescribed in said paragraph (hereinafter referred to as the 'consideration for the provision of the services of entertainers, etc.' in this Article), the location of an office, business office or any other place equivalent thereto located in Japan of a person who pays the consideration for the provision of the services of entertainers, etc. of said entertainers, etc. to said tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc. (where such person falls under the category of a tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc., a person who pays the consideration for the provision of the services of entertainers, etc. to said person) (where there are two or more locations, the principal location)).'

法第三十二条の三第二項の厚生労働省令で定めるときは、当分の間、第二十条第二項に規定するほか、同項の芸能家、家政婦（家政一般の業務（個人の家庭又は寄宿舎その他これに準ずる施設において行われるものに限る。）、患者、病弱者等の付添いの業務又は看護の補助の業務（病院等の施設において行われるものに限る。）を行う者）、配ぜん人（正式の献立による食事を提供するホテル、料理店、会館等において、正式の作法による食卓の布設、配ぜん、給仕等の業務（これらの業務に付随した飲食器等の器具の整理及び保管に必要な業務を含む。）を行う者）、調理士（調理、栄養及び衛生に関する専門的な知識及び技能を有し、調理の業務を行う者）、同項のモデル又はマネキン（専門的な商品知識及び宣伝技能を有し、店頭、展示会等において相対する顧客の購買意欲をそそり、販売の促進に資するために各種商品の説明、実演等の宣伝の業務（この業務に付随した販売の業務を含む。）を行う者）の職業に係る求職者から求職の申込みを受理した時以降六百七十円（免税事業者にあつては、六百五十円）の求職受付手数料を徴収するときとする。ただし、同一の求職者に係る求職の申込みの受理が一箇月間に三件を超える場合にあつては、一箇月につき三件分に相当する額とする。
The cases specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare as provided by Article 32-3, paragraph 2 of the Act shall be, for the time being, in addition to the cases provided by Article 20, paragraph 2, the cases under which the fee of 670 yen (or 650 yen in case of a tax exempt business provider) for accepting the job application is collected upon acceptance of the job application of a job seeker for occupations pertaining to the entertainer set forth in the same paragraph, domestic helper (a person who provides general housekeeping businesses (limited to those provided at a house of an individual, dormitory or other equivalent facilities)), care-giving or nursing-assisting businesses for patients, invalids, etc. (limited to those provided at a hospital or other equivalent facility), person in charge of serving food (a person who provides table-coordinating, food-serving or waiting businesses, etc. following proper manners at a hotel, restaurant, hall, etc. serving foods by following proper menu (including the businesses necessary for organizing and storing the tools such as the tableware associated with such businesses)), cook (a person having the expertise and skills concerning the cooking, nutrition and sanitation and providing cooking businesses), modeling in the same paragraph or mannequin (a person having the expertise and advertising skills concerning the goods and providing such advertising businesses as the explanation, demonstration, etc. of various goods for stimulating the willingness to spend of the customers over-the-counter or at the exhibition (including the sales businesses)); provided, however, the amount shall be equivalent to the fees for three such cases per month if the number of the job applications accepted from the same job seeker exceeds three per month.

法第三十二条の三第二項の厚生労働省令で定めるときは、芸能家（放送番組（広告放送を含む。）、映画、寄席、劇場等において音楽、演芸その他の芸能の提供を行う者）若しくはモデル（商品展示等のため、ファッションショーその他の催事に出席し、若しくは新聞、雑誌等に用いられる写真等の制作の題材となる者又は絵画、彫刻その他の美術品の創作の題材となる者）の職業に紹介した求職者又は科学技術者（高度の科学的、専門的な知識及び手段を応用し、研究を行い、又は生産その他の事業活動に関する技術的事項の企画、管理、指導等を行う者）、経営管理者（会社その他の団体の経営に関する高度の専門的知識及び経験を有し、会社その他の団体の経営のための管理的職務を行う者）若しくは熟練技能者（職業能力開発促進法（昭和四十四年法律第六十四号）第四十四条第一項に規定する技能検定のうち特級若しくは一級の技能検定に合格した者が有する技能又はこれに相当する技能を有し、生産その他の事業活動において当該技能を活用した業務を行う者）の職業に紹介した求職者（当該紹介により就いた職業の賃金の額が厚生労働大臣の定める額を超える者に限る。）から、就職後六箇月以内に支払われた賃金の百分の十・五（免税事業者にあつては、百分の十・二）に相当する額以下の手数料を徴収するときとする。
The cases specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare as provided by Article 32-3, paragraph 2 of the Act shall be the cases under which a fee equivalent to or less than ten-point-five hundredths (10.5/100) (or ten-point-two hundredths (10.2/100) in case of a tax-exempt business provider) of the wages paid during the six-month period after the employment is collected from the job seeker who had been introduced to an occupation of entertainer (who provides entertainment such as music, theatrical entertainment or other performance art in broadcasting programs (including commercial broadcasting), movies, vaudeville, theaters, etc.) or modeling (who appears at fashion shows or other events or serves as a material for a creation of photographs, etc. used for newspapers, magazines, etc. for demonstrating commercial goods, or who serves as a material for a creation of painting, carving or other works of art), or the job seeker who had been introduced to an occupation of scientist (who engages in researches and studies by applying highly scientific and specialized knowledge and means, or the planning, management, instruction, etc. of technical matters for production or other business activities), management executive (who has highly specialized knowledge and experience for the management of a company or other association and provides management businesses for the management of a company or other association) or skilled worker (who has the skill of a person having passed the technical skill test provided by Article 44, paragraph 1 of the Human Resources Development Promotion Act (Act No. 64 of 1969) for the special grade or the first grade or any corresponding skill, and provides businesses utilizing such skill for production or other business activities) (limited to the persons whose wages for the jobs, obtained by them through such introduction, exceed the amount determined by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare).

国内において所得税法第百六十一条第二号に規定する事業（映画若しくは演劇の俳優、音楽家その他の芸能人又は職業運動家の役務の提供（以下この項及び第三項において「芸能人等の役務提供」という。）を主たる内容とする事業に限る。）を行う非居住者又は外国法人（国内に居所を有し、又は国内に事務所、事業所その他これらに準ずるものを有するものを除く。）で、芸能人等の役務提供に係る同号に掲げる対価につき同法第百六十二条に規定する条約（以下この項において「租税条約」という。）の規定により所得税が免除されるもの（国内に恒久的施設（当該租税条約に定める恒久的施設をいう。以下この項において同じ。）を有しないこと又はその対価がその国内に有する恒久的施設に帰せられないことを要件として所得税が免除されるものに限る。以下この項及び第三項において「免税芸能法人等」という。）が、国外においてその所得税を免除される対価のうちから次の各号に掲げる者に対して当該各号に定める給与若しくは報酬又は対価（以下この条において「芸能人等の役務提供報酬」という。）を支払うときは、当該免税芸能法人等は、その支払の際、当該芸能人等の役務提供報酬の額に百分の二十の税率を乗じて計算した金額の所得税を徴収し、その徴収の日の属する月の翌月末日までに、これを国に納付しなければならない。
Where a nonresident or foreign corporation (excluding a nonresident having a residence in Japan or a foreign corporation having an office, place of business or any other business facility equivalent thereto in Japan) engaged in conducting, in Japan, the business prescribed in Article 161(ii) of the Income Tax Act (limited to a business that is mainly intended to provide the services of motion picture or theatre artistes, musicians and any other entertainers, or professional athletes (hereinafter referred to in this paragraph and paragraph (3) as the 'provision of the services of entertainers, etc.')), which is exempt from income tax pursuant to the provisions of a convention prescribed in Article 162 of the said Act (hereinafter referred to in this paragraph as a 'tax convention') with respect to the consideration listed in Article 161(ii) of the said Act for the provision of the services of entertainers, etc. (such nonresident or foreign corporation shall be limited to those to be exempt from income tax on condition that the nonresident or foreign corporation has no permanent establishments (meaning permanent establishments specified by the said tax convention; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) in Japan or that the consideration to be received by the nonresident or foreign corporation is not attributed to his/her or its permanent establishments located in Japan; hereinafter referred to in this paragraph and paragraph (3) as a 'tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc.'), pays outside Japan to the person listed in any of the following items, pay, remuneration or consideration specified in the relevant item (hereinafter referred to in this Article as 'remuneration for the provision of the services of entertainers, etc.'), from the consideration for which the tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc. is exempt from income tax, the said tax-exempt entertainment corporation, etc. shall, upon payment, collect income tax equivalent to the amount calculated by multiplying the amount of remuneration for the provision of the services of entertainers, etc. by a tax rate of 20 percent, and pay it to the State no later than the last day of the month following the month that includes the date of collection: