Honyaku Star - Search: 自ら

自ら: 1000 Terms and Phrases

自ら
naturally
as a matter of course
for one's self
personally
oneself

自ら課した
self-imposed

本人自らの
personal

自ら作った
self-produced

自ら称する
speak for oneself

自らたのむ
self-reliant

自ら進んで
on one's own initiative
off your own bat
of one's own accord

自らの意志で
of one's own volition

汝自らを知れ
Know thyself

自ら失敗を招く
defeat one's own purpose

自ら災いを招く
ask for it
make a rod for one's own back
shoot oneself in the foot

自らを傷つける
stab onelself in the foot

自ら種類をなす
sui generis

自ら呼び寄せるもの
open invitation

自らの意思によって
of one's own accord

自ら積極的に関わる
hands-on

天皇自ら親祭する日。
On the major ritual days the Emperor himself performs the rites.

自ら行う宗教上の行為
Individual Religious Acts

彼がXを自ら認めた。
He admitted X by himself.

自ら営業を行うこと。
engage in his/her own enterprise;

自らあえて危険をおかす
stick one's neck out

天は自ら助くる者を助く
Heaven helps those who help themselves

彼が腰を自ら前後に振る。
He rocks his hips back and forth.

本人が自らその場所にいて
in person

天は自ら助くるものを助く
Heaven helps those who help themselves

自ら働ける人が人の上に立つ。
Those who can work on their own initiative are leaders.

家康が自ら考案したという説。
It was invented by Ieyasu himself.

上方勢は秀吉自ら指揮する十万。
The army of Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) was 100,000 soldiers led by Hideyoshi himself.

桃李物言わざれども下自ら蹊を成す
Good wine speaks for itself

同年譲位し、自らは天皇を後見した。
In the same year, she abdicated the throne and started to act as a guardian of the emperor.

各自が研究テーマを自ら設定します。
Each person set their own research theme themselves.

箱には鍵が掛けられ将軍自ら検分した。
The box was locked and Shogun himself checked the letters inside.

彼が自ら２か所の畑で野菜を栽培する。
He grows vegetables himself in the two different fields.

入内に当たっては院自ら世話をしたという。
The Emperor himself helped her enter the court.

天皇自らが礼拝し、掌典長が祭典を行う日。
On the minor ritual days the emperor himself performs the obeisances and the Shotencho (Head Officiant) performs the rites.

義尚自らも出陣したが、膠着状態となった。
Yoshihisa himself also went to the front, but the war bemace deadlocked.

倭王武は自らを東夷であると認識している。
This indicates that Waobu recognized himself as an eastern barbarian.

自らが開宗する意志は無かったと考えられる。
He doesn't seem to have intended to establish his own sect.

9月1日、景虎は自ら兵を率いて北信濃へ出陣。
On October 7, Kagetora advanced to the northern Shinano area, leading his forces by himself.

翌日には蘇我蝦夷が自らの邸宅に火を放ち自殺。
The next day, SOGA no Emishi set fire to his house and killed himself.

家康は、江戸城西の丸を自らの隠居場所とした。
He used the nishinomaru of Edo-jo Castle as his retreat.

申請者が自ら市長に暗証番号の登録を申請する。
The applicants themselves apply for a PIN registration from the mayor.

自ら開設する取引所金融商品市場への上場の承認
Approval of Financial Instruments Exchange's Listing on Financial Instruments Exchange Market Established by Itself

朱子学を盛んにし自らの権力安定と根拠をにする。
Ieyasu put his efforts into Neo-Confucianism to stabilize his power.

自らは右大臣になることを望んでいたともされる。
It is said Yoshio wanted to become the Udaijin (minister of the right), by bringing down MINAMOTO no Makoto.

長政は自ら爾餘の兵2000人を率いて本隊たり。
Nagamasa personally led the remaining 2,000 troops.

そして、東京で自ら茶道の指導を行うようになる。
He then began to give instructions in tea ceremony himself in Tokyo.

この内、自ら力を蓄え自立した者を戦国大名という。
Those who developed power and became independent are called sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku Period).

- 中大兄皇子が自らの入部と屯倉を天皇に献じた。
- Naka no Oe no Oji dedicated his own iribe and miyake (empire-controlled territory) to the Emperor.

ただしこの仮御所の存在は、自らの為との説もある。
However, there is a theory that says the makeshift palace was for himself.

有明の男児を再び産むが、今回は自らも世話をする。
She gives birth to another son by Dawn Moon, but this time she looks after him herself.

自らの後継者を巡る家中の内紛で殺害されたのである。
He was assassinated by members of his own family over who would be chosen as his successor.

伊藤に木戸との会談の斡旋を依頼、自ら大阪へ向かう。
He asked Ito to set up a meeting with Kido and went to Osaka by himself.

また、自らも官営工房として装飾品などを製造していた。
It also manufactured decorative items as a government-run craft center.

清盛は後白河院政を停止して、自らの政権を打ち立てた。
Kiyomori put an end to the cloister government and established his own government.

中には敦明親王のように自ら廃太子を願い出た例もある。
In some cases, the crown prince voluntarily chose to relinquish the title of the crown prince, as in the case of the Imperial Prince Atsuakira.

『平治物語』で源義経が自ら元服した地として知られる。
In the 'Heiji Monogatari' (Tale of the Heiji), it is known as the place where MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune personally performed the ceremony celebrating his attainment of manhood.

第2期 - 上皇自らにより歌の吟味、選別をした時期。
The second term - a period in which the Retired Emperor himself closely examined and selected poems.

また、光明皇后自ら病人の看護を行ったとの伝説も残る。
According to a legend, Empress Komyo nursed sick people by herself.

当事者が訴訟において引用した文書を自ら所持するとき。
Where a party personally possesses the document that he/she has cited in the suit.

そうすることで、彼らは自らの権利行使の基礎を確保した。
With that contract, the people secured the basis for the execution of rights.

和泉式部日記：和泉式部が自らの恋愛について綴った日記。
The Izumi Shikibu Diary: A diary in which she spoke of her own love affairs.

平盧の李師道・成徳の王承宗は自ら領地の一部を返還した。
Shidao LI of Pinglu and Chengzong WANG of Chengde gave back parts of their own territories.

こうして国衙は自らの支配域を領域化することに成功した。
Then, Kokuga succeeded to territorialized their own controlled territory.

次条の規定により、又は自ら食品健康影響評価を行うこと。
to conduct an Assessment of the Effects of Food on Health in accordance with the provisions of the following article or at its direction.

行政権は国務大臣の輔弼により天皇が自ら行うものとされた。
The executive power was to be on the Emperor with the support of the Minister of State.

自らも勢力を本国阿波国のみならず摂津国へ広げ力を蓄えた。
He himself extended his influence not only to Awa Province but also to Settsu Province and gathered his strength.

やがて事が露見し、追い詰められた浮舟は自ら死を決意した。
The secret was revealed before long and Ukifune, who was driven into a corner, made up her mind to commit suicide.

自らの責任で回答を京都へ持ち帰って検討することを約した。
Then, Saigo promised Katsu and Okubo that he would assume responsibility for delivery of their response to Kyoto for its due consideration.

将門は自らの正当性を国衙側に認めさせて豊田へ引き揚げた。
Masakado ensured that the Kokuga (provincial government office) recognized his victory and went back to Toyoda.

渡来系豪族が自らの出自を改変するのは8世紀以降であること
Influential migrant clans in ancient Japan only began voluntarily changing their places of origin from the eighth century.

そのため、民は自らを守るためゲリラ戦の技を磨いていった。
For the reason, people began to brush up technique for guerrilla warfare for self-defense.

強訴によって自らの要求を押し通そうとする状況さえ生まれた。
They even filed a direct petition to realize their requirements.

この周防国の知行に、異例のことながら、重源は自ら乗出した。
Extraordinarily, Chogen voluntarily started controlling Suo Province.

本所は、自らの権威を用いて荘園を国衙や他の荘園から保護した。
The honjo protected the shoen from the kokuga or other shoen by exercising their own authority.

この武者は、平家再興の夢を捨て現地で自ら命を絶ったとされる。
This samurai is believed to have committed suicide here after giving up his dream to revive the Taira family.

栄仁親王の子の3代伏見宮貞成親王は、自ら伏見宮と称していた。
Imperial Prince Yoshihito's third Prince, Fushimi no Miya Imperial Prince Sadafusa called himself Fushimi no Miya.

横海軍の程権は二州全ての領地を返還して藩の歴史を自ら絶った。
Chengquan, the military leader of Henghai army, surrendered all his territories in two prefectures, thereby voluntarily putting an end to the history of his domain.

1802年、自らの墓を西福寺（左京区南禅寺草川町）に作った。
In 1802, he built his own tomb at Saifuku-ji Temple (Nanzenji kusagawa-cho, Sakyo Ward).

他にも、自らの表現形式を持って短歌を作る歌人が活躍し始めた。
Other poets also became active in the movement-poets who possessed their own original style of prose.

なお、最初の八幡の戦いにも景虎自らが出陣したとする説がある。
By the way, there exists the theory that Kagetora himself participated in the first battle of Hachiman.

本陣はそこから少し後方の六条に将軍足利義晴自らが陣をしいた。
Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA established headquarters in Rokujo, which was at a small distance from the river.

改革派は世直しをするものとして、自らを天狗と称したという説。
The other theory says that reformers called themselves as Tengu because they were setting the world aright.

地方長官及びその配下の官吏は、自らの地域の秩序に責任があり。
Local governors and their subordinates shall be responsible for order in their own region.

安禄山は自らの地位を失う恐怖から755年、ついに乱を起こした。
Out of fear of losing his status, Lushan AN finally started a rebellion in 755.

しかし、後醍醐は自らの立場に強い不満をいだき、激しく反発した。
However, Godaigo was very dissatisfied with his position and became rebellious.

後白河にとっては、自らの院政を支える近臣の育成が急務となった。
For Goshirakawa, cultivating close retainers that would support his insei (cloister government) was an urgent priority.

尾張国織田家も故郷の地名を自らの姓としたことが始まりとされる。
The Oda clan in Owari Province was named after the name of the birthplace.

また代宗の強硬姿勢を見た他藩鎮は自らの地位を失うことを恐れた。
In addition, rest of the hanchin who saw Daizong's unyielding attitude became afraid of losing their own positions.

また上田秋成は、真淵の説に自らの説を添えたものを刊行している。
Also, Akinari UEDA added his own view to the Mabuchi's theory and published the book.

室町時代には京都扶持衆として、自らを「会津守護」と称していた。
During the Muromachi period, the Aizu Ashina clan had a direct lord-vassal relationship with the Muromachi shogunate and the members of the clan called themselves Governors of Aizu (Aizu Shugo in Japanese).

その事業を自ら適確に遂行するに足る能力を有するものであること。
The applicant has a capability to properly conduct the business on its own.
The applicants have the competency to appropriately execute the business;
The applicants have the competency to appropriately execute the business; and

検察官は、必要と認めるときは、自ら犯罪を捜査することができる。
A public prosecutor may, if he/she deems it necessary, investigate an offense him/herself.

ちなみに江戸時代は、藩士が自らのことを藩士と呼ぶことはなかった。
In fact, they didn't call themselves Hanshi during the Edo period.

討幕計画に反対していた土御門上皇は自ら望んで土佐国へ配流された。
The retired Emperor Tsuchimikado, who had opposed the plan to attack the shogunate, was exiled to Tosa Province, which is where he himself had wished to be sent.

これらの屯倉は大王 (ヤマト王権)自らの力で開発され経営された。
These miyakes were developed and run by the great king of the Yamato Sovereignty.

住人が自ら葺く場合は穂の部分を下にした逆葺きが行われる事が多い。
If the resident himself is thatching the roof, it is usually sakabuki (literally, reverse thatching), where the ears of grass are placed downwards.

これらは、惣村から見れば、自らの正当な権利を要求する行為であった。
For the soson, such uprisings represented the act of demanding their legitimate rights.

義満は北山山荘に明使を鄭重に迎え、自ら拝跪して詔書を受けたという。
It was said that Yoshimitsu courteously met the Ming envoy at Kitayama villa, and received the letter on bended knee.

自らを藩師として認めるように強談し、朝廷側もこれをやむなく認めた。
They used forceful persuasion to acknowledge them as hanshi, and the imperial court yielded to their request.

また自ら皇帝を称するなど台湾王朝の建国を目指したものが6件あった。
Six uprisings aimed at establishing a Taiwan dynasty with the conspirators calling themselves emperors.

忠恒は、自ら乱を鎮圧するため、徳川家康の許可を得て本国へ帰国した。
Tadatsune obtained permission from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and returned to his province in order to quell the rebellion by himself.

自由党系が求めていた星亨の外相任命を大隈が拒んで自ら兼務を続けた。
The Liberal Party side requested Toru HOSHI to be appointed as the Foreign Minister, but OKUMA refused it and doubled as Foreign Minister.

自ら営利を目的とする業務を営もうとするとき　商号及び当該業務の内容
When he/she intends to personally operate a profit-making business -　the trade name and the details of the business; or

申立人が前号の証拠となるべきものを自ら収集することが困難である事由
Grounds that make it difficult for the petitioner to collect the materials that are to serve as evidence set forth in the preceding item by himself/herself

帳台試といふは、主上自ら大師の局に出御なりて、舞姫を御覧する事なり。
Chodai no kokoromi means that the Emperor goes to daishi no tsubone to view the gosechi dancers by himself.

正盛は自らに服従した田堵を郎等・家人にして、武士団を形成していった。
Masamori made the Tato who followed him into Roto (vassals) and Kenin (retainers) to produce a warrior group.

聖武天皇は譲位の際にも、自らの即位の事情に触れて不改常典に言及した。
When Emperor Shomu abdicated the throne, he touched on the circumstances at the time of his enthronement, and referred to Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.

氏真が自ら出陣した造反軍征伐戦では、三河宝飯郡において松平軍に大敗。
In battles to expedite rebels, Ujimasa took the field, but he was defeated by the Matsudaira army in Hoi County, Mikawa Province.

そこで、后の弟橘媛が自ら命に替わって入水すると、波は自ずから凪いだ。
At that time, his wife Oto Tachibana Hime leaped into the sea on his behalf, and the waves became calm by themselves.

また自らも「住吉社歌合」「広田社歌合」などの社頭歌合を主催している。
He also organized poetry contests held at shrines like 'Sumiyoshi-sha Shrine Poetry Contest' and 'Hirota-sha Shrine Poetry Contest.'

「オノゴロ島」は、「自ら凝り固まった島」の意とするのが一般的である。
It is general to interpret 'Onogoro-jima Island' to mean 'island that took form on its own.'

中川秀政は自ら陣頭に立って攻城に当たり、二の丸を破って本丸に迫った。
Hidemasa NAKAGAWA fought in the front by himself, broke through Ninomaru and came close to the Honmaru.

速やかに本邦から出国する意思をもつて自ら入国管理官署に出頭したこと。
The foreign national has voluntarily appeared at an immigration office with the intention of departing from Japan promptly.

自ら燃料以外の用途で分別基準適合物を製品としてそのまま使用すること。
Personally using waste containers and packaging that conform to the sorting standards directly as products for usage excluding fuel use

氏清の軍勢は浮き足立ち、義満自らが馬廻とともに出馬するに及び潰走した。
Ujikiyo's forces were prepared to flee, and they had a debacle as Yoshimitsu himself entered the battle on horseback with umamawari.

唐に対して反抗的で納めるべき税を全く収めず自らの収入として使っていた。
Taxes that should have been paid were never paid, and it used them as its own income instead.

院宮家は、自らの側近や血縁者を国守・受領に任命することが通例であった。
It was customary that Innomiya families appointed their close retainers or relatives to kokushu and zuryo.

殿様趣味の枠を超えて、自ら蘭学研究を行ったり、学問の奨励するなどした。
Their interest transcended lordly outside interests, including their personal engagement in Western studies, promotion of learning, and so on.

(朝廷には吉備武彦を遣わして報告させ、自らは能褒野の地で亡くなった。)
(He sent KIBI no Takehiko to the Imperial court to make reports, and he himself passed away at Nobono.)

集目録（藤原定家筆）1巻－定家が自ら筆写または校訂した歌集の自筆目録。
One section of the catalog of anthologies (written by Teika), a catalog, in Teika's own hand, of the poetry anthologies he had personally transcribed or revised.

降伏後は自ら人質となり上洛し戦後処理にあたり、島津氏の存続に貢献した。
After the surrender, he made himself a hostage and went to Kyoto for post-war activities; that contributed to the continuance of the Shimazu clan.

が、警備は十分ではないため暴徒の襲撃を受けた日本公使館は自ら応戦した。
However, as the protection was insufficient, the members of the Japanese legation fought back against the attack of the mob on their own.

その事業を自ら安全かつ適確に遂行するに足る能力を有するものであること。
The applicant has the capability to conduct the business on its own and properly.

松平信明が死去すると将軍家斉（のち隠居して大御所）が自ら政権の表に立つ。
After Nobuaki MATSUDAIRA died, Ienari himself came to the center stage of the administration as a shogun (and later, as an 'ogosho').

成人した諱を付ける烏帽子親もいないので、自ら源九郎義経と名乗ったという。
As there was no one to perform the ceremony and give him an adult name, he named himself GENKURO Yoshitsune.

また、自らの心情や経験を客観的に省察する自照文学のはしりともされている。
The diary is also regarded as the precursor of self-reflective literature, in which writers objectively examine their own feelings and experiences.

佐佐木信綱によれば、これらは後白河法皇自らの撰によるものではないという。
According to Nobutsuna SASAKI, these were not selected by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.

桓武天皇は新王朝の創始を強く意識し、自らの主導による諸改革を進めていった。
Emperor Kanmu was strongly aware of the start of the new dynasty and promoted various reformations.

長期間皇太子で過ごした平城には、それなりに自らの施政に対する抱負があった。
Heizei had spent a long time as Crown Prince and had a certain degree of ideas about how to govern.

泰時は途中で鎌倉へ引き返し、天皇が自ら兵を率いた場合の対処を義時に尋ねた。
Before he had gone too far, Yasutoki turned back to Kamakura to consult with Yoshitoki about how to proceed if the Emperor were to lead his forces personally.

嵯峨天皇の動きを知った平城上皇は激怒し、自ら東国に赴き挙兵する決断をする。
The Retired Emperor Heizei was infuriated by Emperor Saga's actions, and he made a firm decision that he himself would go to the eastern provinces and raise an army.

その後、伊藤は内閣制度を導入して自ら初代内閣総理大臣と宮内大臣を兼務する。
After that, Ito introduced the cabinet system and took the position of Prime Minister by himself as well as that of the Imperial Households Minister.

佃島の魚問屋・腥斎佃（水谷金蔵）に五世川柳を譲り、自らは「柳翁」となった。
He gave the name of Senryu V to Namagusai-Tazukuri (Kinzo MIZUTANI), a fish wholesaler in Tsukuda-jima Island, and he called himself 'Ryuo' (literally, the venerable old willow).

この『新鞍馬天狗』は、原作者自ら手掛ける映画作品として当初話題にはなった。
Shin Kurama Tengu attracted much attention at first since the film was produced by the author himself.

そして遂には頼家も廃して弟の源実朝を新将軍として擁立し、自らは執権となる。
And, eventually, he uncrowned Yoriie, backed up his younger brother, MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, as a new shogun, and assumed the post of regent.

一宮は桜井市の大神神社だが、神社が自ら一宮を称した文書は見つかっていない。
Ichinomiya (the highest ranking shrine) was Omiwa Shrine in Sakurai City, but there have not been any documents that the shrine calls itself ichinomiya.

水戸藩出身の一橋慶喜は事態の収拾を図るため自ら天狗党追討を朝廷に願い出た。
Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI from the Mito Domain tried to end the affairs and offered the Imperial Court that he himself would track down and kill Tenguto.

百済の名門氏族である木満致が、自らの姓を捨て蘇我氏を名乗ったことの不自然さ
It is unlikely that Machi MOKU, a member of a well regarded clan in Baekje, would forsake his family name and introduce himself as Soga clan.

このとき、弁官史は、命令・意向の内容を忘れないために自らのメモを作成した。
At this time, Benkanshi (controller) created own memo in order not to forget the contents of such orders and intents.

当該特許権又は当該特許を受ける権利に係る発明を自ら実施するものでないこと。
The person is not implementing the inventions pertaining to said patent right or the right to receive said patent or the concept pertaining to the said utility model right or the right to receive the registration of said utility model by itself.

種苗生産者が同一都道府県の区域内で自ら繁殖の用に供するため生産する指定種苗
Designated Seeds and Seedlings that are produced by the Seed and Seedling Producer within the area of the same prefecture for their own use for breeding.

一人は自らが仏となることで人を救おうと考え、一切智威如来という仏になった。
One of the kings thought he would relieve people by becoming Buddha by himself, and he became the Buddha called Issaichii-nyorai.

後白河も自らの力の弱さを自覚していたからこそ、成親擁護に固執したと見られる。
It is thought that Goshirakawa persisted to protect Narichika because he was also aware of his own weakness.

また国内の地頭・国人・名主らを被官に組み込むなど自らの影響下へ置いていった。
Additionally, the Shugo put jito (manager and lord of manor), the local lord, and myoshu (owner of rice fields) under their influence by adopting them into hikan (low-level bureaucrat).

景行12年（82年）熊襲が背いたので、これを征伐すべく、8月に天皇自ら西下。
In 82, since Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district) disobeyed him, the Emperor himself left for the west to conquer them in August.

こうした摂関家自らの内部事情が摂関政治の衰退に拍車をかけてしまったのである。
These circumstances inside the regent's house itself spurred the decline of the regency.

美福門院はかねてからの念願であった、自らの養子・守仁の即位を信西に要求した。
Bifukumonin decided to demand of Shinzei what she had long desired: that her adopted son, Morihito, be raised to the imperial throne.

中国は自らが東アジアの中心となり近隣諸国・地域との冊封体制を構築していった。
In China, civilization occurred during earlier times and as the center of East Asia, China built a tributary system with neighboring countries and areas.

が、家集には年老いた自らの境遇を詠んだ歌もあり信憑性には疑問が呈されている。
However, the credibility of this story is doubtful because his personal collection has some poems composed on the theme of him growing old.

町火消組、鳶職の親分、博徒の親方、非人頭の家を自ら回って協力を求めたという。
Katsu made personal visits, calling upon those with influence among the commoners in Edo town; this was to acquire the cooperation of the following groups: The township fire fighter organization, the head Tobishoku (a scaffolding man), the Oyakata (stable master) masters of Bakuto (the race of gamblers), and the heads of the Hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system [often ex-convicts or vagrants]) residences.

水口城は追ってきた池田輝政に攻められ、長束正家が自ら放った火により落城した。
Minakuchi-jo Castle was attacked by Terumasa IKEDA, who chased Masaie NATSUKA, and was burned down in a fire that Masaie had set.

中級層以下の藩士は、自ら家族と共にこれに当たり、半ば農民化していたのである。
Consequently, the middle or lower class feudal domain retainers were engaged in farming together with their family members, making them virtually farmers.

道元自身は自らの教えを「正伝の仏法」であるとしてセクショナリズムを否定した。
Dogen himself considered his teaching as the 'True Dharma' and denied sectionalism.

第三十九条第一項の規定により定期検査の全部又は一部を自ら行うこととするとき。
When he/she has, pursuant to the provision of Article 39, paragraph 1, decided that he/she will execute a periodic inspection in whole or in part by him/herself.

前項の申請は、自ら保安検査を行う特定施設を明らかにして行わなければならない。
The application referred to set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be made with a clear description of the Designated Facilities for which the safety inspection by himself/herself is intended.

忠盛は海賊追討に成功するが、降伏した海賊（在地領主）を自らの家人に組織化した。
Masamori succeeded in subduing the pirates and organized the pirates that surrendered (local landowners) as his own Kenin.

しかしながら、内親王は悲しみのうちに自ら落飾し、その6年後に短い生涯を閉じた。
However, the Imperial Princess entered into the Buddhist priesthood in sorrow and ended her short life six years later.

日本魚類学会に属して自らの研究に関して、28編の論文を同学会誌に発表している。
With a membership of 'The Ichthyological Society of Japan,' he has written 28 papers relevant to his research on the journals issued by the society.

在位中は、蘇我蝦夷が大臣として重んじられ、その子・蘇我入鹿が自ら国政を執った。
During her reign she relied heavily on her minister SOGA no Emishi, and his son SOGA no Iruka himself took the helm of the state.

帰国の直前に能久親王は自らの婚約をドイツの新聞等に発表したため大問題となった。
Just before the departure for Japan, Prince Yoshihisa announced his engagement in German newspapers and so on and it became a big problem.

そして自らも新たな主君・晴英（義長）へ忠誠を誓う証として、隆房から晴賢と改名。
In addition, he also changed his name from Takafusa to Harukata as the proof to declare his loyalty to new lord, Haruhide (Yoshinaga).

将軍吉宗自ら主導した改革を「享保の改革」と呼ぶ（1716年 - 1745年）。
The reforms led by Shogun Yoshimune himself is called Kyoho Reforms (from A.D. 1716 to 1745).

源氏は斎宮への未練を感じつつも、御息所との約束を守り斎宮を自らの養女に迎える。
Genji is a little reluctant to give up the high priestess, but he adopts her as his daughter as he promised Rokujo no Miyasudokoro.

身寄りのなくなった少女を、源氏は父兵部卿宮に先んじて自らの邸二条院に連れ帰る。
Ahead of her father, Hyobukyo no Miya, Genji took the girl, who had lost her relatives to depend on, to his residence, Nijoin.

元々このような募兵に応えるようなものは多くが自らの土地を持たない客戸であった。
Many of the men who enlisted in the military service were kyakko who did not have their own land.

7月17日、もはやこれまでと金子元宅は自ら城に火を放ち、野々市原に討って出た。
On July 17, Motoie KANEKO, who was prepared for his death, set fire to his castle and set out toward Nonoichihara for his counter-attack.

島津軍では大将の島津義弘が自ら前線に立って戦ったとまで伝えられるほど奮戦した。
The Shimazu army fought bravely, and legend has it that Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, who was the taisho (general) himself went to the front and fought in the battle.

人間は自ら倫理を担うものであり、社会は倫理に基づいて人間が実践をする場である。
He thought that people were responsible for their ethics and society was a place for people to practice their ethics.

管理人は、不動産について、債務者の占有を解いて自らこれを占有することができる。
An administrator may release real property from the obligor's possession and take possession of such real property.

また、名主は、百姓から徴収した中から加地子を中間得分として自らの収入としていた。
Myoshu also collected kajishi (supplementary taxes) from peasants as their own income.

この人事は自らの娘・平寛子を基通に嫁がせ支援していた清盛の面目を潰すものだった。
This staff reassignment was intended to destroy the reputation of Kiyomori, who made his own daughter, TAIRA no Hiroko, marry Motomichi and supported him.

一方で、義弘は討死を覚悟して、かねて帰依していた僧を招き自らの葬儀を執り行った。
On the other hand, Yoshihiro did make preparations against the likelihood of his death in battle, even going so far as to invite the monk who had previously given him the tonsure to come and perform his funeral service.

これら華族制度の整備を主導したのは、自らも公家華族である右大臣岩倉具視であった。
The person who led these arrangements of the kazoku system was Udaijin (minister of the right) Tomomi IWAKURA who was a member of Kuge kazoku.

義家の立場は苦しいものとなり、義家自らが子の義親追討に当たらねばならなくなった。
This incident put Yoshiie in a very difficult position and he was forced to confront the task of tracking down his son Yoshichika and kill him.

これを知った内大臣は激怒し、雲居の雁を自らの邸に引き取り二人の仲を裂いてしまう。
When the Naidaijin learned about this, he became enraged, took Kumoi no Kari to his own mansion and split them up.

自らも夢で桐壺帝に叱責され眼病で気弱になった朱雀帝はついに源氏の召還を決意した。
Emperor Suzaku, who was also reprimanded by Emperor Kiritsubo in his dreams, became timid due to eye trouble and finally decided to recall Genji.

遊女が自らの性で商売するだけの存在になったは戦国時代 (日本)以降のようである。
It is considered that courtesans became mere prostitutes after the Sengoku period (period of warring states).

自ら相手方からの請求を受けて、その請求に基づいて電磁的方法により広告をすること。
the person directly receives a request from the advertising target, and makes advertisement by an electromagnetic means based on such request; and

前項の申請は、自ら完成検査を行う特定変更工事を明らかにして行わなければならない。
The application referred to set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be made with a clear description of the Designated Alteration Work for which completion inspection by himself is intended.

守護は、前述の在庁官人を含む領国内の国人層を被官化し、自らの統制下へ置こうとした。
Shugo tried to control the kokujin stratum including the aforementioned zaichokanjin in their territories by using the method of 'Hikanization.'

その威光を背景に対外勢力の侵略を防いだり、自らの支配権の正当化が図られたのである。
In this case, they protected themselves from outside enemies or justified their ruling authority based on their positions.

大正天皇との夫婦仲は至って良好で、慣例を打ち破って夫の身辺の世話を自ら見たという。
The Emperor Taisho and the Empress Teimei lived happily together as husband and wife, and the Empress Teimei seemed to break with Imperial court custom, as she took if upon herself to look after her husband's needs.

永らくの空位が天下の煩いになると思い悩んだ太子は互譲に決着を期すべく、自ら果てた。
Afterward, Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko was worried the prolonged vacancy on the Imperial Throne could lead to the disaster of the nation; then he finally decided taking his own life to settle the issue on the Imperial Throne.

父・霊元法皇を抑える形で自ら院政を開始するが、その後まもなく天然痘にかかって崩御。
He started his cloistered government to stop his father, the Cloistered Emperor Reigen ruling the government, however, he had smallpox and died soon after that.

さらに東殿を建設し、邸内に自らの墓所として三重の塔を中心とした安楽寿院を造営する。
He constructed Higashi-dono, and further, and Anrakuju-in around a three-storied pagoda as the center for his own grave in the villa.

鳥羽上皇も安楽寿院に本御塔と新御塔の２つの塔を造営し、本御塔を自らの墓所と定めた。
Retired Emperor Toba also made two towers of Honmito (pagoda) and Shinmito (pagoda) in Anrakuju-in and decided the former pagoda as his grave.

義明は武勇に優れ、自ら陣頭で指揮するなど奮戦し、一時は北条・足利軍を大いに押した。
With his great military prowess, Yoshiaki took command and fought so bravely at the front of the battle that his army overwhelmed the allied forces of the Hojo and the Ashikaga for a while.

飲料水の欠乏により淡水補給のため、自らボートに乗りこみ水を求めに陸に向かっていた。
To supply fresh water against shortage of drinkable water, Inoue himself boarded a small boat from the Japanese warship Unyo and was approaching the land.

中大兄皇子は子麻呂らが入鹿の威を恐れて進み出られないのだと判断し、自らおどり出た。
Prince Naka no Oe jumped out thinking Komaro was too frightened of Iruka to carry out the plan.

これは吉良出身の作家の尾崎士郎が自らの随筆『吉良の塩』の中で唱えていたものである。
It was discussed in the book 'Kira no Shio' (Kira's Salt) written by an author named Shiro OZAKI who was from Kira.

天台宗の最澄は、自らの宗派を「天台法華宗」と名づけて「法華経」を至上の教えとした。
Saicho, of the Tendai sect, named his sect the 'Tendai Hokke sect' and regarded the Hokke-kyo sutra as the supreme dharma.

三宝院庭園は、この醍醐の花見に際して、豊臣秀吉が自らが基本設計を行ったものである。
Sanboin Garden was basically designed by Hideyoshi himself when the cherry blossom-viewing party at Daigo was held.

この結果、恩賞の仲介者であった武士自らが恩賞の授与権者の地位を獲得するようになった。
Consequently, the samurai who were originally mediators of rewards came to acquire the position of reward-giver.

富豪層も自らの私営田を院宮王臣家へ寄進して荘園とし、国衙への納税回避を図っていった。
Persons in the rich and powerful class contributed their private land to Ingu oshinke as manors to avoid tax obligation to kokuga.

略奪した物資は、補償すべき損失や未進に充てられたり、自らの富として蓄積されたりした。
The plundered goods were used as substitutes for the lost goods or undelivered goods for which they had to compensate, or were used for accumulating their wealth.

天武天皇が自らの死後に壬申の乱のような皇位継承争いが起こることを恐れたためとされる。
Emperor Tenmu is considered to have made the above arrangements for fear that a succession struggle like the Jinshin War would occur after his death.

なお、旧制では式年祭には、天皇自ら神武天皇陵へ行幸して参拝することが定められていた。
Under the old system, it was speculated that the emperor himself visits the mausoleum of Emperor Jinmu on shiki nen sai for worshipping.

義経は自ら数騎を率いて追撃、院御所門前で義仲を追い払い、後白河法皇の確保に成功する。
Yoshitsune personally led several samurai warriors to chase and drive away Yoshinaka from the front gate of the imperial palace, and succeeded in securing the safety of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.

細川家伝来の多数の美術品や自らの収集品などを収蔵した財団法人永青文庫を開設している。
He established Eisei Bunko Foundation that stored many art works passed down in the Hosokawa family and his own collections.

また、秀吉自身は京を活動の拠点とし茶の湯を始めとする文化活動を自らも積極的に行った。
Hideyoshi based his activities in Kyoto and directly and aggressively engaged in cultural activities such as tea ceremony, etc.

そこで源氏は自ら大宮の見舞いに参上し、大宮とやってきた内大臣に玉鬘の素性を明かした。
So Genji visited Omiya on his own initiative, and he confessed to her and the Minister of the Palace who Tamakazura was.

未だ建設途上の大坂の町は全く無防備で、人々は紀州勢の破壊を恐れて自ら家宅に放火した。
The town of Osaka which was under construction was totally undefended, so that people put fire to their houses, fearing the destruction by the Kishu army.

しかも配分に当たって大石自らは分配金受け取りを辞退したので、藩士たちの支持を集めた。
Moreover, Oishi gained their support since he declined to receive a dividend.

そこで彼らは自らの荘園をさらに権門層に寄進し、保護を求める代わりに一定の税収を納めた。
Hence, they donated their own lands to the Kenmonso (gateway-of-power class) and paid certain tax revenues to have them protect the lands.

そこで、学識に優れた玄宗自らが公定の注釈書を作成して事態の収拾を図ろうとしたのである。
As a distinguished scholar, Genso himself tried to settle the situation by forming an official commentary.

自らの属する集団に自発的に献身する「集団主義」が、日本人同士のつながり方を特徴づける。
The relationships between Japanese people are characterized by 'groupism;' Japanese spontaneously devote themselves to the group which they belong to.

一説には天武天皇が壬申の乱の戦勝祈願の礼として伊勢神宮に自らの皇女を捧げたといわれる。
A theory holds that Emperor Tenmu presented his own imperial princess to the Ise-jingu Shrine as gratitude for victory in the Jinshin War.

10月、自ら下赤坂城に火をかけて自害したように見せかけ、姿をくらませた（赤坂城の戦い）。
In October, he set fire to Shimo Akasaka -jo Castle by himself and pretended to commit suicide, and then vanished (the battle of Akasaka-jo Castle).

しかし政治的な役割は熾仁親王に託し、自らは表立った活動をしないまま議定職の廃止を迎えた。
However, he delegated political roles to Imperial Prince Taruhito without publicly performing the role himself, and the gijo post was abolished.

『太平記』によると、武芸を好み、日頃から自ら鍛練を積む極めて例が無い座主であったという。
According to 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), he favored military art, and kept himself trained as a usual behavior, which was rare for a Tendai-zasu.

義朝の武力という切り札を得た信頼は、自らの妹と摂関家の嫡子・藤原基実の婚姻も実現させる。
Having obtained the ultimate trump card, Yoshitomo's military might, Nobuyori was able to marry his younger sister to FUJIWARA no Motozane, an heir in the Fujiwara branch of regents and advisors.

国際法圏外であると自認することは、教案解決や条約改正のテーブルにつくことを自ら阻害した。
Having the understanding that China was outside of international law system made suppression of kyoan incidents or effort to revise unequal treaties difficult.

公使館が焼失し(公使自ら火を放つ)、日本人10数人が殺害される事態となった(壬午事変)。
The legation was burnt down (because of fire set by the minister himself) and dozens of Japanese were killed (Jingo Incident).

長政は戦場に到着すると直ちに東方の高地に上がって自ら敵情を偵察し、乃ちその隊の部署を改め
When Nagamasa arrived at the battlefield, he immediately went up the high ground on the eastern side and inspected the enemy's status, whereupon he changed the formation of his troops.

大海人皇子は大友皇子を皇太子として推挙し自ら出家を申し出、吉野宮（奈良県吉野）に下った。
Prince Oama recommended Prince Otomo as Crown Prince and he told Emperor Tenchi that he wanted to be a monk and went to Yoshino no miya (Yoshino, Nara Prefecture).

大和民族は、自ら遣隋使や遣唐使を派遣し、中国大陸の進んだ技術や文化を貪欲に学んでいった。
The Yamato race learned the advanced arts and culture of the Chinese continent by dispatching Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty China.

他にも、観世音菩薩、勢至菩薩なども、自らの成仏とはかかわりなく、活動を続ける菩薩である。
Additionally, Kanzeon Bosatsu and Seishi Bosatsu are Bosatsu who work without regard to becoming Buddhas.

自らの活動に「法王大聖釈迦牟尼仏の本旨に基づく仏教」という意味で「法王教」の名を冠した。
He called his activities 'Hoo-kyo,' meaning 'Buddhism based on Hoo Daisho Shakamunibutsu's true heart.'

その年の新穀を天皇が神に捧げ、天皇自らも食す新嘗祭のことを、古くは「毎年の大嘗」と称した。
The Niiname-sai Festival, in which an emperor devotes the Shinkoku (the first crop of the year) to the God and also eats it himself, was called 'Yearly daijo' in ancient times.

寛文7年（1667年）乱心して正室の水野監物忠善の娘に傷を負わせ、自らも自害しようとする。
In 1667, he went mad and wounded his lawful wife, MIZUNO kenmotsu Tadayoshi's daughter, and tried to kill himself.

井上自らが鹿鳴館の主人役を務め、華族・政府高官・外交団を集めて夜会などの行事を日夜開いた。
INOUE himself acted as host to Rokumeikan and held rites and festivals such as an evening party gathering the peerages, high officials of the government, and the diplomacy corps.

カムヤイミミはこの失態を恥じ、弟のカムヌナカワミミに皇位を譲り、自らは神官となって仕えた。
Ashamed of his failure, Kamuyaimimi gave up the Imperial throne to his younger brother Kamununakawamimi and served as a Shinto priest.

この日、京都では天皇が諸臣を従えて自ら天神地祇の前で誓う形式で五箇条の御誓文が発布される。
On the same day in the Imperial Court of Kyoto, the Emperor accompanied by his retainers proclaimed in this 'sworn by God' declaration ceremony there before the 'gods of heaven and earth,' presenting 'the Imperial Covenant Consisting of Five Articles.'

さらに、伴存はただ自らの調査結果に頼るのではなく、多くの文献を参照して客観性を与えている。
Tomoari was not totally relying on his own survey results but he also referred to other literature to give it objectivity.

この日の晩、諸将の諌めを押し切り、明朝、西郷は自ら陣頭に立ち、官軍と雌雄を決しようとした。
In the night of the same day, SAIGO overpowered admonishments by his military commanders and determined to stand at the front and take command of the Satsuma army by himself in the next morning to fight a decisive battle with the government army.

そして自らの影響下にある京都市協議会名義で大会ごとに意見書を提出、本部批判の論陣を張った。
Then, in the name of the Kyoto City Council, which was under the influence of Asada himself, he submitted a written opinion in each meeting and put out an argument to accuse the headquarter.

浅野内匠頭の母方の従兄弟に当たる美濃国大垣藩主戸田氏定も自ら鉄砲州上屋敷へ駆けつけてきた。
The lord of Ogaki Domain in Mino Province Ujisada TODA, who was a maternal cousin of Asano Takumi no Kami, also came over to the Tepposhu Kamiyashiki.

朝鮮に於ける本貫や族譜の役割は、両班が自らの家系の正統性や優秀性を証明する為の側面もある。
One of the roles of hongan or zokufu in Korea is for Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) to prove the legitimacy and quality of their family lines.

義仲は入京した同盟軍の武将を周辺に配置して、自らは中心地である九重（左京）の守護を担当した。
Placing busho (military commanders) of the allied troops that had entered the capital on the outskirts of the capital, Yoshinaka took charge of guarding Kokonoe (Sakyo), the central area.

そのため、下級領主たちは自らの得分とすべく、様々な名目で地代を荘民から収取するようになった。
Therefore, to get their shares, the low grade lords collected the land rent under various pretexts from shomin (people of the manor).

こうして権勢を失った待賢門院は、翌康治元年（1142年）、自ら建立した法金剛院において落飾。
Thus Taikenmonin who lost her political power, went into Hokongo-in Temple which she had ordered built and shaved her head in 1142.

故に推敲が十分でなく、後で知った西は自らの名前を冠したこの本に対し非常な不満を漏らしている。
He expressed his strong dissatisfaction about the book with his name when he came to know the publication, because he could not elaborate the book.

一方「姫君」は主君女東宮に恋慕し密かに関係を結んで、それぞれ次第に自らの天性に苦悩し始める。
Meanwhile, the 'princess' falls in love with his master, a consort of the Emperor, and has relations with her, and both of them begin to agonize over their innate characteristics.

本来の性に戻った2人は、それぞれ自らの未来を切り開き、関白・中宮という人臣の最高位に至った。
After they get their original gender identities back, they carve out their future and attain their highest social positions respectively: He became Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), while she became Chugu (the second consort of the Emperor).

昌泰3年（900年）参議に任じられるが奏請して、叔父の藤原清経と代わり、自らは右大弁となる。
In 900 he was appointed as a sangi (consultant), but he petitioned the Emperor and had his uncle FUJIWARA no Kiyotsune appointed to the post instead, so that he could then himself be appointed as the major controller of the right.

薫は中の君と匂宮を結婚させんことをはかり、自らはを大君に想いを告げるが彼女の返答はつれない。
Kaoru tries to arrange a marriage between Naka no Kimi and Niou Miya, while he himself confesses his love for Oigimi, but is refused.

自らは兵13000を率いて更に南下を続け、犀川・千曲川を渡り善光寺平南部の妻女山に陣取った。
Leading 13,000 soldiers, he continued going further southward, crossed the Sai-gawa River and the Chikuma-gawa River, and set his front military base on Saijo-san Mountain in the southern part of Zenkoji-daira.

しかしこの時期の武士はまた、自らも田堵負名として軍人としての経済基盤を保証される存在であった。
However, samurai in this period were also tato or fumyo who were guaranteed an economical base as a solder.

立場の悪化を自覚した義仲はすぐに平氏追討に向かうことを奏上し、後白河は自ら剣を与え出陣させた。
Realizing that the situation was getting worse, Yoshinaka reported to the emperor that he was leaving to search and kill the Taira clan, and Goshirakawa had him depart by giving him a sword.

南北朝時代には室町幕府の守護が自らの家人に対して、官途状を発給し、事実上の官職の私称を許した。
In the period of Northern and Southern Courts, shugo of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) issued written appointments to their kenin, who were effectively allowed to call themselves governmental or provincial officers.

二・二六事件の際は昭和天皇が激怒し、「自ら鎮圧に行く」とまで主張したため、反乱軍は鎮圧された。
When the February 26th Incident occurred, because the Emperor Showa got enraged and insisted on going there himself to settle the situation, the rebels were subdued.

そのため、熾仁親王は血縁者が朝敵となった事を恥じて自ら東征大総督となる事を志願し、勅許を得た。
Therefore, Imperial Prince Taruhito felt shame about his relatives going against the Imperial Palace and he, himself, accepted the charter to become the Great Governor-General in charge of the military expedition to the east.

そのような中、異母兄の大山守皇子は自らが太子に立てなかったことを恨み、太子を殺そうと挙兵する。
On the other hand, Prince Oyamamori (大山守皇子), an older paternal half-brother, bore malice toward Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko since he was not chosen to be the Crown Prince himself; he raised his army against Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko to kill him.

信頼にしてみれば嫡男・信親と清盛の女の婚姻関係により、清盛も自らの協力者になると見込んでいた。
From Nobuyori's perspective, Kiyomori remained a potential ally who might cooperate, given their marriage ties (Nobuyori's son and heir Nobuchika was married to Kiyomori's daughter).

しかし義持はその後、後継者を定めず自ら政務を執り続けたため、次代将軍は決まらないままであった。
However, Yoshimochi administered government affairs without nominating a successor, and the next shogun was not determined.

お目見得のあと将軍自らが「今の者の生年はいくつなのだ？随分幼くみえるな」と側近に感想を漏らした
After an audience with a young samurai, the shogun remarked to his close aids, 'What is his seinen? He seems still a child.'

作者も、自らの歌人にあらぬことを明言し、生涯の軌跡を綴った自分のためのメモであると、序でいう。
The author also clearly says in the foreword that she herself is not a poet, and that this work was a note for herself that traced the path of her life.

切腹の場で藩士達は自らの腸を掴み出し、居並ぶフランス水兵に次々と投げつけるという行為を行った。
At the moment of seppuku, the retainers grabbed their own intestine out and threw it to the French sailors who watched them being executed.

これを受けて、隆景は3月1日に自ら出発の準備を行い、まもなく隆景率いる毛利水軍が出陣してきた。
Then, Takakage prepared to leave by himself on May 31, 1585, and the Mori navy led by Takakage left for the front.

明人との交友があることから篆刻を学び自ら刻した可能性もあり、日本篆刻の先駆者のひとりとできる。
It can be said that he was one of the pioneers of tenkoku in Japan because he had friends from Ming, and it is possible that he learned the tenkoku and engraved his own.

1913年1月、護憲運動のさなか、桂は立憲政友会に対抗するため、自ら政党を結成した（桂新党）。
In January 1913, amid the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution, Katsura established his own party (Katsura Shinto) to compete with the Seiyukai.

殷富門院亮子内親王（後白河天皇第一皇女）は自らの御所を仏寺とした蓮華光院に道尊を引き取り養育した
Inpumonin Imperial Princess Ryoshi (the first princess of Emperor Goshirakawa) took Doson in and brought him up in Rengeko-in Temple that was originally her home.

その温厚な人柄もあって、花園は自らの置かれた立場を従順に受け入れ、むしろ量仁の養育に力を注いだ。
Since he also had a mild personality, Hanazono accepted his position and in fact spent much of his energy in nurturing Kazuhito.

その後安康天皇は中蒂姫命を妃としたが、この一件によって、安康は自らの暗殺の原因を作ってしまった。
Afterwards, Emperor Anko made Princess Nakashi as his consort, but due to this affair, he created the cause for his own assassination.

一方、信長は29日に秀吉の応援に自ら出陣するため小姓を中心とする僅かの供回りを連れ安土城を発つ。
On the other hand, on May 29, Nobunaga departed from Azuchi-jo Castle with a small suite, mainly consisting of pages, to the front in order to support Hideyoshi.

江戸時代初期の諸大名は、幕府の普請動員に応えるために、自らの領内の支配体制を整える必要があった。
The territorial lords in the early Edo period needed to adjust the ruling system in their own territory in order to respond to the order from the Shogunate to mobilize for Fushin.

『源氏物語』に登場する玉鬘も数奇な運命と自らの美しさが引き起こす騒動に翻弄され続けた女性である。
Tamakazura in 'The Tale of Genji' is also at the mercy of her fate due to the incidents triggered by her hapless fate and beauty.

こうした雑公事を賦課していた在地領主は自らも荘園領主や国衙から賦課される公事の負担者でもあった。
These local lords who imposed statute labor were also bearers of kuji imposed by lords of the manor or kokuga.

道長に対して、自らの才能を誇示した「三舟の才」のエピソードは、芸術面での意地を見せたともいえる。
In the episode of 'The Talent of Three Boats' where he made a show of his talents, one can see how he stood up to Michinaga in the field of art.

アメリカ合衆国はポーツマス条約の仲介によって漁夫の利を得、満洲に自らも進出することを企んでいた。
The United States of America took advantage of its intermediary stance, and sought to advance its own ambitions in Manchuria.

将門は自ら先頭に立ち奮戦するが、いずくからか飛んできた矢が将門の額に命中し、あっけなく討死した。
While Masakado was leading his army to continue the fight against the allied forces, an arrow came from nowhere and hit him on the forehead, killing him instantly.

近衛の官人は巡回の際に自らの姓名を叫びながら見回りを行ったが、これを宿奏（とのいもうし）と称した。
Kanjin (government officials) in Konoe-fu patrolled crying out their own names, and this was called Tonoi-moshi.

4月9日頃、倭軍は兵の一部を対馬へ撤退させ、残りを薺浦へ終結させて盛親自ら講和交渉に臨もうとする。
Around April 9, the Japanese Army withdrew a part of their troops to Tsushima while the remaining forces got together at Seiho, and Morichika himself attempted to have peace negotiations.

王朝国家体制の下では、受領は規定の租税を京進さえすれば、残余の租税を自らの収入とすることができた。
Under the dynastic nation-state, as long as Zuryo paid the specified tax to Kyoto, they could take the rest of the tax as their own income.

自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた（職権留保付寄進）。
Then, these kaihatsu ryoshu paid a certain amount of tax to the zuryo while holding the right to control those donated lands as shokan, or officers governing shoen (donation while retaining authority).

保延5年（1139年）には自らの観音院を御願寺として東寺に準じる灌頂会を開催することを勅許された。
In 1139, he received the royal permit to take place in kanjoe (ceremony of kanjo) pursuant to that of To-ji Temple at his Kannonin Temple as goganji (private temple of someone).

また、仕えていた女中達には自分のことを「宮様」と呼ばせ、自らは幼称であった「登美」を名乗っていた。
Furthermore, she ordered her maids to call her 'Miya-sama' (your Imperial Highness) and called herself as 'Tomi' which was her childhood name.

かつて義親を追討した正盛の子の平忠盛も疑われたが、彼は潔白を主張し、自ら下手人を捕らえると言った。
Masamori's son, TAIRA no Tadamori who tracked down and killed Yoshichika was suspected, but he claimed innocence and he insisted that he would capture the murderer on his own.

永正3年（1506年）、政元は自らの勢力拡大を目指して河内・大和国・丹後国など諸国に軍を派遣した。
In 1506, Masamoto attempted to expand his power and sent troops to Kawachi, Yamato and Tango Provinces.

朝倉貞景は自らは本国に留まりながらも、一門の朝倉景冬を近江坂本に派兵し、最低限の協調姿勢は見せた。
Although Sadakage ASAKURA himself stayed in his province, he dispatched Kagefuyu ASAKURA of his family to Sakamoto in Omi Province, thereby showing his minimally cooperative attitude.

室町時代、守護大名の間では自らの家臣に対して、武官や国守の官名を私称することを許す慣行が生まれた。
In the Muromachi period it became a customary practice among shugo daimyo that their vassals were allowed to call themselves after the official position or title of the military officer or the governor of the province.

その後僧都の手により出家を果たし、薫に消息を捉まれ自らの元に戻るよう勧められても、終始拒み続けた。
Thereafter, she entered the Buddhist priesthood under the guidance of Yokokawa no sozu and even after her whereabouts were located by Kaoru, she constantly refused to return to be his mistress.

裁判所書記官は、その所属する裁判所の事件について出頭した者に対しては、自ら送達をすることができる。
A court clerk may make a service by him/herself upon a person who has appeared for a case that is pending before the court to which he/she belongs.

「自称天皇」の一人・三浦芳聖は、尊良親王が北陸朝廷の天皇であり、自らがその子孫であると主張している。
Yoshimasa MIURA called himself Emperor (he was just one of those who did the same thing) because, Miura claimed, Imperial Prince Takayoshi had been the Emperor of Hokuriku Chotei and he himself was the Takayoshi's descendant.

また、国衙の機能を実質的に吸収し、国衙の支配する公領（郡・郷・保など）を自らの支配下へと組み込んだ。
They practically absorbed the functions of kokuga and subjected koryo (gun, go, ho) governed by kokuga to their control.

自身の手勢以外に護衛任務の徒士（自らの手勢の場合は近習と呼ばれる）、伝令を任務とする使番などがいる。
Other than his own forces he also had kachi (foot guards) (if they were from his own forces they were called kinju (attendants)), whose task was to guard him, and tsukaiban (messengers), whose task was to relay the orders.

見つかりそうにない場合、体面を保つために評定の沙汰（裁判）を待たずして自ら切腹する者が絶えなかった。
When it was unlikely to find a witness, a lot of warriors killed themselves by disembowelment to keep their honor without waiting for the result of consultation (trial).

地頭たちは荘園・公領において、勧農の実施などを通じて自らの支配を拡大し、領主との紛争が多く発生した。
Jito enhanced their ruling power at shoen/koryo through their activities of encouraging agriculture and as a result, disputes with the lords of shoen frequently occurred.

織田信長、豊臣秀吉も天皇の存在や権威を否定せず、政治に利用することによって自らの権威を高めていった。
Neither Nobunaga ODA nor Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI denied the existence and authority of the Emperor and by using the Emperors in their politics, they strengthened their own authority.

続く後水尾もたびたび幕府から高圧的に扱われたため、それに耐えかねて1629年、自らの女子に譲位した。
The next successor to the throne, Emperor Gomizunoo was also often highly pressured by the Edo bakufu and he could not take the pressure and passed the throne to his daughter in 1629.

他は天皇は政治を臣下に委ねず自ら執政することを定めた箇所で、水野がいう隋唐風の皇帝統治説と一致する。
The theory also points out a part that declares the emperor's independent administration without counting on any deputies, and his argument on this point is consistent with that of the Sui-Tang style imperial autocrat theory that MIZUNO advocates.

天智天皇の皇女・菟野皇后の称制は自らが産んだ草壁皇子の血統が続くのをより確実にしたいがためであった。
Emperor Tenchi/Tenji's Prince, Uno no Sarara no Himemiko conducted the Shosei since she wished to secure her son, Prince Kusakabe to succeed the blood line to the throne.

自らは病の為執権職を退くが、嫡子北条時宗が幼少だった為、北条氏 (極楽寺流)の北条長時に執権を譲る。
He himself retired from the post of regent because of illness, but as his heir (Tokimune HOJO) was still a child, he handed over the position to Nagatoki HOJO, who was a member of the Gokurakuji line of the Hojo clan.

そして彼らが訳語を自らの著作の中で積極的に使用することで『万国公法』の新漢語定着に寄与したのである。
They used translated terms in their works, this encouraged adoption of the new words of Chinese origin used in 'Bankoku Koho.'

もともと藤原定家は証本として自ら作成した源氏物語の写本の本文の末尾にさまざまな注釈を書き付けている。
Originally, FUJIWARA no Sadaie added various notes to the end of the text of the Tale of Genji manuscript that he himself had copied as a shohon (a verified text).

西南の秋の町（六条御息所の旧邸）は秋好中宮の里邸に、自らは東南の春の町に紫の上や明石の姫君と住んだ。
The southwest quarter, or the Autumn Quarter (former residence of Rokujo Miyasudokoro) was assigned to Empress Akikonomu as her home, and he lived in the southeast quarter, or the Spring Quarter, together with Murasaki no ue and Princess Akashi.

始め匂宮と宇治の中君との仲にも反対だったが、二人の間に男子が誕生した時は自ら産養を主催して祝福した。
At first, she was against the love between Nioumiya and Uji no nakagimi, but, when they gave birth to a son, she held ubuyashinai (a party to celebrate the birth of a baby) to celebrate it.

中国文明圏では新たに成立した王朝は自らの権力の正当性を示すための歴史書「正史」を編纂するものである。
In the Chinese cultural region, a newly-established dynasty was supposed to compile a history book to document the rights of their authority,

当日は自衛でしのいだ公使館員一行は夜間に、花房義質公使以下28人は自ら公使館に火を放ったといわれる。
It is said that the group of legation staff members who had managed to protect themselves during the daytime, 28 people, including the Minister Yoshimoto HANABUSA, set fire to the legation that night.

中でも豪商の鳥居宗逸には今日庵、三河新城藩主の菅沼定実には四方庵の庵号を譲り、自らは不審庵を称した。
Amongst his pupils, Sohen allowed Soitsu TORII, a wealthy merchant, to use the name Konnichian and Sadazane SUGANUMA, the lord of Shinjo Domain in Mikawa Province, to use the name Yohoan, while he himself used Fushinan.

例えば、薩摩藩の藩士なら自らのことを「薩摩藩藩士誰々」と名乗るのではなく「島津家家臣誰々」と名乗った。
For example, the names of Hanshi in the Satsuma Domain preceded by 'Shimazu Family Retainer' as opposed to 'Satsuma Domain Retainer.'

自らが本能寺の変で倒れる1582年までには日本中央部を制圧し、天下統一の寸前までを実質的に成し遂げた。
By the time he himself was killed in the Honnoji Incident in 1582, he had conquered the central part of Japan and had virtually accomplished everything up to the verge of unification of the whole country.

勝家や信孝らは秀吉のこれらの一連の行動を自らの政権樹立のためであると考え、激しく警戒し、敵意を抱いた。
Katsuie, Nobutaka, and others became extremely wary of and hostile toward Hideyoshi, since they believed Hideyoshi had performed this series of actions in an attempt to establish his own administration.

大内軍は大内義隆自らが総大将となり、陶隆房、杉重矩、内藤興盛、弘中隆包ら15,000の兵を率いて出兵。
For the Ouchi army, Yoshitaka Ouchi himself became supreme commander and went into battle with an army of 15,000 men including Takafusa SUE, Shigenori SUGI, Okimori NAITO, and Takakane HIRONAKA.

この場合、称号だけでは、単に皇帝の妻であるのか、自らが帝位にある女性の皇帝であるのかは、区別できない。
In this case, it cannot be distinguished from the title whether she is the wife of the emperor or the empress who attained the crown.

その際、尊氏は、持明院統の光厳天皇を治天とし、その弟の光明天皇を即位させ、自らは征夷大将軍に就任する。
At that time Takauji himself became Seii Taishogun, while he appointed Emperor Kogon, of the Jimyoin Imperial line, as Chiten, and also appointed his younger brother, Emperor Komyo as Emperor.

景樹は「古今和歌集」の歌風を理想とし、紀貫之を歌聖と仰ぎ、それを実践するためにこの歌集を自ら撰集した。
Kageki found his ideal style of poetry in 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) and admired KI no Tsurayuki as Kasei (great poet), so he compiled this anthology by himself to put his ideal into practice.

新聞で事件を知った夕子は病院を抜け出して故郷の与謝へひとり戻り、正順を追って自ら生命を絶ったのだった。
Reading of the incident in the newspaper, Yuko escaped from the hospital to go back to her hometown in Yosa Island where she killed herself following her lover Seijun.

この状況をみた政友会総裁原敬は、自らの内閣を打ち立てると研究会議員の入閣及び要職への任命を推し進めた。
Taking the situation into consideration, Takashi HARA, the president of Seiyu-kai Party, established his own cabinet and appointed members of Kenkyukai to cabinet positions and important posts.

家畜伝染病の病原体に触れ、又は触れたおそれがある者は、遅滞なく、自らその身体を消毒しなければならない。
Persons who have been exposed or are likely to have been exposed to pathogens of a domestic animal infectious disease must disinfect themselves without delay.

執行官は、内覧の実施に際し、自ら不動産に立ち入り、かつ、内覧参加者を不動産に立ち入らせることができる。
A court execution officer may, when implementing a preliminary inspection, enter the real property himself/herself and have preliminary inspection participants enter the real property.

名田という用語は、田堵や名主が自らの経営する土地を明示するために、その土地へ名称をつけたことに由来する。
The term myoden (literally means a named paddy field) comes from the fact that a tato or a myoshu gave a name to the land he operated in order to distinguish his land from other lands.

自検断（じけんだん）とは、中世日本の村落（惣村・郷村など）が、自ら検断（けんだん）を実施することをいう。
Jikendan (voluntary ruling and judging) refers to rural communities in medieval Japan such as soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) and goson (autonomous village) that conduct a kendan (trial) by themselves.

これらの職についた中下流貴族らは自らが得た職の確保をはかり、職を「家業」として世襲することに努めている。
The middle and lower class nobles who gained such positions strived to secure such positions, attempting to make them hereditary or a 'family business.'

清寧天皇2年11月（481年12月）、弘計王自ら新室の宴の席で、歌と唱え言に託して王族の身分を明かした。
In December, 481, the younger Oke no miko revealed that the two brothers were members of the imperial family at a banquet of a new house by means of a song and chant.

彰仁親王は、ヨーロッパの君主国の例にならって、皇族が率先して軍務につくことを奨励し、自らも率先垂範した。
Imperial Prince Akihito encouraged the Imperial Family to take the initiative to join military service, following the examples in European monarchy countries, he himself took the lead in joining the military.

翌永暦元年（1160年）正月に天皇は近衛天皇の皇后だった藤原多子を入内させ、自らの権威の安定につとめた。
The following year, in February, 1160, Emperor Nijo welcomed FUJIWARA no Masaruko, the former empress of Emperor Konoe, into his court, and worked at stabilizing his own power and influence.

後鳥羽上皇は自ら武装して比叡山に登り、僧兵の協力を求めるが、上皇の寺社抑制策が禍して比叡山はこれを拒絶。
The retired Emperor Gotoba personally girded on weapons and armor and climbed Mt. Hiei, seeking the military support of the sohei (warrior monks), but his plan to rein in the temples and shrines had not gone over well at all with the monks of Mt. Hiei, who refused to join forces with him.

一休は、自らを風狂の狂客とし、歓楽街を徘徊したが、世人は常識を超然した姿を一種畏敬の念を持って観ていた。
Ikkyu pretended to be a crazy person with a romantic turn of mind, and wandered about entertainment areas, but people saw him as a person rising above the vulgar herd in certain respects.

何であれ中華思想に基づいた律令国家にとっては、「自らの支配下の外側にある人々という概念でしかな」かった。
Whatever they may have been, for the ritsuryo kokka based on Sinocentrism, Ezo was 'simply a concept of people who were out of their control.'

前項の苦情の申出は、被収容者が自ら作成し、封をした書面を捕虜収容所長を経由して提出することによって行う。
Filling complaint set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be made by submitting the document, prepared and sealed by the detainee himself/herself, via the prisoner of war camp commander.

このため弟子たちには自ら特定の宗派名を称することを禁じ、禅宗の一派として見られることにも拒否感を示した。
For this reason he prohibited his disciples from using a particular sect's name by themselves and conveyed a feeling of rejection when viewed as one of the Zen sects.

このため、土倉や寺院と言った一揆の標的となりそうな者達は自ら自衛のための兵士を雇ってこれを防ぐ他なかった。
Therefore, probable targets of ikki such as doso and temples had to hire samurai for their own protection.

兵士や盗賊は僧院に赴き、哀れな僧侶は僧衣を俗衣に代え、袖や懐に自らが所持していた金銀・茶器を隠して逃げた。
Soldiers and robbers went to priests' quarters and poor priets ran away, after changing their robes into common clothes and hiding their gold, silver and tea utensils in their sleeves or pockets.

上記のような在地武士たちは、戦力を一定以上確保するために、自らに従う者を「郎党」と呼んで主従関係を結んだ。
In order to maintain a certain level of fighting power, the above mentioned local samurai established the relation of master to servant with their followers who were called roto.

佐平治は無腰の町人を手打ちにするのを不本意と考え、自らの脇差を相手に渡して果たし合いの形式をとろうとした。
Saheiji was unwilling to kill the townsman without any arms, tried to fight like by dueling and giving him his short sword.

続いて同年10月17日には、天皇が皇国一体・東西同視のもと内外の政を自ら裁決することを宣言する詔を発した。
Then on October 17, the emperor declared that he, himself, would decide the total government for the imperial country about to be unified, and east and west to be identified.

それを知ると直ちに自らは右近衛大将に就任して空席となった左近衛中将に頼朝の後継者源頼家の推挙を実現させた。
Upon getting this news, he immediately assumed the post of Ukonoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards), and successfully recommended MINAMOTO no Yoriie, Yoritomo's successor, to the Sakone no chujo (Middle Captain of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) post that had been vacated.

朝廷は自らの勢力範囲に広く律令制を導入することを試みていたが九州南部においては住民の支持を得られなかった。
The Imperial court had attempted to introduce the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) across its sphere of influence but had not been successful in winning the approval by the people of southern Kyushu.

1898年から1906年にかけて民政長官を務めた後藤新平は自らの特別統治主義に基づいた台湾政策を実施した。
Shinpei GOTO, who served as Chief of Home Affairs from 1898 to 1906, introduced the governing policy of Taiwan based upon his own special governance.

これにより、信長は足利義昭を室町幕府の第15代将軍に擁立し、自らはその後見人として政権を確立したのである。
This enabled Nobunaga to put forward Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA as the 15th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and he, as his guardian, established the government.

王政復古 (日本)により成立した明治新政府は富国強兵をスローガンに、積極的に自ら産業を興こす政策を取った。
The new Meiji government, established by the Restoration of Imperial Rule in Japan, adopted a policy to promote industries actively, under the slogan of 'Fukoku-kyohei' (enriching the country and strengthening the military).

御台所は自らの夫が亡くなった場合は出家して本丸から退き、西丸に移って将軍の菩提を弔いながら余生を過ごした。
Midaidokoro entered into priesthood after their husbands died and moved from Honmaru to Nishinomaru to spend the rest of their lives to pray for the repose of their husbands' soul.

眉輪王の義理の父にあたる安康天皇はかつて眉輪王の父である大草香皇子を殺し、母である中磯皇女を自らの妃とした。
At one time in the past, Emperor Anko, who was the father-in-law of Prince Mayowa, killed Prince Mayowa's father, Imperial Prince Okusaka, and married Prince Mayowa's mother, Imperial Princess Nakashi.

白河上皇は、自らの政策を企画・遂行するために中流貴族を院司とし、また院独自の軍事力として北面の武士を置いた。
The retired Emperor Shirakawa, in order to design and carry out his policy, made middle-class aristocracy Inshi (official of the In no cho, or Retired Emperor's Office), and placed Hokumen no Bushi (the Imprerial Palace Guards) as his own military force.

また、在庁官人は、郡司・郷司・保司に任命されると、郡・郷・保の公領・公田を自らの所領として扱う傾向があった。
And when zaichokanjin were appointed as gunshi, goshi, and hoshi, they were likely to deal with public domains and public rice fields in gun, go, and ho as their own lands.

永禄末年頃、本山氏を降した長宗我部元親は、自らの実弟にして宣直の女婿である親貞をして吉良氏の名跡を継がせた。
Around the end of Eiroku era (1558-1570), after defeating the Motoyama clan, Motochika CHOSOKABE let his biological younger brother and Nobunao's son-in-law, Chikasada, succeed to the family name of Kira.

一説によれば、内親王と在原業平が密通して生まれた男児を引き取り、高階師尚と名付け、自らの跡を嗣がせたという。
According to some people, Mineo adopted a boy named TAKASHIMA no Morohisa, who was born between the Imperial Princess and ARIWARA no Narihira by adultery, and had him succeed Mineo.

伊藤がこうした状況の改善を試み始めたのは、岩倉が没した後の1884年に伊藤自らが宮内卿に就任した後であった。
Ito started to improve such situation after Iwakura died and he was inaugurated as the Minister of Imperial Households in 1884.

これらのうち、同国の全ての藩及び自ら陣屋を構えて領地経営を行っていた旗本のほぼ全てが藩札・旗本札を発行した。
Of them, all of the clans and almost all of the Hatamoto who placed their jinya offices to manage their territories in the province issued Han-satsu or Hatamoto-satsu.

草壁もまもなく夭折し、鸕野讚良が高市皇子等有力跡継ぎ候補を無視して自ら正式に持統天皇として即位するのである。
Prince Kusakabe also died young around the same time and Uno no Sarara ignored other rightful successors such as the Prince Takechi and officially enthroned herself to be Emperor Jito.

そのうえで自らが所属する共同体への倫理と天からあたえられた倫理が衝突した場合に武士は天倫を選択すると考えた。
He thought then that if there was a conflict between the ethics of a community to which oneself belonged and the ethics from Heaven, samurai would chose the latter.

都道府県又は独立行政法人種苗管理センターが生産し、かつ、農林水産大臣の定める基準に従つて自ら検査する指定種苗
Designated Seeds and Seedlings that are produced by the prefecture or the National Center for Seeds and Seedlings, Incorporated Administrative Agency, and are inspected by these bodies in accordance with the standards provided for by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries;

道隆の死後、東三条院が全てを所有していたが、死にあたって自らが後見して政界の実力者にした弟の道長に譲渡した。
After Michitaka's death, Higashi Sanjoin owned all of the properties, but when she was going to die, she trasferred them to Michinaga, her brother, whom she helped, as his guardian, to become a powerful man in politics.

工事施行者（開発行為に関する工事の請負人又は請負契約によらないで自らその工事を施行する者をいう。以下同じ。）
Construction executor (means either the contractor of the development activities-related construction or the person who executes the construction himself/herself without putting out the construction to contract; the same shall apply hereinafter);

領主の経済生活は、自らが保有する直営地からの収入と、支配下におく農奴からの義務的な貢納によって支えられていた。
The economical life of the lord consisted of the revenue from the directly managed land of his possession and the obligatory tributes from the subject serfs.

その中から、名主・荘官が自らの得分である加地子を差し引いて、残分を年貢として国衙・領家へ納入していたのである。
Myoshu/shokan deducted their share and delivered the balance to kokuga/ryoke.

それと同時に、国衙領と在庁官人の所領を支配下に入れ、自らの直轄地 - 守護領（しゅごりょう）を形成していった。
At the same time, dominating the territories of kokuga and those of the zaichokanjin, shugo formed direct control territory called shugo-ryo (shugo's territory).

鎌倉時代初期ごろになると、所領に対する自らの知行権を主張するため、その所領の作物を強制的に刈り取る者も現れた。
The early Kamakura period saw the appearance of the illegal reaping of crops to establish a claim to the ownership of the land.

源氏は嵯峨天皇が、815年（弘仁5年）に自らの皇子・皇女32名を一挙に臣籍降下させ、源氏を賜ったことに始まる。
The name of Minamoto started when Emperor Saga demoted his 32 Princes and Princesses from nobility to subject and gave them the surname of Minamoto.

後水尾上皇は女中に変装して輿に乗り、造営中の離宮を自ら訪れて造営の指図をしたというが、真偽のほどは定かでない。
It is said that the Retired Emperor Gomizunoo visited the Imperial Villa when it was under construction, disguising himself as a maid and got onto a palanquin, to direct it's construction, but this is not confirmed as to whether it is a true story or not.

忠通は頼長を養子にしていたが、実子・近衛基実が生まれたことで摂関の地位を自らの子孫に継承させようと考えていた。
Although Tadamichi had adopted Yorinaga, he intended to have his son, Motozane KONOE, succeed his position in the clan after his son was born.

平安末期に権勢をふるった白河法皇は、自らの意に沿わないもの（天下三大不如意）の筆頭に「賀茂の水」を挙げている。
The Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa, who held the reins of power in the late Heian period, raised the issue of 'water of the Kamogawa River' first as one of his tenka-sandai-funyoi (three biggest issues on earth that he could not control).

その上、山縣辞任後その欠を補うため自ら元帥に就任（この場合は軍総司令官の意。これは軍権の掌握と解された）した。
In addition, he himself assumed a post of marshal after YAMAGATA resigned from the post (In this case, a marshal meant a commander in chief who is considered to seize military power).

それを作者の自らの解釈を交えながら、乱による荒廃した都、その哀惜や悲嘆、乱の原因から戦闘場面に移る克明な描写。
It depicts in vivid detail the devastated capital and the grieves and laments of war, from the causes to the scenes of fighting, while mixing in the author's own interpretations.

久木野・山野を手に入れた辺見は5月9日、自ら隊を率いて官軍に激しい攻撃を加えて撃退し、肥薩境を越えて追撃した。
On May 9, having seized Kukino and Yamano, HENMI led the troops by himself, fiercely attacked and defeated the government army, chasing it across the border between Higo and Satsuma Provinces.

その直後、伊藤は、天皇の諮問機関として枢密院 (日本)を設置し、自ら議長となって、この憲法草案の審議を行った。
Just after that, Ito established the Privy Council as a consultative body of the emperor, and he became a chair person of the Privy Council and deliberated the constitutional draft.

各省大臣は、国務大臣の中から、内閣総理大臣がこれを命ずる。但し、内閣総理大臣が、自らこれに当ることを妨げない。
A minister shall be appointed by the Prime Minister from among the Ministers of State; provided, however, that this shall not preclude the Prime Minister from assuming such a position himself/herself.

電子債権記録機関が自らの権限により記録すべき記録事項について、記録すべき内容と異なる内容の記録がされている場合
In case where as regards the Recorded Matters to be recorded by the Electronic Monetary Claim Recording Institution by its own authority, contents that differ from the contents to be recorded have been recorded.

内容は自らを壬申の乱の天武天皇になぞらえ、皇位をだまし取る平氏を討って皇位に就くべきことを宣言するものであった。
In terms of content, Mochihito compares his own situation to that of Emperor Tenmu during the Jinshin war, and demands that the Taira clan be struck down for usurping the imperial throne and proclaims that he be raised to the imperial throne instead.

富豪層は院宮王臣家（皇族、有力貴族）と墾田開発などを通じて関係を結び、一般百姓層を自らの影響下へ置き始めていた。
The millionaires became related with Ingu oshinke (imperial families and nobles) through the reclaimed land development, and began to put common peasants under their influence.

父の後醍醐天皇が、醍醐天皇・村上天皇の延喜・天暦の治を理想とし、醍醐にあやかって生前自ら後醍醐の号を定めていた。
His father, Emperor Godaigo idealized Engi, Tenryaku no chi (reign of Emperor Daigo and Murakami), and determined his title as Godaigo with respect for Emperor Daigo, before his death.

明仁・皇后美智子も非常に熱心であり諒闇（服喪中）や病気を除くとほとんどの宮中祭祀に代拝を立てず自ら出席している。
Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko are also interested in them, and they attend most Court rituals without asking someone to worship on behalf of them, apart from a period that they are sick or in mourning.

一方の親王側も14歳も年下の天皇の皇太子では次期天皇としての即位の可能性は低いと考え、自ら皇太子廃位を願い出た。
Meanwhile, Imperial Prince Atsuakira's side also offered to dethrone Atsuakira; they think that Atsuakira was not likely to be enthroned as he was 14 years older than Atsuhira.

なお西園寺八郎の三男・西園寺不二男は鮎川義介の長女を娶り、自らも日産コンツェルン傘下の日産興業社長に就いている。
Hachiro Saionji's third son, Fujio SAIONJI, married the eldest daughter of Yoshisuke AYUKAWA and became the president of Nissan Kogyo K.K., a subsidiary company of the Nissan Konzern Company Group.

崇源院は乳母春日局に養育された家光よりも、自ら育てた忠長を溺愛したとされ、忠長を継嗣に推す者もあったと言われる。
Sugen-in loved Tadanaga whom she raised by herself more than Iemitsu who was reared by menoto (wet nurse) Kasuga no Tsubone and some backed up Tadanaga as an heir.

現在定家の自筆本はばらばらの状態で４帖残っているが、最初の方を定家自らが書き、残りを別の人間が書いたものである。
Today four quires of the manuscripts in Teika's own hand are extant in dispersed condition; several pages from the beginning were transcribed by Teika, and the rest of them were done by somebody.

丑松は、猪子にならば自らの出生を打ち明けたいと思い、口まで出掛かかることもあるが、その思いは揺れ、日々は過ぎる。
Ushimatsu felt that he would be able to disclose his background only to Inoko; although he almost speak it out in some occasions, his feeling always wavered, and the days passed by.

条里呼称法が確定すると、有力者は自らの土地所有権を主張しやすくするため、条里に沿って墾田を開発するようになった。
As jori naming system was established, influencial people started to develop new rice fields according to jori so that they could claim their land ownership easier.

1900年（明治33年）9月15日、超然主義の破綻と政党政治の必要性を感じた伊藤博文が自らの与党として組織した。
On September 15, 1900, Hirobumi ITO organized it as his ruling party since he became aware of the collapse of the doctrine of superiority and the necessity of party government.

親権を行う者は、必要な範囲内で自らその子を懲戒し、又は家庭裁判所の許可を得て、これを懲戒場に入れることができる。
A person who exercises parental authority may discipline the child to the extent necessary, or enter the child into a disciplinary institution with the permission of the family court.

前項第三号の一時保護は、婦人相談所が、自ら行い、又は厚生労働大臣が定める基準を満たす者に委託して行うものとする。
The temporary protection set forth in item 3 of the preceding paragraph shall be provided directly by Women's Consulting Offices or entrusted to parties that meet the criteria specified by the Minister of the Health, Labour and Welfare.

当該有限責任事業組合契約によって成立する組合の重要な業務の執行の決定に関与し、かつ、当該業務を自ら執行する組合員
the partner who participates in management decisions regarding the important business activities of the partnership formed under said Limited Liability Partnership Agreement, and manages said business activities by himself/herself;

検察官は、自ら犯罪を捜査する場合において必要があるときは、司法警察職員を指揮して捜査の補助をさせることができる。
A public prosecutor may, when it is necessary for the prosecutor him/herself to investigate an offense, issue orders to judicial police officials and have them assist in the investigation.

朝鮮半島の人々は、自らの陶磁は中国陶磁と同様に高い技術をもって精緻に作られたものがその主流であるとみなしている。
The people of the Korean peninsula consider their major ceramic ware to be that which is high-quality and elaborately made like Chinese ceramic ware.

織田信忠は寺を焼き討ちし、寺の和尚である快川紹喜は「心頭滅却すれば火も自ら涼し…」という辞世を残し炎の中に消えた。
Nobutada ODA burnt down the temple, and the temple priest, Kaisen Joki, died in the fire, leaving the well-known farewell words, 'Suppress your self, and even fire is cool.'

幼い皇帝が即位した場合、その後見として皇太后が付くことが多いため、自らの親族を補佐の為に取り立てることも多かった。
When a very young emperor ascended the throne, the empress dowager was generally appointed as his guardian, and therefore the empress dowager often raised her own relatives to support herself.

山城国田原に逃れた信西は源光保の追撃を振り切れず、郎等の藤原師光（西光）らに命じて自らを地中に埋めさせて自害した。
Shinzei, who had fled to Tawara in Yamashiro Province, found himself unable to shake off MINAMOTO no Mitsuyasu's pursuit, so he ordered FUJIWARA no Morimitsu (also known as Saiko) and his other retainers to bury him in the earth, thereby committing suicide.

戦国時代 (日本)には数多くの謀反が起こって家臣が主君を追って自ら大名になる事件、「下克上」が起こるようになった。
During the Warring States Period, many muhon incidents called 'gekokujo' (revolt by vassals against their lords to take over daimyo [Japanese territorial lord]) happened.

宗麟は秀吉に出馬を何度も促し、翌天正15年（1587年）正月、秀吉は九州侵攻の軍令を下し、3月には自らも出陣した。
As Sorin repeatedly encouraged Hideyoshi to move forward, Hideyoshi issued a military order to invade Kyushu in February and March 1587, and he dispatched himself in April and May.

国会期成同盟では国約憲法論を掲げ、その前提として自ら憲法を作ろうと翌1881年までに私案を持ち寄ることを決議した。
The Kokkai Kisei Domei took the stance that a constitution should be formulated through wide-ranging consultation rather than granted from above and voted that they would prepare drafts by next year 1881.

法第七条の規定による承認（以下「承認」という。）の申請は、承認を受けようとする者が自ら出頭してしなければならない。
In applying for approval provided for in Article 7 of the Act (hereinafter referred to as 'Approval'), a person who intends to obtain such an Approval shall appear himself/herself.

明治30年代、京都鉄道会社（現在の山陰本線）の創設者で貴族院議員である田中源太郎が自らの生家を改築したものである。
In around 1897 to 1906, Gentaro TANAKA, who was the founder of the Kyoto railway company (present Sanin Main Line) and a member of Kizokuin (the upper house of the Imperial Diet under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan), reformed the house where he was born into the present form.

神仏習合の一段階として、日本の神も人間と同様に罪業から逃れ自らも悟りをひらくことを望んでいるという思想が生まれた。
As a stage of syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism there came the idea that the god of Japan hoped to escape from crime and achieve enlightenment as well as human beings.

地頭たちは荘園・公領において、勧農の実施などを通じて自らの支配を拡大していったため、荘園領主との紛争が多く発生した。
The jitos operated the kanno (encouragement of agriculture) in shoen and koryo and expanded their dominance and so many disputes with the lords of shoens happened.

以仁王の死後も頼朝は自らの関東支配の大義名分として以仁王の「令旨」を掲げ、寿永改元後も治承年号の文書を発給している。
Even after prince Mochihito's death, Yoritomo was able to point to his 'princely command' as a just cause to rally the portions of the Kanto region under Yoritomo's own control, and continued to issue documents bearing the Jisho era name even after the era name was changed to Juei (arguing thereby that the current emperor's administration was illegitimate).

受領は、自らの判断で国内支配することが許されたため、郡司・田堵・負名・百姓層から苛烈な収奪をすることが可能となった。
The Zuryo was entitled to control over his own province at their own discretion, allowing them to collect taxes strictly from Gunji (local magistrates), Tato, Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and farmers.

が、源氏は娘と文のやり取りを交わすうちにその教養の深さや人柄に惹かれ、ついに八月自ら娘のもとを訪れて契りを交わした。
However, while exchanging letters with her, Genji found himself attracted to her because she was so well-educated and good-natured, and in August, he finally himself visited her and they traded vows.

1694年（元禄7年）、信武は、創業功臣の裔である重臣生駒三左衛門、田中五郎兵衛を討ち果たしたが自らも自害を遂げた。
In 1694, Nobutake murdered his senior vassals, Saemon IKOMA and Gorobe TANAKA, who were the descendants of the retainers who contributed to founding the domain, and killed himself.

征夷大将軍・足利義尚は1487年（長享元年）8月に、幕府の威信回復を目指し自ら六角氏へ征伐（長享・延徳の乱）を行う。
Seitaishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA himself commanded the army to conquer the Rokkaku clan (Chokyo-Entoku Wars) to restore the dignity of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

しかしながら、晴信は「信濃守護の職責を果たすため他国の侵略と戦っている」と自らの正当性を主張して、逆に景虎を責めた。
However, Harunobu insisted his legitimacy saying that 'we are fighting invasion from other provinces to fulfill the responsibility of the shugo post of Shinano province,' and accused Kagetora instead.

南宗寺に徳川秀忠・家光が上洛した際に自ら参拝していることや、東照宮が勧請されていたこともその傍証とされることがある。
Also, when Hidetada and Iemitsu went to Kyoto Capital, they paid respect to the tomb in Nanso-ji Temple and earnestly requested the establishment of Tosho-gu Shrine, an act which also supports the theory that the tomb in Nanso-ji Temple is the tomb of the real Ieyasu.

信仰のあり方は一神教的な救済論的なものではなく、習俗的な穏やかなものであり、自らを「信者」とはみなさない場合も多い。
The style of their religion is not based on monotheistic theories of salvation but instead on moderate custom, and there are many people who don't regard themselves as 'devotees'.

この法律に定める申請、登録証明書の受領若しくは提出又は署名は、自ら当該市町村の事務所に出頭して行わなければならない。
The application, receipt or submission of the registration certificate and signature, which are provided for in this Act, shall be performed by the alien by appearing in person in the municipal office of the city, town or village concerned.

行政機関の長は、法令に基づく場合を除き、利用目的以外の目的のために保有個人情報を自ら利用し、又は提供してはならない。
The head of an Administrative Organ shall not, except as otherwise provided by laws and regulations, use by himself or herself or provide another person with Retained Personal Information for purposes other than the Purpose of Use.

自ら分別基準適合物を製品（燃料として利用される製品にあっては、政令で定めるものに限る。）の原材料として利用すること。
Personally utilizing waste containers and packaging that conform to the sorting standards as raw materials of products (for products utilized as fuel, limited to those specified by Cabinet Order)

前項の規定による審査の申請（以下この節において単に「審査の申請」という。）は、これを行う者が自らしなければならない。
The person who files a claim for review pursuant to the preceding paragraph (hereinafter referred to simply as 'claim for review' in this Section) shall act as his/her own agent in filing the claim.

1493年（明応2年）には自ら自治を放棄する集会を開き惣国は解体され、新しい守護の伊勢貞陸の支配下に入ることになった。
In 1493, the sokoku held a meeting to abandon its autonomy and the organization was dismantled; the community was then put under the rule of Sadamichi ISE, a newly appointed shugo.

文化の担い手としての天皇や公家は、この戦乱の時代には、文化の相伝に存在意義を見出すことを強いられ、自らも見出していた。
Emperors and court nobles as supporters of culture were forced to find their significance of existence in handing down culture and they themselves did so.

つづいて自らの利権を失うことを恐れた本願寺も信長に反発、全国の一向一揆を動員して10年間徹底的に抗戦した（石山合戦）。
Then Hongan-ji Temple, which was afraid of losing their interests, opposed Nobunaga and offered resistance for ten years by mobilizing ikko ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers) all over Japan (Ishiyama War).

『平家物語』によれば、合戦前の軍議で軍監の梶原景時は合戦の先陣になることを望むが、義経は自らが先陣に立つとはねつけた。
According to the 'Heike monogatari,' leaders at the war council held before the battle wished to have commander Kagetoki KAJIWARA lead the vanguard in the battle, but Yoshitsune spurned their advice and appointed himself leader of the vanguard.

超然主義を取って議会との対立を続けるよりも自らが目指す近代国家の方向性を実現させるための政党結成に乗り出す事を考えた。
He started to think of forming a new political party that would lead a modern nation that he wished to create instead of supporting transcendentalism and continuing to have a conflict with the Diet.

誅伐された弟建は死に臨み、その武勇を嘆賞し、自らをヤマトヲグナと名乗る小碓命に譲って倭建（ヤマトタケル）の号を献じた。
The executed younger brother Takeru, at the moment of his death, lauded Ousu no Mikoto's bravery, and gave the name of Yamato Takeru to him, who had been called Yamato Oguna.

「日本映画史に残る大失敗作」「大佛が作家としての自身のキャリアに自ら疵を付けた」と酷評された程の悲惨な結果に終わった。
It came to a miserable end when it was severely criticized as 'the flop that would go down in Japanese movie history,' or 'Osaragi stained his own career as a writer.'

（細井説では、「群臣による天皇擁立」を阻止するために、称徳天皇が最後の段階で自らの手で白壁王を後継としたとしている。）
(In Hosoi's view Empress made Prince Shirakabe her successor at the final stage to prevent 'enthronement of the Emperor by the whole body of officials'.)

これは、自ら結成した新党を政権基盤とする政権を樹立し、政友会への依存からの脱却と山縣からの自立を企図するものであった。
Katsura contemplated establishing his new administration based on the party of his own, and thereby freeing himself from the dependence on the Seiyukai and on Yamagata.

下は庶民から上は大名クラスの領主達に至るまで、ほとんど全ての階層が、自ら同等な階層の者と考える者同士で一揆契約を結んだ。
In that society, people of nearly every level, from the commoners to the feudal lords in the daimyo (territorial lord) class signed contracts of ikki with others whom they considered to be of the same level.

ここに中央政府の地方への求心力が失墜し、各地豪族は自ら力を蓄え、或いは力ある存在に身を寄せる法なき時代に入ったのである。
Here, the force of the central government to provinces declined and the lawless era, in which gozoku (local ruling families) in various provinces developed power or relied on others who had power, commenced.

そのため信長は、明智光秀と細川藤孝を使者として義昭のもとに送り、自らの剃髪と人質を差し出すことを条件にして和睦を求めた。
So, Nobunaga sent Mitsuhide AKECHI and Fujitaka HOSOKAWA as emissaries to Yoshiaki in order to make peace with him on the condition that he would take the tonsure and send hostages.

にも関わらず、7月3日に足利義昭は勅命を破棄して再度挙兵し、二条城に三淵藤英を入れて守らせ、自らは槇島城に立て籠もった。
In spite of that, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA abondoned the imperial command, raised yet another army and barricaded himself and his army in Makishima-jo Castle while making Fujihide MITSUBUCHI guard Nijo-jo Castle.

9世紀末頃からは、「追捕官符」の発布を受けた国司（国衙機構）が自らの裁量で国内の郡司・富豪層を軍事編成するようになった。
Around the end of the ninth century kokushi (provincial officials) (in the kokuga [provincial office structure]) who received 'tsuibu kanpu' (Warrants of Pursuit and Capture) from the Imperial Court were able to form, at their discretion, troops with gunji and the rich and powerful class.

この結果、治天になれなければ、自らの子孫へ皇位継承できないことを意味しており、治天の座を獲得することは死活問題であった。
As the result of this, it was necessary to become Chiten to pass the Imperial succession to his descendant, therefore it was a matter of life and death to obtain the position of Chiten.

これ以降、秀吉をはじめとする羽柴家の人物は自らの名乗りに専ら「豊臣」を使うようになり、いかなる名字も使用した形跡は無い。
After that, Hideyoshi and the other members of the Hashiba family began to use solely 'Toyotomi' to present themselves, and not a single use of any other myoji (family names) by them is traced.

居所から今出川と称し、また、菊花を好んだことから邸宅に菊花が多数植えられ、衆人から菊の亭と呼ばれ、自らも菊亭とも称した。
He named himself Imadegawa from the address and, as he liked chrysanthemums (kiku), a large number of chrysanthemums were planted in his mansion and people called him kikunotei and he named himself Kikutei.

しかし、上方で石田三成が家康打倒の挙兵をしたことを知った家康は、白河口を次男・結城秀康へ任せ、自らは江戸城に引き返した。
However, Ieyasu, who knew that Mitsuhide AKECHI raised his army in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) to overthrow Ieyasu, left Shirakawa-guchi Gate to the second son Hideyasu YUKI and returned to the Edo-jo Castle.

朧月夜_(源氏物語)との仲が発覚し、追いつめられた光源氏は後見する冷泉帝に累が及ばないよう、自ら須磨への退去を決意する。
After the affair with Oborozukiyo (The Tale of Genji) is revealed, Hikaru Genji is brought to bay and makes up his mind to exile himself to Suma so as not to get Emperor Reizei, who was under his guardianship, in trouble as well.

第26代昭光は天正18年（1590年）、豊臣秀吉による小田原攻めに参陣しない伊達政宗を憚って自らも援軍の派兵を見送った。
In 1590, Akimitsu, the twenty-sixth head of the family, postponed sending the reinforcements to the Invasion of Odawara headed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, as he was afraid of Masamune DATE who did not participate in the invasion.

これに危機感を覚えた細川高国は自らが武田元光軍に救援に向かったが、弟の日野内光大納言卿が戦死、また精鋭の荒木父子も戦死、
Seen what happened, Takakuni HOSOKAWA developed a sense of crisis and went to assist the army of Motomitsu TAKEDA, but his younger brother Chief councilor of state Uchimitsu HINO was killed in the battle as were senior and junior Araki who were both elite soldiers.

天誅組は中山忠光を主将、吉村寅太郎、松本奎堂、藤本鉄石を総裁とする職制を整え、自らを「御政府」または「総裁所」と称した。
Tenchu-gumi put the office organization in order with Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA the commander-in-chief and Torataro YOSHIMURA, Keido MATSUMOTO, and Tesseki FUJIMOTO president; the members called themselves 'the government' or 'presidency.'

補佐人の陳述は、当事者又は訴訟代理人が直ちに取り消し、又は更正しないときは、当事者又は訴訟代理人が自らしたものとみなす。
Statements made by an assistant in court, unless immediately retracted or corrected by a party or counsel, shall be deemed to have been made by the party or counsel him/herself.

記録荘園券契所を設置して実効的な荘園整理を進める（延久の荘園整理令）など、当時の社会変動に伴う課題に自ら取り組んでいった。
He coped with the challenges associated with social changes in those days such as promoting effective regulation of shoen by establishing the Kiroku shoen kenkeijo (office for the investigation of estate documents) (Enkyu Manor Regulation Acts).

これらの原因が、白居易の『新豊折臂翁』に謡われる兵役を逃れるために自らの臂を折った翁のように、兵役拒否を生むことになった。
These factors caused people to refuse to go into military service, just like the old man described in Juyi BAI's 'Shinpo Seppio' (old man with a broken arm in Shinpo), who broke his own arm in order to avoid his military service.

公領経営に深く携わるようになった田堵は、名主の地位を得て耕地の経営に当たるとともに、自ら墾田して領主（開発領主）となった。
Tato that became deeply involved in the management of Imperial demesne, obtaining the position of myoshu (owner of rice field), not only ran the management of cultivated land but also developed new rice fields by themselves, and became feudal lords or kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who developed the land).

調庸・封物を富豪層が京進することにより、院宮王臣家（皇族・有力貴族）は富豪層と結びつき、自らの収入たる封物の確保を図った。
Because persons in the rich and powerful class paid carried choyo (national tax) and fubutsu (collected goods as tax) to Kyoto, Ingu oshinke (imperial families and powerful nobles) became related to these rich and powerful persons to secure the fubutsu that constituted their income.

宮中三殿で行われる祭祀には、天皇が自ら祭典を斎行し、御告文を奏上する大祭と、掌典長が祭典を行い、天皇が拝礼する小祭がある。
Court rituals which are performed in the Three Shrines in the Imperial Court consist of taisai (grand festivals), in which the Emperor himself conducts a ceremony and presents a message to the ancestors of the Imperial Family, and shosai (small festivals), in which the shoten-cho (the chief ritualist) conducts a ceremony and the Emperor bows his head in prayer.

上野国府で新皇を僭称した将門の下、時の主宰者となった興世王は藤原玄茂と共に独自に除目を発令し、自らは上総国介に任命される。
Under Masakado, who named himself the new emperor at the Kozuke provincial office, Prince Okiyo, who became the most influential person at that time, issued the Jimoku (ceremony for appointment of officials) in his own right with FUJIWARA no Harumochi, being appointed as the Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province.

彼の追号「後三条」は、彼が外祖父三条の後継者であることを意味しており、生前自ら定めたものだという説もある（『栄花物語』）。
This title after death 'Gosanjo' is said to have been chosen by himself while he was alive to mean that he was the heir of his maternal grandfather, Sanjo ('A Tale of Flowering Fortunes').

さらに近代国際法の受容が進んだことで、単なる翻訳でなく『万国公法』に中国人自らが注釈を施した著作も刊行されるようになった。
As acceptance of modern international law had progressed, not only mere translation but also works in which 'Bankoku Koho' was annotated by Chinese people were issued.

上級兵士たちは気に入らない藩師を実力をもって追い出し、自らが支持する人物を藩師に立ててこれを朝廷に認めさせるようになった。
By force, high-ranking soldiers got rid of the hanshi they did not like, and they set up the ones they supported as their hanshi, and they made the imperial court accept it.

実際には、両者の共同謀議の痕跡はなく、むしろ自らの地位向上を目指しているうちに武装蜂起に追い込まれてしまった色合いが強い。
In fact, there is no real evidence of such a conspiracy, but there is a strong probability that Masakado and Sumitomo were pushed to military action while trying to improve their social status.

法第十六条第一項の規定による指定（以下「指定」という。）の申請は、指定を受けようとする者が自ら出頭してしなければならない。
A person who wants the Designation has to appear himself/herself and file an application for Designation pursuant to paragraph (1) of Article 16 of the Act (hereinafter referred to as 'Designation').

各委員会及び各庁の長官は、別に法律の定めるところにより、政令及び省令以外の規則その他の特別の命令を自ら発することができる。
A commission or the director-general of an agency may, as separately prescribed by an Act, issue by itself rules and any other special orders other than a Cabinet Order and a Ministerial Ordinance.

運営評価人は、評価を行うために自らが適当と認めるイーター機構の職員との十分な接触並びに帳簿及び記録の十分な利用が許可される。
The Management Assessor shall be granted full access to personnel, books and records of the IO as he/she may deem appropriate for the assessment.

これはすなわち、出挙を行えるのは支配層に限られていたこと、支配層も自らが支配する範囲内でのみ出挙を行えたこと、を表している。
These characteristics namely suggested the fact that only the ruling class could implement Suiko, as well as the ruling class could implement Suiko within the regions that they ruled.

彼らは自らもまた名田経営を請け負う富豪として、また富豪相互あるいは富豪と受領の確執の調停者として地方に勢力を扶植していった。
The warriors became influential in rural areas as rich farmers who undertook the management of Myoden, or as mediators to solve conflicts between millionaires and zuryo or between millionaires.

だが、3歳で父が没したこともあって、天皇の孫でありながら官位を受けることもなく、まして自らの存在が注目されることもなかった。
Because his father died when he was three years old, although he was a grandson of Emperor Tenmu, he was not given an official rank, let alone his presence never drew attention.

冒頭で移り行くもののはかなさを語った後、同時代・または過去の災厄についての記述が続き、後半には自らの草庵での生活が語られる。
In the opening of the work, he wrote about the transitory nature of fleeting things, and then the disasters that had occurred in his time or in the past, and his life in a thatched hut was described during the latter part.

官軍は捜索隊の報告と各地からの急報で初めて薩軍の大挙来襲を知り、各地に増援隊を派遣するとともに三好旅団長自ら迫間に進出した。
As soon as the government army learned that the Satsuma army were storming in full strength by a report from the reconnaissance party and urgent messages from the respective troops, it dispatched the reinforcements to the troops, while having the Brigadier MIYOSHI advance for Sakoma in person.

だが、受刑後に宦官として重用されることが多くなると、後の世には自宮、すなわち自ら性器を切り落として宦官となる人間が増加した。
However, the Courts gave important posts to those punished criminals as eunuchs to work in the Court, and the number of people who cut off the genitals by themselves increased in later periods in order to become eunuchs.

明智光秀らの使者の言を一旦聞き入れ自ら安土城に赴き母親を人質に釈明すべく有明城を出立した荒木村重は、途中茨木城に立ち寄った。
Murashige ARAKI, who accepted once the words of the emissaries including Mitsuhide AKECHI and departed Arioka-jo Castle to visit Azuchi-jo Castle and make explanation by himself offering his mother as a hostage, dropped at Ibaraki-jo Castle.

しかし後に黄色い衣を着て頭に冠を被り、手に捕縄を持ち、それによって死者の霊魂を縛り、自らの住処・国に連行されると考えられた。
Later, it was believed that he wore yellow vesture and a wreath on his head, held a rope for arrest, bound the soul of the dead with this rope and brought them to the place where he resided.

借地権を設定する場合においては、他の者と共に有することとなるときに限り、借地権設定者が自らその借地権を有することを妨げない。
Establishment of a Land Lease Right shall not preclude the Lessor from possessing the Land Lease Right himself or herself only when the right is held in common with another party.

領家は荘官を通じて、荘園からの収穫を年貢として徴収したり、荘園内の百姓（荘民）に労役を課したり（公事）して、自らの収入とした。
Through those shokan, ryoke collected harvests from their shoen as nengu (land tax), and imposed labor service (kuji [public duties]) on the shomin (farmers living in their manor), taking those taxes as their own revenue.

戦国大名は武力で自らの支配地域を確立していったため、従前の権利関係を解消して、支配地域を家臣や寺社へ分け与えることが多かった。
As Sengoku-daimyos established their own regions of influence by force, they dissolved the previous rights and often gave their regions to the retainers, temples or shrines.

そのため、潅漑用水を開発したり、自らの私営田を一般百姓に耕作させるなどの勧農行為をとおして、在地に対する支配力を強めていった。
For this reason, they developed an irrigation plan and strengthened the governance over the local regions through the kanno acts which made ordinary farmers cultivate their own private rice fields and so on.

平安時代、律令制下では庶民は租税や労役、兵役を課せられていた。その運搬や出向は全て本人が自ら都まで出向かなければいけなかった。
下の文を統合しました.

孔子が「古の賢人」と讚えた伯夷は志を貫き、自ら官を退き隠逸し、薇（わらび・ぜんまい）を食べながらついには餓死した士人であった。
Hakui, whom Confucius praised as 'an old wise man,' was Shijin who became a recluse, retired from an official position of his own ill, sticking to his principles, and finally starved to death as a result of eating only warabi (a wild vegetable, bracken).

しかし、文人達はこれらの芸を飽くまで自らが文雅を楽しむための余技として捉え、他者から職業的な営みと見られることを極度に嫌った。
However, Bunjin regarded these arts as an avocation for them to enjoy elegance and absolutely hated this to be seen as a profession.

行政権は国務各大臣の輔弼により天皇が自ら行うものとされ、内閣は国務各大臣の協議と意思統一のための組織体にすぎないものとされた。
The executive power of the government was under the personal control of the Emperor, who was assisted by the Ministers of State, and so the Cabinet was originally established merely as a consultative body, within which Ministers of State engaged in discussion to ensure that their opinions were consistent with each other.

『無量寿経仏説無量寿経』によると、一切の衆生救済のために自ら仏の位を降りて菩薩となり、世自在王仏の元で法蔵と名乗り修行をした。
According to 'Muryoju-kyo Bussetu Muryoju-kyo Sutra,' he willingly stepped down from the status of Buddha to Bosatsu and practiced ascetic training for the relief of all the living things under Lokeshvararaja Buddha, with the name Dharmakara.

純資産額規制比率が百二十パーセントを下回った場合　純資産額規制比率の状況を回復させるために自らとるべき具体的措置に関する計画書
in the case where the Net Assets Regulation Ratio is below 120 percent:　a plan pertaining to the specific measures to be taken by the Futures Commission Merchant in order to recover the required status of the Net Assets Regulation Ratio.

増え続ける荘園に対抗して、国司は大名田堵を在庁官人に任命し、自らの手元に置き、さらには惣司・郷司・保司として、地方行政官とした。
In competition with the ever-increasing shoen, the Kokushi assigned Daimyo tato (daimyo cultivators) to Zaicho kanjin (resident public officials) and deployed them on hand; moreover, they had Soji, Goji, and Hoji (all of which were local government officials under the ritsuryo system) appointed as local government officials.

そして、常重から相馬郷・立花郷の両郷を官物に代わりに親通に進呈するという内容の新券（証文）を責め取って、自らの私領としてしまう。
Chikamichi compelled Tsuneshige and acquired a deed stating that in place of kanmotsu, the Soma-go and Tachibana-go villages were offered to Chikamichi, thereby making the villages his private land.

信西は、自らの子・成憲と清盛の女（後の花山院兼雅室）の婚姻によって平氏一門との提携を世間に示し、改革は順調に進行するかに見えた。
Shinzei arranged a marriage between his own son Narinori and Kiyomori's daughter (who later became the wife of Kanemasa KAZANIN), thereby showing society the strong partnership between his own family and the Taira clan,

平安時代になり大同 (日本)3年（808年）に大蔵省律令制における大蔵省縫部司を併合すると衣服生産も縫殿寮自ら行うようになった。
In the Heian period, Nuidonoryo absorbed Okurasho Nuibe no tsukasa, which was based on the Okurasho Ritsuryo system, in 808 and began the production of clothes.

総司令部は、その記事に示された「松本委員会試案」は受け入れ難いと考え、自ら憲法改正案を作成し、日本政府に提示することを決定した。
GHQ rejected the published 'Matsumoto committee draft' and decided to prepare another draft proposal by themselves and submitted it to the Japanese government.

信玄時代からの重鎮たち、特に武田四天王といわれる山県昌景、馬場信春、内藤昌豊らは信長自らの出陣を知って撤退を進言したと言われる。
Knowing Nobunaga's participation in the battle, Takeda's senior vassals since the time of Shingen, especially Masakage YAMAGATA, Nobuharu BABA, and Masatoyo NAITO who were among the so-called big four of the Takeda clan advised Katsuyori to withdraw from the war.

しかしながら、友軍の川尻突入を見て、機逸すべからずと考え、兵を分けて、自ら撰抜隊を率いて熊本城目指して突入し、遂に城下に達した。
At the sight of the troops on his side charging into Kawajiri, YAMAKAWA made a snap decision that he must not miss the opportunity, divided his soldiers and led the pick of the troops by himself and rushed towards Kumamoto Castle, and entered the castle town.

敵対関係であった後梁・後唐を除いて五代の変遷は全て旧王朝の節度使職にあった者が旧王朝の皇帝を滅ぼして自ら皇帝となったものである。
Except for the Later Liang and Later Tang Dynasties, which were hostile to each other, the transition in all of the Five Dynasties occurred by those who were setsudoshi under the former dynasty overthrowing the emperor of the former dynasty and enthroning themselves as emperors.

また一面では、本来太田城を守る存在であった水を使って城を攻めることで、水をも支配する自らの権力を誇示しようとしたとも考えられる。
In another aspect, it can be also thought that he tried to show his power which could also control water by attacking Ota-jo Castle with water which had fundamentally guarded the castle.

平安時代に入ると、元々詔勅の検討を担当していた外記局が、天皇の命令・意向を自らの名で文書化したものも宣旨と呼ばれるようになった。
In the Heian period, the emperor's orders and intents put into document form under the name of Gekikyoku which was originally in charge of examination of Shochoku, also came to be called Senji.

分国法には、先行武家法である御成敗式目および建武式目の影響が見られるが、一方では、自らの分国支配の実情を反映した内容となっている。
Bunkokuho was influenced by Goseibai Shikimoku and Kenmu Shikimoku while its contents reflected the actual conditions of control over one county.

義貞は三島で軍を集結させると軍を二方面に分け、自らは搦め手軍を率いて箱根峠に進み、大手軍は実弟脇屋義助を大将に足柄峠へ進軍させる。
Yoshisada gathered his army in Mishima and split them into two directions, then he led the rear force and headed for Hakone-toge Pass, meanwhile, his younger brother, Yoshisuke WAKIYA led the front force and headed for Ashigara-toge Pass.

信西自身は、保元の乱で敗死した藤原頼長の所領を没収して後院領に組み込み、自らはその預所になるなど経済基盤の確保にも余念がなかった。
Shinzei himself confiscated the lands owned by FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, who perished in the Hogen Rebellion, and nominally added these estates to the land already prescribed for the Emperor's use after he abdicated the throne, yet in reality devoted his undivided attention to making those lands into a buffer to guarantee his own financial footing.

反面、武田氏研究者の柴辻俊六は、布施の戦いに関しても景虎が自ら出陣したとする確実な史料での確認が取れないとして、疑問を呈している。
However, Shunroku SHIBATSUJI, a researcher of the Takeda clan, raised questions about the theory on the ground that there is no reliable historical materials to support Kagetora's participation in the battle of Fuse.

ちなみに浄土宗や時宗でも自らを「浄土真宗」「真宗」と称した例があり、また時宗旧一向派（開祖一向俊聖）を「一向宗」と称した例もある。
In fact, Jodo Shu and Ji Shu also called themselves 'Jodo Shinshu' or 'Shinshu' once, and Kyu Ikko-ha of Ji Shu (the founder: Shunsho IKKO) was called 'Ikko Shu' once.

前項の調書を作成したときは、入国警備官は、容疑者に閲覧させ、又は読み聞かせて、署名をさせ、且つ、自らこれに署名しなければならない。
In entering the statement on record as set forth in the preceding paragraph, the immigration control officer shall have the suspect inspect it or the immigration control officer will read it aloud to the suspect and have him/her sign it, and the immigration control officer shall affix his/her own signature thereto.

平安時代後期に院政が始まると、治天の君（院政を行う上皇）は、院宣や院庁下文を発給することで、自らの政治意思を明示・具現化していった。
As the system of Insei (rule by the Retired Emperor) was enforced in the late Heian period, Chiten no kimi (the Retired Emperor in power) used inzen and innocho kudashibumi to strongly express and achieve his political intentions.

しかし総数の1％程度の被害で和平を受け入れるとは考えにくく、敗戦と自ら明記していることからも、実際の被害はもっと多かったと思われる。
But as this would amount to only about 1% of their total force, it is difficult to imagine why the Korean army would have made peace, leading some to suspect that actual casualties were much higher, a possibility reinforced by the Korean's own records clearly indicate that this invasion was a defeat.

近世（江戸時代）に入ると、将軍家や大名家は権力を正当化するため、儒教思想を積極的に採用し、歴史の編纂を通じて自らの正当性を主張した。
Entering the early-modern times (the Edo period), the Shogun family and Daimyo families (feudal lord families) adopted Confucian thought actively to legitimatize their power and compiled their own histories to assert their legitimacy.

当時の百姓身分の自治組織である惣村は、自検断権に基づき自ら司法権とその保証となる軍事警察力たる武力を持ち、膨大な武器を所有していた。
Soson villages, which were autonomous organizations formed by peasants at the time, had jurisdiction as well as military forces and police authority required to protect their jurisdiction based on the right to rule themselves, and owned enormous amounts of weapons.

このことはしばらく公にされていなかったが、平成21年（2009年）3月に行われた、第60回結核予防全国大会の挨拶にて、自ら明かした。
He voluntarily revealed that he had contracted tuberculosis, which had been kept secret for long, in the speech delivered in the 60th National Meeting of Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association held in March 2009.

実能の嫡孫、左大臣徳大寺実定（1139年 - 1191年）は藤原俊成の妹が生んだ子で藤原定家の従兄にあたり、自らも優れた歌人である。
Saneyoshi's grandchild, who became heir to the family, Minister of the Left Sanesada TOKUDAIJI (1139 to 1191), was FUJIWARA no Toshinari's younger sister's son and FUJIWARA no Sadaie's cousin, and was a gifted poet.

さらに第2条で皇位継承の順序を、第3条でその順序の変更について規定しており、天皇が自らの意思によって継承者を指名できなくなっている。
Furthermore, Article 2 set forth the order of succession to the Imperial Throne, and Article 3 set forth with respect to any change in such order; thus it became impossible for the Emperor to name an heir at his own will.

接受機構は、自らの負担でこの協定の附属書一に特定されるイーター機構によって使用される支援設備を可及的速やかにイーター機構に提供する。
The Host Organization shall provide, free of charge to the ITER Organization, as soon as possible, service installations for use by the ITER Organization as specified in Annex 1 to this Agreement.

しかし、野村忍介・池辺の必死の説得で桐野は遂に翻意し、撤退し本営を東方の矢部浜町へ移転することに決し、自ら薩軍退却の殿りをつとめた。
Oshisuke NOMURA and IKEBE desperately persuaded KIRINO into moving the headquarters to Yabehama-cho, east from there, and KIRINO brought up the rear of the retreating the Satsuma army.

その他、平安時代初期の『弘仁私記』序はある人の説として、倭人が自らを「わ」（われ）と称したことから倭となった、とする説を記している。
The preface of 'Koninshiki' of the early Heian period introduced a theory by someone regarding the origin of the name that Wajin called themselves 'Wa' (meaning 'I,' 'me' or 'we,' 'us' in Japanese).

しかしキリスト教が広まると、キリスト教の教義や、キリシタン大名の人徳や活躍ぶり（特に高山右近）に感化され、自ら入信する大名が現れた。
However, as Christianity continued to spread, some daimyo (notably Ukon TAKAYAMA) found themselves impressed with Christianity's doctrines as well as with the virtue and vigor of Christian daimyo, and chose to believe in the religion on their own initiative.

661年、百済の遺臣の要請に応じて中大兄皇子は救援の兵を派遣することを決め、斉明天皇とともに自ら筑紫へ赴くが、天皇はこの地で没する。
In 661, in response to the request of the surviving retainers of Baekje, Naka no Oe no Oji decided to dispatch soldiers for rescue and together with Empress Saimei, he himself went to Chikushi, but Empress passed away at this place.

前首相の松方正義が自らの閣僚にも見放されて内閣を放り出すという事態は、8月2日に大命を受けた伊藤にも今後の政権運営に不安を抱かせた。
The situation that the previous prime minister Masayoshi MATSUKATA gave up the Cabinet because he lost the support of the members of his own Cabinet also made ITO who received the imperial command on August 2, feel concern about future government management.

前項の規定による援護によっては必要な応急の救護が得られない場合には、保護観察所の長は、予算の範囲内で、自らその救護を行うものとする。
If necessary urgent aid cannot be obtained through the assistance pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, the director of the probation office shall provide such assistance himself/herself within the scope of the budget.

そのため、彼らは婚姻を通して複雑なネットワークを形成し、国司の施策が自らの意向にそぐわなければ、国司へ反抗することもしばしば見られた。
Thus, they formed complicated networks through marriage and if the measures and policies by kokushi were inappropriate for their interests, they often resisted kokushi.

この時期までに郡司・郷司・負名層が自ら墾田して領主となる開発領主が登場しており、彼らは自領を権門へ寄進することで権利を確保していった。
By this time, Gunji (local magistrates), Goji (local government officials under the Ritsuryo system), Fumyo (tillers of public rice fields) developed new rice fields, owned these fields, and ensured their power by donating such fields to the influential.

しかし、それでは撰銭令は、室町幕府などが自ら大量に所有する粗悪な渡来銭などを市民に押し付けるための、利己的な悪法に過ぎないことになる。
However, Erizenirei then became that only a bad law to force the general public to use the low-quality Torai-sen, lots of which were held by the Muromachi bakufu and others.

著名な詩人にして文人である白居易はその著『新楽府』において自らの詩作は世相を風刺し政治に影響を与えることにその本分があると述べている。
BAI Juyi, a famous poet and Bunjin, described that his poems fundamentally aimed to satirize social trends and give an impact on politics in his book 'Shingakufu.'

1592年に始まる日本軍の侵攻（壬辰倭乱、日本でいう文禄・慶長の役）では全羅左水使李舜臣が自ら考案したと言われる亀甲船の艦隊を率いた。
During the invasion by the Japanese navy (Jinshin waran, or Bunroku and Keicho War in Korea on Japan's side) that started in 1592, the left naval commander in Jeolla Province Yi Sun-sin organized and led the fleet consisting of Turtle ships that were reportedly invented by Yi himself.

そして首謀者の金玉均は、首相にあたる「領議政」に大院君の親戚の一人の李載元、副首相に朴泳孝、自らを大蔵大臣のポストに置く事を表明した。
The ringleader Ok-gyun KIM announced that Jae-won Lee, one of the Heungseon Daewongun's relatives, would be appointed to be the 'supreme leader' as the prime minister, Yong-hyo PAK to be the deputy prime minister, and himself to be the minister of finance.

議会派はクロムウェルを護国卿に任命したが、その死後に護国卿を継承した子のリチャード・クロムウェルには政治力が無く、自ら辞任を申し出た。
Parliamentarians appointed their leader Cromwell as the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, but, after his death, his child Richard Cromwell who succeeded the post of Lord Protector had little political clout and offered his voluntary resignation from the post.

解体業者は、その引き取った使用済自動車の解体を自ら行わないときは、速やかに、他の解体業者に当該使用済自動車を引き渡さなければならない。
When the End-of-Life Vehicle which has been collected is not dismantled by the Dismantling Operator itself, it shall promptly deliver said End-of-Life Vehicle to another Dismantling Operator.

大日如来の大法会で普賢菩薩が文殊菩薩と衆生に向かって自らの感得した不動明王について教えを説き、大日如来がお墨付きを与えるという筋書き。
The story is that Fugen Bosatsu preached Fudo Myoo, which he felt, to the living things with Monju Bosatsu at the great Buddhist mass of Dainichinyorai, and that Dainichinyorai gave a favorable blessing.

被告人が自ら申立書を作ることができないときは、刑事施設の長又はその代理者は、これを代書し、又は所属の職員にこれをさせなければならない。
When the accused cannot write an application by himself/herself, the warden of the penal institution or a representative thereof shall do so for him/her or shall have this done by an officer of the institution.

こうした富豪層は田堵と呼ばれ、開発・集積した田地の経営（営田）や出挙の実施などで富を蓄積し、一般の百姓を自らの経営下に組み込んでいった。
This wealthy class of peasants, who were called 'tato' (cultivators), accumulated wealth by developing and integrating fields (Eiden), as well as performing suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through the 12th centuries), and gained control over the ordinary peasants by involving them in their business.

運営費や食料・物資の調達法は、自ら墾田を持つもの、官吏の扶持を割くもの、出挙としてイネを貸し付け利子で運営するものなどさまざまであった。
There were diverse methods of raising funds for the operation, securing food and other supplies for a Fuseya, such as owning newly cultivated land, setting aside stipends called fuchi that were attached to official services, and loaning out rice plants at interest in the form of suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries).

そして大佛は自ら「天狗ぷろだくしょん」を設立してプロデューサーに就任し、同年より小堀明男の主演による『新鞍馬天狗』シリーズの製作を開始。
So, Osaragi himself established 'Tengu Productions,' took up the position of producer, and began producing 'Shin Kurama Tengu' series starring Akio KOBORI in the same year.

職業紹介事業を自ら行おうとする者にあっては、職業安定法（昭和二十二年法律第百四十一号）の規定により職業紹介事業を行う許可を得ていること。
A person, which intends to conduct employment exchange services on its own account, has obtained permission pursuant to the provision of the Public Employment Security Act (Act No. 141 of 1947);

大学は、当該大学、学部及び学科又は課程等の教育上の目的を達成するために必要な授業科目を自ら開設し、体系的に教育課程を編成するものとする。
A university shall establish the class subjects necessary to achieve its educational purpose of the university, respective faculties, departments, courses, etc., and shall organize the curricula systematically.

更生緊急保護は、保護観察所の長が、自ら行い、又は更生保護事業法の規定により更生保護事業を営む者その他の適当な者に委託して行うものとする。
Urgent aftercare of discharged offenders shall be performed by the director of the probation office him/herself or by commission to any person who operates offenders rehabilitation services or other suitable persons pursuant to the provisions of the Offenders Rehabilitation Services Act.

ロシア帝国のエカチェリーナ2世は、もとは皇帝ピョートル3世の妻であり、その後クーデタにより自ら帝位についたものであるから、同一人物である。
Catherine II of Russia was initially the wife of Peter III who reigned as empress herself due to a coup so she is the same person.

ペリーは艦隊の一部を那覇に駐屯させ、自らは6月9日に出航、6月14日から6月18日にかけて、まだ領有のはっきりしない小笠原諸島を探検した。
Leaving a part of his squadron behind, Perry set out from Naha on June 9, 1853. From June 14 to June 18, he explored the Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands) where no territorial claim had yet been formally made.

幕府のシンボルであった江戸城に天皇が入ることで、天皇が皇国一体・東西同視のもと自ら政を決することを宣言するデモンストレーションともなった。
The Emperor entered the Edo-jo Castle which was the symbol of the bakufu, and this was a symbolic event for the Emperor was demonstrating that the entire imperial country was to be unified; the east and west to be identified as one, then the Emperor declared that he would control all administration by his decision.

ただし、征韓論の中心的人物であった西郷自身の主張は出兵ではなく開国を勧める遣韓使節として自らが朝鮮に赴く、むしろ「遣韓論」と言う説もある。
However, it is said that the insistence of Saigo, who was the central figure of Seikanron, was not on dispatching military but on his himself going there as a Japanese official diplomatic delegation and on asking Korea to open its country to the world (this insistence is called 'Kenkanron' [the insistence on sending delegations to Korea).

法令の規定により、気象庁その他の国の機関から災害に関する予報若しくは警報の通知を受けたとき、又は自ら災害に関する警報をしたときは、法令又は
When a prefectural governor has, pursuant to the provisions of laws and regulations, received notice of a forecast or an alarm with regard to a disaster from the Japan Meteorological Agency or any other State organization, or has issued an alarm with regard to a disaster him/herself, ... pursuant to the provisions of laws and regulations or a regional disaster prevention plan

回航監督官は、船長等が前項の規定による指示に従わない場合において、やむを得ない必要があるときは、自ら当該指示に係る措置をとることができる。
If the master of ship, etc. does not follow the direction under the provision of the preceding paragraph, the taking ship supervisor may, when it is unavoidable, take measures pertaining to the said direction himself/herself.

国土交通大臣は、次の各号のいずれかに該当するときその他必要があると認めるときは、建築物調査講習の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may him/herself administer the whole or part of the building investigation training services in any of the following cases or other cases where he/she finds it necessary:

また、村落や町(ちょう)が、自らの共同体的な機能を維持するために住民に賦課する人足役（掃除・普請・番・荷物持ち）も「夫役」と呼ぶ場合がある。
Additionally, villages and towns sometimes used the word 'buyaku' in reference to ninsokuyaku (cleanup, construction, guard and porter) that they imposed on residents in order to maintain their own communal functions.

ところが、年が明けて後光厳上皇の7回忌を巡って興福寺側が帰座の約束を破棄すると、義満は積極的に朝廷に参与して自らが主導する態度を見せ始めた。
In the next year, however, Kofuku-ji Temple argued over the sixth anniversary of the Retired Emperor Gokogen and broke its promise of shinboku kiza, so Yoshimitsu actively participated in the court administration and began to suggest that he would take the lead in the negotiations.

地方豪族や有力農民のなかには自らの勢力を維持・拡大するため、また、農民の反抗を防止して土地・人民を確保するために武装する者が少なくなかった。
Quite a few powerful local clans and influential peasants armed themselves to maintain and enlarge their power, and to secure the land and people by preventing defiance by the peasants.

さらに言えば、武士身分の田堵負名は、自らの私営田を権門勢家（皇室・有力貴族・有力寺社）へ寄進して荘園とするとともに、荘官に任じられてもいた。
In addition, some Tato fumyo with the samurai status donated their privately operated fields to kenmon seika (powerful houses and influential families) (Imperial families, powerful nobles, or powerful temples or shrines), making them manors and being appointed to shokan (the officers governing these manors).

例えば、「羽柴（官職）豊臣朝臣某」(例・徳川家康)もしくは名字は与えず「某（官職）豊臣某」（例・片桐且元）と名乗らせて自らの一族とみなした。
For example, as 'Hashiba, (government post), TOYOTOMI no Ason, personal name,' (ex. Ieyasu TOKUGAWA), he granted his sei and myoji, or, he did not grant his myoji, but made them call themselves as 'X, (government post), TOYOTOMI, personal name,' (ex. Katsumoto KATAGIRI), then he regarded them as his family members.

しかし天正10年（1582年）6月、光秀は本能寺の変を起こして信長を殺し、自らも信長の家臣・羽柴秀吉（豊臣秀吉）に討たれ、明智氏は滅亡した。
In June 1582 Mitsuhide caused the Honnoji Incident and killed Nobunaga, but was himself defeated by Nobunaga's vassal, Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), a defeat which led to the demise of the Akechi clan.

将軍問題は得宗が幕府の頂点にありながらも、その出自の低さ故に自ら将軍になる事の出来ない北条氏が最後まで乗り越える事の出来ない壁となっていた。
The Hojo clan couldn't get over Shogun issue in the end as Tokuso couldn't become Shogun due to his low status by birth eventhough he was the most powerful lord of the Kamakura bakufu.

また、後深草天皇の血統（持明院統）とは別に、自らの血統（大覚寺統）の繁栄に力を注ぎ、皇統が分裂して交互に皇位継承を行う両統迭立の端緒となる。
The Emperor worked hard to continue his own Imperial line (the Daikaku-ji Imperial line) apart from Emperor Gofukakusa's (the Jimyo-in Imperial line), this was the beginning of the separation of the Imperial lineage and sharing of Imperial succession for both parties.

刑事被告人は、いかなる場合にも、資格を有する弁護人を依頼することができる。被告人が自らこれを依頼することができないときは、国でこれを附する。
At all times the accused shall have the assistance of competent counsel who shall, if the accused is unable to secure the same by his own efforts, be assigned to his use by the State.

執行官は、必要があると認めるときは、第三項の規定により債務者に保管させた差押物を自ら保管し、又は前項の規定による許可を取り消すことができる。
A court execution officer may, if he/she finds it to be necessary, retain the seized property which he/she had the obligor retain pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (3) or rescind the permission under the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

屯田（とんでん）は、一般に、兵士に新しく耕地を開墾させ、平時は農業を行って自らを養い、戦時には軍隊に従事させる制度、またその場所や地域を言う。
Tonden refers to a system or the place/region where soldiers who were made to plow new fields were recruited at war time but farmed the land to sustain themselves at peace time.

鎌倉期守護は、侍所などの監督下で刈田狼藉の検断を実施してきたが、室町期守護は自らの権能として刈田狼藉の検断を実施することができるようになった。
While shugo in the Kamakura period were involved in the kendan (trials) of karita-rozeki under the supervision of Samurai-dokoro, shugo in the Muromachi period actually exercised their own authority when hearing karita-rozeki cases.

常盤会（学習院女子部の同窓会）会長松平信子ら旧華族の女性たちの反発も強く、信子に対しては昭和天皇自ら了承を求めてようやく決着したとも言われる。
Women of the former peerage, including Nobuko MATSUDAIRA, a chairman of the Tokiwa-kai Association (alumni association of The Gakushuin School Corporation Women's division), also opposed so strongly that the Emperor Showa personally got Nobuko's consent to solve the issue over the Crown Prince's marriage, it is reported.

御料車は専属の運転手が運転するが、天皇や他の皇族の多くが車好きとして知られ、皇居内などでは日本車を中心に自らステアリングを握って運転している。
Goryosha is driven by an exclusive chauffeur, but it is known that most Emperor and other Imperial families like cars and they drive a car (mostly Japanese car) by themselves in the premises of the Imperial Palace.

立荘の背景には、東大寺や国衙の支配と収奪を逃れようとする田堵農民層と、自らの所領の拡大・安定を狙った正盛の間に利害の一致があったと考えられる。
The interests of the Tato (wealthy farmer) farmer class, who were controlled and deprived of the control of the Todai-ji Temple and Kokuga, and Masamori, who wished to enlarge and stabilize his property, coincided and led to the creation of the shoen.

久光は大久保利通等を遣わしこの騒ぎを抑えようと試みたが失敗したため、彼らの同志である尊王派藩士を派遣して藩邸に呼び戻し、自ら説得しようとした。
Hisamitsu attempted to suppress this disturbance by sending Toshimichi OKUBO, who failed; then, he sent retainers from the royalists, comrades of the rebels, to bring them to the domain residence, so that he himself could dissuade them from partaking in the raid.

江戸では長寿院を、東大寺では自ら創建した子院の竜松院を拠点とし、元禄3年に大仏の頭を、元禄4年には東大寺八幡宮（手向山八幡宮）の修造がなった。
Working hard at Choju-in Temple as the base in Edo and at Ryusho-in as the base branch temple founded by himself on the precincts of Todai-ji Temple, Kokei completed renovation of the Great Buddha's head in 1690 and Hachiman-gu Shrine (Tamukeyama Hachiman-gu Shrine) of Todai-ji Temple in 1691.

この乱の後、西洋的方法を視野に入れた政治改革の必要を認識した西太后は、かつて自らが失敗させた戊戌の変法を手本としたいわゆる光緒新政を開始した。
Empress Dowager Cixi acknowledged the need for post-war political reform involving western techniques, and started the new Guangxu government based on the Hundred Days' Reform that she had previously made to fail.

筆者である甘露寺親長は嘉吉3年（1443年）南朝 (日本)遺臣が宮中に乱入して三種の神器を奪おうとした禁闕の変で自ら太刀を抜いて応戦した人物。
The author Chikanaga KANROJI was a man who drew his sword and fought back in the Kinketsu Incident of 1443, when retainers set adrift by the downfall of the Southern Court (Japan) intruded into the court and tried to take the three Imperial regalia by force.

乱後、上皇は仲麻呂の推挙で天皇に立てられた淳仁天皇を武力をもって廃位して淡路国に流刑にすると、自らが再度天皇に復位する（重祚）ことを宣言した。
After the rebellion, the Retired Empress dethroned Emperor Junnin, who had ascended the throne with the recommendation of Nakamaro, with the military power, and made Emperor Junnin exile to Awaji Province; thereafter she declared that she herself would ascend the throne again.

当該特許権若しくは当該特許を受ける権利に係る発明又は当該実用新案権若しくは当該実用新案登録を受ける権利に係る考案を自ら実施するものでないこと。
The person is not implementing himself/herself the inventions pertaining to said patent right or the right to receive said patent, or the concept pertaining to the said utility model right or the right to receive the registration of said utility model.

第三十九条第一項（第百二十一条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により定期検査又は計量証明検査の全部又は一部を自ら行うこととするとき。
When he/she has, pursuant to the provision of Article 39, paragraph 1 (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 121, paragraph 2), decided that he/she will execute a periodic inspection or measurement certification inspection in whole or in part by him/herself.

前二条の犯罪が行われるに当たり、現場において勢いを助けた者は、自ら人を傷害しなくても、一年以下の懲役又は十万円以下の罰金若しくは科料に処する。
A person who incites the offender in the commission of a crime at the scene of a crime prescribed under the preceding two Articles shall, even if the person does not directly cause another to suffer injury, be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than 1 year, a fine of not more than 100,000 yen or a petty fine.

領主側から見れば、自らが年貢徴収を行う場合と比べて、凶作時のリスクを回避し、また徴収に係るコストを軽減することができ、大きな利点があると言えた。
From the viewpoint of the feudal lords, the jigeuke had much greater advantages than collecting nengu by themselves because it enabled them to avoid the risk of a poor harvest as well as to reduce the cost of collecting the nengu.

正慶2年（1333年）には後醍醐が隠岐を脱出して伯耆に滞在し、自ら叛乱に参加する態度を示すとともに、広く各地の武士団に叛乱への参加を呼びかけた。
In 1333, Godaigo escaped Oki and stayed at Hoki, indicating his wishes to directly participation the insurrection and widely made a call for participation among the armed groups around the country.

だが、最末期には幕府自らが諸色（生活物資）の流通機構を半国営化する「諸色会所」構想を推進した（もっとも、江戸幕府の滅亡によって実現しなかった）。
However, the bakufu itself promoted a concept of 'shoshiki-kaisho' (daily commodity kaisho) in order to establish semi-nationalized distribution system of shoshiki (daily commodities) in the very last years of the Edo period (although the concept was never put into practice due to the collapse of the Edo bakufu).

喜兵衛らが自ら植えた松を切り取ったところに里右衛門と久助が通りかかり、咎めたところ、喜兵衛は自分が植えた松であるといい、里右衛門に従わなかった。
After Kihei cut the pine tree that he himself had planted, Riuemon and Kyusuke happened to came to the site and blamed the conduct, but Kihei rejected Riuemon's accusation saying that he himself had planted it.

さらに当時の宮廷の頌歌では「海東天子」や「南蛮北狄自ら来朝す」といった表現があり、当時の金石文には「皇帝陛下詔して曰く」と刻しているものもある。
Further, the phrase '海東天子' and '南蛮北狄自ら来朝す' are seen in the songs of the Court at that time, and the inscription of '皇帝陛下詔して曰く' is seen on kinsekibun (words written on metal and stones).

しかし、「小隠」ともいわれる隠逸スタイルは官位を捨て山林などに隠棲することであり、そもそも自らの生活のベースである特権階級をも維持できなくなる。
However, a style of recluses called 'Shoin,' meant to abandon official ranks and retire from the world to mountain or forest, making it impossible for the recluses to hold their privileges that were the basis of their living.

（意味）我が国は未曾有の変革を為そうとし、わたくし天皇が自ら皆に率先して天地神明に誓い、大いにこの国是を定め、万民を保全する道を立てようとする。
(Meaning) our country is making unprecedented transformation and I, the Emperor take initiative to swear to God, establish this national policy and preserve all the people.

破砕業者は、その引き取った解体自動車の破砕及び破砕前処理を自ら行わないときは、速やかに、他の破砕業者に当該解体自動車を引き渡さなければならない。
When shredding and sorting and pre-shredding and sorting processing of Dismantled Vehicles which have been collected are not carried out by the Shredding and Sorting Operator itself, the Shredding and Sorting Operators shall deliver the Dismantled Vehicles to another Shredding and Sorting Operator.

こうした反平氏の動きの背景には、平氏が現地勢力を軽視して自らの家人や係累を優先して平氏知行国や平氏所領の支配に当たらせていたことへの反発があった。
The background for anti-Taira movements was because there was animosity towards the Taira clan, who gave precedence to their own vassals and related persons while preventing local forces from ruling Taira clan governed provinces and property.

『古事記』によると、顕宗天皇の父（市辺押磐皇子）の仇討ちをすべく、意祁命（後の仁賢天皇）自ら雄略天皇陵の墳丘の一部を小規模ながら破壊した、とある。
According to the Kojiki, Oke no mikoto (later the Emperor Ninken) himself destroyed a part of the tumulus of the Emperor Yuryaku in order to inflict vengeance for the father of the Emperor Kenzo (Prince Ichihe no Oshihano).

大海人皇子は自ら行動を起こす2日前、6月22日に使者を出し、安八磨郡（安八郡）の湯沐令（ゆのうながし）の多品治に兵を挙げて不破道を塞ぐよう命じた。
Prince Oama sent an envoy to O no Honji, a Yunonagashi of Ahachimanokoori (Anpachi District), on June 22, two days before he took action by himself, and ordered him to raise an army to block the road of Fuwa.

それでも円融天皇は尊子内親王を可愛らしく思い寵愛したというが、唯一の頼りであった叔父光昭の死を期に、内親王は自ら髪を切り落として世を捨ててしまう。
Imperial Princess Sonshi was much loved by Emperor Enyu as he adored her, but after her uncle, Mitsuakira died who she relied on the most, the Princess shaved her head and entered into the priesthood.

不改常典が直系継承法だとすると、天武天皇は不改常典を破って皇位を得たことになり、その子孫が不改常典を自らの正統の拠りどころにするのは不自然である。
If Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is a direct line imperial succession code, Emperor Tenmu broke Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten to take the Imperial Throne, and therefore, it is unnatural that his descendents rely their legitimacy on Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.

佐藤は、自らが率先して革命歌を高唱し、「無政府主義万歳」と叫んだことを認めると共に、無政府主義も社会主義も究極の目的は一致するかもしれぬと答えた。
SATO acknowledged that he was the first to sing songs of revolution in a loud voice and to yell 'Hurrah for anarchism,' and replied that the ultimate objectives of anarchism and of socilalism may be the same.

それゆえ、自らの王や周辺諸国の王が「皇」の文字を使用する事は道理に反するとして認めず、天皇の事を「日本国王」「wko일본_천황」などと呼んできた。
Therefore, they didn't allow their own king or the kings of neighboring countries to use the character '皇' on the grounds that it went against reason, and they called the emperor of Japan 'the king of Japan' or '일본_천황' (Ilbon Chonhwang).

琴の名手である東晋の戴逵・宋 (南朝)の范曄、画芸に秀でた宋の鄭所南・元 (王朝)の倪雲林などは、ときの権力者に屈することなく自らの矜持を貫いた。
TAI Ki in the Eastern Jin and FAN Ye in Song (Southern Dynasty) who were masters of kin, and TEI Shonan in Song and GEI Unrin in Yuan who were good at painting kept their prides intact without being defeated by a powerful man in those days.

あまりにも熱中しすぎていたため、永正元年（1504年）には「すこぶる狂事なり、咲（わら）ふべし咲ふべし」（5月14日）と、自らを戒める記述がある。
He was so absorbed in shogi that he cautioned himself writing 'I am crazy and should be mocked' in 1504 (July 6).

後日、明治天皇自らが神戸港のロシア軍艦を訪問するとした際に、「拉致されてしまう」と進言する重臣達の反対を振り切って療養中のニコライを再び見舞った。
Later, when Emperor Meiji visited a Russian warship in Kobe harbor, he paid a visit to Nicholas again, ignoring protests from some senior statesmen that he might be taken hostage.

前号の自らした意匠登録出願について、その意匠登録出願に係る意匠が第三条第一項各号の一に該当し、拒絶をすべき旨の査定又は審決が確定した者であること。
with regard to the application for design registration filed by the person as prescribed in the preceding item, an examiner's decision or trial decision to the effect that the application is to be refused on the ground that the design in the application falls under any of items of Article 3(1) has become final and binding.

経済産業大臣が前項の規定により検査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行う場合における検査の業務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、経済産業省令で定める。
The transfer of the services for Inspections and other necessary matters, in the case where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry performs the whole or a part of the services for Inspections him/herself pursuant to the preceding paragraph, shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

有限責任事業組合契約に基づく権利　当該有限責任事業組合契約によって成立する組合の重要な業務の執行の決定に関与し、かつ、当該業務を自ら執行する組合員
rights under a Limited Liability Partnership Agreement:　the partner who participates in management decisions regarding the important business activities of the partnership formed under said Limited Liability Partnership Agreement, and manages said business activities by himself/herself;

裁判長は、必要と認めるときは、何時でも訴訟関係人の証人、鑑定人、通訳人又は翻訳人に対する尋問を中止させ、自らその事項について尋問することができる。
When the presiding judge finds it to be necessary, he/she may have a person concerned in the case stop questioning a witness, expert witness, interpreter, or translator at any time, and ask a question with regard to such matter himself/herself.

裁判所が職権で証拠書類の取調をするについては、裁判長は、自らその書類を朗読し、又は陪席の裁判官若しくは裁判所書記にこれを朗読させなければならない。
When the court examines documentary evidence ex officio, the presiding judge shall read out the documents, or have an associate judge or court clerk to do.

また現実の農業従事者は必ずしも百姓という呼称を差別的だととらえているとは限らず、むしろ一部の篤農家は自らを誇ってあえて百姓と自称する向きも見られる。
It is not always true that actual agriculture workers considered the term 'hyakusho' as discriminatory, and some practical farmers who are proud of themselves, call themselves hyakusho.

平成18年（2006年）には父・秋篠宮文仁親王の三重県訪問に同行し伊勢神宮神宮式年遷宮の行事「神宮式年遷宮御木曳行事」を視察し、自ら行事に参加した。
In 2006, the princess accompanied her father Imperial Prince Akishinonomiya Fumihito when he visited Mie Prefecture and she observed and participated in 'Okihikigyoji' (the event to carry the lumber into the reconstruction site), one of the events in Jingu Shikinen Sengu (the event to reconstruct a shrine building every 20 years) of Ise Shrine.

当時皇太子基王が急死し、自らも病弱であった聖武天皇に万が一の事があれば、天皇の叔母にあたる内親王やその子供達の皇位継承の可能性もあったと考えられる。
If Prince Motoi, the Crown Prince suddenly died and if anything happened to Emperor Shomu who was sick himself at that time, the Imperial Princess who was the aunt of the Emperor and her sons were thought to have had the possibility of succeeding the Imperial Throne.

しかし、これらの反平氏勢力は平氏追討を建前として掲げてはいたが、本音では自らの権利の確保、そして中央政府からの一定範囲での独立を真の目的としていた。
However, while the anti-Taira clan forces attacked the Taira clan, the real reason was to keep their own rights and privileges and to obtain a certain degree of independence from the central government.

頼忠・雅信排除の名目を見出せなかった兼家は、自ら右大臣を辞して替わりに准三宮の待遇を受けて、前大臣でありながら摂政後に関白として百官の上位に就いた。
As Kaneie could not find any pretext to remove Yoritada or Masanobu, he himself resigned his post as minister of the right and was treated as jusangu in exchange for it, then took a higher rank than any other officer as chancellor, after taking the post of regent, even though he was an ex-minister.

一方、清盛は自らの娘を信西の子・成憲に嫁がせていたが、信頼の嫡子・藤原信親にも娘（後の藤原隆房室）を嫁がせるなど、両派の対立では中立的立場にあった。
Kiyomori, on the other hand, had married one of his own daughters to Narinori, Shinzei's son, yet also married off another daughter (who would later become FUJIWARA no Takafusa's wife) to FUJIWARA no Nobuchika, Nobuyori's son and heir, and took other steps to avoid the conflict between the two factions and achieve a neutral position.

いっぽう、幼少時に鎌倉へ下向し、執権北条家の傀儡となっていた4代将軍・藤原頼経も成年に達し、自ら政権を握る意志を持ち、反執権勢力の糾合を図っていた。
Meanwhile, the 4th shogun, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, who had left the capital for Kamakura in his early years, and worked as a puppet of the regent HOJO family, came of age, and wanted to hold the reigns of government, trying to organize the anti-regent power.

幕府は、なかば摘発になす術がなく、なかば自らの朝令暮改が混乱を招いていると知ったためか、かなり無株者の酒の密造を黙認し、見てみぬふりをしようとした。
Partly because the bakufu did not have means to expose such mukabumono and also probably in part because the bakufu understood its lack of principle had brought about the confusion, it tried to connive at illicit sake manufacturing of mukabumono to a considerable extent, pretending not to notice.

徳島県鳴門市里浦町坂田 - 比丘尼の姿で阿波里浦に漂着し、その後辱めをうけんとし自らの陰部をえぐり投げつけ姿を消し、尼塚という供養塔を建てたという。
Sakata, Satoura-machi, Naruto City, Tokushima Prefecture - She washed ashore in the figure of Bikuni (Buddhist priestess), and then gouged out her pubic region so as not to be assaulted, and then disappeared, so people erected a stone monument called Amazuka for the repose of her soul.

ただし、盟友関係にあった関白・近衛前久に宛てて、合戦後に政虎が送った書状では、政虎自ら太刀を振ったと述べられており、激戦であったことは確かとされる。
However, in the letter Masatora sent to Sakihisa KONOE, who was Kanpaku (the top adviser to the emperor) and his ally, after the battle, he wrote that he himself used his sword in the fight, and therefore, it is considered that the battle was a fierce one.

性文化を始め日本の土着文化を自ら潰し、失われてしまったものが少なくない（例えば今日、茶道を嗜む者はいるが、日常的にちょんまげをしている者はいない）。
This has resulted in the Japanese throwing away their original native culture of the sexes on their own and they have lost quite a lot (for instance, some Japanese enjoy Japanese tea ceremony, but no Japanese men make a habit of wearing their hair in a topknot).

翌13日に天皇はニコライの宿舎である京都ホテルに自ら赴いてニコライを見舞い、さらには熾仁・威仁・能久の三親王を引き連れてニコライを神戸まで見送った。
On May 13, the Emperor visited Kyoto Hotel where Nicholas stayed, and then escorted Nicholas to Kobe together with 3 Imperial Princes, Taruhito, Takehito and Yoshihisa.

令第十条ただし書の規定に基づき財務大臣及び事業所管大臣が自ら行う事務は、第七条第二項から第四項までの規定に係る通知及び報告の受理に関する事務とする。
Administrative affairs that the Minister of Finance and the minister having jurisdiction over the business personally carry out based on the proviso to Article 10 of the Order shall be administrative affairs in connection with the receipt of notices and reports under the provisions of Article 7, paragraphs (2) to (4).

裁判所が職権で証拠物の取調をするについては、裁判長は、自らこれを訴訟関係人に示し、又は陪席の裁判官若しくは裁判所書記にこれを示させなければならない。
When examining material evidence ex officio, the presiding judge shall display the evidence to the persons concerned in the trial or order an associate judge or court clerk to do so.

彼らは国司や押領使として勲功を挙げるとともに、赴任した地方に土着して国衙から公田経営を公認されるなど、自らの軍事力を維持出来るだけの経済基盤を築いた。
Through distinguishing themselves as local governors or oryoshi, establishing themselves in the areas they were transferred to, and being officially permitted by kokuga to manage koden (field administered directly by a ruler), they established enough of an economic foundation to maintain their own military power.

さらに対立する村落間の紛争もしばしば自らの保有する武力によって解決され、村落ごとに高地に城砦を備え、また成員が戦闘訓練を受けていることも通例であった。
Disputes (trouble) between conflicting rural communities were also settled by their own military power and it was usually the case that each community built fortresses at high altitudes and all members had combat training.

曼荼羅には、保元元年（1156年）に平清盛が自らの血を用いて描いたと伝承される「両界曼荼羅」（金剛峯寺蔵、重要文化財）があり、「血曼荼羅」と称される。
Among Mandala (Mandala, or a diagram that depicts Buddhist deities according to certain geometric formats and illustrates the Buddhist world view), 'Ryokai Mandala' (Two World Mandala) (possessed by Kongobu-ji Temple, an important cultural property) has been said to be painted by TAIRA no Kiyomori with his own blood, and it is called 'Chi Mandala' (blood Mandala).

以仁王の令旨の文中に王自らの即位について触れているために、京都では以仁王の挙兵が後白河－高倉天皇系統からの皇位簒奪のための謀叛行為と受け取られていた。
The rising of Prince Mochihito was regarded as a rebellious act aiming at the usurpation of the imperial throne from the lineage of the retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Takakura because Prince Mochihito's order included a reference to his own enthronement.

ただ、頼朝は西国の御家人についてはこれを動員することに消極的であり、重源は御家人に対しては、高綱など、自ら協力を申し出てくれる有志に頼むしかなかった。
However, Yoritomo was unwilling to call out vassals in the western provinces so that Chogen had to depend on the vassals who voluntarily offered their assistance, including Takatsuna.

自らの政治的影響力を保持したいと考えた将軍徳川慶喜はこれを受け入れ、10月13日在京の諸藩士を二条城に招集し、大政奉還を諮問した（翌日、朝廷へ奏上）。
Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, a shogun who wished to continue to hold his political clout, accepted this theory and convened feudal retainers of local domains living in Kyoto to Nijo-jo Castle on October 13 to consult Taisei Hokan (which was reported to the Emperor next day).

そのため、日々起こり来る現実が不愉快の連続であり、「不可説」と「言語道断」の連発は自らの価値観が時代にそぐわないことを告白するものであったとしている。
That is why he was always uncomfortable with the actual incidents taking place every day, and using the expressions '不可説' and '言語道断' repeatedly was a confession of his unsuitableness for the time.

第二は日本人にヨーロッパのキリスト教世界を見聞・体験させ、帰国後にその栄光、偉大さを少年達自ら語らせることにより、布教に役立てたいということであった。
Second, have the Japanese see, hear, and experience the Christian world in Europe so that the boys could tell of its glory and greatness after returning to Japan, which would be useful for propagation.

特に長英は投獄後に脱獄し、逃亡の果てに捕り方によって殺害され、三英は逮捕をおそれて自殺、崋山は禁固（蟄居）後に自ら切腹するという悲劇的な最期を遂げる。
Especially, Choei broke out of prison after he was imprisoned and then was killed after escaping by the capturers, Sanei committed suicide for fear of being arrested, and Kazan met his tragic end by committing suicide by disembowelment after he was sentenced to imprisonment (being confined to his house).

司法修習生となる資格を得た後に自らの法律に関する専門的知識に基づいて次に掲げる事務のいずれかを処理する職務に従事した期間が通算して七年以上になること。
After acquiring the qualification to become a legal apprentice, to have utilized his/her own specialized knowledge of law in the discharge of duties dealing with any of the following matters, for a total of not less than seven years:

だが、もう一人の王は仏になる力を持ちながら、あえて仏となることを拒否し、自らの意で人の身のまま地獄に落ち、すべての苦悩とさ迷い続ける魂を救おうとした。
However, the other king dared to reject becoming Buddha in spite of being capable of doing so; instead he willingly went to Hell, keeping his human form, and continuously endeavored to relieve all the troubles and wandering of souls.

意思表示は、法律行為の要素に錯誤があったときは、無効とする。ただし、表意者に重大な過失があったときは、表意者は、自らその無効を主張することができない。
Manifestation of intention has no effect when there is a mistake in any element of the juristic act in question; provided, however, that the person who made the manifestation of intention may not assert such nullity by himself/herself if he/she was grossly negligent.

内閣総理大臣が前項の規定により講習事務の全部又は一部を自ら行う場合における講習事務の引継ぎその他講習事務の実施に関して必要な事項は、内閣府令で定める。
Where the Prime Minister conducts Training Affairs by himself/herself in whole or in part pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the necessary matters for transferring the Training Affairs and implementing the Training Affairs shall be specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance.

電子債権記録機関が自らの権限により記録すべき記録事項について、その記録がされていない場合（一の電子記録の記録事項の全部が記録されていないときを除く。）
In case where the Recorded Matters which should have been recorded by the Electronic Monetary Claim Recording Institution by its own authority have not been recorded (excluding cases where all the Recorded Matters of one Electronic Record are not recorded).

出資対象事業に係る重要な業務の執行の決定に関与し、かつ、当該業務を自ら執行する者（無限責任組合員に類する者があるときは、当該無限責任組合員に類する者）
the person who participates in management decisions regarding the important business activities of the Business Subject to Investment, and manages said business activities by himself/herself (or, in cases where there is any person similar to an unlimited liability partner, the person similar to an unlimited liability partner);

さらにこの頃から十河一存や三好義賢、長慶の嫡男三好義興など有力な一族が相次いで死亡し、果ては最後まで長慶を支えた弟安宅冬康を自らの手で暗殺するに至った。
Furthermore, roughly from that time on, influential members of the family including Kazumasa SOGO, Yoshikata MIYOSHI and Yoshioki MIYOSHI, eldest son and prospective heir of Nagayoshi, died one after another and, in the end, Nagayoshi even assassinated for himself Fuyuyasu ATAGI, his younger brother who had supported Nagayoshi the entire time.

朝廷の側に立ち、反乱側に立った自らと同じ原初の武士達を倒して同乱の鎮圧に勲功のあった者の家系は、承平天慶勲功者、すなわち正当なる武芸の家系と認識された。
Warriors who took the side of the Court and fought against those in the same social class in order to suppress the war, were recognized as performing a deed of valor and thus were also considered as being a proper warrior line.

給田の経営は、はじめ自らの下人・所従らを駆使して行なわれていたが、時代が下るにつれ、荘園内の名主・百姓らへ請作に出して行なわれていったと考えられている。
The management of shoen was first done using their own servants and followers, but as the ages went on, leasing out to the village headman and farmers within the shoen became the practice.

「追捕官符」に基づき、一国棟梁たる軍事貴族らは家人である武士団（田堵負名層（在地領主層））を率いて謀叛や蜂起を鎮圧すると、軍事貴族自らも恩賞を獲得した。
Suppressing revolts and rebellions by leading their private warrior bands (whose constituents were the Tato fumyo class who were also local lords) under 'tsuibu kanpu,' the military nobles earned rewards.

天文 (元号)年間に鵯尾城が築城され、国信の嫡男武田高信が入ると弟の武田又三郎に鵯尾城を任せ、自らは鳥取城に入り守護山名豊数に対抗する様な姿勢を見せる。
When Hiyodorio-jo Castle was constructed during the Tenmon era, Takanobu TAKEDA, the first son of Kuninobu, left Hiyodorio-jo Castle to his younger brother Matasaburo TAKEDA, entered Tottori-jo Castle and adopted a posture to confront shugo Toyokazu YAMANA.

真里谷信保は古河公方足利政氏の子・足利義明が家督争いの末に出奔するとこれを迎え入れて「小弓公方」と名乗らせ、自らは「房総管領」を名乗ったと言われている。
It is said that Nobuyasu Mariya sheltered Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, a son of Kogakubo Masauji ASHIKAGA, when he came to Kazusa after being defeated in the strife of succession and got Yoshiaki to call himself 'Koyumikubo' while calling himself 'Boso kanrei.'

これが刺激となって、朝鮮を華夷秩序内にとどめようとする清朝と、条約体制の中に引き込み、その上で自らの勢力下に置こうとする日本の間に確執が生じたのである。
This resulted in a feud between the Qing dynasty, which wanted Korea to remain in Kaichitsujo and Japan, which wanted Korea to join in treaty system and take control of Korea later.

戦後間もない昭和25年ごろ、丹後の寒村・樽泊の木樵の娘・夕子は、貧しい父、肺病の母と三人の妹のために京西陣の色町・五番町夕霧楼に自ら売られて遊女となる。
The story was set in around 1950, shortly after the end of the World War II, when Yuko, the daughter of a wood cutter in Tarudomari (樽泊), a poor village in Tango, was voluntarily sold to a red-light district Goban-cho Yugiri-ro in Nishijin, Kyoto to be a prostitute to support her poor father, mother with lung disease, and three younger sisters.

また、朝鮮半島の史書『三国史記』「新羅本紀」文武王十年（670年）12月条には、「倭国、号を日本に更む。自ら言う、日出づるに近きを以て名を為す」とある。
In the clause of December, 670 of Shilla Hongi (History of Shilla), 'Samguk Sagi' (History of the Three Kingdoms), a history book of Korean Peninsula, there is a description that says 'Wakoku was renamed Nippon because the land is close to the place where the sun rises.'

1280年（弘安3）伏見天皇の東宮時代から、1292年（正応5）に自らの病が重くなったことで里下がりするまでの13年に渡る宮廷生活の思い出を記したもの。
It describes her recollections about her courtly life over a period of 13 years, beginning with 1280 when the emperor was still crown prince and ending in 1292 when she retired due to her severe illness.

しかし、防御能力強化工事中の永禄8年（1565年）、松永久秀と三好三人衆に襲撃され、自ら刀を執って奮戦するも義輝は殺害され二条城は焼失した（永禄の変）。
However, during the construction to improve its defensive capabilities it was attacked by Hisahide MATSUNAGA and the Miyoshi Sanninshu in 1565 and Nijo-jo Castle burned down; even though Yoshiteru himself took up his sword and fought he was killed (Eiroku Disturbance).

純資産額規制比率が百四十パーセントを下回った場合（次号に掲げる場合を除く。）　純資産額規制比率の状況を維持するために自らとるべき具体的措置に関する計画書
in the case where the Net Assets Regulation Ratio is below 140 percent (excluding the case set forth in the following item):　a plan pertaining to specific measures to be taken by the Futures Commission Merchant in order to improve the status of the Net Assets Regulation Ratio;

明暦元年（1655年）宗旦の推挙で三河国三河吉田藩の小笠原忠知に仕えた折りに、宗旦は利休以来の不審庵、自らの隠居の今日庵の庵号を用いることを許している。
In 1655, at Sotan's recommendation, Sohen YAMADA went to serve Tadatomo OGASAWARA of the Mikawa Yoshida Domain in Mikawa Province and Sotan allowed him to use the names Fushinan, which had been handed down since Rikyu's time, and Konnichian, the name of Sotan's tea house built for his retirement.

このことは滝川総長自らがかつての主張を覆し教授会の人事権を否定したものとされ、戦後の滝川に反動的な人物とのイメージを付け加えることになったという者もいる。
This led to an impression of Takigawa as a reactionary person in the post-war years because he was viewed as reversing his previous opinion of the board of professors having the right of deciding on personnel matters.

こうした篤農家には歴史的百姓層が自らさまざまな生業を兼ね、またモノカルチャー化を避けて多様な農作物を栽培したことの復権にアイデンティティーをおく者もいる。
Some of these practical farmers find their identity in revival of the fact that people of the historical hyakusho class engaged in various vocations and grew various crops to avoid monoculture.

天皇即位のため越前を離れることになると、この地を案じて自らの御生霊を足羽神社に鎮めて御子の馬来田皇女（うまくだのひめみこ）を斎主としてあとを託したという。
Concerned about the region before leaving Echizen Province in order to accede to the throne, he appeased his vengeful spirit in Asuwa-jinja Shrine and left it to the care of one of his children, Princess Umakuda no Himemiko who served as the priestess of the shrine.

ただし、自らを蝦夷の子孫と伝承してきたことは確かであり、「朝敵」の子孫であるとする系図を伝えてきたことが、北奥地方に独特の系譜認識を示すものとされている。
However, it is certain that the Ando clan itself handed down this tradition that they were Emishi's descendent, and the fact that they themselves handed down the genealogical record that they were the descendent of 'Emperor's enemy,' shows a unique recognition on the genealogy in the northern Ou region.

将軍が諸大名に対して強大な権力を誇示したように、藩内においては藩主自らを頂点とした体制を固めさせられることになったのである（「藩体制の成立」と呼ばれる）。
Just as the Shogun had enourmous authority over the territorial lords, the lords of the domains were required to establish the system with themselves ruling at the top (called 'the establishment of the Domain System').

自作『源氏物語』に対しての世人の評判や、宮中の同僚であった和泉式部・赤染衛門、ライバル清少納言らの人物評や自らの人生観について述べた消息文などもみられる。
It contains gossips about 'The Tale of Genji,' private letters in which she described her view of life, and comments about her colleagues at the Imperial Court such as Izumi Shikibu, Akazome Emon and her rival, Seisho Nagon.

このうち忠正は甥の清盛が助命してくれることを期待していたが、清盛は自分が伯父を斬れば、義朝も父を斬らざるをえなくなるだろうと陰謀をはたらかせて自ら斬った。
Tadamasa expects his nephew Kiyomori will save him, but Kiyomori kills his uncle, thinking if he kills his uncle, Yoshitomo also has to kill his father.

天正13年（1585年）、秀吉は前年・前々年の戦いで常に自らの背後を脅かした紀伊国の諸勢力（紀州攻め）、四国の長宗我部元親（四国平定）を相次いで攻略した。
In 1585, Hideyoshi attacked and captured several forces in Kii Province (attack on Kishu) and Motochika CHOSOKABE in the Shikoku region (subjugation of Shikoku); they had threatened Hideyoshi behind his back over the last two years.

法務大臣が前項の規定により電子公告調査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行う場合における電子公告調査の業務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、法務省令で定める。
The succession of the business of Electronic Public Notice Investigation and any other necessary matters in cases where the Minister of Justice himself/herself carries out all or part of the business of Electronic Public Notice Investigation pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall be prescribed by the applicable Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice.

これは、今川氏は既に室町幕府の権威によって領国を統治する守護大名ではなく、自らの実力によって領国を統治する戦国大名であることを明確に宣言したものでもあった。
This was also clear declaration by the Imagawa clan that he was no longer the shugo daimyo who ruled his territory backed by the authority of the Muromachi bakufu, but the Sengoku daimyo who ruled his own territory with his own capability.

1880年2月に伊藤博文の提案で参議と卿の分離が実施され、大隈は同郷の佐野常民を後任として自らを「会計部分掌」（財政担当）参議とすることでこれを受け入れた。
In February 1880, the posts of Councilor and Minister were separated at the proposal of Ito, which Okuma showed his approval by appointing Tsunetami SANO as his successor and assigning himself to 'Kaikeibu Bunsho (a officer of accounting section)' (administrator of fiscal policy).

後に持明院基家の娘持明院陳子（後の北白河院）を妃にして持明院家ゆかりの持明院を御所としていたが、自らの不遇を嘆いて建暦2年（1213年）3月に出家してしまう。
Later on, Prince Morisada had Motoie JIMYOIN's daughter, Chinshi (also pronounced Nobuko) JIMYOIN (later called Kitashirakawain) as his Empress and he lived in the Jimyoin Imperial Palace which was related to the Jimyoin family, however he deplored his misfortune and entered into the priesthood in April and May 1213.

寛平8年（896年）宇多天皇の時、自らが建立した東光寺の座主善祐と密通したという疑いをかけられ皇太后を廃されたが、没後の天慶6年（943年）に復位されている。
She was under suspicion of having an affair with zasu (temple's head priest), Zenyu of Toko-ji Temple which she ordered to be built during Emperor Uda's era and she lost her position as Empress Dowager in 896, however she took back her position again in 943.

松島では原典通り東から「松島、天橋立、厳島」、厳島では西から「厳島、天橋立、松島」、天橋立では「天橋立、松島、厳島」と、それぞれ自らを三景の筆頭に置いている。
Own spot is placed at the top like 'Matsushima, Amanohashidate and Itsukushima' in Matsushima which follows the order from east as described in original literature in Matsushima, 'Itsukushima, Amanohashidate and Matsushima' in Itsukushima, which follows the order from the west, and 'Amanohashidate, Matsushima and Itsukushima' in Amanohashidate.

武士はやがて荘園を蚕食していき、自らの土地支配を保証する実効力を持った有力な上層武士に、年貢に代わって軍役を負担することでその支配を確立していくようになった。
After a while, samurai began encroaching the manors and gradually established contrrol over the manors by paying an influential higher ranking samurai, who was able to warrant the samurai the control over the land, in a military service instead of land tax.

差押債権者が不動産の買受人になることができる場合　申出額に達する買受けの申出がないときは、自ら申出額で不動産を買い受ける旨の申出及び申出額に相当する保証の提供
Cases where the obligee effecting a seizure is able to purchase the real property:　Making of an offer to the effect that the obligee effecting a seizure shall purchase the real property at the obligee's offered price if there is no purchase offer that reaches the obligee's offered price, and provision of a guarantee equivalent to the obligee's offered price

そればかりか、長禄3年（1459年）に伊勢神宮再建を名目に幕府自らが関を設置され、続いて文明_(日本)10年（1478年）には内裏再建を名目に再度関を設置した。
Furthermore, the bakufu itself set up a checkpoint in 1459 for the purpose of funding the reconstruction of Ise Jingu Shrine, and then in 1478, again set up checkpoints for the purpose of funding the reconstruction of the Imperial Palace.

忠盛は他の院近臣受領と同じく院への経済奉仕に励む一方で、荘園の預所・受領・追討使の地位を利用して在地勢力を自らの私兵に編成するなど、武士団の増強も怠らなかった。
As with other In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) and Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), Masamori worked for the In's financial gain but also did not forget to strengthen the bushi group by using his positions as the Azukaridokoro of shoen, Zuryo, and Tsuitoshi to organize local forces into his private troops.

兼通は、弟兼家に一時期廟堂の席次を先んじられたことを深く恨みに思い、自らが関白内大臣になった際、兼家を大納言に据えおき、従兄弟にあたる藤原頼忠を相談相手とした。
Kanemichi beard a bitter grudge against his younger brother Kaneie because he once was taken an upper order of precedence in the Court, and when he became a Kanpaku naidaijin (Chancellor Minister of the Center), he left Kaneie at a position of Dainagon as it was and trusted his cousin FUJIWARA no Yoritada as an advisor.

また信長は、時の正親町天皇とは当初協調路線をとっていたが、しだいに自らを神格化するような行動を取り、さらには朝廷が決定する暦の制定にまで口をはさむようになった。
Also initially, Nobunaga had been taking a cooperative policy with the Emperor at the time, Emperor Ogimachi, but as time went on, he started to act as if he was deified, even interfering with the establishment of the calendar which was set by the Imperial Count.

また、草間直方や石田敬起（大根屋小右衛門）のように藩政改革に助言を行って藩財政の再建に協力することで、自らの持つ債権の踏み倒しを回避しようとする商人も存在した。
There were merchants such as Naokata KUSAMA and Takaoki ISHITA (Shoemon ONEYA) tried to avoid their bonds repudiated by cooperating for reconstruction of the finance of domains by advising for the reformation of a domain's governance.

生きた「人間の展示」とは、観覧者たちが自らとは異なる生活様式を「実際」に見ることによって、差異を「発見」し、それを「劣等性」と読み替え確認する仕組みなのである。
This means that 'human exhibition' is a way where viewers see the 'real' lifestyles that are different from theirs to 'discover' the differences between them, and to interpret it as 'inferiority'.

つまり織田家はすでに信長の直接指揮から外れているため、信長自らが巨大な兵力をもつことは組織としての弊害が大きいといえる（信忠が大兵力をもつのであれば問題ない）。
In other words, the Oda clan was already not under Nobunaga's direct control, therefore, if Nobunaga himself had a huge military force, it would have had a harmful influence on the organization (It was acceptable that Nobutada had a large military force).

この結果に激怒した信長は勝手に軍を動かした信雄に激怒し絶縁すると脅して諫める一方、2年後の天正9年（1581年）には自らおよそ4万の兵を率いて伊賀に攻め込んだ。
Nobunaga who was furious at this outcome raged at Nobuo who had moved army without permission and admonished him suggesting breakup of their relationship, but after two years, in 1581, he invaded into Iga Province himself leading about 40,000 soldiers.

前項の陳述及び尋問は、当事者又は訴訟代理人が自らしたものとみなす。ただし、当事者又は訴訟代理人が同項の陳述を直ちに取り消し、又は更正したときは、この限りでない。
The statement and examination specified in the preceding paragraph shall be deemed to be made by the party concerned or said party's counsel; provided, however, that this shall not apply to cases where the said party concerned or said party's counsel immediately revokes or corrects such statement.

受遺者が遺贈の放棄をしたときは、負担の利益を受けるべき者は、自ら受遺者となることができる。ただし、遺言者がその遺言に別段の意思を表示したときは、その意思に従う。
If a testamentary donee has renounced a testamentary gift with burden, the person who would have received gain from the discharge of burden may become a testamentary donee him/herself; provided that if the testator has indicated a particular intent in his/her will, that intent shall be complied with.

裁判長は、法第二百二条（尋問の順序）第一項及び第二項の規定によるほか、必要があると認めるときは、いつでも、自ら証人を尋問し、又は当事者の尋問を許すことができる。
The presiding judge may examine a witness by himself/herself or allow examination by a party not only under the provisions of paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of Article 202 (Order of Examination) of the Code, but whenever he/she finds it to be necessary.

今回の襲撃は法皇自らが戦意を持って兵を集め、義仲もまた法皇を攻撃対象とし、院を守護する官軍が武士により完膚なきまでに叩き潰されたと言う点でかつてないものであった。
The attack this time was unprecedented in that the cloistered emperor with a will to fight gathered soldiers himself while Yoshinaka made the cloistered emperor the target of attack, and that the Imperial army guarding the cloistered emperor was knocked to smithereens.

強力な権限を獲得した国司は、国内に自らの行政権をあまねく及ぼすため、行政機能の強化を目的として、国衙に政所（公文所）・田所・税所・検非違使所などの機関を設置した。
Kokushi who were given great authority established, with the aim of demonstrating their executive power and strengthening administrative function, various organs at kokuga (provincial government offices), including mandokoro (administrative board), kumonjo (administration office), tadokoro, zeidokoro (tax office) and kebiishi dokoro (police and judicial office) etc.

鳥や獣の飢を救うため、自分の死後に自らの死骸を埋葬することを禁じて道ばたに放置させ、それが腐乱してウジがわき、白骨化していく過程を絵師に描かせたという伝説がある。
There is a legend that she left a will forbidding the burial of her body after her death, the body was left on the street for the birds and animals to eat to prevent them from starvation, then a painter was ordered to paint the picture of how maggots decomposed the body and nearly turned into a skeleton.

このとき、義隆も隆房らの謀反を恐れて、自ら甲冑を着けて居館に立て籠もり、さらに隆房に詰問使を送るなどしたことから、義隆と隆房の仲は最悪の事態を迎えることとなった。
At that time, Yoshitaka also barricaded himself in his residence with kacchu (armor) on by himself because of the fear of rebellion by Takafusa, and moreover sent questioners to Takafusa, that made the relationship of Yoshitaka and Takafusa worst.

また、親による悔返は自由であったとは言え、後日の紛糾を避けるために予め所領の分与を定めた際に作成する譲状や処分状に悔返の要件を定めて自ら制約しようとした例もある。
Although Kuikaeshi by parents did not have any restrictions, to prevent complications afterward, there were cases to include the conditions for Kuikaeshi in the letter of transfer or disposition which was created when the share of the property was decided.

自らの存在を否定することになる日本国憲法の審議では、下手に否決して天皇制廃止論を連合国に持ち出される事態を恐れたため、次善の策として消極的な賛成論が大勢を占めた。
At the discussion on the Constitution of Japan, which eventually meant the loss of their existence, Kizokuin were worried that the Allies might promote abolishing the Emperor system and to counter this, most of the councilors reluctantly agreed with the Constitution.

すなわち、農民自らが地押丈量を行い、面積・収量を算出し、地方庁は地方官心得書の検査例に基づいて点検し、これを経て地方庁が地券（改正地券）を発行するかたちをとった。
That is, the government adopted the method in which farmers to measure the plots of their land themselves, calculate their yield, and submit the results to local tax officials and the local officials were to examine the reports based on the previous examples described in the instruction book and upon the completion of this inspection, the local office was to issue the new land certificate.

親鸞の教えを継ぐ者には自らの教義こそ浄土への往生の真の教えとの思いはあったが、浄土真宗と名乗ることは浄土宗の否定とも取られかねないため、当時はただ真宗と名乗った。
Though the successors of the teachings of Shinran had the feeling that their own doctrine was the true teaching for going to Jodo, they named themselves just Shinshu at that time because naming themselves Jodo Shinshu could be interpreted as denial of Jodo Shu.

経済産業大臣が前項の規定により安全管理審査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行う場合における安全管理審査の業務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、経済産業省令で定める。
The transfer of the services for Safety Management Examinations and other necessary matters, in the case where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry performs the whole or a part of the services for Safety Management Examinations him/herself pursuant to the preceding paragraph, shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

入国警備官は、臨検、捜索又は押収をしたときは、これらに関する調書を作成し、立会人に閲覧させ、又は読み聞かせて、署名をさせ、且つ、自らこれに署名しなければならない。
An immigration control officer shall, in the event that he/she has conducted an inspection, search or seizure, prepare a record thereof and have the person required to be present inspect it, or read it aloud to the person and have him/her sign it, and affix his/her own signature thereto.

平安中期ごろ、特に東国の発祥当初の武士層の間で、朝廷との関係において名乗る姓名とは別に、自らの所領（名：みょう）に通称名（字：あざな）を並べる通称が広まっていった。
In the mid-Heian period, besides a full name used at the Imperial Court, the use of a pseudonym containing a domain name (myo) followed by a nickname (azana) became popular especially among early samurai warriors who were originally from the eastern provinces.

このため、朱印地・黒印地からの収益だけで寺社の経営が成り立った例はほとんどなく、多くは自ら開墾した土地、あるいは大名などから寄進された米や金銭で経営を維持していた。
Under such circumstances, it was almost impossible to maintain the management of temples/shrines only by the revenues obtained from Shuinchi/Kokuinchi and many of temples/shrines managed to sustain themselves relying on revenues obtained from the lands reclaimed by themselves or rice/money donated by the daimyo.

もしこの目的が達成できない状況にあるとき、たとえば官位に就いてもその道がないとき、または道はあっても官位に就けないときは自らの意思で隠逸すべきであると説かれている。
It describes that when one is in the situation in which he can not realize this goal, for example, he has no way even if he takes an official position or he can not take an official position even if he has a way, he should become a recluse of his own will.

慶喜自ら総督府に出頭して謝罪すること、徳川家は徳川家達（徳川慶頼の子）に相続させるが、北国もしくは西国に移して石高は70万石ないし50万石とすることなどを要求した。
Iwakura demanded the following items: that Yoshinobu should present himself before the grand government's general to offer his personal apology; that the Tokugawa family line would be allowed to continue, once Iesato TOKUGAWA (the child of Yoshinori TOKUGAWA) became successor; but the Tokugawa family should be relocated to either the northern or southern provinces; within a territory having a area of between 700,000 koku (with approximately 126 million liters of crop yield) to 500,000 koku (with approximately 90,000,000 liters of crop yield).

この顔ぶれからも推察されるように、この京大人文研の活動範囲は狭義の人文科学から自然科学の領域にまでまたがった学際的なもので、今西は自らの学問領域を自然学とも称した。
As inferable from these members, the activity range of this Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, is interdisciplinary from narrow cultural science to natural science and IMANISHI also called his own academic field Physica.

この制度を復活させた広田内閣は、腹切り問答によって自らが制定した軍部大臣現役武官制による陸軍大臣と揉めて、議会を解散する要求を拒絶する代わりに総辞職に追い込まれた。
The Hirota Cabinet, which revived this system, had a conflict due to the Harakiri Mondo (the Harakiri questionaires) with the Minister of War over Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei which he formulated himself, and was driven to resign instead of commanding the assembly to dismiss.

第三十条の二第一項に規定する法人の社員又は使用人である場合に、その法人が受任している事件（当該弁護士が自ら関与しているものに限る。）の相手方からの依頼による他の事件
Cases requested by the other party to a case to which a juridical person as set forth in Article 30-2, paragraph (1), of which he/she is a member or an employee, has already undertaken (limited to cases in which he/she was personally involved in).

気象庁は、前二項の予報及び警報をする場合は、自ら予報事項及び警報事項の周知の措置を執る外、報道機関の協力を求めて、これを公衆に周知させるように努めなければならない。
The Japan Meteorological Agency shall, when giving the forecasts and warnings set forth in the preceding two paragraphs, not only independently take measures to publicize the forecast matters and warning matters but also endeavor to make them publicly known by seeking cooperation from the mass media.

世宗実録で自ら敗戦と明記していることや、『世宗実録』1420年閏1月10日には「時応界都が言うには（曰）」と記録されており、上記の降伏文書にあたるものは見あたらない。
The True Record of King Sejong's Reign expressly states that the invasion ended in military defeat, and it also contains an entry for the tenth day of the intercalary first month of 1420 that says, 'What Shiokatsu had said was indeed spoken;' yet no mention is made of the content of the above-mentioned document of capitulation.

戦国時代_(日本)には戦国大名が自らの輸送・通信手段を確保するために、輸送業者に対して伝馬や小荷駄などの義務を課して、それと引換に駄賃馬稼の許可を与えるようになった。
During the Sengoku period (period of Warring States), in order to secure their own means of transportation and communication, Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) imposed duties such as posts and provisions on carriers in exchange for permission to use Dachin-uma kasegi.

この延喜期の既得権剥奪によって経済基盤を失おうとしている瀬戸内沿岸の衛府舎人らは、自らの権益を主張し続けていたが、承平期に至ってついに海賊行為を展開することとなった。
Facing the loss of their economic basis due to the deprivation of the vested rights in the Engi era, the Efutoneri along the Seto Inland Sea continued claiming their rights, and entering the Johei era, took the action of piracy.

その政治権力を背景として、有力貴族らが縁者や係累を特定の国の受領に任命することが徐々に慣例化していき、現地へ赴任した受領の俸料・得分を自らの経済的収益としたのである。
With their political power as a background, it gradually became a custom that powerful nobles appointed their relatives or dependents to zuryo of specific provinces, and they acquired, as their revenues, the salary and tax gained by the zuryo they sent to the provinces.

乱の終結後、土御門上皇は乱に直接関与していなかったにもかかわらず、父後鳥羽天皇の隠岐国への配流が決定すると自ら望んで土佐国に配流されたが、麗子は同行せず京に留まった。
After the Jokyu Disturbance was over, the Retired Emperor Tsuchimikado decided to willingly be exiled to Tosa Province, even though he was not directly involved in the disturbance, when his father, Emperor Gotoba was determined to be exiled to Oki Province; Reishi remained in Kyoto.

重源は、十代前半に醍醐寺で出家し、藤原師行の後援のもと、入南宋三度を自ら誇った経験豊かな漂白の聖であり、それまでも、高野新別所（専修往生院）を結んだことでも知られる。
Known as the founder of the new branch temple in Koya (Senshu Ojo-in Temple), Chogen was an experienced priest walking around the provinces, who entered the priesthood in his early teens and was proud of three visits to the Southern Sung Dynasty with support from FUJIWARA no Moroyuki.

この時代、世間からは、「ておのゝおとする所」（『大鏡』）と呼ばれたり、寺側もこれを受けて「東大寺の斧音絶えざる由、世を以つて伝へ申すところなり」と自らを表現している。
During this project, the world called Todai-ji Temple 'the place where the sound of chopping wood was produced all the time' ('Okagami' [The Great Mirror]), and the temple also expressed itself by saying that 'the world considers the sound of chopping wood will never stop at Todai-ji Temple' in response to this.

たとえば、倭屯倉は、垂仁朝や景行朝に大王自らが設置したと『記・紀』に伝えられているもので、その地は現在の奈良県磯城郡三宅町の地を中心とした一帯であると推定されている。
For example, the 'Kiki' says the great kings of Suinin and Keiko dynasties were personally involved in the process of establishing Yamato miyake in the area believed to be the surrounding area of today's Miyake-cho, Shiki-gun, Nara Prefecture.

家畜防疫員は、第一項ただし書の場合を除き、家畜伝染病のまん延を防止するため緊急の必要があるときは、同項の家畜について、同項の指示に代えて、自らこれを殺すことができる。
Prefectural animal health inspectors may, when urgently necessary for preventing the spread of a domestic animal infectious disease, themselves slaughter the domestic animals in said paragraph instead of giving the instructions in said paragraph, excluding cases in the proviso to paragraph 1.

植物防疫官は、前条第四項の規定に違反して譲渡され、譲渡を委託され、又は移出された指定種苗を所持している者に対して、その廃棄を命じ、又は自らこれを廃棄することができる。
The plant protection officer may order persons who possess Designated Seeds and Seedlings that are assigned, commissioned to assign or transferred in violation of the provision of paragraph 4 of the preceding Article, to dump them or may dump them himself/herself.

文部科学大臣が自ら試験事務の全部又は一部を行う場合には、技術士試験委員（次項から第五項までにおいて「試験委員」という。）に、技術士試験の問題の作成及び採点を行わせる。
In cases when the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology conducts whole or part of the examination works by him/herself, he/she shall make the professional engineer examiner (hereinafter referred to as 'examiner' from the next paragraph to paragraph (5)) prepare the examination questions and grade examination papers for the professional engineer examinations.

弁護士及び弁護士法人は、総合法律支援の意義及び自らの職責にかんがみ、基本理念にのっとり、総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備のために必要な協力をするよう努めるものとする。
Attorneys at law and legal professional corporations shall make efforts to provide necessary cooperation for the implementation of comprehensive legal support and the establishment of systems, by observing the Basic Principles, taking into consideration the significance of comprehensive legal support and their own duties.

差押状若しくは捜索状の執行又は勾引状若しくは勾留状を執行する場合における被告人若しくは被疑者の捜索については、執行又は捜索をする者が、自ら調書を作らなければならない。
With regard to the execution of a seizure warrant or a search warrant or with regard to a search of the accused or of a suspect in the case of executing a bench warrant or a detention warrant, the person carrying out the execution of the warrant or the search shall personally make a record thereof.

経済の急成長に伴い大量に発生した新興地主や新興商人が紛争の絶えない時代に開墾や内外の通商を通じて発展し、自らの実力に相応しい発言力を社会に対して要求した時代でもあった。
It was also a period in which emerging landlords and merchants grew in a large number along with the quick growth of the economy developed through land reclamation and trading in the period in which quarrels last and required a voice that corresponded to the raw power of society.

しかし信長は「天下布武」をかかげて自らの天下統一を目指し、一方の義昭は上杉謙信や毛利元就らにも上洛を促して幕府政治の再興を目指すという、両者には考えの食い違いがあった。
Under the slogan 'tenka fubu' (the realm subjected to military power), Nobunaga intended to unite all of Japan by himself; on the other hand, Yoshiaki also invited Kenshin UESUGI and Motonari MORI to Kyoto with the intention of restoring the shogunate government -- there were discrepancies between their opinions.

領家は、開発領主を現地管理者として荘官に任命し、荘官を通じて、荘園からの収穫を地子として徴収したり、荘園内の百姓（荘民）に労役を課したり（公事）して、自らの収入とした。
Ryoke appointed kaihatsu ryoshu to shokan to manage the lands, and through them, ryoke obtained income for themselves by collecting harvests from shoen as jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) and required peasants (shomin) who worked within shoen to provide labor for kuji (public duties).

フロイス「日本史」によると、信長は天正7年5月11日に安土城で自らを神とする儀式を行い、総見寺で信長の誕生日を祝祭日と定め、参詣する者には現世利益がかなうとしたという。
According to 'Historia de Iapan' by Frois, Nobunaga held a ceremony on June 15, 1579, in the Azuchi-jo Castle to make himself a god and decided in the Soken-ji Temple to make his birthday a holiday and told that those who visit and worship would have benefit in this world.

新田義貞の没後、新田義興、脇屋義治軍総勢6,000騎が松田城、河村城や西丹沢の諸城に移り、これを足利尊氏自ら大軍を率いて攻め込んできたので、足柄の地は一大戦場と化した。
After Yoshisada NITTA died, a total of 6,000 troopers of the army of Yoshioki NITTA and Yoshiharu WAKIYA moved to castles in Nishi Tanzawa including Matsuda-jo Castle and Kawamura-jo Castle, and Takauji ASHIKAGA himself attacked them with a large force, which made Ashigara a major battlefield.

（皮肉にも徳川家康も征夷大将軍位の徳川氏世襲と秀吉の遺児・秀頼への政権返上の意思が無い事を示すために息子徳川秀忠に将軍を継がせて自らは大御所として政権を運営している。）
(Ironically, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA transferred the position of 'Seii taishogun' to his son, Hidetada TOKUGAWA and was in charge of politics as 'Ogosho' (a leading figure) in order to show that the Tokugawa clan would inherit the position of 'Seii taishogun' and he would not return the political administration to Hideyori, Hideyoshi's bereaved son.)

そして且元退去にあわせるように家康が大坂の陣を起こし、翌年には豊臣氏を滅ぼしたのを見てもわかるように、豊臣氏は且元という最後の柱石を自ら砕き、自爆してしまったのである。
Proven by the fact that Ieyasu waged the Siege of Osaka immediately after Katsumoto's departure from the Toyotomi camp, as if he had been waiting for this to happen, the Toyotomi had in fact brought destruction on itself by pulling out their last pillar of strength and hope.

家畜防疫員は、家畜伝染病のまん延を防止するため必要があるときは、第一項の施設（同項ただし書の施設を除く。）について、同項の指示に代えて、自らこれを消毒することができる。
Prefectural animal health inspectors may themselves disinfect the facilities in paragraph 1 (excluding the facilities in the proviso to said paragraph) instead of giving the instructions in said paragraph, when necessary for preventing the spread of a domestic animal infectious disease.

前項の訴えにおいては、都道府県（漁業法第百三十六条の規定により農林水産大臣が自ら都道府県知事の権限を行う場合にあっては、国。第十三条第三項において同じ。）を被告とする。
In an action under the preceding paragraph, the prefecture concerned (or the nation in a case where the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries exercises the authority of the Governor concerned pursuant to the provisions of Article 136 of the Fishery Act; the same shall apply in paragraph (3) of Article 13) shall be the defendant.

国土交通大臣が、前項の規定により建築物調査講習の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行う場合における建築物調査講習の業務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、国土交通省令で定める。
The transfer of the building investigation training services and other necessary matters, in the cases where the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism administers the whole or part of the building investigation training services him/herself pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

裁判所は、第一項の規定による額を定める処分に対する異議の申立てを理由があると認める場合において、訴訟費用の負担の額を定めるべきときは、自らその額を定めなければならない。
Where the court finds that an objection to the disposition to fix the amount under the provision of paragraph (1) is well-grounded, if the amount of court costs to be borne is to be fixed, it shall fix such amount itself.

さらには、一部の公家も限定的とはいえ、必ずしも自衛目的のみとは言えない軍事活動に自ら携わるなど、あらゆる階層を通じて、ある種の”力に対する信奉”があったことは注目される。
It is noted that, in all social classes, there was a certain type of 'belief in power' as seen in the fact that, although it was in limited scale, certain court nobles were engaged in military activities which could not be deemed for self defense purpose only.

同年4月9日、摂津国の主だった国衆達は細川高国方につき、また大内義興軍が接近しつつある情勢を不利と読んだ細川澄元や三好之長は、自らの屋敷に火を放ち再び近江国に落ち延びた。
On May 18, 1508, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI realized the disadvantage of having a band of kunishu (local samurai) who ruled Settsu Province take the side of Takakuni HOSOKAWA and also of the army of Yoshioki OUCHI close at hand, set fire to their residence and fled to Omi Province again.

だが、その草壁皇子までが急死してしまった為に皇后は皇位承継紛争を防ぐために、自ら中継として皇位につき（持統天皇）、草壁皇子の子である軽皇子（後の文武天皇）を皇太子とした。
However after Prince Kusakabe, too, died suddenly, the Empress temporarily succeeded to the throne to prevent any dispute due to Imperial succession (Emperor Jito), she let Prince Kusakabe's child, Prince Karu (later called Emperor Monmu) become Crown Prince.

凡下平民の出自でこれといった一門衆家臣団を持たない秀吉は、有力家臣である大名や武家に任官の際に豊臣姓や羽柴の名字を与え、自らは豊臣氏の氏長者となることで統治しようとした。
Hideyoshi, who was from a family of ordinary commoner and had no hereditary vassals of the family, tried to strengthen his reign as the head of the uji no choja (the head) of the Toyotomi clan, by granting the name of the 'Toyotomi' or his myoji (family name) 'Hashiba' to those influential daimyo (feudal lords) and samurai families, when he appointed them to a certain government post.

なお、事務が煩雑化すると、右筆が正式な手続を経て決定された事項について自らの職権の一環として文書を作成・署名を行い、これに主君発給文書と同一の効力を持たせる例も登場する。
When office works got more complicated, Yuhitsu started to prepare Monjo regarding matters decided through formal procedures and signed them with a part of their authority, providing the Monjo the same effect as the documents issued by their lords.

自領が公領に収公されることを防ぐため、その土地を荘園として受領層に寄進し、自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた（職権留保付寄進）。
And in order to avoid one's domain being confiscated into Koryo (an Imperial demesne), they donated their land as shoen (manor in medieval Japan) to Juryoso (career provincial class) and paid a certain amount of tax to Juryoso, maintaining effective dominion on the land as shokan (an officer governing shoen), which is called contribution with reserving authority.

平安時代中葉の10世紀後期から11世紀以降、地方の開発領主らは法的根拠に欠けた自らの私有地（荘園）を、国衙の収公から逃れるため受領層（中央の有力貴族や有力寺社）に寄進した。
Starting from the late 10th century or the 11th century, which was the middle of the Heian period, local kaihatsu ryoshu started to donate their private lands (shoen) that they illegally owned to the zuryo (provincial officers such as dominant nobilities, temples, and shrines in the capital) in order to escape from confiscation by the kokuga (provincial government offices).

室町幕府第3代征夷大将軍となった足利義満は太政大臣に昇り、更に治天の君の持つ政治的権限を手中にして永徳期以後は自らの手で家門・家領一括安堵を行って公家社会を支配下に置いた。
Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Muromachi shogun, became Grand Minister with the political authority of a chiten no kimi; after the Eitoku period, he independently approved families and their estates en bloc, and exercised control over the court nobles.

これに対応するためには、「開国」して外来者を受け入れ自らも外へ出て行くか、外来者を追い払って（これまでの）平和を維持するかのどちらかであるが、「攘夷」は後者の発想・考え方。
Although, to deal with the situation, they could either accept foreign visitors by 'Kaikoku' (opening the country to the world) and go overseas themselves, or expel the visitors to keep the (previous) peace, 'Joi' was the idea and concept of the latter.

漁場が二以上の都道府県知事の管轄に属し、又は漁場の管轄が明確でないときは、農林水産大臣は、これを管轄する都道府県知事を指定し、又は自ら都道府県知事の権限を行うことができる。
In the case where a fishing ground is under the jurisdiction of two or more Governors or in the case where the jurisdiction over a fishing ground is not clear, the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Minister may designate the Governor who has jurisdiction over the fishing ground or may have the authority of a Governor.

前項の規定による通知を受けた一般顧客は、基金に対して基金の代理権を消滅させる旨を通知することにより当該代理権を消滅させて、自ら当該通知に係る裁判上の行為をすることができる。
A General Customer who has received a notice under the provision of the preceding paragraph may conduct a judicial act pertaining to said notice by him/herself by extinguishing the authority of representation of the Fund through a notice to the Fund to the effect that he/she extinguishes said authority of representation.

前二項に定めるもののほか、国民は、基本原則にのっとり、循環型社会の形成に自ら努めるとともに、国又は地方公共団体が実施する循環型社会の形成に関する施策に協力する責務を有する。
In addition to the provisions in the foregoing two paragraphs, citizens are, pursuant to the Basic Principles, responsible for making their own efforts towards the formation of a Sound Material-Cycle Society and for cooperating in the policies and measures implemented by the State or local governments for establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society.

その層が、地域の封建領主層に結びついて自らも小領主化して地侍となり、守護大名や国人（旧地頭層）と主従関係を持って年貢の一部免除を受けて合戦時には「寄子」クラスの軍役を務める。
That class became connected with the feudal lord class, and they themselves became jizamurai (local samurai) as small lords to hold a master and servant relationship with the shugo daimyo (Japanese provincial military governor feudal lords) and kokujin (local samurai) (former jito), exempted from a part of nengu (land tax) and served 'Yoriko' (bushi that served under feudal lords during the Period of Warring States) class military roles during battles.

歴史学界では、1950年代の壬申の乱計画・非計画論争を経て、大海人皇子が駅鈴を求めたのは高坂王の反応をうかがい、あわよくば自らの移動に役立てるためであったとする説が定着した。
In history societies, a theory that Prince Oama called for ekirei in order to look for Takasaka no Okimi's reaction and use him to help their transportation if possible, became established after an argument over the Jinshin war was planned or unplanned in 1950's.

後宇多の遺言はなお有効であり、いったん自らの退位を認めてしてしまえば、治天として政務を執る資格も子孫に皇位を伝える資格も失われかねないことを後醍醐はよく承知していたのである。
Godaigo knew well that Gouda's will was still in effect and if he recognized that he had abdicated, he might lose eligibility to rule as Chiten or pass the throne on to his descendants.

彼は日本の民間からエルトゥールル号事件の犠牲者の遺族に対する義捐金を集めるキャンペーンを行い、事件の翌々年に集まった義捐金を自ら携えてオスマン帝国の首都イスタンブルに渡った。
He started a fund-raising campaign among Japanese citizens to collect contributions for the families of the victims of the Ertuğrul incident; after two years, he travelled to Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, carrying the collected donations.

木戸は、三者協議において板垣と連合することにより大久保の専権を抑制しようとし、また自らの発言権を回復する意図があったことから、板垣とともに政府に復帰することを強く望んでいた。
Kido was planning to ally himself with Itagaki at the three-way meeting to restrain Okubo's arbitrariness and also intended to regain his voice; therefore he was anxious to return to the government together with Itagaki.

12月10日になって、慶喜は自らの新たな呼称を「上様」とすると宣言して、征夷大将軍が廃止されても「上様」が江戸幕府の機構を生かしてそのまま全国支配を継続する意向を仄めかした。
On December 10, Yoshinobu declared his new title 'Uesama' (the upper lord), suggesting his intention to continue ruling the country using the mechanism of the Edo Shogunate even though the Shogun himself had been abolished.

綱吉が切腹を急いだのは、勅使や院使たちに対して自らの天皇への忠誠心をアピールして、母である桂昌院最大の念願である従一位叙任を取り消されないようにするためだったといわれている。
It is thought that the reason Tsunayoshi rushed Asano's seppuku was to show the Imperial messengers and Inshi his loyalty to the emperor and thus not to cancel out his mother's, Keishoin's, long-desired Juichii (Junior First Rank).

玄蕃の名は自らの「玄」と「蕃」の字の組み合わせ、「俵」は槍で米俵も突き上げるという意味、さらに「星」の字は仮名手本忠臣蔵の主人公大星由良助（大石内蔵助がモデル）の「星」の字。
The name Genba (玄蕃) came to exist by combining the characters '玄' and '蕃,' and '俵,' had a meaning of being able to thrust a bag of rice up with a spear, and '星' came from the name of the main character in Kanadehon Chushingura, Yuranosuke OBOSHI (大星由良助) (Kuranosuke OISHI being the model).

つまり、彼らがにらみを効かせている一般の田堵負名富豪層と同じ経済基盤の上に自らの軍事力を維持しなければならず、また一般の富豪層と同様に受領の搾取に脅かされる側面も持っていた。
Under this system, the Samurai had to maintain their military strength with the same economic conditions as the ordinary upper class citizens, over whom they exercised their authority, and, like ordinary upper class citizens, they were often exploited by the Zuryo (provincial governor).

近年はアメリカ人になろうとして努力し続けた二世～三世と違い、若年層に自らのルーツである日本にアイデンティティーを求める傾向が強くなり日本語学習者が以前より多くなってきている。
Unlike the second to third generations who kept striving to become Americans, young Japanese Americans today have the tendency to identify more and more with Japan, so the number of Japanese learners is increasing.

裁判長は、法第二百十五条の二（鑑定人質問）第二項及び第三項の規定によるほか、必要があると認めるときは、いつでも、自ら鑑定人に対し質問をし、又は当事者の質問を許すことができる。
The presiding judge may ask questions to an expert witness by himself/herself or allow a party to ask questions not only under the provisions of paragraph (2) and paragraph (3) of Article 215-2 (Questions to Expert Witness) of the Code, but whenever he/she finds it to be necessary.

第二十九条第一項の規定により行政記録情報の提供を受けた行政機関の長は、当該行政記録情報を同項の規定により明示した利用目的以外の目的のために自ら利用し、又は提供してはならない。
The head of an administrative organ who has received the provision of administrative record information pursuant to the provision of Article 29, paragraph (1) shall not utilize himself/herself or provide the administrative record information for purposes other than those clearly indicated pursuant to the provision of the same paragraph.

これらの諸勢力を抑えて国政の主導権を確保するため、白河は自らの手足である院近臣や親衛隊ともいえる北面武士を、受領・太政官・兵衛府・衛門府などの公的機関に強引に送り込んでいった。
To suppress such opposition and maintain initiative in the national government, Shirakawa forcibly sent members of the Hokumen no bushi (northern guards), who were his close aids and royal guard, into official positions such as Zuryo (career provincial officials), Daijokan (council of state), Hyoefu (military guards), and Emonfu (outer palace guards).

1873年6月の閣議(いわゆる留守政府)において参議板垣退助が交渉の行きづまりを打開するため陸軍一大隊の朝鮮への派遣を主張、西郷隆盛は使節の派遣と自らその職への任命を主張した。
In a cabinet meeting (of the so-called rusu seifu - government while heads were away) in June 1873, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Sangi (the Councilor), claimed to dispatch a battalion of Army to Korea to resolve the deadlock in negotiations, and Takamori SAIGO demanded that an envoy be dispathced and he be appointed as the envoy.

その中でも一人の青年貴族賀陽豊年の勉強熱心さには宅嗣も感心して、宅嗣自らがその全知識を豊年に伝授したという話が伝わっている（後年、豊年は優れた詩人・学者として名を残している）。
He was impressed particularly by the enthusiasm for learning by a young noble named KAYA no Toyotoshi and reportedly imparted all of his knowledge to the young man (who, in later years, won recognition as an outstanding poet and scholar).

主務大臣が前二項の規定により適合性検査の業務の全部若しくは一部を自ら行い、又は機構に行わせる場合における適合性検査の業務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、主務省令で定める。
When the competent minister conducts in person, or directs NITE to conduct, the whole or a part of a conformity inspection business pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the succession of a conformity inspection business and any other necessary matters shall be provided for by the Ordinance of the competent ministry.

さらに下人・所従と呼ばれる隷属民を使役して、国司・領主から承認された給田・免田や自らの屋敷周辺に設定した私的な田地を耕作させる者もおり、その場合、収穫物は全て名主の収入となった。
Some of them even used unfree peasants called genin or shoju to cultivate tax-exempt land granted by the territorial governors and manorial lords or private farmland around their houses, in which case all taxes collected became their own earnings.

その後漢学者源為憲が内親王のために『三宝絵』を著して進呈し、また薨去の際には慶滋保胤が四十九日供養の願文を自らしたためて、若くして出家・他界した尊子内親王の慎ましい人柄を偲んだ。
After that a scholar of the Chinese classics, MINAMOTO no Tamenori wrote 'Sanpo e' and gave it to the Princess, when the Princess died, YOSHISHIGE no Yasunane wrote Ganmon (special document or letter to pray to god) for Shijukunichi (a memorial service held on the forty-ninth day after a person's death) and remembered the Imperial Princess as a modest person who entered into priesthood at a young age and then died.

いずれにしても、建治元年の幕府の介入によって、後深草と亀山の両人が等しく皇位を子孫に伝え自らは治天となる資格を有することが確定し、これが以後200年に及ぶ王家分裂の端緒となった。
In any case, due to the intervention of the bakufu in 1275, it was determined that both Gofukakusa and Kameyama had equal right to have their descendants as Emperor and both had eligibility to become Chiten themselves, and this was the beginning of the division of the Imperial family which lasted for two hundred years.

江戸時代後期の学者であり、東山の景観を好んだことで知られる頼山陽が、自らを「三十六峯外史」と号していたことからも、江戸時代頃には「三十六峰」の考えが知られていたものと推測される。
The fact that Sanyo RAI, a scholar of the late Edo period, who was well-known for his fondness for the landscape of Higashiyama, called himself 'Sanju-Roppo Gaishi' implies that the notion of 'Sanju-Roppo' presumably became common around the Edo period.

だが、9月13日に薩摩藩からの自訴状が集議院（公議所の後身）で明らかにされると、諸藩の代表からは薩摩や土佐が自らの不祥事を告白した潔さを評価して穏便な処分を求める意見が相次いだ。
However, when the jisojo from the Satsuma Domain was made known at shugiin on September 13, opinions from domains' representatives came up one after another asking for a gentle punishment appraising the honorable way the Satsuma and Tosa Domains confessed their misconduct voluntarily.

玄宗 (唐)の時代には、司馬承禎から法籙を受け道士皇帝となり、自ら『道徳経』の注釈書をつくり、崇玄学（道教の学校）を設置してその試験の合格者は貢挙の及第者と同格とされた（道挙）。
In the Genso era (in Tang), Genso coveted Horoku (法籙), from Shotei SHIBA to become Taoist emperor, wrote a commentary of 'Dotoku-kyo [道徳経],' established Sugengaku (崇玄学) (a school for Dokyo), and made the status of the persons who passed the test there equivalent of that of those who passed Kokyo (貢挙), (called Dokyo [道挙]).

即位して間もなく、簒奪者との謗りも受けていた永楽帝は、「外夷」からの使節の到来を自らの天子としての徳を証明するものとして喜び、義満に「日本国王之印」と通交に必要な勘合符を与えた。
The Emperor Yongle, who was accused of being a usurper soon after his ascension, welcomed the envoy from the 'outer barbarians' as an opportunity to prove his virtues, and gave Yoshimitsu the seal of 'the king of Japan' (Nihon-kokuo no in) and a tally (a certificate to show that the ship was lawfully registered by the Ming), which was necessary for trading.

本願寺3拠点の2つが撃破され、特に長島では徹底的な根切を行ったことを知った石山本願寺は、顕如が信長に対して自らの行為を侘び、さらに条目と誓紙を納めることで信長と再度和議を結んだ。
Receiving the news that two of the three bases of Hongan-ji Temple were smashed and that especially in Nagashima, a thorough negiri was implemented, Kennyo made peace with Nobunaga again by apologizing for his act and also providing a written oath and articles.

ただし前述のごとく土地への影響力は重層構造であったため、在地領主は自らの土地を守るべく、将軍家のほか、有力公家、国守や守護、あるいは在地の有力武家にその安堵を求めることもあった。
Since there was a multilayered structure of influence put on a land as mentioned above, the resident landholder sometimes asked not only the shogunate but also influential court nobles, the governor of a province or the military governor, or resident influential samurai family for recognition and gurantee of the ownership of the land, for the purpose of protecting the ownership of his land.

国は、再生品に対する需要の増進に資するため、自ら率先して再生品を使用するとともに、地方公共団体、事業者及び国民による再生品の使用が促進されるように、必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
In order to contribute to the increase in demand for recycled articles, the State shall take the lead in making use of recycled articles and take necessary measures so that the use of recycled articles by local governments, business operators and citizens may be promoted.

義視出奔の原因は、武衛騒動で追放されていた宿敵伊勢貞親が幕府に復権したことが一因とされるが、このころ義政や後見人の勝元が自らの廃嫡と義尚の将軍職就任に傾いたことが主な原因であろう。
Yoshimi's escape is partly attributed to the reinstatement of his archenemy Sadachika ISE, who had been expelled as a consequence of Buei sodo, in the Bakufu, but the main reason seems to be that Yoshimasa and guardian Katsumoto had inclined by then to favor the disinheritance of Yoshimi and the appointment of Yoshihisa as Shogun.

登録を受けた者が自ら認証に係る製品試験を行う試験所を有する場合にあつては、その名称及び所在地並びに当該試験所で行う試験方法の区分（第五十七条第一項に規定する試験方法の区分をいう。）
In case the person accredited has a laboratory in which he/she is personally to conduct product testing pertaining to the Certification, name and address of the laboratory and the division of testing method to be conducted in such laboratory (meaning the division of the testing method prescribed in Paragraph 1 of Article 57)

役員は、営利を目的とする団体の役員となり、又は自ら営利事業に従事してはならない。ただし、経済産業大臣が役員としての職務の執行に支障がないものと認めて承認したときは、この限りでない。
An officer shall neither take office as an officer of a profit-making organization nor personally engage in a profit-making business; provided, however, that this shall not apply when the Minister of METI has approved it, deeming that it will not prejudice the performance of his/her duty as an officer.

夫婦の一方が、他の一方の財産を管理する場合において、管理が失当であったことによってその財産を危うくしたときは、他の一方は、自らその管理をすることを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。
In the case where one party to a marriage administers property and that property is imperiled by misadministration, the other party may make a claim to the family court for his own administration over that property.

自ら当該製造物の製造業者として当該製造物にその氏名、商号、商標その他の表示（以下「氏名等の表示」という。）をした者又は当該製造物にその製造業者と誤認させるような氏名等の表示をした者
any person who provides his/her name, trade name, trademark or other indication (hereinafter referred to as 'representation of name, etc.') on the product as the manufacturer of such product, or any person who provides the representation of name, etc. on the product which misleads the others into believing that he/she is the manufacturer;

だが、皇太子の叔父で禖子には異母兄にあたる後醍醐天皇は自らの系統が大覚寺統の庶流に位置づけられたことに不満を抱き、大覚寺統の嫡流の地位を主張して譲位を求める邦良との確執を深めていた。
Emperor Godaigo, who was the Crown Prince's uncle and Baishi's half brother, complained that his family line was positioned as a branch family of Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama) and insisted on the position of direct descendant of Daikakuji-to, thus intensifying a feud with Kuniyoshi who was demanding Emperor Godaigo's abdication.

なお、必ずしも文人とされる人物が「文人」という名辞をもって自らをはっきり規定していたのではなく、後に「文人」としての枠組みにその人物を収めた場合も多分にあるということを留意されたい。
In addition, it needs to be paid attention to that not all Bunjin clearly identified themselves as 'Bunjin' in those days, but many of them were rather classified into 'Bunjin' in later years.

さらに蝦夷・入鹿の専横は激しくなり、蘇我蝦夷が自ら国政を執り、紫の冠を私用したことや643年聖徳太子の子山背大兄王一族（上宮王家）を滅ぼしたことなど、蘇我氏が政治をほしいままにした。
Emishi and Iruka became increasingly authoritarian, and the Soga clan usurped political power, using the 'purple crown' for their own purposes (the purple crown was used only for people of the highest rank such as emperors), and exterminating the Yamashirooenoo family (Uetsunomiya royal house) in 643.

徳川宗家を相続した慶喜は自ら親征の意志を見せるものの、一転して和睦を模索し、広島で幕府の使者勝海舟と長州の使者広沢真臣・井上馨らの間で停戦協定が結ばれ、第二次長州征伐は終焉を迎えた。
Yoshinobu, who succeeded as head of the Tokugawa family, at first showed the will to participate in the battle himself, but he changed his position and tried to make peace, ending the second attempt to conquer Choshu when Kaishu KATSU from the bakufu side, and Masaomi HIROSAWA and Kaoru INOUE from the Choshu side concluded the armistice in Hiroshima.

米内光政と東條英機は、自らの路線を否定されて辞めるので出席しても仕方がないというケースであるが、第3次近衛内閣総辞職時の近衛文麿は病欠で「91歳の清浦奎吾より悪いのか」と批判された。
In the cases of Mitsumasa YONAI and Hideki TOJO, it was pointless for them to attend a conference when their own policy lines had been rejected and therefore they were resigning, but at the time of the entire third KONOE Cabinet resignation, when Fumimaro KONOE did not attend a conference because of illness, he drew a lot of criticism that said, 'Is he in a worse condition than 91-year-old Keigo KIYOURA?'

その意匠登録出願の日前に、自らその意匠又はこれに類似する意匠について意匠登録出願をし、当該意匠登録出願に係る意匠の実施である事業をしている者又はその事業の準備をしている者であること。
the person filed an application for design registration of the design in the said application for design registration or design similar thereto prior to the date of filing of the said application, and has been working the design in the application or preparing for the working of the design in the application, and

自ら職業生活設計を行い適切な努力ができるよう、最新の研究成果をふまえたキャリアカウンセリングの実施、適職検査、職業探索、早期就職準備をはかるためのグループ活動等を行う機会を提供する。
In order to help young people to design their future career appropriately by themselves, this program provides them with career counseling based on the results of the latest research, vocational aptitude examinations, job search services, and opportunities to form groups to make early preparations for finding jobs.

前条の審査を受ける容疑者のうち第二十四条第一号（第三条第一項第二号に係る部分を除く。）又は第二号に該当するとされたものは、その号に該当するものでないことを自ら立証しなければならない。
Any suspect subject to the examination set forth in the preceding Article who is suspected of falling under items (i) (except for the part pertaining to Article 3, paragraph (1), item (ii)), or (ii) under Article 24, shall have the burden of proof to establish that he/she does not fall under said items.

宗祖日蓮は自らを、『妙法蓮華経』の如来神力品第二十一において、結要付属（けっちょうふぞく）を直授された上行菩薩の再誕であると宣言（『文永11年12月の万年救護本尊』脇書、1274年。
Nichiren, who was the founder of the sect, declared himself to be the reincarnation of Jogyo Bosatsu, who was directly bestowed Kecchofuzoku based on No. 21 of Nyoraijinrikihon of 'Myohorenge-kyo' (Annex of 'Mannen Kugo-honzon of December, 1274').

「一代主」の立場を甘受することもできず、自らが理想とする政策を充分に実現することもできなかった後醍醐は、唯一の突破口として武力により既存の政治秩序を根こそぎ破壊する道を選ぶことになる。
Not being able to accept that he was in the position of a 'One-generation-head' and not being to sufficiently implement his idealized measures, he selected the path of destroying the existing political order by force as a way of breaking out.

天下統一（てんかとういつ/てんがとういつ）は、主に日本の戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて、日本全土（琉球と蝦夷の大半を除く）を、自らの支配下に置き日本全土を統一する事を指す。
Tenka-toitsu (or Tenga-toitsu) refers to the act of putting the whole country of Japan (except for most parts of Ryukyu and Ezo [inhabited area of Ainu]) under own control and unifying it, mainly during the period from the Seongoku Period (Period of Warring State) to the early Edo period.

経済産業大臣が前二項の規定により適合性検査の業務の全部若しくは一部を自ら行い、又は機構に行わせる場合における適合性検査の業務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、経済産業省令で定める。
The transfer of the services for Conformity Inspections and other necessary matters, in the cases where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry performs the whole or a part of the services for Conformity Inspections him/herself or causes the NITE to perform the services pursuant to any of the preceding two paragraphs, shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

明治になって再び朝廷に政権が返った事により、江戸幕府の大奥や西洋の宮廷の例のように皇后やその周辺の側近が国政に関与する可能性も存在したが、彼女は自らを律して国政に直接関与する事を戒めた。
Due to the return of political power to the court during Meiji Period, there was a possibility that the empress along with advisers close to the empress could take part in the national government, like the O-oku in the Edo Bakufu or the Imperial Court in Western countries, but the Empress disciplined herself and prohibited themselves from taking part in the national government.

各藩とも藩政改革を推進してその打開を図ったが黒船来航以来の政治的緊張によって多額の財政出費を余儀なくされて、廃藩置県を前に自ら領土の返上を申し出る藩主（藩知事）さえ出てくる状況であった。
Domains tried to improve the situation by implementing restructuring domain politics, but this required vast expenditures due to the political strain in the wake of the arrival of the Black Ships and some domain lords (hanchiji) wanted to return their territory before haihan-chiken was implemented.

一方で浄土宗の祖である法然や浄土真宗を開いた親鸞などは、自らさとりに向かうことのできない凡夫の救いは浄土三部経に説かれているとし、それを正依としたが、法華経を批判する言葉は見いだせない。
On the other hand, Honen, a founder of the Jodo sect, as well as Shinran, a founder of the Jodo Shinshu sect, and others regarded the Three Sutras of the Pure Land as major sutras because they thought that the relief of an ignorant, deluded person was written in it, but nothing critical of the Hokke-kyo sutra has been seen.

隣接法律専門職者及び隣接法律専門職者団体は、総合法律支援の意義及び自らの職責にかんがみ、基本理念にのっとり、総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備のために必要な協力をするよう努めるものとする。
Related legal experts and specialists and the associations of related legal experts and specialists shall make efforts to provide necessary cooperation for the implementation of comprehensive legal support and the establishment of systems, by observing the Basic Principles, taking into consideration the significance of comprehensive legal support and their own duties.

897年（寛平9年）、宇多天皇は皇太子敦仁親王（醍醐天皇）に譲位し、その2年後に自ら造立した仁和寺で出家し法皇と称したが、病気がちの醍醐天皇に代わって、実際の政務を執っていたいう説もある。
In 897, Emperor Uda abdicated the throne to Crown Prince Atsugimi (Emperor Daigo), and became a priest in Ninna-ji Temple which he built himself and called himself Cloistered Emperor two years later, but there is an assumption that he in fact managed political affairs in place of the oft-ailing Emperor Daigo.

しかしそれは髙橋昌明の武士論は自ら語るように、発生論、「武士という職能」の発生論だからであって、髙橋昌明は、「武士」の存在の2つの側面、平安時代後期における社会的背景も十分に承知している。
However, while the samurai theory of Masaaki TAKAHASHI said the origin theory was based on 'bushi as a job performance' origin theory, he recognized the two sides of 'bushi' existence and the social background of the late Heian period.

まず、父であり治天でもある後宇多天皇の院政を停止し自ら政務に当たる親政を始め、また、2度にわたって倒幕を企てたが、いずれも天皇位への権力集中（権力の一元化）を指向したものだと見られている。
First of all, he stopped his father, Emperor Uda's cloistered government and started to rule the government directly by himself, he tried to overthrow the bakufu twice although he failed, it was presumed that these attempts were both aimed at having concentrated political power (unification of authority).

後醍醐は予定を早めて武装蜂起（元弘の変）に踏み切ったが、幕府は関係者の逮捕に着手するとともに、大軍を動員して鎮圧に乗り出し、後醍醐も逮捕されることを避けて京都を脱出し自ら叛乱軍に加わった。
Although Godaigo decided to lead a military uprising earlier than planned (Genko Incident), the bakufu started to arrest related people and moved large forces to suppress the revolt, so Godaigo eluded arrest by escaping Kyoto and joined his rebel army.

この一連の措置から、後嵯峨が亀山を自らの後継者としその子孫に皇統を伝える意図を持っていたことは容易に推測できるが、後嵯峨はその意図を明確にせずに文永9年（1272年）に死去した（53歳）。
From this string of actions, it is easy to presume that Gosaga wanted Kameyama and his descendants as his successors, but Gosaga died in 1272 without clarifying his wishes (aged 53).

用語としては鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)より見られ、鎌倉時代後期から出現した自らの既得権益を守るために権力と戦う悪党や、南北朝時代の社会的風潮であった「ばさら」も下剋上の一種とされた。
As a term, gekokujo was in use from the Kamakura period through to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); examples of gekokujo include the scoundrels that started to appear near the end of the Kamakura period who fought against the authorities in order to protect their own vested interests, as well as the anti-authoritarian social movement known as 'basara' ('vajra' in Sanskrit) that occurred during the Nanbokucho period.

このため、永禄7年（1564年）5月に久秀の讒言を信じて弟・安宅冬康を誅殺してしまった長慶は、後に冬康の無実を知ると失意の内に病に倒れ、自らも7月に死去してしまった（久秀の暗殺説もある）。
Therefore, Nagayoshi, who believed the false charge made by Hisahide and killed his younger brother Fuyuyasu ATAGI in May 1564, later realized that Fuyuyasu was innocent and fell sick, and died in July the same year (some speculate that Nagayoshi was assassinated by Hisahide)

家畜防疫員は、家畜伝染病のまん延を防止するため必要があるときは、第一項の物品（同項ただし書の物品を除く。）について、同項の指示に代えて、自らこれを焼却し、埋却し、又は消毒することができる。
Prefectural animal health inspectors may themselves incinerate, bury or disinfect the objects in paragraph 1 instead of giving the instructions in said paragraph (excluding objects in the proviso to said paragraph), when necessary for preventing the spread of a domestic animal infectious disease.

後鳥羽上皇は多芸多才で『新古今和歌集』を自ら撰するなど学芸に優れるだけでなく、武芸にも通じ狩猟を好む異色の天皇であり、それまでの北面の武士に加えて西面の武士を設置し軍事力の強化を行っていた。
The retired Emperor Gotoba possessed many talents, including exceptional skill in the arts--as evidenced by the fact that he personally chose the poems that were recorded in the 'Shinkokin wakashu' (A New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry)--but his skills also extended to the martial arts, and he was fond of hunting as well, making him quite unique as a sovereign; in the time leading up to his revolt, he had worked to bolster his military strength by establishing a Western Guard Corps and adding this to his existing Northern Guard Corps.

後醍醐天皇は京都を脱出して吉野へ逃れ、「北朝に渡した神器は贋物であり光明天皇の皇位は正統ではない」と主張して吉野に南朝（吉野朝廷）を開き、北陸や九州など各地へ自らの皇子を奉じさせて派遣する。
Emperor Godaigo, on the other hand, escaped from Kyoto, fleeing to Yoshino and insisting that 'The Imperial Regalia I handed over to the Northern Court are fake; Emperor Komyo's throne is not the true Imperial throne' before establishing his own Court at Yoshino (the Southern Court), sending his own sons in obedience to his wishes to various areas, including Hokuriku and Kyushu.

『隋書』によれば7世紀初頭の大業3年（607年）に倭国王（原文「俀國王」）が隋皇帝煬帝への親書に自らを「日出處天子」と称したことも、中国世界と異なる天下概念が存続していたことを物語っている。
According to Suishu (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), the King of Wa called himself 'Hiizurutokoro no tenshi' (literally, the king of the place where the sun rises) in the letter he sent to Emperor Yodai in 607, and this fact also suggests the existence of the different notion of Tenka from the Chinese world.

前項第二号に掲げる行為　自己の氏名を使用する者（自己の氏名を使用した商品を自ら譲渡し、引き渡し、譲渡若しくは引渡しのために展示し、輸出し、輸入し、又は電気通信回線を通じて提供する者を含む。）
an act set forth in item (ii) of the preceding paragraph　a person using his/her own name (including a person who directly assigns, delivers, displays for the purpose of assignment or delivery, exports, imports or provides through a telecommunications line, goods using his/her own name); or

その風潮は大学にも及んで博士の地位を世襲させるために特定の家系の家学として知識の独占を図るようになり、授業も大学寮ではなく自らの私邸を用いて限られた子弟や門人に対してのみ行われるようになった。
This trend also reached Daigaku-ryo, where professors, with the aim of bequeathing the post of hakase to their descendants, tried to monopolize knowledge by denying access to education to people other than their household, and they gave lectures only to their children and a handful of disciples not at Daigaku-ryo but at their private residences.

しかし、11世紀に荘園公領制が成立すると、多くの武士は荘司、郡司、郷司、保司に任命され、荘園、または公領の郡、郷、保を確固たる所領とするようになっていき、田堵負名を自らの支配下に置いていった。
Once the shoen-koryo system was established in the 11th century, however, many samurai were appointed shoji (also known as shokan), gunji, goji, or hoji, and they began to own some manors or the Imperial demesnes such as gun, go, and ho as their settled territories and to have tato and fumyo under their control.

土一揆の時代には一揆の中核として活躍し、中には、村落から離脱して、自らの地位を武士に特化する地侍もおり、戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名やその幕下の大身の国人領主の家臣として系列化された。
During the period of Doikki (peasant uprising), they performed an active role as the core of the uprising, some of whom left the village to emphasize on their position as samurai and they were organized as subordinate warriors under Sengoku Daimyo (warring lords) and Kokujin Ryoshu in the Sengoku period.

ところが、室町時代になると、自立した百姓らによる自治村落（惣村）の形成が進み、こうした惣村では、惣内部や時には対立する他の惣との紛争解決の検断沙汰についてすら自ら検断権を行使するようになった。
However, during the Muromachi period, self-governing communities (sosons) by independent peasants were formed and these communities started to exercise the right themselves against Kendan-sata to settle conflicts within the communities and sometimes even between communities.

一説によれば、在富の嫡男である勘解由小路在昌がキリスト教の洗礼を受けた事を知った在富がこれを廃嫡し、続いて甥の在種を養子とするが、後に在富自身がこれを暗殺して自ら家名を絶ったとも言われている。
According to one theory, Aritomi disinherited Arimasa KADENOKOJI who was his heir as he knew that Arimasa had been christened as Christian; he then adopted Aritane, who was his nephew, but later assassinated him, and personally terminated the family name.

日本弁護士連合会は、第五十六条第一項に規定する事案について自らその弁護士又は弁護士法人を懲戒することを適当と認めるときは、次項から第六項までに規定するところにより、これを懲戒することができる。
If the Japan Federation of Bar Associations itself finds that it is appropriate to discipline an attorney or Legal Professional Corporation regarding the circumstances set forth in Article 56, paragraph (1), it may discipline him/her or it as set forth in the following paragraphs (2) through (6).

職員は、商業、工業又は金融業その他営利を目的とする私企業（以下営利企業という。）を営むことを目的とする会社その他の団体の役員、顧問若しくは評議員の職を兼ね、又は自ら営利企業を営んではならない。
No official shall concurrently hold the position of an officer, advisor or councillor in a company or any other organization established for the purpose of operating a commercial, industrial, financial or other for-profit private enterprise (hereinafter referred to as 'profit-making enterprise'), nor shall he/she operate, on his/her own account, any profit-making enterprise.

『平家物語』で、武蔵の国の住人（開発領主）河原太郎・次郎の兄弟に「大名は自ら手を下さなくても、家来の手柄を名誉とすることができるが、われらのようなものは自分で手を下さなくてはどうしようもない。」
According to 'The Tale of Heike,' Taro KAWARA and Jiro brothers, who were the junin (kaihatsu-ryoshu) of Musashi Province, and were told, 'a daimyo could gain the honor of deeds made by servants even if a daimyo does not directly become involved, but someone like us must get involved ourselves firsthand.'

この筆禍事件で山口と同じく投獄され、先んじて出獄を果たした平民新聞編集者の石川三四郎は、自らの出獄歓迎会を硬派と軟派が別々に催したことに寂しさを覚え、共同で同志の出獄を祝うよう両派に働きかけた。
In this case of troubles brought on by publication, Sanshiro ISHIKAWA was also imprisoned, was discharged from prison earlier than YAMAGUCHI, and he, feeling sorry that the hard-liners and the soft-liners separately held a gathering for celebrating his discharge from prison, suggested that the both groups should jointly celebrate YAMAGUCHI's discharge from prison.

そのため蓮淳は、17歳になった証如に勧めて法主である証如自らに出陣させ、畿内における『浄土真宗と法華宗の最終決戦』と位置づけることで全畿内の門徒結集を促して、この戦いを大きく盛り上げたのである。
That is why Renjun recommended Shonyo, the hoshu himself who turned 17, to go for a battle, and positioned this battle as 'the ultimate battle between Jodo Shinshu and the Hokke sect' in Kinai to encourage all the followers in Kinai to participate in this battle, in order to make this battle a big campaign.

当時としては画期的な手法であり、自然風物などの対象に移入する過程における荊棘を克服し、自らの詩的表現能力や心霊的意思疎通能力を高める意味もあり、文学的にも心霊学的にも興味深いものだと考えられる。
It was an innovative technique at the time, and is quite interesting in terms of literature as well as the study of psychic phenomena, because the technique required a poet to overcome trials and tribulations in the process of having empathy with the subject, and in doing so improve their capacity for poetic expression and psychic communication.

しかし彼らは、自らの勲功がより高位の受領クラスの下級貴族に横取りされたり、それどころか受領として地方に赴任する彼らの搾取の対象となったりしたことで、任国の受領支配に不満を募らせていったのである。
However, they were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the fact that control of the provinces was being given to lower-ranking aristocrats who belonged to the higher Zuryo class, so that not only were their deeds not recognized, but they were also exploited by lower-ranking aristocrats who were appointed as Zuryo in local provinces.

第三十条の二第一項に規定する法人の社員又は使用人である弁護士としてその業務に従事していた期間内に、その法人が相手方の協議を受けて賛助し、又はその依頼を承諾した事件であつて、自らこれに関与したもの
Cases in which, during the period in which he/she engaged in services as a member or employee of a juridical person as set forth in Article 30-2, paragraph (1), said juridical person provided support to the other party after consultation or accepted the other party as a client, and in which he/she personally involved;

惣村の結合を維持するため、寄合などで惣掟（そうおきて）という独自の規約を定め、惣掟に違反した場合は惣村自らが追放刑・財産没収・身体刑・死刑などを執行する自検断（じけんだん）が行われることもあった。
To maintain the unity of the soson, the independent rules called so okite (rules) were specified in yoriai, and if a member violated the rules, a jikendan (voluntary ruling and judgment) was sometimes implemented by the soson for the purpose of carrying out banishment, forfeiture of property, a bodily penalty or the death penalty.

また五条大橋の造営奉行となった京極道誉が、造営費捻出のため京都の家々から棟別銭を徴収していたが、高経は造営が遅いとして自らの出費で数日の内に架橋してしまったため、道誉は面目を潰された格好となった。
Doyo KYOGOKU, who was zoei bugyo (administrator) of the construction of Gojo-ohashi Bridge and collected munebetsu-sen Tax from households in Kyoto in order to finance construction cost, also lost his face because Takatsune completed the bridge in a few days at his expense saying Doyo's construction work was too slow.

その後内侍司となった朧月夜と源氏の関係が発覚したことで、源氏の失脚を謀り須磨への追放に成功したが、父太政大臣（元右大臣）の死去、また自らの病で力を失い、朱雀帝の源氏召還を止めることができなかった。
After that, when Genji's affair with Oborozukiyo who was Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendant) was revealed, the Empress Kokiden succeeded in ruining Genji and exiling him to Suma; when her father Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister and ex-Minister of the Right) died and her own health deteriorated due to illness, however, she couldn't stop the Emperor Suzaku from pardoning Genji.

建保6年（1218年）息子の忠定を参議に申請して自らは大納言を辞すが、2年後の承久2年には「子強好交衆、又増不孝耳」（『明月記』寛喜元年4月9日条）のため忠定を解官させており、父子の確執は深まる。
In 1218, he recommended his son Tadasada for Sangi, and retired from Dainagon (chief councilor of state), but two years after in 1220 he demanded Tadasada's resignation because of '子強好交衆, 又増不孝耳' (according to the entry dated April 9, 1229 (old calendar) in 'Meigetsuki' (Chronicle of the Bright Moon)), and the conflict between the father and son heated up.

6月に入ると、他の閣僚からも辞表提出者が相次ぎ、7月に白根・安場らの更迭が決定されると、同月27日には処分に消極的であった軍部大臣が揃って辞表を提出、これを見た松方は自らも辞表を提出したのである。
In June, other Cabinet members submitted the letter of resignation one after another, and in July, replacement of SHIRANE, YASUBA and others was determined, and then on 27th of the same month, Military ministers who were negative to such punishment submitted the letters of resignation all together, which made MATSUKATA submit the letter of resignation.

使い手の技量によっては千差万別に使い分ける事が出来る優れた武器ではあるが、反面操り方が難しく、初心者では鎖分銅を自らの体に打ち付けてしまう可能性も高いので、かなりの鍛錬が必要とされる武器でもある。
Kusarigama is a good weapon which can be used in various ways depending on the skill of the user, but on the other hand, the handling of kusarigama is difficult and a beginner is likely to hit his own body with the chain weight and thus kusarigama is a weapon requiring intensive training.

天平勝宝元年7月2日（749年8月19日）、娘の阿倍内親王（孝謙天皇）に譲位（一説には自らを「三宝の奴」と称した天皇が独断で出家してしまい、それを受けた朝廷が慌てて退位の手続を取ったともいわれる）。
On August 23, 749, he ceded the Imperial Throne to his daughter, Imperial Princess Abe (Empress Koken), (according to a theory, the Emperor who called himself 'Sanpo no Yakko' (a servant to Sanpo, three treasures of Buddhism: Buddha, sutras and priesthood) entered priesthood at his own discretion and in response to this, the Imperial Court hastily took the procedure of abdication of the Emperor).

戦後改革により皇室が自らこの差額を調達することは不可能となり、長年固定されていた皇室費を一挙に数倍に増額することは、敗戦直後の極度に逼迫した財政のもとではとうてい合理的な説明がつかなかったのである。
After the postwar reform, it became impossible for the Imperial Family to manage their finances, increasing expenses several times could not have been practically accepted, especially under the tight financial situation just after the War.

ナガスネヒコはカムヤマトイワレビコの元に使いを送り、自らが祀る櫛玉饒速日命（クシタマニギハヤヒ）は昔天磐船に乗って天降ったのであり、天津神が二人もいるのはおかしいから、あなたは偽物だろう、と言った。
Nagasunehiko sent a messenger to Kamuyamatoiwarebiko to tell him that Nagasunehiko worshiped Kushitama Nigihayahi no Mikoto who fell from the heaven on Amenoiwafune Ship, and there should not be two Amatsu kami, thus Kamuyamatoiwarebiko should be a fake.

自動車製造業者等は、主務省令で定めるところにより、自らが製造等をした自動車に係る次の各号に掲げる再資源化等について、これを販売する時までに、当該各号に定める料金を定め、これを公表しなければならない。
The Vehicle Manufacturers, etc., pursuant to ordinance of the competent minister, shall determine and publicize fees as set forth in each of the relevant items for Recycling, etc. listed in the following Items related to vehicles which they themselves have manufactured by the time these are sold.

前項の場合において、日本弁護士連合会は、当該議決に基づき、自らがした異議の申出を却下し、又は棄却する決定及び原弁護士会がした対象弁護士等を懲戒しない旨の決定を取り消して、事案を原弁護士会に送付する。
If the preceding paragraph applies, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations, based on the resolution of the preceding paragraph, shall remand the matter to the original bar association after rescinding its ruling dismissing or rejecting the objection, as well as the ruling rendered by the original bar association not to discipline the Accused Attorney, etc.

登録事業者が自ら販売し、又は貸し渡す計量器又は標準物質について計量器の校正等を行う者である場合にあっては、その登録事業者は、前項の証明書を付して計量器又は標準物質を販売し、又は貸し渡すことができる。
In the case where a registered operator performs calibration, etc. of measuring instruments, with regard to a measuring instrument or a reference material to be sold or lent by the registered operator itself, the registered operator may sell or lend such measuring instrument or reference material together with a certificate set forth in the preceding paragraph.

経済産業大臣が前二項の規定により適合性検査の業務の全部若しくは一部を自ら行い、又は研究所若しくは機構に行わせる場合における適合性検査の業務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、経済産業省令で定める。
Succession to Conformity Assessment operations or any other necessary matters in the case where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry him/herself conducts or has AIST or NITE conduct the whole or part of the Conformity Assessment operations pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall be specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

なお、宮号は天皇がその親王に賜るものであって、その親王のみがこれを称するものであり、当該親王の妃や子女等が自らの宮号としてこれを称することはない（たとえば、眞子内親王や寬仁親王は宮号を賜っていない）。
Furthermore, the reigning name is something given by the Emperor to an Imperial Prince to be used only by that Imperial Prince; the consort of the Imperial Princes or his children and so on would not use the title for themselves (for example, Imperial Princess Mako and Imperial Prince Tomohito have not been given reigning titles).

頼朝には、自らの支持勢力の権利を確保することが求められており、実際に頼朝は、志田義広、新田義重、佐竹氏や足利忠綱といった関東在住の非支持勢力を排除するか、もしくは、屈服させることに非常に尽力している。
Yoritomo was asked to maintain the rights for his supporting forces and spent much effort on eliminating or subduing forces based in Kanto that did not support him, such as Yoshihiro SHIDA, Yoshishige NITTA, the Satake clan and Tadatsuna ASHIKAGA.

親王ながら、皇位を望めない場合や、諸王にあって親王宣下を望めない皇族が自ら降下を求める場合と、朝廷から一方的に降下させる場合とがあり皇別氏族を取り巻く状況は朝廷の財政事情と常に連動する要素が強かった。
There were cases in which even princes did not want to become emperor, in which the imperial families who had no chance to be a prince or princess asked him themselves to allow them to become his subject or in which the Imperial court asked them unilaterally to be his subject, thus the environment surrounding the clans separated from the Imperial household were always linked with the financial situation of the Imperial court.

家畜防疫員は、第一項ただし書の場合を除き、家畜伝染病のまん延を防止するため緊急の必要があるときは、同項の患畜又は疑似患畜の死体について、同項の指示に代えて、自らこれを焼却し、又は埋却することができる。
Prefectural animal health inspectors may, when urgently necessary for preventing the spread of a domestic animal infectious disease, themselves incinerate or bury the carcasses of affected animals or suspected affected animals in said paragraph instead of giving the instructions in said paragraph, excluding cases in the proviso to paragraph 1.

この法律若しくはこの法律に基づく命令の規定若しくはこれらの規定に基づく処分に違反した工事の注文主若しくは請負人（請負工事の下請人を含む。）又は請負契約によらないで自らその工事をしている者若しくはした者
With respect to construction that is in violation of the provisions of this Act or the orders based on this Act or a disposition made pursuant to such provisions, the client or contractor (including subcontractors of the contracted construction) or the person who is performing or have performed such construction for themselves without resorting to contracts;

ただし、この説は明治当初に海軍が陸軍に対抗して自ら国歌の必要性を理解した上で発起したということを知らしめるために利用されていた節があり、現在の国歌研究においては「大山発案説」が事実であると見られている。
However, this view seems to have been used by the Navy to compete with the Army by making it known that the Navy made the proposal understanding the necessity of the national anthem and, according to the present study of the national anthem, it is understood that 'Oyama's ' was the fact.

天皇や時平は「延喜の治」と呼ばれる自らが主導するの政治改革を目指すものの、変からわずか8年後に時平が急死、続いて醍醐天皇も病気がちとなり、政治権力の中心は再度宇多法皇と藤原忠平の手中に帰する事になった。
The Emperor and Tokihira planned political reforms to put themselves in direct leadership roles for the new administration, which was called 'Engi no chi' (the (glorious) government during the Engi era), but only eight years after the coup, Tokihira died suddenly, and moreover Emperor Daigo became more and more prone to illness, which allowed de facto political power to shift back again under the control of Cloistered Emperor Uda and FUJIWARA no Tadahira.

その後、この年の10月1日に詔を発し、皇族や諸臣らに対して聖武天皇の言葉を引用して、妄りに皇位を求めてはならない事、次期皇位継承者は聖武天皇の意向によって自ら（称徳天皇）自身が決める事を改めて表明する。
Afterwards, on November 7 of the same year Empress Shotoku issued an imperial rescript and expressed her intention to the Imperial family members and court retainers by quoting Emperor Shomu's words that they were forbidden to seek the Imperial Throne for no reason, and as for the next heir to the Imperial Throne, the Empress Shotoku herself would decide taking the will of Emperor Shomu into consideration.

貞時は、頼綱に支えられて自らを頂点とする得宗専制体制を敷いたが、頼綱の権勢に不安を抱くようになり、ついに1293年（永仁元年）、鎌倉大地震の混乱に乗じて鎌倉・経師ヶ谷の頼綱邸を攻撃し、頼綱を自刃させた。
With Yoritsuna's support, Sadatoki established the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan in which Sadatoki himself was the leader, but he came to be disturbed by Yoritsuna's reins of power and, finally in 1293, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Kamakura Earthquake, Sadatoki invaded Yoritsuna's house in Gyojigayatsu in Kamakura and made him commit suicide with his sword.

自ら特定変更工事に係る完成検査を行うことができる者として経済産業大臣の認定を受けている者（以下「認定完成検査実施者」という。）が、第三十九条の十一第一項の規定により検査の記録を都道府県知事に届け出た場合
When a person accredited by the Minister of METI as being qualified to conduct completion inspection regarding the Designated Alteration Work by himself (hereinafter referred to as 'Accredited Completion Inspection Executor') has already notified the records of inspection to the prefectural governor pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 39-11.

執行裁判所は、第四項の規定による裁判所書記官の処分に対する異議の申立てを理由があると認める場合において、同項に規定する執行費用及び返還すべき金銭の額を定めるべきときは、自らその額を定めなければならない。
The execution court shall, in cases where it finds that a filing of an objection to a disposition by a court clerk under the provisions of paragraph (4) is well-grounded, and it should determine the execution costs and the amount of money to be returned prescribed in said paragraph, determine such amount itself.

国民及び民間の団体は、基本原則にのっとり、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用のための取組を自ら行うとともに、他の者の行う生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用のための取組に協力するよう努めるものとする。
Citizens and private bodies shall, with the purport of the fundamental principles, make voluntary efforts for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and endeavor to cooperate for other persons' efforts for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

この後双方とも周囲の勢力を自らの協力体制に持ち込もうと盛んに調略を行うが、北陸の柴田氏の後方にある上杉景勝や信孝の地盤である美濃国の有力部将・稲葉一鉄が羽柴秀吉になびくなど、やや秀吉に有利な状況にあった。
While both sides then actively devised various stratagems in order to win over the surrounding powers, the situation became slightly advantageous to Hideyoshi HASHIBA, due to his gaining allies in Kagekatsu UESUGI, the man behind the Shibata clan in Hokuriku (the northern region), and Ittetsu INABA, a powerful commanding officer in Mino Province, the stronghold of Nobutaka.

国衙軍制成立の過程で武芸、すなわち軍事を専門とする諸大夫身分の貴族（軍事貴族）や侍身分の官人層が出現し、これらの層の上層身分たる軍事貴族層では、特に東国を中心として、自ら国司として現地赴任する者も現れた。
In the process of establishing the kokuga forces system, shodaibu (aristocrat lower than Kugyo) (military aristocrat) or samurai officials who specialized in military arts appeared and some of the military aristocrats went to various provinces, especially those of eastern Japan, in order to serve as kokushi.

その前に、神武天皇自らタカミムスビを顕斎するときにその斎主に任じられ「厳媛（いづひめ）」の号を授けられた（道臣命は男性であるが、女性の名をつけたのは、神を祀るのは女性の役目であったことの名残とみられる）。
Sometime before this operation, when Emperor Jinmu was to preside at a ritual to serve Takamimusubi as if this god were visible, the Emperor appointed Michinoomi to serve as Saishu (master of religious ceremonies) of the ritual and conferred the name 'Izuhime' (Princess Izu); (although Michinoomi was a man, he was given a female name, probably because there still remained at that time a tradition that it was a female's task to celebrate the god.)

「これらの催しごと（家康の饗応）の準備について、信長はある密室において明智と語っていたが元来、逆上しやすく、自らの命令に対して反対を言われることに堪えられない性格であったので」光秀を折檻し饗応役を解いた。
With respect to preparation for those events (entertainment for Ieyasu), Nobunaga was talking with Mitsuhide behind closed doors, but because Nobunaga tended to go wild with rage by nature and could not accept that someone oppose to his order, he chastised Mitsuhide and dismissed Mitsuhide from the position of marshal.

この制度の提言は、吉宗政権で政治顧問的待遇を受けた酒井忠挙が、京都所司代の松平信庸 (篠山藩主)が自らの領地からの収入だけでは任務に支障が生じていることを見て、吉宗に「重職役料下賜」を提言したことによる。
The proposal for this system was based on a proposal for 'grant of yakuryo (executive allowance) to a person assuming an important post' given to Yoshimune by Tadataka SAKAI receiving treatments as a political adviser in the Yoshimune government when he saw that Nobutsune MATSUDAIRA (lord of the Sasayama clan) assuming Kyoto Shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy) had difficulties in performing duties only with an income from own territory.

捕虜代表は、自らがその利益を代表すべき範囲の捕虜、衛生要員又は宗教要員に送還対象重傷病者に該当すると思料する者があるときは、捕虜収容所長に対し、混成医療委員にその者の診断を行わせるよう求めることができる。
The prisoners' representatives may, when he/she finds that any of prisoners of war, medical personnel or chaplains among those interests he/she represents falls a seriously wounded or sick person subject to repatriation, request the prisoner of war camp commander to have members of mixed medical commissions to examine such persons.

第一項の場合において、外国人が十六歳に満たない者であるとき又は疾病その他の事由により自ら出頭することができないときは、当該外国人の父若しくは母、配偶者、子又は親族がその者に代わつて申請を行うことができる。
In the case referred to in paragraph (1), when the foreign national is under 16 years of age or is unable to appear due to disease or for other similar grounds, the father, mother, spouse, child, or relative of the foreign national may file the application on behalf of the foreign national.

外国法共同事業を営む外国法事務弁護士は、当該外国法共同事業に係る弁護士又は弁護士法人が自ら行う法律事務であつて当該外国法事務弁護士の権限外法律事務に当たるものの取扱いについて、不当な関与をしてはならない。
A registered foreign lawyer who engages in a foreign law joint enterprise shall not be improperly involved in the legal services which the attorney at law himself/herself or the legal professional corporation itself of the joint enterprise practices and which is beyond the scope of competence of the registered foreign lawyer.

特許庁長官は、願書に添付した要約書の記載が第三十六条第七項の規定に適合しないときその他必要があると認めるときは、前項第五号の要約書に記載した事項に代えて、自ら作成した事項を特許公報に掲載することができる。
When anything stated in the abstract attached to the application does not comply with Article 36(7), or in cases where the Commissioner of the Patent Office finds it otherwise necessary, the Commissioner of the Patent Office may publish in the patent gazette, in lieu of the matters stated in the abstract under item (v) of the preceding paragraph, matters prepared by the Commissioner of the Patent Office.

金融庁長官は、前項の規定により委任された権限のうち、次に掲げるものを証券取引等監視委員会（以下「委員会」という。）に委任する。ただし、報告又は資料の提出を命ずる権限は、金融庁長官が自ら行うことを妨げない。
The Commissioner of the Financial Services Agency shall, out of the authority delegated pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, delegate the following authority to the Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission (hereinafter referred to as the 'Commission'); provided, however, that this shall not preclude the Commissioner of the Financial Services Agency from exercising the authority to order reporting or submission of materials himself/herself:

また編者三善為康が身近な「反故」を集めたと自ら述べているように、編者が生きた平安時代末期の史料が特に多く収録されていることから、平安時代中紀以降末期にかけての律令政治の実態を伝える貴重な文書集となっている。
As the editor, MIYOSHI no Tameyasu himself stated that he had collected 'hogo' (scraps of paper), the book, including many historical materials especially in the end of Heian period when he lived, makes itself a valuable collection of monjo that reports realities of government according to the Ritsuryo code from the middle to the end of the Heian period.

すなわち、信長は本能寺の変以前に、大名としての織田家の家督は信忠に譲っており、自らは、織田・柴田・明智・羽柴・神戸（信孝）・北畠（信雄）などの「大名（信長の取立による大名）」の上に君臨する存在となっていた。
That is to say, Nobukatsu had already handed over the headship of the family to Nobutada before the Honno-ji Incident, and he reined over such 'daimyo (selected by Nobunaga)' as Oda, Shibata, Akechi, Hashiba, (Nobutaka) KANBE, and (Nobuo) KITABATAKE.

1864年3月26日（文久3年2月19日 (旧暦)）に朝廷が出した横浜港の鎖港と海防軍備に関する勅愉に対しても幕府は無策を続けるつもりだと判断した藤田小四郎は自ら攘夷実行の先駆けとなるため挙兵の意を固めた。
Koshiro FUJITA and others who thought that bakufu would do nothing regarding the order to close the Yokohama port and order regarding the defense navy issued by the Imperial Court on March 26, 1864, and they decided to raise an army themselves to lead an attack to execute the expulsion of foreigners.

恩赦状の送付を受けた検察官は、自ら上申をしたものであるときは、直ちにこれを本人に交付し、その他の場合においては、速やかにこれを上申をした者に送付し、上申をした者は、直ちにこれを本人に交付しなければならない。
The public prosecutor to whom a certificate of pardon has been sent shall, in cases where it concerns a person whose pardon the prosecutor him/herself petitioned for, deliver it immediately to the person in question, and in other cases, promptly send it to the person who submitted the petition; and the person who petition shall in turn deliver it immediately to the person in question.

この法律において「第二種鉄道事業」とは、他人の需要に応じ、自らが敷設する鉄道線路（他人が敷設した鉄道線路であつて譲渡を受けたものを含む。）以外の鉄道線路を使用して鉄道による旅客又は貨物の運送を行う事業をいう。
In this Act, 'Type II Railway Business' means the business of transportation of passengers or freight using the railway tracks other than those constructed by the operator of the business (including the railway tracks constructed by others which were assigned to the operator) to meet the needs of others.

その後三条天皇の譲位により、長男敦明親王が後一条天皇の皇太子となるものの、上皇の没後に敦明親王自ら皇太子を辞去、また前斎宮の長女当子内親王が藤原道雅と密通するなど、皇后でありながら不遇な生涯を送った后であった。
Even though she was the Empress, she led an unfortunate life for example, her first son, Imperial Prince Atsuakira, became the Crown Prince of Emperor Goichijo after the abdication of the throne by Emperor Sanjo, but gave up the title of the Crown Prince by himself after the death of the Retired Emperor, and her first daughter Imperial Princess Toshi, the former Saigu (vestal virgin princess serving at Ise-jingu Shrine), committed an adultery with FUJIWARA no Michimasa.

家継の父・家宣は自らの死に際して「鍋松が嗣子なく薨じた場合は、尾張徳川家の徳川五郎太（尾張当主徳川吉通嫡子）か、紀州の長福丸（家重）を嗣子とせよ」と側近の間部詮房・新井白石らに遺言したと言われる（異説もある）。
When the father of Ietsugu, Ienobu, died, he told his close advisers, such as Akifusa MANABE and Hakuseki ARAI, that 'if Nabematsu died without an heir, Gorota TOKUGAWA of the Owari Tokugawa family (legitimate son of Owari family head, Yoshimichi TOKUGAWA) or Chofuku-maru (Ieshige) of Kishu should be an heir' (there is another theory).

しかし案の上安兵衛ら江戸急進派は決定に納得せず、内蔵助をはずして代わりに原惣右衛門を大将にして独自に決起することを模索しつつ、6月には内蔵助との最後の調整のため堀部安兵衛が自ら京都へ乗り込んでくることとなった。
However, as expected it failed to persuade the Edo radicals led by Yasubei HORIBE, and he decided to come down to Kyoto in June to settle the matter with Oishi as they began searching for a way to have Soemon HARA as a leader instead of Kuranosuke to carry out the revenge.

日本弁理士会は、当該申請者が前項各号に該当することを理由にその登録を拒否しようとするときは、あらかじめ、当該申請者にその旨を通知して、相当の期間内に自ら又はその代理人を通じて弁明する機会を与えなければならない。
When the Japan Patent Attorneys Association is to refuse registration of an applicant on the grounds that such applicant falls under any of the items of the preceding paragraph, it shall notify the applicant of that fact in advance and provide him/her with an opportunity to explain by him/herself or through his/her agent within a reasonable period of time.

植物防疫官は、第十六条の二第一項又は第十六条の三第一項の規定に違反して移動された植物、有害動物若しくは有害植物又は土及びこれらの容器包装を所持する者に対して、その廃棄を命じ、又は自らこれを廃棄することができる。
The plant protection officer may order persons who possess plants, injurious animals or injurious plants or soil and their containers or packages that have been transferred in violation of the provision of paragraph 1 of Article 16-2 or paragraph 1 of Article 16-3 to dump them, or may dump them for himself/herself.

捕虜収容所内において被収容者が自ら個別に行う礼拝その他の宗教上の行為は、これを禁止し、又は制限してはならない。ただし、捕虜収容所の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがある場合は、この限りでない。
The worship and other religious acts that a detainee performs individually in the prisoner of war camp shall not be prohibited nor restricted; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the case in which there is a risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the prisoner of war camp.

だが、戦国時代_(日本)に入り、幕府の権威は低下して下剋上によって幕府の力に依存せずに自力で領国を形成した戦国大名達はこの特権を否定し始めるとともに、自らの権限としてこれを付与あるいは剥奪を行うようになっていった。
After the Sengoku Period, however, the authority of the bakufu declined and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who formed their own territories by winning gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) without dependence on the bakufu's power not only began to deny the privilege but also came to grant or despoil it as their own rights.

行政庁は、申請の処理をするに当たり、他の行政庁において同一の申請者からされた関連する申請が審査中であることをもって自らすべき許認可等をするかどうかについての審査又は判断を殊更に遅延させるようなことをしてはならない。
The fact that related Applications filed by applicants may be simultaneously under review by other administrative agencies shall not excuse the administrative agencies handling the Applications for acting to intentionally delay their appointed review or decision whether to grant a permission, etc.

事実、織田信長は「藤原信長」と称しているが、その根拠はここから来ていると言われており、実際に天文 (元号)18年（1549年）11月、熱田八ヶ村の熱田神宮で自ら「藤原信長」と認（したた）めている（『加藤文書』より）。
In fact, it is said that Nobunaga ODA called himself 'Nobunaga FUJIWARA' for this reason, and he wrote his name 'Nobunaga FUJIWARA' in Atsuta-jingu Shrine in Atsuta Yatsugamura in November, 1549 (from 'Kato bunsho').

これを受けて大久保や西郷、土佐藩出身のの佐々木高行らは、薩摩・土佐両藩が自ら自首したこと、両藩は私利私欲のためではなく、維新実現のための軍備調達の必要からやむを得ず行ったことであるとして両藩への恩赦を求めたのである。
In response to this, OKUBO and SAIGO, and Takayuki SASAKI from the Tosa Domain asked for pardon for both countries, as the Satsuma and Tosa Domains surrendered themselves, and as both domains unavoidably issued counterfeit money, not for self-interest, but because of the necessity for armament supplies to realize the restoration,

神護景雲3年（769年）5月、道鏡の弟で大宰帥の弓削浄人と大宰主神の習宣阿曾麻呂（すげのあそまろ）は「道鏡を皇位に付ければ天下は太平になる」という内容の宇佐八幡宮の神託を奏上し、自ら皇位に就くことを望む（続紀没伝）。
In June of 769, YUGE no Kiyohito, who was a younger brother of Dokyo and was Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) and SUGE no Asomaro, who was Dazai no Kanzukasa (Head Shinto Priest of Kyushu, stationed in Dazaifu), reported an oracle from Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine to the Empress Shotoku, stating that 'if Dokyo ascends to the Imperial Throne, the world will be in peace'; Dokyo himself wanted to ascend the Imperial Throne (Shoku Nihongi [Chronicle of Japan Continued] Botsuden).

なお、親鸞は生前に著した『高僧和讃』において、法然について「智慧光のちからより、本師源空（法然）あらはれて、浄土真宗ひらきつゝ、選択本願のべたまふ」と述べて、浄土真宗は法然が開いて自らが継承した浄土宗の教えと解した。
Shinran mentioned that 'My master Genku (Honen) appeared by Chie ko (the power of Amida Nyorai), started Jodo Shinshu and stated Senjaku Hongan' in 'Koso Wasan' written during his life, which shows he thought that Jodo Shinshu consisted of the teachings of Jodo Shinshu started by Honen and carried on by himself.

それに加えて、18世紀後半の産業革命によって欧米諸国は急速に近代化しており、それぞれの政治経済的事情から大航海時代の単なる「冒険」ではなく、自らの産業のために資源と市場を求めて世界各地に植民地獲得のための進出を始めた。
In addition to the above, western countries modernized rapidly through industrial revolution in the latter half of the 18th century, and for their own political and economic reasons, started debouching into various places around the world to acquire their own colonies for the purpose of seeking resources and markets for their own industries, rather than for the simple purpose of 'adventure' during the Age of Geographical Discovery.

売主は、第五百六十条から前条までの規定による担保の責任を負わない旨の特約をしたときであっても、知りながら告げなかった事実及び自ら第三者のために設定し又は第三者に譲り渡した権利については、その責任を免れることができない。
Even if the seller makes a special agreement to the effect that the seller will not provide the warranties set forth from Article 560 through to the preceding Article, the seller may not be released from that responsibility with respect to any fact that the seller knew but did not disclose, and with respect to any right that the seller himself/herself created for or assigned to a third party.

設立企画人は、第一項の規定による届出をした後でなければ、第七十一条第一項の規定による通知、設立時発行投資口の引受けの申込みの勧誘その他設立時発行投資口を自ら引き受け、又は他人に引き受けさせるための行為をしてはならない。
Only after the notification prescribed in paragraph (1) has been made, may the organizer(s) give the notice set forth in Article 71, paragraph (1), solicit applications for subscriptions for Investment Equity Issued at Establishment, or carry out acts to subscribe for said Investment Equity Issued at Establishment by themselves or have others subscribe therefor.

大久保は、木戸を政府へ復帰させることにより、自らの権力集中に対する批判を和らげる良い機会と考え、この会談に応じたが、板垣に対しては政権に復帰させる必要性を感じていなかったので、当初大久保・板垣両者は面会にいたらなかった。
Okubo took it as a good opportunity to restore Kido to the government for the purpose to alleviate the criticisms against his political supremacy, and so he agreed to meet Kido; however, he did not consider it necessary to bring Itagaki back to the government, so he did not meet him at the beginning.

このように後白河には悪評以外に評価が無く、悪評が後を絶たないが、これは、後白河が自らの院政によって武家勢力との共存を図り、結果として次から次にあたかも手駒を捨てていくかのごとく武士を利用していった事が大きな要因といえる。
Because of this, Goshirakawa only had a continuing bad reputation until now, because he used Samurai one after another as if they were disposable, just like throwing a Japanese chess piece away when it is not needed while playing the game, while he tried to coexist with other Samurai forces by ruling his cloister government.

こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.

投票は、選挙人が自ら投票所に行き、投票用紙に候補者一人の氏名（法人にあつては名称。以下同じ。）を自書して行わなければならない。但し、法人にあつては、その指定する者が行うものとし、この場合において必要な事項は、政令で定める。
For ballot, each elector shall go to the polling place and write the name of one candidate person (or the name of one candidate juridical person; the same shall apply hereinafter) on a voting slip by himself/herself; provided that in the case of a juridical person, the person designated by the juridical person shall do, and the necessary matters in this case shall be prescribed in a Cabinet Order.

登記識別情報　第二十二条本文の規定により登記名義人が登記を申請する場合において、当該登記名義人自らが当該登記を申請していることを確認するために用いられる符号その他の情報であって、登記名義人を識別することができるものをいう。
information for registration identification:　a code and other information to be used, in cases where a registered right holder files an application for a registration pursuant to the provision of the main clause of Article 22, in order to confirm that said registered right holder him/herself files an application for the registration, with which the registered right holder can be identified;

検察官、被告人又は弁護人の請求により、証拠物の取調をするについては、裁判長は、請求をした者をしてこれを示させなければならない。但し、裁判長は、自らこれを示し、又は陪席の裁判官若しくは裁判所書記にこれを示させることができる。
When examining material evidence upon the request of the public prosecutor, the accused or his/her counsel, the presiding judge shall order the party who has made that request to display it; provided, however, that the presiding judge may display the evidence by himself/herself, or order an associate judge or court clerk to do.

また、合戦終了の2日後の4月25日 (旧暦)（6月15日）に秀吉は中国地方の戦国大名・毛利輝元の重臣・小早川隆景に書簡を送り、自軍の勝利に終わったことを報告するとともに、中立状態にあった毛利氏の自らへの服属を暗にうながした。
Two days after the end of the battle, on June 15, Hideyoshi sent a letter to Takakage KOBAYAKAWA, a senior vassal of the warlord Terumoto MORI in the Chugoku Region, to inform him that the battle had resulted in his victory, implicitly prompting the Mori clan, which had kept a neutral stance, to submit itself to Hideyoshi.

法第六十九条の二の規定により、次に掲げる法務大臣の権限は、地方入国管理局長に委任する。ただし、第二号、第三号、第八号、第十号、第十一号、第十三号、第十四号及び第十五号に掲げる権限については、法務大臣が自ら行うことを妨げない。
The authority of the Minister of Justice listed below shall be delegated to the director of a regional immigration bureau pursuant to the provisions of Article 69-2 of the Immigration Control Act; provided, however, that this shall not preclude the Minister of Justice from exercising an authority listed in items (ii), (iii), (viii), (x), (xi), (xiii), (xiv) and (xv) him/herself.

第三十条の二第一項に規定する法人の社員又は使用人である弁護士としてその業務に従事していた期間内に、その法人が相手方の協議を受けた事件で、その協議の程度及び方法が信頼関係に基づくと認められるものであつて、自らこれに関与したもの
Cases in which, during the period in which he/she engaged in services as a member or employee of a juridical person as set forth in Article 30-2, paragraph (1), said juridical person was consulted by the other party, and where the extent and form of the consultation is found to be based on a relationship of mutual trust, and in which he/she personally involved;

なお、明治40年制定の現行刑法では、殺人未遂罪に相当すると考えられるが、現行刑法では、自ら積極的に行為を中止した場合（中止未遂）の場合を除き、未遂による減軽は裁判官の裁量によるため、殺人罪の法定刑である死刑となる可能性はある。
According to the current penal code enacted in 1907, Tsuda may be accused of attempted murder, but still there is a possibility that he is sentenced death penalty, because commutation for failed criminal cases are decided at discretion of judges except when a criminal gave up completion of crime on his own will.

法第二条第二項第五号に掲げる権利のうち、イからニまでに掲げる権利以外の権利　出資対象事業に係る重要な業務の執行の決定に関与し、かつ、当該業務を自ら執行する者（無限責任組合員に類する者があるときは、当該無限責任組合員に類する者）
rights which are listed in Article 2, paragraph (2), item (v) of the Act except for those listed in sub-items (a) to (d) inclusive:　the person who participates in management decisions regarding the important business activities of the Business Subject to Investment, and manages said business activities by himself/herself (or, in cases where there is any person similar to an unlimited liability partner, the person similar to an unlimited liability partner);

前各項に定めるもののほか、事業者は、基本原則にのっとり、その事業活動に際しては、再生品を使用すること等により循環型社会の形成に自ら努めるとともに、国又は地方公共団体が実施する循環型社会の形成に関する施策に協力する責務を有する。
In addition to the provisions in the foregoing paragraphs, business operators are, pursuant to the Basic Principles, responsible for making their own efforts towards the establishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society by using recycled articles, etc. in the course of business activities, and for cooperating with policies and measures implemented by State or local governments towards the establishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society.

また武家階級という新たな社会層も、自らの後進のために、学問を身につけるための施設、学校の整備に配慮するようになり、鎌倉時代には北条実時が金沢称名寺 (横浜市)（現、神奈川県横浜市金沢区）に金沢文庫を設置し、多くの文書を収集した。
A new stratum of society, the bushi class arms, also came to make arrangements for schools, being facilities where their juniors could learn; in the Kamakura period, Sanetoki HOJYO established the Kanazawa Library at Kanazawa Shomyo-ji Temple, (Yokohama City; present-day Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture), and collected numerous documents.

菩薩は如来に次ぐ高い見地に住する仏であるが、地蔵菩薩は「一斉衆生済度の請願を果たさずば、我、菩薩界に戻らじ」との決意でその地位を退し、六道を自らの足で行脚して、救われない衆生、親より先に世を去った幼い子供の魂を救って旅を続ける。
Although Bosatsu is a Buddha ranked at high status next to Nyorai, Jizo Bosatsu stepped down from the status with the determination that ' I won't go back to the Bosatsu world unless my wish to relieve all living things comes true,' and he continued travel to relieve unrelieved living things and the souls of young children who died before their parents, walking on foot through Rokudo.

将軍足利義満、管領細川頼之時代には武家執奏による朝廷への口入がみられ、応安3年（1370年）に後光厳天皇が自らの皇子緒仁親王への譲位意思を表すると、崇光上皇は正嫡である実子栄仁親王の即位が妥当であると主張し、皇位継承問題が起こる。
During the rule of Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and constable Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the Bukeshisso (coordinator for the Northern Court and the Ashikaga government) would intervene with Imperial Court matters, and when in 1370, Emperor Gokogon expressed his wish to abdicate the throne to his prince, Imperial Prince Ohito, retired Emperor Suko claimed that the ascension of his legal child, Imperial Prince Yoshihito was more appropriate and a conflict over Imperial succession occurs.

室町時代に入ると地侍たちが地元の有力武士と関係を結んで寄親・寄子の関係を結ぶようになり、守護大名や戦国大名も有力武士を傘下に入れる過程で彼らの寄親としての権限を認めて、自らも彼らと寄親・寄子の関係を結んで家臣団に取り込んでいった。
During the Muromachi period, jizamurai (local samurai) became involved with the local dominant samurai, forming the Yorioya-Yoriko relationship, while shugo daimyo (military governors) and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) acknowledged their authority as Yorioya in the process of drawing dominant samurai under their jurisdiction and they also established the Yorioya-Yoriko relationship with them to include them amongst their vassals.

慶喜としては、まだ年若い明治天皇（当時数え年16歳）を戴く朝廷に政権担当能力はなく、やがて組織されるであろう諸侯会議で自らが議長もしくは有力議員となるなどの手段で、政治的影響力を行使できるはずという目論見の上での政権返上であった。
Nobuyoshi had an ulterior motive that, even after he returned the administration to the Imperial court, he should be able to exercise his political clout as the chairman or as a powerful councilor of the lords conference which was to be organized later, because the Emperor Meiji was too young (in his 16th year) to have the ability to hold the reins of government, so was the Imperial court.

自らも現場に居合わせたイギリス公使ハリー・パークスは激怒し、折しも兵庫開港を祝って集結していた各国艦船に緊急事態を通達、アメリカ海兵隊、イギリスの警備隊、フランスの水兵が備前藩兵を居留地外に追撃し、生田川の河原で撃ち合いとなった。
English minister-counselor Harry PARKS, who happened to be at the site himself, got furious, announced the emergency to the foreign warships that were gathered to celebrate the opening of Hyogo port, then the U.S. Marine force, British guards, and French sailors chased the troops of the domain of Bizen out of the settlement and exchanged gunfire at the side of Ikutagawa-River.

自ら特定施設に係る保安検査を行うことができる者として経済産業大臣の認定を受けている者（以下「認定保安検査実施者」という。）が、その認定に係る特定施設について、第三十九条の十一第二項の規定により検査の記録を都道府県知事に届け出た場合
When a person accredited by the Minister of METI as qualified to implement the safety inspection of Designated Equipment by himself (hereinafter referred to as 'Accredited Safety Inspection Executor') submits to the prefectural governor in accordance with the provision of paragraph (2) of Article 39-11 inspection records regarding Designated Facilities for which the accreditation for safety inspection is given.

裁判長は、訴訟関係人の意見を聴き、相当と認めるときは、職権で証拠書類又は証拠物中書面の意義が証拠となるものの取調をするについての朗読に代えて、自らその要旨を告げ、又は陪席の裁判官若しくは裁判所書記官にこれを告げさせることができる。
In lieu of reading aloud documentary evidence, or writing on articles of evidence that serves as evidence, for ex officio examination, the presiding judge may, if he/she finds it to be appropriate after hearing the opinions of the persons concerned in the case, give a summary of said evidence himself/herself, or may have an associate judge or the court clerk give a summary of said evidence.

また、国防上の必要性から江戸・大坂の大名・旗本領を幕府に召し上げようとする上知令を推進しようとしたところ、大名・商人らの猛反撥を招くこととなり、将軍家慶自ら撤回を命ずる事態となり、水野は失脚し、天保の改革はわずか2年にして崩壊した。
In addition, 'Agechi-rei' (the decree he was going to implement for national defense, whose contents were to take away the territory of 'daimyo' and 'hatamoto' in Edo and Osaka) caused fierce resistance of 'daimyo' and merchants, so Shogun Ieyoshi himself was made withdraw the decree and Mizuno lost his position, when Tenpo Reforms ended with a span of just two years.

つまり、ヤマタノオロチというのは古代日本にとってかつては強大な外敵であり、彼に人質を差し出して臣下の礼を取っていたという事実を隠し、如何に悪い魔物であったかを誇張するかのようにして、自らの正当性を保とうとした大和民族の工夫といえる。
In other words, Yamata no Orochi was a powerful foreign enemy of ancient Japan, and it can be said to have been invented by the Yamato race, who tried to prove the appropriateness of their behavior, hiding the fact that they offered a person as a hostage to him and gave their fealty to the country, exaggerating how bad the monster was.

第一項の場合において、外国人が十六歳に満たない者であるとき又は疾病その他の事由により自ら上陸の申請をすることができないときは、その者に同行する父又は母、配偶者、子、親族、監護者その他の同行者がその者に代わつて申請を行うことができる。
In the case referred to in paragraph (1), when the foreign national is under 16 years of age or is unable to apply for landing due to disease or for other similar grounds, his/her father or mother, spouse, child, relative, or legal guardian accompanying the foreign national or any other person accompanying the foreign national may file the application on behalf of the foreign national.

受命裁判官、受託裁判官又はその他の裁判官が証人尋問その他の手続を行なう場合には、この章の規定による給付に関し裁判所が定めるべき事項は、当該裁判官が定める。ただし、当該裁判官が自ら定めることが相当でないと認めるときは、この限りでない。
Where an authorized judge, commissioned judge, or any other judge conducts the examination of a witness or any other procedure, the matters to be determined by the court with regard to payment under the provisions of this Chapter shall be determined by the judge concerned; provided, however, that this shall not apply when said judge finds it inappropriate to determine such matters him/herself.

最高裁判所は、自ら上告審として事件を受理するのを相当と認めるときは、前条の送付を受けた日から十四日以内にその旨の決定をしなければならない。この場合において申立の理由中に重要でないと認めるものがあるときは、これを排除することができる。
When the Supreme Court finds it to be reasonable to accept a case as the final appellate court, it shall issue a ruling to that effect within 14 days of receipt of the documents under the provisions of the preceding Article. In this case, if the Supreme Court finds any of the reasons for the motion to be immaterial, it may exclude said reasons.

「機務六条」が定められて以後、天皇は閣僚と直接謁見して政策について下問したりするようになり、また以前は「外国人」に対する恐怖から渋りがちだった外交団との謁見にも応じるなど、天皇自らが立憲君主としての振る舞いを積極的に行うようになった。
After 'Kimu rokujo' came into practice, the Emperor proactively engaged himself in behaving as a constitutional monarch, for example, he started to meet directly with bureaucrats to ask about policies and also to accept the audiences with diplomatic corps which he would have been reluctant for fear of 'foreigners'.

人事院は、前条に規定する判定に基き、勤務条件に関し一定の措置を必要と認めるときは、その権限に属する事項については、自らこれを実行し、その他の事項については、内閣総理大臣又はその職員の所轄庁の長に対し、その実行を勧告しなければならない。
When the National Personnel Authority finds it necessary to take certain measures in regard to working conditions based on the evaluation provided for in the preceding Article, it shall implement its own measures on the matters under its jurisdiction, and recommend the Prime Minister or the head of the government agency employing that official to take measures in regard to other matters.

前項の請求があつた場合においては、地方裁判所又は簡易裁判所の裁判官は、臨検すべき場所、捜索すべき身体又は物件、押収すべき物件、請求者の官職氏名、有効期間及び裁判所名を記載し、自ら記名押印した許可状を入国警備官に交付しなければならない。
When an application as set forth in the preceding paragraph is submitted, a district court or summary court judge shall issue a permit containing the place of inspection, the person or articles subject to search, the articles to be seized, the position and name in full of the officer making the application, the validity period of the permit, and the name of the court with the name and seal of the judge, and deliver it to the immigration control officer.

検察官、被告人又は弁護人の請求により、証拠書類の取調をするについては、裁判長は、その取調を請求した者にこれを朗読させなければならない。但し、裁判長は、自らこれを朗読し、又は陪席の裁判官若しくは裁判所書記にこれを朗読させることができる。
When examining documentary evidence upon the request of the public prosecutor, the accused or the counsel, the presiding judge shall order the person who has made the request to read the documents out loud; provided, however, that the presiding judge may read them out himself/herself, or have an associate judge or court clerk do so.

更に足利義満以後、将軍の親裁が強まり、管領や評定衆の発言力の強い評定よりも自らの主導権が発揮できる御前沙汰に審議の場を移し、形式的な評定始を行った後に改めて御前沙汰始を開いて年始最初の政務とするようになり、応仁の乱以後は全く形骸化した。
Also, since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's rein, the shogun decided on most state affairs by having discussions in gozensata (the formal consultation) where he could take the initiative, rather than in hyojo where kanrei and hyojoshu held too much influence against him, so gozensata-hajime (the first gozensata in the New Year) was held as the first work of State in the New Year after having a ritual hyojohajime, which only existed in name after the Onin war.

このころ、関東では桓武天皇5代の皇胤平将門が親族間の内紛を抑え、近隣諸国の紛争に介入したところ、在地の国司と対立、やがて叛乱を起こして自ら「新皇」（新天皇）と名乗り、朝廷の任命した国司を追放し、関東7ヶ国と伊豆国に自分の国司を任命した。
Around this time, in the Kanto region, TAIRA no Masakado, who was an Imperial descendant of Emperor Kanmu for five generations, suppressed the internal conflicts between his relatives, and when he intervened in disputes amongst the neighboring provinces, he opposed the local Kokushi (provincial governor), soon caused insurrection and called himself 'Shinno' (new Emperor), banished Kokushi appointed by the Imperial Court, and appointed his Kokushi to 7 provinces in Kanto and Izu region.

第三十五条第一項第二号の認定は、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、第五条第一項の事業所ごとに、第一種製造者であつて、特定施設（経済産業省令で定めるものに限る。以下この章において同じ。）に係る保安検査を自ら行おうとする者の申請により行う。
The accreditation provided for in item (ii) of paragraph (1) of Article 35 shall be made following an application filed by a Class 1 Producer who intends to conduct a safety inspection regarding the Designated Facilities (limited to those specified by an Ordinance of METI; the same shall apply throughout this Chapter) by himself for each of the place of business under paragraph (1) of Article 5 pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of METI.

そうした中で、武士は所領の知行権などをめぐる訴訟（所務沙汰）において幕府による裁定が下された後も、当時の社会で容認されていた自力救済慣行を背景として、必ずしも幕府裁定に従わず、自らの実力を行使して所領知行権を確保しようとする傾向があった。
On the other hand, there was a tendency that samurai, even after the bakufu judged in the lawsuit over the right of fief, which was called shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues), not necessarily followed the bakufu's judgment but tried to keep their right to manage the territory using their force with the aid of the customary practice of self-help which had been approved in the society at that time.

太平洋戦争後の開放的気分の中で「熊沢天皇」こと熊沢寛道など、自らを正統な天皇の継承者と称する自称天皇たちが現れたとき、その多くは、1911年（明治44年）に明治天皇の裁断によって南朝が正統とされたことを受けて、後南朝の子孫と主張していた。
In the liberal atmosphere after the end of the World War II, when figures like Hiromichi KUMAZAWA, the so-called 'Emperor Kumazawa,' appeared and each claimed that only he himself was the legitimate successor to the Emperor, most of these self-styled Emperors were reacting to the fact that in 1911 Emperor Meiji had decided that the Southern lineage was the legitimate one, and came forward claiming to be descendants of the Southern dynasty.

家庭裁判所は、必要があると認めるときは、保護者に対し、少年の監護に関する責任を自覚させ、その非行を防止するため、調査又は審判において、自ら訓戒、指導その他の適当な措置をとり、又は家庭裁判所調査官に命じてこれらの措置をとらせることができる。
The family court may take appropriate measures against the Custodian, if it is found necessary, including delivering an admonition, giving guidance etc., or order a family court probation officer to take these measures in the course of investigation or hearing, in order to raise awareness of responsibility of the Custodian for custody of the Juvenile and to prevent the Juvenile from committing delinquency.

蘭癖らの舶来趣味に加え、新しい学問である蘭学が一定の市民権を得ていたことを受け、日本の伝統的正月行事に把われることなく、蘭学者たちが親睦を深め、自らの学問の隆盛を願い、最新情報の交換を行う集まりとして、以後も毎年行われるようになっていった。
In addition to those Ranpeki's pursuit of foreign goods, and the fact that the new academic subject of Rangaku became widely accepted, the party was held from those time, not being tied to traditional Japanese New Year events, but as the place for the scholars to get together and exchange the latest information to increase their knowledge.

特定の法律行為をすることを委託された場合において、代理人が本人の指図に従ってその行為をしたときは、本人は、自ら知っていた事情について代理人が知らなかったことを主張することができない。本人が過失によって知らなかった事情についても、同様とする。
In cases an agent is entrusted to perform any specific juristic act, if the agent performs such act in accordance with the instructions of the principal, the principal may not assert that the agent did not know a particular circumstance which the principal knew. The same shall apply to any circumstance which the principal did not know due to his/her negligence.

乱を起こした側としては、治安維持の任につく武芸の家の者としての勲功認定、待遇改善を目指す動きを条件闘争的にエスカレートさせていった結果として叛乱に至ってしまった面を持ち、また鎮圧側も、乱を鎮圧することでやはり自らの勲功認定、待遇改善を図った。
The Samurai that fought with the rebels aimed to gain formal recognition for their profession and improve the living conditions for the samurai families that were responsible for maintaining security, while the Samurai who fought against the rebels were also fighting for recognition and better conditions.

命令等制定機関は、委員会等の議を経て命令等を定めようとする場合（前条第四項第四号に該当する場合を除く。）において、当該委員会等が意見公募手続に準じた手続を実施したときは、同条第一項の規定にかかわらず、自ら意見公募手続を実施することを要しない。
When establishing Administrative Orders, etc. following deliberation in committees, etc. (except for cases fall under paragraph 4, item 4 of the preceding Article), in the case that the committee has implemented a procedure equivalent to the Public Comment Procedure, notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of the same Article, Organs Establishing Administrative Orders, etc. shall not be required to implement the Public Comment Procedure.

いっぽう、13日に大阪城に戻っていた慶喜は、16日にはイギリス・フランス第二帝政・オランダ王国・アメリカ合衆国・イタリア王国・プロイセン王国6国の公使を引見し、王政復古後も外交権が自らにあることをアピールするなど、強気の姿勢を崩していなかった。
Meanwhile, after returning to Osaka Castle on 13, Yoshinobu had audiences with ministers of six countries; Britain, Second French Empire, the Netherlands, the United States of America, Italy, and Prussia to appeal that he still held the diplomatic right even after the Restoration of Imperial Rule, showing no sign of softening his stance.

一方、奴婢は自らの公認された自立的な共同体を持たず、個人別に良民や朝廷の所有物とされるなど、穢多頭に統率されるなどの形で一定の権利保障の基盤になる共同体組織の保持を保証された江戸時代の被差別民と比べると、権利保障の基盤は脆弱であったとも言える。
On the other hand, nuhi did not have any official independent community for themselves and were individually treated as property of the Ryomin or the Imperial court; therefore, their basis to secure their rights was probably more fragile when compared to others who were discriminated in the Edo period who found some security in their communities headed by Etagashira (head of eta (discriminated people) which secured their rights.

なお、『日葡辞書』には“越訴”を「一旦却下されるか和解するかした後に再びむしかえして新たに提起された訴訟」、“直訴”を“直奏”の派生語として「国王または大身の主君に自ら面と向かって申し上げること、また口頭か文書かで直接訴え出ること」と記されている
'Nippo jisho' (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary) defined 'osso' as 'renewing a suit that was once rejected or settled' and 'jikiso' as a derived word from 'jikisou' meaning 'speaking directly to the King or the great lord, or appealing in speech or in writing.'

第一項各号に掲げる個人情報取扱事業者は、個人データの安全管理のために必要かつ適切な措置、個人情報の取扱いに関する苦情の処理その他の個人情報の適正な取扱いを確保するために必要な措置を自ら講じ、かつ、当該措置の内容を公表するよう努めなければならない。
Entities handling personal information enumerated in the items of paragraph (1) shall endeavor to take by themselves the necessary and appropriate measures for controlling the security of personal data, and the necessary measures for the processing of complaints about the handling of personal information and the other necessary measures for ensuring the proper handling of personal information, and shall also endeavor to publicly announce the content of those measures concerned.

また、三条西実隆による古系図の「整理」も、一から全面的に作り直したのではなく、それまでに存在した源氏物語古系図の一本に証本にしようとして自らが整えた青表紙本の（三条西家系統の）本文に合うように手を加えるという形で行われたにすぎないと考えられている。
It is also thought that 'organizing' old genealogies by Sanetaka SANJONISHI was not a work thoroughly carried out from the beginning, but he just revised the text of Aobyoshi-bon manuscript (in the Sanjonishi group) which he had arranged in order to make the existing old genealogy of The Tale of Genji a reliable book.

最高裁判所は、前条の規定により上告をすることができる場合以外の場合であつても、法令の解釈に関する重要な事項を含むものと認められる事件については、その判決確定前に限り、裁判所の規則の定めるところにより、自ら上告審としてその事件を受理することができる。
The Supreme Court, as the final appellate instance, may accept a case that is deemed to involve important matters relating to the interpretation of laws and regulations pursuant to the Rules of Court, only before the judgment on the case has become final and binding, even if it is not a case in which a final appeal may be filed pursuant to the preceding Article.

ところが、時代が下ると、名田を経営する百姓身分に属する一般の田堵負名の中からも、自らが経営請負をする名田の属する荘園公領を所領とする武士に、軍役を申し出て武士身分の一角に食い込み、名田の支配権を確固としたものにして所領としていこうとする動きが生じた。
However, in later periods, some ordinary farmers called tato and fumyo who managed myoden began to attempt to make inroads into the samurai class by offering military service for samurai who governed manors or Imperial demesnes containing the myoden managed by the tato or fumyo, so that they could consolidate their hold over their myoden to own it as their territories.

誰が開発領主となったのかと言えば、その領域そのものの法的所有、または国衙による開発の承認が重要なテコとなったため、自ら国衙の在庁官人となったか、あるいは国司と結びついた、留住から土着へと至った軍事貴族や前司の子弟など王臣子孫、そして一部の土豪だろう。
Since legal ownership or a permit by Kokuga was required to cultivate a domain, they became the Zaichokanjin of Kokuga, or were military aristocrats that shifted from ryuju (the place they stayed) to dwellers, children of former governors, descendants of imperial families and nobles, and a few local clans connected to governors, in order to become the kaihatsu-ryoshu.

このなかで、府県庁は地租改正事務局があらかじめ見当をつけた平均反収を絶対的な査定条件とし、申告額がこれに達しない場合は、農民が自らの労力と費用をかけて算定した地価を否定し強圧的に変更させたことから、伊勢暴動をはじめとした大規模な暴動が各地で頻発した。
In this aggressive approach, each prefectural government made the average yield per tan that the Land Tax Reform Bureau figured out beforehand be the absolute condition of assessment and in case the reported amount was under the average tan that the Land Tax Reform Bureau figured out, each prefecture denied the reported value of the land, of which farmers assessed with their own labor and expenses and made the value of the land change forcibly; for this reason, including the Ise Revolt large scale riots erupted frequently in various places.

『小右記』永延2年12月4日 (旧暦)（989年1月14日）及び翌日条によれば、権中納言藤原道長が自らが推挙した甘南備永資が省試に落ちた腹いせに式部少輔橘淑信を強引に捕えて自邸まで引き回したために父親の摂政藤原兼家より一時勘当された事件が記されている。
Articles in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke) dated January 14, 989 and the next day states that Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Michinaga got disowned by his father, Sessho (regent) FUJIWARA no Kaneie: it was because Michinaga ordered the capture of Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonial) TACHIBANA no Yoshinobu and brought him forcibly to his house when he got upset knowing that Nagasuke KANNABI, whom Michinaga recommended, failed the shoshi exam.

ちなみに、臨摸した部分以外については、定家は原本の仮名遣によらず自ら考案した定家仮名遣に従って書き直しているが、子の為家の書写本は臨摸まではしていないものの、原本の仮名遣通りに書写しているため、本全体としては為家書写本が最善本という評価を与えられている。
Incidentally, Sadaie rewrote the entire manuscript except for the part in which he followed the model, depending not on the original use of Kana but on the Teika Kanazukai (the distinction of using Kana in the same pronunciation), which he invented, while his son Tameie didn't write by following the model but copied the manuscript in the same way of using Kana as the original; thus the copy written by Tameie is considered to be the best version of the book as a whole.

特定の入札談合等に関し、事業者、事業者団体その他の者の明示若しくは黙示の依頼を受け、又はこれらの者に自ら働きかけ、かつ、当該入札談合等を容易にする目的で、職務に反し、入札に参加する者として特定の者を指名し、又はその他の方法により、入札談合等を幇助すること。
In connection with a specific bid rigging, etc., aiding bid rigging, etc. nominating a specific person as participant to a bid, or by any other method, at the express or implicit request of an entrepreneur, trade association, or any other entity or by voluntarily approaching these persons, for the purpose of facilitating such bid rigging, etc., in breach of such employee's duties.

裁判長は、訴訟関係人の意見を聴き、相当と認めるときは、請求により証拠書類又は証拠物中書面の意義が証拠となるものの取調をするについての朗読に代えて、その取調を請求した者、陪席の裁判官若しくは裁判所書記官にその要旨を告げさせ、又は自らこれを告げることができる。
In lieu of the reading aloud of documentary evidence, or of writing on articles of evidence that serves as evidence, the presiding judge may, if he/she finds it to be appropriate after hearing the opinions of the persons concerned in the case, have the person who has requested the examination of said evidence, an associate judge, or the court clerk give a summary of the evidence, or may himself/herself give a summary thereof.

人事院は、給与の支払が、法令、人事院規則又は人事院指令に違反してなされたことを発見した場合には、自己の権限に属する事項については自ら適当な措置をなす外、必要があると認めるときは、事の性質に応じて、これを会計検査院に報告し、又は検察官に通報しなければならない。
In cases when it is discovered that payment of remuneration has been made in violation of laws and regulations, rules of the National Personnel Authority or directives of the National Personnel Authority, the National Personnel Authority, in addition to taking appropriate measures in regard to the matters under its own jurisdiction, shall, when it finds it necessary, according to the nature of the case, report it to the Board of Audit or notify it to a public prosecutor for action.

国土交通大臣、都道府県知事又は市町村長は、都市計画の決定又は変更のために他人の占有する土地に立ち入つて測量又は調査を行う必要があるときは、その必要の限度において、他人の占有する土地に、自ら立ち入り、又はその命じた者若しくは委任した者に立ち入らせることができる。
The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the Prefectural governors, or the Mayors of municipalities, when it is necessary to enter land in the possession other individuals in order to conduct surveys or investigations for the purpose of deciding on or revising city plans, may enter said land on their own accord or consign another individual to enter said land within the limits necessary.

政府は、地方公共団体及び民間団体等が温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等のための措置（他の者の温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等に寄与するための措置を含む。）の実施の状況を自ら把握し、及び評価することに資するため、把握及び評価の手法の開発並びにその成果の普及に努めるものとする。
In order to contribute to the determination and evaluation by local governments and private entities of their own measures for the control of greenhouse gases (including measures to contribute to the control of greenhouse gases by others), the national government shall endeavor to develop methods for determination and evaluation and to disseminate the results of such measures.

帰京した後醍醐は富小路坂の里内裏に入り、光厳天皇の皇位を否定し親政を開始（自らの重祚<復位>は否定し、文保2年から継続しての在位を主張）するが、京都では護良親王とともに六波羅攻撃を主導した足利高氏が諸国へ軍勢を催促し、上洛した武士を収めて京都支配を指揮していた。
After returning to the capital, Godaigo entered the throne room on Tomikoji hill and repudiated Kogon's imperial rank, ushering in a new era of direct Imperial rule (and of his own second ascension, he insisted that he was not 'returning to the throne' but rather had continuously been ruling since 1318); in Kyoto, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who with Imperial Prince Morinaga had directed the attack on Rokuhara, requested more troops from all the various provinces, and by paying and supplying the samurai that came to the capital, Takauji assumed military command over the government of Kyoto.

これは明治元年から30年までを10年毎に3期に分け、最初の10年を創業の時期として戊辰戦争や士族反乱などの兵事に明け暮れる時期、次の10年を内治整理、殖産興業の時期、最後の10年を後継者による守成の時期として、自らは第二期に力を注ぎたいと抱負を述べるものであった
In this plan, Okubo divided the 30 years from 1868 to 1898 into the three terms of 10 year intervals: the first 10 years as the establishment period, making efforts in militaristic affairs such as the Boshin Civil War and Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors); the next 10 years as the period to organize domestic affairs, encourage domestic production, and create new industries; and the last 10 years as the period of building up and maintaining this process by his successors; and he said he hoped to contribute his effort in the second term.

後醍醐の践祚とともに後宇多の院政が再開されたが、後宇多は大覚寺門跡を創設して自ら門主となるなど密教への傾倒をさらに深め、また年齢とともに体調を崩してしだいに政務に倦み、元亨元年（1321年）には治天の政務を後醍醐に譲り、元亨4年（1324年）には58歳で死去した。
With Godaigo's accession, Gouda's cloistered government was reinstated, but Gouda himself became further devout in esoteric Buddhism and became the chief priest himself by establishing Daikakuji Temple Monseki and he started to let the reins go with government affairs as his health declined along the years, relinquishing the duties as Chiten to Godaigo in 1321 and he died at the age of 58 in 1324.

商工会議所ビル自体は解体されたが、居留地の一角を占める百貨店大丸神戸店が自ら所有していたウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ設計の近代建築をLive Lab West（現旧居留地38番館）として店舗化し、さらに周辺の近代西洋建築へ高級ブティックを積極的に出店していった。
A department store Daimaru Kobe, which was in The Foreign Settlement, made the modern architecture it owned designed by William Merrell Vories into the shop as Live Lab West (now The Former Foreign Settlement 38th Building), opening up luxury boutiques aggressively in modern western architectures nearby, though Chamber of Commerce and Industry Building itself had been torn down.

ガス事業者は、その供給するガスによる災害が発生し、又は発生するおそれがある場合において、その供給するガスの使用者からその事実を通知され、これに対する措置をとることを求められたときは、すみやかにその措置をとらなければならない。自らその事実を知つたときも、同様とする。
When a Gas Supplier is informed, by the users of the gas that the Gas Supplier supplies, that a disaster has occurred or is likely to occur from such gas, and is requested to take measures to cope with this, the Gas Supplier shall take such measures promptly. The same shall apply where a Gas Supplier becomes aware of such fact independently.

国は、男女が社会の対等な構成員としてあらゆる活動に参画する機会を確保することが重要であることにかんがみ、女性の水産業における役割を適正に評価するとともに、女性が自らの意思によって水産業及びこれに関連する活動に参画する機会を確保するための環境整備を推進するものとする。
The State shall, in view of an importance of men and women secure opportunities to participate in all activities as equal members of the society, assess women's role in fisheries fairly and promote improvement of environment for women to secure opportunities to participate in fisheries and relevant activities voluntarily.

前項第三号に掲げる行為　他人の商品等表示と同一又は類似の商品等表示を使用する者及びその商品等表示に係る業務を承継した者（その商品等表示を使用した商品を自ら譲渡し、引き渡し、譲渡若しくは引渡しのために展示し、輸出し、輸入し、又は電気通信回線を通じて提供する者を含む。）
an act set forth in item (iii) of the preceding paragraph　a person using an indication of goods, etc. identical or similar to another person's indication of goods, etc., and a person who succeeds to a business pertaining to such indication of goods, etc. (including a person who directly assigns, delivers, displays for the purpose of assignment or delivery, exports, imports or provides through a telecommunications line, goods using such indication of goods, etc.).

外国法事務弁護士であつて弁護士又は外国法事務弁護士を雇用するものは、第一項に規定するもののほか、その雇用する弁護士又は外国法事務弁護士が自ら行う法律事務であつて当該使用者である外国法事務弁護士の権限外法律事務に当たるものの取扱いについて、不当な関与をしてはならない。
A registered foreign lawyer who employs an attorney at law or a registered foreign lawyer shall not be improperly involved in the handling of legal services which the attorney at law or registered foreign lawyer employed by the first registered foreign lawyer practices for himself/herself and which is beyond the scope of competence of the employer registered foreign lawyer, in addition to the prohibition provided in paragraph (1).

紫香楽の地は、当時の感覚においては余りに山奥である事から、ここを都としたことを巡っては諸説があり、恭仁京周辺に根拠を持つ橘氏に対抗して藤原仲麻呂ら藤原氏に関与したとする説や天皇が自らの仏教信仰の拠点を求めて良弁・行基などの僧侶の助言を受けて選定したとする説などがある。
There are various theories why Shigaraki became a capital even though it was too deep in the mountains one that he was connected to the Fujiwara clan including FUJIWARA no Nakamaro in opposition to the Tachibana clan that had their base around Kunikyo; the Emperor selected Shigaraki in accordance with the advice from monks such as Roben (Ryoben) or Gyoki in pursuit of his own base of faith for Buddhism.

破砕業者は、前項の破砕前処理を行ったときは、自ら破砕前処理を行った後にその解体自動車の破砕を行う場合を除き、他の破砕業者（破砕前処理のみを業として行う者を除く。）に当該解体自動車を引き渡さなければならない。ただし、解体自動車全部利用者に引き渡す場合は、この限りでない。
When pre-shredding and sorting processing set forth in the preceding paragraph is carried out, except for instances of shredding and sorting the Dismantled Vehicle after by the Shredding and Sorting Operator itself the preprocessing has been carried out, the Shredding and Sorting Operator shall deliver the Dismantled Vehicle to another Shredding and Sorting Operator (except for entities carrying out solely preprocessing prior to shredding and sorting in the course of trade). However, this shall not apply when delivery is made to Scrap Dealers of Whole Dismantled Vehicles.

義弘は将軍家からの御恩の深さを感謝しながらも、今川了俊に従軍しての九州での戦い、明徳の乱、南北朝合一、少弐氏退治での自らの功績を述べ、それにも関わらず将軍家は和泉国と紀伊国を取り上げようとし、また先年の少弐氏との戦いで討ち死にした弟の満弘の子への恩賞がない不満を述べる。
Yoshihiro said that he remained grateful for the deep favor the shogunal family had bestowed on him, but also listed his own accomplishments in the battles in Kyushu joining forces with Ryoshun IMAGAWA, in the Meitoku rebellion, in unifying the Southern and Northern Courts, and in the annihilation of the Shoni family before pointing out his dissatisfaction that despite these deeds, the Ashikaga family was trying to remove Izumi and Kii Provinces from his governance, and the fact that his nephew, the son of his younger brother Mitsuhiro - who had died in battle during the recent campaign against the Shoni family - had received no reward for his father's service.

毛利方は安国寺恵瓊を高松城に送り込んで説得を試みたが、宗治は主家である毛利家と城内の兵の命が助かるなら自分の首はいとも安いと述べ、自らと兄である清月と家臣の難波伝兵衛、末近左衛門の4人の首を差し出す代わりに籠城者の命を助けるようにという嘆願書を書き、安国寺恵瓊に託した。
Mori attempted to convince Muneharu by sending Ekei ANKOKUJI over into Takamatsu-jo Castle, but Muneharu said he was not afraid to lose his life as long as he could save the Mori clan, his master, and the lives of his troops, leaving a petition to Ekei ANKOKUJI, which was to save the lives of the besieged in exchange for the lives of the four people: his brother Seigetsu, his vassals Denbe NANBA and Saemon SUECHIKA, and himself.

国は、男女が社会の対等な構成員としてあらゆる活動に参画する機会を確保することが重要であることにかんがみ、女性の農業経営における役割を適正に評価するとともに、女性が自らの意思によって農業経営及びこれに関連する活動に参画する機会を確保するための環境整備を推進するものとする。
In view of an importance of both men and women to secure opportunities in participating all kinds of activities as equal members of the society, the State shall promote the creation of an environment in which women's role in farm management is fairly assessed and women can be provided with opportunities to get participated in farm management and other relevant activities on voluntary basis.

その結果、明治19年（1886年）6月23日に宮中で皇后以下の婦人が洋装することを許可し、9月7日には天皇と内閣の間で「機務六条」という契約を交わされて天皇は内閣の要請がない限り閣議に出席しないことなどを約束（「明治天皇紀」）して天皇自らが親政の可能性を放棄したのである。
As a result, women in the Imperial Palace who ranked lower than the Empress were allowed to wear western clothes on June 23, 1886, and the Emperor agreed to the contract of 'Kimu Rokujo' on September 7, by promising not to attend the Cabinet meeting unless asked to join in by the Cabinet (Meiji Tenno ki), the Emperor had to give up the possibility to rule the government directly.

だが、これに対して進歩党と自由党が合同して憲政党を結成、貴族院_(日本)も政権に非協力な態度を取った為に、伊藤は自らの政局運営の甘さの自覚と新党結成の決意を固めて、山県有朋らの反対を押し切って憲政会の大隈重信・板垣退助のいずれかを後継にするように上奏して内閣を総辞職した。
However, Since the Progressive Party and the Liberal Party formed the Constitutional Party together against this and the House of Peers (Japan) also took uncooperative attitude to the Government, which made ITO realize his own poor handling of the political situation and made decision to form a new party, he reported to the Emperor to make either of Shigenobu OKUMA or Taisuke ITAGAKI of the Constitutional Party as his successor and resigned the cabinet en masse, in spite of opposition by Aritomo YAMAGATA and others.

その一方で道長自身は自らが示した新儀（御堂流）の作法を小野宮流など他家の公卿にも強要しようとしていたことが藤原実資の『小右記』（長和2年正月2日条及び治安 (日本)元年7月25日・26日条など）に記されており、御堂流の手法で公家社会の故実を統一しようとする意図も有していた。
On the other hand, it was written in 'Shoyuki' (in the article on February 20, 1013, or the article on September 10 and 11, 1021 and so on of the diary) by FUJIWARA no Sanesuke that Michinaga tried to force his new style (Mido-ryu) on Kugyo (court nobles) of other families such as Ononomiya family, so he had an intention of unifying ancient practices in the court noble society with Mido-ryu.

公実の逸話として、嘉承2年（1107年）に甥が鳥羽天皇として即位した時、彼は摂関家の当主藤原忠実の若年なるを侮って、幼帝の外舅の地位にある自らこそ摂政に就任すべしと主張し、「四代もの間、諸大夫として仕えた者が今摂関を望むとは」と白河院別当の源俊明に一蹴されたという話がある。
According to an anecdote told about Kinzane, when his nephew acceded to the throne as Emperor Toba in 1107, Kinzane insisted that, as the father of the young Emperor's wife, he himself should become the emperor's regent rather than the head of the Fujiwara regent's line, FUJIWARA no Tadazane (who he despised for his youth), but MINAMOTO no Toshiakira, the superintendant of the court of the retired Emperor Shirakawa, refused his demand, saying, 'How foolish you are to desire to become regent now, having held the rank of shodaibu through four generations of emperors.'

国の行政機関は、内閣の統轄の下に、その政策について、自ら評価し、企画及び立案を行い、並びに国の行政機関相互の調整を図るとともに、その相互の連絡を図り、すべて、一体として、行政機能を発揮するようにしなければならない。内閣府との政策についての調整及び連絡についても、同様とする。
The Administrative Organs of the State shall, under the control and jurisdiction of the Cabinet, carry out self-evaluation, plan and draft their own policies and achieve mutual coordination and liaison among the Administrative Organs of the State in respect of their policies so that they may demonstrate their administrative functions as one body. The same shall apply to coordination and liaison of their policies with the Cabinet Office.

都道府県は、都市計画の決定又は変更のため必要があるときは、自ら、又は市町村の要請に基づいて、国の関係行政機関の長に対して、都市計画区域又は準都市計画区域に係る第十三条第一項に規定する国土計画若しくは地方計画又は施設に関する国の計画の策定又は変更について申し出ることができる。
When it is deemed necessary for the decision on or revision to city plans, Prefectural governors may, of their own accord or in accordance to the requests of said municipalities, apply to the heads of national administrative organs concerned for the formulation of or revision to national land plans, regional plans, or national plans concerning facilities pertaining to city planning areas or quasi-city planning areas provided for in paragraph (1), Article 13.

特定事業者は、その用いる特定容器、その製造等をする特定容器又はその用いる特定包装を自ら回収し、又は他の者に委託して回収するときは、主務大臣に申し出て、その行う特定容器又は特定包装の回収の方法が主務省令で定める回収率を達成するために適切なものである旨の認定を受けることができる。
When a Designated Manufacturer/User voluntarily collects specified containers it uses, specified containers it manufactures, etc., or specified packaging it uses, or collects them through entrustment to another person, it may offer that effect to the competent minister in order to obtain recognition to the effect that the method of collecting specified containers or specified packaging it adopts is appropriate to achieve a collection rate specified by the ordinance of the competent ministry.

三木合戦もそうであったが、毛利氏は援軍の約束しながら、花隈城や尼崎城を通じて兵糧は補給していたが、1年経っても援兵はこず、このままでは城を持ちこたえるのは不可能と判断し、家臣を使者としても効果は無く、城主自ら安芸国に出向き毛利氏と直接交渉しようとしたのではないかと説明している。
It is explained that the castellan might have judged that, because, same as in the case of Miki-jo Castle, the Mori clan promised to send reinforcement troops and supplied provisions through Hanakuma-jo Castle and Amagasaki-jo Castle, but no reinforcement troops did come even after one year, it was impossible to maintain if the situation remained as it was and, because sending subordinates as emissaries did not bring any result, the castellan decided to visit Aki Province by himself and directly negotiate with the Mori clan.

事件後の神護景雲3年10月の詔勅によって称徳天皇自身が改めて皇位継承者を自らが決める意思を強調していること（坂本太郎 (歴史学者)以来、これを道鏡への譲位断念と解釈されるが、細井は皇族の軽挙を戒めているが、天皇が意中の人物（道鏡を含めて）を求める旨を強調したに過ぎないとする）。
That the Empress Shotoku emphasized her intention again to appoint the successor to the Imperial Throne herself in an imperial rescript issued in November 769, which was after the incident; (Since the time of Taro SAKAMOTO [historian], this has been interpreted as the renunciation to let Dokyo ascend the throne; Hosoi thinks that it was no more than that the empress only emphasized her intention to enthrone a person in her mind [including Dokyo] while cautioning Imperial family members and court nobles not to act rashly.)

特定事業者が、前三条に規定する再商品化義務量の全部又は一部の再商品化について指定法人と第二十三条第一項に規定する再商品化契約を締結し、当該契約に基づく自らの債務を履行したときは、当該特定事業者は、その委託した量に相当する当該特定分別基準適合物の量について再商品化をしたものとみなす。
When a Designated Manufacturer/User has concluded a recycling contract prescribed in Article 23, paragraph 1 with a designated juridical person in regard to the recycling of all or part of the obligatory recycling amount prescribed in the preceding three articles and has performed its own obligation based on the contract, the Designated Manufacturer/User shall be deemed to have recycled the entrusted amount of waste containers and packaging that conform to the specified sorting standard.

しかも、世襲化されている旧来の姓（カバネ）ではなく、全く新たな姓（カバネ）である真人（まひと）・朝臣（あそん）・宿禰(すくね)・忌寸（いみき）を導入し、それらを賦与ないし継承させる氏上（うじのかみ）を直系親族に限定し、その許認可権すら当初は天武天皇自ら握っていたという事実は動かない。
Furthermore, the fact remains that Emperor Tenmu introduced new kabane such as mahito, ason, sukune and imiki rather than using the ones that had already been passed on, that he allowed only the members of an immediate Imperial Family to be in the position of Ujinokami which had the right to give kabane, and that he even had the authority to give permission in the beginning.

逮捕又は勾引に引き続き勾留する場合を除いて被告人を勾留するには、被告人に対し、弁護人を選任することができる旨及び貧困その他の事由により自ら弁護人を選任することができないときは弁護人の選任を請求することができる旨を告げなければならない。但し、被告人に弁護人があるときは、この限りでない。
When the accused is to be detained, except when detained just after being arrested or subpoenaed, the accused shall immediately be notified that he/she is entitled to appoint counsel and that, when he/she is unable to appoint counsel him/herself because of indigence or other reasons, he/she is entitled to request the court to appoint counsel instead; provided, however, that this shall not apply when counsel has been appointed for the accused.

認可事業者又は第四十七条の二の届出をして一時保護事業を営む更生保護法人は、被保護者の処遇につき必要があるときは、地方公共団体、公共職業安定所その他公私の関係団体又は機関に照会して協力を求め、また、特に必要があるときは、職業安定法の定めるところにより、自ら職業紹介事業を行うことができる。
The approved services operator or the juridical person for offenders rehabilitation which operates temporary aid services following the notification under Article 47-2 may, when necessary for the treatment of the aided person, make inquiries to the local government, the Public Employment Security Office or other pertinent public or private organizations or agencies and also may, when particularly necessary, provide employment exchange services on its own account pursuant to the provisions of the Public Employment Security Act.

被告人を勾引したときは、直ちに被告人に対し、公訴事実の要旨及び弁護人を選任することができる旨並びに貧困その他の事由により自ら弁護人を選任することができないときは弁護人の選任を請求することができる旨を告げなければならない。但し、被告人に弁護人があるときは、公訴事実の要旨を告げれば足りる。
When the accused has been subpoenaed, the accused shall immediately be notified of a summary of the charged facts, that he/she has the right to appoint counsel, and that, when he/she is unable to appoint counsel him/herself because of indigence or other reasons, he/she is entitled to request the court to appoint counsel instead; provided, however, that when counsel has been appointed for the accused, only a summary of the charged facts need be given.

電気事業者は、他の電気事業者がその基準利用量を超える量の新エネルギー等電気の利用をする場合において、当該他の電気事業者の同意を得たときは、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、経済産業大臣の承認を受けて、その超える分に相当する新エネルギー等電気の量を自らの基準利用量から減少することができる。
If an operator of electric utility uses Electricity from New Energy, etc. in excess of its Standard Amount of Use, another operator of electric utility may reduce its Standard Amount of Use by the amount of Electricity from New Energy, etc. equivalent to such excess with the consent of the operator of electric utility in excess, and upon approval by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, pursuant to Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

地方公共団体は、自らの事務及び事業に関し温室効果ガスの排出の量の削減並びに吸収作用の保全及び強化のための措置を講ずるとともに、その区域の事業者又は住民が温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等に関して行う活動の促進を図るため、前項に規定する施策に関する情報の提供その他の措置を講ずるように努めるものとする。
Local governments shall take measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to maintain and improve greenhouse gas absorption with regard to their own administration and undertakings, and shall endeavor to provide information and take other measures with regard to the steps prescribed in the preceding paragraph, in order to promote activities by businesses and residents in their local areas concerning the control of greenhouse gases.

難民調査官は、前項の調書を作成したときは、関係人に閲覧させ、又は読み聞かせて、録取した内容に誤りがないことを確認させた上、署名をさせ、かつ、自らこれに署名しなければならない。この場合において、当該関係人が署名することができないとき、又は署名を拒んだときは、その旨を調書に付記しなければならない。
When the refugee inquirer has prepared the record set forth in the preceding paragraph, he/she shall have the persons concerned confirm that the recorded contents have no errors by having them inspect the records or by reading the records aloud to them, shall have them sign the records, and the refugee inquirer shall affix his/her own signature thereto. When the persons concerned are unable to sign or have refused to sign, he/she shall make an additional entry to such effect in the record.

差押債権者は、前項の申立てをするには、買受可能価額以上の額（以下この項において「申出額」という。）を定めて、次の入札又は競り売りの方法による売却の実施において申出額に達する買受けの申出がないときは自ら申出額で不動産を買い受ける旨の申出をし、かつ、申出額に相当する保証の提供をしなければならない。
An obligee effecting a seizure shall, in order to file the petition set forth in the preceding paragraph, decide on a price not less than the minimum purchase price (hereinafter referred to as the 'obligee's offered price' in this paragraph), make an offer to the effect that he/she shall purchase the real property at the obligee's offered price if there is no purchase offer that reaches the obligee's offered price upon the next implementation of a sale by bidding or an auction, and provide a guarantee equivalent to the obligee's offered price.

詔書・勅書が太政官の正式な手続、宣旨が発給されるまで蔵人・上卿・弁官など複数の役人の間で伝言がなされたのに対し、綸旨はそれよりもさらに手続きが簡略され、蔵人が「綸言は以下の通り」（書出部分ならば「蒙綸旨云/被綸言云」・書止部分ならば「綸言如此/天気如此」という文言）と書いて自らの名義で発行した。
Shosho (an imperial edict, decree) and chokusho (an official document issued by the Emperor) were issued by Dajokan (Grand Council of State) through official procedures after the imperial edict was informed to two or more government officials such as Kurodo, Shokei (court nobles who work at the Imperial Court as high rank post) and benkan (officials of the Dajokan), while rinji was issued by Kurodo through more simplified procedures, in the name of Kurodo as containing the phrase 'The imperial edict is as follows' (the phrase '蒙綸旨云/被綸言云' (the following imperial edict is given) was stated at the front, and the phrase '綸言如此/天気如此' (the imperial edict is as stated above) was stated in the conclusion.).

晩年は後二条天皇の長子（自らの嫡孫）である皇太子邦良親王の即位によって大覚寺統が早期に一本化する事を望んでいたと言われ、中継ぎに甘んじない後醍醐天皇との父子仲は次第に疎遠になっていき、その結果院政停止・天皇親政に至ったと推測されているが、院政停止は後宇多院自身の希望ともいわれ、なお考証を要する。
In his later years, it is said he wished the Daikaku-ji Imperial line to be unified after the enthronement of Emperor Gonijoin's eldest son (his own child), Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi, however Emperor Godaigo did not like to be in power temporarily, and the relationship between him and his father, Emperor Godaigo, gradually became fragile, as the result, it is presumed the cloistered government was stopped and the Emperor started the directly ruled government, but there is another theory that retired Emperor Gouda stopped his cloistered government by his own will, and more study is needed to determine the truth of the matter.

その三連目で「すめらみことは戦いに　おおみずからは出でまさね（天皇は戦争に自ら出かけられない）」と唱い、晶子と親交の深い歌人であったが国粋主義者であった文芸批評家の大町桂月はこれに対して｢家が大事也、妻が大事也、国は亡びてもよし、商人は戦ふべき義務なしといふは、余りに大胆すぐる言葉」と批判した。
In the third verse of the poem she wrote that the Emperor was not allowed to join the war himself; a literary critique Keigetsu OMACHI who was a close friend of Akiko, but at the same time a nationalist, criticized her by stating 'it was too audacious to say that what matters to you is your family and wife, that it doesn't matter if your country is destroyed, and that merchants are not bound to fight in the war.'

抑留資格認定官は、前条第一項から第四項までの規定による調査を行ったときは、その結果について、認定調査記録を作成し、かつ、自らこれに署名しなければならない。ただし、同条第五項の規定により認定補佐官が当該調査を行ったときは、当該認定補佐官が、その認定調査記録を作成し、かつ、これに署名するものとする。
The recognition officer of internment status shall, when he/she conducts inquiries set forth of in from the paragraph (1) to paragraph (4) of the preceding Article, prepare a record of inquiry for recognition based on the results found, and sign on it himself/herself; provided, however, that in the cases where assistant recognition personnel have conducted the inquiries pursuant to the provision of the paragraph (5) of the preceding Article, the assistant recognition personnel shall prepare the record of inquiry for recognition and sign on it.

第二十条第三項第二号の認定は、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、第五条第一項の事業所又は第一種貯蔵所ごとに、第一種製造者又は第一種貯蔵所の所有者若しくは占有者であつて、特定変更工事（経済産業省令で定めるものに限る。以下この章において同じ。）に係る完成検査を自ら行おうとする者の申請により行う。
The accreditation provided for in item (ii) of paragraph (3) of Article 20 shall be made following an application filed by a Class 1 Producer or an owner or possessor of a Class 1 Storage Place who intends to conduct completion inspection regarding the Designated Alteration Work (limited to the types of work specified by an Ordinance of METI; the same shall apply throughout this Chapter) by himself for each of the place of business under paragraph (1) of Article 5 or Class 1 Storage Places pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of METI.

第二十七条第二項の規定により総務大臣から事業所母集団データベースに記録されている情報の提供を受けた行政機関の長、地方公共団体の長その他の執行機関又は届出独立行政法人等は、同項各号に掲げる目的以外の目的のために、当該事業所母集団データベースに記録されている情報を自ら利用し、又は提供してはならない。
The head of an administrative organ, the head of a local public entity or any other executive committees, or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 who have received the information recorded in the establishment frame database from the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications pursuant to the provision of Article 27, paragraph (2) shall not utilize themselves or provide information recorded in the establishment frame database for purposes other than those listed in each item of the same paragraph.

経済産業大臣が前項の規定により設定登録等事務の全部又は一部を自ら行う場合、登録機関が第三十四条の許可を受けて設定登録等事務の全部若しくは一部を廃止する場合又は第四十一条の規定により経済産業大臣が機関登録を取り消した場合における設定登録等事務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、経済産業省令で定める。
When the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry himself/herself administers the affairs of the registration of establishment, etc., in whole or in part, pursuant to the provision of preceding paragraph, when a registration agency abolishes the affairs of the registration of establishment, etc., in whole or in part, with the permission granted pursuant to Article 34, or when the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has rescinded an agency registration pursuant to the provision of Article 41, transfer of the administration of the affairs of the registration of establishment, etc. and other necessary matters shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

経済産業大臣が前項の規定により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を自ら行う場合、指定試験機関が第二十五条の許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を廃止する場合又は第三十二条の規定により経済産業大臣が指定試験機関の指定を取り消した場合における試験事務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、経済産業省令で定める。
The transfer of the examination affairs and other necessary matters, in the cases where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry administers the whole or part of the examination affairs him/herself pursuant to the preceding paragraph, a designated examining body abolishes the whole or part of the examination affairs with permission granted under Article 25, or the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has rescinded the designation of a designated examining body pursuant to Article 32, shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

信託業（信託業法（平成十六年法律第百五十四号）第二条第一項に規定する信託業をいう。）を営む者が信託財産として取得し、又は所有する株式会社商品取引所の株式に係る議決権（法第八十六条第三項（第一号に係る部分に限る。）の規定により当該信託業を営む者が自ら取得し、又は保有する議決権とみなされるものを除く。）
voting rights pertaining to the shares of an Incorporated Commodity Exchange acquired or held as trust property by a person who engages in Trust Business (which means the trust business prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Trust Business Act [Act No. 154 of 2004]) (excluding those that are deemed to be the voting rights personally acquired or held by said person who engages in trust business, pursuant to the provisions of Article 86, paragraph (3) [limited to the part pertaining to item (i)] of the Act);

季の歌と特に恋歌に秀作が多く、自らを内に閉じこめるような深沈とした憂愁のさまや、夢と現実との狭間にある曖昧な様子や感傷的な追憶を好んで詠むこと、運命に対して弱い自分を守ろうとする凛乎とした強さが歌のうちにあることなどから、その生涯や恋愛についてさまざまな推測が成されるが、いずれも憶測の域を出ていない。
She composed numerous excellent seasonal poems and a great many love poems that ranged in theme from melancholic poems that seemed to close herself off from the outside world, poems that recalled the unclear or emotional state that exists between reality and dream, and poems that expressed a strong resolution to protect her weak self from fate; various assumptions have been made about her life and relationships based on the content of these poems but little about her is known for certain.

入国審査官は、前項の調書を作成したときは、当該外国人等に閲覧させ、又は読み聞かせて、録取した内容に誤りがないことを確認させた上、署名をさせ、かつ、自らこれに署名しなければならない。この場合において、当該外国人等が署名することができないとき、又は署名を拒んだときは、その旨を調書に付記しなければならない。
When an immigration inspector has prepared the record set forth in the preceding paragraph, he/she shall have the foreign national, etc. confirm that the recorded contents contain no errors by having the foreign national, etc. inspect the record or by reading it aloud to the foreign national, etc., shall have the foreign national, etc. sign it, and shall affix his/her own signature thereto. In this case, when the foreign national, etc. is unable to sign or has refused to sign the record, the immigration inspector shall make an additional entry to that effect in the record.

行政機関の長、地方公共団体の長その他の執行機関又は届出独立行政法人等は、この法律（地方公共団体の長その他の執行機関にあっては、この法律又は当該地方公共団体の条例）に特別の定めがある場合を除き、その行った統計調査の目的以外の目的のために、当該統計調査に係る調査票情報を自ら利用し、又は提供してはならない。
The head of an administrative organ, the head of a local public entity or any other executive committees, or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 shall not utilize themselves or provide questionnaire information pertaining to statistical surveys they have conducted for purposes other than the original purpose of the statistical surveys except as otherwise provided by this Act (in the case of the head of a local public entity or any other executive committees, except as otherwise provided by this Act or an Ordinance of the local public entity).

道徳大系としての武士道とは「君に忠、親に孝、自らを節すること厳しく、下位の者に仁慈を以てし、敵には憐みをかけ、私欲を忌み、公正を尊び、富貴よりも名誉を以て貴しとなす」。　ひいては「家名の存続」という儒教的態度が底流に流れているものが多く、それは江戸期に思想的隆盛を迎え、武士道として体系付けられるに至る。
Bushido as a moral system is 'being loyal to one's lord, being dutiful to one's parents, controlling oneself strictly, being merciful to those of lower rank, having sympathy to the enemy, abstaining from selfish desire, respecting justice and respecting honor more than wealth.' Many of those who followed the Bushido code also possessed a Confucian attitude of 'continuance of family name,' which prospered during the Edo period and was formulated as Bushido.

農林水産省令で定める種苗については、植物防疫官は、第一項、第三項、第五項又は前項の規定による検査の結果、検疫有害動植物があるかどうかを判定するためなお必要があるときは、農林水産省令で定めるところにより、当該植物の所有者に対して隔離栽培を命じてその栽培地で検査を行い、又は自ら隔離栽培を実施することができる。
With regard to seeds and seedlings provided for in the Ordinance of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, if the plant protection officer still deems it necessary to judge, after the inspection pursuant to the provision of paragraphs 1, 3 and 5 or the preceding paragraph, whether or not Quarantine Pests are present, he/she may order the owner of such plants to carry out an isolated culture and may inspect them at the place of cultivation or may carry out an isolated culture for himself/herself as provided for in the Ordinance of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

木戸はこの事情を知って、4月17日付で吉井友実に託して大久保に送った手紙において、貨幣の流通の現状は「全身不随」であり、このような状況を放置しては大政一新（明治維新）はままならないこと、そして遠回しながら薩摩藩が自ら贋貨製造の事実を明らかにしなければ、維新における薩摩藩の名声は地に落ちることになると説いた。
KIDO found out about these circumstances, and on a letter dated April 17 which he entrusted Tomozane YOSHII and sent to OKUBO, he explained that the present situation of the currency circulation is 'totally paralyzed,' and that if this situation is left alone the Imperial Rule Restoration (Meiji Restoration) would not go as they wanted, along with indirectly saying that if the Satsuma Domain did not reveal by themselves the fact that they were manufacturing counterfeit money, the Satsuma Domain's reputation regarding the restoration would be ruined.

大宰府の少弐資能（武藤資能）は蒙古国書（日本側では牒状と記録）と高麗王書状を受け取り、鎌倉幕府へ送達する（しかし、日本側からの返牒の気配がなかったためか、太宰府来着から七ヶ月後に潘阜は高麗へ帰還しており、高麗は同年10月には潘阜の遣使が不首尾に終わった旨を元朝宮廷側に潘阜ら自らが赴くなどして報告している）。
Sukeyoshi SHONI (Sukeyoshi MUTO) of Dazai-fu received the letter from the Mongol Empire (letter and records according to Japanese materials) and the one from the king of Goryeo, and sent them to Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (however, Hanpu returned to Goryeo seven months after his arrival at Dazai-fu, possibly because Japan showed no intention to reply, and in October of the same year, Goryeo reported to the Yuan imperial court, by envoy Hanpu himself visiting there, that he had gained no fruit).

プログラムの著作物の複製物の所有者は、自ら当該著作物を電子計算機において利用するために必要と認められる限度において、当該著作物の複製又は翻案（これにより創作した二次的著作物の複製を含む。）をすることができる。ただし、当該利用に係る複製物の使用につき、第百十三条第二項の規定が適用される場合は、この限りでない。
The owner of a reproduction of a computer program work may make reproductions or adaptations (including reproductions of derivative works created by means of such adaptation) of said work if and to the extent deemed necessary for his own exploitation of said work on a computer; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not apply where the provisions of Article 113, paragraph (2) applies to the use made of such reproductions in connection with such exploitation.

経済産業大臣が前項の規定により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を自ら行う場合、指定試験機関が第三十六条の六の許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を廃止する場合又は第三十六条の十三の規定により経済産業大臣が指定試験機関の指定を取り消した場合における試験事務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、経済産業省令で定める。
The transfer of the Examination Affairs and other necessary matters, in the cases where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry him/herself administers the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs pursuant to the preceding paragraph, a Designated Examining Body abolishes the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs with permission granted under Article 36-6, or the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has rescinded the designation of a Designated Examining Body pursuant to Article 36-13, shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

刑事施設の長は、被収容者が、自弁物品等を購入し、又は刑事施設における日常生活上自ら負担すべき費用に充てるため、領置されている現金を使用することを申請した場合には、必要な金額の現金の使用を許すものとする。ただし、自弁物品等を購入するための現金の使用については、次の各号のいずれかに該当するときは、この限りでない。
In cases where an inmate claims to expend the cash being retained in order to either purchase self-supplied articles, etc. or to apply it to the expenses to be incurred by him/her in the course of his/her daily life in the penal institution, the warden of the penal institution shall permit him/her to expend the necessary amount of cash; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the cases where the expenditure of cash for the purchase of self-supplied articles, etc. falls under any of the cases set out under the following items:

東久邇宮稔彦王は、若いころからしばしば皇族の身分を離れたいと発言してきたことで知られているが、1945年（昭和20年）に内閣総理大臣を辞任した直後にも、自らの臣籍降下を昭和天皇に願い出ており、さらにそのことをマスコミに語り、他の皇族も自分にならうことを求めたために、宮内省があわてて否定の声明を出す一幕もあった。
Higashikuni Imperial Prince Naruhiko was known for often saying since he was young that he wished to leave his position in the Imperial Family, he also asked Emperor Showa to approve him ceasing to be a member of the Imperial Family, he made his intention clear just after he resigned as Prime Minister in 1945, he also mentioned to it to the media and asked other Imperial members to follow him, and once the Department of the Imperial Household had to make sudden announcement to deny it.

この理由について、昭和天皇の侍従長を務めた入江相政は、自らの著書で『お上（昭和天皇）は大東亜戦争終了後、「国民が戦災の為に住む家も無く、暮らしもままならぬ時に、新しい宮殿を造ることは出来ぬ」と、国民の生活向上を最優先とすべしという考えから、戦災で消失した宮殿などの再建に待ったをかけていた』旨のことを記している。
As for the reason, Sukemasa IRIE, who served Emperor Showa as Grand Chamberlain, described in his book that 'Okami (Emperor Showa), after the Greater East Asia War, put a stop to reconstruction of Kyuden and so on burned-out in the war with the view of giving top priority to improvement of people's living standards, saying 'A new Kyuden should not be constructed when people have no houses to live in and are in poverty.''

前項の規定によるときは同項の処分をすることができない場合には、同項の裁判官は、同一の地に在る地方裁判所又は簡易裁判所の裁判官にその処分を請求しなければならない。但し、急速を要する場合又は同一の地にその処分を請求すべき他の裁判所の裁判官がない場合には、同項但書の規定にかかわらず、自らその処分をすることを妨げない。
In cases where the ruling set forth in the preceding paragraph may not be made in accordance with the provisions of said paragraph, the judge set forth in said paragraph shall request a judge of the district court or summary court within the same district to make said ruling; provided, however, that this shall not preclude him/her from making said ruling by himself/herself, notwithstanding the provisions of the proviso to said paragraph, in cases of urgency or in cases where there is no judge from another court who can be requested to make said ruling within the same district.

経済産業大臣が前項の規定により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を自ら行う場合、指定試験機関が第八十四条の二の二の許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を廃止する場合又は第八十七条の規定により経済産業大臣が指定試験機関の指定を取り消した場合における試験事務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、経済産業省令で定める。
The transfer of the Examination Affairs and other necessary matters, in the cases where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry administers the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs him/herself pursuant to the preceding paragraph, a Designated Examining Body abolishes the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs with permission granted under Article 84-2-2, or the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has rescinded the designation of a Designated Examining Body pursuant to Article 87, shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

ところが大日本帝国憲法に先行して天皇から与えられた「勅諭」であることから、陸軍（および海軍の一部）は軍人勅諭を政府や議会に対する自らの独立性を担保するものと位置づけていた（陸軍の一部には「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」について「政府や政治家が何を言おうと気にする必要はない、ということだ」という解釈すらあったという）。
On the side of the Army (and a part of the Navy), however, since the imperial rescript was given by Emperor ahead of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there was an idea that the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors secures their independence from the government and the parliament (Some members of the Army even interpreted 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.' as 'Military men need not care about what the government and statesmen say').

第三条、第六条又は第十九条の規定に違反する行為をした事業者（第六条の規定に違反する行為をした事業者にあつては、当該国際的協定又は国際的契約において、不当な取引制限をし、又は不公正な取引方法を自ら用いた事業者に限る。）及び第八条第一項の規定に違反する行為をした事業者団体は、被害者に対し、損害賠償の責めに任ずる。
Any entrepreneur that has committed an act in violation of the provisions of Articles 3, 6, or 19 (in the case of entrepreneurs who have committed acts in violation of the provisions of Article 6, limited to those entrepreneurs who have effected unreasonable restraint of trade or employed unfair trade practices in the international agreement or contract concerned) and any trade association that has committed an act in violation of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 8 shall be liable for damages suffered by another party.

前二項の診断書には、病名及び病状の外、その精神又は身体の病状において、公判期日に出頭することができるかどうか、自ら又は弁護人と協力して適当に防禦権を行使することができるかどうか及び出頭し又は審理を受けることにより生命又は健康状態に著しい危険を招くかどうかの点に関する医師の具体的な意見が記載されていなければならない。
The medical certificate set forth in the preceding two paragraphs shall contain, in addition to the name and severity of the illness, the doctor's concrete opinion as to whether or not the accused, being in such state of mental or physical illness, is able to appear on a trial date, is able to appropriately exercise his/her right to defense independently or in cooperation with defense counsel, or if appearing in court or participating in proceedings would pose a substantial threat to his/her life or the condition of his/her health.

留置業務管理者は、被留置者が、自弁物品等を購入し、又は留置施設における日常生活上自ら負担すべき費用に充てるため、領置されている現金を使用することを申請した場合には、必要な金額の現金の使用を許すものとする。ただし、自弁物品等を購入するための現金の使用の場合において、次の各号のいずれかに該当するときは、この限りでない。
In cases where a detainee claims to expend the cash being retained in order to either purchase self-supplied articles, etc. or to apply it to the expenses to be incurred by him/her in the course of his/her daily life in the detention facility, the detention services manager shall permit him/her to expend the necessary amount of cash; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the cases where the expenditure of cash for the purchase of self-supplied articles, etc. falls under any of the cases set out under the following items:

そして明治政府もまた、明治元年4月から翌年2月にかけて幕府から接収した金座_(歴史)・銀座_(歴史)において、質の劣る金貨を約381万両、銀貨を約224万両、合計約605万両を鋳造した（これは一応政府が発行した公式通貨であるが、政府自らが規定した貨幣としての基準を満たしていないという点では贋貨となんら変わりがない）。
The Meiji Government took over the kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) and the gin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) from Shogunate, also coined around 3.81 million ryo low quality gold coins, around 2.24 million ryo silver coins, for a total amount of around 6.05 million ryo from April 1868 to the February of next year (this was more or less, the official currency issued by the government, but from the point of view that it didn't meet the monetary standard defined by the government itself, it was not much different from counterfeits).

明治政府は、1870年の平民苗字許容令、1872年（明治5年）の壬申戸籍編纂の二段階によって「氏（シ、うじ）＝姓（セイ、本姓）＝苗字＝名字」の一元化を成し遂げ、旧来の氏（ウヂ）・姓（カバネ）を公称することを自ら廃止したため、事実上、「藤原」などの旧来の氏（ウヂ）・「朝臣」などの姓（カバネ）は、その役割を完全に終えた。
The use of traditional uji including 'Fujiwara' and kabane including 'ason' was banned and finished its role when the Meiji Government was able to unify the 'uji = family name' by issuing the order to allow all commoners to have family names in 1870 and the compilation of Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin) in 1872.

主務大臣（第四十四条第一項の規定により経済産業大臣が主務大臣となる場合に限る。以下この条、次条第四項から第六項まで及び第三十九条において同じ。）は、調査の業務を自ら行う場合において必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、当該調査の業務の全部又は一部を行わせることができる。
The competent minister (limited to the case where the competent minister is the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry pursuant to the provision of Article 44 paragraph (1); hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article, Article 37 paragraph (4) through paragraph (6) and Article 39) may, where evaluation activities are conducted by the minister and if deemed necessary, commission the Incorporated Administrative Agency called the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as "NITE") to conduct in whole or in part such evaluation activities.
The competent minister (limited to the case where the competent minister is the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry pursuant to the provision of Article 44 paragraph (1); hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article, Article 37 paragraph (4) through paragraph (6) and Article 39) may, where evaluation activities are conducted by the minister and if deemed necessary, commission the Incorporated Administrative Agency called the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') to conduct in whole or in part such evaluation activities.

金融庁長官は、前項の規定により委任された権限のうち、第二百十三条第一項の規定によるもの（投資証券の募集等に係る取引の公正の確保に係る規定として政令で定める規定に関するものに限る。）を証券取引等監視委員会（以下「委員会」という。）に委任する。ただし、報告又は資料の提出を命ずる権限は、金融庁長官が自ら行うことを妨げない。
The Commissioner of the Financial Services Agency shall, from within the authority delegated under the provisions of the preceding paragraph, delegate the authority prescribed in Article 213, paragraph (1) (limited to that related to the provisions specified by a Cabinet Order as that for securing the fairness of transactions pertaining to the Public Offering, etc. of Investment Securities) to the Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission (hereinafter referred to as the 'Commission'); provided; however, that this shall not preclude the Commissioner of the Financial Services Agency from exercising his/her authority to issue an order for the submission of reports or materials.

その後、乙未事変で閔妃が暗殺された。（殺害現場にいた純宗の言で『乙未事件ニ際シ、現ニ朕ガ目撃セシ国母ノ仇、禹範善』となっているだけでなく、この禹範善は『禹ハ旧年王妃ヲ弑セシハ自己ナリトノ意ヲ漏セリ』と自ら犯人であることを漏らしている。(アジア歴史資料センター『在本邦韓国亡命者禹範善同国人高永根魯允明等ニ於テ殺害一件』)）
After that, Empress Myeongseong was assassinated in Itsubi Incident (Sunjong who was at the crime scene said, 'I witnessed Woo Beomseon) killed our mother in Itsubi Incident', and also Woo Beomseon confessed to have killed Empress.) ('A case of Woo Beomseon), a Korean refugee in Japan, murdered by GO Yeong-Geun and 魯允明.' [Japan Center for Asian Historical Records])

前項の審査を受ける外国人は、同項に規定する上陸のための条件に適合していることを自ら立証しなければならない。この場合において、別表第一の五の表の下欄（イからハまでに係る部分に限る。）に掲げる活動を行おうとする外国人は、同項第二号に掲げる条件に適合していることの立証については、次条に規定する証明書をもつてしなければならない。
The foreign national subject to the examination set forth in the preceding paragraph shall prove that he or she conforms to the conditions for landing prescribed therein. In this case, a foreign national who seeks to engage in an activity listed in the right-hand column of (5) of Appended Table I (only the parts pertaining to (a) to (c)) shall use the certificate as provided for in the following Article to prove that he or she conforms to the conditions listed in item (ii) of the same paragraph.

都道府県知事若しくは特定市町村の長が前項の規定により検査業務の全部若しくは一部を自ら行う場合、指定定期検査機関から第三十二条の規定による検査業務の全部若しくは一部の廃止の届出があった場合又は前条の規定により指定定期検査機関の指定を取り消した場合における検査業務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、経済産業省令で定める。
Where the prefectural governor or the head of the specified municipality implements the inspection services in whole or in part him/herself pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, when the prefectural governor or the head of the specified municipality has been notified by a designated periodic inspection body of the abolishment of its inspection services in whole or in part pursuant to the provision of Article 32, or when the prefectural governor or the head of the specified municipality has rescinded a designation as a designated periodic inspection body pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article, handover procedures concerning inspection services and other necessary matters shall be prescribed by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

第一項の申立てがあった場合において、裁判所が定める期間内に借地権設定者が自ら建物の譲渡及び賃借権の譲渡又は転貸を受ける旨の申立てをしたときは、裁判所は、同項の規定にかかわらず、相当の対価及び転貸の条件を定めて、これを命ずることができる。この裁判においては、当事者双方に対し、その義務を同時に履行すべきことを命ずることができる。
In cases where there is a petition as set forth in paragraph (1), when, within the period prescribed by the court, the Lessor himself/herself files a petition that he/she will accept the transfer of the building and transfer or sublease of the lease right, the court may, notwithstanding the provisions of the same paragraph, prescribe a reasonable value and sublease terms by order. In this judicial decision, the court may order both parties to perform their obligations simultaneously.

主務大臣が前項の規定により特定原動機検査事務の全部若しくは一部を自ら行う場合、登録特定原動機検査機関が第八項の許可を受けてその特定原動機検査事務の全部若しくは一部を廃止する場合又は主務大臣が第二十三条第四項若しくは第五項の規定により登録を取り消した場合における特定原動機検査事務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項は、主務省令で定める。
When the competent minister executes himself/herself the whole or a part of inspection business of specified engines pursuant to the provision of the preceding Paragraph, or when registered inspection bodies for specified engines abolish the whole or a part of their inspection business of specified engines with permission of the competent minister mentioned in Paragraph 8 or when the competent minister has canceled their registration pursuant to Paragraph 4 or 5 of Article 23, necessary matters concerning transfer of business, etc. will be prescribed by the Ordinance of the competent ministry.

前項の裁判官は、第三十七条の二第一項に規定する事件について勾留を請求された被疑者に被疑事件を告げる際に、被疑者に対し、弁護人を選任することができる旨及び貧困その他の事由により自ら弁護人を選任することができないときは弁護人の選任を請求することができる旨を告げなければならない。ただし、被疑者に弁護人があるときは、この限りでない。
When informing the suspect of the alleged facts of the crime in a case provided for in paragraph (1) of Article 37-2, the judge set forth in the preceding paragraph shall inform the suspect that the suspect may appoint defense counsel and that, when the suspect is unable to appoint defense counsel him/herself because of indigence or other reasons, he/she may request that defense counsel be appointed for him/her; provided, however, that this shall not apply when the suspect already has defense counsel.

1469年（文明元年）になると、大内氏の重臣で文武両道の名将として知られた益田兼堯が石見国で離反、九州の大友親繁・少弐政資とともに大内教幸を擁して西軍方の大内領に侵攻、この動きは鎮圧されたものの、1471年（文明3年）には守護代でありながら西軍の主力となっていた朝倉孝景が義政自らの越前守護職補任をうけて東軍側に寝返ったのである。
By 1469, Kanetaka MASUDA, a high-ranking vassal of the Ouchi family and known as a general distinguished in both literary and military arts, severed from his lord in Iwami Province and, joining hands with Chikashige OTOMO and Masasuke SHONI in Kyushu, invaded Ouchi's territory on the Western side under the banner of Noriyuki OUCHI; though this action was subdued, in 1471 Takakage ASAKURA who, in spite of his status as shugodai (deputy shugo), had led the main force of the Western camp, was personally appointed by Yoshimasa to the position of shugo of Echizen and went over to the Eastern side.

現在、大阪城天守閣で所蔵されている、自らも大坂の役に参戦した黒田長政が絵師を集めて描かせたとされる屏風絵「大坂夏の陣図屏風」の左半分には、徳川方の雑兵達が大坂城下の民衆に襲い掛かり、偽首を取る様子や略奪を働き身包みを剥がすところ、さらには川を渡って逃げる民衆に銃口を向ける光景、そして女性を強姦にする様子などが詳細に描かれている。
At the left hand of painting of 'Osaka Natsu no Jinzu Byobu' (Folding screen with painting of Summer Sieze of Osaka) in the possession of the Tenshukaku (keep or tower) of Osaka-jo Castle, which Nagamasa KURODA who joined in the war ordered painters to make, there are detailed scenes that warriors of Tokugawa side assaulted the public in the town of Osaka-jo Castle, trying to get nisekubi (fake head as a proof to kill someone for awards), plundering and despoiling their possessions including clothes, shooting those who try to escape crossing over river, and raping women, and so on.

院政中には2回の元の対日侵攻（元寇）が起こり、自ら伊勢神宮で祈願するなど積極的な活動を行った（当時の治天・亀山上皇と天子・後宇多天皇の父子いずれかが「身を以って国難に代える祈願」を伊勢大神宮に奉ったことは史実のようだが、さて父子のどちらにその祈願を帰すべきかは、大正年間に学者の間で大論争を呼んでいまだ決着のつかない問題である）。
During his reign the Mongolians invaded Japan (Genko, Mongolian Expeditions against Japan) twice, the Emperor acted eagerly to pray at Ise Jingu Shrine, etc. (During this period, both the Retired Emperor Kameyama and Emperor Gouda, father and son, prayed at Ise Jingu Shrine and were ready to sacrifice themselves to help the nation, however it is not clear who to appreciate for this, the Retired Emperor Kameyama or Emperor Gouda, and this was a big controversial theory between the scholars during the Taisho period and the issue still has not been concluded.)

特定規模電気事業者は、自らが維持し、及び運用する電線路を介して特定規模電気事業を行おうとするときは、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、その電線路ごとに、その電線路及びその電線路を介して電気を供給する場所（以下この条において「供給場所」という。）に関する事項であつて経済産業省令で定めるものを経済産業大臣に届け出なければならない。
A Specified-Scale Electricity Utility shall, when conducting a Specified-Scale Electricity Business via the electric lines that the Specified-Scale Electricity Utility independently maintains and operates, notify the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, of the matters concerning each electric line and the place where electricity is to be supplied via the electric line (hereinafter referred to as 'Place of Supply' in this Article), which are specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

地方裁判所は、訴訟がその管轄区域内の簡易裁判所の管轄に属する場合においても、相当と認めるときは、前項の規定にかかわらず、申立てにより又は職権で、訴訟の全部又は一部について自ら審理及び裁判をすることができる。ただし、訴訟がその簡易裁判所の専属管轄（当事者が第十一条の規定により合意で定めたものを除く。）に属する場合は、この限りでない。
A district court, even where a suit is subject to a summary court located within its jurisdiction, notwithstanding the provision of the preceding paragraph, upon petition or by its own authority, may conduct a trial and make a judicial decision by itself with regard to the whole or part of the suit, when it finds it appropriate; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the suit is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of such summary court (excluding one determined by an agreement between the parties pursuant to the provision of Article 11).

登記官は、その登記をすることによって申請人自らが登記名義人となる場合において、当該登記を完了したときは、法務省令で定めるところにより、速やかに、当該申請人に対し、当該登記に係る登記識別情報を通知しなければならない。ただし、当該申請人があらかじめ登記識別情報の通知を希望しない旨の申出をした場合その他の法務省令で定める場合は、この限りでない。
Where an applicant him/herself becomes a registered right holder by making a certain registration, when a registrar has completed the registration, the registrar shall, as provided for by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice, promptly give notice of the information for registration identification pertaining to said registration to the applicant; provided, however, that this shall not apply in cases where the applicant has made a notification in advance to the effect that he/she does not wish to be given notice of information for registration identification, and in other cases specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice.

海上保安留置業務管理者は、海上保安被留置者が、自弁物品等を購入し、又は海上保安留置施設における日常生活上自ら負担すべき費用に充てるため、領置されている現金を使用することを申請した場合には、必要な金額の現金の使用を許すものとする。ただし、自弁物品等を購入するための現金の使用の場合において、次の各号のいずれかに該当するときは、この限りでない。
In cases where a coast guard detainee claims to expend the cash being retained in order to either purchase self-supplied articles, etc. or to apply it to the expenses to be incurred by him/her in the course of his/her daily life in the coast guard detention facility, the coast guard detention services manager shall permit him/her to expend the necessary amount of cash; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the cases where the expenditure of cash for the purchase of self-supplied articles, etc. falls under any of the cases set out under the following items:

日本銀行は、第一項の規定により我が国の中央銀行としての外国中央銀行等又は国際機関との協力を図るため、自ら、又はこれらの者の事務の取扱いをする者として行う外国為替の売買のうち、国際金融面での協力に該当するものとして財務大臣が定めるもののため行う外国為替の売買については、財務大臣からの要請に基づき、又はあらかじめその承認を得て、行うものとする。
The Bank of Japan shall, when buying and selling foreign exchange on its own account or as an agent on behalf of foreign central banks, etc. or international institutions to cooperate with them as the central bank of Japan pursuant to paragraph 1, conduct the buying and selling for the purpose which the Minister of Finance specifies as constituting cooperation in the field of international finance, at the request, or upon the approval, of the Minister of Finance.

特許出願に係る発明の内容を知らないで自らその発明をし、又は特許出願に係る発明の内容を知らないでその発明をした者から知得して、特許出願の際現に日本国内においてその発明の実施である事業をしている者又はその事業の準備をしている者は、その実施又は準備をしている発明及び事業の目的の範囲内において、その特許出願に係る特許権について通常実施権を有する。
A person who, without knowledge of the content of an invention claimed in a patent application, made an invention identical to the said invention, or a person who, without knowledge of the content of an invention claimed in a patent application, learned the invention from a person who made an invention identical to the said invention and has been working the invention or preparing for the working of the invention in Japan at the time of the filing of the patent application, shall have a non-exclusive license on the patent right, only to the extent of the invention and the purpose of such business worked or prepared.

前項の申立を受けた裁判所は、その申立について決定をしなければならない。但し、前項但書の規定による申立を受けた裁判所は、自ら決定をするのが適当でないと認めるときは、訴訟費用の負担を命ずる裁判を言い渡した下級の裁判所に決定をさせることができる。この場合には、その旨を記載し、かつ、裁判長が認印した送付書とともに申立書及び関係書類を送付するものとする。
A court which has received the motion set forth in the preceding paragraph shall issue an order on said motion; provided, however, that a court which has received a motion under the provisions of the proviso to the preceding paragraph may, if it finds it to be inappropriate for said court to issue an order on said motion, have the lower court that rendered the judicial decision on the imposition of court costs issue an order on said motion. In this case, said court shall send a document stating to that effect, and to which the presiding judge has affixed his/her seal of approval, along with the written motion and the related documents, to the lower court.

刑事施設の長、留置業務管理者若しくは海上保安留置業務管理者又はその代理者は、刑事収容施設に収容され、又は留置されている被告人又は被疑者が裁判所又は裁判官に対して申立てその他の申述をしようとするときは、努めてその便宜を図り、ことに、被告人又は被疑者が自ら申述書を作ることができないときは、これを代書し、又は所属の職員にこれを代書させなければならない。
The warden of the penal institution, the detention services manager, or the coast guard detention services manager, or a deputy of any such persons shall, when an accused person or suspect who has been committed to or detained in a penal detention facility intends to enter a motion or statement with the court or a judge, provide assistance to that end insofar as it is possible, and when the accused or the suspect is unable to prepare a written motion or written statement by himself/herself, said person shall write it or have an official of said facility write it on behalf of the accused or suspect.

平安時代中期になると、開発領主が自らの土地をこの不輸租田にするために寺社や上級貴族に寄進するようになる（寄進地系荘園）が、不輸租田の指定には勅許とそれに基づく太政官符及び民部省符からなる公験が必要とされており、それらが揃った不輸租田によって構成された荘園を官省符荘、単に国司が承認したために事実上の不輸租田の対象となっていたものを国免荘田と呼ばれた。
In the mid Heian period, kaihatsu ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) began to donate their land to temples or high-ranking aristocrats in order to make their land fuyusoden (donated-type of shoen [manor]); however, they were required to submit kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi [provincial governor] or Gunji [local magistrate] for transfer of the ownership of private property) consisting of daijokanpu (official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) and minbushofu (official document issued by the minister of minbusho) based on the chokkyo (the imperial sanction) to have their land designated as fuyusoden -- Shoen which consisted of fuyusoden with the complete set of documents submitted was called Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs), and shoen which was virtually treated as fuyusoden merely with approval of kokushi was called kokumen shoen (provincially exempted shoen).

自動車製造業者等は、指定引取場所の設置に当たっては、地理的条件、交通事情、自らが製造等をした自動車の使用の本拠の分布の状態その他の条件を勘案して、特定再資源化等物品の再資源化等に必要な行為の能率的な実施及びフロン類回収業者、解体業者又は破砕業者による特定再資源化等物品の当該自動車製造業者等への円滑な引渡しが確保されるよう適正に配置しなければならない。
In setting up a Designated Collection Location, Vehicle Manufacturers, etc. shall set up an appropriate location taking into account the geographical conditions, transportation situation, condition of distribution of bases used for Vehicles manufactured by them to ensure the efficient implementation of activities required for Recycling, etc. of Parts Specified for Recycling, etc. and smooth delivery of the Parts Specified for Recycling, etc. by the Fluorocarbons Recovery Operators, Dismantling Operators or Shredding and Sorting Operators to the Vehicle Manufacturers, etc.

主務大臣が、第二十六条第一項の規定により調査の業務の廃止を許可した場合、第二十七条第一項の規定により指定を取り消した場合又は第二十八条第一項の規定により調査の業務の全部若しくは一部を自ら行うこととした場合において、第一項の規定により調査の業務の全部又は一部を機構に行わせることとしたときにおける調査の業務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項は、主務省令で定める。
Where the competent minister permits the abolition of evaluation activities pursuant to the provision of Article 26 paragraph (1), withdraws the designation pursuant to the provision of Article 27 paragraph (1), or conducts evaluation activities in whole or in part by himself pursuant to the provision of Article 28 paragraph (1), matters regarding the transfer of evaluation activities and other matters necessary in the event that the conducting of evaluation activities is commissioned in whole or in part to NITE pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) shall be provided by the applicable ministerial ordinance.

第一項の規定にかかわらず、外国人が疾病その他の事由により自ら出頭することができない場合には、当該外国人は、地方入国管理局に出頭することを要しない。この場合においては、当該外国人の親族又は同居者若しくはこれに準ずる者で地方入国管理局長が適当と認めるものが、本邦にある当該外国人に代わつて第一項に定める申請書及び第二項に定める資料の提出を行うことができる。
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), in the event that the foreign national is unable to appear at the regional immigration bureau due to disease or for other similar reasons, the foreign national shall not be required to appear at the bureau. In this case, a relative of the foreign national, a person living with the foreign national, or an equivalent person whom the director of the regional immigration bureau finds appropriate may submit the written application provided for in paragraph (1) and the materials provided for in paragraph (2) on behalf of the foreign national staying in Japan.

財務大臣又は財務大臣及び事業所管大臣が法第六十九条第一項の規定に基づき日本銀行に取り扱わせる法（第五章、第五十五条の五、第五十五条の六及び第五十五条の八に限る。）の施行に関する事務は、次に掲げる事務とする。ただし、財務大臣又は財務大臣及び事業所管大臣が必要と認めるときは、財務省令又は主務省令で定めるところにより、自らその事務を取り扱うことを妨げない。
The affairs relating to the enforcement of the Act (limited to Chapter V, Article 55-5, Article 55-6 and Article 55-8) which the Minister of Finance or the Minister of Finance and the minister having jurisdiction over the business have the Bank of Japan handle pursuant to the provision of Article 69, paragraph (1) of the Act shall be listed as follows; provided, however, that when the Minister of Finance or the Minister of Finance and the minister having jurisdiction over the business find necessary, this shall not preclude them from handling said affair of their own accord as is governed by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance or an ordinance of the competent ministry:

家庭裁判所は、最高裁判所規則の定めるところにより第三条第一項第一号又は第二号に掲げる少年に係る事件の被害者等から、被害に関する心情その他の事件に関する意見の陳述の申出があるときは、自らこれを聴取し、又は家庭裁判所調査官に命じてこれを聴取させるものとする。ただし、事件の性質、調査又は審判の状況その他の事情を考慮して、相当でないと認めるときは、この限りでない。
The family court shall hear by itself or order a family court probation officer to hear from the victim, etc. of a juvenile case, as prescribed in Article 3, paragraph (1), item (i) or (ii) about the feelings and other opinions on the case upon the request by the victim, etc. pursuant to the Rules of the Supreme Court; provided, however, that this shall not apply if it is found inappropriate in light of the nature of the case, the state of investigation or hearing of the family court, or other circumstances.

都道府県知事（漁業法第百三十六条の規定により農林水産大臣が自ら都道府県知事の権限を行う場合にあっては、農林水産大臣。以下同じ。）は、漁業協同組合等が基本方針に即した養殖漁場の利用を行わないため、養殖漁場の状態が著しく悪化していると認めるときは、当該漁業協同組合等に対し、漁場改善計画の作成その他の養殖漁場の改善のために必要な措置をとるべき旨の勧告をするものとする。
If any Governor (or the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in the case where the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries exercises the authority of the Governor concerned pursuant to the provisions of Article 136 of the Fishery Act; hereinafter the same shall apply) finds that the state of an aquaculture area has markedly deteriorated due to use by a Fisheries Cooperative Association that does not comply with the Basic Policy, he/she shall advise said Fisheries Cooperative Association to prepare an Aquaculture Area Improvement Plan and take necessary measures to improve the aquaculture area.

一般電気事業者が他の一般電気事業者若しくは自らの供給区域内に供給地点を有する特定電気事業者にその一般電気事業若しくは特定電気事業の用に供するための電気を供給する事業又は他の一般電気事業者若しくは特定規模電気事業者にその特定規模電気事業の用に供するための電気に係る第二十四条の三第一項に規定する託送供給を行う事業を営むときは、その事業は、一般電気事業とみなす。
Where a General Electricity Utility conducts a business supplying another General Electricity Utility or a Specified Electricity Utility having a service point within the General Electricity Utility's service area with electricity to be used for the General Electricity Business or the Specified Electricity Business conducted thereby, or conducts a business providing another General Electricity Utility or a Specified-Scale Electricity Utility with a Wheeling Service prescribed in Article 24-3, paragraph 1 with respect to electricity to be used for the Specified-Scale Electricity Business conducted thereby, such a business shall be deemed to be a General Electricity Business.

主務大臣は、指定調査機関が第二十六条第一項の規定により調査の業務の全部若しくは一部を休止した場合、前条第一項の規定により指定調査機関に対し調査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じた場合又は指定調査機関が天災その他の事由により調査の業務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となった場合において、必要があると認めるときは、調査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
In the event that a designated evaluation body suspends in whole or in part evaluation activities pursuant to the provision of Article 26 paragraph (1), a designated evaluation body is ordered to suspend in whole or in part evaluation activities pursuant to the provision of Article 27 paragraph (1), or a natural disaster or other cause impede the conduct of evaluation activities by a designated evaluation body, the competent minister shall, if deemed necessary, conduct evaluation activities in whole or in part himself.

第三十三条の規定により調査票情報の提供を受けた者若しくは第三十六条の規定により匿名データの提供を受けた者又はこれらの者から当該調査票情報若しくは当該匿名データの取扱いに関する業務の委託を受けた者その他の当該委託に係る業務に従事する者若しくは従事していた者は、当該調査票情報又は当該匿名データをその提供を受けた目的以外の目的のために自ら利用し、又は提供してはならない。
A person who has received questionnaire information pursuant to the provision of Article 33, or a person who has received anonymized data pursuant to the provision of Article 36, a person who has accepted an entrustment of the business concerning the handling of the questionnaire information or the anonymized data from such persons, or a person who is or was engaged in other business pertaining to the entrustment shall not utilize himself/herself or provide the questionnaire information or the anonymized data for purposes other than those for having received the provision thereof.

法第百五十七条第一項及び第二項、第二百十四条の二第三項及び第五項、第二百三十一条第一項から第三項まで、第二百三十二条第一項及び第二項、第二百三十五条第一項及び第二項並びに第二百三十七条において準用する法第百五十八条第二項の規定による主務大臣の権限であつて次の各号に掲げるものは、当該各号に定める者に行わせるものとする。ただし、主務大臣が自らその権限を行うことを妨げない。
The authorities of the competent minister under Article 158, paragraph (2) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 157, paragraph (1) and paragraph (2), Article 214-2, paragraph (3) and paragraph (5), Article 231 paragraphs (1) to (3) inclusive, Article 232, paragraph (1) and paragraph (2), Article 235, paragraph (1) and paragraph (2), and Article 237, which are listed in the following items shall be exercised by the persons respectively prescribed in said items; provided, however, that the competent minister shall not be precluded from exercising his/her authorities by himself/herself.

経済産業大臣は、指定試験機関が第二十五条の許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第三十二条第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself administer the whole or part of the examination affairs of a designated examining body in the cases where: the designated examining body has suspended the whole or part of the examination affairs with permission granted under Article 25; an order has been issued to the designated examining body to suspend the whole or part of the examination affairs pursuant to Article 32, paragraph (2); or the Minister finds it necessary to do so because it has become difficult for the designated examining body to administer the whole or part of the examination affairs as a result of a natural disaster or otherwise.

文部科学大臣は、指定試験機関が第二十三条の規定による許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第二十四条第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology shall conduct whole or part of the examination works by him/herself, when the designated examining agency suspends whole or part of the examination works by obtaining permission pursuant to the provision of Article 23, or when he/she ordered the designated examining agency to suspend whole or part of the examination works pursuant to the provision of Article 24 (2), or when he/she finds necessity to conduct whole or part of the examination works by him/herself in case that the designated examining agency faces difficulties to conduct whole or part of the examination works due to a natural disaster or other reasons.

この法律において「ガス導管事業」とは、自らが維持し、及び運用する特定導管（経済産業省令で定める規模以上の供給能力を有する導管をいう。以下同じ。）によりガスの供給（ガスを供給する事業を営む他の者に対するもの及び大口供給に限る。）を行う事業（特定ガス発生設備においてガスを発生させ、導管によりこれを供給するもの及び一般ガス事業者がその供給区域内において行うものを除く。）をいう。
The term 'Gas Pipeline Service Business' as used in this Act shall mean the business of supplying gas via Specified Pipes (which means pipelines with a supply capacity larger than the level specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; hereinafter the same shall apply) that the supplier independently maintains and operates (limited, however, to the supplying of gas to another person who is engaged in the gas supply business and to Large-Volume Supplies; excluding, however, businesses generating gas at a Specified Gas Generating Facility and supplying such gas via pipelines and businesses conducted by a General Gas Utility within its service area).

しかしながら鎌倉時代以降の『源氏物語』が古典として重要な教養の源泉であるとされた以後の時代に作成された写本は、証本となしうる信頼できる写本を元に注意深く写しとって、きちんと校合などもした上で完成させることが一般的であったが、それ以前、平安時代には『源氏物語』等の物語は広く普及し多くの写本が作られており、その中には源麗子本等の身分の高い人物が自ら作ったと見られる写本もあった。
'The Tale of Genji' after the Kamakura period was treated as an important intellectual source of classic knowledge, and in those days it was a general practice that manuscripts would be copied carefully from a reliable manuscript that could be the shohon (premised book) and completed after collation; however, in the Heian period stories like 'The Tale of Genji' were diffused widely and many manuscripts were made, and among them was a manuscript made by upper-class people such as MINAMOTO no Reishi.

日本弁護士連合会の懲戒委員会は、原弁護士会がした懲戒の処分が不当に軽いとする異議の申出につき、第一項の異議の審査によりその異議の申出に理由があると認めるときは、懲戒の処分の内容を明示して、懲戒の処分を変更することを相当とする旨の議決をする。この場合において、日本弁護士連合会は、当該議決に基づき、原弁護士会がした懲戒の処分を取り消し、自ら対象弁護士等を懲戒しなければならない。
If an objection is filed that the disciplinary actions imposed by the original bar association were unjustly lenient, and the Disciplinary Actions Committee of the Japan Federation of Bar Associations finds that there are grounds for the objection based on an examination of the objection pursuant to paragraph (1) hereof, it shall set forth the details of such disciplinary actions and adopt a resolution ordering that the disciplinary actions be changed. In such a case, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations shall, based on such resolution, overturn the disciplinary actions imposed by the original bar association, and itself impose disciplinary actions against the Accused Attorney, etc.

経済産業大臣は、指定試験機関が第三十六条の六の許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第三十六条の十三第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の理由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、当該試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself administer the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs of a Designated Examining Body in the cases where: the Designated Examining Body has suspended the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs with permission granted under Article 36-6; an order has been issued to the Designated Examining Body to suspend the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs pursuant to Article 36-13, paragraph 2; or the minister finds it necessary to do so because it has become difficult for the Designated Examining Body to administer the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs as a result of a natural disaster or otherwise.

国は、自らの事務及び事業に関し、温室効果ガスの排出の量の削減並びに吸収作用の保全及び強化のための措置を講ずるとともに、温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等のための地方公共団体の施策を支援し、及び事業者、国民又はこれらの者の組織する民間の団体（以下「民間団体等」という。）が温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等に関して行う活動の促進を図るため、技術的な助言その他の措置を講ずるように努めるものとする。
The national government shall take measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to maintain and improve greenhouse gas absorption with regard to its own administration and undertakings, support the programs of local government bodies for the control of greenhouse gases, and endeavor to provide technical advice and other measures to promote activities by businesses, citizens, and private groups organized by businesses or citizens (hereinafter referred to as 'private entities') with regard to the control of greenhouse gases.

経済産業大臣は、登録機関が第三十四条の許可を受けて設定登録等事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第四十一条の規定により登録機関に対し設定登録等事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は登録機関が天災その他の事由により設定登録等事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、当該設定登録等事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall, when a registration agency has suspended the affairs of the registration of establishment, etc., in whole or in part, with the permission prescribed in the provision of Article 34, when the Minister has ordered a registration agency to discontinue the affairs of the registration of establishment, etc., in whole or in part, pursuant to the provision of Article 41, or when the Minister finds it necessary in a case where a registration agency has experienced difficulties and is unable to conduct the affairs of the registration of establishment, etc., in whole or in part, due to natural disasters or other reasons, administer himself/herself the affairs of the registration of establishment, etc., in whole or in part.

経済産業大臣は、指定試験機関が第八十四条の二の二の許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第八十七条第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、当該試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself administer the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs of a Designated Examining Body in the cases where: the Designated Examining Body has suspended the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs with permission granted under Article 84-2-2; an order has been issued to the Designated Examining Body to suspend the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs pursuant to Article 87, paragraph 2; or the minister finds it necessary to do so because it has become difficult for the Designated Examining Body to administer the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs as a result of a natural disaster or otherwise.

文部科学大臣が前項の規定により保障措置検査の業務の全部若しくは一部を自ら行う場合、指定保障措置検査等実施機関が第六十一条の二十三の十五の許可を受けて保障措置検査の業務の全部若しくは一部を廃止する場合又は第六十一条の二十三の十六の規定により文部科学大臣が指定保障措置検査等実施機関の指定を取り消した場合における保障措置検査の業務の引継ぎその他の必要な事項については、文部科学省令で定める。
The succession of work for safeguards inspections and any other necessary matters in the case that the Minister of MEXT him/herself conducts all or part of the work for a safeguards inspection pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, or any designated organization implementing safeguards inspections, etc. has obtained the permission set forth in Article 61-23-15 and abolished all or part of the work for safeguards inspections, or the Minister of MEXT has rescinded the designation of any designated organization implementing safeguards inspections, etc. pursuant to the provision of Article 61-23-16 shall be specified in the Ordinance of MEXT.

技術経営力の強化は、それが前項に規定する産業技術力の強化に資するものであることにかんがみ、事業者が研究及び開発を行うに当たり、自らの競争力の現状及び技術革新の動向を適確に把握するとともに、その将来の事業活動の在り方を展望することが重要であること、並びに現在の事業分野にかかわらず広く知見を探究し、これにより得られた知識を融合して活用することが重要であることを踏まえて、行われるものとする。
In light of the fact that enhancing Technology Management Capability contributes to the enhancing of Industrial Technology Capability as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the enhancement of Technology Management Capability shall be carried out based on the premise that when business operators engage in research and development, it is important for said business operators to accurately grasp the current status of their competitiveness and the trends of technical innovation, and it is also important for said business operators to seek broad knowledge regardless of their current business field and to assimilate the knowledge thus obtained and utilize it.

第百五十七条の四第三項の規定により記録媒体がその一部とされた調書の取調べについては、前二項による朗読に代えて、当該記録媒体を再生するものとする。ただし、裁判長は、検察官及び被告人又は弁護人の意見を聴き、相当と認めるときは、当該記録媒体の再生に代えて、当該調書の取調べを請求した者、陪席の裁判官若しくは裁判所書記官に当該調書に記録された供述の内容を告げさせ、又は自らこれを告げることができる。
When examining a written statement, part of which contains a recording medium pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (3) of Article 157-4, the medium shall be played in lieu of being read out as prescribed in the preceding paragraph (2); provided, however, that the presiding judge may, when he/she finds it appropriate after hearing the opinions of the public prosecutor and the accused, or his/her counsel, order the party who has requested the examination of that written statement, an associate judge or court clerk to state the contents of the document, or may state the contents himself/herself, instead of playing the recording medium.

行政機関は、その所掌に係る政策について、適時に、その政策効果（当該政策に基づき実施し、又は実施しようとしている行政上の一連の行為が国民生活及び社会経済に及ぼし、又は及ぼすことが見込まれる影響をいう。以下同じ。）を把握し、これを基礎として、必要性、効率性又は有効性の観点その他当該政策の特性に応じて必要な観点から、自ら評価するとともに、その評価の結果を当該政策に適切に反映させなければならない。
An Administrative Organ shall study and acquire information on the Effects of Policy (i.e. the effect which a set of activities it carried out or intends to carry out has or is expected to have on the lives of people and/or society and the economy; the same shall apply hereinafter) under its jurisdiction at the appropriate time, and on the basis of such study, evaluate own Policy from the standpoints of necessity, efficiency, effectiveness, or other standpoints as special characteristics of the said Policy may require, and appropriately reflect results of such evaluation in the planning and development of the said Policy.

内閣総理大臣は、指定試験機関が第二十四条の十八第一項の規定による許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第二十四条の十九第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
The Prime Minister shall carry out Examination Affairs by himself/herself in whole or in part when a Designated Examining Agency has suspended its Examination Affairs in whole or in part with the permission provided in Article 24-18, paragraph (1), when the Prime Minister has ordered the Designated Examining Agency to suspend its Examination Affairs in whole or in part under Article 24-19, paragraph (2), or when the Prime Minister finds it necessary where a natural disaster or other cause has impeded the Designated Examining Agency from implementing its Examination Affairs in whole or in part.

法第六十八条第一項の規定による主務大臣の権限のうち、財務大臣に属する権限は、外国為替業務を行う者その他法の適用を受ける取引又は行為を業として行う者（次項から第五項までにおいて「外国為替業務を行う者等」という。）の本店又は主たる事務所の所在地を管轄する財務局長（当該所在地が福岡財務支局の管轄区域内にある場合にあつては、福岡財務支局長）に委任する。ただし、財務大臣が自らその権限を行うことを妨げない。
Among the authorities of competent ministers pursuant to the provision of Article 68, paragraph (1) of the Act, the authority under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Finance shall be delegated to the director-general of the local finance bureau who governs the area in which is located the head office or principal office of a person who engages in foreign exchange business or other person who commercially conducts transactions or acts governed by the Act (such person shall be referred to as a 'person who engages in foreign exchange business, etc.' in the following paragraph to paragraph (5) inclusive) (in the case where the office is located within the jurisdictional district of the Fukuoka Local Finance Branch Bureau, the authority shall be delegated to the Director-General of the Fukuoka Local Finance Branch Bureau); provided, however, that it shall not prevent the Minister of Finance from exercising the authority per se.

都道府県知事又は特定市町村の長は、指定定期検査機関から第三十二条の規定による検査業務の全部若しくは一部の休止の届出があったとき、前条の規定により指定定期検査機関に対し検査業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定定期検査機関が天災その他の事由により検査業務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となった場合において必要があると認めるときは、当該検査業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
When the prefectural governor or the head of the specified municipality has been notified by a designated periodic inspection body of its suspension of its inspection services in whole or in part pursuant to the provision of Article 32, when the prefectural governor or the head of the specified municipality has ordered, pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, a designated periodic inspection body to suspend its inspection services in whole or in part, or when it has become difficult for a designated periodic inspection body to execute its inspection services in whole or in part due to a natural disaster or for other reasons, he/she shall execute the inspection services in whole or in part him/herself if he/she finds it necessary.

日本銀行は、必要に応じ自ら、又は第三十六条第一項の規定により国の事務の取扱いをする者として、外国為替の売買を行うほか、我が国の中央銀行としての外国中央銀行等（外国の中央銀行又はこれに準ずる者をいう。以下同じ。）又は国際機関（我が国が加盟している国際機関をいい、国際決済銀行を含む。以下同じ。）との協力を図るため、これらの者による外国為替の売買の事務の取扱いをする者として、外国為替の売買を行うことができる。
The Bank of Japan may, when necessary, buy and sell foreign exchange on its own account or as an agent handling national government affairs pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1, and it may also buy and sell foreign exchange on behalf of foreign central banks, etc. (foreign central banks and those equivalent thereto; the same shall apply hereinafter) or international institutions (international institutions of which Japan has a membership, including the Bank for International Settlements; the same shall apply hereinafter) as their agent in order to cooperate with them as the central bank of Japan.

本邦に上陸しようとする外国人で法第七条の二第一項に規定する証明書（以下「在留資格認定証明書」という。）を提出しないものは、法第七条第二項の規定により同条第一項第二号に定める上陸のための条件に適合していることを自ら立証しようとする場合には、当該外国人が本邦において行おうとする活動が該当する別表第三の中欄に掲げる活動に応じ、それぞれ同表の下欄に掲げる資料及びその他参考となるべき資料各一通を提出しなければならない。
In the event that a foreign national seeking permission to land in Japan without submitting the certificate prescribed in Article 7-2, paragraph (1) of the Immigration Control Act (hereinafter referred to as a "certificate of eligibility") seeks to prove that he/she conforms to the conditions for landing provided for in Article 7, paragraph (1), item (ii) of the Immigration Control Act pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) of the same Article, the foreign national shall submit a copy of each of the materials listed in the right-hand column of Appended Table III, corresponding to the activity listed in the middle column of the same Table in which the foreign national seeks to engage in Japan, and a copy of each of any other reference materials.

気象庁長官は、指定試験機関が第二十四条の十五第一項の規定により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、前条第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、第二十四条の五第三項の規定にかかわらず、試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
The Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency shall, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 24-5, paragraph (3), administer all or part of examination affairs him/herself when he/she finds it necessary to do so in the case where the designated examining body has suspended all or part of examination affairs pursuant to the provisions of Article 24-15, paragraph (1), the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency has ordered the designated examining body to suspend all or part of examination affairs pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, paragraph (2), or it has become difficult for the designated examining body to administer all or part of examination affairs due to a natural disaster or for other reasons.

日本弁護士連合会の懲戒委員会は、原弁護士会が第五十八条第六項の規定により対象弁護士等を懲戒しない旨の決定をしたことについての異議の申出につき、前項の異議の審査により対象弁護士等を懲戒することを相当と認めるときは、懲戒の処分の内容を明示して、その旨の議決をする。この場合において、日本弁護士連合会は、当該議決に基づき、原弁護士会がした対象弁護士等を懲戒しない旨の決定を取り消し、自ら対象弁護士等を懲戒しなければならない。
If an objection is filed regarding the original bar association's decision not to discipline the Accused Attorney, etc. pursuant to the provisions of Article 58, paragraph (6), and based on an examination of the objection set forth in the preceding paragraph, the Disciplinary Actions Committee of the Japan Federation of Bar Associations finds that it is appropriate to discipline the Accused Attorney, etc., the Committee shall adopt a resolution to that effect, setting forth the details of the disciplinary action. In such a case, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations shall, based on such resolution, overturn the original bar association's decision not to discipline the Accused Attorney, etc., and discipline the Accused Attorney, etc. itself.

経済産業大臣及び国土交通大臣は、貨物の輸送に係るエネルギーの使用の合理化の適切かつ有効な実施を図るため、次に掲げる事項並びに貨物の輸送に係るエネルギーの使用の合理化の目標及び当該目標を達成するために計画的に取り組むべき措置に関し、貨物輸送事業者（本邦内の各地間において発着する他人又は自らの貨物の輸送を、業として、エネルギーを使用して行う者をいう。以下同じ。）の判断の基準となるべき事項を定め、これを公表するものとする。
For the purpose of ensuring the appropriate and effective implementation of the rational use of energy in freight transportation, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism shall establish and publicize standards of judgment for freight carriers (which means business operators that transport, with the use of energy, their own freight or others' freight departing from or arriving at places in Japan; the same shall apply hereinafter), with regard to the following matters as well as the targets for the rational use of energy in freight transportation and the measures to be taken systematically to achieve such targets:

経済産業大臣は、指定修習機関が第十六条の十一第一項の規定により実務修習事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、前条第二項の規定により指定修習機関に対し実務修習事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定修習機関が天災その他の事由により実務修習事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となった場合において必要があると認めるときは、第十六条の三第三項の規定にかかわらず、実務修習事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall conduct whole or part of the practical training affairs by him/herself, when the designated practical training agency suspends whole or part of the practical training affairs pursuant to the provision of Article 16-11 (1) or when he/she ordered the designated practical training agency to suspend whole or part of the practical training affairs pursuant to the provision of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article, or when he/she finds necessity to conduct whole or part of the practical training affairs by him/herself in case that the designated practical training agency faces difficulties to conduct whole or part of the practical training affairs due to a natural disaster or other reasons notwithstanding the provision of Article 16-3 (3).

指定試験機関が第五十八条の八第一項の許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、経済産業大臣が前条第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において経済産業大臣が必要があると認めるときは、経済産業大臣又は委任都道府県知事は、当該試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
When a Designated Examining Body has suspended all or a part of the examination services by obtaining permission under paragraph (1) of Article 58-8, when the Minister of METI has ordered a Designated Examining Body to suspend all or a part of the examination services in accordance with paragraph (2) of the preceding Article or when the Minister of METI deems it necessary to do so in the event a Designated Examining Body finds it difficult to implement all or a part of the examination services due to a natural disaster or other reasons, the Minister of METI or the Consigning Prefectural Governor shall directly conduct all or a part of the examination services.

開発許可を受けた開発行為又は開発行為に関する工事により設置された公共施設の用に供する土地は、前項に規定するもの及び開発許可を受けた者が自ら管理するものを除き、第三十六条第三項の公告の日の翌日において、前条の規定により当該公共施設を管理すべき者（その者が地方自治法第二条第九項第一号に規定する第一号法定受託事務（以下単に「第一号法定受託事務」という。）として当該公共施設を管理する地方公共団体であるときは、国）に帰属するものとする。
The land used for public facilities established as a result of development activities or the development activities-related construction for which the development permission is granted, excluding the land provided for in the preceding paragraph and the land administered by the persons who have obtained the development permission, shall, as of the day following the day of the public notice provided by Article 36 paragraph (3) belong to the persons who are to administer the relevant public facilities pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article (if that person is a local governments administering the relevant public facilities as Type 1 statutory entrusted functions as prescribed in Article 2 paragraph (9) item (i) of the Local Autonomy Act (hereinafter simply referred to as 'Type 1 statutory entrusted functions'), then the State).

法務大臣は、登録を受ける者がないとき、第九百五十条の規定による電子公告調査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があったとき、第九百五十四条の規定により登録を取り消し、又は調査機関に対し電子公告調査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、調査機関が天災その他の事由によって電子公告調査の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となったとき、その他必要があると認めるときは、当該電子公告調査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
When no person obtains a Registration, when a notification to suspend or discontinue all or part of the business of Electronic Public Notice Investigation under the provisions of Article 950 is given, when rescinding a Registration or ordering an Investigation Body to suspend all or part of the business of Electronic Public Notice Investigation pursuant to the provisions of Article 954, when it becomes difficult for an Investigation Body to implement all or part of the business of Electronic Public Notice Investigation due to a natural disaster or on any other grounds, or in any other cases where it is found necessary, the Minister of Justice may himself/herself carry out all or part of the business of Electronic Public Notice Investigation.

主務大臣は、登録特定原動機検査機関が前項の許可を受けてその特定原動機検査事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第二十三条第五項の規定により登録特定原動機検査機関に対し特定原動機検査事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は登録特定原動機検査機関が天災その他の事由によりその特定原動機検査事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となった場合において必要があると認めるときは、その特定原動機検査事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
When registered inspection bodies for specified engines have suspended the whole or a part of their inspection business of specified engines, with the permission of the competent minister as prescribed in the preceding Paragraph, or when the competent minister has ordered registered organizations for inspection of specified engines to suspend the whole or a part of their inspection business of specified engines pursuant to the provision of Paragraph 5 of Article 23, or when the competent minister has found it necessary to do so in the event it has become difficult for registered inspection bodies for specified engines to execute the whole or a part of their inspection business of specified engines due to a natural calamity or other reasons, the competent minister shall execute himself/herself the whole or a part of the inspection business of specified engines.

次に掲げる要件のいずれかに該当するものとして金融庁長官に届出を行った法人（ロに該当するものとして届出を行った法人にあっては、業務執行組合員等（組合契約を締結して組合の業務の執行を委任された組合員、匿名組合契約を締結した営業者若しくは有限責任事業組合契約を締結して組合の重要な業務の執行の決定に関与し、かつ、当該業務を自ら執行する組合員又は外国の法令に基づくこれらに類する者をいう。以下この号及び次号において同じ。）として取引を行う場合に限る。）
a juridical person which has notified the Commissioner of the Financial Services Agency that it falls under any of the following requirements (in the case of a juridical person which has made a notification to the effect that it falls under sub-item (b), limited to cases where said juridical person effects any transaction as an Operating Partner, etc. (meaning a partner who has concluded a Partnership Contract under which said partner is delegated to manage the business of the partnership; a proprietor who has concluded a Silent Partnership Contract; a partner who has concluded a Limited Liability Partnership Agreement, participates in management decisions regarding the important business of a partnership, and manages said business by himself/herself; or any person equivalent to them under the laws and regulations of a foreign state; hereinafter the same shall apply in this item and the following item)):

また、元々頒暦が官庁に備え付ける暦であり、貴族や僧侶は自らの日記を執筆するために用いる具注暦をそれぞれが暦博士や暦生に依頼して制作もしくや書写の便宜を受けるのが慣例となっていた（藤原実資は予め（陰陽寮職員である）陰陽師に料紙を支給して暦を注文を行い、完成後に代金として絹1疋を支払っていたことが知られ（『中右記』長和3年10月2日条）、摂関家に至っては暦博士側から具注暦を献上してくることが慣例化していた（『後二条師通記』・『殿暦』・『玉葉』）。
Hanreki was originally a calendar to be distributed to government offices, nobles and monks made it a practice to ask rekihakase or rekisei to make or transcribe guchureki in order to write their own diary (on this point, it is known that FUJIWARA no Sanesuke ordered calendars to an onmyoji (practionner in the Onmyoryo) by paying for paper and paid one hiki of silk when the calendar was completed (according to the article of 'Chuyuki' (diary written by FUJIWARA no Munetada) dated on October 2nd, 1014) and the line of regents and advisers made it rule that rekihakase presented guchureki to them (according to 'Gonijo Moromichi ki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi), 'Denryaku' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Tadazane) and ''Gyokuyo' (The Diary of Kanezane KUJO)).

内閣総理大臣は、第二十四条の三十六第一項の登録を受けた者がいないとき、第二十四条の四十三の規定による講習事務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、第二十四条の四十六の規定により同項の登録を取り消し、又は登録講習機関に対し講習事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、登録講習機関が天災その他の事由により講習事務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたとき、その他必要があると認めるときは、講習事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
The Prime Minister may conduct Training Affairs by himself/herself in whole or in part when there are no persons registered under Article 24-36, paragraph (1), when notification of the suspension or abolition of Training Affairs in whole or in part has been given pursuant to Article 24-43, when the Prime Minister has rescinded the registration set forth in Article 24-46 under that Article or has ordered the Registered Training Agency to suspend its Training Affairs in whole or in part, when it has become difficult for the Registered Training Agency to conduct its Training Affairs in whole or in part as a result of a natural disaster or other causes, or in other cases where it is found to be necessary.

特定の者が一定の目的に従い自己の有する一定の財産の管理又は処分及びその他の当該目的の達成のために必要な行為を自らすべき旨の意思表示を公正証書その他の書面又は電磁的記録（電子的方式、磁気的方式その他人の知覚によっては認識することができない方式で作られる記録であって、電子計算機による情報処理の用に供されるものとして法務省令で定めるものをいう。以下同じ。）で当該目的、当該財産の特定に必要な事項その他の法務省令で定める事項を記載し又は記録したものによってする方法
by manifestation of an intention for a specific person to administer or dispose of a certain portion of the property that the person holds in accordance with a certain purpose and for the person to conduct any other acts that are necessary for achieving such purpose by the person, with the manifestation of such intention being evidenced by a notarial deed or any other document or electromagnetic record (meaning a record made in an electronic form, a magnetic form, or any other form not recognizable to human perception and which is used in information processing by computers as specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice; the same shall apply hereinafter) in which said purpose, the matters necessary for specifying said property, and other matters specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice have been stated or recorded.

主務大臣は、第十二条第一項の登録を受ける者がいないとき、第二十三条の規定による適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、第二十七条の規定により同項の登録を取り消し、又は国内登録検査機関に対し適合性検査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、国内登録検査機関が天災その他の事由により適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたときその他必要があると認めるときは、当該適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
When no person is registered under Article 12, paragraph (1), or when the suspension or discontinuation of the whole or a part of a conformity inspection business is notified pursuant to the provisions of Article 23, or when the registration under Article 12, paragraph (1) was revoked or the suspension of the whole or a part of a conformity inspection business is ordered of a domestically registered conformity inspection body pursuant to the provisions of Article 27, or when it has become difficult for a domestically registered conformity inspection body to conduct the whole or a part of a conformity inspection business due to natural disaster or other events or in any other case deemed necessary by the competent minister, the competent minister may conduct in person the whole or a part of such conformity inspection business.

経済産業大臣は、第九条第一項の登録を受ける者がいないとき、第三十六条の規定による適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、第四十一条の規定により同項の登録を取り消し、又は国内登録検査機関に対し適合性検査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、国内登録検査機関が天災その他の事由により適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたときその他必要があると認めるときは、当該適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself conduct the whole or part of the Conformity Assessment operations when there is no person who is able to obtain the registration set forth in Article 9, paragraph (1), when a notification of suspension or abolition of the whole or part of the Conformity Assessment operations has been issued pursuant to Article 36, when the Minister has, pursuant to the provisions of Article 41, rescinded the registration set forth in said paragraph or ordered a Domestic Registered Conformity Assessment Bodies to suspend the whole or part of its Conformity Assessment operations, when it has become difficult for a Domestic Registered Conformity Assessment Bodies to conduct the whole or part of its Conformity Assessment operations due to a natural disaster or other reason, or other cases when the Minister deems necessary.

気象庁長官は、第九条の登録を受けた者がいないとき、登録検定機関から第三十二条の九第一項の規定による検定事務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、前条第一項若しくは第二項の規定により第九条の登録を取り消し、又は同項の規定により登録検定機関に対し検定事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、登録検定機関が天災その他の事由により検定事務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたとき、その他必要があると認めるときは、検定事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
The Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency may administer all or part of the verification affairs him/herself when no person has obtained the registration set forth in Article 9, the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency has been notified by a registered verification body of the suspension or abolition of verification affairs, in whole or in part, pursuant to the provisions of Article 32-9, paragraph (1), the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency has rescinded the registration set forth in Article 9 pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, paragraph (1) or paragraph (2), the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency has ordered a registered verification body to suspend all or part of the verification affairs pursuant to the provisions of the same paragraph, it has become difficult for a registered verification body to administer all or part of verification affairs due to a natural disaster or for other reasons, or the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency otherwise finds it necessary to do so.

経済産業大臣は、第三十六条の二の二第一項の登録を受ける者がいないとき、第三十六条の二十三の規定による検査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、第三十六条の二十六の規定により同項の登録を取り消し、又は登録ガス工作物検査機関に対し検査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、登録ガス工作物検査機関が天災その他の事由により検査の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたときその他必要があると認めるときは、当該検査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself perform the whole or a part of the services for Inspections of a Registered Gas Facilities Inspection Body in the cases where: there is no person registered pursuant to Article 36-2-2, paragraph 1; notification of the suspension or abolition of the whole or a part of the services for Inspections has been given pursuant to Article 36-23; the registration made under Article 36-26 has been rescinded or an order has been issued to the Registered Gas Facilities Inspection Body to suspend or abolish the whole or a part of the services for Inspections pursuant to Article 36-26; it has become difficult for the Registered Gas Facilities Inspection Body to perform the whole or a part of the services for Inspections due to a disaster or otherwise; or it is necessary for any other reasons.

文部科学大臣は、指定保障措置検査等実施機関が第六十一条の二十三の十五の許可を受けて保障措置検査の業務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第六十一条の二十三の十六の規定により指定保障措置検査等実施機関に対し保障措置検査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定保障措置検査等実施機関が天災その他の事由により保障措置検査の業務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、当該保障措置検査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
When any designated organization implementing safeguards inspections, etc. has obtained the permission set forth in Article 61-23-15 and suspended all or part of the work for safeguards inspections, when the Minister of MEXT has ordered any designated organization implementing safeguards inspections, etc. to suspend all or part of the work for safeguards inspections, pursuant to the provision of Article 61-23-16, or when the Minister of MEXT finds it necessary in the event that it has become difficult for any designated organization implementing safeguards inspections, etc. to implement work for safeguards inspections due to a natural disaster or other reason, the Minister of MEXT shall him/herself conduct all or part of the work for the relevant safeguards inspection.

外国人が十六歳に満たない場合又は疾病その他身体の故障により自ら申請若しくは登録証明書の受領若しくは提出をすることができない場合には、前項に規定する申請又は登録証明書の受領若しくは提出は、当該外国人と同居する次の各号に掲げる者（十六歳に満たない者を除く。）が、当該各号列記の順位により、当該外国人に代わつてしなければならない。外国人又は外国人であつた者が十六歳に満たない場合においては、第七条第七項又は第十二条第一項若しくは第二項の規定による登録証明書の返納についても、同様とする。
In cases where the alien is under the age of sixteen years or in cases where he/she is unable to make an application or perform the receipt or submission of the registration certificate in person by reason of illness or other physical impediments, the person specified in the following items and living with such alien (excluding any person under the age of sixteen years) in the order specified in the following items, shall make the application or perform the receipt or submission of the registration certificate provided for in the preceding paragraph on behalf of such person. In cases where the alien or the person who used to be an alien is under the age of sixteen years, the same shall apply to the return of the registration certificate under Article 7, paragraph (7) or Article 12, paragraph (1) or (2):

公正取引委員会は、第八条の四第一項に係る事件について第五十三条第一項の規定により審判開始決定をした後、被審人が、審判開始決定書記載の事実及び法律の適用を認めて、公正取引委員会に対し、その後の審判手続を経ないで審決を受ける旨を文書をもつて申し出て、かつ、独占的状態に係る商品又は役務について競争を回復させるために自らとるべき具体的措置に関する計画書を提出した場合において、適当と認めたときは、その後の審判手続を経ないで当該計画書記載の具体的措置と同趣旨の審決をすることができる。
After the Fair Trade Commission has decided to commence a hearing pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 53 regarding a case pertaining to paragraph 1 of Article 8-4, the Fair Trade Commission may, where the respondent admits the facts and the application of the law as stated in the written decision of commencement of the hearing, and offers in writing to accept the decision without requiring subsequent hearing procedures and submits to the Fair Trade Commission a written plan setting forth concrete measures which the respondent proposes voluntarily to take in order to restore competition with respect to the goods or services involved in the monopolistic situation, render a decision to the effect of the concrete measures stated in such plan without conducting the subsequent hearing procedures if the Fair Trade Commission finds it appropriate.

意匠登録出願に係る意匠を知らないで自らその意匠若しくはこれに類似する意匠の創作をし、又は意匠登録出願に係る意匠を知らないでその意匠若しくはこれに類似する意匠の創作をした者から知得して、意匠権の設定の登録の際現に日本国内においてその意匠又はこれに類似する意匠の実施である事業をしている者又はその事業の準備をしている者（前条に該当する者を除く。）は、次の各号のいずれにも該当する場合に限り、その実施又は準備をしている意匠及び事業の目的の範囲内において、その意匠登録出願に係る意匠権について通常実施権を有する。
A person who, without knowledge of a design in an application for design registration, created a design identical or similar to the said design, or a person who, without knowledge of a design in an application for design registration, learned the design from a person who created a design identical or similar to the said design, and has been working the design or a design similar thereto or preparing for the working of the design or a design similar thereto in Japan at the time of the filing of the application for design registration (excluding a person falling under the preceding paragraph), shall have a non-exclusive license on the design right, only if both of the following conditions are satisfied and only to the extent of the design and the purpose of such business worked or prepared:.

国は、当分の間、地方公共団体に対し、再生資源又は再生部品を利用することにより資源の有効な利用を促進するための施設を整備する事業で日本電信電話株式会社の株式の売払収入の活用による社会資本の整備の促進に関する特別措置法（昭和六十二年法律第八十六号）第二条第一項第二号に該当するものにつき、当該地方公共団体が自ら行う場合にあってはその要する費用に充てる資金の一部を、民間事業者が行う場合にあっては当該民間事業者に対し当該地方公共団体が補助する費用に充てる資金の一部を、予算の範囲内において、無利子で貸し付けることができる。
The State may, for the time being, provide local governments with loans without interest, within its budgetary limit, as funds to be allocated for covering the expenses to be incurred by the local governments in independently implementing projects to establish facilities for the promotion of effective utilization of resources through the use of Recyclable Resources or Reusable Parts, which fall under Article 2, paragraph 1, item 2 of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Promotion of Development of Social Infrastructure through Utilization of Income from Sales of Stock of the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (Act No. 86 of 1987), or as funds to be allocated for covering the expenses for subsidies to be given by the local governments to the private business operators that carry out such projects.

前項の規定により必要な措置をとることを命じようとする場合において、過失がなくて当該措置を命ずべき者を確知することができないときは、国土交通大臣、都道府県知事又は指定都市等の長は、その者の負担において、当該措置を自ら行い、又はその命じた者若しくは委任した者にこれを行わせることができる。この場合においては、相当の期限を定めて、当該措置を行うべき旨及びその期限までに当該措置を行わないときは、国土交通大臣、都道府県知事若しくは指定都市等の長又はその命じた者若しくは委任した者が当該措置を行う旨を、あらかじめ、公告しなければならない。
In cases where the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, prefectural governors or the heads of designated cities, etc. intend to order any person to take necessary measures pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, if, without any fault on their part, they cannot know with certainty the person to whom the orders for the relevant measures are to be given, they may, at the expense of such person, take the relevant measures themselves, or make the ordered or commissioned person take the measures. In this case, the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, prefectural governors or the heads of designated cities, etc. shall set reasonable time limits and give public notice in advance to the effect that the relevant measures shall be taken and that if such measures are not taken within the fixed time limit, they or the person ordered or commissioned will take the measures.

裁判所は、予告通知者又は前条第一項の返答をした被予告通知者の申立てにより、当該予告通知に係る訴えが提起された場合の立証に必要であることが明らかな証拠となるべきものについて、申立人がこれを自ら収集することが困難であると認められるときは、その予告通知又は返答の相手方（以下この章において単に「相手方」という。）の意見を聴いて、訴えの提起前に、その収集に係る次に掲げる処分をすることができる。ただし、その収集に要すべき時間又は嘱託を受けるべき者の負担が不相当なものとなることその他の事情により、相当でないと認めるときは、この限りでない。
When a petition is filed by an advance noticer or a recipient of advance notice who made a response set forth in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article and it is found that the petitioner has difficulty collecting by him/herself any material as evidence that would be obviously necessary for showing proof should the action pertaining to the advance notice actually be filed, the court, before the filing of the action, may make any of the following dispositions pertaining to such collection of evidence, after hearing opinions of the party to whom the advance notice has been given or the response has been made (hereinafter simply referred to as the 'opposite party' in this Chapter); provided, however, that this shall not apply where the court finds it inappropriate to do so on the grounds that the time required for the collection or the burden borne by a person to be commissioned for the collection would be unreasonable:

国は、循環資源の循環的な利用及び処分に伴う環境への負荷の程度を勘案して、事業者が、物の製造、加工又は販売その他の事業活動に際して、その事業活動に係る製品、容器等に関し、あらかじめ次に掲げる事項について自ら評価を行い、その結果に基づき、当該製品、容器等に係る環境への負荷を低減するための各種の工夫をすることにより、当該製品、容器等が廃棄物等となることが抑制され、当該製品、容器等が循環資源となった場合におけるその循環的な利用が促進され、並びにその循環的な利用及び処分に伴う環境への負荷の低減が図られるよう、技術的支援その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
Taking the degree of environmental load by the recycling and disposal of circulative resources into consideration, the State shall engage in technological support and other necessary measures to help business operators, in manufacturing, processing or selling of goods or in other business activities, make their own evaluation beforehand of the matters listed in the following items with regard to the products, containers, etc. involved in their business activities, and based on such evaluation results, devise various means to reduce environmental load related with such products, containers, etc., so that the generation of wastes, etc., from such products, containers, etc. may be prevented or reduced, that the cyclical use of such products, containers, etc. when they have become circulative resources may be promoted and that the environmental load by the cyclical use and disposal of them may be reduced:

経済産業大臣は、第三十九条の十一第一項の登録を受ける者がいないとき、前条第二項において準用する第三十六条の二十三の規定による適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、同項において準用する第三十六条の二十六の規定により第三十九条の十一第一項の登録を取り消し、又は国内登録ガス用品検査機関に対し適合性検査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、国内登録ガス用品検査機関が天災その他の事由により適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたときその他必要があると認めるときは、当該適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself perform the whole or a part of the services for Conformity Inspections of a Domestic Registered Gas Equipment Inspection Body in the cases where: there is no person registered under Article 39-11, paragraph 1; notification of the suspension or abolition of the whole or a part of the services for Conformity Inspections has been given pursuant to Article 36-23 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph 2 of the preceding Article; the registration made under Article 39-11, paragraph 1 has been rescinded or an order has been issued to the Domestic Registered Gas Equipment Inspection Body to suspend or abolish the whole or a part of the services for Conformity Inspections pursuant to Article 36-26 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph 2 of the preceding Article; it has become difficult for the Domestic Registered Gas Equipment Inspection Body to perform the whole or a part of the services for Conformity Inspections due to a disaster or otherwise; or the minister finds it necessary to do so for any other reasons.

著作権、出版権又は著作隣接権を侵害した者（第三十条第一項（第百二条第一項において準用する場合を含む。）に定める私的使用の目的をもつて自ら著作物若しくは実演等の複製を行つた者、第百十三条第三項の規定により著作権若しくは著作隣接権（同条第四項の規定により著作隣接権とみなされる権利を含む。第百二十条の二第三号において同じ。）を侵害する行為とみなされる行為を行つた者、第百十三条第五項の規定により著作権若しくは著作隣接権を侵害する行為とみなされる行為を行つた者又は次項第三号若しくは第四号に掲げる者を除く。）は、十年以下の懲役若しくは千万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
A person who infringes on the copyright, right of publication or neighboring rights (excluding, however, (a) a person who reproduces by himself a work or performance, etc. for private use purposes as provided for in Article 30, paragraph (1) (including cases where applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to provisions of Article 102, paragraph (1)); (b) a person who, pursuant to the provisions of Article 113, paragraph (3), commits an act deemed to constitute an act of infringement on the copyright or neighboring rights (including rights deemed to constitute neighboring rights pursuant to the provisions of Article 113, paragraph (4); the same shall apply in Article 120-2, item (iii)); (c) a person who commits an act deemed to constitute an act of infringement on a copyright or neighboring rights pursuant to the provisions of Article 113, paragraph (5); (d) or a person described in items (iii) or (iv) of the following paragraph) shall be punishable by imprisonment with work for a term not more than ten years or by a fine of not more than ten million Yen, or by both.

検察官は、第三十七条の二第一項に規定する事件について前項の規定により弁護人を選任することができる旨を告げるに当たつては、被疑者に対し、引き続き勾留を請求された場合において貧困その他の事由により自ら弁護人を選任することができないときは裁判官に対して弁護人の選任を請求することができる旨並びに裁判官に対して弁護人の選任を請求するには資力申告書を提出しなければならない旨及びその資力が基準額以上であるときは、あらかじめ、弁護士会（第三十七条の三第二項の規定により第三十一条の二第一項の申出をすべき弁護士会をいう。）に弁護人の選任の申出をしていなければならない旨を教示しなければならない。
When the public prosecutor informs the suspect of the fact that the suspect may appoint defense counsel in accordance with the provision of the preceding paragraph for the case provided for in paragraph (1) of Article 37-2, he/she shall also enlighten the suspect that, in cases where a request for further detention of the suspect is made, the suspect may request the judge to appoint defense counsel when the suspect is unable to appoint defense counsel him/herself because of indigence or other reasons and that when requesting the judge for appointment of defense counsel the suspect must submit a report of financial resources; or if the suspect's resources are equal to or above the base amount, the suspect must have first requested a bar association (the bar association to which the request of paragraph (1) of Article 31-2 in accordance with paragraph (2) of Article 37-3 is to be made) to appoint defense counsel.

経済産業大臣は、第五十条の二第三項、第五十二条第三項又は第五十五条第四項の登録を受ける者がいないとき、第七十四条の規定による安全管理審査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、第七十八条の規定により第五十条の二第三項、第五十二条第三項若しくは第五十五条第四項の登録を取り消し、又は登録安全管理審査機関に対し安全管理審査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、登録安全管理審査機関が天災その他の事由により安全管理審査の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたときその他必要があると認めるときは、当該安全管理審査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself perform the whole or a part of the services for Safety Management Examinations of a Registered Safety Management Examination Body in the cases where: there is no person registered pursuant to Article 50-2, paragraph 3, Article 52, paragraph 3 or Article 55, paragraph 4; notification of the suspension or abolition of the whole or a part of the services for Safety Management Examinations has been given pursuant to Article 74; the registration made under Article 50-2, paragraph 3, Article 52, paragraph 3 or Article 55, paragraph 4 has been rescinded or an order has been issued to the Registered Safety Management Examination Body to suspend or abolish the whole or a part of the services for Safety Management Examinations pursuant to Article 78; it has become difficult for the Registered Safety Management Examination Body to perform the whole or a part of the services for Safety Management Examinations due to a disaster or otherwise; or the minister finds it necessary to do so for any other reasons.

司法警察員は、第三十七条の二第一項に規定する事件について第一項の規定により弁護人を選任することができる旨を告げるに当たつては、被疑者に対し、引き続き勾留を請求された場合において貧困その他の事由により自ら弁護人を選任することができないときは裁判官に対して弁護人の選任を請求することができる旨並びに裁判官に対して弁護人の選任を請求するには資力申告書を提出しなければならない旨及びその資力が基準額以上であるときは、あらかじめ、弁護士会（第三十七条の三第二項の規定により第三十一条の二第一項の申出をすべき弁護士会をいう。）に弁護人の選任の申出をしていなければならない旨を教示しなければならない。
When the judicial police officer informs the suspect of the fact that the suspect may appoint defense counsel in accordance with the provision of paragraph (1) for the case provided for in paragraph (1) of Article 37-2, the judicial police officer shall also enlighten the suspect that, in cases where a request for further detention of the suspect is made, the suspect may request the judge to appoint defense counsel when the suspect is unable to appoint defense counsel him/herself because of indigence or other reasons and that when requesting the judge for appointment of defense counsel the suspect must submit a report of financial resources; or if the suspect's resources are equal to or above the base amount, the suspect must have first requested a bar association (the bar association to which the request of paragraph (1) of Article 31-2 in accordance with paragraph (2) of Article 37-3 is to be made) to appoint defense counsel.

原子力防災管理者は、原子力事業所の区域の境界付近において政令で定める基準以上の放射線量が政令で定めるところにより検出されたことその他の政令で定める事象の発生について通報を受け、又は自ら発見したときは、直ちに、主務省令及び原子力事業者防災業務計画の定めるところにより、その旨を主務大臣、所在都道府県知事、所在市町村長及び関係隣接都道府県知事（事業所外運搬に係る事象の発生の場合にあっては、主務大臣並びに当該事象が発生した場所を管轄する都道府県知事及び市町村長）に通報しなければならない。この場合において、所在都道府県知事及び関係隣接都道府県知事は、関係周辺市町村長にその旨を通報するものとする。
When a nuclear emergency preparedness manager has been notified that a radiation dose above the limit specified by a Cabinet Order has been detected, pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order, near the border of an area where the nuclear site is located or has discovered such fact for him/herself, he/she shall, pursuant to the provisions of an ordinance of the competent ministry and the nuclear operator emergency action plan, immediately notify the competent minister, the competent prefectural governor, the competent mayor of a municipality and the related neighboring prefectural governors (in the case of the occurrence of an event pertaining to transport outside the nuclear site, the competent minister, and a prefectural governor and the mayor of a municipality who have jurisdiction over the place where said event has occurred) to that effect. In this case, the competent prefectural governor and the related neighboring prefectural governors shall notify the mayors of related surrounding municipalities to that effect.

退去強制対象者に該当する外国人について刑事訴訟に関する法令、刑の執行に関する法令又は少年院若しくは婦人補導院の在院者の処遇に関する法令の規定による手続が行われる場合には、その者を収容しないときでも、その者について第五章（第二節並びに第五十二条及び第五十三条を除く。）の規定に準じ退去強制の手続を行うことができる。この場合において、第二十九条第一項中「容疑者の出頭を求め」とあるのは「容疑者の出頭を求め、又は自ら出張して」と、第四十五条第一項中「前条の規定により容疑者の引渡しを受けたときは」とあるのは「違反調査の結果、容疑者が退去強制対象者に該当すると疑うに足りる理由があるときは」と読み替えるものとする。
If procedures provided for by laws and regulations related to criminal suits, enforcement of sentences, or treatment of the inmates of juvenile prisons or women's guidance homes are being carried out with regard to any foreign national subject to deportation, deportation procedures may be taken against such foreign national pursuant to the provisions of Chapter V (except for Section 2, and Articles 52 and 53) applicable mutatis mutandis, even when he/she is not being detained. In this case, "request the appearance of the suspect" in Article 29, paragraph (1), shall be deemed to be replaced with "request the appearance of the suspect or personally visit him/her", and "when a suspect has been delivered to him/her pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article" in Article 45, paragraph (1), shall be deemed to be replaced with "when, as a result of investigation into violations, he/she has reasonable grounds to believe that the suspect falls within the category of a foreign national subject to deportation".

自動車製造業者等は、第二十一条の規定によりフロン類回収業者、解体業者又は破砕業者から特定再資源化等物品を引き取ったときは、主務省令で定めるところにより、第七十三条第一項から第三項までの規定により預託された再資源化等預託金であって当該特定再資源化等物品に係るものについて、資金管理法人に対し、その払渡しを請求することができる。この場合において、当該請求を行う自動車製造業者等は、資金管理法人に対して、情報管理センターが第八十五条第一項の規定による請求を受けて交付する同項に規定する書類等であって自らが当該特定再資源化等物品を確実に引き取ったことを証する事項が記載され、又は記録されたものを提出しなければならない
When Parts Specified for Recycling, etc. are collected from Fluorocarbons Recovery Operators, Dismantling Operators or Shredding and Sorting Operators pursuant to the provisions of Article 21, the Vehicle Manufacturers, etc. may request that the Deposit Management Entity make payment of Recycling etc. deposit deposited pursuant to the provisions of Article 73, Paragraph 1 through Paragraph 3 relating to the said Parts Specified for Recycling, etc. as specified by ordinance of the competent minister. In this case, the Vehicle Manufacturers, etc. requesting the payment shall submit to the Deposit Management Entity documents, etc. prescribed in the same paragraph indicating that the Information Management Entity has in fact received the request pursuant to the provisions of Article 85, Paragraph 1 and that matters attesting to the fact that the Parts Specified for Recycling, etc. have been collected reliably has been noted or recorded.

この法律において「指定再資源化製品」とは、製品（他の製品の部品として使用される製品を含む。）であって、それが一度使用され、又は使用されずに収集され、若しくは廃棄された後それを当該製品（他の製品の部品として使用される製品にあっては、当該製品又は当該他の製品）の製造、加工、修理若しくは販売の事業を行う者が自主回収（自ら回収し、又は他の者に委託して回収することをいう。以下同じ。）をすることが経済的に可能であって、その自主回収がされたものの全部又は一部の再資源化をすることが技術的及び経済的に可能であり、かつ、その再資源化をすることが当該再生資源又は再生部品の有効な利用を図る上で特に必要なものとして政令で定めるものをいう。
The term 'Specified Resources-Recycled Product' as used in this Act shall mean a product (including those products that are used as parts of other products) specified by Cabinet Order as a product for which it is technically and financially possible for a person who operates a business of manufacturing, processing, repairing or selling the product (with respect to those products used as parts of other products, the respective products or such other products) after it is collected or disposed of after being used or without being used, to implement Voluntary Collection (which means collecting by oneself or entrusting collection to another party; hereinafter the same shall apply), it is also technically and financially possible to implement the Recycling of the whole or part of the product after Sorted Collection, and such Recycling is particularly necessary for ensuring the effective utilization of relevant Recyclable Resources or Reusable Parts.

前項に定めるもののほか、製品、容器等であって、これが循環資源となった場合におけるその循環的な利用を適正かつ円滑に行うためには国、地方公共団体、事業者及び国民がそれぞれ適切に役割を分担することが必要であるとともに、当該製品、容器等に係る設計及び原材料の選択、当該製品、容器等が循環資源となったものの収集等の観点からその事業者の果たすべき役割が循環型社会の形成を推進する上で重要であると認められるものについては、当該製品、容器等の製造、販売等を行う事業者は、基本原則にのっとり、当該分担すべき役割として、自ら、当該製品、容器等が循環資源となったものを引き取り、若しくは引き渡し、又はこれについて適正に循環的な利用を行う責務を有する。
In addition to the provisions in the preceding paragraph, it is necessary for the State, local governments, business operators, and citizens to properly divide their respective roles in order to undertake in a proper and smooth manner the cyclical use of products, containers, etc. which have become circulative resources. In cases in which the roles of any particular business operators are deemed important in establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society from the viewpoint of such considerations as the design and selection of raw materials for products, containers, etc. and the collection, etc. of products, containers, etc. that have become circulative resources, pursuant to the Basic Principles, the business operators undertaking the manufacture, sale, etc. of these products, containers, etc. are themselves responsible for collecting or delivering, or undertaking the proper cyclical use of, these products, containers, etc. which have become circulative resources, as their responsibility within the division of roles.

農林物資の小分けを業とする者（小分けして自ら販売することを業とする者を含む。以下「小分け業者」という。）は、農林水産省令で定めるところにより、事業所及び農林物資の種類ごとに、あらかじめ登録認定機関の認定を受けて、格付の表示（第二条第三項第二号に掲げる基準に係るものに限る。以下この項及び第十九条の四において同じ。）の付してある当該認定に係る農林物資（その包装、容器又は送り状に当該表示の付してある場合における当該農林物資を含む。同条において同じ。）について、小分け後の当該農林物資又はその包装若しくは容器に小分け前に当該農林物資又はその包装、容器若しくは送り状に付されていた格付の表示と同一の格付の表示を付することができる。
An operator who subdivides consignments of agricultural and forestry products (including the one who subdivides and sells them by himself/herself; hereinafter referred to as the 'Subdivider') may, as provided for by MAFF Ordinance, having obtained a certification from a Registered Certifying Body for each place of business and type of agricultural and forestry product, affix the same Grade Label (limited to that pertaining to the standard listed in item (ii) of paragraph (3) of Article 2; the same shall apply in this paragraph and Article 19-4) as has been affixed on the agricultural and forestry product (including that carries the label on its package, container or invoice; the same shall apply in said Article) to the relevant product, its package or container after the subdivision of the consignment.

肥料、農薬、飼料、飼料添加物、動物用の医薬品その他食品の安全性に影響を及ぼすおそれがある農林漁業の生産資材、食品（その原料又は材料として使用される農林水産物を含む。）若しくは添加物（食品衛生法（昭和二十二年法律第二百三十三号）第四条第二項に規定する添加物をいう。）又は器具（同条第四項に規定する器具をいう。）若しくは容器包装（同条第五項に規定する容器包装をいう。）の生産、輸入又は販売その他の事業活動を行う事業者（以下「食品関連事業者」という。）は、基本理念にのっとり、その事業活動を行うに当たって、自らが食品の安全性の確保について第一義的責任を有していることを認識して、食品の安全性を確保するために必要な措置を食品供給行程の各段階において適切に講ずる責務を有する。
Business operators that produce, import, sell, or conduct other business for fertilizers, agricultural chemicals, feed, feed additives, veterinary medicines and other production materials for agriculture, forestry, or fishery that may have an effect on Food safety, Food (including agricultural, forestry, and fishery products used as raw materials or materials), additives (those provided in Article 4, paragraph (2) of the Food Sanitation Act (Act No. 233 of 1947)), apparatus (that provided in paragraph (4) of the said Article) or containers and packaging (those provided in paragraph (5) of the said Article) (hereinafter referred to as 'Food-related Business Operators') shall be responsible for appropriately taking the necessary measures to ensure Food safety at each stage of the Food Supply Processes. This will be done according to the code of the Basic Principles and on the basis of the recognition that they bear the primary responsibility for ensuring Food safety when conducting their business activities.

二以上の大学は、その大学、学部及び学科の教育上の目的を達成するために必要があると認められる場合には、第十九条第一項の規定にかかわらず、当該二以上の大学のうち一の大学が開設する授業科目を、当該二以上の大学のうち他の大学の教育課程の一部とみなして、それぞれの大学ごとに同一内容の教育課程（通信教育に係るもの及び大学が外国に設ける学部、学科その他の組織において開設される授業科目の履修により修得する単位を当該学科に係る卒業の要件として修得すべき単位の全部又は一部として修得するものを除く。以下「共同教育課程」という。）を編成することができる。ただし、共同教育課程を編成する大学（以下「構成大学」という。）は、それぞれ当該共同教育課程に係る主要授業科目の一部を必修科目として自ら開設するものとする。
Two or more universities may, when it is deemed necessary to achieve the educational purpose of said universities, faculties, and departments, organize curricula with the same contents (excluding curricula pertaining to correspondence education courses and curricula in which students acquire credits as the whole or part of credits to be acquired as graduation requirements by completing class subjects offered at faculties, departments or other organizations established by universities in foreign countries; hereinafter referred to as "inter-university curricula") at the respective universities, by deeming class subjects offered at one of these two or more universities to be part of curricula of other universities out of these two or more universities, notwithstanding the provision of Article 19, paragraph (1); provided, however, that universities that organize inter-university curricula (hereinafter referred to as "component universities") shall offer part of essential subjects pertaining to said inter-university curricula by themselves as their compulsory subjects, respectively.

意匠登録出願に係る意匠を知らないで自らその意匠若しくはこれに類似する意匠の創作をし、又は意匠登録出願に係る意匠を知らないでその意匠若しくはこれに類似する意匠の創作をした者から知得して、意匠登録出願の際（第九条の二の規定により、又は第十七条の三第一項（第五十条第一項（第五十七条第一項において準用する場合を含む。）において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により、その意匠登録出願が手続補正書を提出した時にしたものとみなされたときは、もとの意匠登録出願の際又は手続補正書を提出した際）現に日本国内においてその意匠又はこれに類似する意匠の実施である事業をしている者又はその事業の準備をしている者は、その実施又は準備をしている意匠及び事業の目的の範囲内において、その意匠登録出願に係る意匠権について通常実施権を有する。
A person who, without knowledge of a design in an application for design registration, created a design identical or similar to the said design, or a person who, without knowledge of a design in an application for design registration, learned of the design from a person who created a design identical or similar to the said design, and has been working the design or a design similar thereto or preparing for the working of the design or a design similar thereto in Japan at the time of the filing of the application for design registration (where the application for design registration is deemed to have been filed at the time of submission of the written amendment of proceedings under Article 9-2 or 17-3(1) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 50(1) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 57(1)), at the time of filing the original application or the written amendment of proceedings), shall have a non-exclusive license on the design right, only to the extent of the design and the purpose of such business worked or prepared.

漁業協同組合その他の漁業法（昭和二十四年法律第二百六十七号）第六条第二項に規定する区画漁業権（これを目的とする入漁権を含む。）を有する者（以下「漁業協同組合等」という。）は、基本方針に基づいて持続的な養殖生産の確保を図るため、単独又は共同で養殖漁場の改善に関する計画（以下「漁場改善計画」という。）を作成し、当該漁場改善計画が適当である旨の都道府県知事（漁場改善計画の対象となる水域が二以上の都道府県知事の管轄に属する場合にあっては、当該水域を最も広くその管轄する水域に含む都道府県知事。ただし、当該漁場改善計画の対象となる水域に漁業法第百三十六条の規定により農林水産大臣が自ら都道府県知事の権限を行う養殖漁場が含まれる場合にあっては、農林水産大臣。以下この条及び次条において同じ。）の認定を受けることができる。
A Fisheries Cooperative Association or a person having a demarcated fishery right (including a common of piscary) as provided in paragraph (2) of Article 6 of the Fishery Act (Act No. 267 of 1949) (hereinafter referred to as a 'Fisheries Cooperative Association,') may prepare a Plan concerning the improvement of an aquaculture area (hereinafter referred to as an 'Aquaculture Area Improvement Plan') on it own or jointly to assure sustainable aquaculture production based on the Basic Policy, and may be authorized as appropriate by the Governor concerned (or by the Governor having jurisdiction over the sea area that includes the largest portion of the water area covered by the Aquaculture Area Improvement Plan in the case where the water area covered by the Aquaculture Area Improvement Plan falls under the jurisdiction of two or more Governors, or by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in the case where the water area covered by said Aquaculture Area Improvement Plan includes an aquaculture area for which the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries exercises the authority of the Governor concerned pursuant to the provisions of Article 136 of the Fishery Act; the same shall apply in this Article and the following Article).

第二十八条第一項及び第二項、第三十一条、第三十五条第二項、第三十六条並びに第三十六条の二（第六項を除く。）の規定は、政令で定めるところにより、ガスを供給する事業（ガス事業を除く。）又は自ら製造したガスを使用する事業（これらの事業について鉱山保安法（昭和二十四年法律第七十号）、高圧ガス保安法（昭和二十六年法律第二百四号）、電気事業法（昭和三十九年法律第百七十号）又は液化石油ガスの保安の確保及び取引の適正化に関する法律（昭和四十二年法律第百四十九号。以下「液化石油ガス法」という。）の適用を受ける場合にあつては、これらの法律の適用を受ける範囲に属するものを除く。）を行う者（以下「準用事業者」という。）に関し準用する。この場合において、同条第四項中「次の各号」とあるのは「第一号」と、同条第五項中「前項各号」とあるのは「前項第一号」と読み替えるものとする。
The provisions of Article 28, paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, Article 31, Article 35, paragraph 2, Article 36, and Article 36-2 (excluding paragraph 6) shall apply mutatis mutandis to a person who, pursuant to the provision of a Cabinet Order, conducts a business of supplying gas (excluding a Gas Business) or a business that uses the gas manufactured by that person (excluding, however, such businesses subject to the Mine Safety Act (Act No. 70 of 1949), the High Pressure Gas Safety Act (Act No. 204 of 1951), the Electricity Business Act (Act No. 170 of 1964) or the Act on Securing Safety and Optimization of Transaction of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Act No. 149 of 1967; hereinafter referred to as the 'Liquefied Petroleum Gas Act')) (such a person shall hereinafter be referred to as a 'Quasi-Gas Supplier3'). In this case, the phrase 'the following items' in Article 36-2, paragraph 4 shall be deemed to be replaced with 'item 1,' and the phrase 'the items of the preceding paragraph' in Article 36-2, paragraph 5 shall be deemed to be replaced with 'item 1 of the preceding paragraph.'

自動車製造業者等は、フロン類回収業者、解体業者又は破砕業者から自らが製造等をした自動車（その者が、他の自動車製造業者等について相続、合併若しくは分割（その製造等の事業を承継させるものに限る。）があった場合における相続人、合併後存続する法人若しくは合併により設立された法人若しくは分割によりその製造等の事業を承継した法人又は他の自動車製造業者等からその製造等の事業を譲り受けた者であるときは、被相続人、合併により消滅した法人若しくは分割をした法人又はその製造等の事業を譲り渡した自動車製造業者等が製造等をしたものを含む。以下同じ。）に係る特定再資源化等物品の引取りを求められたときは、主務省令で定める正当な理由がある場合を除き、特定再資源化等物品を引き取る場所としてあらかじめ当該自動車製造業者等が指定した場所（以下「指定引取場所」という。）において、当該特定再資源化等物品を引き取らなければならない。
When there are requests from Fluorocarbons Recovery Operators, Dismantling Operators or Shredding and Sorting Operators to collect Parts Specified for Recycling, etc., pertaining to Vehicles they have manufactured, etc. (when these entities are successors, surviving juridical persons following a merger or juridical persons established by a merger or juridical persons inheriting other Manufacturing, etc. operations when they are spun off or other entities taking over Manufacturing, etc. operations from another Vehicle Manufacturer, etc. when there is a succession, merger or spin-off of another Vehicle Manufacturer, etc. (restricted to succession of operations for Manufacturing, etc.), including heirs, juridical persons which have been liquidated in a merger or juridical persons which have been spun off or other Vehicle Manufacturers, etc. which have taken over Manufacturing, etc. operations; the same shall apply hereinafter), except when there are justifiable grounds specified by ordinance of the competent minister, the Vehicle Manufacturers, etc. shall collect the Parts Specified for Recycling, etc. at a location (hereinafter referred to as a 'Designated Collection Location') designated beforehand by the Vehicle Manufacturers, etc. as a location for collecting the Parts Specified for Recycling, etc.

この章並びに第六十六条第一項及び第六十七条第一項において「業務提供誘引販売業」とは、物品の販売（そのあつせんを含む。）又は有償で行う役務の提供（そのあつせんを含む。）の事業であつて、その販売の目的物たる物品（以下この章において「商品」という。）又はその提供される役務を利用する業務（その商品の販売若しくはそのあつせん又はその役務の提供若しくはそのあつせんを行う者が自ら提供を行い、又はあつせんを行うものに限る。）に従事することにより得られる利益（以下この章において「業務提供利益」という。）を収受し得ることをもつて相手方を誘引し、その者と特定負担（その商品の購入若しくはその役務の対価の支払又は取引料の提供をいう。以下この章において同じ。）を伴うその商品の販売若しくはそのあつせん又はその役務の提供若しくはそのあつせんに係る取引（その取引条件の変更を含む。以下「業務提供誘引販売取引」という。）をするものをいう。
The term 'Business Opportunity Related Sales' as used in this chapter, Article 66 (1), and Article 67 (1) shall mean sales of articles (including mediation of such sales) or offer of services for value (including mediation of such offers) where the seller, the service provider, or their mediator induces the counterparty by telling him/her that he/she may receive a profit (hereinafter referred to as 'Business Opportunity Profit' in this chapter) through engaging in a business that uses the articles that are the subject matter of sales (such articles are hereinafter referred to as the 'Goods' in this chapter) or the services offered (such business is limited to a business directly made available by or mediated by the person selling or mediating sales of the Goods or offering or mediating offer of the services), and conducts with such person transactions pertaining to sales or mediation of sales of the Goods or offers or mediation of offer of the services that involve a specified burden (which means purchase of the Goods, payment of the consideration for the services, or provision of a transaction fee; hereinafter the same shall apply in this chapter) (such transactions include change in the terms of transactions; hereinafter referred to as the 'Business Opportunity Related Sales Transactions').

登録申請者が、その申請に係る農林物資の製造業者等、生産行程管理者、流通行程管理者、小分け業者、外国製造業者等（本邦に輸出される農林物資を外国において製造し、加工し、又は輸出することを業とする者をいう。以下同じ。）、外国生産行程管理者（本邦に輸出される農林物資の外国における生産業者その他の当該農林物資の生産行程を外国において管理し、又は把握するものとして農林水産省令で定めるものをいう。以下同じ。）、外国流通行程管理者（本邦に輸出される農林物資の輸出業者その他の当該農林物資の流通行程を外国において管理し、又は把握するものとして農林水産省令で定めるものをいう。以下同じ。）又は外国小分け業者（本邦に輸出される農林物資を外国において小分けすることを業とする者（小分けして自ら販売することを業とする者を含む。）をいう。以下同じ。）（以下「被認定事業者」という。）に支配されているものとして次のいずれかに該当するものでないこと。
The Accreditation Applicant does not fall under any of the following as an entity controlled by a Manufacturer, etc., Production Process Manager, Distribution Process Manager, Subdivider, overseas Manufacturer, etc. (one who manufactures or processes agricultural and forestry products to be exported to Japan in an overseas country, or exports them to Japan; the same shall apply hereinafter), overseas Production Process Manager (specified by MAFF Ordinance as a producer or other entity who manages or controls a production process in an overseas country for the agricultural and forestry product to be exported to Japan; the same shall apply hereinafter), overseas Distribution Process Manager (specified by MAFF Ordinance as an exporter or other entity who manages or controls a distribution process in an overseas country for the agricultural and forestry product to be exported to Japan in an overseas country; the same shall apply hereinafter) or overseas Subdivider (one who subdivides consignments of agricultural and forestry products to be exported to Japan in an overseas country (including the one who subdivides the consignments and sells them by himself/herself), the same shall apply hereinafter) of the agricultural and forestry product pertaining to said application (hereinafter referred to as the 'Certified Business Operator').

刑事訴訟法（昭和二十三年法律第百三十一号）第六十四条、第七十三条第一項前段及び第三項、第七十四条並びに第七十六条第一項本文及び第二項の規定（勾引に関する部分に限る。）は、第二項又は第三項の引致状及びこれらの規定による保護観察対象者の引致について準用する。この場合において、同法第六十四条第一項中「罪名、公訴事実の要旨」とあり、同法第七十三条第三項中「公訴事実の要旨」とあり、及び同法第七十六条第一項本文中「公訴事実の要旨及び弁護人を選任することができる旨並びに貧困その他の事由により自ら弁護人を選任することができないときは弁護人の選任を請求することができる旨」とあるのは「引致の理由」と、同法第六十四条第一項中「裁判長又は受命裁判官」とあるのは「裁判官」と、同法第七十四条中「刑事施設」とあるのは「刑事施設又は少年鑑別所」と、同法第七十六条第二項中「合議体の構成員又は裁判所書記」とあるのは「地方更生保護委員会が引致した場合においては委員又は保護観察官、保護観察所の長が引致した場合においては保護観察官」と読み替えるものとする。
The provisions of Article 64, the first sentence of paragraph (1) and paragraph (3) of Article 73, Article 74, the main clause of paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) (which shall be limited to the part relating to subpoenas) of Article 76 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Act No. 131 of 1948) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the warrant of arrest under paragraph (2) or (3) and the apprehending of the probationers and parolees pursuant to the provisions of these paragraphs. In this case, the terms 'the crime, a summary of the charged facts' in paragraph (1) of Article 64 of said Code, 'a summary of the charged facts' in paragraph (3) of Article 73 of said Code, and 'a summary of the charged facts, that he/she has the right to appoint counsel, and that, when he/she is unable to appoint counsel him/herself because of indigence or other reasons, he/she is entitled to request the court to appoint counsel instead' in the main clause of paragraph (1) of Article 76 of said Code shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the reason for apprehending', the terms 'the presiding judge or the commissioned judge' in paragraph (1) of Article 64 of said Code shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the judge', the term 'penal institution' in Article 74 of said Code shall be deemed to be replaced with 'penal institution or juvenile classification home', the term 'a judge of a collegiate panel or a court clerk' in paragraph (2) of Article 76 of said Code shall be deemed to be replaced with 'a Board member or a probation officer if apprehended by the Regional Parole Board or a probation officer if apprehended by the director of the probation office'.

株式会社商品取引所の役員又は従業員が当該株式会社商品取引所の他の役員又は従業員と共同して当該株式会社商品取引所の株式の取得（一定の計画に従い、個別の投資判断に基づかず、継続的に行われ、各役員又は従業員の一回当たりの拠出金額が百万円に満たないものに限る。）をした場合（当該株式会社商品取引所が会社法第百五十六条第一項（同法第百六十五条第三項の規定により読み替えて適用する場合を含む。）の規定に基づき取得した株式以外の株式を取得したときは、金融商品取引業者（金融商品取引法（昭和二十三年法律第二十五号）第二条第九項に規定する金融商品取引業者（同法第二十八条第一項に規定する第一種金融商品取引業を行う者に限る。）をいう。次条及び別表第四において同じ。）に委託して行った場合に限る。）において当該取得をした株式会社商品取引所の株式を信託された者が取得し、又は所有する当該株式会社商品取引所の株式に係る議決権（法第八十六条第三項（第一号に係る部分に限る。）の規定により当該信託された者が自ら取得し、又は保有する議決権とみなされるものを除く。）
in the case where an officer or employee of an Incorporated Commodity Exchange has acquired the shares of said Incorporated Commodity Exchange (limited to those conducted according to a certain plan, without depending on an individual investment decision, on an on-going basis, for which each officer or employee contributes less than one million yen at a time) jointly with another officer or employee of said Incorporated Commodity Exchange (when said Incorporated Commodity Exchange has acquired the shares other than those acquired based on the provisions of Article 156, paragraph (1) of the Companies Act [including cases where it is applied by replacing the terms pursuant to the provisions of Article 165, paragraph (3) of the same Act], limited to the case where the acquisition was consigned to a Financial Instruments Business Operator [which means the Financial Instruments Business Operator prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (9) of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (Act No. 25 of 1948) (limited to one who is engaged in the Type I Financial Instruments Business prescribed in Article 28, paragraph (1) of the same Act); the same shall apply in the following Article and the Appended Table 4]), voting rights pertaining to the shares of said Incorporated Commodity Exchange acquired or held by a person who has deposited the shares of the Incorporated Commodity Exchange which conducted said acquisition (excluding those that are deemed to be the voting rights personally acquired or held by said person who has deposited the shares, pursuant to the provisions of Article 86, paragraph (3) [limited to the part pertaining to item (i)] of the Act);

法第七条、第八条、第三十八条、第三十九条、第四十六条、第四十七条、第五十六条及び第五十七条に規定する主務大臣の権限に属する事務並びにその事務に係る法第六条の二、第三十四条の二、第三十六条の二、第四十三条の二、第四十四条の二、第五十二条の二、第五十四条の二及び第六十六条第一項から第三項までに規定する主務大臣の権限に属する事務並びに訪問販売に係る取引、連鎖販売取引、特定継続的役務提供に係る取引及び業務提供誘引販売取引に関する法第六十条に規定する主務大臣の権限に属する事務で、当該都道府県の区域内における販売業者、役務提供事業者、統括者、勧誘者、一般連鎖販売業者又は業務提供誘引販売業を行う者の業務に係るものは、都道府県知事が行うこととする。ただし、二以上の都道府県の区域にわたり訪問販売に係る取引、連鎖販売取引、特定継続的役務提供に係る取引若しくは業務提供誘引販売取引の公正及び購入者等の利益が害されるおそれがあり、主務大臣がその事態に適正かつ効率的に対処するため特に必要があると認めるとき、又は都道府県知事から要請があつたときは、主務大臣が法第六条の二、第七条、第八条、第三十四条の二、第三十六条の二、第三十八条、第三十九条、第四十三条の二、第四十四条の二、第四十六条、第四十七条、第五十二条の二、第五十四条の二、第五十六条、第五十七条及び第六十六条第一項から第三項までに規定する主務大臣の権限に属する事務を自ら行うことを妨げない。
The prefectural governor shall process the affairs under the authority of the competent minister prescribed in Article 7, Article 8, Article 38, Article 39, Article 46, Article 47, Article 56, and Article 57 of the Act and the affairs under the authority of the competent minister prescribed in Article 6-2, Article 34-2, Article 36-2, Article 43-2, Article 44-2, Article 52-2, Article 54-2, and Article 66(1) to (3) of the Act pertaining to such affairs, and the affairs under the authority of the competent minister prescribed in Article 60 of the Act relating to transactions pertaining to Door-to-Door Sales, transactions pertaining to Multilevel Marketing Transactions, transactions pertaining to Specified Continuous Service Offers, and Business Opportunity Related Sales Transactions that are associated with the business of a seller, a Service Provider, a Supervisor, a solicitor, a general multilevel marketing distributor, or a person conducting Business Opportunity Related Sales within the area of the prefecture. However, where there is the risk of harming the fairness of the transactions pertaining to Door-to-Door Sales, transactions pertaining to Multilevel Marketing Transactions, transactions pertaining to Specified Continuous Service Offers, or Business Opportunity Related Sales Transactions and the interests of the purchaser, etc. in the areas of two or more prefectures, and the competent minister finds it specially necessary for appropriately and efficiently dealing with the situation, or upon the request of the prefectural governor, this shall not preclude the competent minister from processing the affairs under the authority of the competent minister prescribed in Article 6-2, Article 7, Article 8, Article 34-2, Article 36-2, Article 38, Article 39, Article 43-2, Article 44-2, Article 46, Article 47, Article 52-2, Article 54-2, Article 56, Article 57, and Article 66(1) to (3) of the Act.