自: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- いじめ自殺
- suicide caused by bullying or harassment
- bullying-related suicide
- 自然法の観念
- Conception of natural law
- またその自称。
- Also, it is how a retainer would call himself.
- 自業自得である。
- He got what he deserved.
- 自己免疫性内耳疾患
- autoimmune inner ear disease
- 自然法的理解の強調
- Emphasis on understanding of natural law
- Emphasized understanding based on natural law
- 朝鮮海航行の自由。
- To allow free navigation of the Sea of Korea.
- 山田寺で自殺する。
- He committed suicide at Yamada-dera Temple.
- 織田信長も自称した。
- Nobunaga ODA also proclaimed himself to be the title.
- 「万国公法」自体の変容
- Transformation of 'Bankoku Koho' itself
- 第二巻 論諸国自然之権
- Volume 2. 論諸国自然之権
- 近代地方自治のはじまり
- Beginning of Modern Local Autonomy
- 自衛隊の最高指揮監督権
- The right of supreme director of Japan Self-Defense Forces
- 三平自刃の原因となった。
- He caused Sanpei to commit suicide.
- (各国の自然権を論じる)
- (Natural rights of a nation are discussed.)
- 鎌倉幕府と自由任官の禁止
- Kamakura bakufu and the prohibition of direct appointments (Jiyuninkan)
- 米など穀類の輸出の自由。
- There was freedom of export of rice and grain.
- その後は自由移民となる。
- After this, an open immigration was in place.
- 松田正久(憲政党旧自由党系)
- Masahisa MATSUDA (the Constitutional Party, the former Liberal Party faction)
- 大石正巳(憲政党旧自由党系)
- Masami OISHI (the Constitutional Party, the former Liberal Party faction)
- 自由貿易について定めた条項。
- The provision regulated on free trade.
- 本文は伝わらないが、自叙が残る。
- The text was lost, but his autobiography remains.
- 東人らは一転して謀反を自白した。
- Azumahito and others changed their attitude and confessed about the rebellion.
- 小関三英は逮捕をまたず自殺した。
- Sanei KOSEKI committed suicide before being arrested.
- - 一般旅行者用の自炊宿泊施設。
- Accommodations with cooking facilities for civilian travelers.
- 昼三(文政年間末に自然消滅する)
- Chusan (prostitute who died a natural death at the end of Bunsei era (1818-1829.)
- 幕府派遣の討伐軍に攻められ自害。
- Ujinori committed suicide after having been attacked by a punitive force dispatched from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- この書も自然法的理解が濃厚である。
- The book is deeply affected by understanding based on natural law.
- と同時に自立的行動を取りはじめた。
- At the same time Mochiuji started acting independently.
- 2002年、販売が完全自由化された。
- In 2002, the sales was completely liberalized.
- 討ち入り後に父が恥じて自害している。
- After the raid his father committed suicide out of shame.
- 逓信大臣(衆議院・憲政党旧自由党系)
- Minister of Communications (the House of Representatives, the Constitutional Party, the former Liberal Party faction)
- 箱には鍵が掛けられ将軍自ら検分した。
- The box was locked and Shogun himself checked the letters inside.
- 渡辺崋山は逮捕、高野長英は自首した。
- Kazan WATANABE was arrested and Choei TAKANO surrendered himself to the police.
- 自由民権運動の端緒となった文書である。
- It was a written document which triggered the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Rights).
- (事件自体の経緯は元禄赤穂事件を参照)
- (Refer to Genroku Ako Incident for details of the incident itself.)
- 「自主の国」独立国という解釈であった。
- The interpretation was an 'autonomous country,' or independent country.
- 敬神党側の死者・自刃者は、計124名。
- The death and suicide toll on the side of the Keishin-to party was 124 in total.
- 義尚自らも出陣したが、膠着状態となった。
- Yoshihisa himself also went to the front, but the war bemace deadlocked.
- 伯爵板垣退助(土佐閥・憲政党旧自由党系)
- Taisuke ITAGAKI, a count (Tosa clique; the Constitutional Party, the former Liberal Party faction)
- 義綱は佐渡国へ流され、後に自害している。
- Yoshitsuna was deported to Sado Province and later killed himself.
- 11月29日、山城屋和助が陸軍省内で自殺。
- On November 29, Wasuke YAMASHIROYA committed suicide inside the building of the Ministry of Army.
- 府県会は自由民権運動の舞台の一つとなった。
- Fuken-kai became a stage for Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- 藩内に混乱が起こり信武は自殺(宇陀崩れ)。
- However, Nobutake committed suicide (Uda Disturbance) due to the disorders within the domain
- 仇討ちを強硬に主張し独自の行動をとっていた。
- He acted independently, strongly determined on revenge.
- 養老律令それ自体は、散逸しており現存しない。
- The Yoro Ritsuryo Code book itself does not exist, as it has been scattered and lost.
- ホイートンも自然法・実定法折衷の立場を取る。
- Wheaton also took an eclectic stance between natural law and positive law.
- 翌日には蘇我蝦夷が自らの邸宅に火を放ち自殺。
- The next day, SOGA no Emishi set fire to his house and killed himself.
- 高野自身も共働店を開設してその活動を支援した。
- Takano himself opened a synactic shop and supported the activity.
- これも刀によって違い、模様自体無いことも多い。
- It depends of the sword which type of tsuka-gashira it has, and there are many cases it has no pattern.
- そのため后妃のこと自体を後宮ということがある。
- Therefore, in some case, the Empress herself to be called Kokyu.
- 義周本人は自分は負傷して気絶したと証言している。
- Yoshimasa testified that he fainted after the injury.
- いわゆる関税自主権の喪失を決定づけた一文である。
- This sentence determined the loss of tariff autonomy.
- 河上ら13人の浪士は妙見山に戻って自刃して果てる。
- Kawakami and thirteen roshi returned to Mt. Myoken and committed suicide by the sword.
- 民撰議院設立自体を啓蒙の契機と見なす立場であった。
- He stood in the viewpoint that the establishment of democratic representatives should be taken as a chance of enlightenment.
- 伊藤に木戸との会談の斡旋を依頼、自ら大阪へ向かう。
- He asked Ito to set up a meeting with Kido and went to Osaka by himself.
- この政変が士族反乱や自由民権運動の発端ともなった。
- Also, this political changes caused the Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- (朴泳孝・徐載弼の家族は服毒自殺、処刑等にされる。)
- (The families of Yong-hyo PAK and Jae-pil SEO were forced to commit suicide by taking poison or were executed.)
- 息子が同志の金を盗んで逃亡したことを恥じて自刃した。
- He committed suicide being ashamed of his son who escaped after stealing his fellows' money.
- 満25歳に達した公爵・侯爵は、自動的に議員となった。
- When princes and marquis reached 25 years of age, they automatically became councilors.
- しかし、軽罪については各官司が独自に裁判権を持った。
- However, as for minor offences, each government official had jurisdiction independently.
- その内容が自然科学的な実用書であった事を突き止めた。
- He found that the document dealt with natural science for practical purpose.
- のち水野自身、自説をネオ狩猟騎馬民族説と呼んでいる。
- Later Mizuno himself called his as the theory of dynasty established by the neo-hunting horseback races.
- また私鉄として唯一自社工場で機関車23両を製造した。
- Also they made 23 locomotives in their manufacturing plant as a sole private railway.
- 直隷総督裕禄(ゆうろく)は敗戦の責を取って自殺した。
- Yuroku, who was the Governor General of Zhili, took responsibility for the lost battle and committed suicide.
- パウロ三木は死を目前にして群集に自分の信仰を語った。
- Paul MIKI told his own religious belief to the people when he was facing his own death.
- 民族浄化政策として自覚的に行われたと疑う論調もある。
- There is a tone that doubt the policy to be undertaken subjectively as an ethnic cleansing policy.
- だいたい10年ほど奉公し、年季を明ければ自由になる。
- Most of them went into service for about ten years, and when their terms were up, they were set free.
- - 地方自治法 第二編 普通地方公共団体143項など
- For example, The Local Autonomy Law II, Ordinary local public entities, Clause 143
- その際、日本は「朝鮮は自主の邦」という文言に固執した。
- On that occasion, Japan held by the expression, 'Korea was an independent country.'
- ただし、法令自体の作成は嘉永4年(1851年)である。
- It should be noted, however, that the law had already been drafted in 1851.
- 寄港地ちなった琉球は明に対して独自に朝貢を行っていた。
- Ryukyu was the port of call en route to Ming, but Ryukyu brought tributes to Ming of itself.
- 進撃に際して国分寿介・小倉壮九郎が剣に伏して自刃した。
- In starting the advancement, Jusuke KOKUBU and Sokuro OGURA killed themselves by falling on their swords.
- こうして国衙は自らの支配域を領域化することに成功した。
- Then, Kokuga succeeded to territorialized their own controlled territory.
- 指導者を失ったことで、他の者も退却し、多くが自刃した。
- Having lost their leaders, other members retreated and many of them committed suicide.
- □始元年陳是作鏡自有経述本自州師杜地命出寿如金石保子宜孫
- In 240, Ching has made this mirror. Here is my history. I used to live in Yangzhou of Wu in China as a mirror maker but now I am in exile living in the end of the land. May your life be long like a golden stone and may your flesh and blood be prosperous.'
- 将門は自らの正当性を国衙側に認めさせて豊田へ引き揚げた。
- Masakado ensured that the Kokuga (provincial government office) recognized his victory and went back to Toyoda.
- 午前8時ごろ、大久保は麹町区三年町裏霞が関の自邸を出発。
- Around 8:00 a.m., Okubo left his residence of Urakasumigaseki, Sannen-Cho, Kojimachi Ward.
- 直江兼続は長谷堂城の囲いを解き、自領へ撤退したのである。
- Kanetsugu NAOE lifted the siege of the Hasedo-jo Castle and returned to his domain.
- 広開土王碑には「永楽」という独自の年号が記載されている。
- The name of an era 'Eiraku' unique to Korea was inscribed on Gwanggaeto Stele.
- それは同時に天や河に対する独自の信仰形式を内包していた。
- At the same time, this view also involved its unique religious belief toward the sky and rivers.
- これを嘆いた景文は、独自に地下諸家の系譜調査を開始する。
- Bemoaning this fact, Kagefumi started an independent survey of the various Jige-ke families' lineages.
- 渡来系豪族が自らの出自を改変するのは8世紀以降であること
- Influential migrant clans in ancient Japan only began voluntarily changing their places of origin from the eighth century.
- そのため、民は自らを守るためゲリラ戦の技を磨いていった。
- For the reason, people began to brush up technique for guerrilla warfare for self-defense.
- 富本銭だけが厭勝銭であると主張するのは不自然であること。
- It is unnatural to insist that only Fuhonsen coin was the incantation coin.
- 第二次世界大戦下の1943年の改正では自治権が縮小された。
- The revision of 1943 during the Second World War reduced the autonomy.
- 阮朝の時代には自称国号も「大南」となり「越」字が消滅する。
- During the Nguyễn Dynasty, the country was renamed 'Đại Nam (大南)' and the letter of etsu (越) was deleted from its official name.
- 小御所に火がかけられ、比企一族は一幡を囲んで尽く自刃した。
- The Kogosho palace was set on fire and all members of the Hiki family killed themselves together with Ichiman.
- 取り調べで特に拷問や自白の強要が行われたという記録はない。
- There is no record of torture or forced confession during the examination.
- その際、自軍に対し「三日分の腰兵糧でよい」と命じたという。
- On that occasion he is said to have told his army to carry three-day army provisions.
- 議会終了後に議会運営に自信がないとして山縣は辞表を提出した。
- After the Diet was over, YAMAGATA submitted a letter of resignation because he had no confidence in Diet management.
- 討ち入り後に赤穂浪士たちが自首し、浪士たちの処分にあたった。
- He took charge of punishing Ako roshi who surrendered after the raid.
- 筆子塚(ふでこづか)の費用は、教え子が自分たちで出し合った。
- The cost of Fudekozuka was shared by the students
- 1930年代以降、日本における「自存自衛」理念と結びついた。
- After the 1930s it was associated with an idea of 'Self-sufficiency and Self-defence' in Japan.
- 第一章 論其自護・自主之権(国家の自衛・自主の権利を論ずる)
- Chapter 1. 論其自護・自主之権 (Rights of self-defense and autonomy are discussed.)
- グロチウスは自然法思想に重きを置いて国際法の基礎を構築した。
- Grotius build a foundation of international law putting emphasis on the idea of natural law.
- 小説などの中では、しばしば文書の来歴自体を偽るケースがある。
- In novels, origins of the documents are often falsified.
- 2月21日に日米新通商航海条約を調印、日本の関税自主権回復。
- The new Japan-US Commerce and Navigation Treaty was signed on February 21 for Japan to regain tariff autonomy.
- 以後、日本列島の中心的な政治勢力が倭を自称することは絶えた。
- After that, the main political powers in Japan stopped calling themselves Wa.
- 山城屋は公金返済が不可能であったため、陸軍省内部で割腹自殺。
- Since YAMASHIROYA was unable to repay the public money, he committed suicide through disembowelment inside the building of the Ministry of Army.
- 太夫 (遊郭)(最上位の女郎、宝暦年間の頃には自然消滅する)
- Tayu (yukaku) (The highest ranking prostitute died a natural death during the Horeki era (1753-1764).)
- ほかにも個別法令により独自の手続が定められていることも多い。
- In others cases, procedures of independent cases are often determined by individual laws and ordinances.
- 改革派は世直しをするものとして、自らを天狗と称したという説。
- The other theory says that reformers called themselves as Tengu because they were setting the world aright.
- また日本も善意か悪意かは別として干渉であることを自覚していた。
- And, aside from whether it was out of good will or not, Japan was aware that it was an interference.
- また、内務大臣、府県知事などの監督権が強く、自治権は弱かった。
- In addition, the Minister of Home Affairs and prefectural governors had the strong right to supervise, while autonomy was not sufficiently granted.
- 明六社自体は、明六会と名を変え、親睦会的な内輪の会合となった。
- Meirokusha itself changed the name to Meirokukai, which was an inner assembly as a get-together.
- 近世的文人の祖とされる白居易がはっきり中隠を自覚して実践した。
- BAI Juyi, who was regarded as the patriarch of Bujin in recent times, was clearly aware that he was leading Chuin lifestyle.
- 返々、自之人衆不遣前ニ、聊爾之扱無用候、尚一平可申遣候、以上。
- Again, do not take hasty action before sending my troops, and (尚一平可申遣候).
- 本書は、以下の様に、神道の神に対しても独自の解釈を行っている。
- Yamato Katsuragi Hozan-ki interprets gods of Shinto religion uniquely as follows.
- 第九款 通商については、各々の人民に任せ、自由貿易を行うこと。
- Provision 9 - free trade should be allowed, and left to the people of both countries.
- 一度は信長自身も負傷する大敗を喫したことがあった(石山合戦)。
- Nobunaga himself was once wounded while being badly defeated (Ishiyama War).
- その後、国会期成同盟第三回大会で自由党 (日本)が結成された。
- Soon afterwards, the Jiyuto (Liberal Party of Japan) was established at the third national conference of the Kokkai Kisei Domei.
- 例えば朱子学は、人間は自分の所属する共同体へ義務を負うとした。
- For example, human beings are responsible to the communities to which each person belongs in Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism).
- 日本刀独自の反りは少なく、「直刀」に分類される刀身形状である。
- It has only slight warpage unique to Japanese swords and the body of the blade is classified into 'Straight sword.'
- また異民族自体が周に封建され、諸侯として大国化する例も見られた。
- Also, some different ethnic groups were incorporated into Zhou and became major provinces.
- 村の戸長は勝手に村人の質地を自分の名義に変えてしまい裁判となる。
- The officer who was in charge of administrative affairs of this village arbitrarily transferred villagers' pawned lands into his possession, and was sued.
- ただ完全に自然法的側面を放棄することはなかった(松隈1992)。
- However, he never abandoned natural law totally (Matsukuma 1992).
- 移住を拒否し、破壊された谷中村の自宅跡に住み続けた元村民もいる。
- Some villagers refused to move out, and after the destruction of Yanaka Village, they stayed in the remains of their houses.
- 決して近代的な国際関係の中に自国が置かれたとは考えていなかった。
- Korea certainly did not think they were involved in modern international relations.
- これは当時日本自身が欧米列強から強く要求されていたものであった。
- This was exactly the same as the strong request from the western powers imposed on Japan in those days.
- むしろ、放任から干渉に転換して住民自治を削る試みの一環であった。
- Rather, it was a part of an attempt to change from noninterference to interference and to reduce resident autonomy.
- これらの屯倉は大王 (ヤマト王権)自らの力で開発され経営された。
- These miyakes were developed and run by the great king of the Yamato Sovereignty.
- これを機に朝鮮では旧来の零細自作農民が小作農と化し大量に離村した。
- This triggered the transformation of small-hold land-owning farmers into tenant farmers and their massive departure from their villages.
- 初期のころは、藩自身が藩札会所などを設けて藩札の発行を行っていた。
- Early on, domains themselves established hansatsu-kaisho (exchanger of han bills) to issue han bills.
- 義満は北山山荘に明使を鄭重に迎え、自ら拝跪して詔書を受けたという。
- It was said that Yoshimitsu courteously met the Ming envoy at Kitayama villa, and received the letter on bended knee.
- 義盟に加わるが、家族から再仕官を勧められ、板ばさみになり自害した。
- Although he joined the group, his family insisted he return to his position as officer, so he was caught in a dilemma which drove him to suicide.
- 自由党系が求めていた星亨の外相任命を大隈が拒んで自ら兼務を続けた。
- The Liberal Party side requested Toru HOSHI to be appointed as the Foreign Minister, but OKUMA refused it and doubled as Foreign Minister.
- 以降は江戸へ戻って三人だけで独自に吉良上野介の首を狙うようになる。
- After that, he returned to Edo and began looking for the chance to kill Kira Kozuke no Suke with three of them.
- 自由貿易の流れを汲むものとアジア主義の流れを汲むものに大別される。
- It was roughly divided into two: one branch deriving from free trade and the other from Asianism.
- と自身の無常観にからめて赤舌日を忌む当時の風習を批判したのである。
- He criticized the then customs to avoid Shakuzetsu-nichi Day in relation to his own view of life as something transient and empty.
- そうしたことは自然の情及び武士の倫理として、早くから行われていた。
- From earlier stage, such suicide was performed as the act of showing natural feelings to his master and as the code of samurai.
- 他の者も多くは自首したり捕縛された後に殺害されたり、獄死している。
- Many other people surrendered, were captured and murdered, or later died in prison.
- また自ら皇帝を称するなど台湾王朝の建国を目指したものが6件あった。
- Six uprisings aimed at establishing a Taiwan dynasty with the conspirators calling themselves emperors.
- 藩札(はんさつ)は、江戸時代に各藩が独自に領内に発行した紙幣である。
- A han bill was paper currency issued by each domain for use within their respective territories.
- 大同団結運動と並んで自由民権運動の最後を飾る運動として知られている。
- It is known as the last campaign of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement as well as the campaign to unite for a common purpose.
- 植木は明六社の演説会と『明六雑誌』に触れて自由民権に目覚めていった。
- Ueki was awakened to the Freedom and People's Rights through Meirokusha's speech meetings and 'Meiroku Zasshi.'
- 百済・新羅もそれぞれ独自の「天下」概念を有していたと考えられている。
- It is thought that Baekje and Silla also had their own notion of 'Tenka.'
- 殉死者が自殺する場合と、体制側が強制的に殉死者を選別する場合がある。
- There are two cases of junshi: in one case, a person voluntarily kills himself or herself and in the other case, a regime selects a person to perform junshi compulsorily.
- 第一款 朝鮮は自主の国であり、日本と平等の権利を有する国家と認める。
- Provision 1 - Korea is an independent country, so it is admitted that Korea is a nation that has equal rights with Japan.
- 冊封体制下では「属国」でありながら、「自主」であることは矛盾しない。
- Under the tributary system, being an 'independent' state as well as an 'autonomous state' did not contradict each other.
- もっとも、府県会設置は、地方自治と議会制に向けた実質的前進であった。
- Setting up prefectural assemblies was substantial progress towards local autonomy and the parliamentary system.
- 自衛隊の階級呼称に四等官の名称の名残を感じさせるのは以上の経緯による。
- That's why the title of Self Defense Force officials remind us of Shitokan.
- ただし、藩によってはこのまま独自の運上金として継続するところもあった。
- Some domains, however, continued to impose business taxes on their own.
- そのうえ、定頼の死去を見て服属下にあった浅井氏が自立傾向を見せ始める。
- Besides, Azai clan under domination by Rokkaku clan started to show signs of independence at the opportunity of the death of Sadayori.
- しかし、商業の活発化は、自ずと市場で共通する升を生み出すこととなった。
- But nevertheless, the energetic commerce naturally demanded the masu that could be commonly used in market.
- 官位制自体は、形骸化されつつも明治時代に律令法が廃止されるまで続いた。
- Although losing its significance, the Ikai court rank system itself lasted until Ritsuryo law was abolished in the Meiji Period.
- 仲麻呂はこの事件により、自分に不満を持つ政敵を一掃することに成功した。
- Nakamaro succeeded to clean away all political enemies who held dissatisfaction towards him as a result of this event.
- 自由独立な権利の主体という概念がそれまでの日本には無かったためである。
- This was because there had not been an idea of being an subject holding a free and independent right in Japan until then.
- しかし、硬い印材しか知られていなかったため自分で刻むことは難しかった。
- However, since only a hard material of seal was known, it was difficult for Bunjin to engrave one by himself.
- 殿様趣味の枠を超えて、自ら蘭学研究を行ったり、学問の奨励するなどした。
- Their interest transcended lordly outside interests, including their personal engagement in Western studies, promotion of learning, and so on.
- が、警備は十分ではないため暴徒の襲撃を受けた日本公使館は自ら応戦した。
- However, as the protection was insufficient, the members of the Japanese legation fought back against the attack of the mob on their own.
- このほか、毛里田村鉱毒根絶期成同盟会などが独自に測定した値などがある。
- In addition, there remain other records measured by Morita-mura mining pollution eradication association.
- 警察予備隊は、保安隊を経て、1954年(昭和29年)に自衛隊となった。
- The Japan Self-Defense Forces grew out of the National Police Reserve in 1954 after it was reorganized as a Peace Preservation Corps.
- これにより明治時代において、全国統一の本格的な地方自治制度が確立した。
- A nationally-standardized local autonomy system was established during the Meiji period through these laws.
- この火災の原因は今もって不明(ただし、官軍による自焼説が有力)である。
- The cause of the fire is still unknown (as a persuasive opinion, it is said that the government army set fire to itself.)
- 言論や結社の自由はやや緩和され、韓国語の新聞・雑誌の発行が認められた。
- The freedom of speech and association was somewhat relaxed, and publication of Korean newspapers and magazines was allowed.
- 呼出し(宝暦以降では最上位の女郎であったが、文政年間末に自然消滅する)
- Yobidashi (during the Horeki era, they were the highest ranking prostitute, but died a natural death at the end of Bunsei era (1818-1829).)
- また、短期間での帰還理由についても、自主的撤退とする説が出されている。
- There is also a theory that they voluntarily withdrew after a short period.
- 現在の日本で統帥権に相当するものとしては自衛隊の最高指揮監督権がある。
- The right of supreme director of Japan Self-Defense Forces is equivalent for supreme command in current Japan.
- これによる稲田側の被害は、自決2人、即死15人、重傷6人、軽傷14人。
- Inada's damage caused by this incident was 2 suicides, 15 instant deaths, 6 serious injuries and 14 minor injuries.
- これにより朝鮮の自国領土への編入を望む日本政府と、日本世論とは合致した。
- With this, the Japanese government wanting to incorporate Korea into its territory, and the Japanese public opinion came to be in agreement.
- 一方で朱子学は自国を「小中華」「小華」などと認識する小中華思想を生んだ。
- Neo-Confucianism created the sho-chuka shiso (literally, mini-Sinocentrism) under which Korea was understood as 'sho-chuka' (mini-China) or 'sho-ka' (mini-China).
- 松平信明が死去すると将軍家斉(のち隠居して大御所)が自ら政権の表に立つ。
- After Nobuaki MATSUDAIRA died, Ienari himself came to the center stage of the administration as a shogun (and later, as an 'ogosho').
- 『明六雑誌』が発行されていた時期は、ちょうど自由民権運動の初期と重なる。
- The period when 'Meiroku Zasshi' was published overlapped the first stage of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
- 中には「所々ニ於ケル自己ノ弾薬ノ破裂ハ、遂ニ抵抗シ得サルニ至ラシメタリ。
- There were some who 'accidentally exploded their own bombs, and because of this, the Qing dynasty army could not resist the allied army.
- これは北京人文科学研究所・上海自然科学研究所・東方文化学院の設立を指す。
- This applied to the establishment of Beijing Institute for the study of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shanghai Natural Science Laboratories, and Academy of Oriental Culture.
- 朝鮮を「自主の国」とわざわざ言明している点は、この条約の特殊な点である。
- Describing Korea as 'an independent country' was a unique point of this treaty.
- これと並行して、日本列島の政治勢力も対外的に倭国と自称するようになった。
- At the same time, the political forces in the Japanese Islands used the name of Wakoku to designate their country to foreign countries.
- 異民族王朝の場合、独自の民族語が頻出するのでその解説(『遼史』『金史』)
- The exposition of each languages in the case of the dynasties with different races ('Ryoshi,''Kinshi')
- この間、自由党は解党し、同年末には改進党も大隈らが脱党し事実上分解した。
- During this period, the Liberal Party was dissolved and Okuma also left the Constitutional Reform Party in the same year, which led to the virtual dissolution of the party.
- また、宅地と園地も班給の対象とされたが、収公はされず、自由に売買できた。
- Residential land and parks were also allotted but not confiscated, and selling and buying at the owner's discretion were permitted.
- そして遂には頼家も廃して弟の源実朝を新将軍として擁立し、自らは執権となる。
- And, eventually, he uncrowned Yoriie, backed up his younger brother, MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, as a new shogun, and assumed the post of regent.
- 課税基準は造石高あるいは酒株自体に課するものなど時期によって変動があった。
- Basis for taxation varied at different periods, such as sake brewing kokudaka and sakekabu itself.
- 平安時代以降には日本独自の形態として発展し、この建築様式を和様建築と呼ぶ。
- During and after the Heian period, a unique Japanese style of architecture developed called Wayo Kenchiku (Japanese-style architecture).
- 地方民会や三新法など地方自治に関係のある、地方行政を巡る諸問題を審議した。
- They discussed about various matters of district administration related to the local assembly and three local new laws.
- 高句麗は自国を中華とし、周辺諸民族を夷狄視する小中華的天下観を持っていた。
- Goguryeo deemed itself as chuka (China) and held a view of Tenka akin to mini-Sinocentrism, in which it regarded surrounding other ethnic groups as barbarians.
- また自由民権運動の士小室信夫・古沢滋らに依頼して、東京にいた板垣も招いた。
- Also he asked Nobuo KOMURO and Shigeru FURUSAWA, democratic activists, to invite Itagaki from Tokyo.
- 罪自体の軽重とは別に一切の社会的特権を剥奪され、恩赦の対象からも外された。
- Apart from the gravity of a crime, all social privileges were deprived and also no amnesty was granted.
- 百済の名門氏族である木満致が、自らの姓を捨て蘇我氏を名乗ったことの不自然さ
- It is unlikely that Machi MOKU, a member of a well regarded clan in Baekje, would forsake his family name and introduce himself as Soga clan.
- しかしながら、雨が降り進退の自由を失い、あと一歩のところで兵を引き揚げた。
- However, becoming unable to move freely due to the rain that started falling, the Satsuma army withdrew although it was almost win.
- 今まで自由に作れた陵墓を身分に合わせて作ることの出来る陵墓を規定し直した。
- The imperial mausoleum which could be prepared was redefined according to the position, even though the mausoleums could be built freely until then.
- 水戸藩出身の一橋慶喜は事態の収拾を図るため自ら天狗党追討を朝廷に願い出た。
- Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI from the Mito Domain tried to end the affairs and offered the Imperial Court that he himself would track down and kill Tenguto.
- しかし事件から2週間後、金剛山中で二人の自殺死体が発見され、事件は解決した。
- Two weeks after the incident, however, the case came to an end as they committed suicide and their corpses were found in Mt. Kongo.
- また、牛革草自体はリューマチ、止血、鎮痛に効果のあるれっきとした薬草である。
- Gyukakuso itself is a herbal medicine that works for rheumatism, hemostatic, and pain relief.
- 官位制は、中国から他の政治行政制度と共に継受され、日本で独自の発展を遂げた。
- The Kani official rank system first came from China along with other political administrative systems, but was developed in its own way in Japan.
- 中国は自らが東アジアの中心となり近隣諸国・地域との冊封体制を構築していった。
- In China, civilization occurred during earlier times and as the center of East Asia, China built a tributary system with neighboring countries and areas.
- 兵士の食糧と武器は自弁で、平時には交替で軍団に上番し、訓練や警備にあたった。
- Soldiers had to provide themselves with food and weapons, and in normal times, they were alternatively on duty and in charge of training and guard.
- 現在は各地方の法務局に厳重に保管されており、戸籍簿自体の閲覧は不可能である。
- It is severely kept by the Legislative Bureau in various places at present, and it is impossible to read the family record itself.
- 中級層以下の藩士は、自ら家族と共にこれに当たり、半ば農民化していたのである。
- Consequently, the middle or lower class feudal domain retainers were engaged in farming together with their family members, making them virtually farmers.
- 信雄は、上野の領地を四男の織田信良に与え、自身は大和2万8000石を領した。
- After Nobukatsu gave his territory in Kozuke Province to his forth son Nobuyoshi ODA, he began to rule Yamato Province which produced 28,000 koku.
- 将軍吉宗自ら主導した改革を「享保の改革」と呼ぶ(1716年 - 1745年)。
- The reforms led by Shogun Yoshimune himself is called Kyoho Reforms (from A.D. 1716 to 1745).
- 徳川家康は江戸時代を通じて神君とされていたため、その出自を疑う者はいなかった。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was considered the God King in the Edo Period and no one has doubted his origin.
- 開国の翌年に、海陽の官僚が『万国公法』を復刻しようとした動機は、自明であろう。
- The reason why the officials in Hai Duong planned reprint of 'Bankoku Koho' the year after the implementation of the policy of opening country was obvious.
- この問題は、学問の自由(特に歴史学)と国体とのかかわり方について一石を投じた。
- This incident raised a question on the relationship between the academic (especially, historical) freedom and the nation's political system.
- 以後自由民権運動における政府批判と議会設置を求めるスローガンとして用いられた。
- Later the term was used as a slogan for criticizing the government and requesting the establishment of a parliament in the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Rights).
- 主君が病死等自然死の場合に、追い腹を切る習慣は、戦国時代_(日本)になかった。
- In the Sengoku period (the Warring States period [in Japan]), there was not a custom to commit the oibara (hara-kiri to follow the deceased master) when a master died of natural causes such as die of disease.
- 人間は自ら倫理を担うものであり、社会は倫理に基づいて人間が実践をする場である。
- He thought that people were responsible for their ethics and society was a place for people to practice their ethics.
- 「そのため、1579年の信康自害に誰よりも悲しんだのは、この数正のはずである。」
- Therefore, Kazumasa ISHIKAWA should have been affected by the suicide of Nobuyasu more than anyone else.'
- 義家の立場は苦しいものとなり、義家自らが子の義親追討に当たらねばならなくなった。
- This incident put Yoshiie in a very difficult position and he was forced to confront the task of tracking down his son Yoshichika and kill him.
- ナイフ形石器は、日本列島で独自に発達したものであって、アジア大陸ではみられない。
- Stone tools resembling a knife were developed uniquely in the Japanese Islands and have not been found in the Asian Continent.
- 元末に王冕が印刻に適した柔らかい石材(青田石)を発見し自身で篆刻するようになる。
- After a soft stone (qingtian stone) which was suitable for seal-engraving was discovered by WANG Mian in the end of the Yuan period, Bunjin began to engrave a seal by themselves.
- マーティン自身は長年中国に留まっていたため、漢語の読み書きにも不自由はなかった。
- As Martin had lived in China for many years, he had no difficulty in reading and writing Chinese language.
- 特徴としては、この書が自然法及び実定法双方に立脚して書かれているという点がある。
- One of characteristics of this book is that it was written based on both of natural law and positive law.
- 制度自体は古くから存在し、室町時代には戦国大名北条氏康がこの制度を実施していた。
- The system itself existed for a long period of time, and in the Muromachi period, Ujiyasu HOJO, a daimyo in the Sengoku period, implemented this system.
- これによって急激に支持を広げて自由党に対しては劣勢であった党勢を回復するに至る。
- By this, it suddenly gained a wide range of supports and bolstered the party's strength, which had been behind the Liberal party.
- 紀元前後頃から7世紀末頃にかけて、日本列島の政治勢力も倭もしくは倭国と自称した。
- From around the beginning of the first century to the end of the seventh century, political powers in the Japanese Archipelago called themselves Wa or Wakoku.
- 文永の役以前の使者の行動はかなり自由で、道中では色々な情報を集めることができた。
- Before Bunei no Eki, envoys were rather free and could gather various information during their trips.
- 「自宅」と宣言するために一夜を明かすのに貴族が使ったのは、一般に寺院が多かった。
- The places which nobles at that time usually used to declare as 'their home' were temples.
- さらに義仲を見限って宇治川の戦いでは再び鎌倉方に属すなど独自の行動を取っている。
- Furthermore, Yoshisada turned his back on Yoshinaka but belonged to the Kamakura (Minamoto) side during the Battle of Ujigawa, so Yoshisada took the independent action.
- またそもそも逆落し自体が『平家物語』が創作した虚構であるという見方も有力である。
- Furthermore, there is a leading opinion that 'Heike Monogatari' created the story of 'sakaotoshi' in the first place.
- 三田藩では領内のみならず、領外の多くの有力商人・農民をも自藩札の引請人としていた。
- Influential merchants and peasants both inside and outside of Sanda Domain guaranteed these han bills.
- 天正10年6月、本能寺の変が起こり、信長が横死することで、同盟関係は自然消滅した。
- When Honnoji Incident occurred and Nobunaga died a violent death in June, 1582, the alliance naturally ended.
- 従来「北海道地方費」と呼ばれていた北海道における自治体は「道」と呼ぶものとされた。
- The autonomous body in Hokkaido originally called as 'Hokkaido chihohi' was decided to be called as 'Do'.
- 各藩にも、同様に自藩管轄の武士を裁く組織が存在し評定所又は御用屋敷と呼ばれていた。
- Each domain had an institution referred to as 'Hyojosho' or 'Goyoyashiki' (a residence for official business) to judge samurai who were under the control of its domain.
- 生活指導や職業訓練を施して自立を支援し、再犯を防ぐためのプログラムが行われていた。
- Programs were conducted for supporting independence and preventing recidivism by providing lifestyle guidance and professional training.
- これは吉良出身の作家の尾崎士郎が自らの随筆『吉良の塩』の中で唱えていたものである。
- It was discussed in the book 'Kira no Shio' (Kira's Salt) written by an author named Shiro OZAKI who was from Kira.
- 最も注目すべき特徴は、この翻訳が原著よりも一層自然法的性格を強めていることにある。
- Most important feature to be noted is that this translation had strengthened nature of natural law compared to the original text.
- 特に北方の異民族王朝によるものは官印の制度自体に慣れていないためか粗雑な印が多い。
- Especially, many of those made by the dynasties of northern ethnic groups were rough as they were not used to the kanin system itself.
- 横山氏(猪俣氏)の一族で、新田氏と自称した由良氏(横瀬氏)も小野を本姓としている。
- Yura clan (Yokose clan), a family member of Yokoyama clan (Inomata clan) and who called themselves Nitta clan, also said that Ono was their real name.
- これは『明六雑誌』が、地方人士の自由民権運動に参加するきっかけとなった一例である。
- This was an example that 'Meiroku Zasshi' promoted local jinshi to join the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
- また、太上天皇や女院、中宮や東宮もそれぞれの御所においても独自の昇殿を行っていた。
- Daijo Tenno (retired emperors), nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), chugu (empresses) and togu (crown prince) also had their own shoden system in their imperial palaces.
- 儒教思想は実践的であることから学問を行えば自ずと徳が磨かれるものと見なされていた。
- Since the Confucian thought put a high value on practicality, it was regarded that leaning naturally promotes learners' virtue.
- 家臣団筆頭である守護代を独自に決定することさえ三好長慶の干渉を受けることがあった。
- Miyoshi Nagayoshi even affected the choice of shugodai (deputy military governor) which was the head of the vassals.
- 飲料水の欠乏により淡水補給のため、自らボートに乗りこみ水を求めに陸に向かっていた。
- To supply fresh water against shortage of drinkable water, Inoue himself boarded a small boat from the Japanese warship Unyo and was approaching the land.
- 満祐ら赤松一族はすぐに幕府軍の追手が来ると予想して屋敷で潔く自害するつもりでいた。
- Mitsusuke and people in the Akamatsu clan expected that pursuers of the shogun would come to attack them immediately and they were determined to commit suicide in the residence.
- 中大兄皇子は子麻呂らが入鹿の威を恐れて進み出られないのだと判断し、自らおどり出た。
- Prince Naka no Oe jumped out thinking Komaro was too frightened of Iruka to carry out the plan.
- そして、性行為自体の技を遊芸の域に高め、その専門家集団としての遊女が確立していく。
- Then they heightened a sexual act itself to the art of amusement, and yujo, as a professional group of prostitutes, was established.
- 出先から出先への移動よりも、自宅が絡む場合はより念入りに方違えをする必要があった。
- The practice of Katatagae for the case of travelling to or from one's home should be done more strictly than that of travelling to or from other places.
- 天狗党一行は徳川慶篤と徳川慶喜が自分たちの声を聞き届けてくれるものと期待していた。
- Tenguto had believed that Yoshiatsu TOKUGAWA and Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA would listen to them and tell their vision to the Imperial Court.
- 神戸居留地では外国人の自治組織である居留地会議が良く機能し、独自の警察隊もあった。
- The foreigners' self-governing organization in Kobe settlement, called the Kyoryuchi kaigi (Settlement Council), functioned very well, and it possessed its own dedicated police force.
- また現代でも一般社員(ヒラ社員)が自嘲的に「まだ丁稚です」と比喩的に使う事もある。
- Even now, rank-and-file employees occasionally speak metaphorically, 'I am still a decchi' in self-deprecation.
- 藩札発行の目的は、自領内の貨幣の不足を補い、通貨量の調整機能を担わせることであった。
- The purposes of issuing han bills were to supplement coins in times of shortages and to adjust the amount of coins in circulation within territories.
- 山崎闇斎の影響を受けた泰福は陰陽道に垂加神道を取り入れて独自の神道理論を打ち立てた。
- Yasutomi, who was influenced by Ansai YAMAZAKI, incorporated Suika Shinto (Shinto thoughts advocated by Ansai YAMAZAKI) into Onmyodo, and established the original Shinto theory.
- しかも配分に当たって大石自らは分配金受け取りを辞退したので、藩士たちの支持を集めた。
- Moreover, Oishi gained their support since he declined to receive a dividend.
- が、しかしその中心に位置する清朝自体が近代国際法に対応した動きをし始めるようになる。
- However, the Qing dynasty, the center of the structure started acting to abide by international law.
- 各地の知識人層を、自由民権問題を通じて結びつかせ、同じ問題意識を共有させたといえる。
- It can be said that it made intellectuals in various places tied through the issue of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and conscious of the same problem in common.
- そういう森の眼には、日本における畜妾制・妻妾同居は不自然極まりないものとして映じた。
- In such Mori's eyes, a concubinage system of Japan in which a wife and a mistress happened to live together in the same house was very strange.
- 極めて高度な科学技術や独自の哲学体系を持っていたことがカタカムナ文献から推測される。
- According to the Katakamuna documents, it is assumed that the civilization had highly sophisticated technology and an original system of philosophy.
- 翌日、脱出した千姫による助命嘆願も無視され、秀頼は淀殿らとともに籾蔵の中で自害した。
- The next day the plea of Senhime, who escaped from the castle, to spare the life of Hideyori being ignored, Hideyori committed suicide with Yodo-dono in an unhulled rice barn.
- 唐がこの掃討を行っている隙に、新羅自身も670年に旧百済領に侵攻し、唐軍を駆逐した。
- While the Tang forces were trying to quell the uprising, the Silla forces invaded the former Kudara territories in 670 and drove the Tang forces out.
- 入鹿が山背大兄王一族を滅ぼした暴挙を聞いた蝦夷は「自分の身を危うくするぞ」と嘆いた。
- When Emishi heard about Iruka's outrage against Prince Yamashiro no Oe and his family, he responded by saying 'you put yourself in danger.'
- 翌6月13日、蝦夷は舘に火を放ち『天皇記』、『国記』、その他の珍宝を焼いて自殺した。
- The next day, on June 13, Iruka set his house on fire to commit suicide, burning down rare items like 'Tennoki' (Record of the Emperors) and 'Kokki' (National Record).
- 已む無く水戸の激派が独自に大老襲撃を断行することとし、薩摩からは有村が一人加勢した。
- Radical retainers of Mito themselves, with the help of one man from Satsuma, ARIMURA, attacked the Tairo.
- 山背大兄王は斑鳩寺に戻り、王子とともに自殺して聖徳太子の血をひく上宮王家は滅亡した。
- After returning to Ikaruga-dera Temple, Prince Yamashiro no Oe committed suicide with his children which led to the fall of Jogu Oke by leaving no descendants of Prince Shotoku.
- また、出生地主義国のアメリカで生まれた子は自動的にアメリカ国籍になった子供達も指す。
- Also it refers to the children who automatically became U.S. citizens because they were born in the U.S., which has adopted the principle of birthright citizenship.
- その後、治承・寿永の乱で伊勢平氏方についた伊東氏は没落し、祐親は捕らえられ自害した。
- Later, the Ito clan - who supported the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) during the Jisho-Juei War - collapsed, and Sukechika was captured and killed himself.
- だが、超然主義者の前首相山縣有朋を始め、松方自身が率いる薩摩藩藩閥からも反対論が出た。
- However, there was opposing argument from the previous prime minister, Aritomo YAMAGATA holding on to the doctrine of superiority as well as Satsuma Domain clique led by MATSUKATA himself.
- 尺の長さ自体が時代によって異なるので畝の面積も異なるが、おおむね6アール程度であった。
- Although the square measure of 1 se varied according as the length of 1 shaku itself varied from time to time, 1 se was roughly equal to 6 ares.
- このことを利用して東南アジアを自己の勢力を組み込めば危機的状況から脱出できると考えた。
- Taking advantage of this situation, Japan believed that it could get out of the critical situation if she could make Southeast Asia a part of the country
- またその流行により、自分で印を作ろうと考える者も出始め、やがて篆刻へとつながって行く。
- Moreover, as part of that trend, some people started thinking of making seals by themselves, and before long their idea led to tenkoku (seal-engraving).
- 中唐の詩人 白居易は最初の自覚的文人とされ、北宋の蘇軾や南宋の陸游などがこれに続いた。
- Juyi BAI, a poet in the third period of Chinese literature in the Tang period, who was regarded as the first self-aware Bunjin, and SU Shi in the Northern Sung Dynasty, RIKU yu in the Southern Sung Dynasty and others followed him.
- また正宗自身も故人となった現在では、正宗版より正確な地下家伝の出版はまず期待できない。
- Besides, now that Masamune himself has already passed away, another edition of the Jige Kaden more accurate than Masamune's edition is unlikely to be published.
- 両組合は、賠償請求額を算出するためにそれぞれ独自にたびたび足尾の現地視察などを行った。
- Those two unions often carried out on-the-spot investigation in Ashio to calculate the compensation.
- 数ヶ月後に結ばれた条規附録や貿易規則で定められた関税自主権などもスムーズに承認された。
- Tariff autonomy, which was prescribed in the affiliated provision and trading rules concluded several months later, was also approved smoothly.
- 関税自主権に関わる重要な取り決めが含まれていたが、大きな衝突もなく、短期間で妥結した。
- It included an important agreement related to tariff autonomy, but the negotiation was settled in a short period without serious conflict.
- 脱出した教康は義父の北畠顕雅を頼るが拒まれて自害し、満祐が擁立した義尊も討たれている。
- Noriyasu who escaped from the castle asked Akimasa KITABATAKE, his father in law, for help but was rejected and committed suicide, and Yoshitaka who Mitsusuke backed up was also killed.
- また財政的にも阿片専売による多額の歳入があり、台湾経済の自立にも寄与する政策であった。
- In addition, it was financially beneficial to the independence of the Taiwanese economy as the monopoly sales of opium generated a substantial amount of revenue.
- 6月1日、名越時幸は自害し、6日泰村の弟・三浦家村が時頼私邸を訪れ、恭順の意志を示した。
- On July 22, Tokiyuki NAGOE killed himself, and on July 27, Yasumura's younger brother, Iemura MIURA visited Tokiyori's residence, and showed the will of deference.
- この賜田条の規定により、天皇が自分の意思に基づいて、ある者へ田地を支給する道が開かれた。
- By defining the rule of shiden in the code, emperors could intentionally provide farmland to a particular individual.
- 一方、天誅組の過激な挙兵を知った京の三条実美は自重をうながすべく平野国臣を使者に送った。
- On the other hand, Sanetomi SANJO of Kyoto, who had been informed of Tenchu-gumi's radical uprising, sent Kuniomi HIRANO as a messenger to persuade to be prudent.
- 異文化の概念を紹介するに当たって、もっとも苦心を要するのが自文化とのすり合わせといえる。
- In introducing concepts in foreign culture, the largest difficultly exists in harmonization between such culture and culture of the own country.
- 国際法圏外であると自認することは、教案解決や条約改正のテーブルにつくことを自ら阻害した。
- Having the understanding that China was outside of international law system made suppression of kyoan incidents or effort to revise unequal treaties difficult.
- 国内では王は「朕」と自称し、死後は廟号を贈られ、王の命令を「制」「詔」などと記していた。
- A king called himself 'chin' inside the nation and was given a byogo (a name given to a dead emperor for the ceremony of putting the soul in a mausoleum), and his order was written as 'sei' (制) or sho (詔).
- 当時の日本では自力での建設は無理なので、技術や資金を援助する国としてイギリスを選定した。
- Since Japan could not construct it by its own in those days, Britain was selected for a technical and financial assist.
- It was impossible for Japan to handle construction on its own, so they chose England to obtain technical and financial assistance.
- そのためか、この当時に地下であった家は、ほとんどがその出自・来歴の判らない状態であった。
- This might be the reason that most of the Jige-ke families in those days were unclear about their origins and histories.
- 2004年、桐生市議会は、足尾町の中才浄水場に自動取水機の設置を求める要望書を採択した。
- In 2004, Kiryu City Council adopted a petition demanding the installment of an automated water intake unit in the Nakasai water treatment plant in Ashio-machi.
- 大海人皇子は大友皇子を皇太子として推挙し自ら出家を申し出、吉野宮(奈良県吉野)に下った。
- Prince Oama recommended Prince Otomo as Crown Prince and he told Emperor Tenchi that he wanted to be a monk and went to Yoshino no miya (Yoshino, Nara Prefecture).
- 大藩の家老は大名並みに1万石以上の石高を有し、自身の知行地に城や陣屋を持つものもあった。
- Some Karo officers in large domains were provided with 10,000 koku or more of rice crop and possessed a castle or jinya in their own territories.
- まもなく憲政党は旧自由党派を中心とする憲政党と旧進歩党派を中心とする憲政本党に分裂した。
- The Constitutional Party was soon divided in the Constitutional Party centering on the former Liberal faction and the True Constitutional Party centering on the former Progressive faction.
- 西南戦争以後に、不平士族の反対運動は国会開設や憲法制定を要求する自由民権運動に移行する。
- After Seinan War, opposition movements by fuhei shizoku shifted to Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) demanding the establishment of the National Diet and formulation of a constitution.
- 浅野内匠頭の母方の従兄弟に当たる美濃国大垣藩主戸田氏定も自ら鉄砲州上屋敷へ駆けつけてきた。
- The lord of Ogaki Domain in Mino Province Ujisada TODA, who was a maternal cousin of Asano Takumi no Kami, also came over to the Tepposhu Kamiyashiki.
- また演説会・雑誌という当時目新しかった情報伝達手段もそれ自体が関心を引くのに十分であった。
- In addition, the ways of transmission of information themselves such as speech meetings and bulletin fully gathered attention.
- 島田らは刀を捨てて、同日、大久保の罪五事と、他の政府要人の罪を挙げた斬奸状を手に自首した。
- Shimada and others abandoned their swords, and on the same day, they surrendered themselves to the police, handing over their zankanjo which included the five crimes of Okubo and those of other important governmental persons.
- 身分の高い堂上家は、その出自や歴代当主の生没年、および叙位の履歴などを詳細に記録してきた。
- The high-ranking Tosho-ke families had detailed records of their origins, the dates of birth and death of their successive heads, and the history of their investiture.
- 猶子(ゆうし)とは、明治以前において存在した他人の子供を自分の子として親子関係を結ぶこと。
- Yushi is a system that existed prior to the Meiji period to establish a parent-child relationship with a child who was not kin.
- 伊藤自身が初代総裁となり、伊藤系官僚と憲政党(旧自由党)・帝国党が中心となって創立された。
- Ito himself became the first president of the party which was established on the initiative of the bureaucracy leaning toward Ito, Kensei Party (former Liberal Party), and Empire Party.
- 朝鮮に於ける本貫や族譜の役割は、両班が自らの家系の正統性や優秀性を証明する為の側面もある。
- One of the roles of hongan or zokufu in Korea is for Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) to prove the legitimacy and quality of their family lines.
- この日の晩、諸将の諌めを押し切り、明朝、西郷は自ら陣頭に立ち、官軍と雌雄を決しようとした。
- In the night of the same day, SAIGO overpowered admonishments by his military commanders and determined to stand at the front and take command of the Satsuma army by himself in the next morning to fight a decisive battle with the government army.
- また市内交通では「乗合自動車」が設置され、鉄道駅を中心に放射状のバス路線が整備されていた。
- As for urban transportation, 'noriai jidosha' (a type of bus) service was available, with the bus routes centering on local railway stations.
- この言質が謀反の疑いと取られ範頼は伊豆国修善寺町に幽閉され、後に自害したと伝えられている。
- It is said that these words were taken to mean that Noriyori was instigating a rebellion, thus he was confined in Shuzenji town, the Province of Izu, and killed himself.
- 滞納処分他の法律への準用によって徴収される(地方自治法 第二編 第九章 財務231の3)。
- It is collected by corresponding application for disposition of delinquency and other laws (The Local Autonomy Law II, Chapter 9, Finance, Article 231-3)
- 景初三年陳是作鏡自有経述本是京師杜□□出吏人□□□(位)□(至)三公母人?之保子宜孫寿如金石
- In 239, Ching has made this mirror. Here is my history. I used to live in Yangzhou of Wu in China as a mirror maker but now I am in exile living in the end of the land. (After this sentence it is hard to comprehend because of the partly corrupted characters) May your life be long like a golden stone and may your flesh and blood be prosperous.''
- 臣等愛国ノ情自ラ已ム能ハズ、乃チ之ヲ振救スルノ道ヲ講求スルニ、唯天下ノ公議ヲ張ルニ在ル而已。
- Because we cannot suppress our love of our country, we have considered the way to survive this imminent danger and decided that we need to set a stage to debate State affairs.
- そこで、第2次伊藤内閣の伊藤博文は衆議院の第一党である自由党と提携して連立内閣を成立させた。
- Thus, Hirobumi ITO, in his second administration, formed a coalition government with the Liberal Party (自由党 Jiyuto), the leading party in the House of Representatives.
- これが、かつての自由民権運動の流れを汲む民党の反感を買って「民力休養・政費節減」を主張した。
- This aroused antipathy of Minto (political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a han-dominated government when imperial Diet was inaugurated) which have been followed Movement for Liberty and People's Right and insisted on 'Public's burden reduction/Government cost-cutting'.
- しかし寄合所帯の憲政党内部では、旧進歩党 (日本)系と旧自由党 (日本)系の軋轢が強かった。
- However, inside the Constitutional Party, which was congeries of parties, conflict between the former Progressive Party (Japan) side and the former Liberal Party (Japan) side was serious.
- 私費語学生(事由 袈裟かけに2箇所重症を負い自刃す 戦死:明治15年11月1日靖国神社合祀)
- A language student studying at his own expense (due to death in action; fell on his own sword after getting two severe wounds when he was cut twice from one shoulder down to his opposite armpit: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 1, 1882)
- また近代以降は西欧の影響を強く受けているが、日本の風土・文化に合わせた独自な展開も見られる。
- Since the modern era, western culture has also had an influence, but at the same time, a unique Japanese style of architecture has developed that is integrated with the natural environment and culture of Japan.
- 満18歳に達した皇太子・皇太孫と、満20歳に達したその他の皇族男子は、自動的に議員となった。
- The crown prince and his eldest son from the age of 18, and other princes of the imperial bloodline over the age of 20 automatically became councilors.
- この説によると、真田信繁の奮戦により恐慌状態に陥った家康は自害すると叫んで部下に誡められた。
- According to this theory, in a desperate fight with Nobushige SANADA, Ieyasu panicked and cried out 'I would commit suicide', but was then remonstrated by his followers.
- 故に推敲が十分でなく、後で知った西は自らの名前を冠したこの本に対し非常な不満を漏らしている。
- He expressed his strong dissatisfaction about the book with his name when he came to know the publication, because he could not elaborate the book.
- 『万国公法』の自然法への傾斜は、法が何に由来するのかといった法源についての説明箇所で著しい。
- Inclination of 'Bankoku Koho' to natural law is conspicuous in the section for description of the source of law which explained from what the law was originated.
- 前期旧石器時代の自然石を打ち欠いただけの原初的な石器で、原人段階からの使用が確認されている。
- Rekki was the primitive stone tool made by only crushing natural stones in early Paleolithic period, and it is observed that this was used in the stage of hominid.
- 幕末には、藩にいると自由に行動できないので、脱藩し尊王攘夷の志を立てようとする武士が増えた。
- Towards the end of the Edo period, many samurai were dissatisfied with their lack of freedom within their domains and opted to leave their domain and back the Sonno Joi ideal (Imperialism and the expulsion of foreigners).
- 朱熹は、心即理説を、社会から個人を切り離し、個人の自己修養のみを強調するものとして批判した。
- Hsi CHU criticized the Shinsokuri setsu in that the theory is to separate an individual from the society and emphasize only individual self-discipline.
- つまり、臣は王権に対して相対的な独自性を有するが、連は大王への臣従をその本質としたのである。
- In other words, Omi were relatively independent towards the regime, while Muraji regarded vassalage to the great king their essential.
- 動乱を経た西晋以降、本貫はその人物の出身地とは乖離して始祖の出自を示す系譜上の意味となった。
- After the upheavals in the West Jin period, hogan was detached from its use as an indication one's birthplace, to a genealogical meaning that indicates the origin of the first ancestor.
- 内蒙古自治区赤峰市にある興隆窪遺跡から、約8200~7400年前の環濠集落が見つかっている。
- At the Xinglongwa site located in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, remains of an approximately 7,400 to 8,200 years old moat settlement were discovered.
- 直弼は地面を這おうとしたが、有村が発した薬丸自顕流の「猿叫」とともに、首は鞠のように飛んだ。
- Naosuke tried to crawl away, but ARIMURA issued the 'monkey cry' of the Yakumarujigen School, and his head flew like a ball in the air.
- 人だけでなく、乗り物、自家用車についての御祓いをしてくれ、遠方からもお参りする人が絶えない。
- They pray not only for persons, but also vehicles and private cars, so that many people constantly visit to this shrine from a distance.
- 1417年(応永24年)、氏憲の死後に自分の身に対する危険を感じた足利義嗣は京都を脱出する。
- Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, who feared for his safety after the death of Ujinori, escaped from Kyoto in 1417.
- その後、日本と中国各地の開港場に定期船航路が開けると中国人商人(華僑)が独自に進出してきた。
- Thereafter, once sea routes for ocean liners between Japan and every treaty port in China were established, Chinese merchants (overseas Chinese, or 'kakyo' in Japanese) entered the market by themselves.
- 寺の住職より泰平の世を築くべく生きよと諭された家康は切腹を思いとどまり、今川家から自立を図る。
- Ieyasu, who was persuaded by the chief priest of the temple to live to build a peaceful world, gave up seppuku and tried to be independent from the Imagawa family.
- 町村制(ちょうそんせい)は、市制とともに大日本帝国憲法下における地方自治に関する基本法である。
- Chosonsei, as well as Shisei (a municipal system), is the fundamental law governing local autonomy under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 続いて10月7日 (旧暦)(11月25日)には内蔵助自身も江戸へ出立する(第二次大石東下り)。
- Kuranosuke made his way to Edo as well on November 25 (the Oishi's second trip down to the east).
- しかし、やがて所属議員は政党(大多数は自由民主党 (日本)などの保守政党)に吸収されていった。
- However, councilors in these groups were absorbed into political parties (mostly conservative parties such as the Liberal Democratic Party).
- よって、倒幕後の自分の立場を守るために、あえて藩内の佐幕派を一掃する必要があった、というもの。
- Thus, in order to defend his position after overthrowing the Shogunate, he had to clear Sabaku-ha in the domain away.
- 東アジア諸国との遭遇は近代国際法自体にも変容をもたらし、現代の国際法へと脱皮する契機となった。
- The encounter with East Asian countries has made a chance to transform modern international laws itself to that in present-day.
- お目見得のあと将軍自らが「今の者の生年はいくつなのだ?随分幼くみえるな」と側近に感想を漏らした
- After an audience with a young samurai, the shogun remarked to his close aids, 'What is his seinen? He seems still a child.'
- 遅まきながら、関税自主権回復の必要性を悟った朝鮮側は、まず自国の在釜山商人に税を課しはじめた。
- Though it was rather too late, Korea realized the necessity of recovery of tariff autonomy, and started to impose tax to the merchants living in Busan.
- 自由民権運動(じゆうみんけんうんどう)とは、明治時代の日本において行われた政治運動・社会運動。
- The Jiyu Minken Undo (Freedom and popular rights movement) was a political and social movement that took place in Meiji-period Japan.
- そこでドイツやロシアは自国の対中国政策を維持するために、この日本の要求を容認できないと考えた。
- Therefore, Germany and Russia objected to the Japan's demand in order to maintain their policies on China.
- 切腹の場で藩士達は自らの腸を掴み出し、居並ぶフランス水兵に次々と投げつけるという行為を行った。
- At the moment of seppuku, the retainers grabbed their own intestine out and threw it to the French sailors who watched them being executed.
- また最後の総督である安藤は、戦後戦犯とみなされ拘束され、1946年に上海において自殺している。
- Ando, the last Governor-General, was arrested as war criminal after the war and killed himself in Shanghai in 1946.
- 1913年1月、護憲運動のさなか、桂は立憲政友会に対抗するため、自ら政党を結成した(桂新党)。
- In January 1913, amid the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution, Katsura established his own party (Katsura Shinto) to compete with the Seiyukai.
- 蔵米取りの御家人は自家消費分以外の切米(米穀)を、御米蔵の前に店を構える札差を通じて現金化した。
- Kuramai-dori type of gokenin cashed surplus rice over and above their own consumption through fudasashi (Tokugawa-period merchants who obtained the right to provide cash on the security of a vassal's rice stipends) who had their shops in front of government rice storehouses.
- しかし、国民各層にはその考え方が次第に浸透して行き、自由民権運動の気運が高まるきっかけとなった。
- However, the idea slowly seeped into every class of people and triggered the rise in the momentum toward Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- 江戸時代初期の諸大名は、幕府の普請動員に応えるために、自らの領内の支配体制を整える必要があった。
- The territorial lords in the early Edo period needed to adjust the ruling system in their own territory in order to respond to the order from the Shogunate to mobilize for Fushin.
- 当初、地租増徴を実現させるために憲政党(自由派)と連携して地租増徴や日本興業銀行法を実現させた。
- At first, he cooperated with Constitutional Party (liberal group) to achieve the plan to increase land taxes and implemented the plan to increase land taxes and the Industrial Bank of Japan Act.
- 藩主も遠慮しなければならない家柄からその権力は強大であり、藩内は自然、成瀬派と竹腰派に分かれた。
- The family lineage, which even the lord of the domain had to show constraint, meant the very powerful authority and naturally the domain was divided into Naruse side and Takenokoshi side.
- 将門は自ら先頭に立ち奮戦するが、いずくからか飛んできた矢が将門の額に命中し、あっけなく討死した。
- While Masakado was leading his army to continue the fight against the allied forces, an arrow came from nowhere and hit him on the forehead, killing him instantly.
- 『万国公法』の日本における受容は、中国のそれ以上に自然法的性格が強調された理解が一般に通行した。
- With regards to acceptance of 'Bankoku Koho' in Japan, the understanding of 'Bankoku Koho'widely spread in Japan contained a characteristic of natural law, which was emphasized than that in China.
- また、この影響で大同団結運動も分裂を来たし、自由民権運動は大きな曲がり角に差し掛かる事になった。
- In addition, this caused breakup of the campaign to unite for a common purpose and the Freedom and People's Rights Movement reached a tuning point.
- 日常的な暮らしの中で使われてきた手仕事の日用品の中に「用の美」を見出し、活用する日本独自の運動。
- The movement is unique to Japan in which 'beauty of necessaries' in daily necessities used for handwork in everyday life, are found and used.
- これまでむしろ積極的に関与していた裁判についても自粛するようになり、次第に教案は減少していった。
- They abstained from court trials that they were actively involved in, and their teaching plan gradually lessened.
- この会は初め盗賊を捕まえて役所に突き出すなど郷土防衛や治安維持を担った自警団的性格をもっていた。
- At first, this organization captured robbers and handed them over to government offices, and was characteristic of a vigilante committee in that it maintained security and defended the territory.
- 6月11日には毛里田村の農民らが足尾を訪れるが、古河側は自身に責任はないという主張を繰り返した。
- On June 11, the peasants of Morita Village visited Ashio, however the Furukawa side just repeatedly disclaimed any responsibility for the damages.
- 中国では、戸籍が置かれた場所、ないし、それから派生した用法(始祖の出自の場所など)で使用される。
- In China, it is used as the place where the family register is registered, or in ways (such as the birthplace of the originator) that derived from the use already described.
- 越前守でもあった平忠盛は日宋貿易に着目し、後院領である肥前国神崎荘を知行して独自に交易を行った。
- TAIRA no Tadamori, who was also Echizen no kami (Governor of Echizen Province), aiming at the trade between Japan and China, governed Kanzaki no sho (imperial estate) in Hizen Province which was goinryo (lands attached to the place of a retired emperor), and did his own trade.
- 自由民権運動の頃から批判の対象とされ、大正デモクラシーでは「閥族打破・憲政擁護」が合言葉とされた。
- It was the subject of criticism since the time of the Freedom and People's Rights and 'Dispel clique group. Defend constitutional government' was the slogan of Taisho Democracy.
- このため、東京帝国大学・京都帝国大学の教授は大学の自治と学問の自由への侵害として総辞職を宣言した。
- This caused all the professors at Tokyo Imperial University and Kyoto Imperial University to proclaim their resolve to resign protesting this was the usurpation of autonomy in a university and academic freedom.
- 朝倉貞景は自らは本国に留まりながらも、一門の朝倉景冬を近江坂本に派兵し、最低限の協調姿勢は見せた。
- Although Sadakage ASAKURA himself stayed in his province, he dispatched Kagefuyu ASAKURA of his family to Sakamoto in Omi Province, thereby showing his minimally cooperative attitude.
- 『万国公法』(と近代国際法)は、当初こそ守るべき国際信義・自然法的規范として理解・受容がなされた。
- 'Bankoku Koho' (and also modern international law) was accepted and understood as international fidelity and rule based on natural law to abide by at first.
- むしろ中村正直の序文から、彼の国際法観が自然法的なものであることがうかがえる点が興味深いとされる。
- Rather than the contents, it is considered the foreword by Masanao NAKAMURA is more interesting as it shows that his view on international law is close to a point of view of natural law.
- かつて義親を追討した正盛の子の平忠盛も疑われたが、彼は潔白を主張し、自ら下手人を捕らえると言った。
- Masamori's son, TAIRA no Tadamori who tracked down and killed Yoshichika was suspected, but he claimed innocence and he insisted that he would capture the murderer on his own.
- 「皇室の落胤」と自称し高齢者などから金銭を騙し取る詐欺事件が時に発生する(有栖川宮詐欺事件など)。
- The fraud cases sometimes happen in which senior people are cheated out of their money by a man who claimed himself to be a 'rakuin of the imperial family' for example (Arisugawa no Miya fraud and so on).
- 室町時代、守護大名の間では自らの家臣に対して、武官や国守の官名を私称することを許す慣行が生まれた。
- In the Muromachi period it became a customary practice among shugo daimyo that their vassals were allowed to call themselves after the official position or title of the military officer or the governor of the province.
- 自衛隊の事務は、防衛庁(後に防衛省)が掌理し、防衛庁長官(後に防衛大臣)には国務大臣があてられた。
- The administration of the Japan Self-Defense Forces was managed by the Defense Agency (later Ministry of Defense) and of the Chief Defense Agency (later Secretary of State for Defense) was managed by the Minister of State.
- また松方デフレ等で困窮した農民たちも国会開設を前に準備政党化した自由党に対し不満をつのらせていた。
- There was also a growing discontent among the peasants, who were suffering the Matsukata deflation, against the Liberal Party that was preparing to become a ruling party with the establishment of the National Diet imminent.
- 後から来日した宣教師たちも同様に各地の大名に謁見し、領内布教の許可や大名自身への布教を行っている。
- Missionaries who came to Japan after Xavier's time also went to see daimyo in various places throughout Japan, and just as Xavier had, they obtained permission to spread Christianity in the domains of those daimyo, and also proselytized to the daimyo themselves.
- 旧来の郡町村制に戻し人民の便宜を図ると同時に、戸長を民選とすることにより地方に一定の自治を認めた。
- This law restored the traditional county, town and village system for the convenience of the public as well as granted a certain level of local autonomy by introducing the public election for the Kocho.
- 自刃した土佐藩士は妙国寺内にあつく葬られ、遭難したフランス人の碑も神戸市立外国人墓地に建てられた。
- The executed Tosa retainers were buried in a revered manner on the precinct of Myokoku-ji Temple and a monument for the French sailors killed was also elected in the foreign cemetery of Kobe City.
- 自立する拠り所を失った女性が、生活のために性行為を行う「売春」が発生するのは、正にこの時期である。
- It is exactly this period of time when women who lost a support for independence became a 'prostitute' for living.
- 府県会は府知事・県令に議案提出権を握られ、その府県内の事項を自分から取り上げることができなかった。
- Fuken-kai could not raise issues within the prefectures as prefectural governors held the right to submit bills.
- 今回と状況が似ている前年の高天神城の戦いでの圧勝で自信過剰となって勝てると判断したという説がある。
- Others have proposed that having overwhelmingly won the Battle of Takatenjin-jo Castle in the previous year, Katsuyori became so confident as to convince himself of a victory in the next battle.
- 『元史』「日本伝」は元側の記録であり、自分達で矢が尽きたと記録しているため信憑性は高いと見られる。
- The Yuan Dynasty itself recorded in 'Nihon Den' of 'Genshi' that arrows had run short, and therefore it is considered highly reliable.
- 初期の苗字は、自分の居住地や所領の名であったため、父子兄弟が苗字を異(こと)にしている場合も多い。
- Because the early family name was one's place of residence and the name of territory, many times father, son and brothers have the different family names.
- その反面、天皇が学問に励む事自体は古来より律令法に定められるまでもなく必要不可欠な事とされていた。
- On the other hand, it had been considered essential for the emperor to pursue learning from the ancient times, which was needless to be defined in the Ritsuryo law.
- 喜田はその後も自論を発展させて1922年(大正11年)の論文「後淡海宮御宇天皇論」で区切りをつけた。
- Kida developed his theory further and published a thesis 'Go Tankai no miya Gyo Tenno theory' in 1922.
- 当日は自衛でしのいだ公使館員一行は夜間に、花房義質公使以下28人は自ら公使館に火を放ったといわれる。
- It is said that the group of legation staff members who had managed to protect themselves during the daytime, 28 people, including the Minister Yoshimoto HANABUSA, set fire to the legation that night.
- 当時の日本が日清戦争の勝利によって、世界の強国となったという自負を持ち始めたことが、その原因である。
- This was because Japan started to gain self-pride as one of the world's powerful countries after winning the Sino-Japanese war.
- 大雨で氾濫する大和川の治水工事を官費では間に合わないので自分や幹部の年俸を拠出して積極的にすすめた。
- As the embankment works to prevent flooding of the Yamato-gawa River from heavy rain could not be met by the official budget, he vigorously pushed through the plan by paying for it out of his and his senior officer's yearly salary.
- そして彼らが訳語を自らの著作の中で積極的に使用することで『万国公法』の新漢語定着に寄与したのである。
- They used translated terms in their works, this encouraged adoption of the new words of Chinese origin used in 'Bankoku Koho.'
- こういうところをみると、文人の芸事には自ずと詩と同様の表現への希求が内在するものとも受け止められる。
- Therefore, it can be also said that Bunjin's arts were a presentation of similar intrinsic desire for expression to poetry.
- この禁を破り、御家人が鎌倉幕府を介せず、または許しを得ることなく、叙位任官することを自由任官という。
- When this prohibition was violated and a shogunal retainer received a rank or post directly (not via the Kamakura shogunate) or without permission, that was called Jiyuninkan.
- 日宋貿易に関心を寄せた平忠盛は独自にこれを活発にし、輸入品を朝廷にもたらして権力を持つようになった。
- TAIRA no Tadamori who was interested in the trade between Japan and Sung, made the trade prosperous and grasped authority by bringing imported goods to the Imperial Court.
- そのためもあって白蓮教的な拳法に由来するという説と、団練という地方官公認の自警団に求める説とがある。
- Perhaps because of this, there are theories stating that they originated from Byakuren sect, and another which claimed that they were a vigilante committee with the official recognition of local officials.
- また諸藩でも、薩摩藩の開成所、集成館や、佐賀藩の蘭学寮設置や反射炉の建設など、独自の洋学が行われた。
- Several domains practiced unique Yogaku, such as Kaiseijo and Shuseikan in Satsuma Domain, and establishment of Rangakuryo (house of Rangaku) and construction of a reverberatory furnace in Saga Domain.
- 10世紀に朝鮮を統一した高麗は独自の律令を制定したが、これはほぼ唐律令を引き写した内容となっていた。
- Kingdom of Goryeo that unified the Korean Peninsula in the 10th century mostly copied from the Tang Luri in order to establish Luli of its own.
- 天一神については、5日間同じ方角が塞がるので、その方向が職場と自宅間などに該当していると不便である。
- As for Tenichi-jin God, it was inconvenient that people should practice Katatagae for five days when Tenichi-jin God was located in a direction of their office or home.
- また自分の家が連綿としてきた家格以上の役職である家老に抜擢された者を、「一代家老」と呼ぶこともある。
- Also, people who were selected as Karo despite their family status having been lower for generations, were called 'Ichidai-garo' (first-generation Karo).
- 日本国憲法の実際的な解釈と自衛隊法第7条により、内閣総理大臣が最高指揮監督権を持つと規定されている。
- According to the practical interpretation of the Constitution of Japan and the Law of Japan Self-Defense Forces Article 7, it is prescribed that the Prime Minister holds the rights of the supreme command and director.
- 超然主義(ちょうぜんしゅぎ)とは、外の動静には関与せず、超然(平然)として独自の立場を貫く主義をいう。
- Transcendentalism refers to a philosophy in which individuals stand firm in their position detachedly (nonchalantly) without being influenced by the state of things that surround them.
- だが、実際に帝国議会が開かれると、「民党」と称された自由民権運動の流れを汲む野党勢力が激しく抵抗した。
- When the Imperial Diet actually met, the opposition force called 'minto' (political parties opposing the han-based administration) that was in favor of Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Rights) showed strong resistance.
- 外交面では韓国併合を実現し、関税自主権の回復による条約改正の終了などが日本の国際的地位向上に尽くした。
- On the diplomatic front, it realized the annexation of Korea and completed treaty realizing the recovery of the tariff autonomy, which greatly contributed to the improvement in Japan's status in the international community.
- この状況をみた政友会総裁原敬は、自らの内閣を打ち立てると研究会議員の入閣及び要職への任命を推し進めた。
- Taking the situation into consideration, Takashi HARA, the president of Seiyu-kai Party, established his own cabinet and appointed members of Kenkyukai to cabinet positions and important posts.
- 実は西自身は紛失されたものと思っており、この書は西のあずかり知らぬところで勝手に出版されたものである。
- However Nishi believed that the book was lost and he was not aware of the publication.
- 然るにこの『万国公法』では、ホイートン原著とは逆に自然法を強調して国際法を理解する姿勢が打ち出された。
- In this 'Bankoku Koho,' however, contrarily to the original text of Wheaton, the posture to understand international law attaching importance to natural law.
- これらの年中行事においては呪術的な要素はあまり見られず、自身の家族における家内安全の祈願が中心となる。
- In these annual events, any magical element is rarely seen, and prayer for family's safety remains at the core.
- けれども、民撰議院が世情の関心の的となったことで、本格的な自由民権運動の種子をまいたと評価されている。
- However, it is appreciated as it sowed seeds of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement because democratic representatives gathered public attention.
- すなわち「妻妾論」の根底には 一夫一婦制が自然という観念があったし、また自身の結婚も契約結婚であった。
- In other words, on the background of 'A theory of wives and concubines' he had an idea that the practice of monogamy was natural, and his marriage itself was a contract marriage.
- 最も大きな影響は、民衆の不平不満の矛先が列強よりもむしろ清朝自体に向けられるようになったことであろう。
- The biggest influence was that the people's dissatisfaction was aimed not toward the allied western powers, but the Qing dynasty itself.
- また、元谷中村村民の島田宗三は、自身の父と祖父は、鉱毒水を飲んで胃を冒されて死亡した、と主張している。
- Sozo SHIMADA, an ex-resident of Yanaka Village claimed his father and grandfather had died from a stomach illness caused by drinking the polluted water.
- また、十両以下の窃盗でも累犯で窃盗の前科が2度ある場合、3度目には金額に関わらず自動的に死罪となった。
- Even when the amount stolen is below 10 ryo, if the thief has two convictions for larceny, shizai is automatically imposed regardless of the amount stolen.
- 李朝 (ベトナム)期(11世紀)に北宋から事実上の独立を果たし、独自の律令格式を制定するようになった。
- Ly Dynasty of Vietnam (11th century) achieved independence from Northern Song, and it established its own Luli Geshi.
- 自宮の増加に伴い、完全去勢の方法も洗練されていき、最終的に清代には、死亡率は1%未満になったとされる。
- Along with the increase in the number of self-extirpated eunuchs, the method of the complete removal of the genital parts was invented and refined, decreasing the death rate to less than 1% by the end of the Qing Dynasty.
- また、この日露戦争当時、一進会会員は、当時の伝統であった長髪、髷をやめ、自主独立運動の象徴としている。
- Also, during the Russo-Japanese War, the members of Isshinkai quit their long hair and beard which was a tradition of the times, as a symbol of the independent movement.
- 初めに即位を論じた那波活所は、自説を蜀皇帝を正当とした例にならうものとして、宋学の名分論を前面に出した。
- Kassho NABA who argued the enthronement first asserted that his theory followed the precedent of justification of Shu Emperor and put forward the theory of justification of Sogaku (Neo-Confucianism).
- 地租増徴を目指して衆議院を解散したものの、政局運営に自信を失った前総理松方正義に代わって伊藤が組閣した。
- ITO organized the Cabinet in place of Masayoshi MATSUKATA, the previous prime minister, who dissolved the House of Representatives aiming for increase in land taxes, but lost confidence in management of such political situation.
- 上からの「仁政」すなわち民に情け深い治政をすべきだとの強い儒教思想の持ち主で独自の県治方針を抱いていた。
- His strong belief in Confucianism was behind his philosophy of 'Jinsei' (benevolent rule) from above, that is to say, the rule of law for the people based on compassion, and held unique policies for prefectural administration.
- 義昭は反織田勢力に呼びかけ、自身を盟主に織田家に反発する近畿地方の諸勢力を団結させ、包囲網が結成された。
- Yoshiaki formed anti-Nobunaga network; he called for anti-Nobunaga powers and united them in Kinki region under his leadership.
- 大井憲太郎や内藤魯一など自由党急進派は政府の厳しい弾圧にテロや蜂起も辞さない過激な戦術をも検討していた。
- The radicals of the Liberal Party, including Kentaro OI and Roichi NAITO, were forming drastic measures against the government's oppressive measures and ready to go to the length of resorting to violence if necessary.
- また、『軍鑑』によれば武田家中ではこの2将以外にも小幡信貞、浅利信種の2名が自部隊を赤備えとしたという。
- Also, according to 'Koyo Gunkan,' two others such as Nobusada OBATA and Nobutane ASARI other than the two busho formed Akazonae for their own troops.
- 地方制度をすべて中央政府の延長にしようとした大区小区制の失敗に対する反省から、一定の地方自治を法定した。
- The government legislated certain local autonomy after reconsidering the failure of the daiku-shoku system (a centralized district system that abolished all pre-existing towns, villages and their offices and institutions), which was designed to make all local systems extensions of the central government.
- これは、原始から綿々と続いた、子孫繁栄のための対等な性行為から、性行為自体を商品化する大きな転機となる。
- This formed a big turning point for putting a sexual act itself on the market from the equivalent sexual act for fertility and family prosperity, which had lasted since the primitive period.
- 家禄を整理するために自主的な秩禄奉還者に対して秩禄公債を発行して禄高に対して公債を付与する政策を採った。
- The government also established a policy that enabled the issuance of government bonds, which would be supplied to Karoku recipients according to their stipend amount if they voluntarily refunded their stipend.
- 1583年の賤ヶ岳の戦いで信孝が豊臣秀吉の命により自刃を余儀なくされた後、織田氏は信雄系統が主役となる。
- In 1583 after Nobutaka was forced to commit suicide with his sword by an order from Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the Nobukatsu group took the initiative in Oda clan.
- これは、その時期までに、倭国内で「中国世界とは異なる独自の天下」概念が発生していた徴証だと考えられている。
- The above is thought as the evidence that the notion of 'own Tenka which is different from that of China' had already been born by that time.
- 宝暦年間には「日本第一の土地」とまで称されて、「江戸っ子」と呼ばれる独自の気質を持った町人たちが台頭した。
- By the Horeki era, Edo had gained recognition as 'Japan's foremost land' spurred by the emergence of the town people called as 'Edokko' for their distinctive spirit.
- 一方日本は第一条に「朝鮮国は自主の邦」と挿入し、朝鮮を清朝の影響から切り離し独立国として認知しようとした。
- On the other hand, Japan put a sentence as the article one and it says 'Korea is an independent state' and tried to separate Korea form influence of the Qing dynasty and recognize as an independent country.
- 六朝時代にそのプロトタイプが見られるが、中唐から宋 (王朝)になると文人的な自覚をもった人物が現れ始める。
- The prototype of Bunjin was seen in the Six Dynasties Period, and self-self-aware Bunjin began to appear from the third period of Chinese literature in Tang to Sung (Dynasty).
- 当時、田中は与党議員だったため、自身が農商務大臣に直接かけあうことで収拾がつけられると考えていたとされる。
- Tanaka, who then was a member of the ruling party, thought he would be able to settle down this problem through discussion with the Minster of Agriculture and Commerce.
- しかし欧米の研究者たちは、義和団は帝国主義に自覚的でなく単に外国人恐怖症からくる排外運動だと主張している。
- However, researchers from Europe and the US emphasized that Boxers were unaware of the empire doctrine, and the anti-foreign movement was born from simple xenophobia.
- 開港においては土地を貸借し家屋を造営しあるいは所在する朝鮮人の家屋を賃借することも各人の自由に任せること。
- When ports are opened, people can decide by themselves whether to borrow land and construct their houses, or borrow their houses from Koreans.
- 石川麻呂自身は649年に冤罪で自害し、讒言した弟の蘇我日向も大宰府に左遷させられた(口封じとの説もある)。
- Ishikawamaro himself was prompted to commit suicide when he was falsely charged in 649, and his younger brother, SOGA no Himuka, whose accusations led to his Ishikawamaro's death was demoted and transferred to Dazaifu (It is speculated that SOGA no Himuka was transferred as a means to keep him silenced.)
- 王政復古 (日本)により成立した明治新政府は富国強兵をスローガンに、積極的に自ら産業を興こす政策を取った。
- The new Meiji government, established by the Restoration of Imperial Rule in Japan, adopted a policy to promote industries actively, under the slogan of 'Fukoku-kyohei' (enriching the country and strengthening the military).
- 米1石は大人1人の1年間の消費量に相当することから、米1石が穫れる面積を単位とするのは自然なことであった。
- 1 koku of rice corresponded to the yearly consumption of rice per adult; therefore it was natural to make an area, brought 1 koku of rice, into a unit.
- また、10世紀に現れた遼(契丹)や12世紀に現れた金 (王朝)も律令制も採用し、独自の律令を制定していた。
- In addition, the Liao Dynasty (Khitan/Khitai) which was established in 10th century and the Jin (Chin) Dynasty which emerged in 12th century also adopted the Luli System and established their own system.
- 慶長5年(1600年)若桜城主・木下重堅は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍に属し、敗戦とともに自害したため廃絶となった。
- In 1600 the lord of the Wakasa-jo Castle, Shigekata KINOSHITA, joined the western army during the Battle of Sekigahara, and with the defeat in war he committed suicide causing the abolition of the domain.
- 1898年から1906年にかけて民政長官を務めた後藤新平は自らの特別統治主義に基づいた台湾政策を実施した。
- Shinpei GOTO, who served as Chief of Home Affairs from 1898 to 1906, introduced the governing policy of Taiwan based upon his own special governance.
- 例えば、仕事先から西の方にある自宅へ帰ろうとしたら、西の方角に方違えの対象となる天一神が在していたとする。
- For example, just consider the case that when people came home from their office, their home was located in the west, where Tenichi-jin God, for whom people should practice Katatagae, existed.
- だが、現実には既に宅嗣の死から3年後に長岡京次いで平安京への遷都が行われ、平城京自体の荒廃が始まっていた。
- In reality, however, the capital was moved three years after Yakatsugu's death to Nagaoka-kyo and later to Heian-kyo, marking the decline of Heijo-kyo.
- 加屋・斎藤らは銃撃を受け死亡し、首謀者の太田黒も銃撃を受けて重傷を負い、付近の民家に避難したのち自刃した。
- KAYA, SAITO and others were shot to death, and the ringleader OTAGURO, too, was injured by gunshot, took refuge to a nearby private house and then committed suicide.
- 1584年の小牧・長久手の戦い以後は信雄自身が暗愚ということもあって、天下への表舞台の影響力を急速に失う。
- But after the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, the clan's power of influence plunged downward on the front stage of the world due to Nobukatsu's incapability.
- 草壁もまもなく夭折し、鸕野讚良が高市皇子等有力跡継ぎ候補を無視して自ら正式に持統天皇として即位するのである。
- Prince Kusakabe also died young around the same time and Uno no Sarara ignored other rightful successors such as the Prince Takechi and officially enthroned herself to be Emperor Jito.
- 近代的自治法の整備とともに五人組は法制的には消滅したが、第二次世界大戦中の隣組にその性格は受け継がれていた。
- Along with development of the modern self-governing laws, the Gonin-gumi disappeared as a legal system; however, the tonarigumi (neighborhood association [established in Japan in 1940]) system during World War II took over its characteristics.
- 第5回衆議院議員総選挙では自由・進歩両党が圧勝、これに対して伊藤は選挙から僅か3ヶ月で再度衆議院を解散した。
- In the 5th general election of members of the House of Representatives, both the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party overwhelmed and against this, ITO dissolved the House of Representatives again only 3 months after the election.
- また濃尾地震や関東大震災で煉瓦造建築に大きな被害が生じたことから、日本独自の耐震構造技術への関心が高まった。
- A great deal of damage was caused to brick buildings during the Nobi Earthquake and the Great Kanto Earthquake, which led to the development of quake-resistant technologies which are unique to Japan.
- しかし自然法といっても、『万国公法』のそれは、キリスト教的色彩をベースにしながら儒教的色彩も強く帯びている。
- Although we call it natural law, one in 'Bankoku Koho' shows, while it is based on Christian way of thinking, strong Confucian color.
- たとえば'Natural law'とは現代語では「自然法」と訳すが、マーティンは「性法」という訳語を与えた。
- For example, although 'natural law' is translated as '自然法,' in modern language, Martin gave it a translation '性法.'
- だが、自由党元総裁板垣退助は自分が疎外された事から運動から距離を置き、立憲改進党の大隈重信も懐疑的であった。
- However, Taisuke ITAGAKI, former president of the Liberal Party, distanced himself from the movement because he was alienated and Shigenobu OKUMA of the Constitutional Progressive Party was skeptical.
- 一説によれば、内親王と在原業平が密通して生まれた男児を引き取り、高階師尚と名付け、自らの跡を嗣がせたという。
- According to some people, Mineo adopted a boy named TAKASHIMA no Morohisa, who was born between the Imperial Princess and ARIWARA no Narihira by adultery, and had him succeed Mineo.
- このことは、当時既に「倭国は中国世界と異なる独自の天下なのだ」という観念が発生したことを如実に物語っている。
- The above gives evidence that the notion that 'Wakoku is under its own Tenka independent from that of China' had already been established by the time.
- 875年に起こった黄巣の乱以降、唐は統一中国を治める能力を失い、各地の地方勢力である藩鎮が自立傾向を示した。
- After the Koso War in 875, Tang lost power to a unified China and Hanchin, local forces in various places showed the independent trends.
- 信繁自刃についても諸説があるが、一般的には「安居神社で石畳に腰をかけているところを討たれた」と言われている。
- There are various theories about Nobushige's jijin, but generally he is said to have been killed when he was sitting on a stone path in Yasui-jinja Shrine.
- 比叡山延暦寺とも対立し、最終的にこれを屈服させたものの、僧侶たちが根本中堂を焼き払って自殺する騒ぎとなった。
- He had also conflicted against Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, and finally he brought them to his knees, but caused a huge fuss that priests burned the Konpon-chudo Hall and killed themselves.
- また、当然信長としても鶴翼包囲を予見し、限られた数の鉄砲を両翼に集中的に配置していたと考えるのが自然である。
- Naturally, Nobunaga would have anticipated the two-flanking wings formation to concentrate gunners whose availability was limited on both wings.
- また、当時として異例の野戦築城は、それ自体が重要な史実であると同時に、当然武田軍にとって初めての経験である。
- The field fortification, which was unusual at that time and which is itself an important historical fact, was something that the Takeda forces experienced for the first time.
- そのうえで自らが所属する共同体への倫理と天からあたえられた倫理が衝突した場合に武士は天倫を選択すると考えた。
- He thought then that if there was a conflict between the ethics of a community to which oneself belonged and the ethics from Heaven, samurai would chose the latter.
- 、明治4年8月9日 (旧暦)(1871年9月23日)には士族の帯刀・脱刀を自由とする散髪脱刀令を発していた。
- On September 23, 1871, the government issued Sanpatsu-datto-rei which allowed shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) to choose whether to carry a sword or not.
- しかしその間隙を突いて今川軍が相模に侵攻、1月10日に氏憲や満隆、持仲らが鎌倉雪ノ下で自害した事で収束した。
- However the Imagawa army invaded the Sagami region at an unguarded moment, and the clash was brought to an end on February 5, by the suicide of Ujinori, Mitsutaka, Mochinaka and others in Yukinoshita, Kamakura.
- 知藩事は従来の藩主に認められていた世襲がそのまま認められ、独自の軍隊・司法組織などを持つことが認められていた。
- The position of the Chihanji was allowed to be inherited as it was traditionally for the domain lords and they were also allowed to have their own military and judicial systems.
- 倭姫即位説を唱えるに際し、喜田は自説が不敬ではないという言い訳を、苦しい理屈を作って弁じなければならなかった。
- When advancing the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory, Kida had to defend his theory from the allegation of irreverence by making a lame excuse.
- 軽度犯罪者・虞犯者に対して教育的・自立支援的なアプローチを取り入れた処遇を行った点が当時としては画期的だった。
- In those days this facility was revolutionary in that educational and self-supportive approaches were taken towards minor offenders and those who were likely to commit crimes.
- なお、「古都保存法」が指す「古都」とは客観的な視点によるものではなく、あくまでも各都市の自称の「古都」である。
- Meanwhile, 'an ancient capital' under 'Koto Hozon ho' is a self-designated ancient capital and is not objectively confirmed.
- 孝謙上皇は怒りのあまり出家して尼になるとともに「天皇は小事を行い、大事と賞罰は自分が行う」と宣言してしまった。
- Getting so furious, the Retired Empress Koken entered into priesthood and declared that emperor should conduct minor matters while she should determine important decisions and be in charge of reward and punishment.
- 中国に元王朝が成立すると、元は高麗に従来以上の服属を要求し、朕という自称や廟号、制・詔といった用語も廃された。
- After the Yuan dynasty was established, it requested Goryeo to obey further than before, and the use of the terms 'chin,' 'byogo,' and 'sei and sho' was abolished.
- 室町幕府の支配が衰えると、このような天下概念を支える公権力が衰え、自力救済を原則とする下克上の社会に移行した。
- After the ruling power of the Muromachi bakufu declined, the official authority which supported the notion of Tenka also declined, and the society of gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) based on the principle of self-help appeared.
- 彼は非常に日本との関係が深く、特に川島浪速とは自分の娘(日本名川島芳子)を後に川島の養女にするなど縁があった。
- He had a strong relationship with Japan, especially with Naniwa KAWASHIMA, and Shanqi's daughter was later adopted by Kawashima (her Japanese name was Yoshiko KAWASHIMA).
- 一方で朱熹は、陳亮ら功利学派(事功学派)を、個人の自己修養を無視して社会関係のみを重視していると批判している。
- On the other hand, Hsi CHU criticized Liang CHEN and others of the utilitarianism school sect (事功学派) that the theory ignored individual self-discipline and valued only the social relation.
- 無礼な蕃夷の書は、今後自分に見せるな、というのである(「帝覽之不悅 謂鴻臚卿曰 蠻夷書有無禮者 勿復以聞」)。
- In other words, he told the officer never to present him again with such rude letters from barbarians.
- 小野妹子の返書紛失事件は『日本書紀』にはあるが『隋書』にはない(『隋書』には小野妹子の名前自体が出てこない)。
- Nishonshoki mentions the story that ONO no Imoko lost the sovereign's reply, but 'Suishu' does not ('Suishu' does not even mention ONO no Imoko).
- 「慎機論」などによる幕政批判の罪で渡辺崋山は伝馬町入牢ののち、国元蟄居(その後自殺)、高野長英は入牢となった。
- Kazan WATANABE was put in prison in Denmacho town for criticizing the bakufu in 'Shinkiron' (personal document criticizing the bakufu) and then was confined to his house (later committed suicide), and Choei TAKANO was sent to prison.
- - 日本独自のもので、編年体を基本としながらも人物の死亡記事があった場合にその人物の列伝を付載するものである。
- It is a style unique to Japan, the historiography based on chronological order with retsuden (biography) of the deceased people, added to obituaries on them.
- このころ秀忠は藤堂高虎に対し、自分が大坂に到着するまで開戦を待つよう藤堂からも家康に伝えてくれと依頼している。
- About that time Hidetada asked Takatora TODO to tell Ieyasu not to begin war before he arrived in Osaka.
- 法律で守られた生活を送っていながら、それに感謝をせず自分の欲望を満たすために法律を破る事は辻褄の合わない事だ。
- thus, it's completely unreasonable to break the law only to satisfy their own demands without appreciating that they live under the protection of the law (paraphrased).
- また、皇位を生前譲位した者は太上天皇(上皇ともいう)と規定されていたが、これは中国律令にない独自の地位である。
- The Ritsuryo system also stipulated that an emperor who abdicated while still alive was to be the Daijo Emperor (or Joko [the Retired Emperor]), which was an original aspect of the Japanese Ritsuryo system and not seen in the Chinese one.
- 久木野・山野を手に入れた辺見は5月9日、自ら隊を率いて官軍に激しい攻撃を加えて撃退し、肥薩境を越えて追撃した。
- On May 9, having seized Kukino and Yamano, HENMI led the troops by himself, fiercely attacked and defeated the government army, chasing it across the border between Higo and Satsuma Provinces.
- 特に一世の世代は過酷な労働をこなしながら、稼いだお金を自分たちのためには使わず、子供たちの教育のために注いだ。
- The issei (first-generation) especially worked hard under harsh labor conditions, though they used the money they earned for the education of their children, not for themselves.
- このため、大川自身も計画に参加した大日本帝国陸軍将校によるクーデター計画・十月事件を「錦旗革命事件」とも称する。
- Thus, the October Incident in which OKAWA participated, plotted by the military officers of Imperial Japanese Army, was also called 'Kinki Revolution Coup.'
- それによって陰陽師の身分もなくなる事になり、陰陽師たちは庇護を失い転職するか、独自の宗教活動をするようになった。
- This deprived Onmyoji of their social status, and Onmyoji, who lost patronage, changed jobs, or went into their own religious activities.
- 反乱計画に直接関与していなかったものの全成は捕縛され奈良麻呂から謀反をもちかけられた顛末を自白した上で自害した。
- Although Matanari was not directly involved in the planning of the rebellion, he was arrested and confessed, revealing the plans for the rebellion established by Naramaro; he later committed suicide.
- 記事は朝鮮と清朝の関係を国際法の知識から論ずるものが多く、「独立」・「自主」・「均勢」がキータームとなっていた。
- Most of the articles were discussions about the relationship between Korea and the Qing dynasty, and there were some key terms such as 'independence,' 'autonomy' and 'proportionality.'
- 確かにこの説に従えば、668年から686年までの18年間も剣を返還せずに占有していた不自然さは解消できるだろう。
- Indeed this theory may help dissipate the unnaturalness that Emperor Tenmu possessed the Kusanagi no tsurugi for 18 years from 668 to 686 without returning it.
- しかし高橋克彦は、自著『火城』(PHP研究所、ISBN 4-041704-103)でこの伝聞に疑問を呈している。
- However, Katsuhiko TAKAHASHI posed a question over this rumor in his own book 'Kajo' (PHP Institute Office; ISBN 4-041704-103).
- 高麗時代には仏教・道教・シャーマニズムをよりどころとしながらも、朝鮮独自の天下概念を展開する壇君神話が成立した。
- During the era of Goryeo, the mythology of Dankun (a legendary state of ancient Korea), which described the Korean notion of 'Tenka' although it was based on Buddhism, Taoism and shamanism, was created.
- この国際法は適用するか否かについて「文明国」か否かを基準としているが、この「文明国」とは欧米の自己表象であった。
- Under such international law, applicability depended on whether or not the country in question was a 'civilized nation,' but this 'civilized nation' was a self-representation of Europe and America.
- トルコでも中国でも不平等条約は当初、西欧諸国に与えた特権というとらえ方をし、自国の不利益性を意識していなかった。
- In Turkey and China, the unequal treaty was understood as a privilege given to western countries and disadvantage to own country was not recognized.
- イギリスも中国における自国の利権を守るために日本に期待を示すようになり、1902年に日英同盟を締結するに至った。
- England also started to show interest in Japan in order to protect its own interest in China, and this led to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902.
- 1900年(明治33年)9月15日、超然主義の破綻と政党政治の必要性を感じた伊藤博文が自らの与党として組織した。
- On September 15, 1900, Hirobumi ITO organized it as his ruling party since he became aware of the collapse of the doctrine of superiority and the necessity of party government.
- しかし、この戦いで織田軍は大きな損害を出し、服属させたはずの雑賀衆もすぐに自由な活動を再開して本願寺に荷担した。
- However, the Oda's army suffered huge losses in this battle, and Saikashu, who were supposed to be under Oda's control, soon resumed their independent activities and assisted Hongan-ji Temple.
- 1577年に信長自身率いる大軍をもって和泉国・河内国から紀伊に侵攻(第一次紀州征伐)し、雑賀衆に服属を誓わせた。
- In 1577, a large force led by Nobunaga himself invaded the Kii region (The First Conquest of Kishu) through Izumi Province and Kawachi Province, and forced Saikashu to swear their allegiance.
- 自由民権運動の真の成功は、これらの権利を永久不可侵の「基本的人権」と定めた日本国憲法施行を待たざるをえなかった。
- The freedom and popular rights movement came to reach true success when the Constitution of Japan came into force that regarded people's rights as the inviolable fundamental human right.
- 武田の赤備えを支えた山県隊の旧臣達も直政に付けられ、これにあやかって直政も自分の部隊を赤備えとして編成している。
- The old retainers of Sankentai (the troop of Sanken) which had supported Takeda's Akazonae were also allotted to Naomasa, so he organized his own troop as Akazonae taking advantage of the benefit.
- しかしながら、四品以上に叙爵される場合同様、幕府の許可後、各主家で独自に使者を派遣し、叙爵の手続きをとっていた。
- However, in the same way as in cases for instance where an imperial court rank of Shihon or higher was to be awarded, the master family sent the Imperial court a messenger to have the rank awarded, after getting approval from the bakufu.
- 特に道路が未舗装であるなど足場が悪い地域では、車輪を使った台車(大八車やリヤカー)ないし自転車では運搬しにくい。
- Especially in areas of bad traffic conditions due to unpaved roads, hand trucks (such as large carts and trailers towed by bicycle) and bicycles are not easy to use for carrying things.
- 1947年の地方自治法施行により廃止されるまで有効であったのは、この新「府県制」(明治32年法律第64号)である。
- This new 'Fukensei' (Act No. 64 in 1899) was effective until it was abolished by the Local Autonomy Law executed in 1947.
- 1900年には憲政党の旧自由党派を中心に伊藤を総裁として立憲政友会が結成され、これを基に第4次伊藤内閣が発足した。
- In 1900 the Rikken seiyukai (立憲政友会 Friends of Constitutional Government, a political party) was formed with members of the Kenseito former Liberal Party faction as its base and Ito as its leader; the fourth Ito Cabinet was inaugurated on the basis of the Rikken seiyukai.
- これは23区が旧東京市に相当することに由来するもので、現在では23区を一体とし自治権を有する行政単位は存在しない。
- This derives its origin from the fact that the 23 boroughs are equal to the old City of Tokyo, but today there is no administrative unit having autonomy as a single unit over the 23 boroughs.
- また、院庁の警備を名目として、北面武士と西面武士が置かれたが、これにより治天は独自の軍事力を保有することができた。
- In addition, Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) and Saimen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the west side) were placed in the name of security at In no cho, which enabled Chiten to possess own military forces.
- 上述のように道行が赦免されたのだとすると、この事件はそもそも天智天皇の自作自演だった可能性がある、という説もある。
- According to a theory, if it was true that Dogyo was discharged as previously described, there was a possibility that Emperor Tenmu performed his own work in this case.
- 巻4の冷泉天皇から巻7途中の近衛天皇までは藤原信西『本朝世紀』の抄出であるが、同書自体の散逸が多いため貴重である。
- The contents between the part of Emperor Reizei in the fourth volume and the part of Emperor Konoe in the seventh volume are the extracts from 'Honcho Seiki' (Chronicle of Imperial Reigns) by FUJIWARA no Shinzei, which are valuable because a lot of parts of the original book has been scattered and ultimately lost.
- 『万国公法』では個別の事件については特に触れておらず、その名の下に裁かれること自体、実は非常におかしいことである。
- 'Bankoku Koho' does not refer to individual cases and it is very inexplicable that the above cases were tried under the name of 'Bankoku Koho.'
- 信長と義昭の関係は当初は良好であったがしだいに険悪化し、元亀元年(1570年)に義昭は独自の外交を志向しはじめる。
- The relationship between Nobunaga and Yoshiaki was good at first but gradually became worse and in 1570, Yoshiaki started his own diplomacy.
- 実際には、頼朝の時代に源義経をはじめ、24人の東国御家人が自由任官をし、墨俣以東に入ることを禁ぜられた事例がある。
- Actually there were a case in which 24 shogunal retainers of the eastern provinces (Togoku) inclulding MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune in the time of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, were appointed directly and were forbidden to go east of Sunamoto (Gifu).
- 4年後には日米修好通商条約が締結されるが、この条約によると日本側に関税の自主決定権が与えられていないとされていた。
- 4 years later, a Treaty of amity and commerce between Japan and United States was concluded, and according to this treaty Japan was not approved a tariff autonomy.
- これら超大作路線による借入金の増大とバブル崩壊などにより、大映のみならず徳間書店グループ自体の累積赤字が膨らんだ。
- Debts from these mega-productions combined with the collapse of Japan's economic bubble resulted in cumulative losses not only for Daiei but for the entire Tokuma Shoten Group as well.
- 明治16、17年は神宮司庁より官暦の製造・頒布を委託されたが、明治18年より独自の暦を製造・頒布するようになった。
- Still it published and distributed the official calendar on consignment from the Jingu Shicho in 1883 and 1884, but from 1885 it published and distributed its own independent calendar.
- 国会期成同盟では国約憲法論を掲げ、その前提として自ら憲法を作ろうと翌1881年までに私案を持ち寄ることを決議した。
- The Kokkai Kisei Domei took the stance that a constitution should be formulated through wide-ranging consultation rather than granted from above and voted that they would prepare drafts by next year 1881.
- 7世紀後期、新羅は朝鮮半島の統一と唐の影響を抑制することに成功し、唐律令を参考としながらも独自の律令制を構築した。
- In the late seventh century, Silla succeeded in unifying the Korean Peninsula and restraining the interference of the Tang Dynasty, and although making reference to the Luli of Tang Dynasty, it constructed its own Luli System.
- 小河原は広岡小之次郎らによって斬り倒されたが、有村も重傷を負って歩行困難となり、若年寄遠藤胤統邸の門前で自決する。
- OGAWARA was killed with a sword by Nenojiro HIROOKA, while ARIMURA, who was also seriously injured and had difficulty walking, killed himself in front of the gate at the residence of Tsunenori ENDO, the Wakadoshiyori (a 'Junior Elder').
- 少なくとも山岡鉄舟の認識では、中世より存在したが、自分が名付けるまでは「武士道」とは呼ばれていなかったとしている。
- Tesshu YAMAOKA recognized that it existed since the Middle Ages, but it was not called 'Bushido' until he named it so.
- 孝徳天皇4年、石川麻呂は冤罪で自殺に追い込まれているが、これも大化の政権の政権基盤が脆弱だった可能性を示している。
- In 648, Ishikawamaro was driven to suicide because of a false charge, this also indicating a possibility that the political footing of the Taika regime was weak.
- これに対し3日後10月27日の就任式当日、内務大臣板垣退助が反対意見を上奏、翌日板垣ら旧自由党派三大臣が辞任した。
- On the other hand, three days later, October 27 the day of the inauguration ceremony, the Minister of Home Affairs Taisuke ITAGAKI reported his objection to the throne, and three ministers of the former Liberal Party including ITAGAKI resigned on the following day.
- 居留地の外国人は居留地の十里(約40キロ)四方への外出や旅行は自由に行うことができ、居留地外でも治外法権があった。
- Foreigners in these settlement were allowed to leave the premises and travel freely out to a range of about 40 kilometers, and in addition they remained protected by extraterritoriality even while out of the settlements.
- パナソニックの創業者・松下幸之助が少年時代、現在の門真市に丁稚奉公して自転車店などで仕事を手伝っていた経緯がある。
- The founder of Panasonic, Konosuke MATSUSHITA served his apprenticeship in present Kadoma City and worked for a bicycle shop and others.
- この改正によって府県に法人格が与えられて自治体としての体勢が強化される一方で、府県知事の権限規定も整備・強化された。
- This revision gave Fuken a legal personality to reinforce its position as an autonomous body, and it also organized and reinforced the regulations on the authority of the prefectural governor.
- また、伊藤は超然主義を放棄して自由党 (明治)総裁板垣退助を内務大臣 (日本)として入閣させて、同党の与党化を図る。
- In addition, ITO gave up the doctrine of superiority and took Taisuke ITAGAKI, the president of the Liberal Party (Meiji period) into the Cabinet as the Minister of Home Affairs (Japan), to include this party to the ruling party.
- 憲政党分裂騒動によって前内閣が倒れると、11月5日に山縣が大命降下を受けて、自派の藩閥官僚を中心とした組閣を行った。
- After the previous Cabinet was fallen due to trouble in the Constitutional Party split, YAMAGATA who received the imperial command on November 5 organized the Cabinet based on government officials of the domain clique from his own group.
- 南宗寺に徳川秀忠・家光が上洛した際に自ら参拝していることや、東照宮が勧請されていたこともその傍証とされることがある。
- Also, when Hidetada and Iemitsu went to Kyoto Capital, they paid respect to the tomb in Nanso-ji Temple and earnestly requested the establishment of Tosho-gu Shrine, an act which also supports the theory that the tomb in Nanso-ji Temple is the tomb of the real Ieyasu.
- 興世王の進言に従い将門は軍を進め、同年12月、下野国、上野国の国府を占領、独自に除目を行い関東諸国の国司を任命した。
- In December of that year, with advice from Prince Okiyo, Masakado advanced his army and occupied the provincial offices of Shimotsuke and Kouzuke, where he conducted unilateral jimoku (appointment ceremonies) and appointed Kokushis (provincial governors) for each province of Kanto.
- 大きさも方2寸と非常に大きく、印自体の厚さも薄くなり鈕も巨大化するなど、漢印と比べるとその雰囲気は様変わりしている。
- It was as huge as two square sun and the base part of the seal became thinner and the grip became larger, so the features changed a lot from Han seals.
- これに対して晴元は北陸にある高国派荘園の占拠を要望し、蓮淳はこの処理に自分の娘婿である超勝寺実顕と下間頼秀を任じた。
- In return, Harumoto requested the occupation of a manor owned by the Takakuni sect, and Renjun assigned his adopted son-in-law Jikken at Chosho-ji Temple and Raishu SHIMOTSUMA to deal with it.
- そうでもしなければ譜代大名に過ぎない井伊直弼が自分の目上に当たる朝廷・徳川一門を処罰することはできなかったのである。
- Had Iesada not done so, Naosuke II, the only fudai daimyo (a daimyo as a hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), would have been unable to punish his superiors, such as the Imperial Court and the Tokugawa family.
- 1937年、日本統治期最後の政治団体である地方自治連盟が解散に追い込まれ、「台湾人」による政治運動は終わりを告げた。
- When in 1937, the Taiwanese Federation for Local Autonomy, which was the last political organization during the period of Japanese rule, was forced to shut down, which incident marked the end of political movements by 'Taiwanese.'
- ただし契約自体徳川幕府とイギリス人ブローカーとの間で締結された3年間の労働契約であり、明治政府からは非公認であった。
- However, it was in fact a three-year labor contract held between the Tokugawa shogunate and a British broker, and it had no official recognition from the Meiji Government.
- 超然主義を取って議会との対立を続けるよりも自らが目指す近代国家の方向性を実現させるための政党結成に乗り出す事を考えた。
- He started to think of forming a new political party that would lead a modern nation that he wished to create instead of supporting transcendentalism and continuing to have a conflict with the Diet.
- (細井説では、「群臣による天皇擁立」を阻止するために、称徳天皇が最後の段階で自らの手で白壁王を後継としたとしている。)
- (In Hosoi's view Empress made Prince Shirakabe her successor at the final stage to prevent 'enthronement of the Emperor by the whole body of officials'.)
- 定享は質素倹約や新田開発を主とした藩政改革を断行したが、効果が見込めず、また定享自身が若死にしたため、失敗に終わった。
- Reformations based mainly on scrimping and saving along with development of new fields were carried out by Sadamichi, although these turned out unsuccessful and failed after all when Sadamichi died young.
- しかし将門が勝ち誇って自陣に引き上げる最中、急に風向きが変わり南風になると、風を負って勢いを得た連合軍は反撃に転じた。
- However, as Masakado was making his triumphant return to camp, the wind suddenly changed direction; the south wind began to blow, giving the advantage to the allied forces as they launched a counter-attack.
- 実顕は法主証如名義で出された舅蓮淳の命令をたてに賀州三ヶ寺に相談もなくこれらの荘園代官を自己の門徒に交代させていった。
- Jitsugen replaced the local governors of the manor with his own followers without any consultations to Gashu Sanka-ji Temples on the strength of the command of Renjun, a father-in-law of Shonyo, issued under the name of hoshu Shonyo.
- 収録される太政官符・宣旨のなかに、『類聚符宣抄』には収録されないものもあるため、独自に編集されたものと考えられている。
- But, it is believed to be edited originally since some Daijokanpu and imperial decrees are not included in 'Ruiju fusensho'.
- 江戸時代に入ると戦死する機会が少なくなったことにより、自然死の場合でも近習等ごく身近な家臣が追い腹をするようになった。
- When Japan entered the Edo period, occasions to die in a battle field decreased, as the result of which close retainers, such as attendant, came to commit suicide to follow his dead master even when the master died of natural cause.
- ウジはたんに自然発生的に形成された血縁的集団ではなく、大王に臣従を誓い、奉仕することを義務づけられた血縁的集団である。
- The uji were not just a group of blood relatives who were formed by a natural occurrence, but were a group of blood relatives who swore vassalage to and were obliged to serve the great king.
- また養老4年(720年)以後は逃走者の自主的帰還(「走還」)を促すために走還した者の課役を1年間免除する措置を取った。
- Also, the measure to exempt the returnees from a year of labor was taken to encourage voluntary return ('sokan') of those that fled.
- 信長は、本来であれば虚勢を張ったりして自軍を強く見せるのが戦の常であるにも関わらず、逆に弱いと吹聴して回ったとされる。
- Nobunaga spread the rumor that his army was weak in defiance of his usual tactics in which he made his army appear stronger than it was with a show of bravado.
- これは、自ら結成した新党を政権基盤とする政権を樹立し、政友会への依存からの脱却と山縣からの自立を企図するものであった。
- Katsura contemplated establishing his new administration based on the party of his own, and thereby freeing himself from the dependence on the Seiyukai and on Yamagata.
- ただし、藩閥政権に対してもある程度の自立性を持ち、衆議院とその地位を競った結果、藩閥政権を幾度となく窮地に陥れてもいる。
- However, Kizokuin had a degree of independence from the Hanbatsu-dominated government and after fighting its status against the House of Representatives, Kizokuin sometimes made it difficult for the Hanbatsu government to maintain its power..
- 天誅組は中山忠光を主将、吉村寅太郎、松本奎堂、藤本鉄石を総裁とする職制を整え、自らを「御政府」または「総裁所」と称した。
- Tenchu-gumi put the office organization in order with Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA the commander-in-chief and Torataro YOSHIMURA, Keido MATSUMOTO, and Tesseki FUJIMOTO president; the members called themselves 'the government' or 'presidency.'
- また日中両国は同じ漢字を使用するが、この本ではマーティンの訳語をそのまま移入せず、独自の訳語を採用した箇所がかなりある。
- Although there were some kanji (Chinese characters) used both in Japan and China, the book did not just adopt translated words of Martin version but newly translated words for the book in many parts.
- が、自由民権運動が高まると、それを苦々しく思っていた薩長藩閥政府はメディア統制を試み、さきの二つの条例を出したのである。
- However, after the Freedom and People's Rights Movement became active, the government of Saccho (Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain) which was feeling the bitterness tried to control media and promulgated the above two regulations.
- 前述のように六朝のはじめ、儒教的倫理規範の束縛からわずかに自由になった文人は道家的思想に新たな価値観を見いだそうとした。
- As mentioned above, at the beginning of the Six Dynasties, Bunjin became free a little from the bind of Confusian ethics model and tried to find a new sense of value in the thought of Taoism.
- しかし、上方で石田三成が家康打倒の挙兵をしたことを知った家康は、白河口を次男・結城秀康へ任せ、自らは江戸城に引き返した。
- However, Ieyasu, who knew that Mitsuhide AKECHI raised his army in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) to overthrow Ieyasu, left Shirakawa-guchi Gate to the second son Hideyasu YUKI and returned to the Edo-jo Castle.
- 奴婢には、官奴婢と私奴婢が存在し、住まい及び結婚、職業の選択の自由に制限を受けており、法的に市場での売買が可能であった。
- Nobi who was divided into Kannuhi and Shinuhi, received restrictions on freedoms to choose where to live, to marry and to choose an occupation, and was tradable at a market legally.
- 新羅は自前の律令は制定せず、唐律令を採用していたが、独自色の強い格を多数制定することにより、新羅独特の国家体制を築いた。
- Silla adopted the Tang Luli, and did not enact Lilu that they created from scratch, but by enacting various Ge which had characteristics strong of Silla, it established its own form of government.
- 地方三新法が制定された頃は、西南戦争は終結に至るも、農民一揆が頻発し、また自由民権運動が拡大しつつある社会状況であった。
- When the Three Local New Laws were enacted, the Seinan War had drawn to its close, but peasants' uprisings were occurring frequently and the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) was growing.
- また、壬申戸籍自体が、役所の戸籍簿の集計であり、直接の人口調査によるものではなかったため、無視できない脱漏を残していた。
- Moreover, because the Jinshin-koseki itself was a totalization of family registers in public offices, not based on a direct survey of population, omissions that cannot be ignored were left behind.
- 山城屋事件は1872年(明治5年)陸軍省の御用商人山城屋和助が陸軍省から無担保で借り受けた公金を返済できず自殺した事件。
- The Yamashiroya Incident was an incident that Wasuke YAMASHIROYA, a government contractor for the Ministry of Army, committed suicide when he was unable to repay the public money he had borrowed from the Ministry without collateral in 1872.
- さらに一進会は、日本軍の軍事物資輸送も支援に乗り出し、10万人以上の会員が自費で日本軍の武器、食料を戦地まで運んでいる。
- Furthermore, Isshinkai began to support the transport of military goods for Japanese Army, and over 10 thousands members transported weapons and foods for Japanese Army at their own expense.
- 1947年(昭和22年)5月3日、日本国憲法と地方自治法の施行によって市制、町村制、東京都制とともに道府県制も廃止された。
- When the Constitution of Japan and the Local Autonomy Law became effective on May 3, 1947, Shisei, Chosei, Tokyoto Sei as well as Dofukensei were abolished.
- 放生津周辺に集中していた幕府直臣団料所・石清水八幡宮料所などの独自の経済基盤が、義材の京都復帰運動を支えたとみられている。
- The campaign for Yoshiki's return to Kyoto is considered to have been supported by their own economic base, including bakufu jikishin-dan ryosho (territory under the direct control of bakufu's direct retainers) and Iwashimizu Hachimangu ryosho (territory under the direct control of Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine) which were concentrated near Hojozu.
- 実際には、両者の共同謀議の痕跡はなく、むしろ自らの地位向上を目指しているうちに武装蜂起に追い込まれてしまった色合いが強い。
- In fact, there is no real evidence of such a conspiracy, but there is a strong probability that Masakado and Sumitomo were pushed to military action while trying to improve their social status.
- さらに近代国際法の受容が進んだことで、単なる翻訳でなく『万国公法』に中国人自らが注釈を施した著作も刊行されるようになった。
- As acceptance of modern international law had progressed, not only mere translation but also works in which 'Bankoku Koho' was annotated by Chinese people were issued.
- またそのためには、役所や官吏自身も自分たちが国家の承認を得た公的な立場にある存在であることを証明しておかなければならない。
- For such occasions, the government offices and officials were also required to prove that they were in an official position approved by the nation.
- 日本における国会開設と憲法制定は、自由民権運動への譲歩という側面を持ち、そこでは国家予算が国会の承認を要することになった。
- Establishment of the National Diet and formulation of the Constitution in Japan had an aspect of compromise with the Freedom of Rights Movement, and as such, it became necessary to gain the approval of the Diet for the state budget.
- それに対し、畠山方は国人衆の旗頭や独立した国人領主が各自で参加する編成であったために、全体の指揮系統が一元化されていない。
- Compared to Miyoshi's, Hatakeyama's chain of command was not unified, as various leaders of local clans and samurai lords joined the force independently.
- 立憲改進党(りっけんかいしんとう)は明治時代の自由民権運動の代表的政党の一つ(1882年4月16日-1896年3月1日)。
- Rikken Kaishin-to or Constitutional Progressive Party (effective from April 16, 1882 to March 1, 1896) was one of the major political parties of Japan in the time of Freedom and People's Rights Movement in the Meiji period.
- ただし、尚歯会自体への弾圧ではなく、尚歯会の関係者の一部が処罰された事件である(尚歯会主宰の遠藤勝助は処罰されていない)。
- However, this was not the suppression of Shoshikai, but was the oppression of some relevant people in Shoshikai (the leader of Shoshikai, Katsusuke ENDO, was not punished).
- 旧来地域の様々な問題を自治的に解決してきた町村を否定して、代わりに中央の命令の伝達と施行しかしない機関を設けたからである。
- It is because the government undervalued the villages and towns which had resolved various regional issues autonomously for a long period of time, but instead established an administrative body which did nothing but relay and enforce the orders of the central government.
- そこから「合」自体が「10分の1の量」という意味となり、下記のような地積(面積)の単位や登山道の目安を表す単位が生まれた。
- For this reason 'go' itself came to mean 'a 10th amount' and the following units of square footage (area) or rough indication in a route of the climb were given rise to.
- しかし、これらは広い範囲には流通しなかったと考えられ、また、通貨として流通したかということ自体に疑問も投げかけられている。
- However, it is thought that Fuhonsen coins were not circulated widely; furthermore, there is doubt if the coins were actually circulated as currency.
- 藩知事や参事らも謹慎処分を受け、藩自体の取り潰しはなかったものの、洲本を含む津名郡は明治4年5月に兵庫県に編入されている。
- The governor of the domain and secretaries were also sentenced to house arrest, and although the Domain escaped dissolution or forfeiture, the Tsuna District including Sumoto was merged into Hyogo Prefecture in May, 1871.
- 一進会の掲げた目的は、独立協会に見られる民主主義、独立国家主義の思想を継承しており、「政治改革と民主の自由」を掲げている。
- The goal Isshinkai aimed at was 'political reform and people's freedom' which succeeded to the thoughts of democracy and independent nationalism seen in the Independence Club.
- 氏による反証では、強制執行は行われておらず、洞村の人々が陵墓への畏怖心などから自主的に移転を決めたとの事実が明らかにされた。
- According his rebuttal, the people in Hora Village was not enforced to move but voluntarily decided to relocate in awe of the imperial mausoleum and so on.
- 周の後期(春秋時代・戦国時代 (中国))には、周に封建制されていた諸侯が各自の国内・周辺地域に対する政治支配と同化を進めた。
- During the last stage of Zhou (the Chunqiu period and the Warring States period [China]), lords of various places which had been ruled by Zhou began to administer independently and assimilated into their own territory and surrounding regions.
- 領主が自己の知行に基づいて定めた五人組とは別に居住地域単位による郷五人組が編成されるなど、この点も村政の混乱に拍車をかけた。
- In addition to the gonin-gumi unit established based on each feudal lord's chigyo (enfeoffment), other units such as community-level 'go gonin-gumi' (community mutual surveillance unit) were formed, and such a pluralism of the mutual surveillance complicated the village political situations.
- 『明六雑誌』は特定の意見を発信するというよりも、様々な問題を提起し、知識を紹介して人々の関心を高めること自体が目的であった。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' aimed to raise awareness of people by proposing various problems and introducing knowledge rather than sending specific opinions.
- なお、元来固定施設(店舗)で営業することがほとんどであった業種でも自動車に営業設備を設けて営業する形態が近年増えてきている。
- Besides, the number of business methods which use cars equipped with facilities for selling is increasing these days, though their products had been sold mostly in fixed facilities (stores).
- この一連の記事によって、幸徳秋水らは山縣有朋の恨みを買い、それが幸徳自身に処刑という厳しい処置が課される原因となったという。
- Due to a series of articles on this topic, Aritomo YAMAGATA resented Shusui KOTOKU, and this led to the severe measures of KOTOKU's execution.
- 有村次左衛門のほか広岡小之次郎、山口辰之介、鯉渕要人は彦根藩士たちの必死の反撃で重傷を負い、他の藩邸に自首したのち自刃した。
- In a desperate counterattack by the Hikone Domain, Jizaemon ARIMURA, Nenojiro HIROOKA, Tatsunosuke YAMAGUCHI, and Kaname KOIBUCHI incurred serious injuries and, after surrendering themselves, died by their own swords.
- だが、受刑後に宦官として重用されることが多くなると、後の世には自宮、すなわち自ら性器を切り落として宦官となる人間が増加した。
- However, the Courts gave important posts to those punished criminals as eunuchs to work in the Court, and the number of people who cut off the genitals by themselves increased in later periods in order to become eunuchs.
- 官軍は捜索隊の報告と各地からの急報で初めて薩軍の大挙来襲を知り、各地に増援隊を派遣するとともに三好旅団長自ら迫間に進出した。
- As soon as the government army learned that the Satsuma army were storming in full strength by a report from the reconnaissance party and urgent messages from the respective troops, it dispatched the reinforcements to the troops, while having the Brigadier MIYOSHI advance for Sakoma in person.
- それを防ぐための自衛策として、小藩や旗本領、関東諸藩の飛び地領などでも独自の紙幣を発行せざるを得なくなる場合も少なくなかった。
- To prevent that, the detached territories of small domains, hatamoto and various domains in the Kanto region had to issue their own han bills.
- 郡制(ぐんせい)とは、明治期から大正期にかけて府県と町村との間に位置する郡を地方自治体として定めた日本国内における法律である。
- Gunsei was a domestic law of Japan during the period of Meiji and Taisho era, which stipulated Gun, a district occupying an intermediate position between a prefecture and a municipality, as a local government.
- 逆にこのような年号を持ちながら、邪馬台国=九州説論者の主張のようにこの鏡が邪馬台国と無関係とするならば、それこそ不自然である。
- On the contrary, the theory that this mirror was not related to the Yamatai-Koku kingdom despite the name of the era as maintained by researchers who advocate Yamatai-Koku kingdom in Kyushu region is rather inconsistent.
- ホイッグ党 (イギリス)とトーリー党 (イギリス)の両党派が相互に勢力を競い、後に自由党と保守党による二大政党制へと移行した。
- The Whigs and the Tories in the British Parliament contested with each other for political power, which later shifted into the two-party system comprising the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.
- それらはその地域に「野蛮」という他者表象を与える一方で、「文明」日本という自己表象を構成しようとする明治日本への抗議であった。
- Those protest movement was directed to Japan in Meiji period that tried to make those regions symbol of 'barbarian'and Japan symbol of'civilization'.
- このため、翌年にはわずか11名にまで減少してしまい、路線対立から第4議会終了と同時に残った全議員が離脱したために自然消滅した。
- Because of this, the number of members of the committee decreased to only 11 next year, and all the remaining councilors after the conflict seceded from it at the same time as when the fourth parliament was shut, and the committee disappeared naturally.
- すると、国司は自己の収入につながる公廨稲の出挙に力を入れたために、結果的に地方財政が増加する一方で正税管理が疎かになり始めた。
- Then, kokushi began to focus on suiko of kugaito connected with their income, leading to the consequence of the growth of provincial finances while the control of shozei began to be neglected.
- 孔子が「古の賢人」と讚えた伯夷は志を貫き、自ら官を退き隠逸し、薇(わらび・ぜんまい)を食べながらついには餓死した士人であった。
- Hakui, whom Confucius praised as 'an old wise man,' was Shijin who became a recluse, retired from an official position of his own ill, sticking to his principles, and finally starved to death as a result of eating only warabi (a wild vegetable, bracken).
- しかし、文人達はこれらの芸を飽くまで自らが文雅を楽しむための余技として捉え、他者から職業的な営みと見られることを極度に嫌った。
- However, Bunjin regarded these arts as an avocation for them to enjoy elegance and absolutely hated this to be seen as a profession.
- 騒ぎを聞いて坑口にやってきた南と永岡鶴蔵は、賃上げや労働条件の改善は、自分らが責任をもって鉱山側と交渉するからと坑夫らを説得。
- Hearing of the riot, Minami and Tsuruzo NAGAOKA came to the mine mouth and persuaded mine workers that they would responsibly negotiate with the operator of the mine to improve the wages and their working conditions.
- アメリカ合衆国の一部の州において、性犯罪者に対して、本人の希望により、あるいは懲役刑との自由選択の形で、去勢刑が行われている。
- In some states within the United States of America today, castration is provided as an alternative to imprisonment and is conducted as a penalty for sex offenders at their request.
- 会の議事細則は府県会自身が定めて府知事・県令が許可し(第9条)、議長と副議長は府県会の議員から公選して府知事・県令が認可する。
- Fuken-kai's detailed regulations for proceedings were set by Fuken-kai itself and were approved by the prefectural governor (Article 9), and the chairman and vice-chairman were to be elected by public election from among prefectural councilors and were approved by the prefectural governors.
- その場合には、その年の立春にいったん方違えになる方角に移動して一晩明かし、翌日自宅に戻れば当分は方違えしなくても良いとされた。
- In such case, if people stayed overnight at another place on the first day of spring in the construction year and would come home the next day, they were exempted from further practice of Katatagae for a while.
- 行政権は国務各大臣の輔弼により天皇が自ら行うものとされ、内閣は国務各大臣の協議と意思統一のための組織体にすぎないものとされた。
- The executive power of the government was under the personal control of the Emperor, who was assisted by the Ministers of State, and so the Cabinet was originally established merely as a consultative body, within which Ministers of State engaged in discussion to ensure that their opinions were consistent with each other.
- 今日、勲等に叙す慣例がなくなり勲章の授与を叙勲と称することになったことで、叙勲は勲章を授与すること自体を指す意味が強くなった。
- Since the institution of bestowal of the medals for merit has been abolished and bestowal of the decoration is called 'the bestowal of the medals for merit' instead, 'the bestowal of the medals for merit' has increasingly come to mean the bestowal of the decoration.
- そのように考えると、元年に太歳記事がないのは見落としのせいではなく、もともとそのように編集されていたのだとするほうが自然である。
- In consideration of that fact, it is natural to think that the tai sui article did not appear in the first year not because it was overlooked, but because it was edited in such a way from the beginning.
- ところが一方では、株持ち酒屋の中にはこっそりと自分のところの酒造りを無株者酒屋に格安で下請けさせるところもあらわれたのであった。
- Meanwhile, however, some kabumochi breweries stealthily began contracting out their sake production to mukabumono breweries at a low price.
- 平安時代になり大同 (日本)3年(808年)に大蔵省律令制における大蔵省縫部司を併合すると衣服生産も縫殿寮自ら行うようになった。
- In the Heian period, Nuidonoryo absorbed Okurasho Nuibe no tsukasa, which was based on the Okurasho Ritsuryo system, in 808 and began the production of clothes.
- また、元亀3年(1572年)に信長が京都に自身の屋敷を建てた際には、3月に顕如から万里江山の一軸と白天目の茶碗を贈呈されている。
- When Nobunaga built his own residence in Kyoto in 1572, Kennyo presented him with a scroll depicting Wan Li Jiang Shan mountain and a Shiro Tenmoku tea bowl in April.
- そして、天津条約を締結し、その条文内で中国とイギリスをともに「自主の邦」として並列的に位置づけることを明文化することに成功した。
- After the war, the Treaty of Tianjin was concluded and its provision clearly stated that both China and Britain should be positioned as 'equally independent nations.'
- 当初は朝鮮も華夷秩序の論理に拠って清朝と交渉していたが、次第に近代国際法における自国民保護を援用して交渉するようになっていった。
- At first, Korean side negotiated with the Qing dynasty based on the thought of Kaichitsujo; however, Korea started to negotiate referring to protecting one's own citizens of modern international law.
- 日本において『万国公法』理解が非常に自然法よりであったことは、すでに示したが、この西周本は実定法に依拠した国際法概説書であった。
- As explained above, understanding of 'Bankoku Koho' in Japan was closer to thought of natural law, but the book by Nishi was general information manual on international law, which took a stance based on positive law.
- 華夷秩序では、自国と周辺諸国を文化面では「華/夷」という等級で順序付けし、政治面では君臣関係(宗主国―藩属国)として捉えている。
- In kaichitsujo, own country and neighboring countries were ordered and positioned from cultural point of view 'ka' and 'i,' and, from political point of view, understood as the relations between lord and vassal (suzerain state - subject state).
- 留学や海外軍事視察の経験から国際関係に精通していた威仁親王は、即座にこの事件を自分のレベルでは解決できない重大な外交問題と判断。
- Imperial Prince Takehito, who was well-versed in foreign affairs because of his experiences of studying abroad and military inspections, judged that this incident was such a serious diplomatic issue that he could not handle by himself.
- 関税に関する条項が改訂されるのは、朝米通商条約において関税が定められ、自国のみ突出するわけにはいかないと日本が判断した後である。
- The provision on taxation was amended after the Treaty of Commerce between Korea and the United States was concluded, where taxation was provided, and Japan decided that they should not maintain the preferential provision anymore.
- しかしながら、友軍の川尻突入を見て、機逸すべからずと考え、兵を分けて、自ら撰抜隊を率いて熊本城目指して突入し、遂に城下に達した。
- At the sight of the troops on his side charging into Kawajiri, YAMAKAWA made a snap decision that he must not miss the opportunity, divided his soldiers and led the pick of the troops by himself and rushed towards Kumamoto Castle, and entered the castle town.
- 信玄時代からの重鎮たち、特に武田四天王といわれる山県昌景、馬場信春、内藤昌豊らは信長自らの出陣を知って撤退を進言したと言われる。
- Knowing Nobunaga's participation in the battle, Takeda's senior vassals since the time of Shingen, especially Masakage YAMAGATA, Nobuharu BABA, and Masatoyo NAITO who were among the so-called big four of the Takeda clan advised Katsuyori to withdraw from the war.
- 中世には、朝廷や武家政権、荘園領主・有力寺社などの権門勢家がおのおの独自に関所を設置し、金儲けのため、関銭(通行税)を徴収した。
- During Japan's middle ages, powerful and influential families or other groups, including the Imperial Court, the various warrior governments, lords of private estates, and powerful temples and shrines all established their own dedicated barrier stations, levying a 'barrier toll' (also known as a 'passage tax') at such barriers in order to make money.
- 身分的には下層社会であったが、優れた技術力と豊富な資金量は武士を圧倒する面もみせ、独自の都市文化(町人文化)の形成発展に寄与した。
- In the social status, they ranked at lower position but showed superiority over the samurai class at times with their outstanding craftsmanship and abundant financial resources, which contributed to the development of distinctive urban cultures (Chonin culture [townsmen culture].)
- 藩札の流通は、藩が独自の流通規則を定め、藩札以外の貨幣の流通を禁じた藩もあったが、藩札と幕府貨幣の両方の流通を認めた藩も多かった。
- Each domain regulated the circulation of currency independently; some domains forbade the circulation of other currencies, but many domains allowed the circulation of both han bills and the currency issued by the shogunate.
- 藩の内側は征夷大将軍と江戸幕府の権威・権力の枠の内側で一定の自立した政治・経済・社会のまとまりを持ち、小さな国家のように機能した。
- Certain self-sustained politics, economy and society were well organized inside Han within a framework of the authority of the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and the Edo bakufu, so the inside of Han functioned like a small country.
- 那須信吾は中山忠光を逃すべく決死隊を編成して敵陣に突入して討ち死に、藤本鉄石も討ち死にし、負傷して失明していた松本奎堂は自刃した。
- Shingo NASU organized a death squad in order to make Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA flee, entered into an enemy camp and died in battle; Tesseki FUJIMOTO was also killed in battle; Keido MATSUMOTO who had lost eye sight from an injury committed suicide.
- その一方で、超然主義を支持する他会派とは違い、自由民権運動系の政党への敵意は弱く、第1次大隈内閣に対しては好意的な中立を維持した。
- On the other hand, it was different from other factions that supported the nonparty principle, and with less hostility toward parties for the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, it favorably maintained neutrality toward the first Okuma Cabinet.
- 戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、日本の軍国主義の温床となった寄生地主制を改革するために農地改革を断行し、自作農が多く誕生した。
- After the war, the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) pushed through the farmland reform to reform the parasitic landlord system which had become a hotbed of Japanese militarism, and it turned many farmers into land-owning farmers.
- 大同団結運動(だいどうだんけつうんどう)とは、1887年-1889年に発生した帝国議会開設に備えた自由民権運動各派による統一運動。
- The movement to unite for a common purpose refers to a unification movement took place between 1887 and 1889 among factions of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement to prepare for the establishment of the Imperial Diet.
- その後新政府内部で鉄道建設について検討が行われ、明治2年(1869年)11月に自国管轄方式によって新橋・横浜間の鉄道建設を決めた。
- Subsequently the railroad construction was debated within the new government and in November 1869, and it was decided to construct the railroad between Shinbashi and Yokohama under its own control and management method.
- 真田隊や毛利隊がどれだけ家康自身に迫ったのかは諸説あり、そのため後世の錦絵や再現イラスト、歴史漫画では様々な想像図が描かれている。
- There are several theories on how closely the Sanada troop and the Mori troop chased after Ieyasu himself, and a variety of drawings on imagination were made on nishikie (colored woodblock prints), illustrated reenactment, and historical manga (comic books) in later ages.
- 「日本人と対等に扱う政策であった」との擁護論があるが、日本人化するという発想自体が日本人を優位と見るものであり、差別の証拠である。
- There is a theory that advocates it as a 'policy treating them equally to the Japanese' but the concept of Japanization itself considers Japanese being superior, presenting an evidence of discrimination.
- しかし日本統治時代後半になると道路網の整備も一定の成果があると、鉄道と自動車輸送の競争が生じ多くの軽便鉄道がバス輸送に代替された。
- Toward the later days of Japanese rule, the development of highways caused competition between the railroad and motor transportation and many light railway lines were replaced with bus service.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、伊賀は伊賀守護・仁木氏の傘下に属しながらも、「伊賀惣国一揆」と呼ばれる合議制の強い自治共同体が形成されていた。
- In the Sengoku period, Iga Province formed a self-governing community with a strong council system called 'iga sokoku ikki' while being affiliated to Niki clan, the Iga Shugo.
- それに対して府県会は財政議決権を持つだけで与えられた権限の及ぶ範囲は狭く、自治体としてよりも国の行政区画としての意味合いが強かった。
- On the other hand, the Fukenkai (prefectural assembly) only had a voting right on finance and had limited authority, and thus it was more like an administrative district than an autonomous body.
- 1911年、1921年、1925年、1929年の改正で、自治権の強化と公民権の拡張が進むが、この制度の基本的な性格は変わらなかった。
- Although the revisions of the law carried out in 1911, 1921, 1925 and 1929 had increased the autonomy and expanded the civil right, the basic character of this law remained unaltered.
- こうなると今度は、株持ち酒屋のあいだに疑心暗鬼が生じ、自分たちの中にそうした裏切り者がいないか、相互監視するネットワークが築かれた。
- That made kabumochi breweries suspicious of each other, so much so that they established a mutual surveillance network to find a possible traitor.
- 前首相の松方正義が自らの閣僚にも見放されて内閣を放り出すという事態は、8月2日に大命を受けた伊藤にも今後の政権運営に不安を抱かせた。
- The situation that the previous prime minister Masayoshi MATSUKATA gave up the Cabinet because he lost the support of the members of his own Cabinet also made ITO who received the imperial command on August 2, feel concern about future government management.
- だが、桂と元老は人事や政策に条件を付けて制約をかけ、西園寺も自分の両腕と言える原敬と松田正久の2人だけを入閣させる条件で折り合った。
- Katsura and Genro restricted Saionji's power by making conditions on policies and personnel affairs; Saionji came to terms with them on the condition that Takashi HARA and Masahisa MATSUDA, the two most trusted assistants, would be in the cabinet.
- 桂はこの内閣の後見人を自負して、政権運営にまで関与しようとしたために内務大臣 (日本)原敬との微妙な政治的駆け引きを行うこととなる。
- Katsura considered himself as the guardian of the cabinet and tried to influence Saionji's handling of the government, which led to the delicate politics with Takashi HARA, Minister of Home Affairs.
- 国際博覧会への参加自体は幕末から始まっていたが、明治の世になると富国強兵の手段として盛んに「内国勧業博覧会」というものが開催された。
- As Japan had participated in international exhibitions since the end of the Edo period, it began to actively hold 'the National Industrial Exhibitions' as a means of fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) in the Meiji period.
- これまで『万国公法』をはじめとする近代国際法を受容した東アジア諸国が、外圧もしくは自発的努力によって変革を迫られた過程を述べてきた。
- After the reception of modern international laws such as 'Bankoku Koho,' East Asian countries were forced to push internally or externally to change the system of the countries and examples of those cases are described above.
- いっぽう板垣は参議就任により、愛国社創立運動の失敗を招いたため、自由民権派から背信行為を厳しく糾弾され、釈明に追われることとなった。
- On the other hand, Itagaki's assumption of office as Sangi caused the movement of the formation of Aikokusha (literally, the Society of Patriots) to fail, so he was severely criticized by the Jiyu Minken fraction for his betrayal and pressed to offer vindication.
- すなわち日本軍は自軍が綱紀正しかったことを内外に喧伝したが、実際はそうでもなかったことを『万朝報』の記者幸徳秋水らが厳しく追及した。
- In other words, the Japanese Army bragged about its highly disciplined army both within it and outside, but this was not actually true, as vehemently pursued by a journalist of 'Yorozuchoho' called Shusui KOTOKU.
- 平安時代から続く、丑の刻参りという呪術があり、古くは神木(神体)に釘を打ち付け、自身が鬼となって恨む相手に復讐するというものである。
- There is an occult art called Ushi no koku mairi that has continued from the Heian period, which one would drive a nail into a sacred tree, become a demon and invoke a curse on a hated enemy.
- しかしキリスト教が広まると、キリスト教の教義や、キリシタン大名の人徳や活躍ぶり(特に高山右近)に感化され、自ら入信する大名が現れた。
- However, as Christianity continued to spread, some daimyo (notably Ukon TAKAYAMA) found themselves impressed with Christianity's doctrines as well as with the virtue and vigor of Christian daimyo, and chose to believe in the religion on their own initiative.
- その他、平安時代初期の『弘仁私記』序はある人の説として、倭人が自らを「わ」(われ)と称したことから倭となった、とする説を記している。
- The preface of 'Koninshiki' of the early Heian period introduced a theory by someone regarding the origin of the name that Wajin called themselves 'Wa' (meaning 'I,' 'me' or 'we,' 'us' in Japanese).
- しかし、野村忍介・池辺の必死の説得で桐野は遂に翻意し、撤退し本営を東方の矢部浜町へ移転することに決し、自ら薩軍退却の殿りをつとめた。
- Oshisuke NOMURA and IKEBE desperately persuaded KIRINO into moving the headquarters to Yabehama-cho, east from there, and KIRINO brought up the rear of the retreating the Satsuma army.
- この環濠集落の直径が約200メートルで、西側が自然河川に繋がっており、北側と東側、南側には、幅約20メートルの濠が巡っているらしい。
- The moat settlement spanned approximately 200 m across, and while the village was directly facing the natural river on the west side, it was apparently surrounded by a moat of about 20 m wide on the north, east and south sides.
- しかし、陪臣(徳島本藩の家臣)である稲田氏の家臣は卒族とされた事に稲田氏の家臣は納得できず、自分達の士族編入を徳島本藩に訴えかけた。
- However, the vassals of the Inada clan, as baishin (indirect vassals), did not agree with allowing themselves to be relegated to sotsuzoku rank (low-ranking samurai), and requested the Tokushima Honpan to incorporate their rank into warrior class.
- 武士道は個人的戦闘者の生存術としての武士道であり、武名を高めることにより自己および一族郎党の発展を有利にすることを主眼に置いている。
- Bushido is a way of survival as an individual fighter, which focuses on developing oneself and the family, bringing them an advantage by achieving military renown.
- 661年、百済の遺臣の要請に応じて中大兄皇子は救援の兵を派遣することを決め、斉明天皇とともに自ら筑紫へ赴くが、天皇はこの地で没する。
- In 661, in response to the request of the surviving retainers of Baekje, Naka no Oe no Oji decided to dispatch soldiers for rescue and together with Empress Saimei, he himself went to Chikushi, but Empress passed away at this place.
- 日本側が韓国併合は現在において「もはや無効」であるという立場をとることで日韓併合条約の締結自体は合法であったという考えを内包している。
- Japan has adopted a stance that the annexation of Korea is 'no longer valid' today, which implies the conclusion that the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty itself was legal.
- また進物や賄賂についても、公費の予算から支出される現代の公務員と異なり、高家や勅使饗応役の大名は必要経費を自弁しなければならなかった。
- For gifts and bribes, unlike public employees today, who are able to pay at public expense, koke members and attendants for Imperial messengers had to pay their own expenses.
- しかし金右衛門はやがて本当にお艶に本当に恋するようになり、彼女を騙して絵図面を手に入れたことに自責の念を感じ、忠義と恋慕の間で苦しむ。
- However, Kinemon started falling in love with Otsuya and struggled between loyalty and love due to a sense of guilt he was feeling for deceiving her and acquiring the map.
- 与党となった憲政党のうち、旧進歩党 (日本)系の大隈を首相に、旧自由党 (日本)系の板垣退助を特に内務大臣 (日本)に迎えて組織した。
- Among the Constitutional Party in power, the cabinet was organized with OKUMA from the former Progressive Party (Japan) as the Prime Minister and Taisuke ITAGAKI from the former Liberal Party (Japan) as Minister of Home Affairs.
- 湯起請の方法は、まずあらかじめ審理を受ける者二人が、それぞれ自分の主張が事実であると、当事者の前で誓う(起請文を作成する場合もある)。
- In the yugisho method, each of the two claimants to be tried first swore that their claim was the truth in front of the parties concerned (in some cases, they would write a kishomon [sworn oath]).
- この法令は、江戸問屋の保護と物価高騰の抑制を目的としていたが、すぐに列強各国から、条約に規定する自由貿易を妨げる、と強い反発を受けた。
- Although this law was intended to protect warehouse merchants in Edo and to control steep price rise, it immediately met with strong opposition from powerful countries insisting that the law would hamper free trade policy as specified in the treaties.
- この「恕」とは『論語』里仁編に登場することばであり、他者に対し自分のことのごとく思いやることを意味し、儒教倫理における基本概念である。
- '恕' is a word from 'Rongo' (Analects of Confucius), which means to think of another person just like to think of oneself and it is a basic concept of Confucian ethic.
- しかも家康が用いた法令は祖法でありそれを改正する事自体が、家康と幕府を侮辱する反逆的行為であると考える儒教的・保守的な考え方もあった。
- The law of Ieyasu was the ancestral law, changing it could be regarded as a treasonable act which insulted Ieyasu and the Shogunate in the Confucian and conservative point of view.
- 著名な詩人にして文人である白居易はその著『新楽府』において自らの詩作は世相を風刺し政治に影響を与えることにその本分があると述べている。
- BAI Juyi, a famous poet and Bunjin, described that his poems fundamentally aimed to satirize social trends and give an impact on politics in his book 'Shingakufu.'
- 世宗 (朝鮮王)時代には女真・日本・対馬・壱岐・松浦・琉球などを自国に朝貢する対象と主観する「天下」概念も存在し、祀天もおこなわれた。
- During the reign of Sejong (the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty), there was a notion of 'Tenka' under which Jurchen, Japan, Tsushima, Iki, Matsuura and Ryukyu were deemed as tributary nations, and shiten was also conducted.
- まもなく伊藤は侍補の廃止を決断する一方、高まる自由民権運動に対抗するために道徳教育の強化には同意して政府の教育政策の継続が認められた。
- Soon Ito decided to abolish the role of jiho but agreed to strengthen moral education to hold out against the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) and decided to allow the continuation of the government's education policy.
- その中で、自然と最初の妻である如了とその実妹で実如を生んだ2番目の妻蓮祐の遺した7人の男子の存在は宗門の間で崇敬の対象となっていった。
- In such a situation, the seven sons, the bereaved children of the first wife Nyoryo and her real younger sister Rensuke, the second wife who bore Jitsunyo, naturally became objects of followers' respect.
- 開戦初期は極東に対し消極的であったが、戦局の推移や列強の動向の変化により、極東に自国の拠点を得る機会が到来したと認識するようになった。
- Although Germany was not very passionate about expanding to the Far East at the beginning of Japanese-Sino War, it began to acknowledge that it was the right time for Germany to obtain a foothold in the Far East amid a changing course of the war and also changing stances of the other world powers.
- 議会派はクロムウェルを護国卿に任命したが、その死後に護国卿を継承した子のリチャード・クロムウェルには政治力が無く、自ら辞任を申し出た。
- Parliamentarians appointed their leader Cromwell as the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, but, after his death, his child Richard Cromwell who succeeded the post of Lord Protector had little political clout and offered his voluntary resignation from the post.
- 新田藩のうち幕末まで存続した藩は明治維新時に独自の陣屋を設けたり本藩に吸収されたりしたため、維新後には新田藩と称される藩は存在しない。
- Shinden domains which survived by the end of the Edo period no longer existed after the Meiji Restoration because independent jinya (regional government office) was established or they were absorbed by their head families.
- そして首謀者の金玉均は、首相にあたる「領議政」に大院君の親戚の一人の李載元、副首相に朴泳孝、自らを大蔵大臣のポストに置く事を表明した。
- The ringleader Ok-gyun KIM announced that Jae-won Lee, one of the Heungseon Daewongun's relatives, would be appointed to be the 'supreme leader' as the prime minister, Yong-hyo PAK to be the deputy prime minister, and himself to be the minister of finance.
- アメリカ合衆国は石炭補給基地の確保や、日本沿岸で漂流した自国民やその財産の保護、日本との自由貿易などの理由で日本との通商を試みていた。
- The United States of America reached out Japan for the purpose of establishing free trade, securing a coal supply-base, and protecting American castaways and their property, and freely trading with Japan.
- 改正運動は執拗に続き、大正11年(1922年)3月には集会の自由を禁じた第5条2項の改正に至った(新婦人協会治安警察法第五条改正運動)。
- The movement for the amendment to the law lasted and at last in March 1922 it led to the amendment of the second clause of Article 5 that prohibited freedom of assembly (the Association of New Women's campaign for the amendment to Security Police Law, Article 5).
- 内蔵助は、盟約に加わることを望んだ嫡男大石良金だけを自分のもとに残して、妻香林院や子供らは絶縁の上、豊岡の石束毎公のところへ帰している。
- Kuranosuke kept his legitimate son Yoshikane OISHI by his side, who wished to join the group, and sent his wife Korinin and other sons to Tsuneyoshi ISHIZUKA's in Toyooka after disowning them.
- 清朝でも公使派遣については当初受け入れられなかったが、日本と日清修好条規を締結する頃には、すでに公使の派遣自体は問題視されていなかった。
- In the Qing dynasty, dispatch of ministries was not accepted at first, however by the time of the conclusion of Japan - Qing Treaty of Friendship, the dispatch of ministries was not seen as a problem.
- その兼実自身も驚くほど、守護地頭の設置申請が朝廷の諸国に対する支配権を大きく変え得る内容の権能を要求したものであったということができる。
- As the Kanezane was surprised, it seemed that the application to place shugo and jito included the request of capacity and power that could change the influence of the Imperial Court towards the various districts dramatically.
- 「民芸品売り場」「民芸調の家具」など、現代日本語の表現として定着している「民芸」という言葉自体が、柳らによって使い始められた造語である。
- The word 'mingei', folk art, that is now established as an expression in modern Japanese such as 'Mingeihin selling space' or 'Mingei style furniture' is a coined term Yanagi and others started to use.
- 松崎欣一編 『福澤諭吉著作集〈第12巻〉福翁自伝 福澤全集緒言』 慶應義塾大学出版会、2003年、ISBN 978-4766408881
- The 12th volume, Fukuo Jiden (autobiography) of the works of Yukichi FUKUZAWA edited by Kinichi MATSUZAKI, Keiogijuku University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-4766408881
- 前日・12月8日(1868年1月2日)夜、岩倉は自邸に薩摩・土佐・安芸・尾張・越前各藩の重臣を集め、王政復古の断行を宣言、協力を求めた。
- Iwakura gathered important retainers of the alliance domains of Satsuma, Tosa, Aki, Owari, and Echizen to his residence on the night of January 2, 1868 (the eve of D-day), declared his commitment to the restoration of Imperial rule and requested their cooperation.
- しかし、京都から来た幕府軍を徳川慶喜が率いていることを知り、慶喜に差し出した嘆願書の受け取りも拒否されて、自分達の志が潰えたことを悟る。
- However, when they learned that the army of bakufu from Kyoto was led by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA and their petition was not accepted, they realized that their wish will never come true.
- しかし、信長はこれを許さず長島から出る者を根切に処し、残る屋長島・中江の2個所は柵で囲んで焼き殺し、指導者であった願証寺の佐堯は自害した。
- But Nobunaga did not allow the losers to survive and implemented 'negiri' (extermination) by killing all men escaping from Nagashima and by burning out people in Yanagashima and Nakae, which were surrounded by palisades, forcing the leader Sagyo of Gansho-ji Temple to kill himself.
- ペリーは艦隊の一部を那覇に駐屯させ、自らは6月9日に出航、6月14日から6月18日にかけて、まだ領有のはっきりしない小笠原諸島を探検した。
- Leaving a part of his squadron behind, Perry set out from Naha on June 9, 1853. From June 14 to June 18, he explored the Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands) where no territorial claim had yet been formally made.
- 明治日本の「文明」日本という自己表象に、西欧列強との同化願望があったことは否定できず、その点で差別主義的であったことは夙に指摘されている。
- It is not to be denied that Japan in Meiji period, which represented itself as being 'civilized', desired to assimilate into the powerful countries of Western Europe, and it has been pointed out that this attitude was discriminatory.
- 様々な制限があったとしても、各地の府県会が自由民権運動派の政府攻撃の拠点となったことは、府県会自治が空虚な器でなかったことを意味している。
- Even though there were various limitations, the fact that the prefectural assemblies all over the country became the bases for the Jiyu Minken Undo sects to criticize and attack the government means that the autonomy of prefectural assemblies was not a hollow gesture.
- 日本では蔭位という例外規定が設けられ、高位の貴族の子弟は自動的に官職が与えられたため、徹底はしなかったが、官人の登用試験としては存在した。
- In Japan, the examination system was adopted for low to mid-ranked officials, although not thoroughly carried out for all officials because of the exceptional rule called 'on-i,' whereby children of high ranking nobles were automatically promoted to government posts.
- 10月5日 (旧暦)に対馬、10月14日 (旧暦)に壱岐を襲撃し、平戸鷹島の松浦党の本拠を全滅させ、壱岐守護代の平景隆を自害に追い込んだ。
- They attacked Tsushima on October 5 and Iki on October 14 (both dates according to old lunar calendar), completely destroying the headquarters of the Matsuura Party (group of local warriors based in Matsuura area) in Taka-shima Island, Hirado, and drove Shugodai (Deputy Military Governor) of Iki Province TAIRA no Kagetaka to committing suicide.
- しかしながら、義経が崖ないし坂を駆け下って平氏の一ノ谷の陣営奇襲したという「逆落し」自体は当時の一級史料である『玉葉』には記されていない。
- However, there is no description of 'sakaotoshi' which indicates Yoshitsune having ran down a cliff or a hill then executing a surprise attack on the Ichinotani military camp of the Taira clan in 'Gyokuyo,' the first class historical material of that period.
- 瀬戸内海では、海賊鎮圧の任に当たっていた藤原純友が、同じ目的で地方任官していた者たちと独自の武装勢力を形成して京から赴任する受領たちと対立。
- In the Seto Inland Sea, FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, who was responsible for combatting pirates, together with others who had been commissioned for the same purpose, set up an independent armed force against the Zuryo (provincial governors) of Kyoto.
- しかし『明六雑誌』の啓蒙主義は、迷信や因習に縛られない自由で合理的な精神を追求し、欲望や利害に関し肯定的な功利主義に立つ人間像をもっていた。
- However, the philosophy of enlightenment in 'Meiroku Zasshi' had an image of human who sought a free rational sprit independent from superstition and convention and stood on utilitarianism which was affirmative for desires and interests.
- 翌23日、軍使山野田一輔が持ち帰った参軍川村純義からの降伏の勧めを無視し、参軍山県からの西郷宛の自決を勧める書状にも西郷は返事をしなかった。
- On the next day, September 23, SAIGO ignored the recommendation to surrender by Sangun Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, which was brought back by the military messenger Ippo YAMANODA, and did not answer the letter for him from Sangun Yamagata to recommend him to commit suicide.
- プロイセン王国の地方自治制度が取り入れられ、参政権は地租もしくは直接国税を年2円以上納税している者のみに付与するなど資産家優位の制度であった。
- As it adopted the local self-government system of Kingdom of Prussia, it was advantageous to the propertied class, for example, the suffrage was given only to those who were paying more than two yen in land tax or direct national tax.
- 傷を治してからまず捨て身の覚悟でやるために自分の墓を用意して、それから京都・奈良・大阪を見物しながら日本刀や仕込み杖、猟銃を買い時機を待った。
- After healing the wounds, Kumataro prepared a tomb for himself to fight the enemy at all risk, and then, visited Kyoto, Nara and Osaka to buy Japanese swords, sword canes and hunting guns, and bode his time.
- 人足寄場(にんそくよせば)、正式名称火付盗賊改方人足寄場(かやくがたにんそくよせば)とは江戸幕府の設置した軽罪人・虞犯者の自立支援施設である。
- Ninsokuyoseba, Hitsuke Tozoku Aratame-kata Ninsokuyoseba by formal name, was a self-support facility set up by the Edo Shogunate for minor offenders and those who are likely to commit crimes.
- 江川英龍(英龍)・遠山景元・鳥居耀蔵(燿蔵)ら実務派の官僚が採用されたが、内容自体は田沼時代を受けた寛政の改革の再来ともいえ、新味は無かった。
- Tadakuni promoted practical bureaucrats, such as Hidetatsu EGAWA, Kagemoto TOYAMA, and Yozo TORII, but the very contents of the reforms could be said just the revival of Kansei Reforms after the Tanuma period, so they lacked novelty.
- 乱後、上皇は仲麻呂の推挙で天皇に立てられた淳仁天皇を武力をもって廃位して淡路国に流刑にすると、自らが再度天皇に復位する(重祚)ことを宣言した。
- After the rebellion, the Retired Empress dethroned Emperor Junnin, who had ascended the throne with the recommendation of Nakamaro, with the military power, and made Emperor Junnin exile to Awaji Province; thereafter she declared that she herself would ascend the throne again.
- 雄略は中国へ送った文書では「倭王武」と自称していたが、国内向けには治天下大王、すなわち中国とは異なる倭国独自の天下を治める大王、と称していた。
- Although Yuryaku called himself ' Waobu' in the letter he sent to China, he used the title of amenoshita shiroshimesu okimi inside Japan in order to show that he was the okimi (great king) who ruled the Tenka of Wakoku independently from that of China.
- ホイートンの箇所で述べたように原著は元々自然法と実定法双方に軸足をおいた著作であったが、第三版において実定法的性格を強める増訂が為されている。
- As mentioned in the section for Wheaton, at the beginning, the original text was based on both of natural law and positive law, but enlargement to strengthen the nature of positive law side was made in its third edition.
- 以上のようなマーティンの翻訳傾向は、東アジアにおける国際法受容に大きな影響を及ぼし、日本ではより一層儒教的自然法概念と結合し理解されていった。
- The tendency of translation by Martin as described above affected acceptance of international law in east Asia and, in Japan, it was understood combined more deeply with Confucian concept of natural law.
- すなわちこの一文は他国を自国の如く思いやることを説いていることになり、ルールとしての法が道徳倫理的に理解受容されたことを意味しているのである。
- The definition means that law as rules was understood and accepted as moral values and to think of other countries just like to think of own country was mentioned in the sentence.
- 朱印船制度は初代将軍徳川家康が制度化したものであり、家康自身が直接発行したものも多く、余人がそれを取り消すことは事実上不可能だったからである。
- The shuinsen regulations were institutionalized by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the first Shogun and many of the shuinjo were issued by Ieyasu himself, so the cancellation of shuinjo was virtually impossible
- しかしアロー戦争の結果締結された天津条約や北京条約によって、清朝は少なくとも外交制度上は西欧諸国を自国と対等な存在として認めざるを得なくなる。
- Because of the Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing resulted from the Arrow War, the Qing dynastic was obliged at least from diplomatic point of view to recognize western countries as equal existence to own country.
- この乱の後、西洋的方法を視野に入れた政治改革の必要を認識した西太后は、かつて自らが失敗させた戊戌の変法を手本としたいわゆる光緒新政を開始した。
- Empress Dowager Cixi acknowledged the need for post-war political reform involving western techniques, and started the new Guangxu government based on the Hundred Days' Reform that she had previously made to fail.
- 自分に度々意見する元長の存在を疎ましく思っていたとはいえ、劣勢の長政への肩入れも得策ではなかったためか、両軍への撤兵要請で事を収めようとした。
- Although he was annoyed about Motonaga who often criticized him, it was not advantageous to help almost losing Nagamasa, and therefore he attempted to put this battle to an end by calling on withdrawal to both sides.
- 付属第七款 開港場において日本人は自国の貨幣を使用することができ、朝鮮人は売買によって入手した貨幣を日本製品購入のために使用することができる。
- The appendix of provision 7 - Japanese people can use the Japanese currency at cities where the port is open, and Korean people can use currency that they got through trade when they purchase Japanese products.
- 連子は天智天皇の正式な即位を見ないまま死去し、赤兄ともう一人の弟である蘇我果安は壬申の乱で弘文天皇側について敗れ、それぞれ流罪・自害となった。
- Murajiko died before Emperor Tenchi was officially enthroned, and Akae and his other younger brother SOGA no Hatayasu both of whom took the side of Emperor Kobun during the Jinshin War were respectively deported and prompted to commit suicide upon their defeat.
- また、そもそも旧来の重臣たちが反対したということ自体が誤りでは無いかとする説もある(重臣たちが反対したという話も元は『甲陽軍鑑』からである)。
- Some scholars have even discredited the surmise that the old senior vassals were opposed to the battle (which is essentially based on 'Koyo Gunkan').
- 明代の官田の税は民間の小作料よりは低かったが、それでも例えば蘇州府では1畝当たりの平均税率がその4割にも達し、官倉への輸送費用も自弁であった。
- The tax on kanden in the Ming period was lower than private farm rent, but in Suzhou Prefecture, for example, the average tax rate per ridge was 40% of it and the cost of transportation to government warehouses was paid by themselves.
- 一方、江華島条約の第1条には「朝鮮は自主独立の国であり、日本と平等な権利を有する」とあり、朝鮮は従来もっていた華夷秩序との葛藤が起こっていく。
- On the other hand, the first article of the Treaty of Ganghwa stated 'Korea is an independent country having rights equal to Japan,' which caused a conflict with the Chinese hegemony over Korea.
- 大教院の設置は仏教主導で行われた事もあり、増上寺の施設献納も自発的なものだったが、神道勢力が主導権を握りはじめると、献納を拒否する動きをみせた。
- Since the establishment of Daikyoin was led by the leadership of the Buddhist power, Zojo-ji Temple voluntarily offered to provide its facilities for Daikyoin at first, but once Shinto power began to take control of the administration of Daikyoin, Zojo-ji Temple tried to retract its initial proposal.
- 大正時代に入って間もない頃、国の主導による本格的な神武陵一帯の整備が始まると、その拡張の必要などにともなって、洞村は自体の移転を余儀なくされる。
- Shortly after the beginning of Taisho period, the government started official improvement of the area around the mausoleum of Emperor Jinmu, and due to the expansion of the area and so on, Hora Village was forced to relocate.
- 国際法の用語には、「性」・「義」といった儒教的なことばが法と接続して使用され、中国人が国際法をより自然法に近づけて理解しやすい構造となっている。
- In terms of international law, words with Confucian words such as '性' and '義' were used in combination with '法' and, therefore, the structure became such that made Chinese easily understand international law bringing it closer to natural law.
- だが、最末期には幕府自らが諸色(生活物資)の流通機構を半国営化する「諸色会所」構想を推進した(もっとも、江戸幕府の滅亡によって実現しなかった)。
- However, the bakufu itself promoted a concept of 'shoshiki-kaisho' (daily commodity kaisho) in order to establish semi-nationalized distribution system of shoshiki (daily commodities) in the very last years of the Edo period (although the concept was never put into practice due to the collapse of the Edo bakufu).
- 数十人存在すると見られるポサルの多くは中年から老年の女性であり、住職として朝鮮寺に居住する者のほかに自宅に祭壇を設け巫行を行っているものも多い。
- Many existing miko are supposedly dozens of middle-aged or old-age women, and some of them reside as chief monk in Korean Temple, and the others are living in their own residence equipped with an altar.
- その一方で国民協会は独自の院内会派を結成しなかったために、国民協会所属のまま会派だけは中央交渉会に籍をおく議員が存在するなど複雑な状態となった。
- On the other hand, there were some councilors who belonged to Kokumin Kyokai while remaining to be members of the Central Negotiation Committee as a parliamentary group since Kokumin Kyokai didn't organize their own parliamentary group, and situation became very confusing.
- 運搬は、現代では背中に背負って電車などの公共交通機関を利用したり、自転車やオートバイやリヤカー、あるいは軽トラックなどの自動車を使うことが多い。
- In these days, the people carrying their products on their back often use public transportation including trains, bicycles, motorbikes, two-wheeled carts, or cars including small trucks for transport of products.
- そもそも第30号での森の発言自体、そう言わねばならないほど明六社とその雑誌が政治的な性格を次第に帯びてきたことへの危惧の念の表明だったのである。
- Mori's comment in the 30th issue itself showed his concern about that Meirokusha and its bulletin had gradually become political.
- しかし、「小隠」ともいわれる隠逸スタイルは官位を捨て山林などに隠棲することであり、そもそも自らの生活のベースである特権階級をも維持できなくなる。
- However, a style of recluses called 'Shoin,' meant to abandon official ranks and retire from the world to mountain or forest, making it impossible for the recluses to hold their privileges that were the basis of their living.
- なお欧米では、極東の鎖国をしていた島国であった日本が、明治維新より僅か数年で自前の鉄道を完成させたということには、驚嘆の声が上がったといわれる。
- It is said that Western countries expressed admiration for the fact that Japan, an island nation in the Far East which had been closed off the world for a long time, completed own railways in only several years after the Meiji Restoration.
- さらに当時の宮廷の頌歌では「海東天子」や「南蛮北狄自ら来朝す」といった表現があり、当時の金石文には「皇帝陛下詔して曰く」と刻しているものもある。
- Further, the phrase '海東天子' and '南蛮北狄自ら来朝す' are seen in the songs of the Court at that time, and the inscription of '皇帝陛下詔して曰く' is seen on kinsekibun (words written on metal and stones).
- ヴェトナムの正史において南越国が徐々に本紀から外され、ヴェトナム独自の神話や伝承に基づく涇陽王・貉龍君・雄王などが正史における地位を向上させた。
- Nanetsukoku was gradually removed from the official history of Vietnam, and the status of 涇陽王, 貉龍君 (names of Vietnamese legendary kings) and 雄王 (the title of a line of kings of Văn Lang, an ancient Vietnamese nation) was raised instead based on the Vietnam's own mythology and oral tradition.
- また義堂周信の日記『空華日用工夫集』によれば、足利義満は義堂との議論において、しばしば自身の政の対象として「天下」「天下之人」を問題としている。
- According to 'Kugenichiyokufushu,' the diary of Gido Shushin, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA often talked on 'Tenka' and 'the people of Tenka' as the objects of his politics in the discussion with Gido.
- 北浦定政が、自力で平城京の推定地を調査し、水田の畦や道路に街の痕跡が残ることを見つけ、1852年(嘉永5)『平城宮大内裏跡坪割之図』にまとめた。
- When investigating the possible location of Heijo-kyo, Sadamasa KITAURA discovered that ruins of the city remained on the ridges between rice fields and streets, which he recorded in 'Heijo-kyu Daidairi ato tsubowari no zu,' in 1852.
- 良民は、高級官僚である貴族を初め、下級官人、一般の百姓(公民と呼ばれることもあった)、雑色人(品部・雑戸という工芸技術を持つ半自由民)があった。
- The ryomin included the nobles, who were high-ranking officials; low-ranking officials; general peasants, who were sometimes called 'public people'; and lower level functionaries, including semi-free skilled craftsmen known as 'shinabe' and 'zakko.'
- 日本統治前期の抗日活動は台湾を制圧し清朝への帰属を目指すものであり、台湾人としての民族自覚より清朝との関係の中で発生した武装闘争であると言える。
- The anti-Japanese movement in the early days of the Japanese rule aimed at gaining control of Taiwan and coming under the jurisdiction of the Qing dynasty and it could be regarded as the armed resistance occurred in the connection with the Qing dynasty rather than the one happened due to heightened nationalism.
- 黒田は自分が務めていた農商務大臣を逓信大臣の榎本武揚に兼務させたほかは、全閣僚を留任させて新内閣を発足させた(農商務大臣には後に井上馨を専任)。
- KURODA had all ministers stay in office except his position as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce which was taken over by Takeaki ENOMOTO, Minister of Communication, and started a new cabinet (Later, Kaoru INOUE was appointed as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce).
- これらのことから、「三韓征伐」説話を根拠として全く用いることがなくとも、4世紀後半以降の倭の朝鮮半島進出自体は歴史的事実として立証できるとする。
- Those evidences, even dismissing the tale of 'Sankan-Seibatsu,' would be determinate factor in the foundation of the theory that Wa progressed in his militaristic advance into the Korean peninsula during the later portion of the fourth century as historical fact.
- このように、五位以上の家に生まれれば「判」権限を持つ判官以上、六位以下なら「判」権限を持たない主典以下という、出自による格差が厳然と存在していた。
- As previously mentioned, there was a strict gap by the birth such as the people came from the family of Goi or higher were able to become Hangan with the authority of 'han,' while the people came from the family of Rokui or lower were able to become only Sakan without the authority of 'han.'
- 佐藤は、自らが率先して革命歌を高唱し、「無政府主義万歳」と叫んだことを認めると共に、無政府主義も社会主義も究極の目的は一致するかもしれぬと答えた。
- SATO acknowledged that he was the first to sing songs of revolution in a loud voice and to yell 'Hurrah for anarchism,' and replied that the ultimate objectives of anarchism and of socilalism may be the same.
- それゆえ、自らの王や周辺諸国の王が「皇」の文字を使用する事は道理に反するとして認めず、天皇の事を「日本国王」「wko일본_천황」などと呼んできた。
- Therefore, they didn't allow their own king or the kings of neighboring countries to use the character '皇' on the grounds that it went against reason, and they called the emperor of Japan 'the king of Japan' or '일본_천황' (Ilbon Chonhwang).
- 須恵器とほぼ同時期に生産されていたものであるが、土師器の技法は弥生式土器の延長線上にあり、どの形式から土師器かを土器自体から決定することは難しい。
- Although roughly identical in age as Sue pottery, Haji pottery is an evolved form of Yayoi type pottery and therefore is extremely difficult to determine from which type Haji pottery started.
- 江戸時代から建築に対する有職故実的な研究は行われていたが、学問として成立するのは明治時代以降である(建築という用語自体、明治時代に造られたもの)。
- The study of architecture has been conducted since the Edo period as part of greater studies on the practices of ancient court and samurai families, but it was only in the Meiji period that architectural study emerged as an independent branch of learning (the term 'kenchiku' [建築], meaning 'architecture', was itself coined in the Meiji period).
- 日本にとっては初めての(アジア除く)(治外法権が無く、関税自主権のある)平等条約であり、メキシコにとってはアジアの国と初めて締結した条約であった。
- It was the first equal treaty for Japan (with a non-Asian country), which did not include extraterritoriality but tariff autonomy, and the first treaty with an Asian country for Mexico.
- よって、国家に自力で自存・自立しなければ、国際法を利用することができないと考えられるようになり、以後改革に前向きな姿勢が導き出されるようになった。
- Therefore, people recognized the self-existence and independence were essential for a state to take advantage of international law, and reforms were promoted in a proactive manner.
- 森の夫婦同等論は、夫婦同権論にまで踏み込むものでは無かったが、その後自由民権運動などと交叉する中で婦権拡張論として受け取られるようになっていった。
- Mori's idea on the equal between husband and wife did not develop to an idea of the equal rights between husband and wife, but it became to be received as an opinion to expand women's rights, related with the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and so on later.
- 琴の名手である東晋の戴逵・宋 (南朝)の范曄、画芸に秀でた宋の鄭所南・元 (王朝)の倪雲林などは、ときの権力者に屈することなく自らの矜持を貫いた。
- TAI Ki in the Eastern Jin and FAN Ye in Song (Southern Dynasty) who were masters of kin, and TEI Shonan in Song and GEI Unrin in Yuan who were good at painting kept their prides intact without being defeated by a powerful man in those days.
- 以降、山本富士子は「山本富士子アワー」などのテレビドラマに主演して好評を得た後、舞台に進出し、五社協定が自然消滅した現在まで映画出演はしていない。
- Later, Fujiko YAMAMOTO gained popularity on television with drama series such as the 'Yamamoto Fujiko Hour' and later appeared at the theater, but she has not appeared in motion pictures even though the agreement among the film companies has expired.
- 後日、明治天皇自らが神戸港のロシア軍艦を訪問するとした際に、「拉致されてしまう」と進言する重臣達の反対を振り切って療養中のニコライを再び見舞った。
- Later, when Emperor Meiji visited a Russian warship in Kobe harbor, he paid a visit to Nicholas again, ignoring protests from some senior statesmen that he might be taken hostage.
- ちなみに奈良県・高松塚古墳の場合は古墳自体は同法第109条第2項に基づき「特別史跡」に指定され、石室内の壁画が「絵画」として国宝に指定されている。
- Note however that in the case of the Takamatsu Tumulus in Nara Prefecture, although the keyhole tumulus itself was designated a 'special historical landmark' as per item two of Article 109 of the abovementioned law, the wall paintings inside the stone chamber were classified as paintings and designated a national treasure.
- 同時に、北海道における自治制度を規定していた「北海道会法」と「北海道地方費法」が廃止されて「府県制」に統合され、この法律は「道府県制」と改称された。
- At the same time, 'Hokkaido kaiho' (Law on the Hokkaido assembly system) and 'Hokkaido chihohiho' (Law on the Hokkaido autonomous body) which used to stipulate the autonomy system of Hokkaido were abolished and unified into 'Fukensei', and the name of this law was then changed to 'Dofukensei' (prefectural system).
- いっぽう、幼少時に鎌倉へ下向し、執権北条家の傀儡となっていた4代将軍・藤原頼経も成年に達し、自ら政権を握る意志を持ち、反執権勢力の糾合を図っていた。
- Meanwhile, the 4th shogun, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, who had left the capital for Kamakura in his early years, and worked as a puppet of the regent HOJO family, came of age, and wanted to hold the reigns of government, trying to organize the anti-regent power.
- 幕府は、なかば摘発になす術がなく、なかば自らの朝令暮改が混乱を招いていると知ったためか、かなり無株者の酒の密造を黙認し、見てみぬふりをしようとした。
- Partly because the bakufu did not have means to expose such mukabumono and also probably in part because the bakufu understood its lack of principle had brought about the confusion, it tried to connive at illicit sake manufacturing of mukabumono to a considerable extent, pretending not to notice.
- 将門は関東を制圧して新皇と自称し関東に独立勢力圏を打ち立てようとするが、平貞盛、藤原秀郷ら追討軍の攻撃を受けて、新皇僭称後わずか2ヶ月で滅ぼされた。
- Masakado then conquered Kanto and tried to establish an independent state, calling himself Shinno (New Emperor), but, only two months later, he was attacked and killed by an army headed by TAIRA no Sadamori and FUJIWARA no Hidesato.
- たとえば老子がインドに赴いて釋迦になった(老子化胡説)、西欧の自然科学は墨子の説が西伝して開花したものである(西学中源説)等の附会説となって現れる。
- It appeared as a twisted argument such that Lao-tzu went to India and became Shakyamuni (legend of Lao-tzu becoming an Indian), and natural science in western countries was theory of Mozi which had been transferred to the west and flourished there.
- 前王朝の明代において、「冊封」や「朝貢」は諸外国との関係の中で大きな比重を占めていたが、こうした制度自体は、清代まで大きく変化することなく存続した。
- In the former dynasty, Ming, 'sakuho' and 'choko' had a large weight in the relation with various foreign countries, and such system itself remained without large change until the era of Qing.
- 享禄の錯乱の最中であった6月、大物崩れの勝者として細川高国を自害させ、声望を高めた細川晴元であったが、その晴元支持派だった蓮淳の名声も更に高まった。
- In June, in the middle of the Kyoroku War, Harumoto HOSOKAWA enhanced his fame by winning the Battle of Daimotsu and making Takakuni HOSOKAWA commit suicide, which also enhanced the reputation of Renjun who supported Harumoto.
- 翌13日に天皇はニコライの宿舎である京都ホテルに自ら赴いてニコライを見舞い、さらには熾仁・威仁・能久の三親王を引き連れてニコライを神戸まで見送った。
- On May 13, the Emperor visited Kyoto Hotel where Nicholas stayed, and then escorted Nicholas to Kobe together with 3 Imperial Princes, Taruhito, Takehito and Yoshihisa.
- 不平等条約(ふびょうどうじょうやく)とは、条約の性質に基づいてなされた分類の一種で、ある国家が他の国家に、自国民などに対する権力作用を認めない条約。
- An unequal treaty is a category that is formed on the basis of the nature of the treaty, under which one state does not approve the enforcement of authority by another state over nationals of the former state.
- 蘇我氏は、645年の天智天皇、藤原鎌足らのクーデター(乙巳の変)によって、入鹿が暗殺されるとともに蝦夷が自殺するとその勢力は大幅にそがれてしまった。
- The power of the Soga clan was significantly diminished by a coup (Isshi Incident, which takes its name from the Zodiacal name of the year the incident occurred and can alternatively called the 'Incident of 645.') led by Emperor Tenchi in 645, in which Iruka was assassinated and Emishi prompted to commit suicide.
- 1874年の民撰議院設立建白書以降、藩閥政府による政治に対して、議会の開設、地租の軽減、不平等条約の改正、言論と集会の自由の保障などの要求を掲げた。
- The movement began when a petition for the establishment of an elected national assembly was filed in 1874 calling for a Diet, the land-tax reductions, the revision of the unequal treaties, and freedom of speech and assembly in opposition to the han clique-dominated government.
- しかし、清韓自身は家康の諱を「かくし題」とした意識的な撰文であると弁明しており、五山の僧の答申はいずれも諱を避けなかったことについて問題視している。
- However, Seikan himself expressed an apology that the inscription was selected intentionally because it included a phrase with Ieyasu's imina hidden in it, and each priest in the Gozan reported that it was a problem that Seikan did not avoid Ieyasu's imina.
- 同年、蝦夷とその子の入鹿は自分たちの陵墓の築造のために、天下の民を動員、聖徳太子の一族の領民も動員されたため太子の娘の大娘姫王はこれを嘆き抗議した。
- In the same year, Emishi and his son Iruka mobilized citizens including members of Prince Shotoku's family to construct their mausoleum, which made a daughter of Prince Shotoku, Princess Iratsume, very angry.
- 逆に甲賀は「惣」と呼ばれる自治共同体を形成していたが各々が対等な立場にあった為に多数決の原理を重んじ、「伊賀惣国一揆」の運営ぶりとは対照的であった。
- On the other hand, Koka formed a self-governing community called 'So' in which people had an equal position and respected the principle of decision by majority, so it was contrast to the administration of 'iga sokoku ikki.'
- 新田分知を受けた者であっても江戸幕府からは通常の大名旗本と同様に扱われるが、その領地の治政は多くの場合本家に依存して独自の治績が残ることは希である。
- Even those who received shindenbunchi were treated equally as ordinary daimyo or hatamoto, but the administration of their territories was, in most cases, dependent on their head families and their unique administration was a rare case.
- 晩年、自分の邸宅を阿閦寺(あしゅくじ)として改築した際に敷地の一郭に古今の漢籍を中心とした書籍を収蔵し希望者に閲覧を許可したのが始まりとされている。
- The origin of the library is believed to be the archives consisting chiefly of old and contemporary Chinese literature that Yakatsugu, in the late part of his life, built in part of his estate as part of its renovation as Ashuku-ji Temple and that was made open to viewing to interested persons.
- 三田藩が藩領外の商人に対しても自藩領内での藩札の使用を義務付けていたこともあり、摂津国西部から播磨国東部にかけてのかなり広い地域で同藩の札は流通した。
- Since Sanda Domain obliged outside merchants to use han bills issued by the domain within their territories, han bills were extensively circulated from the western part of Settsu Province and the eastern part of Harima Province.
- 幕府自体は、貨幣流通にこだわり続けたが、幕末の慶応3年(1867年)に江戸横浜通用札、江戸および関八州通用札、兵庫開港札の三種類の金札紙幣を発行した。
- The shogunate kept trying to circulate coins, but in 1867, at the end of the Edo period, they finally issued three kinds of kinsatsu such as the Edo Yokohama Tsuyo-satsu, the Edo and Kanhassyu Tsuyo-satsu and the Hyogokaiko-satsu.
- 当時の新聞紙上では私学の自由を犯すものであるという見解が出る一方で、そもそもこの思想を教授した方法に問題があったのではないかという擁護論も交わされた。
- On the newspaper at that time there were opinions that the measure would hamper freedom of private schools, but on the other hand, some people supported the measure because they thought there might have been a problem in the way to teach the thought.
- しかし五人組制度が存在することによって、間接的に名主・庄屋の権威を裏付け、住民の生活を制約すると同時に町村の自治とりまとめを強化することには役立った。
- However, the Gonin-gumi system indirectly helped to give Nanushi/Shoya authority, control the life of the citizens, and reinforce autonomy of the villages and towns.
- またこうした自然法を強調する翻訳傾向は総理衙門から派遣され訳書を校訂した4人の章京たちによる語彙選択も影響していると考えられている(張嘉寧1991)。
- It is believed that selection of vocabulary by four government officials who were dispatched from sorigamon and revised translation also affected to this tendency of attaching importance to natural law (張嘉寧1991).
- マーティン自身も認めるように、翻訳は原典の大意を生かしつつ要約したものであり、原典に挙げられた事例の詳細な説明や時日、注釈は省略されていることが多い。
- As Martin himself admitted, the translation was such that summarized the original using its drift, and detailed explanation of cases, data on timing and commentaries shown in the original were often omitted.
- 何故ならそれまで自文化に無かった新概念の紹介のために新語をひねり出す必要にまず駆られ、次にそうした新語ばかり使用すると意味不明な訳文となるためである。
- The reason why is that, in order to introduce new concept that has not existed in the own culture, the translator is obliged to create new word and, then, if too many such new words are used, the translation becomes incomprehensible.
- 用法としては、司法試験合格者のうち、裁判官等への任官を拒否するために用いられ、その他には防衛大学校卒業者が自衛官への任官を拒否する場合にも用いられる。
- As a rule, ninkankyohi is used in the case when somebody who passed the bar examination refuses to be appointed as a judge or when somebody graduates from the National Defense Academy refuses to get appointed as a Self-Defense force official.
- (柳が収集活動を行っていた時代の日本では「李朝」という用語が一般的で、柳自身ももっぱら「李朝」を用いているが、本項では「朝鮮王朝時代」の表記を用いる)
- (The term 'Richo' was generally used in Japan when Yanagi was engaged in collection and Yanagi himself used 'Richo', but in this section, the term 'Korean Dynasties period' is used.
- ただ国際法と一口にいっても近代と現代のそれでは、民族自決権の有無など大きく内容は異なるため、この記事における国際法とは近代のそれを指して使用している。
- Today, the term 'kokusaiho' has different meanings compare to the time of its introduction, for example, in the matter of existence or non-existence of the right of national self-determination, and the term 'kokusaiho (or international law)' in this article is used to denote one in the modern age.
- 付言すれば、漢民族である袁世凱が衰退した清朝にあって最強兵力を保持し続けること自体が、やがて満漢対立という民族間の軋轢を増す不安定要因となっていった。
- Additionally, Yuan Shikai, who was a member of the Han race, held the greatest military power in the weakened Qing dynasty, and this in itself eventually brought about unrest and confrontation between the Manchu and Han ethnic groups.
- 各国がいったん自国通貨と金との交換比率を決定すると金平価も自動的に決定され、各国通貨当局は金平価を維持させるために、国内の金融政策が追随する形をとる。
- Once each country determines an exchange rate between home currency and gold, the parity of gold becomes automatically fixed, and the currency authority in each country introduces monetary policy, which is adjusted to the financial situation to sustain the parity of gold.
- 法律も国民の行いによって変わるもので、単に学ぶ事を知らず無知であるのに強訴や一揆などを行ったり、自分に都合の良い事ばかりを言う事は恥知らずではないか。
- Laws and regulations are also changed by the activities of people; if the ignorant people who have no interest in learning resort to direct petitions or uprisings and always make it work to his advantage, I think this is shameless; and
- 福澤も自身が主催する「時事新報」などを通じて長沼村民を支え続け、明治30年3月、内務大臣より、正式に無償払い下げの許可が下り、長沼村の利権が回復した。
- FUKUZAWA had kept supported people in Naganuma village through 'Jiji Shinpo' which he hosted, finally, granted disposal without charge officially by a Minister of Home Affairs, and Naganuma village recovered the concession in March 1897.
- その後任をめぐって旧進歩党_(日本)・旧自由党_(日本)両派の対立は深刻化し、妥協点を見出せないまま、大隈首相は独断で進歩派から犬養毅を後任に推した。
- While the confliction over the successor between the both former Progressive and the former Liberal factions (Japan) became worse, it could not reach a compromise, Prime Minister OKUMA recommended Tsuyoshi INUKAI for the successor from the Progressives on his own authority.
- 全国の酒屋たちは彼ら独自のネットワークにより対策を協議した結果、すなおに幕府に対して「これではやっていけません」と正面から窮状を述べて陳情するに至った。
- Breweries throughout the country discussed countermeasures through their own network, and as a result, they claimed to the bakufu that 'we would never survive under such circumstances,' appealing their plight directly and straightforwardly.
- 酒造りを自由経済原理に任せてしまうと、小さな酒蔵が原料米を確保できなかったり、大きな酒屋が食糧米を酒に加工して囲い込んでしまうといった事態が恐れられた。
- Leaving the sake brewing to free economy mechanisms might cause situations where small sake breweries would not be able to obtain genryo mai (a rice type used for sake production) and where big sake breweries would keep edible varieties of rice to themselves for brewing sake.
- 最初期の日本人建築家辰野金吾はロンドン留学の際に「日本の建築にはどのような歴史があるか」と聞かれて何も答えられず、自国の建築史研究の必要を感じたという。
- It is said that Kingo TATSUNO, an early Japanese architect, was once asked about Japanese architectural history whilst studying abroad in London, and, having completely failed to answer the question, he felt a compelling need for a study on the subject.
- これは、改革掛には渋沢や前島密など郷士や農民などから幕臣を経て明治政府に仕官した者が多く、早くから人権の確立や四民平等の必要性を自覚していた層であった。
- It so happened because most of those in charge of revision took service with Meiji Government through being goshi (country samurais) or farmers like SHIBUSAWA and Hisoka MAEJIMA and they were of the stratum who were aware of the necessity of the establishment of human rights and the equality of all people early.
- これが刺激となって、朝鮮を華夷秩序内にとどめようとする清朝と、条約体制の中に引き込み、その上で自らの勢力下に置こうとする日本の間に確執が生じたのである。
- This resulted in a feud between the Qing dynasty, which wanted Korea to remain in Kaichitsujo and Japan, which wanted Korea to join in treaty system and take control of Korea later.
- 中央権力の威信が低下した時代には、所領紛争を法的手段で解決する方法が無力であったために、代わりに自力救済の一環としてこうした戦いがしばしば行われていた。
- During periods when the dignity of central authority declined, legal means to resolve territorial disputes were ineffective, and instead these wars were often waged as a form of self-preservation.
- 地方税規則においては、廃藩置県によりいわば国の出先機関として新たに設置された府県と、江戸時代より自治機能を有していた町村については、異なる定めを置いた。
- Under the local tax regulations, different rules were set on prefectures newly created as a type of regional national offices after Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and on towns and villages with autonomy since Edo Period.
- だが、管領細川政元はこれに強く反対し、間もなく義尚自身も病死したために本願寺討伐の件は中止されて幕府から要求されていた加賀門徒の破門も有耶無耶とされた。
- However, since Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA objected to it and also Yoshihisa died from a disease, subjugation Hongan-ji Temple was canceled, and the excommunication of the Kaga-monto (Kaga-sect) was left up in the air.
- 周代には天下を統治する唯一の天子として王の称号があったが、戦国時代_(中国)に入ると王の臣下であるはずの諸侯が争って「王」を自称したため、王が乱立した。
- This was the title in the Zhou dynasty for the single emperor who ruled the world, but when China entered the warring states period (China), the lords who were supposed to be the vassals of the king fought and called themselves 'king,' which led to an upsurge in the number of kings scattered throughout the country.
- だが、1893年頃から国民協会_(日本)と結んで対外硬路線を唱えて、現実路線に転じた自由党と対決姿勢を示し、星亨衆議院議長不信任問題で全面衝突に至った。
- However, around 1893 onwards, the party started to take the hard-line policy to tackle with foreign affairs, along with Kokumin Kyokai (National Association), and this conflicted with the Liberal party, who had shifted its position to a realistic stance, to lead a full scale confrontation by both parties, over a non-confident vote to Toru HOSHI, the chairman of the House of Representative.
- 仮に鉄砲を自前で作成していたとしても、雑賀には鉄砲の材料となる鉄、真鍮、黒色火薬の材料となる硝石が生産されておらず、入手経路等を示す資料は解っていない。
- Even if they manufactured guns for themselves, iron and brass which guns are made from and saltpeter which black gunpowder is made from are not produced in Saika, and there is no material to suggest the source of their supply and others.
- また、朝鮮半島の史書『三国史記』「新羅本紀」文武王十年(670年)12月条には、「倭国、号を日本に更む。自ら言う、日出づるに近きを以て名を為す」とある。
- In the clause of December, 670 of Shilla Hongi (History of Shilla), 'Samguk Sagi' (History of the Three Kingdoms), a history book of Korean Peninsula, there is a description that says 'Wakoku was renamed Nippon because the land is close to the place where the sun rises.'
- 第7編「国民の職分を論ず」において、主君のために自分の命を投げ出す忠君義士の討死と、主人の命令を守れなかったために首をくくった権助の死を同一視している。
- In the seventh volume 'Consideration of the jobs of people', he painted a very loyal hero who sacrificed himself to his lord, and an ordinary man who killed himself because he could not uphold the order from his lord, with the same brush.
- 1988年 ロナルド・レーガン大統領が『市民自由法』に署名し、人種差別に基づく日系人強制収容の事実の謝罪と一人につき2万ドルの補償をおこなうことを決定。
- In 1988, Ronald REAGAN signed the 'Civil Liberties Act,' deciding to apologize for the Japanese American Internment based on racial discrimination and to grant the survivors 20,000 dollars per person in compensation.
- 日清戦争で勝利した日本は、清国との間に下関条約を結んで李氏朝鮮が自主独立国であることを認めさせることで、朝鮮における清国の影響力を排除することに成功した。
- Japan, which won the Sino-Japanese War, succeeded in eliminating Qing's clout in Korea by concluding the Treaty of Shimonoseki that compelled Qing to acknowledge Yi Dynasty Korea as an independent country.
- 将軍が諸大名に対して強大な権力を誇示したように、藩内においては藩主自らを頂点とした体制を固めさせられることになったのである(「藩体制の成立」と呼ばれる)。
- Just as the Shogun had enourmous authority over the territorial lords, the lords of the domains were required to establish the system with themselves ruling at the top (called 'the establishment of the Domain System').
- 久光の真意は、あくまで幕政の改革・公武一和であったため、これら志士たちとの間に摩擦を生じ、自藩の急進派有馬新七らの粛清を命じた(寺田屋事件、4月23日)。
- Hisamitsu's true intent was the political reform of the bakufu and Kobu Ichiwa (union of the shogunate and the imperial court, another way of calling Kobu Gattai) from the beginning, so he ordered the purge of the extremists of the domain such as Shinshichi ARIMA (Teradaya Incident on April 23).
- また体面を保つ為の出費も著しかったなど、一概に上野介のみを非難する向きも疑問があり、仮名手本忠臣蔵を盾に、自藩の失策を弁明しているとも受け取る事が出来る。
- At the same time, they also spent quite a lot of money to keep their dignity, and therefore, it is questionable to criticize only Kozuke no Suke, and one assumes that they were trying to cover up their own faults through Kanadehon Chushingura.
- これは病死とも、秀吉への恩義に応えられなかった(且元は、家康の大坂攻めに協力する見返りとして、秀頼の助命を嘆願していたらしい)ことを悔いての自殺説もある。
- While some attribute his death to illness, others believe it was suicide for failing to live up to his pledge of loyalty to Hideyoshi (for pleading for the life of Hideyori in return for his support of Ieyasu's siege on Osaka Castle).
- 信長自身が出陣したことで徳川に対する義理(後詰)も果たしている(ただし、第一次高天神城の戦いで事実上見捨てており、少なくとも武田を退かせる必要はあった)。
- He did his duty to the Tokugawa clan by leading his troops (as the rear guard) (although he at least should have made the Takeda force retreat before abandoning the battle after the first battle at Takatenjin-jo Castle).
- また史実を見ると、吉良上野介は、息子が当主となっている米沢藩上杉家に対して吉良家の大量の買い掛け金や自邸の普請費用を押し付けて、上杉家勘定方を困らせている。
- Historical facts show that Kira Kozuke no Suke sent massive bills for things he secretly purchased as well as construction work done in his house to the Uesugi family of Yonezawa Domain where his son was acting as the lord, and troubled the accounting officer of the Uesugi family.
- また、その出自(しゅつじ)や政治的地位・官職の高下・職務内容の違いに応じて、カバネを賜与され、部民(べみん)などの隷属民を領有することを認められたのである。
- Further, the uji were given kabane (hereditary titles) according to differences in their status by birth and political status/rank of government post/content of duty, and it was permitted for them to own subordinates such as the bemin.
- 明治十四年の政変によって、自由民権運動に好意的と見られてきた大隈をはじめとする政府内の急進派が一掃され、政府は伊藤博文を中心とする体制を固める事に成功した。
- The 1881 Political Crisis drove off the radicals, which supported the freedom and popular rights movement, including Okuma, and helped the government establish a firm regime that had Hirobumi ITO as the central figure.
- その他、8世紀頃に唐周辺に見られた諸国(渤海 (国)や吐蕃王朝)は、自前の律令は制定しなかったが、唐律令制を積極的に受容・改変し、独自の律令制を立てていた。
- Moreover, the neighbouring countries that existed around Tang during the eighth century (ex. Balhae or Tibetan Empire), did not enact Luli that they created from scratch, but positively adapted and altered the Tang Luli to make the Luli System of their own.
- 西郷の切腹を見守っていた桐野・村田新八・池上・辺見・山野田・岩本平八郎らは再び岩崎口に突撃し、敵弾に斃れ、自刃し、或いは私学校近くの一塁に籠もって戦死した。
- KIRINO, Shinpachi MURATA, IKEGAMI, HENMI, YAMANODA, Heihachiro IWAMOTO, who had watched SAIGO committing suicide by disembowelment, rushed into Iwasakiguchi again, and some of them were shot dead, killed themselves by falling on their swords, or were killed in fights while barricading themselves in a fort near to Shigakko.
- 1873年(明治6年)、芸娼妓解放令が出されたが、娼婦が自由意思で営業しているというたてまえになっただけで、前借金に縛られた境遇という実態は変わらなかった。
- In 1873, the emancipation of prostitute act was issued, but it was only claimed in theory that prostitutes worked by their free will, and the actual condition that they were in the circumstances of being over head and ears in debt was not changed.
- 秋月側は死者17名を出し(政府軍の死者2名)江川村栗河内(現・朝倉市大字江川字栗河内)へ退却、10月31日に秋月党は解散し、磯、宮崎、土岐ら七士は自刃した。
- With a death toll of 17 on the Akizuki side (two deaths in the government forces), the Akizuki-to party retreated to Kurikochi, Egawa Village (currently, Aza Kurikochi, Oaza Egawa, Asakura City) and was disbanded on October 31 and seven men including Iso, Miyazaki and Toki committed suicide.
- 従来府県における選挙事務を統括していた府県知事自身が選挙の対象となったこともあって、この改正により各道府県に選挙管理委員会が設置され知事の管轄から分離された。
- Since prefectural governors who used to be in charge of the election became the target of the election, this revision established the election management committee in each prefecture and segregated the election from the jurisdiction of prefectural governors.
- 寛永5年(1628年):目付豊島明重が、西の丸表御殿で縁談のもつれから老中井上正就に斬りつけ、正就と制止しようとした青木忠精を殺害し、その場で自害した豊島事件
- 1628: the Toshima incident, in which Inspector Akishige TOSHIMA attacked a member of the Shogun's council of elders, Masanari INOUE, in nishi no maru palace (a castle compound to the west of the main compound) with his sword due to complications caused by an offer of marriage and killed Masanari as well Tadakiyo AOKI who was trying to stop him and committed suicide.
- 政商(せいしょう)とは、政治家や政府高官との結びつきを利用して経済活動上の特権的利益を得たり、政策を自己の利益に有利な方向に誘導した事業家、企業のことを指す。
- Seisho (Political Merchants) refers to businessmen and companies who obtain exclusive economic benefits and guide certain policies to serve their own interests by taking advantage of their connections with politicians and high-ranking government officials.
- 一方、政宗は和賀忠親の南部一揆への煽動関与の件により、念願だった先祖伝来の地の奪還は叶わず、戦後の論功行賞でも自力で占領した刈田郡2万石のみの加増に終わった。
- On the other hand, Masamune was not granted his wish for regaining the ancestral estate due to his involvement in agitating Tadachika WAGA to launch Nanbu Riot, and ended up in increase of only 20,000-koku yielded in Katta District which he occupied by himself as rewards of the battle.
- もっとも、文学の場合、大きく時代を遡れば、アイソポス(イソップ)やホメロスなど著者の同一性自体が揺らいでいても偽書・贋作論議の埒外に置かれているケースもある。
- The identities of writers from ancient times such as Aesop and Homer are suspicious, but they are placed outside the discussion as to whether their works are gisho or forged writings.
- そして、この場合もやはり、撰者は孔子に擬せられ、各経書に対する注釈という形式をとって、易姓革命や自然災害などを孔子が予言していたものとして、当時、受容された。
- In the 'Isho,' which was written in the form of notes to each Chinese classics of Confucianism, the author/compiler was asserted to be Confucius, and the Isho was accepted in those days as the medium through which Confucius supposedly predicted the Ekisei revolution (an ancient Chinese political concept), various natural disasters and more.
- フランスは、ロシアとドイツの緊張緩和は自国にとっても安全だと考え、さらに1892年にロシアと秘密同盟(露仏同盟)を結んでおり、その実行のためロシアと協力した。
- France cooperated with Russia to enforce the secret alliance with Russia (Franco-Russian Alliance) signed in 1892, and also it considered an easing of tensions between Russia and Germany would bring peace to France.
- そのため、国家建設の基盤となった律令制も、中国から移入されたものであり、日本独自の改変も多々あるが、基本的には中国の制度を日本で再現しようとする試みであった。
- For this reason, the Ritsuryo system, on which the construction of the state was based, was introduced from China basically to attempt to reproduce the Chinese system in Japan, although Japan added a lot its own original amendments.
- 「武士たるもの七度主君を変えねば武士とは言えぬ」という藤堂高虎の遺した家訓に表れているように、自己を高く評価してくれる主君を探して浪人することも肯定している。
- Expressed in a family precept of Takatora TODO 'those who haven't changed their lords seven times yet are not really samurai', it acknowledges a masterless samurai finding a lord who would highly value him.
- 1909年7月に韓国併合の方針が閣議決定されたものの、韓国統監府を辞して帰国していた伊藤博文はあくまでも併合自体は将来的な課題として早期合併に抵抗を続けていた。
- The policy on the annexation of Korea was decided at a cabinet meeting in July, 1909, but Hirobumi ITO, who resigned from the Korea Protection Agency, and came back to Japan, continued to resist the early annexation, believing the annexation should be conducted later in the future.
- 生きた「人間の展示」とは、観覧者たちが自らとは異なる生活様式を「実際」に見ることによって、差異を「発見」し、それを「劣等性」と読み替え確認する仕組みなのである。
- This means that 'human exhibition' is a way where viewers see the 'real' lifestyles that are different from theirs to 'discover' the differences between them, and to interpret it as 'inferiority'.
- しかし有楽斎は藩領3万石のうち、1万石を自分の隠居料とし、残りの2万石うち、1万石を四男の織田長政 (大名)に、同じく1万石を五男の織田尚長にそれぞれ分与した。
- On retirement, however, Yurakusai (pseudonym of Nagamasu ODA) divided the domain, keeping 10,000 koku as retirement stipend and giving 10,000 koku to his fourth son Nagamasa ODA (a feudal lord) and 10,000 koku to his fifth son Naonaga ODA.
- たとえば津田真道は「情欲論」(第34号)において情欲を「天性の自然」と肯定し、西周「人世三宝論」(第38号他)では健康と智識と並んで「富有」を宝だと述べている。
- For example, Mamichi TSUDA described sexual desire in the affirmative as 'a natural disposition' in 'A theory of sexual desire' (No.34) and Amane NISHI described that 'wealth' was a treasure as well as health and knowledge in 'The three treasures of human life (No.38 and so on).
- たとえば中国ではなく自国を中心(「華」)だと自認する「小中華思想」をもった国家が複数あり、中国の華夷秩序が一元的に東アジア国際秩序を貫いていたわけではなかった。
- For example, there were multiple states that had 'petit Sinocentrism' and recognized not China but themselves as the center ('ka') and, therefore, it was not that kaichitsujo of China covered uniformly international order of East Asia.
- 翌年にはさらに、井上馨による欧化主義を基本とした外交政策に対し、外交策の転換・言論集会の自由・地租軽減を要求した三大事件建白運動が起り民権運動は激しさを増した。
- The movement further intensified as the 1887 political movement broke out, calling for the switch of the foreign policy, freedom of speech and assembly, the land-tax reduction, in responses to Kaoru INOUE's foreign policy that placed importance on Westernization.
- この結果に激怒した信長は勝手に軍を動かした信雄に激怒し絶縁すると脅して諫める一方、2年後の天正9年(1581年)には自らおよそ4万の兵を率いて伊賀に攻め込んだ。
- Nobunaga who was furious at this outcome raged at Nobuo who had moved army without permission and admonished him suggesting breakup of their relationship, but after two years, in 1581, he invaded into Iga Province himself leading about 40,000 soldiers.
- 「こうした時事的な部分を除いてしまえば、「脱亜論」は、半開の国々は西洋文明を取り入れて自から近代化していくべきだ、という『文明論之概略』の主張と少しも変わらない」
- 'Without these topical subjects, the 'Datsu-A Ron' is no different from what was said in the 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' (An Outline of a Theory of Civilization) saying semicivilized countries need to positively introduce Western culture to modernize their countries.'
- 1890年(明治23年)11月25日に召集された第1議会において、山縣は自己の信条である「主権線の守護と利益線の防護」という観点から大幅な軍事予算増強を提案する。
- In the first Diet convened on November 25, 1890, YAMAGATA proposed substantial military budgets increase from the standpoint of his own belief, 'Protection of sovereignty and defense of benefit line'.
- しかし大石の討ち入りが成功したという報を聞き、大野は歓喜してその場で自害したとするもの(実際に板谷峠に大野の墓が現存しているが、後世の人間に作られたといわれる)。
- When he received the news that Oishi's raid ended in success, he was very delighted and committed suicide there (although Ono's grave is at Itaya Ridge, it is said that it was created by people years later.)
- しかし彼らは逆に堀部安兵衛に論破されて急進派になってしまったため、元禄14年(1701年)10月20日 (旧暦)(11月19日)大石内蔵助が自身で江戸へ下向する。
- However, since they were convinced by Yasubei HORIBE and joined the radicals, Kuranosuke OISHI came down to Edo on November 19, 1701.
- 本来、官職はその国家的仕事に直結し、自己の身分を示すのは位階であったが、官職が身分や家柄を示すようになったため、官位相当という令制以来の原則にも変化が現れ始めた。
- Originally, government posts were directly connected with national jobs and it was Ikai that showed their social status; but because the posts started to symbolize their social and family status, the fundamental rules of Kanisoto (Kani matching), which had existed since the beginning of the Ritsuryo system (the system of centralized administration established under the Ritsuryo codes), started to change.
- 自らの存在を否定することになる日本国憲法の審議では、下手に否決して天皇制廃止論を連合国に持ち出される事態を恐れたため、次善の策として消極的な賛成論が大勢を占めた。
- At the discussion on the Constitution of Japan, which eventually meant the loss of their existence, Kizokuin were worried that the Allies might promote abolishing the Emperor system and to counter this, most of the councilors reluctantly agreed with the Constitution.
- 貞観_(日本)14年10月10日_(旧暦)の右大臣藤原基経(藤原長良の子)の上表文に自分が叔父である故藤原良房(元摂政太政大臣)の猶子であったことが記されている。
- It was written in a Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) dated November 18, 872 of FUJIWARA no Mototsune, who was then the Minister of the Right and a child of FURIWARA no Nagara, that he was the Yushi of his uncle, late FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa (former Sessho Daijo daijin [Regent and the Grand Minister])
- しかし、江戸時代中期以降、太平の時代に入ると、軍事機密の意味は無くなり、慢性的な財政難のため、家臣が禄を離れることは、枢要な人物で無い限り事実上自由になっていた。
- From the mid-Edo Period to the Taihei Period, military secrecy was no longer needed and ongoing financial difficulty made it possible for vassals to leave, unless they served in key positions.
- このうち、国司には中央から派遣されたが、郡司・里長はかつての在地首長である地域の豪族層が終身官として任命され、実質上自分の支配地域を行政単位として認められていた。
- The provincial governor was sent from the central government, whereas the local magistrate or village chief was appointed for life from local powerful clans who had ruled the area, which virtually meant that they were approved to govern the areas they originally ruled as administrative districts of the central government.
- なお、律令制とは、律令に基づく制度を意味する用語であり、律令自体については律令の項を、律令の持つ法典としての性質などについては律令法の項を、それぞれ参照されたい。
- The term Ritsuryo system refers to the system based on the Ritsuryo codes; for the Ritsuryo codes, see the section 'Ritsuryo,' and for features of the Ritsuryo codes, see the section 'Ritsuryo law.'
- 一世や二世の時代に第一言語として用いられた日本語も、世代が進むごとに徐々に現地語である英語にとって変わられ、自然な流れとして日本語を理解しない日系人が増えている。
- The first and second generations used Japanese as their first language, but as the generations went by, their first language was replaced by English, the local language, and so naturally the number of Japanese Americans who do not understand Japanese has been increasing.
- 後述するような、むしろ特異とも言える独立独歩の精神からか、現在の十津川村も平成の大合併に際しても、最初から近隣のどの自治体とも合併する気などなかったと言われている。
- It might be due to the strong, or even peculiar sense of their self-reliance, which will be described later, that the present Totsukawa-mura is said to have had no intention of being merged with other municipalities from the beginning even upon the great merger of the Heisei period.
- 当時の日本では、歴史学界内部に限れば冷静な議論が可能であったが、一歩外に出れば学問の自由は存在せず、政府、政治家、神道家、新聞が、学者の不敬を格好の攻撃材料とした。
- In Japan in those days, calm discussions were possible only within the academic circle of history, but there was no academic freedom outside the circle, and the government, politicians, shintoists and newspapers attacked the impiety of scholars.
- 元赤穂藩士たち、およびその子孫は町人からさえ「義挙に加わらなんだ不忠者」と蔑まれ、味噌、醤油さえ売ってもらえず、出自を隠して変名を名乗るほかなかったとも伝えられる。
- The former Ako retainers and their descendants were labeled as 'unfaithful retainers who did not participate in the heroic deed' and were looked down upon even from commoners, and they had to hide their place of birth and change their names because they were unable to buy even miso or soy sauce.
- 幕藩体制維持のため各藩の拠点は一箇所の城下町に固定化され、更に領外への経済圏の自由な拡大が制約されたため、全国的な拠点とされた三都との間に格差が生じたと考えられる。
- Such a difference between the three major cities positioned as national centers and the rest of the cities is believed to have been deliberately brought about by the bakufu's policy to secure the shogunate system, by concentrating the center of each domain into a single castle town, and by restricting the free economic expansion of the city beyond the sphere of the domain.
- もしこの目的が達成できない状況にあるとき、たとえば官位に就いてもその道がないとき、または道はあっても官位に就けないときは自らの意思で隠逸すべきであると説かれている。
- It describes that when one is in the situation in which he can not realize this goal, for example, he has no way even if he takes an official position or he can not take an official position even if he has a way, he should become a recluse of his own will.
- この制度を復活させた広田内閣は、腹切り問答によって自らが制定した軍部大臣現役武官制による陸軍大臣と揉めて、議会を解散する要求を拒絶する代わりに総辞職に追い込まれた。
- The Hirota Cabinet, which revived this system, had a conflict due to the Harakiri Mondo (the Harakiri questionaires) with the Minister of War over Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei which he formulated himself, and was driven to resign instead of commanding the assembly to dismiss.
- 有力な家臣を排除することで自身の権力を強化しようする藩主がいる一方で、家臣にとって不利益だったり、無能な主君を隠居や押込などの手段で廃立しようとする家臣も存在した。
- There were lords who aimed to strengthen power by eliminating top retainers, as well as retainers who sought to do away with lords who behaved against their interests or who were incompetent by means of coercive retirement, house arrest, etc.
- これに陸奥宗光農商務大臣が抗議して辞任(陸奥は解散以前は現職衆議院議員。今回は自身は出なかったが、弟分である岡崎邦輔(従弟)・星亨の推薦人であった)、品川も辞任した。
- The Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Munemitsu MUTSU protested against this by own resignation (MUTSU was an incumbent House of Representatives member before dissolution. He did not stand in this time, but commended his younger brother by courtesy, Kunisuke OKAZAKI (cousin) and Toru HOSHI), and SHINAGAWA also resigned.
- 長屋王の変の際、父・長屋王(母:御名部皇女)と共に自害した桑田王の子・磯部王が助命され、その孫の峯緒王が承和 (日本)11年(844年)に臣籍降下して高階真人を賜る。
- When Conspiracy of Nagayao occurred, Prince Isobe, a son of Prince Kuwata [Kuwata no Miko] who killed himself with his father Prince Nagaya (his mother Minabe no Himemiko), was spared his life and Prince Mineo, a grandson of Prince Isobe became subjects of the state to be granted the hereditary title of TAKASHINA Mahito in 844.
- 7月22日 (旧暦)(8月23日)に瀬田橋の戦い(滋賀県大津市唐橋町)で近江朝廷軍が大敗すると、翌7月23日 (旧暦)(8月24日)に大友皇子が自決し、乱は収束した。
- When the Omi Court army was badly defeated at the Battle of Seta Bridge (Karahashi-cho, Otsu City, Siga Prefecture) on August 23, Prince Otomo killed himself on August 24 the next day and the battle converged.
- 一つは諸国の私領銀山より産出される灰吹銀および世上流通の灰吹銀を買い上げ、丁銀に吹き立て利益の一部を運上する、買灰吹銀(かいはいふきぎん)(寄銀)による自家営業形式。
- One was Kaihaifukigin, private operation based on purchase of cupellated silver from silver mines located in private properties and of silver available in the marketplace to forge Chogin silver for income from part of the revenues.
- そこで村田三介は三将に寡兵が随従する策を、野村忍介は野村自身が寡兵を率いて海路で小浜に出て、そこから陸路で京都に行き、行幸で京都にいる天皇に直接上奏する策を主張した。
- Then, Sansuke MURATA said that a small army should accompany the three leaders, whereas Oshisuke NOMURA said that he would lead a small army to Obama by sea and from there to Kyoto by land to directly report the matters to the Emperor who would be there for an imperial visit.
- たとえば、倭屯倉は、垂仁朝や景行朝に大王自らが設置したと『記・紀』に伝えられているもので、その地は現在の奈良県磯城郡三宅町の地を中心とした一帯であると推定されている。
- For example, the 'Kiki' says the great kings of Suinin and Keiko dynasties were personally involved in the process of establishing Yamato miyake in the area believed to be the surrounding area of today's Miyake-cho, Shiki-gun, Nara Prefecture.
- 朕今萬機ヲ親裁シ億兆ヲ綏撫ス江戸ハ東國第一ノ大鎭四方輻湊ノ地宜シク親臨以テ其政ヲ視ルヘシ因テ自今江戸ヲ稱シテ東京トセン是朕ノ海内一家東西同視スル所以ナリ衆庶此意ヲ體セヨ
- ' Edo is the biggest city in eastern Japan and the Emperor decides that Edo is renamed Tokyo '.
- 日本政府は治外法権(領事裁判権)、関税自主権の問題解決の足がかりとして、アジア以外の国の1つとまず対等条約を結び、それを前例として欧米諸国と再交渉することを考えていた。
- The Japanese government was hoping to renegotiate the unequal treaties with the Western countries and solve the issues concerning extraterritoriality (consular jurisdiction) and tariff autonomy by concluding the first equal treaty with a non-Asian country as a precedent.
- そして且元退去にあわせるように家康が大坂の陣を起こし、翌年には豊臣氏を滅ぼしたのを見てもわかるように、豊臣氏は且元という最後の柱石を自ら砕き、自爆してしまったのである。
- Proven by the fact that Ieyasu waged the Siege of Osaka immediately after Katsumoto's departure from the Toyotomi camp, as if he had been waiting for this to happen, the Toyotomi had in fact brought destruction on itself by pulling out their last pillar of strength and hope.
- それまで法とは、皇帝がつくり制定するものである(「国法とは皇帝の家法」)とする伝統的な考え方が支配的であったが、自然法という皇帝を介さない天与の法という観念が伝わった。
- Although traditional way of thinking which understood that laws should be prepared and enacted by an emperor ('national laws are family laws of an emperor') was dominant until that time, new conception of heaven-sent law without mediation by an emperor was brought in.
- その後の国際法学は実定法をより重視する傾向が増し、エムリッシュ・ヴァッテル (Emmerich de Vattel) は、自然法と実定法双方に軸足をおいた学説を唱えた。
- In international jurisprudence after him, however, the tendency to attach more importance to positive law, and Emmerich de Vattel advanced a theory which was based both on natural law and positive law.
- 特にロシア軍の満洲占領とモラルを欠いた軍事行動は、各国に多大な懸念を与えるとともに、日本に朝鮮における自国の権益が脅かされるのではという危機感を与えるのに十分であった。
- The occupation of Manchuria by the Russian army and their unethical military movements greatly worried each nation and was enough to make Japan feel threatened over its interest in Korea.
- また逮捕者十数名とはいえ、これは長らく、蘭学弾圧事件として捉えられてきたが、これは明治期の藤田茂吉『洋学東漸史』が、当時の自由民権運動との類推で事件を捉えたからである。
- This incident had been considered as a suppression of Western learning for a long time even though there were just more than a dozen arrestees, because 'Yogakutozenshi' written by Mokichi FUJITA in the Meiji period described this incident in relation with Movement for Liberty and People's Right by parity of reasoning.
- 持氏も幕府中央の混乱に乗じて関東・奥州各地に発生した武装蜂起に対して自己の政権の権限と基盤の強化に乗り出して幕府中央の権威を否定する動きを以前から見せていたからである。
- This is because Mochiuji also had started to deny the authority of the central bakufu by strengthening the power and basis of his regime against the armed uprisings which were breaking out in various areas in Kanto and Oshu regions during the confusion of the central bakufu.
- 桂が出させたものであるとはいえ、「公家は天皇の藩屏でなければならない」と信じる西園寺にとって、自分が率いる政友会が天皇の詔勅を無視したことは許されないという論理である。
- Although it was a forced announcement by Katsura, Saionji, who believed that former court nobles should be 'hanpei' (protectors of the emperor) even after the Meiji Restoration, insisted that he himself was responsible and unforgivable as the leader of the party for the Seiyukai's neglect of the edict.
- 正治元年(1199年)に頼朝が死去した後、後継者の源頼家は、若年の上に北条氏や梶原氏など頼朝が重用した御家人を遠ざけて、新たに自分の側近グループで政権を運営しようとした。
- After Yoritomo's death in 1199, his successor, MINAMOTO no Yoriie, who was young, tried to start managing the government with his close adviser group, shutting away the gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) to whom Yoritomo had given important posts, such as the Hojo clan and the Kajiwara clan.
- これは将門討伐の成功によって純友鎮圧の自信を深めた朝廷が純友を挑発して彼に対して文元を引き渡して朝廷に従うか、それとも朝敵として討伐されるかの二者択一を迫るものであった。
- Sumitomo had two alternatives, one was to hand over Fumimoto and obey the Imperial Court, which had gained in strength against him after the defeat of Masakado, and the other was to continue to be treated as an enemy of the Imperial Court.
- 翻訳とは、原文の大意をつかんだ上で、原文のことばに最も近い自国語を探し出し、それを自然な文章へと改める作業であるが、翻訳の歴史が浅ければ浅いほど、その困難さは増えていく。
- Translation is a work in which the drift of the original is grasped at first and, then, words of the own language that is the closest to it, and the sentences are revised to make them natural ones, but, the shorter the history of translation is, the more such difficulties increase.
- ただし、義満については自身を「日本国王=治天」として位置づけているという研究もあり、後代に明確化される「天下人」概念に比べると、いまだに過渡期であったと見ることもできる。
- However, some researchers argue that Yoshimitsu defined himself as 'Nihon kokuo (the king of Japan) = chiten' and that his notion was still in a transitional stage compared with the notion of 'Tenkabito' (the ruler of Tenka) clarified later.
- 例えば『上記』によると、神武天皇はウガヤフキアエズ王朝の第73代であり、中国に農業や文字を伝えたのは日本であり、日本では精密な独自の太陽暦があったことなどが記されている。
- For example, according to 'Uetsufumi', Emperor Jinmu was the 73th emperor of the Ugayafukiaezu dynasty, and it was Japan which transmitted agriculture or characters to China and Japan had an accurate original solar calendar.
- しかしホイートンが活躍した時代は自然法から実定法へという流れがさらに加速しつつある時期にあたり、自著『国際法原理』を改訂するにあたって実定法的立場へと徐々に重心を移した。
- With respect to the era in which Wheaton was active, however, it was a period in which the flow from natural law to positive law was accelerated, and in revising his work 'Elements of International Law,' he shifted his standpoint gradually toward positive law.
- ただしこの条文は自動参戦規定との矛盾を抱えていたため、実質的な効力は期待できなかったが、これは日本、イギリス、ロシアの3国を強く警戒するアメリカの希望によるものであった。
- This provision was contradictory to the provision for automatic participation in the war so that there was no expectation of its substantial effect, but it was added at the request of the US which was increasing its vigilance against the three countries: Japan, Britain and Russia.
- だが、メンバーも多彩で慶應義塾系や自由党_(明治)結成時に分裂した嚶鳴社系、東京専門学校(現早稲田大学)の設立メンバーとなった小野梓のグループなど複雑な人脈が形成された。
- Among them, whose backgrounds were different in many ways, complicated webs of personal connections had eventually been formed to provide some groups, such as Keiogijuku group, Omeisha group (later divided when the Liberal party was established), and Azusa ONO (one of the founding members of Tokyo Senmon Gakko, current Waseda University) group.
- ドイツの参加理由は、露仏の接近を妨害すること、ロシアの注意を東に向けて欧州における脅威を減らすこと、ドイツ自身の極東への野心、また皇帝が主張した黄禍論などに基づいている。
- The reasons why Germany joined the intervention was 1. to impede closer ties between Russia and France, 2. to divert Russia's attention from Europe to the Far East to lessen its threat to Europe, 3. to fulfill its own ambition in the Far East, and 4. to combat the 'yellow peril' claimed by the Emperor himself.
- 1911年(明治44年)、第二次桂太郎内閣の外相小村寿太郎は日米修好通商条約を改訂した日米通商航海条約に関税自主権を盛り込んだ修正条項に調印、ここに条約改正が達成された。
- In 1911, the Foreign Minister of the second Taro KATSURA Cabinet, Jutaro KOMURA signed the modification provisions which included tariff autonomy in the American-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, a revised version of the American-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce, and thus the revision of the treaty was completed.
- 越前国守護となった朝倉貞景 (9代当主)と美濃国守護の土岐成頼は、地理的にも加賀よりも参陣しやすい条件にありながら、次の標的が自分たちに向けられる事を危惧して動かなかった。
- Sadakage ASAKURA (the ninth family head) who became Echizen no kuni shugo (the Governor of Echizen Province) and Mino no kuni shugo (the Governor of Mino Province) Shigeyori TOKI did not move for fear that they would become the next targets, although they had geographically better conditions than Kaga Province to join the camp.
- 年末からは脱盟者も出始め、同志の1人萱野三平は父の萱野七郎左衛門と浅野家への忠孝の間で苦悩して自害、橋本平左衛門も遊女はつと恋仲となり、忠義を捨てて彼女と心中してしまった。
- Some people started leaving the domain toward the end of the year, and one of the comrades Sanpei KAYANO committed suicide due to the struggle between her father Shichirozaemon KAYANO and his loyalty to the Asano clan, and Heizaemon HASHIMOTO also committed suicide when he became romantically involved with a prostitute named Hatsu and deserted his loyalty.
- 国防の本義は国防の目的として自主独立の保障、国利国権の擁護、国家の発展、国民の福祉増進という原則的な記述にとどまり、国家戦略の部分については従来のような具体的な記述はない。
- The primordial doctrine was described only the guarantee of independence, the protection of national interests and sovereign right, the national development, and the promotion of people's welfare as the national goal in principle, and there was no specific definition for the national strategy as before.
- 旧石器時代には縦長の剝片をはがし取るための石刃技法、横長の剝片をはぎ取っていく瀬戸内技法などがあるが、縄文時代の剝片剝離は比較的自由に石核を打ち割っており、規格性に乏しい。
- Techniques in the Paleolithic period include blade technique to remove vertically long flakes and Setouchi technique to remove horizontally long flakes, however, flakes in the Jomon period seem to be made more freely by hitting and cracking the core and there were not strict standards.
- フランシスコ・ザビエルは戦国時代 (日本)の日本をよく理解し、まず各地の戦国大名たちに領内での布教の許可を求め、さらに布教を円滑に進めるために大名自身に対する布教も行った。
- Francis Xavier understood society in the Warring States period extremely well; first he sought permission to proselytize from daimyo all over Japan, and then, in order to ensure his missionary work would go smoothly, even began proselytizing to the daimyo themselves.
- また、学制の整備によって宣教政策の目的が達成されるとの観点から、政府は教部省の存在自体を懐疑的に捉える結末となり、上記の混乱によって既存の宗教勢力は右往左往することとなった。
- In addition, the Meiji government considered that the establishment of the educational system throughout Japan could satisfy the purpose of national edification at the same time and thus became skeptical of Kyobusho, and these inconsistencies made the existing religious groups rush around in confusion.
- 玄蕃の名は自らの「玄」と「蕃」の字の組み合わせ、「俵」は槍で米俵も突き上げるという意味、さらに「星」の字は仮名手本忠臣蔵の主人公大星由良助(大石内蔵助がモデル)の「星」の字。
- The name Genba (玄蕃) came to exist by combining the characters '玄' and '蕃,' and '俵,' had a meaning of being able to thrust a bag of rice up with a spear, and '星' came from the name of the main character in Kanadehon Chushingura, Yuranosuke OBOSHI (大星由良助) (Kuranosuke OISHI being the model).
- 綱吉が切腹を急いだのは、勅使や院使たちに対して自らの天皇への忠誠心をアピールして、母である桂昌院最大の念願である従一位叙任を取り消されないようにするためだったといわれている。
- It is thought that the reason Tsunayoshi rushed Asano's seppuku was to show the Imperial messengers and Inshi his loyalty to the emperor and thus not to cancel out his mother's, Keishoin's, long-desired Juichii (Junior First Rank).
- その報告を受けて、孝謙天皇は仲麻呂を傍らに置いて、塩焼王、安宿王、黄文王、橘奈良麻呂、大伴古麻呂を前に「謀反の企てがあるとの報告があるが自分は信じない」との宣命を読み上げた。
- After receiving the report from the hearing, Empress Koken, with Nakamaro beside him, read an imperial edict in front of Prince Shioyaki, Prince Asukabe, Prince Kibumi, TACHIBANA no Naramaro and OTOMO no Komaro that established her disbelief in the conspiracy even though there was a report that confirmed the ensuing rebellion.
- これは、名目上は前年正月に三好氏が京都を攻めたことへの報復であったが、信長自身「三好氏の次は本願寺だ」という発言があったとされており、その本当の目的は本願寺への脅迫であった。
- This was conducted nominally in retaliation for the Miyoshi clan's attack on Kyoto on the New Year's Day of the previous year, but Nobunaga's true intention was to threaten Hongan-ji Temple because he himself allegedly said, 'The next target of Miyoshi is Hongan-ji Temple.'
- つまり、彼らがにらみを効かせている一般の田堵負名富豪層と同じ経済基盤の上に自らの軍事力を維持しなければならず、また一般の富豪層と同様に受領の搾取に脅かされる側面も持っていた。
- Under this system, the Samurai had to maintain their military strength with the same economic conditions as the ordinary upper class citizens, over whom they exercised their authority, and, like ordinary upper class citizens, they were often exploited by the Zuryo (provincial governor).
- しかし上で見たように『明六雑誌』には自由民権運動についての論説がしばしば掲載され、各種新聞で多くの反響を呼び、植木枝盛のような熱狂的な支持者を生み出すきっかけともなっていた。
- However, as mentioned above, the articles on the Freedom and People's Rights Movement were often published on 'Meiroku Zasshi,' which evoked many responses on various newspapers and enthusiastic supporters such as Emori UEKI.
- これは、御家人の主人はあくまで幕府主宰者たる鎌倉殿であり、御家人が直接的に朝廷と関わりを持つことは、御家人の離反や自立などの事態を招く危険もあり、これを予防する意味があった。
- It was intended to prevent shogunal retainers from having a direct relation with the Imperial Court because the master of shogunal retainers was the lord of Kamakura, who held the bakufu, and the bakufu feared that a direct relation between shogunal retainers and the Imperial Court might lead to estrangement or independence of shogunal retainers.
- 以後の倭国王たちも治天下大王の称号を代々継承しているが、このことが背景となって、7世紀初頭に倭国王が隋皇帝への親書に「日出処天子」と自称した事件につながったと考えられている。
- The successive kings of Wa used the title of amenoshita shiroshimesu okimi, and this fact led to the incident which occurred at the beginning of the seventh century in which Wakokuo called himself 'Hiizurutokoro no tenshi' in the letter he sent to the Emperor of Sui.
- 19世紀に成立した阮朝では、中国向けには「越南」を名乗りながらも自称国号においては「大南」を称し、中華世界とは区別された独自の領域としてのヴェトナム世界が規定されるに至った。
- The Nguyễn dynasty, which was established in the 19th century, used the nation name of 'Etsunan' to China while calling itself 'Đại Nam,' and the notion of Vietnam's own world, which was distinguished from that of China, was defined.
- 彼は日本の民間からエルトゥールル号事件の犠牲者の遺族に対する義捐金を集めるキャンペーンを行い、事件の翌々年に集まった義捐金を自ら携えてオスマン帝国の首都イスタンブルに渡った。
- He started a fund-raising campaign among Japanese citizens to collect contributions for the families of the victims of the Ertuğrul incident; after two years, he travelled to Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, carrying the collected donations.
- 木戸は、三者協議において板垣と連合することにより大久保の専権を抑制しようとし、また自らの発言権を回復する意図があったことから、板垣とともに政府に復帰することを強く望んでいた。
- Kido was planning to ally himself with Itagaki at the three-way meeting to restrain Okubo's arbitrariness and also intended to regain his voice; therefore he was anxious to return to the government together with Itagaki.
- 12月10日になって、慶喜は自らの新たな呼称を「上様」とすると宣言して、征夷大将軍が廃止されても「上様」が江戸幕府の機構を生かしてそのまま全国支配を継続する意向を仄めかした。
- On December 10, Yoshinobu declared his new title 'Uesama' (the upper lord), suggesting his intention to continue ruling the country using the mechanism of the Edo Shogunate even though the Shogun himself had been abolished.
- 近年はアメリカ人になろうとして努力し続けた二世~三世と違い、若年層に自らのルーツである日本にアイデンティティーを求める傾向が強くなり日本語学習者が以前より多くなってきている。
- Unlike the second to third generations who kept striving to become Americans, young Japanese Americans today have the tendency to identify more and more with Japan, so the number of Japanese learners is increasing.
- また第5条では、軍人及び警官、神職僧侶や教員などと共に、女性が政党などの政治的な結社へ加入すること、また政治演説会へ参加し、あるいは主催するという、集会及び結社の自由を禁じた。
- And Article 5 banned women along with military men, policemen, Shinto priests and teachers from political associations such as political parties and prohibited freedom of assembly and association including joining or hosting political speech meetings.
- 先の5月16日の「倉栖兼雄書状」の続きには、次のように記されている、「...爰に今月七日夜(子の刻)駿州(宗方)御事、御使上洛の間、造意此の如く露顕するの上は、世上自然静謐す。
- The previously mentioned letter by Kaneo KURASU dated May 16 also included the following passage: Concerning the incident on Sunshu (Munekata) in the night of May 7 (0 AM, May 8), the state of society became calm naturally while the messenger was in Kyoto, because it was revealed that the incident was caused by an intrigue.
- ということは、少なくも、「脱亜」という言葉が、福沢において「自由」「人権」「文明」「国権」「独立の気象」といった言葉と並ぶような、福沢のキーワードでなかったことを物語っている。
- It means at least that the word 'Datsu-A' was not a keyword in his mind unlike 'freedom,' 'human right,' 'civilization,' 'national power' and 'phenomenon of independence.'
- 李・朴は対馬藩のもたらす国書に「皇」や「勅」とあるのは単に自尊を意味するに過ぎず、朝鮮に対して唱えているのではない、受理しないというのは「交隣講好の道」に反していると主張した。
- YU and PARK insisted that the words 'imperial' and 'imperial order' written in the sovereign's message delivered by the Tsushima clan was not a statement to Korea but simply showed Japan's pride, and that to reject the acceptance of the message would be to oppose 'the way to peace and amity.'
- 朝鮮が清朝の冊封から独立した国家主権を持つ独立国であることを明記したが、片務的領事裁判権の設定や関税自主権の喪失といった不平等条約的条項を内容とすることなどが、その特徴である。
- It was described in the treaty that Korea was a nation independent from the tributary system of the Qing dynasty, holding state sovereign power, however it was characteristic of an unequal treaty with the provisions describing the establishment of one-sided consular jurisdiction and the loss of tariff autonomy.
- 1896年7月、開化派の流れを汲む人たちが朝鮮の自主独立、法治主義の確立、新教育の振興、農業の改良、工業の育成、愛国心、君主への忠誠心の培養を訴え李完用らが独立協会を設立した。
- In July 1896, the people following Kaika group called for the independence of Korea, establishment of legalism, promotion of new education, improvement of agriculture, encouragement of industry and raising of patriotism and loyalty to monarch, and Lee, Wan-yong and others founded the Independence Club.
- その中でも一人の青年貴族賀陽豊年の勉強熱心さには宅嗣も感心して、宅嗣自らがその全知識を豊年に伝授したという話が伝わっている(後年、豊年は優れた詩人・学者として名を残している)。
- He was impressed particularly by the enthusiasm for learning by a young noble named KAYA no Toyotoshi and reportedly imparted all of his knowledge to the young man (who, in later years, won recognition as an outstanding poet and scholar).
- また、李氏朝鮮による独自の改革を諦め韓日合邦を目指そうとした進歩会は、鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
- Furthermore, Shinpo-kai, which gave up on the independent reform by Yi Dynasty Korea, and wanted to pursue the annexation of Korea and Japan, generously cooperated with Japan in the Russo-Japanese War by dispatching as many as 50,000 men for railway construction works, etc.
- 即位して間もなく、簒奪者との謗りも受けていた永楽帝は、「外夷」からの使節の到来を自らの天子としての徳を証明するものとして喜び、義満に「日本国王之印」と通交に必要な勘合符を与えた。
- The Emperor Yongle, who was accused of being a usurper soon after his ascension, welcomed the envoy from the 'outer barbarians' as an opportunity to prove his virtues, and gave Yoshimitsu the seal of 'the king of Japan' (Nihon-kokuo no in) and a tally (a certificate to show that the ship was lawfully registered by the Ming), which was necessary for trading.
- 本願寺3拠点の2つが撃破され、特に長島では徹底的な根切を行ったことを知った石山本願寺は、顕如が信長に対して自らの行為を侘び、さらに条目と誓紙を納めることで信長と再度和議を結んだ。
- Receiving the news that two of the three bases of Hongan-ji Temple were smashed and that especially in Nagashima, a thorough negiri was implemented, Kennyo made peace with Nobunaga again by apologizing for his act and also providing a written oath and articles.
- だが、明治政府も予期しなかったような革新的な提言も出されるなど、独自の発言力を持ち始めたことに危機感を抱いた政府によって権限の縮小が図られて、1869年7月8日集議院と改称した。
- However, the Kogisho was renamed to the Shugiin in order to clip its power on July 8, 1869 by the Meiji Government who feared the Kogisho because it began to hold independent influence like such innovative proposals that the Meiji Government didn't anticipate at all.
- 私軍(わたくしいくさ・私戦(しせん))とは、近世以前の日本において太政官符や宣旨、幕府の命令などの公的命令によらずして、敵討や自力救済のために行われる小規模な武力行使・戦闘行為。
- Watakushiikusa (also called shisen [private warfare]) is a small-scale military/battle conducted in Japan before the early-modern period for Katakiuchi (revenge) or for self-preservation, without an official order such as Daijokanpu (official documents of Daijokan, which is the office of the supreme political leader), senji (imperial decree) or an order from bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- なお、結果的に梯子を外された形となった後藤象二郎直系を中心とした集団は国民自由党を結成して吏党に転じるが、第1回総選挙で5議席しか獲得できなかったためにほとんど影響力は無かった。
- In the meantime, Shojiro GOTO and his followers consequently lost support and organized Kokumin Liberal Party (National Liberal Party), which turned into a government-leaning party; however, they could gain only five parliamentary seats in the first general election, which barely bestowed them much political clout.
- 自国の言語をどう表記するかということ、つまり国語国字問題は、文明開化を推進するにあたって、遅れた文明とされた東洋文明から離脱し、西洋文明に仲間入りする方法の一つとして論じられた。
- How to write a nation's script, that is, the problems pertaining to a nation's script, was discussed as one of the ways to leave from the Eastern civilization, which was regarded undeveloped, and to enter into the Western civilization when civilization and enlightenment was promoted.
- 現在の埼玉県秩父市黒谷にある和銅遺跡から、和銅(にきあかがね、純度が高く精錬を必要としない自然銅)が産出した事を記念して、「和銅」に改元するとともに、和同開珎が作られたとされる。
- In order to commemorate the discovery of Wado (a high purity copper which does not require any refining) in the Wado, presently known as Kuroya, Chichibu City, Saitama Prefecture, the name of the era was changed to 'the Wado era' and also Wado-kaichin was created.
- 黒田内閣の役目は、憲法制定と帝国議会開設によって再燃が予想された自由民権運動に対する取締り強化と、欧米列強との間に交わされたままとなっていた不平等条約の条約改正することであった。
- The purpose of Kuroda Cabinet was to enhance the control of Jiyu Minken Undo (democratic-rights movement) which would be rekindled due to the establishment of the constitution and the foundation of the imperial diet, and also to revise the unequal treaty which had been untouched since it was concluded with the allied western powers.
- 小山田庄左衛門の父小山田一閃は、息子が同志片岡源五右衛門から金を奪って逃げだしたことを恥じて自害しており、また岡林直之も兄の旗本松平忠郷から義挙への不参加を責められ切腹させられた。
- Shozaemon OYAMADA's father, Issen OYAMADA, committed suicide as he was ashamed of his son who ran away after stealing money from his comrade Gengoemon KATAOKA, and Naoyuki OKABAYASHI was ordered to commit seppuku by his older brother, hatamoto Tadasato MATSUDAIRA, due to nonparticipation in the heroic deed.
- 『上記』自身の序文によると、貞応2年(1223年)に源頼朝の落胤とも伝えられている豊後国守護の大友能直が、『新はりの記』や『高千穂宮司家文』等の古文書をもとに編纂したとされている。
- According to the preface of 'Uetsufumi,' in 1223, Yoshinao OTOMO, Bungo no kuni no kami (Governor of Bungo Province), who was known to be an illegitimate child of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, edited it based on the ancient documents 'Shinharinoki' or 'Takachiho-guji Kabun'.
- 敵(清朝兵:加筆者)ノ死屍七八百ハ砲台内ニ横タワレリト云フ」(大沽砲台の攻防についての日本軍の批評)とあるように、訓練不足のため近代兵器を活用できず、暴発などで自滅した例も有った。
- Seven hundred dead bodies of the enemy (Qing dynasty army, improved by a writer) were said to be lying around' (the review of Japanese army concerning offense and defensive battle of Taku Fort); they were not able to utilize modern weapons due to lack of training and destroyed themselves with explosions in some cases.
- そこで実如は寺の実務を次男で後継者となっていた円如と自分の同母弟で蓮如の6男にして円如の舅でもあった近江顕証寺・伊勢国願証寺両寺の住持を兼ねていた蓮淳に教団運営を任せることにした。
- Then, Jitsunyo decided to entrust the management of the religious community to Ennyo, his 2nd son and successor and Renjun, his younger maternal half-brother, the 6th son of Rennyo, a father-in-law of Ennyo, and the chief priest of both Omi Kensho-ji Temple and Gansho-ji Temple in Ise Province.
- 他方、西欧列強が迫っていた東アジア諸国の中で、いちはやく開国し明治維新により近代国家となった日本は、西欧諸国のみならず、自国周辺のアジア諸国とも近代的な国際関係を樹立しようとした。
- Among East Asian countries where the powerful countries of Western Europe were watching for a chance to invade, Japan was the first country that opened itself to the world and became a modern state through the Meiji Restoration, and it began to establish modern international relations not only with the West European countries but also with Asian countries around Japan.
- 第七款 朝鮮の沿岸は島嶼岩礁が険しいため、きわめて危険であるので、日本の航海者が自由に沿岸を測量してその位置や深度を明らかにして地図を編纂して両国客船の安全な航海を可能とするべし。
- Provision 7 - because the rugged and precipitous coast of Korea is extremely dangerous, the Japanese navigators should be able to measure the coast freely and make up a map to show the position and the depth in order to ensure safety of the navigation of passenger boats of both countries.
- 1875年(明治8年)10月、土佐の板垣退助が明治6年の政変に続いて明治政府を再び離脱し、国民を教化しつつ明治政府の外から自由主義的な議会制度を準備する運動を起こす道を歩み始めた。
- In October, 1875, Taisuke ITAGAKI from Tosa resigned from the Meiji Government for the second time following the political change which had happened in 1873, and while educating the nation's people, he initiated a course of action to prepare for the liberalization of parliamentary procedure from outside of the Meiji Government.
- 米内光政と東條英機は、自らの路線を否定されて辞めるので出席しても仕方がないというケースであるが、第3次近衛内閣総辞職時の近衛文麿は病欠で「91歳の清浦奎吾より悪いのか」と批判された。
- In the cases of Mitsumasa YONAI and Hideki TOJO, it was pointless for them to attend a conference when their own policy lines had been rejected and therefore they were resigning, but at the time of the entire third KONOE Cabinet resignation, when Fumimaro KONOE did not attend a conference because of illness, he drew a lot of criticism that said, 'Is he in a worse condition than 91-year-old Keigo KIYOURA?'
- 1907年11月、蔡清琳は新竹県北埔郷の山岳部にいる漢人と台湾原住民であるサイシャット族の者たちに対して、「聯合復中興の総裁」と自称し、「清の大軍がまもなく新竹に上陸する」と騙した。
- Tsai Ching-Lin lied to the Han living in the mountains of Beipu, Hsinchu County and the Saisiyat of the indigenous people of Taiwan in November 1907, that the 'great army of Qing will soon land in Hsinchu', while himself 'the president of the restoration of Yonhap.'
- このような天下人による「天下一統」(この用語自体は南北朝時代から散見される)によって現実的な「天下」の地理概念はかなり明確化され、ほぼ今日の日本列島と変わらない領域として認識された。
- Thanks to this act of 'Tenka Itto' (unifying Tenka) (this word itself was sometimes used since the Northern and Southern Courts period) by Tenkabito, the geographical notion of 'Tenka' was clarified considerably and was understood as the territory mostly corresponding to the present Japanese archipelago.
- なお、必ずしも文人とされる人物が「文人」という名辞をもって自らをはっきり規定していたのではなく、後に「文人」としての枠組みにその人物を収めた場合も多分にあるということを留意されたい。
- In addition, it needs to be paid attention to that not all Bunjin clearly identified themselves as 'Bunjin' in those days, but many of them were rather classified into 'Bunjin' in later years.
- 第二次世界大戦終了後日本を占領した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、国家のための自己犠牲を奨励していた皇民化教育が軍国主義国家形成に果たした役割が大きかったと考え、教育改革に乗り出した。
- The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which occupied Japan after the Second World War worked on education reform, thinking that Japanization education, which promoted sacrificing oneself for the nation, played a big role in forming the militarism nation.
- 五カ国条約は関税自主権が無く、領事裁判権を認めたほか、片務的最恵国待遇条款を承認する(一説には一般の日本人の海外渡航を認める気がなかった幕府側からの要請とする説もある)内容であった。
- Those Five-Countries Treaty did not grant Japan tariff autonomy but admitted consular jurisdiction of the other countries, and approved the one-sided most favored nation clause for the benefit of the other countries (which is said to have been requested by the bakufu, which had no intention to admit the Japanere general public to go abroad).
- しかし、中華秩序において冊封を受けた朝貢国は元々「自主の邦」であるため、清朝の冊封体制から離脱させようという日本の意図は朝鮮王朝にとっても朝鮮の知識人にとって理解しがたいものであった。
- However, it was difficult for the Korean dynasty and Korean intellectuals to understand the Japanese intention to force Korea to secede from the tributary system of the Qing dynasty, on the grounds that a tributary country, on which China had conferred sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) in the Sinocentrism order, was originally an 'independent country.'
- 以上のことから、事件の真の首謀者は他ならぬ称徳天皇自身であったとし、指名者が非皇族の道鏡であったという問題点を克服するために宇佐八幡宮の神託を利用したのが事件の本質であったとしている。
- From the above, HOSOI makes a point that the true ringleader of this incident was none other than Empress Shotoku herself, and the true nature of this incident was that the empress used the oracle from the Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine to overcome the problem that the person whom she wanted to appoint as her successor was Dokyo who was from a non Imperial family.
- 天下統一(てんかとういつ/てんがとういつ)は、主に日本の戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて、日本全土(琉球と蝦夷の大半を除く)を、自らの支配下に置き日本全土を統一する事を指す。
- Tenka-toitsu (or Tenga-toitsu) refers to the act of putting the whole country of Japan (except for most parts of Ryukyu and Ezo [inhabited area of Ainu]) under own control and unifying it, mainly during the period from the Seongoku Period (Period of Warring State) to the early Edo period.
- アメリカで生まれたため自動的に米国市民権を持ち、20歳時の日本国籍か米国国籍かいずれかを選択するときに米国国籍を選択したが、生活基盤を日本に置いている帰国生徒については、これを省いた。
- Omitted below are those who automatically had U.S. citizenship because they were born in the U.S. and chose U.S. nationality when they were obliged at the age 20 to choose, but who live mainly in Japan.
- さらに与党憲政党内旧自由党派の実力者星亨が、陸軍大臣桂太郎らと密かに連携して尾崎排除を計画、隈板内閣を嫌っていた伊藤博文の盟友伊東巳代治が社主を務める東京日日新聞も尾崎攻撃を開始した。
- Not only Toru HOSHI, an influential politician of the former Liberal faction of the ruling Constitutional Party, had a secret connection with Taro KATSURA, an Army Minister, to exclude OZAKI, but Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper, owned by Miyoji ITO who was a sworn ally of Hirobumi ITO who hated the Wai-han Cabinet, launched attacks on OZAKI.
- これら万次郎が幕府に徴用されたのは、英語話者やアメリカ滞在者としての経歴だけでなく、アメリカの目的が捕鯨基地であり、万次郎自身がそのアメリカの捕鯨船船員であったことも無視できないだろう。
- The Shogunate valued Manjiro, not only for his English proficiency and experience in America, but also for his experience as a seaman on an American whaler, relating to America's intention that it would set up the base for whaling in Japan.
- しかし、明暦4年(1658年)7月9日、妻の叔父に当たる池田長重と些細なことから口論となって長重を斬殺してしまい、自分も長重によって負わされた刀傷が原因で翌日に死去してしまったのである。
- However, on August 7, 1658, Yoshiharu put his wife's uncle, Nagashige IKEDA to the sword as a result of squabbling with Nagashige about a trifle, and on the next day, Yoshiharu himself also died of injury by a sword given by Nagashige.
- 明良洪範では殉死を真に主君への真の忠義から出た「義腹」、誰かが殉死するために自分も殉死しなければならないとする理屈に基づく「論腹」、殉死することで子孫の栄達を図る「商腹」に分類している。
- In Meiryo-kohan (historical records), junshi was classified into three types: 'gibara' was performed from true loyalty to one's master, 'ronbara' was the junshi based on the logic in which one thought that he has to commit junshi because other person performed junshi, and 'shobara' was committed for the purpose of wishing one's offspring's advancement in social status.
- また、天皇が謝罪したにも関わらずニコライが帰国すると、5月20日には、死を以って詫びるとし京都府庁の前で剃刀で喉を突いて自殺し後に「房州の烈女」と呼ばれた畠山勇子のような女性も出現した。
- After Nicholas went back to Russia in spite of Emperor Meiji's apology, on May 20, a woman named Yuko HATAKEYAMA slit her throat with a razor in front of the Kyoto Prefectural Office to express contrition by her death, and after she died she was called 'retsujo (valiant woman) in Bosyu'.
- 一方、鹿児島では、2月9日に県庁に自首してきた野村綱から、「大久保から鹿児島県内の偵察を依頼されてきた」という内容の自供を得て、西郷暗殺計画には大久保利通も関与していたと考えるに至った。
- On February 9, in Kagoshima, Tsuna NOMURA surrendered to the prefectural office and confessed that he was sent by OKUBO on reconnaissance in Kagoshima Prefecture; accordingly, it was concluded that Toshimichi OKUBO was engaged in the plan of assassinating SAIGO.
- 弥生時代前期末以降に発達する環濠集落は、濃尾平野以西の各地域に水稲農耕が定着した段階であり、その定着によって引き起こされた土地や水争いなどの村落間の戦いに備えて独自に成立したと見られる。
- Individual moat settlements were developed beyond the end of Early Yayoi period in preparation for conflicts between villages over the control of land and water, as wet-rice cultivation became established in various districts on the west side of the Nobi Plain.
- この大石の動きに苛立つ堀部ら江戸急進派は、6月頃から内蔵助江戸下向を迫る書状を送りつけてくるようになったが、大石はひたすら大学のため隠忍自重するよう求める返書を書き続け、江戸下向を避けた。
- Although Oishi's actions irritated the Edo radicals and they began sending letters to request coming down to Edo since June, he kept on declining by telling them to stay calm for the sake of Daigaku.
- 中華思想のもとでは、外来概念は「真であること」(「普遍」的に優れている)と「自己に由来すること」(中国起源であること)の二つが同時に認められない限り、受容されることはない(佐藤1996)。
- Under Sinocenturism, imported concept was never accepted unless it was understood to be 'true' (to be excellent universally) and 'being originated in itself (to be of Chinese origin) at the same time (Sato 1996).
- 会社自体は大手の中では後発だが、戦前の日活の製作機構を主に引き継いでいる(発足時に合併で得た新興=帝キネの製作部門は戦後に分離し東映の母体となる)ため伝統ある老舗として語られることが多い。
- Although a late starter among the leading motion picture companies in Japan, Daiei was regarded a respected, longstanding company because it mainly inherited Nikkatsu Corporation's prewar film-making organization including the production division of Shinko Cinema (formerly known as the Teikoku Cinema) which was merged at the time of establishment and was split in the postwar period to become a parent organization of Toei Company, Ltd.
- また文部大臣の森有礼の暗殺後、榎本武揚が文部大臣に移動して空席となった逓信大臣には、大同団結運動の主唱者であった後藤象二郎を充てて、同運動を骨抜きにすることで自由民権諸派の団結を阻止した。
- Also, as for the position of Minister of Communication which was vacant due to the transfer of Takeaki ENOMOTO to the Minister of Education after the former Minister of Education, Arinori MORI, was assassinated, KURODA appointed Shojiro GOTO, former advocate of the Great Merger Movement, in order to water down the movement and prevent the democratic-rights parties from getting together.
- 『隋書』によれば7世紀初頭の大業3年(607年)に倭国王(原文「俀國王」)が隋皇帝煬帝への親書に自らを「日出處天子」と称したことも、中国世界と異なる天下概念が存続していたことを物語っている。
- According to Suishu (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), the King of Wa called himself 'Hiizurutokoro no tenshi' (literally, the king of the place where the sun rises) in the letter he sent to Emperor Yodai in 607, and this fact also suggests the existence of the different notion of Tenka from the Chinese world.
- このようにマーティンの訳に訂正を試みようとしているものの、「この法は天地の常理なれば、これに遵えば天地和合の気を受け無事なるべし」という風に、マーティンよりも国際法を自然法的に解釈している。
- As just described, the author of the book tried to correct the translation of Martin version, but as written in the book 'The law is fundamental rule of the world, which does not change forever, therefore we can stay safely if we abide by the law, we will have a good effect from unification of the world,' tendency to understand international law as natural law is more noticeable than Martin version.
- 従って、真鳥が大臣に就任して専権を振るったという『書紀』の叙述は史実として認められず、平群氏が自氏と同じく武内宿禰の後裔氏族である蘇我氏への対抗意識から故意に作り上げたのだと説明されている。
- Accordingly, the description in 'Nihon Shoki' in which Matori took the position of Oomi and wielded arbitrary power is not accepted as a historical fact; it is explained that the story was intentionally made up by the Heguri clan themselves driven by a feeling of competition to the Soga clan who is considered to be the descendant of the same TAKENOUCHI no Sukune as the Heguri clan.
- 江藤新平が建白書の直後に士族反乱の佐賀の乱(1874年)を起こし、死刑となっていることで知られるように、この時期の自由民権運動は政府に反感を持つ士族らに基礎を置き、武力闘争と紙一重であった。
- As Shinpei Eto is known to have been executed for causing the Tosa War, a revolt by family with samurai ancestors in 1874, this period of the Jiyu Minken Undo movement was characterized by the antigovernment movement led by members of the former samurai class (Shizoku) and often erupted into violence.
- 戊辰戦争における官軍、すなわち明治新政府の軍は、長州藩・薩摩藩・土佐藩など諸藩の軍の集合で、大村益次郎、西郷隆盛、板垣退助らがそれぞれ指揮しており、政府が独自に徴兵して組織した軍はなかった。
- The imperial army which fought the Boshin War, that is the army of the Meiji new government, consisted of the armies from various domains such as Choshu, Satsuma and Tosa under the commands of Masujiro OMURA, Takamori SAIGO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, respectively, and there had been no army the government recruited and organized on its own.
- 俀王(通説では俀は倭の誤りとする)姓の阿毎はアメ、多利思北孤(通説では北は比の誤り多利思比孤とする)はタラシヒコ、つまりアメタラシヒコで、天より垂下した彦(天に出自をもつ尊い男)の意とされる。
- The name of the king of Wa (written as 俀 in Japanese, but it is generally said that the Chinese character of 俀 should actually be 倭), whose last name was Ame, was Tarashihiko (written as 多利思北孤 in Japanese, but it is generally thought that the character 北 had been originally 比 and his name should be written as 多利思比孤), and it is thought that his full name, Ametarashibiko, meant a noble man who was originally from heaven.
- 言論、集会、結社の自由も、(国際世論への配慮のため)一部のキリスト教徒を除き大きく制限され、朝鮮警察事務をすべて日本軍に委任し、通常の警察でなく軍の憲兵(軍事警察)が一般警察官を兼ねるとした。
- Freedom of speech, assembly and association was strictly limited except a part of Christians (for consideration of international opinions), and all the Korean police administration was delegated to the Japanese army, of which kenpei (military police) doubled as general policemen instead of the regular police.
- この間、1878年(明治11年)、郡区町村編制法とともに地方三新法を構成する府県会規則および地方税規則により自治体として性格を得、従来の国の地方出先機関としての性格との二面性を持つようになった。
- In the meantime, due to the three local new laws established in 1878, Gun-ku-cho-son Heniseiho (an act for the reorganization of counties, wards, towns and villages), Fukenkai Kisoku (the rules of prefectural assembly) as well as Chihozei Kisoku (the rules of local tax), Fuken started having two characters, its new character as an autonomous body and its original character as a government regional office in the local area.
- この筆禍事件で山口と同じく投獄され、先んじて出獄を果たした平民新聞編集者の石川三四郎は、自らの出獄歓迎会を硬派と軟派が別々に催したことに寂しさを覚え、共同で同志の出獄を祝うよう両派に働きかけた。
- In this case of troubles brought on by publication, Sanshiro ISHIKAWA was also imprisoned, was discharged from prison earlier than YAMAGUCHI, and he, feeling sorry that the hard-liners and the soft-liners separately held a gathering for celebrating his discharge from prison, suggested that the both groups should jointly celebrate YAMAGUCHI's discharge from prison.
- 閣僚ながら民党とも親交のある農商務大臣陸奥宗光の説得、買収によって立憲自由党の一部(土佐派)が予算案に賛同したために、最初の予算案は通過したものの、政費節減政策の実施を受け入れざるを得なかった。
- Although the first budget had passed because some of Constitutional Liberal Party members (the Tosa School) approved the budget due to persuasion and corruption by the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Munemitsu MUTSU who was a Cabinet member but also close to Minto, he had to accept implementation of Government cost-cutting policy.
- しかし彼らは、自らの勲功がより高位の受領クラスの下級貴族に横取りされたり、それどころか受領として地方に赴任する彼らの搾取の対象となったりしたことで、任国の受領支配に不満を募らせていったのである。
- However, they were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the fact that control of the provinces was being given to lower-ranking aristocrats who belonged to the higher Zuryo class, so that not only were their deeds not recognized, but they were also exploited by lower-ranking aristocrats who were appointed as Zuryo in local provinces.
- そのため蓮淳は、17歳になった証如に勧めて法主である証如自らに出陣させ、畿内における『浄土真宗と法華宗の最終決戦』と位置づけることで全畿内の門徒結集を促して、この戦いを大きく盛り上げたのである。
- That is why Renjun recommended Shonyo, the hoshu himself who turned 17, to go for a battle, and positioned this battle as 'the ultimate battle between Jodo Shinshu and the Hokke sect' in Kinai to encourage all the followers in Kinai to participate in this battle, in order to make this battle a big campaign.
- 信長死後、織田家筆頭家老であった柴田勝家を賤ヶ岳の戦いで破った羽柴秀吉が台頭すると、天正12年(1584年)の小牧・長久手の戦いにおいて信長の後継者を自称する織田信雄に対して家康は援軍を派遣する。
- After the death of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who defeated Katsuie SHIBATA, the head of retainers of Nobunaga, at the Battle of Shizugatake, rose in power, then Ieyasu dispatched reinforcement to Nobuo ODA, who called himself the successor of Nobunaga, in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (between Hideyoshi and Nobuo ODA) in 1584.
- 高句麗・新羅・百済の古代王朝、そして高麗の時代にも朝鮮を中心とする独自の天下概念がなかったわけではないが、高麗後期に朱子学が流入すると、名分論の立場から朝鮮中心の天下的世界認識に批判が加えられた。
- There was the notion of the Korea-centered Tenka in the period of old dynasties like Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje as well as in the Goryeo period, but the notion was criticized from the standpoint of meibunron (the theory of justification of titles and social standings) when Neo-Confucianism was introduced in the late Goryeo period.
- 6月に入ると、他の閣僚からも辞表提出者が相次ぎ、7月に白根・安場らの更迭が決定されると、同月27日には処分に消極的であった軍部大臣が揃って辞表を提出、これを見た松方は自らも辞表を提出したのである。
- In June, other Cabinet members submitted the letter of resignation one after another, and in July, replacement of SHIRANE, YASUBA and others was determined, and then on 27th of the same month, Military ministers who were negative to such punishment submitted the letters of resignation all together, which made MATSUKATA submit the letter of resignation.
- 中国での『万国公法』の受容は、その当初こそ前述したように儒教的道徳を媒介とした自然法的理解からなされたが、帝国主義が大手を振ってまかり通る世界情勢とのギャップが次第に認識されるようになっていった。
- 'Bankoku Koho' started being accepted in China as understanding of natural law through Confucian morality as mentioned above; however, a gap between 'Bankoku Koho' and actual global situation, in which imperialism worked anywhere was gradually recognized.
- 古来から従軍する兵士には兵糧携帯の義務があり、律令法においては糒6斗及び塩2升の自弁が定められていたが、実際には60日分に過ぎず、かつ大量の兵糧携帯は場合によっては行軍の妨げになる可能性もあった。
- From ancient times a soldier taking part in a campaign was obliged to carry army provisions and, under Ritsuryo law, they had to pay his own expenses: about 108 liter of dried rice and about 3.6 liter of salt, however, these supply would last only 60 days and carrying a large amount of food could hinder a march.
- 第二に、『自由民権運動』の看板を掲げながら、思想よりはむしろ感情で行動する失業士族の多い当時の日本の国情を踏まえれば、『政党政治の早期断行には「小党分立による国政の迷走」というリスクが伴う』こと。
- Secondly, 'the premature implementation of party government would involve a risk of 'political confusion caused by divisions between small parties,'' if Japan's then situation, in which many unemployed warriors took emotional rather than ideological action under the banner of 'the Movement for Liberty and People's Rights,' were taken into account.
- 大久保主導政府の急進的な改革に対する不満が、全国で顕在化し、佐賀の乱はじめ各地で士族の反乱、鹿児島県においては私学校党による県政の壟断を招き、また板垣らは愛国公党を結成して自由民権運動を始動した。
- Discontent with the radical reforms made by the Okubo government manifested itself all over the country: the Saga War broke out and warriors rose in revolt across the country; in Kagoshima Prefecture, the Shigakko (school mainly for warriors) party controlled the municipal government as they pleased; and Itagaki and his colleagues formed the Aikokukoto party to initiate the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Rights).
- 『高麗史』金方慶伝によると、この夜に自陣に帰還した後の軍議と思われる部分が載っており、高麗軍の主将である金方慶と派遣軍総司令官である忽敦との間で、以下のようなやり取りがあったことが述べられている。
- The records on Bang-gyeong KIM in 'Koraishi' include descriptions that seem to be part of the military meeting held on that night after returning to their position, saying that the following conversation was held between the head of the Goryeo army Bang-gyeong KIM and commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force Dou XIN.
- 使い手の技量によっては千差万別に使い分ける事が出来る優れた武器ではあるが、反面操り方が難しく、初心者では鎖分銅を自らの体に打ち付けてしまう可能性も高いので、かなりの鍛錬が必要とされる武器でもある。
- Kusarigama is a good weapon which can be used in various ways depending on the skill of the user, but on the other hand, the handling of kusarigama is difficult and a beginner is likely to hit his own body with the chain weight and thus kusarigama is a weapon requiring intensive training.
- そうした国際法を肯定的に捉える受容は、 洋務運動時期にはまだ少数であったが、それは中国を唯我独尊的な存在と自認する中華思想とそれに基づく華夷秩序が動揺し、変化させられていく契機の一つだったといえる。
- This positive acceptance of international law was not shared by large numbers of people at the time of yomu undo but it was a chance that Kaichitsujo based on Sinocentrism, in which China maintained self-centered attitude was unsettled and changed.
- 中世においては、兵粮などは兵士達の自己携帯が原則であったが、実戦においては期間が不明でかつ長期分の携帯は軍事行動の妨げになるだけであったため、数日分だけを携帯させてそれ以上の分は小荷駄に輸送させた。
- In the medieval period, soldiers were basically supposed to carry hyoro by themselves, but at the front, they took along only a few days worth of it and got konida to carry the rest, because the term was unpredictable and the heavy stuff could prevent their military action.
- 欧米各国では新聞がこぞってこの悪辣な暴挙を非難し世論も硬化していたため、当時の駐米少弁務使森有礼は『日本宗教自由論』をあらわして禁教政策の継続の難しさを訴え、西本願寺僧侶島地黙雷らもこれにならった。
- In the U.S. and European countries the newspapers all criticized the villainous outrage and public opinion also grew stronger, so the then Japanese charge d'affaires to the U.S., Arinori MORI, wrote 'Religious Freedom in Japan' stating that it was difficult to hold on to the anti-Christian policy, which was followed by some people including Mokurai SHIMAJI, a Buddhist monk of West Hongan-ji Temple.
- 近代国際法は「先占の原則」(早期発見国が領有権を有する原理)を特徴の一つとして持っていたので、「未開国」は自動的に「無主の地」とされ、そこに植民地を自由に設定できるということになる(小林2002)。
- As modern international law has 'Rule of occupation' (rule under which the county that discovered a land first has sovereignty) as one of its features, 'undeveloped country' was automatically deemed as 'terra nullius,' and, therefore, colonies could be established freely (Kobayashi 2002).
- なお、武官にあたる自衛官(いわゆる制服組)のみならず、文民(文官)にあたる内部部局の防衛参事官、書記官等(いわゆる背広組)であっても、防衛大臣その他の国務大臣を兼ねることは禁じられていると解される。
- Also, even if a candidate was a Self-Defense Official (the so-called uniform team), a civilian (civil officer), the internal Defense Counselor, or secretary (the so-called sebiro (business suit) team), it is understood that it is prohibited to be appointed concurrently as the Secretary of State for Defense and any other Minister of State.
- 事件発生後総督府は原住民への討伐を決定、軍隊出動による討伐作戦を2ヶ月にわたって展開し、対立部族の協力も得た鎮圧作戦の結果700人ほどの抗日サイディック族が死亡もしくは自殺、500人ほどが投降した。
- The Sotoku-fu decided to retaliate against the tribe after the Incident and developed a subjugation campaign using the military force in cooperation with the rival tribes for two months, as a result of which military campaign 700 Seediq were killed in fighting or committed suicides and 500 people surrendered.
- とりわけ開化派人士や、幼児等も含むその近親者への残酷な処刑は福澤らをして激しい失望感を呼び起こし、福澤は、天津条約締結の前月には自身が主宰する時事新報の紙面において、いわゆる脱亜論を発表するに至る。
- As FUKUZAWA and his colleagues were deeply disappointed by the cruel execution to the sophisticated people of the Progressive Party and their relatives including children in particular, FUKUZAWA came to publish Datsua ron (a theory of turning away from Asia) in the Japanese newspaper Jiji Shinpo led by himself, on the previous month of the Tientsin Convention.
- この事件は一般に「忠臣蔵」の名でも知られているが、この名称は本件を題材とした人形浄瑠璃と歌舞伎の『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の通称、およびそこから派生したさまざまな作品群の総称であり、本件自体を指す語ではない。
- This incident is also commonly known as 'Chushingura' (The treasury of Loyal Retainers); however, the name does not indicate the actual event, since it came from a ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) play as well as a kabuki (traditional performing art) play called 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers) and the general term for other related materials.
- 鳥羽即位時、公実は摂関家の若年の当主藤原忠実を侮り、幼帝の外舅の地位にある自分こそ摂政に就任すべしと主張したが、「四代もの間、諸大夫として仕えた者が今摂関を望むとは」と白河院別当の源俊明に一蹴された。
- When Emperor Toba ascended the throne, Kinzane took lightly FUJIWARA no Tadazane, young family head of Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) and argued that he himself who had been at the position of maternal father of the young Emperor should have assumed the post of Sessho (regent to the emperor), but he was scoffed at by MINAMOTO no Toshiaki, Chief of the Office of the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, reproving that 'the man who had served for four emperors as Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than court nobles) still tried to seek the post of Sekkan (regent and adviser).'
- 明治7年1月14日夜、公務を終え、赤坂の仮皇居(前年の火災により赤坂離宮を皇居としていた)から退出して自宅へ帰る途中だった岩倉の馬車が、赤坂喰違坂にさしかかった際、襲撃者たちがいっせいに岩倉を襲った。
- At the night of January 14, 1874, when Iwakura finished his work and left the temporal imperial palace to his home (they used the Akasaka Palace as the Imperial Palace because of the fire in previous year), he was attacked by assailants when his hose-drawn buggy reached to Kuichigaizaka, Akasaka.
- その後、この年の10月1日に詔を発し、皇族や諸臣らに対して聖武天皇の言葉を引用して、妄りに皇位を求めてはならない事、次期皇位継承者は聖武天皇の意向によって自ら(称徳天皇)自身が決める事を改めて表明する。
- Afterwards, on November 7 of the same year Empress Shotoku issued an imperial rescript and expressed her intention to the Imperial family members and court retainers by quoting Emperor Shomu's words that they were forbidden to seek the Imperial Throne for no reason, and as for the next heir to the Imperial Throne, the Empress Shotoku herself would decide taking the will of Emperor Shomu into consideration.
- すなわち強国が弱小国を併呑していく当時の世界情勢(帝国主義時代)は、自然の摂理であると受け取られ、『万国公法』の説く「万国並立」「万国対峙」という理念は建前に過ぎないといったシニカルな受容をもたらした。
- Namely the world situation, in which strong countries annexed small countries (age of imperialism) was considered natural providence and resulted in believe that principles of 'Bankoku Koho,' such as '万国並立' or '万国対峙' (equality of countries) were mere slogans.
- 阿部は改正を論じる自体が保守派の刺激をしかねない公事方御定書の改正を避け、恩赦という形式を用いて公事方御定書が定めた刑罰を減刑するという遠まわしな手法で結果的に公事方御定書の改正を図ろうとしたのである。
- Abe avoided a direct reform of the Kujigata-osadamegaki, as even a discussion about reforming it might stir up the conservatives, so he used pardon as a means of reducing the penalties provided in the Kujigata-osadamegaki, and by using such a roundabout method he intended to reform the Kujigata-osadamegaki as a result.
- そこで、電文を目にしたルーズベルトは7月31日、桂とタフト間の会談はあらゆる点においてまったく正しいこと、自分がタフトが語ったことすべてを確認したことを桂に伝えることを内容とする電文をタフトに送付した。
- Accordingly, Roosevelt found the telegram on July 31 and sent a telegram to Taft saying that everything Katsura and Taft had discussed in the meeting was right and that Katsura should be notified that he had approved what Taft had reported to him.
- 天和 (日本)3年(1682年)、賤ヶ岳の七本槍の1人として知られる加藤嘉明の孫で、外様の石見国吉永藩(1万石)藩主・加藤明友が祖父と自身の功により1万石の加増を受け、2万石で近江国水口城主となり立藩。
- The Minakuchi Domain was founded in 1682 by Akitomo KATO, a tozama (outsider feudal lord) of the Yoshinaga Domain in Iwami Province (with a fief yielding 10,000 koku of rice), who became the lord of the Minakuchi-jo Castle in Omi Province with 10,000 koku of rice increased to 20,000 in total because of the military exploit by himself and his grandfather, Yoshiaki KATO, known as one of the seven excellent military commanders in Hideyoshi's army at the battle of Shizugatake (Shizugatake-no-shichihon-yari).
- 慶應2年(1866年)、幕府が改税約書によりイギリス、フランス、アメリカ合衆国、オランダ四ヵ国と交わした自由造幣局設立の確約を受け、慶應4年(1868年)4月17日、明治維新は金座および銀座を接収した。
- With a pledge to establish a free currency minting bureau in the amended tariff treaty that the Edo shogunate concluded with Britain, France, the United States and Holland in 1866, the ginza and the kinza were closed with the Meiji Restoration on April 17, 1868.
- 貞時は、頼綱に支えられて自らを頂点とする得宗専制体制を敷いたが、頼綱の権勢に不安を抱くようになり、ついに1293年(永仁元年)、鎌倉大地震の混乱に乗じて鎌倉・経師ヶ谷の頼綱邸を攻撃し、頼綱を自刃させた。
- With Yoritsuna's support, Sadatoki established the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan in which Sadatoki himself was the leader, but he came to be disturbed by Yoritsuna's reins of power and, finally in 1293, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Kamakura Earthquake, Sadatoki invaded Yoritsuna's house in Gyojigayatsu in Kamakura and made him commit suicide with his sword.
- しかし、あくまでも岩倉の意に沿ったというだけではなく、単にイギリスやフランスの事は自由民権派の人達が研究するだろうから、彼らが研究しないドイツを選んだ(末松謙澄充ての書簡など)という選択に過ぎなかった。
- However, it was not because of Iwakura's recommendation; instead, Ito thought that the supporters of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement would study about England and France styles, so he just chose what those supporter don't study (according to letters for Kencho SUEMATSU).
- 蘇我氏自身の出自はともかく、渡来系の氏族と深い関係にあったのは確かなようで、王権の職業奴属民としての役割を担っていた渡来人の品部の集団などが持つ当時の先進技術が蘇我氏の台頭の一助になったと考えられている。
- Regardless of the origins of the Soga clan, its deep ties with migrant clans is without-doubt, immigrants to ancient Japan; and it is thought that the rise of the Soga clan was aided by the relatively advanced technologies introduced to Japan by Shinabe (technicians in offices) who were toraijin (settlers), who became subjects to royal authority as indentured professionals.
- この制度の提言は、吉宗政権で政治顧問的待遇を受けた酒井忠挙が、京都所司代の松平信庸 (篠山藩主)が自らの領地からの収入だけでは任務に支障が生じていることを見て、吉宗に「重職役料下賜」を提言したことによる。
- The proposal for this system was based on a proposal for 'grant of yakuryo (executive allowance) to a person assuming an important post' given to Yoshimune by Tadataka SAKAI receiving treatments as a political adviser in the Yoshimune government when he saw that Nobutsune MATSUDAIRA (lord of the Sasayama clan) assuming Kyoto Shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy) had difficulties in performing duties only with an income from own territory.
- しかしこの銘文自体が、「天皇」、「東宮聖王」などの語や「大御身労賜時」といった日本的な表現が使用されており、推古朝では早過ぎることや、書風に初唐の趣があることから初唐代のものとする説などがあり、疑問が多い。
- However, from the fact that on the inscription itself, words such as 'tenno' (emperor) and 'togu' (crown prince), and Japanese expressions such as 'oomimi itazuki tamaishitoki' (the emperor is sick) are used, which are too early to be used for the reign of Empress Suiko, and also from the fact that the writing style had a tenor of the early Tang period; accordingly there are theories that these expressions are from the early Tang period, leaving many questions.
- 武士がなぜ存在するのかを突き詰めて考えた山鹿の結論は武士は身分という制度ではなく自分が(封建)社会全体への責任を負う立場であると定義をすることで武士となり、(封建)社会全体への倫理を担うとするものであった。
- Yamaga deeply as to why samurai existed and came to the conclusion that it was not just a social status, but a responsible position to the whole (feudal) of society and to the ethics of the entire (feudal) society.
- 1864年3月26日(文久3年2月19日 (旧暦))に朝廷が出した横浜港の鎖港と海防軍備に関する勅愉に対しても幕府は無策を続けるつもりだと判断した藤田小四郎は自ら攘夷実行の先駆けとなるため挙兵の意を固めた。
- Koshiro FUJITA and others who thought that bakufu would do nothing regarding the order to close the Yokohama port and order regarding the defense navy issued by the Imperial Court on March 26, 1864, and they decided to raise an army themselves to lead an attack to execute the expulsion of foreigners.
- これは裏を返せば後見人である蓮淳自身の権力拡大が目的であったが、形式上は「法主を頂点とした権力機構の確立」という実如以来の方針に忠実に従ったものであったから、この大義名分を前に異論を挿める者は存在しなかった。
- This actually aimed to expand the guardian Renjun's authority, but formally he was following the policy that had been kept since Jitsunyo, 'the establishment of the power structure with hoshu at the top,' and for this legitimate reason, no one could raise an objection against him.
- 1889年(明治22年)に発布された大日本帝国憲法(1890年11月9日施行)による立憲体制下において、自治体としての府県は1890年にプロイセンの州制度に範をとって制定された法律「府県制」によって規定された。
- Under the constitutional system of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan issued in 1889, 'Fukensei' was established following the state law of Prussia, which stipulates that Fuken are autonomous bodies.
- しかし案の上安兵衛ら江戸急進派は決定に納得せず、内蔵助をはずして代わりに原惣右衛門を大将にして独自に決起することを模索しつつ、6月には内蔵助との最後の調整のため堀部安兵衛が自ら京都へ乗り込んでくることとなった。
- However, as expected it failed to persuade the Edo radicals led by Yasubei HORIBE, and he decided to come down to Kyoto in June to settle the matter with Oishi as they began searching for a way to have Soemon HARA as a leader instead of Kuranosuke to carry out the revenge.
- しかし、当該国がマネーサプライの拡大を嫌った場合、他の資産を民間に売却することによって自国通貨供給の拡大を阻止するという操作が可能であり、このような金不胎化政策はかならず他の国に金融引き締めを強いることになる。
- However, if the country does not want to increase the money supply, it can control and hamper the expansion by disposing of state-owned assets to the private sector, and such gold sterilization policy will impose credit crunch on other countries.
- それが叶わないとみるや今度は洲本を中心に淡路を徳島本藩から分藩独立させて稲田氏を藩主とする稲田藩(洲本藩)の設立を目指す(そうすれば自分達は士族になる)ようになり、明治新政府にも独立を働きかけていくようになる。
- When they found that would not be granted, in turn, they moved to spin off Awaji with Sumoto as its center from the Tokushima Honpan and aimed to establish the INADA Domain, of which the leader would be the INADA clan (so that they would become warrior class), and also worked on the new Meiji Government for their independence.
- 江戸時代の刑罰は共同体からの追放刑が基本であったため、町や村といった公認された共同体の外部に、そこからの追放を受けた犯罪者の共同体が形成され、その内部社会に通じた者を使わなければ犯罪捜査自体が困難だったのである。
- Because banishment from a community was a basic punishment in the Edo period, the communities of criminals who had been banished from authorized communities such as towns and villages were built outside of there, so criminal investigations themselves were difficult without hiring people who knew much about the inner societies.
- 学者のあり方から妾の是非(男女同権論等)、哲学や信教の自由などの宗教論、文字改良論などの教育論、死刑廃止論等の社会問題関連、貨幣・貿易等の経済諸問題、はては妖怪の類まで、非常に広きにわたる論説・翻訳を扱っている。
- It dealt with articles and translations in wide areas, ranging from the style of scholar, right and wrong of concubine (feminism etc.), Philosophy, religious arguments including freedom of faith, educational arguments such as an opinion to improve letters, social problems such as the abolition of death penalty, economic problems such as currency and trades, to specters.
- この背景には嫌々ながら東映の社長に派遣され、多重債務を抱え自転車操業で倒産寸前だった同社の再建を成功させた大川博と、東急本体を引き継ぎ東急グループの基本を沿線開発に据えた五島昇との間に確執があったと言われている。
- It is said that there was a feud between Hiroshi OKAWA of Toei and Noboru GOTO of Tokyu Corporation behind the separation: although Okawa was reluctantly dispatched to Toei and became the president, which operated on a shoestring with multiple debts, and managed to succeed in its reconstruction, Goto was focused on development of areas along the railways for both Tokyu itself and the Group as a whole.
- 以前は唐の都の長安を模倣して作られたというのが一般的な定説であったが、先行する藤原京との密接な関係から現在は関連が疑われており、北魏洛陽などをモデルとした、日本独自の発展系ではないかという見方も有力となっている。
- Although it was a well established theory that the capital was modeled after Changan of Tang Dynasty, its relationship with Fujiwara-kyo, previously thought to be close, became questionable, and therefore another theory became accepted, which stated that Rakuyo in Northern Wei Dynasty was the inspiration, yet the development of the capital was unique to Japan.
- 前者だけを満たす場合、「半文明国」とされて国家として承認されるものの、西欧諸国と同等の扱いを受けることはできず、不平等条約(関税自主権喪失・領事裁判権及び広範な治外法権の設定等)によって著しく劣等な立場に置かれた。
- If only the first condition was approved, the country would be recognized as a state but considered a 'Semi-civilized nation,' which would not be treated equal to Western countries and would have to bear disadvantage originated from unequal treaties (by losing tariff autonomy, setting up of consular jurisdiction and chigaihoken [extraterritoriality]).
- 近隣の藩で藩札が発行された場合、領内の良貨(幕府貨幣)が悪貨(近隣の藩が発行した信用の裏付けの弱い紙幣)に取って代わられる、言い換えれば良貨を近隣他領に吸い上げられることは自領の経済活動に悪影響が及ぶ可能性があった。
- If neighboring domains issued han bills, there was a possibility that good currency (coins issued by the shogunate) was exchanged for bad currency (bills issued by neighboring domains which had low credibility), which could affect the economy of the domain.
- 第4代藩主・織田長清の頃には長清自身が優れた文化人であったことも影響して藩校・遷喬館が設立され、藩士に文武が奨励され、さらに長清によって織田氏や信長の記録である織田真記15巻が編纂されるなど、芝村藩は全盛期を迎えた。
- During the time of Nagakiyo ODA, the fourth lord of the domain, the domain school Senkyokan was established by the influence of Nagakiyo who was a man of culture, and both literary and military arts were encouraged to the clansmen; furthermore, 15 volumes of Oda Shinki, which was records of Oda clan and Nobunaga were compiled by Nagakiyo; thus, the cultural activities in the domain reached its peak.
- 神護景雲3年(769年)5月、道鏡の弟で大宰帥の弓削浄人と大宰主神の習宣阿曾麻呂(すげのあそまろ)は「道鏡を皇位に付ければ天下は太平になる」という内容の宇佐八幡宮の神託を奏上し、自ら皇位に就くことを望む(続紀没伝)。
- In June of 769, YUGE no Kiyohito, who was a younger brother of Dokyo and was Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) and SUGE no Asomaro, who was Dazai no Kanzukasa (Head Shinto Priest of Kyushu, stationed in Dazaifu), reported an oracle from Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine to the Empress Shotoku, stating that 'if Dokyo ascends to the Imperial Throne, the world will be in peace'; Dokyo himself wanted to ascend the Imperial Throne (Shoku Nihongi [Chronicle of Japan Continued] Botsuden).
- 熊太郎が激怒して別れ話を切り出したが、おぬいの母おとらが「お前とおぬいが一緒になる時に自分に毎月仕送りをする約束だったのに、全然仕送りを貰っていない。別れるなら払わなかった分を全部払ってから別れろ」と熊太郎をなじった。
- Kumataro became infuriated and talked about breaking up with her, but her mother, Otora taunted him saying, 'When you married Onui, you promised to send money to me every month, but I've never received it. If you want to break up with her, you must pay the unpaid money first.'
- そもそもこの法度の対象に含まれるのは、大政委任を受けた征夷大将軍の指揮下に置かれて自身も武家官位の任命対象である「武家」や僧官の任命対象である「僧侶」など、朝廷と将軍によって任官された全ての身分が拘束されるものである。
- This law was applied to all the classes which were appointed by the imperial court and the bakufu including 'samurai families' which were to be appointed the official court rank for samurai under the command of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') that is delegated the administration of the country, and 'Buddhist monks' who were to be appointed the official rank for Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by Imperial Court).
- 中国の正史・『隋書』「」には、「」(その俗(中略)自餘は軽重をもって(中略)あるいは杖す)とあり俀國(倭国)において7世紀初頭には既に杖罪が存在していた事が記されており、その起源は少なくとも6世紀にまで遡れるようである。
- The beginning of flogging can at least be traced back to the sixth century, because there is a record in China's official history book Suisho (The Book of the Sui Dynasty) which says 'in this world (…) otherwise depending on the severity (…) they get flogged', which shows that this kind of punishment existed in Yamato (Japan) at the beginning of the seventh century.
- 大久保は、木戸を政府へ復帰させることにより、自らの権力集中に対する批判を和らげる良い機会と考え、この会談に応じたが、板垣に対しては政権に復帰させる必要性を感じていなかったので、当初大久保・板垣両者は面会にいたらなかった。
- Okubo took it as a good opportunity to restore Kido to the government for the purpose to alleviate the criticisms against his political supremacy, and so he agreed to meet Kido; however, he did not consider it necessary to bring Itagaki back to the government, so he did not meet him at the beginning.
- 帝国主義に関する点で、義和団はキリスト教集団(宣教師や中国人クリスチャン)との対立の中で彼等の持つ様々な特権(行政上あるいは司法上)に直面して、それらが帝国主義に由来することに自覚的となり反対運動を行ったと前者は論じる。
- The former argued that while the Boxers were resisting Christian groups (missionaries and Chinese Christians) they saw their various privileges (administration or justice) firsthand, became aware that they were derived from the empire doctrine, and started the opposition movement.
- 賄賂の横行や罷免された荻原重秀の独断専行を目の当たりにしていた新井は先に荻原が廃止した勘定吟味役を正徳2年(1712年)に再度設置し、杉岡能連、萩原美雅(ともにのち勘定奉行)を任命し、勘定所自体の綱紀の引き締めを図った。
- Since Arai witnessed widespread bribery and arbitrary decision and execution by Shigehide OGIWARA who was dismissed, Arai revived Kanjoginmiyaku in 1712 that was abolished by Ogiwara earlier and assigned Yoshitsura SUGIOKA and Yoshimasa OGIWARA (both of them became kanjo bugyo [commissioner of finance] later) and strived for tightening up the official discipline in the finance ministry.
- 日清戦争の後、高まりを見せ始めていた労働運動を取り締まるために、それまで自由民権運動を念頭に置いて政治活動の規制を主な目的としていた集会及政社法に、労働運動の規制という新たな役割を付加した上で継承発展させる形で制定された。
- In order to crack down on the labor movements which were rising after Japanese-Shino War, with a new role of regulating them it was enacted as the successor of Shukai oyobi Seisha Ho (the law on assembly and association), the major target of which had been to regulate political activities focusing on the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
- 明治8年(1875年)、明治政府は、江戸幕府が定め複雑に入り組んだ酒株に関する規制を一挙に撤廃し、酒類の税則を醸造税と営業税の二本立てに簡略化して、醸造技術と資本のある者ならば誰でも自由に酒造りができるように法令を発した。
- In 1875, the Meiji Government abolished at a stroke complicated regulations concerning sakekabu which the Edo bakufu had implemented, simplified the taxation rule for alcoholic beverages by implementing a dual system of brewing and trading taxes, and issued an order to allow anyone with brewing techniques and capital to brew sake freely.
- しかし中国に対し冊封・朝貢を行っていた周辺諸国も、次第に欧米列強の植民地へと変えられていき、また清朝自身もロシアのイリ地方地方占領や清仏戦争、日本の台湾出兵、日清戦争などアヘン戦争以降の度重なる列強からの外圧にさらされた。
- However, as those Asian countries which conducted sakuho and choko to the Qing dynasty became colonies of western countries and America, the Qing dynasty was also put pressure continuously by powerful countries after the Opium War, especially when Ili region was seized by Russia, the Sino-French War, the Taiwan expedition and the Japanese-Sino War occurred.
- モンゴル帝国にいずれは組み込まれる歴史であるという意味でモンゴル帝国中心ではあるけれども、主要地域の歴史をそれぞれ自立した形で並列的に扱っており、同時代までの中国歴代王朝の正史やヨーロッパ側の歴史書とは大きく異なっている。
- Although it was compiled with the Mongolian Empire in the center on the premise that all regions would be incorporated into the Mongolian Empire in future, it is quite different from the official history of Chinese dynasties or history books written in Europe in the sense that it treated the history of major regions independently as well as in parallel.
- 蘭学修行を志した25歳の勝海舟は、貧窮にもめげず赤城玄意という蘭医から『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』を年10両(約120~130万円に相当)で借り受け、滲まないインクや鳥の羽根を削ったペンを自作しながら1年がかりで写本2部を製作した。
- Kaishu KATSU at the age of 25, who aimed at ascetic practices of Western studies, rented 'Doeff Halma' at the cost of 10 ryo (a currency unit) a year (equivalent of about 1.2 to 1.3 million yen) from a doctor of Dutch medical science, Genii AKAGI, despite his poverty, and he devoted one year to producing two copies of its manuscript while making the ink that did not blot, or the pen by shaving the feathers of birds.
- 中国王朝から見た華夷秩序は、中華思想に基づく世界観を現実に投影したもので、中国を「華」(文明)と自認し、中国という同心円的ヒエラルキーの中心から離れるに従い「華」から離れ「夷狄」(野蛮)に近づいていくと考える国際秩序である。
- Kaichitsujo looked from Chinese dynasty was a view of the world based on Sinocentrism projected to the reality and it was international order in which China is recognized as 'Ka' (culture) and the more remote from China, which was the center of concentric circle-shaped hierarchy the more remote from 'Ka' and come closer to 'iteki' (barbarians).
- しかしゲオルギオスに竹の杖で背中を打たれ、ニコライに随伴していた人力車夫の向畑治三郎に両足を引き倒され、同じくゲオルギオス付き車夫の北賀市市太郎に自身の落としたサーベルで首を斬りつけられた後、警備中の巡査に取り押さえられた。
- But, Prince George struck TSUDA's back with his bamboo cane, and then a rickshaw driver in Nicholas's entourage, Jisaburo MUKOUHATA grabbed TSUDA's legs and pulled him to the ground, and furthermore, a rickshaw driver in George's entourage, Ichitaro KITAGAICHI picked up TSUDA's saber and injured TSUDA's neck with it, and finally TSUDA was arrested by a patrol officer.
- 京都に10年ほど住んだ後にふたたび東京へ居を移した柳は、実業家大原孫三郎(株式会社クラレ、大原美術館、大原社会問題研究所などの創設者)より経済面の援助を得て、1936年(昭和11年)、東京・駒場の自邸隣に日本民藝館を開設した。
- After living in Kyoto for 10 years, Yanagi moved to Tokyo again, obtained financial help from Magosaburo OHARA (founder of Kuraray, Ohara Museum of Art and Ohara Institute for Social Research) and opened the Japan Folk Crafts Museum near his own house in Komaba, Tokyo in 1936.
- 西園寺は古い元老制度を廃止するためあえて元老の追加には同意しなかったが(山本権兵衛などが候補としてあげられた)、五・一五事件による政党内閣の崩壊と軍部の台頭、自身の高齢化によって西園寺単独による後継選定は不可能な状態となった。
- SAIONJI chose not to give his consent to add a new genro, (even though some, such as Gonbe YAMAMOTO, had been nominated) because he was trying to abolish the old genro system; however, it became an impossible task for him to select a successor on his own, because of the party cabinet's collapse and the military emergence resulting from the May 15th Incident as well as his own aging.
- なお、明治40年制定の現行刑法では、殺人未遂罪に相当すると考えられるが、現行刑法では、自ら積極的に行為を中止した場合(中止未遂)の場合を除き、未遂による減軽は裁判官の裁量によるため、殺人罪の法定刑である死刑となる可能性はある。
- According to the current penal code enacted in 1907, Tsuda may be accused of attempted murder, but still there is a possibility that he is sentenced death penalty, because commutation for failed criminal cases are decided at discretion of judges except when a criminal gave up completion of crime on his own will.
- 近代国際法は「理念」として万国平等を謳いながら、現実では非西欧諸国を差別する国際秩序を支えており、こうした「理念」と現実との落差に対し、やがて失望とシニカルな感想、そして理念よりも国力を重視する姿勢が出てくることは自然であった。
- Under modern international law, the equality of nations was referred to as 'principle' but the thought supported international order that discriminated non-western Europe countries, therefore it was natural that some people were disappointed about the difference between the 'principle' and reality, became cynical and put more value on national power than principle.
- 民主と自由の思想による民族自決が世界の潮流となり、1918年1月にアメリカ合衆国大統領ウッドロウ・ウィルソンが提唱する民族自決の原則と、ウラジーミル・レーニンの提唱した植民地革命論は世界の植民地に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- Self-determination based upon democracy and freedom became a mainstream of the world, and the principle of self-determination advocated by Woodrow Wilson and the colonial revolutionism by Vladimir Lenin had a great influence on colonies in the world.
- しかも交渉は双方の首都から離れた倭館のある釜山で開かれ、相手側政府の状況は勿論、担当者が自国政府の状況も十分把握できない状況下で交渉が行われたために相互ともに相手側が「九月協定」の合意内容を破ったと非難を始めて、6月には決裂した。
- In addition, the negotiation was held in Busan distant from both capitals the Wakan located, and under the circumstances that the person in charge were unable to grasp the whole situation of their own government as well as other side's government, started blaming each other for violation of 'September Agreement' mutually, and then, it was broken off in June.
- 大日本帝国陸軍のドイツ式組織への改革や帝国大学令・小学校令などの制定に代表される教育改革、市町村制の確立などが行われ、伊藤自身も井上毅・金子堅太郎・伊東巳代治と大日本帝国憲法草案を作成するなど、立憲体制への準備が着々と進められた。
- The preparation for constitutional system progressed steadily as the reform of Imperial Japanese Army toward German-style system, education reform such as Imperial University Law and Primary School Order and establishment of local authority system were carried out, and Ito himself made the draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan along with Kowashi INOUE, Kentaro KANEKO, and Miyoji ITO.
- 自らも現場に居合わせたイギリス公使ハリー・パークスは激怒し、折しも兵庫開港を祝って集結していた各国艦船に緊急事態を通達、アメリカ海兵隊、イギリスの警備隊、フランスの水兵が備前藩兵を居留地外に追撃し、生田川の河原で撃ち合いとなった。
- English minister-counselor Harry PARKS, who happened to be at the site himself, got furious, announced the emergency to the foreign warships that were gathered to celebrate the opening of Hyogo port, then the U.S. Marine force, British guards, and French sailors chased the troops of the domain of Bizen out of the settlement and exchanged gunfire at the side of Ikutagawa-River.
- また、国防上の必要性から江戸・大坂の大名・旗本領を幕府に召し上げようとする上知令を推進しようとしたところ、大名・商人らの猛反撥を招くこととなり、将軍家慶自ら撤回を命ずる事態となり、水野は失脚し、天保の改革はわずか2年にして崩壊した。
- In addition, 'Agechi-rei' (the decree he was going to implement for national defense, whose contents were to take away the territory of 'daimyo' and 'hatamoto' in Edo and Osaka) caused fierce resistance of 'daimyo' and merchants, so Shogun Ieyoshi himself was made withdraw the decree and Mizuno lost his position, when Tenpo Reforms ended with a span of just two years.
- このときに討ち入り時の綱領「人々心覚」が定められ、その中で武器、装束、所持品、合言葉、吉良の首の処置など事細かに定め、さらに「吉良の首を取った者も庭の見張りの者も亡君の御奉公では同一。よって自分の役割に異議を唱えない」ことを定めた。
- The program called 'reminders for people' was then decided, which stated the details of weapons, clothes, one's belongings and signals at the time of the raid as well as how to treat Kira's head, and also described that 'the one who cut off Kira's head and guards in the yard will be considered to be equal in terms of serving our deceased lord; therefore, you must not question your roles.'
- このような中での大正12年(1923年)12月27日、帝国議会の開院式に望んだ摂政裕仁親王(後の昭和天皇)が、自称共産主義者の難波大助という青年によって狙撃されるという事件が起こったが、幸いにして裕仁親王は無傷であった(虎ノ門事件)。
- Against such background, on December 27, 1923, an attempted assassination occurred where Prince Hirohito (who later became Emperor Showa) was sniped by a young man, Daisuke NANBA, a self-proclaimed communist, when the Prince was on his way to open the new Imperial Diet session, but fortunately he was unhurt (the Toranomon Incident).
- また事件前、西南戦争で敗死した西郷隆盛が実はロシアに逃げ延び、ニコライと共に帰って来るという噂がささやかれており、西南戦争で勲章を授与されていた津田はもし西郷が帰還すれば自分の勲位も剥奪されるのではないかと危惧していたという説もある。
- He also heard a rumor that Takamori SAIGO, who had died during Seinan War, was still alive in Russia and he would come back to Japan with Nicholas, so he feared that he would be deprived the medal which had been given to him during Seinan War.
- 当初は民の抵抗の多かった徴兵制度も、軍人勅諭や教育勅語による国防思想の普及、日清戦争・日露戦争の勝利などを経て、組織的な抵抗はなくなったものの、徴兵忌避の感情は自然の感情であるので、さまざまな徴兵忌避対策が庶民レベルで繰り広げられた。
- The conscription, initially subject to the people's resistance, was eventually accepted and organized resistance ceased thanks to the awareness of the need for national defense prevailing among the people by the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the Imperial Rescript to Education, and the victories of the Japanese-Sino War and the Japanese-Russo War and so on, but the sentiment of conscription evasion was a matter of natural sentiment so that various measures for conscription evasion were developed among the common people.
- ナイフ形石器(ナイフがた せっき)とは、後期旧石器時代に特徴的な、石刃(刃器)などの剥片に刃潰し剥離(剥片自身がもつ鋭い側縁の一部をナイフの刃のように残し、ほかの側縁を鈍くつぶす調整剥離)を加え、現在のナイフに似た形に仕上げた石器である。
- Stone tools resembling a knife were characteristics to the end period of the Paleolithic period, and they were made by blunting and exfoliating flakes like stone knives (blades) (i.e. Exfoliation was adjusted so that the sharp edge of flake would be partly remained like a knife blade and the rest of the edge would be blunted), and by forming the flakes into a shape similar to modern knives.
- 他方実定法とは立法機関のような人為的な存在によって作り出されてきた法律で、形而上的な普遍性を法源として採用せず、法とは一定の地域・時代の中でのみ有効であることを自覚する性質を持つもので、具体的には蓄積されてきた判例や慣習法、制定法を指す。
- On the other hand, positive law is a legislation created by aritificial existence such as a legislative organ which does not adopt metaphysical generality as a source of law and has a nature to understand the law to be effective only in a certain region and era and, in other words, it means accumulated court cases, customary law and statutes.
- 日本も封建制度の体制下で欧米の近代法にある法治国家の諸原則が存在しておらず、刑事面では拷問や残虐な刑罰が存置され、民事面では自由な契約や取引関係を規制して十分な保護を与えていなかったために、欧米列強からはその対象国であると考えられていた。
- Japan, too, was considered a target of unequal treaties by the allied Western powers because Japan, under the feudal system, did not have various principles of a nation under the rule of law as stipulated in modern Western laws and therefore maintained torture and cruel punishment in criminal cases and regulated free contracts and transactions without giving sufficient protection in civil affairs.
- 農学者で思想家の新渡戸稲造は『武士道』(1900)において19世紀末の哲学や科学的思考を用いながら、島国の自然がどのようなもので、四季の移り変わりなどから影響を及ぼされた結果、社会という枠の中で日本人はどのように生きたのかを説明している。
- Agriculturist and thinker Inazo NITOBE explained the nature of the island country and how Japanese who lived in society were affected by the four seasons, using philosophy and scientific thinking of the late 19th century in 'Bushido' (1900).
- しかし大坂冬の陣では豊臣氏に与していたため、豊臣氏滅亡後に徳川氏に釈明する意思を表すために、有楽斎は3万石の所領のうち、1万石を自分の隠居料に、残りの1万石ずつをそれぞれ四男の織田長政 (大名)と五男の織田尚長に分与して相続させたのである。
- However, because he took part in the camp of the Toyotomi clan in the Winter Siege of Osaka, Yurakusai (another name of Nagamasu ODA as a master of tea ceremony) tried to express his intention to apologize to Tokugawa clan by dividing his territory of 30,000 koku (an unit of assessed crop yields of the land [1 koku: about 180 liter], which was also used to express the size of the land) into 10,000 koku for his own retirement, 10,000 koku for the fourth son Nagamasa ODA (daimyo [Japanese feudal lord]) and the remaining 10,000 koku for the fifth son, Naonaga ODA after Toyotomi clan's fall.
- その後20年にわたり台湾総督は同化政策を推進し、具体的な政策としては地方自治を拡大するための総督府評議会の設置、日台共学制度及び共婚法の公布、笞刑の撤廃、日本語学習の整備などその同化を促進し、台湾人への差別を減少させるための政策を実現した。
- The Governor-General of Taiwan promoted the assimilation policy for the next twenty years, policy which included an establishment of an elected advisory committee to expand autonomy, the introduction of non-segregation to educational institutions, an issuance of the intermarriage act, a demolishment of flogging as criminal punishment, encouraging the study of the Japanese language in order to promote assimilation as well as to decrease discrimination of Taiwanese.
- 乱を起こした側としては、治安維持の任につく武芸の家の者としての勲功認定、待遇改善を目指す動きを条件闘争的にエスカレートさせていった結果として叛乱に至ってしまった面を持ち、また鎮圧側も、乱を鎮圧することでやはり自らの勲功認定、待遇改善を図った。
- The Samurai that fought with the rebels aimed to gain formal recognition for their profession and improve the living conditions for the samurai families that were responsible for maintaining security, while the Samurai who fought against the rebels were also fighting for recognition and better conditions.
- また家康本陣を守備していた藤堂高虎の一代記である高山公実録にも「御旗本大崩れ」と記され、藤堂勢は一応の応戦はしたものの、真田隊の勢いの前では効果無く、ほどなく家康は本陣を捨ててしまい、高虎自身も、家康の安危を確認できなかったと振り返っている。
- Also in Kozankojiroku, a biography of Takatora TODO, who guarded the Ieyasu headquaters, there is a description of 'a great collapse of hatamoto (direct retainers of the shogun)' and Takatora, reviewing the battle, says in the biography that his troop fought back more or less, but was overwhelmed by the Sanada troop, and Takatora himself could not confirm the safety of Ieyasu, who abandoned the headquarters shortly afterward.
- 具体的には「関税自主権を行使させない」ことや「治外法権などを認めさせる」ことで、ある国の企業や人が、憲法及び法典のない国に商品を輸入したりする際に莫大な税金を要求されたり、軽犯罪によって死刑を被ったりすることを避けることを目的としたものである。
- Specifically, its objective is to 'prevent the enforcement of tariff autonomy' or 'have extraterritoriality approved' and thereby avoid a situation where a corporation or person from one country is requested to pay an enormous amount of tax when importing commodities to a country which has no constitution or legal codes, or is sentenced to death for a petty crime.
- 無期徒刑が決定したことを知らせると「いかなる事態になるか判らない」旨の発言をしている(なお、これに対して青木が「自分は伊藤博文に言われて死刑にする事を約束しただけである」と述べたために、伊藤から嫌悪されて政治家としての栄達を絶たれる原因となる)。
- When Schaevitz knew that Tsuda was sentenced life imprisonment, he said 'he didn't know what would happen in retribution' (Aoki, who heard Schaevitz's remark, said 'he just had followed Hirobumi ITO who ordered him to promise Russia the death penalty,' and was banished from a political world by Ito).
- 専売制度の対象となったのは阿片、タバコ(参照台湾総督府専売局松山煙草工場)、樟脳、アルコール、塩及び度量衡であり、専売政策は総督府の歳入の増大以外に、これらの産業の過当競争を防ぎ、また対象品目の輸入規制を行うことで台湾内部での自給自足を実現した。
- The monopoly system applied to opium, tobacco (refer to the section of Songshan Tobacco Factory established by Taiwan Sotoku-fu Monopoly Bureau), camphor, alcohol, salt and weights and measurement, and the monopoly policy contributed to an increase of the revenue as well as the realization of self sufficiency in Taiwan by preventing excessive competition in the field of each item and controlling the imports of these items.
- 「市制・町村制」(明治21年法律第1号)と併せて明治憲法下の地方自治制度を形づくる法律である「府県制」(明治23年法律第35号)は、「郡制」(明治23年法律第36号)とともに第1次山縣内閣の下で帝国議会の協賛を経て1890年5月17日に公布された。
- The law, Fukensei (Act No. 35 in 1890) which forms the local administration system under the Meiji Constitution, along with 'Shisei Chosonsei' (City, town and village system law) (Act No. 1 in 1888), was supported by the Imperial Diet under the First Yamagata cabinet and was issued with 'Gunsei' (County system law) (Act No. 36 in 1890) on May 17, 1890.
- 第二次世界大戦中は更に政府の統制が強化されたが、終戦後の1946年(昭和21年)の第1次地方制度改革で知事の選挙投票者による分類制が導入されるなどの民主化が行われ、最終的には1947年(昭和22年)の地方自治法の成立により現行の都道府県制に移行した。
- During World War II, the regulation by the government was enforced, however, after the war, the first reform of the local system was implemented in 1946 to promote democratization, and the classification system where a prefectural governor is elected by voters was introduced, which was after all replaced by the current Todofuken sei (system of prefectural government) when the Local Autonomy Law was established in 1947.
- そこで伊藤はやむなく井上を辞任させて、政敵と言える大隈重信と黒田清隆をそれぞれ外務大臣・農商務大臣として入閣させ、保安条例を制定して自由民権派の弾圧に乗り出したが、憲法・旧皇室典範の制定事業に専念するために、総理大臣を辞して新設の枢密院議長に転じた。
- So Ito was obliged to have Inoue step down and took his political enemies Shigenobu OKUMA and Kiyotaka KURODA into cabinet as a Minister of Foreign Affair and a Minister of Agriculture and Commerce respectively, and set out to suppress the Freedom and People's Rights Movement Party, however, he resigned from prime minister to assume as Chairman of the Privy Council with the view to concentrating on the establishment of constitution and Former Imperial House Act.
- しかし、女性の集会の自由を阻んでいた新婦人協会治安警察法第五条改正運動(1922年・大正11)や、女性が弁護士になる事を可能とする、婦人弁護士制度制定(弁護士法改正、1933年・昭和8)等、女性の政治的・社会的権利獲得の面でいくつかの重要な成果をあげた。
- Nevertheless, the campaigns did achieve some important results in acquiring political and social rights for women, for example the New Women's Association's successful campaign for the revision of Article five of the Security Police Law (1922), which banned women from joining political assemblies, and the amendment of the Lawyers Act (1933), whose revision enabled women to become lawyers.
- 魏の鏡であるか、それとも日本製なのかについては、どちらの説にも決定的な証拠はないが、近年定説化しつつある年代観からすれば景初三年銘、正始元年銘の三角縁神獣鏡自体は紀年にあるとおり3世紀の鏡として理解できるため、邪馬台国大和説の有力な根拠のひとつとなっている。
- Though there is no crucial evidence to determine whether the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was made in the Wei dynasty or in Japan, it is one of the compelling evidences of the Yamato theory of the Yamatai-Koku kingdom because the mirror inscribed with the years 239 and 240 can be considered to be mirrors from the third century as seen when counting years according to the accepted view of chronology in recent years.
- 当時、三菱の海運事業「郵便汽船三菱会社」(国有会社であった「日本国郵便蒸気船会社」と三菱商会が合併して設立された)が大規模な値下げ攻勢で勢力を広げ、欧米系の船会社に握られていた日本の航海自主権を取り返したが、一方で日本国内の中小の船会社も追い出されてしまった。
- At that time, Mitusbishi's marine transportation business 'Yubin Kisen Mitubishi Kaisha' (which was established with the merger of a government-owned marine transportation company 'Nipponkoku Yubin Jokisen Kaisha' and Mitsubishi Shokai) extended power by offering huge discounts and deprived western companies of Japan's navigation autonomy, but at the same time, they squeezed out other small-and-medium-sized shipping companies in Japan.
- 明治維新後も新政府は、江戸時代の貨幣制度をほぼそのまま受け継いだが、中央集権的な国家を建設するためには、各藩が独自に発行していた藩札(さらにそれを受け継いだ府県札)の整理や、東日本の小判(計数貨幣)と西日本の丁銀(秤量貨幣)の統一なども課題として残されていた。
- Although the currency system in the Edo period had been kept in almost the same manner by the new government after Meiji Restoration, there were problems including organizing han bills (bills usable only in a particular feudal clan) (further, prefectural bills taken over from the han bills) issued by each domain independently and integrating koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) (Keisu kahei [currency by table]) in eastern Japan and chogin (collective term of silver) (Hyodo kahei [currency valued by weight]) in western Japan in order to establish a centralized state.
- 奴婢自体は、三国志 (歴史書)魏志倭人伝に卑弥呼が亡くなったとき100人以上の奴婢を一緒に殉葬したと言う記述や、生口と呼ばれる奴隷(または捕虜。異説もある)を魏 (三国)に朝貢したと言う記述が見られるように、少なくとも邪馬台国の時代には既に奴婢は存在していた。
- As shown by a description in Gishiwajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of Wei Dynasty') of Sangokushi (Three Kingdom Saga), that more than 100 Nuhi were buried together as martyr to duty when Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) died, and another description that slaves (or captives; there is another theory) called Seiko were brought to the Wei dynasty (Three States Period) as a tribute, Nuhi itself already existed at least in the period of Yamatai Koku (Yamatai Kingdom).
- どうか私と同じ志(仏教への信仰)をもってここに来た人達には、(様々な考え方の)空か有か(といった瑣末な事)を論じて(志を)滞らせることなく、自分の欲望を忘れて(学問や修行に励み)、後進の人達には世俗の苦労などを超越して悟りの境地を開いて欲しいと願うものである。
- I sincerely wish that those who come here with the same aspirations (faith in Buddhism) will abandon one's own desires (focus on learning and training) without wasting themselves on trivial matters of various thoughts, and those who are to follow will transcend worldly matters and open the path toward revelation.
- 政府は当初、伝統宗教の権威と地盤を以ってキリスト教防御と維新後の新体制を国民に教導する考えであったが、近代国家の樹立の為には政教分離と信教の自由を国家の基本方針として盛り込むことは避けられず、また西洋諸国との外交関係に於いてキリスト教の禁制解除は不可欠となった。
- At first, the Meiji government intended to keep citizens away from the influence of Christianity and to educate them on the new systems made by the new government renewed after the Meiji Restoration with authority and foundations of the Japanese traditional religion; however, the separation of religion and politics and the freedom of religion were essential policies in order to establish a modernized nation, and the cancellation of a ban on Christianity was indispensable to maintain the diplomatic relationships with Western countries.
- 1854年の開国以来の混沌とした政治情勢を受けて半ば非常時の体制へ移行したものであるが、その主導者は幕府自身(幕閣)ではなく、薩摩藩主の父・島津久光および朝廷の公武合体派公卿らに主導されて出された勅使による圧力の下、やむを得ず改革を迫られたというのが実情である。
- Although the bakufu shifted to the quasi-emergency regime due to the chaotic political situation since the opening of the country to the world in 1854, such change was not initiated by the bakufu itself (the cabinet officials of the Shogunate) but was forced under the pressure from the imperial envoy dispatched by the initiation of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU who was the father of the the lord of the Satsuma Domain as well as the court nobles supporting Kobu Gattai (an idea of uniting the court and the shogunate), so the reality was that the shogunate had no option but to carry out the reform.
- これは明治元年から30年までを10年毎に3期に分け、最初の10年を創業の時期として戊辰戦争や士族反乱などの兵事に明け暮れる時期、次の10年を内治整理、殖産興業の時期、最後の10年を後継者による守成の時期として、自らは第二期に力を注ぎたいと抱負を述べるものであった
- In this plan, Okubo divided the 30 years from 1868 to 1898 into the three terms of 10 year intervals: the first 10 years as the establishment period, making efforts in militaristic affairs such as the Boshin Civil War and Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors); the next 10 years as the period to organize domestic affairs, encourage domestic production, and create new industries; and the last 10 years as the period of building up and maintaining this process by his successors; and he said he hoped to contribute his effort in the second term.
- このような中で片岡健吉を代表とする高知県の民権派が、今回の混乱は国辱的な欧化政策と言論弾圧による世論の抑圧にあると唱えて、①言論の自由の確立②地租軽減による民心の安定③外交の回復(対等な立場による条約改正実現)を柱とした「三大事件建白」と呼ばれる建白書を提出した。
- Amidst these situations, the Civil-Right group in Kochi Prefecture submitted a petition called 'the three biggest petitions' focusing on 1) establishment of free speech, 2) restoring mental balance of civilians by reducing a land tax, and 3) recovery of diplomacy (realization of revision of a treaty on an equal footing), saying these unrests were because of a policy of Europeanization as national disgrace and oppression of public opinions.
- 商工会議所ビル自体は解体されたが、居留地の一角を占める百貨店大丸神戸店が自ら所有していたウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ設計の近代建築をLive Lab West(現旧居留地38番館)として店舗化し、さらに周辺の近代西洋建築へ高級ブティックを積極的に出店していった。
- A department store Daimaru Kobe, which was in The Foreign Settlement, made the modern architecture it owned designed by William Merrell Vories into the shop as Live Lab West (now The Former Foreign Settlement 38th Building), opening up luxury boutiques aggressively in modern western architectures nearby, though Chamber of Commerce and Industry Building itself had been torn down.
- だが地租増徴に反対する進歩党 (日本)と自由党 (日本)(日本 1890-1898)からの協力は得られなかったために、文部大臣・農商務大臣・逓信大臣を自派(「伊藤系官僚」)が、内務大臣 (日本)・司法大臣・陸軍大臣を山縣有朋系が占める超然内閣を作らざるを得なかった。
- However, without cooperation by the Progressive Party (Japan) and the Liberal Party (Japan) (Japan 1890-1898) opposing to the plan to increase land taxes, he had to organize the Chonen (doctrine of superiority) cabinet consisting of the Minister of Education, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce and Minister of Communication from his own group ('government officials from ITO group'), and the Minister of Home Affairs (Japan), Minister of Justice and Minister of Army from Aritomo YAMAGATA group.
- こうしたなかで将軍綱吉は徐々に助命に傾くが、かつての自分の裁断が過ちだったことを認めてしまうことにもなりかねないので、皇族から出された恩赦という形を得るため、輪王寺門主として上野寛永寺に居住する公弁法親王に拝謁し、それとなく法親王から恩赦を出すよう依頼するに至った。
- Under these circumstances, Shogun Tsunayoshi was leaning toward saving their lives; however, it could mean that he admitted his decisions made in the past were wrong, and therefore he arranged to meet Cloistered Imperial Prince Koben who resided at Ueno Kanei-ji Temple as a chief priest of Rinno-ji Temple and indirectly asked him to grant a pardon in order to make it look like it was a member of the Imperial Family who granted a pardon.
- この時、当時重臣になっていた広田が小磯に対して「僕と寺内君(現役武官制復活当時の寺内寿一陸相)の合意で、陸相人事は三長官の合意に関係なく新首相が自由に指名していいということになっているから」と告げて、小磯はこれを一つの根拠として東條の陸相留任を阻止したという逸話がある。
- At that time, Hirota who was then Jushin (chief retainer) told Koiso, 'An agreement has been made between Mr. Terauchi (Hisaichi TERAUCHI who was the Minister of War during revival of Geneki Bukan sei) and me, as for the personnel affairs, we've accepted to designate a new Prime Minister regardless of the consent of three Kami' and it is said that this incident was one of the reasons for Koiso preventing Tojo from remaining as the Minister of War.
- だが、これに対して進歩党と自由党が合同して憲政党を結成、貴族院_(日本)も政権に非協力な態度を取った為に、伊藤は自らの政局運営の甘さの自覚と新党結成の決意を固めて、山県有朋らの反対を押し切って憲政会の大隈重信・板垣退助のいずれかを後継にするように上奏して内閣を総辞職した。
- However, Since the Progressive Party and the Liberal Party formed the Constitutional Party together against this and the House of Peers (Japan) also took uncooperative attitude to the Government, which made ITO realize his own poor handling of the political situation and made decision to form a new party, he reported to the Emperor to make either of Shigenobu OKUMA or Taisuke ITAGAKI of the Constitutional Party as his successor and resigned the cabinet en masse, in spite of opposition by Aritomo YAMAGATA and others.
- これまで酒屋たちは基本的に、幕府からどのような政策が下っても自分の商売に実質的な損をきたさないように、酒造株高と酒造米高の格差をうまく利用し、あらかじめ求められた数値を水増し申告しておくなどして対処してきたが、この十分の一役米に対しては今までの「商人マジック」が使えなかった。
- Until then, breweries had basically taken advantage of the difference between shuzokabu amount and the amount of rice for brewing sake to deal with any policies made by the bakufu, such as by overstating the required value in advance, so that their business would not suffer a loss, but 'the merchants' magic' they had used could not work on the obligatory supply of the one-tenth amount of rice for sake brewing.
- 「脱亜論」の前段には福沢的でない「東洋に國するもの」、ごく稀な「力めて」「揚げて」、高橋の「了る」(福沢は稀)「横はる」が散見し、自筆草稿が発見されぬかぎり高橋が起稿した可能性を排除できないから、前回同様、福沢が高橋の原稿を真っ黒に塗抹したものとして、ほとんどAとしておこう。
- In the first paragraph of the 'Datsu-A Ron,' there are some unusual expressions for Fukuzawa such as '東洋に國するもの,' '力めて' and '揚げて' which Fukuzawa rarely used, Takahashi's favorite word '了る' (Fukuzawa rarely used this) and '横はる;' so unless his hand written draft was found, we cannot totally exclude the possibility of the author being Takahashi but I say 'Almost A' assuming that Fukuzawa painted Takahashi's draft in black like he did before.
- 自治体によって関係条例の名前は、「食品行商衛生条例」や「食品行商条例」または「魚介類行商取締条例」など、そのニュアンスには若干のちがいがあるが、概ね行商として定められている営業品目には、魚介類とその加工品、肉類とその加工品、菓子・パン・アイスクリーム・豆腐類・弁当などがある。
- Although the names of related regulations are slightly different in nuance, like 'Food peddling health code', 'Food peddling code' or 'Seafood peddling regulation', items for peddling are generally defined, which are seafood, its processed products, meat, its processed products, sweets, bread, ice cream, tofu and lunch boxes.
- 事件後の神護景雲3年10月の詔勅によって称徳天皇自身が改めて皇位継承者を自らが決める意思を強調していること(坂本太郎 (歴史学者)以来、これを道鏡への譲位断念と解釈されるが、細井は皇族の軽挙を戒めているが、天皇が意中の人物(道鏡を含めて)を求める旨を強調したに過ぎないとする)。
- That the Empress Shotoku emphasized her intention again to appoint the successor to the Imperial Throne herself in an imperial rescript issued in November 769, which was after the incident; (Since the time of Taro SAKAMOTO [historian], this has been interpreted as the renunciation to let Dokyo ascend the throne; Hosoi thinks that it was no more than that the empress only emphasized her intention to enthrone a person in her mind [including Dokyo] while cautioning Imperial family members and court nobles not to act rashly.)
- 特に加賀国においては教団への保護の約束を信じて蓮如自身が一揆とともに守護富樫氏の内紛に加担(文明_(日本)5年の「多屋衆決議文」)し、その後教団の力を恐れた富樫氏が弾圧を加えたため門徒らが激しく抵抗し、結果的に富樫氏を倒して一国を領有する事態となってしまっていた(加賀一向一揆)。
- Especially in Kaga Province, Rennyo himself participated in the internal conflict of the Togashi clan, a provincial military governor, along with the Ikki army, believing Togashi's protection for his religious community ('Taya-shu ketsugi bun' [Resolution of Taya Group] in 1473), but after that, the Togashi clan who feared the power of the religious community oppressed them which the followers fiercely resisted to the extent that they overthrew the Togashi clan and owned the province (Kaga Ikko-Ikki Revolt).
- 日米修好通商条約は「治外法権」、関税自主権の放棄(協定関税率制)、片務的最恵国待遇など、日本にとって不利な内容を含む不平等条約であり、無防備なままの日本市場が世界市場に対して開かれると、入過により国内産業への影響、金の流出が物価高騰、尊王攘夷運動の激化や一揆、打ちこわし等を招いた。
- The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan was an unequal treaty including unfavourable conditions against Japan such as extraterritoriality, resignation of tariff autonomy (tariff agreement system) and unilateral MFN (most favoured nation) status, therefore when the Japanese market was opened to the world, domestic industries were defenceless against the impact of price increases and the draining of gold reserves which gave rise to the Sonno Joi Movement (a movement advocating reverence to the Emperor and expulsion of foreigners), uprising, and destructive urban riots.
- 協定は、1908年11月時点における領土の現状を公式に認識し、清の独立及び領土保全、自由貿易及び商業上の機会均等(すなわちジョン・ヘイによって提案されたような「門戸開放政策」)、アメリカによるハワイ王国併合とフィリピンに対する管理権の承認、満州における日本の地位の承認から成っている。
- The agreement officially recognized the territorial status in November 1908 by confirming and admitting the independence and territorial integrity of Qing, free trade and equal commercial opportunities (the 'Open Door Policy' proposed by John Hay), the annexation of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the right to manage the Philippines by the United States, and the position of Japan in Manchuria.
- しかも、世襲化されている旧来の姓(カバネ)ではなく、全く新たな姓(カバネ)である真人(まひと)・朝臣(あそん)・宿禰(すくね)・忌寸(いみき)を導入し、それらを賦与ないし継承させる氏上(うじのかみ)を直系親族に限定し、その許認可権すら当初は天武天皇自ら握っていたという事実は動かない。
- Furthermore, the fact remains that Emperor Tenmu introduced new kabane such as mahito, ason, sukune and imiki rather than using the ones that had already been passed on, that he allowed only the members of an immediate Imperial Family to be in the position of Ujinokami which had the right to give kabane, and that he even had the authority to give permission in the beginning.
- 具体的には、天命を承けた中国皇帝が直接支配する地域(行政区である省が置かれている)間接統治地域(辺境の有力者を土司・土官に任命し、貢ぎ物と引き替えに一定の自治を認める)版図外(「夷狄」のいる地域、皇帝の徳の感化が及ばない土地。所謂「化外の地」)という大きく分けて三つのカテゴリーがある。
- In more details, regions are roughly classified into the following three categories:- Regions which were directly controlled by an emperor of China, who received the will of heaven (Administrative districts called 'sho (Province)' were set up.)- Indirectly controlled area (Influential persons in outlands were appointed to doshi/dokan (local governor) and a certain level of autonomous control was allowed in exchange of tributes.)- Outside of the territory (regions in which 'iteki' lived; land which was not covered by influence of the virtue of the emperor; so-called 'kegainochi (land out of states reign)').
- なお、829年(天長5年)に空海が綜芸種智院を設置した際に書かれた「綜芸種智院式」の文中に、自分の学校の先駆として吉備真備の「二教院」とともに石上宅嗣の「芸亭院」を挙げたうえで、芸亭の現状を「始めありて終りなく、人去って跡あれたり」と記しており、この時には既に消滅していたことが窺える。
- In a passage in the 'Shugei Shuchiin-shiki' written when the priest Kukai founded the Shugei Shuchiin school in 829, the 'Nikyo-in' of KIBI no Makibi and Untei-in of ISONOKAMI no Yakatsugu are mentioned as the school's predecessors, with the current state of Untei described as 'having a beginning and unending, abandoned by people, in devastation,' suggesting that it no longer existed in his times.
- 宝暦4年(1754年)から5年(1755年)にかけて、薩摩藩は美濃国木曽三川の治水工事を命ぜられたが、幕府側による再三の工事変更命令、地元名士の非協力などに苦しめられ、完成までに切腹51名、病死33名を出し、総指揮者の家老平田靱負も全責任を負って自決するという悲劇を生んだ(宝暦治水事件)。
- From 1754 to 1755 the Satsuma Domain was ordered to do flood prevention works of Kiso-sansen (Kiso Three Rivers) in Mino Province, but the bakufu changed the order repeatedly and the Satsuma Domain suffered from no cooperation of the local prominent figures, and until the completion the fifty-one committed Seppuku and the thirty-three died of sickness and the chief retainer and general manager, Yukie HIRATA tragically committed suicide to take his responsibility (the Horeki flood control Incident).
- しかし、対等合併論自体は日本の朝鮮併合論(朝鮮が日本に従属し、主権を放棄する形で植民地となる。)とは明らかに異なり、寧ろ併合後の日本が一進会すらも用済みとして切捨て、植民地統治を開始したことを踏まえて、「一進会もまた犠牲者であり、必ずしも責められるべき点ばかりではなかった」とする同情的意見も強い。
- But the theory as to the equal consolidation itself was clearly different from that of Japan's annexation of Korea (Korea is supposed to depend on Japan and be colonized abandonning their sovereignty), rather, taking into account the fact that Japan cut off even Isshinkai as a worn-out after the annexation and launched the colonial domination, many of the researchers also have a sympathy that 'Isshinkai is also one of victims and what they did is not necessarily accusable'.
- 道徳大系としての武士道とは「君に忠、親に孝、自らを節すること厳しく、下位の者に仁慈を以てし、敵には憐みをかけ、私欲を忌み、公正を尊び、富貴よりも名誉を以て貴しとなす」。 ひいては「家名の存続」という儒教的態度が底流に流れているものが多く、それは江戸期に思想的隆盛を迎え、武士道として体系付けられるに至る。
- Bushido as a moral system is 'being loyal to one's lord, being dutiful to one's parents, controlling oneself strictly, being merciful to those of lower rank, having sympathy to the enemy, abstaining from selfish desire, respecting justice and respecting honor more than wealth.' Many of those who followed the Bushido code also possessed a Confucian attitude of 'continuance of family name,' which prospered during the Edo period and was formulated as Bushido.
- 現在の稲は栽培技術や品種改良によって、ほぼ同時期に実を付けるようになっているが、当時の稲はまだ沼地に自生に近い形で生えていたこともあり、また同じ場所・同じ時期でも稲によって実が取り入れ時期だったりまだ早かったりとバラ付きがあっため、取り入れに適した稲穂だけを選別して刈り取っていたのだろうと推察されている。
- Although rice today grow ripe almost simultaneously due to the cultivating technology and breed improvement, rice in those days grew almost naturally in marshland, and harvesting time varied widely according to the kind of rice even at the same place and period; therefore, it is imagined that people in those days selected the rice ears suitable for harvesting, and reaped them only.
- なぜなら、自由民権派が求めるようなイギリスの議院内閣制そのものは否定して天皇の権威の絶対化を目指すものの、同時にドイツ帝国の体制は皇帝の権限が強すぎるためにそのまま導入した場合、当時明治天皇からの信任が厚かった宮中保守派(中正派)が求める「天皇親政」への道を開き兼ねないとというジレンマがあったからである。
- This was because there was the following dilemma behind this background; while the British parliamentary cabinet system itself demanded by the group of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement was denied and the absolutization of the Emperor's power was aimed, the direct introduction of the German Empire's system could lead to 'the direct rule by the emperor,' which was demanded by the conservatives in the Imperial Court who had gained the confidence of the Emperor Meiji at the time, because the authorization of the Emperor under the German Empire's system was so strong.
- だが、伊藤の盟友である井上馨外務大臣 (日本)が進めた条約改正案にあった「外国人裁判官」制度と鹿鳴館に代表される欧化政策が内外の反感を買い、自由民権運動による三大事件建白書や大同団結運動、保守中正派(天皇親政派)と見られた谷干城農商務大臣の辞任を招くなど、政府批判が一気に高まった(「明治20年の危機」)。
- However, the policy of Europeanization represented by Rokumeikan and 'a foreigner judge' system, which was included in the amendment of the treaty promoted by Ito's sworn ally Kaoru INOUE, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan), antagonized inside and outside Japan, and criticism of the government was mounted rapidly due to the petition of three major affairs by democratic-rights movement, the movement to unite for a common purpose and the resignation of Tateki TANI, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, who was thought to be a member of conservative political party (direct rule by the emperor party) ([The crisis of the 20th year of the Meiji era]).
- 大宰府の少弐資能(武藤資能)は蒙古国書(日本側では牒状と記録)と高麗王書状を受け取り、鎌倉幕府へ送達する(しかし、日本側からの返牒の気配がなかったためか、太宰府来着から七ヶ月後に潘阜は高麗へ帰還しており、高麗は同年10月には潘阜の遣使が不首尾に終わった旨を元朝宮廷側に潘阜ら自らが赴くなどして報告している)。
- Sukeyoshi SHONI (Sukeyoshi MUTO) of Dazai-fu received the letter from the Mongol Empire (letter and records according to Japanese materials) and the one from the king of Goryeo, and sent them to Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (however, Hanpu returned to Goryeo seven months after his arrival at Dazai-fu, possibly because Japan showed no intention to reply, and in October of the same year, Goryeo reported to the Yuan imperial court, by envoy Hanpu himself visiting there, that he had gained no fruit).
- 朱熹は、それまでばらばらで矛盾を含んでいた北宋の学説を、程頤による性即理説(性(人間の持って生まれた本性)がすなわち理であるとする)や程顥の天理(天が理である)をもとに、仏教思想の論理体系性、道教の生成論および静坐という行法を取り込みつつも、それを代替する儒教独自の理論にもとづく壮大な学問体系に仕立て上げた。
- Hsi CHU organized various and contradictory theories in Northern Sung Dynasty into a great learning system which replaced these previous theories, and was based on a theory unique to Confucianism, by being based on the Seisokuri setsu (Chinese philosophy, a theory that 'sei' [human inborn nature] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Yi CHENG, and the Tenri (a theory that 'ten' [providence] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Hao CHENG, while adapting the logical system of Buddhistic thought, the generative theory of Taoism, and gyoho (method of ascetic practices) of sitting calmly and quietly.
- 国債・合邦・自主・戦利・特権・平時・民主・盟邦・野蛮・越権・海峡・各処・過大・慣行・管制・急行・強制・共用・協力・君権・現今・現在・合法・公約・誤解・国会・私権・実権・実務・首位・主権・上告・商事・聖書・専権・全国・戦時・戦前・船内・全廃・属地・奪回・直行・特約・突然・物件・砲弾・某国・例外・聯邦・権利etc。
- nation debt, annexation, independence, prize of war, special privilege, time of peace, democratic, allied power, barbarian, exceeding one's authority, strait, in every, excessive, traditional practice, system of government, express, compulsion, common, cooperation, right of ruler, present, present, lawful, pledge, misunderstanding, national assembly, private, real power, practical business affairs, first place, sovereignty, final appeal, business affairs, bible, exclusive prerogative, whole country, wartime, prewar, on boat, total abolition, appurtenant land, recapture, direct, special contract, sudden, article, cannonball, certain country, exception, federation, right etc.
- 660年代後半、都を近江宮へ移していた天智天皇は同母弟の大海人皇子を皇太子(日本書紀には「皇太弟」とある。また、大海人皇子の立太子そのものを日本書紀の創作とする説もある)に立てていたが天智天皇10年10月17日 (旧暦)(671年11月26日)、自身の皇子である大友皇子を太政大臣につけて後継とする意思をみせ始めた。
- In the late 660s, Emperor Tenchi who transferred the capital to Omi no miya had originally designated his younger maternal half-brother Prince Oama as Crown Prince (according to the Nihonshoki [Chronicles of Japan], the younger brother of an Emperor. And also there is a theory that the story of Prince Oama was designated as heir was itself a fiction in the Nihonshoki) but on November 26, 671, he designated his own son Prince Otomo as Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) beginning to show his will to let Prince Otomo succeed to the throne.
- この声明書の中で、「これまでの朝鮮の歴史の悲劇は自分達が招いたことであり、我が国の皇帝陛下と日本天皇陛下に懇願し、朝鮮人も日本人と同じ一等国民の待遇を享受して、政府と社会を発展させようではないか」と、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が新たに一つの政治機関を設立し、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が対等合邦して一つの大帝国を作るように求めた。
- In the statement, it says 'Tragedies in Korean history are our own fault, so we would like to plead to our Emperor and the Emperor of Japan to give Koreans the opportunity to enjoy the same treatment as the first class citizens of Japan. We ask the Japanese to develop our government and society' and suggest the Korean Empire and the Empire of Japan establish a new unified political body together and create a new empire by equal merger of both Empires.
- 明治政府は、1870年の平民苗字許容令、1872年(明治5年)の壬申戸籍編纂の二段階によって「氏(シ、うじ)=姓(セイ、本姓)=苗字=名字」の一元化を成し遂げ、旧来の氏(ウヂ)・姓(カバネ)を公称することを自ら廃止したため、事実上、「藤原」などの旧来の氏(ウヂ)・「朝臣」などの姓(カバネ)は、その役割を完全に終えた。
- The use of traditional uji including 'Fujiwara' and kabane including 'ason' was banned and finished its role when the Meiji Government was able to unify the 'uji = family name' by issuing the order to allow all commoners to have family names in 1870 and the compilation of Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin) in 1872.
- 金方慶「兵法に『千里の県軍、その鋒当たるべからず』とあり、本国よりも遠く離れ敵地に入った軍は、却って志気が上がり戦闘能力が高まるものである。我が軍は少なしといえども既に敵地に入っている。我が軍は自ずから戦うことになるがこれは秦穆公の孟明の『焚船』や漢の韓信の『背水の陣』の故事に沿うものである。再度戦わせて頂きたい。」
- Bang-gyeong KIM said, 'an art of war teaches us not to fight with an army that has come from far away. It means that entering into the enemy's territory, far away from home, rather raises the morale and fighting strength of the army. Our army is small, but already in the enemy's territory. Although we ourselves are to fight, it is in accordance with historical lessons such as 'burning his own ships to fight' of Ming MENG, who served Duke Mu of Qin, and 'fighting with his back against the river' of Xin HAN, who served the Han Dynasty. Please let us fight again.'
- その後、乙未事変で閔妃が暗殺された。(殺害現場にいた純宗の言で『乙未事件ニ際シ、現ニ朕ガ目撃セシ国母ノ仇、禹範善』となっているだけでなく、この禹範善は『禹ハ旧年王妃ヲ弑セシハ自己ナリトノ意ヲ漏セリ』と自ら犯人であることを漏らしている。(アジア歴史資料センター『在本邦韓国亡命者禹範善同国人高永根魯允明等ニ於テ殺害一件』))
- After that, Empress Myeongseong was assassinated in Itsubi Incident (Sunjong who was at the crime scene said, 'I witnessed Woo Beomseon) killed our mother in Itsubi Incident', and also Woo Beomseon confessed to have killed Empress.) ('A case of Woo Beomseon), a Korean refugee in Japan, murdered by GO Yeong-Geun and 魯允明.' [Japan Center for Asian Historical Records])
- また、また旗本や大藩の上級家臣の中には独自の法制(地頭法)を持つ者もいたが、徴税権・司法権、その他の行政権などの所領に対する支配権(知行権)の行使は主君である将軍・大名によって規制されるのが一般的であり、時代が進むにつれてその傾向が強くなった(もっとも、所属する主家の方針や地頭である家臣の方針によってその強弱に格差があった)。
- Additionally, although some hatamoto or high-ranked vassal of large scale domains had their unique legislation (law for jito), exercise of chigyo-ken (right to enfeoffment) over shoryo (territory) including tax collection right, judicial power and other administrative power was usually controlled by a shogun or daimyo as a lord, and that tendency became stronger with the time (however, binding strength was different depending on the policy of a master or a vassal (jito).
- 陰陽師もしくはそれを下地にした物語の式神は、和紙札の状態(式札と呼ばれる)で、使用時には鳥や獣等へ術師の意志で自在に姿を変えるというように描かれることが事が多いが、『不動利益縁起』に描かれる式神は、室町時代から江戸時代にまでの、擬人化された鶏や牛の器物(道具)の妖怪と同じものであり、これは荒ぶる神としての式神をあらわしている。
- In most literature and tales about, or involving an Onmyoji, the Shikigami that the Onmyoji employed usually appears in the form of a piece of washi (Japanese paper) that morphs into a bird or beast according to the will of Onmyoji, but the 'Fudo-riyaku-engi' describes the Shikigami as an anthropomorphic vessel (tool) shaped as a bird or cow, much like the specters and demons throughout the Muromachi period to the Edo period and it depicts the Shikigami as a violent god.
- この「天下」概念の実例としては、1428年に大越が明から独立した際、この時代を代表する文人であるグエン・チャイが「自趙丁李陳之肇造、我国与漢唐宋元而各帝一方」(趙佗の南越国・丁部領の丁朝・李朝 (ベトナム)・陳朝以来、我が国は中国の漢・唐・宋・元などの王朝と同じく帝を称して天下の一方に君臨してきた)と述べていることがあげられる。
- An example of this notion of 'Tenka' was the remark made by Guen Chai, a man of literature representing this era, in 1428 when Daietsu (Đại Việt) became independent from Ming, saying 'Since the era of Nanetsukoku (the kingdom of Nanyue) founded by Zhao Tuo, the Đinh dynasty founded by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, the Lý Dynasty (Vietnam) and the Trần Dynasty, my country had reigned over part of 'Tenka' as with the Hang, Tang, Sung or Yuan dynasty in China.'
- 現在、大阪城天守閣で所蔵されている、自らも大坂の役に参戦した黒田長政が絵師を集めて描かせたとされる屏風絵「大坂夏の陣図屏風」の左半分には、徳川方の雑兵達が大坂城下の民衆に襲い掛かり、偽首を取る様子や略奪を働き身包みを剥がすところ、さらには川を渡って逃げる民衆に銃口を向ける光景、そして女性を強姦にする様子などが詳細に描かれている。
- At the left hand of painting of 'Osaka Natsu no Jinzu Byobu' (Folding screen with painting of Summer Sieze of Osaka) in the possession of the Tenshukaku (keep or tower) of Osaka-jo Castle, which Nagamasa KURODA who joined in the war ordered painters to make, there are detailed scenes that warriors of Tokugawa side assaulted the public in the town of Osaka-jo Castle, trying to get nisekubi (fake head as a proof to kill someone for awards), plundering and despoiling their possessions including clothes, shooting those who try to escape crossing over river, and raping women, and so on.
- ところが、1889年2月には運動の盟主に擁されていた後藤象二郎が黒田内閣の逓信大臣として入閣して運動からの撤退を表明(なお、自分抜きの大同団結運動に不快感を抱いた板垣が、黒田清隆側近の時任為基高知県知事とともに後藤に入閣を勧めたとされている)、これを機に3月10日には運動は河野の大同倶楽部と大井の大同協和会に分裂して事実上崩壊した。
- However, Shojiro GOTO, the leader of the movement, was appointed to the Kuroda Cabinet as a Minister of Communications and announced that he would withdraw from the movement in February, 1889 (It is said that Itagaki, who was displeased that he was alienated from the movement to unite for a common purpose, and Governor Tametomo TOKITO of Kochi Prefecture, who was a close associate of Seiki KURODA, encouraged Goto to enter the Cabinet), which led the movement to be divided into two groups: Daido kurabu (uniting for a common purpose club) led by KONO and Daido Kyowakai (uniting for a common purpose harmonious meeting) led by Oi, and then the movement virtually collapsed.
- しかし、仮にそうであった場合でも、律令的氏姓制度が形骸化するに連れて、氏(ウヂ)と姓(カバネ)とが世襲化により一体化され、その構成員もいたずらに増え過ぎてしまったため、のちにヤマト王権(天武天皇)自身が八色の姓(やくさのかばね)によって全く新たな官位制度と連動させつつ氏姓の制(うじかばねのせい)を実質的に無意味化せざるを得なかった。
- However, even if it was the case, Emperor Tenmu (Yamato sovereignty) had to create the Yakusa no Kabane system which resulted in the dysfunction of the original kabane system since the kabane were given to too many people, and uji and kabane became integrated through heredity as the system of clans and hereditary titles based on a ritsuryo legal code remained simply as a form.
- 中には「按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す」(加筆者訳:思うにグロチウスのこの論は孟子の性善説・良知の説を基礎として、 最終的には王陽明が説く心即理の説へと到達するものである。〔注:原文の片仮名は平仮名に変換〕)というように、グロチウスの自然法に関する説明は陽明学と同一視する部分すらある。
- This is a part of translator's note: original '按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す' (translation by Yasutsugu SHIGENO: the theory of Grotius has theories of Mencius as the ground such as the ethical doctrine that human nature is fundamentally good and human nature that is ability to judge good or bad and the theory finally achieves to the theory of Yangming WANG that considers mind itself is the law); as seen above, among the such notes, there is a part that explains the explanation about international law by Grotius seems the same as Yomei-gaku (neo-Confuciasnism based on teaching of Yangming WANG).
- これはマーティンが友人宛の手紙で「私の仕事は、この無神論的政府(加筆者注:清朝のこと)をして、神と神の永遠の正義を認めさせることにある。そしておそらく彼らにキリスト教精神のいくらかを与えうるだろう」と書いているように、『万国公法』翻訳における、自然法という形而上学的な規範として国際法を捉える向きはマーティンの宗教的使命感からくる偏向であった。
- This was a bias resulting from Martin's religious sense of mission in which international law was grasped as metaphysical norm like natural law in translating 'Bankoku Koho' as Martin himself wrote in his letter to his friend, 'My job is to make this atheistic government (Qing dynasty [note by the writer]) to recognize God and God's eternal justice. I would be able to give them spirit of Christianity to some extent.'
- 五十二年秋九月丁卯朔丙子 久氐等從千熊長彥詣之 則獻七枝刀一口 七子鏡一面及種種重寶 仍啟曰 臣國以西有水 源出自谷那鐵山 其邈七日行之不及 當飲是水 便取是山鐵以永奉聖朝 乃謂孫枕流王曰 今我所通東海貴國 是天所啟 是以垂天恩 割海西而賜我 由是國基永固 汝當善脩和好 聚斂土物 奉貢不絕 雖死何恨 自是後 每年相續朝貢焉(『日本書紀』神功皇后摂政五十二年九月の条)
- In September 252, the king of Paekche, met Nagahiko CHIKUMA, an envoy from Japan, and gave him one seven-pronged sword, one nanatsuko no kagami (a mirror with seven small decoration mirrors), and various other treasures, hoping to form a friendship ('Nihonshoki,' from the article dated September 252 during the reign of Empress Jingu).
- 大相撲力士のKONISHIKI、プロ野球選手のボブ・ホーナー、グラビアアイドルのリア・ディゾン、演歌歌手のジェロのようにアメリカから来日して日本でブームを巻き起こした人物や、日本市場に参入する外国企業、iPhoneのような海外からの新たな商品なども、安定していた業界を席巻し、また業界の秩序自体にも不可逆の変化をもたらし、時には日本側の強い抵抗を引き起こすことなどから、それぞれの業界の黒船と呼ばれることがある。
- The term 'Kuro-bune (black ship)' is also used for people who come from abroad and create news and/or start a new fad (such as sumo wrestler KONISHIKI, professional baseball player Bob HORNER, centerfold model Leah DIZON, and enka singer JERO), a foreign business that makes a break in the Japanese business market, new products that are brought to Japan from other countries (such as the iPhone), or anything that takes a stable market by storm, bring irreversible changes to a particular market and that at times may receive strong oppositiion from within Japan.
- ただ日本を含めた諸外国の研究者は、一進会が大日本帝国の侵略の意図を見抜けず韓国を亡国へと導く役割を果たしたことは事実であるが、対等合併論自体は日本の朝鮮併合論(朝鮮が日本に従属し、主権を放棄する形で植民地となる。)とは明らかに異なり、寧ろ併合後の日本が一進会すらも用済みとして切捨て、植民地統治を開始したことを踏まえて、「一進会もまた犠牲者であり、必ずしも責められるべき点ばかりではなかった」とする同情的意見も強い。
- However, many researchers of other countries including Japan, have sympathetic views stating that, although it is true that the Iljinhoe group played a role making Korea a lost country without foreseeing the Empire of Japan's intension of invasion, their theory of equal merger was totally different from Japan's theory of Korean annexation (Korea comes under the rule of Japan to become a colony by relinquishing sovereign power), so considering Japan discarded the Iljinhoe after the group served their purpose, 'the Iljinhoe were also victims and should not be totally blamed'.